258 F.3d 978 (9th Cir. 2001)
HARRY TOSCANO, AN INDIVIDUAL, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
PROFESSIONAL GOLFERS' ASSOCIATION, A MARYLAND NONPROFIT CORPORATION, DBA SENIOR PGA TOUR; JIM COLBERT, AN INDIVIDUAL; BRUCE DEVLIN, AN INDIVIDUAL; TERRY DILL, AN INDIVIDUAL; DALE DOUGLASS, AN INDIVIDUAL; RAYMOND FLOYD, AN INDIVIDUAL; GIBBY GILBERT, AN INDIVIDUAL; BOB GOALBY, AN INDIVIDUAL; MIKE HILL, AN INDIVIDUAL; KEN STILL, AN INDIVIDUAL; BELL ATLANTIC CORPORATION, A DELAWARE CORPORATION; BOONE VALLEY, A BUSINESS ENTITY; BRICKYARD CROSSING, A BUSINESS ENTITY; BRUNO'S INC., AN ALABAMA CORPORATION; BURNET, A BUSINESS ENTITY; CHRYSLER CORPORATION, A DELAWARE CORPORATION; DINERS CLUB INTERNATIONAL, A BUSINESS ENTITY; EVEREADY BATTERY COMPANY, A CORPORATION; FIRSTOF AMERICA, A BUSINESS ENTITY; FORD MOTOR COMPANY, A DELAWARE CORPORATION; THE GILLETTE COMPANY, A DELAWARE CORPORATION; THE KROGER COMPANY, AN OHIO CORPORATION; LIBERTY MUTUAL GROUP, A BUSINESS ENTITY; MERCEDES-BENZ OF NORTH AMERICA, INC., A CORPORATION; NYT MAGAZINE GROUP, A BUSINESS ENTITY; QUICKSILVER, A BUSINESS ENTITY; R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO, CORPORATION, A BUSINESS ENTITY; TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION, A CORPORATION; WENDY'S INTERNATIONAL, INC., AN OHIO CORPORATION; NATIONWIDE INSURANCE, ENTERPRISES, A BUSINESS ENTITY; TOSHIBA CORPORATION, A CORPORATION; PGA TOURS, INC.; DAVE STOCKTON, AN INDIVIDUAL; DEANE R. BEMAN; TIMOTHY W. FINCHEM; OJAI GOLF CHARITIES, A CALIFORNIA NONPROFIT CORPORATION, DEFENDANTS,
AND
AMERICAN EXPRESS COMPANY, A NEW YORK CORPORATION; AMERITECH CORPORATION, A DELAWARE CORPORATION; BANKBOSTON CORPORATION, A CORPORATION; BANC ONE CORPORATION, AN OHIO CORPORATION; BELLSOUTH CORPORATION, A GEORGIA CORPORATION; COUNTRY-WIDE CREDIT INDUSTRIES, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION; FHP HEALTH CARE, A BUSINESS ENTITY; FRANKLIN QUEST COMPANY, A UTAH CORPORATION; GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, A DELAWARE CORPORATION; GTE CORPORATION, A NEW YORK CORPORATION; HYATT CORPORATION, A CORPORATION; LG GROUP, A
BUSINESS ENTITY; PAINE WEBBER GROUP, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION; RALEY'S, A BUSINESS CORPORATION; RALPH'S GROCERY COMPANY, A CORPORATION; ROYAL CARRIBEAN CRUISE LINE, A BUSINESS ENTITY; SBC COMMUNICATIONS, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION; THE SCOTTS COMPANY, AN OHIO CORPORATION; TRANSAMERICAN CORPORATION, A DELAWARE CORPORATION; TRUEGREEN-CHEMLAWN, A BUSINESS ENTITY; GOLD RUSH CLASSICS, A CALIFORNIA NONPROFIT CORPORATION; CENTINELA HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER; CLASSIC CHARITIESOF ORANGE COUNTY, A CALIFORNIA NONPROFIT CORPORATION; GRAND SLAM CHARITIES, AN OHIO NONPROFIT CORPORATION, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
No. 00-15101
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
Argued and Submitted June 11, 2001--San Francisco, California
Filed August 2, 2001
Counsel Paul Smith, Dallas, Texas, for plaintiff-appellant Toscano.
Andrew D. Hurwitz, Phoenix, Arizona, for defendants-appellees Local Sponsors.
J. Thomas Rosch, San Francisco, California, for Title Sponsor General Motors.
D.C. No. CV-97-01238-DFL Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California David F. Levi, District Judge, Presiding
Before: Mary M. Schroeder, Chief Judge, Donald Lay,* and David R. Thompson, Circuit Judges.
Thompson, Circuit Judge
OPINION
Plaintiff Harry Toscano, a professional golfer, appeals the district court's summary judgment in favor of the sponsors of Senior PGA Tour golf tournaments, on his claim under section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1 (1994). Toscano alleges that the defendants entered into a contract, combination, or conspiracy to unreasonably restrain trade in professional golf and among professional golfers by agreeing to sponsor golf tournaments in accordance with PGA Tour rules and