Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/22pdf/20-1199_l6gn.pdf
Page Number: 221.0

Cite as:  600 U. S. ____ (2023) 

13 

JACKSON, J., dissenting 

than White-owned small businesses, partly due to the dis-
proportionate denial of the forgivable loans needed to sur-
vive the economic downturn.58 

Health  gaps  track  financial  ones.    When  tested,  Black 
children  have  blood  lead  levels  that  are  twice  the  rate  of 
White children—“irreversible” contamination working irre-
mediable harm on developing brains.59  Black (and Latino)
children with heart conditions are more likely to die than 
their White counterparts.60  Race-linked  mortality-rate dis-
parity has also persisted, and is highest among infants.61 

So,  too,  for  adults:  Black  men  are  twice  as  likely  to  die
from prostate cancer as White men and have lower 5-year
cancer survival rates.62  Uterine cancer has spiked in recent
years among all women—but has spiked highest for Black 
women, who die of uterine cancer at nearly twice the rate 
of “any other racial or ethnic group.”63  Black mothers are 
up to four times more likely than White mothers to die as a 
result of childbirth.64  And COVID killed Black Americans 
at higher rates than White Americans.65 

“Across the board, Black Americans experience the high-
est  rates  of  obesity,  hypertension,  maternal  mortality,  in-
fant mortality, stroke, and asthma.”66  These and other dis-
parities—the predictable result of opportunity disparities— 

—————— 

58 Dickerson 1102. 
59 Rothstein 230. 
60 Brief  for  Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges  et al.  as  Amici 

Curiae 8 (AMC Brief ). 

61 C. Caraballo et al., Excess Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost
Among the Black Population in the U. S., 1999–2020, 329 JAMA 1662, 
1663, 1667 (May 16, 2023) (Caraballo). 

62 Bollinger & Stone 101. 
63 S.  Whetstone  et al.,  Health  Disparities  in  Uterine  Cancer:  Report
From the Uterine Cancer Evidence Review Conference, 139 Obstetrics & 
Gynecology 645, 647–648 (2022). 

64 AMC Brief 8–9. 
65 Bollinger & Stone 101; Caraballo 1663–1665, 1668. 
66 Bollinger & Stone 101 (footnotes omitted).