Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/19pdf/19-635_o7jq.pdf
Page Number: 47.0

Cite as:  591 U. S. ____ (2020) 

3 

ALITO, J., dissenting 

countries,1 meets with foreign leaders, appoints ambassa-
dors, Art. II, §2, cl. 2, oversees the work of the State Depart-
ment  and  intelligence  agencies,  and  exercises  important 
foreign-relations  powers  under  statutes  and  treaties  that 
give  him  broad  discretion  in  matters  relating  to  subjects
such as terrorism, trade, and immigration.2 

—————— 

1 See,  e.g.,  American  Ins.  Assn.  v.  Garamendi,  539  U. S.  396,  415 
(2003); Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 U. S. 654, 679–683 (1981); United 
States v. Pink, 315 U. S. 203, 229–230 (1942); United States v. Belmont, 
301 U. S. 324, 330–331 (1937). 

2 Foreign  Assistance  Act  of  1961,  22  U. S. C.  §2318(a)(1)  (permitting 
the President to order “the drawdown of defense articles from the stocks 
of the Department of Defense” in the event of “an unforeseen emergency 
. . . which requires immediate military assistance to a foreign country or 
international  organization”);  National  Emergencies  Act,  50  U. S. C. 
§1621  (authorizing  the  President  to  declare  a  national  emergency  and 
activate  over  100  statutory  emergency  powers);  International  Emer-
gency Economic Powers Act, 50 U. S. C. §1701(a) (granting Presidential 
emergency  power  “to  deal  with  any  unusual  and  extraordinary  threat, 
which  has  its  source  in  whole  or  substantial  part  outside  the  United 
States, to the national security, foreign policy, or economy of the United 
States”); Trading with the Enemy Act, 50 U. S. C. §4305(b)(1)(B) (author-
izing the President, “[d]uring the time of war,” to prohibit “transactions 
involvin[g]  any  property  in  which  any  foreign  country  or  a  national 
thereof has any interest,” among other things); Trade Expansion Act of 
1962,  19  U. S. C.  §1862(c)(3)(A)  (authorizing  “actions  as  the  President 
deems  necessary  to  adjust  the  imports  of ”  certain  articles  of  trade  “so 
that  such  imports  will  not  threaten  to  impair  the  national  security”); 
Trade  Act  of  1974,  19  U. S. C.  §2132(a)  (authorizing  the  President, 
among other things, to impose temporary duty surcharges or quotas in 
order to address “large and serious United States balance-of-payments 
deficits,” “an imminent and significant depreciation of the dollar in for-
eign exchange markets,” or “to cooperate with other countries in correct-
ing an international balance-of-payments disequilibrium”), §2133(a) (au-
thorizing the President, whenever a specified event “increases or imposes 
any  duty  or  other  import  restriction,”  to  “enter  into  trade  agreements 
with  foreign  countries  or  instrumentalities  for  the  purpose  of granting 
new concessions as compensation in order to maintain the general level 
of reciprocal and mutually advantageous concessions” and to take actions 
“to carry out any such agreement”), §2411(a) (mandating the U. S. Trade