Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/20pdf/19-123_g3bi.pdf
Page Number: 53.0

Cite as:  593 U. S. ____ (2021) 

31 

ALITO, J., concurring in judgment
ALITO, J., concurring in judgment 

State except Connecticut had a constitutional provision pro-
tecting religious liberty.  McConnell, Origins 1455.  In fact, 
the Free Exercise Clause had more analogs in State Consti-
tutions  than  any  other  individual  right.  See  Calabresi, 
Agudo, & Dore, State Bills of Rights in 1787 and 1791: What
Individual  Rights  Are  Really  Deeply  Rooted  in  American 
History and Tradition? 85 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1451, 1463–1464, 

—————— 
other  act  or  thing,  contrary  to  their  religious  persuasion”);  Concession 
and Agreement of the Lords Proprietors of the Province of New Caesarea, 
or New-Jersey (1664), in id., at 23 (declaring the right of all persons to 
“freely and fully have and enjoy . . . their Judgments and Consciences in 
matters of Religion throughout the said Province” and ensuring “[t]hat 
no person . . . at any Time shall be any ways molested, punished, disqui-
eted  or  called  in  question  for  any  Difference  in  Opinion  or  Practice  in 
matter of Religious Concernments, who do not actually disturb the civil
Peace of the said Province”); Concessions and Agreements of West New-
Jersey, ch. XVI (1676), in id., at 24 (providing that “no Person . . . shall 
be any ways upon any pretence whatsoever, called in Question, or in the
least  punished  or  hurt,  either  in  Person,  Estate,  or  Priviledge,  for  the
sake of his Opinion, Judgment, Faith or Worship towards God in Matters
of Religion”); Laws of West New-Jersey, Art. X (1681), ibid. (“That Lib-
erty of Conscience in Matters of Faith and Worship towards God, shall 
be  granted  to  all  People  within  the  Province  aforesaid;  who  shall  live 
peacably  and  quietly  therein”);  Fundamental  Constitutions  for  East 
New-Jersey,  Art.  XVI  (1683),  ibid.  (“All  Persons  living  in  the  Province 
who  confess  and  acknowledge  the  one  Almighty  and  Eternal  God,  and
holds themselves obliged in Conscience to live peacably and quietly in a
civil Society, shall in no way be molested or prejudged for their Religious 
Perswasions and Exercise in matters of Faith and Worship”); New York 
Act Declaring . . . Rights & Priviledges (1691), in id., at 25 (“That no Per-
son . . . shall at any time be any way molested, punished, disturbed, dis-
quieted or called in question for any Difference in Opinion, or matter of 
Religious Concernment, who do not under that pretence disturb the Civil 
Peace of the Province”); Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn 
(1701), in id., at 31–32 (declaring that “no Person . . . who shall confess 
and  acknowledge  One  almighty  God  . . .  and  profess  . . .  themselves 
obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case
molested  or  prejudiced  . . .  because  of  . . .  their  consciencious  [sic]  Per-
suasion  or  Practice,  nor  . . .  suffer  any  other  Act  or  Thing,  contrary  to 
their religious Persuasion”).