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205
+ associated O
206
+ with O
207
+ climate O
208
+ change O
209
+ , O
210
+ population B-climate-problem-origins
211
+ growth I-climate-problem-origins
212
+ and O
213
+ other O
214
+ socio O
215
+ - O
216
+ economic O
217
+ and O
218
+ environmental O
219
+ strains O
220
+ . O
221
+
222
+ This O
223
+ paper O
224
+ provides O
225
+ a O
226
+ critical O
227
+ assessment O
228
+ of O
229
+ the O
230
+ discourse O
231
+ that O
232
+ surrounds O
233
+ emerging O
234
+ approaches O
235
+ to O
236
+ urban B-climate-mitigations
237
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238
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239
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240
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241
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242
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243
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244
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246
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247
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248
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249
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250
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251
+ Palmer B-climate-properties
252
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253
+ Severity I-climate-properties
254
+ Index I-climate-properties
255
+ ( O
256
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257
+ ) O
258
+ formulations O
259
+ for O
260
+ simulating O
261
+ summer O
262
+ moisture B-climate-properties
263
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264
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265
+ western O
266
+ Canada O
267
+ and O
268
+ a O
269
+ preliminary O
270
+ analysis O
271
+ of O
272
+ climate O
273
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274
+ impacts O
275
+ on O
276
+ summer O
277
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278
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279
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280
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281
+ In O
282
+ all O
283
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284
+ , O
285
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286
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287
+ was O
288
+ parameterized O
289
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290
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291
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292
+ – I-climate-models
293
+ Monteith I-climate-models
294
+ method I-climate-models
295
+ instead O
296
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297
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298
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299
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300
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301
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302
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303
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305
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306
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307
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308
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309
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310
+ the O
311
+ possibility O
312
+ of O
313
+ a O
314
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315
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316
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317
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318
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319
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320
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321
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322
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323
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324
+ even O
325
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326
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327
+ of O
328
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329
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330
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331
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332
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334
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335
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336
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337
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338
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339
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340
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341
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342
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343
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344
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345
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346
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347
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348
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349
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350
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351
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352
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353
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354
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355
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356
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357
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358
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359
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360
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361
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362
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363
+ upon O
364
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365
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366
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367
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368
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369
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370
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371
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372
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373
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374
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375
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376
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377
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378
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379
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380
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381
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382
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383
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384
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385
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386
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387
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388
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389
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390
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391
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392
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393
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394
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395
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396
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397
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398
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399
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400
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401
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402
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403
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404
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405
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406
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407
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408
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409
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410
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411
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412
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413
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414
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415
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416
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417
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418
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419
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420
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421
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422
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423
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424
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425
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427
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428
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430
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431
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432
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433
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434
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435
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436
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437
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438
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439
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440
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441
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442
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443
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444
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445
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446
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447
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448
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449
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450
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451
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452
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453
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454
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455
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456
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457
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458
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460
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461
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462
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463
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464
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465
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466
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467
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468
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469
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470
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471
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472
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473
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474
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475
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476
+ Analysis O
477
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478
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479
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480
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481
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482
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483
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484
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485
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486
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487
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489
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490
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491
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492
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493
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494
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495
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496
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497
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498
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499
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500
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501
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O 39353585aa410c09ecb710940462cbef
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503
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507
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508
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509
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510
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512
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513
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514
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515
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517
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518
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519
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520
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521
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522
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523
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524
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525
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526
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527
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528
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529
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530
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531
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532
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533
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534
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535
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536
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537
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538
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539
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540
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541
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542
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547
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552
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553
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554
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557
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558
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559
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560
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561
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562
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563
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564
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565
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566
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567
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568
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569
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570
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571
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572
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576
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577
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578
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579
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581
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582
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583
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584
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585
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586
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587
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588
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589
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590
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591
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592
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593
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594
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595
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596
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597
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598
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599
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600
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601
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602
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604
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605
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606
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607
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608
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609
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610
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611
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613
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614
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616
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618
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619
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620
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621
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622
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623
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624
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625
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626
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627
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628
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630
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631
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632
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633
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634
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635
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636
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637
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638
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639
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640
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642
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643
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644
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647
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648
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649
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650
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664
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668
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669
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670
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672
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673
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674
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675
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676
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677
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678
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699
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703
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704
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705
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706
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707
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708
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709
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710
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711
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712
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714
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715
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719
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729
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730
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735
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740
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741
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742
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743
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744
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745
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746
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747
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751
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753
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759
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760
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761
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763
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764
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765
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769
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771
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773
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775
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777
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778
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779
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780
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781
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786
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788
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789
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793
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794
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795
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796
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797
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798
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799
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800
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801
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802
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803
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804
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805
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806
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807
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808
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809
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810
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811
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812
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813
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815
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816
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817
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818
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819
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820
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822
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825
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826
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827
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828
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829
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830
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831
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832
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833
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834
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835
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836
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837
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838
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840
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843
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844
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845
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846
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847
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849
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850
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851
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852
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853
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854
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855
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856
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857
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858
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859
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860
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861
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862
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863
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864
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865
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866
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867
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868
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870
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871
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872
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873
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874
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875
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876
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877
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878
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879
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880
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881
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882
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883
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884
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885
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886
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887
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890
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891
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892
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893
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895
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896
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897
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898
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899
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900
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901
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902
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903
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904
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906
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910
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912
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913
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914
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915
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916
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918
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919
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920
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921
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922
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923
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924
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925
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926
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927
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928
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929
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930
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932
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933
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934
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935
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936
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937
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938
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939
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940
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941
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942
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943
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944
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945
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949
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950
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951
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952
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953
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954
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955
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956
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957
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958
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959
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960
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961
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962
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963
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964
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965
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966
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967
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968
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969
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970
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971
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972
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973
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974
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975
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976
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977
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978
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979
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980
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981
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982
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983
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984
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985
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986
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987
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988
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989
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990
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991
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992
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993
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994
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995
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996
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997
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998
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999
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1000
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1001
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1002
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1003
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1004
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1005
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1007
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1008
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1009
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1010
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1011
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1012
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1013
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1014
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1015
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1017
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1018
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1019
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1020
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1021
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1022
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1023
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1024
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1025
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1026
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1027
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1028
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1029
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1030
+ generation O
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1837
+ IR O
1838
+ ) O
1839
+ and O
1840
+ ultraviolet O
1841
+ ( O
1842
+ UV O
1843
+ ) O
1844
+ emissions O
1845
+ of O
1846
+ sprite O
1847
+ streamers O
1848
+ due O
1849
+ to O
1850
+ the O
1851
+ N2 O
1852
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1853
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1854
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1855
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1856
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1857
+ ( O
1858
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1859
+ ) O
1860
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1861
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1862
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1863
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1865
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1866
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1867
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1868
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1869
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1870
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1871
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1872
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1873
+ conducted O
1874
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1875
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1876
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1877
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1878
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1879
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1880
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1881
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1882
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1883
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1884
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1885
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1886
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1887
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1888
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1889
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1890
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1891
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1892
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1893
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1894
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1895
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1896
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1897
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1898
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1899
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1900
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1901
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1902
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1903
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1904
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1905
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1906
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1907
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1908
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1909
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1910
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1911
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1912
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1913
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1914
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1915
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1916
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1917
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1918
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1920
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1921
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1922
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1923
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1924
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1925
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1926
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1927
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1928
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1929
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1930
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1931
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1932
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1933
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1934
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1935
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1936
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1937
+ , O
1938
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1939
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1940
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1941
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1942
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1943
+ embedded O
1944
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1945
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1946
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1947
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1948
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1949
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1950
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1951
+ , O
1952
+ based O
1953
+ on O
1954
+ 13 O
1955
+ years O
1956
+ of O
1957
+ meteorological O
1958
+ data O
1959
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1960
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1961
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1963
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1964
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1965
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1966
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1967
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1968
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1969
+ North O
1970
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1971
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1972
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1973
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1974
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1975
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1976
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1977
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1978
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1979
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1980
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1981
+ initiating O
1982
+ succession O
1983
+ that O
1984
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1985
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1986
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1987
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1988
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1989
+ . O
1990
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1991
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1992
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1993
+ across O
1994
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1995
+ and O
1996
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1997
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1998
+ increased O
1999
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2000
+ the O
2001
+ last O
2002
+ few O
2003
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2004
+ , O
2005
+ and O
2006
+ is O
2007
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2008
+ to O
2009
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2010
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2011
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2012
+ by O
2013
+ the O
2014
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2015
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2016
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2017
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2018
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2019
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2020
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2021
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2022
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2023
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2024
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2025
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2026
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2027
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2028
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2029
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2030
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2031
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2032
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2033
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2034
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2035
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2036
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2037
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2038
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2039
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2040
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2041
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2042
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2043
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2045
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2046
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2048
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2049
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2050
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2051
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2052
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2053
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2054
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2055
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2056
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2057
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2059
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2060
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2061
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2062
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2063
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2064
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2065
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2066
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2067
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2068
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2069
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2070
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2071
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2072
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2073
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2074
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2075
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2076
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2077
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2078
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2079
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2080
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2081
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2082
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2083
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2084
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2085
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2086
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2087
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2088
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2089
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2090
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2091
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2092
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2093
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2094
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2095
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2096
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2097
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2098
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2099
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2100
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2101
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2102
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2103
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2104
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2105
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2106
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2107
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2108
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2109
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2110
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2111
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2112
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2113
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2114
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2116
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2117
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2118
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2119
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2120
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2121
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2122
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2124
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2126
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2127
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2128
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2129
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2137
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2140
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2141
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2142
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2143
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2144
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2145
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2146
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2147
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2148
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2149
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2150
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2151
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2152
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2153
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2154
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2155
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2156
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2157
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2158
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2159
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2162
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2163
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2164
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2167
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2168
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2170
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2172
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2173
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2175
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2176
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2177
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2178
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2179
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2180
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2181
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2182
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2183
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2184
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2185
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2186
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2187
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2188
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2189
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2190
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2191
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2192
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2193
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2194
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2195
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2196
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2197
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2198
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2199
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2200
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2201
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2202
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2203
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2209
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2210
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2211
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2212
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2213
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2214
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2215
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2216
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2217
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2218
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2219
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2220
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2221
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2222
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2223
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2224
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2225
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2226
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2227
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2228
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2229
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2230
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2231
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2232
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2233
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2234
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2235
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2236
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2237
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2238
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2241
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2242
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2243
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2244
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2247
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2250
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2251
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2252
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2256
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2258
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2264
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2265
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2266
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2267
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2268
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2269
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2270
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2271
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2272
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2273
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2274
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2275
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2277
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2278
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2279
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2280
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2281
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2282
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2283
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2284
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2285
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2286
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2287
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2288
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2289
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2290
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2291
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2292
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2293
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2294
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2295
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2296
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2300
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2301
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2302
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2303
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2304
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2305
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2306
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2307
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2309
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2312
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2313
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2314
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2315
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2316
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2317
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2318
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2321
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2325
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2326
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2327
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2328
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2329
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2330
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2331
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2332
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2333
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2334
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2335
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2336
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2337
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2338
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2339
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2340
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2341
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2342
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2343
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2344
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2345
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2346
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2347
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2348
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2349
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2350
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2351
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2352
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2353
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2354
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2355
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2356
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2357
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2358
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2359
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2360
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2361
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2366
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2367
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2369
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2370
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2371
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2372
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2373
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2374
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2375
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2376
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2377
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2378
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2379
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2381
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2384
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2385
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2386
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2387
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2388
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2389
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2390
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2391
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2392
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2393
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2394
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2395
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2396
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2397
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2398
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2399
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2400
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2401
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2402
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2403
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2404
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2405
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2406
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2407
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2409
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2410
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2411
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2412
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2413
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2414
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2415
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2416
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2417
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2418
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2419
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2420
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2421
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2422
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2423
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2424
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2425
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2426
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2427
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2428
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2429
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2430
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2431
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2432
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2434
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2435
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2436
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2437
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2438
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2439
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2440
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2441
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2442
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2443
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2444
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2445
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2446
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2447
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2448
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2449
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2450
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2451
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2452
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2453
+ of O
2454
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2455
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2456
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2457
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2458
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2459
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2460
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2461
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2462
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2463
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2464
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2465
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2466
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2467
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2468
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2469
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2470
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2471
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2472
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2473
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2474
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2475
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2476
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2477
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2478
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2479
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2480
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2481
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2482
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2483
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2484
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2485
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2486
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2487
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2488
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2489
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2490
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2491
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2492
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2493
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2494
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2495
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2496
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2497
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2498
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2499
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2500
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2501
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2502
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2503
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2504
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2505
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2506
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2507
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2508
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2509
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2510
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2511
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2512
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2513
+ Elbe B-climate-models
2514
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2515
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2516
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2517
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2518
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2519
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2520
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2521
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2522
+ applicability O
2523
+ of O
2524
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2525
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2526
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2527
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2528
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2529
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2530
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2531
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2532
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2533
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2534
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2535
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2536
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2537
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2538
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2539
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2540
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2541
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2542
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2543
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2544
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2545
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2546
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2547
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2548
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2549
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2550
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2551
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2552
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2553
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2554
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2555
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2556
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2557
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2558
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2559
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2560
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2561
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2562
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2563
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2564
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2565
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2566
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2567
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2568
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2569
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2570
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2571
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2572
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2573
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2574
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2575
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2576
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2577
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2578
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2579
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2580
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2581
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2582
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2583
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2584
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2585
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2586
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2587
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2588
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2590
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2591
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2592
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2593
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2594
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2595
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2596
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2597
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2598
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2599
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2600
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2601
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2602
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2603
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2604
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2605
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2606
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2607
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2608
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2609
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2610
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2611
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2612
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2613
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2614
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2615
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2616
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2617
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2618
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2619
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2620
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2621
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2622
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2623
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2624
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2625
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2626
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2627
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2628
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2629
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2630
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2631
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2632
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2633
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2636
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2637
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2638
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2640
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2641
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2642
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2643
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2644
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2646
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2648
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2649
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2657
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2660
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2661
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2662
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2663
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2664
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2665
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2666
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2667
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2684
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2686
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2687
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2688
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2689
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2690
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2691
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2692
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2693
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2694
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2695
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2696
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2697
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2698
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2699
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2700
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2713
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2714
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2715
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2717
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2718
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2719
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2720
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2721
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2722
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2723
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2724
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2725
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2726
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2727
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2729
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2730
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2731
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2732
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2733
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2734
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2735
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2736
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2737
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2738
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2739
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2740
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2741
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2742
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2743
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2744
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2745
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2746
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2747
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2748
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2749
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2750
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2751
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2752
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2755
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2756
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2757
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2758
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2759
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2760
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2761
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2762
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2763
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2764
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2765
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2766
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2767
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2768
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2769
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2770
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2771
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2772
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2773
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2774
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2775
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2776
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2777
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2778
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2779
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2780
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2781
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2782
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2783
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2784
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2785
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2786
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2787
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2789
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2790
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2791
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2792
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2793
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2794
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2795
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2796
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2797
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2798
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2800
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2801
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2802
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2803
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2804
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2805
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2806
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2807
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2808
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2809
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2810
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2811
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2812
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2813
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2814
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2815
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2816
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2820
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2823
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2826
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2827
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2829
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2831
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2832
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2861
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2862
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2863
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2864
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2865
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2866
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2873
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2874
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2875
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2876
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2877
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2878
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2879
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2880
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2881
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2882
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2883
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2884
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2885
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2886
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2887
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2888
+ A O
2889
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2890
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2891
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2892
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2893
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2894
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2895
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2896
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2897
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2898
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2899
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2900
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2901
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2902
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2903
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2904
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2905
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2907
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2908
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2909
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2910
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2911
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2912
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2913
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2914
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2915
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2916
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2917
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2918
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2919
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2920
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2921
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2922
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2923
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2924
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2925
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2926
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2927
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2928
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2929
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2930
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2931
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2932
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2933
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2934
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2935
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2936
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2937
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2938
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2939
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2940
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2941
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2942
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2943
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2944
+ Landsat B-climate-observations
2945
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2946
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2947
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2948
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2949
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2950
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2951
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2952
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2953
+ covering O
2954
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2955
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2956
+ European O
2957
+ Alps O
2958
+ were O
2959
+ analyzed O
2960
+ . O
2961
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2962
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2963
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2964
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2965
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2966
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2967
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2968
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2969
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2970
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2971
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2972
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2973
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2974
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2975
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2976
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2977
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2978
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2979
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2980
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2981
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2982
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2983
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2984
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2985
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2986
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2987
+ These O
2988
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2989
+ show O
2990
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2991
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2992
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2993
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2994
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2995
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2996
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2997
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2998
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2999
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3000
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3001
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3002
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3003
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3004
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3005
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3006
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3007
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3008
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3009
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3010
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3011
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3012
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3013
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3014
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3015
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3016
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3017
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3018
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3019
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3020
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3021
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3022
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3023
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3024
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3025
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3026
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3027
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3028
+ marina I-climate-organisms
3029
+ L. I-climate-organisms
3030
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3031
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3032
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3033
+ acclimation O
3034
+ of O
3035
+ photoprotective O
3036
+ mechanisms O
3037
+ in O
3038
+ this O
3039
+ context O
3040
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3041
+ not O
3042
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3043
+ characterized O
3044
+ . O
3045
+
3046
+ This O
3047
+ study O
3048
+ aimed O
3049
+ to O
3050
+ quantify O
3051
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3052
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3053
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3054
+ term O
3055
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3056
+ of O
3057
+ ocean B-climate-hazards
3058
+ acidification I-climate-hazards
3059
+ on O
3060
+ photochemical O
3061
+ control O
3062
+ mechanisms O
3063
+ that O
3064
+ promote O
3065
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3066
+ while O
3067
+ simultaneously O
3068
+ protecting O
3069
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3070
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3071
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3072
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3073
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3074
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O40cf3e88ecb323889a7e33322c6de2c0
3075
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3076
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3077
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3078
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3079
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3080
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3081
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3082
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3083
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3084
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3085
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3086
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3087
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3088
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3089
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3090
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3091
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3092
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3093
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3094
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3095
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3096
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3097
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3098
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3099
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3100
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3101
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3102
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3103
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3104
+ MENA I-climate-models
3105
+ / O
3106
+ Arab O
3107
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3108
+ . O
3109
+
3110
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3111
+ ERA B-climate-datasets
3112
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3113
+ Interim I-climate-datasets
3114
+ lateral O
3115
+ boundary O
3116
+ conditions O
3117
+ data O
3118
+ , O
3119
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3120
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3121
+ Research I-climate-organizations
3122
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3123
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3124
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3125
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3126
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3127
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3128
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3129
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3130
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3131
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3132
+ the O
3133
+ performance O
3134
+ of O
3135
+ RegCM4 B-climate-models
3136
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3137
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3138
+ Overall O
3139
+ , O
3140
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3141
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3142
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3143
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3144
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3145
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3146
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3147
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3148
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3149
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3150
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3151
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3152
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3153
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3154
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3155
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3156
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3157
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3158
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3159
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3160
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3161
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3162
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3163
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3164
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3165
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3166
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3167
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3168
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3169
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3170
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3171
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3172
+
3173
+ The O
3174
+ most O
3175
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3176
+ option O
3177
+ Grell B-climate-models
3178
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3179
+ Land I-climate-models
3180
+ and I-climate-models
3181
+ Emanuel I-climate-models
3182
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3183
+ Ocean I-climate-models
3184
+ in O
3185
+ wet O
3186
+ ( O
3187
+ GLEO B-climate-models
3188
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3189
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3190
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3191
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3192
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3193
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3194
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3195
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3196
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3199
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3200
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3201
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3202
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3203
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3204
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3205
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3206
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3207
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3208
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3209
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3210
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3211
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3212
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3213
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3214
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3215
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3216
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3217
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3218
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3219
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3220
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3221
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3222
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3223
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3224
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3225
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3226
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3227
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3228
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3229
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3230
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3231
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3232
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3233
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3234
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3235
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3236
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3237
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3238
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3239
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3240
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3241
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3242
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3243
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3244
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3245
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3246
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3247
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3249
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3250
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3251
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3252
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3253
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3254
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3255
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3256
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3257
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3258
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3259
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3260
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3261
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3262
+ built O
3263
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3264
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3265
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3266
+ related O
3267
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3268
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3269
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3270
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3271
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3272
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3273
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3274
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3275
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3276
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3277
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3278
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3279
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3280
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3281
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3282
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3283
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3284
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3285
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3286
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3287
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3288
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3289
+ . O
3290
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3291
+ Results O
3292
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3293
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3294
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3295
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3296
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3297
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3298
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3299
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3300
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3301
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3302
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3303
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3304
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3305
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3306
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3307
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3308
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3309
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3310
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3311
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3312
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3313
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3314
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3315
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3316
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3317
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3318
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3319
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3320
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3321
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3322
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3323
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3324
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3325
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3326
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3327
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3329
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3330
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3332
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3333
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3334
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3335
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3336
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3337
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3338
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3339
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3340
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3341
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3342
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3343
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3344
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3345
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3346
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3347
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3348
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3349
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3350
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3351
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3352
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3353
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3354
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3355
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3356
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3357
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3358
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3359
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3360
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3361
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3362
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3363
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3364
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3365
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3366
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3367
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3368
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3369
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3370
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3371
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3372
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3373
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3374
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3375
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3376
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3377
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3378
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3379
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3380
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3381
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3382
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3383
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3384
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3385
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3386
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3387
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3388
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3389
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3390
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3391
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3392
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3393
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3394
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3395
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3396
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3397
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3398
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3399
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3400
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3401
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3402
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3403
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3404
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3405
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3406
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3407
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3408
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3409
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3412
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3414
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3415
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3416
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3417
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3418
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3419
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3420
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3421
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3422
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3423
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3428
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3482
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3484
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3487
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3509
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3515
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3583
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3612
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3662
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3667
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3669
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3702
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3704
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3722
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3741
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3811
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3812
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3813
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3814
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3816
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3817
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3821
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3822
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3823
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3845
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3853
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3854
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3856
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3869
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3876
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3908
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3925
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3926
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3928
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3929
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3930
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3931
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3932
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3934
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3998
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4001
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4008
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4009
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4010
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4011
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4015
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4016
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4017
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4029
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4045
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4046
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4053
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4055
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4086
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4088
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4095
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4099
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4100
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4101
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4108
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4110
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4120
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4121
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4122
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4124
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4125
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4126
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4128
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4129
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4130
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4131
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4132
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4133
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4134
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4135
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4136
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4137
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4138
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4139
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4141
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4143
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4144
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4145
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4147
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4149
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4150
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4151
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4154
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4155
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4156
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4157
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4158
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4159
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4160
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4161
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4162
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4163
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4164
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4165
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4166
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4167
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4168
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4169
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4170
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4171
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4172
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4173
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4174
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4175
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4176
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4177
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4178
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4179
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4180
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4181
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4182
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4183
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4184
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4185
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4186
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4187
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4188
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4189
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4190
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4191
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4192
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4193
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4194
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4195
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4196
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4197
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4198
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4199
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4200
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4201
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4202
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4203
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4204
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4205
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4206
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4207
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4208
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4209
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4210
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4211
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4212
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4213
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4214
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4215
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4220
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4221
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4223
+ level O
4224
+ of O
4225
+ activity O
4226
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4227
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4228
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4229
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4230
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4231
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4232
+
4233
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4234
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4235
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4236
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4237
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4238
+ ) O
4239
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4240
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4241
+ of O
4242
+ the O
4243
+ major O
4244
+ socioeconomic O
4245
+ risks O
4246
+ associated O
4247
+ with O
4248
+ global O
4249
+ warming O
4250
+ . O
4251
+
4252
+ Mass O
4253
+ losses O
4254
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4255
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4256
+ Greenland O
4257
+ ice O
4258
+ sheet O
4259
+ ( O
4260
+ GrIS O
4261
+ ) O
4262
+ will O
4263
+ be O
4264
+ partially O
4265
+ responsible O
4266
+ for O
4267
+ future O
4268
+ SLR B-climate-hazards
4269
+ , O
4270
+ although O
4271
+ there O
4272
+ are O
4273
+ large O
4274
+ uncertainties O
4275
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4276
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4277
+ climate O
4278
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4279
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4280
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4281
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4282
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4283
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4284
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4285
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4286
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4287
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4288
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4289
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4290
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4291
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4292
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4293
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4294
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4295
+ POLythermal I-climate-models
4296
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4297
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4298
+ ) O
4299
+ driven O
4300
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4301
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4302
+ projections O
4303
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4304
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4305
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4306
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4307
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4308
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4309
+ phase O
4310
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4311
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4312
+ Coupled B-climate-models
4313
+ Model I-climate-models
4314
+ Intercomparison I-climate-models
4315
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4316
+ ( O
4317
+ CMIP5 B-climate-models
4318
+ ) O
4319
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4320
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4321
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4322
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4323
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4324
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4325
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4326
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4327
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4328
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4329
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4330
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4331
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4332
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4333
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4334
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4335
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4336
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4337
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4338
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4339
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4340
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4341
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4342
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4343
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4344
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4345
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4346
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4347
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4348
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4349
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4350
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4351
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4352
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4353
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4354
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4355
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4356
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4357
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4358
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4359
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4360
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4361
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4362
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4363
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4364
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4365
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4366
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4367
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4368
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4369
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4370
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4371
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4372
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4373
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4374
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4375
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4376
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4377
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4378
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4379
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4380
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4381
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4382
+ ) O
4383
+ simulations O
4384
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4385
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4386
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4387
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4388
+ Regional I-climate-organizations
4389
+ Climate I-climate-organizations
4390
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4391
+ Assessment I-climate-organizations
4392
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4393
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4394
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4395
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4396
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4397
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4398
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4399
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4400
+ Midpoint O
4401
+ and O
4402
+ Endpoint O
4403
+ characterization O
4404
+ model O
4405
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4406
+ used O
4407
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4408
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4409
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4410
+ expression O
4411
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4412
+
4413
+ In O
4414
+ the O
4415
+ assessed O
4416
+ framework O
4417
+ , O
4418
+ pea B-climate-assets
4419
+ monocrops B-climate-assets
4420
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4421
+ intensively O
4422
+ fertilized O
4423
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4424
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4425
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4426
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4427
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4428
+ considered O
4429
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4430
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4431
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4432
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4433
+ low O
4434
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4435
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4436
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4437
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4438
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4439
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4440
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4441
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4442
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4443
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4444
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4445
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4446
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4447
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4448
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4449
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4450
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4451
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4452
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4453
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4454
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4455
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4456
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4457
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4458
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4459
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4460
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4461
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4462
+ warming O
4463
+ . O
4464
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4465
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4466
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4467
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4468
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4469
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4470
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4471
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4472
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4473
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4474
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4476
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4477
+ Volterra I-climate-models
4478
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4479
+ , O
4480
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4481
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4482
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4483
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4484
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4485
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4486
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4487
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4488
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4489
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4490
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4491
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4492
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4493
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4494
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4495
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4496
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4497
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4498
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4499
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4500
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4501
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4502
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4503
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4505
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4506
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4508
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4509
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4511
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4512
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4513
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4514
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4516
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4517
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4518
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4519
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4521
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4522
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4523
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4524
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4525
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4526
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4527
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4528
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4529
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4530
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4535
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4537
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4538
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4539
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4540
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4541
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4543
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4544
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4545
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4546
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4547
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4548
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4549
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4550
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4551
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4552
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4553
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4554
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4555
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4556
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4557
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4558
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4559
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4560
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4561
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4562
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4563
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4564
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4565
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4568
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4572
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4573
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4574
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4575
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4576
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4577
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4579
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4580
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4582
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4585
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4586
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4587
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4589
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4592
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4604
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4605
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4607
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4608
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4611
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4612
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4613
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4615
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4619
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4622
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4623
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4624
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4625
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4626
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4627
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4629
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4648
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4649
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4650
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4651
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4652
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4653
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4654
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4655
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4656
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4657
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4658
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4660
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4662
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4666
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4669
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4671
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4674
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4678
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4679
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4682
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4688
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4691
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4692
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4693
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4699
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4701
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4703
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4705
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4706
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4707
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4708
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4709
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4710
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4711
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4712
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4713
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4714
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4728
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4740
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4757
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4758
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4759
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4760
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4762
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4769
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4770
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4771
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4774
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4775
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4777
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4780
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4782
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4785
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4786
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4788
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4789
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4792
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4793
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4794
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4795
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4796
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4797
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4798
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4799
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4805
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4807
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4809
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4811
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4812
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4813
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4814
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4815
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4816
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4817
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4821
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4825
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4848
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4849
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4851
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4857
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4859
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4868
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4869
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4870
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4871
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4880
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4885
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4887
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4888
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4889
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4890
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4891
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4892
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4894
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4896
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4898
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4906
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4908
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4918
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4919
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4920
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4921
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4922
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4923
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4924
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4925
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4927
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4928
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4929
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4930
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4931
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4932
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4933
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4934
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4935
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4936
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4937
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4938
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4939
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4940
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4941
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4942
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4943
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4944
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4945
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4947
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4948
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4949
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4952
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4960
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4964
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4965
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4966
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4968
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4975
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4976
+ GOALS I-climate-models
4977
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4978
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4979
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4982
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4983
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4984
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4985
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4987
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4988
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4989
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4990
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4991
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4993
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4994
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4995
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4996
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4997
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4999
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5000
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5002
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5004
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5006
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5007
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5008
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5009
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5010
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5011
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5012
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5013
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5014
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5015
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5016
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5017
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5018
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5019
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5020
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5021
+ precipitation B-climate-nature
5022
+ and O
5023
+ temperature B-climate-properties
5024
+ . O
5025
+
5026
+ Soil B-climate-properties
5027
+ moisture I-climate-properties
5028
+ datasets O
5029
+ from O
5030
+ the O
5031
+ Essential O
5032
+ Climate O
5033
+ Variable O
5034
+ ( O
5035
+ ECV O
5036
+ ) O
5037
+ , O
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+ the O
5039
+ Coupled B-climate-models
5040
+ Model I-climate-models
5041
+ Intercomparison I-climate-models
5042
+ Project I-climate-models
5043
+ Phase I-climate-models
5044
+ 5 I-climate-models
5045
+ ( O
5046
+ CMIP5 B-climate-models
5047
+ ) O
5048
+ , O
5049
+ the O
5050
+ Inter B-climate-models
5051
+ - I-climate-models
5052
+ Sectoral I-climate-models
5053
+ Impact I-climate-models
5054
+ Model I-climate-models
5055
+ Intercomparison I-climate-models
5056
+ Project I-climate-models
5057
+ ( O
5058
+ ISIMIP B-climate-models
5059
+ ) O
5060
+ , O
5061
+ the O
5062
+ Global B-climate-models
5063
+ Land I-climate-models
5064
+ Data I-climate-models
5065
+ Assimilation I-climate-models
5066
+ System I-climate-models
5067
+ ( O
5068
+ GLDAS B-climate-models
5069
+ ) O
5070
+ , O
5071
+ and O
5072
+ reanalysis O
5073
+ products O
5074
+ are O
5075
+ widely O
5076
+ used O
5077
+ . O
5078
+
5079
+ In O
5080
+ terms O
5081
+ of O
5082
+ unbiased O
5083
+ Root O
5084
+ - O
5085
+ Mean O
5086
+ - O
5087
+ Square O
5088
+ Difference O
5089
+ ( O
5090
+ unRMSE O
5091
+ , O
5092
+ i.e. O
5093
+ , O
5094
+ removing O
5095
+ the O
5096
+ differences O
5097
+ in O
5098
+ absolute O
5099
+ values O
5100
+ ) O
5101
+ , O
5102
+ all O
5103
+ modeled O
5104
+ datasets O
5105
+ obtain O
5106
+ performances O
5107
+ comparable O
5108
+ with O
5109
+ ECV O
5110
+ observations O
5111
+ . O
5112
+
5113
+ In O
5114
+ winter O
5115
+ , O
5116
+ GLDAS B-climate-models
5117
+ performs O
5118
+ the O
5119
+ best O
5120
+ in O
5121
+ the O
5122
+ east O
5123
+ of O
5124
+ south O
5125
+ China O
5126
+ , O
5127
+ followed O
5128
+ by O
5129
+ the O
5130
+ Reanalysis O
5131
+ dataset O
5132
+ . O
5133
+
5134
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Oe61cef21ed616e4f9aa537388eef6b49
5135
+
5136
+ We O
5137
+ study O
5138
+ the O
5139
+ Sarychev O
5140
+ Peak O
5141
+ eruption O
5142
+ , O
5143
+ using O
5144
+ the O
5145
+ Community B-climate-models
5146
+ Earth I-climate-models
5147
+ System I-climate-models
5148
+ Model I-climate-models
5149
+ version I-climate-models
5150
+ 1.0 I-climate-models
5151
+ ( O
5152
+ CESM1 B-climate-models
5153
+ ) O
5154
+ Whole B-climate-models
5155
+ Atmosphere I-climate-models
5156
+ Community I-climate-models
5157
+ Climate I-climate-models
5158
+ Model I-climate-models
5159
+ ( O
5160
+ WACCM B-climate-models
5161
+ ) O
5162
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5163
+ Community B-climate-models
5164
+ Aerosol I-climate-models
5165
+ and I-climate-models
5166
+ Radiation I-climate-models
5167
+ Model I-climate-models
5168
+ for I-climate-models
5169
+ Atmospheres I-climate-models
5170
+ ( O
5171
+ CARMA B-climate-models
5172
+ ) O
5173
+ sectional O
5174
+ aerosol B-climate-nature
5175
+ microphysics O
5176
+ model O
5177
+ ( O
5178
+ with O
5179
+ no O
5180
+ a O
5181
+ priori O
5182
+ assumption O
5183
+ on O
5184
+ particle B-climate-properties
5185
+ size I-climate-properties
5186
+ ) O
5187
+ . O
5188
+
5189
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O40515d17c1cb65c678e559ed76118d08
5190
+
5191
+ Simulations O
5192
+ were O
5193
+ performed O
5194
+ for O
5195
+ maize B-climate-assets
5196
+ and O
5197
+ soybean B-climate-assets
5198
+ using O
5199
+ the O
5200
+ pSIMS B-climate-models
5201
+ platform O
5202
+ across O
5203
+ the O
5204
+ U.S O
5205
+ Midwest O
5206
+ by O
5207
+ incrementally O
5208
+ accounting O
5209
+ for O
5210
+ five O
5211
+ sources O
5212
+ of O
5213
+ uncertainty O
5214
+ with O
5215
+ a O
5216
+ 7 O
5217
+ km×7 O
5218
+ km O
5219
+ resolution O
5220
+ using O
5221
+ the O
5222
+ APSIM B-climate-models
5223
+ and O
5224
+ DSSAT B-climate-models
5225
+ crop B-climate-assets
5226
+ growth O
5227
+ models O
5228
+ . O
5229
+
5230
+ Then O
5231
+ , O
5232
+ a O
5233
+ series O
5234
+ of O
5235
+ nitrate B-climate-hazards
5236
+ leaching I-climate-hazards
5237
+ hotpots O
5238
+ were O
5239
+ identified O
5240
+ and O
5241
+ a O
5242
+ regional O
5243
+ maize B-climate-assets
5244
+ yield O
5245
+ productivity O
5246
+ index O
5247
+ was O
5248
+ estimated O
5249
+ by O
5250
+ decomposing O
5251
+ the O
5252
+ uncertainty O
5253
+ in O
5254
+ the O
5255
+ same O
5256
+ scenario O
5257
+ using O
5258
+ a O
5259
+ hierarchical O
5260
+ Bayesian O
5261
+ random O
5262
+ - O
5263
+ effect O
5264
+ model O
5265
+ . O
5266
+
5267
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O540e95b9dd97f43e20971ddd6d625132
5268
+
5269
+ For O
5270
+ this O
5271
+ , O
5272
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5273
+ INteractive B-climate-models
5274
+ Fires I-climate-models
5275
+ and I-climate-models
5276
+ Emissions I-climate-models
5277
+ algoRithm I-climate-models
5278
+ for I-climate-models
5279
+ Natural I-climate-models
5280
+ environments I-climate-models
5281
+ ( O
5282
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5283
+ ) O
5284
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5285
+ model O
5286
+ is O
5287
+ coupled O
5288
+ to O
5289
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5290
+ atmosphere B-climate-nature
5291
+ - O
5292
+ only O
5293
+ configuration O
5294
+ of O
5295
+ the O
5296
+ UK B-climate-models
5297
+ ’s I-climate-models
5298
+ Earth I-climate-models
5299
+ System I-climate-models
5300
+ Model I-climate-models
5301
+ ( O
5302
+ UKESM1 B-climate-models
5303
+ ) O
5304
+ . O
5305
+
5306
+ This O
5307
+ fire B-climate-hazards
5308
+ - O
5309
+ atmosphere B-climate-nature
5310
+ interaction O
5311
+ through O
5312
+ atmospheric O
5313
+ chemistry O
5314
+ and O
5315
+ aerosols B-climate-nature
5316
+ allows O
5317
+ for O
5318
+ fire B-climate-hazards
5319
+ emissions I-climate-hazards
5320
+ to O
5321
+ influence O
5322
+ radiation O
5323
+ , O
5324
+ clouds B-climate-nature
5325
+ , O
5326
+ and O
5327
+ generally O
5328
+ weather O
5329
+ , O
5330
+ which O
5331
+ can O
5332
+ consequently O
5333
+ influence O
5334
+ the O
5335
+ meteorological O
5336
+ drivers O
5337
+ of O
5338
+ fire B-climate-hazards
5339
+ . O
5340
+
5341
+ Additionally O
5342
+ , O
5343
+ INFERNO B-climate-models
5344
+ is O
5345
+ updated O
5346
+ based O
5347
+ on O
5348
+ recent O
5349
+ developments O
5350
+ in O
5351
+ the O
5352
+ literature O
5353
+ to O
5354
+ improve O
5355
+ the O
5356
+ representation O
5357
+ of O
5358
+ human O
5359
+ / O
5360
+ economic O
5361
+ factors O
5362
+ in O
5363
+ the O
5364
+ anthropogenic B-climate-problem-origins
5365
+ ignition I-climate-problem-origins
5366
+ and O
5367
+ suppression B-climate-mitigations
5368
+ of I-climate-mitigations
5369
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5370
+ . O
5371
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5372
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O60825be4f200cb922765c1141fd1eaf8
5373
+
5374
+ DAMOCLES B-climate-organizations
5375
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5376
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5377
+ Arctic I-climate-organizations
5378
+ Modeling I-climate-organizations
5379
+ and I-climate-organizations
5380
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5381
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5382
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5383
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5384
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5385
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5386
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5387
+ Studies I-climate-organizations
5388
+ ) O
5389
+ aimed O
5390
+ at O
5391
+ reducing O
5392
+ the O
5393
+ uncertainties O
5394
+ in O
5395
+ our O
5396
+ understanding O
5397
+ , O
5398
+ modeling O
5399
+ and O
5400
+ forecasting O
5401
+ of O
5402
+ climate O
5403
+ changes O
5404
+ in O
5405
+ the O
5406
+ Arctic O
5407
+ . O
5408
+
5409
+ DAMOCLES B-climate-organizations
5410
+ was O
5411
+ especially O
5412
+ concerned O
5413
+ with O
5414
+ a O
5415
+ significantly O
5416
+ reduced O
5417
+ sea B-climate-properties
5418
+ - I-climate-properties
5419
+ ice I-climate-properties
5420
+ cover I-climate-properties
5421
+ and O
5422
+ the O
5423
+ impact O
5424
+ this O
5425
+ drastic O
5426
+ sea B-climate-nature
5427
+ - I-climate-nature
5428
+ ice I-climate-nature
5429
+ retreat I-climate-nature
5430
+ might O
5431
+ have O
5432
+ on O
5433
+ the O
5434
+ environment O
5435
+ and O
5436
+ on O
5437
+ human O
5438
+ activities O
5439
+ both O
5440
+ regionally O
5441
+ and O
5442
+ globally O
5443
+ . O
5444
+
5445
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O3caf6c2b344e0cab6ab0d65ac0b304ba
5446
+
5447
+ Highlights O
5448
+ during O
5449
+ SALTRACE B-climate-observations
5450
+ included O
5451
+ the O
5452
+ Lagrangian O
5453
+ sampling O
5454
+ of O
5455
+ a O
5456
+ dust B-climate-nature
5457
+ plume I-climate-nature
5458
+ in O
5459
+ the O
5460
+ Cape O
5461
+ Verde O
5462
+ area O
5463
+ on O
5464
+ 17 O
5465
+ June O
5466
+ which O
5467
+ was O
5468
+ again O
5469
+ measured O
5470
+ with O
5471
+ the O
5472
+ same O
5473
+ instrumentation O
5474
+ on O
5475
+ 21 O
5476
+ and O
5477
+ 22 O
5478
+ June O
5479
+ 2013 O
5480
+ near O
5481
+ Barbados O
5482
+ . O
5483
+
5484
+ The O
5485
+ event O
5486
+ was O
5487
+ also O
5488
+ captured O
5489
+ by O
5490
+ the O
5491
+ ground O
5492
+ - O
5493
+ based O
5494
+ lidar B-climate-observations
5495
+ and O
5496
+ in O
5497
+ - O
5498
+ situ O
5499
+ instrumentation O
5500
+ . O
5501
+
5502
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fa8d288a6b10e694b1243326af60f683d8ef3331
5503
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5504
+ An O
5505
+ Assessment O
5506
+ of O
5507
+ Spatial O
5508
+ Distribution O
5509
+ of O
5510
+ Four O
5511
+ Different O
5512
+ Satellite O
5513
+ - O
5514
+ Derived O
5515
+ Rainfall B-climate-nature
5516
+ Estimations O
5517
+ and O
5518
+ Observed O
5519
+ Precipitation B-climate-properties
5520
+ over O
5521
+ Bangladesh O
5522
+ . O
5523
+
5524
+ Given O
5525
+ that O
5526
+ precipitation B-climate-properties
5527
+ is O
5528
+ a O
5529
+ major O
5530
+ component O
5531
+ of O
5532
+ the O
5533
+ earth O
5534
+ ’s O
5535
+ water O
5536
+ and O
5537
+ energy O
5538
+ cycles O
5539
+ , O
5540
+ reliable O
5541
+ information O
5542
+ on O
5543
+ the O
5544
+ monthly O
5545
+ spatial O
5546
+ distribution O
5547
+ of O
5548
+ precipitation B-climate-properties
5549
+ is O
5550
+ also O
5551
+ crucial O
5552
+ for O
5553
+ climate O
5554
+ science O
5555
+ , O
5556
+ climatological O
5557
+ water B-climate-nature
5558
+ - I-climate-nature
5559
+ resource I-climate-nature
5560
+ research O
5561
+ studies O
5562
+ , O
5563
+ and O
5564
+ for O
5565
+ the O
5566
+ evaluation O
5567
+ of O
5568
+ regional O
5569
+ model O
5570
+ simulations O
5571
+ . O
5572
+
5573
+ In O
5574
+ this O
5575
+ paper O
5576
+ , O
5577
+ four O
5578
+ satellite O
5579
+ derived O
5580
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5581
+ datasets O
5582
+ : O
5583
+ Climate B-climate-datasets
5584
+ Prediction I-climate-datasets
5585
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5586
+ MORPHING I-climate-datasets
5587
+ ( O
5588
+ CMORPH B-climate-datasets
5589
+ ) O
5590
+ , O
5591
+ Tropical B-climate-datasets
5592
+ Rainfall I-climate-datasets
5593
+ Measuring I-climate-datasets
5594
+ Mission I-climate-datasets
5595
+ ( O
5596
+ TRMM B-climate-datasets
5597
+ ) O
5598
+ , O
5599
+ the O
5600
+ Precipitation B-climate-datasets
5601
+ Estimation I-climate-datasets
5602
+ Algorithm I-climate-datasets
5603
+ from I-climate-datasets
5604
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5605
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5606
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5607
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5608
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5609
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5610
+ Artificial I-climate-datasets
5611
+ Neural I-climate-datasets
5612
+ Network I-climate-datasets
5613
+ ( O
5614
+ PERSIANN B-climate-datasets
5615
+ ) O
5616
+ , O
5617
+ and O
5618
+ the O
5619
+ global B-climate-datasets
5620
+ Satellite I-climate-datasets
5621
+ Mapping I-climate-datasets
5622
+ of I-climate-datasets
5623
+ Precipitation I-climate-datasets
5624
+ ( O
5625
+ GSMaP B-climate-datasets
5626
+ ) O
5627
+ are O
5628
+ spatially O
5629
+ analyzed O
5630
+ and O
5631
+ compared O
5632
+ with O
5633
+ the O
5634
+ observed O
5635
+ precipitation B-climate-properties
5636
+ data O
5637
+ provided O
5638
+ by O
5639
+ Bangladesh B-climate-organizations
5640
+ Meteorological I-climate-organizations
5641
+ Department I-climate-organizations
5642
+ ( O
5643
+ BMD B-climate-organizations
5644
+ ) O
5645
+ . O
5646
+
5647
+ For O
5648
+ this O
5649
+ study O
5650
+ , O
5651
+ the O
5652
+ different O
5653
+ precipitations B-climate-properties
5654
+ data O
5655
+ sets O
5656
+ are O
5657
+ spatially O
5658
+ analyzed O
5659
+ from O
5660
+ 2nd O
5661
+ May O
5662
+ 2019 O
5663
+ to O
5664
+ 4th O
5665
+ May O
5666
+ 2019 O
5667
+ at O
5668
+ the O
5669
+ time O
5670
+ of O
5671
+ Cyclone O
5672
+ “ O
5673
+ FANI O
5674
+ ” O
5675
+ . O
5676
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5677
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/233313e25b6d9f4760ad29252fb44df3980c7f9f
5678
+
5679
+ Centennial O
5680
+ - O
5681
+ scale O
5682
+ variability O
5683
+ of O
5684
+ soil B-climate-properties
5685
+ moisture I-climate-properties
5686
+ in O
5687
+ eastern O
5688
+ Australia O
5689
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5690
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5691
+ Soil B-climate-properties
5692
+ moisture I-climate-properties
5693
+ is O
5694
+ of O
5695
+ critical O
5696
+ importance O
5697
+ to O
5698
+ maintaining O
5699
+ agricultural B-climate-assets
5700
+ productivity I-climate-assets
5701
+ and O
5702
+ is O
5703
+ used O
5704
+ as O
5705
+ an O
5706
+ indicator O
5707
+ of O
5708
+ agricultural B-climate-assets
5709
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5710
+ . O
5711
+
5712
+ In O
5713
+ - O
5714
+ situ O
5715
+ measurements O
5716
+ of O
5717
+ soil B-climate-properties
5718
+ moisture I-climate-properties
5719
+ , O
5720
+ however O
5721
+ , O
5722
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5723
+ exceedingly O
5724
+ sparse O
5725
+ at O
5726
+ a O
5727
+ global O
5728
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5729
+ compared O
5730
+ to O
5731
+ most O
5732
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5733
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5734
+ variables O
5735
+ , O
5736
+ and O
5737
+ the O
5738
+ temporal O
5739
+ coverage O
5740
+ of O
5741
+ most O
5742
+ records O
5743
+ is O
5744
+ limited O
5745
+ to O
5746
+ 15–20 O
5747
+ years O
5748
+ at O
5749
+ best O
5750
+ . O
5751
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5752
+ To O
5753
+ overcome O
5754
+ this O
5755
+ , O
5756
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5757
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5758
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5759
+ have O
5760
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5761
+ developed O
5762
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5763
+ applied O
5764
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5765
+ evaluate O
5766
+ soil B-climate-nature
5767
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5768
+ availability I-climate-assets
5769
+ at O
5770
+ centennial O
5771
+ - O
5772
+ scales O
5773
+ . O
5774
+
5775
+ These O
5776
+ include O
5777
+ the O
5778
+ Australian B-climate-organizations
5779
+ Water I-climate-organizations
5780
+ Availability I-climate-organizations
5781
+ Project I-climate-organizations
5782
+ ( O
5783
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5784
+ ) O
5785
+ Waterdyn B-climate-models
5786
+ model O
5787
+ , O
5788
+ and O
5789
+ the O
5790
+ Australian B-climate-models
5791
+ Water I-climate-models
5792
+ Resource I-climate-models
5793
+ Assessment I-climate-models
5794
+ ( O
5795
+ AWRA B-climate-models
5796
+ - I-climate-models
5797
+ L I-climate-models
5798
+ ) O
5799
+ models O
5800
+ ; O
5801
+ two O
5802
+ of O
5803
+ the O
5804
+ major O
5805
+ water B-climate-nature
5806
+ balance I-climate-nature
5807
+ models O
5808
+ used O
5809
+ in O
5810
+ Australia O
5811
+ . O
5812
+
5813
+ This O
5814
+ study O
5815
+ looks O
5816
+ to O
5817
+ extend O
5818
+ on O
5819
+ their O
5820
+ validation O
5821
+ and O
5822
+ application O
5823
+ using O
5824
+ a O
5825
+ unique O
5826
+ in O
5827
+ - O
5828
+ situ O
5829
+ soil B-climate-properties
5830
+ moisture I-climate-properties
5831
+ data O
5832
+ set O
5833
+ from O
5834
+ the O
5835
+ Scaling B-climate-organizations
5836
+ and I-climate-organizations
5837
+ Assimilation I-climate-organizations
5838
+ of I-climate-organizations
5839
+ Soil I-climate-organizations
5840
+ Moisture I-climate-organizations
5841
+ and I-climate-organizations
5842
+ Streamflow I-climate-organizations
5843
+ ( O
5844
+ SASMAS B-climate-organizations
5845
+ ) O
5846
+ project O
5847
+ for O
5848
+ the O
5849
+ Krui O
5850
+ and O
5851
+ Merriwa O
5852
+ River O
5853
+ catchments O
5854
+ in O
5855
+ eastern O
5856
+ NSW O
5857
+ , O
5858
+ Australia O
5859
+ . O
5860
+
5861
+ Modelled O
5862
+ outputs O
5863
+ were O
5864
+ compared O
5865
+ against O
5866
+ catchment B-climate-nature
5867
+ average O
5868
+ in O
5869
+ - O
5870
+ situ O
5871
+ data O
5872
+ and O
5873
+ validated O
5874
+ using O
5875
+ correlation O
5876
+ analyses O
5877
+ . O
5878
+
5879
+ Many O
5880
+ studies O
5881
+ exist O
5882
+ that O
5883
+ look O
5884
+ at O
5885
+ this O
5886
+ issue O
5887
+ in O
5888
+ response O
5889
+ to O
5890
+ the O
5891
+ recent O
5892
+ Millennium O
5893
+ Drought B-climate-hazards
5894
+ across O
5895
+ the O
5896
+ MurrayDarling O
5897
+ Basin O
5898
+ , O
5899
+ however O
5900
+ , O
5901
+ the O
5902
+ East O
5903
+ Coast O
5904
+ of O
5905
+ Australia O
5906
+ is O
5907
+ identified O
5908
+ as O
5909
+ its O
5910
+ own O
5911
+ separate O
5912
+ climate O
5913
+ entity O
5914
+ . O
5915
+
5916
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9bbcf4d55d8e781724c0c4e8fda3f69886a3715b
5917
+
5918
+ Inundation B-climate-hazards
5919
+ mapping O
5920
+ using O
5921
+ C- B-climate-observations
5922
+ and I-climate-observations
5923
+ X I-climate-observations
5924
+ - I-climate-observations
5925
+ band I-climate-observations
5926
+ SAR B-climate-observations
5927
+ data O
5928
+ : O
5929
+ From O
5930
+ algorithms O
5931
+ to O
5932
+ fully O
5933
+ - O
5934
+ automated O
5935
+ flood B-climate-hazards
5936
+ services O
5937
+ . O
5938
+
5939
+ Since O
5940
+ the O
5941
+ establishment O
5942
+ of O
5943
+ the O
5944
+ ZKI B-climate-organizations
5945
+ ( O
5946
+ Center B-climate-organizations
5947
+ for I-climate-organizations
5948
+ Satellite I-climate-organizations
5949
+ - I-climate-organizations
5950
+ Based I-climate-organizations
5951
+ Crisis I-climate-organizations
5952
+ Information I-climate-organizations
5953
+ ) O
5954
+ at O
5955
+ the O
5956
+ German B-climate-organizations
5957
+ Aerospace I-climate-organizations
5958
+ Center I-climate-organizations
5959
+ ( O
5960
+ DLR B-climate-organizations
5961
+ ) O
5962
+ , O
5963
+ the O
5964
+ development O
5965
+ of O
5966
+ EO O
5967
+ - O
5968
+ based O
5969
+ methodologies O
5970
+ for O
5971
+ the O
5972
+ rapid O
5973
+ mapping O
5974
+ of O
5975
+ flood B-climate-hazards
5976
+ situations O
5977
+ has O
5978
+ been O
5979
+ of O
5980
+ major O
5981
+ concern O
5982
+ . O
5983
+
5984
+ These O
5985
+ requirements O
5986
+ have O
5987
+ led O
5988
+ to O
5989
+ the O
5990
+ development O
5991
+ of O
5992
+ dedicated O
5993
+ SAR B-climate-observations
5994
+ - O
5995
+ based O
5996
+ flood B-climate-hazards
5997
+ mapping O
5998
+ tools O
5999
+ which O
6000
+ have O
6001
+ been O
6002
+ utilized O
6003
+ during O
6004
+ numerous O
6005
+ rapid O
6006
+ mapping O
6007
+ activities O
6008
+ of O
6009
+ flood B-climate-hazards
6010
+ situations O
6011
+ . O
6012
+
6013
+ With O
6014
+ respect O
6015
+ to O
6016
+ accuracy O
6017
+ and O
6018
+ computational O
6019
+ effort O
6020
+ , O
6021
+ experiments O
6022
+ performed O
6023
+ on O
6024
+ a O
6025
+ data O
6026
+ set O
6027
+ of O
6028
+ > O
6029
+ 200 O
6030
+ different O
6031
+ TerraSAR B-climate-observations
6032
+ - I-climate-observations
6033
+ X I-climate-observations
6034
+ scenes O
6035
+ acquired O
6036
+ during O
6037
+ flooding B-climate-hazards
6038
+ all O
6039
+ over O
6040
+ the O
6041
+ world O
6042
+ with O
6043
+ different O
6044
+ sensor O
6045
+ configurations O
6046
+ confirmed O
6047
+ the O
6048
+ robustness O
6049
+ and O
6050
+ effectiveness O
6051
+ of O
6052
+ the O
6053
+ flood B-climate-hazards
6054
+ mapping O
6055
+ service O
6056
+ . O
6057
+
6058
+ processing O
6059
+ chain O
6060
+ has O
6061
+ recently O
6062
+ been O
6063
+ adapted O
6064
+ to O
6065
+ the O
6066
+ new O
6067
+ European B-climate-organizations
6068
+ Space I-climate-organizations
6069
+ Agency I-climate-organizations
6070
+ ’s O
6071
+ C B-climate-observations
6072
+ - I-climate-observations
6073
+ band I-climate-observations
6074
+ SAR B-climate-observations
6075
+ mission O
6076
+ Sentinel-1 B-climate-observations
6077
+ . O
6078
+
6079
+ In O
6080
+ contrast O
6081
+ to O
6082
+ the O
6083
+ current O
6084
+ TerraSAR B-climate-observations
6085
+ - I-climate-observations
6086
+ X I-climate-observations
6087
+ based O
6088
+ thematic O
6089
+ service O
6090
+ , O
6091
+ Sentinel-1 B-climate-observations
6092
+ enables O
6093
+ a O
6094
+ systematic O
6095
+ disaster B-climate-impacts
6096
+ monitoring O
6097
+ with O
6098
+ high O
6099
+ spatial O
6100
+ and O
6101
+ temporal O
6102
+ resolutions O
6103
+ . O
6104
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156
+ participated O
157
+ in O
158
+ this O
159
+ expedition O
160
+ that O
161
+ lasted O
162
+ for O
163
+ 260 O
164
+ d O
165
+ and O
166
+ spanned O
167
+ 47500 O
168
+ km O
169
+ . O
170
+
171
+ First O
172
+ , O
173
+ investigations O
174
+ were O
175
+ performed O
176
+ for O
177
+ changes O
178
+ in O
179
+ human O
180
+ activities O
181
+ before O
182
+ and O
183
+ after O
184
+ tightening O
185
+ eco B-climate-mitigations
186
+ - I-climate-mitigations
187
+ environmental I-climate-mitigations
188
+ management I-climate-mitigations
189
+ in O
190
+ the O
191
+ Qilian O
192
+ Mountains O
193
+ . O
194
+
195
+ The O
196
+ local O
197
+ eco B-climate-assets
198
+ - I-climate-assets
199
+ environmental I-climate-assets
200
+ benefits I-climate-assets
201
+ and O
202
+ economic B-climate-impacts
203
+ losses I-climate-impacts
204
+ after O
205
+ the O
206
+ tightening O
207
+ eco B-climate-mitigations
208
+ - I-climate-mitigations
209
+ environmental I-climate-mitigations
210
+ management I-climate-mitigations
211
+ were O
212
+ analyzed O
213
+ by O
214
+ adopting O
215
+ the O
216
+ Integrated B-climate-models
217
+ Valuation I-climate-models
218
+ of I-climate-models
219
+ Ecosystem I-climate-models
220
+ Services I-climate-models
221
+ and I-climate-models
222
+ Tradeoffs I-climate-models
223
+ model O
224
+ and O
225
+ the O
226
+ System B-climate-models
227
+ of I-climate-models
228
+ Integrated I-climate-models
229
+ Environmental I-climate-models
230
+ and I-climate-models
231
+ Economic I-climate-models
232
+ Accounting I-climate-models
233
+ method O
234
+ . O
235
+
236
+ Second O
237
+ , O
238
+ investigations O
239
+ were O
240
+ performed O
241
+ for O
242
+ several O
243
+ glaciers B-climate-nature
244
+ located O
245
+ in O
246
+ the O
247
+ Qilian O
248
+ Mountains O
249
+ to O
250
+ evaluate O
251
+ the O
252
+ characteristics O
253
+ of O
254
+ glacier B-climate-nature
255
+ distribution O
256
+ and O
257
+ variations O
258
+ in O
259
+ glacier B-climate-nature
260
+ changes O
261
+ . O
262
+
263
+ The O
264
+ glacier B-climate-nature
265
+ ice I-climate-nature
266
+ storage I-climate-nature
267
+ and O
268
+ annual O
269
+ degradation O
270
+ rate O
271
+ were O
272
+ further O
273
+ estimated O
274
+ using O
275
+ data O
276
+ derived O
277
+ from O
278
+ a O
279
+ glacier B-climate-nature
280
+ inventory O
281
+ and O
282
+ Landsat B-climate-observations
283
+ images O
284
+ . O
285
+
286
+ Further O
287
+ , O
288
+ the O
289
+ spatial O
290
+ and O
291
+ temporal O
292
+ grassland B-climate-nature
293
+ patterns O
294
+ and O
295
+ the O
296
+ associated O
297
+ productivity O
298
+ were O
299
+ analyzed O
300
+ . O
301
+
302
+ Moreover O
303
+ , O
304
+ dynamic O
305
+ changes O
306
+ in O
307
+ the O
308
+ five O
309
+ main O
310
+ lakes B-climate-nature
311
+ in O
312
+ the O
313
+ Qilian O
314
+ Mountains O
315
+ were O
316
+ assessed O
317
+ at O
318
+ different O
319
+ spatial O
320
+ and O
321
+ temporal O
322
+ scales O
323
+ , O
324
+ and O
325
+ the O
326
+ activities O
327
+ of O
328
+ the O
329
+ key O
330
+ rare B-climate-organisms
331
+ species I-climate-organisms
332
+ such O
333
+ as O
334
+ the O
335
+ snow B-climate-organisms
336
+ leopard I-climate-organisms
337
+ were O
338
+ monitored O
339
+ regularly O
340
+ using O
341
+ infrared O
342
+ cameras O
343
+ . O
344
+
345
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O 553120ff92ab4f5e2b219c82834aeea7
346
+
347
+ Aquatic O
348
+ biogeochemical O
349
+ models O
350
+ are O
351
+ widely O
352
+ used O
353
+ as O
354
+ tools O
355
+ for O
356
+ understanding O
357
+ aquatic B-climate-nature
358
+ ecosystems I-climate-nature
359
+ and O
360
+ predicting O
361
+ their O
362
+ response O
363
+ to O
364
+ various O
365
+ stimuli O
366
+ ( O
367
+ e.g. O
368
+ , O
369
+ nutrient B-climate-problem-origins
370
+ loading I-climate-problem-origins
371
+ , O
372
+ toxic B-climate-problem-origins
373
+ substances I-climate-problem-origins
374
+ , O
375
+ climate O
376
+ change O
377
+ ) O
378
+ . O
379
+
380
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O fcdda47218ada9f03ca02477a30d9ad7
381
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382
+ Therefore O
383
+ , O
384
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385
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386
+ the O
387
+ start O
388
+ , O
389
+ end O
390
+ , O
391
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392
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393
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394
+ the I-climate-properties
395
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396
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397
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398
+ ( O
399
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400
+ , O
401
+ EOS B-climate-properties
402
+ , O
403
+ and O
404
+ LOS B-climate-properties
405
+ , O
406
+ respectively O
407
+ ) O
408
+ , O
409
+ which O
410
+ are O
411
+ indicators O
412
+ of O
413
+ the O
414
+ theoretical O
415
+ plant B-climate-properties
416
+ growth I-climate-properties
417
+ season I-climate-properties
418
+ , O
419
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420
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421
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422
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423
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424
+ mean I-climate-properties
425
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426
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427
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428
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429
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430
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431
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432
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433
+ 1948 O
434
+ to O
435
+ 2016 O
436
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437
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438
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439
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440
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441
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442
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443
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444
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445
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446
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447
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448
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449
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450
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451
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452
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453
+ , O
454
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455
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456
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457
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458
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459
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460
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461
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462
+ Among O
463
+ the O
464
+ seven O
465
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466
+ , O
467
+ spatial O
468
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469
+ in O
470
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471
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472
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473
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474
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475
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476
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477
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478
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479
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480
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481
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482
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483
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484
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485
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486
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487
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488
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489
+ both O
490
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491
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492
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493
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494
+ , O
495
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496
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497
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498
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499
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500
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501
+ the O
502
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503
+ , O
504
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505
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506
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507
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508
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509
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510
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511
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512
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513
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514
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515
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516
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517
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518
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519
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520
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521
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522
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523
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525
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526
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527
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528
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529
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530
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531
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532
+ millennium O
533
+ generally O
534
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535
+ on O
536
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537
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538
+ a O
539
+ direct O
540
+ influence O
541
+ on O
542
+ climate O
543
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544
+ , O
545
+ like O
546
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547
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548
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549
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550
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551
+ varying O
552
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553
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554
+ , O
555
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556
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557
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558
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559
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560
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561
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562
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563
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564
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565
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566
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567
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568
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569
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570
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571
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572
+ The O
573
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574
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575
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576
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577
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578
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579
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580
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581
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582
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583
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584
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585
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586
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587
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588
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589
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590
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591
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592
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593
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594
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595
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596
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597
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598
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599
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600
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601
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602
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603
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604
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605
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606
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607
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608
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609
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610
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611
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612
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613
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614
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615
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616
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617
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618
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619
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620
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621
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622
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623
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624
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625
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626
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627
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628
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629
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630
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631
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632
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633
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634
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635
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636
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637
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638
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639
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640
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641
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642
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643
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644
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645
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646
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647
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648
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649
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650
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651
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652
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653
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654
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655
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656
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657
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658
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659
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660
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661
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662
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663
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664
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665
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666
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667
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668
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669
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670
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671
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672
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673
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674
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675
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676
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677
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678
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679
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680
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681
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682
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683
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684
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685
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686
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687
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688
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689
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690
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691
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692
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693
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694
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695
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696
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697
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698
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699
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700
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701
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702
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703
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704
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705
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706
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707
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708
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709
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710
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711
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712
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714
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719
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720
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721
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722
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723
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724
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725
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726
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727
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728
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729
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730
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731
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732
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733
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738
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739
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741
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743
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746
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747
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748
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749
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750
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751
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752
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753
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754
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755
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756
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757
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758
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759
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760
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761
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762
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763
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764
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765
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766
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767
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768
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769
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770
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771
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772
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773
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775
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777
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778
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779
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780
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781
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782
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783
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784
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785
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786
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787
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788
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789
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790
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791
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792
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793
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794
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795
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796
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797
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798
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799
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800
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801
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802
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803
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804
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805
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806
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807
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808
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809
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810
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811
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812
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813
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814
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815
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816
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817
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819
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820
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822
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823
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824
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825
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826
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827
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828
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829
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830
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831
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832
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833
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834
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835
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836
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837
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838
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839
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840
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841
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842
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843
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844
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845
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847
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848
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849
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851
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852
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853
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854
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855
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856
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857
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858
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859
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860
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861
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862
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863
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864
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865
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866
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867
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868
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869
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870
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871
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872
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873
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874
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875
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876
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877
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878
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881
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882
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883
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884
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885
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886
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887
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888
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889
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890
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891
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892
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893
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894
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895
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896
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897
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898
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899
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900
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901
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902
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903
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904
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905
+ More O
906
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907
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908
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909
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910
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911
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912
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913
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914
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915
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916
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917
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918
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919
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920
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921
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922
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923
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924
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925
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926
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927
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928
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931
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937
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939
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941
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942
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945
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946
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947
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948
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949
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950
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951
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952
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953
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955
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961
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962
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964
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965
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966
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967
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968
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969
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971
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972
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974
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975
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976
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977
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979
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981
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982
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983
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984
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985
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986
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987
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988
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989
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990
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991
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992
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995
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996
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997
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998
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999
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1000
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1001
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1002
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1003
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1004
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1005
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1006
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1007
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1008
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1009
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1010
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1011
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1012
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1013
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1014
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1015
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1016
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1017
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1018
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1019
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1020
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1808
+ , O
1809
+ which O
1810
+ captures O
1811
+ well O
1812
+ the O
1813
+ present O
1814
+ - O
1815
+ day O
1816
+ pattern O
1817
+ of O
1818
+ precipitation B-climate-nature
1819
+ and O
1820
+ provides O
1821
+ a O
1822
+ detailed O
1823
+ picture O
1824
+ of O
1825
+ the O
1826
+ projected O
1827
+ changes O
1828
+ in O
1829
+ the O
1830
+ behaviour O
1831
+ of O
1832
+ the O
1833
+ oceanic B-climate-nature
1834
+ - I-climate-nature
1835
+ atmosphere I-climate-nature
1836
+ moisture I-climate-nature
1837
+ fluxes I-climate-nature
1838
+ and O
1839
+ how O
1840
+ they O
1841
+ affect O
1842
+ precipitation B-climate-nature
1843
+ . O
1844
+
1845
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O f5160c9383a19e501ba419589d9131af
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+
1847
+ Aim O
1848
+ Ixodes B-climate-hazards
1849
+ scapularis I-climate-hazards
1850
+ is O
1851
+ the O
1852
+ most O
1853
+ important O
1854
+ vector O
1855
+ of O
1856
+ human O
1857
+ tick B-climate-hazards
1858
+ - I-climate-hazards
1859
+ borne I-climate-hazards
1860
+ pathogens I-climate-hazards
1861
+ in O
1862
+ the O
1863
+ United O
1864
+ States O
1865
+ , O
1866
+ which O
1867
+ include O
1868
+ the O
1869
+ agents O
1870
+ of O
1871
+ Lyme B-climate-impacts
1872
+ disease I-climate-impacts
1873
+ , O
1874
+ human O
1875
+ babesiosis B-climate-impacts
1876
+ and O
1877
+ human O
1878
+ anaplasmosis B-climate-impacts
1879
+ , O
1880
+ among O
1881
+ others O
1882
+ . O
1883
+
1884
+ The O
1885
+ density B-climate-properties
1886
+ of O
1887
+ host O
1888
+ - O
1889
+ seeking O
1890
+ I. B-climate-hazards
1891
+ scapularis I-climate-hazards
1892
+ nymphs O
1893
+ is O
1894
+ an O
1895
+ important O
1896
+ component O
1897
+ of O
1898
+ human O
1899
+ risk O
1900
+ for O
1901
+ acquiring O
1902
+ Borrelia B-climate-hazards
1903
+ burgdorferi I-climate-hazards
1904
+ , O
1905
+ the O
1906
+ aetiological O
1907
+ agent O
1908
+ of O
1909
+ Lyme B-climate-impacts
1910
+ disease I-climate-impacts
1911
+ . O
1912
+
1913
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O dc537843e218b03825aaeb78140d0107
1914
+
1915
+ The O
1916
+ retrieval O
1917
+ of O
1918
+ both O
1919
+ height B-climate-properties
1920
+ and O
1921
+ velocity B-climate-properties
1922
+ of O
1923
+ a O
1924
+ volcanic B-climate-nature
1925
+ plume I-climate-nature
1926
+ is O
1927
+ an O
1928
+ important O
1929
+ issue O
1930
+ in O
1931
+ volcanology B-climate-hazards
1932
+ . O
1933
+
1934
+ As O
1935
+ an O
1936
+ example O
1937
+ , O
1938
+ it O
1939
+ is O
1940
+ known O
1941
+ that O
1942
+ large O
1943
+ volcanic B-climate-hazards
1944
+ eruptions I-climate-hazards
1945
+ can O
1946
+ temporarily O
1947
+ alter O
1948
+ the O
1949
+ climate O
1950
+ , O
1951
+ causing O
1952
+ global O
1953
+ cooling O
1954
+ and O
1955
+ shifting O
1956
+ precipitation B-climate-nature
1957
+ patterns O
1958
+ ; O
1959
+ the O
1960
+ ash B-climate-nature
1961
+ / I-climate-nature
1962
+ gas I-climate-nature
1963
+ dispersion I-climate-nature
1964
+ in O
1965
+ the O
1966
+ atmosphere B-climate-nature
1967
+ , O
1968
+ their O
1969
+ impact O
1970
+ and O
1971
+ lifetime B-climate-properties
1972
+ around O
1973
+ the O
1974
+ globe O
1975
+ , O
1976
+ greatly O
1977
+ depends O
1978
+ on O
1979
+ the O
1980
+ injection B-climate-properties
1981
+ altitude I-climate-properties
1982
+ . O
1983
+
1984
+ Knowing O
1985
+ the O
1986
+ plume B-climate-properties
1987
+ altitude I-climate-properties
1988
+ is O
1989
+ also O
1990
+ important O
1991
+ to O
1992
+ get O
1993
+ the O
1994
+ correct O
1995
+ amount O
1996
+ of O
1997
+ SO O
1998
+ 2 O
1999
+ concentration B-climate-properties
2000
+ from O
2001
+ dedicated O
2002
+ spaceborne O
2003
+ spectrometers O
2004
+ . O
2005
+
2006
+ Satellite O
2007
+ remote O
2008
+ sensing O
2009
+ offers O
2010
+ a O
2011
+ comprehensive O
2012
+ and O
2013
+ safe O
2014
+ way O
2015
+ to O
2016
+ estimate O
2017
+ plume B-climate-properties
2018
+ height I-climate-properties
2019
+ . O
2020
+
2021
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O 3cf0b09fe9a344001226ada9481e10b7
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2023
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2024
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2025
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2026
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2027
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2028
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2029
+ and O
2030
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2031
+ height I-climate-properties
2032
+ datasets O
2033
+ ( O
2034
+ altimeter O
2035
+ , O
2036
+ radiometer O
2037
+ , O
2038
+ model O
2039
+ reanalysis O
2040
+ ) O
2041
+ are O
2042
+ analysed O
2043
+ to O
2044
+ investigate O
2045
+ the O
2046
+ global O
2047
+ wind B-climate-properties
2048
+ speed I-climate-properties
2049
+ and O
2050
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2051
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2052
+ climate O
2053
+ . O
2054
+
2055
+ At O
2056
+ high O
2057
+ latitudes O
2058
+ both O
2059
+ altimeter O
2060
+ and O
2061
+ radiometer O
2062
+ winds B-climate-nature
2063
+ are O
2064
+ biased O
2065
+ high O
2066
+ compared O
2067
+ to O
2068
+ buoy O
2069
+ measurements O
2070
+ . O
2071
+
2072
+ As O
2073
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2074
+ have O
2075
+ a O
2076
+ diurnal O
2077
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2078
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2079
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2080
+ , O
2081
+ this O
2082
+ preferential O
2083
+ measurement O
2084
+ time O
2085
+ can O
2086
+ also O
2087
+ bias O
2088
+ statistical O
2089
+ values O
2090
+ obtained O
2091
+ from O
2092
+ such O
2093
+ satellite O
2094
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2095
+ . O
2096
+
2097
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O 7e58ae12fa69f0ce7a4a033807fb04a7
2098
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2099
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2100
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2101
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2102
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2103
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2104
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2105
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2106
+ has O
2107
+ been O
2108
+ used O
2109
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2110
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2111
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2112
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2113
+ of O
2114
+ the O
2115
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2116
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2117
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2118
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2119
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2120
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2121
+ dipole I-climate-nature
2122
+ ( O
2123
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2124
+ ) O
2125
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2126
+ summer O
2127
+ precipitation B-climate-nature
2128
+ over O
2129
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2130
+ Guinea O
2131
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2132
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2133
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2134
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2135
+ . O
2136
+
2137
+ Consistently O
2138
+ , O
2139
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2140
+ ( O
2141
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2142
+ ) O
2143
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2144
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2145
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2146
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2147
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2148
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2149
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2150
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2151
+ Coast O
2152
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2153
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2154
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2155
+ ( O
2156
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2157
+ ) O
2158
+ phase O
2159
+ of O
2160
+ the O
2161
+ SAOD B-climate-nature
2162
+ . O
2163
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2164
+ During O
2165
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2166
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2167
+ , O
2168
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2169
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2170
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2171
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2172
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2173
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2174
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2175
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2176
+ SAO O
2177
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2178
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2179
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2180
+ – O
2181
+ Uruguay O
2182
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2183
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2184
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2185
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2186
+ rise O
2187
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2188
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2189
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2190
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2191
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2192
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2193
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2194
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2195
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O 9438617e54eba9376866f3b132100bd7
2196
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2197
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2198
+ of O
2199
+ Tenerife O
2200
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2201
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2202
+ UNESCO B-climate-organizations
2203
+ Biosphere B-climate-mitigations
2204
+ Reserve I-climate-mitigations
2205
+ in O
2206
+ the O
2207
+ Atlantic O
2208
+ Ocean O
2209
+ , O
2210
+ aims O
2211
+ to O
2212
+ be O
2213
+ energy O
2214
+ self O
2215
+ - O
2216
+ sufficient O
2217
+ in O
2218
+ order O
2219
+ to O
2220
+ reduce O
2221
+ its O
2222
+ carbon B-climate-properties
2223
+ footprint I-climate-properties
2224
+ . O
2225
+
2226
+ To O
2227
+ accomplish O
2228
+ this O
2229
+ goal O
2230
+ it O
2231
+ should O
2232
+ develop O
2233
+ the O
2234
+ renewable O
2235
+ sources O
2236
+ , O
2237
+ in O
2238
+ particular O
2239
+ wave B-climate-mitigations
2240
+ and I-climate-mitigations
2241
+ offshore I-climate-mitigations
2242
+ wind I-climate-mitigations
2243
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2244
+ . O
2245
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2246
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O 0b6944158cf45f4e2eb8b0ba80c9035f
2247
+
2248
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2249
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2250
+ disproportionately O
2251
+ impacting O
2252
+ global O
2253
+ dryland B-climate-nature
2254
+ regions O
2255
+ where O
2256
+ ecosystem O
2257
+ health O
2258
+ and O
2259
+ function O
2260
+ are O
2261
+ tightly O
2262
+ coupled O
2263
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2264
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2265
+ availability O
2266
+ . O
2267
+
2268
+ Drought B-climate-hazards
2269
+ severity O
2270
+ is O
2271
+ commonly O
2272
+ estimated O
2273
+ using O
2274
+ algorithms O
2275
+ such O
2276
+ as O
2277
+ the O
2278
+ standardized B-climate-properties
2279
+ precipitation I-climate-properties
2280
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2281
+ evapotranspiration I-climate-properties
2282
+ index I-climate-properties
2283
+ ( O
2284
+ SPEI B-climate-properties
2285
+ ) O
2286
+ , O
2287
+ which O
2288
+ can O
2289
+ estimate O
2290
+ climatic O
2291
+ water B-climate-nature
2292
+ balance I-climate-nature
2293
+ impacts O
2294
+ at O
2295
+ various O
2296
+ hydrologic O
2297
+ scales O
2298
+ by O
2299
+ varying O
2300
+ computational O
2301
+ length O
2302
+ . O
2303
+
2304
+ In O
2305
+ this O
2306
+ study O
2307
+ , O
2308
+ we O
2309
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2310
+ components O
2311
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2312
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2313
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2314
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2315
+ , O
2316
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2317
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2318
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2319
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2320
+ computation O
2321
+ lengths O
2322
+ , O
2323
+ to O
2324
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2325
+ multi O
2326
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2327
+ decadal O
2328
+ and O
2329
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2330
+ soilmoisture B-climate-nature
2331
+ patterns O
2332
+ across O
2333
+ soil O
2334
+ profiles O
2335
+ at O
2336
+ 866 O
2337
+ sites O
2338
+ in O
2339
+ the O
2340
+ western O
2341
+ United O
2342
+ States O
2343
+ . O
2344
+
2345
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O8472d27b2066e5fea960c17702d56df9
2346
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2347
+ European B-climate-organizations
2348
+ Commission I-climate-organizations
2349
+ have O
2350
+ developed O
2351
+ a O
2352
+ long O
2353
+ - O
2354
+ term O
2355
+ energy O
2356
+ strategy O
2357
+ that O
2358
+ , O
2359
+ if O
2360
+ successful O
2361
+ , O
2362
+ will O
2363
+ result O
2364
+ in O
2365
+ net B-climate-mitigations
2366
+ - I-climate-mitigations
2367
+ zero I-climate-mitigations
2368
+ greenhouse I-climate-mitigations
2369
+ gas I-climate-mitigations
2370
+ emissions I-climate-mitigations
2371
+ in O
2372
+ Europe O
2373
+ . O
2374
+
2375
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Of6a9335da7820f8119c7fd81b0e1ce68
2376
+
2377
+ Estuaries B-climate-nature
2378
+ are O
2379
+ impacted O
2380
+ by O
2381
+ multiple O
2382
+ anthropogenic O
2383
+ stressors O
2384
+ from O
2385
+ eutrophication B-climate-hazards
2386
+ to O
2387
+ climate O
2388
+ change O
2389
+ . O
2390
+
2391
+ Long O
2392
+ - O
2393
+ term O
2394
+ observational O
2395
+ datasets O
2396
+ allow O
2397
+ the O
2398
+ determination O
2399
+ of O
2400
+ trends O
2401
+ in O
2402
+ estuarine B-climate-nature
2403
+ indicators O
2404
+ and O
2405
+ the O
2406
+ prediction O
2407
+ of O
2408
+ future O
2409
+ conditions O
2410
+ . O
2411
+
2412
+ Here O
2413
+ , O
2414
+ a O
2415
+ dataset O
2416
+ of O
2417
+ water B-climate-assets
2418
+ quality I-climate-assets
2419
+ and O
2420
+ demersal B-climate-organisms
2421
+ fish I-climate-organisms
2422
+ community O
2423
+ composition O
2424
+ in O
2425
+ a O
2426
+ Long O
2427
+ Island O
2428
+ Sound O
2429
+ embayment O
2430
+ ( O
2431
+ Norwalk O
2432
+ Harbor O
2433
+ , O
2434
+ Connecticut O
2435
+ ) O
2436
+ from O
2437
+ 1987 O
2438
+ to O
2439
+ 2016 O
2440
+ was O
2441
+ examined O
2442
+ . O
2443
+
2444
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O35a1108710496848025f53ecd78137f1
2445
+
2446
+ The O
2447
+ aim O
2448
+ of O
2449
+ our O
2450
+ study O
2451
+ was O
2452
+ to O
2453
+ determine O
2454
+ global O
2455
+ soil B-climate-nature
2456
+ organic I-climate-nature
2457
+ carbon I-climate-nature
2458
+ ( O
2459
+ SOC B-climate-nature
2460
+ ) O
2461
+ change O
2462
+ patterns O
2463
+ after O
2464
+ LUC O
2465
+ and O
2466
+ to O
2467
+ assess O
2468
+ the O
2469
+ impacts O
2470
+ of O
2471
+ both O
2472
+ biophysical O
2473
+ and O
2474
+ socioeconomic O
2475
+ factors O
2476
+ that O
2477
+ influence O
2478
+ stocks O
2479
+ of O
2480
+ SOC B-climate-nature
2481
+ after O
2482
+ LUC O
2483
+ simultaneously O
2484
+ . O
2485
+
2486
+ However O
2487
+ , O
2488
+ also O
2489
+ , O
2490
+ socioeconomic O
2491
+ variables O
2492
+ such O
2493
+ as O
2494
+ indices O
2495
+ of O
2496
+ poverty B-climate-impacts
2497
+ , O
2498
+ population B-climate-problem-origins
2499
+ growth I-climate-problem-origins
2500
+ , O
2501
+ and O
2502
+ levels O
2503
+ of O
2504
+ corruption B-climate-problem-origins
2505
+ were O
2506
+ important O
2507
+ . O
2508
+
2509
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O9c20de8788e8d7e01e05d3d8463edbb0
2510
+
2511
+ Urban B-climate-hazards
2512
+ heat I-climate-hazards
2513
+ island I-climate-hazards
2514
+ ( O
2515
+ UHI B-climate-hazards
2516
+ ) O
2517
+ effect O
2518
+ , O
2519
+ the O
2520
+ side O
2521
+ effect O
2522
+ of O
2523
+ rapid O
2524
+ urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
2525
+ , O
2526
+ has O
2527
+ become O
2528
+ an O
2529
+ obstacle O
2530
+ to O
2531
+ the O
2532
+ further O
2533
+ healthy O
2534
+ development O
2535
+ of O
2536
+ the O
2537
+ city O
2538
+ . O
2539
+
2540
+ For O
2541
+ this O
2542
+ purpose O
2543
+ , O
2544
+ the O
2545
+ geographically O
2546
+ - O
2547
+ weighted O
2548
+ regression O
2549
+ ( O
2550
+ GWR O
2551
+ ) O
2552
+ approach O
2553
+ is O
2554
+ used O
2555
+ to O
2556
+ explore O
2557
+ the O
2558
+ scale O
2559
+ effects O
2560
+ in O
2561
+ a O
2562
+ mountainous O
2563
+ city O
2564
+ , O
2565
+ namely O
2566
+ the O
2567
+ change O
2568
+ laws O
2569
+ and O
2570
+ characteristics O
2571
+ of O
2572
+ the O
2573
+ relationships O
2574
+ between O
2575
+ land B-climate-properties
2576
+ surface I-climate-properties
2577
+ temperature I-climate-properties
2578
+ and O
2579
+ impact O
2580
+ factors O
2581
+ at O
2582
+ different O
2583
+ spatial O
2584
+ resolutions O
2585
+ ( O
2586
+ 30–960 O
2587
+ m O
2588
+ ) O
2589
+ . O
2590
+
2591
+ The O
2592
+ impact O
2593
+ factors O
2594
+ include O
2595
+ the O
2596
+ Soil B-climate-datasets
2597
+ - I-climate-datasets
2598
+ adjusted I-climate-datasets
2599
+ Vegetation I-climate-datasets
2600
+ Index I-climate-datasets
2601
+ ( O
2602
+ SAVI B-climate-datasets
2603
+ ) O
2604
+ , O
2605
+ the O
2606
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2607
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2610
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2611
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2612
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2613
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2614
+ IBI B-climate-datasets
2615
+ ) O
2616
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2617
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2618
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2619
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2620
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2621
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2622
+ ( O
2623
+ NDSI B-climate-datasets
2624
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2625
+ , O
2626
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2627
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2628
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2629
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2630
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2631
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2632
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2633
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2634
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2635
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2636
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2637
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2638
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2639
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2640
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2641
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2642
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2643
+ . O
2644
+
2645
+ Results O
2646
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2647
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2648
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2649
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2650
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2651
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2652
+ showed O
2653
+ that O
2654
+ the O
2655
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2656
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2657
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2658
+ a O
2659
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2660
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2661
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2662
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2663
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2664
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2665
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2666
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2667
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2668
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2669
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2670
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2671
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2672
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2673
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2674
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2675
+ approach O
2676
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2677
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2678
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2679
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2680
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2681
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2682
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2683
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2684
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2685
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2686
+ ( O
2687
+ R2 O
2688
+ ) O
2689
+ , O
2690
+ Corrected O
2691
+ Akaike O
2692
+ Information O
2693
+ Criterion O
2694
+ ( O
2695
+ AICc O
2696
+ ) O
2697
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2698
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2699
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2700
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2701
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2702
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2703
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2704
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2705
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2706
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2707
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2708
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2709
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2710
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2711
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2712
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2713
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2714
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2715
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2716
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2717
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2718
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2719
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2720
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2721
+ 480 O
2722
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2723
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2724
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2725
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2726
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2727
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2728
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2729
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2730
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2731
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2732
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2734
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2735
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2736
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2737
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2738
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2739
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2740
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2741
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2742
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2743
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2744
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2745
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2746
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2747
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2748
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2750
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2751
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2752
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2753
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2755
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2756
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2757
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2759
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2760
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2761
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2762
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2763
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2769
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2770
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2771
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2772
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2773
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2774
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2775
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2776
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2777
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2778
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2779
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2780
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2781
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2782
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2783
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2784
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2785
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2786
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2788
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2789
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2790
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2791
+ ” O
2792
+ ( O
2793
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2794
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2795
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2796
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2797
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2798
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2799
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2800
+ was O
2801
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2802
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2803
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2804
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2805
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2806
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2807
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2808
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2809
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2810
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2811
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2812
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2813
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2814
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2815
+ ( O
2816
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2817
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2818
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2819
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2820
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2821
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2822
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2823
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2824
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2825
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2826
+ . O
2827
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2828
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2829
+ demand O
2830
+ for O
2831
+ energy O
2832
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2833
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2834
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2835
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2836
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2837
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2838
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2839
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2840
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2841
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2842
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2843
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2844
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2845
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2846
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2847
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2848
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2849
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2851
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2855
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2856
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2857
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2858
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2859
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2860
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2861
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2862
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2863
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2864
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2865
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2866
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2867
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2868
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2869
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2870
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2871
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2872
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2873
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2874
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2875
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2876
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2877
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2878
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2879
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2880
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2881
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2882
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2883
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2884
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2885
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2886
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2887
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2888
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2889
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2890
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2891
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2892
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2893
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2894
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2895
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2896
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2897
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2898
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2899
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2900
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2901
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2902
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2903
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2904
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2905
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2906
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2907
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2908
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2909
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2910
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2911
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2912
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2913
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2914
+ and O
2915
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2916
+ in O
2917
+ Ecuador O
2918
+ ; O
2919
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2920
+ Narino O
2921
+ , O
2922
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2923
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2924
+ Valle O
2925
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2926
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2927
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2928
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2929
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2930
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2931
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2932
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2933
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2934
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2935
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2936
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2937
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2938
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2939
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2940
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2941
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2942
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2943
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2944
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2945
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2946
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2947
+ also O
2948
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2949
+ . O
2950
+
2951
+ Tropical B-climate-nature
2952
+ high O
2953
+ Andean O
2954
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2955
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2956
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2957
+ and O
2958
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2959
+ ) O
2960
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2961
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2962
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2963
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2964
+ , O
2965
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2966
+ key O
2967
+ ecosystems O
2968
+ for O
2969
+ the O
2970
+ provision O
2971
+ of O
2972
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2973
+ services O
2974
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2975
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2976
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2977
+ , O
2978
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2979
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2980
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2981
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2982
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2983
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2984
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2985
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2986
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2987
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2988
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2989
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2990
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2991
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2992
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2993
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2994
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2995
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2996
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2997
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2998
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2999
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3000
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3001
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3002
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3003
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3004
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3005
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3006
+ due O
3007
+ to O
3008
+ natural O
3009
+ disasters O
3010
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3011
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3012
+ consequently O
3013
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3014
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3015
+ of O
3016
+ temporary O
3017
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3018
+ until O
3019
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3020
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3021
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3022
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3023
+ their O
3024
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3025
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3026
+ . O
3027
+
3028
+ An O
3029
+ example O
3030
+ of O
3031
+ this O
3032
+ is O
3033
+ the O
3034
+ Pakistan O
3035
+ earthquake B-climate-hazards
3036
+ in O
3037
+ 2005 O
3038
+ where O
3039
+ no O
3040
+ appropriate O
3041
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3042
+ tents I-climate-mitigations
3043
+ were O
3044
+ available O
3045
+ and O
3046
+ thermal O
3047
+ comfort O
3048
+ could O
3049
+ not O
3050
+ be O
3051
+ gained O
3052
+ , O
3053
+ given O
3054
+ the O
3055
+ extremely O
3056
+ cold O
3057
+ winter O
3058
+ conditions O
3059
+ . O
3060
+
3061
+ In O
3062
+ its O
3063
+ second O
3064
+ part O
3065
+ the O
3066
+ work O
3067
+ responds O
3068
+ to O
3069
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3070
+ pressing O
3071
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3072
+ for O
3073
+ the O
3074
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3075
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3076
+ family O
3077
+ tents O
3078
+ by O
3079
+ presenting O
3080
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3081
+ number O
3082
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3083
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3084
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3085
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3086
+ a O
3087
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3088
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3089
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3090
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3091
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3092
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3093
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3094
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3095
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3096
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3097
+ Pan B-climate-models
3098
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3099
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3100
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3101
+ Erosion I-climate-models
3102
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3103
+ Assessment I-climate-models
3104
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3105
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3106
+ Mitigation I-climate-models
3107
+ Cost I-climate-models
3108
+ - I-climate-models
3109
+ Effectiveness I-climate-models
3110
+ modelling O
3111
+ approach O
3112
+ to O
3113
+ capture O
3114
+ a O
3115
+ greater O
3116
+ range O
3117
+ of O
3118
+ climatic O
3119
+ conditions O
3120
+ to O
3121
+ assess O
3122
+ the O
3123
+ potential O
3124
+ effect O
3125
+ of O
3126
+ an O
3127
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3128
+ agricultural B-climate-mitigations
3129
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3130
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3131
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3132
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3133
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3134
+ trials O
3135
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3136
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3137
+ promising O
3138
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3139
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3140
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3141
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3142
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3143
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3144
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3145
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3146
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3147
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3148
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3149
+ . O
3150
+
3151
+ The O
3152
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3153
+ considers O
3154
+ the O
3155
+ biophysical O
3156
+ and O
3157
+ socio O
3158
+ - O
3159
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3160
+ benefits O
3161
+ of O
3162
+ the O
3163
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3164
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3165
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3166
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3167
+ ( O
3168
+ T3 O
3169
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3170
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3171
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3172
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3173
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3174
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3175
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3176
+ pea I-climate-mitigations
3177
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3178
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3179
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3180
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3181
+ amendment O
3182
+ , O
3183
+ against O
3184
+ a O
3185
+ local O
3186
+ baseline O
3187
+ practice O
3188
+ ( O
3189
+ T0 O
3190
+ ) O
3191
+ . O
3192
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3193
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3194
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3195
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3196
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3197
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3198
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3199
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3200
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3201
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3202
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3203
+ including O
3204
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3205
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3206
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3207
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3208
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3209
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3210
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3211
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3212
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3213
+ environmental O
3214
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3215
+ , O
3216
+ and O
3217
+ several O
3218
+ economic O
3219
+ factors O
3220
+ , O
3221
+ most O
3222
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3223
+ the O
3224
+ advancement O
3225
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3226
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3227
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3228
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3229
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3230
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3231
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3232
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3233
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3234
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3235
+ generation O
3236
+ is O
3237
+ directly O
3238
+ related O
3239
+ to O
3240
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3241
+ characteristics O
3242
+ of O
3243
+ spatial O
3244
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3245
+ . O
3246
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3247
+ In O
3248
+ Kuwait O
3249
+ , O
3250
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3251
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3252
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3253
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3254
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3255
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3256
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3257
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3258
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3259
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3260
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3261
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3262
+ . O
3263
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3264
+ Climatic O
3265
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3266
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3267
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3268
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3269
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3270
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3271
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3272
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3273
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3274
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3275
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3276
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3277
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3278
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3279
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3280
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3281
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3282
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3283
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3284
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3285
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3286
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3287
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3288
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3289
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3290
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3291
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3292
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3293
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3294
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3295
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3296
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3297
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3298
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3299
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3300
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3301
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3302
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3303
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3304
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3305
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3307
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3308
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3309
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3310
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3311
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3312
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3313
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3314
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3315
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3316
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3317
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3318
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3319
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3320
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3321
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3322
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3323
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3324
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3325
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3326
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3327
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3328
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3329
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3330
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3331
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3332
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3333
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3334
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3335
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3336
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3337
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3338
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3339
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3340
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3341
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3342
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3343
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3344
+ . O
3345
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3346
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3347
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3348
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3349
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3350
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3351
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3352
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3353
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3354
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3355
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3356
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3357
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3358
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3359
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3360
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3361
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3362
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3363
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3364
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3365
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3366
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3367
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3368
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3369
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3370
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3371
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3372
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3373
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3374
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3375
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3376
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3377
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3378
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3379
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3380
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3381
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3382
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3383
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3384
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3385
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3386
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3387
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3388
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3389
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3390
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3391
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3392
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3393
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3394
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3395
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3396
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3397
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3398
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3399
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3400
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3401
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3402
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3403
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3404
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3405
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3406
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3407
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3408
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3409
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3410
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3411
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3412
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3413
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3414
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3415
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3416
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3417
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3418
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3419
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3420
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3421
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3422
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3423
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3424
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3425
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3426
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3427
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3428
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3429
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3430
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3431
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3432
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3433
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3434
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3435
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3436
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3437
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3438
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3439
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3440
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3441
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3442
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3443
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3444
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3446
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3448
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3450
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3451
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3452
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3453
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3454
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3455
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3456
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3457
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3458
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3459
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3460
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3461
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3462
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3469
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3470
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3471
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3472
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3473
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3474
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3475
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3476
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3477
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3478
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3479
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3480
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3481
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3482
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3483
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3485
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3486
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3487
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3488
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3489
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3490
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3491
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3492
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3493
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3494
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3495
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3496
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3497
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3498
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3499
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3500
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3501
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3502
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3503
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3504
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3505
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3506
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3507
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3508
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3509
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3510
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3511
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3512
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3513
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3514
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3515
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3516
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3523
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3524
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3525
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3526
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3527
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3528
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3529
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3530
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3532
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3534
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3536
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3538
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3540
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3541
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3542
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3543
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3544
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3545
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3546
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3552
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3565
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3566
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3571
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3587
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3599
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3612
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3615
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3616
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3618
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3619
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3620
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3621
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3622
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3623
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3634
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3636
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3637
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3638
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3639
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3640
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3641
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3642
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3643
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3644
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3645
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3646
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3647
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3648
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3650
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3651
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3654
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3655
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3656
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3657
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3658
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3663
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3673
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3691
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3692
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3693
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3694
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3702
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3717
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3720
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3723
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3727
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3744
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3745
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3746
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3747
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3748
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3749
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3750
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3754
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3789
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3813
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3817
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3818
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3820
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3821
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3823
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3824
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3826
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3827
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3828
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3829
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3830
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3831
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3832
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3833
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3835
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3836
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3837
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3885
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3887
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3889
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3890
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3891
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3892
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3894
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3902
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3907
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3909
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3911
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3913
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3914
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3915
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3916
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3917
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3918
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3919
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3920
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3921
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3922
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3923
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3924
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3925
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3926
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3930
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3931
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3932
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3934
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3935
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3936
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3937
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3938
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3939
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3940
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3941
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3942
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3943
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3944
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3946
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3949
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3951
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3952
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3953
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3954
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3960
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3964
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3966
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3972
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3973
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3976
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3978
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3979
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3980
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3983
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3984
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3987
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3988
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3989
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3991
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3992
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3993
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3994
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3995
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3996
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3997
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4013
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4014
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4017
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4021
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4022
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4025
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4029
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4030
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4032
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4033
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4034
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4035
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4036
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4037
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4038
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4039
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4040
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4041
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4042
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4043
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4044
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4045
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4046
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4047
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4048
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4049
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4050
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4051
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4052
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4053
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4054
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4055
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4056
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4057
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4058
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4059
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4060
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4061
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4062
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4063
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4064
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4065
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4066
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4067
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4068
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4069
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4070
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4071
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4072
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4073
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4074
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4075
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4076
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4077
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4078
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4079
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4080
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4081
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4082
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4083
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4084
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4085
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4086
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4087
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4088
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4089
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4090
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4091
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4092
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4093
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4094
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4095
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4096
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4097
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4098
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4099
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4100
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4101
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4102
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4103
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4104
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4106
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4107
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4108
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4109
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4110
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4111
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4112
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4113
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4115
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4116
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4117
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4118
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4119
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4120
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4121
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4122
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4123
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4124
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4125
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4126
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4127
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4128
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4129
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4130
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4131
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4132
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4133
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4134
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4135
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4136
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4137
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4138
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4139
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4140
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4141
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4142
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4143
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4144
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4145
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4146
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4147
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4148
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4149
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4150
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4151
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4152
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4153
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4154
+ , O
4155
+ including O
4156
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4157
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4158
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4159
+ changes O
4160
+ in O
4161
+ mean O
4162
+ conditions O
4163
+ , O
4164
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4165
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4166
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4167
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4168
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4169
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4170
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4171
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4172
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4173
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4175
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4176
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4177
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4178
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4179
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4180
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4181
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4182
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4183
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4184
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4185
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4186
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4187
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4188
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4189
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4190
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4191
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4192
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4193
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4194
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4195
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4196
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4197
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4198
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4199
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4200
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4201
+ in O
4202
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4203
+ southern O
4204
+ Philippines O
4205
+ in O
4206
+ support O
4207
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4208
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4209
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4210
+ of O
4211
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4212
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4213
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4214
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4215
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4216
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4217
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4218
+ me O
4219
+ a O
4220
+ great O
4221
+ interest O
4222
+ for O
4223
+ the O
4224
+ Filipino O
4225
+ culture O
4226
+ and O
4227
+ their O
4228
+ relationship O
4229
+ with O
4230
+ nature O
4231
+ , O
4232
+ the O
4233
+ climate O
4234
+ and O
4235
+ natural O
4236
+ disasters O
4237
+ , O
4238
+ and O
4239
+ I O
4240
+ promised O
4241
+ myself O
4242
+ to O
4243
+ take O
4244
+ part O
4245
+ in O
4246
+ humanitarian O
4247
+ action O
4248
+ once O
4249
+ concluded O
4250
+ the O
4251
+ university O
4252
+ studies O
4253
+ . O
4254
+
4255
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O1062ef7b930c8c5dca09e5e1ac12bdd3
4256
+
4257
+ Climate O
4258
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4259
+ increases O
4260
+ vulnerability O
4261
+ to O
4262
+ drought B-climate-hazards
4263
+ in O
4264
+ Mediterranean O
4265
+ water O
4266
+ - O
4267
+ limited O
4268
+ forests B-climate-nature
4269
+ . O
4270
+
4271
+ However O
4272
+ , O
4273
+ we O
4274
+ still O
4275
+ lack O
4276
+ knowledge O
4277
+ of O
4278
+ the O
4279
+ long O
4280
+ - O
4281
+ term O
4282
+ physiological O
4283
+ responses O
4284
+ of O
4285
+ coexisting O
4286
+ pine B-climate-organisms
4287
+ species O
4288
+ in O
4289
+ these O
4290
+ forests B-climate-nature
4291
+ regarding O
4292
+ their O
4293
+ ability O
4294
+ to O
4295
+ cope O
4296
+ with O
4297
+ warming O
4298
+ - O
4299
+ induced O
4300
+ drought B-climate-hazards
4301
+ stress O
4302
+ . O
4303
+
4304
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O3af18f42ec58c39993cbbb5a444aaa6c
4305
+
4306
+ Transport B-climate-assets
4307
+ infrastructure I-climate-assets
4308
+ networks I-climate-assets
4309
+ are O
4310
+ increasingly O
4311
+ vulnerable O
4312
+ to O
4313
+ disruption B-climate-impacts
4314
+ from O
4315
+ extreme B-climate-hazards
4316
+ rainfall I-climate-hazards
4317
+ events O
4318
+ due O
4319
+ to O
4320
+ increasing O
4321
+ surface B-climate-nature
4322
+ water I-climate-nature
4323
+ runoff I-climate-nature
4324
+ from O
4325
+ urbanization B-climate-problem-origins
4326
+ and O
4327
+ changes O
4328
+ in O
4329
+ climate O
4330
+ . O
4331
+
4332
+ Impacts O
4333
+ from O
4334
+ such O
4335
+ disruptions B-climate-impacts
4336
+ typically O
4337
+ extend O
4338
+ far O
4339
+ beyond O
4340
+ the O
4341
+ flood B-climate-impacts
4342
+ footprint I-climate-impacts
4343
+ , O
4344
+ because O
4345
+ of O
4346
+ the O
4347
+ interconnection O
4348
+ and O
4349
+ spatial O
4350
+ extent O
4351
+ of O
4352
+ modern O
4353
+ infrastructure B-climate-assets
4354
+ . O
4355
+
4356
+ An O
4357
+ integrated O
4358
+ flood B-climate-hazards
4359
+ risk O
4360
+ assessment O
4361
+ couples O
4362
+ high O
4363
+ resolution O
4364
+ information O
4365
+ on O
4366
+ depth B-climate-properties
4367
+ and O
4368
+ velocity B-climate-properties
4369
+ from O
4370
+ the O
4371
+ CityCAT B-climate-models
4372
+ urban B-climate-hazards
4373
+ flood I-climate-hazards
4374
+ model O
4375
+ with O
4376
+ empirical O
4377
+ analysis O
4378
+ of O
4379
+ vehicle B-climate-assets
4380
+ speeds O
4381
+ in O
4382
+ different O
4383
+ depths B-climate-properties
4384
+ of I-climate-properties
4385
+ flood I-climate-properties
4386
+ water I-climate-properties
4387
+ , O
4388
+ to O
4389
+ perturb O
4390
+ a O
4391
+ transport O
4392
+ accessibility O
4393
+ model O
4394
+ and O
4395
+ determine O
4396
+ the O
4397
+ impact O
4398
+ of O
4399
+ a O
4400
+ given O
4401
+ event O
4402
+ on O
4403
+ journey O
4404
+ times O
4405
+ across O
4406
+ the O
4407
+ urban O
4408
+ area O
4409
+ . O
4410
+
4411
+ A O
4412
+ case O
4413
+ study O
4414
+ in O
4415
+ Newcastle O
4416
+ - O
4417
+ upon O
4418
+ - O
4419
+ Tyne O
4420
+ ( O
4421
+ UK O
4422
+ ) O
4423
+ shows O
4424
+ that O
4425
+ even O
4426
+ minor O
4427
+ flooding B-climate-hazards
4428
+ associate O
4429
+ with O
4430
+ a O
4431
+ 1 O
4432
+ in O
4433
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4434
+ year O
4435
+ event O
4436
+ can O
4437
+ cause O
4438
+ traffic B-climate-impacts
4439
+ disruptions I-climate-impacts
4440
+ of O
4441
+ nearly O
4442
+ half O
4443
+ an O
4444
+ hour O
4445
+ . O
4446
+
4447
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O8b951ff3cd22c0ae3bbed7effdeacc6d
4448
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4449
+ Earth O
4450
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4451
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4452
+ CO I-climate-properties
4453
+ 2 I-climate-properties
4454
+ level I-climate-properties
4455
+ has O
4456
+ increased O
4457
+ beyond O
4458
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4459
+ ppm O
4460
+ and O
4461
+ still O
4462
+ continuing O
4463
+ to O
4464
+ rise O
4465
+ . O
4466
+
4467
+ In O
4468
+ fact O
4469
+ , O
4470
+ this O
4471
+ is O
4472
+ the O
4473
+ highest O
4474
+ level O
4475
+ in O
4476
+ the O
4477
+ last O
4478
+ 2 O
4479
+ million O
4480
+ years O
4481
+ . O
4482
+
4483
+ One O
4484
+ core O
4485
+ strategies O
4486
+ in O
4487
+ the O
4488
+ mitigation B-climate-mitigations
4489
+ mix O
4490
+ are O
4491
+ negative O
4492
+ emissions O
4493
+ technologies O
4494
+ ( O
4495
+ NETs O
4496
+ ) O
4497
+ which O
4498
+ are O
4499
+ also O
4500
+ explicitly O
4501
+ described O
4502
+ as O
4503
+ important O
4504
+ options O
4505
+ in O
4506
+ many O
4507
+ IPCC B-climate-organizations
4508
+ ( O
4509
+ AR5 B-climate-datasets
4510
+ ) O
4511
+ CO B-climate-greenhouse-gases
4512
+ 2 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
4513
+ emission B-climate-problem-origins
4514
+ scenarios O
4515
+ . O
4516
+
4517
+ Among O
4518
+ others O
4519
+ , O
4520
+ BioEnergy O
4521
+ with O
4522
+ Carbon O
4523
+ Capture O
4524
+ and O
4525
+ Storage O
4526
+ ( O
4527
+ BECCS O
4528
+ ) O
4529
+ are O
4530
+ shown O
4531
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4532
+ potential O
4533
+ for O
4534
+ CO B-climate-greenhouse-gases
4535
+ 2 I-climate-greenhouse-gases
4536
+ removable O
4537
+ from O
4538
+ the O
4539
+ atmosphere B-climate-nature
4540
+ . O
4541
+
4542
+ BECCS O
4543
+ as O
4544
+ the O
4545
+ NETs O
4546
+ are O
4547
+ most O
4548
+ widely O
4549
+ selected O
4550
+ by O
4551
+ integrated O
4552
+ assessment O
4553
+ models O
4554
+ ( O
4555
+ IAMs O
4556
+ ) O
4557
+ to O
4558
+ meet O
4559
+ the O
4560
+ requirements O
4561
+ of O
4562
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4563
+ limits O
4564
+ of O
4565
+ 2 O
4566
+ ° O
4567
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4568
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4569
+ . O
4570
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4571
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O488090e1b7cc93816587443585c8aa54
4572
+
4573
+ The O
4574
+ parameters O
4575
+ that O
4576
+ had O
4577
+ a O
4578
+ significant O
4579
+ impact O
4580
+ on O
4581
+ shoreline B-climate-hazards
4582
+ erosion I-climate-hazards
4583
+ were O
4584
+ : O
4585
+ reef B-climate-nature
4586
+ flat O
4587
+ width B-climate-properties
4588
+ , O
4589
+ reef B-climate-nature
4590
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4591
+ depth B-climate-properties
4592
+ , O
4593
+ island B-climate-nature
4594
+ width B-climate-properties
4595
+ , O
4596
+ and O
4597
+ atoll B-climate-nature
4598
+ diameter B-climate-properties
4599
+ . O
4600
+
4601
+ Atolls B-climate-nature
4602
+ with O
4603
+ narrower O
4604
+ , O
4605
+ deeper O
4606
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4607
+ flats O
4608
+ , O
4609
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4610
+ islands B-climate-nature
4611
+ , O
4612
+ and O
4613
+ smaller O
4614
+ diameters B-climate-properties
4615
+ were O
4616
+ most O
4617
+ susceptible O
4618
+ to O
4619
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4620
+ instability I-climate-hazards
4621
+ with O
4622
+ sea B-climate-hazards
4623
+ level I-climate-hazards
4624
+ rise I-climate-hazards
4625
+ . O
4626
+
4627
+ Windward B-climate-nature
4628
+ islands I-climate-nature
4629
+ are O
4630
+ projected O
4631
+ to O
4632
+ lengthen O
4633
+ and O
4634
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4635
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4636
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4637
+ lagoon B-climate-nature
4638
+ , O
4639
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4640
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4641
+ are O
4642
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4643
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4644
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4645
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4646
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4647
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4648
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4649
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4650
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4651
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4652
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4653
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4654
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4655
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4656
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4657
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4658
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4659
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4660
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4661
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4662
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4663
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4664
+ . O
4665
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4666
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O3d2f30d4b7abc7b927a634190241d89b
4667
+
4668
+ Global O
4669
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4670
+ satellite O
4671
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4672
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4673
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4674
+ ) O
4675
+ have O
4676
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4677
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4678
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4679
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4680
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4681
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4682
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4683
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4684
+ , O
4685
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4686
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4687
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4688
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4689
+ zenith B-climate-properties
4690
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4691
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4692
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4693
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4694
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4695
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4696
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4697
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4698
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4699
+ ( O
4700
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4701
+ ) O
4702
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4703
+ weather O
4704
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4705
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4706
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4707
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4708
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4709
+ The O
4710
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4711
+ tide I-climate-properties
4712
+ loading I-climate-properties
4713
+ ( O
4714
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4715
+ ) O
4716
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4717
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4718
+ one O
4719
+ of O
4720
+ the O
4721
+ primary O
4722
+ errors O
4723
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4724
+ affects O
4725
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4726
+ accuracy O
4727
+ of O
4728
+ GNSS O
4729
+ - O
4730
+ derived O
4731
+ ZTD B-climate-properties
4732
+ / O
4733
+ PWV B-climate-properties
4734
+ , O
4735
+ which O
4736
+ means O
4737
+ the O
4738
+ study O
4739
+ and O
4740
+ choice O
4741
+ of O
4742
+ the O
4743
+ OTL B-climate-properties
4744
+ model O
4745
+ is O
4746
+ an O
4747
+ important O
4748
+ issue O
4749
+ for O
4750
+ high O
4751
+ - O
4752
+ accuracy O
4753
+ ZTD B-climate-properties
4754
+ estimation O
4755
+ . O
4756
+
4757
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Obae06f77125e4e185730842d66e29a73
4758
+
4759
+ Mesoamerica O
4760
+ and O
4761
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4762
+ Caribbean O
4763
+ are O
4764
+ low O
4765
+ - O
4766
+ latitude O
4767
+ regions O
4768
+ at O
4769
+ risk O
4770
+ for O
4771
+ the O
4772
+ effects O
4773
+ of O
4774
+ climate O
4775
+ change O
4776
+ . O
4777
+
4778
+ Global O
4779
+ climate O
4780
+ models O
4781
+ provide O
4782
+ large O
4783
+ - O
4784
+ scale O
4785
+ assessment O
4786
+ of O
4787
+ climate O
4788
+ drivers O
4789
+ , O
4790
+ but O
4791
+ , O
4792
+ at O
4793
+ a O
4794
+ horizontal O
4795
+ resolution O
4796
+ of O
4797
+ 100 O
4798
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4799
+ , O
4800
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4801
+ not O
4802
+ resolve O
4803
+ the O
4804
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4805
+ of O
4806
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4807
+ and O
4808
+ land B-climate-properties
4809
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4810
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4811
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4812
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4813
+ the O
4814
+ local O
4815
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4816
+ and O
4817
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4818
+ that O
4819
+ are O
4820
+ keys O
4821
+ to O
4822
+ climate O
4823
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4824
+ . O
4825
+
4826
+ We O
4827
+ developed O
4828
+ a O
4829
+ robust O
4830
+ dynamical O
4831
+ downscaling O
4832
+ strategy O
4833
+ that O
4834
+ used O
4835
+ the O
4836
+ WRF B-climate-models
4837
+ regional O
4838
+ climate O
4839
+ model O
4840
+ to O
4841
+ downscale O
4842
+ at O
4843
+ 4 O
4844
+ - O
4845
+ 12 O
4846
+ km O
4847
+ resolution O
4848
+ GCM O
4849
+ results O
4850
+ . O
4851
+
4852
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf Annotation of "everything" up to here
4853
+
4854
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O >>> bpf Next a chronologic subselection
4855
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4856
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4858
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4859
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4860
+ a O
4861
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4862
+ of O
4863
+ an O
4864
+ integrated O
4865
+ environmental O
4866
+ model O
4867
+ ( O
4868
+ IMAGE B-climate-models
4869
+ ) O
4870
+ and O
4871
+ climate O
4872
+ envelope O
4873
+ models O
4874
+ for O
4875
+ European O
4876
+ plant B-climate-organisms
4877
+ species I-climate-organisms
4878
+ for O
4879
+ several O
4880
+ climate O
4881
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4882
+ scenarios O
4883
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4884
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4885
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4886
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4887
+ mean B-climate-properties
4888
+ stable I-climate-properties
4889
+ area I-climate-properties
4890
+ of O
4891
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4892
+ and O
4893
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4894
+ turnover O
4895
+ . O
4896
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4897
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O1258005cc451776c7081b32a38f671f8
4898
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4899
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Ode5713a54da8e93af5ecb699a2623c61
4900
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4901
+ Our O
4902
+ research O
4903
+ is O
4904
+ based O
4905
+ on O
4906
+ field O
4907
+ data O
4908
+ collected O
4909
+ in O
4910
+ the O
4911
+ Northern O
4912
+ Brazilian O
4913
+ Amazon O
4914
+ in O
4915
+ 2009 O
4916
+ within O
4917
+ the O
4918
+ Small O
4919
+ Grant O
4920
+ research O
4921
+ programme O
4922
+ of O
4923
+ the O
4924
+ German B-climate-organizations
4925
+ Federal I-climate-organizations
4926
+ Ministry I-climate-organizations
4927
+ for I-climate-organizations
4928
+ Economic I-climate-organizations
4929
+ Cooperation I-climate-organizations
4930
+ and I-climate-organizations
4931
+ Development I-climate-organizations
4932
+ ( O
4933
+ BMZ B-climate-organizations
4934
+ ) O
4935
+ . O
4936
+
4937
+ Based O
4938
+ on O
4939
+ these O
4940
+ data O
4941
+ , O
4942
+ we O
4943
+ show O
4944
+ how O
4945
+ dynamic O
4946
+ discrete O
4947
+ time O
4948
+ models O
4949
+ can O
4950
+ be O
4951
+ developed O
4952
+ and O
4953
+ implemented O
4954
+ using O
4955
+ the O
4956
+ dynamic O
4957
+ simulation O
4958
+ software O
4959
+ STELLA B-climate-models
4960
+ . O
4961
+
4962
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Oc8a1087a5ebab8abee2e609aa884aa63
4963
+
4964
+ One O
4965
+ of O
4966
+ the O
4967
+ ways O
4968
+ to O
4969
+ reducing O
4970
+ greenhouse O
4971
+ gas O
4972
+ emission O
4973
+ is O
4974
+ by O
4975
+ assessing O
4976
+ the O
4977
+ environmental O
4978
+ impact O
4979
+ associated O
4980
+ with O
4981
+ food B-climate-problem-origins
4982
+ production I-climate-problem-origins
4983
+ , O
4984
+ and O
4985
+ one O
4986
+ of O
4987
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4988
+ well O
4989
+ - O
4990
+ known O
4991
+ methodologies O
4992
+ used O
4993
+ for O
4994
+ environmental O
4995
+ impact O
4996
+ evaluation O
4997
+ is O
4998
+ life O
4999
+ cycle O
5000
+ assessment O
5001
+ model O
5002
+ ( O
5003
+ LCA O
5004
+ ) O
5005
+ . O
5006
+
5007
+ This O
5008
+ paper O
5009
+ presents O
5010
+ the O
5011
+ results O
5012
+ of O
5013
+ LCA O
5014
+ analysis O
5015
+ of O
5016
+ cassava B-climate-assets
5017
+ flour O
5018
+ production O
5019
+ in O
5020
+ Southwestern O
5021
+ Nigeria O
5022
+ . O
5023
+
5024
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O248fbab473537819c48428ef707953eb
5025
+
5026
+ In O
5027
+ the O
5028
+ semiarid B-climate-nature
5029
+ interior O
5030
+ of O
5031
+ the O
5032
+ Iberian O
5033
+ Peninsula O
5034
+ , O
5035
+ the O
5036
+ topographic O
5037
+ insulation B-climate-mitigations
5038
+ from O
5039
+ the O
5040
+ surrounding O
5041
+ seas B-climate-nature
5042
+ promotes O
5043
+ the O
5044
+ role O
5045
+ of O
5046
+ internal O
5047
+ sources O
5048
+ of O
5049
+ moisture B-climate-properties
5050
+ and O
5051
+ water B-climate-mitigations
5052
+ recycling I-climate-mitigations
5053
+ in O
5054
+ the O
5055
+ rainfall B-climate-nature
5056
+ regime O
5057
+ . O
5058
+
5059
+ In O
5060
+ inland O
5061
+ Iberia O
5062
+ , O
5063
+ the O
5064
+ annual O
5065
+ cycle O
5066
+ of O
5067
+ precipitation B-climate-nature
5068
+ often O
5069
+ has O
5070
+ a O
5071
+ distinctive O
5072
+ peak O
5073
+ in O
5074
+ the O
5075
+ springtime O
5076
+ , O
5077
+ when O
5078
+ evapotranspiration B-climate-nature
5079
+ ( O
5080
+ ET B-climate-nature
5081
+ ) O
5082
+ is O
5083
+ the O
5084
+ highest O
5085
+ , O
5086
+ in O
5087
+ contrast O
5088
+ to O
5089
+ the O
5090
+ coastal B-climate-nature
5091
+ areas I-climate-nature
5092
+ , O
5093
+ where O
5094
+ it O
5095
+ is O
5096
+ more O
5097
+ closely O
5098
+ related O
5099
+ to O
5100
+ the O
5101
+ external O
5102
+ moisture B-climate-properties
5103
+ availability O
5104
+ and O
5105
+ synoptic O
5106
+ forcing O
5107
+ , O
5108
+ with O
5109
+ a O
5110
+ maximum O
5111
+ in O
5112
+ winter O
5113
+ - O
5114
+ autumn O
5115
+ and O
5116
+ a O
5117
+ pronounced O
5118
+ minimum O
5119
+ in O
5120
+ the O
5121
+ summer O
5122
+ . O
5123
+
5124
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O8b5ffca44eacad5306caf10322dbdd3b
5125
+
5126
+ In O
5127
+ large O
5128
+ mountainous B-climate-nature
5129
+ catchments B-climate-nature
5130
+ , O
5131
+ shallow O
5132
+ unconfined O
5133
+ alluvial B-climate-nature
5134
+ aquifers B-climate-nature
5135
+ play O
5136
+ an O
5137
+ important O
5138
+ role O
5139
+ in O
5140
+ conveying O
5141
+ subsurface B-climate-nature
5142
+ runoff I-climate-nature
5143
+ to O
5144
+ the O
5145
+ foreland O
5146
+ . O
5147
+
5148
+ Here O
5149
+ , O
5150
+ an O
5151
+ approach O
5152
+ to O
5153
+ overcome O
5154
+ this O
5155
+ discrepancy O
5156
+ is O
5157
+ discussed O
5158
+ using O
5159
+ the O
5160
+ example O
5161
+ of O
5162
+ the O
5163
+ German O
5164
+ - O
5165
+ Austrian O
5166
+ Upper O
5167
+ Danube O
5168
+ catchment O
5169
+ , O
5170
+ where O
5171
+ a O
5172
+ coarse O
5173
+ ground B-climate-nature
5174
+ water I-climate-nature
5175
+ flow O
5176
+ model O
5177
+ was O
5178
+ developed O
5179
+ using O
5180
+ MODFLOW B-climate-models
5181
+ . O
5182
+
5183
+ In O
5184
+ order O
5185
+ to O
5186
+ show O
5187
+ the O
5188
+ efficiency O
5189
+ of O
5190
+ the O
5191
+ developed O
5192
+ method O
5193
+ , O
5194
+ it O
5195
+ was O
5196
+ tested O
5197
+ and O
5198
+ compared O
5199
+ to O
5200
+ a O
5201
+ finely O
5202
+ discretized O
5203
+ ground B-climate-nature
5204
+ water I-climate-nature
5205
+ model O
5206
+ of O
5207
+ the O
5208
+ Ammer O
5209
+ subcatchment O
5210
+ . O
5211
+
5212
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Oc66519cefc848756ba96da04af61061c
5213
+
5214
+ Smallholder B-climate-assets
5215
+ farmers B-climate-assets
5216
+ produce O
5217
+ about O
5218
+ 70 O
5219
+ % O
5220
+ of O
5221
+ Africa O
5222
+ ’s O
5223
+ food B-climate-assets
5224
+ supply I-climate-assets
5225
+ . O
5226
+
5227
+ These O
5228
+ farmers B-climate-assets
5229
+ are O
5230
+ vulnerable O
5231
+ to O
5232
+ a O
5233
+ number O
5234
+ of O
5235
+ risks O
5236
+ , O
5237
+ mainly O
5238
+ climate O
5239
+ related O
5240
+ , O
5241
+ which O
5242
+ have O
5243
+ a O
5244
+ tremendous O
5245
+ impact O
5246
+ on O
5247
+ food B-climate-assets
5248
+ security I-climate-assets
5249
+ and O
5250
+ thus O
5251
+ poverty B-climate-impacts
5252
+ . O
5253
+
5254
+ This O
5255
+ paper O
5256
+ describes O
5257
+ crops B-climate-assets
5258
+ , O
5259
+ water B-climate-nature
5260
+ and O
5261
+ drought B-climate-hazards
5262
+ services O
5263
+ that O
5264
+ are O
5265
+ being O
5266
+ developed O
5267
+ in O
5268
+ the O
5269
+ AfriCultuReS B-climate-organizations
5270
+ project O
5271
+ . O
5272
+
5273
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O08b7c23a0b109945fb9d1204dc36b0b2
5274
+
5275
+ Urmia O
5276
+ Lake O
5277
+ , O
5278
+ the O
5279
+ largest O
5280
+ lake B-climate-nature
5281
+ in O
5282
+ Iran O
5283
+ , O
5284
+ is O
5285
+ an O
5286
+ important O
5287
+ water B-climate-nature
5288
+ body O
5289
+ and O
5290
+ habitat B-climate-organisms
5291
+ for O
5292
+ a O
5293
+ variety O
5294
+ of O
5295
+ different O
5296
+ species B-climate-organisms
5297
+ . O
5298
+
5299
+ Subsequently O
5300
+ these O
5301
+ values O
5302
+ were O
5303
+ introduced O
5304
+ to O
5305
+ the O
5306
+ Long B-climate-models
5307
+ Ashton I-climate-models
5308
+ Research I-climate-models
5309
+ Station I-climate-models
5310
+ Weather I-climate-models
5311
+ Generator I-climate-models
5312
+ model O
5313
+ ( O
5314
+ LARS B-climate-models
5315
+ - I-climate-models
5316
+ WG I-climate-models
5317
+ ) O
5318
+ to O
5319
+ downscale O
5320
+ and O
5321
+ produce O
5322
+ time O
5323
+ series O
5324
+ of O
5325
+ temperature B-climate-properties
5326
+ and O
5327
+ precipitation B-climate-nature
5328
+ in O
5329
+ the O
5330
+ future O
5331
+ , O
5332
+ subject O
5333
+ to O
5334
+ the O
5335
+ uncertainty O
5336
+ of O
5337
+ climate O
5338
+ models O
5339
+ . O
5340
+
5341
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Ob8a294ed94386b38464f9e122ee2e91d
5342
+
5343
+ LDAS B-climate-models
5344
+ - I-climate-models
5345
+ Monde I-climate-models
5346
+ ingests O
5347
+ satellite O
5348
+ - O
5349
+ derived O
5350
+ surface B-climate-properties
5351
+ soil I-climate-properties
5352
+ moisture I-climate-properties
5353
+ ( O
5354
+ SSM B-climate-properties
5355
+ ) O
5356
+ and O
5357
+ leaf B-climate-properties
5358
+ area I-climate-properties
5359
+ index I-climate-properties
5360
+ ( O
5361
+ LAI B-climate-properties
5362
+ ) O
5363
+ estimates O
5364
+ to O
5365
+ constrain O
5366
+ the O
5367
+ interactions O
5368
+ between O
5369
+ soil B-climate-nature
5370
+ , O
5371
+ biosphere B-climate-nature
5372
+ , O
5373
+ and O
5374
+ atmosphere B-climate-nature
5375
+ ( O
5376
+ ISBA B-climate-models
5377
+ ) O
5378
+ land B-climate-nature
5379
+ surface I-climate-nature
5380
+ model O
5381
+ ( O
5382
+ LSM O
5383
+ ) O
5384
+ coupled O
5385
+ with O
5386
+ the O
5387
+ CNRM B-climate-organizations
5388
+ ( O
5389
+ Centre B-climate-organizations
5390
+ National I-climate-organizations
5391
+ de I-climate-organizations
5392
+ Recherches I-climate-organizations
5393
+ Météorologiques I-climate-organizations
5394
+ ) O
5395
+ version O
5396
+ of O
5397
+ the O
5398
+ total B-climate-models
5399
+ runoff I-climate-models
5400
+ integrating I-climate-models
5401
+ pathways I-climate-models
5402
+ ( O
5403
+ CTRIP B-climate-models
5404
+ ) O
5405
+ continental O
5406
+ hydrological B-climate-nature
5407
+ system O
5408
+ ( O
5409
+ ISBA B-climate-models
5410
+ - I-climate-models
5411
+ CTRIP I-climate-models
5412
+ ) O
5413
+ . O
5414
+
5415
+ LDAS B-climate-models
5416
+ - I-climate-models
5417
+ Monde I-climate-models
5418
+ is O
5419
+ forced O
5420
+ by O
5421
+ the O
5422
+ ERA-5 B-climate-models
5423
+ atmospheric B-climate-nature
5424
+ reanalysis O
5425
+ from O
5426
+ the O
5427
+ European B-climate-organizations
5428
+ Center I-climate-organizations
5429
+ for I-climate-organizations
5430
+ Medium I-climate-organizations
5431
+ Range I-climate-organizations
5432
+ Weather I-climate-organizations
5433
+ Forecast I-climate-organizations
5434
+ ( O
5435
+ ECMWF B-climate-organizations
5436
+ ) O
5437
+ from O
5438
+ 2010 O
5439
+ to O
5440
+ 2016 O
5441
+ leading O
5442
+ to O
5443
+ a O
5444
+ seven O
5445
+ - O
5446
+ year O
5447
+ , O
5448
+ quarter O
5449
+ degree O
5450
+ spatial O
5451
+ resolution O
5452
+ offline O
5453
+ reanalysis O
5454
+ of O
5455
+ land B-climate-nature
5456
+ surface I-climate-nature
5457
+ variables O
5458
+ ( O
5459
+ LSVs O
5460
+ ) O
5461
+ over O
5462
+ CONUS O
5463
+ . O
5464
+
5465
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O8986db15c45f03fde7360524ad9dce0a
5466
+
5467
+ Over O
5468
+ Arctic O
5469
+ sea B-climate-nature
5470
+ ice I-climate-nature
5471
+ , O
5472
+ pressure B-climate-properties
5473
+ ridges O
5474
+ and O
5475
+ floe B-climate-nature
5476
+ and O
5477
+ melt B-climate-nature
5478
+ pond I-climate-nature
5479
+ edges O
5480
+ all O
5481
+ introduce O
5482
+ discrete O
5483
+ obstructions O
5484
+ to O
5485
+ the O
5486
+ flow O
5487
+ of O
5488
+ air B-climate-nature
5489
+ or O
5490
+ water B-climate-nature
5491
+ past O
5492
+ the O
5493
+ ice B-climate-nature
5494
+ and O
5495
+ are O
5496
+ a O
5497
+ source O
5498
+ of O
5499
+ form B-climate-properties
5500
+ drag I-climate-properties
5501
+ . O
5502
+
5503
+ The O
5504
+ drag B-climate-nature
5505
+ coefficients O
5506
+ are O
5507
+ incorporated O
5508
+ into O
5509
+ the O
5510
+ Los B-climate-models
5511
+ Alamos I-climate-models
5512
+ Sea I-climate-models
5513
+ Ice I-climate-models
5514
+ Model I-climate-models
5515
+ ( O
5516
+ CICE B-climate-models
5517
+ ) O
5518
+ and O
5519
+ show O
5520
+ the O
5521
+ influence O
5522
+ of O
5523
+ the O
5524
+ new O
5525
+ drag B-climate-nature
5526
+ parameterization O
5527
+ on O
5528
+ the O
5529
+ motion O
5530
+ and O
5531
+ state O
5532
+ of O
5533
+ the O
5534
+ ice B-climate-nature
5535
+ cover I-climate-nature
5536
+ , O
5537
+ with O
5538
+ the O
5539
+ most O
5540
+ noticeable O
5541
+ being O
5542
+ a O
5543
+ depletion O
5544
+ of O
5545
+ sea B-climate-nature
5546
+ ice I-climate-nature
5547
+ over O
5548
+ the O
5549
+ west O
5550
+ boundary O
5551
+ of O
5552
+ the O
5553
+ Arctic O
5554
+ Ocean O
5555
+ and O
5556
+ over O
5557
+ the O
5558
+ Beaufort O
5559
+ Sea O
5560
+ . O
5561
+
5562
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O3770f1a827feac49cfbecead9eceecd2
5563
+
5564
+ Water B-climate-hazards
5565
+ scarcity I-climate-hazards
5566
+ affects O
5567
+ large O
5568
+ parts O
5569
+ of O
5570
+ the O
5571
+ world O
5572
+ . O
5573
+
5574
+ Despite O
5575
+ recent O
5576
+ studies O
5577
+ that O
5578
+ analyze O
5579
+ the O
5580
+ effect O
5581
+ of O
5582
+ climate O
5583
+ change O
5584
+ on O
5585
+ water B-climate-hazards
5586
+ scarcity I-climate-hazards
5587
+ , O
5588
+ e.g. O
5589
+ using O
5590
+ climate O
5591
+ projections O
5592
+ under O
5593
+ representative O
5594
+ concentration O
5595
+ pathways O
5596
+ ( O
5597
+ RCP O
5598
+ ) O
5599
+ of O
5600
+ the O
5601
+ fifth B-climate-datasets
5602
+ assessment I-climate-datasets
5603
+ report I-climate-datasets
5604
+ of O
5605
+ the O
5606
+ IPCC B-climate-organizations
5607
+ ( O
5608
+ AR5 B-climate-datasets
5609
+ ) O
5610
+ , O
5611
+ decision O
5612
+ support O
5613
+ for O
5614
+ closing O
5615
+ the O
5616
+ water B-climate-hazards
5617
+ gap I-climate-hazards
5618
+ between O
5619
+ now O
5620
+ and O
5621
+ 2100 O
5622
+ does O
5623
+ not O
5624
+ exist O
5625
+ at O
5626
+ a O
5627
+ meaningful O
5628
+ scale O
5629
+ and O
5630
+ with O
5631
+ a O
5632
+ global O
5633
+ coverage O
5634
+ . O
5635
+
5636
+ Water B-climate-assets
5637
+ supply I-climate-assets
5638
+ was O
5639
+ computed O
5640
+ using O
5641
+ the O
5642
+ PCR B-climate-models
5643
+ - I-climate-models
5644
+ GLOBWB I-climate-models
5645
+ hydrological B-climate-nature
5646
+ and O
5647
+ water B-climate-assets
5648
+ resources I-climate-assets
5649
+ model O
5650
+ , O
5651
+ parameterized O
5652
+ at O
5653
+ 5 O
5654
+ arcminutes O
5655
+ for O
5656
+ the O
5657
+ whole O
5658
+ globe O
5659
+ . O
5660
+
5661
+ We O
5662
+ ran O
5663
+ PCR B-climate-models
5664
+ - I-climate-models
5665
+ GLOBWB I-climate-models
5666
+ with O
5667
+ a O
5668
+ daily O
5669
+ forcing O
5670
+ derived O
5671
+ from O
5672
+ five O
5673
+ different O
5674
+ GCM O
5675
+ models O
5676
+ from O
5677
+ the O
5678
+ CMIP5 B-climate-models
5679
+ ( O
5680
+ GFDL B-climate-models
5681
+ - I-climate-models
5682
+ ESM2 I-climate-models
5683
+ M I-climate-models
5684
+ , O
5685
+ Hadgem2 B-climate-models
5686
+ - I-climate-models
5687
+ ES I-climate-models
5688
+ , O
5689
+ IPSL B-climate-models
5690
+ - I-climate-models
5691
+ CMA5 I-climate-models
5692
+ - I-climate-models
5693
+ LR I-climate-models
5694
+ , O
5695
+ MIROC B-climate-models
5696
+ - I-climate-models
5697
+ ESM I-climate-models
5698
+ - I-climate-models
5699
+ CHEM I-climate-models
5700
+ , O
5701
+ NorESM1 B-climate-models
5702
+ - I-climate-models
5703
+ M I-climate-models
5704
+ ) O
5705
+ that O
5706
+ were O
5707
+ bias O
5708
+ corrected O
5709
+ using O
5710
+ observation O
5711
+ - O
5712
+ based O
5713
+ WATCH B-climate-datasets
5714
+ data O
5715
+ between O
5716
+ 1960 O
5717
+ - O
5718
+ 1999 O
5719
+ . O
5720
+
5721
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O569437d00ead7080f5c75040e171931c
5722
+
5723
+ SEAREG B-climate-organizations
5724
+ analyses O
5725
+ socio O
5726
+ - O
5727
+ economic O
5728
+ and O
5729
+ environmental O
5730
+ effects O
5731
+ of O
5732
+ climate O
5733
+ and O
5734
+ sea B-climate-properties
5735
+ level I-climate-properties
5736
+ changes I-climate-properties
5737
+ in O
5738
+ the O
5739
+ Baltic O
5740
+ Sea O
5741
+ Region O
5742
+ ( O
5743
+ BSR O
5744
+ ) O
5745
+ . O
5746
+
5747
+ Within O
5748
+ the O
5749
+ project O
5750
+ , O
5751
+ the O
5752
+ Swedish B-climate-organizations
5753
+ Meteorological I-climate-organizations
5754
+ and I-climate-organizations
5755
+ Hydrological I-climate-organizations
5756
+ Institute I-climate-organizations
5757
+ ( O
5758
+ SMHI B-climate-organizations
5759
+ ) O
5760
+ develops O
5761
+ scenarios O
5762
+ of O
5763
+ future O
5764
+ climate O
5765
+ and O
5766
+ sea B-climate-nature
5767
+ level I-climate-nature
5768
+ for O
5769
+ the O
5770
+ year O
5771
+ 2100 O
5772
+ which O
5773
+ will O
5774
+ then O
5775
+ be O
5776
+ connected O
5777
+ with O
5778
+ regional O
5779
+ data O
5780
+ . O
5781
+
5782
+ Coastal B-climate-nature
5783
+ dynamics O
5784
+ was O
5785
+ estimated O
5786
+ for O
5787
+ the O
5788
+ next O
5789
+ 100 O
5790
+ years O
5791
+ , O
5792
+ considering O
5793
+ the O
5794
+ island O
5795
+ of O
5796
+ Usedom O
5797
+ as O
5798
+ an O
5799
+ example O
5800
+ . O
5801
+
5802
+ Data O
5803
+ of O
5804
+ the O
5805
+ different O
5806
+ SMHI B-climate-organizations
5807
+ climate O
5808
+ scenarios O
5809
+ were O
5810
+ used O
5811
+ for O
5812
+ this O
5813
+ calculation O
5814
+ . O
5815
+
5816
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O Oee2139dbea88f78d6f98b2eb6225939b
5817
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5818
+ By O
5819
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5820
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5821
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5822
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5823
+ PM2.5 B-climate-hazards
5824
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5825
+ from O
5826
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5827
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5828
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5829
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5830
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5831
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5832
+ Global B-climate-datasets
5833
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5834
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5835
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5836
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5837
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5838
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5839
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5840
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5841
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5842
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5843
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5844
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5845
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5846
+ models O
5847
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5848
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5849
+ Fire B-climate-models
5850
+ Modeling I-climate-models
5851
+ Intercomparison I-climate-models
5852
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5853
+ ( O
5854
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5855
+ ) O
5856
+ , O
5857
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5858
+ ML O
5859
+ model O
5860
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5861
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5862
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5863
+ to O
5864
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5865
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5866
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5867
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5868
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5869
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5870
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5871
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5872
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5873
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5874
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5875
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5876
+ Results O
5877
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5878
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5879
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5880
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5881
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5882
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5883
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5884
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5885
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5886
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5887
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5888
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5889
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5890
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5891
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5892
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5893
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5894
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5895
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5896
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5897
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5898
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5899
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5900
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5901
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5902
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5903
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5904
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5905
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5906
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5907
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5908
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5909
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5910
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5911
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5912
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5913
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5914
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5915
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5916
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5917
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5918
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5919
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5920
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5921
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5922
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5923
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5924
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5925
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5926
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5927
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5928
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5929
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5930
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5931
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5932
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5933
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5934
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5935
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5936
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5937
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5938
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5939
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5940
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5941
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5942
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5943
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5944
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5945
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5946
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5947
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5948
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5949
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5950
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5951
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5952
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5953
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5954
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5955
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5956
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5957
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5958
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5959
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5960
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5961
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5962
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5963
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5964
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5965
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5966
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5967
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5968
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5969
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5970
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5971
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5972
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5973
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5974
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5975
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5976
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5977
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5978
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5979
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5980
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5981
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5982
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5983
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5984
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5985
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5986
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5987
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5988
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5989
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5990
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5991
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5992
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5993
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5994
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5995
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5996
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5997
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5998
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5999
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6000
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6001
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6002
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6003
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6004
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6005
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6006
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6007
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6008
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6009
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6010
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6011
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6012
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6013
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6014
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6015
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6016
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6017
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6018
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6019
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6020
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6021
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6022
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6023
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6024
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6025
+ The O
6026
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6027
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6028
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6029
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6030
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6031
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6032
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6033
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6034
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6035
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6036
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6037
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6038
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6039
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6040
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6041
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6042
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6043
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6044
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6045
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6046
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6048
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6049
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6051
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6052
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6053
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6057
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6059
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6061
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6062
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6063
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6065
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6066
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6067
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6068
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6070
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6071
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6072
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6073
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6074
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6075
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6076
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6077
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6078
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6079
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6080
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6081
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6082
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6083
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6084
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6085
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6086
+ The O
6087
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6088
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6089
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6090
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6091
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6092
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6093
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6094
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6095
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6096
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6097
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6098
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6099
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6100
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6101
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6102
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6105
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6106
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6107
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6108
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6109
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6110
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6111
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6112
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6113
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6114
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6115
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6116
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6118
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6119
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6120
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6121
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6122
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6123
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6124
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6125
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6126
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6127
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6128
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6129
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6130
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6131
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6132
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6133
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6134
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6135
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6136
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6137
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6138
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6139
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6140
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6141
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6142
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6143
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6144
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6145
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6147
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6148
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6149
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6151
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6152
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6156
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6157
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6158
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6159
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6160
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6161
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6162
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6163
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6164
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6165
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6166
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6167
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6168
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6169
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6170
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6171
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6172
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6173
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6174
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6175
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6176
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6177
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6178
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6179
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6180
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6181
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6182
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6183
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6184
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6185
+ Ocean O
6186
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6187
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6188
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6189
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6190
+ strengths O
6191
+ . O
6192
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6193
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6194
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6195
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6196
+ Langrangian O
6197
+ transport O
6198
+ model O
6199
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6200
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6201
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6202
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6203
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6204
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6205
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6206
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6207
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6208
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6209
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6210
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6211
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6212
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6213
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6214
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6215
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6216
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6217
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6218
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6219
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6220
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6221
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6222
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6223
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6224
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6225
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6226
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6227
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6228
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6229
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6230
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6231
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6232
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6233
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6234
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6235
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6236
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6237
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6238
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6239
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6240
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6241
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6242
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6243
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6244
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6245
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6246
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6247
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6248
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6249
+ long O
6250
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6251
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6252
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6253
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6254
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6255
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6256
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6257
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6258
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6259
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6260
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6261
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6262
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6264
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6265
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6266
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6267
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6268
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6269
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6270
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6271
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6272
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6273
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6274
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6275
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6276
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6277
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6278
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6279
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6280
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6281
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6282
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6283
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6284
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6285
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6286
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6287
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6288
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6289
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6290
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6291
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6292
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6293
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6294
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6295
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6296
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6297
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6298
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6299
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6300
+ , O
6301
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6302
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6303
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6304
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6305
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6306
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6307
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6308
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6309
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6310
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6311
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6312
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6313
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6314
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6315
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6316
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6317
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6318
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6319
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6320
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6321
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6322
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6323
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6324
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6325
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6326
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6327
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6328
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6329
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6330
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6331
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6332
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6333
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6334
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6335
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6336
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6337
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6338
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6339
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6340
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6341
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6343
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6344
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6345
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6346
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6347
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6348
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6349
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6350
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6351
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6352
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6353
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6354
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6355
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6356
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6357
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6358
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6359
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6360
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6361
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6362
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6363
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6364
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6365
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6366
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6367
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6368
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6369
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6370
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6371
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6372
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6373
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6374
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6375
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6376
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6377
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6378
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6379
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6380
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6381
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6382
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6383
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6384
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6385
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6386
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6387
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6388
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6389
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6390
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6391
+ Asia O
6392
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6393
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6394
+ The O
6395
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6396
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6397
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6398
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6399
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6400
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6401
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6402
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6403
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6404
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6405
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6406
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6407
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6408
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6409
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6411
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6412
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6426
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6429
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6430
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6431
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6432
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6433
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6434
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6435
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6436
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6437
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6438
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6439
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6440
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6441
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6442
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6443
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6444
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6445
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6446
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6447
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6448
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6449
+ systems O
6450
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6451
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6452
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6453
+ match O
6454
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6455
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6456
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6457
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6458
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6459
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6460
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6461
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6462
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6463
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6464
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6465
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6466
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6467
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6468
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6469
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6470
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6471
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6474
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6475
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6476
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6477
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6478
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6479
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6480
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6481
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6482
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6483
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6484
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6485
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6486
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6487
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6488
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6489
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6490
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6491
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6492
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6493
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6494
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6495
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6496
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6497
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6498
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6500
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6501
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6502
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6503
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6504
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6505
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6506
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6507
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6508
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6509
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6510
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6511
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6512
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6513
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6514
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6515
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6516
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6517
+ -DOCSTART- -X- O O https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4c34681d4a74dfb6e02ec9d7e28bfaf70d27c000
6518
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6519
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6520
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6521
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6522
+ Impacts O
6523
+ of O
6524
+ Extreme O
6525
+ Flood B-climate-hazards
6526
+ Events O
6527
+ . O
6528
+
6529
+ Inadequate B-climate-problem-origins
6530
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6531
+ extraction I-climate-problem-origins
6532
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6533
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6534
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6535
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6536
+ cattle B-climate-problem-origins
6537
+ farming O
6538
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6539
+ abusive B-climate-problem-origins
6540
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6541
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6542
+ , O
6543
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6544
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6545
+ urban B-climate-problem-origins
6546
+ expansion I-climate-problem-origins
6547
+ are O
6548
+ all O
6549
+ factors O
6550
+ that O
6551
+ create O
6552
+ significant O
6553
+ problems O
6554
+ in O
6555
+ the O
6556
+ Cantabrian O
6557
+ area O
6558
+ watershed B-climate-nature
6559
+ for O
6560
+ the O
6561
+ sustainable O
6562
+ management O
6563
+ of O
6564
+ the O
6565
+ hydrological B-climate-nature
6566
+ ecosystem O
6567
+ services O
6568
+ . O
6569
+
6570
+ In O
6571
+ this O
6572
+ chapter O
6573
+ , O
6574
+ ENSEMBLES B-climate-organizations
6575
+ RT3 O
6576
+ climate O
6577
+ model O
6578
+ outputs O
6579
+ are O
6580
+ analysed O
6581
+ and O
6582
+ calibrated O
6583
+ with O
6584
+ local O
6585
+ observation O
6586
+ data O
6587
+ recorded O
6588
+ daily O
6589
+ . O
6590
+
6591
+ The O
6592
+ hydrological O
6593
+ / O
6594
+ hydraulic O
6595
+ coupling O
6596
+ model O
6597
+ ( O
6598
+ MikeShe B-climate-models
6599
+ - O
6600
+ Mike11 B-climate-models
6601
+ ) O
6602
+ is O
6603
+ applied O
6604
+ by O
6605
+ forcing O
6606
+ the O
6607
+ validated O
6608
+ model O
6609
+ output O
6610
+ . O
6611
+
6612
+ According O
6613
+ to O
6614
+ the O
6615
+ results O
6616
+ , O
6617
+ under O
6618
+ the O
6619
+ medium O
6620
+ greenhouse O
6621
+ emission B-climate-problem-origins
6622
+ scenario O
6623
+ ( O
6624
+ A1B B-climate-datasets
6625
+ ) O
6626
+ , O
6627
+ the O
6628
+ Regional O
6629
+ Climate O
6630
+ Models O
6631
+ HIRHAM I-climate-models
6632
+ ( O
6633
+ 2001–2050 O
6634
+ ) O
6635
+ and O
6636
+ RACMO B-climate-models
6637
+ ( O
6638
+ 2051–2100 O
6639
+ ) O
6640
+ show O
6641
+ an O
6642
+ increase O
6643
+ in O
6644
+ extreme B-climate-hazards
6645
+ precipitation I-climate-hazards
6646
+ . O
6647
+
6648
+ The O
6649
+ expected O
6650
+ changes O
6651
+ show O
6652
+ spatial O
6653
+ variability O
6654
+ depending O
6655
+ on O
6656
+ local O
6657
+ characteristics O
6658
+ ( O
6659
+ topography B-climate-nature
6660
+ , O
6661
+ proximity O
6662
+ to O
6663
+ the O
6664
+ coast B-climate-nature
6665
+ , O
6666
+ vegetation B-climate-nature
6667
+ , O
6668
+ etc O
6669
+ . O
6670
+ ) O
6671
+ and O
6672
+ ranging O
6673
+ between O
6674
+ 6–26 O
6675
+ % O
6676
+ for O
6677
+ HIRHAM B-climate-models
6678
+ and O
6679
+ 11–12 O
6680
+ % O
6681
+ for O
6682
+ RACMO B-climate-models
6683
+ . O
6684
+
6685
+ An O
6686
+ increase O
6687
+ of O
6688
+ 22 O
6689
+ ± O
6690
+ 2 O
6691
+ % O
6692
+ is O
6693
+ expected O
6694
+ in O
6695
+ the O
6696
+ HIRHAM B-climate-models
6697
+ climatic O
6698
+ model O
6699
+ for O
6700
+ upstream O
6701
+ peak O
6702
+ discharge B-climate-properties
6703
+ with O
6704
+ a O
6705
+ return O
6706
+ period O
6707
+ exceeding O
6708
+ 50 O
6709
+ years O
6710
+ . O
6711
+