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fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT Base v1
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the base model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 12 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 768 hidden dimension
- 12 attention heads
- 11M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-base-v1')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"▁modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"▁modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"▁model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"▁runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"▁lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-base-v1')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-base-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-base-v1')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-base-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-base-v1')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"▁chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"▁janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"▁shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"▁blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"▁lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"▁receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"▁janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"▁paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"▁chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"▁waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
```
<a href="https://huggingface.co/exbert/?model=albert-base-v1">
<img width="300px" src="https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/exbert/button.png">
</a>
| {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "tags": ["exbert"], "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-base-v1 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"safetensors",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"exbert",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #exbert #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
| ALBERT Base v1
==============
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the base model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 12 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 768 hidden dimension
* 12 attention heads
* 11M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
<a href="URL
<img width="300px" src="URL
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info\n\n\n<a href=\"URL\n<img width=\"300px\" src=\"URL"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #exbert #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info\n\n\n<a href=\"URL\n<img width=\"300px\" src=\"URL"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT Base v2
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the base model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 12 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 768 hidden dimension
- 12 attention heads
- 11M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-base-v2')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"▁modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"▁modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"▁model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"▁runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"▁lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-base-v2')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-base-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-base-v2')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-base-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-base-v2')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"▁chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"▁janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"▁shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"▁blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"▁lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"▁receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"▁janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"▁paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"▁chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"▁waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
``` | {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-base-v2 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"jax",
"rust",
"safetensors",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #rust #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
| ALBERT Base v2
==============
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the base model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 12 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 768 hidden dimension
* 12 attention heads
* 11M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #rust #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT Large v1
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the large model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 24 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 1024 hidden dimension
- 16 attention heads
- 17M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-large-v1')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"â–modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"â–modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"â–model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"â–runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"â–lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-large-v1')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-large-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-large-v1')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-large-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-large-v1')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"â–shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"â–blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"â–lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"â–receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"â–paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"â–waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
``` | {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-large-v1 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
| ALBERT Large v1
===============
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the large model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 24 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 1024 hidden dimension
* 16 attention heads
* 17M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT Large v2
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the large model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 24 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 1024 hidden dimension
- 16 attention heads
- 17M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-large-v2')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"â–modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"â–modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"â–model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"â–runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"â–lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-large-v2')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-large-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-large-v2')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-large-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-large-v2')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"â–shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"â–blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"â–lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"â–receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"â–paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"â–waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
``` | {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-large-v2 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"safetensors",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
| ALBERT Large v2
===============
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the large model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 24 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 1024 hidden dimension
* 16 attention heads
* 17M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT XLarge v1
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the xlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 24 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 2048 hidden dimension
- 16 attention heads
- 58M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xlarge-v1')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"â–modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"â–modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"â–model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"â–runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"â–lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xlarge-v1')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xlarge-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xlarge-v1')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xlarge-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xlarge-v1')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"â–shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"â–blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"â–lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"â–receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"â–paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"â–waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
``` | {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-xlarge-v1 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"safetensors",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
| ALBERT XLarge v1
================
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the xlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 24 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 2048 hidden dimension
* 16 attention heads
* 58M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT XLarge v2
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the xlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 24 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 2048 hidden dimension
- 16 attention heads
- 58M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xlarge-v2')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"â–modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"â–modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"â–model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"â–runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"â–lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xlarge-v2')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xlarge-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xlarge-v2')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xlarge-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xlarge-v2')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"â–shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"â–blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"â–lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"â–receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"â–paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"â–waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
``` | {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-xlarge-v2 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
| ALBERT XLarge v2
================
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the xlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 24 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 2048 hidden dimension
* 16 attention heads
* 58M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT XXLarge v1
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the xxlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 12 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 4096 hidden dimension
- 64 attention heads
- 223M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xxlarge-v1')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"â–modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"â–modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"â–model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"â–runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"â–lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xxlarge-v1')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xxlarge-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xxlarge-v1')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xxlarge-v1")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xxlarge-v1')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"â–shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"â–blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"â–lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"â–receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"â–paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"â–waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
``` | {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-xxlarge-v1 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
| ALBERT XXLarge v1
=================
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the first version of the xxlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 12 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 4096 hidden dimension
* 64 attention heads
* 223M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #albert #fill-mask #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# ALBERT XXLarge v2
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/albert). This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the xxlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
- 12 repeating layers
- 128 embedding dimension
- 4096 hidden dimension
- 64 attention heads
- 223M parameters
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=albert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xxlarge-v2')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modeling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.05816134437918663,
"token":12807,
"token_str":"â–modeling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a modelling model.[SEP]",
"score":0.03748830780386925,
"token":23089,
"token_str":"â–modelling"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a model model.[SEP]",
"score":0.033725276589393616,
"token":1061,
"token_str":"â–model"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a runway model.[SEP]",
"score":0.017313428223133087,
"token":8014,
"token_str":"â–runway"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] hello i'm a lingerie model.[SEP]",
"score":0.014405295252799988,
"token":29104,
"token_str":"â–lingerie"
}
]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, AlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xxlarge-v2')
model = AlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xxlarge-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import AlbertTokenizer, TFAlbertModel
tokenizer = AlbertTokenizer.from_pretrained('albert-xxlarge-v2')
model = TFAlbertModel.from_pretrained("albert-xxlarge-v2")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='albert-xxlarge-v2')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.029577180743217468,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028865724802017212,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a shoemaker.[SEP]",
"score":0.02581118606030941,
"token":29024,
"token_str":"â–shoemaker"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a blacksmith.[SEP]",
"score":0.01849772222340107,
"token":21238,
"token_str":"â–blacksmith"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the man worked as a lawyer.[SEP]",
"score":0.01820771023631096,
"token":3672,
"token_str":"â–lawyer"
}
]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a receptionist.[SEP]",
"score":0.04604868218302727,
"token":25331,
"token_str":"â–receptionist"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a janitor.[SEP]",
"score":0.028220869600772858,
"token":29477,
"token_str":"â–janitor"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a paramedic.[SEP]",
"score":0.0261906236410141,
"token":23386,
"token_str":"â–paramedic"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a chauffeur.[SEP]",
"score":0.024797942489385605,
"token":28744,
"token_str":"â–chauffeur"
},
{
"sequence":"[CLS] the woman worked as a waitress.[SEP]",
"score":0.024124596267938614,
"token":13678,
"token_str":"â–waitress"
}
]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The ALBERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
| | Average | SQuAD1.1 | SQuAD2.0 | MNLI | SST-2 | RACE |
|----------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|
|V2 |
|ALBERT-base |82.3 |90.2/83.2 |82.1/79.3 |84.6 |92.9 |66.8 |
|ALBERT-large |85.7 |91.8/85.2 |84.9/81.8 |86.5 |94.9 |75.2 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |87.9 |92.9/86.4 |87.9/84.1 |87.9 |95.4 |80.7 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |90.9 |94.6/89.1 |89.8/86.9 |90.6 |96.8 |86.8 |
|V1 |
|ALBERT-base |80.1 |89.3/82.3 | 80.0/77.1|81.6 |90.3 | 64.0 |
|ALBERT-large |82.4 |90.6/83.9 | 82.3/79.4|83.5 |91.7 | 68.5 |
|ALBERT-xlarge |85.5 |92.5/86.1 | 86.1/83.1|86.4 |92.4 | 74.8 |
|ALBERT-xxlarge |91.0 |94.8/89.3 | 90.2/87.4|90.8 |96.9 | 86.5 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11942,
author = {Zhenzhong Lan and
Mingda Chen and
Sebastian Goodman and
Kevin Gimpel and
Piyush Sharma and
Radu Soricut},
title = {{ALBERT:} {A} Lite {BERT} for Self-supervised Learning of Language
Representations},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1909.11942},
year = {2019},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1909.11942},
timestamp = {Fri, 27 Sep 2019 13:04:21 +0200},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1909-11942.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
```
<a href="https://huggingface.co/exbert/?model=albert-xxlarge-v2">
<img width="300px" src="https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/exbert/button.png">
</a> | {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "tags": ["exbert"], "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | albert/albert-xxlarge-v2 | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"rust",
"safetensors",
"albert",
"fill-mask",
"exbert",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1909.11942",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"has_space",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1909.11942"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #rust #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #exbert #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #has_space #region-us
| ALBERT XXLarge v2
=================
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model, as all ALBERT models, is uncased: it does not make a difference
between english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing ALBERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
ALBERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Sentence Ordering Prediction (SOP): ALBERT uses a pretraining loss based on predicting the ordering of two consecutive segments of text.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the ALBERT model as inputs.
ALBERT is particular in that it shares its layers across its Transformer. Therefore, all layers have the same weights. Using repeating layers results in a small memory footprint, however, the computational cost remains similar to a BERT-like architecture with the same number of hidden layers as it has to iterate through the same number of (repeating) layers.
This is the second version of the xxlarge model. Version 2 is different from version 1 due to different dropout rates, additional training data, and longer training. It has better results in nearly all downstream tasks.
This model has the following configuration:
* 12 repeating layers
* 128 embedding dimension
* 4096 hidden dimension
* 64 attention heads
* 223M parameters
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are
then of the form:
### Training
The ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
<a href="URL
<img width="300px" src="URL
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info\n\n\n<a href=\"URL\n<img width=\"300px\" src=\"URL"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #rust #safetensors #albert #fill-mask #exbert #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1909.11942 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #has_space #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe ALBERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are lowercased and tokenized using SentencePiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are\nthen of the form:",
"### Training\n\n\nThe ALBERT procedure follows the BERT setup.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, the ALBERT models achieve the following results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info\n\n\n<a href=\"URL\n<img width=\"300px\" src=\"URL"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# BERT base model (cased)
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
[this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805) and first released in
[this repository](https://github.com/google-research/bert). This model is case-sensitive: it makes a difference between
english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing BERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
## Model description
BERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
- Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
- Next sentence prediction (NSP): the models concatenates two masked sentences as inputs during pretraining. Sometimes
they correspond to sentences that were next to each other in the original text, sometimes not. The model then has to
predict if the two sentences were following each other or not.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the BERT model as inputs.
## Intended uses & limitations
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the [model hub](https://huggingface.co/models?filter=bert) to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='bert-base-cased')
>>> unmasker("Hello I'm a [MASK] model.")
[{'sequence': "[CLS] Hello I'm a fashion model. [SEP]",
'score': 0.09019174426794052,
'token': 4633,
'token_str': 'fashion'},
{'sequence': "[CLS] Hello I'm a new model. [SEP]",
'score': 0.06349995732307434,
'token': 1207,
'token_str': 'new'},
{'sequence': "[CLS] Hello I'm a male model. [SEP]",
'score': 0.06228214129805565,
'token': 2581,
'token_str': 'male'},
{'sequence': "[CLS] Hello I'm a professional model. [SEP]",
'score': 0.0441727414727211,
'token': 1848,
'token_str': 'professional'},
{'sequence': "[CLS] Hello I'm a super model. [SEP]",
'score': 0.03326151892542839,
'token': 7688,
'token_str': 'super'}]
```
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
```python
from transformers import BertTokenizer, BertModel
tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-cased')
model = BertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='pt')
output = model(**encoded_input)
```
and in TensorFlow:
```python
from transformers import BertTokenizer, TFBertModel
tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-cased')
model = TFBertModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased")
text = "Replace me by any text you'd like."
encoded_input = tokenizer(text, return_tensors='tf')
output = model(encoded_input)
```
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
```python
>>> from transformers import pipeline
>>> unmasker = pipeline('fill-mask', model='bert-base-cased')
>>> unmasker("The man worked as a [MASK].")
[{'sequence': '[CLS] The man worked as a lawyer. [SEP]',
'score': 0.04804691672325134,
'token': 4545,
'token_str': 'lawyer'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The man worked as a waiter. [SEP]',
'score': 0.037494491785764694,
'token': 17989,
'token_str': 'waiter'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The man worked as a cop. [SEP]',
'score': 0.035512614995241165,
'token': 9947,
'token_str': 'cop'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The man worked as a detective. [SEP]',
'score': 0.031271643936634064,
'token': 9140,
'token_str': 'detective'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The man worked as a doctor. [SEP]',
'score': 0.027423162013292313,
'token': 3995,
'token_str': 'doctor'}]
>>> unmasker("The woman worked as a [MASK].")
[{'sequence': '[CLS] The woman worked as a nurse. [SEP]',
'score': 0.16927455365657806,
'token': 7439,
'token_str': 'nurse'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The woman worked as a waitress. [SEP]',
'score': 0.1501094549894333,
'token': 15098,
'token_str': 'waitress'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The woman worked as a maid. [SEP]',
'score': 0.05600163713097572,
'token': 13487,
'token_str': 'maid'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The woman worked as a housekeeper. [SEP]',
'score': 0.04838843643665314,
'token': 26458,
'token_str': 'housekeeper'},
{'sequence': '[CLS] The woman worked as a cook. [SEP]',
'score': 0.029980547726154327,
'token': 9834,
'token_str': 'cook'}]
```
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
## Training data
The BERT model was pretrained on [BookCorpus](https://yknzhu.wixsite.com/mbweb), a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and [English Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia) (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
## Training procedure
### Preprocessing
The texts are tokenized using WordPiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are then of the form:
```
[CLS] Sentence A [SEP] Sentence B [SEP]
```
With probability 0.5, sentence A and sentence B correspond to two consecutive sentences in the original corpus and in
the other cases, it's another random sentence in the corpus. Note that what is considered a sentence here is a
consecutive span of text usually longer than a single sentence. The only constrain is that the result with the two
"sentences" has a combined length of less than 512 tokens.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
- 15% of the tokens are masked.
- In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by `[MASK]`.
- In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
- In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
### Pretraining
The model was trained on 4 cloud TPUs in Pod configuration (16 TPU chips total) for one million steps with a batch size
of 256. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens for 90% of the steps and 512 for the remaining 10%. The optimizer
used is Adam with a learning rate of 1e-4, \\(\beta_{1} = 0.9\\) and \\(\beta_{2} = 0.999\\), a weight decay of 0.01,
learning rate warmup for 10,000 steps and linear decay of the learning rate after.
## Evaluation results
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, this model achieves the following results:
Glue test results:
| Task | MNLI-(m/mm) | QQP | QNLI | SST-2 | CoLA | STS-B | MRPC | RTE | Average |
|:----:|:-----------:|:----:|:----:|:-----:|:----:|:-----:|:----:|:----:|:-------:|
| | 84.6/83.4 | 71.2 | 90.5 | 93.5 | 52.1 | 85.8 | 88.9 | 66.4 | 79.6 |
### BibTeX entry and citation info
```bibtex
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-04805,
author = {Jacob Devlin and
Ming{-}Wei Chang and
Kenton Lee and
Kristina Toutanova},
title = {{BERT:} Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language
Understanding},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/1810.04805},
year = {2018},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1810.04805},
timestamp = {Tue, 30 Oct 2018 20:39:56 +0100},
biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-1810-04805.bib},
bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
```
<a href="https://huggingface.co/exbert/?model=bert-base-cased">
<img width="300px" src="https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/exbert/button.png">
</a>
| {"language": "en", "license": "apache-2.0", "tags": ["exbert"], "datasets": ["bookcorpus", "wikipedia"]} | google-bert/bert-base-cased | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"jax",
"safetensors",
"bert",
"fill-mask",
"exbert",
"en",
"dataset:bookcorpus",
"dataset:wikipedia",
"arxiv:1810.04805",
"license:apache-2.0",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"has_space",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1810.04805"
] | [
"en"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #exbert #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1810.04805 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #has_space #region-us
| BERT base model (cased)
=======================
Pretrained model on English language using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. It was introduced in
this paper and first released in
this repository. This model is case-sensitive: it makes a difference between
english and English.
Disclaimer: The team releasing BERT did not write a model card for this model so this model card has been written by
the Hugging Face team.
Model description
-----------------
BERT is a transformers model pretrained on a large corpus of English data in a self-supervised fashion. This means it
was pretrained on the raw texts only, with no humans labelling them in any way (which is why it can use lots of
publicly available data) with an automatic process to generate inputs and labels from those texts. More precisely, it
was pretrained with two objectives:
* Masked language modeling (MLM): taking a sentence, the model randomly masks 15% of the words in the input then run
the entire masked sentence through the model and has to predict the masked words. This is different from traditional
recurrent neural networks (RNNs) that usually see the words one after the other, or from autoregressive models like
GPT which internally mask the future tokens. It allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation of the
sentence.
* Next sentence prediction (NSP): the models concatenates two masked sentences as inputs during pretraining. Sometimes
they correspond to sentences that were next to each other in the original text, sometimes not. The model then has to
predict if the two sentences were following each other or not.
This way, the model learns an inner representation of the English language that can then be used to extract features
useful for downstream tasks: if you have a dataset of labeled sentences for instance, you can train a standard
classifier using the features produced by the BERT model as inputs.
Intended uses & limitations
---------------------------
You can use the raw model for either masked language modeling or next sentence prediction, but it's mostly intended to
be fine-tuned on a downstream task. See the model hub to look for
fine-tuned versions on a task that interests you.
Note that this model is primarily aimed at being fine-tuned on tasks that use the whole sentence (potentially masked)
to make decisions, such as sequence classification, token classification or question answering. For tasks such as text
generation you should look at model like GPT2.
### How to use
You can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:
Here is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:
and in TensorFlow:
### Limitations and bias
Even if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased
predictions:
This bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.
Training data
-------------
The BERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038
unpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and
headers).
Training procedure
------------------
### Preprocessing
The texts are tokenized using WordPiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are then of the form:
With probability 0.5, sentence A and sentence B correspond to two consecutive sentences in the original corpus and in
the other cases, it's another random sentence in the corpus. Note that what is considered a sentence here is a
consecutive span of text usually longer than a single sentence. The only constrain is that the result with the two
"sentences" has a combined length of less than 512 tokens.
The details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:
* 15% of the tokens are masked.
* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.
* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.
* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.
### Pretraining
The model was trained on 4 cloud TPUs in Pod configuration (16 TPU chips total) for one million steps with a batch size
of 256. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens for 90% of the steps and 512 for the remaining 10%. The optimizer
used is Adam with a learning rate of 1e-4, \(\beta\_{1} = 0.9\) and \(\beta\_{2} = 0.999\), a weight decay of 0.01,
learning rate warmup for 10,000 steps and linear decay of the learning rate after.
Evaluation results
------------------
When fine-tuned on downstream tasks, this model achieves the following results:
Glue test results:
### BibTeX entry and citation info
<a href="URL
<img width="300px" src="URL
| [
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe BERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are tokenized using WordPiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are then of the form:\n\n\nWith probability 0.5, sentence A and sentence B correspond to two consecutive sentences in the original corpus and in\nthe other cases, it's another random sentence in the corpus. Note that what is considered a sentence here is a\nconsecutive span of text usually longer than a single sentence. The only constrain is that the result with the two\n\"sentences\" has a combined length of less than 512 tokens.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.",
"### Pretraining\n\n\nThe model was trained on 4 cloud TPUs in Pod configuration (16 TPU chips total) for one million steps with a batch size\nof 256. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens for 90% of the steps and 512 for the remaining 10%. The optimizer\nused is Adam with a learning rate of 1e-4, \\(\\beta\\_{1} = 0.9\\) and \\(\\beta\\_{2} = 0.999\\), a weight decay of 0.01,\nlearning rate warmup for 10,000 steps and linear decay of the learning rate after.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, this model achieves the following results:\n\n\nGlue test results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info\n\n\n<a href=\"URL\n<img width=\"300px\" src=\"URL"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #exbert #en #dataset-bookcorpus #dataset-wikipedia #arxiv-1810.04805 #license-apache-2.0 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #has_space #region-us \n",
"### How to use\n\n\nYou can use this model directly with a pipeline for masked language modeling:\n\n\nHere is how to use this model to get the features of a given text in PyTorch:\n\n\nand in TensorFlow:",
"### Limitations and bias\n\n\nEven if the training data used for this model could be characterized as fairly neutral, this model can have biased\npredictions:\n\n\nThis bias will also affect all fine-tuned versions of this model.\n\n\nTraining data\n-------------\n\n\nThe BERT model was pretrained on BookCorpus, a dataset consisting of 11,038\nunpublished books and English Wikipedia (excluding lists, tables and\nheaders).\n\n\nTraining procedure\n------------------",
"### Preprocessing\n\n\nThe texts are tokenized using WordPiece and a vocabulary size of 30,000. The inputs of the model are then of the form:\n\n\nWith probability 0.5, sentence A and sentence B correspond to two consecutive sentences in the original corpus and in\nthe other cases, it's another random sentence in the corpus. Note that what is considered a sentence here is a\nconsecutive span of text usually longer than a single sentence. The only constrain is that the result with the two\n\"sentences\" has a combined length of less than 512 tokens.\n\n\nThe details of the masking procedure for each sentence are the following:\n\n\n* 15% of the tokens are masked.\n* In 80% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by '[MASK]'.\n* In 10% of the cases, the masked tokens are replaced by a random token (different) from the one they replace.\n* In the 10% remaining cases, the masked tokens are left as is.",
"### Pretraining\n\n\nThe model was trained on 4 cloud TPUs in Pod configuration (16 TPU chips total) for one million steps with a batch size\nof 256. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens for 90% of the steps and 512 for the remaining 10%. The optimizer\nused is Adam with a learning rate of 1e-4, \\(\\beta\\_{1} = 0.9\\) and \\(\\beta\\_{2} = 0.999\\), a weight decay of 0.01,\nlearning rate warmup for 10,000 steps and linear decay of the learning rate after.\n\n\nEvaluation results\n------------------\n\n\nWhen fine-tuned on downstream tasks, this model achieves the following results:\n\n\nGlue test results:",
"### BibTeX entry and citation info\n\n\n<a href=\"URL\n<img width=\"300px\" src=\"URL"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
# Bert-base-chinese
## Table of Contents
- [Model Details](#model-details)
- [Uses](#uses)
- [Risks, Limitations and Biases](#risks-limitations-and-biases)
- [Training](#training)
- [Evaluation](#evaluation)
- [How to Get Started With the Model](#how-to-get-started-with-the-model)
## Model Details
### Model Description
This model has been pre-trained for Chinese, training and random input masking has been applied independently to word pieces (as in the original BERT paper).
- **Developed by:** HuggingFace team
- **Model Type:** Fill-Mask
- **Language(s):** Chinese
- **License:** [More Information needed]
- **Parent Model:** See the [BERT base uncased model](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased) for more information about the BERT base model.
### Model Sources
- **Paper:** [BERT](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805)
## Uses
#### Direct Use
This model can be used for masked language modeling
## Risks, Limitations and Biases
**CONTENT WARNING: Readers should be aware this section contains content that is disturbing, offensive, and can propagate historical and current stereotypes.**
Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., [Sheng et al. (2021)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.330.pdf) and [Bender et al. (2021)](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445922)).
## Training
#### Training Procedure
* **type_vocab_size:** 2
* **vocab_size:** 21128
* **num_hidden_layers:** 12
#### Training Data
[More Information Needed]
## Evaluation
#### Results
[More Information Needed]
## How to Get Started With the Model
```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForMaskedLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-chinese")
model = AutoModelForMaskedLM.from_pretrained("bert-base-chinese")
```
| {"language": "zh"} | google-bert/bert-base-chinese | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"jax",
"safetensors",
"bert",
"fill-mask",
"zh",
"arxiv:1810.04805",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"has_space",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [
"1810.04805"
] | [
"zh"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #zh #arxiv-1810.04805 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #has_space #region-us
|
# Bert-base-chinese
## Table of Contents
- Model Details
- Uses
- Risks, Limitations and Biases
- Training
- Evaluation
- How to Get Started With the Model
## Model Details
### Model Description
This model has been pre-trained for Chinese, training and random input masking has been applied independently to word pieces (as in the original BERT paper).
- Developed by: HuggingFace team
- Model Type: Fill-Mask
- Language(s): Chinese
- License: [More Information needed]
- Parent Model: See the BERT base uncased model for more information about the BERT base model.
### Model Sources
- Paper: BERT
## Uses
#### Direct Use
This model can be used for masked language modeling
## Risks, Limitations and Biases
CONTENT WARNING: Readers should be aware this section contains content that is disturbing, offensive, and can propagate historical and current stereotypes.
Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)).
## Training
#### Training Procedure
* type_vocab_size: 2
* vocab_size: 21128
* num_hidden_layers: 12
#### Training Data
## Evaluation
#### Results
## How to Get Started With the Model
| [
"# Bert-base-chinese",
"## Table of Contents\n- Model Details\n- Uses\n- Risks, Limitations and Biases\n- Training\n- Evaluation\n- How to Get Started With the Model",
"## Model Details",
"### Model Description\n\nThis model has been pre-trained for Chinese, training and random input masking has been applied independently to word pieces (as in the original BERT paper).\n\n- Developed by: HuggingFace team\n- Model Type: Fill-Mask\n- Language(s): Chinese\n- License: [More Information needed]\n- Parent Model: See the BERT base uncased model for more information about the BERT base model.",
"### Model Sources\n- Paper: BERT",
"## Uses",
"#### Direct Use\n\nThis model can be used for masked language modeling",
"## Risks, Limitations and Biases\nCONTENT WARNING: Readers should be aware this section contains content that is disturbing, offensive, and can propagate historical and current stereotypes.\n\nSignificant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)).",
"## Training",
"#### Training Procedure\n* type_vocab_size: 2\n* vocab_size: 21128\n* num_hidden_layers: 12",
"#### Training Data",
"## Evaluation",
"#### Results",
"## How to Get Started With the Model"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #zh #arxiv-1810.04805 #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #has_space #region-us \n",
"# Bert-base-chinese",
"## Table of Contents\n- Model Details\n- Uses\n- Risks, Limitations and Biases\n- Training\n- Evaluation\n- How to Get Started With the Model",
"## Model Details",
"### Model Description\n\nThis model has been pre-trained for Chinese, training and random input masking has been applied independently to word pieces (as in the original BERT paper).\n\n- Developed by: HuggingFace team\n- Model Type: Fill-Mask\n- Language(s): Chinese\n- License: [More Information needed]\n- Parent Model: See the BERT base uncased model for more information about the BERT base model.",
"### Model Sources\n- Paper: BERT",
"## Uses",
"#### Direct Use\n\nThis model can be used for masked language modeling",
"## Risks, Limitations and Biases\nCONTENT WARNING: Readers should be aware this section contains content that is disturbing, offensive, and can propagate historical and current stereotypes.\n\nSignificant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)).",
"## Training",
"#### Training Procedure\n* type_vocab_size: 2\n* vocab_size: 21128\n* num_hidden_layers: 12",
"#### Training Data",
"## Evaluation",
"#### Results",
"## How to Get Started With the Model"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
<a href="https://huggingface.co/exbert/?model=bert-base-german-cased">
<img width="300px" src="https://cdn-media.huggingface.co/exbert/button.png">
</a>
# German BERT
## Overview
**Language model:** bert-base-cased
**Language:** German
**Training data:** Wiki, OpenLegalData, News (~ 12GB)
**Eval data:** Conll03 (NER), GermEval14 (NER), GermEval18 (Classification), GNAD (Classification)
**Infrastructure**: 1x TPU v2
**Published**: Jun 14th, 2019
**Update April 3rd, 2020**: we updated the vocabulary file on deepset's s3 to conform with the default tokenization of punctuation tokens.
For details see the related [FARM issue](https://github.com/deepset-ai/FARM/issues/60). If you want to use the old vocab we have also uploaded a ["deepset/bert-base-german-cased-oldvocab"](https://huggingface.co/deepset/bert-base-german-cased-oldvocab) model.
## Details
- We trained using Google's Tensorflow code on a single cloud TPU v2 with standard settings.
- We trained 810k steps with a batch size of 1024 for sequence length 128 and 30k steps with sequence length 512. Training took about 9 days.
- As training data we used the latest German Wikipedia dump (6GB of raw txt files), the OpenLegalData dump (2.4 GB) and news articles (3.6 GB).
- We cleaned the data dumps with tailored scripts and segmented sentences with spacy v2.1. To create tensorflow records we used the recommended sentencepiece library for creating the word piece vocabulary and tensorflow scripts to convert the text to data usable by BERT.
See https://deepset.ai/german-bert for more details
## Hyperparameters
```
batch_size = 1024
n_steps = 810_000
max_seq_len = 128 (and 512 later)
learning_rate = 1e-4
lr_schedule = LinearWarmup
num_warmup_steps = 10_000
```
## Performance
During training we monitored the loss and evaluated different model checkpoints on the following German datasets:
- germEval18Fine: Macro f1 score for multiclass sentiment classification
- germEval18coarse: Macro f1 score for binary sentiment classification
- germEval14: Seq f1 score for NER (file names deuutf.\*)
- CONLL03: Seq f1 score for NER
- 10kGNAD: Accuracy for document classification
Even without thorough hyperparameter tuning, we observed quite stable learning especially for our German model. Multiple restarts with different seeds produced quite similar results.
We further evaluated different points during the 9 days of pre-training and were astonished how fast the model converges to the maximally reachable performance. We ran all 5 downstream tasks on 7 different model checkpoints - taken at 0 up to 840k training steps (x-axis in figure below). Most checkpoints are taken from early training where we expected most performance changes. Surprisingly, even a randomly initialized BERT can be trained only on labeled downstream datasets and reach good performance (blue line, GermEval 2018 Coarse task, 795 kB trainset size).
## Authors
- Branden Chan: `branden.chan [at] deepset.ai`
- Timo Möller: `timo.moeller [at] deepset.ai`
- Malte Pietsch: `malte.pietsch [at] deepset.ai`
- Tanay Soni: `tanay.soni [at] deepset.ai`
## About us
We bring NLP to the industry via open source!
Our focus: Industry specific language models & large scale QA systems.
Some of our work:
- [German BERT (aka "bert-base-german-cased")](https://deepset.ai/german-bert)
- [FARM](https://github.com/deepset-ai/FARM)
- [Haystack](https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/)
Get in touch:
[Twitter](https://twitter.com/deepset_ai) | [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/company/deepset-ai/) | [Website](https://deepset.ai)
| {"language": "de", "license": "mit", "tags": ["exbert"], "thumbnail": "https://static.tildacdn.com/tild6438-3730-4164-b266-613634323466/german_bert.png"} | google-bert/bert-base-german-cased | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"tf",
"jax",
"onnx",
"safetensors",
"bert",
"fill-mask",
"exbert",
"de",
"license:mit",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [] | [
"de"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #onnx #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #exbert #de #license-mit #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
|
<a href="URL
<img width="300px" src="URL
</a>
# German BERT
!bert_image
## Overview
Language model: bert-base-cased
Language: German
Training data: Wiki, OpenLegalData, News (~ 12GB)
Eval data: Conll03 (NER), GermEval14 (NER), GermEval18 (Classification), GNAD (Classification)
Infrastructure: 1x TPU v2
Published: Jun 14th, 2019
Update April 3rd, 2020: we updated the vocabulary file on deepset's s3 to conform with the default tokenization of punctuation tokens.
For details see the related FARM issue. If you want to use the old vocab we have also uploaded a "deepset/bert-base-german-cased-oldvocab" model.
## Details
- We trained using Google's Tensorflow code on a single cloud TPU v2 with standard settings.
- We trained 810k steps with a batch size of 1024 for sequence length 128 and 30k steps with sequence length 512. Training took about 9 days.
- As training data we used the latest German Wikipedia dump (6GB of raw txt files), the OpenLegalData dump (2.4 GB) and news articles (3.6 GB).
- We cleaned the data dumps with tailored scripts and segmented sentences with spacy v2.1. To create tensorflow records we used the recommended sentencepiece library for creating the word piece vocabulary and tensorflow scripts to convert the text to data usable by BERT.
See URL for more details
## Hyperparameters
## Performance
During training we monitored the loss and evaluated different model checkpoints on the following German datasets:
- germEval18Fine: Macro f1 score for multiclass sentiment classification
- germEval18coarse: Macro f1 score for binary sentiment classification
- germEval14: Seq f1 score for NER (file names deuutf.\*)
- CONLL03: Seq f1 score for NER
- 10kGNAD: Accuracy for document classification
Even without thorough hyperparameter tuning, we observed quite stable learning especially for our German model. Multiple restarts with different seeds produced quite similar results.
!performancetable
We further evaluated different points during the 9 days of pre-training and were astonished how fast the model converges to the maximally reachable performance. We ran all 5 downstream tasks on 7 different model checkpoints - taken at 0 up to 840k training steps (x-axis in figure below). Most checkpoints are taken from early training where we expected most performance changes. Surprisingly, even a randomly initialized BERT can be trained only on labeled downstream datasets and reach good performance (blue line, GermEval 2018 Coarse task, 795 kB trainset size).
!checkpointseval
## Authors
- Branden Chan: 'URL [at] URL'
- Timo Möller: 'timo.moeller [at] URL'
- Malte Pietsch: 'malte.pietsch [at] URL'
- Tanay Soni: 'URL [at] URL'
## About us
!deepset logo
We bring NLP to the industry via open source!
Our focus: Industry specific language models & large scale QA systems.
Some of our work:
- German BERT (aka "bert-base-german-cased")
- FARM
- Haystack
Get in touch:
Twitter | LinkedIn | Website
| [
"# German BERT\n!bert_image",
"## Overview\nLanguage model: bert-base-cased \nLanguage: German \nTraining data: Wiki, OpenLegalData, News (~ 12GB) \nEval data: Conll03 (NER), GermEval14 (NER), GermEval18 (Classification), GNAD (Classification) \nInfrastructure: 1x TPU v2 \nPublished: Jun 14th, 2019\n\nUpdate April 3rd, 2020: we updated the vocabulary file on deepset's s3 to conform with the default tokenization of punctuation tokens. \nFor details see the related FARM issue. If you want to use the old vocab we have also uploaded a \"deepset/bert-base-german-cased-oldvocab\" model.",
"## Details\n- We trained using Google's Tensorflow code on a single cloud TPU v2 with standard settings.\n- We trained 810k steps with a batch size of 1024 for sequence length 128 and 30k steps with sequence length 512. Training took about 9 days.\n- As training data we used the latest German Wikipedia dump (6GB of raw txt files), the OpenLegalData dump (2.4 GB) and news articles (3.6 GB).\n- We cleaned the data dumps with tailored scripts and segmented sentences with spacy v2.1. To create tensorflow records we used the recommended sentencepiece library for creating the word piece vocabulary and tensorflow scripts to convert the text to data usable by BERT.\n\n\nSee URL for more details",
"## Hyperparameters",
"## Performance\n\nDuring training we monitored the loss and evaluated different model checkpoints on the following German datasets:\n\n- germEval18Fine: Macro f1 score for multiclass sentiment classification\n- germEval18coarse: Macro f1 score for binary sentiment classification\n- germEval14: Seq f1 score for NER (file names deuutf.\\*)\n- CONLL03: Seq f1 score for NER\n- 10kGNAD: Accuracy for document classification\n\nEven without thorough hyperparameter tuning, we observed quite stable learning especially for our German model. Multiple restarts with different seeds produced quite similar results.\n \n!performancetable \n\nWe further evaluated different points during the 9 days of pre-training and were astonished how fast the model converges to the maximally reachable performance. We ran all 5 downstream tasks on 7 different model checkpoints - taken at 0 up to 840k training steps (x-axis in figure below). Most checkpoints are taken from early training where we expected most performance changes. Surprisingly, even a randomly initialized BERT can be trained only on labeled downstream datasets and reach good performance (blue line, GermEval 2018 Coarse task, 795 kB trainset size).\n\n!checkpointseval",
"## Authors\n- Branden Chan: 'URL [at] URL'\n- Timo Möller: 'timo.moeller [at] URL'\n- Malte Pietsch: 'malte.pietsch [at] URL'\n- Tanay Soni: 'URL [at] URL'",
"## About us\n!deepset logo\n\nWe bring NLP to the industry via open source! \nOur focus: Industry specific language models & large scale QA systems. \n \nSome of our work: \n- German BERT (aka \"bert-base-german-cased\")\n- FARM\n- Haystack\n\nGet in touch:\nTwitter | LinkedIn | Website"
] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #tf #jax #onnx #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #exbert #de #license-mit #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n",
"# German BERT\n!bert_image",
"## Overview\nLanguage model: bert-base-cased \nLanguage: German \nTraining data: Wiki, OpenLegalData, News (~ 12GB) \nEval data: Conll03 (NER), GermEval14 (NER), GermEval18 (Classification), GNAD (Classification) \nInfrastructure: 1x TPU v2 \nPublished: Jun 14th, 2019\n\nUpdate April 3rd, 2020: we updated the vocabulary file on deepset's s3 to conform with the default tokenization of punctuation tokens. \nFor details see the related FARM issue. If you want to use the old vocab we have also uploaded a \"deepset/bert-base-german-cased-oldvocab\" model.",
"## Details\n- We trained using Google's Tensorflow code on a single cloud TPU v2 with standard settings.\n- We trained 810k steps with a batch size of 1024 for sequence length 128 and 30k steps with sequence length 512. Training took about 9 days.\n- As training data we used the latest German Wikipedia dump (6GB of raw txt files), the OpenLegalData dump (2.4 GB) and news articles (3.6 GB).\n- We cleaned the data dumps with tailored scripts and segmented sentences with spacy v2.1. To create tensorflow records we used the recommended sentencepiece library for creating the word piece vocabulary and tensorflow scripts to convert the text to data usable by BERT.\n\n\nSee URL for more details",
"## Hyperparameters",
"## Performance\n\nDuring training we monitored the loss and evaluated different model checkpoints on the following German datasets:\n\n- germEval18Fine: Macro f1 score for multiclass sentiment classification\n- germEval18coarse: Macro f1 score for binary sentiment classification\n- germEval14: Seq f1 score for NER (file names deuutf.\\*)\n- CONLL03: Seq f1 score for NER\n- 10kGNAD: Accuracy for document classification\n\nEven without thorough hyperparameter tuning, we observed quite stable learning especially for our German model. Multiple restarts with different seeds produced quite similar results.\n \n!performancetable \n\nWe further evaluated different points during the 9 days of pre-training and were astonished how fast the model converges to the maximally reachable performance. We ran all 5 downstream tasks on 7 different model checkpoints - taken at 0 up to 840k training steps (x-axis in figure below). Most checkpoints are taken from early training where we expected most performance changes. Surprisingly, even a randomly initialized BERT can be trained only on labeled downstream datasets and reach good performance (blue line, GermEval 2018 Coarse task, 795 kB trainset size).\n\n!checkpointseval",
"## Authors\n- Branden Chan: 'URL [at] URL'\n- Timo Möller: 'timo.moeller [at] URL'\n- Malte Pietsch: 'malte.pietsch [at] URL'\n- Tanay Soni: 'URL [at] URL'",
"## About us\n!deepset logo\n\nWe bring NLP to the industry via open source! \nOur focus: Industry specific language models & large scale QA systems. \n \nSome of our work: \n- German BERT (aka \"bert-base-german-cased\")\n- FARM\n- Haystack\n\nGet in touch:\nTwitter | LinkedIn | Website"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
This model is the same as [dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased](https://huggingface.co/dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased). See the [dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased model card](https://huggingface.co/dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased) for details on the model. | {"language": "de", "license": "mit"} | google-bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-cased | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"jax",
"bert",
"fill-mask",
"de",
"license:mit",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [] | [
"de"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #jax #bert #fill-mask #de #license-mit #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
|
This model is the same as dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased. See the dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased model card for details on the model. | [] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #jax #bert #fill-mask #de #license-mit #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n"
] |
fill-mask | transformers |
This model is the same as [dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased](https://huggingface.co/dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased). See the [dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased model card](https://huggingface.co/dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased) for details on the model.
| {"language": "de", "license": "mit"} | google-bert/bert-base-german-dbmdz-uncased | null | [
"transformers",
"pytorch",
"jax",
"safetensors",
"bert",
"fill-mask",
"de",
"license:mit",
"autotrain_compatible",
"endpoints_compatible",
"region:us"
] | null | 2022-03-02T23:29:04+00:00 | [] | [
"de"
] | TAGS
#transformers #pytorch #jax #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #de #license-mit #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us
|
This model is the same as dbmdz/bert-base-german-uncased. See the dbmdz/bert-base-german-cased model card for details on the model.
| [] | [
"TAGS\n#transformers #pytorch #jax #safetensors #bert #fill-mask #de #license-mit #autotrain_compatible #endpoints_compatible #region-us \n"
] |
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