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Page Number: 19

14 

TRUMP v. HAWAII 

Opinion of the Court 

No.  8693,  3  CFR  86–87  (2011)  (President  Obama)  (sus-
pending  the  entry  of  individuals  subject  to  a  travel  re-
striction  under  United  Nations  Security  Council  resolu-
tions “until such time as the Secretary of State determines 
that [the suspension] is no longer necessary”).  In fact, not
one of the 43 suspension orders issued prior to this litiga-
tion has specified a precise end date. 

Like its predecessors, the Proclamation makes clear that 
its  “conditional  restrictions”  will  remain  in  force  only  so
long as necessary to “address” the identified “inadequacies
and  risks”  within  the  covered  nations.    Proclamation 
Preamble, and §1(h); see ibid.  (explaining that the aim  is 
to  “relax[ ]  or  remove[ ]”  the  entry  restrictions  “as  soon  as
possible”).  To  that  end,  the  Proclamation  establishes  an 
ongoing  process  to  engage  covered  nations  and  assess 
every  180  days  whether  the  entry  restrictions  should  be 
Indeed,  after  the 
modified  or  terminated.  §§4(a),  (b). 
initial review period, the President determined that Chad
had  made  sufficient 
identity-
management protocols, and he accordingly lifted the entry
suspension  on  its  nationals.    See  Proclamation  No.  9723, 
83 Fed. Reg. 15937.

improvements  to 

its 

Finally,  the  Proclamation  properly  identifies  a  “class  of
aliens”—nationals  of  select  countries—whose  entry  is
suspended.  Plaintiffs  argue  that  “class”  must  refer  to  a 
well-defined  group  of  individuals  who  share  a  common
“characteristic” apart from nationality.  Brief for Respond-
ents  42.  But  the  text  of  §1182(f ),  of  course,  does  not  say 
that,  and  the  word  “class”  comfortably  encompasses  a 
group of people linked by nationality.  Plaintiffs also con-
tend  that  the  class  cannot  be  “overbroad.”    Brief  for  Re-
spondents  42.    But  that  simply  amounts  to  an  unspoken
tailoring  requirement  found  nowhere  in  Congress’s  grant 
of  authority  to  suspend  entry  of  not  only  “any  class  of
aliens” but “all aliens.” 

In short, the language of §1182(f) is clear, and the Proc-