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Page Number: 6.0

Cite as:  598 U. S. ____ (2023) 

1 

Opinion of the Court 

NOTICE:  This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the 
preliminary  print  of  the  United  States  Reports.  Readers  are  requested  to 
notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash-
ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that 
corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press. 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

_________________ 

Nos. 21–86 and 21–1239 
_________________ 

21–86 

AXON ENTERPRISE, INC., PETITIONER 
v. 
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION, ET AL. 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ET AL., 
PETITIONERS 
v. 
MICHELLE COCHRAN 

21–1239 

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF 
APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT 

[April 14, 2023] 

JUSTICE KAGAN delivered the opinion of the Court. 
In each of these two cases, the respondent in an adminis-
trative enforcement action challenges the constitutional au-
thority of the  agency to  proceed.  Both respondents claim 
that the agencies’ administrative law judges (ALJs) are in-
sufficiently  accountable  to  the  President,  in  violation  of 
separation-of-powers  principles.  And  one  respondent  at-
tacks as well the combination of prosecutorial and adjudi-
catory functions in a single agency.  The challenges are fun-
damental, even existential.  They maintain in essence that 
the agencies, as currently structured, are unconstitutional 
in much of their work.