Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/22pdf/21-86_l5gm.pdf
Page Number: 34

Cite as:  598 U. S. ____ (2023) 

1 

GORSUCH, J., concurring in judgment 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

_________________ 

Nos. 21–86 and 21–1239 
_________________ 

21–86 

AXON ENTERPRISE, INC., PETITIONER 
v. 
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, ET AL. 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ET AL., 
PETITIONERS 
v. 
MICHELLE COCHRAN 

21–1239 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT 

[April 14, 2023] 

JUSTICE GORSUCH, concurring in judgment. 
I agree with the Court that Michelle Cochran and Axon 
Enterprise  are  entitled  to  their  day  in  court.   But  to  my 
mind the reason why has nothing to do with the “Thunder 
Basin factors.”  Ante, at 8.  Instead, it follows directly from 
28 U. S. C. §1331. 

I 

The  Constitution  vests in  Congress  the  power to  create 
and  organize  lower  federal  courts.  See  Art. I,  §8,  cl. 9; 
Art. III, §1; Sheldon v. Sill, 49 U. S. 441, 449 (1850).  Exer-
cising that power, for the  last  150 years  Congress  has  af-
forded  lower  federal  courts  jurisdiction  to  hear  civil  dis-
putes arising under the Constitution or laws of the United 
States.  Act of Mar. 3, 1875, ch. 137, §1, 18 Stat. 470; see 
also Act of Dec. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 2369 (eliminating amount-