Patent Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method and system for changing a subscription information of a subscriber in a data network. When a subscriber profile or subscription information is changed or updated, this is detected and a registration procedure for registering a terminal device ( 40 ) of the subscriber to a new serving network element ( 12 ) is initiated in response to the result of a checking step for checking whether a capability of a network element ( 10 ) serving a terminal device ( 40 ) of said subscriber is still in accordance with said changed subscription information. Thereby, an automatic or semi-automatic adaptation of the serving entity to the changed subscription can be achieved.

Full Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method and system for changing a subscription information of a subscriber in a data network. In particular, the present invention relates to a change of a subscription in an Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia subsystem (IMS) environment. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In order to achieve access independence and to maintain a smooth interoperation with wired terminals across the internet, the IMS as specified e.g. in the 3GPP specification TS 23.228 has been developed to be conformant to IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) “Internet Standards”. The IP multimedia core network (IM CN) subsystem enables network operators of mobile or cellular networks to offer their subscribers multimedia services based on and built upon Internet applications, services and protocols. The intention is to develop such services by mobile network operators and other 3 rd  party suppliers including those in the Internet space using the mechanisms provided by the Internet and the IM CN subsystem. The IMS thus enables conversions of, and access to, voice, video, messaging, data and web-based technologies for wireless users, and combines the growth of the Internet with the growth in mobile communications. 
       FIG. 1  shows an architecture of an IMS network according to the above 3GPP (3 rd  Generation Partnership Project) specification. The architecture is based on the principle that the service control for home subscribed services for a roaming subscriber is in the home network HN, e.g. a Serving Call State Control Function (S-CSCF) is located in the home network HN. In  FIG. 1 , a current or old S-CSC-Fo  10  and a future or new S-CSCFn  12  are shown, between which a terminal device or user equipment (UE)  40  is to be transferred due to changed required capabilities resulting from a change in the subscriber profile of the UE  40 . 
     In general, an S-CSCF performs the session control service for the served UEs. It maintains a session state as needed by the network operator for support of the services. Within an operator&#39;s network, different S-CSCFs may have different functionalities. The functions performed by the S-CSCF during a respective session are e.g. registration, session flow management, charging and resource utilization management. When a subscriber roams to a visited network VN, the visited network VN supports a Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF)  30  which enables the session control to be passed to the respective S-CSCF located at the home network HN and providing the service control. Furthermore, an Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF)  50  is provided in the home network HN as a contact point within the operator&#39;s network for all connections destined to a subscriber of that network operator, or a roaming subscriber currently located within that network operator&#39;s service area. There may be multiple I-CSCFs within an operator&#39;s network. The functions performed by the I-CSCF  50  include assigning an S-CSCF to a user performing a registration procedure, routing a request received from another network towards the S-CSCF, maintaining the address of an S-CSCF from a subscriber database, e.g. a Home Subscriber Server (HSS)  20  as shown in  FIG. 1 , and/or forwarding requests or responses to the S-CSCF determined based on the address of change from the HSS  20 . 
     The P-CSCF  30  is the first contact point within the IMS. Its address is discovered by the UE  40  following a PDP (Packet Data Protocol) contact activation. The P-CSCF  30  behaves like a proxy, i.e. it accepts requests and services them internally or forwards them on, possibly after translation. The P-CSCF  30  may also behave as a User Agent, i.e. in abnormal conditions it may terminate and independently generate transactions. The functions performed by the P-CSCF  30  are forwarding register requests received from the UE  40  to an I-CSCF, e.g. the I-CSCF  50 , determined using the home domain name as provided by the UE  40 , and forwarding requests or responses to the UE  40 . 
     Further details regarding the functions of the different CSCF elements shown in  FIG. 1  can be gathered from the above mentioned 3GPP-specification. 
     According to the conventional network architecture in the above mentioned 3GPP Release  5  specification, the HSS  20  is not aware of the kind of capabilities a specific S-CSCF has in the network. On the contrary, the HSS  20  knows what kind of capabilities an S-CSCF needs to support a specific subscriber. This information is stored in a subscriber profile of the specific subscriber. During an initial registration process of UE  40 , the HSS  20  sends the required S-CSCF capabilities to the I-CSCF  50  and the actual selection of the S-CSCF is done by the I-CSCF  50 . The selection at the I-CSCF  50  is performed on the basis of an information indicating the required capabilities and received from the HSS  20 . 
     However, when there is a need for updating the subscriber profile e.g. in the S-CSCFo  10  currently serving the UE  40 , the HSS  20  cannot know whether the selected S-CSCFo  10  is still capable of adequately serving the subscriber of the UE  40 . It may be possible that new capabilities required according to the new subscriber profile are not supported by the S-CSCFo  10 . Another possibility is that the service provider has removed some service from the subscriber profile and thus has prevented the usage of this service or service part. 
     If the capability of the S-CSCFo  10  does not meet with the updated subscriber profile, the subscriber is not able to use all subscribed services, or may received services which he or she is no longer willing to have. Furthermore, the subscriber may be charged for services which he or she has been cancelled. Moreover, if the network operator has denied services, the subscriber may still be able to use these services which he or she is no longer authorized to use. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for changing a subscription, by means of which an adequate or matched serving function can be assured even after a change in the subscriber profile of a subscriber. 
     This object is achieved by a method for changing a subscription information of a subscriber in a data network, said method comprising the steps of:
     detecting a change in said subscription information of said subscriber;   checking whether a capability of a network element serving a terminal device of said subscriber is still in accordance with said changed subscription information; and   initiating in response to the result of said checking step a registration procedure for registering said terminal device of said subscriber to a new serving network element.   

     Furthermore, the above object is achieved by a system for changing a subscription information of a subscriber in a data network, said system comprising:
     detecting means for detecting a change in said subscription information of said subscriber;   checking means for checking whether a capability of a network element serving a terminal device of said subscriber is still in accordance with said changed subscription information; and   initiating means for initiating in response to said checking means a registration procedure for registering said terminal device of said subscriber to a new serving network element.   

     Additionally, the above object is achieved by a subscriber database for storing a subscription information of a subscriber of a data network, said database being arranged to detect a change in said subscription information and to initiate a registration procedure for registering a terminal device of said subscriber to a new serving network element in response to the result of the checking operation for checking whether a capability of a network element serving a terminal device of said subscriber is still in accordance with said changed subscription information. 
     Accordingly, when a subscriber profile of a subscriber is updated or changed, a capability mismatch at the serving network element is automatically detected and a new serving network element having adequate capabilities is allocated by initiating the registration procedure. Thereby, any new subscription information can be taken into account almost immediately when it has been configured or stored in the subscriber database of the data network. 
     The checking step may comprise checking whether said serving network element is still capable of serving said terminal device of serving said terminal device of said subscriber in view of said changed subscription information. 
     The detection step may be based on a detection of a subscriber profile update, or may be based on a detection of a subscription of said subscriber to a new service. 
     According to an advantageous further development, the checking step may be performed on the basis of a capability information added based on said detection step to a response message of a registration procedure initiated by said terminal device. In this case, the registration procedure may be initiated by said terminal device in response to a de-registration procedure initiated when a change of said subscription information has been detected in said detection step. Alternatively, the registration procedure may be a periodic registration procedure initiated at predetermined intervals. 
     Preferably, a configuration information may be provided for determining subscribed services needing predetermined serving network elements. 
     According to another advantageous further development, the checking step may comprise the steps of transmitting a capability query comprising at least one required capability to the serving network element, comparing capabilities of the serving network element with the at least one required capability, and receiving an acknowledgement indicating the result of the comparing step from the serving network element. As an alternative, the checking step may comprise the steps of transmitting an information indicating at least one required capability and an identification of said serving network element to an interrogating network element, checking at said interrogating network element whether said serving network element fulfills said at least one required capabilities, and receiving an acknowledgement indicating the result of said checking step from said interrogating network element. Then, a de-register message for de-registering the terminal device may be sent to the serving network element in response to the received results of the comparing step. A re-registration procedure may then be initiated by the terminal device in response to a message issued by the serving network element. In this case, the de-register message may include a cause information which indicates that the reason for de-registration was a need for changing the subscriber information. 
     As an alternative to the network-initiated re-registration procedure, a selection function of the data network may be initiated using the at least one required capability, and a resulting identification information of the new serving network element may be notified to a proxy network element connected to the terminal device. The notification may be performed using an identification of the proxy network element stored at a subscriber database. The identification may be requested from the serving network element using the de-register message. The selection function may be performed by an interrogating network element. 
     As a further alternative, the checking step may be performed by requesting from the data network a capability list containing an information about required capabilities of serving network elements. In particular, the capability list may be requested from an interrogating network element. Thus, the checking means may be the interrogating network element, e.g. an I-CSCF of the IMS. The interrogating network element may be arranged to perform that checking operation based on a capability information received with a registration authorization response. 
     The detection means may be a subscriber database e.g. a HSS. Thus, the change of the subscriber profile at the subscriber database can be detected directly so as to check the capability and initiate a registration procedure, if required. 
     The initiating means may be the subscriber database, wherein the registration procedure is initiated by initiating the selection function of the data network core, or alternatively, by issuing the de-register message. As an alternative, the initiating means may be an interrogating network element arranged to issue a register message to the new serving network element. 
     The subscriber database may be arranged to inhibit an unnecessary registration based on a configuration information provided at said database. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the following, the present invention will be described in greater detail based on preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic network architecture in which the preferred embodiments of the present invention can be implemented; 
         FIG. 2  shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating a subscription change procedure according to a first preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating a subscription change procedure according to a second preferred embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating a subscription change procedure according to a third preferred embodiment; and 
         FIG. 5  shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating a subscription change procedure according to a fourth preferred embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The preferred embodiments will now be described on the basis of an IMS network architecture as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The IMS shown in  FIG. 1  refers to a set of core network entities using the services provided by the packet-switched domain to offer multimedia services. The HSS  20  is the master database for a given user and includes the functions of conventional home location registers (HLRs) as well as new functionalities specified to IP networks, such as the IMS. The HSS  20  is the entity containing the subscription-related information to support the network entities actually handling calls and/or sessions. The home network HN may contain one or several HSSs depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment and on the organization of the network. The HSS  20  may integrate heterogeneous information, and enable enhanced features in the core network to be offered to the application and services domain. In particular, the HSS  20  is responsible for holding user-related information, such as user identification, numbering and address information, user security information, user location information, and user profile information. Based on this information, the HSS  20  is also responsible of supporting the call control and session management entities of the different domains and subsystems, such as the IMS, a Radio Network Subsystem (RNS), etc. 
     According to the preferred embodiments, a registration procedure for registering the UE  40  to the new S-CSCFn  12  is initiated if a capability check indicates that the current S-CSCFo  10  is no longer capable of serving the UE  40  after a change in the subscription information of the respective subscriber. This automatic or semi-automatic adaptation of the serving network element or entity in response to a capability check can be performed in various ways, as described in the following four preferred embodiments. When the subscription or subscriber profile is changed for a subscriber, e.g. the subscriber subscribes new service(s) it is possible that the already assigned S-CSCFo  10  cannot support the new service(s). 
     In order to assign a new S-CSCFn  12  capable for serving the subscriber, the following procedure indicated in  FIG. 2  can be performed according to the first preferred embodiment. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the HSS  20  de-registers the subscriber by sending a corresponding de-register message via the S-CSCFo  10  to the UE  40  (steps  1  and  2 ), which will lead to a situation where the UE  40  automatically initiates a new initial registration procedure, because the de-register message contains a cause code which indicates the reason for de-registration. This cause code or cause information is added by the HSS  20  in response to the detection of a change in the subscription information or subscriber profile of the concerned subscriber. This will lead to a situation where a new S-CSCF, e.g. the S-CSCFn  12 , will be selected based on the new subscriber profile. In order to avoid unnecessary de-registrations, the HSS  20  may contain some configuration information used to determine what kind of services need special S-CSCFs. The UE  40  sends a registration message for a new registration to the I-CSCF  50  (step  3 ). The I-CSCF then sends a registration authorization message to the HSS  20  (step  4 ). As the HSS  20  knows that the subscription was changed, it sends a registration authorization response with the capability information and name of the current S-CSCFo  10  to the I-CSCF  50 , instead of only the name of the S-CSCF  50  as in the conventional procedure. It is noted that the HSS  20  may as well only send the capability information of the current S-CSCFo  10  (step  5 ). Then, the I-CSCF  50  may use both or only the S-CSCF capability information to decide which actions it has to take, i.e. whether to select a new S-CSCF or not (step  6 ). Based on the checking result, the I-CSCF  50  either sends a registration message to the current S-CSCFo  10  or to a selected new S-CSCFn  12  having the required capability (step  7 ). 
     Thereby, the serving network function can be adapted to the changes in the subscriber profile of the concerned subscriber. If the old or current S-CSCFo  10  fulfills the S-CSCF capability requirements, the old S-CSCF  10  is selected during the new registration process. 
       FIG. 3  shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating a subscription change procedure according to the second preferred embodiment. In the second preferred embodiment, the HSS  20  does not initiate any actions before the UE  40  sends a normal periodic registration message to the network, e.g. to the I-CSCF  50  (step  1 ). When the periodic registration, i.e. a registration authorization message arrives at the HSS  20  (step  2 ), the HSS  20  knows that the subscription was changed and sends a registration authorization response message containing a capability information and name of the current S-CSCFo  10  to the I-CSCF  50  instead of only the name of the current S-CSCFo  10  (step  3 ). Also in the present case, it is noted that the HSS  20  may only send the capability information. The I-CSCF  50  uses both or only the S-CSCF capability information to decide which actions it has to take, i.e. whether to select a new-CSCF, e.g. the new S-CSCFn  12 , or not (step  4 ). In the case shown in  FIG. 3 , the new S-CSCFn  12  is selected by transmitting a register message to the S-CSCFn  12  (step  5 ) because the old assigned S-CSCFo  10  does not fulfill the requirements in order to provide the appropriate services for the subscriber of the UE  40 . 
     In the above described first and second preferred embodiments, the automatic re-registration may be accompanied by a new functionality to clear the name of the old S-CSCFo  10  from the HSS  20  or to provide a corresponding flag information. 
     According to the following third and fourth preferred embodiments, the HSS  20  first checks whether the current S-CSCFo  10  supports the new requirements needed by the changed subscriber profile or subscription information and initiates a corresponding subscriber profile or serving entity selection or change procedure, based on the result of the checking operation. If the current S-CSCFo  10  can support the new requirements, the new subscriber profile is updated in the current S-CSCFo  10 . If the current S-CSCFo  10  cannot support the new requirements, then the HSS  20  starts a procedure leading to a change to the new S-CSCFn  12 . It is noted that in the third and fourth preferred embodiments it is assumed that the UE  10  is located in the visited network VN and connected via the P-CSCF  30 . 
     According to the third preferred embodiment, a network-initiated de-register procedure is started, which leads to a situation where the UE  40  automatically initiates a new initial re-registration procedure due to the fact that a de-register message issued by the HSS  20  contains a cause code which unambiguously reveals the reason for the de-registration. This leads to a situation where the new S-CSCFn  12  will be selected based on the new subscriber profile. 
       FIG. 4  shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating a subscription change procedure according to the third preferred embodiment. When a new subscriber profile has been issued, the HSS  20  sends a capability query to the currently selected S-CSCFo  10  (step  1 ). The capability query contains the new required capabilities. It is noted that this operation could be added to the existing profile uploading from the HSS  20  to the current S-CSCF  10  or it could be a new mechanism between the HSS  20  and the current S-CSCFo  10 . The current S-CSCFo  10  compares its own capabilities to the required capabilities and makes a decision whether it can support the required capabilities, or not. Then, the current S-CSCFo  10  sends a capability response to the HSS  20 , including a positive or negative acknowledgement (step  2 ). If the current S-CSCFo  10  cannot serve the subscriber anymore due to lack of capabilities, it will send a negative acknowledgement. If the current S-CSCFo  10  can still serve the subscriber, it will send a positive acknowledgement to the HSS  20 . If a new subscriber profile was send, a current S-CSCFo  10  may store it for further use. 
     If the HSS  20  receives a positive acknowledgement, then it ends the selection or change procedure. If the subscriber profile was not sent in step  1 , then the HSS  20  starts a subscriber profile uploading procedure as specified in the above mentioned 3GPP specification. 
     If the HSS  20  receives a negative acknowledgement, it initiates a network-initiated de-registration process by sending a de-register message to the current S-CSCFo  10  with a cause code which clearly identifies that the reason was a need for updating the subscriber profile (step  3 ). The current S-CSCFo  10  receives the message from the HSS  20  and generates an appropriate SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) message, e.g. a NOTIFY message, with an appropriate cause code and sends it to the P-CSCF  30  (step  4 ). The P-CSCF  30  then forwards the SIP message to the UE  40  (step  5 ). This allows the UE  40  to automatically and immediately start a re-registration procedure. In particular, the UE  40  receives the SIP message transmitted in steps  4  and  5  and detects the need for registration. Then, the UE  40  starts a registration process as specified in the above mentioned 3GPP specifications (step  6 ). Thereby, an adequate serving network entity can be selected. 
     According to the fourth preferred embodiment, the HSS  20  starts a new procedure which would change the assigned current S-CSCFo  10  to the new S-CSCFn  12  supporting the new requirements without involving the UE  40 . It may be possible that the network is not able to deliver the network initiated de-register message to the UE  40 , e.g. if the UE  40  has not been subscribed to a registration event report package. 
       FIG. 5  shows a message signaling and processing diagram indicating a subscription change procedure according to the fourth embodiment. When a new subscriber profile has been issued, the HSS  20  sends a capability query to the current S-CSCFo  10  (step  1 ). The capability query contains new required capabilities according to the new subscriber profile. Also in the present case, the operation could be added to the existing profile uploading from the HSS  20  to the current S-CSCFo  10  or it could be a new mechanism between the HSS  20  and the current S-CSCFo  10 . 
     Having received the capability query, the current S-CSCFo  10  compares its own capabilities to the required capabilities and makes a decision whether it can support the required capabilities, or not. If the current S-CSCFo  10  cannot anymore serve the subscriber due to lack of capabilities, it will send a capability response with a negative acknowledgement to the HSS  20  (step  2 ). If the current S-CSCFo  10  can still serve the subscriber, it will send a positive acknowledgement to the HSS  20 . If a new subscriber profile was sent to the current S-CSCFo  10 , then it stores it for further use. 
     If the HSS  20  receives a positive acknowledgement, it ends the procedure. 
     If the subscriber profile was not sent in step  1 , then the HSS  20  starts a subscriber profile uploading procedure as specified in the above mentioned 3GPP specifications. 
     If the HSS  20  receives a negative acknowledgement, as indicated in  FIG. 5 , the HSS  20  sends a de-register message to the current or old S-CSCFo  10  which currently serves the subscriber of the UE  40 . This message contains a request for the address and/or name of the P-CSCF  30  of the visited network VN (step  3 ). The current S-CSCFo  10  receives the de-register message and acknowledges the message with the address and/or name of the P-CSCF  30  (step  4 ). The current S-CSCFo  10  may then delete the existing subscriber profile of the concerned subscriber. Due to the fact that the de-register message contained a request to send the address and/or name of the P-CSCF  30 , the current S-CSCFo  10  does not send any notification to the P-CSCF  30 . The HSS  20  receives the acknowledgement with the address and/or name of the P-CSCF  30  and temporarily stores the subscribers&#39; P-CSCF address and/or name (step  5 ). It is noted that the address and/or name of the P-CSCF  30  may be stored permanently in the HSS  20 . Then, it is not necessary for the HSS  20  to request the address and/or name of the P-CSCF  30  in step  3 . 
     In step  6 , the HSS  20  sends a message to the I-CSCF  50 , including the subscriber identity and new capabilities required by the subscriber according to the changed subscription information. This message may be a message to initiate a selection function for selecting a new serving entity. In response to the receipt of the message, the I-CSCF  50  initiates a new S-CSCF selection for the subscriber based on the new required capabilities (step  7 ). Then, the I-CSCF  50  sends a register message to the newly selected S-CSCFn  12  including the subscriber identity (step  8 ). In response thereto, the new S-CSCFn  12  starts a subscriber profile uploading procedure as specified in the above mentioned 3GPP specification (steps  9  to  12 ). 
     When the subscriber profile has been updated, the new S-CSCFn  12  generates an appropriate SIP message, e.g. a NOTIFY message, including the address of the new S-CSCFn  12 , and sends it to the P-CSCF  30  (step  13 ). In step  14 , the P-CSCF  30  stores or updates the S-CSCF address to be used in future sessions (step  14 ). Finally, the P-CSCF  30  acknowledges to the new S-CSCFn  12  with a SIP  200  OK message, the new S-CSCFn  12  acknowledges to the I-CSCF  50  with a SIP  200  OK message, and the I-CSCF  50  sends a corresponding acknowledgement to the HSS  20 . Then, the serving network entity has been adapted to the changed subscriber profile. 
     The capability checking operation performed by the HSS  20  in the third and fourth preferred embodiment may be replaced by the following checking procedure. According to this alternative checking procedure, the HSS  20  may send a query for a capability list to the I-CSCF  50 . This message may contain the required capabilities of the new S-CSCF. Then, the I-CSCF  50  checks the required capabilities and reports the list of available S-CSCFs to the HSS  20 . The HSS  20  then checks if the current S-CSCFo  10  is included in this capability list. 
     As a further alternative checking procedure, the HSS  20  may send the address of the current or old S-CSCFo  10  together with the new required capabilities according to the updated or changed subscriber profile to the I-CSCF  50  in a corresponding updating message, in a first step. Then, in a second step, the I-CSCF  50  acknowledges to the HSS  20  whether the old S-CSCF  10  fulfills the new requirement(s). Based on the acknowledgement received from the I-CSCF  50 , the HSS  20  may then act in the following alternative ways. If the requirement(s) is/are fulfilled by the old S-CSCFo  10 , a profile update from the HSS  20  to the I-CSCF  50  is initiated. If not, the HSS  20  initiates a network initiated de-registration procedure or S-CSCF selection procedure as described in connection with  FIGS. 4 and 5 , respectively. 
     The need for capability negotiation may be decreased by using a default S-CSCF instead of the capability based selection. Thus, when it is detected that the current S-CSCFo  10  is not capable of serving the subscriber in view of the changed subscription information, the default S-CSCF could be selected. 
     Furthermore, the capability query of the HSS  20  may be integrated to an existing PPR diameter command in the Cx interface between the HSS  20  and the S-CSCF and/or I-CSCF functionality. 
     If the UE  40  cannot be informed to make a new registration in the third preferred embodiment, the P-CSCF  30  may initiate the new registration after receiving the notifying message. Then, the only element which requires changes would be the P-CSCF  30 . 
     As a further alternative, the HSS  20  may know all capabilities of the S-CSCFs provided in the network. To achieve this, a corresponding table may be stored at the HSS  20 . Then, the capability queries either from the I-CSCF  50  or the current S-CSCFi  10  would not be required in the third and fourth preferred embodiments. The checking operation may then be performed within the HSS  20 . Moreover, if the HSS  20  contains some configuration information, unnecessary de-registrations can be avoided. 
     Additionally, in the context of a subscriber profile update it may be notified that the old S-CSCF  10  does not support a new subscriber profile allocated thereto. Then, a change of the S-CSCF may be initiated based on a negotiating procedure similar to the capability queries of the first and second embodiments. I.e., if the old S-CSCF  10  receives the new subscriber profile from the HSS  20 , it sends an acknowledgement message which may contain a reason, e.g. “service failed” or “service not known” etc., to the HSS  20 , indicating that it does not support this kind of profile. 
     It is noted that the present invention is not restricted to the preferred embodiments described above. The present invention may be implemented in any data network, where a subscription information of a subscriber has impact on the required capabilities of the serving network element. Thus, the designations and functions of the network elements or entities and signaling messages may be different in other or future data networks. The embodiments may thus vary within the scope of the attached claims.

Technology Classification (CPC): 7