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] | Quando se fala em financiamento climático no Brasil, muito se comenta sobre investimentos estrangeiros, especialmente em relação ao que vai para florestas. Mas e se te dissessem que a maior parte do financiamento para o clima no país vem dos nossos próprios cofres, vai para a agropecuária e são recursos privados direcionados por políticas públicas?Essa é a foto revelada por um amplo levantamento, ao qual a Folha teve acesso com exclusividade. O estudo foi feito por pesquisadoras da CPI (Climate Policy Initiativ) da PUC-Rio.O levantamento leva em conta as finanças climáticas relacionados ao uso da terra. O foco nessa área não é gratuito. A maior fatia das emissões brasileiras (70%) de gases-estufa é proveniente de desmatamento (em especial da Amazônia) e de atividade agropecuária.A pesquisa mostra que, de 2015 a 2020, o financiamento climático ligado ao uso da terra ficou, em média, em R$ 25,1 bilhões anuais. Houve um salto do primeiro ano para 2020, porém, saindo de cerca de R$ 22 bilhões para R$ 36,5 bilhões.O crédito rural é parte da explicação para a concentração de dinheiro no setor agropecuário. Segundo o levantamento, que será divulgado nesta segunda-feira (18), cerca de dois terços do financiamento climático doméstico brasileiro —o equivalente R$ 15,9 bilhões anuais— são provenientes de recursos privados.O motivo disso é que instituições financeiras são obrigadas a direcionar verbas para o crédito rural."Não é que os agentes privados no Brasil estão voluntariamente destinando recursos. Temos uma política enorme de crédito rural", diz Priscila Souza, gerente sênior de avaliação de política pública do CPI/PUC-Rio, citando os mais de R$ 400 bilhões do último Plano Safra.Souza explica que parte dos recursos do Plano Safra vem diretamente do Tesouro, mas que outra grande parcela é derivada de direcionamento obrigatório de contas-correntes e poupanças de bancos.Segundo o estudo, do total do financiamento observado, 95% (R$ 23,8 bilhões por ano) vêm de fontes domésticas.Com isso, as pesquisadoras observaram que o setor agrícola foi o que abocanhou a maior parte do financiamento climático para uso da terra, na casa de pouco mais de R$ 15 bilhões por ano, ou 60% dos fluxos financeiros observados de 2015 a 2020. A pecuária, por sua vez, ficou com R$ 2 bi ao ano, e a bioenergia e os combustíveis com R$ 1,3 bi. Outros R$ 6,3 bilhões, ou 25%, foram para o setor de florestas.Ao falar de florestas e financiamento climático, muitos no Brasil já o associarão diretamente ao Fundo Amazônia.Dentro dos 5% de financiamento que vêm de fontes internacionais, o que é equivalente a cerca de R$ 1,3 bilhões ao ano, a maior parte tem origem em governos internacionais, seguida de perto por fundos climáticos, que dependem de doações.Nesse contexto, o Fundo Amazônia, que foi paralisado no governo Bolsonaro e retomado na gestão de Lula, é o maior fundo climático canalizador de recursos. Foram, em média, R$ 183 milhões direcionados por ano para projetos —cerca de 0,7% do financiamento climático total para uso da terra no país de 2015 a 2020. Mais De toda forma, o estudo observou que a principal fonte de recursos para o setor de florestas é o próprio orçamento público. Mas há um problema. Apesar da centralidade da questão das florestas para a ação climática nacional —afinal, sem controle do desmatamento, o país não será capaz de cumprir seus compromissos junto ao Acordo de Paris—, o financiamento médio anual para esse setor encolheu no período analisado."Esse assunto perde importância em termos do orçamento público dentro do governo ao longo do período [analisado]", afirma Joana Chiavari, diretora de pesquisa do CPI/PUC-Rio.Chiavari cita que tal financiamento, em parte, vai para orçamentos do Ibama, ICMBio e Funai, órgãos nacionais ligados diretamente ao combate ao desmatamento e à proteção de povos indígenas.Segundo a pesquisadora, o estudo ajuda a mostrar um ecossistema de financiamento bastante complexo no país, com grande diversidade de atores.Esse cenário fragmentado, dizem as autoras, exigiu um esforço de busca de diversas fontes de dados e de sistematização de critérios para conseguir enxergar o caminho do dinheiro, das suas fontes até o seu alinhamento final, ou não, com objetivos de mitigação e adaptação climáticos.Vale mencionar que, assim como apontam relatórios internacionais, no Brasil, uma fatia menor das verbas é direcionada para esforços de adaptação, ou seja, para ações que adequam o país às mudanças climática, como a construção de infraestrutura mais resistente a chuvas extremas. São somente 19% ao ano na categoria (há ainda fluxos que mesclam a mitigação de gases-estufa com medidas de adaptação, representando outros 13%).Em meio às diversas fontes, as pesquisadoras também observaram uma série de obstáculos, especialmente relacionados à transparência."Não há clareza e transparência em diversas bases de dados. Não há uma padronização", afirma Souza. "É preciso que haja uma preocupação de que se aumente a transparência e a contabilização do que efetivamente está sendo empregado e com que finalidade."Há alguns pontos, contudo, em que o país já evoluiu, como no crédito rural. As pesquisadoras destacam a suspensão de crédito para áreas embargadas na Amazônia. No atual Plano Safra, houve a expansão desse cancelamento para casos de embargo em qualquer bioma. O BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social) também passou a frear crédito para propriedades com alertas de desmatamento."Se você começa a pensar, você fala: ‘pô, mas a política pública estava dando subsídio para quem estava atuando em área embargada?’, ressalta Souza.Para Chiavari, esses passos são fundamentais para, além de não favorecer atividades ilegais, ampliar a possibilidade de atração de financiamento internacional. | ambiente |
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] | O gelo marítimo que cerca a Antártida alcançou nível bem inferior a qualquer medição prévia existente, segundo dados de satélite. Isso está causando alarme em cientistas que viam a região como resistente ao aquecimento global."(Os níveis) estão muito distantes de tudo o que já vimos, é quase de arrepiar", diz Walter Meier, que monitora gelo marítimo no Centro de Dados de Neve e Gelo dos EUA.A instabilidade na Antártida pode ter amplas consequências, segundo especialistas no ecossistema polar.O enorme bloco de gelo antártico ajuda a regular a temperatura do planeta, já que a superfície branca reflete a energia do sol de volta à atmosfera e resfria a água abaixo e ao redor.Com a redução desse bloco de gelo, a Antártida pode se transformar de "geladeira da Terra" em "aquecedor" do planeta.O gelo que flutua na superfície do oceano Antártico hoje mede menos de 17 milhões de quilômetros quadrados. Isso é 1,5 milhão a menos de gelo marítimo do que a média histórica do mês de setembro, e bem inferior aos níveis mais baixos mensurados no período de inverno na região.Meier não está otimista de que essa perda será recuperada significativamente.Cientistas ainda tentam identificar todos os fatores que levam às baixas recordes, mas estudar tendências na Antártida sempre foi um desafio.Em um ano em que vários recordes de alta de temperatura terrestre e oceânica foram quebrados, cientistas insistem em que é preciso prestar atenção ao que acontece no polo Sul do planeta."Vemos o quanto é (uma região) vulnerável", diz Robbie Mallet, da Universidade de Manitoba e que está atualmente baseado na península antártica.Ele diz que o gelo marítimo fino observado neste ano dificultou ainda mais os trabalhos de campo. "Há o risco de que (o gelo) se rompa e flutue pelo mar conosco por cima", Mallet explica.O gelo marítimo se forma durante o inverno antártico (de março a outubro), antes de derreter em grande parte durante o verão, e pertence a um sistema interconectado que também engloba icebergs, gelo terrestre e enormes plataformas de gelo —que são extensões flutuantes próximas à costa.O gelo marítimo age como uma camada protetora que previne o aquecimento excessivo do oceano.Caroline Holmes, do projeto British Antarctic Survey, explica que o impacto do encolhimento dessa camada pode se tornar evidente na transição para o verão —quando pode potencialmente ocorrer um derretimento ininterrupto.O motivo é que, à medida que mais gelo marítimo desaparece, áreas escuras do oceano serão expostas, absorvendo calor do sol em vez de refeti-lo. Isso fará com que mais calor seja incorporado à água, o que por sua vez provocará mais derretimento de gelo.É esse ciclo que pode adicionar ainda mais calor ao planeta, interrompendo o papel típico da Antártida de reguladora de temperaturas globais."Será que estamos acordando o gigante da Antártida?", questiona o professor Martin Siegert, especialista glacial da Universidade de Exeter (Reino Unido). Seria, segundo ele, "um desastre absoluto" para o mundo.Desde os anos 1990, a perda de gelo terrestre na Antártida já contribuiu para um aumento de 7,2 mm nos níveis dos mares. E mesmo pequenos incrementos produzem enormes tempestades que podem varrer comunidades costeiras. Ou seja, o derretimento do gelo marítimo pode, em tese, ser catastrófico para milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo.Por ser um continente cercado de água, a Antártida tem um clima e sistema próprios. Até 2016, o gelo da região estava, na verdade, aumentando durante os meses de inverno.No entanto, uma onda de calor extremo atingiu o continente em março de 2022, deixando as temperaturas na casa de -10°C quando elas deveriam estar por volta de -50°C.Nos últimos sete anos, o gelo marítimo baixou a níveis mínimos recordes, incluindo em fevereiro de 2023.Alguns cientistas acham que isso sinaliza uma mudança fundamental no continente —inclusive nas características que mantinham essa região isolada.Ao mesmo tempo, esse isolamento também faz com que haja poucas informações históricas sobre a Antártida, chamada por Mallet de "o Velho-Oeste" da ciência.Por exemplo, os cientistas conhecem a extensão do gelo marítimo, mas não sua grossura. Desvendar esse tipo de informação poderá ser crucial para preparar modelos climáticos da região.Na base científica de Rothera, Mallet está usando instrumentos de radar para estudar a grossura do gelo e compreender melhor as razões por trás do encolhimento dessa camada. E o calor recorde registrado neste ano provavelmente é um dos fatores, já que dificulta que a água congele por ali.Pode ter havido também mudanças em correntes oceânicas e nos ventos que moldam a temperatura na Antártida.Além disso, o fenômeno natural El Niño é outro possível fator envolvido.De qualquer modo, Mallet diz que existem "muitas, muitas razões para se preocupar"."É potencialmente um sinal muito alarmante de mudanças no clima da Antártida que não ocorreram nos últimos 40 anos. E que só estão emergindo agora." | ambiente |
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] | Projetos de preservação de florestas tropicais não servem para compensar emissões de carbono e uma abordagem diferente deveria ser aplicada para, de fato, proteger ecossistemas críticos para o planeta, como a Amazônia e a Bacia do Congo, aponta pesquisa da Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley financiada pela ONG Carbon Market Watch.O estudo, divulgado em reportagem publicada na sexta-feira (15) pelo jornal britânico The Guardian, baseou-se na análise de créditos de carbono em florestas tropicais certificados pela Verra, operadora do principal padrão internacional nesse mercado, e concluiu que os impactos ambientais alardeados são exagerados e os resultados, "questionáveis" do ponto de vista climático.Alguns projetos, inclusive, não ofereceriam garantias de segurança a comunidades locais vulneráveis.Por esses motivos, os pesquisadores argumentam que os créditos de carbono não são instrumentos adequados para a compensação das emissões de carbono por parte de empresas.O projeto avaliou critérios de qualidade do sistema de créditos de carbono da Verra, entre eles a durabilidade e a contabilidade de carbono florestal, bem como as salvaguardas para as comunidades locais.A maioria dos créditos, segundo o estudo, não teve impacto positivo sobre o clima, além de subestimar o risco de deslocamento do desmatamento para outras áreas. A fiscalização do cumprimento das regras da empresa para a geração de créditos de carbono também seria deficiente. Alguns projetos teriam até mesmo provocado o deslocamento de comunidades vulneráveis ou as feito perder território.O mercado de carbono é incensado por entusiastas da medida como uma solução viável para conter as mudanças climáticas e a destruição da biodiversidade. Empresas alegam poder neutralizar assim suas emissões, pagando pelo sequestro de carbono em florestas em outros lugares do mundo ou evitando o desmatamento em regiões ameaçadas —essas, frequentemente, localizadas em países em desenvolvimento no Sul Global.Especialista em políticas públicas da Carbon Market Watch, que financiou o estudo, Inigo Wyburd afirma que "falta credibilidade" e "confiabilidade" aos projetos em análise."Empresas estão compensando suas emissões de forma barata comprando créditos de carbono de baixa qualidade ligados a projetos de proteção de florestas no Sul Global", criticou Wyburd em pronunciamento publicado no site da ONG. Segundo ele, "só 1 em cada 13 créditos de carbono representa uma redução real de emissões", o que torna a medida inócua.Os parâmetros duvidosos de qualidade, segundo a entidade, têm a ver com "metodologias elásticas". "Por exemplo, a pesquisa mostrou que as metodologias usadas para estimar o nível de desmatamento que se espera que ocorra na ausência de um projeto de conservação podem levar a resultados que variam em mais de 1.400% entre as maiores e as menores estimativas. Uma margem dessas oferece um potencial enorme a donos de projetos para explorar a flexibilidade e manipular o sistema."O estudo argumenta ainda que não é possível compensar emissões de carbono decorrentes da exploração de combustíveis fósseis que levaram milhares de anos para se formar com a captura de carbono por florestas, já que isso demandaria o sequestro e armazenamento de gases por centenas de séculos, milênios até —um papel que florestas sob risco iminente de desmatamento não podem cumprir. Mais A Verra reagiu ao estudo afirmando que os problemas apontados pelos pesquisadores, assim como as recomendações, devem ser contemplados na nova metodologia para geração de créditos de carbono, em estudo há dois anos, e a ser publicada nas próximas semanas.Os pesquisadores recomendam a governos e empresas que foquem em prevenir as causas do desmatamento —citando as demandas por alimentos, combustíveis e outras commodities por parte de países industrializados e em ritmo acelerado de crescimento.Os autores do estudo citam como bom exemplo a lei antidesmatamento da União Europeia, que prevê uma cadeia de fornecimento livre de desmatamento.Também defendem que, em vez de destinar dinheiro à aquisição de créditos de carbono, esses recursos estarão mais bem investidos em projetos de conservação de florestas tocados por comunidades tradicionais e indígenas."O foco deveria ser botar dinheiro no lugar certo, em vez de comprar o máximo de créditos possível", argumenta Gilles Dufrasne, da Carbon Market Watch.O estudo sugere ainda o alívio das dívidas de países em desenvolvimento, para livrá-los da pressão comercial predatória que destrói ecossistemas cruciais para o clima, e o financiamento justo para proteção climática, bem como a redução da dependência de combustíveis fósseis. | ambiente |
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] | Durante quase duas décadas, o Carbrook Golf Club, perto de Brisbane, na Austrália, teve o maior perigo aquático: um lago cheio de tubarões-touro.Tudo começou em 1996, quando fortes enchentes varreram seis jovens tubarões-touro de um rio próximo para um lago de 20 hectares perto do buraco 14 do campo de golfe. Quando as águas baixaram, os tubarões ficaram presos, rodeados por colinas gramadas e golfistas curiosos.Os tubarões passaram 17 anos no lago, sustentando-se com seu grande estoque de peixes e com as ocasionais guloseimas de carne fornecidas pela equipe do clube. Um tubarão foi pescado ilegalmente, enquanto os outros desapareceram em inundações subsequentes.Os tubarões, segundo um novo estudo, são mais que um mero acaso ao longo do campo esportivo. Numa pesquisa publicada no mês passado na revista Marine and Fisheries Science, Peter Gausmann, cientista de tubarões e professor na Universidade Ruhr Bochum, na Alemanha, disse que os membros do clube cartilaginoso de Carbrook demonstram que os tubarões-touro podem viver indefinidamente em ambientes aquáticos de baixa salinidade.Os tubarões-touro podem ser encontrados em águas costeiras quentes em todo o mundo. Esses tubarões robustos podem atingir de 3 a 4 metros de comprimento e pesar mais de 250 quilos. São uma das poucas espécies de tubarões capazes de tolerar uma ampla gama de salinidades, característica que lhes permite aventurar-se em habitats de água doce e salobra, como rios, estuários e lagoas.Infelizmente, essa adaptabilidade impressionante muitas vezes coloca os tubarões em estreita proximidade com os seres humanos, uma das muitas razões pelas quais os tubarões-touro são responsáveis por dezenas de ataques fatais documentados a seres humanos.Se a maioria dos tubarões entrasse num ambiente de água doce, seus níveis internos de sal seriam diluídos e eles morreriam. Mas os tubarões-touro têm rins e glândulas retais especialmente adaptados que trabalham juntos para reciclar e reter o sal em seus corpos. Mais Os habitats de água doce e salobra proporcionam aos jovens tubarões-touro um lugar para crescerem sem a ameaça de predação por tubarões maiores. Depois de atingirem a maturidade, porém, os tubarões-touro geralmente se dirigem para o mar, onde há presas maiores e mais oportunidades de reprodução. O fato de a população de tubarões de Carbrook não ter crescido durante o tempo que passou no campo de golfe ofereceu mais provas de que a espécie prefere procriar em ambientes mais salgados.Embora os cientistas saibam há muito tempo que os tubarões-touro têm meios para se deslocar entre ambientes de água doce e salgada, ninguém sabe se estes tubarões poderiam passar a vida inteira em água doce.A pesquisa sugere que os tubarões-touro podem viver cerca de 30 anos, e o grupo de Carbrook sobreviveu no lago do campo de golfe por 17. Isto sugere que "não há limite máximo" para o tempo que eles podem passar em ambientes de baixa salinidade, disse Vincent Raoult, pesquisador de pós-doutorado na Universidade Deakin, na Austrália, que não participou do novo estudo."Acho que muitas pessoas ficariam assustadas ao saber que poderia haver tubarões-touro no lago local, mas o fato é que é incrível que existam animais capazes de fazer isso", disse Raoult.Embora a ideia de compartilhar um lago com tubarões-touro possa ser assustadora para alguns, os golfistas adoraram a oportunidade, disse Scott Wagstaff, gerente geral do Carbrook Golf Club."Todos os sócios daqui adoram os tubarões", disse Wagstaff.Receba no seu email uma seleção semanal com o que de mais importante aconteceu no mundo; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Quando os tubarões ainda estavam no clube, ele e outros funcionários jogavam pedaços de carne na água e ficavam espantados com a maneira como os tubarões devoravam a comida com suas terríveis mandíbulas. "Eu os vi pular completamente para fora da água e girar ao mergulhar. Foi muito legal", disse Wagstaff.Inundações extremas como as que levaram tubarões para dentro e para fora do Carbrook Golf Club estão se tornando mais comuns, e mais tubarões-touro podem acabar abandonados em lagos e lagoas. Embora seja altamente improvável que você encontre um tubarão-touro em sua piscina local, Gausmann recomenda evitar reservatórios d'água recentemente afetados por inundações."Você nunca deve tomar banho em reservatórios de água estagnados que já tiveram ligação com o mar. Nunca se sabe se tubarões vivem lá", disse ele, embora as pessoas nas áreas urbanas não precisem se preocupar, pois as águas das enchentes urbanas são muitas vezes tóxicas demais para sustentar a vida marinha.E há outra lição a se tirar, já que avistamentos de tubarões e ataques ocasionais a nadadores humanos provocam reações de medo em alguns lugares."Se este artigo mostrou alguma coisa, é que é possível viver lado a lado com tubarões", disse Leonardo Guida, cientista de tubarões da Sociedade Australiana de Conservação Marinha.Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ambiente |
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] | Cerca de mil drones iluminaram o céu de Manhattan, Nova York, na noite desta sexta-feira (15), em ato em defesa da Amazônia.O show de luzes foi realizado por ativistas em defesa do meio ambiente durante uma apresentação do DJ brasileiro Alok, dias antes do programado discurso do presidente Lula (PT) durante a 78ª Assembleia-Geral da ONU.Os equipamentos sobrevoaram a ilha sincronizados e formaram figuras de animais da fauna amazônica, como o boto-cor-de-rosa e a onça pintada. Ainda uma árvore, o mapa do Brasil e um globo de luzes vermelhas– representando o fogo– com os dizeres "Amazônia queima, o mundo queima" foram avistados.Os drones também formaram palavras a palavra "proteja-me" e "save the Amazon, save the life" —na tradução, salve a Amazônia, salve a vida.Já trilha sonora do show foi composta pela música "Shiva Vaishu", produção de Alok que tem inspiração indígena.O ato foi realizado pela organização Avaaz, que atua em âmbito internacional se envolvendo nas principais pautas ambientais em discussão. No X —o antigo Twitter—, a entidade publicou que "mais magia está por vir".A apresentação acontece dois dias depois do governo do estado do Amazonas decretar situação de emergência ambiental em cidades ao sul do território e na região metropolitana de Manaus.Nos 12 primeiros dias de setembro, o estado registrou 77% da quantidade de incêndios contabilizados durante todo o mês de agosto. Foram 4.127 entre 1 e 12 de setembro, número que coloca o estado na liderança nos registros de incêndio, seguido por Pará (3.500) e Mato Grosso (1.954). Os dados são do Inpe (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais).O Amazonas vive ainda uma severa seca nos rios.Por tradição, os presidentes brasileiros abrem os discursos da assembleia. Lula subirá a tribuna na próxima terça-feira (19). O presidente embarcou na sexta-feira com destino a Cuba, onde fez parada antes de seguir para Nova York. | ambiente |
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] | O Brasil irá, oficialmente, comunicar à UNFCCC (sigla em inglês para Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima) a anulação da "pedalada" climática instituída pelo ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro (PL) na meta climática do país.Em reunião na quinta-feira (14), o Comitê Interministerial sobre Mudança do Clima aprovou por unanimidade a correção da mais recente meta do Brasil —que recebe o nome de NDC (Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada)— e o retorno ao nível de ambição climática de 2015.A aprovação foi feita pouco antes da Assembleia-Geral da ONU, que começa na próxima semana, em Nova York. O presidente Lula (PT) fará o discurso de abertura do evento, na terça (19). Marina Silva, ministra do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima, também participará da viagem.É pela NDC que os países comunicam seus compromissos de cortes nas emissões de gases-estufa e, consequentemente, sua participação no Acordo de Paris, assinado em 2015.O Brasil tinha setembro como mês limite para comunicar a atualização em sua meta. Apesar da correção da "pedalada", não haverá, pelo menos neste primeiro momento, um aumento da ambição climática, ou seja, a oficialização do objetivo de um corte mais profundo nas emissões.A correção da meta climática consta na resolução 5 aprovada pelo comitê e disponibilizada no site do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria, Comércio e Serviços. O texto aponta que o Ministério das Relações Exteriores deverá comunicar à UNFCCC a retomada da meta de 2015.A Folha apurou que o texto da resolução 5 divulgado inicialmente era diferente. Ele apontava que um grupo técnico temporário teria prazo de 45 dias para "corrigir as metas de redução de emissões para os anos de 2025 e 2030 das Contribuições Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDCs), alteradas pelo governo anterior".Os 45 dias, porém, ultrapassariam o prazo-limite (25 de setembro) dado pela UNFCCC para que os países comuniquem a atualização de suas metas.Ainda segundo o texto inicial, os trabalhos de tal grupo ficariam a cargo do Ministério das Relações Exteriores e da Secretaria Nacional de Mudança do Clima.A "pedalada" climática do governo Bolsonaro foi apresentada no fim de 2020 por Ricardo Salles, então ministro do Meio Ambiente, reforçada em anúncio na COP26 (conferência sobre clima da ONU realizada na Escócia em 2021) e enviada oficialmente à UNFCCC em abril de 2022.A meta previa a redução, em 2025, de 37% dos gases de efeito estufa, em comparação com as emissões brasileiras de 2005, e a diminuição, em 2030, de 50% dos gases, também em comparação com o ano de 2005.Numericamente, os 50% de corte para 2030 apresentados pelo então ministro do Meio Ambiente, Joaquim Leite, no documento à UNFCCC pareciam superiores ao compromisso anterior brasileiro, que era de 43%. O problema é que a base de comparação de 2005 foi alterada. Devido à evolução na metodologia para computar emissões, os dados de 2005 aumentaram.Por isso, mesmo declarando que o país estava aumentando sua ambição, ao subir o percentual de corte para 50%, na verdade, a meta climática depositada por Bolsonaro na UNFCCC levava o país a poder emitir mais em 2030 do que permitia o compromisso inicial brasileiro junto ao Acordo de Paris.Na primeira meta nacional, o país emitiria, em 2025, 1,32 gigatoneladas de gás carbônico equivalente (unidade de medida que soma os gases que causam o aquecimento global) e, em 2030, cerca de 1,208 gigatoneladas.Em comparação, na meta de Bolsonaro, o Brasil em 2030 estaria emitindo 1,281 gigatoneladas de CO2e (leia gás carbônico equivalente), segundo análises feitas pelo Observatório do Clima e pelo projeto Política por Inteiro, do Instituto Talanoa.De acordo com relatório de 2022 do Pnuma (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente), Brasil e México eram os países que tinham retrocedido em seus compromissos climáticos desde a vigência do Acordo de Paris.Para Natalie Unterstell, presidente do Instituto Talanoa, a correção da meta climática não é "mais do que a obrigação" e precisa ser só um começo para cortes mais ambiciosos."Vale lembrar que o Acordo de Paris fala de progressividade. Tinha que, a partir de 2020, reforçar a ambição e a gente ainda não fez isso", afirma. "Então essa é a necessidade agora: revisar toda a NDC e fazer isso com alta legitimidade, ou seja, consultando a sociedade, envolvendo os governos subnacionais também."Em nota, o Instituto Talanoa afirmou que as metas não devem ser "decididas em gabinetes sob portas fechadas".Stela Herschmann, especialista em política climática do Observatório do Clima (rede de organizações socioambientais), também afirma que é preciso avançar na meta do Brasil."Finalmente corrigimos a pedalada climática, e o Brasil deixa de ser um país que viola o Acordo de Paris, mas não podemos perder de vista que estamos vivendo uma emergência climática. O mundo tem pressa para conseguir manter a meta de 1,5°C viva, e o Brasil está apenas voltando à sua promessa de 2015″, diz.Nesta quinta-feira, além da correção da meta brasileira, o comitê determinou o início do processo de revisão da NDC, que todos os países signatários do Acordo de Paris devem concluir em 2025.Chamada de Plano Clima, essa revisão prevê processos participativos para a construção de oito planos de mitigação e 14 planos de adaptação. Segundo o Ministério do Meio Ambiente, a ideia é inverter o processo usual, construindo primeiro a política climática do país e, a partir dela, comunicar a nova meta à ONU.O primeiro balanço oficial do Acordo de Paris, divulgado na última sexta-feira (8), aponta que os países precisam aumentar seus esforços, porque o planeta, pelo ritmo atual, não caminha para limitar o aquecimento ao preferível 1,5°C ou a 2°C.Levando em conta os anúncios na última conferência climática, a humanidade está rumo a um aumento de 2,4°C a 2,6°C na temperatura média global em relação aos níveis anteriores à Revolução Industrial.O texto final deste primeiro relatório será debatido com os países na próxima conferência climática, a COP28, no fim deste ano em Dubai, nos Emirados Árabes.A correção da meta climática do Brasil já havia sido prometida por Lula. Em junho, o presidente reafirmou o compromisso de fazer as "devidas correções na contribuição brasileira ao Acordo de Paris".Também em junho, foi encerrado o prazo na Justiça Federal para um acordo entre o Estado brasileiro e jovens ativistas climáticos que processavam o país pela "pedalada" na NDC. Essa ação, aberta pelos movimentos Engajamundo e Fridays for Future, foi iniciada em 2021, durante o governo Bolsonaro, e herdada pela gestão petista.Colaborou Ana Carolina Amaral, de São Paulo. | ambiente |
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] | No povoado de Várzea do Mulato, a rede móvel de telefonia não chega e a conexão com internet é via rádio. Em uma das poucas casas na rua de chão de barro vermelho, um jovem subverte a lógica de trabalho local. Darlei Pereira da Silva, 27, é desenvolvedor de sistema Android. De sua cadeira gamer no escritório montado em um dos cômodos de casa, ele cria aplicativos para celulares de todo o país.O jovem, que cresceu na comunidade onde a maioria da população é trabalhadora rural, a 20 km do centro de Senhor do Bonfim (BA), conta que não imaginava que um dia atuaria no mercado de aplicativos. "Eu não me interessava por tecnologia porque, na verdade, eu nem sabia que existia esse universo."Silva foi o primeiro de casa a concluir o ensino médio e ingressar na faculdade. "Aqui a gente vive numa bolha. Na região, poucas pessoas fizeram faculdade. Se você não tem oportunidade, consegue criar uma pela educação", afirma.O incentivo maior veio da mãe. A lavradora Jucilene Alves da Silva, 51, que não teve a oportunidade de estudar e nunca saiu do sertão da Bahia, se orgulha de ver o filho cruzando fronteiras."As coisas eram difíceis demais, mas eu fiz de tudo por eles. Eu sempre dizia que não aprendi, mas meus filhos, com fé em Deus, iam aprender, porque só quem tem estudos alcança alguma coisa", conta ela.Foi no curso de geografia da Univasf (Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco) que o jovem começou a ver as oportunidades do mundo tecnológico. Em uma das longas conversas de uma viagem de carro de mais 2.400 km com destino ao Paraguai, onde apresentou um trabalho sobre geoprocessamento de campo em 2018, surgiu a ideia do primeiro aplicativo.A partir dali, criou um guia online da reserva ambiental Maria Maria, que fica em Saúde (BA), onde estagiou.Silva começou a criar aplicativos sem cursos nem orientações diretas: elaborava as ideias e fazia as programações seguindo tutoriais na internet, mesmo com o obstáculo do idioma, já que a maior parte desses conteúdos está disponível em inglês.O sucesso do primeiro experimento entre professores da universidade e também em escolas da região motivou o jovem a trocar de área. Após concluir a licenciatura, começou engenharia da computação na mesma universidade.Seu primeiro lançamento que foi parar na loja de aplicativos do sistema operacional Android foi "Conheça os Biomas". O app educacional conta as principais características de cada bioma brasileiro, como área espacial, clima, fauna e flora.Silva diz receber muito retorno de professores que usam a ferramenta em sala de aula. Por isso, considera esse o seu maior sucesso, com mais de 5.000 downloads.Com os aplicativos educativos, Silva já conquistou outros reconhecimentos na área. Em 2021, uma ideia sua foi selecionada no concurso Campus Mobile, realizado na USP (Universidade de São Paulo) em parceria com o Instituto Claro.Na competição, o baiano criou o "Mobbilizy Game", que explica de forma lúdica a prevenção de doenças para crianças e adolescentes. O trabalho ficou em primeiro lugar da categoria.Um dos desafios dos jogos é combater o mosquito Aedes aegypti, tampando caixas d’água. Outro é pegar álcool em gel e matar o coronavírus. O diferencial da criação de Silva está na contextualização com sua região. Em estética de quadrinhos, o game se passa na cidade virtual de Bonfinópolis e tem o típico sertanejo como personagem.Silva aponta na tela do celular os desenhos de plantas nativas do sertão, como umbuzeiro e cajueiro. A inspiração para adaptar o conteúdo à realidade local vem dos estudos sobre Paulo Freire (1921-1997) que realizou durante a licenciatura. Ele mesmo desenhou à mão toda vegetação da região e a transferiu para o jogo."Além dos jogos, é preciso trazer a identidade aqui da região porque ajuda o aluno a relacionar com o cotidiano dele", explica.Como prêmio, Silva viajou para os Estados Unidos e conheceu o Vale do Silício. As mudanças na rotina ficaram evidentes. Foi selecionado para estágios de empresas multinacionais e, hoje, trabalha em regime de home office para uma empresa do Sudeste.A faculdade também mudou, para conciliar com a rotina de trabalho. Agora, cursa análise de desenvolvimento e sistemas em uma instituição particular por EAD.O investimento pessoal em aplicativos educativos continua, mesmo trabalhando no setor corporativo. Em agosto, lança um novo jogo, focado no aprendizado da matemática."Quero ajudar de alguma forma na educação, mesmo sabendo que não vai ter tanta rentabilidade", afirma.Entre os planos do jovem, está morar no Canadá, mas diz que depois pretende voltar para a região onde cresceu. "Quero ter uma experiência diferente, mas aqui sempre vai ser minha âncora".O exemplo de Silva é inspiração para outros jovens da região. As dúvidas chegam pelas redes sociais, estudantes de diversas cidades curiosos para saber como é trabalhar com tecnologia e como começar no setor. Em casa, a irmã mais nova seguiu os passos dele, trocou a engenharia agrícola pelo curso de análise de desenvolvimento de sistemas."De pouquinho em pouquinho, a gente vai convencendo o pessoal. Se a educação me ajudou a chegar onde estou, eu tenho de contribuir para os que estão por vir", diz. | ambiente |
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] | Os sistemas de suporte à vida na Terra enfrentam riscos e incertezas maiores do que nunca, e a maioria dos principais limites de segurança já foram ultrapassados como resultado de intervenções humanas em todo o planeta, apontou estudo científico divulgado nesta quarta-feira (13).Em uma espécie de "check-up de saúde" do planeta publicado na revista Science Advances, uma equipe internacional de 29 especialistas concluiu que a Terra atualmente está "bem fora do espaço operacional seguro para a humanidade" devido à atividade humana.O estudo, que amplia um relatório de 2015, afirma que o mundo já ultrapassou 6 das 9 "fronteiras planetárias" —limites seguros para a vida humana em áreas como a integridade da biosfera, mudanças climáticas e a utilização e disponibilidade de água doce.Ao todo, afirma o estudo, 8 das 9 fronteiras estão sob pressão maior do que a verificada na avaliação de 2015, aumentando o risco de mudanças dramáticas nas condições de vida da Terra. A camada de ozônio é o único dos quesitos a melhorar."Não sabemos se podemos prosperar sob grandes e dramáticas alterações das nossas condições", disse a principal autora do estudo, Katherine Richardson, da Universidade de Copenhague.Os autores afirmam que cruzar as fronteiras não representa um ponto de inflexão no qual a civilização humana simplesmente entrará em colapso, mas pode trazer mudanças irreversíveis nos sistemas de suporte à vida na Terra."Podemos pensar na Terra como um corpo humano e nos limites planetários como a pressão sanguínea. Acima de 120/80 [na medição da pressão sanguínea] não necessariamente indica um ataque cardíaco, mas aumenta o risco", disse Richardson.Os cientistas soaram o alarme sobre o aumento do desmatamento, o consumo excessivo de plantas como combustível, a proliferação de produtos como o plástico, organismos geneticamente modificados e produtos químicos sintéticos. Mais Dos nove limites avaliados, apenas a acidificação dos oceanos, a destruição da camada de ozônio e a poluição atmosférica —principalmente com partículas semelhantes à fuligem— foram consideradas ainda dentro de limites seguros. O teto da acidificação dos oceanos, no entanto, está perto de ser ultrapassado.A concentração atmosférica de dióxido de carbono, o principal gás causador do efeito estufa, aumentou para cerca de 417 ppm (partes por milhão), significativamente superior ao nível seguro de 350 ppm.Estima-se também que a atual taxa de extinção de espécies seja pelo menos dezenas de vezes mais rápida do que a taxa média dos últimos 10 milhões de anos, o que significa que o planeta já ultrapassou a fronteira segura para a diversidade genética."Na minha carreira nunca me baseei em tantas evidências como hoje", disse Johan Rockström, coautor do estudo e diretor do Instituto Potsdam para Pesquisa de Impacto Climático. | ambiente |
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] | Um novo PPCerrado (Plano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento no Cerrado) entrou em consulta pública nesta quarta-feira (13). A consulta permanecerá ativa até 12 de outubro no site Participa + Brasil. O anúncio ocorre após meses com elevados índices de desmatamento no bioma.O plano, que diz respeito ao período de 2023 a 2027, contará com uma comissão interministerial, presidida pela Casa Civil e secretariada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima. É responsabilidade da comissão a "coordenação de ações para a redução dos índices de desmatamento".O documento em consulta relembra a importância do entes estaduais no combate ao desmatamento no bioma. Isso é relevante considerando que o desmate no cerrado ocorre especialmente em áreas privadas —diferentemente da Amazônia—, o que, segundo as autoridades, dificulta a ação federal no enfrentamento da devastação.O PPCerrado aponta que, em 2022, cerca de 81% do desmatamento ocorreu em áreas particulares.O Código Florestal determina que as propriedades privadas localizadas no cerrado devem manter em pé (estrutura conhecida como reserva legal) de 20% a 35% (em áreas de cerrado localizadas na Amazônia Legal) da vegetação natural. Na Amazônia, esse percentual salta para 80%.Durante a apresentação do plano, em sessão da Comissão de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Câmara dos Deputados, André Lima, secretário extraordinário de controle do desmatamento, reafirmou a necessidade do trabalho com os estados. Lima destacou a necessidade de observar autorizações de supressão vegetal aparentemente legais.Esteve presente também na sessão a ministra Marina Silva, do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima."Não se tem uma bala de prata. Não é só conter desmatamento. São ações múltiplas que se cruzam e se retroalimentam positivamente ou negativamente", disse Marina. "O cerrado tem função estratégica, é a caixa d'água do Brasil."Como já havia feito anteriormente, Marina questionou qual seria o embasamento científico para que as reservas legais no cerrado fossem de somente 20% a 35%. A ministra, porém, não defendeu uma mudança no Código Florestal sobre o tema —"abrir essa caixa de Pandora de novo, Deus que me defenda"—, mas, sim, uma alteração nas atividades no bioma."Não queremos maquiagem em relação aos problemas. Fazer política pública com base em evidência é assumir o que diz a ciência. Ter coragem de mostrar os dados. Porque os dados, quando são mostrados, eles criam aquilo que se chama constrangimento ético para empresas, para governos, para todo mundo", afirmou a ministra. "O esforço que estamos fazendo é de fazer esse alinhamento político e ético para proteger o cerrado." Mais Segundo o plano, a maior parte das autorizações estaduais para supressão vegetal —para fazer qualquer desmate, proprietários precisam informar autoridades e ter uma autorização— não está disponível no sistema federal, "o que dificulta o controle do desmatamento ilegal tanto pelos órgãos federais quanto pelo setor financeiro e pelas cadeias produtivas".O documento aponta que, a partir dos dados disponíveis, pode-se estimar que pelo menos metade da devastação no cerrado tem algum tipo de ilegalidade.Ainda de acordo com o plano, entre as causas da derrubada de vegetação no cerrado estão desmate ilegal vinculado a cadeias produtivas —há forte presença de soja, por exemplo, e pecuária no bioma—, baixo nível de reconhecimento dos territórios coletivos e unidades de conservação, expansão agrícola, especulação fundiária, gestão hídrica ineficaz e manejo inadequado do fogo.O impacto da ilegalidade no campo, contufo, precisa ser melhor entendido. "Atualmente, o governo brasileiro não possui dados oficiais consolidados sobre o nível de conformidade da produção agropecuária à legislação ambiental vigente", aponta o documento."Porém, diferentes estudos realizados pela Academia e pela sociedade civil apresentam indícios de que uma parcela significativa da produção é vinculada a desmatamento ilegal pelo descumprimento das exigências de conservação da vegetação nativa dentro do imóvel."Um estudo publicado, em 2020, na revista Science, mostrou que o desmate ilegal na Amazônia e no cerrado pode estar contaminando cerca de 20% da soja e pelo menos 17% da carne exportadas para a UE (União Europeia). Tal pesquisa, inclusive, é citada no PPCerrado.O Matopiba (Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia), região onde há forte desmatamento, e interesse agropecuário e especulativo, também recebe foco no plano. Concentram-se nessa região desmatamentos contínuos superiores a cem hectares, um quadro que tem predominado nos últimos quatro anos, aponta o documento. Mais "O que indica investimentos de capital significativos para compra e supressão de vegetação de grandes áreas anualmente", diz o texto.O documento também lembra a extinção do PPCerrado no governo Jair Bolsonaro (PL) e o abandono de "ações específicas para o cerrado nos anos que se seguiram".Também presente no lançamento, o secretário-executivo do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, João Paulo Capobianco, disse que objetivo do projeto não é apenas o fim do desmatamento ilegal, mas de toda forma de devastação. "Meta de desmatamento zero até 2030. Não é desmatamento zero ilegal na Amazônia. É desmatamento zero em todo o Brasil", afirmou Capobianco, em referência aos outros biomas nacionais."Tem outros [planos] na boca do forno", afirmou também Marina Silva. | ambiente |
254 | [-0.3289816677570343,-0.07434936612844467,0.5183573961257935,-0.18460339307785034,0.1937132179737091(...TRUNCATED) | "Mais de 200 grupos da sociedade civil apresentaram aos Emirados Árabes Unidos, anfitriões da cúp(...TRUNCATED) | ambiente |
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