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Page Number: 12.0

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FDA v. ALLIANCE FOR HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE 

Opinion of the Court 

be caused by the defendant, and (iii) that the injury likely 
would  be  redressed  by  the  requested  judicial  relief.  See 
Summers  v.  Earth  Island  Institute,  555  U. S.  488,  493 
(2009); Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U. S. 555, 560– 
561 
Those  specific  standing  requirements 
constitute “an essential and unchanging part of the case-or-
controversy requirement of Article III.”  Id., at 560. 

(1992). 

The second and third standing requirements—causation 
and redressability—are often “flip sides of the same coin.” 
Sprint  Communications  Co.  v.  APCC  Services,  Inc.,  554 
U. S.  269,  288  (2008).    If  a  defendant’s  action  causes  an 
injury,  enjoining  the  action  or  awarding  damages  for  the 
action  will  typically  redress  that  injury.    So  the  two  key 
questions in most standing disputes are injury in fact and 
causation.1 

First  is  injury  in  fact.  An  injury  in  fact  must  be
“concrete,” meaning that it must be real and not abstract.
See TransUnion, 594 U. S., at 424.  The injury also must be
particularized;  the  injury  must  affect  “the  plaintiff  in  a 
personal  and  individual  way”  and  not  be  a  generalized
grievance.  Lujan, 504 U. S., at 560, n. 1.  An injury in fact 
can  be  a  physical  injury,  a  monetary  injury,  an  injury  to 
one’s property, or an injury to one’s constitutional rights, to 
take  just  a  few  common  examples.  Moreover,  the  injury
must be actual or imminent, not speculative—meaning that 
the injury must have already occurred or be likely to occur 
soon.  Clapper, 568 U. S., at 409.  And when a plaintiff seeks
prospective relief such as an injunction, the plaintiff must
establish a sufficient likelihood of future injury.  Id., at 401. 
By requiring the plaintiff to show an injury in fact, Article 

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1 Redressability can still pose an independent bar in some cases.  For 
example, a plaintiff who suffers injuries caused by the government still 
may  not  be  able  to  sue  because  the  case  may  not  be  of  the  kind 
“traditionally redressable in federal court.”  United States v. Texas, 599 
U. S.  670,  676  (2023);  cf.  California  v.  Texas,  593  U. S.  659,  671–672 
(2021).