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24  STUDENTS FOR FAIR ADMISSIONS, INC. v. PRESIDENT 

AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE 
SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting 

elite, national institution.  Harvard & the Legacy of Slav-
ery, Report by the President and Fellows of Harvard Col-
lege 7 (2022) (Harvard Report).  Harvard suppressed anti-
slavery  views,  and  enslaved  persons  “served  Harvard 
presidents  and  professors  and  fed  and  cared  for  Harvard
students” on campus.  Id., at 7, 15. 

Exclusion  and  discrimination  continued  to  be  a  part  of
campus life well into the 20th century.  Harvard’s leader-
ship and prominent professors openly promoted “ ‘race sci-
ence,’ ” racist eugenics, and other theories rooted in racial
hierarchy.  Id., at 11.  Activities to advance these theories 
“took place on campus,” including “intrusive physical exam-
inations” and “photographing of unclothed” students.  Ibid. 
The university also “prized the admission of academically 
able Anglo-Saxon students from elite backgrounds—includ-
ing wealthy white sons of the South.”  Id., at 44.  By con-
trast, an average of three Black students enrolled at Har-
vard each year during the five decades between 1890 and 
1940.  Id.,  at  45.  Those  Black  students  who  managed  to
enroll at Harvard “excelled academically, earning equal or 
better  academic  records  than  most  white  students,”  but 
faced the challenges of the deeply rooted legacy of slavery 
and racism on campus.  Ibid.  Meanwhile, a few women of 
color attended Radcliffe College, a separate and overwhelm-
ingly white “women’s annex” where racial minorities were
denied  campus  housing  and  scholarships. 
Id.,  at  51. 
Women of color at Radcliffe were taught by Harvard profes-
sors,  but  “women  did  not  receive  Harvard  degrees  until
1963.”  Ibid.; see also S. Bradley, Upending the Ivory Tower:
Civil  Rights,  Black  Power,  and  the  Ivy  League  17  (2018) 
(noting that the historical discussion of racial integration at 
the Ivy League “is necessarily male-centric,” given the his-
torical exclusion of women of color from these institutions). 
Today, benefactors with ties to slavery and white suprem-
acy  continue  to  be  memorialized  across  campus  through
“statues, buildings, professorships, student houses, and the