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46  STUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS, INC. v. PRESIDENT 

AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE 
THOMAS, J., concurring 

racial diversity,” but supporting “tribalism and racial seg-
regation  on  their  campuses,”  including  through  “minority
only student organizations, separate minority housing op-
portunities, separate minority student centers, even sepa-
rate  minority-only  graduation  ceremonies.”    539  U. S.,  at 
349  (opinion  concurring  in  part  and  dissenting  in  part).
This  trend  has  hardly  abated  with  time,  and  today,  such 
programs are commonplace.  See Brief for Gail Heriot et al. 
as Amici Curiae 9.  In fact, a recent study considering 173 
schools found that 43% of colleges offered segregated hous-
ing  to  students  of  different  races,  46%  offered  segregated
orientation programs, and 72% sponsored segregated grad-
uation ceremonies.  D. Pierre & P. Wood, Neo-Segregation 
at Yale 16–17 (2019); see also D. Pierre, Demands for Seg-
regated  Housing  at  Williams  College  Are  Not  News,  Nat. 
Rev., May 8, 2019.  In addition to contradicting the univer-
sities’ claims regarding the need for interracial interaction,
see Brief for National Association of Scholars as Amicus Cu-
riae 4–12, these trends increasingly encourage our Nation’s 
youth to view racial differences as important and segrega-
tion as routine. 

Meanwhile,  these  discriminatory  policies  risk  creating
new prejudices and allowing old ones to fester.  I previously
observed that “[t]here can be no doubt” that discriminatory 
affirmative action policies “injur[e] white and Asian appli-
cants  who  are  denied  admission  because  of  their  race.” 
Fisher I, 570 U. S., at 331 (concurring opinion).  Petitioner 
here  clearly  demonstrates  this  fact.    Moreover,  “no  social 
science  has  disproved  the  notion  that  this  discrimination 
‘engenders  attitudes  of  superiority  or,  alternatively,  pro-
vokes resentment among those who believe that they have 
been wronged by the government’s use of race.’ ”  Grutter, 
539 U. S., at 373 (opinion of THOMAS, J.) (quoting Adarand, 
515 U. S., at 241 (opinion of THOMAS, J.) (alterations omit-
ted)).  Applicants denied admission to certain colleges may