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6 

NATIONAL PORK PRODUCERS COUNCIL v. ROSS 

Syllabus 

do not provide judges “a roving license” to reassess the wisdom of state
legislation in light of any conceivable out-of-state interest, economic or 
otherwise.  United Haulers, 550 U. S., at 343.  Pp 25–27.

JUSTICE  SOTOMAYOR,  joined  by  JUSTICE KAGAN, concluded  that  the 
judgment should be affirmed, not because courts are incapable of bal-
ancing  economic  burdens  against  noneconomic  benefits  as  Pike  re-
quires or because of any other fundamental reworking of that doctrine,
but because petitioners fail to plausibly allege a substantial burden on 
interstate commerce as required by Pike.  Pp 1–3.

JUSTICE  BARRETT  concluded  that  the  judgment  should  be  affirmed 
because  Pike  balancing  requires  both  the  benefits  and  burdens  of  a 
State law to be judicially cognizable and comparable, see Department 
of Revenue of Ky. v. Davis, 553 U. S. 328, 354–355, but the benefits and 
burdens  of  Proposition  12  are  incommensurable;  that  said,  the  com-
plaint plausibly alleges a substantial burden on interstate commerce 
because Proposition 12’s costs are pervasive, burdensome, and will be
felt primarily (but not exclusively) outside California.  Pp 1–2.

 GORSUCH, J., announced the judgment of the Court, and delivered the 
opinion of the Court with respect to Parts I, II, III, IV–A, and V, in which 
THOMAS, SOTOMAYOR, KAGAN, and BARRETT, JJ., joined, an opinion with
respect  to  Parts  IV–B  and  IV–D,  in  which  THOMAS  and  BARRETT,  JJ., 
joined, and an opinion with respect to Part IV–C, in which THOMAS, SO-
TOMAYOR, and KAGAN, JJ., joined.  SOTOMAYOR, J., filed an opinion con-
curring in part, in which KAGAN, J., joined.  BARRETT, J., filed an opinion 
concurring in part.  ROBERTS, C. J., filed an opinion concurring in part 
and dissenting in part, in which ALITO, KAVANAUGH, and JACKSON, JJ., 
joined.  KAVANAUGH, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and dissent-
ing in part.