Patent Abstract:
A method and system for controlling the shape and separation of an arrangement of streamers towed behind a survey vessel. Each streamer is steered laterally by lateral steering devices positioned along its length at specific nodes. Each streamer is driven by its lateral steering devices to achieve a specified separation from a neighboring streamer. One of these actual streamers, used as a reference by the other actual streamers, is steered to achieve a specified separation from an imaginary, or ghost, streamer virtually towed with the actual streamers.

Full Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
       [0001]    This application claims priority to co-pending U.S. provisional patent application entitled “Method and System for Controlling Streamers,” having Ser. No. 61/112,429, filed Nov. 7, 2008, which is entirely incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     BACKGROUND 
       [0002]    The invention relates generally to offshore marine seismic prospecting and, more particularly, to systems and methods for controlling the spread of towed seismic streamers. 
         [0003]    In the search for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the ocean floor, a survey vessel  10 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , tows one or more seismic sources (not shown) and one or more streamer cables S 1 -S 4  instrumented with hydrophones and other sensors. In multiple-streamer systems, the streamers are towed underwater behind the survey vessel in a generally parallel arrangement. The tail end of each streamer is tethered to a tail buoy  11  that marks its position. The seismic source periodically emits a seismic wave that propagates into the ocean floor and reflects off geologic formations. The reflected seismic waves are received by the hydrophones in the streamers. The hydrophone data is collected and later processed to produce a map of the earth&#39;s crust in the survey area. 
         [0004]    The quality of the survey depends on, among other things, knowledge of the precise position of each hydrophone. Position sensors, such as heading sensors and acoustic ranging devices  12 , located along the lengths of the streamers are used to determine the shapes of the streamers and their relative separations. The acoustic ranging devices are typically acoustic transceivers operating on a range of channels over which they transmit and receive acoustic ranging signals to and from one another to produce accurate ranges  14  between their locations on the streamers. The many ranges—only a few are shown in FIG.  1 —and streamer heading data from the many heading sensors are used to compute a network solution that defines the shapes of the individual streamers and their relative positions. When one point on the streamer array is tied to a geodetic reference, such as provided by a GPS receiver, the absolute position of each hydrophone can be determined. 
         [0005]    Positioning devices, such as depth-keeping birds and lateral steering devices  16  located at nodes along the lengths of the streamers, are used to control the depths of the streamers and their separations from each other. The positioning devices could be equipped with acoustic ranging devices to range with other positioning devices so equipped and with dedicated acoustic ranging devices. Precise positioning of the streamers is important during online survey passes to produce a high-quality map. Cross currents, however, cause the streamers to deviate from straight lines parallel to the towing vessel&#39;s course. Instead, the streamers may angle straight from their tow points or assume a curved shape with their tail ends tailing away from the straight lines. This feathering of the streamers is often undesirable in online survey passes. Precise positioning is also important during turns between online survey runs to reduce the time of the turn without entangling the streamers. 
         [0006]    In conventional streamer positioning systems, one of the streamers, outermost port streamer S 1  in this example, is used as a reference streamer. A shipboard controller  18  collects the position sensor data and computes the network solution representing the shapes of the streamers and their separations from each other. From the network solution and the target separations of corresponding steering-device nodes on the streamers referenced directly or indirectly to points on the reference streamer, the shipboard controller derives steering commands for each lateral steering device. The steering commands are transmitted to the steering devices to adjust their control planes, or fins, to drive the streamers laterally, as indicated by arrows  20 , to maintain the target separations. 
         [0007]    In current systems, a human operator steers the reference streamer by sending lateral steering commands to the lateral position controllers to drive the reference streamer to adjust feather. The other streamers are then automatically steered toward the selected separations referenced directly or indirectly from the reference streamer. But the manual positioning of the reference streamer is time-consuming and, in turns, can be hectic as well. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    This shortcoming and others are addressed by a method, embodying features of the invention, for positioning one or more streamers behind a survey vessel. The method comprises: towing a first actual streamer equipped with lateral steering devices at spaced apart locations along the length of the streamer; defining an imaginary streamer having a shape and position behind the survey vessel; determining the shape and position of the first actual streamer; defining a target lateral separation between the imaginary streamer and the first actual streamer; and sending lateral steering commands to the lateral steering devices to drive the first actual streamer toward the target lateral separation from the imaginary streamer. 
         [0009]    Another aspect of the invention provides a system for controlling the spread of a plurality of streamers towed behind a survey vessel. The system comprises a plurality of actual streamers having head ends laterally offset from each other. Each actual streamer has a plurality of lateral steering devices and position sensors disposed along its length. A controller receives position data from the position sensors. The controller includes auto-steering means that calculates the shape and position of an imaginary streamer towed by the survey vessel. The controller also includes network calculating means that determines the shapes and positions of the actual streamers from the position data and calculates lateral separations for each of the actual streamers referenced to the shape and position of the imaginary streamer received from the auto-steering means. The controller then sends lateral steering commands to the lateral steering devices corresponding to the calculated lateral separations. 
         [0010]    In yet another aspect of the invention, a method for controlling the spread of N actual streamers S 1 -S N , comprises: defining the shape and position of an imaginary streamer G r ; determining the shapes and positions of actual streamers S 1 -S N ; adjusting the separation of actual reference streamer S r  from imaginary streamer G r ; and adjusting the separation of actual streamer S n  from another actual streamer S i , for every n ε {1, 2, . . . , N} and n≠r and wherein i ε {1, 2, . . . , N}, i≠n, and, in at least one case, i=r. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    These features and aspects of the invention, as well as its advantages, are better understood by referring to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a survey vessel towing a steamer network illustrating conventional acoustic cross-bracing and lateral steering of streamers using a reference streamer; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  is a top plan view as in  FIG. 1  illustrating the use of a virtual streamer to which a reference streamer is referred, according to the invention; 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  is a block diagram of the streamer positioning control system usable with the streamer network of  FIG. 2 ; and 
           [0015]      FIGS. 4A-4C  are flowcharts of a control sequence for the control system of  FIG. 3 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0016]    The operation of a streamer steering system according to the invention is described with reference to an exemplary four-streamer system shown in  FIG. 2 . (The streamer arrangement is the same as that in  FIG. 1 .) A survey vessel  10  tows four steamers S 1 -S 4  (generally, S 1 -S N  for an N-streamer system) whose tail ends  22  are tethered to tail buoys  11 . Head ends  23  of the streamers are attached to a system of tow cables and tethers  24  attached to the rear deck of the vessel. Paravanes  26  are used to maintain a wide spread for the deployed streamer network. Lateral steering devices  16 —disposed at spaced apart locations, or steering nodes, e.g., every  300  m, along the length of each streamer—exert lateral forces  20  to drive the streamer to starboard or port. A shipboard controller  28  connected to the position sensors and the lateral steering devices and the streamers by a communications link, such as a hardwired link  30  running along the tow cables and through the streamers, receives positioning and other data from the position sensors and transmits steering commands to the lateral steering devices over the link. 
         [0017]    Just as for the streamer system of  FIG. 1 , the system of  FIG. 2  designates one streamer—outermost port streamer S 1  in this example—as a reference streamer S r . The closest neighboring streamer S 2  is steered toward a selected separation D from the reference streamer S 1 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , the node for head-end lateral steering device  16 A on streamer S 2  is farther away from the distance of closest approach to reference streamer S i  than the selected separation. Consequently, the shipboard controller issues a steering command to the head-end steering device  16 A to drive the streamer to port, as indicated by arrow  32 . Because the tail-end steering node for steering device  16 B on streamer S 2  is closer to the distance of closest approach to reference streamer S 1  than the selected separation, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the shipboard controller issues the steering command to the tail-end lateral steering device  16 B on S 2  to force the streamer to starboard, as indicated by arrow  33 . The steering commands contain, for example, control values, such as fin angle values related to the separation error calculated from the desired target separation and the actual separation between the node on the streamer at which the lateral steering device is located and the nearest point on a streamer to which it is referenced. The lengths of the arrows  32 ,  33  are proportional to the magnitudes of the changes in the fin angle settings, which control the azimuth of the control surfaces of each lateral steering device. Because streamers S i  and S 2  are at the desired separation D about midway along their lengths in  FIG. 2 , the fin angle setting for lateral steering device  16 C does not have to change. 
         [0018]    Just as streamer S 2  is steered directly referenced to the shape and position of reference streamer S 1 , S 2 &#39;s starboard neighbor S 3  is steered referenced to the position and shape of S 2 . And outermost starboard streamer S 4  is positioned relative to S 3 . This is a preferred mode of operation because the ranges between closely spaced, adjacent streamers as derived from the acoustic ranging devices are typically more accurate than those between farther apart, non-adjacent streamers. In this example, each of the streamers S 2 -S 4  is steered to maintain a desired separation from its port neighbor. Reference streamer S 1  thus serves as a direct reference for streamer S 2  and as an indirect reference for the other streamers. 
         [0019]    In one conventional version of a streamer steering system, the reference streamer S 1  is steered by a human operator giving manual commands via the shipboard controller to adjust the feather of the reference, which causes the streamer to assume a corresponding shape and position. According to the invention, the positioning of the reference streamer is automated by referencing it to a pre-defined imaginary streamer G r . This imaginary, or virtual, or ghost streamer is defined through the shipboard controller according to selectable criteria, such as target feather. Once the criteria are selected, the shipboard controller automatically drives the reference streamer S r  to assume a pre-selected separation, which could be zero, from the ghost streamer G r . (In  FIG. 2 , r=1.) The other streamers S 2 -S 4  are steered conventionally as already described. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the ghost streamer G 1  is selected with its head end  23 ′ coincident with the tow point  34  of reference streamer S 1 . In this example, G 1  is also shown with a certain amount of feather F. (But G 1  could alternatively be selected to be deployed straight behind the vessel or offset from the tow point of S 1 .) 
         [0020]    Generally, for a system of N actual streamers S 1 -S N , one of the streamers is designated a reference streamer S r . In a preferred arrangement, r=1 or N to designate an outermost port or starboard streamer, S 1  or S N , for streamers consecutively positioned from port to starboard S 1 -S N . The associated ghost streamer is then G 1  or G N . If the reference ghost streamer G r =G 1 , then actual streamer S 1  is referenced to G 1 , and S n  is referenced to S n−1  for every n ε {2, 3, . . . , N}. More generally, if the reference streamer S r  is referenced to ghost streamer G r , then actual streamer S n  will be referenced to another actual streamer S i  for every n ε {1, 2, . . . , N} and n≠r, and wherein i ε {1, 2, . . . , N}, i≠n, and, in at least one case, i=r. 
         [0021]    A block diagram of the streamer steering control system is shown in  FIG. 3 . The shipboard controller, which may comprise one or more processors, executes a number of individual processes to control the shape and separations of the streamers. A control user interface  36  allows an operator to set various lateral steering parameters. The parameters may include:
       a) Ghost Streamer ON/OFF—enables or disables steering of the reference streamer to the ghost streamer;   b) Reference Streamer—selects which streamer to use as the reference streamer S r  during automatic separation control of the streamers;   c) Max Fin Angle for S r —maximum value of the fin angle to be used on the reference streamer during online operation (to limit bias in the fin angle control range and to limit flow noise due to lateral displacement of the streamer);   d) Mode—sets the online operating mode (fan mode or even spacing mode for streamer shape and separation); and   e) Feather—manual setting of the desired feather for a 3D survey line.       
 
         [0027]    Some of these parameters are sent to a network calculator means  38  that calculates the current positions of all the actual streamers S 1 -S N . (As used in this description and in the claims, “position” means position and shape of the streamer, except when explicitly used with “shape.”) The network calculator then calculates the separations between the actual streamers and their corresponding target streamers. 
         [0028]    During a typical survey, a realtime planner  40  defines the track the vessel is to follow. Each track consists of a series of turns followed by online passes. The planner defines online shot points along the online portion of the track and at the ends of the turns and offline vessel positions during the remainder of the turns. In a 3D survey, the final target feather value coming out of a turn is the value manually entered via the control user interface. In a 4D survey, target feather angles are set and adjusted along the survey line based on feather angles recorded during the baseline survey the new survey is designed to replicate. 
         [0029]    The realtime planner sends the computed track setting, which includes the association of feather matching, to an auto-steering means  42 , which calculates the required future positions of the ghost streamers. The auto-steering means is a process that computes the range and bearing from each positioning-sensor node, as well as from the nodes for other devices, on each streamer to the distance of closest approach to that streamer&#39;s target streamer, whether another actual streamer or a virtual, or ghost, streamer associated with the actual streamer. The auto-steering process also computes the shape and position of the ghost streamer G 1 , for example, to which the reference streamer S 1  is referenced. The auto-steering process can also optionally compute the ghost streamers G 2 -G N  associated with each of the other actual streamers S 2 -S N  from the calculated actual streamer positions received from the network calculator. (See  FIG. 2  for an example of one of the other ghost streamers G 4 , shown with no feather for the purposes of illustration.) This allows the ghost and reference streamers to be changed from the outermost port streamer to the outermost starboard streamer, for example. The auto-steering process updates the ghost streamer&#39;s shapes and positions at a generally regular interval in turns and offline and, typically, once per shot online. 
         [0030]    A lateral steering interface  43  receives the streamer separation values and, under the control of the control user interface, passes them along to a lateral controller  44  that converts the streamer separation values for each node into streamer steering commands, including, for example, fin angle commands, and transmits them over the communications link  30  to the lateral steering devices  16 , which appropriately adjust their fin angles. 
         [0031]    Sometimes during an online pass, strong currents or navigation or instrumentation problems can cause the streamer spread to inadequately cover the survey area. The survey area is divided into a gridwork of bins. If an insufficient amount of data is collected in some of the bins, the pass will have to be re-run, at least in part, to fill in those bins with more data. The process of re-running parts of online passes in subsequent online passes to complete the data set is known as infill. A realtime binning supervisor process  46  monitors the bins during a line and adjusts the spread of the streamers to minimize the amount of infill needed. The required track derived form the binning data to meet the infill requirements is sent to the auto-steering process, which then calculates a corresponding ghost streamer for the pass. 
         [0032]    Another process is used to supervise the spread of the streamer system during deployment by helping to automate the distribution of streamer separations as the streamers are payed out from the back deck of the survey vessel. A deployment supervisor  48  sends track and deployment data to the auto-steering process, which calculates the ghost streamer position for the network calculator to control the lateral steering devices. 
         [0033]    A flowchart of the streamer steering process that runs once each shot point online or at a regular interval offline and in turns is shown in  FIGS. 4A-4C . First, the shipboard controller computes the network solution  50  from ranges gathered from the acoustic ranging devices and headings from the heading sensors. From the network solution, the actual streamer positions are updated  52 . These steps are performed by the network calculator. Next, the auto-steering process updates the ghost streamer position from the desired feather  54 . The network calculator then calculates the ghost-to-reference-streamer separation  56  (for example, between each node on S 1  and its closest point of approach to G 1 ) and the separations from each of the other actual streamers to a neighboring streamer  58  (between nodes on S n  and their closest points of approach to S n-1 ). Once the separations at each node in the network are calculated, the lateral steering interface, as controlled by the control user interface sends  60  the separations to the lateral controller. 
         [0034]    The lateral controller calculates  62  lateral separation-error terms corresponding to the separations of a lateral steering device from one or more actual or ghost streamers.  62 . Closed-loop controls, such as proportional-integral (PI) control loops, calculate  64  new fin angles for the devices&#39; control surfaces, or fins. A motor in each steering device drives the fins to the new fin angle  66 . While the lateral steering devices are being controlled to steer the streamers, the shipboard controller triggers a new data acquisition cycle  68  during which the position sensors (heading sensors and acoustic ranging devices) acquire streamer position data (headings and acoustic ranges)  70 . The position sensors then send  72  the position data over the communications link to the controller for the network calculator to compute the network solution during the next positioning data update cycle, typically once per shot online and at some regular rate when running offline or in turns between lines. 
         [0035]    Although the invention has been described with reference to a preferred version, other versions are possible. For example, the PI control loops that run in the shipboard lateral controller could be performed, for example, individually in each of the steering devices on the streamers. In that case, the steering devices would receive the necessary separation values from the shipboard controller in a command message. As yet another example, the system described is adaptable to a multi-vessel survey, in which most of the shipboard controller functions are performed by a master controller aboard one of the vessels linked to slave controllers aboard the other vessels. The slave controllers would be devoted largely to interfacing with the positioning-sensors and lateral steering devices. The master controller would perform most of the other functions, such as computing the complete network solution, defining the track for each streamer, and defining the ghost streamer for each vessel&#39;s streamer network. A radio or other wireless communication link would allow the master controller to communicate with the slaves on the other vessels. As another example, the block diagram defines a number of discrete blocks performing specific functions. The names of these blocks and the functions they perform were arbitrarily assigned to simplify the description of the system. The various processes may be distributed across blocks in many ways to similar effect. So, as these few examples suggest, the scope of the claims is not meant to be limited to the preferred version described in detail.

Technology Classification (CPC): 6