Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/boundvolumes/524bv.pdf
Page Number: 522.0

524US2

Unit: $U93

[09-11-00 13:25:42] PAGES PGT: OPIN

Cite as: 524 U. S. 417 (1998)

477

Breyer, J., dissenting

ﬁrst time that Congress has delegated to the President or to
others this kind of power—a contingent power to deny effect
to certain statutory language. See, e. g., Pub. L. 95–384,
§ 13(a), 92 Stat. 737 (“Section 620(x) of the Foreign Assist-
ance Act of 1961 shall be of no further force and effect upon
the President’s determination and certiﬁcation to the Con-
gress that the resumption of full military cooperation with
Turkey is in the national
interest of the United States
and [other criteria]”) (emphasis added); 28 U. S. C. § 2072
(Supreme Court is authorized to promulgate rules of prac-
tice and procedure in federal courts, and “[a]ll
laws in
conﬂict with such rules shall be of no further force and
effect”) (emphasis added); 41 U. S. C. § 405b (subsection (a)
requires the Ofﬁce of Federal Procurement Policy to issue
“[g]overnment-wide regulations” setting forth a variety of
conﬂict of interest standards, but subsection (e) says that “if
the President determine[s]” that the regulations “would have
a signiﬁcantly adverse effect on the accomplishment of the
mission” of Government agencies, “the requirement [to pro-
mulgate] the regulations . . . shall be null and void”) (empha-
sis added); Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, § 252(a)(4), 99 Stat.
1074 (authorizing the President to issue a “ﬁnal order” that
has the effect of “permanently cancell[ing]” sequestered
amounts in spending statutes in order to achieve budget
compliance) (emphasis added); Pub. L. 104–208, 110 Stat.
3009-695 (“Public Law 89–732 [dealing with immigration
from Cuba] is repealed . . . upon a determination by the Pres-
ident . . . that a democratically elected government in Cuba
is in power”) (emphasis added); Pub. L. 99–498, § 701, 100
Stat. 1532 (amending § 758 of the Higher Education Act of
1965) (Secretary of Education “may” sell common stock in an
educational loan corporation; if the Secretary decides to sell
stock, and “if the Student Loan Marketing Association ac-
quires from the Secretary” over 50 percent of the voting
stock, “section 754 [governing composition of the Board of
Directors] shall be of no further force or effect”) (emphasis