Patent Abstract:
A system and method for context-aware computer management is disclosed. The method of the present invention includes the steps of, assigning database information clearance levels; assigning smart badges one of the clearance levels; identifying smart badges having a lowest clearance level; and providing access to database information having clearance levels no higher than the lowest clearance level. The system of the present invention includes a database storing information differentiated by several clearance levels; a beacon; a set of smart badges, in visible communication with the beacon and assigned one of the clearance levels; a system service module, connected to the beacon, for identifying a lowest clearance level assigned to the smart badges; and a software application, connected to the service module and the database, for providing access to information within the database having clearance levels no higher than the lowest clearance level.

Full Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for context-aware computing, and more particularly for context-aware computer management using a smart badge.  
           [0003]    2. Discussion of Background Art  
           [0004]    Context-aware computing is a field of computer science where computers are provided with sensors for detecting their orientation with respect to persons, places or things. Smart identification badges are an example of context-aware computing devices which contain an array of mini-sensors and wireless technologies for gathering information on their environment and communicating with other computers in order to provide such services as unlocking doors, and selective access to sensitive database information within various secure environments.  
           [0005]    The mini-sensors can use a variety of biometric and standard technologies to monitor environmental conditions such as light, humidity, temperature, and sound levels, as well as spatial motions, voice patterns, and perhaps pheromones. Software programs then process this sensor information to conclude such things as who is wearing a smart badge and for how long. Researchers in the area of context-aware computing include Dr. Mark Smith at Hewlett-Packard Labs in Palo Alto and Gerald Maguire, professor of data communications at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology.  
           [0006]    Dr. Smith, for example, has developed a badge size SecurePAD which an employee picks up each morning, registers and authenticates in a secure booth, and carries on their person while at work. The badge communicates with beacons distributed throughout an office environment which respond to the badge by selectively opening doors and providing predetermined sets of information and functionality on secure computer systems. At the end of the day the badge is selectively inactivated. Presideo Inc., of Sebastian, Fla. also manufactures similar security systems as described on their web site at http://www.presideo.com.  
           [0007]    [0007]FIG. 1 is a dataflow diagram of a prior art system  100  for interfacing with smart identification badges. In the system  100  credentials for several wearers are authenticated and downloaded into their respective smart badges  102 ,  104 ,  106 , and  108 . A computer  110  connected to a narrow infrared (IR) beacon  112  selectively communicates with the badges  102 - 108 . The beacon  112  by design has a short distance and narrow visibility range so that only one smart badge worn by an employee sitting right in front of the computer  110  is visible to the beacon  112  at any one time. The prior art considers this narrow range of visibility as a way to increase the system&#39;s  100  overall security.  
           [0008]    A system service module  114  within the computer  110  communicates  111  with the smart badges through the beacon  112 . When a first one  104  of the smart badges  102 - 108  becomes visible to the beacon  112 , the service  114  queries the badge  104  for a set of credentials and, if the credentials are authentic, instructs the computer  110 , perhaps using Microsoft Corporation&#39;s Graphical Identification and Authentication (GINA)  116  and OS Logon  118  modules, to log the employee carrying the badge  104  on to the computer  110 . If the badge  104  is no longer visible to the beacon  112 , the service  114  the GINA  116  to lock the computer  110  and blank the computer display even though the employee remains logged on. Then, should the badge  104  become visible again, the service  114  instructs the GINA  116  to unlock the computer  110  and reactivate the computer display. If a second smart badge  106  becomes visible  120  to the computer  110 , during a time when the first badge  104  is invisible to the beacon  112 , the system service  114  instructs the GINA  116  to log-off the employee assigned to the first badge  104 , and log-on the employee assigned to the second badge  106 .  
           [0009]    The system  100  is limited to allowing only one wearer to be logged on at any one time and requires that such wearer sit right in front of the computer  110  before unlocking the computer and display. Database security is thus achieved by logging only one wearer on a time. The wearer then runs a software application to access data in the database. The GINA&#39;s  116  role in controlling access to the database is by controlling which wearer logs on to the computer  110 . In many operational settings, however, such an implementation is awkward to use. Furthermore, the prior art system  100  does not even begin to exploit the smart badge&#39;s  102 - 108  full capabilities for providing contextual information to the computer  110 .  
           [0010]    What is needed is a system and method for context-aware computer management using a smart badge that overcomes the problems of the prior art.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0011]    The present invention is a system and method for context-aware computer management. The method of the present invention includes the steps of: assigning database information one of several clearance levels; assigning each smart badge within a set of visible smart badges one of the clearance levels; identifying smart badges having a lowest clearance level; and providing access to database information having clearance levels no higher than the lowest clearance level.  
           [0012]    In other aspects of the invention, the method may include the steps of: configuring a predetermined smart badge visibility range; updating the set of visible smart badges in response to a change in smart badge visibility status, and recalculating the lowest clearance level in response to the change in smart badge visibility status; recording the smart badge visibility status of each smart badge within an activity log; preventing database access to smart badge wearers when the wearer&#39;s smart badge visibility status is set to invisible longer than a predetermined timeout; reading and writing data items from and to the smart badges; defining a badge removal confidence level indicating whether each smart badge has been continuously worn by corresponding assigned smart badge wearers; assigning a smart badge time-to-live parameter to each of the smart badges; and inactivating a smart badge whose time-to-live parameter has been exceeded.  
           [0013]    The system of the present invention includes a database storing information differentiated by a plurality of clearance levels; a wide-angle RF beacon; a set of smart badges, in communication with the beacon, each badge assigned one of the clearance levels; a system service module, connected to the beacon, for identifying a lowest clearance level assigned to the smart badges; and a software application, connected to the service module and the database, for providing access to information within the database having clearance levels no higher than the lowest clearance level.  
           [0014]    In other aspects of the invention, the system may include a second diffuse IR beacon, coupled to the service module, for location awareness and perhaps limited to detecting smart badges within a workroom; the smart badges may also include biometric sensors for detecting when a smart badge has been removed from an assigned smart badge wearer.  
           [0015]    The system and method of the present invention are particularly advantageous over the prior art because a customizable software application provides access to information based on clearance levels of those smart badge wearers visible to the beacons. Also, the wide angle first beacon enables the service module to monitor and communicate with all smart badges within a predefined area instead of just those smart badge wearers very close to or in front of the system.  
           [0016]    These and other aspects of the invention will be recognized by those skilled in the art upon review of the detailed description, drawings, and claims set forth below.  
       
    
    
     BREF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0017]    [0017]FIG. 1 is a dataflow diagram of a prior art system for interfacing with smart identification badges;  
         [0018]    [0018]FIG. 2 is a dataflow diagram of an embodiment of a system for context-aware computer management using smart badges; and  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for context-aware computer management using smart badges.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 is a dataflow diagram of an embodiment of a system  200  for context-aware computer management using smart badges. The system  200  includes a computer  202  coupled to a first wireless beacon  204 , a second wireless beacon  206 , and a database  208 . The system  200  also includes one or more smart badges  210 ,  212 ,  214 , and  216  in communication with the computer  202  through the beacons  204 ,  206 . The computer  202  may or may not be networked with other computers in a client/server topology.  
         [0021]    The smart badges  210 - 216  are context-aware devices which improve upon a design developed by Dr. Mark Smith at Hewlett-Packard Labs in Palo Alto called SecurePad. The badges communicate with the beacons  204 ,  206  using either Radio Frequency (RF) and/or Infrared (IR) technology. The badges contain various biometric and other sensors for detecting and monitoring the badges&#39; surroundings, including those persons wearing and/or objects affixed to the badges. While the following specification discusses an embodiment of the present invention where the badges are worn by people in a workroom, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention in other embodiments can be used in a variety of other applications.  
         [0022]    The smart badges are preferably activated, and initialized within a standard security booth. Within the booth a smart badge wearer follows a traditional security protocol (i.e. such as typing a password on keyboard, or displaying a finger print) to activate and initialize a badge. As part of initialization all smart badge credentials are reset, previously stored data is erased, and a new set of data may be downloaded into a data storage area within the smart badge.  
         [0023]    The first beacon  204  includes a transmitter and a receiver for establishing a communications link between the computer  202  and the smart badges  210 - 216 . The first beacon  204  is preferably a wide angle device which can simultaneously detect and communicate with several smart badges. The first beacon  204  preferably communicates with the smart badges using an RF signal. RF signals can pass through walls, doors, file cabinets and other blocking objects and thus provides a more reliable communications link than IR. The second beacon  206  is preferably a diffuse IR device which works in conjunction with an RF first beacon  202 . Since walls, doors, window, and etc. block IR signals, the second beacon  206  helps the computer  202  distinguish between smart badges within the workroom and smart badges passing by in a hallway outside of the workroom.  
         [0024]    The database  208  preferably stores information having a plurality of confidentiality levels. Each smart badge wearer may have one of several different clearance levels assigned to their smart badge during the activation and initialization procedure. For example, if the information includes confidential patient medical records within a hospital setting, a first smart badge wearer, who is a doctor, may have a clearance level permitting accessibility to a first set of records and/or fields in the database  208 , while a second smart badge wearer, who is a nurse, may have a clearance level permitting accessibility to a second set of records and/or fields in the database  208 , which may or may not overlap with the first set of records and fields. Those skilled in the art recognize that the information in the database  208  could alternatively be business records in a corporate setting, financial records at a bank, or any other type of information.  
         [0025]    While the entire system  200  is preferably located within the workroom, only some sort of user interface (e.g. a display terminal and a keyboard) and the second beacon  206  need to be located within the workroom.  
         [0026]    Within the computer  202  there is a system service module  218 , an activity log  220 , and a software application module  222 . The computer  202  is initially and preferably booted up by a trusted system administrator, after which the system service  218  is automatically activated as a background process. The system administrator then logs on to the computer  202  using standard logon procedures. Once logged on, the administrator launches the software application  222 .  
         [0027]    The service module  218  is coupled to the first beacon  204 , the second beacon  206 , the activity log  220  and the software application  222 . Software within the service module  218  normally operates as an ongoing background process responsive to entry and exit of smart badges from the workroom. Those skilled in the are will recognize that while the system service  218  is described with reference to a Microsoft Corporation Windows NT environments consisting of background services, functionality within the system service  218  module could easily be implemented by demons within a UNIX environment, or in another application program. Throughout operation, the service module  218  continually records and updates a variety of context-aware information in the activity log  220  regarding the smart badges  210 - 216 , their status, and configuration.  
         [0028]    The application  222  provides database  208  access to only a predetermined set of smart badge wearers. The application  222  also includes database management code for selectively retrieving and displaying sets of records and/or fields within the database  208  corresponding to the clearance level of each smart badge wearer within the workroom. The application  222  also may provide differing levels of software application functionality based on the clearance levels. Thus, the application provides data access security by cooperating with the system service  218  and consulting the activity log  220  for a list of wearers present within the workroom and their corresponding clearance levels. Preferably, the wearers are not actually logged on and off of the computer  202 , but rather are either provided or denied access to the database  208  and functionality on the computer  202 .  
         [0029]    Returning to the hospital setting example, when the doctor is in the workroom, the application  222  permits retrieval and display of the first set of records and fields, however, should the nurse enter the workroom, the application  222  preferably permits retrieval and display of those records and fields which are common to the first and second sets of records and fields. Later, should a receptionist enter the workroom who does not have clearance to see any of the records or fields, the application  222  may deny access to all records and fields, and blank the computer display, even though the doctor and nurse are still in the workroom. Those skilled in the art will recognize that when information is or is not retrievable and displayed depends upon each implementation of the software application  222 .  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 3 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for context-aware computer management using smart badges. The method begins in step  302  where wearers enter a secure booth and authenticate their smart badge. During authentication, the smart badge is reset to an initial state. Resetting the badge erases all prior credentials and stored data.  
         [0031]    In step  304 , the service module  218  configures the beacons  204 ,  206  to a predetermined smart badge field of visibility. While preferably, smart badge visibility is defined as those smart badges which are in communication with both beacons  204  and  206 , smart badge visibility range can also be adjusted by limiting transmitter power or receiver sensitivity of the smart badges  210 - 216 , the first beacon  204 , and/or the second beacon  206 . In this latter, less favored implementation, first, the first and second beacons&#39;  204 ,  206  transmitter output and the receiver sensitivity of the smart badges  210 - 216  are all set at their maximum to ensure that the computer  202  can send commands to the smart badges  210 - 216 . Then smart badge visibility is limited through predetermined adjustments to the beacons&#39;  204 ,  206  reception sensitivity and/or the smart badges&#39;  210 - 216  transmitter power.  
         [0032]    In step  306 , the service module  218  establishes communications with all visible smart badges. As discussed before, the smart badges  210 - 216  which are visible are preferably all located somewhere within the workroom.  
         [0033]    Next in step  308 , the service module  218  configures each of the visible smart badges. As part of configuration, the service module  218  defines a VisibleTimeout variable which specifies a predetermined period of time during which one or more of the smart badges can be invisible to (i.e. out of communication with) one or more of the beacons  204 ,  206 .  
         [0034]    The service module  218  can also set a variety of other smart badge variables, such as a TimeToLive variable, a LostBadgeTimeout variable, as well as internal clock and calendar variables. The TimeToLive variable sets an expiration period for the smart badge, which upon expiration, the smart badge automatically de-authenticates itself and erases all internally stored data. Preferably, the TimeToLive variable is set to a little longer than a standard work day.  
         [0035]    The LostBadgeTimeout variable, specifies a time before the smart badge sounds an audible alarm, such as a beep, once the biometric sensors in the smart badge determine that the badge is no longer on the wearer. Preferably the LostBadgeTimeout variable is set to one hour.  
         [0036]    In step  310 , when a smart badge is no longer visible the service module  218  changes that smart badge&#39;s status to invisible in the activity log  220  and sends a smart badge timeout message to the application  222 . The VisibleTimeout variable permits badge wearers to walk throughout the workroom and be invisible for a predetermined period of time without being identified within the activity log  220  as invisible. Preferably the VisibleTimeout predetermined period of time is set to five seconds.  
         [0037]    In step  312 , every 500 msec or so the service module  218  sends out a general transmit heartbeat command to all smart badges within the workroom. In response, each smart badge transmits a heartbeat status message to the service module  218 , which is received by the service module  218  in step  314 .  
         [0038]    The heartbeat status message includes a predetermined set of badge status information, such as: smart badge identification (ID) number; badge removal confidence; badge removed; time-to-live; reset state; activation state; initialization state; badge activated; badge initialized; ID card on badge; ID card removed at least once; and battery state of charge. Note, the ID card is preferably a standard employee site badge. During authentication, wearers are required to insert their ID card in a slot on top of their smart badge. A sensor on the smart badge detects whether the ID card remains in the slot. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many other codes may also be included in the heartbeat.  
         [0039]    The smart badge ID number is unique and permanently stored within each smart badge. The badge removal confidence is a variable which indicates a confidence level that the smart badge has been continuously worn by the smart badge wearer. Badge removal confidence is programmed by the smart badge&#39;s biometric sensors to between “0 to 7,” where “0” indicates with certainty that the badge was worn at all times by the wearer, and “7” indicates with certainty that at some time the badge was worn by a different wearer.  
         [0040]    In step  316 , the service module  218  stores each smart badge&#39;s heartbeat status and status changes in the activity log  220 . Smart badge status changes include smart badge wearer enters the workroom, smart badge wearer leaves the workroom, and heartbeat status changes.  
         [0041]    In step  318 , the service module  218  responds to requests from the software application  222  for information stored within the activity log  220 . In step  320 , the software application  222  selectively displays information on the computer display in response to the activity log information and the application&#39;s  222  programming. In step  322 , the software application  222  also selectively provides functionality on the computer  202  in response to the activity log information and the application&#39;s  222  programming. In step  324 , the service module  218  updates the activity log  220  as smart badge status changes.  
         [0042]    In step  326 , the service module  218  read and/or writes binary data from/to the smart badge in response to commands from the application  222 . Data items may include security passwords/cookies and/or other wearer specific personalized data. The data is preferably password protected and communication between the service module  218  and the smart badge can be either synchronous or asynchronous. Asynchronous data transfer tolerates a momentary loss of smart badge visibility during data transfer, such as when wearer moves about the workroom.  
         [0043]    In step  328 , the service module  218  periodically pre-reads a predetermined set of frequently used data from the smart badges. Pre-reading is defined as when the service module  218  reads data items from the smart badge during otherwise idle times when the badge is visible to the beacon  204 , but no communications between the service module  218  and the badge are otherwise required. The pre-read function enables the software application  222  to be more responsive.  
         [0044]    In step  330 , the service module  218  selectively deletes data items from the smart badge in response to application  222  commands.  
         [0045]    While one or more embodiments of the present invention have been described, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications may be made. Variations upon and modifications to these embodiments are provided by the present invention, which is limited only by the following claims.

Technology Classification (CPC): 6