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20  ANDY WARHOL FOUNDATION FOR VISUAL ARTS, INC. 

v. GOLDSMITH 
Opinion of the Court 

difference must be balanced against the commercial nature 
of the use.  If an original work and a secondary use share 
the same or highly similar purposes, and the secondary use
is of a commercial nature, the first factor is likely to weigh
against  fair  use,  absent  some  other  justification  for  copy-
ing.8 

2 
The fair use provision, and the first factor in particular,
requires  an  analysis  of  the  specific  “use”  of  a  copyrighted 
work  that  is  alleged  to  be  “an  infringement.”  §107.  The 
same  copying  may  be  fair  when  used  for  one  purpose  but 
not another.  See Campbell, 510 U. S., at 585 (contrasting 
the use of a copyrighted work “to advertise a product, even
in a parody,” with “the sale of a parody for its own sake, let 
alone one performed a single time by students in school”); 
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 
U. S. 417, 449–451 (1984) (contrasting the recording of TV 

—————— 

8 Consider,  for  example,  this  Court’s  analysis  of  the  first  factor  in 
Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., 593 U. S. ___ (2021).  Google stressed 
that “[t]he fact that computer programs are primarily functional makes 
it difficult to  apply traditional copyright concepts in that technological
world.”  Id., at ___ (slip op., at 35).  Still, in evaluating the purpose and
character of Google’s use of Sun Microsystems’ code, the Court looked, 
first, to whether the purpose of the use was significantly different from 
that of the original; and, second, to the strength of other justifications for
the use.  Although Google’s use was commercial in nature, it copied Sun’s 
code, which was “created for use in desktop and laptop computers,” “only 
insofar  as  needed  to 
in 
smartphone[s].”  Id., at ___ (slip op., at 26).  That is, Google put Sun’s
code to use in the “distinct and different computing environment” of its 
own  Android  platform,  a  new  system  created  for  new  products.  Ibid. 
Moreover,  the  use  was  justified  in  that  context  because  “shared  inter-
faces  are  necessary  for  different  programs  to  speak  to  each  other”  and 
because “reimplementation of interfaces is necessary if programmers are 
to be able to use their acquired skills.”  Ibid.; see also id., at ___ (slip op.,
at 8). 

include  tasks  that  would  be  useful