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Page Number: 44

22 

FULTON v. PHILADELPHIA 

ALITO, J., concurring in judgment 

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296; Everson v. Board of Ed. of Ewing, 330 U. S. 1 (1947).  And we have 
long applied that Amendment to actions taken by those responsible for 
enforcing the law.  See, e.g., Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protec-
tive  Assn.,  485  U. S.  439  (1988)  (considering  First  Amendment  claim 
based on federal agency’s decision); Thomas v. Review Bd. of Ind. Em-
ployment Security Div., 450 U. S. 707 (1981) (applying First Amendment
against  a  state  agency);  Pickering  v.  Board  of  Ed.  of  Township  High 
School Dist. 205, Will Cty., 391 U. S. 563 (1968) (applying First Amend-
ment against local board of education); see also U. S. Const., Amdt. 14, 
§1 (“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the priv-
ileges or immunities of citizens of the United States” (emphasis added)).