Patent Abstract:
More specifically, the present invention is directed to apparatus and methodologies that take advantage of the movement produced by a body when it changes density in relation to the ambient environment surrounding the body in order to translate such movement into the generation of electricity or torque to move machinery or other processes requiring a driving force. The present invention addresses the need to harness a change in density between two substances to create rotational movement, or torque, that can be harnessed for any number of useful purposes, such as, generation of electricity, movement of pistons, operation of pumps used for any liquid, such as water or petroleum, conveyors, etc. The present invention also takes advantage of the combination of opposed natural forces, such as gravity and hydrostatic pressure, to achieve such movement.

Full Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of the filing date of copending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/794,467 filed Apr. 22, 2006, Confirmation No. 3809. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed generally to the creation of movement and/or work to, e.g., generate electricity or torque to move machinery. More specifically, the present invention is directed to apparatus and methodologies that take advantage of the movement produced by a body when it changes density in relation to the ambient environment surrounding the body in order to translate such movement into the generation of electricity or torque to move machinery or other processes requiring a driving force. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Changes in density are employed in many areas to achieve work, such as where an air balloon&#39;s interior air is heated to lower the density of the internal air relative to the ambient air surrounding the outside of the balloon. Similarly, a submarine can change its overall weight to change its internal density relative to the surrounding water. In both of these cases, the change in density is used to create upward or downward movement of the structure (balloon, submarine), but it requires energy, such as a natural gas flame to heat the balloon&#39;s air, or a pump to change the ballast in a submarine. However, the rising and sinking of balloons and submarines is not typically thought of as being an efficient means of generating movement that can in turn be used to create a force that can be used to drive an external device. Hydroelectric dams, however, do generate electricity by using the force of gravity (the downward cascade of water) to turn, e.g., a paddle that in turn can be used to rotate a coil to generate electricity. However, hydroelectric dams do not rely on a change in density between two fluids or objects to create such force. As such, the present invention addresses the need to harness a change in density between two substances to create rotational movement, or torque, that can be harnessed for any number of useful purposes, such as, generation of electricity, movement of pistons, operation of pumps used for any liquid, such as water or petroleum, conveyors, etc. The present invention also takes advantage of the combination of opposed natural forces, such as gravity and hydrostatic pressure, to achieve such movement. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     To address the forgoing problems, the present invention teaches the use of an apparatus or frame, such as a disc, submerged or blanketed in a second fluid. Axial rotational movement in a direction of rotation is created by varying, in a controlled manner, the densities of a plurality of variable volumetric bodies disposed about a circumferential surface of the disc. In one preferred embodiment, each body has a float at its proximal end and a weight at its distal end, and an expandable diaphragm connected therebetween. The diaphragm&#39;s internal chamber is maintained in fluid communication with a first fluid having a density less than the second fluid. When placed in the second fluid the body can attain an expanded sense when the natural forces move the float and weight apart from each other, thereby allowing the diaphragm to take in the first fluid and further lessen the overall density of the body. Conversely, the body can attain a second sense when the float is below the weight thereby permitting the opposed forces of the float and weight to contract the diaphragm to expel the first fluid and increase the density of the body. 
     In one general embodiment, the frame moves about a substantially horizontal first axel. The circumferential surface of the frame is spaced apart from the axel by a first radial distance, or first radius. The plurality of bodies are oriented so that the distal end of one body faces the proximal end of an adjacent body. The bodies are fixed to the circumferential surface in a manner that allows full functioning of the diaphragm. Each of the bodies has a source of a first fluid made available to the interior of the diaphragm via a conduit. There are numerous mechanisms in which to provide such first fluid to the plurality of diaphragms without interfering with the rotational movement of the frame, and some of these mechanisms will be described later. The circumferential surface has a maxima point of reference at its highest vertical position relative to the axel and a minima point of reference opposite the maxima point of reference, at its lowest vertical position relative to the axel. The variable volumetric bodies are all mounted on the surface in a spaced relation at about the radial distance from the axel. The proximal ends of each of the bodies are facing the direction of desired rotation; the distal ends of each of the bodies face the opposite of the direction of rotation. 
     The path traveled by each body between the maxima and the minima along the path of rotation is referred to as the zone of compression, or zone of contraction. The path traveled by each body between the minima and the maxima along the path of rotation is referred to as the zone of expansion. As will be understood from the disclosure herein, as each body passes through the zone of expansion, the diaphragm draws in the first fluid through the conduit as the float is forced upward and the weight is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the upward direction through the zone of expansion. As each body passes through the zone of contraction, the diaphragm expels out the first fluid through the conduit as the float is forced upward and the weight is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the downward direction through the zone of contraction. As discussed throughout, the density of the second fluid is greater than the density of the first fluid. The net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of expansion at any given moment creates an overall upward magnitude force, while the net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of contraction at any given moment creates an overall downward magnitude force. As a result of the workings of this invention, the combination of the total downward force with the total upward force of the plurality of bodies, when coupled to a structure or frame (disc) fixed about an axel creates rotational movement, or torque, that can be harnessed for any number of useful purposes, such as, generation of electricity, movement of pistons, operation of pumps used for any liquid, such as water or petroleum, conveyors, etc. 
     In other preferred embodiments described herein, multiple discs (frames) can be employed, for example in the configuration of two pulleys aligned vertically above and below each other to create the desired movement and resultant force. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  shows a side view of a variable volumetric body submerged or blanketed in fluid according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention in a first sense where such body has expanded in volume and decreased in density. 
         FIG. 1B  shows a side view of a variable volumetric body submerged or blanketed in a fluid according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention in a second sense where such body has contracted in volume and increased in density. 
         FIG. 1C  shows a bottom view of a variable volumetric body taken along the line  1 C- 1 C of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 2A  shows an exemplary cross-sectional side view of a variable volumetric body according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention taken along lines  2 A, 2 B- 2 A, 2 B of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 2B  shows another exemplary cross-sectional side view of another variable volumetric body according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention as if taken along lines  2 A, 2 B- 2 A, 2 B of  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 3A  shows a side view of another variable volumetric body according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3B  shows a cross-sectional side view of another variable volumetric body according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention taken along lines  3 B- 3 B of  FIG. 3A . 
         FIG. 4A  shows a side view of another variable volumetric body according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4B  shows a side view of yet another variable volumetric body according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5A  is a schematic diagram of an apparatus submerged or blanketed in a fluid depicting axial rotational movement created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies disposed about a circumference according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5B  is a schematic diagram illustrating the resultant forces achieved by one preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a partial cut-away perspective view of an exemplary housing containing an exemplary variable volumetric body according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an apparatus submerged or blanketed in a fluid depicting rotational movement of a frame about an axis created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies disposed about a circumference of the frame according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7A  is a side view of an exemplary frame apparatus depicting the disposition of a plurality of variable volumetric bodies about its circumference according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7B  is a side view of another exemplary frame apparatus depicting the disposition of a plurality of variable volumetric bodies about its circumference according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8A  is a schematic diagram of an apparatus, submerged or blanketed in a fluid, depicting rotational movement of a belt about two axels created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies disposed about the belt according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8B  is a schematic diagram illustrating the resultant forces achieved by another preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of an apparatus having two rotating frames, submerged or blanketed in a fluid, depicting rotational movement of a belt, about two axels containing the respective frames, created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies disposed about the belt according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view taken along line  10 - 10  of  FIG. 9  illustrating an exemplary interface between an exemplary housing containing an exemplary variable volumetric body and the circumferential surface (and interior chamber) of a frame according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a partial cut-away of a frame, such as that shown in  FIGS. 9-10  containing exemplary interfaces between exemplary housings containing exemplary variable volumetric bodies and the circumferential surface (and interior chamber) of a frame according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a partial cut-away perspective view of an exemplary housing containing another exemplary variable volumetric body for interfacing with the circumferential surface (and interior chamber) of a frame, such as depicted in  FIGS. 9-11  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Reference is now made to the drawings which depict preferred embodiments of the present invention, but are not drawn to scale. Referring now to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C, there are shown three views of a preferred variable volume body  10  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 1A  generally shows a side view of the body  10  submerged or blanketed in a second fluid  70  in a first sense  42  where such body  10  has expanded in volume and decreased in density.  FIG. 1B  shows a side view of the body in a second sense  44  where such body  10  has contracted in volume and increased in density. 
     More specifically, still referring to  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C, there is shown a variable volumetric body  10  comprising: a floatation device  20  located at a proximal end  12  of the body. The float  20  is configured to create a desired floatation force. The body also comprises a weight device  30  located at a distal end  14  of the body. The weight device is configured to create a desired weight force. The proximal and distal ends  12 ,  14  of the body are oriented on an axis  90 . A diaphragm  40  is connected axially between the float  20  and the weight  30 . The diaphragm  40  has an interior chamber  41  (shown in later Figures). A conduit  50 , having a first end  58  in fluid communication with the diaphragm interior chamber  41  and a second end  56  in fluid communication with a first fluid  60 , having a first fluid density and a first fluid pressure, is provided to permit passage of the first fluid  60  into or out of the diaphragm interior chamber  41 . The diaphragm  40  is capable of, in a first sense  42 , moving axially to expand in size to receive the first fluid  60  into the conduit  50  through the conduit second end  56  and into the diaphragm interior chamber  41  through conduit first end  58 . The diaphragm  40  is also capable of, in a second sense  44 , moving axially to contract in size to expel the first fluid  60  from the diaphragm inner chamber  41 . 
       FIG. 1C  shows a bottom view of the body  10  taken along the line  1 C- 1 C of  FIG. 1A  and illustrates, for example, that the conduit  50  is in fluid communication with the diaphragm interior chamber  41  via the internal conduit space  54 . The conduit  50  can pass through a fitted passage  52  in the weight  30 , e.g., through the bottom  32  of the weight  30  to reach the interior of the diaphragm  41 , or could be attached at a sealed interface  51  (not shown in  FIG. 1A ) on the weight  30 , and the weight could then have an internal conduit passage  52  to place the conduit interior  54  in fluid communication with the diaphragm interior  41 . The diaphragm  40  is attached to the float  20  and the weight  30  in any desired manner, for example using sealed connections  46  and  48  (in, e.g., the case where the diaphragm is constructed from a flexible, expandable accordion tube material). The diaphragm  40  could also be a self-contained, sealed unit that attaches to the weight and the float using conventional means of attachment. In one preferred embodiment, the diaphragm  40  is constructed using a flexible, expandable accordion tube-type material that permits expansion in one substantially axial direction, such as a variety of conduit like the conduit used in air conditioning ducts, and dryer exhaust vents. The diaphragm is preferably constructed of a material that is substantially impervious to the second fluid  70  and the first fluid  60 . Also, it is preferred that the diaphragm be capable of withstanding any ambient pressures exerted by the second fluid  70  to prevent the diaphragm from collapsing perpendicularly toward the axis  90 . For example, the diaphragm might contain one of more reinforced coiled springs that provide for axial movement, but substantially prevent movement of the diaphragm in a direction perpendicular to the direction of axial movement. Other suitable diaphragm designs could be employed to advantage to provide the desired functionality. The interface between the conduit  50  and the diaphragm interior chamber  41  remains sealed to prevent passage of the second fluid  70  into the diaphragm interior chamber  41 . Numerous other ways exist to provide an interface between the conduit  50  and the diaphragm, the configuration shown in  FIGS. 1A ,  1 B and  1 C being just an example. 
     The float  20  could be made of any desired material, such as foam-like material (e.g., styrofoam) or other material preferably substantially impervious to the second fluid  70 . The float could also be constructed in any desired size and shape, preferably one that enhances buoyancy (lightens density in the second fluid  70 ) and provides an aerodynamic shape to minimize friction when the float moves through the second fluid  70 . The float could also be constructed to maintain a hollow interior space, such like a hollow sphere, and in such embodiment would preferably have a shell that substantially resists deformation from external pressures and is substantially impervious to the second fluid  70 . 
     Likewise, the weight  30  can take on many different configurations known in the art. For example, the weight  30  can be constructed of a solid metal material of a desired density greater than the density of the second fluid  70 , but any configuration providing a density greater than that of the density of the second fluid  70  can be used. 
     The body  10  is capable of operating within the second fluid  70 . The second fluid  70  has a second fluid density greater than the density of the first fluid  60  and forms a boundary  80  between the two fluids  60 ,  70 . The second fluid  70  has a second fluid pressure greater than the pressure of the first fluid  60 . For example, in a preferred embodiment, the first fluid  60  comprises air and the second fluid  70  comprises water. In another example, the second fluid  70  is seawater or other saline water. However, it will be understood that any number of fluids (e.g., gases, liquids) can be selected for use with this invention where the density of the first fluid  60  is less than that of the second fluid  70 . Air and water are preferred fluids based on availability and ease of handling. The second fluid  70  may be contained by natural or man-made walls or containers  92 . For example, if the invention is used in a natural body of water, then there is no particular need to create any container  92 , as it already exists naturally. The container  92  could also be, for example, a tank. Where air is the first fluid, there is no particular need to contain it. However, it may be preferable to provide a filter mechanism (not shown) over the end  56  of conduit  50  to prevent unwanted materials from entering into the conduit and diaphragm interior chamber  41 . 
     The diaphragm  40  is configured to operate under the second fluid pressure so that the diaphragm will not collapse in a direction perpendicular to the axis  90 . The flotation device  20  has a density less than that of the second fluid density. The weight device  30  has a density greater than the second fluid density. The diaphragm chamber  41 , when receiving the first fluid  60  has an overall density less than the density of the second fluid  70 . The variable volumetric body  10  has an overall density less than that of the density of the second fluid  70  when the first fluid  60  occupies the diaphragm interior chamber  41 . The variable volumetric body has an overall density greater than or equal to that of the density of the second fluid when the first fluid  60  does not occupy said diaphragm interior chamber. The variable volumetric body has a first total body density when in its first sense  42 , and a second overall body density, different from its first body density, when in its second sense  44 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B , as will be recognized in conjunction with the disclosure herein that when the body  10  is submerged in the second fluid and placed in a substantially vertical position with the proximal (float) end  12  on top, there will be two primary forces acting on the body  10  along axis  90 ; namely, an upward force  94  and a downward force  96 . For example, where the second liquid  70  is water, and the float  20  has a density less than water, and the weight  30  has a density greater than water, the buoyant forces  94  acting on the float  20  will urge the distal end  12  of the body  10  to move upward along the axis  90  while the gravitational forces  96  acting on the weight  30  urge the distal end  14  of the body  10  to move downward along the axis  90 . These opposed movements physically open the diaphragm  40  towards its first sense  42 , which also draws in the first fluid  60 , e.g., air, into the conduit  50  and ultimately into the diaphragm internal chamber  41 . As the chamber  41  fills with a first fluid  60  (e.g., air) that is less dense than the second fluid  70  (e.g., water), the upward force  94  grows greater. As this occurs, the overall density of the body  10  decreases relative to the density of the second fluid  70 . This change in relative density creates an upward movement of the body  10  along the axis  90 . The volume of the diaphragm interior chamber  41  is designed to increase sufficient to create a net positive buoyancy (or net positive upward force  94 ) to urge the body  10  upward. 
     Conversely, when the body  10  is rotated 180 degrees so that the proximal end 12 points downward along the axis  90 , there exists a downward gravitational force  96  against the weight  30  that urges the weight to move downward along the axis  90  while simultaneously, an upward force  94  urges the float  20  to move upward in along the axis  90 . As a result, the diaphragm  40  is compressed or contracted toward its second sense  44  which causes the first fluid  60  within the diaphragm interior chamber  41  to be expelled out the conduit  50 . As this occurs, the overall density of the body  10  increases relative to the density of the second fluid  70 . If the overall density of the body  10  is equal to essentially the density of the second fluid, then the body  10  will become neutral buoyant. However, if the overall density of the body  10  is greater than the density of the second fluid  70 , the body  10  will move downward relative to the axis  90 . As will be explained in greater detail later, it will be apparent to those having the benefit of this disclosure that one or more bodies can be attached to an object and cause sufficient work to move the object. Also, as will be described in additional detail later, it will become apparent to those having the benefit of this disclosure that a plurality of bodies, each preferably of the same construction and size, can be oriented in a radially spaced, head to tail fashion about a horizontal axis to create rotational movement about such axis in the head to tail direction that can then be translated into useful work, such as to move an axel that is connected to desired drive train used to move machinery, create a pump, generate electricity, and the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2A  there is shown an exemplary cross-sectional side view of a variable volumetric body  210   a  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention taken along lines  2 A, 2 B- 2 A, 2 B of  FIG. 1A . In this embodiment, the float  20   a  is depicted as being constructed to have a hollow center core  22   a  in which a material(s), such as air, or a light gas, would be placed such that the float  20   a  has a total density less than that of the second fluid. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the core  22   a  could be placed in fluid communication with the diaphragm interior chamber  41 .  FIG. 2   b  shows another exemplary cross-sectional side view of another variable volumetric body  210   b  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention as if taken along lines  2 A, 2 B- 2 A, 2 B of FIG.  1 A. In this preferred embodiment, as described earlier, the float  20   b  could be constructed of a solid or semisolid material core  22   b  having an overall density less than that of the second fluid  70 , such as by way of example and not limitation, styrofoam. 
       FIG. 3A  shows a side view of another variable volumetric body  310  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 3B  shows a cross-sectional side view of this body  310  taken along lines  3 B- 3 B of  FIG. 3A . In this embodiment, the diaphragm contains a rigid ring structure  343  for receiving the conduit  50  through conduit ring interface  345  to create the fluid communication between the interior of conduit  50  and the diaphragm interior chamber  41 . Although  FIGS. 1-3  illustrate only two mechanisms for interfacing the conduit  50  with the interior  41  of the diaphragm  40 , numerous other means could be used to accomplish such interface, including, for example (but not shown), directing the conduit  50 , in sealed fashion, through the float  20  to the interior chamber  41 . 
       FIG. 4A  shows a side view of another variable volumetric body  410   a  according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this particular embodiment, there is no weight element, just the diaphragm  40  and float  20 . The lower end of the diaphragm contains a sealed bottom  432   a  through which the conduit  50  passes in sealed fashion to interface with the interior  41  of the diaphragm  40 . In this embodiment, it is necessary to fix the location of the lower end  432   a  of the diaphragm  40  relative to the float  20 , such as by attaching attachment point  400   a  to another object (not shown), such as a frame described later in conjunction with, e.g.,  FIG. 7 . 
     In contrast,  FIG. 4B  shows a side view of yet another variable volumetric body  410   b  containing a weight element  30  and a diaphragm  40 , but no float element  20 . In this embodiment, it is necessary to fix the location of the lower end  432   b  of the diaphragm  40  relative to the weight  30 , such as by attaching attachment point  400   b  to another object (not shown), such as a frame described later in conjunction with, e.g.,  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 5A  is a schematic diagram of an apparatus or frame  540  submerged or blanketed in a second fluid (not shown) depicting axial rotational movement in a direction of rotation  507  created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies  10  (not all shown) disposed about a circumferential surface  500  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this general diagram, the frame  540  moves about a substantially horizontal first axel  506 . The circumferential surface  500  is spaced apart from the axel  506  by a first radial distance, or first radius,  508 . The plurality of bodies  10  are oriented so that the distal end  14  of one body  10  faces the proximal end  12  of an adjacent body  10 . The bodies are fixed to the surface  500  in a manner that allows full functioning of the diaphragm  40 . Each of the bodies  10 , as described earlier, has a source of a first fluid  60  made available to the interior of the diaphragm  40  via conduit  50 . There are numerous mechanisms in which to provide such first fluid  60  to said plurality of diaphragms  40  without interfering with the rotational movement of the frame  540 , some of these mechanisms will be described later. The circumferential surface  500  has a maxima point of reference  501  at its highest vertical position relative to the axel  506  and a minima point of reference  502 , opposite the maxima point of reference, at its lowest vertical position relative to the axel  506 . The variable volumetric bodies are all mounted on to the surface  500  in a spaced relation at about the radial distance from the axel. As depicted in  FIG. 5A , an even number of variable volumetric bodies are equally spaced about the axis. The proximal ends  12  of each of the bodies  10  facing the direction of desired rotation  507 ; the distal ends  14  of each of the bodies face the opposite of the direction of rotation  507 . 
     The path traveled by each body  10  between the maxima  501  and the minima  502  along the path of rotation  507  is referred to as the zone of compression, or zone of contraction  503 . The path traveled by each body  10  between the minima  502  and the maxima  501  along the path of rotation  507  is referred to as the zone of expansion  504 . As is generally shown, and based on the description of the workings of the bodies  10  previously set forth, it can be seen that as each body  10  passes through the zone of expansion  504 , the diaphragm  44  draws in the first fluid  60  through the conduit  50  as the float  20  is forced upward and the weight  30  is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the upward direction through the zone of expansion  504 . As each body  10  passes through the zone of contraction  503 , the diaphragm  44  expels out the first fluid  60  through the conduit  50  as the float  20  is forced upward and the weight  30  is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the downward direction through the zone of contraction  503 . As mentioned throughout, the density of the second fluid  70  is greater than the density of the first fluid  60 . The net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of expansion  504  at any given moment creates an overall upward magnitude force, while the net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of contraction  503  at any given moment creates an overall downward magnitude force. As a result of the workings of this invention, the combination of the total downward force with the total upward force of the plurality of bodies, when coupled to a structure or frame  540  fixed about an axel  506  creates rotational movement, or torque, that can be harnessed for any number of useful purposes, such as, generation of electricity, movement of pistons, operation of pumps used for any liquid, such as water or petroleum, conveyors, etc. 
     Referring in connection with  FIG. 5A ,  FIG. 5B  depicts a schematic diagram illustrating the resultant forces achieved by one preferred embodiment of the present invention. The resultant forces exerted about the axel  506  by the actions of the plurality of bodies  10  (not shown) is indicated by the tangential directional arrows shown about the circumference. As a result of these resultant forces, axial rotation is created about the axel  506 . 
     As mentioned earlier, each of the variable volumetric bodies  10  are placed in a fixed relationship to one another along the path of travel. There are many mechanisms for attaching the bodies  10  to, e.g., the frame in such as way that the movement and function of the diaphragm  40  remains unencumbered. One such example, of many possible options available to a skilled artisan having the benefit of this disclosure is set out in  FIG. 6 , which illustrates a partial cut-away perspective view of an body exemplary housing  600  containing an exemplary variable volumetric body  10  (such as those previously described) according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. This body housing  600  is designed to contain the body  10 , and permit the housing to be attached to the frame (not shown). The housing is preferably constructed of an open framework to allow the second fluid to remain in contact with the body  10 . In this embodiment, the body is mounted to the housing on a moveable track system. Here, attached on both ends of the body are pairs of wheel arms  646  attached to the body at attachment points  652 . At the end of each wheel arm is a set of tracking wheels  640  mounted to the arms with wheel mounts  645 . The wheels  640  travel along grooves  615  in opposed sets of housing tracks  610 . The housing tracks, which form part of the overall housing framework, are attached to the respective housing end pieces  620 , to create, in this particular embodiment, essentially a square, or rectangular framed structure  600 . The tracks  610  are fitted with stops  660  at opposite ends of each groove as desired to prevent further movement of the wheels  640 . 
     The bottom surface  632  of such housing  600  can be a solid plate, if desired, as illustrated, having an upper side  630  or can remain open. The solid plate  632  may afford the housing  600  additional strength if desired. In this particular embodiment, the overall length  692  (shown in  FIG. 12 ) and height  694  (shown in  FIG. 12 ) of the housing is preferably sufficient to allow the body  10  to move into its first sense  42  and attain its maximum axial movement without obstruction. Here, the conduit  650  exiting out the bottom  32  of the weight  30  is shown coupled to the bottom  32  with conduit coupling  651 . The other end of the conduit can then be directed to a source of the first fluid  60  in any number of ways, some of which are described herein. As constructed, the housing  600  can then be attached to a desired surface (such as a frame as described herein) using any number of methods of attachment, including, without limitation, welding, bolting, strapping, gluing, etc. Other means exist for mounting the body to the desired surface, for example, the ring structure  343  in  FIG. 3A  could be attached, via arm (not shown) to the desired surface, as just one example of many possibilities. 
     Further to the conceptual overview previously provided with respect to  FIG. 5A  and  FIG. 5B , and earlier Figures, referring now to  FIG. 7 , there is disclosed a perspective view of an apparatus  700  submerged or blanketed in a second fluid  70  depicting rotational movement of a frame  740  about an axel  701  in a direction of rotation  720  created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies (such as those described earlier) (shown here mounted to the frame  740  via body housing  600 ) disposed about a circumferential surface  732  of the frame  740  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this apparatus, there is depicted an example of how useful work can be created by the invention so that, e.g., a drive train  730  can be powered to drive a desired mechanism (not shown). Here, the frame  740  resembles a disc, and is mounted for vertical rotation in the direction  720  on an axel  701 . The axel, has a first axel end  712  and a second axel end  714  opposite the first end, capable of being oriented in a substantially horizontal plane within the second fluid  70 . The axel  701  is capable of 360 degrees of rotation to create a path of rotation  720  in a first direction. The axel  701  is also capable of being attached to a desired drive train  730  for transmitting the rotation of the axel to another device. As generally depicted here, the axel  701  is supported at the first axel end and/or second axel end with support structure  770  sufficient to provide the necessary clearance to permit unencumbered rotation of the plate  740 . The overall structure of apparatus  700  is preferably secured to a surface at the base of the apparatus  700  to prevent, e.g., the apparatus from falling over. Such methods for securing are well understood in the art. 
     In this embodiment, the frame  740  is fixedly and substantially perpendicularly connected around the axel  701  and oriented to create a circumferential surface  732  at a desired radial distance  734  from the axel  701  for receiving the plurality of variable volumetric bodies  600 . The circumferential surface has a maxima point of reference  501  at its highest vertical position relative to the axel  701  and a minima point of reference  502  opposite the maxima point of reference at its lowest vertical position relative to the axel. The variable volumetric bodies  600  are mounted to and oriented about the circumferencial surface  732  so that the distal end  14  of one of the variable volumetric bodies faces the proximal end  12  of an adjacent one of the variable volumetric bodies all in a spaced relation at about the radial distance  734  from the axel  701 . As depicted in  FIG. 7 , an even number of variable volumetric bodies  600  are equally spaced about the surface  732 . The proximal ends  12  of each of the variable volumetric bodies  600  are facing the first direction of rotation  720 , the distal ends  14  of each of the variable volumetric bodies  600  are facing the opposite of the direction of rotation  720 . 
     As mentioned earlier, providing the conduits  50  on each body  10  with access to the first fluid  60  can be achieved in many different ways that would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In this embodiment, the frame  740 , itself, serves as a manifold for fluid communication with the first fluid  60 , through conduit opening  756 , conduit  750  and the interior of axel  701 . In this particular embodiment, the axel is outfitted with a rotatable, sealed junction  760  proximate the end  712  of axel  701  to permit the rotating axel to join the stationary conduit  750 . Or, (not shown) the axel could remain stationary, and the frame  740  would rotate about sealed bearings attached about the axel. The interior of the frame  740  would be hollow and would permit the first fluid  60  to obtain fluid communication with the body conduit  50  via conduit couplings  752 . Referring also to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , alternate methods for permitting such fluid communication are set forth. 
       FIG. 7A  is a side view of an exemplary frame apparatus  740   a  depicting the disposition of a plurality of variable volumetric bodies  600  about its circumference according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in  FIG. 7A , an even number of variable volumetric bodies are equally spaced about the circumference. In this embodiment, the conduit  50  lead down the exterior face of the frame  740   a  and plug into a manifold hub  758  that has sufficient number of ports  752  to place each conduit  50  into fluid communication with the interior of such hub, such hub itself being in fluid communication with the axel interior space  742 , which in turn as described above, is in fluid communication with first fluid  60  via conduit  750 . 
     Additionally,  FIG. 7B  depicts a side view of another exemplary frame apparatus  740   b  illustrating the disposition of a plurality of variable volumetric bodies  600  about its circumference according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in  FIG. 7B , an even number of variable volumetric bodies are equally spaced about the circumference. In this embodiment, rather than having the appearance of a hollow disc, as in  FIG. 7 , the frame  740   b  appears like a spoked wheel, each spoke  741  in fluid communication with the interior space  742  of axel so that fluid communication can be established between the first fluid  60  and each diaphragm through conduit (not shown). 
     Much like was discussed with respect to  FIG. 5 , the frame  740  has a zone of contraction  503  (not indicated) located between the maxima point  501  and the minima point  502  along the path of rotation in the first direction  720 . The frame  740  has a zone of expansion  504  (not indicated) located between the minima point  502  and the maxima point  501  along the path of rotation in the first direction  720 . 
     As previously described, the variable volumetric bodies  600  are capable of moving into their respective first sense  42  when the variable volumetric bodies pass through the zone of expansion. Also, the variable volumetric bodies  600  are capable of moving into their second sense when they pass through the zone of contraction. As each body  10  (within its housing  600  attached to the frame  740 ) passes through the zone of expansion  504  (not illustrated), the diaphragm  40  draws in the first fluid  60  through the conduit  50  as the float  20  is forced upward and the weight  30  is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the upward direction through the zone of expansion  504 . As each body  10  passes through the zone of contraction  503 , the diaphragm  40  expels out the first fluid  60  through the conduit  50  as the float  20  is forced upward and the weight  30  is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the downward direction through the zone of contraction  503 . As mentioned throughout, the density of the second fluid  70  is greater than the density of the first fluid  60 . The net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of expansion  504  at any given moment creates an overall upward magnitude force, while the net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of contraction  503  at any given moment creates an overall downward magnitude force. As a result of the workings of this invention, the combination of the total downward force with the total upward force of the plurality of bodies, when coupled to a structure or frame  740  fixed about an axel  701  creates rotational movement  720 , or torque, that can be harnessed and transferred to, e.g., a drive train  730  for any number of useful purposes, such as, generation of electricity, movement of pistons, operation of pumps used for any liquid, such as water or petroleum, conveyors, etc. 
     The apparatus  700  can be used by introducing or otherwise placing the apparatus into the second fluid  70 , preferably submersing the structure so that all of the bodies  600  remain beneath the surface of the second fluid  70 . The second end of the conduit  756  is maintained in fluid communication with the first fluid  60 . As desired, the axel can be coupled with a desired drive train to create useful work. The rotation of the frame about the axel can commence by permitting the contraction of the diaphragms of those of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies that are in the zone of contraction while substantially simultaneously permitting the expansion of the diaphragms of those of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies that are in the zone of expansion. As may be desired, the speed of rotation can be regulated with a governor or other suitable means, such as a brake (not shown), or by regulating the passage of the first fluid  60  into and out of the conduit  750  via a valve or other mechanism. Additionally, a clutch-type mechanism could be used to disengage and reengage the rotation of the frame relative to, e.g., the drive train. 
     Similar to  FIG. 5A ,  FIG. 8A  reflects a schematic diagram of an apparatus  800 , submerged or blanketed in a second fluid  70 , depicting rotational movement in a first direction  815  of a belt  880  linking two frames  820 ,  830  that rotate about their respective axels  806 ,  807 , such rotational movement being created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies  10  (not all shown) disposed about the belt  880  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in  FIG. 8A , an even number of variable volumetric bodies are equally spaced about the belt. The basics of operation of this embodiment are similar to that of the previous embodiments, except that rather than having a completely circular path of rotation (e.g.,  720  in  FIG. 7 ) this schematic presents an oval path of travel  815 . As such, the additional vertical length of the travel of the belt  880  between each frame on either side increases the amount of variable volumetric bodies  10  that can be present operating in their respective first and second senses  42 ,  44  on opposed sides of the belt to increase the resultant summary of downward forces on the downward directional side of the belt (here the right side) and to increase in the resultant summary of upward forces on the upward directional side of the belt (here the left side) thereby increasing the overall rotational force available from axels  806 ,  807 . 
     In the embodiment generally illustrated in  FIG. 8A , there is a first frame  820  disposed in a substantially vertical plane capable of rotation about first axel  806  (the first axel being generally disposed in a horizontal plane). The first frame  820  has a first radius  808  about such first axel  806 . Located below the first frame  820  is second frame  830  disposed in a substantially vertical plane capable of rotation about second axel  807  (the second axel being generally disposed in a horizontal plane). The second frame  830  has a second radius  809  about such second axel  807 . 
     Similarly with  FIG. 5 , this dual axel embodiment  800  illustrated in  FIG. 8A  has a maxima point of reference  801  located at the maximum vertical point above the first axel  806  along the direction of travel  815  and a minima point of reference  802  located at the lowest vertical point below the second axel  807  along the path of travel  815 . A zone of contraction  803  exists between the maxima  801  and zone of contraction end point  803   a  along the path of travel  815 . A zone of expansion  804  exists between the minima  802  and the zone of expansion end point  804   a  along the path of travel  815 . A belt  880 , or other connection device, links the rotation of the first frame  820  with the second frame  830 . As is generally shown, and based on the description of the workings of the bodies  10  previously set forth, it can be seen that as each body  10  passes through the zone of expansion  804 , the diaphragm  44  draws in the first fluid  60  through the conduit  50  as the float  20  is forced upward and the weight  30  is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the upward direction through the zone of expansion  804 . As depicted in  FIG. 8A , an even number of variable volumetric bodies are equally spaced apart from each other. As each body  10  passes through the zone of contraction  803 , the diaphragm  44  expels out the first fluid  60  through the conduit  50  as the float  20  is forced upward and the weight  30  is forced downward. The resultant force is in a magnitude in the downward direction through the zone of contraction  803 . As mentioned throughout, the density of the second fluid  70  is greater than the density of the first fluid  60 . The net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of expansion  804  and between the minima  802  and maxima  801  along the path of travel  815  at any given moment creates an overall upward magnitude force (some tangential, some vertical), while the net (resultant) force of all of the bodies present in the zone of contraction  803  and between maxima  801  and minima  802  along the path of travel  815  at any given moment creates an overall downward magnitude force (some tangential, some vertical). As a result of the workings of this invention, the combination of the total downward force with the total upward force of the plurality of bodies, when coupled to the structures or frames  820 ,  830  fixed about their respective axels  806 ,  807  creates rotational movement, or torque, that can be harnessed for any number of useful purposes as described herein, such as, generation of electricity, movement of pistons, operation of pumps used for any liquid, such as water or petroleum, conveyors, etc. 
     Referring in connection with  FIG. 8A ,  FIG. 8B  depicts a schematic diagram illustrating the resultant forces achieved by dual axel embodiment of the present invention. The resultant forces exerted about the axels  806  and  807  by the actions of the plurality of bodies  10  (not shown) is indicated by the tangential directional arrows shown about the circumference of both frames, and the parallel directional arrows shown along the vertical portions of the belt. As a result of these resultant forces, axial rotation is created about both axels  806  and  807 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9  (also in conjunction with the teachings from prior Figures, including  FIGS. 8A and 8B ), there is shown a perspective view of an apparatus  900  having two rotating frames,  920 ,  930  submerged or blanketed in a second fluid  70 , depicting rotational movement in a direction of travel  915  of a belt  950 , about two axels,  906 ,  907  containing their respective frames,  920 ,  930  created by the differing densities of the plurality of variable volumetric bodies  10  as described herein shown in housings  600  disposed about the belt  950  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As depicted in  FIG. 9 , an even number of variable volumetric bodies are equally spaced about the belt  950 . In this apparatus  900 , there is depicted an example of how useful work can be created by the invention so that, e.g., a drive train  940  can be powered to drive a desired mechanism (not shown). 
     The exemplary embodiment of  FIG. 9  has a first axel  906 , having a first axel end  910  and a second axel end  911  opposite said first end, capable of being oriented substantially horizontally within said second fluid  70 , said first axel  906  capable of 360 degrees of rotation to create a path of rotational movement in a first direction  915 . There is also provided a second axel  907 , having a first axel end  912  and a second axel end  913  opposite said first end, also capable of 360 degrees of rotational movement in said first direction of travel  915 , said second axel  907  being aligned substantially vertically below and substantially parallel with the first axel  906 . As illustrated, the first axel  906  (and/or the second axel  907 ) are also capable of being attached to a desired drive train  940  (show here being attached to the first axel  906 ) for transmitting the rotation of the first axel  906  and/or the second axel  907  to another device (not shown). As will be understood, as generally shown, the first axel  906  and second axel  907  are provided suitable support structure, e.g.,  970 , at their respective first axel ends  910 ,  912  and/or their second axel ends  911 ,  913 . As also shown, necessary clearance is available to permit unencumbered rotation of the discs  920 ,  930 . The overall structure of apparatus  900  is preferably secured to a surface at the base of the apparatus  900  to prevent, e.g., the apparatus from falling over. Such methods for securing are well understood in the art. All or part of the apparatus  900  could be housed in a trench, or other structure beneath the surface of second fluid  70  so long as the bodies  10  are permitted to contact the second fluid  70 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 9 , there is shown a first frame  920  fixedly and substantially perpendicularly connected around the first axel  906  and oriented to create a first circumferential surface  932  at a desired first radial distance  908  from the first axel  906 . There is also shown a second frame  930  fixedly and substantially perpendicularly connected around the second axel  907  and oriented to create a second circumferential surface  980  at a desired second radial distance  909  from the second axel  907 . The first axel  906  is spaced apart from the second axel  907  by at least the combined length of first radial distance  908  and the second radial distance  909  so that the movement of the first frame  920  about first axel  906  will not interfere with the movement of the second frame  930  about second axel  907 . Here, similar with the embodiment described in  FIG. 7  the frames  920 ,  930  resemble discs. 
     There is also depicted a belt  950 , for receiving the plurality of variable volumetric bodies  10  in their respective housings  600 , connecting the first frame  920  to the second frame  930 . The belt  950  is located around portions of the first and second circumferential surfaces  932 ,  980  to synchronize the rotational movement of the first frame  920  about first axel  906  with the rotational movement of the second frame  930  about second axel  907  in the direction of travel  915 . As previously described in connection with  FIG. 8A , the first circumferential surface  932  has a maxima point of reference  801  at its highest vertical position relative to the first axel  906 ; the second circumferential surface  980  has a minima point of reference  802  at its lowest vertical position relative to second axel  907  along the path of travel  915 . 
     The variable volumetric bodies  10  (shown here in housings  600 ) are mounted to and oriented about the belt  950  so that the distal end  14  of one of the variable volumetric bodies  10  faces the proximal end  12  of an adjacent one of the variable volumetric bodies  10  all in a spaced relation along the belt  950 . The proximal ends  12  of each of the variable volumetric bodies  10  face the first direction of travel  915 , the distal ends of each of the variable volumetric bodies  10  face the opposite of the first direction of travel  915 . 
     A zone of contraction  803  exists between the maxima  801  and zone of contraction end point  803   a  along the path of travel  915 . A zone of expansion  804  exists between the minima  802  and the zone of contraction end point  804   a  along the path of travel  915 . The variable volumetric bodies  10  are capable of moving into their first sense  42  when the variable volumetric bodies pass through the zone of expansion  804 , the expansion being attributable to a substantially upward movement of the flotation device  20  and a substantially vertical downward movement of the weight device  30 . The variable volumetric bodies  10  are also capable of moving into their second sense  44  when the variable volumetric bodies  10  pass through the zone of contraction  803 , the contraction being attributable to a substantially vertical upward movement of the flotation device  20  and a substantially vertical downward movement of the weight device  30 . 
     As mentioned earlier, providing the conduits  50  on each body  10  with access to the first fluid  60  can be achieved in many different ways that would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In the embodiment of  FIG. 9 , for example, and similar to the discussion of  FIG. 7 , the frames  920 ,  930 , themselves, serve as manifolds for fluid communication with the first fluid  60 , through conduits  992 ,  991  and the interior of axels  906 ,  907 . In this particular embodiment, the conduits  991  and  992  can be separate (as shown) or connected (as illustrated with the broken lines). Much like with the  FIG. 7  embodiment, the axels  906 ,  907  can be outfitted with rotatable, sealed junctions  990  proximate the ends  912 ,  910  of axels  906 ,  907  to permit the rotating axels to join the stationary conduits  992 ,  991 . Or, (not shown) the axels could remain stationary, and the frames  920 ,  930  would rotate about sealed bearings attached about their axels. The interior of the frames  920 ,  930  would be hollow and would permit the first fluid  60  to obtain fluid communication with the body conduit  50  via conduit couplings  960 . However, unlike in the example of  FIG. 7 , the bodies  10  traveling about the belt are not always in direct contact with the frames  920 ,  930 . As such, in one preferred embodiment, as each body  10  moves through either the zone of contraction  803  or the zone of expansion  804 , the body conduit  50  is provided with a temporary mated connection to the respective frames,  920 ,  930  to permit fluid communication with first fluid  60 . Once each body leaves either zone  803 ,  804 , and decouples with the mated connection, the diaphragm will remained sealed and will not have access to first fluid  60 , and will remain sealed against intrusion of second fluid  70 . 
     This connectable and disconnectable mated connection between body conduit  50  and the inner chamber ( 922 ) of frames  920 ,  930  could be achieved in many ways known in the art. For example, referring now to  FIG. 10  (in connection with  FIG. 12  and  FIG. 6 ), there is shown an example of what a cross-sectional view taken along line  10 - 10  of  FIG. 9  might depict (although this is not intended to be an exact cross-sectional view) illustrating an exemplary mated interface ( 680 ,  690 ,  960 ) between an exemplary housing  600  containing an exemplary variable volumetric body  10  and the circumferential surface  932  (and interior chamber  922 ) of a frame, e.g.,  920  according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 10 , there is shown that the frame (disc)  920  can have, in one embodiment, within its outer circumferential surface  932  a groove defined by groove side walls  934   a ,  934   b , groove top walls  932   b ,  932   c  and groove bottom wall  932   a.    
     As can be seen here, each housing  600  is attached to the belt  950 . The length of each groove side wall  934   a ,  934   b  is preferably about equal to the height  694  (shown in  FIG. 12 ) of the housing  600  and the width of groove bottom wall  932   a  is preferably about equal to the width  693  (shown in  FIG. 12 ) of housing  600  to permit the bottom surface  632  of housing  600  to be guided into position proximate the groove bottom wall  932   a . As illustrated, the body  10  is outfitted with a conduit connection  670  through surface  632  to connect the conduit  650  with a mating valve  680  (having tip  690 ) capable of mating with a receiving valve  960  located in the groove bottom wall  932   a  such that when the body housing is transported by the belt  950  into the frame&#39;s groove, the mating of valve  690  with valve  960  will permit fluid communication to be established between the frame internal chamber  922  and the interior of the body conduit  650 . Preferably, the shape of the valve  960  is such that it serves to guide tip  690  into mating relationship with valve  960 . For example, the valve could maintain a frustoconical surface to guide the tip  690  of valve  680  into a mating relation with valve  960 . When the belt transports this housing further in the direction of travel, the mated valves  690 ,  960  decouple and remain sealed until such valves engage again in a mated coupling. As can be seen in connection with  FIG. 9 , this mated coupling of the valves  960 ,  680  takes place during the zone of contraction  803  or zone of expansion  804 . 
       FIG. 11  depict a partial cut-away of a frame, such as that shown in  FIGS. 9-10  containing exemplary interfaces between exemplary housings containing exemplary variable volumetric bodies and the circumferential surface (and interior chamber) of a frame according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. For example, in this embodiment, the belt  950  and housings  600  serve much like a chain in function while spaced stops  933   a  serve as sprockets. Here, each sprocket (stop)  933   a  is separated by a distance  933   b  that is preferably about equal to the length  692  of housing  600 . Again, much like with  FIG. 10 , the valve tip  690  is situated in housing  600  to be aligned with valve  960  when housing surface  632  engages surface  932   a  of the frame. 
     While the apparatus and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the process and system described herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the scope and concept of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the method and apparatus of the present invention has many applications, and that the present invention is not limited to the representative examples disclosed herein. Moreover, the scope of the present invention covers conventionally known variations and modifications to the system components described herein, as would be known by those skilled in the art. While the apparatus and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred or illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the process described herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the scope and concept of the invention as it is set out in the following claims. For example, although in the operation of the apparatus  900  of  FIG. 9  it is preferred that the frames  920 ,  930  be maintained below the surface of second fluid  70 , it is also envisioned that the dual frame embodiment  900  could operate where only the lower (second) frame  930  is submerged under the second fluid  70 . Additionally, other mechanisms could be employed to achieve the downward and upward movements of the bodies described herein.

Technology Classification (CPC): 8