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Cite as:  591 U. S. ____ (2020) 

1 

Opinion of the Court 

NOTICE:  This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the 
preliminary  print  of  the  United  States  Reports.  Readers  are  requested  to 
notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash-
ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that 
corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press. 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

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No. 19–177 
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AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 
ET AL., PETITIONERS v. ALLIANCE FOR OPEN 
SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL, INC., ET AL. 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 

[June 29, 2020] 

JUSTICE KAVANAUGH delivered the opinion of the Court. 
In 2003, Congress passed and President George W. Bush
signed  the  United  States  Leadership  Against  HIV/AIDS, 
Tuberculosis,  and  Malaria  Act,  known  as  the  Leadership 
Act.  117  Stat.  711,  as  amended,  22  U. S. C.  §7601  et seq.
Aiming to enhance America’s response to the ravages of the 
global HIV/AIDS crisis, the Leadership Act launched “the 
largest international public health program of its kind ever
created.”  §7601(29).  The Act has helped save an estimated 
17 million lives, primarily in Africa, and is widely viewed 
as the most successful American foreign aid program since 
the Marshall Plan. 

To advance the global relief effort, Congress has allocated 
billions of dollars to American and foreign nongovernmen-
tal organizations that combat HIV/AIDS abroad.  As rele-
vant here, Congress sought to fund only those organizations
that  have,  or  agree  to  have,  a  “policy  explicitly  opposing 
prostitution  and  sex  trafficking.”    §7631(f );  see  also 
§7631(e); 45 CFR §89.1 (2019).  Congress imposed that con-