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GE ENERGY POWER CONVERSION FRANCE SAS 
v. OUTOKUMPU STAINLESS USA, LLC 
Opinion of the Court 

them).”  Arthur  Andersen  LLP  v.  Carlisle,  556  U. S.  624, 
630 (2009).

The “traditional principles of state law” that apply under
Chapter 1 include doctrines that authorize the enforcement
of a contract by a nonsignatory.  Id., at 631 (internal quota-
tion marks omitted).  For example, we have recognized that
arbitration agreements may be enforced by nonsignatories 
through “ ‘assumption, piercing the corporate veil, alter ego, 
incorporation by reference, third-party beneficiary theories,
waiver and estoppel.’ ”  Ibid. (quoting 21 R. Lord, Williston 
on Contracts §57:19, p. 183 (4th ed. 2001)).  

This  case  implicates  domestic  equitable  estoppel  doc-
trines.  Generally, in the arbitration context, “equitable es-
toppel  allows  a  nonsignatory  to  a  written  agreement  con-
taining an arbitration clause to compel arbitration where a 
signatory to the written agreement must rely on the terms 
of that agreement in asserting its claims against the non-
signatory.”  Id., at 200 (2017).  In Arthur Andersen, we rec-
ognized that Chapter 1 of the FAA permits a nonsignatory 
to rely on state-law equitable estoppel doctrines to enforce 
an arbitration agreement.  556 U. S., at 631–632. 

B 
The  New  York  Convention  is  a  multilateral  treaty  that
addresses  international  arbitration.  21  U. S. T.  2517, 
T. I. A. S. No. 6997.  It focuses almost entirely on arbitral 
awards.  Article I(1) describes the Convention as applying
only  to  “the  recognition  and  enforcement  of  arbitral 
awards.”  Id., at 2519.  Articles III, IV, and V contain recog-
nition  and  enforcement  obligations  related  to  arbitral 
awards  for  contracting  states  and  for  parties  seeking  the
enforcement of arbitral awards.  Id., at 2519–2520.  Article 
VI addresses when an award can be set aside or suspended. 
Id., at 2520.  And Article VII(1) states that the “Convention 
shall  not  . . .  deprive  any  interested  party  of  any  right  he