Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/22pdf/21-376_7l48.pdf
Page Number: 37

Cite as:  599 U. S. ____ (2023) 

29 

Opinion of the Court 

put state legislatures and executives “under the direct con-
trol of Congress.”  Murphy, 584 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 18).
Rather,  they  are  a  logical  consequence  of  our  system  of 
“dual sovereignty” in which state courts are required to ap-
ply federal law.  See Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 U. S. 452, 457 
(1991).

Here, ICWA’s recordkeeping requirements are compara-
ble in kind and in degree to the historical examples.  Like 
the naturalization laws, §1951(a) requires the state court to
transmit to the Secretary a copy of a court order along with
basic  demographic  information.  Section  1915(e)  likewise
requires  the  State  to  record  a  limited  amount  of  infor-
mation—the  efforts  made  to  comply  with  the  placement
preferences—and provide the information to the Secretary
and to the child’s tribe.  These duties are “ancillary” to the 
state court’s obligation to conduct child custody proceedings
in compliance with ICWA.  Printz, 521 U. S., at 908, n. 2. 
Thus,  ICWA’s  recordkeeping  requirements  are  consistent
with the Tenth Amendment. 

IV 
Petitioners raise two additional claims: an equal protec-
tion challenge to ICWA’s placement preferences and a non-
delegation challenge to the provision allowing tribes to alter
the placement preferences.  We do not reach the merits of 
these claims because no party before the Court has stand-
ing  to  raise  them.  Article  III  requires  a  plaintiff  to  show 
that she has suffered an injury in fact that is “ ‘fairly trace-
able  to  the  defendant’s  allegedly  unlawful  conduct  and 
likely to be redressed by the requested relief.’ ”  California 
v. Texas, 593 U. S. ___, ___ (2021) (slip op., at 4).  Neither 
the individual petitioners nor Texas can pass that test. 

The individual petitioners argue that ICWA injures them 
by placing them on “[un]equal footing” with Indian parents 

A