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Page Number: 78.0

16 

MOODY v. NETCHOICE, LLC 

ALITO, J., concurring in judgment 

III 
I therefore turn to the question whether NetChoice estab-
lished  facial  unconstitutionality,  and  I  begin  with  the 
States’  content-moderation  requirements.    To  show  that 
these  provisions  are  facially  invalid,  NetChoice  had  to
demonstrate that they lack a plainly legitimate sweep un-
der  the  First  Amendment.  Our  precedents  interpreting
that Amendment provide the numerator (the number of un-
constitutional  applications)  and  denominator  (the  total
number  of  possible  applications)  that  NetChoice  was  re-
quired to identify in order to make that showing.  Estimat-
ing the numerator requires an understanding of the First 
Amendment  principles  that  must  be  applied  here,  and  I 
therefore provide a brief review of those principles. 

A 

The First Amendment protects “the freedom of speech,” 
and most of our cases interpreting this right have involved
government  efforts  to  forbid,  restrict,  or  compel  a  party’s 
own  oral  or  written  expression.  Agency  for  Int’l  Develop-
ment v. Alliance for Open Society Int’l, Inc., 570 U. S. 205, 
213 (2013); Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U. S. 705, 714 (1977); 
West  Virginia  Bd.  of  Ed.  v.  Barnette,  319  U. S.  624,  642 
(1943).  Some cases, however, have involved another aspect 
of the free speech right, namely, the right to “presen[t] . . . 
an edited compilation of speech generated by other persons” 
for  the  purpose  of  expressing  a  particular  message.    See 
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group 
of Boston, Inc., 515 U. S. 557, 570 (1995).  As used in this 
context, the term “compilation” means any effort to present
the expression of others in some sort of organized package. 
See ibid. 

An example such as the famous Oxford Book of English 
Poetry illustrates why a compilation may constitute expres-
sion on the part of the compiler.  The editors’ selection of 
the  poems  included  in  this  volume  expresses  their  view