Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/19pdf/19-177_b97c.pdf
Page Number: 15.0

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AGENCY FOR INT’L DEVELOPMENT v. ALLIANCE FOR 
OPEN SOCIETY INT’L, INC. 
BREYER, J., dissenting 

I 
To understand the issue now before us, one must appre-
ciate how it got here.  Given this litigation’s lengthy history,
that requires a rather detailed look at why this dispute first
arose,  what  we  decided  in  our  prior  decision  (namely, 
AOSI I ), and where the case proceeded from there. 

A 

As  we  explained  in  AOSI I,  the  plaintiffs  in  this  action 
(respondents  in  this  Court  then  and  now)  “are  a  group  of
domestic  organizations  engaged  in  combating  HIV/AIDS 
overseas.”  Id., at 210.  Their lifesaving work spans multiple 
continents.  Id., at 211.  For example, respondents run “pro-
grams aimed at limiting injection drug use in Uzbekistan, 
Tajikistan,  and  Kyrgyzstan,  preventing  mother-to-child
HIV transmission in Kenya, and promoting safer sex prac-
tices  in  India.”  Ibid.  Respondents  also  counsel  high-risk 
populations such as sex workers, encourage foreign govern-
ments  to  adopt  beneficial  public  policies,  and  share  infor-
mation about best practices in publications and at confer-
ences.  See ibid.; App. 171, 217, 222, 419.  To support these
international  efforts,  respondents  must  make  fundraising 
appeals to donors worldwide.  See, e.g., id., at 366, 384, 431– 
433, 457.  But crucially for both their mission and for this
case, respondents also “receive billions [of dollars] annually 
in  financial  assistance  from  the  United  States.”    AOSI I, 
570 U. S., at 210. 

One of respondents’ primary sources of federal funding is
the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tubercu-
losis, and Malaria Act of 2003.  117 Stat. 711, as amended, 
22  U. S. C.  §7601  et  seq.  (Leadership  Act).  Congress  en-
acted the Leadership Act with the goal of creating “a ‘com-
prehensive,  integrated’  strategy  to  combat  HIV/AIDS
around  the  world.”  AOSI I,  570  U. S.,  at  209  (quoting 
§7611(a)).  To that end, the statute allocates considerable 
federal  dollars  to  nongovernmental  organizations  fighting