Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/22pdf/21-376_7l48.pdf
Page Number: 122.0

40 

HAALAND v. BRACKEEN 

THOMAS, J., dissenting 

the  majority  holds  only  that  Texas  has  failed  to  demon-
strate that ICWA is unconstitutional.  See ante, at 15, 17. 
It  declines  to  disturb  the  Fifth  Circuit’s  conclusion  that 
ICWA is consistent with Article I, but without deciding that
ICWA  is,  in  fact,  consistent  with  Article  I.  But,  given
ICWA’s  patent  intrusion  into  the  normal  domain  of  state
government and clear departure from the Federal Govern-
ment’s  enumerated  powers,  I  would  hold  that  Congress 
lacked any authority to enact ICWA. 

I respectfully dissent.