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4  NATIONAL FEDERATION OF INDEPENDENT BUSINESS v.

OSHA 
BREYER, J., dissenting 
BREYER, SOTOMAYOR, and KAGAN, JJ., dissenting 

II 

The legal standard governing a request for relief pending 
appellate review is settled.  To obtain that relief, the appli-
cants  must  show:  (1) that  their  “claims  are  likely  to  pre-
vail,” (2) “that denying them relief would lead to irreparable
injury,”  and  (3) “that  granting  relief  would  not  harm  the
public  interest.”  Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of  Brooklyn  v. 
Cuomo, 592 U. S. ___, ___ (2020) (per curiam) (slip op., at
2).  Moreover, because the applicants seek judicial interven-
tion  that  the  Sixth  Circuit  withheld  below,  this  Court 
should not issue relief unless the applicants can establish
that  their  entitlement  to  relief  is  “indisputably  clear.” 
South Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom, 590 U. S. 
___, ___ (2020) (ROBERTS, C. J., concurring in denial of ap-
plication for injunctive relief ) (slip op., at 2) (internal quo-
tation marks omitted).  None of these requirements is met
here. 

III 
A 

The  applicants  are  not  “likely  to  prevail”  under  any 
proper view of the law.  OSHA’s rule perfectly fits the lan-
guage  of  the  applicable  statutory  provision.    Once  again,
that  provision  commands—not  just  enables,  but  com-
mands—OSHA to issue an emergency temporary standard 
whenever it determines “(A) that employees are exposed to 
grave danger from exposure to substances or agents deter-
mined  to  be  toxic  or  physically  harmful  or  from  new  haz-
ards, and (B) that such emergency standard is necessary to 
protect  employees  from  such  danger.” 
29  U. S. C. 
§655(c)(1).  Each and every part of that provision demands 
that, in the circumstances here, OSHA act to prevent work-
place harm.

The  virus  that  causes  COVID–19  is  a  “new  hazard”  as 
well as a “physically harmful” “agent.”  Merriam-Webster’s 
Collegiate Dictionary 572 (11th ed. 2005) (defining “hazard”