Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/boundvolumes/529bv.pdf
Page Number: 705.0

529US3

Unit: $U54

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630

UNITED STATES v. MORRISON

Souter, J., dissenting

of rape and domestic violence; 5 and from representatives
of state law enforcement and private business.6 The record
includes reports on gender bias from task forces in 21
States,7 and we have the beneﬁt of speciﬁc factual ﬁndings

at 7–11 (testimony of American Medical Assn. president-elect Robert
McAfee).

5 See, e. g., id., at 13–17 (testimony of Lisa); id., at 40–42 (testimony of

Jennifer Tescher).

6 See, e. g., S. Hearing 102–369, at 24–36, 71–87 (testimony of attor-
neys general of Iowa and Illinois); id., at 235–245 (testimony of National
Federation of Business and Professional Women); S. Hearing No. 103–
596, at 15–17 (statement of James Hardeman, Manager, Counseling Dept.,
Polaroid Corp.).

7 See Judicial Council of California Advisory Committee on Gender Bias
in the Courts, Achieving Equal Justice for Women and Men in the Califor-
nia Courts (July 1996) (edited version of 1990 report); Colorado Supreme
Court Task Force on Gender Bias in the Courts, Gender and Justice in the
Colorado Courts (1990); Connecticut Task Force on Gender, Justice and
the Courts, Report to the Chief Justice (Sept. 1991); Report of the Florida
Supreme Court Gender Bias Study Commission (Mar. 1990); Supreme
Court of Georgia, Commission on Gender Bias in the Judicial System, Gen-
der and Justice in the Courts (1991), reprinted in 8 Ga. St. U. L. Rev. 539
(1992); Report of the Illinois Task Force on Gender Bias in the Courts
(1990); Equality in the Courts Task Force, State of Iowa, Final Report
(Feb. 1993); Kentucky Task Force on Gender Fairness in the Courts, Equal
Justice for Women and Men (Jan. 1992); Louisiana Task Force on Women
in the Courts, Final Report (1992); Maryland Special Joint Comm., Gender
Bias in the Courts (May 1989); Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court,
Gender Bias Study of the Court System in Massachusetts (1989); Michigan
Supreme Court Task Force on Gender Issues in the Courts, Final Report
(Dec. 1989); Minnesota Supreme Court Task Force for Gender Fairness in
the Courts, Final Report (1989), reprinted in 15 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 825
(1989); Nevada Supreme Court Gender Bias Task Force, Justice for Women
(1988); New Jersey Supreme Court Task Force on Women in the Courts,
Report of the First Year (June 1984); Report of the New York Task Force
on Women in the Courts (Mar. 1986); Final Report of the Rhode Island
Supreme Court Committee on Women in the Courts (June 1987); Utah
Task Force on Gender and Justice, Report to the Utah Judicial Council
(Mar. 1990); Vermont Supreme Court and Vermont Bar Assn., Gender and
Justice: Report of the Vermont Task Force on Gender Bias in the Legal
System (Jan. 1991); Washington State Task Force on Gender and Justice