Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/20pdf/19-309_4f15.pdf
Page Number: 13.0

Cite as:  592 U. S. ____ (2020) 

11 

Opinion of the Court 

plaintiffs had not described any concrete plans to visit those 
habitats, nor had they said when they would do so.  Id., at 
563–564.  The  Court  said  that  the  organizations  had  set 
forth only “ ‘some day’ intentions.”  Id., at 564.  And “some 
day intentions” do “not support a finding of the ‘actual or
imminent’ injury that our cases require.”  Ibid. 

For another thing, arguably similar cases in which this
Court has found standing all contained more evidence that 
the plaintiff was “able and ready” than Adams has provided 
here.  In Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U. S. 200 
(1995),  for  example,  a  subcontractor  challenging  a  race-
based program for allocating contracts established standing
by showing that it “bids on every guardrail project in Colo-
rado,” that the defendant “is likely to let contracts involving 
guardrail work . . . at least once per  year in Colorado,” and 
that  the  plaintiff  “is  very  likely  to  bid  on  each  such  con-
tract.”  Id., at 212. 

In  Associated  Gen.  Contractors,  508  U. S.,  at  666,  the 
Court held that an association of contractors had standing 
to  attack  as  unlawful  a  race-based  set-aside  program  for 
awarding contracts.  The contractors showed that they were
“able and ready to bid on [future] contracts,” for it was un-
disputed that they had “regularly bid on construction con-
tracts in Jacksonville, and that they would have bid on con-
tracts set aside pursuant to the city’s ordinance were they 
so able.”  Id., at 666, 668.  The Court noted that it “must 
assume that [these allegations] are true” because they were
not challenged in any way.  Id., at 668–669. 

In Gratz, 539 U. S., at 262, we held that a plaintiff had
standing to attack as unlawful a university’s affirmative ac-
tion admissions policy.  The plaintiff had applied for admis-
sion to the university as a freshman applicant in the recent
past and been rejected.  Ibid.  He said he intended to apply 
to transfer to the university in the near future, should the
university cease using affirmative action in its transfer ad-
missions process.  Ibid.  And the university had a “rolling”