Patent Abstract:
the present invention relates to novel immunoconjugates that are devoid of light chains and comprise at least one variable domain of a heavy chain antibody . the immunoconjugates of the present invention can be used for the preparation of a medicament to treat tumours .

Detailed Description:
the term “ medicament to treat ” relates to a composition comprising immunoconjugates as described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient ( both terms can be used interchangeably ) to treat or to prevent diseases as described herein . the administration of an immunoconjugate as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be by way of oral , inhaled or parenteral administration . the active compound may be administered alone or preferably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition . an amount effective to treat tumors that express the antigen recognized by the immunoconjugate depends on the usual factors such as the nature and severity of the disorders being treated and the weight of the mammal . however , a unit dose will normally be in the range of 0 . 01 to 50 mg , for example 0 . 01 to 10 mg , or 0 . 05 to 2 mg of immunoconjugate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof . unit doses will normally be administered once or more than once a day , for example 2 , 3 , or 4 times a day , more usually 1 to 3 times a day , such that the total daily dose is normally in the range of 0 . 0001 to 1 mg / kg ; thus a suitable total daily dose for a 70 kg adult is 0 . 01 to 50 mg , for example 0 . 01 to 10 mg or more usually 0 . 05 to 10 mg . it is preferred that the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof be administered in the form of a unit - dose composition , such as a unit - dose oral , parenteral , or inhaled composition . such compositions are prepared by admixture and are suitably adapted for oral , inhaled or parenteral administration and , as such , may be in the form of tablets , capsules , oral liquid preparations , powders , granules , lozenges , reconstitutable powders , injectable and infusable solutions or suspensions , suppositories or aerosols . tablets and capsules for oral administration are usually presented in a unit dose and contain conventional excipients such as binding agents , fillers , diluents , tabletting agents , lubricants , disintegrants , colorants , flavorings , and wetting agents . the tablets may be coated according to well known methods in the art . suitable fillers for use include cellulose , mannitol , lactose and other similar agents . suitable disintegrants include starch , polyvinylpyrrolidone and starch derivatives such as sodium starch glycolate . suitable lubricants include , for example , magnesium stearate . suitable pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents include sodium lauryl sulphate . these solid oral compositions may be prepared by conventional methods of blending , filling , tabletting or the like . repeated blending operations may be used to distribute the active agent throughout those compositions employing large quantities of fillers . such operations are , of course , conventional in the art . oral liquid preparations may be in the form of , for example , aqueous or oily suspensions , solutions , emulsions , syrups , or elixirs , or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use . such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents , for example , sorbitol , syrup , methyl cellulose , gelatin , hydroxyethylcellulose , carboxymethyl cellulose , aluminum stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats ; emulsifying agents , for example , lecithin , sorbitan monooleate , or acacia ; non - aqueous vehicles ( which may include edible oils ), for example , almond oil , fractionated coconut oil , oily esters such as esters of glycerine , propylene glycol , or ethyl alcohol ; preservatives , for example methyl or propyl p - hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid ; and , if desired , conventional flavoring or coloring agents . oral formulations also include conventional sustained release formulations , such as tablets or granules having an enteric coating . preferably , compositions for inhalation are presented for administration to the respiratory tract as a snuff or an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer , or as a microfine powder for insufflation , alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose . in such a case , the particles of active compound suitably have diameters of less than 50 microns , preferably less than 10 microns , for example , between 1 and 5 microns , such as between 2 and 5 microns . a favored inhaled dose will be in the range of 0 . 05 to 2 mg , for example , 0 . 05 to 0 . 5 mg , 0 . 1 to 1 mg or 0 . 5 to 2 mg . for parenteral administration , fluid unit dose forms are prepared containing a compound of the present invention and a sterile vehicle . the active compound , depending on the vehicle and the concentration , can be either suspended or dissolved . parenteral solutions are normally prepared by dissolving the compound in a vehicle and filter sterilizing before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing . advantageously , adjuvants such as a local anesthetic , preservatives and buffering agents are also dissolved in the vehicle . to enhance the stability , the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum . parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilized by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle . advantageously , a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the active compound . where appropriate , small amounts of bronchodilators , for example , sympathomimetic amines such as isoprenaline , isoetharine , salbutamol , phenylephrine and ephedrine ; xanthine derivatives such as theophylline and aminophylline ; corticosteroids such as prednisolone ; and adrenal stimulants such as acth may be included . as is common practice , the compositions will usually be accompanied by written or printed directions for use in the medical treatment concerned . the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment and / or prophylaxis of the herein described disorders , which pharmaceutical composition comprises the immunoconjugate , a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof , and , if required , a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof . it should be clear that the therapeutic method of the present invention against tumors can also be used in combination with any other tumor therapy known in the art such as irradiation , chemotherapy or surgery . the following examples more fully illustrate preferred features of the invention , but are not intended to limit the invention in any way . all of the starting materials and reagents disclosed below are known to those skilled in the art and are available commercially or can be prepared using well - known techniques . several anti - cea camel single domain vh and v h h antibodies were retrieved from an immunized phage display library . facs analysis was performed to analyze the ability of these antibodies to recognize cea expressed on ls 174t cells ( the human ls 174t adenocarcinoma cell line was obtained from atcc ( manassas , va .). ls 174t is a trypsinized variant of the ls 180 colon - adenocarcinoma cell line and produces large amounts of carcinoembryonic antigen ( cea ). based on the facs profiles , v h hs cab - cea3 ( seq id no : 1 for the amino acid sequence and seq id no : 2 for the nucleotide sequence ), cab - cea5 ( seq id no : 3 for the amino acid sequence and seq id no : 4 for the nucleotide sequence ), cab - cea61 ( seq id no : 5 for the amino acid sequence and seq id no : 6 for the nucleotide sequence ) and the vh cabcea72 ( seq id no : 7 for the amino acid sequence and seq id no : 8 for the nucleotide sequence ) were chosen for conjugate construction . cab - cea - β - lactamase conjugates were constructed in a stepwise fashion by insertion of the cab - cea sequence , the llama γ2c hinge ( ahhsedpsskapkap ) region sequence ( seq id no : 9 ) and the β - lactamase ( bl ) gene followed by a 6xhis - tag into the phen6 expression vector . the particular bl was cloned from the e . cloacae p99 strain by pcr amplification . primer - sequences used are 5 ′- catgccatgactcgcggcccagccggccatggc - 3 ′ ( fw primer ) ( seq id no : 10 ) and 5 ′- catgccatgggagctttgggagctttggagct ggggtcttcgctgtggtgcgctgaggagacggtgacctgggt - 3 ′ ( rev primer : includes γ2c hinge coding sequence ) for amplification and ncoi cloning of cab - cea / γ2c hinge ( seq id no : 11 ). 5 ′- catgccatgggcacgccagtgtcagaaaaa - 3 ′ ( fw primer ) ( seq id no : 12 ) and 5 ′- cgcgaattcttaatgatgatgatgatgatgctgtagcgcctggagg - 3 ′ ( rev primer : includes 6x his tag coding sequence ) for amplification and directional ncoi - ecori cloning of β - lactamase ( seq id no : 13 ). the resulting cab - cea - βl his - tagged conjugates were expressed in e . coli and purified on an imac column ( ni - nta superflow , qiagen ) followed by gel filtration on a superdex 75 hr 10 / 30 column ( pharmacia ). the anti - lysozyme camel single - domain antibody cab - lys3 conjugated to β - lactamase was also engineered and used as non - binding control in further experiments . the isolation of the cab - lys3 antibody fragment was previously described ( ghahroudi et al ., 1997 ). the gene was recloned in an expression vector under control of the lac promoter , between the pel b leader signal and a carboxyterminal hexahistidine tail ( lauwereys et al ., embo j , 17 , 3512 - 3520 ( 1998 ). enzymatic activity assays of the bl portion of the conjugates were undertaken using nitrocefin as the substrate . michaelis - menten kinetic analyses confirmed that the fusion protein retained the full enzymatic activity from the enzyme from which it was derived . a total of 10 4 ls 174t human adenocarcinoma cells / well ( 0 . 1 ml of emem with 10 % fetal bovine serum , 100 units / ml penicillin , 0 . 1 mg / ml streptomycin , 1 mm sodium pyruvate and 0 . 1 mm non - essential amino acids ) were plated into 96 - well microtiter plates and allowed to adhere overnight . for blocking experiments , the cells were incubated with unconjugated cab - cea5 at 0 . 1 mg / ml for 30 minutes prior to treatment with the cab - cea - βl conjugates . the cells were then exposed to the conjugates at 1 , 5 , and 10 nm . after 30 minutes at 4 ° c ., the plates were washed 3 times with antibiotic free rpmi 1640 medium with 10 % fetal bovine serum , and then different amounts of the prodrug ccm ( 7 -( 4 - carboxy - butanamido ) cephalosporin mustard ) or pdm ( parental drug , phenylenediamine mustard ) were added ( see fig1 for the structure ). ccm and pdm were also added to cells that were not treated with the conjugates . we received the prodrug ccm and parental drug pdm for the in vitro cytotoxicity studies from dr . peter senter ( director chemistry , seattle genetics , inc ., washington , u . s . a ). after 1 hour at 37 ° c ., the cells were washed with emem and incubated for 24 hours . the cells were then pulsed for 18 hours with [ 3 h ] thymidine ( 1 μci / well ) at 37 ° c ., detached by freezing and thawing , and harvested onto glass fiber filter mats using a 96 - well cell harvester . radioactivity was counted using a β - plate counter . another set of experiments was performed with varying concentrations of the anti - cea - βl conjugates or cab - lys3 - βl as a non - binding control . after conjugate exposure , cells were treated with a fixed amount of ccm . after 24 hours incubation , the cells were pulsed for 18 hours , harvested and radioactivity was counted with a β counter . the cytotoxic effects of a conjugated v h h , cab - cea5 - βl ( seq id no : 14 for the amino acid sequence and seq id no : 15 for the nucleotide sequence ) ( fig2 ) in combination with ccm prodrug were determined on ls 174t human adenocarcinoma cells which express the cea antigen . the cells were exposed to the conjugate , washed to remove unbound material , and treated with various amounts of two different batches of ccm ( ccm1 , ccm2 ). cytotoxic activity was determined by measuring the incorporation of [ 3 h ] thymidine into dna relative to untreated cells . the prodrug ccm was approximately 40 fold less toxic to ls 174t cells than the parental drug pdm . cab - cea5 - βl effectively activated the prodrug in a dose dependent manner , leading to a cytotoxicity equivalent in activity to pdm . prodrug activation was immunologically specific since cab - cea5 - βl activated ccm at marginal levels on cells that were saturated with unconjugated cab - cea5 prior exposure to the fusion protein . in addition , to compare the relative abilities of the cab - cea - βl conjugate for prodrug activation , ls 174t cells were exposed to various amounts of conjugate . unbound material was washed off , and ccm was added at a fixed concentration of 3 μm , which has low cytotoxic activity in the absence of β - lactamase . cab - cea5 - βl induced effectively the prodrug in a dose dependent manner and showed to be immunologically specific ( fig3 panel a and b ). demonstration of the immunological specificity of prodrug activation was done by saturation with non - conjugated cab - cea or by treating the cells with non - binding control conjugate , cab - lys3 - βl , prior to ccm . as expected , cab - lys3 - βl did not activate the prodrug ccm . to study the immune response to cab - enzyme conjugates , balb / c mice receive a single or multiple course of intravenous treatment with cab - cea5 antibody fragments conjugated to bacterial enzyme β - lactamase ( 1 mg of immunoconjugate / kg bodyweight ). the development of mouse anti - camel antibodies and anti - β - lactamase antibodies is analyzed at day 7 , 14 and 60 after the last treatment course by elisa . anti - β - lactamase antibodies present in serum of mice are tested for their capacity to inhibit β - lactamase activity in vitro . 4 . in vivo therapy experiments in nude mice bearing ls 174t carcinoma tumour xenografts studies were undertaken in nude mice to establish the extent of cab - cea5 :: β - lactamase conjugate localization in ls 174 t tumor xenografts . 125 i labeled cab - cea5 :: β - lactamase ( 4 . 728 . 481 cpm / μg conjugate ) or cab - lys3 :: β - lactamase conjugate ( 2 . 691 . 621 cpm / μg conjugate ) were injected i . v . ( 1 mg / kg ) into mice ( 3 animals / group ) that had subcutaneous ls 174t carcinoma tumors of about 0 . 5 - 1 cm diameter . the amount of radioactivity in the tumors , blood , and several other tissues was determined 6 h , 24 h and 48 h later ( fig4 ). it was found that the concentration of cab - cea5 :: βl in tumors was much higher (& gt ; 10 - fold ) than in any other of the tissues measured . this was most likely due to binding to the cea antigen on tumor cells , since the irrelevant cab - lys3 :: βl showed no preferential intratumoral accumulation . we also noticed a rather high accumulation of both cab - cea5 :: βl and cab - lys3 :: βl conjugates in the kidneys ( 0 . 41 - 0 . 53 % id / g tissue ). in order to see whether the radioactivity measured originated from intact conjugate molecules or degraded material , we assessed the enzymatic activity of β - lactamase in targeted tumor , liver and kidney tissue using nitrocefin . the results showed that enzymatic activity was intact in the excised tumor tissue whereas no activity could be measured in liver nor kidney tissue , indicating that the radioactivity measured in kidney and liver tissue was not derived from intact antibody - enzyme conjugate molecules ( spiking these tissue suspensions with similar concentrations of cold cab - cea5 :: βl resulted in positive enzymatic activity , indicating that the tissue suspensions did not exhibit inhibitory activity on the enzymatic activity ). maximal tumor uptake of approximately 3 % injected dose / g tumor was seen 6 h after dosing of the cab - cea :: βl conjugate whereas no targeting was seen for the nonbinding control cab - lys3 :: βl conjugate . the blood and normal tissue levels were still high at this time - point and thus tumor / normal tissue ratios were low . after 24 h , although the amounts of cab - cea :: βl conjugate in the tumors had fallen to approx . 1 % injected dose / g tumor , the blood and normal tissue levels had fallen more rapidly , and consequently , tumor / normal tissue ratios were in the 10 - 50 fold range , except for the kidneys were a high amount of radioactivity could still be measured . after 48 h , a similar biodistribution was seen . based on these data , an interval of 24 h between conjugate and prodrug administration was selected for antitumour studies . the antitumor effect of giving cab - cea :: βl conjugate ( 1 mg / kg body weight ) followed 24 h later by escalating doses of ccm ( 100 , 150 , 200 mg / kg ) are shown in fig5 . the prodrug therapy combination gave a significant antitumor effect compared to non - treated tumor - bearing mice or mice receiving prodrug in combination with the nonbinding cab - lys3 :: βl conjugate . therapeutic efficiency was dose - dependent . significant antitumor activity including partial regression of the tumors was obtained in the animals that received 200 mg ccm / kg / injection . there were no apparent toxicities in any of the groups receiving ccm therapy . in contrast , systemic treatment of mice with the drug pdm at 4 mg / kg / injection had no beneficial effect on tumor growth since they grew out after the treatment was discontinued . moreover , although the pdm dose given at about the maximal tolerated dose ( 4 . 5 mg / kg / injection ), systemic administration led to toxicity and resulted in & gt ; 10 % body weight loss . the cab - cea :: βl conjugate was radioiodinated with carrier - free 125 i using the iodogen reagent , following the manufacturer &# 39 ; s ( pierce , rockford , ill ., usa ) recommended method . in vitro retention of immunoreactivity postradioiodination was confirmed by binding to ls174t cells . approximately 1 mg of conjugate / kg body weight were injected intravenously into athymic nude mice bearing established tumor xenografts ( 2 × 10 6 ls174t tumor cells injected 10 days previously and tumors measured approximately 5 - 6 mm in diameter ). following injection of the conjugate , groups of three mice were killed 6 , 24 and 48 h later . the tumor , a sample of blood , and a range of other tissues were removed , weighed , and counted in a gamma counter . groups of 5 female athymic nude mice were injected subcutaneously with 2 × 10 6 ls174t tumor cells . ten days later when the tumors reached a size of about 100 mm 3 , 1 mg / kg bodyweight of βl conjugates was injected iv , followed 24 h later by the prodrug ccm . treatment with cab - 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