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O + +We O +then O +used O +next O +generation O +high O +- O +throughput O +sequencing O +to O +investigate O +the O +soil O +prokaryote B-climate-organisms +community O +( O +i.e. O +bacteria B-climate-organisms +and O +archaea B-climate-organisms +) O +diversity B-climate-organisms +and O +spatial O +patterns O +and O +to O +explore O +their O +relationship O +with O +biotic O +( O +e.g. O +plant B-climate-organisms +functional O +group O +diversity B-climate-organisms +and O +biomass O +) O +and O +abiotic O +( O +e.g. O +aridity B-climate-properties +index I-climate-properties +, O +soil O +carbon O +and O +nitrogen O +levels O +) O +factors O +. O + +Among O +the O +four O +alpine B-climate-nature +grassland I-climate-nature +types O +( O +i.e. O +alpine B-climate-nature +meadow I-climate-nature +, O +alpine B-climate-nature +steppe I-climate-nature +, O +alpine B-climate-nature +shrub I-climate-nature +and O +alpine B-climate-nature +desert I-climate-nature +) O +sampled O +in O +this O +study O +, O +alpine B-climate-nature +meadow I-climate-nature +had O +the O +highest O +soil B-climate-organisms +microbial I-climate-organisms +biomass O +and O +alpine B-climate-nature +desert I-climate-nature +had O +the O +lowest O +soil B-climate-organisms +microbial I-climate-organisms +richness O +and O +Shannon O +diversity O +. 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O + +We O +determine O +net B-climate-properties +water I-climate-properties +supplies I-climate-properties +and I-climate-properties +levels I-climate-properties +for O +each O +lake B-climate-nature +to O +consider O +climate O +change O +scenarios O +developed O +from O +atmospheric O +general O +circulation O +models O +through O +linkages O +on O +air B-climate-properties +temperature I-climate-properties +, O +precipitation B-climate-nature +, O +humidity B-climate-properties +, O +wind B-climate-properties +speed I-climate-properties +, O +and O +cloud B-climate-properties +cover I-climate-properties +. O + +Scenarios O +of O +a O +doubling O +of O +atmospheric O +CO B-climate-greenhouse-gases +2 I-climate-greenhouse-gases +are O +considered O +by O +abstracting O +changes O +in O +linkages O +, O +making O +these O +changes O +in O +historical O +data O +, O +observing O +the O +impact O +of O +the O +changed O +data O +in O +model O +outputs O +, O +and O +comparing O +it O +to O +model O +results O +obtained O +from O +unchanged O +data O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O11b2c16f79f83d4e807cc9db4e6b44a0 + +As O +an O +important O +policy O +instrument O +for O +climate O +mitigation B-climate-mitigations +, O +the O +carbon B-climate-mitigations +tax I-climate-mitigations +policy O +design O +and O +its O +consequent O +social O +- O +economic O +impact O +calls O +for O +more O +research O +. O + +In O +this O +paper O +, O +a O +dynamic O +Computable O +General O +Equilibrium O +( O +CGE O +) O +model O +– O +CASIPM B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +GE I-climate-models +model O +is O +applied O +to O +explore O +the O +impact O +of O +a O +carbon B-climate-mitigations +tax I-climate-mitigations +and O +different O +tax B-climate-mitigations +revenue I-climate-mitigations +recycling I-climate-mitigations +schemes O +on O +China O +’s O +economy O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O60b1867718d4335030262fbe97a30d30 + +Abstract O +We O +examined O +how O +butterfly B-climate-organisms +species O +richness O +is O +affected O +by O +human O +impact O +and O +elevation B-climate-properties +, O +and O +how O +species O +ranges O +are O +distributed O +along O +the O +elevational O +gradient O +( O +200–2700 O +m O +) O +in O +the O +Isère O +Department O +( O +French O +Alps O +) O +. O + +A O +total O +of O +35,724 O +butterfly B-climate-organisms +observations O +gathered O +in O +summer O +( O +May O +– O +September O +) O +between O +1995 O +and O +2015 O +were O +analyzed O +. O + +Estimations O +were O +also O +performed O +on O +a O +500 O +m O +× O +500 O +m O +grid O +at O +low O +altitude B-climate-properties +( O +200–500 O +m O +) O +to O +test O +for O +the O +human O +impact O +on O +species O +richness O +using O +generalized O +least O +squares O +regression O +models O +. O + +Butterfly B-climate-organisms +diversity B-climate-organisms +is O +exceptionally O +high O +( O +185 O +species O +) O +in O +this O +alpine O +department O +that O +represents O +less O +than O +5 O +% O +of O +the O +French O +territory O +and O +yet O +holds O +more O +than O +70 O +% O +of O +all O +the O +Rhopalocera B-climate-organisms +species O +recorded O +in O +France O +. 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O + +The O +area O +is O +an O +important O +wetland B-climate-nature +biotope B-climate-organisms +with O +rare B-climate-organisms +plant I-climate-organisms +and I-climate-organisms +animal I-climate-organisms +species I-climate-organisms +, O +which O +mainly O +live O +in O +open B-climate-nature +water I-climate-nature +areas I-climate-nature +, O +marshes B-climate-nature +, O +wet B-climate-nature +meadows I-climate-nature +and O +alluvial B-climate-nature +forests I-climate-nature +. O + +To O +evaluate O +any O +climate O +change O +, O +the O +CGCM B-climate-models +3.1 I-climate-models +model O +, O +two O +emission B-climate-problem-origins +scenarios O +, O +the O +A2 B-climate-datasets +emission B-climate-problem-origins +scenario O +( O +pessimistic O +) O +and O +the O +B1 B-climate-datasets +emission B-climate-problem-origins +scenario O +( O +optimistic O +) O +, O +were O +used O +within O +the O +regionalization O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O568b06be70c55b521a42d699d615341a + +In O +this O +paper O +, O +we O +present O +results O +of O +the O +2 O +reprocessing O +of O +all O +data O +from O +1996 O +to O +2014 O +from O +all O +stations O +in O +the O +European B-climate-observations +GNSS I-climate-observations +permanent I-climate-observations +network I-climate-observations +as O +performed O +at O +the O +Geodetic B-climate-organizations +Observatory I-climate-organizations +Pecný I-climate-organizations +( O +GOP B-climate-organizations +) O +. O + +We O +then O +assessed O +all O +solutions O +in O +terms O +of O +the O +repeatability O +of O +coordinates O +as O +an O +internal O +evaluation O +of O +applied O +models O +and O +strategies O +, O +and O +in O +terms O +of O +zenith B-climate-properties +tropospheric I-climate-properties +delays I-climate-properties +( O +ZTD B-climate-properties +) O +and O +horizontal O +gradients O +with O +those O +of O +ERA B-climate-datasets +- I-climate-datasets +Interim I-climate-datasets +numerical O +weather O +model O +( O +NWM O +) O +reanalysis O +. O + +When O +compared O +to O +the O +GOP B-climate-models +Repro1 I-climate-models +solution O +, O +the O +results O +of O +the O +GOP B-climate-models +Repro2 I-climate-models +yielded O +improvements O +of O +approximately O +50 O +% O +and O +25 O +% O +in O +the O +repeatability O +of O +the O +horizontal O +and O +vertical O +components O +, O +respectively O +, O +and O +of O +approximately O +9 O +% O +in O +tropospheric B-climate-nature +parameters O +. O + +Vertical O +repeatability O +was O +reduced O +from O +4.14 O +mm O +to O +3.73 O +mm O +when O +using O +the O +VMF1 B-climate-models +mapping I-climate-models +function I-climate-models +, O +a O +priori O +ZHD B-climate-properties +, O +and O +non O +- O +tidal O +atmospheric B-climate-nature +loading O +corrections O +from O +actual O +weather O +data O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe5e9081bae4dcd9b1282942fed124161 + +A O +new O +global O +model O +using O +the O +GFDL B-climate-organizations +( O +Geophysical B-climate-organizations +Fluid I-climate-organizations +Dynamics I-climate-organizations +Laboratory I-climate-organizations +) O +nonhydrostatic O +Finite B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Volume I-climate-models +Cubed I-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Sphere I-climate-models +dynamical I-climate-models +core I-climate-models +( O +FV3 B-climate-models +) O +coupled O +to O +physical O +parameterizations O +from O +the O +National B-climate-organizations +Center I-climate-organizations +for I-climate-organizations +Environmental I-climate-organizations +Prediction I-climate-organizations +'s O +Global B-climate-models +Forecast I-climate-models +System I-climate-models +( O +NCEP B-climate-organizations +/ O +GFS B-climate-models +) O +was O +built O +at O +GFDL B-climate-organizations +, O +named O +fvGFS B-climate-models +. O + +This O +modern O +dynamical O +core O +has O +been O +selected O +for O +National B-climate-organizations +Oceanic I-climate-organizations +and I-climate-organizations +Atmospheric I-climate-organizations +Administration I-climate-organizations +’s O +Next B-climate-models +Generation I-climate-models +Global I-climate-models +Prediction I-climate-models +System I-climate-models +( O +NGGPS B-climate-models +) O +due O +to O +its O +accuracy O +, O +adaptability O +, O +and O +computational O +efficiency O +, O +which O +brings O +a O +great O +opportunity O +for O +the O +unification O +of O +weather O +and O +climate O +prediction O +systems O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O9f13cf3962ac35ea4f6a96345e042bb3 + +change O +is O +expected O +to O +cause O +vegetation B-climate-nature +change O +in O +Africa O +, O +with O +profound O +impacts O +on O +ecosystems O +and O +biodiversity B-climate-organisms +. O + +We O +use O +the O +adaptive B-climate-models +Dynamic I-climate-models +Global I-climate-models +Vegetation I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +aDGVM B-climate-models +) O +to O +quantify O +uncertainties O +in O +projected O +African O +vegetation B-climate-nature +until O +2099 O +. O + +High O +- O +resolution O +climate O +forcing O +for O +the O +aDGVM B-climate-models +, O +was O +generated O +by O +regional O +climate O +modelling O +. O + +Projections O +under O +medium O +- O +impact O +scenarios O +( O +RCP B-climate-datasets +4.5 I-climate-datasets +) O +still O +predict O +biome B-climate-organisms +changes O +for O +around O +a O +quarter O +of O +Africa O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O920730102818251e9932ef6cc4dda3c0 + +The O +evapotranspiration B-climate-nature +is O +the O +transfer O +of O +energy O +between O +the O +Earth B-climate-nature +'s I-climate-nature +surface I-climate-nature +and O +the O +atmosphere B-climate-nature +and O +it O +is O +the O +most O +productive O +mechanism O +of O +communication O +between O +the O +hydrosphere B-climate-nature +, O +lithosphere B-climate-nature +and O +biosphere B-climate-organisms +. O + +This O +study O +focuses O +on O +predicting O +potential B-climate-properties +evapotranspiration I-climate-properties +in O +Golpayegan O +basin O +as O +a O +response O +to O +climate O +change O +. O + +For O +this O +purpose O +, O +six O +algorithms O +including O +Hargreaves B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Samani I-climate-models +, O +Thornthwaite B-climate-models +, O +Romanenko B-climate-models +, O +Oudin B-climate-models +, O +Kharrufa B-climate-models +and O +Blaney B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Criddle I-climate-models +and O +also O +, O +Penman- B-climate-models +Monteith- I-climate-models +FAO I-climate-models +as O +a O +standard O +algorithm O +, O +were O +used O +for O +estimating O +the O +potential B-climate-properties +evapotranspiration I-climate-properties +. O + +The O +results O +showed O +that O +the O +Hargreaves B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Samani I-climate-models +algorithm O +performed O +closer O +to O +the O +Penman B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Monteith I-climate-models +- I-climate-models +FAO I-climate-models +standard O +algorithm O +compared O +to O +other O +algorithms O +. O + +After O +that O +, O +the O +amount O +of O +potential B-climate-properties +evapotranspiration I-climate-properties +using O +general O +circulation O +models O +( O +GCM O +) O +was O +estimated O +under O +RCP B-climate-datasets +scenarios I-climate-datasets +2.6,4.5,8.5 I-climate-datasets +for O +near O +, O +middle O +and O +far O +periods O +of O +2021 O +- O +2040 O +, O +2041 O +- O +2060 O +and O +2061 O +- O +2080 O +by O +the O +LARS B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +WG6 I-climate-models +model O +using O +the O +HadGEM2 B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +ES I-climate-models +climatic O +model O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Oce8a7a8518f499344f496163d422fcd3 + +FORMIT B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +M I-climate-models +is O +a O +widely O +applicable O +, O +open O +- O +access O +, O +simple O +and O +flexible O +, O +climate O +- O +sensitive O +forest B-climate-assets +management I-climate-assets +simulator O +requiring O +only O +standard O +forest B-climate-nature +inventory O +data O +as O +input O +. O + +The O +model O +has O +been O +linked O +to O +the O +global O +forest B-climate-assets +sector I-climate-assets +model O +EFI B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +GTM I-climate-models +to O +secure O +consistency O +between O +timber B-climate-assets +cutting O +and O +demand O +, O +although O +prescribed O +harvest B-climate-assets +scenarios O +can O +also O +be O +used O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O8ac63edf94f299301894ef930cde4abd + +Conceptual O +rainfall O +- O +runoff O +models O +are O +commonly O +used O +to O +estimate O +potential O +changes O +in O +runoff B-climate-nature +due O +to O +climate O +change O +. O + +The O +development O +of O +these O +models O +has O +generally O +focused O +on O +reproducing O +runoff B-climate-nature +characteristics O +, O +with O +less O +scrutiny O +on O +other O +important O +processes O +such O +as O +the O +conversion O +from O +potential B-climate-properties +evapotranspiration I-climate-properties +( O +PET B-climate-properties +) O +to O +actual B-climate-properties +evapotranspiration I-climate-properties +( O +AET B-climate-properties +) O +. 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O + +By O +comparing O +the O +temporal O +patterns O +in O +simulated O +AET B-climate-properties +with O +eddy B-climate-nature +- O +covariance O +- O +based O +observations O +at O +two O +of O +the O +study O +locations O +, O +we O +highlighted O +some O +unrealistic O +behavior O +in O +the O +simulated O +AET B-climate-properties +from O +AWBM B-climate-models +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O19e0fbf2a1adb561c69306f99cc3cca9 + +The O +Community B-climate-models +Atmosphere I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +CAM B-climate-models +) O +is O +the O +atmospheric O +component O +of O +the O +Community B-climate-models +Climate I-climate-models +System I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +CCSM B-climate-models +) O +and O +is O +the O +primary O +consumer O +of O +computer O +resources O +in O +typical O +CCSM B-climate-models +simulations O +. O + +Performance O +engineering O +has O +been O +an O +important O +aspect O +of O +CAM B-climate-models +development O +throughout O +its O +existence O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O50a58565a7d03a8a759de2277af46a81 + +Here O +, O +we O +present O +two O +high O +- O +resolution O +( O +2 O +km O +) O +climate O +simulations O +of O +precipitation B-climate-nature +in O +the O +Alpine O +region O +, O +evaluate O +their O +performance O +over O +Switzerland O +and O +develop O +a O +new O +biascorrection O +technique O +for O +precipitation B-climate-nature +suitable O +for O +complex O +topography B-climate-nature +. O + +The O +daily O +evolution O +and O +the O +annual O +cycleof O +precipitation B-climate-nature +in O +WRFERA B-climate-models +closely O +reproduces O +the O +observations O +. 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O + +In O +this O +study O +, O +we O +investigate O +the O +response O +of O +the O +middle B-climate-nature +atmosphere I-climate-nature +to O +a O +doubling O +of O +the O +CO2 B-climate-properties +concentration I-climate-properties +, O +and O +the O +associated O +changes O +in O +sea B-climate-properties +surface I-climate-properties +temperatures I-climate-properties +( O +SSTs B-climate-properties +) O +, O +using O +the O +Whole B-climate-models +Atmosphere I-climate-models +Community I-climate-models +Climate I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +WACCM B-climate-models +) O +. O + +We O +use O +the O +climate B-climate-models +feedback I-climate-models +response I-climate-models +analysis I-climate-models +method I-climate-models +( O +CFRAM B-climate-models +) O +to O +calculate O +the O +partial O +temperature B-climate-properties +changes I-climate-properties +due O +to O +an O +external O +forcing O +and O +climate O +feedbacks O +in O +the O +atmosphere B-climate-nature +. O + +In O +this O +study O +, O +we O +discuss O +the O +direct O +forcing O +of O +CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases +and O +the O +effects O +of O +the O +ozone B-climate-nature +, O +water B-climate-nature +vapour I-climate-nature +, O +cloud B-climate-nature +, O +albedo B-climate-properties +and O +dynamical O +feedbacks O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O5b9be7b42fa1ab22ec47916417434e0a + +The O +transformation O +of O +water B-climate-nature +masses I-climate-nature +induced O +by O +air B-climate-nature +– I-climate-nature +sea I-climate-nature +fluxes I-climate-nature +in O +the O +South O +Atlantic O +Ocean O +is O +calculated O +with O +a O +global O +ocean O +model O +, O +Ocean B-climate-models +Circulation I-climate-models +and I-climate-models +Climate I-climate-models +Advanced I-climate-models +Modeling I-climate-models +( O +OCCAM B-climate-models +) O +, O +and O +has O +been O +compared O +with O +several O +observational O +datasets O +. O + +Air B-climate-nature +– I-climate-nature +sea I-climate-nature +interaction O +supplies O +buoyancy B-climate-properties +to O +the O +ocean B-climate-nature +at O +almost O +all O +density O +levels O +. O + +Further O +analysis O +of O +the O +buoyancy B-climate-properties +budget O +of O +the O +mixed B-climate-nature +layer I-climate-nature +in O +the O +OCCAM B-climate-models +model O +shows O +that O +diffusion O +extracts O +buoyancy B-climate-properties +from O +the O +water O +column O +at O +all O +densities O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O6a134e00c03745a9240d5cb3646fdae2 + +Urban B-climate-mitigations +water I-climate-mitigations +management I-climate-mitigations +has O +become O +more O +challenging O +and O +expensive O +in O +the O +global O +change O +context O +. O + +The O +main O +goals O +of O +this O +research O +are O +to O +( O +1 O +) O +analyse O +climate O +change O +impact O +on O +extreme B-climate-hazards +precipitation I-climate-hazards +patterns O +, O +and O +( O +2 O +) O +conduct O +iterative O +stormwater B-climate-hazards +simulation O +for O +alternative O +on O +- O +site O +stormwater B-climate-mitigations +capture I-climate-mitigations +measures O +for O +climate O +change O +adaptation O +and O +sustainable B-climate-mitigations +urban I-climate-mitigations +development I-climate-mitigations +. O + +Impacts O +of O +climate O +change O +were O +investigated O +by O +considering O +precipitation B-climate-nature +projections O +of O +multiple O +GCMs O +( O +Global O +Climate O +Models O +) O +over O +Yato O +Watershed O +, O +Tokyo O +. 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O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob8c7f8ba5b1d7e7f3a49375f64dc1ee1 + +The O +costs O +of O +coastal B-climate-nature +sector O +impacts O +from O +sea B-climate-hazards +level I-climate-hazards +rise I-climate-hazards +( O +SLR B-climate-hazards +) O +are O +an O +important O +component O +of O +the O +total O +projected O +economic O +damages B-climate-impacts +of O +climate O +change O +, O +a O +major O +input O +to O +decision O +- O +making O +and O +design O +of O +climate B-climate-mitigations +policy I-climate-mitigations +. O + +The O +Coastal B-climate-models +Impact I-climate-models +and I-climate-models +Adaptation I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +CIAM B-climate-models +) O +determines O +the O +optimal O +strategy B-climate-mitigations +for I-climate-mitigations +adaptation I-climate-mitigations +at O +the O +local O +level O +, O +evaluating O +over O +12,000 O +coastal B-climate-nature +segments O +, O +as O +described O +in O +the O +DIVA B-climate-models +database O +( O +Vafeidis O +et O +al O +, O +2006 O +) O +, O +based O +on O +their O +socioeconomic O +characteristics O +and O +the O +potential O +impacts O +of O +relative O +sea B-climate-hazards +level I-climate-hazards +rise I-climate-hazards +and O +uncertain O +storm B-climate-hazards +surge I-climate-hazards +. O + +An O +application O +of O +CIAM B-climate-models +is O +then O +presented O +to O +demonstrate O +the O +model O +'s O +ability O +to O +assess O +local O +impacts O +and O +direct O +costs O +, O +choose O +the O +least O +- O +cost O +adaptation O +, O +and O +estimate O +global O +net O +damages B-climate-impacts +for O +several O +probabilistic O +SLR B-climate-properties +scenarios O +( O +Kopp O +et O +al O +, O +2014 O +) O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O8df3cd38c79ca46fde27c346ad00d891 + +In O +the O +present O +study O +, O +climate O +change O +effects O +on O +surface B-climate-nature +water I-climate-nature +availability O +and O +crop B-climate-assets +water B-climate-properties +demand I-climate-properties +( O +CWD O +) O +were O +evaluated O +in O +the O +Birr O +watershed O +( O +a O +sub O +- O +watershed B-climate-nature +of O +Abbay O +Basin O +) O +, O +Ethiopia O +. O + +The O +seasonal O +and O +annual O +streamflow B-climate-properties +trends O +in O +the O +watershed B-climate-nature +were O +assessed O +using O +the O +Mann O +– O +Kendall O +( O +MK O +) O +test O +and O +Sen O +’s O +slope O +at O +5 O +% O +significance O +level O +. O + +The O +surface B-climate-nature +water I-climate-nature +availability O +was O +assessed O +using O +the O +Hydrologiska B-climate-models +Byråns I-climate-models +Vattenbalansavdelning I-climate-models +( O +HBV B-climate-models +) O +model O +. O + +The O +HBV B-climate-models +model O +showed O +a O +satisfactory O +performance O +during O +calibration O +( O +R2 O += O +0.89 O +) O +and O +validation O +( O +R2 O += O +0.85 O +) O +. O + +The O +future O +projected O +streamflow B-climate-properties +indicates O +that O +minimum O +flow O +may O +decrease O +under O +RCP4.5 B-climate-datasets +and O +RCP8.5 B-climate-datasets +scenarios O +, O +revealing O +significant O +downward O +shifts O +in O +the O +years O +2035 O +and O +2055 O +, O +respectively O +. O + +Current O +and O +future O +water B-climate-properties +demand I-climate-properties +for O +the O +maize B-climate-assets +crop B-climate-assets +was O +estimated O +using O +the O +CROPWAT B-climate-models +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O7cc41789527d4fc00487c54ee2d2d620 + +Flood B-climate-hazards +management O +has O +taken O +a O +new O +look O +, O +whereby O +flood B-climate-hazards +risk O +in O +rivers B-climate-nature +is O +now O +viewed O +as O +driven O +by O +not O +just O +climate O +change O +but O +also O +by O +river B-climate-nature +channel B-climate-mitigations +morphological I-climate-mitigations +adjustment I-climate-mitigations +which O +have O +been O +overlooked O +in O +the O +past O +. O + +This O +study O +aimed O +at O +evaluating O +the O +contributions O +of O +channel B-climate-mitigations +morphological I-climate-mitigations +adjustment I-climate-mitigations +to O +flood B-climate-hazards +risk O +in O +rivers B-climate-nature +using O +river O +Elbe O +in O +Germany O +as O +a O +case O +study O +. O + +To O +achieve O +this O +, O +an O +inundation B-climate-hazards +model O +for O +the O +June O +2013 O +flood B-climate-hazards +event O +was O +developed O +using O +the O +LISFLOOD B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +FP I-climate-models +model O +. O + +It O +was O +concluded O +that O +any O +discharge B-climate-properties +rate I-climate-properties +having O +a O +return O +period O +of O +5 O +years O +( O +2544 O +m3 O +/ O +s O +) O +and O +more O +would O +likely O +exceed O +the O +water B-climate-properties +carrying I-climate-properties +capacity I-climate-properties +of O +the O +Elbe O +river O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O0496fb574cc5d9dd70a923ba757a9360 + +Abstract O +On O +the O +basis O +of O +the O +output O +of O +3 O +General O +Circulation O +Models O +( O +GISS B-climate-models +, O +GFDL B-climate-models +, O +and O +UKMO B-climate-models +GCMs I-climate-models +) O +, O +combined O +with O +the O +local O +current O +daily O +weather O +data O +from O +1961 O +to O +2000 O +( O +Baseline O +) O +at O +19 O +sites O +and O +the O +3 O +hypotheses O +about O +increase O +in O +climatic O +variability O +( O +CV O +) O +in O +the O +future O +, O +9 O +scenarios O +of O +( O +CC+ΔCV O +) O +involving O +both O +climate O +change O +( O +CC O +) O +and O +its O +variability O +( O +ΔCV O +) O +were O +generated O +at O +the O +19 O +sites O +in O +3 O +agro O +- O +ecological O +zones O +in O +Northeast O +China O +using O +the O +Weather O +Generator O +WGEN B-climate-models +as O +a O +tool O +. O + +Four O +crop B-climate-assets +models O +, O +SOYGRO B-climate-models +, O +CERES B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Maize I-climate-models +, O +CERES B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Wheat I-climate-models +, O +and O +CERES B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Rice I-climate-models +in O +DSSAT B-climate-models +, O +were O +used O +as O +effect O +models O +and O +their O +parameter O +modification O +, O +validation O +, O +and O +sensitivity O +analyses O +were O +carried O +out O +using O +the O +baseline O +weather O +, O +statistical O +yield B-climate-assets +data O +of O +the O +4 O +crops B-climate-assets +, O +and O +the O +local O +typical O +soil B-climate-nature +data O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O8a4a400339559292a4cea2ded7aefd5b + +Summary O +: O +This O +dataset O +contains O +projections O +of O +coastal B-climate-nature +cliff B-climate-hazards +- I-climate-hazards +retreat I-climate-hazards +rates O +and O +positions O +for O +future O +scenarios O +of O +sea B-climate-hazards +- I-climate-hazards +level I-climate-hazards +rise I-climate-hazards +( O +SLR B-climate-hazards +) O +. O + +Projections O +were O +made O +at O +CoSMoS B-climate-models +cross O +- O +shore B-climate-nature +transects(CST O +) O +spaced O +100 O +m O +alongshore O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O1164d11e04d3d1b809a75538fd169b25 + +To O +better O +understand O +the O +nature O +of O +forcing O +from O +below O +on O +the O +coupled O +thermosphere B-climate-nature +/ O +ionosphere B-climate-nature +system O +, O +this O +study O +uses O +the O +Specified B-climate-models +Dynamics I-climate-models +Whole I-climate-models +Atmosphere I-climate-models +Community I-climate-models +Climate I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +eXtended I-climate-models +( O +SD B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +WACCM I-climate-models +- I-climate-models +X I-climate-models +) O +to O +quantify O +how O +the O +meteorology O +of O +the O +underlying O +atmosphere B-climate-nature +impacts O +the O +thermosphere B-climate-nature +. O + +For O +this O +study O +, O +global O +meteorological O +specifications O +are O +produced O +by O +a O +high O +- O +altitude O +version O +of O +the O +Navy B-climate-models +Global I-climate-models +Environmental I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +NAVGEM B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +HA I-climate-models +) O +, O +which O +assimilates O +standard O +meteorological O +observations O +from O +the O +surface O +through O +the O +lower B-climate-nature +atmosphere I-climate-nature +, O +and O +satellite O +- O +based O +observations O +of O +temperature B-climate-properties +and O +constituents O +in O +middle B-climate-nature +atmosphere I-climate-nature +( O +MA B-climate-nature +) O +region O +10–90 O +km O +altitude B-climate-properties +. O + +Two O +SD B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +WACCM I-climate-models +- I-climate-models +X I-climate-models +simulations O +for O +the O +January O +– O +February O +2013 O +period O +are O +performed O +using O +NAVGEM B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +HA I-climate-models +specifications O +produced O +with O +and O +without O +assimilation O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O931e251cfdc1e714ce8a85531e79e60a + +The O +effect O +of O +fertigation B-climate-assets +regimes O +on O +wheat B-climate-assets +grown O +in O +sandy B-climate-nature +soil I-climate-nature +was O +tested O +in O +two O +field O +experiments O +in O +Egypt O +. O + +The O +aim O +of O +the O +study O +was O +to O +determine O +the O +vulnerability O +of O +wheat B-climate-assets +to O +extreme B-climate-hazards +weather I-climate-hazards +event O +under O +climate O +change O +scenarios O +. O + +Two O +climate O +change O +sce- O +narios O +obtained O +from O +Hadley B-climate-models +climate I-climate-models +change I-climate-models +model I-climate-models +were O +incorporated O +in O +CropSyst B-climate-models +model O +to O +assess O +wheat B-climate-assets +yield O +responses O +to O +fertigation O +regimes O +under O +these O +scenarios O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O556c79532c08a40c6227017a70e06281 + +Long O +- O +term O +losses O +of O +soil B-climate-nature +organic I-climate-nature +carbon I-climate-nature +( O +SOC B-climate-nature +) O +have O +been O +observed O +in O +many O +agriculture B-climate-assets +lands O +in O +Northwest O +China O +, O +one O +of O +the O +regions O +with O +the O +longest O +cultivation O +history O +in O +the O +world O +. O + +A O +process O +- O +based O +model O +, O +Denitrification B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Decomposition I-climate-models +or O +DNDC B-climate-models +, O +was O +adopted O +in O +the O +study O +to O +quantify O +impacts O +of O +farming B-climate-assets +management O +practices O +on O +SOC B-climate-nature +dynamics O +for O +a O +selected O +region O +, O +Shaanxi O +Province O +. O + +The O +selected O +domain O +, O +with O +3 O +million O +hectares O +of O +cropland B-climate-assets +across O +different O +climatic O +and O +farming B-climate-assets +management O +regimes O +, O +is O +representative O +for O +the O +major O +agricultural O +areas O +in O +Northwest O +China O +. O + +The O +DNDC B-climate-models +model O +was O +tested O +against O +long O +- O +term O +SOC B-climate-nature +dynamics O +observed O +at O +five O +agricultural B-climate-assets +sites O +in O +China O +. O + +The O +agreement O +between O +the O +observed O +and O +modeled O +results O +indicate O +that O +DNDC B-climate-models +was O +capable O +of O +capturing O +patterns O +and O +magnitudes O +of O +SOC B-climate-nature +changes O +across O +the O +climate O +zones O +, O +soil B-climate-nature +types O +, O +and O +management O +regimes O +in O +China O +. O + +The O +Most O +Sensitive O +Factor O +( O +MSF O +) O +method O +was O +employed O +in O +the O +study O +to O +quantify O +the O +uncertainties O +produced O +from O +the O +upscaling O +process O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O1f01c1ca6b39222d75e742092d7d1f29 + +A O +coupled O +general O +circulation O +model O +, O +MIROC3.2 B-climate-models +, O +is O +used O +to O +investigate O +the O +impacts O +of O +global O +warming O +on O +the O +El B-climate-nature +Nio I-climate-nature +- I-climate-nature +Southern I-climate-nature +Oscillation I-climate-nature +( O +ENSO B-climate-nature +) O +variability O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O9e414b2440353255c755303925538e83 + +We O +investigate O +the O +value O +of O +less O +traditional O +methods O +such O +as O +Generalised O +Additive O +Models O +for O +Location O +, O +Scale O +and O +Shape O +( O +GAMLSS O +) O +adapted O +for O +time O +series O +data O +to O +accommodate O +possible O +non O +- O +linearities O +between O +herbarium O +records O +and O +year O +and/or O +climate O +; O +and O +suggest O +a O +model O +- O +free O +method O +of O +change O +- O +point O +detection O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Od68f2fee190e6428052d679cf436b578 + +[ O +1 O +] O +Alongside O +climate O +change O +, O +anthropogenic O +emissions O +of O +CO2 B-climate-greenhouse-gases +will O +cause O +ocean B-climate-hazards +acidification I-climate-hazards +( O +OA B-climate-hazards +) O +, O +which O +will O +impact O +upon O +key O +biogeochemical B-climate-nature +processes O +in O +the O +ocean B-climate-nature +such O +as O +net B-climate-properties +primary I-climate-properties +production I-climate-properties +( O +NPP B-climate-properties +) O +, O +carbon B-climate-properties +export I-climate-properties +( O +CEX B-climate-properties +) O +, O +N2 B-climate-properties +fixation I-climate-properties +( O +NFIX B-climate-properties +) O +, O +denitrification B-climate-properties +( O +DENIT B-climate-properties +) O +, O +and O +ocean B-climate-nature +suboxia I-climate-nature +( O +SOX B-climate-nature +) O +. O + +However O +, O +appraising O +the O +impact O +of O +OA O +on O +marine B-climate-nature +biogeochemical B-climate-nature +cycles I-climate-nature +requires O +ocean O +general O +circulation O +and O +biogeochemistry O +models O +( O +OGCBMs O +) O +that O +necessitate O +a O +number O +of O +assumptions O +regarding O +the O +response O +of O +phytoplankton B-climate-organisms +physiological O +processes O +to O +OA O +. O + +Of O +particular O +importance O +are O +changes O +in O +C B-climate-nature +: I-climate-nature +N I-climate-nature +:P I-climate-nature +stoichiometry I-climate-nature +, O +which O +can O +not O +be O +accounted O +for O +in O +current O +generation O +OGCBMs O +that O +rely O +on O +fixed O +Redfield O +C B-climate-nature +: I-climate-nature +N I-climate-nature +:P I-climate-nature +ratios I-climate-nature +. O + +We O +developed O +a O +new O +version O +of O +the O +PISCES B-climate-models +OGCBM O +that O +resolves O +the O +cycles O +of O +C O +, O +N O +, O +and O +P O +independently O +to O +investigate O +the O +impact O +of O +assumptions O +that O +OA O +( O +1 O +) O +enhances O +NPP B-climate-properties +, O +( O +2 O +) O +enhances O +losses O +of O +fixed O +carbon O +in O +dissolved O +organic O +forms O +, O +and O +( O +3 O +) O +modifies O +the O +uptake O +of O +nutrients O +by O +phytoplankton B-climate-organisms +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O51e16eea9a0ffa24d564deef1294e315 + +We O +applied O +a O +numerical O +hydrodynamic B-climate-nature +model O +( O +DYRESM B-climate-models +) O +to O +two O +large O +, O +deep O +New O +Zealand O +lakes B-climate-nature +that O +are O +characterised O +by O +deep O +thermoclines B-climate-nature +and O +high O +wind B-climate-nature +forcing O +, O +to O +assess O +their O +sensitivity O +to O +changes O +in O +climate O +. O + +Predictions O +from O +downscaled O +global O +circulation O +models O +suggest O +an O +increase O +in O +mean B-climate-properties +air I-climate-properties +temperature I-climate-properties +, O +rainfall B-climate-nature +, O +and O +wind B-climate-nature +speeds I-climate-nature +. O + +Compared O +to O +large O +, O +deep O +lakes B-climate-nature +in O +the O +Northern O +Hemisphere O +, O +the O +predicted O +warming O +rates O +in O +Lakes O +Wanaka O +and O +Wakatipu O +are O +slower O +, O +due O +partly O +to O +a O +lower O +predicted O +rate O +of O +atmospheric B-climate-nature +warming O +and O +the O +absence O +of O +winter O +ice B-climate-nature +cover I-climate-nature +in O +these O +lakes B-climate-nature +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Od9ffd2dae96f109cd4b978d80fd873da + +Abstract O +Aerosol B-climate-nature +feedbacks O +are O +becoming O +more O +accepted O +as O +physical O +mechanisms O +that O +should O +be O +included O +in O +numerical O +weather O +prediction O +models O +in O +order O +to O +improve O +the O +accuracy O +of O +the O +weather O +forecasts O +. O + +The O +default O +set O +- O +up O +in O +the O +Aire B-climate-organizations +Limitee I-climate-organizations +Adaptation I-climate-organizations +dynamique I-climate-organizations +Developpement I-climate-organizations +INternational I-climate-organizations +( O +ALADIN B-climate-organizations +) O +— O +High B-climate-models +Resolution I-climate-models +Limited I-climate-models +Area I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +HIRLAM B-climate-models +) O +numerical O +weather O +prediction O +system O +includes O +monthly O +aerosol B-climate-nature +climatologies O +to O +account O +for O +the O +average O +direct O +radiative O +effect O +of O +aerosols B-climate-nature +. O + +This O +effect O +was O +studied O +using O +the O +default O +aerosol B-climate-nature +climatology O +in O +the O +system O +and O +compared O +to O +experiments O +run O +using O +the O +more O +up O +- O +to O +- O +date O +Max B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Planck I-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Institute I-climate-models +Aerosol I-climate-models +Climatology I-climate-models +version I-climate-models +1 I-climate-models +( O +MACv1 B-climate-models +) O +, O +and O +time O +- O +varying O +aerosol B-climate-nature +data O +from O +the O +Monitoring B-climate-datasets +Atmospheric I-climate-datasets +Composition I-climate-datasets +and I-climate-datasets +Climate I-climate-datasets +( O +MACC B-climate-datasets +) O +reanalysis O +aerosol B-climate-nature +dataset O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O023992945f87716748eeea27a0120189 + +Ocean B-climate-nature +biogeochemistry B-climate-nature +, O +land B-climate-nature +vegetation I-climate-nature +and O +ice B-climate-nature +sheets I-climate-nature +are O +included O +as O +components O +of O +the O +ESM O +. O + +The O +Greenland O +Ice O +Sheet O +( O +GrIS O +) O +decays O +in O +all O +simulations O +, O +while O +the O +Antarctic O +ice O +sheet O +contributes O +negatively O +to O +sea B-climate-hazards +level I-climate-hazards +rise I-climate-hazards +, O +due O +to O +enhanced O +storage O +of O +water O +caused O +by O +larger O +snowfall B-climate-nature +rates O +. O + +Freshwater B-climate-nature +flux I-climate-nature +increases O +from O +Greenland O +are O +one O +order O +of O +magnitude O +smaller O +than O +total O +freshwater B-climate-nature +flux I-climate-nature +increases O +into O +the O +North O +Atlantic O +basin O +( O +the O +sum O +of O +the O +contribution O +from O +changes O +in O +precipitation B-climate-nature +, O +evaporation B-climate-nature +, O +run B-climate-nature +- I-climate-nature +off I-climate-nature +and O +Greenland O +meltwater B-climate-nature +) O +and O +do O +not O +play O +an O +important O +role O +in O +changes O +in O +the O +strength O +of O +the O +North B-climate-nature +Atlantic I-climate-nature +Meridional I-climate-nature +Overturning I-climate-nature +Circulation I-climate-nature +( O +NAMOC B-climate-nature +) O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O498d7b377fc563bdcb4f9343ba303be4 + +Three O +major O +soil B-climate-hazards +erosion I-climate-hazards +models O +, O +including O +Environmental B-climate-models +Policy I-climate-models +Integrated I-climate-models +Climate I-climate-models +( O +EPIC B-climate-models +) O +( O +formerly O +the O +Erosion B-climate-models +- I-climate-models +Productivity I-climate-models +Impact I-climate-models +Calculator I-climate-models +) O +; O +Water B-climate-models +Erosion I-climate-models +Prediction I-climate-models +Project I-climate-models +( O +WEPP B-climate-models +) O +; O +and O +Wind B-climate-models +Erosion I-climate-models +Prediction I-climate-models +System I-climate-models +( O +WEPS B-climate-models +) O +, O +are O +reviewed O +and O +briefly O +described O +here O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O4d6cd8fb54ec3ff49dd4aab6403d3478 + +A O +hydrologic B-climate-nature +- O +based O +forage B-climate-assets +production I-climate-assets +simulation O +model O +( O +PHYGROW B-climate-models +) O +and O +a O +population B-climate-models +mixture I-climate-models +simulation I-climate-models +model I-climate-models +( O +POPMIX B-climate-models +) O +were O +used O +respectively O +to O +simulate O +forage B-climate-assets +production I-climate-assets +and O +carrying B-climate-properties +capacity I-climate-properties +of O +a O +subtropical B-climate-nature +shrubland B-climate-nature +complex O +of O +over O +34 O +habitat B-climate-organisms +grazed O +by O +various O +ratios O +of O +cattle B-climate-assets +and O +goats B-climate-assets +with O +a O +population O +of O +indigenous B-climate-organisms +animals I-climate-organisms +( O +white B-climate-organisms +- I-climate-organisms +tailed I-climate-organisms +deer I-climate-organisms +) O +over O +a O +20 O +year O +simulated O +weather O +profile O +. O + +The B-climate-models +Farm I-climate-models +Level I-climate-models +Income I-climate-models +and I-climate-models +Policy I-climate-models +Simulation I-climate-models +Model I-climate-models +( O +FLIPSIM B-climate-models +) O +were O +used O +to O +evaluate O +and O +quantify O +the O +impacts O +of O +alternative B-climate-mitigations +management I-climate-mitigations +strategies I-climate-mitigations +and O +climate O +change O +on O +grazingland B-climate-assets +ecosystems O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O bpf Now looked for datasets (but more terms where something else) + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O8e2c5ff2616e5b0d941d2cafbc6ed561 + +Rare B-climate-organisms +plant I-climate-organisms +habitat B-climate-organisms +are O +the O +most O +vulnerable O +components O +of O +vegetation B-climate-nature +cover O +under O +climate O +change O +. O + +Climate O +variables O +from O +CHELSA B-climate-datasets +BIOCLIM I-climate-datasets +and O +topographic B-climate-nature +variables O +of O +the O +digital O +elevation O +model O +were O +used O +as O +predictors O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O177fb96a74adc70ab4926d35ed94d4f0 + +In O +this O +study O +, O +we O +propose O +a O +statistical O +methodological O +framework O +to O +assess O +the O +quality O +of O +the O +EURO O +- O +CORDEX O +RCMs O +concerning O +their O +ability O +to O +simulate O +historic O +observed O +climate O +( O +temperature B-climate-properties +and O +precipitation B-climate-nature +) O +. O + +In O +particular O +, O +the O +proposed O +methodology O +is O +applied O +to O +the O +Sicily O +and O +Calabria O +regions O +( O +Southern O +Italy O +) O +, O +where O +long O +historical O +precipitation B-climate-nature +and O +temperature B-climate-properties +series O +were O +recorded O +by O +the O +ground O +- O +based O +monitoring O +networks O +operated O +by O +the O +former O +Regional B-climate-organizations +Hydrographic I-climate-organizations +Offices I-climate-organizations +. O + +The O +density O +of O +the O +measurements O +is O +considerably O +greater O +than O +observational O +gridded O +datasets O +available O +at O +the O +European O +level O +, O +such O +as O +E B-climate-datasets +- I-climate-datasets +OBS I-climate-datasets +or O +CRU B-climate-datasets +- I-climate-datasets +TS I-climate-datasets +. O + +Results O +show O +that O +among O +the O +models O +based O +on O +the O +combination O +of O +the O +HadGEM2 B-climate-models +global O +circulation O +model O +( O +GCM O +) O +with O +the O +CLM B-climate-organizations +- I-climate-organizations +Community I-climate-organizations +RCMs O +are O +the O +most O +skillful O +in O +reproducing O +precipitation B-climate-nature +and O +temperature B-climate-properties +variability O +as O +well O +as O +drought B-climate-hazards +characteristics O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O5594fa465bee5d1f8b6f55aad2508a0d + +In O +total O +, O +8 O +RCM O +simulations O +were O +assessed O +against O +the O +CRU B-climate-datasets +observational O +database O +over O +different O +domains O +, O +among O +them O +two O +from O +the O +Coordinated O +Regional O +Climate O +Downscaling O +Experiment O +( O +CORDEX O +) O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O73c8ca14812ca4dad153cd24878367d4 + +In O +this O +study O +, O +based O +on O +the O +yearly O +surface B-climate-properties +air I-climate-properties +temperature I-climate-properties +from O +the O +gridded O +CRU B-climate-datasets +TS I-climate-datasets +3.22 I-climate-datasets +dataset O +and O +the O +ensemble O +empirical O +mode O +decomposition O +method O +( O +EEMD O +) O +, O +we O +investigated O +the O +multiscale O +evolution O +of O +temperature B-climate-properties +variability O +in O +the O +arid B-climate-nature +region I-climate-nature +of O +Northwest O +China O +( O +ARNC O +) O +from O +1901 O +to O +2013 O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O95d4b5e3040ae190df42a9230e58e364 + +The O +INDECIS B-climate-organizations +project I-climate-organizations +( O +Integrated O +approach O +for O +the O +development O +across O +Europe O +of O +user O +oriented O +climate O +indicators O +for O +GFCS B-climate-organizations +high O +- O +priority O +sectors O +: O +agriculture B-climate-assets +, O +disaster B-climate-mitigations +risk I-climate-mitigations +reduction I-climate-mitigations +, O +energy B-climate-assets +, O +health B-climate-assets +, O +water B-climate-assets +and O +tourism B-climate-assets +) O +needs O +to O +address O +the O +homogenization O +and O +quality O +control O +of O +daily O +series O +of O +the O +essential O +climatic O +variables O +stored O +in O +ECAD B-climate-datasets +. O + +The O +series O +of O +two O +different O +regions O +( O +southern O +Sweden O +and O +Slovenia O +) O +are O +analyzed O +to O +evaluate O +the O +type O +, O +magnitude O +and O +frequency O +of O +the O +inhomogeneities O +to O +be O +introduced O +in O +homogeneous O +test O +series O +generated O +from O +the O +Regional O +Climate O +Model O +RACMOv2 B-climate-models +. O + +After O +applying O +the O +available O +homogenization O +methods O +, O +their O +results O +will O +be O +compared O +by O +means O +of O +goodness O +of O +fit O +metrics O +and O +the O +best O +methodologies O +will O +be O +selected O +to O +debug O +the O +series O +stored O +in O +ECAD B-climate-datasets +, O +in O +order O +to O +calculate O +relevant O +climatic O +indices O +with O +which O +to O +evaluate O +the O +impact O +of O +climate O +change O +in O +priority O +economic O +sectors O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Ob7bb92b65e421d9bca7d118017fcaba3 + +Abstract O +In O +this O +work O +we O +perform O +a O +statistical O +downscaling O +by O +applying O +a O +CDF O +transformation O +function O +to O +local O +- O +level O +daily O +precipitation B-climate-nature +extremes O +( O +from O +NCDC B-climate-organizations +station O +data O +) O +and O +corresponding O +NARCCAP B-climate-organizations +regional O +climate O +model O +( O +RCM O +) O +output O +to O +derive O +local O +- O +scale O +projections O +. O + +The O +downscaling O +method O +is O +performed O +on O +58 O +locations O +throughout O +New O +England O +, O +and O +from O +the O +projected O +distribution O +of O +extreme B-climate-hazards +precipitation I-climate-hazards +local O +- O +level O +25 O +- O +year O +return O +levels O +are O +calculated O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O39334ea10df6ab137dbcedad0e996f85 + +Differences O +between O +products O +are O +also O +identified O +, O +with O +ERA5 B-climate-datasets +- I-climate-datasets +Land I-climate-datasets +, O +HadGEM3 B-climate-models +, O +and O +BAM-1.2 B-climate-models +showing O +opposite O +interactions O +to O +satellites O +over O +parts O +of O +the O +Amazon O +and O +the O +Cerrado O +and O +stronger O +land B-climate-nature +– O +atmosphere B-climate-nature +coupling O +along O +the O +North O +Atlantic O +coast O +. O + +Finally O +, O +HadGEM3 B-climate-models +and O +BAM-1.2 B-climate-models +are O +consistent O +with O +the O +median O +response O +of O +an O +ensemble O +of O +nine O +CMIP6 B-climate-models +models O +, O +showing O +they O +are O +broadly O +representative O +of O +the O +latest O +generation O +of O +climate O +models O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O89e169411896b909fdd642cc501e64e4 + +Temporal O +stability O +is O +essential O +but O +can O +be O +altered O +by O +the O +combination O +of O +multiple O +satellite O +sensors O +and O +their O +degradation O +, O +or O +by O +the O +assimilation O +of O +new O +observations O +at O +a O +certain O +period O +in O +the O +case O +of O +reanalysis O +. O + +By O +contrast O +, O +ERA5 B-climate-datasets +- I-climate-datasets +Land I-climate-datasets +is O +more O +stable O +due O +to O +the O +lack O +of O +data O +assimilation O +, O +but O +at O +expense O +of O +worsening O +its O +accuracy O +despite O +having O +a O +finer O +spatial O +resolution O +. O + +The O +magnitude O +of O +most O +of O +these O +artificial O +trends O +/ O +discontinuities O +is O +larger O +than O +actual O +snow B-climate-nature +cover I-climate-nature +trends O +and O +Global B-climate-organizations +Climate I-climate-organizations +Observing I-climate-organizations +System I-climate-organizations +( O +GCOS B-climate-organizations +) O +stability O +requirements O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O97e56b32c71e1ce2cce7da30f448107c + +We O +assessed O +the O +performance O +of O +the O +resulting O +seasonal O +forecasts O +of O +discharge B-climate-properties +and O +water B-climate-properties +temperature I-climate-properties +by O +comparing O +them O +with O +hydrologic B-climate-nature +and O +lake B-climate-nature +( O +pseudo)observations O +( O +reanalysis O +) O +. O + +We O +used O +the O +current O +seasonal B-climate-models +climate I-climate-models +forecast I-climate-models +system I-climate-models +( O +SEAS5 B-climate-models +) O +and O +reanalysis O +( O +ERA5 B-climate-datasets +) O +of O +the O +European B-climate-organizations +Centre I-climate-organizations +for I-climate-organizations +Medium I-climate-organizations +Range I-climate-organizations +Weather I-climate-organizations +Forecasts I-climate-organizations +( O +ECMWF B-climate-organizations +) O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O1e56cc93e8e6dff9dbf152e673162e02 + +In O +this O +study O +, O +spatial O +scope O +was O +Korea O +for O +10 O +years O +from O +1981 O +to O +1990 O +. O + +As O +a O +research O +method O +, O +current O +climate O +was O +estimated O +on O +the O +basis O +of O +the O +data O +obtained O +from O +observation O +at O +the O +GHCN B-climate-datasets +. O + +Future O +climate O +was O +forecast O +using O +4 O +GCMs O +furnished O +by O +the O +IPCC B-climate-organizations +among O +SRES B-climate-datasets +A2 I-climate-datasets +Scenario I-climate-datasets +as O +well O +as O +the O +RCM O +received O +from O +the O +NIES B-climate-organizations +of O +Japan O +. O + +Pearson O +correlation O +analysis O +was O +conducted O +for O +the O +purpose O +of O +comparing O +data O +obtained O +from O +observation O +with O +GCM O +and O +RCM O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Oe946c76285e14a60702c277826b5f30b + +In O +several O +biomes B-climate-organisms +, O +including O +croplands B-climate-assets +, O +wooded B-climate-nature +savannas I-climate-nature +, O +and O +tropical B-climate-nature +forests I-climate-nature +, O +many O +small O +fires B-climate-hazards +occur O +each O +year O +that O +are O +well O +below O +the O +detection O +limit O +of O +the O +current O +generation O +of O +global O +burned B-climate-properties +area I-climate-properties +products O +derived O +from O +moderate O +resolution O +surface O +reflectance O +imagery O +. O + +Here O +we O +developed O +a O +preliminary O +method O +for O +combining O +1 O +- O +km O +thermal B-climate-properties +anomalies I-climate-properties +( O +active O +fires B-climate-hazards +) O +and O +500 O +m O +burned B-climate-properties +area I-climate-properties +observations O +from O +the O +Moderate B-climate-observations +Resolution I-climate-observations +Imaging I-climate-observations +Spectroradiometer I-climate-observations +( O +MODIS B-climate-observations +) O +to O +estimate O +the O +influence O +of O +these O +fires B-climate-hazards +. O + +We O +estimated O +small O +fire B-climate-hazards +burned B-climate-properties +area I-climate-properties +by O +computing O +the O +difference B-climate-observations +normalized I-climate-observations +burn I-climate-observations +ratio I-climate-observations +( O +dNBR B-climate-observations +) O +for O +these O +two O +sets O +of O +active O +fires B-climate-hazards +and O +then O +combining O +these O +observations O +with O +other O +information O +. O + +In O +a O +final O +step O +, O +we O +used O +the O +Global B-climate-datasets +Fire I-climate-datasets +Emissions I-climate-datasets +Database I-climate-datasets +version I-climate-datasets +3 I-climate-datasets +( O +GFED3 B-climate-datasets +) O +biogeochemical B-climate-nature +model O +to O +estimate O +the O +impact O +of O +these O +fires B-climate-hazards +on O +biomass B-climate-hazards +burning I-climate-hazards +emissions I-climate-hazards +. O + +Globally O +, O +accounting O +for O +small O +fires B-climate-hazards +increased O +total O +burned B-climate-properties +area I-climate-properties +by O +approximately O +by O +35 O +% O +, O +from O +345 O +Mha O +/ O +yr O +to O +464 O +Mha O +/ O +yr O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O7fc9d3290de9b05d896debb2ffa3b593 + +The O +spatial O +and O +temporal O +pattern O +of O +fire B-climate-hazards +activity O +is O +determined O +by O +complex O +feedbacks O +between O +climate O +and O +plant B-climate-organisms +functioning O +through O +and O +biomass B-climate-nature +desiccation I-climate-nature +, O +usually O +estimated O +by O +fire B-climate-properties +danger I-climate-properties +indices I-climate-properties +( O +FDI B-climate-properties +) O +in O +official O +fire B-climate-mitigations +risk I-climate-mitigations +prevention I-climate-mitigations +services O +. O + +Contrasted O +vegetation B-climate-nature +types O +from O +fire O +- O +prone O +Brazilian O +biomes B-climate-organisms +may O +respond O +differently O +to O +soil B-climate-nature +water I-climate-nature +deficit O +during O +the O +fire B-climate-hazards +season O +. O + +We O +computed O +12 O +standard O +FDIs- B-climate-properties +at O +0.5 O +° O +resolution O +from O +2002 O +to O +2011 O +and O +used O +the O +monthly O +BA B-climate-properties +from O +four O +BA B-climate-properties +datasets O +— O +from O +the O +MODIS B-climate-observations +sensor I-climate-observations +( O +MCD45A1 B-climate-observations +) O +, O +the O +MERIS B-climate-observations +sensor I-climate-observations +( O +MERIS B-climate-observations +FIRE_CCI I-climate-observations +) O +, O +the O +Global B-climate-datasets +Fire I-climate-datasets +Emission I-climate-datasets +Database I-climate-datasets +version I-climate-datasets +4 I-climate-datasets +( O +GFED4 B-climate-datasets +) O +and O +version O +4s O +including O +small O +fires B-climate-hazards +( O +GFED4s B-climate-datasets +) O +. O + +We O +performed O +a O +Principal O +Component O +Analysis O +( O +PCA O +) O +on O +the O +coefficients O +of O +determination O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O Off47b4c15bed214b841f8f7b9035325c + +Recent O +increases O +in O +the O +Natural B-climate-problem-origins +Gas I-climate-problem-origins +( O +NG B-climate-problem-origins +) O +production O +through O +hydraulic B-climate-problem-origins +fracturing I-climate-problem-origins +have O +called O +into O +question O +the O +climate O +benefit O +of O +switching O +from O +coal B-climate-problem-origins +- O +fired O +to O +natural B-climate-problem-origins +gas I-climate-problem-origins +- O +fired O +power B-climate-problem-origins +plants I-climate-problem-origins +. O + +Higher O +than O +expected O +levels O +of O +methane B-climate-greenhouse-gases +, O +Non B-climate-greenhouse-gases +- I-climate-greenhouse-gases +Methane I-climate-greenhouse-gases +Hydrocarbons I-climate-greenhouse-gases +( O +NMHC B-climate-greenhouse-gases +) O +, O +and O +NOx B-climate-greenhouse-gases +have O +been O +observed O +in O +areas O +close O +to O +oil B-climate-problem-origins +and O +NG B-climate-problem-origins +operation O +facilities O +. O + +We O +assessed O +the O +uncertainties O +around O +oil B-climate-problem-origins +and O +NG B-climate-problem-origins +emissions B-climate-problem-origins +by O +using O +measurements O +from O +the O +FRAPPE B-climate-observations +and O +DISCOVER B-climate-observations +- I-climate-observations +AQ I-climate-observations +campaigns O +over O +the O +Northern O +Front O +Range O +Metropolitan O +Area O +( O +NFRMA O +) O +in O +summer O +2014 O +. O + +Comparison O +between O +airborne O +measurements O +and O +the O +sensitivity O +simulations O +indicates O +that O +the O +model O +- O +measurement O +bias O +of O +ethane O +ranged O +from O +−14.9 O +ppb O +to O +−8.2 O +ppb O +. O + +-DOCSTART- -X- O O https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12213498 + +Harnessing O +the O +fire B-climate-hazards +data O +revolution O +, O +i.e. O +, O +the O +abundance O +of O +information O +from O +satellites O +, O +government O +records O +, O +social O +media O +, O +and O +human B-climate-assets +health I-climate-assets +sources O +, O +now O +requires O +complex O +and O +challenging O +data O +integration O +approaches O +. O + +Here O +, O +we O +describe O +Fire B-climate-models +Events I-climate-models +Delineation I-climate-models +( O +FIRED B-climate-models +) O +, O +an O +event O +- O +delineation O +algorithm O +, O +that O +has O +been O +used O +to O +derive O +fire B-climate-hazards +events O +( O +N O += O +51,871 O +) O +from O +the O +MODIS B-climate-datasets +MCD64 I-climate-datasets +burned B-climate-properties +area I-climate-properties +product O +for O +the O +coterminous O +US O +( O +CONUS O +) O +from O +January O +2001 O +to O +May O +2019 O +. O + +The O +optimized O +spatial O +and O +temporal O +parameters O +to O +cluster O +burned B-climate-properties +area I-climate-properties +pixels O +into O +events O +were O +an O +11 O +- O +day O +window O +and O +a O +5 O +- O +pixel O +( O +2315 O +m O +) O +distance O +, O +when O +optimized O +against O +13,741 O +wildfire B-climate-hazards +perimeters O +in O +the O +CONUS O +from O +the O +Monitoring B-climate-datasets +Trends I-climate-datasets +in I-climate-datasets +Burn I-climate-datasets +Severity I-climate-datasets +record O +. O + +The O +linear O +relationship O +between O +the O +size O +of O +individual O +FIRED B-climate-models +and O +Monitoring B-climate-datasets +Trends I-climate-datasets +in I-climate-datasets +Burn I-climate-datasets +Severity I-climate-datasets +( O +MTBS B-climate-datasets +) O +events O +for O +the O +CONUS O +was O +strong O +( O +R2 O += O +0.92 O +for O +all O +events O +) O +. 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O + +In O +this O +study O +, O +the O +Precipitation B-climate-datasets +Estimates I-climate-datasets +from I-climate-datasets +Remotely I-climate-datasets +Sensed I-climate-datasets +Information I-climate-datasets +using I-climate-datasets +Artificial I-climate-datasets +Neural I-climate-datasets +Networks I-climate-datasets +( O +PERSIANN B-climate-datasets +) O +- O +Dynamic B-climate-datasets +Infrared I-climate-datasets +Rain I-climate-datasets +- I-climate-datasets +rate I-climate-datasets +model O +( O +PDIR B-climate-datasets +) O +product O +, O +using O +a O +consistently O +measured O +40 O +- O +year O +archive O +of O +satellite O +- O +measured O +cloud B-climate-nature +- I-climate-nature +top B-climate-nature +infrared O +temperature B-climate-properties +data O +with O +a O +spatiotemporal O +resolution O +of O +0.04 O +° O +and O +3 O +- O +hourly O +as O +forcing O +data O +, O +is O +used O +. 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O + +It O +has O +previously O +participated O +in O +three O +hurricane B-climate-hazards +field O +campaigns O +, O +namely O +, O +CAMEX-4 B-climate-observations +( O +2001 O +) O +, O +Tropical B-climate-observations +Cloud I-climate-observations +Systems I-climate-observations +and I-climate-observations +Processes I-climate-observations +( O +2005 O +) O +, O +and O +NASA B-climate-organizations +African B-climate-observations +Monsoon I-climate-observations +Multidisciplinary I-climate-observations +Analyses I-climate-observations +( O +2006 O +) O +. O + +The O +HAMSR B-climate-observations +instrument O +was O +recently O +extensively O +upgraded O +for O +the O +deployment O +on O +the O +Global B-climate-observations +Hawk I-climate-observations +( O +GH B-climate-observations +) O +unmanned O +aerial O +vehicle O +platform O +. O + +One O +of O +the O +major O +upgrades O +is O +the O +addition O +of O +a O +front O +- O +end O +low O +- O +noise O +amplifier O +, O +developed O +by O +JPL B-climate-organizations +, O +to O +the O +183 O +- O +GHz O +channel O +which O +reduces O +the O +noise O +in O +this O +channel O +to O +less O +than O +0.1 O +K O +at O +the O +sensor O +resolution O +( O +~2 O +km O +) O +. O + + + +In O +2010 O +, O +HAMSR B-climate-observations +participated O +in O +the O +NASA B-climate-organizations +Genesis I-climate-observations +and I-climate-observations +Rapid I-climate-observations +Intensification I-climate-observations +Processes I-climate-observations +campaign O +on O +the O +GH O +to O +study O +tropical B-climate-hazards +cyclone I-climate-hazards +genesis O +and O +rapid O +intensification O +. 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O + +We O +evaluate O +the O +performance O +of O +four O +NRT O +satellite O +products O +, O +i.e. O +, O +Precipitation B-climate-datasets +Estimation I-climate-datasets +from I-climate-datasets +Remotely I-climate-datasets +Sensed I-climate-datasets +Information I-climate-datasets +using I-climate-datasets +Artificial I-climate-datasets +Neural I-climate-datasets +Networks I-climate-datasets +, O +3B42RT B-climate-datasets +, O +Global B-climate-datasets +Satellite I-climate-datasets +Mapping I-climate-datasets +of I-climate-datasets +Precipitation I-climate-datasets +( O +GSMaP B-climate-datasets +) O +NRT O +, O +and O +Integrated B-climate-datasets +Multi I-climate-datasets +- I-climate-datasets +satellitE I-climate-datasets +Retrievals I-climate-datasets +for I-climate-datasets +Global I-climate-datasets +Precipitation B-climate-properties +Measurement O +( O +IMERG B-climate-datasets +) O + +The O +IMERG B-climate-datasets +Late O +run O +and O +GSMaP B-climate-datasets +NRT O +perform O +the O +closest O +- O +to O +- O +ground O +observations O +. 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