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TURKIYE HALK BANKASI A. S. v. UNITED STATES 

Opinion of the Court 

regard  to  the  identity  or  status  of  the  defendant.”  C. 
Keitner, Prosecuting Foreign States, 61 Va. J. Int’l L. 221, 
242 (2021).  Nor will we create a new clear-statement rule 
requiring  Congress  to  “clearly  indicat[e]  its  intent”  to 
include  foreign  states  and  their  instrumentalities  within 
§3231’s jurisdictional grant.  Brief for Petitioner 11. 

referenced 

Halkbank also points to §3231’s predecessor: a provision 
of  the  Judiciary  Act  of  1789  granting  district  courts
“cognizance  of  all  crimes  and  offences  that  shall  be 
cognizable under the authority of the United States.”  §9, 1 
Stat.  76.  In  Halkbank’s  view,  other  statutory  provisions
from that same era—including several that referred to suits
against foreign actors—suggest that Congress would have
their 
foreign 
expressly 
instrumentalities  if  Congress  had  intended  the  1789 
provision to reach those entities.  And Halkbank says that
we  should  read  §3231  like  its  predecessor  provision.    The 
premise  is  unsupported.    The  1789  provision,  like  §3231 
itself,  contains  no  exception  for  prosecutions  of  foreign 
states or their instrumentalities.  And this Court has never 
suggested  that  the  1789  provision  contains  an  implicit 
exception.  So the 1789 provision does not help Halkbank’s
argument  that  we  should  find  an  implicit  exception  in
§3231.

states 

and 

Finally,  Halkbank  invokes  a  separate  provision  of  the
1789 Judiciary Act granting district courts jurisdiction over 
“all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction.”  §9, 
id., at 77.  Halkbank asserts that this Court has construed 
that provision not to confer jurisdiction over foreign state
entities.  Brief  for  Petitioner  22,  25  (citing  Schooner 
Exchange v. McFaddon, 7 Cranch 116 (1812)).  It follows, 
Halkbank  says,  that  the  1789  Act’s  similar  general 
reference  to  “all  crimes  and  offences”  and  its  successor 
§3231’s  reference  to  “all  offenses”  likewise  must  be
interpreted  not  to  reach 
foreign  states  and  their 
instrumentalities.