here- by authorizedto requirequarterlybudget approvalprior to the expenditureof enyofthe fuuds appropriatedto the departmentsend agenciesof the State of Texas in this Ad. Suchreq~~ntwhenFxercisedshallbe made by filingwrittennoticewith the State Comptrollerand writtendirediim with the departmentor agency. After tich notice,no moneys hereinappropriatedshallbe ex- pendeduntil such budget approvalshallhave been se- curea." ArticleIII, Section2, cbd. (34),LB. 426, Acts 52nd Leg., 19.51.
nBuD(;gTAPPROVALJ6ENREQUISED.The  BudgetBoard is hereby authorizedto requirethe sub- mimion of a budget for Ws approvalprior to the ex- pepdltun of any of the funds appropriatedto the St&e institutions of highereducationand to thepther edu- cationalagenciesof the St&e of Texes nan~d in his &kg article. Suchrequirement,whenexercised,shall be made by filingwrittennoticewith the State.Comptrol- ler a&written dir&&ion with the institutionor ageky. After the effectivedate providedin ech notice,no man- eys hereinappropriatedshellbe expendeduntil such budget approvalshallbeen Bid beefisecured. The au- thority&rantedby this peragraphshallbe exercised only in emergncies. The LegislativeBudgetBoard dalYdetermine when such an emergency~exists." Arti- cle V, Sectiw'16, LB. ,426,Acts 52nd L&g., 1951. / "QuarterlyBudgets. The tigislativeBudgetR&d shall requirequarterlybudget approval.prior to the ob- ligation~orexpknditti of any of the'fundsappropriated to the Board institutionsand the Centrd Officeti this Article& No moneys herein appropriatedshallbe expended until such budget kpprovalshall have been secured.!'Ar- ~ticieII, Section14, 'E.B.~ 426, Acts 52nd Leg., 1951.
'a Section18(b)'and(c), House Bill 321, Acti 5lst Leg.9 R.S.,~1949;ch.842, pt 1084. Non. Al.LsnShivers,Page 15 (V-1254)
Since the State departments,institutionsof higher education,and other State institutionsare not a part of the legislativebranchof the State government,these rider6, in requiringfurtheritemizationof appropriations or approval of the expenditureof appropriatedfunds by the Legislative BudgetBoard, violatethe constitutional provisionprescrib- ..ingthe separationof powers.
The phrase "any power properlyattack&to either of the others"promptsinquiryas to what powersbelongto each branch. "Legislative" mans %zking, or havingthe power to make, a law or laws." Webster'6New lnternationel Diction- ary (2dEd. 1938). This includesmakIng and itemizingappro- priations. :YChf.power to itemizeappropriation8 is a legisla- U-power which it may exerciseif it sees fit as long as'the is in its hanas. The legislationis completewhen the appropriation-is &&.+ People v. Tremaiue,I.68N.E. 817 (N.Y. Ct. App. 19s). The money once appropriated, the Le&slature Is no longerauthorizedto concernitselfwith the fin-ther seg- regationand disbursementof the funds,the constitutional in- hibitionbeing not only againstactualusurpztionof the func- tion, but also againstone departztent's settingItselfup in a supervisorycapacityover the actionsof another.l3 Paren- thetically,it maybe notedherethat if the approvalofpro- posdexpenditures'beconsi&redalegislatlve function,still. such functioncouldno be delee;ated by the body as a whole to a'few of its zembers.lfi
The legislativefunctionbeing to make laws, the execu- tive iunctionis to carry them out. Webster'sNew International Dictionzry(2dEd. 1938), in Its definitionof "executive," uses the phrases"or carryinginto effect" . . . "or zecurestheir due performance."More specifically, the fizcaladministration of the affairsof the governuetihas been held to be an execu- tive duty.15 The above ridersthus attemptto vest au execu- tive power in a joint cozmitteeof the legislativebranch.
AlthoughTexas cases upholdingthe separationof powers are too nmrterous to requirecitation,one exampleof an unwar- rantedlegislativeinterference with the executivedepartmentis the strikingdown of Article803a, V.P.C.., which prescribedthe
u Cooley'sConstitutional Li$tations (8thEd. 1927) 227.
w Ex parte Youngblood,251 S,W. 509 (Tex. Grim.App. 1923).
w In re Opinionof the Justices,68 AtL.873 (N.H. Sup. 1907). HCJL Al&an Shivers,Page 16 (V-U*)