Document ID: ./input/supremecourt_opinions/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf
Page Number: 212

Cite as:  597 U. S. ____ (2022) 

65 

BREYER, SOTOMAYOR, and KAGAN, JJ., dissenting
Appendix to opinion of BREYER, SOTOMAYOR, and KAGAN, JJ. 

scrutiny under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protec-
tion Clause, including because Reed v. Reed, 404 U. S. 71 
(1971), and other equal protection cases and social changes
had overtaken any “inconsistent” suggestion in Goesaert v. 
Cleary, 335 U. S. 464 (1948)); Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U. S. 
522, 535–537 (1975) (recognizing as “a foregone conclusion 
from the pattern of some of the Court’s cases over the past
30 years, as well as from legislative developments at both 
federal and state levels,” that women could not be excluded 
from jury service, and explaining that the prior decision ap-
proving such practice, Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U. S. 57 (1961), 
had been rendered inconsistent with equal protection juris-
prudence).

Other overrulings occurred very close in time to the orig-
inal decision so did not engender substantial reliance and 
could not be described as having been “embedded” as “part 
of  our  national  culture.”  Dickerson  v.  United  States,  530 
U. S. 428, 443 (2000); see Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U. S. 808 
(1991)  (revising  procedural  rules  of  evidence  that  had 
barred admission of certain victim-impact evidence during
the  penalty  phase  of  capital  cases,  and  overruling  South 
Carolina  v.  Gathers,  490  U. S.  805  (1989),  and  Booth  v. 
Maryland,  482  U. S.  496  (1987),  which  had  been  decided 
two  and  four  years  prior,  respectively);  Seminole  Tribe  of 
Fla. v. Florida, 517 U. S. 44 (1996) (holding that Congress
cannot abrogate state-sovereign immunity under its Article 
I commerce power, and rejecting the result in Pennsylvania 
v. Union Gas Co., 491 U. S. 1 (1989), seven years later; the 
decision in Union Gas never garnered a majority); Garcia 
v.  San  Antonio  Metropolitan  Transit  Authority,  469  U. S. 
528, 531 (1985) (holding that local governments are not con-
stitutionally  immune  from  federal  employment  laws,  and
overruling National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 U. S. 833 
(1976), after “eight years” of experience under that regime
showed Usery’s standard was unworkable and, in practice,
undermined  the  federalism  principles  the  decision  sought