Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/22pdf/22-179_o75q.pdf
Page Number: 12.0

8 

UNITED STATES v. HANSEN 

Opinion of the Court 

at 364  (emphasis  added).    And  the  commentary  to  the 
Model Penal Code notes that similar prohibitions may em-
ploy other verbs, such as “induce.”  See id., Comment 3, at 
372–373, n. 25 (collecting examples). 
  The use of both verbs to describe solicitation and facilita-
tion  is  widespread  in  the  States  too.    Nevada  considers 
“[e]very  person”  who  “aided,  abetted,  counseled,  encour-
aged, hired, commanded, induced, or procured” an offense 
to be a principal.  Nev. Rev. Stat. §195.020 (2021) (emphasis 
added).  Arizona provides that one who “commands, encour-
ages, requests, or solicits another person to engage in spe-
cific conduct” commits the offense of solicitation.  Ariz. Rev. 
Stat. Ann. §13–1002(A) (2020) (emphasis added).  And New 
Mexico imposes criminal liability on one who “with the in-
tent” for another to commit a crime “solicits, commands, re-
quests, induces . . . or otherwise attempts to promote or fa-
cilitate” the offense.  N. M. Stat. Ann. §30–28–3(A) (2018) 
(emphasis added).  These States are by no means outliers—
“induce”  or  “encourage”  describe  similar  offenses  in  the 
criminal codes of every State.  App. to Brief for State of Mon-
tana et al. as Amici Curiae 1–44; see, e.g., Ala. Code §13A–
2–23(1)  (2015)  (“induces”);  Colo.  Rev.  Stat.  §18–1–603 
(2022) (“encourages”); Fla. Stat. §777.04(2) (2022) (“encour-
ages”); Haw. Rev. Stat. §705–510(1) (2014) (“encourages”); 
Ind.  Code  §35–41–2–4  (2022)  (“induces”);  Kan.  Stat.  Ann. 
§21–5303(a) (2020) (“encouraging”); N. D. Cent. Code Ann. 
§12.1–06–03(1)  (2021)  (“induces”);  Tex.  Penal  Code  Ann. 
§7.02(a)(2)  (West  2021)  (“encourages”);  W.  Va.  Code  Ann. 
§61–11–8a(b)(1)  (Lexis  2020)  (“inducement”);  Wyo.  Stat. 
Ann. §6–1–302(a) (2021) (“encourages”). 
  In sum, the use of “encourage” and “induce” to describe 
solicitation and facilitation is both longstanding and perva-
sive.  And if 8 U. S. C. §1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) refers to solicita-
tion  and  facilitation  as  they  are  typically  understood,  an 
overbreadth challenge would be hard to sustain.