Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/23pdf/22-859new_kjfm.pdf
Page Number: 94.0

34 

SEC v. JARKESY 

SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting 

  Following this Court’s precedents and the recommenda-
tion of the Administrative Conference of the United States, 
Congress has enacted countless new statutes in the past 50 
years that have empowered federal agencies to impose civil 
penalties  for  statutory  violations.    See  2  P.  Verkuil,  D. 
Gifford,  C.  Koch,  R.  Pierce,  &  J.  Lubbers,  Administrative 
Conference of the United States, Recommendations and Re-
ports,  The  Federal  Administrative  Judiciary  861,  and  nn. 
350–351 (1992).  These statutes are sometimes enacted in 
addition  to,  but  often  instead  of,  “the  traditional  civil  en-
forcement  statutes  that  permitted  agencies  to  collect  civil 
penalties only after federal district court trials.”  Id., at 861.  
“By  1986,  there  were  over  200  such  statutes”  and  “[t]he 
trend has, if anything, accelerated” since then.  Id., at 861, 
and n. 351. 
  Similarly,  there  are,  at  the  very  least,  more  than  two 
dozen agencies that can impose civil penalties in adminis-
trative proceedings.  See Tr. of Oral Arg. 78–79 (Principal 
Deputy Solicitor General) (recognizing two dozen agencies 
with administrative civil-penalty authorities); see also, e.g., 
5  U. S. C.  §1215(a)(3)(A)(ii)  (Merit  Systems  Protection 
Board);  7  U. S. C.  §§9(10)(C),  13a  (Commodity  Futures 
Trading  Commission);  §§499c(a),  586,  2279e(a)  (Depart-
ment  of  Agriculture);  8  U. S. C.  §§1324c,  1324d  (Depart-
ment of Justice); 12 U. S. C. §§5563(a)(2), (c), (Consumer Fi-
nancial  Protection  Bureau);  16  U. S. C.  §823b(c)  (Federal 
Energy Regulatory Commission); 20 U. S. C. §1082(g) (De-
partment of Education); 21 U. S. C. §335b (Department of 
Health  and  Human  Services/Food  and  Drug  Administra-
tion);  29  U. S. C.  §666(j)  (Occupational  Safety  and  Health 
Review Commission); 30 U. S. C. §§820(a) and (b) (Federal 
Mine  Safety  and  Health  Review  Commission);  31  U. S. C. 
§5321(a)(2)  (Department  of  the  Treasury);  33  U. S. C. 
§§1319(d)  and  (g)  (Environmental  Protection  Agency);  39 
U. S. C. §3018(c) (Postal Service); 42 U. S. C. §3545(f ) (De-
partment of Housing and Urban Development); 46 U. S. C.