Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf
Page Number: 44.0

Cite as:  603 U. S. ____ (2024) 

1 

THOMAS, J., concurring 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

_________________ 

Nos. 22–451 and 22–1219 
_________________ 

22–451 

LOPER BRIGHT ENTERPRISES, ET AL., 
PETITIONERS 
v. 
GINA RAIMONDO, SECRETARY OF 
COMMERCE, ET AL. 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT 

22–1219 

RELENTLESS, INC., ET AL., PETITIONERS 
v. 
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, ET AL. 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT 

[June 28, 2024] 

JUSTICE THOMAS, concurring. 
I join the Court’s opinion in full because it correctly con-
cludes that Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources De-
fense  Council,  Inc.,  467  U. S.  837  (1984),  must  finally  be 
overruled.  Under Chevron, a judge was required to adopt
an agency’s interpretation of an ambiguous statute, so long
as the agency had a “permissible construction of the stat-
ute.”  See id., at 843.  As the Court explains, that deference 
does  not  comport  with  the  Administrative  Procedure  Act,
which  requires  judges  to  decide  “all  relevant  questions  of 
law” and “interpret constitutional and statutory provisions” 
when reviewing an agency action.  5 U. S. C. §706; see also 
ante, at 18–23; Baldwin v. United States, 589 U. S. ___, ___– 
___ (2020) (THOMAS, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari) 
(slip op., at 4–5).