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18  ANDY WARHOL FOUNDATION FOR VISUAL ARTS, INC. 

v. GOLDSMITH 
Opinion of the Court 

cal bearing on the substance or style of the original compo-
sition, . . . the claim to fairness in borrowing from another’s
work  diminishes  accordingly  (if  it  does  not  vanish),  and
other  factors,  like  the  extent  of  its  commerciality,  loom 
larger.”  Id., at 580; see also id., at 597 (Kennedy, J., con-
curring).

This  discussion  illustrates  two  important  points:  First, 
the fact that a use is commercial as opposed to nonprofit is 
an additional “element of the first factor.”  Id., at 584.  The 
commercial  nature  of  the  use  is  not  dispositive.    Ibid.; 
Google, 593 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 27).  But it is relevant. 
As  the  Court  explained  in  Campbell,  it  is  to  be  weighed
against the degree to which the use has a further purpose 
or different character.  See 510 U. S., at 579 (“[T]he more
transformative  the  new  work,  the  less  will  be  the  signifi-
cance of other factors, like commercialism, that may weigh
against a finding of fair use”); see also id., at 580, 585.6 

Second, the first factor also relates to the justification for 
the use.  In a broad sense, a use that has a distinct purpose 
is justified because it furthers the goal of copyright, namely,
to promote the progress of science and the arts, without di-
minishing the incentive to create.  See id., at 579; Authors 
Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F. 3d 202, 214 (CA2 2015) (Leval,
J.) (“The more the appropriator is using the copied material 
for new, transformative purposes, the more it serves copy-
right’s  goal  of  enriching  public  knowledge  and  the  less
likely it is that the appropriation will serve as a substitute 
for  the  original  or  its  plausible  derivatives,  shrinking  the 
protected  market  opportunities  of  the  copyrighted  work”). 

—————— 

6 The  authors  of  the  Copyright  Act  of  1976  included  the  language, 
“ ‘whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educa-
tional purposes,’ ” in the first fair use factor “to state explicitly” that, “as
under the present law, the commercial or non-profit character of an ac-
tivity, while not conclusive with respect to fair use, can and should be
weighed along with other factors.”  H. R. Rep. No. 94–1476, p. 66 (1976).