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Cite as:  584 U. S. ____ (2018) 

5 

Opinion of the Court 

ery, Greene’s Energy also petitioned the Board to institute 
inter  partes  review.    It  argued  that  two  of  the  patent’s 
claims  were  unpatentable  because  they  were  anticipated 
by  prior  art  not  mentioned  by  Oil  States  in  its  original 
patent  application.    Oil  States  filed  a  response  opposing 
review.  The Board found that Greene’s Energy had estab-
lished  a  reasonable  likelihood  that  the  two  claims  were 
unpatentable and, thus, instituted inter partes review. 
  The proceedings before the District Court and the Board 
progressed  in  parallel.    In  June  2014,  the  District  Court 
issued  a  claim-construction  order.    The  order  construed 
the  challenged  claims  in  a  way  that  foreclosed  Greene’s 
Energy’s arguments about the prior art.  But a few months 
later, the Board issued a final written decision concluding 
that  the  claims  were  unpatentable.    The  Board  acknowl-
edged the District  Court’s contrary decision, but nonethe-
less  concluded  that  the  claims  were  anticipated  by  the 
prior art. 
  Oil  States  sought  review  in  the  Federal  Circuit.    In 
addition  to  its  arguments  about  patentability,  Oil  States 
challenged  the  constitutionality  of  inter  partes  review.  
Specifically, it argued that actions to revoke a patent must 
be  tried  in  an  Article  III  court  before  a  jury.    While  Oil 
States’  case  was  pending,  the  Federal  Circuit  issued  an 
opinion  in  a  different  case,  rejecting  the  same  constitu-
tional arguments.  MCM Portfolio LLC v. Hewlett-Packard 
Co.,  812  F. 3d  1284,  1288–1293  (2015).    The  Federal  Cir-
cuit summarily affirmed the Board’s decision in this case.  
639 Fed. Appx. 639 (2016). 
  We granted certiorari to determine whether inter partes 
review  violates  Article  III  or  the  Seventh  Amendment.  
582 U. S. ___ (2017).  We address each issue in turn. 

III 
  Article III vests the judicial power of the United States 
“in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the