Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/23pdf/24a78_f2ah.pdf
Page Number: 6.0

Cite as:  603 U. S. ____ (2024) 

3 

SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting in part 

Respondents claim they are harmed by three provisions
of  the  Rule.  First,  at  34  CFR  §106.10,  the  Rule  defines 
“[d]iscrimination on the basis of sex” to “includ[e] discrimi-
nation on the basis of sex stereotypes, sex characteristics, 
pregnancy  or  related  conditions,  sexual  orientation,  and 
Second,  at 
gender  identity.” 
§106.31(a)(2),  the  Rule  addresses  Title  IX’s  application  in 
sex-separated spaces.  89 Fed. Reg. 33887.  The Rule leaves 
untouched Title IX’s explicit recognition that schools may 
differentiate between students on the basis of sex in some 
contexts, such as in assigning dormitories and creating ath-
letic teams.2  Outside those statutory exceptions, however, 

89  Fed.  Reg.  33886. 

—————— 
CFR §§106.40(b)(3)(v), 106.57); a provision affirming the legal rights of 
parents and guardians to act on behalf of complainants and respondents,
89 Fed. Reg. 33885 (to be codified in 34 CFR §106.6(g)); three provisions
addressing schools’ obligations in responding to claims implicating Title
IX, including measures to assist impacted parties, employee-notification 
requirements,  Title  IX  coordinator  duties,  applicable  grievance  proce-
dures, and protection of personally identifiable information, 89 Fed. Reg. 
33888–33895 (to be codified in 34 CFR §§106.44, 106.45, 106.46); a pro-
vision addressing schools’ obligations to designate Title IX coordinators, 
and adopt and implement a nondiscrimination policy and grievance pro-
cedures, 89 Fed. Reg. 33885–33886 (to be codified in 34 CFR §106.8); a 
provision  clarifying  schools’  obligations  with  respect  to  retaliation,  89 
Fed. Reg. at 33896 (to be codified in 34 CFR §106.71); a provision clari-
fying  that  the  Department  of  Education’s  Assistant  Secretary  of  Civil 
Rights will not deem a recipient to have violated the Title IX regulations
solely  because  the  Assistant  Secretary  would  have  reached  a  different
decision  in  a  particular  complaint  alleging  sex-based  harassment,  89 
Fed. Reg.  at 33895 (to be codified in 34 CFR §106.47); and a provision
addressing what pre-employment inquiries a school may make regarding
an individual’s marital status and sex, 89 Fed. Reg. 33896 (to be codified 
in 34 CFR §106.60). 

2 Specifically, those contexts include membership in fraternities or so-
rorities, 20 U. S. C. §1681(a)(6), separate living facilities, §1686, and ath-
letic teams, Education Amendments of 1974, 88 Stat. 612.  The Depart-
ment explained in the Rule that neither §106.31(a)(2) nor anything else
in the Rule addresses or alters existing requirements governing sex sep-
aration in athletics, which is the subject of a separate rulemaking.  89 
Fed. Reg. 33816–33817.