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284 GEBSER v. LAGO VISTA INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DIST.

Opinion of the Court

implied, see Cannon, 441 U. S., at 717, and there is thus no
legislative expression of the scope of available remedies, in-
cluding when it is appropriate to award monetary damages.
In addition, although the general presumption that courts
can award any appropriate relief in an established cause of
action, e. g., Bell v. Hood, 327 U. S. 678, 684 (1946), coupled
with Congress’ abrogation of the States’ Eleventh Amend-
ment immunity under Title IX, see 42 U. S. C. § 2000d–7, led
us to conclude in Franklin that Title IX recognizes a dam-
ages remedy, 503 U. S., at 68–73; see id., at 78 (Scalia, J.,
concurring in judgment), we did so in response to lower
court decisions holding that Title IX does not support dam-
ages relief at all. We made no effort in Franklin to delimit
the circumstances in which a damages remedy should lie.

III

Because the private right of action under Title IX is
judicially implied, we have a measure of latitude to shape a
sensible remedial scheme that best comports with the stat-
ute. See, e. g., Musick, Peeler & Garrett v. Employers Ins.
of Wausau, 508 U. S. 286, 292–293 (1993); Virginia Bank-
shares, Inc. v. Sandberg, 501 U. S. 1083, 1104 (1991). That
endeavor inherently entails a degree of speculation, since
it addresses an issue on which Congress has not speciﬁcally
spoken. See, e. g., Lampf, Pleva, Lipkind, Prupis & Peti-
grow v. Gilbertson, 501 U. S. 350, 359 (1991). To guide the
analysis, we generally examine the relevant statute to en-
sure that we do not fashion the scope of an implied right
in a manner at odds with the statutory structure and pur-
pose. See Musick, Peeler, 508 U. S., at 294–297; id., at 300
(Thomas, J., dissenting); Virginia Bankshares, supra, at
1102.

Those considerations, we think, are pertinent not only to
the scope of the implied right, but also to the scope of the
available remedies. See Transamerica Mortgage Advisors,
Inc. v. Lewis, 444 U. S. 11 (1979); see also Franklin, supra,