Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/23pdf/22-859new_kjfm.pdf
Page Number: 74

14 

SEC v. JARKESY 

SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting 

cluded that, where Congress “create[s] a new cause of ac-
tion, and remedies therefor, unknown to the common law,” 
it is free to “plac[e] their enforcement in a tribunal supply-
ing  speedy  and  expert  resolutions  of  the  issues  involved.” 
Id.,  at  460–461.    “That  is  the  case  even  if  the  Seventh 
Amendment would have required a jury where the adjudi-
cation of those rights is assigned to a federal court of law.” 
Id., at 455; see id., at 461, n. 16. 

The “new rule” and “legally unsound principle” that the
majority accuses this dissent of “unfurl[ing]” today, ante, at 
17–18, n. 2, is the one that this Court declared “ ‘settled ju-
dicial  construction’  . . .  ‘from  the  beginning’ ”:  “[T]he  Gov-
ernment could commit the enforcement of statutes and the 
imposition and collection of fines . . . for administrative en-
forcement, without judicial trials,” even if the same action 
would have required a jury trial if committed to an Article
III court.  Atlas Roofing,  430 U. S., at 460 (collecting cases); 
accord,  Elting,  287  U. S.,  at  334  (Congress  “may  lawfully 
impose appropriate obligations, sanction their enforcement 
by  reasonable  money penalties,  and  invest  in  administra-
tive  officials  the  power  to  impose  and  enforce  them”); 
Stranahan, 214 U. S., at 339 (Congress may “impose appro-
priate  obligations  and  sanction  their  enforcement  by  rea-
sonable  money  penalties,  giving  to  executive  officers  the 
power to enforce such penalties without the necessity of in-
voking the judicial power”). 

C 
It  should  be  obvious  by  now  how  this  case  should  have 
been resolved under a faithful and straightforward applica-
tion of Atlas Roofing and a long line of this Court’s prece-
dents.  The  constitutional  question  is  indistinguishable.
The majority instead wishes away Atlas Roofing by burying 
it  at  the  end  of  its  opinion  and  minimizing  the  unbroken 
line of cases on which Atlas Roofing relied.  That approach