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2 

UNITED STATES v. HANSEN 

JACKSON, J., dissenting 

  Because 

books  in  order  to  avoid  chilling  constitutionally  protected 
speech.  See Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380 U. S. 479, 486–487 
(1965). 
interpretation  of 
the  majority’s 
§1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) diverges from the text and history of the 
provision, and simultaneously subverts the speech-protective 
goals of the constitutional doctrine plainly implicated here, 
I respectfully dissent. 

I  
  Section 1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) makes it a federal crime to “en-
courag[e] or induc[e]” a noncitizen “to come to, enter, or re-
side in the United States, knowing or in reckless disregard 
of the fact that such coming to, entry, or residence is or will 
be in violation of law.”  For ease of reference, I will refer to 
this as the “encouragement provision.” 
  Respondent Hansen argues that the encouragement pro-
vision is unconstitutional under our First Amendment over-
breadth doctrine, and the Ninth Circuit below agreed.  Nei-
ther  the  Government  nor  the  majority  disputes  that 
conclusion if the statute is read according to its plain terms.  
And, indeed, when read literally, the encouragement provi-
sion prohibits so much protected speech that it appears to 
qualify as overbroad under our precedents. 

A 
  A  statute  is  overbroad—and  thus  facially  invalid—if  “a 
substantial number of its applications are unconstitutional, 
judged in relation to the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep.”  
United States v. Stevens, 559 U. S. 460, 473 (2010) (internal 
quotation  marks  omitted).    The  overbreadth  inquiry  thus 
generally  requires  comparing  the  First  Amendment- 
protected  expression  that  a  statute  impermissibly  pun-
ishes, on the one hand (let’s call that “category one”), with 
the unprotected speech and conduct that the statute validly 
prohibits, on the other (“category two”). 
  Starting with category one: With respect to the sweep of