Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/23pdf/22-451_7m58.pdf
Page Number: 87.0

6 

LOPER BRIGHT ENTERPRISES v. RAIMONDO 

KAGAN, J., dissenting 

because it is geographically separated from other west-
ern  gray  squirrels?    Or  can  the  Service  take  into  ac-
count that the genetic makeup of the Washington pop-
ulation  does  not  differ  markedly  from  the  rest?    See 
Northwest  Ecosystem  Alliance  v.  United  States  Fish 
and  Wildlife  Serv.,  475  F.  3d  1136,  1140–1145,  1149 
(CA9 2007). 

  Under the Medicare program, reimbursements to hos-
pitals  are  adjusted  to  reflect  “differences  in  hospital 
wage  levels”  across  “geographic  area[s].”    42  U. S. C. 
§1395ww(d)(3)(E)(i).  How  should  the  Department  of
Health  and  Human  Services  measure  a  “geographic 
area”?  By city?  By county?  By metropolitan area?  See 
Bellevue Hospital Center v. Leavitt, 443 F. 3d 163, 174– 
176 (CA2 2006). 

  Congress directed the Department of the Interior and 
the  Federal  Aviation  Administration  to  reduce  noise 
from  aircraft  flying  over  Grand  Canyon  National 
Park—specifically, to “provide for substantial restora-
tion of the natural quiet.”  §3(b)(1), 101 Stat. 676; see 
§3(b)(2).  How much noise is consistent with “the natu-
ral quiet”?  And how much of the park, for how many
hours a day, must be that quiet for the “substantial res-
toration”  requirement  to  be  met?    See  Grand  Canyon 
Air  Tour  Coalition  v.  FAA,  154  F.  3d  455,  466–467, 
474–475 (CADC 1998). 

  Or  take  Chevron  itself.    In  amendments  to  the  Clean 
Air  Act,  Congress  told  States  to  require  permits  for
modifying  or  constructing  “stationary  sources”  of  air 
pollution.  42 U. S. C. §7502(c)(5).  Does the term “sta-
tionary source[ ]” refer to each pollution-emitting piece
of  equipment  within  a  plant?  Or  does  it  refer  to  the 
entire plant, and thus allow escape from the permitting
requirement when increased emissions from one piece
of  equipment  are  offset  by  reductions  from  another? 
See 467 U. S., at 857, 859.