Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/22pdf/22-179_o75q.pdf
Page Number: 16.0

12 

UNITED STATES v. HANSEN 

Opinion of the Court 

ing it a crime “to induce, assist, encourage, or solicit, or at-
tempt to induce, assist, encourage, or solicit the importation 
or  migration  of  any  contract  laborer  . . .  into  the  United 
States”).  Like “encourage,” the word “induce” carried solic-
itation and facilitation overtones at the time of this enact-
ment.  See Black’s Law Dictionary 617 (1891) (defining “in-
ducement”  to  mean  “that  which  leads  or  tempts  to  the 
commission of crime”).  In fact, Congress had just recently 
used the term in a catchall prohibition on criminal facilita-
tion.  See Act of Mar. 4, 1909, §332, 35 Stat. 1152 (“Whoever 
. . .  aids,  abets,  counsels,  commands,  induces,  or  procures 
[the  commission  of  an  offense],  is  a  principal”  (emphasis 
added)).  And as with “encourage,” the meaning of “induce” 
was clarified and narrowed by its statutory neighbors in the 
1917 Act—“assist” and “solicit.” 
  Congress enacted the immediate forerunner of the mod-
ern clause (iv) in 1952 and, in doing so, simplified the lan-
guage from the 1917 Act.  Most notably, the 1952 version 
dropped the words “assist” and “solicit,” instead making it 
a crime to “willfully or knowingly encourag[e] or induc[e], 
or attemp[t] to encourage or induce, either directly or indi-
rectly, the entry into the United States of . . . any alien . . . 
not  lawfully  entitled  to  enter  or  reside  within  the  United 
States.”    Immigration  and  Nationality  Act,  §274(a)(4),  66 
Stat. 229.  Three decades later, Congress brought 8 U. S. C. 
§1324(a)(1)(A)(iv)  into  its  current  form—still  without  the 
words “assist” or “solicit.”  Immigration Reform and Control 
Act of 1986, §112(a), 100 Stat. 3382 (making it a crime to 
“encourag[e] or induc[e] an alien to come to, enter, or reside 
in  the  United  States,  knowing  or  in  reckless  disregard  of 
the fact that such coming to, entry, or residence is or will be 
in violation of law”). 
  On Hansen’s view, these changes dramatically broadened 
the scope of clause (iv)’s prohibition on encouragement.  Be-
fore 1952, he says, the words “assist” and “solicit” may have 
cabined  “encourage”  and  “induce,”  but  eliminating  them