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16 

ZF AUTOMOTIVE US, INC. v. LUXSHARE, LTD. 

Opinion of the Court 

would qualify as intergovernmental.  Ergo, the Fund says,
the ad hoc panel must be intergovernmental too.

This does not follow.  It is not dispositive whether an ad-
judicative  body  shares  some  features  of  other  bodies  that
look governmental.  Instead, the inquiry is whether those 
features and other evidence establish the intent of the rele-
vant  nations  to  imbue  the  body  in  question  with  govern-
mental authority.  And though we need not decide the sta-
tus  of  the  I’m  Alone  and  Mixed  Claims  commissions,  it  is 
worth noting some differences between the treaties provid-
ing  for  them  and  the  treaty  at  issue  here.    For  instance, 
those  treaties  specified  that  each  sovereign  would  be  in-
volved in the formation of the bodies, and, with respect to
the treaty creating the Mixed Claims Commission in par-
ticular,  it  also  specified  where  the  commission  would  ini-
tially  meet,  the  method  of  funding,  and  that  the  commis-
sioners  could  appoint  other  officers  to  assist  in  the
proceedings.  See  Convention  Between  the  United  States 
and Great Britain for Prevention of Smuggling of Intoxicat-
ing  Liquors,  Art. IV,  Jan.  23,  1924,  43  Stat.  1761–1762, 
T. S.  No.  685;  Agreement  Between  the  United  States  and 
Germany  for  a  Mixed  Commission  to  Determine  the 
Amount  To  Be  Paid  by  Germany  in  Satisfaction  of  Ger-
many’s Financial Obligations Under the Treaty Concluded
Between the Two Governments on August 25, 1921, Arts.
II, III, IV, V, Aug. 10, 1922, 42 Stat. 2200, T. S. No. 665.  So 
while there are some similarities between the ad hoc arbi-
tration panel and the I’m Alone and Mixed Claims commis-
sions,  there  are  distinctions  too.  Thus,  even  taking  the
Fund’s  argument  on  its  own  terms,  its  analogies  are  less
helpful than it hopes. 

* 
In sum, only a governmental or intergovernmental adju-
dicative body constitutes a “foreign or international tribu-

* 

*