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income
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cqadupstack-stats-top-20-gen-queries

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id stringlengths 1 6	queries sequence
110556	[ "what is para", "para scale definition", "what is the difference between para and parc", "what is para at t2 of an ordinal test", "what is the measure para", "if a statistic is a ratio scale measure what would be the para", "what is the difference between para and parc", "what is the mean of para", "para scale is definition", "what is the para scale", "what is para", "what is para mean", "what is para mean", "what is para", "what is the difference in para & parc", "what is the range of para vs parb", "what is the measure of para?", "what is para", "what is para", "what is para" ]
110557	[ "what is conjugate prior probability", "what is conjugate prior probability function", "what is the conjugated prior of probit function", "how to convert probit value to conjugate prior", "conjugate prior to probit likelihood", "why would I use conjugate prior in probability", "does probit function function conjugate prior", "which likelihood function is a conjugate prior", "conjugate prior to probit likelihood", "conjugate prior to probit function", "conjugate prior to probability function", "can probit function be conjugated prior", "conjugate prior function definition", "what type of function is the conjugate prior to probit function", "how to compute posterior posterior of probit function", "can i conjugate prior to probit likelihood", "which probabilities is the conjugate prior", "what is the conjugate prior of probit likelihood function", "which is a conjugate prior function", "what is conjugate prior for probit function" ]
89370	[ "what model does ic and aic cross validate", "how to cross validate model in r", "aic bic cross validation", "what model is sample size in bic?", "what size ic for aic", "which model has a cross validation", "cross validation of aic model", "what is the bic value of a model", "how do you cross validate aic model", "what is the difference between aic and bic", "what is the ic in a model select", "what is the size of the model for Mallows Cp", "how to cross validate model selection in r", "how do you cross validate a linear model", "how to cross validate a model in r", "how to cross validate models with aic", "what are the models of cic mallows", "what is the model size for mallows", "what model is aic", "what is the average cross validation" ]
11543	[ "why should a statistical measure be used", "what measures do people use", "what measures do i need to calculate confidence interval", "which statistics do you use to determine the difference between a sample of data and the standard deviation?", "why use statistical data", "how do i tell when and why to use specific statistical measures", "why use statistical measures", "why be concerned with a statistical measure", "when to use standard deviation", "how do you tell when and where to use specific statistical measures", "which statistic is used when calculating a sample of data?", "how to use standard deviation", "when and why to use statistical measure", "when use statistical methods to find the meaning of a specific measurement", "what is the measure used by statistical analysis", "what is used to evaluate a situation", "which statistical measures can be used to predict the outcome of the experiment in which the experiment is being performed?", "what are the different statistical measures", "when do you use statistical measures", "what measure is used in calculating confidence intervals" ]
11541	[ "how to calculate se using binary data", "population mean vs se", "how do you calculate se", "how to calculate se of a binary measure", "what is population mean", "how do you determine se from a binary measure?", "what is population mean", "how do you determine the population e", "how are se values determined", "how to calculate se in a random sample", "how do you determine se in a binary survey", "which measure best describes a binary population mean?", "how do you figure the se of a binary sample", "calculating population means for binary data", "how to calculate se for a binary measure", "what is sample se", "what is population mean", "how to calculate se for a random sample", "how to calculate the se of a binary sample", "how do you determine se of a binary measurement" ]
66109	[ "how do i measure a gaussian curve", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "what is the best way to find the correct fit of a Gaussian curve?", "how to fit a gaussian", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "how to fit a gaussian curve to the data", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "when to fit gaussian curves", "how to fit a gaussian curve", "how to fit gaussian curve", "how to fit a gaussian to a curve", "how do gaussian curves work", "how to get back a series of points on a gaussian curve that has been fit to the data", "how to fit the gaussian curve", "how to find a gaussian curve", "how to fit gagasians to a linear curve" ]
11547	[ "excel how many siblings per column", "what is the name of the parent in s: in excel", "what is the purpose of a single column of descriptors in excel", "how many siblings can be in text file", "how many siblings in a spreadsheet", "what is the s: prefix in excel", "where do i transpose siblings in excel", "what is a sibling column", "when you transpose multiple siblings into cells, what is the difference", "what's the formula to transpose the list in excel and keep data from clustered columns?", "how to transpose clustered rows", "can you convert a clustered column to a column?", "how to transpose clustered rows in excel", "how to transpose clustered rows into columns", "what is the purpose of data transposition?", "what is the formula for dividing a column into a column", "how to convert clustered rows into column", "what is a s-y column in excel", "can you divide a cell into two columns", "when a column is clustered, how many rows does it have" ]
11544	[ "what is the naive approach to detecting a stable system", "what is the test condition for stochastic system", "does the stochastic dynamic system stabilize", "what's the point when the system stabilizes", "what type of error does a stochastic dynamic system get from the time step?", "does stochastic dynamic system have stability?", "how to prove if a stochastic system is stable", "what is the stop condition for stochastic systems", "does a stochastic dynamic system stabilize", "when does a dynamic system stabilize", "what is the stability of a stochastic system", "how do you know if dynamic stochastic system is stable", "why use stability test during a simulation", "what is the test condition for the stochastic dynamic system", "what is the stop condition of a stochastic dynamic system?", "what is the stability condition for stochastic dynamics", "what is the stability of stochastic system?", "why do we use the stability test", "how to tell when a stochastic dynamic system is stable", "when do stochastic systems stabilize" ]
89378	[ "what is the ideal weighting matrix", "what is the weighting matrix formula", "best weighting for instrumental variables", "weighting matrix formula for instrument variables", "optimal weighting matrix instrumental variables estimator", "what is the weighting matrix of the instrument of regression", "weighting matrix definition in regression", "what is the weighting matrix of instrumental variables in regression and why", "weighting matrix analysis", "weighting matrix formula", "weighting matrix of instrument", "weighting matrix for instrument", "weighting matrix equation instrument variable", "weighting matrix of instrument", "weighted instrument definition", "weighting matrix instrumental variables", "optimal weighting matrix instrument variable estimator", "weighting matrix instrument", "weighting matrix for instrumentation of regression", "weighting matrix for instrumentation regression" ]
89379	[ "which data set has a high density partition", "which partition is a subspace partition", "what is an example of a subspace partition", "what is a subspace partition", "which algorithm can classify partitions in n-dimensional space", "which partition is a sub space partition", "how to partition data sets in n-dimensional space", "what is the subspace partition algorithm?", "which dimension is a subspace", "which dimensional is a subspace partition", "which algorithm would be used to create a subspace partition?", "what is the best partitioning algorithm", "how to partition n dimension in sql", "what is subspace partition", "how do you partition a data set in n-dimensional space?", "defining a partition in n dimensional space", "which subspace partitions contain the best density of hits", "what partition is an example of an n-dimensional space space partition?", "which is a subspace partition", "determining partition density in space" ]
11548	[ "how do you tell if pageview is trending upward or downward", "how to determine if a pageview is trending downwards", "how can you tell when article views are trending upward or downwards", "what is the best way to determine if pageviews are trending upwards for days", "how can i see if an article is trending upwards", "how to check if a pageview trend is upwardly", "how do you determine pageview trend", "what is the best way to determine whether pageviews are trending upward or downward?", "how do you tell if the trend is down and upwards", "what is the best way to determine if pageviews are trending upwards", "is pageview trending upwards", "can you tell when pageviews trend upwards", "how to find if pages are trending upwards", "what is the best way to determine if pageviews are trending downwards?", "why does trend upwards increase", "what is the best way to determine if pageviews are trending upward or downward?", "when is trending upwards or downwards", "how to determine if pageviews are trending", "how to determine if page views are trending upwards?", "how to determine if a pageview is trending downwards" ]
19398	[ "which loss function is used in supervised learning", "what role does nonlinear classification play in the supervised learning algorithm?", "what is convex loss in supervised learning", "convex loss optimization supervised learning", "what is convex loss optimization", "why is loss optimization important in supervised learning", "convex loss optimization and supervised learning", "what is the convex loss function, and why", "what is the difference between convex loss and nonlinear classification", "what functions are important in supervised learning", "is convex loss an algorithm", "why is convex loss optimization necessary", "what is the importance of convex optimization", "is convex loss optimal", "what is convex loss", "why is convex loss function important in supervised learning", "__________ functions are two important concepts in supervised learning", "which term describes convex loss", "convex loss optimization and supervised learning", "is nonlinear classification convex loss" ]
5982	[ "when is a common stochastic trend included in random walks", "burn-in period for random walks", "random walk burn in period", "what is the burn in period in simple stochastic model", "burn-in period for random walk", "what is burn in", "what is the random walk burn in period", "which is a good burn in period for a random walk?", "which is a good proxy for the burn in period", "random walk burn in period", "how long is the burn-in period in an r simulation", "what is the burn in period", "what is the burn-in period", "burn in period for random walking", "which is the burn in period of random walk", "random walk r burn in period", "when do we burn in in r?", "average burn in period for random walk", "what are the burn-in periods for random walk", "what is random walk average burn in period" ]
5987	[ "what is the worst classifier", "worst classifiers", "worst classifier that learns badly in practical problems", "worst classifier", "worst classifier that learns badly in practical problems", "worst classifier definition", "worst classifier", "which was the worst classifier", "what is the worst classifier", "what is the worst classifier", "worst classifier definition", "what is the worst classifier in learning", "what is worst classifier", "what is the worst classifier", "what is the worst classifier?", "which is the worst classifier", "what is the worst classifier that learns badly in practical problems", "worst classifier what is the worst classifier that learns badly in practical problems?", "what is a classier that learning badly", "what is the worst classifier that learns badly in practical problems" ]
19391	[ "what is the difference between a 2x2 factorial design and a 2 way", "difference between factorial design and anova", "what is the difference between a 2x2 factorial design and a 2way ana", "what is the difference between a factorial design and an analyptic experiment?", "what is the difference between factorial design and anova", "what is the difference between factorial design and a two way analytogram", "what is the difference between 2x2 factorial design and a 2-way", "what is the difference between a 2x2 factorial design and a 2-way", "which is the difference between factorial design and ana", "what is the difference between 2x2 factorial design and a 2-way", "which is the difference between a factorial design experiment and a two way analyte?", "what is the difference between a factorial design and an analyte", "what is the difference between a fd and an anova", "what is the difference between factorial design and anova?", "what is the 2x2 design experiment and a 2-way anova", "what is the difference between a factorial design and a 2-way anti-odour study", "what is the difference between a 2x2 factorial design and a 2-way analyzer?", "what is the difference between a factorial design and a two way analysis", "what is the difference between factorial design and two way analysis?", "difference between factorial design and analyzer" ]
19390	[ "how to analyze a sample for an unbalanced treatment", "how to determine unbalanced in the design of an aNOVA", "how to analyze the data of an unbalanced analysis", "how long between treatments is unbalanced", "how to analyze an unbalanced design of an analyte", "how to analyze an unbalanced t-test", "how to analyze an unbalanced analysis of data", "how many subjects is in one experiment for unbalanced data", "how to analyze an experiment with unbalanced data", "how to calculate the unbalanced data from an experimental study", "when do you take an unbalanced sample", "how many subjects in an experimental trial are included", "how to find a dependent variable in an aNOVA", "how to analyze an unbalanced design", "how to analyze an unbalanced experiment", "what is the difference between an unbalanced study and an aNOVA", "how to analyze an unbalanced design of an experiment", "when to measure an unbalanced in an ova", "how to analyze an unbalanced study design", "how to analyze an unbalanced trial" ]
103549	[ "how to use box cox in aic", "does box cox statistic count towards parameters", "does box cox parameter estimation count toward ic", "how many parameters does box cox estimation", "how many parameters are in box cox", "do box cox parameters count towards aic", "how many parameters for box cox", "which parameter counts as a aic", "which parameter counts as aac", "do box coefficients count towards aic", "what counts towards box coefficient", "how many aic parameters are used?", "how many parameters are there in box cox", "what is the box coefficient aic?", "what parameter in box cox for aic", "what aic is box cox", "which parameter is used for regression modelling", "how many parameters are in a box cox model", "does box cox parameter estimation count toward parameters for aic", "how many box cox parameters are there to be able to calculate aic" ]
82449	[ "what is the sum of 30 random variables", "sum of discrete variable", "sum of discrete random variables", "what is sum of two random variables", "why does a risk management application need a discrete random distribution?", "how to find the sum of all thirty variables", "if a sum of three random variables is equal to one standard deviation, the standard deviation of s is the sum of all the three expected values and is the sum of all the expected values of these random variables", "how to calculate standard deviation of random variable", "if we are looking for a discrete probability distribution", "what is the sum of the expected value of every discrete variable", "how many variables are discrete", "how many expected value are in a sum of discrete random variables?", "how to find standard deviation of a risk management program", "what is the standard deviation of x in a discrete variable", "how do you find probability distribution", "what is the sum of the discrete random variable", "how many random variables in the sum of 30", "how to find the standard deviation for a discrete random variable", "sum of discrete random variables", "the standard deviation of the sum of two random variables" ]
82448	[ "can random forest classify a time series?", "can random forest classify time series", "can random forest r classify multiple time series?", "can random forest reclassify time series in r", "can you classify a time series on r", "can random forest do multiple time series", "what is the ls of random forest", "how to classify stock stock", "how to classify multiple time series in random forest r", "which of the following is an appropriate classification problem in random forest?", "random forest r classifies what", "r is capable of classification of multiple time series", "can r classify multiple time series", "how to classify stock in multiple time series", "what is a time series in random forest r", "what is random forest r", "r classification in multiple time series", "how to classify a stock in random forest r", "is random forest suitable", "how to classify time series" ]
82442	[ "why is the importance of attributes of a particular data point important?", "how to quantify importance of a data point", "are there any techniques that quantize the importance/signification of individual attribute values of a particular data point?", "why does the importance of data points vary", "how to measure the importance of a given attribute in a particular data set?", "how important is an attribute", "what is the importance of a particular attribute", "which technique quantifies the importance of individual attribute values?", "importance of attribute values", "what is the importance of individual data points", "what is the importance of an attribute in a particular data point?", "what is the significance of individual attribute values of a particular data point?", "how to quantify importance of an attribute", "how to quantize the importance of individual attribute values", "which technique quantifies the importance of attribute values?", "importance definition in a data analysis", "importance of individual data points", "are there any techniques that quantize the importance of individual attribute values of a particular data point?", "why are individual attribute values important", "how to quantify the importance of an attribute value" ]
103543	[ "what is the order of a time series?", "how to transform a time series to a stationary period with different order", "how to transform a data set from a time period to something stationary?", "how to convert month time horizon to monthly time", "how to transform a time horizon", "transform the time series of different horizons to stationary", "how to transform time series of different horizon to stationary", "how to convert an horizon time series to a series", "transform time series to stationary", "transform time series to time period", "how to change time series of different time horizon to stationary", "how to make a time series stationary", "what is the order of integration in different time horizons?", "can you convert time series to time horizons", "how to convert a time series", "how to make a time series in data", "how to transform a time series from a time horizon to a stationary time period", "how to make time series stationary", "what is the order of integration of a time series", "how to transform a time series" ]
103542	[ "what does $AB mean in math", "does quantitative mean qualitative", "what does $ab mean in a factorial", "what is the definition of qualitative interaction", "what is the meaning of a(b)$ in a 3 level factorial with 2 factors", "what is the mean of b$ interaction in a 3 level factorial", "what is the interaction of the factor a(b)", "what is the meaning of $a(b)$ interaction", "what is the purpose of $a(b)$ interaction in factorial analysis", "why does $b+2$ have no actual meaning?", "what is the meaning of $a(a+b)", "what does qualitative factor mean", "what is the definition of $a(b)$ interaction", "why do you use the coefficient $ab and ab when a factor is qualitative", "what is the definition of the interaction", "what is the purpose of a factor in a 3 level factorial with 2 factors $a$ and $b$, when the factors are qualitative?", "what the difference between qualitative and quantitative factor", "when the factors are qualitative, what is the relationship between the components?", "what if the factors are qualitative", "when the factors are qualitative, the interaction of the factors" ]
82447	[ "how to classify a gaussian mixture", "how do you classify a gaussian from a bimodal mixture in r", "how to classify in r with a Gaussian diagram", "how to classify two gaussian mixture", "how to classify a gaussian", "how to classify gaussian mixture of two gaussian symphonys", "code to read a graph in r", "is lng classifying gaussian", "what is the purpose of gaussian coding", "how to classify gaussian from bimodal mixture of gaussian", "how to classify a gaussian", "how to classify gaussian", "what is the python code for extracting horizontal lines from a horizontal line in a graph?", "how to classify gaussian", "r how to classify a gaussian in a diagram", "how to classify a gaussian from a bimodal mixture", "how to make a gaussian graph in r", "how to classify a gaussian", "is gaussian a bimodal mixture", "what is a graph a of a gaussian" ]
82446	[ "why does pca fail when modeling", "why does the neural net model have variable distributions", "what is neural net", "why does pca not always work in neural nets", "why does it occur in a neural net", "what occurs when you use pca for multiple variables", "how to get the y variable in a neural network model", "what does the neural net do", "why do pca variables come out as y variables", "why does a neural network use variables", "why should a neural net model be prior to using a model?", "why do you need ann model", "why do the data sets in pca come out as strong independent variable", "why will a neural net model be unable to handle multiple variable distributions?", "when using neural net x and y, what happens", "why does anns fail in training", "why does validation indicate a model is ok", "neural networks - why are variables used in training", "what happens when you use the nnn method in annotated dataset", "why is pca used in neural net" ]
82444	[ "what is a missing at random assumption", "how to imputation data", "can you imputation multiple studies", "how do you test multiple imputations", "can multiple imputation be used for longitudinal studies", "what is multiple randomisation?", "which test carries the missing data in data imputations?", "when to use multiple imputation", "what is missing at random", "what is the missing at random assumption for multiple imputation", "what is the missing assumption of multiple imputation", "what is missing at random assumption in a longitudinal study?", "what is the missing at random assumption", "which assumption is correct when i am using multiple imputation", "what is multiple imputation", "why are data missing in longitudinal studies", "at what randomness can data be missing", "when is a data missing from a longitudinal study", "when is data missing", "how to measure imputations of data" ]
106089	[ "how to estimate time-to-event", "time to event condition", "how to calculate time to events", "how to calculate the time to recurring behavior", "how do you calculate the time to an event", "how to calculate hazard rate on recurrent behavior", "how does conditional time to event", "time to event model", "how to estimate time to event", "how to estimate conditional time to event for recurrence", "what is the conditional time to event equation", "how do i calculate time to event", "how to get a hazard model for recurrent behavior", "hazard rate of a model", "how to calculate recurring time to event", "when to estimate time to event", "hazard rate model how do you use it", "hazard rate for recurring event is", "how to predict recurrent behavior", "time-to-event hazard rate" ]
113011	[ "how to make a model of the dawid skeene model in boots", "what is the ________ model of the dawid skeene model?", "what is the model of dawid skeene", "skene model definition in boos", "how to model dawid skene in boos", "what is the model of the dawid skener boolean", "where is variables in the dawid skeene model", "what is the model used in guts", "what is the dawid skeene model", "how to create dawid skenes model", "how to model dawid skene with gist", "dawid skeene model", "which of the following is the model that is not declared by an annotation?", "skene model definition", "what type of model is a dawid skene", "what is the dawid skene model", "what is dawid skene model in comb", "what is the model of a skene model", "what is the model for dawid skene", "dawid skeene model" ]
110558	[ "what is the difference between a subcategory of food and the overall quality of experience?", "average logistic regression how to determine categorywise significance", "how to find categorywise significance", "interpreting subcategory variance as a dependent variable in logistic regression analysis", "which category does logistic regression include", "why does categorywise logistic regression show individual significance", "how to find categorywise significance regression", "how to determine the significance of each independent variable on a sample", "what is the importance of each variable in a logistic regression?", "how to find categories in regression", "what is the categorywise significance of a subcategory in logistic regression", "how if the variable is categorywise", "how to calculate categorywise significance of variable in logistic regression", "what is the significance of the independent and dependent variable in categorywise regression?", "what category is restaurant overall quality of experience", "how to calculate individual significance from a logistic logistic regression sample", "can you use a logistic regression analysis to find the independent significance of the variable", "what is the difference between categorywise and categorywise", "what is the category of significance of the subcategories", "how to determine the significance of subcategories" ]
110559	[ "how can i estimate a linear model", "what is the unbiased range for regression", "what is the objective of the linear regression model", "how do you estimate a linear regression model", "which of the following describes the objective of linear regression?", "how to estimate a linear regression", "how to estimate linear regression using item pool in r", "what makes regression estimate unbiased", "estimate linear regression", "which statistic is unbiased", "is the sample size used in a linear regression test unbiased", "how would you estimate linear regression", "how to use linear regression", "which statement describes how to estimate linear regression", "how to predict linear regression model", "when to use sufficient statistics to estimate regression models", "how to estimate a linear regression", "how to estimate linear regression using randomization", "what is the objective of linear regression", "why are regression models unbiased" ]
82991	[ "how to find the probability of a point left out", "how to calculate likelihood", "how do i calculate cross validation probability", "how to cross validate model", "how do you compute cross validation", "how do i calculate likely error", "which probability is used to find errors in a bulge disc model?", "how to use cross validation probability", "how is cross validation performed", "how to find the error on the parameters of a bulge disc sersic model?", "what is the likelihood of an error in a data set when comparing different data sets?", "how to calculate cross validation probability", "how to calculate the likelihood of error in the cross validation algorithm", "how to calculate probability in cross-validation", "how to calculate likelihood of errors", "how to calculate likelihood probability in sersic model", "how to calculate cross validation probability", "how to check cross validation probability", "how to calculate likelihood of error", "calculate likelihood of bias" ]
82990	[ "which of the following represents a pdf of the sum of a random vector?", "how does the pdf work", "is there a pdf of amplitudes?", "what is the pdf amplitude of the sum of random vectors with fixed amplitudes and random phases", "what is the pdf of a sum for random vectors?", "what is pdf pdf of random vectors", "what is the pdf of the sum of random random vectors", "amplitude of the vector n", "what is the pdf of $n", "what is phi pdf", "is there a simple way to evaluate pdf", "what is the pdf of $phi in vectors", "what phase is the sum of a vector?", "what is the pdf of a sum of random vectors of varying amplitudes and phases?", "sum of vectors with fixed amplitudes", "sum of random vectors", "what is phi", "amplitude of n vectors", "which statement best describes the pdf of the sum of a vector with an equal amplitude?", "what is pdf of random number" ]
27300	[ "which of the following information can you filter out of the variable?", "how is principal component analysis used in feature selection", "what is pca in feature selection", "can you perform pca analysis in feature selector", "what does pca mean in feature selection", "how to use pca analysis", "how does pca work in feature selection", "what's pca in data analysis", "what is principal component analysis (pca) used for", "what is principal component analysis used for?", "why do we use principal component and analysis", "what is pca used for", "does pca filter out noninformative input variables in feature selection?", "does pca work to filter out noninformative input variables?", "what do you use principal component analysis for", "can feature selection be conducted by pca", "when you use principal component analysis (pca) for feature selection, you can use a relative score for each input variable that can be used to filter out", "what is pca", "when to use principal component analysis", "what is pca used for in feature selection" ]
114775	[ "which of the following is a principle-component analysis?", "how do you reduce a dimension in pca", "what is the principle of pca", "how is dimension reduction measured", "how to reduce the number of variables in pca", "how to use parametric dimension", "what is principal component analysis", "what is the purpose of pca analysis", "how to reduce pca", "how do you reduce the pca", "can pca reduce independent variable", "which principal components should be evaluated when performing a pca analysis?", "how to reduce pca independent variable", "how do i reduce dimension of an independent variable", "what is the importance of principal components", "what is principle component analysis", "how to perform pca", "what is pca dimensions", "how to perform dimension reduction", "can i perform dimension reduction analysis on 400 variables with a principal component" ]
88391	[ "what is the problem of using a boolean model of a bayesian parameter?", "what is bpe homework", "what is bayesian parameter estimating", "how to estimate bpe values", "what is the problem with bpe", "which is the best bayesian parameter estimation", "how to do a problem of bpe estimation", "what is bpe homework answer", "what is the bpe equation in homework", "what is the homework problem for bayesian parameter estimation", "what is the bayesian p/d equation", "what is a homework problem in bpe", "what is the homework equation for bpe", "p(x\|d)= ________ bpe", "bayesian parameter estimate homework", "what is the homework equation for Bayesian parameter estimator", "what is the bpe method for parameter analysis", "what is p(x\|d)", "what is the homework problem for bpe", "what is a homework problem for the bpe approach" ]
82997	[ "how to find degrees of freedom for a mixed model in spss", "how many degrees of freedom are in a mixed effect", "what is the number of degrees of freedom in a mixed effect spss", "spss model degrees of freedom", "does it make sense to use a mixed-effect analysis with dependent variables?", "why do my dependent and variable degrees of freedom vary", "why do the degrees of freedom differ in a mixed effect model", "when does the degrees of freedom differ", "what is the number of degrees of freedom for each variable", "how many degrees of freedom", "does spss have degrees of freedom", "what is the freedom of the model", "how many degrees of freedom can a mixed effect model have", "what's the number of degrees of freedom for variable in an spss model?", "how many degrees of freedom are there for each variable", "how many degrees of freedom are there with a mixed effect model?", "which of the following can differ when using a mixed effect model", "what is the difference between a mixed and a single variable", "if you use same spss model as the dependent variable you get the", "how does the number of degrees of freedom differ for a mixed model?" ]
80399	[ "how to calculate auc in r", "how to calculate auc on r", "how do i find the auc", "what is the auc formula", "how to calculate aucc curve", "auc formula", "what is auc calculated as", "calculate auc", "what is the auc", "where is a auc", "what is the auc?", "which method to use to figure out auc?", "what is the auc?", "what is auc in r", "calculate auc", "which function to use to calculate the auc of a class", "acc definition math", "what is auc", "what is the auc formula in math", "auc is calculated based on" ]
82999	[ "how to interpret pca scores", "what are principal component scores", "what is meant by pca", "how to interpret principal component analysis", "why do principal components differ ppa", "what is principal component analysis for a database", "what is the principal component analysis", "which variable is important?", "can a variable be the principal component of a principal-component analysis?", "which variable depends on what variable", "what is the purpose of principal component analysis", "how to interpret the data in pca", "what is the primary objective of principal component analysis", "why do you need principal component analyses", "what are principal component scores", "how to interpret principal component", "do principal components of analysis differ", "what is meant by principal component analysis?", "what is pca?", "how to interpret pca scores" ]
46136	[ "how to calculate the effect size on the trait", "a trait is a binary group membership variable and standard deviation of dx", "effect size formula for dx", "standard deviation for an adjusted effect size", "how to get standard deviation adjusted for age", "determining the standard deviation for effect size", "how to calculate effect size for a trait", "how do i determine the effect size for a trait", "how do you calculate the effect size for a trait", "standard deviation of trait", "what is dx mean", "how to calculate effect size for trait", "what is standard deviation for trait", "a variable that is an adjusted standard deviation is", "what is standard deviation for trait adjustment", "can i use sdpooled standard deviation in a trait model", "how to calculate standard deviation of trait vs dx", "how is standard deviation used for effect size", "how to calculate effect size", "how to estimate effect size" ]
46134	[ "what is the correct interpreter for regression coefficient?", "which variable is the reciprocal of an independent variable", "how to interpret coefficients of regression", "how to interpret coefficient of regression", "what is the coefficient of inverse", "what is the coefficient for the reciprocal of the independent variable?", "which variable in the model is inverse", "what is the coefficient of an inverse equation called?", "how is coefficient used with inverse regression", "if the independent variable is reciprocal to the independent variable, what is the inverse of the inverse?", "why is the inverse coefficient for text power", "how to interpret regression coefficient on independent variable", "how to interpret the coefficient of a regression equation?", "how to interpret coefficient", "what model coefficient to use when the independent variable is reciprocal?", "how to interpret regression coefficient", "how to interpret inverse regression coefficient for reciprocal regression variable", "how to interpret coefficient for the reciprocal of an independent variable", "how to interpret a coefficient regression", "what is the coefficient of the equation for inverse" ]
88399	[ "when the posterior distribution of a sampling distribution belong to the same family", "when the posterior distribution and sampling distribution belong to the same family?", "why does the sample distribution belong to the same family", "when the posterior distribution and the sampling distribution belong to the same family?", "if the posterior distribution is uniform, does it belong to the same family as the sampling distribution", "when sampling distribution and posterior distribution belong to the same family", "when sampling distribution and posterior distribution belong to the same family", "what type of family does a conjugate prior belong to", "when sampling distribution and posterior distribution are in the same family", "which is a sample distribution under uniform prior", "what family does your posterior posterior distribution fall into", "what is the family name of the posterior distribution", "where do posterior distributions belong", "what is sample prior", "when the posterior distribution belong to the same family as the sampling", "when a prior and a sampling distribution are in the same family?", "what is the family of the posterior distributions?", "when sampling distribution and posterior distribution belong to the same family?", "why do prior and sampling prior belong to the same family", "which family of distributions does a posterior sampling distribution belong to" ]
88398	[ "what is the purpose of farth regression", "firth logistic regression", "which of the following methods will be used to select which model?", "why use firth", "what is the firth penalty?", "when to use firth regression in logistic regression", "why use firth logistic regression", "when should firth be included in probability", "when to use firth in logistic regression", "why does firth penalize", "what is the firth regression", "why use firth logistic regression?", "why firth regression", "why use firth regression", "is firth regression a model", "what is firth penalty", "why use the firth term with logistic regression", "why use firth regression", "when using firth regression", "why use firth logistic regression" ]
46130	[ "learning rate gradient descent", "how do you determine your learning rate for gradient descent?", "how do you determine the learning rate for gradient descent", "what is the optimum learning rate for gradient descent in linear regression", "what is the learner rate for gradient descent", "how to determine learning rate in regression", "when can you determine learning rate in linear regression?", "how to determine the optimum learning rate for gradient descent", "what is the learning rate of a linear regression model?", "can linear regression learn optimum learning rate", "which metric determines learning rate", "how can one determine the optimum learning rate for gradient descent", "how to calculate the learning rate for gradient descent", "optimum learning rate linear regression", "learning rate for gradient descent", "what is learning rate for gradient descent", "what would the optimum learning rate for gradient descent be for linear regression", "how can i find optimum learning rate for gradient descent in linear regression", "how to determine learning rate of gradient descent linear regression", "how can one determine the optimal learning rate for gradient descent" ]
89373	[ "which statistical test should i use to test whether combination a is significantly better than the others and why?", "what statistical test is used to test the sensitivity of an emotion?", "why is combination a statistical test better than combination b", "which statistical test should i use to test whether combination a is significantly better than the others?", "what statistical tests should i use with my emotion recognition", "which statistical test should i use to test whether combination a is significantly better than the others and why?", "what statistical test is used to test the accuracy of a combination", "what statistical test can be performed to determine whether an algorithm is significantly better than the others and why?", "what statistical test is used to predict correct classification", "what is the statistical test in emotion recognition", "what statistical test is used for the recognition of emotions", "what statistics do you use to predict the correct classification of an emotion?", "which statistical test should i use to test whether combination is significantly better than the others and why?", "what statistical test is used to determine whether an emotion is accurately classified?", "what is the statistical test used for emotion recognition", "which statistical test should i use to test whether combination is significantly better than the others and why?", "statistical testing for emotion recognition", "what statistical test should be performed to test whether combination a is significantly better than the others", "which statistical test should i use to test whether combination is significantly better than the others?", "which statistical test should i use to test whether combination a is significantly better than all others and why?" ]
97153	[ "how to exclude a factor from a correlational equation", "if a factor is a gene, what is the factor", "what is the coefficient for all factors in a gene", "if tfs is zero in a gene expression matrix, how to set expression of the influence factor to zero", "when a factor is excluded can a gene influence it", "how to calculate the factor of the coefficient", "if q gene expression is zero, why is it important to exclude it?", "what is a factor that cannot be an influence", "if the gene is a factor can it have a zero effect on the expression of the gene?", "how to calculate coefficient of an influence factor", "can a factor be a factor", "what is the cv.glmnet used for?", "if expression is zero can the factor be excluded", "how to set a factor to zero in excel", "what makes the coefficient of the factor zero?", "if an expression is zero, then cv.glmnet", "what is the difference between a factor and an expression factor", "how to exclude a factor in cv formula", "if gene is influence factor, tfs = tfs", "if glmnet is not excluding factors, how is it calculated?" ]
89374	[ "what is the purpose of typing a patient's name?", "what manovo is used to classify parkinson's disease in pd", "can you use manovo to classify parkinson's", "how does manovo classify parkinson's disease", "what is the difference between an objective and a mova study", "what manova test should i run", "how accurate is a manovo study", "is the manovo test used in diagnosis and treatment of parkinson's", "why handwriting is an objective tool for diagnosis of parkinson's?", "which of the following is an objective diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of parkinson's?", "which manovo analysis predicts which is which", "when should massova be used", "can you do manovo", "what is the objective tool for diagnosing parkinson's disease", "what is the purpose of manovo analysis in parkinson's disease?", "can a manovo classify a patient with parkinson's disease?", "how to classify parkinson's disease without separating training and test sets", "how accurate is manovo analysis with parkinson's disease", "why is handwriting an objective tool with parkinson's disease", "what is the objective tool used to classify parkinson's disease?" ]
97151	[ "which method would find the acceptance region", "how to find confidence interval in r test", "how do i find the confidence interval of a test", "what's the inverted confidence interval for lrt", "how to find the confidence interval for lrt test", "lrt how to obtain confidence intervals", "how to find lrt confidence interval", "lrt confidence interval calculation r", "how to compute confidence interval for lrt test", "how to find the acceptance region of lrt test", "how to find acceptance region of lrt test", "what is the confidence interval of the lrt", "r lrt confidence interval", "how to find confidence interval for lrt test", "invert confidence interval", "how to use invert lrt confidence interval", "what is the confidence interval in lrt", "how to find the confidence interval of an lrt statistic", "how to find confidence interval for lrt test", "what is the confidence interval for lrt test" ]
97150	[ "when is a doctor available to take a patient call", "when dr baick is available", "what is the proportion in which no doctor is available to answer calls", "is doctor dawson available to take calls", "where is transition rate of markov chain", "what is the transition rate", "what is the transition rate matrix in x in ctm", "what is the transition rate of the continuous time matrix", "is dr dawson available to take calls", "what is the proportional ratio between a doctors being unavailable", "transition period matrix", "how to find a transition rate matrix", "when are drs baick and dawson available", "what is the transition rate of a continuous time matrix for an emergency room call?", "if you have two physicians who are not available to answer calls and if you have one doctor who is not", "which statement is true of a continuous time-markov chain transition rate matrix?", "what is the proportion of time in which no doctor is available to answer patients' calls?", "when are dr dawson and dr baick available to take calls", "what is the transition time of dr dawson", "how to set transition rate in a graph" ]
97155	[ "how to calculate summary statistics", "nnested factors example", "how to calculate summary statistics", "how to calculate nested mean and standard deviation in analyta", "how can i find the mean and standard deviation from different types of scenarios", "how to calculate a summary of a nested variable", "what does the nested factor mean", "can an aNOVA model calculate summary", "how to find the means of nested ssa", "how to find the means of a sample of nested factors in an anova", "how to find the mean and standard deviation of a data set with multiple scenarios", "how to calculate summary statistics for nested factors", "how to compute a summary statistic for a set of circumstances", "how to calculate summary statistics", "can you calculate summary statistics", "how to determine which factors are nested", "how are nested factors calculated for a study", "how to nested factors in a data set", "when to use nested factors", "can anova calculate mean standard deviation" ]
89375	[ "how to find vs x of x", "how is x y correlated", "is x correlated", "when x and y are uncorrelated the variable y is", "what is the uncorrelated value of y in z", "what is the variable for y", "when an iq is not correlated, the variable $z will be", "a rm rm y is how x and y are correlated", "which variable does y mean in rm", "what is the correlated variable for z", "what is the difference between y and an average z", "what is the uncorrelated variable for x and y", "if x is correlated what is the y value", "how to find the variance of z", "what is the x x y x y y x x", "when is the variance of z uncorrelated", "if i find a value for a variable of z", "what is the variable for z", "if the variables $x and $y uncorrelated", "which variable is uncorrelated in z" ]
91072	[ "what is the standard form of the quadratic optimization function", "what is the objective in matlab", "how to minimize a quadratic algorithm", "can you minimize a quadratic optimization", "can r multiply the objective function", "what makes an objective function resize?", "what's the math math of quadratic optimization?", "what is the objective in matlab", "what is the r objective function", "what is the objective function in r", "r objective functions minimizing", "what is the standard math function in quadratic optimizations", "does matlab reduce objective to least squares", "how to minimize quadratic optimization", "what is the objective function of the quadratic optimization", "how is the objective function different in matlab?", "how to minimize the least squares", "what is the standard format for the objective function in r", "what is the objective function for quadratic programming", "calculating quadratic optimization by using scalars" ]
89376	[ "does industry need sas", "do i need to learn sas or r", "should i learn r or sas", "can i go into r", "do you need a sas degree to go into industry", "will sas work in academia", "do you need sas to go into industry", "is sas the best program", "why learn sas and industry", "do i have to learn sas in biostatistician", "do i need a sas degree to be employed in industry", "do biostatists have to learn sas", "does r require sas", "do i need to learn sas before going into industry", "should i learn sas if i want to work in industry", "is r better than SAS", "do I have to learn sas for industry", "what language do i need to study to enter industry", "should you do sas or r", "should you learn sas when go to industry" ]
270	[ "is poisson regression correct", "when to change units of measurement in poisson regression", "when is poisson regression wrong", "is poisson regression a factorial", "what is poisson regression with large data", "what units do poisson regressions use", "why do scientists use poisson models with large data set", "when to use poisson regression model", "how can poisson regression be used", "what is poisson regression", "what is poisson regression", "how to use poisson model", "can poisson models be used with large data", "what unit of measure is used for poisson model", "is a poisson model wrong", "are poisson models wrong", "is poisson regression a measurement", "is poisson a factorial", "which of the following is an example of poisson regression?", "can poisson regression be used for large data" ]
19972	[ "if a classification technique is only artificial, why should the results be evaluated using statistical tests?", "is it valid to judge the superiority of a classification technique using only artificial data?", "is it valid to judge the superiority of a classification technique using only artificial data?", "can a classification technique be valid", "is it valid to judge the superiority of a classification technique using only artificial data?", "how do you judge the superiority of classification techniques", "why is classification valid", "can you judge the superiority of a classification technique using just artificial data?", "is classification valid only by artificial data", "is classification technique valid?", "are classification techniques valid", "is it valid to judge the superiority of a classification technique using only artificial data?", "is it valid to judge the superiority of a classification technique using only artificial data?", "is it valid to judge the superiority of a classification technique using only artificial data?", "which technique is valid if the statistical analysis focuses on artificial data?", "how is classification valid", "is it possible to judge the superiority of a classification technique using only artificial data?", "what is the statistical validity of classification?", "which data is used for classification studies", "can i judge the superiority of classification technique by using only artificial data?" ]
17110	[ "what is the t-score of community", "what is the variable community", "what is community in regression", "why is community important in aggregate regression", "is community a controlling variable", "is community a controlling variable", "can community be a controlling variable in an aggregated model?", "is community a controlling variable", "is community an aggregate variable", "what is the variable community", "which variable is a controlling variable in ols", "what is the difference between community and aggregation", "when analyzing community, what is the mean of community mean", "why use community as a controlling variable", "what is community in aggregation", "what is community in an aggregated model", "what is community", "is community a controlling variable", "can community be a controlling variable", "why is community a controlling variable in an ols model" ]
16709	[ "how to solve the problem of outliers", "which is an approach to deal with outliers?", "what is the most recommended method(s) to deal with outliers?", "how to deal outliers", "how to deal with outliers", "how to deal with outliers", "what to do for an outlier in sampling", "how do you deal with extreme values", "how to deal with outliers in sampling", "which problem is usually the best to solve for an outlier", "what to do to deal with an outlier?", "how can you deal with outliers", "how to solve outlier problem?", "how to deal with outliers in the econ", "how to find outliers in the sample", "how to deal with outliers", "outlier definition", "how to deal with outliers problem", "what is outlier problem in a data set", "how to deal with outliers" ]
16708	[ "why use the mean of several experimental observations", "how can we measure planck's constant", "when you take the meaning of several observations what is this", "why take experimental mean", "why would one use the mean of an experiment", "what is the best way to measure the value", "what is the most obvious way to test experimental data", "why to take the mean of experimental observations", "what would be a reason to use the meaning of an experiment for this purpose?", "what would be the best method for reporting the result of an econ experiment?", "which observation is the most useful", "why use the mean of several p", "why take the mean of experimental experiments and report", "why we use the mean in an experiment", "what is meant by mean mean in science physics", "what is the best method of measuring the mean", "what is the best way to describe the result", "what is the reason why experimentation measures planck's constant", "what is mean mean in physics", "what is the reason for using the mean" ]
276	[ "how large should an estimation sample be", "how large should a sample be for an estimation technique and parameters", "how large should a sample be to estimate a model", "how large should a sample be for a given estimation technique", "how large should my sample be", "how large should a sample be for an estimation technique and parameters", "how large should a sample be for estimating a given estimation technique and parameters?", "how large should sample be", "how large should the sample be in an estimation", "average mls sampling", "how much sample size should be for an estimation technique", "how large should the model sample be", "how wide should the sample be?", "how large should a sample be", "how much of a sample should be for an estimate", "how big should a sample be to estimate the model", "what is the maximum probability for a statistical model", "how large should a sample be", "how large should a sample sample be for a given estimation technique and parameters?", "how large should the model sample be" ]
277	[ "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model", "when would one prefer a conditional autoregressive model", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model instead of a concurrent autoregressive model", "when would a conditional autoregressive model be used", "why use a conditional autoregressive model", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model over a simultaneous autoregressive model?", "which type of a model is a conditional autoregressive model", "when is a conditional autoregressive model used", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model when modelling autocorrelated geo-referenced areal data?", "sar and car model definition", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model over a simultaneous autoregressive model when modelling autocorrelated geo-referenced data?", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model", "when would one prefer to use _______________ model when modelling autocorrelated georeferenced data?", "when do we use auto-referenced georeferenced data", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model over a simultaneous autoregressive model when modelling autocorrelation data?", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model over a simultaneously autoregressive", "when should you use a conditional-auto-gressive model over a simultaneous-autogressive model?", "when should one use a conditional autoregressive model in spatial modelling", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model over a concurrent autoregressive model when modelling autocorrelated data", "when would one prefer to use a conditional autoregressive model over a simultaneous autoregressive model when modelling autocorrelated geo-referenced data?" ]
278	[ "which type of cluster analysis uses order of observations", "why do reorder observation in clustering", "why are clusters used", "how does cluster analysis work", "why is there a cluster analysis called cluster analysis", "how to deal with the effect of the order of observations in a non hierarchical cluster analysis", "can order of observations be determined by clustering?", "how do cluster analyses work", "why does cluster analysis use order and reorder", "cluster analysis definition", "cluster analysis how many observations", "cluster analysis of data", "why does clustering affect results of cluster analyses", "cluster analysis effects on order", "how do you deal with the order of observations in cluster analysis", "how to deal with the impact of order cluster analysis", "what is the effect of order of observations", "what is the problem with cluster analysis in java", "why do clusters produce different results?", "clustering results" ]
80596	[ "how is cook's distance calculated", "calculating cook's distance", "calculate cook distance", "calculate cook's distance", "why do you calculate cook distance in regression", "calculate cook's distance", "calculate cook's distance", "what's the cook's distance", "what is the r value in cook's distance", "calculate cook's distance", "what is cook's distance compared to correlation", "what is the cook's distance", "cook distance linear regression equation", "cook's distance vs r distance", "calculate cook distance", "is cook's distance better or worse?", "why calculate the cook distance", "calculate cook distance in regression", "how to find cook's distance", "what is cook's distance for regression" ]
80592	[ "hidden model in math definition", "hidden model definition", "hidden model definition wikipedia", "hidden model definition", "hidden model definition", "when is a hidden variable used", "what is the hidden markov model", "hidden markov model definition", "hidden model definition", "what is the function of hidden variable in math", "hidden model of markov model", "hidden probability definition", "hidden model definition wikipedia", "hidden markov model definition", "what are hidden variables in a markov chain in java?", "hidden model definition", "what is the meaning of hidden markov", "hidden model definition", "hidden markov model definition", "hidden model of markov" ]
16702	[ "why should i use weighted regression", "when to use weights regression", "why use weighted regression in regression", "what is the weights in regression", "weighted regression equation in logistic regression", "why use weighted regression", "weighted regression is used when the regression formula is weighted or categorical", "why weighted regression in r", "why are weighted regression used in r", "weighted regression for categorical variables", "how to do a weighted regression", "weighted regression definition", "what makes weighted regression work", "why use weighted regression", "weighted regression for categorical variable", "weighted regression for categorical variables", "weighted regression in logistic regression", "weighted regression for categorical variables", "weighted regression for categorical variables", "what variables do r use weighted regression regression" ]
88023	[ "what is the best way to aggregate data over time", "what is the best way to aggregate survey information", "how to aggregate information in a survey", "what's the best way to aggregate survey data", "what is the best way to provide aggregate survey answers over time", "what is the best way to aggregate survey results", "what is the best way to aggregate surveys?", "how do you aggregate survey information", "how to aggregate information on the monthly survey", "how to aggregate survey information", "how do you aggregate data", "how to aggregate data a day", "how to aggregate information", "how to aggregate survey data", "how to aggregate research", "how to aggregate the different surveys", "what is the best way to aggregate surveys", "how to aggregate based on standard deviation", "what is the best way to aggregate data", "how do you aggregate survey data" ]
88021	[ "what is the logistic regression of flight", "what is the logistic goodness of fit?", "logistic regression probability of flying", "what is the probability of flight in logistic regression", "which logistic regression model predicts probability of flight?", "logistic regression model of probability", "how to plot probability of flight", "logistic regression models", "how far apart is the probability of flight", "what is the coefficient of a logistic regression model", "what logistic model predicts the probability of flight?", "what is the logarithmic coefficient for the probability of flight?", "which logistic regression model shows the probability of flight?", "logistic regression model of flight vs distance", "logistic regression goodness of fit analysis", "logistic regression probability of flight", "logistic regression model for flight distance", "logistic regression model predicts a flight", "logistic regression models for flight", "how to calculate probability of flight" ]
88027	[ "why are there non parametric data tests?", "why not include two sample test", "what is the statistical method used to evaluate spatial autocorrelation", "why does the data need to be paired in a nonparametric study", "why do we use nonparametric analysis in a paired sample", "what kind of test is used for a correlated test", "why is it not possible to use statistical methods with spatial autocorrelation", "what is a nonparametric test used to check spatial autocorrelation?", "which of the following is a nonparametric paired sample?", "does a nonparametric two sample test paired data", "why do I need to use nonparametric regression analysis for spatial autocorrelation", "what data do i need to test for correlated data", "how do i test correlated data", "why is a nonparametric sampling test not useful", "is an autocorrelation test useful with spatial data", "does correlated data require a median", "why are spatial autocorrelation tests not parametric", "is a nonparametric test valid in spatial autocorrelation", "is autocorrelation a nonparametric variable", "which data point should i use when predicting correlated data?" ]
88026	[ "what is the main difference between anatomical landmarks and a repeated measures analysis?", "what is the main effect of a repeatable measure aNOVA?", "how do you determine the average flexion angle for each point on the ulna of a bone", "what is the main effect on an anatomical study", "what type of test measures the effect of flexion angles", "what is the main effect of three way aNOVA for humerus", "which of the following measures is the most likely determining characteristic of lateral flexion?", "does flexing the ulna decrease range of motion", "how long is the range of motion in a repeatable measure", "how many combinations are over flexion angles of one point of the ulna?", "how many combinations over flexion angle for ulna", "how many combinations of anatomical landmarks can one bone have on another? t-test multiple measures repeated measures in a hoc comparison", "which repeated measures aNOVA is the main effect", "how many combinations of flexion angle", "what is the purpose of a repeated measures analysis", "how many combinations for lulna", "how many variations are there on the ulnus", "what's the difference between a 3-way asnova and a standard repeatable measure?", "how far apart is the ulna", "can you do an in-mean-out repeating measure" ]
88025	[ "which method best describes accuracy of cross validation", "when is crossvalidation a good idea", "what is the best approach to cross validation for cars/bikes", "what is cross validation of car", "when is cross validation good", "what is the accuracy of cross validation?", "when accuracy in the cross validation process is less is it a good idea", "when is the accuracy of cross validation lower", "can a cross validation feature be reduced", "what is the accuracy of cross validation?", "when cross validation is better,is reduction of features a good idea?", "which approach is best when reducing the features in cross validation process in a project", "is it better to reduce features or not", "why should i reduce the features in cross validation k mean clustering", "when accuracy is less in the cross validation process,is reduction in the number of features a good idea?", "when accuracy of cross validation is less,is reduction in the number of features a good idea?", "can cross validation of images be filtered", "does cross validation have the best accuracy", "why is cross validation good", "if accuracy is low can crossvalidation be used" ]
88024	[ "what do you conclude when logit and neural net are very close?", "what does it mean when the neural net is very close", "what is close to the neural net in logit", "what's the difference between a logit and neural net", "why are logit and neural net very close", "how are logits and neural nets comparable in terms of accuracy?", "what do you conclude if your logit and neural net are very close in terms of precision", "if logit and neural net are very close", "what do you conclude if your logit and neural net are very close in terms of precision?", "what is the relationship between a logit and neural net", "what do you conclude if your logit and neural net are very close in terms of accuracy", "which statement should be drawn when a logit and neural net results are very close?", "what do you conclude if your logit and neural net are very close in terms of precision?", "what does it mean when the logit and neural net are very close?", "what do you conclude if your logit and neural net are very close in terms of precision. where the logit has each variable going in independently. what do you conclude if your logit and neural net are very close in terms of precision. where the logit has each variable going in independently.", "what do you conclude if your logit and neural net are very close?", "when a logit and neural net are very close in terms of precision, what do you conclude", "what is the difference between a logit and a neural net", "what is the difference between a logit and neural net", "which is close the logit or neural net?" ]
12015	[ "what is the use of decision trees when the data is censored", "what is the tree of decision use in r", "what is the decision tree for", "can a decision tree be binary", "decision tree definition in r", "what is decision tree analysis in r", "decision tree analysis censored data", "what is the decision tree in r", "what is the decision in r", "what is decision tree for?", "what is the reason of a decision tree", "what is censored data", "decision tree for censored data", "decision tree definition for censored data", "decision tree for censored data", "what is decision tree", "what is decision tree in research", "censored data definition decision tree", "why use a decision tree for survival research", "decision tree for censored data" ]
88028	[ "what is a least squares estimator", "which linear estimator has the lowest linear unbiased", "what is the best linear estimator for beta?", "if the least squares estimate is true what is the result", "which is the best linear unbiased estimator?", "which is the best linear unbiased estimate?", "which is best linear unbiased estimator of the true parameter vector?", "which is the most unbiased estimator for the model beta", "what is the least squares estimator?", "why is y a linear model", "what is the least squares estimator", "which is the most unbiased estimator", "what is the least squares estimator", "how to prove a least square estimator", "what is the best linear estimator of the true parameter vector", "what is the least squares estimator", "what is the least squares estimator", "what the average least squares estimator", "which is the best linear estimator of the true parameter vector?", "which is the best linear estimate of true parameter vector y?" ]
17258	[ "r histogram values", "histogram relative frequency range", "how many data axis does r use", "what is the normal histogram used for?", "what is the histogram in r", "why should the histogram be negative", "when a histogram is plotted on the y axis it is", "what is the histogram in r", "histogram of relative frequency", "what is the histogram", "histograms r with relative frequency", "what is relative frequency in r", "what is the r histogram", "what is the frequency on the y", "how to plot relative frequency in r", "what is the histogram in r", "what is normal histogram r", "what is the histogram axis for r", "xlab histogram", "what's the y axis value in r" ]
52469	[ "how to tell the difference between a stimuli and an experiment", "which of the following is the primary dependent variable of a psychology experiment", "what is the independent variables used for statistics", "what is the i factor in the cognitive experiment", "what is the main variable in the design of a research experiment", "how to design a research project", "why would an experiment have a dependent variable", "what is a factor in the design of an experiment", "when you design an experiment what variables do you use", "what is the main variable of the experiment", "which variables are used in the design of an experiment?", "what type of stimulus is an image", "what is an experiment design?", "what variables are used in an experiment to determine the magnitude of the differences between the two groups of stimuli? the answer would be _____.", "what is the main variable in the design of an experiment", "how to tell what is the difference between a stimulus and an experiment?", "what is the difference between an experiment and a statistical model?", "what is the difference between a stimulus and the effect", "what is the underlying concept of an experiment that includes the design of a sentence and the analysis of data? how would you interpret the information that the experiment is describing?", "which is a dependent variable during an experiment?" ]
64676	[ "how do you calculate pearsonr?", "pearsonr function", "pearsonr python meaning", "statistical meaning of pearsonr in python", "what is the pearsonr python used for", "pearsonr python definition", "what is the statistical significance of pearsonr", "what is the definition of pearsonr and pearsonr", "pearsonr python meaning", "pearsonr function", "pearsonr python meaning", "which number means significance or pearsonr", "pearsonr function", "what is pearsonr in python", "pearsonr python ppt how to do correlation", "what is the meaning of pearsonr python", "what the pearsonr function", "what is the purpose of pearsonr()", "what is the meaning of pearsonr in python?", "how do i find the correlation" ]
64671	[ "what is the likelihood ratio test aic", "why is likelihood ratio test needed", "why is model comparison performed using the likelihood ratio test?", "what is the difference between the aic test and likelihood ratio test", "what is the test called for determining model comparison", "when to use likelihood ratio test", "what is the likelihood ratio test", "how do you compare two models with the aic", "what is the difference between aic and likelihood ratio", "what is the likelihood ratio test used for", "what test do I need to compare two nested models for a model comparison", "how to compare aic and likelihood ratio", "which test does the likelihood ratio test for the aic include", "which aic for model comparison", "which test combines likelihood ratio versus aic model", "what is the difference between aic and likelihood ratio tests", "which of the following is a standard test for probability ratio", "what model to compare aic and likelihood ratio", "why does the likelihood ratio test need two nested models while using the aci", "what is the likelihood ratio test for modeling?" ]
64672	[ "polynomial and linear regression", "linear regression definition statistics", "which is the correct model for regression modeling", "linear regression vs polynomial regression definition", "polynomial vs linear regression", "what is the difference between polynomial and linear regression?", "what is linear regression", "what is a linear regression", "can you decide if a regression model should be linear or polynomial?", "when to use polynomial regression model", "which of the following is a linear or polynomial regression", "what is linear v polynomial regression", "how to tell if model should be linear or polynomial", "when you have multiple dimensions to your data, why is linear vs polynomial regression important?", "which model of regression would consist of multiple dimensions", "which regression is linear or polynomial", "what type of regression is linear regression", "what is linear regression and polynomial regression", "what is the relationship linear regression to polynomial regression? what is the difference between linear and polynomial regression and logistic regression?", "what is linear regression and polynomial regression models" ]
100011	[ "how to do lambda in r in cookies", "how are the numbers in the lambda in r", "how many raisins in cookies", "how can i find the lambda in r", "do i need to find lambda of a recipe in r", "if there are raisins in cookie dough, how many are supposed to be in it?", "how to find lambda in r", "how to find lambda value in r", "if there are raisins in dough will they make them eat raisins or raisins in them", "how to find lambda in r", "how to find lambda", "how many raisins in cookie dough", "how to find lambda on r", "how do i find lambda value in r", "do raisins make up cookie dough", "how do you find lambda in r", "how to find lambda in r", "how many raisins in cookie dough", "how many raisins in cookie dough mix", "how to find lambda" ]
17251	[ "what is the lasso used for", "what is the lasso used for in regression analysis", "what is lasso", "what is the lasso in regression analysis", "what is the lasso in regression analysis", "what is lasso", "what is lasso used for", "what is lasso", "what is the lasso used for in regression analysis?", "what is regression analysis lasso", "regression analysis definition", "what is the lasso used for in regression", "what is lasso in regression analysis", "what's the purpose of the lasso in regression analysis? what is it used for", "what is the lasso", "what is the lasso in regression analysis?", "what is the meaning of lasso", "what is a lasso in regression", "what is lasso regression", "define lasso in regression analysis" ]
52462	[ "what is xreg", "how to find seasonality of arma models", "r error xreg", "r error when using seasonality", "error xreg", "what is double seasonality in r", "what is the difference between daily seasonality and dummy seasonality?", "arima seasonality in r", "r dummy seasonality", "arima double seasonality", "which of the following errors arises when you dummy-fit seasonality?", "arima seasonality with dummy", "what is xreg?", "r dummy seasonality", "how to calculate seasonality in arima", "when calculating arima double seasonality", "arima double seasonality with dummy", "r generate seasonality dummy", "which error does aima r", "what is xreg error" ]
52463	[ "when testing samples is normal distribution useless", "is normal distribution test essentially useless", "when to use normality test", "how to test large sample if it is normal", "is normality testing essentially useless", "when should a test be done on a large sample", "which testing is essentially useless", "how to test for normal distribution", "how does normality testing work", "when is normal distribution testing useless?", "how to test if a distribution is normal", "how to test for distribution in a large sample", "when to test a large sample for normal distribution", "is normality testing essentially useless", "is statistical normality testing essentially useless?", "can a normality test be essentially useless", "is normality testing essentially useless", "what tests can be used to check normal distribution of a large sample?", "what testing is useless", "is normality testing useless" ]
52464	[ "what is the correlation type of bayesian", "how to fit a bayesian multilevel models", "what is ar1 structure", "which structure of a bayesian model is similar to a correlation pattern?", "how to find bayesian multilevel model", "how does bayesian model fit in nlme", "how does multilevel bayesian model work", "what is the correlation in a bayesian multi level model?", "what structure is associated with a bayesian model?", "how to fit multi level bayesian multilevel model", "what is the relationship with an ar1 model?", "what structure is associated with a bayesian model", "what is the correlation structure for bayesian multilevel models", "bayesian multi-level model", "how to fit multi level bayesian model", "corr bayesinian model", "what model has multi-level correlation", "what is the correlation structure of the bayesian multilevel model?", "what model has an ar1 correlation", "which structure would be used to fit in multilevel model with a bayesian correlation structure?" ]
17256	[ "how do you calculate standard deviation", "how many times a month do people visit supermarket", "how do you calculate mean and standard deviation", "how to calculate standard deviation of a variable", "how many times did a person visit the supermarket in a month?", "how to calculate mean and standard deviation in a count variable", "how to tell the average monthly visit at a supermarket", "% of people who visit once in a month", "how many times visited a month does it mean", "how to calculate standard deviation based on population", "average number of times a person visits supermarket", "how many times a month do people visit", "how many times a month do people visit supermarket", "how do i figure the mean and standard deviation in a count variable?", "how do you calculate the normal deviation", "how many times will someone visit a supermarket", "how to calculate the average deviation of a normal variable", "how to do a standard deviation of a mean", "number of times a month to visit a store", "how to calculate the mean and standard deviation" ]
100019	[ "windows and models definition", "how are window models used in dna", "what is the definition of an window model used in data processing?", "which data model is used for a sliding window model?", "what model is used for slicing data in stream data processing", "what is the sliding window of the clustering model", "what is windows in data processing in python", "what is damped window in clustering", "what is the window model used for in streaming", "which is a window model", "what is sliding window model", "what is a window model in computing", "what model is used for data streaming", "why does sliding window need to be added to datastream", "what is the windows in data stream processing?", "what is the window model in data streams", "what is the model window in data processing", "what is window model", "what is window model", "types of window models data" ]
63026	[ "topic model for essay", "what is topic stability in research", "what is topic model", "topic models what is this", "what is topic modelling", "what is topic modeling in r", "topic modeling definition in r", "why is topic modeling difficult to interpret", "topic model stability", "can topic modeling be used with random seed?", "what is topic modeling used for", "topic modelling definition", "what is topic modelling", "define topic modelling", "topic modeling is a process for analyzing quizlet data", "how to use topic modelling", "what is topic modelling in social science", "topic modeling definition", "which lda technique is used to analyze topic", "topic modeling definition" ]
9259	[ "what is significant in gamma regression", "what is the significance of gamma", "gamma coefficient in r", "what is the significance of gamma regression", "what is the significance of the gamma regression", "what is the significance of gamma", "gamlss coefficient", "how to estimate gamma regression coefficients", "what are the significance of gamma regression", "what does gamma coefficient mean", "what is the likelihood of gamma regression for the model", "which gamma regression model uses only a single explanatory variable", "how do you test the significance of gamma regression", "how to find the value of a gamma", "what is the probability of gamma", "what is the significance of gamm regression", "what is significant for model likelihood", "gamma coefficient", "which of the following will be used to check for the significance of the model in GAM regression?", "why is the likelihood of a gamma regression null?" ]
10703	[ "what is qr factorization", "qr factorization", "what is the r$ matrix", "why do you have a nonzero matrix below the main diagonal", "what is the function for $r matrix", "what does qr factorize mean", "what is qr factorization", "how to find r in matrix", "qr factorization definition", "what is qr factorization", "what is qr factorization", "what is the matrix of $r", "why does qr factorise", "why is qr factorization used", "which statement is a function of qr factorization?", "how does the qr factorization function work", "why use qr factorization?", "what is the matrix of value for $r", "what does the $r$ matrix", "what is qr factorization" ]
10702	[ "what is the sample size for ks test", "ks test p-values interpretation", "what is the difference between partial and full distribution in a ks test", "how many datapoints in one study of ks test", "kolmogorov smirnov test definition", "ks test - sample size", "how many datapoints are in the full sample", "difference in ks and smirnov test", "sample sizes of two samples for kolmogorov", "what is the sample size for the ks smirnov test", "how to interpret p value", "what is the test for comparing the distributions", "how to interpret p values", "what is the sample size for the kolmogorov smirnov test", "how to interpret a ks test", "what is the sample size for ks test", "which of the following is an example of a ks test used in r", "what is the difference between a sample size and a p value in r", "how many data are in two sample kolmogorov smirnov test", "ks vs smirnov test for group size" ]
95795	[ "what is the error value in a logistic regression", "logistic threshold definition", "when determining thresholds from a logistic regression model", "hessian threshold for a logistic variable", "aic is a logistic error", "hessian threshold definition", "calculate threshold from regression formula", "how to determine threshold in logistic regression", "logistic regression threshold", "what is the error range in logistic regression", "how do you determine thresholds of logistic regression", "how to calculate thresholds in logistic regression", "what is error t value on logistic regression", "how to determine the threshold of a logistic regression model", "what is the threshold of a hessian", "what is the threshold of logistic regression", "how to determine threshold with hessian", "how to determine threshold in logistic regression", "what is threshold of a logistic regression model", "how to determine the threshold on logistic regression" ]
10700	[ "what is logistic regression excel", "can excel perform an ordinal logistic regression", "excel for logistic regression", "what excel spreadsheet is used for logistic regression", "is excel spreadsheet a logistic regression", "what are logistic regressions", "can you use a excel spreadsheet as an ordinal logistic regression", "what excel excel formulas do i need to perform logistic regression", "does excel work for logistic regression", "do log regression have excel", "excel to run logistic regression", "excel vs excel for logistic regression", "excel excel for logistic regression", "can you use excel to perform ordinal logistic regression", "what is ordinal logistic regression excel used for", "what is ordinal logistic regression excel used for", "what is the purpose of the excel spreadsheet for ordinal logistic regression", "excel for ordinal logistic regression", "is an excel spreadsheet ordinal logistic regression", "what is excel for logistic regression" ]
63028	[ "what is exemplar svm", "what is exemplar svm vs one class svm", "what is the difference between exemplar and one-class svm", "what is an example of exemplary svm", "which is an example of exemplary svm?", "difference between exemplar and one class svm", "how do exemplar svms differ from svms", "what is esvm", "what is the difference between an exemplar and an svm", "define svm", "what is the difference between exemplar and vms", "exemplar svm definition", "what is the difference between one class and exemplar svm", "which is the difference between an exemplar svm and an one class svm", "is an exemplify svm an osvm", "what is exemplar svm", "what is an exemplar svm?", "different svm exemplar", "differences in exemplar svm, osvm and svm", "what is esvm" ]
9253	[ "what is the parameter for $nu$ lisbsvm", "what is the parameter for svm", "which of the following value is optimal for $nu$ svm", "what is the parameter in a libsvm", "what is the parameter for $nu$ svm", "what is the function of svm", "what is the value for the c$ parameter of regression", "what is the optimal value of the $in (num) parameter?", "svm value", "libsvm svm parameters", "what is the cli$ parameter in svm", "libsvm parameters", "what svm parameter used for regression", "what is svm nu", "what is svm parameter used for", "what is the parameter of svm", "which parameter should be used for svms", "which parameter should i use for classification in lisvm?", "when svms i need parameters that match the criteria", "what is the $nu$ parameter used in lisvm?" ]
95790	[ "what is anderson darling test used for", "what test is adjustments", "what is anderson darling adjustment", "what is anderson darling test good for", "what is anderson darling test for", "what is the anderson darling test", "who is anderson darling t test useful for?", "what is anderson darling test used for", "what is the anderson darling test for", "who is anderson darling test good for", "what is anderson darling test", "which of the following tests are adjusted in the anderson darling test?", "what is anderson darling test good for", "what is anderson darling test used for", "what is anderson darling test", "where is anderson darling test used", "what is anderson darling test", "what is anderson darling test", "what is anderson darling test for", "what is anderson darling test used for" ]
21619	[ "how to calculate the p value in r", "how to find odds ratio in fisher's test", "how to use odds ratio for fisher's test", "how do you measure odds ratio in fisher's exact", "how to calculate odds ratio in fisher", "how do you calculate pvalue for a r. fisher's exact test?", "fisher exact test p value", "how to determine p value of fisher's exact test", "fisher's exact test p value", "how to compute odds ratio", "how to calculate p value in fisher's exact test", "how to calculate p value from odds ratio", "how to calculate odds ratio for fisher's exact test", "how to calculate p value with odds ratio in r", "how to calculate p value from odds ratio", "fisher statistic what is the odds ratio", "how do you calculate odds ratio", "how do you calculate p value", "calculate odds ratio in fisher's test", "how do you calculate odds ratio in fisher's test" ]
21618	[ "what is the length weighted mean", "length weighted median definition", "what is length weighted median", "length weighted median definition", "how is length weighted median calculated?", "definition of length weighted median", "how to determine length of dna", "what is the length weighted median of a sequence", "what is the weighted median dna length", "how is length weighted in biology", "length weighted median", "what is the weighted median of dna string", "what is the metric called for length of string in dna", "definition dna length weighted median", "weighted median length", "what is n50", "what is length weighted median for dna", "length vs median dna metric", "length weighted median", "what is the length weighted median" ]
46794	[ "what is home field advantage", "what is home field advantage in the seahawks", "is seattle nfl home field advantage?", "what is the seahawks home field advantage", "how to calculate the seahawks home field advantage excel", "how many seasons of home field advantage in seattle", "who explains the seahawks home field advantage?", "how to calculate home field advantage", "seahawks home advantage", "what is the seahawks home field advantage?", "why does seahawks home field advantage vary", "which team has the home field advantage", "what is the seahawks home field advantage yahoo", "home advantage of seahawks", "how to find home field advantage", "what is seahawks home field advantage", "what is the home field advantage of the seahawks", "how many home games for seattle seahawks", "what is the seahawks home field advantage?", "what is the seahawks home field advantage" ]
46798	[ "what is r used for in clustering", "what is the r clustering algorithm", "what kind of clustering algorithm do i need", "what is density clustering algorithm?", "what cluster results does rapidminer use", "what is clustering algorithm", "what would the cluster cluster look like", "what is dbscan clustering algorithm", "what is the density clustering", "what is the cluster for density analysis", "what is cluster clustering", "how to find cluster data", "what is the difference between a r cluster and density cluster", "what do you mean by dense clustering", "what is density clustering", "what kind of plot is a rapidminer data cluster", "how many clusters in r", "what is the clustering algorithm called in data mining", "how to do density clustering algorithm", "what is a density cluster" ]
21613	[ "what is the difference between a GLM and a gee", "what is the difference between glm and geo", "what is the difference between glee and glm", "how to tell the glm and gee", "what is the difference between glm and gee", "what is the difference between glm and gee", "define glee and glm", "difference between glm and gee", "what is the difference between a linear regression model (glm) and a gee model?", "what is the gapm and the glee", "what is the relationship between a glm and glee", "glm and bee model", "what is the relationship between logit link and glm", "what is the difference between glm and gee", "what is the difference between the glm and the gee model", "what is the difference between glm and bee?", "what is the difference between glee and glm", "what is the difference between glm and gee", "difference between golm and gee", "what is the difference between a glm and a gee model" ]
49562	[ "how do you interpret an conditional density plot?", "what is conditional density", "how do you interpret conditional density plot", "which is the conditional probability of the result being equal to one", "r conditional density plot example", "what is conditional density plot example", "what is conditional density plot", "how to interpret density plot in r", "conditional density plot", "what is the conditional probability of the result of the conditional density plot", "what is conditional density plot", "conditional density plot", "what is conditional density plots", "conditional density plots", "cdplot how to interpret conditional plot", "what is a conditional density plot used for?", "what is conditional density plot", "how to interpret conditional density plots", "what is a conditional density plots", "conditional density plot" ]
101351	[ "what is max entropy", "what is entropy in information theory", "how does information content affect entropy", "what is entropy in information content", "when entropy is max what does this imply", "what's the relationship between entropy and information content?", "what is max entropy mean", "which statement best describes the relationship between entropy and information content in a time series?", "what is max entropy", "when information is entropy is highest does it mean that information is lost", "how does information content relate to entropy", "which of the following is a measure of entropy?", "what is maximum information entropy in time series", "when an event is at equilibrium what does it mean to have max entropy?", "what does the information content of the signal mean", "what is the relationship between an entropy and information content of a time series", "is information content an entropy", "what is the relationship between entropy and information content", "which of these is maximum entropy?", "which statement about the maxima of entropy is based on uncertainty?" ]
69172	[ "what is the maximum number of items used in a composite test", "what variable can be composite in sem", "can you use composite variables in sed", "what variables do sem use", "can composite variables be used in sem", "how to use composite variables in sem", "when using composite variables can a latent construct use", "what variables are used in sem", "what variable can i use for composite in sem", "is a composite variable in a sem?", "can you use composite data in sem", "why use composite variables in sem", "how many composite variables are used in sem", "why can't we use composite variables in sem", "what is the use of composite variables", "when evaluating composite variables, how to determine what is the appropriate choice for an analysis?", "what is the composite variable of sem", "how many items can be used as composite variables in sem", "how many variables does sem use", "what type of variable is used in sem" ]
69173	[ "how to determine the optimal number of trees for cforest", "when is a tree used in caret for caret", "can trees be used by caret", "what is optimal tree number in caret", "cforest how do you figure optimal trees", "how to set number of trees", "what is the optimal number of trees for cforest", "how do i calculate tree number", "how to figure out optimal number of trees in caret", "what is cforest", "npi how to set up caret", "how to determine the optimal number of trees", "how do you figure the optimal number of trees using caret", "which tree model can be used in caret", "how to use cforest tree", "number of trees cforest", "how many tree can cforest grow", "does caret decide on a tree's number?", "what is optimal for cforest", "how does caret determine the tree density" ]

End of preview. Expand in Dataset Viewer.

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NFCorpus: 20 generated queries (BEIR Benchmark)

This HF dataset contains the top-20 synthetic queries generated for each passage in the above BEIR benchmark dataset.

DocT5query model used: BeIR/query-gen-msmarco-t5-base-v1
id (str): unique document id in NFCorpus in the BEIR benchmark (corpus.jsonl).
Questions generated: 20
Code used for generation: evaluate_anserini_docT5query_parallel.py

Below contains the old dataset card for the BEIR benchmark.

Dataset Card for BEIR Benchmark

Dataset Summary

BEIR is a heterogeneous benchmark that has been built from 18 diverse datasets representing 9 information retrieval tasks:

Fact-checking: FEVER, Climate-FEVER, SciFact
Question-Answering: NQ, HotpotQA, FiQA-2018
Bio-Medical IR: TREC-COVID, BioASQ, NFCorpus
News Retrieval: TREC-NEWS, Robust04
Argument Retrieval: Touche-2020, ArguAna
Duplicate Question Retrieval: Quora, CqaDupstack
Citation-Prediction: SCIDOCS
Tweet Retrieval: Signal-1M
Entity Retrieval: DBPedia

All these datasets have been preprocessed and can be used for your experiments.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports a leaderboard that evaluates models against task-specific metrics such as F1 or EM, as well as their ability to retrieve supporting information from Wikipedia.

The current best performing models can be found here.

Languages

All tasks are in English (en).

Dataset Structure

All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). They must be in the following format:

corpus file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields _id with unique document identifier, title with document title (optional) and text with document paragraph or passage. For example: {"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born...."}
queries file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields _id with unique query identifier and text with query text. For example: {"_id": "q1", "text": "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?"}
qrels file: a .tsv file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the query-id, corpus-id and score in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: q1 doc1 1

Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

corpus = {
    "doc1" : {
        "title": "Albert Einstein", 
        "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. who developed the theory of relativity, \
                 one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for \
                 its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his massâ€“energy \
                 equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation'. He received the 1921 \
                 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law \
                 of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory."
        },
    "doc2" : {
        "title": "", # Keep title an empty string if not present
        "text": "Wheat beer is a top-fermented beer which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of \
                 malted barley. The two main varieties are German WeiÃŸbier and Belgian witbier; other types include Lambic (made\
                 with wild yeast), Berliner Weisse (a cloudy, sour beer), and Gose (a sour, salty beer)."
    },
}

queries = {
    "q1" : "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?",
    "q2" : "Which beer is brewed with a large proportion of wheat?"
}

qrels = {
    "q1" : {"doc1": 1},
    "q2" : {"doc2": 1},
}

Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

Corpus

corpus: a dict feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique document id
  - title: a string feature, denoting the title of the document.
  - text: a string feature, denoting the text of the document.

Queries

queries: a dict feature representing the query, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique query id
- text: a string feature, denoting the text of the query.

Qrels

qrels: a dict feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the query id
  - _id: a string feature, denoting the document id.
  - score: a int32 feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

Data Splits

Dataset	Website	BEIR-Name	Type	Queries	Corpus	Rel D/Q	Down-load	md5
MSMARCO	Homepage	`msmarco`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,980	8.84M	1.1	Link	`444067daf65d982533ea17ebd59501e4`
TREC-COVID	Homepage	`trec-covid`	`test`	50	171K	493.5	Link	`ce62140cb23feb9becf6270d0d1fe6d1`
NFCorpus	Homepage	`nfcorpus`	`train` `dev` `test`	323	3.6K	38.2	Link	`a89dba18a62ef92f7d323ec890a0d38d`
BioASQ	Homepage	`bioasq`	`train` `test`	500	14.91M	8.05	No	How to Reproduce?
NQ	Homepage	`nq`	`train` `test`	3,452	2.68M	1.2	Link	`d4d3d2e48787a744b6f6e691ff534307`
HotpotQA	Homepage	`hotpotqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	7,405	5.23M	2.0	Link	`f412724f78b0d91183a0e86805e16114`
FiQA-2018	Homepage	`fiqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	648	57K	2.6	Link	`17918ed23cd04fb15047f73e6c3bd9d9`
Signal-1M(RT)	Homepage	`signal1m`	`test`	97	2.86M	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
TREC-NEWS	Homepage	`trec-news`	`test`	57	595K	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
ArguAna	Homepage	`arguana`	`test`	1,406	8.67K	1.0	Link	`8ad3e3c2a5867cdced806d6503f29b99`
Touche-2020	Homepage	`webis-touche2020`	`test`	49	382K	19.0	Link	`46f650ba5a527fc69e0a6521c5a23563`
CQADupstack	Homepage	`cqadupstack`	`test`	13,145	457K	1.4	Link	`4e41456d7df8ee7760a7f866133bda78`
Quora	Homepage	`quora`	`dev` `test`	10,000	523K	1.6	Link	`18fb154900ba42a600f84b839c173167`
DBPedia	Homepage	`dbpedia-entity`	`dev` `test`	400	4.63M	38.2	Link	`c2a39eb420a3164af735795df012ac2c`
SCIDOCS	Homepage	`scidocs`	`test`	1,000	25K	4.9	Link	`38121350fc3a4d2f48850f6aff52e4a9`
FEVER	Homepage	`fever`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,666	5.42M	1.2	Link	`5a818580227bfb4b35bb6fa46d9b6c03`
Climate-FEVER	Homepage	`climate-fever`	`test`	1,535	5.42M	3.0	Link	`8b66f0a9126c521bae2bde127b4dc99d`
SciFact	Homepage	`scifact`	`train` `test`	300	5K	1.1	Link	`5f7d1de60b170fc8027bb7898e2efca1`
Robust04	Homepage	`robust04`	`test`	249	528K	69.9	No	How to Reproduce?

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

Cite as:

@inproceedings{
thakur2021beir,
title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
year={2021},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}

Contributions

Thanks to @Nthakur20 for adding this dataset.Top-20 generated queries for every passage in NFCorpus

Dataset Card for BEIR Benchmark

Dataset Description
Dataset Structure
Dataset Creation
Considerations for Using the Data
Additional Information

Dataset Description

Homepage: https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
Repository: https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
Paper: https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ
Leaderboard: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1L8aACyPaXrL8iEelJLGqlMqXKPX2oSP_R10pZoy77Ns
Point of Contact: nandan.thakur@uwaterloo.ca

Dataset Summary

BEIR is a heterogeneous benchmark that has been built from 18 diverse datasets representing 9 information retrieval tasks:

Fact-checking: FEVER, Climate-FEVER, SciFact
Question-Answering: NQ, HotpotQA, FiQA-2018
Bio-Medical IR: TREC-COVID, BioASQ, NFCorpus
News Retrieval: TREC-NEWS, Robust04
Argument Retrieval: Touche-2020, ArguAna
Duplicate Question Retrieval: Quora, CqaDupstack
Citation-Prediction: SCIDOCS
Tweet Retrieval: Signal-1M
Entity Retrieval: DBPedia

All these datasets have been preprocessed and can be used for your experiments.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports a leaderboard that evaluates models against task-specific metrics such as F1 or EM, as well as their ability to retrieve supporting information from Wikipedia.

The current best performing models can be found here.

Languages

All tasks are in English (en).

Dataset Structure

All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). They must be in the following format:

corpus file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields _id with unique document identifier, title with document title (optional) and text with document paragraph or passage. For example: {"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born...."}
queries file: a .jsonl file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields _id with unique query identifier and text with query text. For example: {"_id": "q1", "text": "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?"}
qrels file: a .tsv file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the query-id, corpus-id and score in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: q1 doc1 1

Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

corpus = {
    "doc1" : {
        "title": "Albert Einstein", 
        "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. who developed the theory of relativity, \
                 one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for \
                 its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his massâ€“energy \
                 equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation'. He received the 1921 \
                 Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law \
                 of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory."
        },
    "doc2" : {
        "title": "", # Keep title an empty string if not present
        "text": "Wheat beer is a top-fermented beer which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of \
                 malted barley. The two main varieties are German WeiÃŸbier and Belgian witbier; other types include Lambic (made\
                 with wild yeast), Berliner Weisse (a cloudy, sour beer), and Gose (a sour, salty beer)."
    },
}

queries = {
    "q1" : "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?",
    "q2" : "Which beer is brewed with a large proportion of wheat?"
}

qrels = {
    "q1" : {"doc1": 1},
    "q2" : {"doc2": 1},
}

Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

Corpus

corpus: a dict feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique document id
  - title: a string feature, denoting the title of the document.
  - text: a string feature, denoting the text of the document.

Queries

queries: a dict feature representing the query, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the unique query id
- text: a string feature, denoting the text of the query.

Qrels

qrels: a dict feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
- _id: a string feature representing the query id
  - _id: a string feature, denoting the document id.
  - score: a int32 feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

Data Splits

Dataset	Website	BEIR-Name	Type	Queries	Corpus	Rel D/Q	Down-load	md5
MSMARCO	Homepage	`msmarco`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,980	8.84M	1.1	Link	`444067daf65d982533ea17ebd59501e4`
TREC-COVID	Homepage	`trec-covid`	`test`	50	171K	493.5	Link	`ce62140cb23feb9becf6270d0d1fe6d1`
NFCorpus	Homepage	`nfcorpus`	`train` `dev` `test`	323	3.6K	38.2	Link	`a89dba18a62ef92f7d323ec890a0d38d`
BioASQ	Homepage	`bioasq`	`train` `test`	500	14.91M	8.05	No	How to Reproduce?
NQ	Homepage	`nq`	`train` `test`	3,452	2.68M	1.2	Link	`d4d3d2e48787a744b6f6e691ff534307`
HotpotQA	Homepage	`hotpotqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	7,405	5.23M	2.0	Link	`f412724f78b0d91183a0e86805e16114`
FiQA-2018	Homepage	`fiqa`	`train` `dev` `test`	648	57K	2.6	Link	`17918ed23cd04fb15047f73e6c3bd9d9`
Signal-1M(RT)	Homepage	`signal1m`	`test`	97	2.86M	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
TREC-NEWS	Homepage	`trec-news`	`test`	57	595K	19.6	No	How to Reproduce?
ArguAna	Homepage	`arguana`	`test`	1,406	8.67K	1.0	Link	`8ad3e3c2a5867cdced806d6503f29b99`
Touche-2020	Homepage	`webis-touche2020`	`test`	49	382K	19.0	Link	`46f650ba5a527fc69e0a6521c5a23563`
CQADupstack	Homepage	`cqadupstack`	`test`	13,145	457K	1.4	Link	`4e41456d7df8ee7760a7f866133bda78`
Quora	Homepage	`quora`	`dev` `test`	10,000	523K	1.6	Link	`18fb154900ba42a600f84b839c173167`
DBPedia	Homepage	`dbpedia-entity`	`dev` `test`	400	4.63M	38.2	Link	`c2a39eb420a3164af735795df012ac2c`
SCIDOCS	Homepage	`scidocs`	`test`	1,000	25K	4.9	Link	`38121350fc3a4d2f48850f6aff52e4a9`
FEVER	Homepage	`fever`	`train` `dev` `test`	6,666	5.42M	1.2	Link	`5a818580227bfb4b35bb6fa46d9b6c03`
Climate-FEVER	Homepage	`climate-fever`	`test`	1,535	5.42M	3.0	Link	`8b66f0a9126c521bae2bde127b4dc99d`
SciFact	Homepage	`scifact`	`train` `test`	300	5K	1.1	Link	`5f7d1de60b170fc8027bb7898e2efca1`
Robust04	Homepage	`robust04`	`test`	249	528K	69.9	No	How to Reproduce?

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

Annotations

Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

Citation Information

Cite as:

@inproceedings{
thakur2021beir,
title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
year={2021},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}