Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/22pdf/21-86_l5gm.pdf
Page Number: 24.0

Cite as:  598 U. S. ____ (2023) 

1 

THOMAS, J., concurring 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

_________________ 

Nos. 21–86 and 21–1239 
_________________ 

21–86 

AXON ENTERPRISE, INC., PETITIONER 
v. 
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, ET AL. 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ET AL., 
PETITIONERS 
v. 
MICHELLE COCHRAN 

21–1239 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT 

[April 14, 2023] 

JUSTICE THOMAS, concurring. 
I join the Court’s opinion in full because it correctly ap-
plies  precedent  to  determine  that  Axon  Enterprise’s  and 
Michelle  Cochran’s  structural  constitutional  claims  need 
not  be  channeled  through  the  administrative  review 
schemes  at  issue.  I  write  separately,  however,  because  I
have  grave  doubts  about  the  constitutional  propriety  of 
Congress vesting administrative agencies with primary au-
thority to adjudicate core private rights with only deferen-
tial judicial review on the back end. 

I 
A 
The Court correctly notes that precedent allows Congress
to  replace  Article  III  district  courts  with  “an  alternative