Datasets:

huawei-noah
/

entity_cs

We use the English Wikipedia and leverage entity information from Wikidata to construct an entity-based Code Switching corpus. To achieve this, we make use of wikilinks in Wikipedia, i.e. links from one page to another. We use the English Wikipedia dump (November 2021) and extract raw text with WikiExtractor while keeping track of wikilinks. Since we are interested in creating entity-level CS instances, we only keep sentences containing at least one wikilink. Given an English sentence with wikilinks, we first map the entity in each wikilink to its corresponding Wikidata ID and retrieve its available translations from Wikidata. For each sentence, we check which languages have translations for all entities in that sentence, and consider those as candidates for code-switching. We ensure all entities are code-switched to the same target language in a single sentence, avoiding noise from including too many languages. To control the size of the corpus, we generate up to five code-switched sentences for each English sentence. In particular, if fewer than five languages have translations available for all the entities in a sentence, we create code-switched instances with all of them. Otherwise, we randomly select five target languages from the candidates. If no candidate languages can be found, we do not code-switch the sentence, instead, we keep it as part of the English corpus. Finally, we surround each entity with entity indicators (<e>, </e>).

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset was developped for intermediate pre-training of language models. In the paper we further fine-tune models on entity-centric downstream tasks, such as NER.

Languages

The dataset covers 93 languages in total, including English.

Data Statistics

Statistic	Count
Languages	93
English Sentences	54,469,214
English Entities	104,593,076
Average Sentence Length	23.37
Average Entities per Sentence	2
CS Sentences per EN Sentence	≤ 5
CS Sentences	231,124,422
CS Entities	420,907,878

Data Fields

Each instance contains 4 fields:

id: Unique ID of each sentence
language: The language of choice for entity code-switching of the given sentence
en_sentence: The original English sentence
cs_sentence: The code-switched sentence

In the case of the English subset, the cs_sentence field does not exist as the sentences are not code-switched.

An example of what a data instance looks like:

{
  'id': 19, 
  'en_sentence': 'The subs then enter a <en>coral reef</en> with many bright reflective colors.', 
  'cs_sentence': 'The subs then enter a <de>Korallenriff</de> with many bright reflective colors.', 
  'language': 'de'
}

Data Splits

There is a single data split for each language. You can randomly select a few examples from each language to serve as validation set.

Limitations

An important limitation of the work is that before code-switching an entity, its morphological inflection is not checked. This can lead to potential errors as the form of the CS entity might not agree with the surrounding context (e.g. plural). There should be few cases as such, as we are only switching entities. However, this should be improved in a later version of the corpus. Secondly, the diversity of languages used to construct the EntityCS corpus is restricted to the overlap between the available languages in WikiData and XLM-R pre-training. This choice was for a better comparison between models, however it is possible to extend the corpus with more languages that XLM-R does not cover, following the procedure presented in the paper.

Citation

BibTeX

@inproceedings{whitehouse-etal-2022-entitycs,
    title = "{E}ntity{CS}: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switching",
    author = "Whitehouse, Chenxi  and
      Christopoulou, Fenia  and
      Iacobacci, Ignacio",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022",
    month = dec,
    year = "2022",
    address = "Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-emnlp.499",
    pages = "6698--6714"
}

APA

Whitehouse, C., Christopoulou, F., & Iacobacci, I. (2022). EntityCS: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switching. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022.

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Size of downloaded dataset files:

54.9 GB

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

54.9 GB

Number of rows:

284,769,480

id int64 7 54.5M	en_sentence stringlengths 15 2.89k	cs_sentence stringlengths 15 2.9k	language stringclasses 12 values
43	"Marine Observation Outpost" (M.O.O.) – Guests see a show on a high definition <en>LCD</en> screen which is similar to the underwater attraction.	"Marine Observation Outpost" (M.O.O.) – Guests see a show on a high definition <af>Vloeikristalskerm</af> screen which is similar to the underwater attraction.	af
82	A ferry service from <en>Aberdeen</en>, in the southern part of Hong Kong island, stops in Mot Tat Wan before going on to Sok Kwu Wan.	A ferry service from <af>Aberdeen</af>, in the southern part of Hong Kong island, stops in Mot Tat Wan before going on to Sok Kwu Wan.	af
128	It was moved to <en>Slovakia</en> in 1945, where it fought its only battles (Slovakia and the upper Danube).	It was moved to <af>Slowakye</af> in 1945, where it fought its only battles (Slovakia and the upper Danube).	af
232	His parents and the extended Carter family arrive for <en>Thanksgiving</en>, at which time Ray and an intoxicated Johnny get into a bitter argument.	His parents and the extended Carter family arrive for <af>Thanksgiving</af>, at which time Ray and an intoxicated Johnny get into a bitter argument.	af
269	Her mother, Rose ("née" Carbone), was a seamstress, and her father, Gino Occhiuto, was a truck driver for <en>Coca-Cola</en>.	Her mother, Rose ("née" Carbone), was a seamstress, and her father, Gino Occhiuto, was a truck driver for <af>Coca-Cola</af>.	af
312	(<en>Capitol</en>/<en>EMI Records</en>).	(<af>Capitol Records</af>/<af>EMI</af>).	af
328	Pietro Bernini (6 May 1562 – 29 August 1629) was an <en>Italian</en>	Pietro Bernini (6 May 1562 – 29 August 1629) was an <af>Italië</af>	af
415	One of his first major works there was a large ceiling painting (since destroyed) of Apollo and the Muses for Buckingham's newly rebuilt London home, York House, in the <en>Strand</en>.	One of his first major works there was a large ceiling painting (since destroyed) of Apollo and the Muses for Buckingham's newly rebuilt London home, York House, in the <af>Strand</af>.	af
432	Show's later life was affected by <en>drug abuse</en>; at age 37, he was found dead in his room at a drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility in 1994.	Show's later life was affected by <af>Middelmisbruik</af>; at age 37, he was found dead in his room at a drug and alcohol rehabilitation facility in 1994.	af
512	In 1992, Zhao married his second wife, Ma Lijuan , a <en>Hui Chinese</en> woman from <en>Chifeng</en>, Inner Mongolia.	In 1992, Zhao married his second wife, Ma Lijuan , a <af>Hui-Sjinese</af> woman from <af>Chifeng</af>, Inner Mongolia.	af
615	"Craven" cruised on the east coast and in the <en>Caribbean</en> in training, maneuvers, and <en>torpedo</en> practice, until 3 May 1919 when she sailed from <en>New York</en> for <en>Trepassey Bay, Newfoundland</en>.	"Craven" cruised on the east coast and in the <af>Karibiese gebied</af> in training, maneuvers, and <af>Torpedo</af> practice, until 3 May 1919 when she sailed from <af>New York Stad</af> for <en>Trepassey Bay, Newfoundland</en>.	af
634	Vicky the Viking, known as in <en>Germany</en> and <en>Austria</en> and in <en>Japan</en>, is a German-Austrian-Japanese animated television series which tells the adventures of Vicky, a young <en>Viking</en> boy who uses his wits to help his Viking fellows.	Vicky the Viking, known as in <af>Duitsland</af> and <af>Oostenryk</af> and in <af>Japan</af>, is a German-Austrian-Japanese animated television series which tells the adventures of Vicky, a young <af>Wikings</af> boy who uses his wits to help his Viking fellows.	af
660	The main Newtown campus is located on a former estate that Bucks County acquired in very early 1965 from <en>Temple University</en>, which had inherited it from Stella Elkins Tyler, a wealthy benefactor, only two years before.	The main Newtown campus is located on a former estate that Bucks County acquired in very early 1965 from <af>Temple-universiteit</af>, which had inherited it from Stella Elkins Tyler, a wealthy benefactor, only two years before.	af
678	Born to a <en>Suzhou</en> scholar-official, Lin Ruhai, and Lady Jia Min of the Rongguo house, Daiyu was raised by her parents in her family's mansion in nearby <en>Yangzhou</en>, where she received an excellent education.	Born to a <af>Sutsjou, Jiangsu</af> scholar-official, Lin Ruhai, and Lady Jia Min of the Rongguo house, Daiyu was raised by her parents in her family's mansion in nearby <af>Yangtsjou</af>, where she received an excellent education.	af
718	Designers removed the ADB and PS/2 ports, replacing them with a USB port and a mini-DIN-8 <en>serial port</en>.	Designers removed the ADB and PS/2 ports, replacing them with a USB port and a mini-DIN-8 <af>Serie-poort</af>.	af
848	By the 1840s, <en>silk</en> was replacing fur for hats as the clothing fashion in Europe.	By the 1840s, <af>Sy</af> was replacing fur for hats as the clothing fashion in Europe.	af
849	Despite efforts to increase profits by diversifying into other industries like <en>lead</en> mining, the American Fur Company folded.	Despite efforts to increase profits by diversifying into other industries like <af>lood</af> mining, the American Fur Company folded.	af
893	<en>Lucerne</en>, wheat and sheep were established on the station in later years.	<af>Lusern</af>, wheat and sheep were established on the station in later years.	af
922	In mid-1803, he returned to the <en>Mediterranean</en> in the <en>brig</en>	In mid-1803, he returned to the <af>Middellandse See</af> in the <af>Brik</af>	af
1,093	A community named "Withers" <en>post office</en> was established at the site of the old Swash.	A community named "Withers" <af>United States Postal Service</af> was established at the site of the old Swash.	af
1,134	This is a trend that is likely to continue because of increasing human population growth and demand for marine food sources, as well as industrialization of <en>fisheries</en> which are expanding into new areas.	This is a trend that is likely to continue because of increasing human population growth and demand for marine food sources, as well as industrialization of <af>Vissery</af> which are expanding into new areas.	af
1,193	Management and regulation are lacking in many <en>fisheries</en> today.	Management and regulation are lacking in many <af>Vissery</af> today.	af
1,233	Pereira is the capital city of the <en>Colombia</en>n <en>department</en> of <en>Risaralda</en>.	Pereira is the capital city of the <af>Colombia</af>n <af>Departemente van Colombia</af> of <af>Risaralda (departement)</af>.	af
1,308	He received a one match ban and made his return against <en>Palermo</en> in a 1–0 win on 1 February 2009.	He received a one match ban and made his return against <af>Palermo FC</af> in a 1–0 win on 1 February 2009.	af
1,347	In 1862, on the deposition of <en>King Otto</en>, he became minister for foreign affairs in the provisional government.	In 1862, on the deposition of <af>Otto van Griekeland</af>, he became minister for foreign affairs in the provisional government.	af
1,377	Conti took part with Italy at the <en>1986 FIFA World Cup</en>, playing in every match; the Italians were eliminated in the round of 16.	Conti took part with Italy at the <af>FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1986</af>, playing in every match; the Italians were eliminated in the round of 16.	af
1,420	Richard Alexander Allen (February 10, 1929 – March 5, 2019) was an historian and former <en>politician</en> in <en>Ontario</en>, Canada.	Richard Alexander Allen (February 10, 1929 – March 5, 2019) was an historian and former <af>politikus</af> in <af>Ontario</af>, Canada.	af
1,447	From first season, he became a regular player and played as right back of three defence with <en>Japan national team</en> players <en>Masami Ihara</en> and <en>Norio Omura</en>.	From first season, he became a regular player and played as right back of three defence with <af>Japanse nasionale sokkerspan</af> players <af>Masami Ihara</af> and <af>Norio Omura</af>.	af
1,495	When the <en>Goths</en> invaded in 410, she was brutalized, and she died of her injuries.	When the <af>Gote</af> invaded in 410, she was brutalized, and she died of her injuries.	af
1,573	It was here that Washington entertained the Count de <en>Rochambeau</en> and his French officers.	It was here that Washington entertained the Count de <af>Comte de Rochambeau</af> and his French officers.	af
1,680	Robert Denison Holmes (May 11, 1909 – June 6, 1976) was an American politician and journalist from the <en>U.S. state</en> of <en>Oregon</en>.	Robert Denison Holmes (May 11, 1909 – June 6, 1976) was an American politician and journalist from the <af>Deelstate van die Verenigde State van Amerika</af> of <af>Oregon</af>.	af
1,789	Balgownie is a small suburb of <en>Wollongong</en>, <en>New South Wales</en>, <en>Australia</en>.	Balgownie is a small suburb of <af>Wollongong</af>, <af>Nieu-Suid-Wallis</af>, <af>Australië</af>.	af
1,828	Article 12 contains two sections directing the Legislature to enact general laws for the creation of private <en>corporation</en>s and prohibiting the creation of private corporations by special law.	Article 12 contains two sections directing the Legislature to enact general laws for the creation of private <af>korporasie</af>s and prohibiting the creation of private corporations by special law.	af
1,925	For instance, one legend tells of a strong-willed wife who was a master of "<en>janggi</en>" or Korean chess.	For instance, one legend tells of a strong-willed wife who was a master of "<af>Janggi</af>" or Korean chess.	af
2,138	The Confederate capital of <en>Richmond</en>, now unprotected by Lee's army, fell to Union forces along with Petersburg on April 3, 1865.	The Confederate capital of <af>Richmond</af>, now unprotected by Lee's army, fell to Union forces along with Petersburg on April 3, 1865.	af
2,153	Reviewing its 2002 reissue, David Peisner of "<en>Rolling Stone</en>" wrote that the album "hasn't lost any bite".	Reviewing its 2002 reissue, David Peisner of "<af>Rolling Stone</af>" wrote that the album "hasn't lost any bite".	af
2,187	Her poetry was praised by many of the leading figures of the <en>American Revolution</en>, including <en>George Washington</en>, who thanked her for a poem written in his honor.	Her poetry was praised by many of the leading figures of the <af>Amerikaanse Rewolusie</af>, including <af>George Washington</af>, who thanked her for a poem written in his honor.	af
2,198	He began to work for abolitionist causes, making his way to <en>Buffalo, New York</en>, and later <en>Boston, Massachusetts</en>.	He began to work for abolitionist causes, making his way to <af>Buffalo, New York</af>, and later <af>Boston</af>.	af
2,287	Morrison is the first African American to win the <en>Nobel Prize in Literature</en>.	Morrison is the first African American to win the <af>Nobelprys vir Letterkunde</af>.	af
2,311	This view of African-American literature as a tool in the struggle for Black political and cultural liberation has been stated for decades, perhaps most famously by <en>W. E. B. Du Bois</en>.	This view of African-American literature as a tool in the struggle for Black political and cultural liberation has been stated for decades, perhaps most famously by <af>W. E. B. Du Bois</af>.	af