Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/12pdf/12-10_21p3.pdf
Page Number: 6.0

Cite as:  570 U. S. ____ (2013) 

3 

Opinion of the Court 

address the social and behavioral causes of the problem”).
The  Act’s  approach  to  reducing  behavioral  risks  is  multi-
faceted.  The  President’s  strategy  for  addressing  such 
risks  must,  for  example,  promote  abstinence,  encourage
monogamy,  increase  the  availability  of  condoms,  promote 
voluntary  counseling  and  treatment  for  drug  users,  and, 
as relevant here, “educat[e] men and boys about the risks
of  procuring  sex  commercially”  as  well  as  “promote  alter-
native  livelihoods,  safety,  and  social  reintegration  strate-
gies for commercial sex workers.”  §7611(a)(12).  Congress
found  that  the  “sex  industry,  the  trafficking  of  individ-
uals into such industry, and sexual violence” were factors
in  the  spread  of  the  HIV/AIDS  epidemic,  and  deter-
mined that “it should be the policy of the United States to 
eradicate”  prostitution  and  “other  sexual  victimization.”
§7601(23).

The  United  States  has  enlisted  the  assistance  of  non-
governmental  organizations  to  help  achieve  the  many 
goals of the program.  Such organizations “with experience
in health care and HIV/AIDS counseling,” Congress found, 
“have  proven  effective  in  combating  the  HIV/AIDS  pan-
demic  and  can  be  a  resource  in  . . .  provid[ing]  treatment
and  care 
infected  with  HIV/AIDS.” 
§7601(18).  Since  2003,  Congress  has  authorized  the  ap-
propriation  of  billions  of  dollars  for  funding  these  organi-
zations’  fight  against  HIV/AIDS  around  the  world. 
§2151b–2(c); §7671.

individuals 

for 

Those  funds,  however,  come  with  two  conditions:  First, 
no  funds  made  available  to  carry  out  the  Leadership  Act 
“may  be  used  to  promote  or  advocate  the  legalization  or 
practice  of  prostitution  or  sex  trafficking.”    §7631(e).
Second,  no  funds  made  available  may  “provide  assistance 
to  any  group  or  organization  that  does  not  have  a  policy 
explicitly opposing prostitution and sex trafficking, except
. . .  to  the  Global  Fund  to  Fight  AIDS,  Tuberculosis  and
Malaria, the World Health Organization, the International