Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/19pdf/18-556_e1pf.pdf
Page Number: 25.0

8 

KANSAS v. GLOVER 

SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting 

that evidence—by stating that they were of a different age 
or gender than the owner and insisting that the officer could
have easily discerned that?  And where would a defendant 
bring his arguments if the trial judge makes the key infer-
ence, or by the same token, fails to make an inference that
“might well elude” the untrained?  Cortez, 449 U. S., at 418. 
Moreover,  the  majority’s  distinction  between  revocation
and suspension may not hold up in other jurisdictions.  For 
one, whether drivers with suspended licenses have “demon-
strated a disregard for the law or are categorically unfit to
drive” is completely unknown.  And in several States, the 
grounds for revocation include offenses unrelated to driving 
fitness, such as using a license to unlawfully buy alcohol.
See,  e.g.,  Ky.  Rev.  Stat.  Ann.  §186.560  (West  Cum.  Supp.
2019); Mont. Code Ann. §61–5–206 (2019); R. I. Gen. Laws 
§31–11–6 (2010).  In yet other jurisdictions, “revocation” is 
the label assigned to a temporary sanction, which may be 
imposed for such infractions as the failure to comply with
child  support  payments.    Okla.  Stat.,  Tit.  47,  §6–201.1 
(2011).  Whether  the  majority’s  “common  sense”  assump-
tions apply outside of Kansas is thus open to challenge.  

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Vehicle  stops  “interfere  with  freedom  of  movement,  are 
inconvenient, and consume time.”  Prouse, 440 U. S., at 657. 
Worse still, they “may create substantial anxiety” through 
an “unsettling show of authority.”  Ibid.  Before subjecting
motorists to this type of investigation, the State must pos-
sess articulable facts and officer inferences to form suspi-
cion.  The State below left unexplained key components of 
the reasonable-suspicion inquiry.  In an effort to uphold the 
conviction, the Court destroys Fourth Amendment jurispru-
dence that requires individualized suspicion.  I respectfully 
dissent.