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scidocs-top-20-gen-queries

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Text Retrieval

Languages: English

Multilinguality: monolingual

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id stringlengths 40 40	queries sequence
632589828c8b9fca2c3a59e97451fde8fa7d188d	[ "what is the hybrid of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization", "what is the swarm of elites for recurrent neural networks", "what is the evolutionary network algorithm?", "what is a hybrid network algorithm", "what is a hgapso", "what does hgapso mean", "what is hgappso in network design", "define hagapso", "what is the pso in neural networks", "what is hgapso", "which algorithm is used when designing recurrent neural networks", "why is recurrent recurrent neural network used", "what is pso", "what is hga swarm optimization", "what is hagapso algorithm", "what is recurrent neural networks", "who is the elites in evolutionary network", "recurrent neural networks definition", "what is hgaso in psychology", "what is the algorithm that develops recurrent neural networks" ]
86e87db2dab958f1bd5877dc7d5b8105d6e31e46	[ "dynamic economic dispatch definition", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "why is dynamic economic dispatch used?", "dynamic economic dispatch definition", "what is dynamic economic dispatch function", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "dynamic economic dispatch definition", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "dynamic economic dispatch definition", "dynamic economic dispatch definition", "who is dynamic economic dispatch", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "dynamic economic dispatch", "what is dynamic economic dispatch", "what is dynamic dispatch?", "dynamic economic dispatch definition", "what is dynamic economic dispatch" ]
2a047d8c4c2a4825e0f0305294e7da14f8de6fd3	[ "how genetic fuzzy systems were formed", "what is fuzzy knowledge base", "why is genetic fuzzy systems popular", "where can i buy a copy of genetic fuzzy", "what is genetic fuzzy systems", "what is fuzzy genetics", "what is fuzzy knowledge base genetics", "genetic fuzzy systems et", "genetic fuzzy systems theory and practice", "when are genetic fuzzy systems sold out", "what is genetic fuzzy systems", "what are genetic fuzzy systems", "what is genetic fuzzy learning a book", "which books are the most popular? genetic fuzzy systems", "what is genetic fuzzy systems", "why are genetic fuzzy systems popular", "what learning is genetic fuzzy systems", "genetic fuzzy systems", "which book is the genetic fuzzy system", "what is genetic fuzzy systems" ]
506172b0e0dd4269bdcfe96dda9ea9d8602bbfb6	[ "what is the particle swarm optimizer", "what is the optimisation of a particle swarm", "which parameters is used in the particle swarm optimizer", "what is particle swarm optimizer", "what is the inertia weight in swarm optimizer", "what is inertia weight", "what is the parameter in an apk", "what is inertia weight", "which parameter is used for particle swarm optimization?", "inertia weight optimization", "why particle swarm optimizer", "inertia weight definition", "why is inertia weight important", "what parameter does swarm optimizer use", "what is the parameter in the particle swarm optimizer", "inertia weight", "what is the parameter for inertia weight", "what is particle swarm optimizer", "what is the particle optimizer used for", "what is the new parameter to the swarm optimizer?" ]
51317b6082322a96b4570818b7a5ec8b2e330f2f	[ "is fnn dynamic", "which neural network is a recurrent rfnn", "which structure of the rfnn allows for the control of nonlinear dynamic systems?", "what is rfnn", "what is the purpose of recurrent fuzzy neural network", "what is rfnn", "which neural network identifies and control nonlinear systems?", "why use a fuzzy neural network", "what is rfnn", "what is the purpose of a recurrent fuzzy neural network? i", "what is the purpose of fnn", "what is rfnn", "what is rfnn", "why is the rfnn effective", "what is rfnn", "what is the role of the fnn in identifying a dynamic system", "what is the rfnn", "what is a fuzzy neural network", "what is rfnn", "what is rfnn" ]
857a8c6c46b0a85ed6019f5830294872f2f1dcf5	[ "what is ffa", "what region of the gyrus is only body-selective", "what is body fa?", "what is fusiform body area", "where is the body region of the fusiform gyrus", "what is the fba region", "where is the body area in the fusiform gyrus", "what are the different areas of the fusiform gyrus", "why was the fusiform gyrus ffa created", "is the fusiform gyrus body selective", "why is the fusiform area selective", "which region of the gyrus is specifically selective?", "which body region is selective", "why is ffa unique", "what region of the brain is the body-selective region", "what is fba", "what area of the gyrus does fba occur?", "what is the fisiform body area", "where does fba occur?", "where is body area fba" ]
12f107016fd3d062dff88a00d6b0f5f81f00522d	[ "how to reduce clock speed", "scheduling to reduce system energy consumption", "how to reduce cpu energy", "what is a scheduling algorithm", "scheduling for cpu power consumption", "what is the best way to reduce cpu energy", "which method is best for reducing cpu clock speed?", "which algorithm reduces cpu energy?", "which metric is used in scheduling", "how to reduce the energy usage of a cpu", "what is the smallest cpu in terms of mipj?", "scheduling to reduce clock speed", "when limiting cpu energy", "which metric is used to control cpu energy", "which technique would reduce the energy used by cpu", "how can i reduce the energy consumption of a display", "scheduling cpu energy", "which technique can be used to reduce cpu energy", "what is the purpose of scheduling the cpu?", "what is the metric for reducing cpu energy" ]
1ae0ac5e13134df7a0d670fc08c2b404f1e3803c	[ "what is mobile location prediction", "how to predict a user's mobility", "which method would most accurately predict mobile users?", "how to do location prediction algorithm", "why are mobility algorithms useful", "what is the method used for location prediction", "what is the mobility algorithm in computer", "how is a mobility prediction", "what is mobility prediction algorithm", "how to make mobile location predictions", "how data mining works for mobility", "what is the algorithm to predict location?", "what is the predicting algorithm", "what is the data mining approach", "what is the predicting mobile user movement algorithm?", "how to predict the location of the next mobile user", "how to predict location in mobile environments", "which of the following methods best predicts the next intercellular move", "what is the purpose of a mobility prediction algorithm", "what is mobility prediction algorithm" ]
7d3c9c4064b588d5d8c7c0cb398118aac239c71b	[ "what is structural clustering", "what is structural clustering", "what is structural clustering", "what is structural clustering", "what is structural clustering?", "why do we use a structural cluster method in math", "what is the problem with structural clustering?", "what is the structural cluster", "what is structural clustering?", "what is structural clustered graph", "how fast is the structural clustering problem", "what is structural clustering", "what is a structure cluster algorithm", "what is structural clustering", "what is structural clustering in math", "what is structural clustering", "what is graph clustering", "what is pscan for graph clustering", "what is a graph clustering algorithm", "is clustering scalable" ]
305c45fb798afdad9e6d34505b4195fa37c2ee4f	[ "what is iron nanoparticle", "what are nanoparticles of iron", "what is iron's properties at a nanoscale?", "what is the reactivity of iron nanoparticles", "why is iron nanoparticles used?", "which is reactivity of iron", "why is iron a nanoparticle?", "what is iron?", "iron nanoscale uses", "what is iron's reactivity", "what properties does iron have in a nanoparticle", "what is iron's reactivity", "is iron a nanoparticle", "what are the nanoparticle reamers of iron?", "which iron is most abundant", "why are nanoparticles of iron useful", "why are nanoparticles important for nanoparticles", "why is iron a nanoparticle", "why is iron nanoparticle used", "what is the function of nanoparticles" ]
9f234867df1f335a76ea07933e4ae1bd34eeb48a	[ "what is automatic machine translation", "who provides the tdx server", "what is aquesta tesi?", "what is the semantics of tdx?", "what is tdx used for?", "what is tdx", "is a tdx machine translation evaluation", "what is automatic machine translation evaluation", "tesi automatic machine", "who is the author of tdx", "how to use tdx", "what is automatic machine translation evaluation", "tdx digital definition", "what is automatic machine translation?", "is tdx a machine translation tool", "is tdx automatic machine translation", "tdx difusió", "what is tdx", "what is the purpose of aquesta tesi", "what is tdx" ]
5ebfcd50c56e51aada28ccecd041db5e002f5862	[ "who made gualzru", "why was gualzru created", "who is gualzru?", "what is guilzru", "what is gualzru?", "who created the gualzru", "who is gualzru", "what is gualzru", "guilzru definition", "who is gualzru", "who is golzru", "gualzru ad definition", "who is gualzru", "what is gualzru?", "how to do gualzru", "how do robots communicate in public spaces", "what is gualzru", "which is the gualzru", "who invented gualzru", "who makes gualzru" ]
73a7144e072356b5c9512bd4a87b22457d33760c	[ "treatment response model for counterfactual reasoning", "what is treatment response curve", "treatment response curve", "how to counterfactually model treatment response curves", "treatment response curve analysis", "treatment response model for counterfactual reasoning", "treatment response model", "treatment response curve definition", "what system is designed to counterfactually model response", "which model describes the treatment response and treatment response curves?", "what is treatment response model", "treatment response model for evidence-based practice", "treatment response curve", "when does treatment response curve variability occur?", "treatment response definition", "what is treatment response model", "treatment response theory definition", "how to model treatment responses", "what is the treatment response curve", "how does the continuous-time model of treatment response model work" ]
c2aa3c7fd59a43c949844e98569429261dba36e6	[ "what frequency is circular polarization", "what is planar helical frequency", "what frequencies do helical antennas provide", "how wide does planar helical radiation go", "what is the planar polarization", "what kind of wave is helical antennas", "what is helical antenna", "what are planar helical antennas", "what is the polarization for helical antennas", "what is the planar helical polarization spectrum", "what is planar helical", "what frequency range should helical antennas be used at", "what is helical polarization", "what frequency is planar helical", "what is the planar helical antenna?", "which antenna has polarization", "what is the polarization of planar helical antennas?", "what is helical polarizing", "which type of antenna is used to transmit circular polarization", "what is planar helical" ]
befdf0eb1a3d2e0d404e7fbdb43438be7ae607e5	[ "how long does it take for a person on a very low calorie diet to get a ketogenic diet", "what is vlck", "vlc diet effects on body composition", "which is the most common method used to determine body composition? vlck", "which method is best to measure changes in body composition? ketogenic diets, ketogenic diets, and low calorie diets.", "what was the effect of ketosis on the body", "vlck weight loss", "what is the ketogenic phase in body composition", "which ketogenic diet can cause muscle loss", "what changes body composition after ketosis", "when did the keto diet induce body changes", "what is a low calorie ketogenic diet", "what is the difference between a ketogenic diet and ketogenic diet", "does low calorie ketosis affect body composition", "which ketogenic diet is good for body composition", "what type of changes are observed in body composition during ketogenic diet?", "how long ketogenic diet effect fat loss", "how long should you take the ketogenic diet", "which type of diet carries the greatest risk of body fat in obese patients?", "why is vlck diet used in obesity" ]
506d4ca228f81715946ed1ad8d9205fad20fddfe	[ "how does apb balance", "what is apob", "what are symmetry axes in japanese calligraphy", "what is the definition of pictorial balance in art", "define pictorial balance", "how do symmetry axes affect pictorial balance?", "define pictorial balance in art", "define japanese calligraphy", "how to find balance in art", "when to use pictorial balance in art", "what is apb balance perception", "when is balance first fixed", "what is the definition of balance in art", "what apb means in calligraphy", "what is pictorial balance in japanese calligraphy", "what axes affect balance of objects in japanese calligraphy?", "what is pictorial balance in art", "which image is asymmetrical?", "what is the meaning of apb", "pictorial balance meaning" ]
772205182fbb6ad842df4a6cd937741145eeece0	[ "what is the cofactor of hpv", "does tobacco cause cancer", "does smoking contribute to cervical cancer", "what is the risk of hpv infection", "is smoking a risk factor for cervical cancer", "can hpv cause cancer", "what is the likelihood of being affected by squamous cell carcinoma", "what is hpv associated with", "does smoking cause cervical cancer", "hpv in the uterus what kind of cancer", "is it risky to smoke during pregnancy when you have hpv?", "are smoking and cancer the same", "what is the incidence of hpv in cervical cancer", "are smoking and cancer cofactors", "is tobacco associated with cervical cancer?", "is it safe to smoke while pregnant", "what is the risk of cervical cancer in women", "does smoking contribute to cervical cancer", "does smoking cause cervical cancer", "what is the risk for cervical cancer" ]
d2018e51b772aba852e54ccc0ba7f0b7c2792115	[ "what devices can detect a person's breathing", "why wearable breathing monitors useful", "what device detects breathing", "what sensor detects breathing", "can you wear a breathing monitor", "how breathing sensor works", "which breathing monitoring devices can detect breathing", "when is a breathing sensor used", "which device is used for breathing detection", "what is the breath detectable", "what is breathing detection", "how do you detect a breathing sensor", "what is breathing sensor?", "how is breathing detectable", "wearable breathing detection devices", "which devices are wearable breathing sensors", "what is the device that detects breathing", "what device can detect breathing", "how is breathing detected in a wearable", "what is breathing detection" ]
cc76f5d348ab6c3a20ab4adb285fc1ad96d3c009	[ "what is the role of emotion in animation", "how can i use facial animation for speech", "effects of speech in facial animation", "what is the role of a speech neural network?", "why do facial animations need deep learning", "what neural networks use speech", "what is facial animation and what is lstm", "when generating facial motions from speech", "what is implicit emotive awareness", "which facial movement model enables a deep learning approach", "what neural network is used for facial animation", "which facial movement is modeled on speech", "which of the following features of facial motors is useful for the purpose of speech animation?", "how to predict emotions in speech", "why is facial animation used in speech", "how can lstm-rnn be used?", "what neural network do facial animations use", "what is speech-driven facial animation", "what is the role of the facial animation model?", "what is the facial animation" ]
1b2a0e8af5c1f18e47e71244973ce4ace4ac6034	[ "what is the goal of hyp", "where is the compressed suffix tree for hpyp?", "what is hpyp model", "what is a compressed nonparametric language model", "how to use compression for hpyp in training", "what is hpyp in language modelling?", "which hpyp model is efficient in the inference time", "hpyp model is", "is hpyp an approximate language model", "what is the hpyp model", "which of these is faster inference in a compressed nonparametric language model", "what is hpyp language modeling", "who is the author of the hierarchical pitman-yor model", "what is hpyp model used for", "what kind of modelling is hpyp", "what is hpyp", "hpyp definition", "how to write a statistical model using compressed suffix trees", "what is pyp", "hpyp model" ]
c9d41f115eae5e03c5ed45c663d9435cb66ec942	[ "how many color correction algorithms are there", "can stitching affect image quality", "which color correction algorithm is best?", "what are the best color correction algorithms", "which algorithm is best for image stitching?", "what type of algorithms do color correction algorithms use?", "what are the color correction methods", "what is the color correction algorithm?", "can color correction algorithms be used for stitching", "which color correction algorithm can be used for image stitching?", "what is the best algorithm for image stitching", "what are the computational units for color correction", "what is the purpose of the color correction", "which is an example of a color correction algorithm", "different color correction algorithms", "what computational units do image stitchers use", "which color correction method best describes stitching", "which colour correction algorithm is the most effective for stitching image files?", "what is the best technique for color correction?", "what algorithm do you use to stitch pictures" ]
b579366db457216b0548220bf369ab9eb183a0cc	[ "why is ticketing an important step in software quality", "what is the importance of ticket", "why is ticket analysis important", "what is the importance of ticket analytics", "what is ticket analytics", "what is the importance of incident analysis", "what is the importance of ticket analytics in software", "why is it necessary to do an incident analysis", "what's a ticket analysis", "why is ticket analysis important", "why is ticketing an essential part of incident analysis", "what is ticket analysis and defects", "why is ticket analytics important", "what is the significance of ticket analysis", "why is ticket analysis critical", "why is incident analysis of a ticket a critical task?", "why ticket analytics is important? how does ticket analytics help?", "which is the difference between incident analysis and ticket analysis", "why ticket analysis is important", "what is the importance of incident analysis" ]
f69253e97f487b9d77b72553a9115fc814e3ed51	[ "convolutional neural networks", "what is cbcnn and clickbait detection", "what is clickbait convolutional neural network", "what is clickbait convolutional neural network", "what model is used to detect clickbait", "what is clickbait convolutional neural network", "why is clickbait convolutional neural", "what is clickbait neural network", "why use a convolutional neural network", "convolutional neural network is used to distinguish the headlines from the usual headlines, in a simple way.", "what is a clickbait convolutional neural network", "convolutional neural network definition", "what is clickbait convolutional neural network", "define clickbait convolutional neural network", "what is the convolutional neural network used to detect clickbait", "which neural network is used to detect clickbait", "what is clickbait neural networks", "what kind of neural network detects clickbait?", "what is convolutional neural network for clickbait detection", "what is a clickbait neural network used for" ]
6c9bd4bd7e30470e069f8600dadb4fd6d2de6bc1	[ "why use narrative schemas", "narrative schema definition", "narrative schema definition", "what is narrative schema", "what is narrative schema?", "what is narrative schema?", "what is the narrative schema", "how to make a narrative schema", "what is narrative schema?", "what is narrative schema", "narrative schema definition", "what is narrative schema used for?", "narrative schema definition", "why narrative schemas are useful", "what is a narrative schema", "what is narrative schema", "what is schema in narratives", "what are narrative schemas", "what is the purpose of narrative schemas in the literature", "what is the narrative model" ]
a72daf1fc4b1fc16d3c8a2e33f9aac6e17461d9a	[ "why context aware recommendation", "context suggestion definition", "contextual recommendation definition", "which recommendation requires contextual consideration", "which is a contextual recommendation based recommendation system?", "what is context suggestion system", "what is contextual recommendation", "context suggestion definition", "context recommendations definition", "context recommendation definition", "what is contextual suggestion?", "what is contextual recommendation", "which recommendation system does the user have to choose from based on contextual preferences?", "what is context suggestion", "what is context suggestion", "contextual recommendations", "why contextual context suggestion", "contextual suggestion definition", "which is context recommendation", "contextual suggestion definition" ]
585da6b6355f3536e1b12b30ef4c3ea54b955f2d	[ "how brand relationships influence brand behavior on twitter?", "who can influence twitter retweets", "which is the most common method used by brands to get their brand retweets?", "how does brand relationships influence consumer behavior on twitter?", "how does brand retweets influence followers?", "how brand relationships influence retweeting in twitter", "how is social media an effective brand", "how do consumers retweet on twitter", "how brand relationships influence brand retweeting?", "who is retweeting brand messages on twitter", "how brands influence brand engagement on twitter", "brand retweeting behavior", "how brands influence retweeting behaviors", "how are brands influence social media engagement", "how brands influence their followers", "how brands influence retweeting", "how brand retweeting works", "brand retweeting behavior", "what influence retweet brand messages on twitter", "what is the influence of retweeting" ]
d18cc66f7f87e041dec544a0b843496085ab54e1	[ "what is the function of the hippocampal", "what is the function of the hippocampal", "what is the function of the hippocampal system?", "what is the function of the hippocampal system", "what is the role of the hippocampal neurons and what is the function of the brain", "which is a function of hippocampal neurologist", "which system is associated with spatial position?", "which structure is involved in spatial memory", "what is the hippocampal and entorhinal system and how does it contribute to memory?", "where are the hippocampal neurons involved", "what is the underlying function of the hippocampal system", "which neuron is associated with the spatial position of the rat", "what is the function of the hippocampal system", "where are the hippocampal neurons located", "function of hippocampal", "which neurons in the hippocampus are involved in memory", "what neurons are involved in memory and planning? quizlet", "what is the function of the hippocampal entorhinal system", "which part of the brain is involved with memory planning?", "what is the function of the hippocampal hippocampus" ]
22fc3af1fb55d48f3c03cd96f277503e92541c60	[ "what is predictive control", "what is the predictive control of a power converter", "which model for predictive controller allows for local stability of the controlled converter?", "what is predictive converter control", "what is predictive controller", "what is predictive converter", "predictive converters", "what kind of converter is used for predictive control", "how is predictive control used in electrical converters?", "what is predictive converter design", "what is a predictive converter", "predictive control design", "predictive control definition", "what is the design of the predictive power converters", "what is predictive control", "predictive converter design", "define predictive controller", "what is predictive controller", "predictive controller", "cost function predictive power converter" ]
4114c89bec92ebde7c20d12d0303281983ed1df8	[ "what is swift bpf", "how fast is swift", "what is swift for packet filters", "what is swift packet filter?", "what is the fastest dynamic filter", "is swift used for dynamic packet filtering", "how fast is swift packet filter", "what is the swift packet filter", "which is faster swift or bpf packet filter", "what is swift packet filter used for", "what is the purpose of the swift packet filter", "fastest dynamic packet filters", "what is swift bpf", "how fast is the swift packet filter", "what is swift packet filter", "what is swift packet filter", "what is swift packet filter", "which processors use dynamic packet filtering", "what is swift", "fastest bpf" ]
8e508720cdb495b7821bf6e43c740eeb5f3a444a	[ "what is the gp-lstm", "what kind of neural networks are used in gaussian processes?", "what is gp-lstm?", "what is gp-lstm", "which type of lstms can be learned with gp-lstm", "what type of learning process is g-lstm", "what types of recurrent systems are commonly used in speech", "recurrent kernel function", "what is the kernel model", "what is the gp-lstm model?", "what is gp-ltm", "what is the model gp-lstm", "which gp-lstm functions are used for deep recurrent neural networks?", "what is the gp kernel", "which is gp-lstm", "what is the function of kernels", "what is a deep lstm", "what is the model of gp-lstm", "which kernel model encapsulates inductive biases gaussian", "what is the gp kernel used for" ]
110599f48c30251aba60f68b8484a7b0307bcb87	[ "what is the sentiment analysis on twitter", "which is the first sentiment analysis task?", "which sentiments were used in tweeting", "definition of figurative language in tweets", "what sentiment analysis", "sentiment analysis twitter", "what is sentiment analysis", "what is sentimental analysis in tweets", "what is sentiment analysis", "what is sentiment analysis on twitter", "what is sentiment analysis of figurative language", "what sentiment is needed for figurative language?", "what is sentiment analysis", "what are the three categories of figurative language", "when does sentiment analysis occur on twitter", "what is sentiment analysis on social networks", "what is sentiment in twitter", "what language to use in twitter", "what is social sentiment analysis", "what are figurative language in tweets" ]
4b53f660eb6cfe9180f9e609ad94df8606724a3d	[ "what is the purpose of text mining", "what is the multi-layer dimension reduction algorithm used for news-headlines?", "what does text mining do", "what is the purpose of text mining?", "what text mining method is most effective when used in news articles", "what is the purpose of the multilayer algorithm?", "why text mining is the best method for predicting forex", "what is text mining for forex?", "how to mine news headlines for forex", "what layer of text mining can use semantics?", "what is the underlying problem of text mining?", "why are text mining algorithm useful", "what is the purpose of text mining", "what is the purpose of a text mining approach?", "which layer of text mining is used to explore if a currency pair is directional", "what is the multi layer text mining algorithm", "which of the following is an aspect of text mining?", "how to extract text for foreign exchange prediction", "what is the motivation for mining news headlines", "why is text mining used" ]
7f90ef42f22d4f9b86d33b0ad7f16261273c8612	[ "what is babelnet", "how is abelnet automated", "what is batabelnet", "what is babelnet", "define abelene", "what is the definition of babelnet in computers", "what is barabelnet for", "what is the Babelnet", "what is the abelnet", "what is barbelnet", "what is the purpose of the botabelnet tool", "define: brabelnet", "what is the babelnet?", "define babelnet", "what is the definition of abelelnet", "what is barbelnet", "what is abelanet", "where is the definition of babelnet", "what is babelnet", "what is abelanet" ]
033b62167e7358c429738092109311af696e9137	[ "what is semantic orientation in the review", "which word has a positive semantic orientation", "which term has a semantic orientation?", "define semantic orientation", "which word is used to classify a review as a recommendation?", "which term refers to a phrase that has a negative semantic orientation?", "what is semantic orientation of a phrase", "what is the semantic orientation of a phrase", "what is the semantic orientation of a phrase?", "what is the semantic orientation for recommendation", "which phrase is the most likely to be classified as not recommended", "what is the average semantic orientation of a phrase of a review", "epinions definition", "what is the semantic orientation of the phrase that follows a review? adverb adverb", "why does unsupervised review classification need semantic orientation", "what is the semantic orientation of the phrase?", "what is the definition of semantic orientation?", "what is the semantic orientation of a word", "what is the semantic orientation of a word?", "semantic orientation epinion" ]
105a0b3826710356e218685f87b20fe39c64c706	[ "what is the opinion observer tool", "what is opinion observer", "why is the opinion observation useful", "what is the opinion observer?", "what is the purpose of the opinion observer?", "why do consumers use the opinion observer in their reviews", "what is the idea of opinion observer", "what is opinion observer analysis", "what is opinion observer", "why use an opinion observer", "what is the opinion observer?", "why does consumer observation help product manufacturers", "what is the opinion observer", "why is opinion observer important for product comparisons", "what is the opinion observer", "what is a opinion observer in product reviews", "what is the opinion observer?", "why is an opinion observer useful", "why is opinion observer useful", "why is opinion observer necessary" ]
9ea16bc34448ca9d713f4501f1a6215a26746372	[ "why is testing less valuable software testing", "which of the following factors might affect software quality?", "why software testing is not needed in a organization", "what is the impact of not testing in software", "why is testing important in software industry", "why does software testing decrease?", "how testing affects software", "which industry practices are more prevalent in alberta software testing?", "what is the best testing technique for software", "which software testing methodology best fits the needs of a company", "what are the effects of lack of testing", "why is testing used in software engineering?", "how does software testing affect the environment", "which of the following is an example of the lack of testing in computer software?", "why do alberta organizations do testing", "where does the testing environment take place in the software industry", "why is software testing necessary", "why do organizations lack testing", "why test software", "what is testing in alberta for" ]
746cafc676374114198c414d6426ec2f50e0ff80	[ "average current mode control", "what is the typical range range for a typical current mode circuit", "which model is used for normal switching frequency?", "what is typical feedback in a circuit", "why the typical feedback function", "what is the difference between peak current control and average current mode control", "what is the typical feedback function of the typical control switch", "what is describing function", "what is the describing function for feedback design", "what is the average current mode control", "how to design a typical current control circuit", "what's a typical switching frequency?", "average current mode control by describing function", "average current mode design", "what is the typical typical feedback loop", "what is the typical typical mode of a circuit for a pc", "what is the average current mode", "typical feedback loop model", "average current mode control", "what is the typical typical current mode" ]
2b337d6a72c8c2b1d97097dc24ec0e9a8d4c2186	[ "can you use deep learning to classify short texts", "how to classify a small text using a deep neural network", "what is semantic enrich", "what is semantic enrichment", "what is semantic enrichment in english", "deep neural networks definition", "why do we use clustering for long text", "how is deep learning used for short texts", "what is semantic enrichment", "deep neural networks definition", "what is semantic enrichment", "deep neural network definition short text", "can a deep neural network classify a short text", "which of the following is the purpose of semantic enrichment in short text classification?", "what is semantic enrichment in text", "how do you cluster text?", "deep neural network semantic enrichment", "what is semantic enrichment", "what is semantic enrichment", "why is it difficult to cluster short text data" ]
1d53a898850b8d055db80ba99c59c89b080dfc4c	[ "which dataset includes multi-view frames recorded by a hybrid operating room?", "multiview rgb imaging", "what is mvor", "mkor poses", "what is human pose estimation", "what is the dataset of an operating room", "how to use rgb camera on a virtual operating room", "mvoc data set definition", "what is mvor", "what is mvor", "what is the dataset for human pose estimation?", "what is the definition of mvar", "what is mvor", "who is pose estimation", "what is mmor", "what is mkor data", "what is mvor", "what is rgb-d camera in an operating room", "how many frames of data are recorded", "what is the purpose of mvar" ]
954d0346b5cdf3f1ec0fcc74ae5aadc5b733adc0	[ "how do quantitative and qualitative data work to predict learning outcomes?", "what is the role of analytics on learning", "why use qualitative factors in learning analytics", "what is the difference between qualitative and quantitative learning analytics?", "what is predicting student grade", "which factors are used in learning analytics?", "what measures learning outcomes", "what is qualitative learning analytics", "what is qualitative data analysis for learning analytics", "which is a common method used to measure learning outcomes?", "why is analytics important", "can data analysis predict student achievement", "what kind of data is used to measure student engagement", "which is a qualitative learning analytics", "what is moodle analytics used for", "what kind of data is used to analyze online learning", "why use quantitative and qualitative data", "which factors are most likely to predict learning outcomes", "what kind of data does analytics use in research", "who can predict student learning" ]
483b94374944293d2a6d36cc1c97f0544ce3c79c	[ "which hotel attributes matter", "hotel attributes research framework", "which is important hotel attributes", "which hotel attributes matter", "why do hotel attributes matter", "which hotel attribute matters", "which hotel product is a good example", "which hotel attributes matter", "which is a hotel attribute", "what is hotel attributes in hospitality", "which of the following attributes is important in hotel research?", "what hotel attributes are important", "which attributes of a hotel do hotels value", "what is the importance of hotel attributes", "hotel attributes definition", "what is the importance of hotel product", "why hotel attributes matter", "hotel attributes", "which is an important hotel attribute", "what are hotel attribute research" ]
54c377407242e74e7c08e4a49e61837fd9ce2b25	[ "which frequency is considered the frequency of aircraft electric power", "what frequency does an aircraft generator run", "which frequency is the active power filter", "what is variable speed constant frequency aircraft electric power used for", "what is the current frequency of vscf", "what is constant frequency in aviation", "what is apf", "what is the frequency range of an aircraft generator", "what type of power system does a military aircraft use?", "what is an apf", "what is the apf of ts aircraft", "what is the active power filter", "what is an active power filter", "what is the frequency of a constant frequency generator", "what is tpf", "frequency of aircraft power", "what is an apf", "what is apf", "which frequency is apf", "what is the frequency range of variable frequency aircraft electric energy?" ]
9d1940f843c448cc378214ff6bad3c1279b1911a	[ "object mask network", "what is shape aware instance segmentation", "what is instance-aware segmentation?", "shape aware instance segmentation", "is object selection semantic", "what is shape-aware instance segmentation", "what is an instance class?", "what is shape aware instance segmentation", "which object segment model is based on the distance transform", "what is shape aware instance segmentation", "shape aware instance segmentation", "why is shape-aware instance segmentation important", "what is shape aware instance segmentation", "omm shape aware instance segmentation", "what is shape aware instance segmentation", "what is shape-aware instance segmentation", "why is shape aware instance segmentation useful", "what is the definition of instance-aware segmentation?", "what is shape-aware instance segmentation", "what is example-aware segmentation" ]
4d0130e95925b00a2d1ecba931a1a05a74370f3f	[ "what is rt mover", "what is rt mover", "how many shafts for robot rt movers", "what is the robot rt-mover", "how to use rt mover", "who are rt movers", "why is robot called rt-mover", "what is the rt mover", "what is rt movers", "when a rt mover can move", "what is the purpose of rough terrain", "what is rt mover", "how many wheels does the rt mover have", "who is RTMover", "what is rt mover", "what is rt mover used for?", "what kind of robot has four wheels", "how many wheels and axles does rt mover have", "how is rt mover used", "how many shafts are in an rt mover" ]
0651f838d918586ec1df66450c3d324602c9f59e	[ "can tag be used to reveal data about a person", "why tag photos on facebook", "why are facebook photos tagged", "why do we tagging pictures", "what is the purpose of tagging photos?", "why do we tagging pictures?", "why is tagging a picture a privacy breach?", "when to use photo tag on facebook", "what is tagging in social networking", "can you get photos tagged on facebook", "why do they tag photos on facebook", "why is facebook tagging pictures", "why do people tagging pictures", "why do i have to use my facebook tags", "why do people use photo tags", "why use photo tags", "why do we tag pictures on facebook", "how to get photos tagged", "why are photo tags important on facebook", "why is it important to have an account on social media" ]
4c9774c5e57a4b7535eb19f6584f75c8b9c2cdcc	[ "cloud computing privacy definition", "what type of network is cloud based", "which encryption is used in cloud storage", "what is cloud computing?", "what is rsa and aes", "what are aes and rsa", "cloud computing definition", "what are cloud computing security algorithms", "what is cloud storage", "what icloud is for", "what is the cloud", "cloud computing meaning", "why cloud computing is considered secure", "what is a rsa and aes secure cloud service", "what is aes cloud computing", "what is the purpose of aes for cloud storage", "why secure cloud service", "what is aes cloud computing", "why cloud storage is important", "what is the definition of cloud computing" ]
e645cbd3aaeab56858f1e752677b8792d7377d14	[ "what is the sentiment annotation in telugu", "what is sentiment annotation in telugu", "what is sentiment annotation", "pk sentiment annotation in telugu", "sentiment annotations in telugu", "sentiment annotation in telugu", "bcsat definition sentiment annotation", "what is the purpose of sentiment annotations in telugu", "sentiment annotations in telugu", "what is sentiment annotation", "what is sentiment annotation", "which sentiment annotation is used for sentiment research", "what is sentiment annotations in telugu language", "what is bcsat", "how many verbs are in telugu sentiment annotation?", "sentiment annotation in telugu", "sentiment annotation in telugu text", "what are sentiment annotations in telugu", "sentiment annotations in telugu", "what is sentiment annotations" ]
40f5430ef326838d5b7ce018f62e51c188d7cdd7	[ "quiz style information presentation definition", "what is the purpose of a reading quiz style", "effect of quiz-style information presentation on user understanding", "why do users like quiz styles", "how interactive quizzes can improve user understanding", "which of the following is an example of a quiz style quiz?", "effects of read out quiz", "what is the effect of quiz quizstyle", "effects the quiz style system has on the user", "what is the purpose of the quiz system", "effects of quiz style presentation", "how is the information presented in a quiz?", "quiz style information presentation definition", "what is the purpose of a quiz presentation", "what is the effect of the quiz", "what is the main advantage of a read-out quiz", "how is quiz quiz presentation effective?", "what is quiz style", "what is the purpose of quiz", "when a user asks questions in a quiz format what is the outcome?" ]
24bbff699187ad6bf37e447627de1ca25267a770	[ "what is continuous auditing", "why is continuous auditing considered an emerging concept", "why is research on continuous auditing slow", "what is continuous audit", "what is the purpose of continuous auditing", "is continuous auditing a feature of continuous assurance?", "what is the importance of continuous auditing", "why is the development of continuous auditing very slow", "why is continuous auditing research slow", "what is continuous auditing", "what is continuous assurance", "what is continuous auditing?", "why is research on continuous auditing slow", "what is the purpose of continuous auditing", "what is continuous audit", "what is the purpose of continuous auditing?", "why is the research on continuous auditing slow?", "why is the development of research on continuous auditing so slow", "who studies continuous auditing", "what is continuous auditing" ]
abd0478f1572d8ecdca4738df3e4b3bd116d7b42	[ "what are antecedents of cognitive style", "effects of personality on internet use", "how is cognitive style a dependent variable in computer research", "cognitive theories of predicting computer users", "psychological effects of cognitive style", "which antecedent variable is influenced by personality?", "what is the role of a personality?", "what is cognitive and personality", "which is more predictive of personality or cognitive style?", "what is the role of personality when it comes to computer use?", "what is the role of personality in the internet", "which of these personality factors is an antecedent variable?", "what factors affect internet use", "what factors influence internet use", "what personality is used on the internet", "what are personality and cognitive factors", "how cognitive personality impacts internet use", "how does personality influence internet use", "personality versus cognitive style effects", "which cognitive and personality factors can contribute to the predictive power of cognitive style?" ]
a64f48f9810c4788236f31dc2a9b87dd02977c3e	[ "how many kbs can we get out of 32kHz", "how high is sound sampling rate", "what is the bitrate limit for voice", "what rate of sampling does voice", "why is 64 kHz not used for voice", "what is the standard bitrate for voice", "what bitrate is needed to record voice", "what bitrate is used for voice amplification", "what sample bitrate is used in voice", "what bitrate is used in voice", "what is the average frequency response in the voice", "ioa voice sampling rates", "how does bitrate affect sound", "what bitrate is used for voice", "what is the sampling rate for voice", "does bitrate determine sample frequency", "how fast does voice communication run", "why is bitrate of voice", "what bitrate is used to test voice quality", "how good is voice quality" ]
76eea8436996c7e9c8f7ad3dac34a12865edab24	[ "what is the use of replication chain", "what is replication chain", "what is chain replication", "which of the following is a new approach to coordinating clusters of fail stop storage servers?", "chain replication", "definition of chain replication", "what is chain replication", "what is chain replication?", "what is chain replication", "what is chain replication", "what is chain replication of storage services", "what is the goal of chain replication", "which is a good practice for chain replication?", "why use chain replication", "what is chain replication", "what is chain replication", "why does replication of a server need to be implemented?", "what is chain replication used for", "what is chain replication", "what is chain replication" ]
522a7178e501018e442c03f4b93e29f62ae1eb64	[ "what is the neural language system for speech", "what is the deep voice technique", "what is the deep voice", "what is deep voice", "what is deep voice and tacotron", "what is deep voice", "what is the name of the neural language that is used to generate the vocals from a single speaker", "what is deep voice for speakers", "what is tts in tts", "what is the name of the tts software", "what is tts speech", "which deep voice is better", "what is the deep voice", "what is deep voice in tts", "which neural system generates tts", "how does tts work", "which is a neural text to speech technique?", "why is tacotron a neural tts", "deep voice definition", "what is tacotron?" ]
ccbcaf528a222d04f40fd03b3cb89d5f78acbdc6	[ "why does data mining help to predict kidney disease", "what is data mining used for in healthcare", "how is data mining used in health care industry", "is data mining useful for predicting kidney disease", "what is data mining in research", "what is the data mining of a kidney", "data mining in the medical field for predicting kidney disease", "what is the data mining techniques used for diseases", "what is the main goal of data mining", "why is data mining useful", "what classification techniques are used to model kidney disease", "how data mining is used in health care", "what data mining is used for the prediction of kidney disease", "why is data mining useful", "what is data mining for kidney disease", "what is data mining?", "why is data mining important in the health care industry", "what is data mining in the medical field", "why is data mining used in healthcare data mining", "what is a data mining technique used for" ]
30f46fdfe1fdab60bdecaa27aaa94526dfd87ac1	[ "what is the log intensity of an event camera", "how many dofs for reconstruction", "what is real-time reconstruction", "how does the event camera reconstruction work", "what is real time reconstruction", "what is the method for reconstruction", "how to reconstruct video in real time", "how to track motion of a scene with a camera", "how to track motion in real time", "what cameras make real-time motion reconstruction", "can you track a scene with a camera", "what is real time reconstruction", "how to track a scene using event cameras", "which algorithm can accurately reconstruct a scene in a camera?", "how to perform real-time reconstruction", "what is the inverse depth of the scene on the event camera?", "how to use real time reconstruction", "how to use an event camera", "what is realtime reconstruction", "how to reconstruct scenes with events" ]
892fea843d58852a835f38087bc3b5102123f567	[ "what are multiple ramp schemes", "what is multiple ramp scheme", "what is ramp scheme", "what is the difference between a random scheme and a multi-step scheme?", "what is multiple ramp schemes", "what is the ramp scheme", "what is the purpose of a ramp scheme", "what is ramp scheme", "ramp scheme definition", "what is ramp scheme", "what is multiple ramp scheme", "ramp schemes definition", "ramp scheme", "define ramp scheme", "multiple ramp scheme definition", "what is the purpose of multiple ramp schemes", "define multiple ramp schemes", "what is the definition of multiple ramp schemes", "what is multiple ramp scheme", "multiple ramp schemes psychology definition" ]
ce148df015fc488ac6fc022dac3da53c141e0ea8	[ "why use protein function", "why are machine learning solutions needed", "what is protein function for personalized care", "which is the purpose of protein function", "what are some ways that machine learning can be used to improve protein function?", "why is it important to understand protein function", "what is protein function", "protein function in personalized medicine", "which of the following is an example of a machine understanding of protein", "why do we use machine learning for protein functions", "what are the benefits of protein function", "what is protein function", "protein function and phenotype definition", "how do we improve precision medicine", "which is a key problem in precision medicine?", "protein function", "can you understand protein function", "is protein function a benefit of machine learning", "what is protein function", "what is the purpose of protein function in personalized medicine" ]
38d34b02820020aac7f060e84bb6c01b4dee665a	[ "what is the role of process in tqm", "how can design and process management impact quality improvement", "what is the relationship between process and design?", "the importance of design and process management in transforming manufacturing", "what is the impact of process management on quality", "how does design improve quality", "design process management definition", "what is the effect of process management and design", "impact of process and design on quality", "what is the impact of design management and process management on quality", "what is the impact of design management and process management", "how is design and process management related", "what is the impact of process management design and process management", "what is the impact of design management", "what are the impact of design and process management?", "what is the relationship between process and design management", "which of the following is an example of a synergy between design and process management?", "what is the difference between process design and design", "what is the impact of design on process", "what is the synergy between design and process" ]
b09b43cacd45fd922f7f85b1f8514cb4a775ca5d	[ "what is a web service discovery approach", "what is web service discovery", "what is a web service discovery", "what is service discovery", "what is the purpose of the topical discovery approach", "what is a topic model", "what is web service discovery", "what is topic modeling and discovery", "what is web service discovery approach", "what is web service discovery technique", "what is the web service discovery", "web service discovery", "what is a topic-based discovery approach", "how to find common topics", "web service discovery model", "what is the web service discovery approach", "what is web service discovery?", "web service discovery approach", "what is topic based discovery?", "what is service discovery based on" ]
c108437a57bd8f8eaed9e26360ee100074e3f3fc	[ "which neural networks use the principle of conservation of unfolding equivalence?", "what is gnn", "what is the approximation property of a neural network? what is the model of a graph?", "what is the graph neural network", "what are computational capabilities of graph neural networks", "what are the computational abilities of gnns? what are the computational capabilities for gnns?", "which is a computational capability of the gnn neural network", "which function can be approximated by a graph neural network?", "what is gnns used for", "how do graph neural networks work", "why is the use of the graph neural network useful", "what is the approximation property of a graph neural network", "how is gnn used in computation", "which property is a useful approximation property for Graph Neural Networks?", "which neural networks can be used to approximate a graph", "what type of algorithm is gnn", "what is a gnn", "which neural network can approximate an acyclic graph?", "what are the computational capabilities of dna graph neural networks", "what is gnn" ]
28d3ec156472c35ea8e1b7acad969b725111fe56	[ "what is hipikat used for", "hipikat java ide", "hipikat tool in development", "what is hipikat used for in code", "what is hipikat?", "what hipikat tool is used for?", "what tool is hipikat", "what is hipikat", "hipikat what is it", "hipikat what is", "what is hipikat", "what is hipikat", "why use hipikat", "what is hipikat project", "hipikat define", "what is hipikat", "what is hipikat used for in the development of software?", "what is hipikat", "hipikat definition", "how to use hipikat" ]
334c4806912d851ef2117e67728cfa624dbec9a3	[ "what is software metrics", "what is the definition of metrics", "what is the purpose of metrics in software design?", "what is the oo process for business", "what is the oo process", "what is metrics suite oo", "what is metrics suite", "what is the oo measurement suite", "what is an object oriented metrics suite", "what is software metrics", "what is the purpose of metrics", "metrics in software development", "what design metrics are used in object oriented software", "what is oo metrics", "what is oo design", "what is oo metrics", "what are design metrics?", "what is the purpose of metrics in software development", "what is the oo design methodology", "what is the use of metrics for software development" ]
383ca85aaca9f306ea7ae04fb0b6b76f1e393395	[ "what is an open source browser", "what is open source software", "which open source project is mozilla?", "what is the open source browser", "which open source project best describes the open source method used by developers?", "which of the following is a case study of open source software development", "what is meant by open source in software", "what is the purpose of microsoft open source software", "what is open source project", "why is open source a popular open source software project", "which open source browser was created for the mozilla browser?", "which open source software is used by developers", "which open source project has the capacity to compete successfully", "how open source projects work?", "which web server is open source", "which open source project is best?", "what is the purpose of open source", "what open source project", "what is an example of open source software development", "why open source is important" ]
3ea9cd35f39e8c128f39f13148e91466715f4ee2	[ "why is it necessary to write a shortest script", "what is file comparison", "what is the edit distance for a file", "what does file comparison mean", "what is the use of the shortest possible edit script for a document", "how to use file comparison program", "what is the purpose of editing in file comparison", "which is the use for file comparison", "why do programs compare two files", "what is the edit distance of two strings of symbols", "what is the purpose of the editing distance between strings of symbols in a file?", "what is the edit distance between two strings of symbols in a file", "what does shortest possible edit", "what is the edit distance between symbol strings", "what is the difference between a file comparison program and a titchy file comparison program", "how to use a shortest edit script", "what is a file comparison", "define shortest possible edit script", "what is the difference between line and string in a file comparison", "what is the edit distance between two strings in tds file comparison" ]
508119a50e3d4e8b7116c1b56a002de492b2270b	[ "what is the hololens prototype", "who is microsoft for object detection", "how is object detection implemented in hololens", "what is object detection", "what is the deep learning approach of hololens for the blind", "why is hololens useful for blind people", "deep learning object detection", "what is hololens device", "what sensors replace an impaired eye", "which method is used to find objects", "what is hololens prototype", "what is the hololens prototype", "what is the purpose of deep learning objects", "what is object detection? how is it implemented?", "what sensors can be used with hololens", "what is hololens used for", "what is object detection", "what is sensor substitution for hololens", "what are objects detection systems", "what is object detection" ]
c0a39b1b64100b929ec77d33232513ec72089a2e	[ "what is peng", "what is the definition of peng", "what kind of language is peng", "what is peng specification", "what is peng", "what is peng?", "what is the english language", "what is peng in literature", "what is peng", "what is the peng language", "eng slang is a controlled language designed for writing", "what is peng", "what is peng linguistic", "what is a peng", "what is peng language", "what is the formal specification of peng", "what is the definition of peng", "what is the formal specification language in eng?", "what is peng", "define peng" ]
f9cf246008d745f883914d925567bb36df806613	[ "why is traction necessary for wind turbines", "what is wind traction", "what phase is airborne wind energy", "what is the difference between an airborne wind turbine and an airborne generator?", "how do retraction generators work", "when is power produced on the ground?", "how to control an airborne wind turbine", "what's the difference between a generator and a wing", "why is the retraction phase important", "how does an airborne wind generator produce electricity", "what is the purpose of an automatic retraction system", "what is the purpose of the tether in a wind generator", "what is the principle of retraction", "how does the tether work", "which phase of the power cycle is used to drive a turbine?", "what is airborne wind power", "how do airborne wind energy systems operate", "which of the following is a typical example of automatic traction in wind energy?", "what's the purpose of an airborne wind engine", "what is the retraction phase of a wind generator?" ]
53c544145d2fe5fe8c44584f44f36f74393b983e	[ "what is finite element deformation", "what finite element theory is used to model", "what theory is used to simulate a human hand", "finite element theory is used as a method for modeling", "what is finite element theory used for", "what type of theory allows deformation of objects with or without penetration", "finite element theory definition human", "what is finite element theory in computer graphics", "what is finite element theory", "what is finite element theory used for?", "what is finite element theory?", "what is finite element theory used for", "define finite element theory", "what kind of physics can a human use to model objects in a computer", "what type of theory can be used to model human movement?", "what is finite element theory based upon", "what is fe theory of motion", "what is finite element theory", "what is finite element theory used for?", "physics definition of finite element theory" ]
0eaa75861d9e17f2c95bd3f80f48db95bf68a50c	[ "what is electromigration?", "define em in electronics", "what is em in design", "what is the electromigration problem", "what is electromigration", "what is the em", "what is the definition of electromigration", "which is an effect of electronic interconnect design?", "what is the effect of electromigration", "what is meant by electromigration", "why does an em affect an ic", "what is the impact of electromigration", "ic design electromigration", "what is the purpose of electrode migration in interconnect design?", "what is em interconnect", "why are electromigration issues important", "what is electromigration", "what is em in ocd", "what is the impact of the electromigration problem?", "what is electromigration" ]
24ff5027e7042aeead47ef3071f1a023243078bb	[ "ai-optimized satellite networks", "how to optimize satellite integrated networks", "what is sagins ai", "what is space air ground network", "why is the space air ground integrated network used", "what are the advantages of sagines?", "what is sagins", "what is sagins and why is this necessary", "what is the purpose of space air ground network", "what is the purpose of sagins network system", "can a network optimize for space air ground?", "what is satellite-air-ground integrated network", "why is the sagns network used?", "what is the ai used for", "which of the following is an example of a sagn", "what is sagns", "why is artificial intelligence used for the sagins", "what is sagins used for", "which technique has demonstrated its predominant advantages to improve the performance of sagins?", "what is the purpose of space ground integrated network" ]
2c6835e8bdb8c70a9c3aa9bd2578b01dd1b93114	[ "what is a network theory for trying on people", "why use gaga", "which network learns how to reflect a pattern in clothes", "what is the generative adversarial network method", "what is generative adversarial networks", "chan fashion system", "how do we know the clothes pattern in a person", "how is clothing a generative network", "how to get a clothing region", "what is virtual try on", "can clothing reflect pattern", "can scans be used to find clothing regions", "what is a generative adversarial model", "which network learns how to reflect clothing patterns", "can a generative adversarial network reflect a pattern in clothing", "what is the virtual try on method based on", "how to recreate clothing region on a human", "where is clothing region in gan", "what is gan and ryon method", "what is a generative adversarial network" ]
38a70884a93dd6912404519a779cc497965feff1	[ "what is the meaning of low ability", "ld stereotypes examples", "what is a stereotype about individuals with learning disabilities?", "what are some learning disabilities", "which group is associated with a higher level of ability?", "what is the most common stereotype that occurs with low ability?", "what is the most common stereotype regarding ld", "which stereotype is associated with low ability?", "types of learning disabilities stereotype", "how is intelligence related to the self-identification of a student without an ld?", "stereotypes of someone with ld", "what is stereotypes regarding learning disabilities", "what is stereotype about learning disabilities", "what is ld stereotypes", "what is the stereotype for a ld student", "what are the stereotypes about learning disability", "what is the stereotype about someone with a learning disability", "what is the role of stereotypes in the development of ld", "what kind of a stereotypes does ld have", "how do people with ld relate to their self" ]
cc6dc5a3e8a18a0aaab7cbe8cee22bf3ac92f0bf	[ "what is concurrency control in distributed database", "concurrency system definition", "concurrency control system definition", "what is the purpose of concurrency control in database", "what is concurrency control in distributed database systems", "how to control concurrency in a database", "concurrency control in a distributed database system", "concurrency control in a database", "why is concurrency important in a database", "why is concurrency a problem in distributed databases", "what is the purpose of concurrent control in distributed database?", "concurrency in db database", "why concurrency is difficult in a database", "concurrency control in database system", "distributed database definition", "concurrency in database system", "concurrency management in database", "what is the purpose of concurrency control in database", "how to maintain concurrency in distributed database", "what is concurrency in a distributed database?" ]
45e2e2a327ea696411b212492b053fd328963cc3	[ "why are we using health app", "what is the trend in health apps", "what is the trend in health app download", "health app usage", "what is the percent of population using health apps in their daily activity?", "health app usage statistics", "how does the app mhealth help the health of people", "health app usage statistics", "how many health apps to download for healthy", "health apps download statistics", "what is the trend of health apps among health care consumers", "health tv apps used by chronic diseases", "what is the average amount of use of health apps", "health apps used for depression", "how does health apps help health", "number of health apps per day in us", "health app use for health care", "what is the health app used", "what is the average daily usage of health apps", "what are the health app users" ]
71795f9f511f6948dd67aff7e9725c08ff1a4c94	[ "what is gpu in maps", "why use gpu in mapreduce", "what is mapreduce", "how do you use your gpu for java", "what is the api for mapreduce", "what is the mapping algorithm of mapreduce?", "why use gpu when writing mapping algorithms", "which framework uses a gpu for maps?", "what is apapi in hadoop", "what is hadoop api", "what is aparapi mapreduce", "what is hadoop aparapi", "what is gamma in maps", "what is the use of the gpu in mapreduce", "why use gpu mapreduce", "what program uses gpu in hadoop", "does amd mapreduce use cpu", "what software makes use of the gpu?", "what's gpu", "what api is used by maps" ]
8cfb12304856268ee438ccb16e4b87960c7349e0	[ "what is iot", "which type of network is m2m", "what is the internet of things", "what is iot", "internet of something definition", "what is the role of sensors in connected devices", "which type of communication is being used in the internet of things", "what is iot", "what is the future of the internet of things", "what type of communication is the internet of things", "what is the definition of iot", "definition of iot", "what is the meaning of iot", "why are the iot connected", "what is the definition of the internet of things", "what type of communication is iot", "is the internet of things a technology", "what is the internet of things", "which technology is the internet of things", "why is the internet of things an important technology" ]
a39faa00248abb3984317f2d6830f485cb5e1a0d	[ "what is wearable sensors for", "what is wearable technology", "what is the applications of implants in medical devices", "what are the biomedical applications of sensor wearable devices?", "what is the use of wearable sensor technology?", "what are biomedical device applications", "which is an example of a wearable technology?", "wearable technologies for biomedical applications", "what is the importance of wearable and implantable sensors", "what is the medical device that can detect diseases", "what is biomedical sensor technology", "what is the importance of wearable technology", "what is biomedical application", "what is the purpose of implantable sensors", "what are the applications of wearable and implantable sensors", "what biomedical devices are implantable?", "what technology is used for monitoring in mobile devices", "what biomedical use for sensors", "why is wearable technology used in the biomedical industry?", "what is the use of wearable technology in biomedical devices?" ]
e749e6311e25eb8081672742e78c427ce5979552	[ "process improvement patterns", "process management patterns", "what is meant by processes improvement patterns", "why is process improvement important in business", "why do we use process improvement patterns", "why is process improvement a process improvement pattern", "what is process improvement", "process improvement patterns", "process improvement patterns", "what is process improvement?", "process improvement pattern", "how is process improvement pattern validated?", "what is a pips", "what is process improvement patterns in business", "process improvement patterns definition", "why use process improvement patterns", "business process improvement techniques", "definition of processes improvement patterns", "process improvement patterns definition", "what is process improvement patterns?" ]
d5ecb372f6cbdfb52588fbb4a54be21d510009d0	[ "what is the birth order of a malaysian child", "what's your birth order in terms of academic performance", "what is academic performance", "what is the relationship between birth order and academic performance", "how does birth order affect personal development?", "what is the birth order effect on personality", "what is the relationship between birth order and academic achievement?", "which birth order affects personal development", "how does birth order affect academic performance?", "what role does birth order play in academic performance?", "what is the importance of birth order for academic success", "how are birth order effects on behavior?", "why are birth order and academic performance important to malaysia", "what is the difference between birth order and academic performance", "how does birth order affect personality", "how does the birth order affect personality", "what is the relationship between personality and birth order", "what is the birth order in personal development", "what is the relationship between birth order and academics", "what is the birth order in malaysia?" ]
6193ece762c15b7d8a958dc64c37e858cd873b8a	[ "where is the stub on an antenna", "what is log period antennas", "lpat antenna", "how is log period antennas designed", "which term describes a log period dipole antenna (lpad) with distributed inductive load?", "what is log-periodic antenna", "what is log-periodic aeon", "what is the limiting radiation bandwidth of lpda", "how to design log dipole antenna", "which is a log period antenna", "what is logperiodic stub antenna", "what is log periodic antenna", "what is the log period of stub", "what is log period dipole", "what is logperiodic antenna", "what is log period dipole", "what is the bandwidth of the log period dipole antenna", "what is log period dipole", "what is log period of dipole", "what is log period dipole" ]
2d9416485091e6af3619c4bc9323a0887d450c8a	[ "what is lsda detection", "large scale detection through adaptation", "what does large scale detection through adaptation do", "what is lsda?", "what is large scale classification through adaptation", "what is lsda", "what is the lsda algorithm", "what is the definition of large scalar detection", "what is lsda", "what is lsda", "what is large scale detection", "what is lsda", "which algorithm can be used to detect a category without a bounding box?", "what is lsda detection", "what is large scale detection", "what is lsda", "what is lsda detection", "what is lsda?", "what is lsda?", "what is lsda" ]
0f28cbfe0674e0af4899d21dd90f6f5d0d5c3f1b	[ "when was google flu data first released", "what is google flu trend", "what is gft", "when was google flu trend made", "when was flu data discovered", "what is gft used for", "google flu tracking", "why did google flu show up", "what is gft", "what year did the google flu tracker come out?", "what is the cdc's flu forecasting data", "what kind of data is used to analyze influenza", "when was the google flu developed", "what is the google flu trend", "how many doctor visits are a flu", "what is the big data for flu", "which company was built to predict the flu", "what is google flu data", "when was the flu tracking system built", "why do we use big data" ]
cc43c080340817029fd497536cc9bd39b0a76dd2	[ "what is the commuting continuum model", "what is the continuum approach for human mobility", "which model uses observational data in order to study mobility?", "what is the continuum approach to human mobility?", "what is the continuum approach for mobility", "which models can the continuum model be used with", "how to study human mobility", "what is continuum approach", "what is the purpose of the continuum model", "what is the continuum approach to human mobility?", "what is continuum approach to mobility", "which model is an observational model of mobility", "what is the concept of continuum theory", "why do we observe people moving across the world", "how is transport transport a continuum approach", "how is global transportation model derived from observational data", "what is human mobility continuum approach", "what is the continuum model of human mobility", "what is the continuum approach to human mobility", "what is the concept of continuum approach in human mobility" ]
15e8961e8f9d1fb5060c3284a5bdcc09f2fc1ba6	[ "what type of scan shows the optic disc and blood vessels", "what is the fundus image for glaucoma", "what is digital fundus for glaucoma detection", "how accurate is the detection of glaucoma?", "what is glaucoma scanning and oct scan", "which imaging technique is used for the detection of glaucoma?", "what imaging technique can be used to detect glaucoma", "when is the glaucoma detected", "what is digital fundus imaging", "what are digital fundus images", "what is the digital fundus image", "what is fundus vision? why is it useful?", "how does fundus imaging diagnose glaucoma?", "what is fundus imaging used for", "can you detect a glaucoma automatically", "what type of imaging is used for glaucoma", "what is digital fundus image", "can digital fundus images detect glaucoma", "glaucoma is caused by increasing", "glaucoma detection" ]
36b3865f944c74c6d782c26dfe7be04ef9664a67	[ "what is the generative adversarial network in speech", "what is cgan", "generative adversarial network definition", "what is generative adversarial networks", "what is the generative adversarial network", "what is cgan in speech?", "what is a gag", "what is the cgan", "what is the purpose of generative adversarial networks", "what is generative adversarial networks", "what is the purpose of generative adversarial network", "which adversarial network provides spectrograms for speech enhancement", "generative adversarial network definition", "what is a cgan", "definition of a generative adversarial networks", "what is generative adversarial networks", "is the generative adversarial network noisy", "what is the general analogue of generative adversarial networks", "what is cgans", "generative adversarial network" ]
bb192e0208548831de1475b11859f2114121c662	[ "which technique is commonly used in data mining?", "which is a direct discrimination prevention method?", "what is discrimination prevention", "what is the primary objective of discrimination prevention", "direct discrimination prevention technique", "define prevention discrimination", "which methods are used to prevent discrimination", "what is discrimination prevention", "discrimination detection and prevention definition", "discrimination prevention definition", "what is discrimination prevention", "what is the discrimination prevention method used by data miners?", "what is discrimination prevention methods", "why is discrimination prevention an important issue", "what is discrimination prevention method", "what is discrimination prevention in data mining", "discrimination prevention techniques", "which is the most efficient method of discrimination prevention?", "what is discrimination prevention method", "which is a direct discrimination prevention technique" ]
1935e0986939ea6ef2afa01eeef94dbfea6fb6da	[ "what's the difference in a mean variance", "what is a mean variance model", "what are the mean-variance portfolio models", "how do portfolio models work", "definition of semivariance in portfolio", "what is mean variance in portfolio analysis", "what is average-variance in portfolio analysis", "what is mean variance in portfolio analysis", "what is mean variance portfolio", "how does portfolio analysis work", "what is meant by the semivarian model in portfolio analysis", "why use a mean variance model in portfolio analysis", "meaning of the term mean variance model in portfolio analysis", "what does a mean variance portfolio model provide", "what is mean variance portfolio analysis", "how do mean variability and semivariance model differ?", "average variable in portfolio analysis", "what is the purpose of mean variance model", "what are the mean variances of portfolios", "definition of mean variance portfolio analysis" ]
1ea03bc28a14ade633d5a7fe9af71328834d45ab	[ "why use federated learning algorithms", "what is federated learning", "what is federated learning", "what is the purpose of federated learning", "what is federated learning used for", "federated learning algorithm", "what is federated learning algorithm", "what is google federated learning", "what is federated learning", "which algorithm for wake word detection was inspired by adam", "what is federated learning", "what is federated learning", "why federated learning algorithm", "who is federated", "what is federated learning", "which algorithm can be used to find a keyword", "how to use federated learning", "who is the federated learning algorithm", "who designed federated learning for smart home voice assistants", "define federated learning" ]
55ca165fa6091973674b12ea8fa3f1a3a1e50a6d	[ "which statement describes the abstraction used by tree search and parss?", "what is a parss tree search", "how to do tree search with sbts algorithm", "what is parss sbts", "what is tree search", "what is sbts algorithm", "what is sbts analysis algorithm", "which method best describes the type of abstraction in tree search for random samples?", "which of the following is an abstraction algorithm?", "what type of abstraction is used in a tree search", "what abstractions do sbts use", "what is sparse sampling", "what is the state abstraction for tree search", "is sparse sampling an adaptive state abstraction?", "what is parss sbts", "what is parss in tree search?", "why sbts algorithms", "what is the difference between tree and sample search algorithms", "what is the purpose of a tree search algorithm", "what is parss in trees" ]
2ae40898406df0a3732acc54f147c1d377f54e2a	[ "how to improve the query by committee algorithm", "why are committee algorithms useful", "how to do a query algorithm", "why do query algorithms have asymptotically finite information gain?", "what is the definition of committee in a query", "which algorithm uses asymptotically finite generalization", "what is committee algorithm", "why do we use query by commitee algorithm", "query by committee meaning", "what is meant by query by committee", "what is the algorithm for question by committee", "query by committee", "which algorithm uses a simple committee?", "what is meant by query by committee", "which algorithm has a generalization error that decreases exponentially with the number of examples?", "why is a query by committee algorithm good", "what is the purpose of query by committee", "why is query by commitee a good algorithm?", "how does a query by commitee work?", "what is a committee algorithm" ]
49e85869fa2cbb31e2fd761951d0cdfa741d95f3	[ "why manifolds are adaptive", "what is adaptive manifold learning?", "why manifold learning algorithm", "which algorithms are used to optimize the local neighborhood", "adaptive multiple manifold learning", "which algorithm seeks to find the low dimensional parameterization of local data?", "what is manifold learning algorithm", "how to use adaptive manifold algorithms", "which of the following is an example of a specialized manifold learning algorithm?", "which algorithm is primarily used for adaptive bias reduction", "adaptive manifold learning algorithms", "what is adaptive manifold learning", "what is manifold algorithm", "adaptive manifold learning algorithms definition", "what is adaptive manifold", "what is adaptive manifold learning?", "which of the following is an example of adaptive manifold learning?", "how a manifold can be adaptive", "how to adapt dynamic learning with manifold", "what is adaptive manifold learning?" ]
bf07d60ba6d6c6b8cabab72dfce06f203782df8f	[ "what is manifold learning", "what is manifold learner", "why do you need to develop a manifold learning", "is manifold learning data driven", "which learning method can extract features from single hyperspectral image", "what is the purpose of manifold-learning", "what is manifold learning", "what are manifold learning methods", "why is manifold learning used", "what type of learning is used in hyperspectral data", "what is manifold based learning and why", "manifold learning definition", "what is the role of manifold learning in remote sensing", "what is manifold data", "is manifold theory inherently linear?", "what types of learning methods are needed to collect data from multisource hsi", "why use manifold learning", "what is the purpose of manifold learning", "why manifold learning is necessary", "what feature extraction is needed for remote sensing" ]
01996726f44253807537cec68393f1fce6a9cafa	[ "what is bounding in probability", "how does a gaussian model work?", "what kind of probabilistic approach does a gaussian use", "what is stochastic neighbor embedding", "what is a gaussian embeddor?", "what is stochastic neighbor embedding", "what is stochastic neighbor embedding", "what is the goal of stochastic neighbor embedding?", "what is stochastic neighbor embedding", "what is stochastic neighbor embedding", "what is bounding and embedding", "which method is used to estimate neighboring probabilistic images of an object?", "what is scootastic neighbor embedding", "gaussian neighbor embedding", "what is gaussian", "what is the aim of stochastic neighbor embedding", "what is the aim of a neighbor embedding", "where is a natural cost function in physics", "which of the following methods is used to approximate the dimensionality of a gaussian", "what is gaussian embedding" ]
0e1431fa42d76c44911b07078610d4b9254bd4ce	[ "which method is best for performing nonlinear analysis", "what is the ncl problem", "nonlinear analysis kernel function", "what is the kernel for multidimensional analysis", "nonlinear component analysis definition computer", "definition of nulinar component analysis", "what is the kernel of nonlinear analysis", "what is nonlinear component analysis", "what are the main features of nonlinear analysis", "what is nca", "what is the nonlinear kernel used for", "kernel kernel eigenvalue definition physics", "what is non linear component analysis", "nonlinear component analysis", "what is nonlinear analysis", "which is a nonlinear analysis of a component", "what is a kernel Eigenvalue", "what is nonlinear component analysis", "what kind of problem is a kernel eigenvalue", "what is the kernel integral operator in the nonlinear method" ]
40cfac582cafeadb0e09e5f020e2febf5cbd4986	[ "which graph has an impact on the accuracy of identifying an adverse drug event?", "how to classify twitter ads as drug effect", "why is twitter a useful database", "why do we use dega for drugs?", "how to classify drugs based on their effects on a social media", "what is social med graph", "how to classify the effects of tweets", "what is the purpose of an adverse drug interaction graph?", "how does the deg work", "what is the graph theoretic representations of drugs", "what is deg", "how to identify ade effects", "what is the deg algorithm", "what is the graph theoretic representation of deg", "why is it important to analyze the ade graph on twitter", "why is ade a technique used in social media", "what is twitter deg", "what is the purpose of the social media deg model", "which of these data sets are useful to identify adverse drug effects? a. dge graph b. ged graph", "what is ade graph" ]
292eee24017356768f1f50b72701ea636dba7982	[ "implicit shape model for object recognition", "what model is used to recognize point clouds", "what shape model for object recognition in a clouds", "what shape model is needed for object recognition", "which shape model is used on the point clouds", "what shape is used for object recognition", "what shape model to use to detect clouds", "what is the implicit shape model", "effects of shapes on point clouds", "which shape model to use for object recognition", "what shape model is used for point clouds", "what is the implicit shape model used for in point clouds", "what shape model detects clouds", "which model is implicit in shape formation", "what is the implicit shape model?", "what model to use to determine object density", "what is the shape model for point clouds", "why do we do it in point clouds", "what shape model is implicit in urban areas", "what model is used to find objects" ]
ffd7ac9b4fff641d461091d5237321f83bae5216	[ "what is the purpose of deep learning in maritime traffic analytics", "what types of neural networks are used in deep learning", "what is ais data streams", "what is multitasking", "how deep learning is used in vessel monitoring", "what is multitask learning", "why use multiple tasks", "what are ais data streams used for", "what does an ais data stream do", "which deep learning framework is used to learn how to monitor vessel traffic?", "what is the use for multi task deep learning", "why use ais data", "what is ais data stream", "what is the multitask model?", "what is multi-task deep learning framework", "what is the multitask learning of an ais data stream?", "what is multitask learning?", "which deep learning framework is used for vessel monitoring?", "why as can be used for multitask deep learning in maritime traffic surveillance", "what is the purpose of deep learning" ]
6385cd92746386c82a69ffdc3bc0a9da9f64f721	[ "what is the dysphagia severity scale used for", "what is dysphagia severity scale", "what is dysphagia severity scale?", "why is dysphagia severity scale used", "what's the outcome of dysphagia", "what is the dss scale", "what is the dysphagia severity scale", "why use the dysphagia scale", "what is dysphagia severity scale", "what is the dysphagia severity scale used for", "what is doss scale", "how many points does dysphagia severity include", "what is the dysphagia severity scale", "which scale measures dysphagia", "what is dysphagia severity", "which dysphagia scale is used primarily to diagnose a symptom", "what is dysphagia severity scale", "what is the dysphagia outcome score scale?", "dysphagia severity scale", "what is a dysphagia severity scale" ]
1d18fba47004a4cf2643c41ca82f6b04904bb134	[ "how does super resolution depth maps work", "what is super resolution depth map", "what is depth map resolution", "why is depth mapping sr", "what is depth mapping super resolution", "resolution depth maps", "what is the resolution of a depth map in 3d", "why is deep maps super resolution", "how to calculate depth maps in 3d", "what is depth synthesis quality", "why is depth map sr", "what is super resolution depth map", "what is sr in depth map", "depth maps super resolution", "why is depth map super-resolution used", "what is sr method of data analysis", "what is depth super resolution", "what is sr in depth maps", "how to improve depth map resolution", "why does depth mapping reduce resolution" ]
922b5eaa5ca03b12d9842b7b84e0e420ccd2feee	[ "what is wiener holf integral equation", "what is a wegener filter", "what is the function of the weisner hopf equation", "which interdisciplinary work is based on the linear filter?", "what problem was wegener-holf solve", "which of the following mathematical problems is associated with linear filtering?", "what widner filter is used for", "which is a new approach to linear filtering", "what is a linear filter", "weiser hopf integral equation", "what is the wender filter for", "winkeler hopf solves the finite memory problem and then uses the nonstationary equation to find the signal type in the presence of a noisy signal.", "which eigenfunction of a linear filter provides an accurate and robust method of predicting random noise?", "how did weiser hoppf solve this problem", "weiser-hopf equation", "definition and examples of linear filtering", "what was weiser's basic problem", "is a nonstationary filter statistical", "who developed the weiser-hopf equation", "which method is best for determining the accuracy of a linear filter?" ]

End of preview. Expand in Dataset Viewer.

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NFCorpus: 20 generated queries (BEIR Benchmark)

This HF dataset contains the top-20 synthetic queries generated for each passage in the above BEIR benchmark dataset.

DocT5query model used: BeIR/query-gen-msmarco-t5-base-v1
id (str): unique document id in NFCorpus in the BEIR benchmark (corpus.jsonl).
Questions generated: 20
Code used for generation: evaluate_anserini_docT5query_parallel.py

Below contains the old dataset card for the BEIR benchmark.

Dataset Card for BEIR Benchmark

Dataset Summary

BEIR is a heterogeneous benchmark that has been built from 18 diverse datasets representing 9 information retrieval tasks:

Fact-checking: FEVER, Climate-FEVER, SciFact
Question-Answering: NQ, HotpotQA, FiQA-2018
Bio-Medical IR: TREC-COVID, BioASQ, NFCorpus
News Retrieval: TREC-NEWS, Robust04
Argument Retrieval: Touche-2020, ArguAna
Duplicate Question Retrieval: Quora, CqaDupstack
Citation-Prediction: SCIDOCS
Tweet Retrieval: Signal-1M
Entity Retrieval: DBPedia

All these datasets have been preprocessed and can be used for your experiments.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports a leaderboard that evaluates models against task-specific metrics such as F1 or EM, as well as their ability to retrieve supporting information from Wikipedia.

The current best performing models can be found here.

Languages

All tasks are in English (en).

Dataset Structure

All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). They must be in the following format:

corpus file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields _id with unique document identifier, title with document title (optional) and text with document paragraph or passage. For example: {"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born...."}
queries file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields _id with unique query identifier and text with query text. For example: {"_id": "q1", "text": "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?"}
qrels file: a .tsv file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the query-id, corpus-id and score in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: q1 doc1 1

Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

corpus = {
    "doc1" : {
        "title": "Albert Einstein", 
        "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. who developed the theory of relativity, \
                 one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for \
                 its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his massâ€“energy \
                 equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation'. He received the 1921 \
                 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law \
                 of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory."
        },
    "doc2" : {
        "title": "", # Keep title an empty string if not present
        "text": "Wheat beer is a top-fermented beer which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of \
                 malted barley. The two main varieties are German WeiÃŸbier and Belgian witbier; other types include Lambic (made\
                 with wild yeast), Berliner Weisse (a cloudy, sour beer), and Gose (a sour, salty beer)."
    },
}

queries = {
    "q1" : "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?",
    "q2" : "Which beer is brewed with a large proportion of wheat?"
}

qrels = {
    "q1" : {"doc1": 1},
    "q2" : {"doc2": 1},
}

Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

Corpus

corpus: a dict feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique document id
  - title: a string feature, denoting the title of the document.
  - text: a string feature, denoting the text of the document.

Queries

queries: a dict feature representing the query, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique query id
- text: a string feature, denoting the text of the query.

Qrels

qrels: a dict feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the query id
  - _id: a string feature, denoting the document id.
  - score: a int32 feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

Data Splits

Dataset	Website	BEIR-Name	Type	Queries	Corpus	Rel D/Q	Down-load	md5
MSMARCO	Homepage	`msmarco`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,980	8.84M	1.1	Link	`444067daf65d982533ea17ebd59501e4`
TREC-COVID	Homepage	`trec-covid`	`test`	50	171K	493.5	Link	`ce62140cb23feb9becf6270d0d1fe6d1`
NFCorpus	Homepage	`nfcorpus`	`train` `dev` `test`	323	3.6K	38.2	Link	`a89dba18a62ef92f7d323ec890a0d38d`
BioASQ	Homepage	`bioasq`	`train` `test`	500	14.91M	8.05	No	How to Reproduce?
NQ	Homepage	`nq`	`train` `test`	3,452	2.68M	1.2	Link	`d4d3d2e48787a744b6f6e691ff534307`
HotpotQA	Homepage	`hotpotqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	7,405	5.23M	2.0	Link	`f412724f78b0d91183a0e86805e16114`
FiQA-2018	Homepage	`fiqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	648	57K	2.6	Link	`17918ed23cd04fb15047f73e6c3bd9d9`
Signal-1M(RT)	Homepage	`signal1m`	`test`	97	2.86M	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
TREC-NEWS	Homepage	`trec-news`	`test`	57	595K	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
ArguAna	Homepage	`arguana`	`test`	1,406	8.67K	1.0	Link	`8ad3e3c2a5867cdced806d6503f29b99`
Touche-2020	Homepage	`webis-touche2020`	`test`	49	382K	19.0	Link	`46f650ba5a527fc69e0a6521c5a23563`
CQADupstack	Homepage	`cqadupstack`	`test`	13,145	457K	1.4	Link	`4e41456d7df8ee7760a7f866133bda78`
Quora	Homepage	`quora`	`dev` `test`	10,000	523K	1.6	Link	`18fb154900ba42a600f84b839c173167`
DBPedia	Homepage	`dbpedia-entity`	`dev` `test`	400	4.63M	38.2	Link	`c2a39eb420a3164af735795df012ac2c`
SCIDOCS	Homepage	`scidocs`	`test`	1,000	25K	4.9	Link	`38121350fc3a4d2f48850f6aff52e4a9`
FEVER	Homepage	`fever`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,666	5.42M	1.2	Link	`5a818580227bfb4b35bb6fa46d9b6c03`
Climate-FEVER	Homepage	`climate-fever`	`test`	1,535	5.42M	3.0	Link	`8b66f0a9126c521bae2bde127b4dc99d`
SciFact	Homepage	`scifact`	`train` `test`	300	5K	1.1	Link	`5f7d1de60b170fc8027bb7898e2efca1`
Robust04	Homepage	`robust04`	`test`	249	528K	69.9	No	How to Reproduce?

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

Cite as:

@inproceedings{
thakur2021beir,
title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
year={2021},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}

Contributions

Thanks to @Nthakur20 for adding this dataset.Top-20 generated queries for every passage in NFCorpus

Dataset Card for BEIR Benchmark

Dataset Description
Dataset Structure
Dataset Creation
Considerations for Using the Data
Additional Information

Dataset Description

Homepage: https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
Repository: https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
Paper: https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ
Leaderboard: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1L8aACyPaXrL8iEelJLGqlMqXKPX2oSP_R10pZoy77Ns
Point of Contact: nandan.thakur@uwaterloo.ca

Dataset Summary

BEIR is a heterogeneous benchmark that has been built from 18 diverse datasets representing 9 information retrieval tasks:

Fact-checking: FEVER, Climate-FEVER, SciFact
Question-Answering: NQ, HotpotQA, FiQA-2018
Bio-Medical IR: TREC-COVID, BioASQ, NFCorpus
News Retrieval: TREC-NEWS, Robust04
Argument Retrieval: Touche-2020, ArguAna
Duplicate Question Retrieval: Quora, CqaDupstack
Citation-Prediction: SCIDOCS
Tweet Retrieval: Signal-1M
Entity Retrieval: DBPedia

All these datasets have been preprocessed and can be used for your experiments.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports a leaderboard that evaluates models against task-specific metrics such as F1 or EM, as well as their ability to retrieve supporting information from Wikipedia.

The current best performing models can be found here.

Languages

All tasks are in English (en).

Dataset Structure

All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). They must be in the following format:

corpus file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields _id with unique document identifier, title with document title (optional) and text with document paragraph or passage. For example: {"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born...."}
queries file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields _id with unique query identifier and text with query text. For example: {"_id": "q1", "text": "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?"}
qrels file: a .tsv file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the query-id, corpus-id and score in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: q1 doc1 1

Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

corpus = {
    "doc1" : {
        "title": "Albert Einstein", 
        "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. who developed the theory of relativity, \
                 one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for \
                 its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his massâ€“energy \
                 equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation'. He received the 1921 \
                 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law \
                 of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory."
        },
    "doc2" : {
        "title": "", # Keep title an empty string if not present
        "text": "Wheat beer is a top-fermented beer which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of \
                 malted barley. The two main varieties are German WeiÃŸbier and Belgian witbier; other types include Lambic (made\
                 with wild yeast), Berliner Weisse (a cloudy, sour beer), and Gose (a sour, salty beer)."
    },
}

queries = {
    "q1" : "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?",
    "q2" : "Which beer is brewed with a large proportion of wheat?"
}

qrels = {
    "q1" : {"doc1": 1},
    "q2" : {"doc2": 1},
}

Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

Corpus

corpus: a dict feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique document id
  - title: a string feature, denoting the title of the document.
  - text: a string feature, denoting the text of the document.

Queries

queries: a dict feature representing the query, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique query id
- text: a string feature, denoting the text of the query.

Qrels

qrels: a dict feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the query id
  - _id: a string feature, denoting the document id.
  - score: a int32 feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

Data Splits

Dataset	Website	BEIR-Name	Type	Queries	Corpus	Rel D/Q	Down-load	md5
MSMARCO	Homepage	`msmarco`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,980	8.84M	1.1	Link	`444067daf65d982533ea17ebd59501e4`
TREC-COVID	Homepage	`trec-covid`	`test`	50	171K	493.5	Link	`ce62140cb23feb9becf6270d0d1fe6d1`
NFCorpus	Homepage	`nfcorpus`	`train` `dev` `test`	323	3.6K	38.2	Link	`a89dba18a62ef92f7d323ec890a0d38d`
BioASQ	Homepage	`bioasq`	`train` `test`	500	14.91M	8.05	No	How to Reproduce?
NQ	Homepage	`nq`	`train` `test`	3,452	2.68M	1.2	Link	`d4d3d2e48787a744b6f6e691ff534307`
HotpotQA	Homepage	`hotpotqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	7,405	5.23M	2.0	Link	`f412724f78b0d91183a0e86805e16114`
FiQA-2018	Homepage	`fiqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	648	57K	2.6	Link	`17918ed23cd04fb15047f73e6c3bd9d9`
Signal-1M(RT)	Homepage	`signal1m`	`test`	97	2.86M	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
TREC-NEWS	Homepage	`trec-news`	`test`	57	595K	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
ArguAna	Homepage	`arguana`	`test`	1,406	8.67K	1.0	Link	`8ad3e3c2a5867cdced806d6503f29b99`
Touche-2020	Homepage	`webis-touche2020`	`test`	49	382K	19.0	Link	`46f650ba5a527fc69e0a6521c5a23563`
CQADupstack	Homepage	`cqadupstack`	`test`	13,145	457K	1.4	Link	`4e41456d7df8ee7760a7f866133bda78`
Quora	Homepage	`quora`	`dev` `test`	10,000	523K	1.6	Link	`18fb154900ba42a600f84b839c173167`
DBPedia	Homepage	`dbpedia-entity`	`dev` `test`	400	4.63M	38.2	Link	`c2a39eb420a3164af735795df012ac2c`
SCIDOCS	Homepage	`scidocs`	`test`	1,000	25K	4.9	Link	`38121350fc3a4d2f48850f6aff52e4a9`
FEVER	Homepage	`fever`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,666	5.42M	1.2	Link	`5a818580227bfb4b35bb6fa46d9b6c03`
Climate-FEVER	Homepage	`climate-fever`	`test`	1,535	5.42M	3.0	Link	`8b66f0a9126c521bae2bde127b4dc99d`
SciFact	Homepage	`scifact`	`train` `test`	300	5K	1.1	Link	`5f7d1de60b170fc8027bb7898e2efca1`
Robust04	Homepage	`robust04`	`test`	249	528K	69.9	No	How to Reproduce?

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

Cite as:

@inproceedings{
thakur2021beir,
title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
year={2021},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}