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DEPARMENT OF EDUCATION v. LOUISIANA 

SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting in part 

preliminary injunctions that bar the Government from en-
forcing  the  entire  rule—including  provisions  that  bear  no
apparent  relationship  to  respondents’  alleged  injuries.
Those injunctions are overbroad.  To be sure, this litigation 
is still unfolding, and respondents might eventually show
injuries from the other portions of the rule.  If so, those in-
juries might merit further relief.  For now, on the briefing
and record currently before us, I would stay the preliminary 
injunctions except as to the three provisions above, in keep-
ing with the traditional principle of equitable remedies that
“relief afforded [to] the plaintiffs” must not “be more bur-
densome  than  necessary  to  redress  the  complaining  par-
ties.”  Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U. S. 682, 702 (1979); see 
Madsen v. Women’s Health Center, Inc., 512 U. S. 753, 765 
(1994) (“[An] injunction [should be] no broader than neces-
sary to achieve its desired goals”). 

I 

Title IX provides that “[n]o person in the United States 
shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, 
be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination
under any education program or activity receiving Federal
financial  assistance.”  86  Stat.  373,  20  U. S. C.  §1681(a). 
Congress charged the Department of Education with “issu-
ing rules, regulations, or orders of general applicability” to
“effectuate” Title IX’s antidiscrimination mandate.  §1682.
Pursuant to that authority, in April 2024, the Department 
issued an omnibus rule amending Title IX’s regulations, set
to take effect nationwide on August 1, 2024.  See 89 Fed. 
Reg. 33474 (2024) (Rule).  The amended provisions of the
Rule cover a range of matters, most of which do not refer-
ence gender identity discrimination and went unmentioned 
by respondents.1 

—————— 

1 Those  provisions  include:  a  provision  requiring  access  to  lactation
spaces and “reasonable modifications” for pregnant students, such as re-
stroom  breaks,  89  Fed.  Reg.  33888,  33895–33896  (to  be  codified  in  34