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TRANSUNION LLC v. RAMIREZ 

Opinion of the Court 

TransUnion  to  potential  creditors  during  the  period  from
January 1, 2011, to July 26, 2011.  The District Court ruled 
that all 8,185 class members had Article III standing.  2016 
WL 6070490, *5 (Oct. 17, 2016). 

At  trial,  Ramirez  testified  about  his  experience  at  the
Nissan dealership.  But Ramirez did not present evidence
about the experiences of other members of the class.

After six days of trial, the jury returned a verdict for the 
plaintiffs.  The jury awarded each class member $984.22 in
statutory damages and $6,353.08 in punitive damages for a
total award of more than $60 million.  The District Court 
rejected all of TransUnion’s post-trial motions.

The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed
in relevant part.  951 F. 3d 1008 (2020).  The court held that 
all members of the class had Article III standing to recover
damages for all three claims.  The court also concluded that 
Ramirez’s claims were typical of the class’s claims for pur-
poses  of  Rule  23  of  the  Federal  Rules  of  Civil  Procedure. 
Finally, the court reduced the punitive damages award to
$3,936.88 per class member, thus reducing the total award 
to about $40 million. 

Judge  McKeown  dissented  in  relevant  part.   As  to  the 
reasonable-procedures  claim,  she  concluded  that  only  the
1,853 class members whose reports were actually dissemi-
nated by TransUnion to third parties had Article III stand-
ing to recover damages.  In her view, the remaining 6,332
class members did not suffer a concrete injury sufficient for
standing.  As  to  the  two  claims  related  to  the  mailings,
Judge  McKeown  would  have  held  that  none  of  the  8,185 
class members other than the named plaintiff Ramirez had 
standing as to those claims.

We granted certiorari.  592 U. S. ___ (2020). 

II 
The question in this case is whether the 8,185 class mem-
bers have Article III standing as to their three claims.  In Part