Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/19pdf/17-1618_hfci.pdf
Page Number: 92

Cite as:  590 U. S. ____ (2020) 

55 

ALITO, J., dissenting
Appendix A to opinion of ALITO, J. 

APPENDIXES 
A 

Webster’s New International Dictionary 2296 (2d ed. 
1953): 

sex (sĕks), n. [F. sexe, fr. L. sexus; prob. orig., division, and 
akin to L. secare to cut.  See SECTION.] 1. One of the two 
divisions of organisms formed on the distinction of male
and female; males or females collectively. 2. The sum of 
the  peculiarities  of  structure  and  function  that  distin-
guish a male from a female organism; the character of be-
ing  male  or  female,  or  of  pertaining  to  the  distinctive
function of the male or female in reproduction. Conjuga-
tion, or fertilization (union of germplasm of two individu-
als), a process evidently of great but not readily explain-
able importance in the perpetuation of most organisms, 
seems to be the function of differentiation of sex, which 
occurs in nearly all organisms at least at some stage in
their  life  history.  Sex  is  manifested  in  the  conjugating 
cells by the larger size, abundant food material, and im-
mobility of the female gamete (egg, egg cell, or ovum), and
the small size and the locomotive power of the male gam-
ete (spermatozoon or spermatozoid), and in the adult or-
ganisms often by many structural, physiological, and (in 
higher  forms)  psychological  characters,  aside  from  the
necessary modification of the reproductive apparatus. Cf. 
HERMAPHRODITE, 1. In botany the term sex is often extended 
to the distinguishing peculiarities of staminate and pis-
tillate flowers, and hence in dioecious plants to the indi-
viduals bearing them.

In many animals and plants the body and germ cells
have been shown to contain one or more chromosomes of 
a special kind (called sex chromosomes; idiochromosomes; 
accessory  chromosomes)  in  addition  to  the  ordinary
paired  autosomes.  These  special  chromosomes  serve  to