Patent Abstract:
An undersea flexible pipe for conveying hydrocarbons, the pipe including from the inside to the outside an inner sealing sheath, at least one ply of traction armors wound about the inner sealing sheath, a deformable holding layer including at least one flexible ribbon or holding band wound about the traction armor ply, and at least one tubular structure surrounding the holding layer, wherein the ribbon includes fiber strands oriented substantially in the longitudinal direction of the ribbon. The ribbon is covered by a reinforcing layer of a polymer material for the deformation resistance of the holding layer.

Full Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a 35 U.S.C. §§371 national phase conversion of PCT/FR2008/000383, filed Mar. 21, 2008, which claims priority of French Application Nos. 0702065, filed Mar. 21, 2007, and 0702066, filed Mar. 21, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The PCT International Application was published in the French language. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a subsea flexible pipe for transporting oil and gas in deep waters. 
     Flexible pipes for transporting oil and gas are already well known, and they generally comprise, from the inside to the outside of the pipe, a metal carcass, an inner impervious polymer sheath, a pressure arch, laps of traction armor, and an outer polymer sheath for protecting the overall pipe and in particular for preventing seawater from entering into its thickness. The metal carcass and the pressure arch consist of longitudinal elements wound in a short pitch, and they give the pipe its resistance to radial forces, while the laps of traction armor consist of metal wires wound in long pitches to absorb the axial forces. The type, number, dimensions and organization of the layers constituting the flexible pipes are essentially related to their conditions of use and installation. In the present application, the concept of short pitch winding designates any helical winding at a helix angle close to 90°, typically between 75° and 90°. The concept of long pitch winding covers helix angles lower than 55°, typically between 25° to 55° for the armor laps. 
     These flexible pipes are suitable for transporting oil and gas, in particular on the seabed, and at great depths. More precisely, they are referred to as unbonded and are so described in the standards published by the American Petroleum Institute (API), API 17J and API RP 17B. 
     When the flexible pipe, regardless of its type, is subjected to an external pressure that is higher than the internal pressure, an axial compression may be generated, which is known to a person skilled in the art as the reverse end cap effect. The reverse end cap effect tends to compress the flexible pipe axially, to shorten its length and to increase its diameter, thereby tending to cause a swelling of the traction armor laps. In the case in which the outer sheath of the pipe is impervious, the hydrostatic pressure prevailing outside the pipe effectively opposes the swelling of the traction armor. However, if the outer sheath is no longer impervious, for example due to an accidental tear, the hydrostatic pressure no longer opposes the swelling of the traction armor laps. In consequence, in the absence of additional means for limiting this swelling, the wires of the traction armor laps may buckle in a radial mode, thereby possibly causing an irreversible local deformation of said armor laps having a “birdcage” shape, and thus causing the failure of the pipe. 
     One known solution for reducing this “birdcage” radial buckling risk consists of a short pitch winding, around the traction armor laps, of bands reinforced with aramide fibers, and more precisely, fibers sold under the Kevlar® trademark by du Pont de Nemours. Such bands have high tensile strength along their longitudinal axis, thereby serving to limit the swelling of the traction armor laps. They also have great bending flexibility, thereby facilitating the handling and winding operations around the armor laps. Finally, at equivalent mechanical characteristics, they are much lighter than metal bands, thereby serving to reduce the weight of the flexible pipe. Reference can be made in particular to document FR 2 837 899 in which such a pipe is disclosed. 
     These reinforcing bands are in the form of bundles of fiber strands or filamentary strands of Kevlar® oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the band. These longitudinal fiber strands may be joined to one another in the form of a relatively flat bundle having a substantially rectangular cross section like that of a ribbon or a tape. It is also possible to use a reinforcing band consisting of a substantially rectangular central section and two longitudinal edges that are thinner than the central section as described in document EP1419338. The means for joining and retaining these fiber strands or filamentary strands generally comprise crosswise elements that are shaped so as to surround and grip all of said strands in order to form a relatively flat bundle. In common configurations, these crosswise elements are treated as weft yarns, the filamentary strands forming the warp, and the band can then be considered as a woven material. Various embodiments of these reinforcing bands are described in documents WO97/12753 and WO9713091. 
     However, it has been found, despite this, that in extreme service conditions these reinforcing bands could be damaged. These extreme conditions are mainly encountered when the flexible pipe is, on the one hand, submerged to great depth, typically over 2000 m, and on the other hand, simultaneously subjected to dynamic bending loads, causing fatigue of the reinforcing bands. These conditions may be satisfied in the lower portion of the flexible risers arranged in a catenary, and connecting the seabed with a floating support at the surface. Due to the movements of the floating support, the lower part of the catenary may be subjected to wide variations in curvature. Moreover, this dynamic zone is located close to the touch down point, that is, potentially at great depth. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, a problem that arises and which the present invention proposes to solve, is to provide a subsea flexible pipe which can withstand these extreme conditions of depth and dynamic bending loads, and for which the swelling of the traction armor can be durably contained to prevent the “birdcage” radial buckling. 
     For the purpose of solving this problem, the present invention provides a subsea flexible pipe for transporting oil and gas, said flexible pipe comprising, from the inside to the outside, an inner impervious sheath, at least one lap of traction armor wound around said inner impervious sheath, a deformable holding layer comprising at least one flexible holding band wound around said lap of traction armor, and at least one tubular structure surrounding said holding layer, said holding band comprising strands of fibers, said strands being oriented substantially in the longitudinal direction of said holding band, and according to the invention, said holding band is covered with a reinforcing layer of polymer material to increase the deformation resistance of said holding layer. 
     Thus, one feature of the invention resides in the use of the holding band and the polymer reinforcing layer, which together serve to increase the overall bending stiffness of the covered holding band, and hence the deformation resistance of the holding layer. In fact, it has been discovered that this feature serves to significantly increase the service life of the holding layer of the flexible pipe, when the latter is submerged at great depth, and simultaneously subjected to dynamic bending loads. 
     Lengthy and meticulous tests were required to understand the damage mechanisms of the holding layer and to develop the present invention. These tests were technically difficult to perform, because it was necessary to conduct full scale tests of sections of flexible pipe by subjecting them simultaneously to a very high external pressure and variations in curvature. 
     This invention has a surprising character and is at odds with several prejudices of the person skilled in the art. In fact, the latter naturally considered that the greater the depth, the higher the reverse end cap effect, and hence, the means for preventing the swelling of the traction armor laps must be stronger. In fact, when the holding layer performs its function of limiting the swelling of the traction armor laps, the holding band is mainly under tensile loading in a direction substantially parallel to its longitudinal axis, that is that of the fiber strands. Accordingly, a person skilled in the art had previously sought to maximize the tensile strength of the holding bands. Moreover, in order to facilitate the fabrication of the holding layer, he had also attempted to minimize the bending stiffness of the holding band, thereby serving to carry out the winding operation with a low power taping device. In fact, the present invention is at odds with these two practices, because the fact of covering the holding band with a polymer reinforcing layer leads on the one hand to a lowering of its mechanical tensile strength, at equivalent cross section (larger cross section and equivalent quantity of fiber strands), and on the other hand to an increase in its bending stiffness. 
     Thus the polymer reinforcing layer increases the bending stiffness of the holding band, thereby surprisingly limiting the abovementioned fatigue mechanism. 
     The polymer reinforcing material layer is advantageously made from polyamide, polyethylene or polypropylene, or even polyester; fluorinated polymers such as PVDF are also suitable. The suitable polymers are preferably thermoplastic. 
     Moreover, the holding band is advantageously oriented so that the reinforcing layer is directly in contact with the armor. Thus, the fiber strands are protected from wear by friction against the armor. 
     According to a particular embodiment of the invention, said reinforcing layer and said holding band penetrate into one another at least partially, in order to obtain perfect cohesion of the reinforcing layer and the holding band. In this way, the mechanical properties of the holding band, in terms of tensile strength, are preserved so that the reinforcing layer is protected from the tensile loads that are applied to it, and said reinforcing layer can then perform its role by stiffening the holding band. 
     Furthermore, said fibers have an elastic modulus higher than 50 GPa at ambient temperature. The elastic modulus is measured by a tensile test according to standard ASTM D885-04. This test is performed not on an individual fiber, but on a yarn consisting of 500 to 2500 identical fibers or filaments having the same length. The twist of the yarn used for the test is less than 100 turns per meter and, for example, about 60 turns per meter, thereby improving the reproducibility and accuracy of the measurements, in agreement with the recommendations of the abovementioned standard. The jaw spacing at the start of the tensile test is about 400 mm. The tensile loading rate is about 50 mm/min. The ambient temperature at which these tests are performed is about 18° C. to 23° C. 
     In consequence, thanks to this elastic modulus, the fiber strands, and hence the covered holding band, absorb without excessive elongation the tensile loads applied substantially tangentially to the holding band, and prevent the swelling of the armor laps. The suitable fibers for producing such strands are organic fibers, for example fibers of aramide or high performance polyethylene, or even polyester. Such fibers further, and advantageously, have an elongation at break higher than 2%, for example 2.5%. This elongation at break is measured by a tensile test according to the abovementioned standard ASTM D885-04. 
     Furthermore, since said fiber strands comprise core fibers surrounded by surface fibers, a portion of said surface fibers is embedded in said polymer material of said reinforcement layer to join said reinforcing layer to said holding band. In this way, the polymer reinforcing layer adheres strongly to the holding band rather due to a mechanical bond by fiber encasement than to a chemical bond. The polymer material extends more or less deeply into the fiber and encases at least the surface fibers. 
     Moreover, the holding band further and advantageously comprises retaining means for holding said fiber strands together. For example, said holding band is a woven material and the retaining means for holding the various fiber strands together then comprise at least one weft yarn woven with said strands, which constitute the warp elements. Since such weft yarns are not subjected to the tensile forces applied to the band, they can advantageously be made from a weaker material that is different from that of the fiber strands. 
     Furthermore, said fibers are held together, preferably grouped against one another, in order to increase their friction coefficient with regard to one another and to increase the tensile strength of the fiber strand. 
     Advantageously, said holding band comprises two faces opposite one another, each of said faces being covered with said reinforcing layer, in order to further increase the bending stiffness of the holding layer and thereby protect the holding band from abrasion on its two faces. Moreover, and according to another embodiment, said reinforcing layer forms a sheath around said holding band, by surrounding it and protecting it not only on the two opposite faces but also on the edge. 
     Furthermore, the reinforcing layer is obtained by extrusion of said polymer material. This reinforcing layer is accordingly either directly extruded on the holding band, or extruded independently and then joined to and calendered with the holding band. The embodiment of the reinforcing layer on the holding band is described in greater detail in the rest of the description. 
     Moreover, advantageously, a textile layer, for example a textile layer forming a mat, is inserted between the fiber strands and the reinforcing layer. The term mat designates a voile of nonwoven short fibers, generally joined by mechanical compaction and/or adhesive. In this way, the adhesion between the fiber strands and the reinforcing layer is improved. 
     Other features and advantages of the invention will appear from a reading of the description provided below of particular embodiments of the invention, given for information but nonlimiting, in conjunction with the appended drawings in which: 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a partial schematic perspective view of a flexible pipe according to the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a partial schematic perspective view of an element of the flexible pipe shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view of an installation for covering a reinforcing layer, the element shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic view of a cross section of the element partially shown in  FIG. 2  and covered, according to a first alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view of a cross section of the element partially shown in  FIG. 2  and covered, according to a second alternative embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic view of a cross section of the element partially shown in  FIG. 2  and covered, according to a third alternative embodiment; and 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic view of a cross section of the element partially shown in  FIG. 2  and covered, according to a fourth alternative embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  shows a pipe according to the invention comprising, from the outside to the inside, an outer impervious polymer sheath  10  (called outer sheath), a holding layer  12  described below wound around an outer lap of traction armor  14 , an inner traction armor lap  16  wound in the opposite direction to the outer lap  14 , a pressure arch  20  for absorbing the radial forces generated by the pressure of the transported fluid, an inner impervious polymer sheath  18  and an inner carcass  17  for absorbing the radial crushing forces. Due to the presence of the inner carcass  17 , this pipe is called a rough bore pipe. The invention would also apply to a smooth bore pipe, not comprising an inner carcass. Similarly, the scope of the invention would still be satisfied by eliminating the pressure arch  20 , provided that the helix angles of the yarns constituting the armor laps  14 ,  16  are close to 55° and in the opposite direction. The armor laps  14 ,  16  are obtained by long pitch winding of a set of metal wires or composite yarns, having a substantially rectangular general cross section. The invention would also apply if these wires and yarns have a circular or complex cross section, such as an interlocked T for example. In  FIG. 1 , only two armor laps  14  and  16  are shown, but the pipe could also comprise one or more additional pairs of laps. The armor lap  14  is referred to as outer because it is the last one here, starting from the inside of the pipe, before the outer impervious sheath  10 . The holding layer  12  is generally wound around the outer lap  14 , but the invention would also apply to the case of a holding layer inserted between two traction armor laps. Such a configuration is disclosed in document FR 2 837 899. 
     The holding layer  12  may consist of several strips, tapes, holding bands or unitary elements wound in a short pitch around the outer armor lap  14 . This winding is generally abutting or overlapped in order to increase the capacity to absorb the radial swelling forces. The unitary elements of the holding layer not only have a high longitudinal tensile strength, along their longitudinal axis, but also a higher bending stiffness, which increases the deformation resistance of the holding layer. 
     Thus, the unitary holding elements are made from suitable materials, in the present case from a fiber holding band, covered with a polymer reinforcing layer. The holding band is made by woven or nonwoven assembly of said fibers. 
     This holding layer  12  is intended to block the radial expansion of said armor lap, when subjected to radial forces. This is the case when the flexible pipe, extended in a very deep seabed, is subjected to a high reverse end cap effect, and the traction armor laps  14 ,  16 , tend to swell radially under the effect of the axial compression. 
     In order to prepare this holding layer, a holding band  22  shown partially in perspective in  FIG. 2  is provided. This holding band  22  is capable of extending longitudinally along an axis A. The holding band  22  comprises a plurality of strands and in the present case, six strands  24  of fibers  26 , the strands  24  being oriented longitudinally along the axis A of the band. The strands  24  thus consist of the assembly of fibers  26 , yarns or filaments made from a high tenacity organic material, such as aramide, high performance polyethylene or even aromatic polyester. Among the aramides, mention can be made of those sold under Kevlar® trademark by du Pont de Nemours, and those sold under the Twaron® and Technora® trademarks by Teijin. Advantageously, Kevlar® 49 is selected, whereof the fibers have an elastic modulus of about 110 GPa measured according to the abovementioned standard ASTM D885-04. They are juxtaposed and held together by retaining means  28  oriented across the axis A of the holding band  22 . These retaining means may comprise ties surrounding the whole, or weft yarns woven with the strands  24 , the latter then constituting the warp elements. Since the retaining means do not have the function of absorbing their longitudinal tensile forces, they can be made from weaker polymers than those used for the strands  24 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 3 , a method of preparation is described below according to a first alternative embodiment and thanks to a suitable installation, of a holding band covered with a polymer reinforcing layer. For this purpose, a holding band  30  of the abovementioned type is provided, having a width between 50 mm and 250 mm and here for example, 75 mm, and a thickness between 0.5 mm and 5 mm and for example 1 mm, and wound on a storage reel  32 . The holding band  30  passes through a square extruder head  34  where it is coated with a reinforcing layer  35 , and then passes through a calender  36  so that the holding band  30  and the reinforcing layer  35  penetrate into one another; the holding band  30  thus covered is then cooled in a heat exchanger  38  and finally wound on a receiving reel  40 . The extruder head  34  prolongs a die  42  which it serves to heat the polymer material to close to the melting point. Furthermore, simultaneously, two intermediate layers formed of two voiles of fibers  44 ,  46 , or mats, delivered by rolls  48 ,  50 , are applied to the two opposite faces of the holding band  30  before entering the extruder head  34 . 
     The polymer materials considered are preferably thermoplastic polymers having a tensile elastic modulus higher than 300 MPa. Advantageously, the tensile elastic modulus of the polymer is also lower than 3000 MPa, and preferably lower than 1200 MPa. This range of moduli of between 300 MPa and 1200 MPa serves in practice to obtain a holding band having a sufficient bending stiffness to solve the abovementioned problem of fatigue, while avoiding an excessive stiffness that would have the unfavorable effect of making the winding of said band difficult. Thus, suitable materials include polyamides, polypropylenes, polyethylene, polyesters or even fluorinated polymers of the PVDF type. Among polyamides, suitable materials are polyamide 11, polyamide 12, polyamide 6, polyamide 6-6, polyamide 6-12; polyamide 11 is selected here. 
     Thus, the molten polyamide is extruded around the holding band  30  and in particular on the two fiber voiles  44 ,  46  as the band advances. In this way, the two fiber voiles  44 ,  46  consisting of short nonwoven fibers and joined by mechanical compaction and having a thickness of between 0.1 and 0.5 mm, serve to increase both the impregnation of the molten polymer and the adhesion. This is because the fiber voiles  44 ,  46  absorb the molten polyamide, acting as a blotter and accordingly increasing the impregnation of the fibers of the strands. Moreover, they also serve to prevent the polymer from flowing into the core of the holding band  30 . In this way, despite the pressure generated by the extrusion of the polymer around the holding band  30  and thanks to the absorption of the fiber voiles, the molten polymer accurately tends to uniformly cover the two opposite faces of the holding band  30 . The calendering through the calender  36 , which applies a normal pressure to the covered holding band, then serves to make the cooling viscous polymer penetrate slightly into the holding band  30 , and thereby to imprison the fibers after cooling in the heat exchanger  38 . 
     Reference can be made to  FIG. 4  showing a cross section of the holding band  430  covered with the reinforcing layer  435 . This Figure shows the circular section strands  424  consisting of fibers  426 . The holding band  430  has an original thickness  4 E 1  corresponding substantially to the diameter of the strands  424  and about one millimeter, and a width  4 L 1  of about 75 mm. Moreover, the two fiber voiles  444 ,  446 , having a thickness  4 Emat of about 0.2 m, are applied to the two opposite faces of the holding band  430  and covered with the polyamide reinforcing layer  435 . Thus, this reinforcing layer  435 , having a thickness  4 E 21 = 4 E 22 , forms a sheath which also covers the edge of the holding band  430 . Preferably, the cumulative thickness of the reinforcing layer  435  of the two opposite faces of the holding band  430  is higher than one-third of its thickness  4 E 1 . Advantageously, this cumulative thickness  4 E 21 + 4 E 22  is higher than half of the thickness  4 E 1 . This feature gives the holding band a sufficient bending stiffness to solve the abovementioned problem of fatigue. 
     The fiber voiles consist of short fibers, a few millimeters long of polymer material like that of the fibers  426  of the strands  424 . Thus, when the fibers  426  of the strands  424  are of Kevlar® 49 for example, the fiber voiles  444 ,  446  consist of aramide fibers. 
     Moreover, also according to this first alternative, but in another embodiment, the fiber voiles  444 ,  446  are previously attached by stitching to the holding band  430 . In this way, it is unnecessary to use the two rolls  48 ,  50  shown in  FIG. 3  and delivering the fiber voiles. This eliminates the need for lateral guidance of the fiber voile feed, which is difficult to implement simultaneously with the guidance of the holding band  430 . 
     Table 1 below shows the exemplary dimensions of the covered holding band  430 . 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 4L1 
                  50 mm 
                 100 
                 mm 
                 200 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 4L2 
                  51 mm 
                 102 
                 mm 
                 204 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 4E1 
                 0.5 mm 
                 1 
                 mm 
                 2 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 4E21 
                 0.2 mm 
                 0.2 
                 mm 
                 0.5 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 4E22 
                 0.2 mm 
                 0.2 
                 mm 
                 0.5 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 4E21 + 4E22 
                 0.4 mm 
                 0.4 
                 mm 
                 1 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 4Emat 
                 0.1 mm 
                 0.1 
                 mm 
                 0.5 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     The thicknesses  4 E 21  and  4 E 22  of the reinforcing layer  435  on the two opposite faces of the holding band  430  are both advantageously between 0.2 mm and 2 mm, preferably between 0.3 mm and 1.5 mm. 
     According to a further embodiment, not shown, and according to this first alternative, the two opposite edges of the holding band  430  are free, and the two opposite faces are covered respectively with a fiber voile and a reinforcing layer. 
     Reference can now be made to  FIG. 5  showing a cross section of a holding band  530  covered with a reinforcing layer  535  of polymer material and made by implementing the method described with reference to  FIG. 3 , according to a second alternative. According to this second alternative, fiber voiles are not applied between the reinforcing layer  535  and the strands  524  of the holding band  530 . Thus, the reinforcing layer  535  also forms a sheath around the holding band  530  and it is obtained by directly applying the extruded polymer to the holding band. 
     For this purpose, the temperature of the polymer extruded by the extruder head  34  is adjusted so that its viscosity is slightly higher, compared to the value considered to cover the holding band  530  covered with fiber voiles, as shown in  FIG. 4 , so as to prevent this polymer from completely flowing across the holding band  530  and in order to form a coherent layer at the surface. Obviously, the type of polymer material may also be adapted accordingly. 
     Reference should now be made to  FIG. 6 , showing a cross section in a third embodiment of a holding band  630  covered with the reinforcing layer  635  on a single face. Such a covered holding band  630  can be prepared by the method described above with reference to the installation shown in  FIG. 3 . However, said installation is substantially modified in order to extrude directly, and only on a single face of the holding band  630 , the polymer material intended to form the reinforcing layer  635 . Furthermore, it is necessary, as shown in  FIG. 6 , for the polymer material to flow slightly between the strands  624  in order to impregnate the largest possible number of fibers  626  and also to provide means for retaining the strands  624 , in order to obtain a better joining of the reinforcing layer  635  and the holding band  630 . Moreover, the temperature of the extruded polymer is increased in order to decrease the viscosity thereof, so that it can also penetrate into the strands  624  of fibers  636 . The mechanical bonds between the reinforcing layer  635  and the holding band  630  are accordingly reinforced, after the polymer is cooled. The reinforcing layer  635  is centered on the holding band  630  and extends over a width  6 L 2  substantially lower than the width  6 L 1  of the holding band  630 . Advantageously, the thickness  6 E 2  of the reinforcing layer  635  is higher than one-third of the thickness  6 E 1  of the holding band  630  and preferably higher than half thereof. Thus, this thickness criterion, which indirectly conditions the overall inertia of the covered holding layer  630 , similarly conditions the bending strength. Moreover, the elastic modulus (Young&#39;s modulus) of the polymer material, here of the polyamide 11, is higher than 300 MPa at ambient temperature. 
     However, according to a particular implementation, according to this third alternative embodiment, the two opposite faces of the holding band  630  are to be covered with a reinforcing layer  635 . In this way, the two opposite faces of the holding band  630  can be protected from wear by friction. Moreover, the holding band  630  has a higher bending stiffness and in consequence a higher fatigue strength. 
     According to a fourth alternative embodiment shown in  FIG. 7 , a holding band  730  consists of several superimposed layers and in the present case of two superimposed layers of strands  724  of fibers  726  joined together by suitable retaining means  728 . In this way, the mechanical tensile strength of the holding band  730  is increased in comparison with the monolayer holding bands of the abovementioned alternative embodiments. 
     The holding band  730  is covered with a reinforcing layer  735  substantially similar to the reinforcing layer  635  covering the monolayer holding band  630  shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     Moreover, advantageously, an anti-wear polymer layer may be inserted between the outer lap of traction armor  14  and the holding layer  12 . This solution increases the service life of the holding layer  12 , on the one hand by eliminating the wear in contact with the metal armor, and, on the other hand, by reducing the abovementioned fatigue mechanism. The anti-wear layers, which are well known to a person skilled in the art, are generally prepared by helical winding of one or more tapes obtained by extrusion of a polymer based on polyamide, polyolefins, or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride). Reference can also be made to document WO2006/120320 which describes anti-wear layers consisting of tapes of polysulfone (PSU), polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), polyetherimide (PEI), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or phenylene polysulfide (PPS). In the alternatives not shown, in which a holding layer is placed between the two traction armor laps  14 ,  16 , it would be advantageous to insert two anti-wear layers respectively in contact with the inner and outer faces of this holding layer, in order to prevent the polymer fibers of this holding layer to be in direct contact with one of these two armor laps. 
     With regard to the methods for producing covered holding bands, three other preparation methods not shown can be implemented. 
     According to a first of the other preparation methods, and resuming the installation shown in  FIG. 3 , the polymer material is extruded directly on the holding band, on the two opposite faces, and a fiber voile and a thermoplastic polyamide film are applied in succession to each of these two opposite faces. The five-layer assembly is then calendered and cooled. In this way, the fiber voiles are sandwiched between the extruded polymer in the course of setting, and the thermoplastic polyamide film; and when the combination is hot-calendered, the polyamide film softens and, under the effect of the pressure applied by the calender, at least partially passes through the fiber voile to join the polymer material. Thus, the polymer material and the polyamide of the film tend to form a single face and accordingly imprison the fiber voile. This complex structure serves to obtain a high bending stiffness of the covered holding band. 
     According to the second preparation method, on each of the two opposite faces of the holding band a fiber voile and a polyamide film are applied in succession, the combination then being hot-calendered. In this way, while passing through the calender and with an appropriate adjustment of the calendering temperature, the polyamide films soften to form a single face that passes through the fiber voiles, and also which flows across the fibers of the strands of the holding band. This method has the advantage of not requiring relatively costly and bulky extrusion means. 
     According to the third other preparation method, the polymer covering of the holding band is carried out by a thermoplastic powder deposition method followed by a hot-calendering step. The band, previously charged with static electricity, is first immersed in a chamber containing a fluidized bed of fine polymer particles in suspension in compressed air. During this step, due to the attractive force due to the electrostatic charges, the band is covered with a layer of said fine particles. During the next hot-calendering step, the layer of fine polymer particles is softened, melted and thus joined to the fiber strands of the band. This method also has the advantage of eliminating the need for extrusion means.

Technology Classification (CPC): 5