Patent Abstract:
A producing method for a liquid discharge head having a pressure generation chamber communicating with a discharge port for discharging a liquid, a piezoelectric element provided corresponding to the pressure generation chamber, and a vibration plate provided between the pressure generation chamber and the piezoelectric element, the method including: a preparation step of preparing a flat plate-shaped substrate having a recess on a main surface thereof, a piezoelectric element forming step of forming the piezoelectric element in the recess, a vibration plate forming step of-forming the flat vibration plate on the main surface of the substrate and the piezoelectric element, a pressure generation chamber forming step of forming the pressure generation chamber on the vibration plate, and a removing step of removing the substrate in at least a peripheral portion of the piezoelectric element.

Full Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates to a producing method for a liquid discharge head (hereinafter also called “ink jet recording head”) which discharges a liquid by applying an energy to the liquid.  
         [0003]     2. Related Background Art  
         [0004]     Recently, an ink jet recording apparatus is widely utilized, because of a satisfactory recording property and a low cost thereof, as an output apparatus of personal computers. Among such ink jet recording apparatus, there are being developed, for example, a type which generates a bubble in an ink by a thermal energy and discharges an ink droplet by a pressure wave caused by the bubble, a type which discharges an ink droplet by an electrostatic attraction, and a type utilizing a pressure wave caused by a vibrator such as a piezoelectric element.  
         [0005]     Among the aforementioned ink jet recording apparatuses, the type utilizing the piezoelectric element has a configuration including an ink flow path communicating with an ink discharge port and a pressure generation chamber communicating with the ink flow path, in which a piezoelectric thin film, provided in the pressure generation chamber and adjoined to a vibration plate film executes an elongation-contraction when given a predetermined voltage whereby the piezoelectric film and the vibrating plate film integrally cause a vibration to compress an ink in the pressure generation chamber, thereby discharging an ink droplet from the ink discharge port.  
         [0006]     In recent ink jet recording apparatus, improvements in the recording performance, particularly a high resolution and a high-speed recording, are being requested. For meeting such requirements, it is necessary to reduce a discharge amount of the ink droplet discharged at a time, and to execute a high-speed drive. For attaining these, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 9-123448 discloses a method of reducing a volume of the pressure generation chamber, in order to reduce a pressure loss therein.  
         [0007]     Also, though for a different purpose, Japanese Patent No. 3168713 discloses an ink jet head in which a silicon substrate having a surface orientation {110} is employed as a substrate and a {111} plane of such substrate is positioned on a lateral face of the ink pressure generation chamber. Also Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-246898 discloses a head in which piezoelectric elements are provided in an area opposed to a cavity formed in a silicon substrate to secure rigidity of a partition between pressure generation chambers, thereby preventing a crosstalk phenomenon.  
         [0008]     In the prior technology, it has been difficult to prepare a pressure generation chamber of a small volume in a simple process. Also a complex process is required for forming a thin vibrating plate. Because of these reasons, it has been difficult to produce an ink jet recording head, utilizing a piezoelectric thin film in a discharge pressure generating element, in an integrated state of a high density.  
         [0009]     Also in a method for producing a piezoelectric element disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2000-246898, since the vibrating plate is hollow and bent by a large angle, a stress concentration may result in a part thereof, thus deteriorating the durability. Also as the element protrudes in the liquid chamber, there may result an increase in the resistance of the flow path, thus detrimentally affecting the discharge frequency.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an ink jet recording head, enabling to form a thinner and finer vibrating plate and capable of improving a durability of the vibrating plate.  
         [0011]     A producing method for an ink jet recording head of the present invention is a method for producing a liquid discharge head including a pressure generation chamber communicating with a discharge port for discharging a liquid, a piezoelectric element provided corresponding to the pressure generation chamber, and a vibration plate provided between the pressure generation chamber and the piezoelectric element, the method including:  
         [0012]     a preparation step of preparing a substrate having a recess on a main surface of a flat plate-shaped substrate, a piezoelectric element forming step of forming the piezoelectric element in the recess, a vibration plate forming step of forming the flat vibration plate on the aforementioned main surface of the substrate and the piezoelectric element, a pressure generation chamber forming step of forming the pressure generation chamber on the vibration plate, and a removing step of removing the substrate in at least a peripheral portion of the piezoelectric element.  
         [0013]     The producing method of the invention can produce an ink jet recording head capable of achieving a thinner and finer structure of the vibration plate and improving the durability of the vibration plate.  
         [0014]     In the ink jet recording head produced by the aforementioned producing method of the invention, since the vibration plate is formed planarly on the substrate and a space is so formed as to surround the piezoelectric element provided opposite to the pressure generation chamber across the vibration plate, it is possible to achieve a thinner and finer vibration plate and to improve the durability thereof. Also, since the piezoelectric element is surrounded by wall faces of the substrate constituting the space, it is rendered possible to suppress a breakage or a distortion in the piezoelectric element or the vibration plate in an assembling step of the ink jet recording head. Also, since the entire vibration plate is supported by the substrate, the ink jet recording head has a high mechanical strength. Furthermore, since the vibration plate, having a flat shape in the pressure generation chamber, does not deteriorate the flow resistance therein and enables an increase in the liquid discharge frequency. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0015]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of an ink jet recording head constituting an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0016]      FIG. 2  is a bottom view of the ink jet recording head shown in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0017]      FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view along a line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0018]      FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view along a line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 1 ;  
         [0019]      FIGS. 5A, 5B ,  5 C,  5 D and  5 E are views showing a process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0020]      FIGS. 6A, 6B ,  6 C and  6 D are views showing a process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0021]      FIGS. 7A, 7B  and  7 C are views showing a process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0022]      FIG. 8  is a view showing a process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0023]      FIG. 9  is a view showing a process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0024]      FIGS. 10A, 10B ,  10 C and  10 D are views showing another process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0025]      FIGS. 11A, 11B ,  11 C and  11 D are views showing another process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0026]      FIGS. 12A and 12B  are views showing-another process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0027]      FIG. 13  is a view showing another process for producing an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0028]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view showing two adjacent nozzle portions in an ink jet recording head embodying the present invention;  
         [0029]      FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view showing a variation of an ink jet recording head produced by the invention; and  
         [0030]      FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view showing a comparative example of the ink jet recording head. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0031]     In the following, embodiments of the present invention will be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings.  
         [0032]      FIG. 1  is a plan view of an ink jet recording head in an embodiment of the present invention;  FIG. 2  is a bottom view of the ink jet recording head shown in  FIG. 1 ;  FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view along a line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 1 ; and  FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view along a line  3 - 3  in  FIG. 1 .  
         [0033]     The ink jet recording head of the invention employs, as a substrate  101 , a silicon wafer having a surface orientation {110}. In the substrate  101 , a rear space  101   a  behind a vibration plate  111  is formed by an anisotropic etching, and also a liquid supply aperture  101   b  for supplying a liquid from a lower surface side to an upper surface side is formed. The vibration plate  111  is substantially coplanarly with the upper surface of the substrate  101 , and a pressure generation chamber  115  is so formed thereon as to cover the vibration plate. In upper portion of the pressure generation chamber  115 , there is formed a discharge port  119 .  
         [0034]     On a surface of the vibration plate  111  opposite to the pressure generation chamber  115 , there is provided a piezoelectric element  108 - 110  for driving the vibration plate thereby generating a discharge pressure. The piezoelectric element is constituted of a piezoelectric film  109 , an upper electrode  110  formed on an upper surface thereof, and a lower electrode  108  formed on a lower surface thereof. The piezoelectric element  108 - 110  is surrounded by a space  120  formed in the substrate  101  by etching. In case the space  120  is formed in the substrate  101  by an anisotropic liquid etching, the etched face of the substrate  101 , constituting the space  120 , is a Si{111} plane.  
         [0035]     In an ink jet recording head of such configuration, a liquid supplied from an unillustrated liquid reservoir, into the liquid supply aperture  101   b  and through a communicating hole  121 , into the pressure generation chamber  115 , is discharged, as indicated by a path  122 , to the exterior through the discharge port  119  by a deformation of the vibration plate  111 , and is deposited on a recording medium opposed to the discharge port  119 , thereby recording an image on the recording medium.  
         [0036]     In the following, an example of a producing process for the ink jet recording head of the present embodiment will be explained in succession with reference to  FIGS. 5A  to  9 .  
         [0037]     (1) At first, as shown in  FIG. 3 , a silicon substrate  101  having a surface orientation {110} is thermally oxidized to form an oxide film  102  on both surfaces, and the oxide film  102  of the upper side is partially etched to form a predetermined pattern  103  for forming the rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate and the liquid supply aperture  101   b.    
         [0038]     (2) Then, a portion of the pattern  103  is rectangularly etched, as shown in an upper view in  FIG. 8 , by an ion-coupled plasma etching apparatus (ICP) to form a groove (recess)  104 . The groove  104  has a depth of about 2-4 μm. The groove  104  is so formed that a longer side of the rectangle becomes parallel to a plane equivalent to the {111} plane of the substrate  101 .  
         [0039]     In the following, there will be explained a process utilizing an anisotropic etching, but the surface orientation of the silicon substrate is not restricted in case of employing ICP for penetration etching of the substrate  101 .  
         [0040]     (3) Then the oxide film  102  is removed on the upper surface of the substrate  101 , in a portion where the liquid supply aperture  101   b  is to be formed. Then polysilicon or amorphous silicon is deposited for example by an LPCVD method, thereby forming a sacrifice layer  105  in a portion where the liquid supply aperture  101   b  is to be formed and a surrounding portion (cf.  FIG. 9 ).  
         [0041]     In this operation, the sacrifice layer  105  in a portion for constituting the liquid supply aperture  101   b  is formed, as shown in  FIG. 9 , in a parallelogram having a narrower angle of 70.5° in such a manner that a longer side of the parallelogram becomes parallel to a face equivalent to a (111) plane of the substrate  101 .  
         [0042]     (4) Then, on the upper surface of the substrate  101 , a Si 3 N 4  film  106  and a SiO 2  film  107  are deposited by a CVD method, with each thickness of 1000-4000 Å (100-400 nm).  
         [0043]     In this step, either of the Si 3 N 4  film  106  and the SiO 2  film  107  may be deposited singly.  
         [0044]     (5) A lower electrode  108  is formed with a metal capable of withstanding a high temperature, such as Pt/Ti, matching the sacrifice layer  105  constituting a rear portion of the vibration plate  111 . Then, on the lower electrode  108 , a thin film for example of lead titanate zirconate (PZT) is deposited for example by a sputtering and is patterned to form a piezoelectric member portion  109 . After the formation of the piezoelectric member portion  109 , a calcining is executed for 5 hours at 680° C. in an oxygen atmosphere. Then, on the piezoelectric member portion  109 , a metal capable of withstanding a high temperature, such as Pt/Ti, is deposited and patterned to form an upper electrode  110 . A resist material employed for such patterning is also used for patterning PZT. In this manner a piezoelectric element  108 - 110  is formed in the groove  104 .  
         [0045]     (6) Then, as shown in  FIGS. 6A  to  6 D, a SiN x  film is deposited for example by a plasma CVD method on the upper surface of the substrate  101 , and is patterned to form the vibration plate  111 . The vibration plate  111  has a thickness of about 1-4 μm. Thereafter, on the upper surface of the substrate  101 , the SiO 2  film  106  is removed by a patterning in a portion where the liquid supply aperture  101   b  is to be formed.  
         [0046]     (7) Then, a first pattern  112 , serving as a mold for forming the pressure generation chamber  115  etc. and to be removed in a later step, is formed on the vibration plate  111 . It can be formed by a printing technology or a photolithographic technology, but a photolithographic method utilizing a photosensitive resin is preferable since it can form a fine pattern. A material for the first pattern  112  is preferably a material capable of a patterning of a thick film and of being removed by dissolution with an alkali solution or an organic solvent. For such material, there can be employed, for example, a THB series (manufactured by JSR Corp.) or a PMER series (manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co.). In the following example, there is employed PMER HM-3000 manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co. as such material, but the material is naturally not restricted thereto. A thickness of the first pattern  112  is preferably 60 μm or less in case of formation by a coating process or 90 μm or less even in case of formation by plural coatings, in consideration of a film thickness distribution and a patterning property.  
         [0047]     (8) Then, a conductive layer  113  is formed for example by a sputtering on the first pattern  112 . The conductive layer  113  can be constituted of Pt, Au, Cu, Ni, or Ti. Since a fine pattern cannot be formed unless the resin (first pattern  112 ) and the conductive layer  113  have an adhesion of a certain level, the conductive layer  113  may be formed by forming a film of Pt, Au, Cu, Ni etc. after a film of another metal is formed on the first pattern  112 . Since the conductive layer  113  has to be removed, in a later step of removing the first pattern  112 , in a portion corresponding to the discharge port  119  (cf.  FIG. 3 ), a thickness of the conductive layer  113  is preferably 1500 Å (150 nm) or less, and most preferably 1000 Å (100 nm) or less. In case the thickness of the conductive layer  113  exceeds 1500 Å, the conductive layer  113  in the portion of the discharge port  119  may not be removed completely in the step of removing the first pattern  112 .  
         [0048]     Subsequently, on the first pattern  112  bearing the conductive layer  113 , there is formed a second pattern  114  for forming the discharge port  119  upon a removal later. For a material of the second pattern  114 , there can be employed, for example, a THB series (manufactured by JSR Corp.) or a PMER series (manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co.). In the following example, there is employed PMER LA-900PM manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co. as such material, but the material is naturally not restricted thereto and there may be employed another material capable of a patterning of a thick film and of being removed by dissolution with an alkali solution or an organic solvent. The second pattern  114  preferably has a thickness of 30 μm or less, since it requires a higher patterning precision than in the first pattern  112 . It is thus preferable that first pattern  112  and the second pattern  114  have a total thickness of 120 μm or less.  
         [0049]     In order that the pressure generated in the pressure generation chamber  115  can be efficiently utilized as a discharge pressure, both the first and second patterns  112 ,  114  preferably have a tapered shape in which an upper surface side is smaller than a lower surface side. An optimum tapered shape of the first and second patterns  112 ,  114  can be determined for example by a computer simulation. The tapered shape may be formed by various methods, and, in case of employing an exposure apparatus of proximity type, it can be formed by gradually increasing a distance (gap) between the substrate  101  and a mask (not shown), in the course of an exposure. It can also be formed for example by utilizing a gray scale mask. A fine discharge port can be formed naturally more easily with a reduction exposure of ⅕ or 1/10. Also a gray scale mask allows to form not only a simple tapered shape but also a complex shape such as a spiral shape.  
         [0050]     (9) Then, a flow path structural member  118 , constituting a liquid flow path including the pressure generation chamber  115  and the discharge port  119 , is formed by a plating process. The plating proces includes an electrolytic plating and an electroless plating, which may be suitably selected. The electrolytic plating is advantageous in that a recessing liquid is inexpensive and that a waste liquid treatment is simple. The electroless plating is superior in a better coverage of plating, in that a uniform film can be formed, and that the plated film is hard and antiabrasive. As an example of such selection, a flow path structural member  118  can be formed by at first forming a thick Ni layer by an electrolytic plating, and then forming a thin Ni—PTFE composite plated layer. In such case, there can be obtained an advantage that a plated layer of desired film characteristics can be obtained inexpensively.  
         [0051]     The plating material can be a plating of a single metal such as Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Sn, Ag or Au, a plating of an alloy or a composite plating for precipitating for example PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene). Ni is employed preferably in consideration of a chemical resistance and a strength. Also a Ni—PTFE composite plating or the like is employed for providing the plated film with water repellency.  
         [0052]     (10) In order to protect an upper surface side of the substrate  101 , prepared in the foregoing steps, from an etchant to be employed in later steps, the upper surface side of the substrate  101  is covered with a resin  116  that is resistant to alkali and is removable later with an organic solvent of the like. The present embodiment utilizes covering the upper surface side of the substrate  101  with the resin  116 , but it is also possible to employ a method of mounting the substrate  101  on a jig that can contact only the lower surface side of the substrate  101  with the etchant.  
         [0053]     (11) Subsequently, the oxide film  102  on the lower surface side of the substrate  101  is partially etched to form predetermined patterns for forming the rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate and the liquid supply aperture  101   b . Such patterns have a parallelogram shape as shown in  FIG. 2 . Also in a vicinity of a narrower angled portion of the parallelogram on the lower surface side of the substrate  101 , a leading hole (not shown) may be formed for example by a laser working. It is thus made possible, in the anisotropic etching of the substrate  101 , to suppress that the {111} face of the substrate  101  is inclined by an oblique etching resulting from the narrow angle portion of the parallelogram. Such leading hole is preferably extended as close as possible to an etching stop layer. A depth of the leading hole is generally 60% or more of the thickness of the substrate  101 , preferably 70% or more and most preferably 80% or more. Naturally the leading hole should not penetrate through the substrate  101 .  
         [0054]     A rear space  101   a  and a liquid supply aperture  101   b  of a parallelogram planar shape can be formed in the substrate  101  by immersing the substrate  101  in an etchant and executing an anisotropic etching so as to exose a {111} plane.  
         [0055]     An alkaline etchant employable in this operation can be KOH (potassium hydroxide) or TMAH (tetramethyl ammonium hydride), and TMAH can be employed advantageously in consideration of the environment.  
         [0056]     After the etching, the resin  116 , constituting an alkali-resistant protective film, is dissolved and removed for example with an organic solvent. In case of utilizing a jig, the substrate  101  is detached from the jig. Then the sacrifice layer  105 , serving as an etching stop layer, is removed for example by a dry etching. In this manner a space  120  surrounding the piezoelectric element  108 - 110  is formed.  
         [0057]     (12) Finally, the first and second patterns  112 ,  114  for forming the flow path containing the pressure generation chamber  115  and the discharge port  119  are removed with an alkali solution or an organic solvent.  
         [0058]     The ink jet recording head shown in  FIG. 1  is completed by the steps explained above.  
         [0059]     However, the process for producing the ink jet recording head is not limited to that explained above, and, for example, the substrate  101  may be etched, instead of the anisotropic etching utilizing an etchant, by an etching by ICP (inductively coupled plasma). In this case, the first embedding step for the sacrifice layer  105  becomes unnecessary. Also as to the formation seeds for plating, an area or a procedure for forming the seeds for plating may be changed.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0060]     In the following, an example of the ink jet recording head of the present invention will be explained with reference to FIGS.  1  to  4 .  
         [0061]     The present example employed, as the substrate  101 , a Si {110} wafer of a thickness of 635 μm. On the substrate  101 , a piezoelectric element  108 - 110  was provided on the lower surface side of a vibrating plate  111 , then a rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate was formed by an anisotropic etching of the substrate  101 , and a space  120  was formed around the piezoelectric element  108 - 110 . At the same time, a liquid supply aperture  101   b  was formed in the substrate  101 .  
         [0062]     The vibration plate  109  was formed by depositing SiNe with a thickness of 2 μm on the upper surface of the substrate  101 , followed by a patterning.  
         [0063]     A piezoelectric film  109  was formed by depositing lead titanate zirconate (PZT) with a thickness of 2 μm, followed by a patterning. An upper electrode  110  was formed by depositing Pt/Ti with respective thicknesses of 1500/50 A (150/5 nm), followed by a patterning. A lower electrode  108  was formed by depositing Pt/Ti with respective thicknesses of 1500/50 A (150/5 nm), followed by a patterning. At the lower surface side of the piezoelectric element  108 - 110 , SiO 2  was deposited with a thickness of 2000 Å (200 nm) and patterned to form a protective film  107 . Since a space  120  is formed around the piezoelectric element  108 - 110 , the piezoelectric element  108 - 110  and the vibration plate  111  in a deformed state do not touch the substrate  101  and can therefore be sufficiently displaced without any restriction in the deformation thereof.  
         [0064]     The vibration plate  111  had a shorter side of 67 μm and a longer side of 3 mm, and the vibration plate  111  with such dimensions showed a maximum displacement of 160 nm.  
         [0065]     On the substrate  101 , a pressure generation chamber  115  was formed individually. The pressure generation chamber  115  had a wall member constituted of Ni and formed by a plating process. In the pressure generation chamber  115 , an internal wall had a height of 60 μm and a wall member had a thickness of 20 μm. The pressure generation chamber  115  was provided, at an end thereof, with a communicating hole for causing each pressure generation chamber to communicate with a common liquid chamber.  
         [0066]     In an upper part of the other end of the pressure generation chamber  115 , there was formed a discharge port  119  having a diameter of 20 μm at an upper end of the aperture and a diameter of 30 μm at a lower end. Thus, by a deformation of the vibration plate  111 , the liquid in the pressure generation chamber  115  is discharged through a path indicated by  122  and through the discharge port  119 , whereby the discharged liquid is deposited on a recording medium to record an image.  
         [0067]      FIG. 1  is a view showing an upper surface of the ink jet recording head shown in  FIG. 3 , but the electrodes etc. are omitted from the illustration.  
         [0068]     In the present example,  150  pressure generation chambers  150  were arranged in parallel, along a direction perpendicular to the Si {111} plane of the substrate  101 . A pitch of array of the nozzles (pitch of array of the discharge ports  119 ) was selected as 84.7 μm. Each pressure generation chamber  115  was so formed that a longitudinal direction thereof was parallel to the {111} plane of the substrate  101 .  
         [0069]      FIG. 2  is a view showing a lower side of the ink jet recording head shown in  FIG. 3 .  
         [0070]     In the present example, the rear space  101 a behind the vibration plate and the liquid supply aperture  101   b  were so formed by etching that a longer side of a parallelogram, having a narrower angle of 70.5°, was positioned parallel to the Si {111} plane of the substrate  101 . The rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate had a longer side of 2.7 mm, and the liquid supply aperture  101   b  had a longer side of 500 μm.  
         [0071]     In the ink jet recording head of the present example constructed as described above, since the piezoelectric element  108 - 110  and the vibration plate  11  are surrounded by walls constituting the rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate of the Si substrate  101 , the piezoelectric element  108 - 110  can be more securely protected and were not destructed in an electrical mounting operation of the recording head. Also the recording head has a high mechanical strength since the entire vibration plate  111  is supported by the substrate  101 . Furthermore, the vibration plate  111 , being planar in the pressure generation chamber  115 , does not increase the flow resistance therein, so that the discharge frequency for the liquid can be elevated.  
         [0072]     In this recording head, an aqueous ink of a viscosity of 2 cp (2×10 −3  Pa·s) was discharged from the discharge port  119  in a droplet of 1.5 pl at a discharge frequency of 20 kHz. As a result, a recording of a high quality, without a discharge failure, was obtained over a width of 12.5 mm along the array of the nozzles of the recording head.  
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0073]     In the following, an example of a producing process for the ink jet recording head of the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIGS. 5A  to  9 .  
         [0074]     (1) A silicon substrate  101  having an external diameter of 150 mm, a thickness of 630 μm and a surface orientation {110} was thermally oxidized to form an oxide film  102 , and the oxide film  102  of the upper side was partially etched to form a pattern  103  ( FIG. 5A ), and a portion of the pattern  103  was rectangularly etched, as shown in an upper view in  FIG. 8 , by an ion-coupled plasma etching apparatus (ICP) to form a groove  104  ( FIG. 5B ). The groove  104  had a depth of 3 μm. The rectangular groove  104  so formed with a longer side of 3 mm, and a shorter side of 70 μm, and that the longer side became parallel to a plane equivalent to the {111} plane.  
         [0075]     (2) Then the oxide film  102  in a portion corresponding to the liquid supply aperture  101   b  was removed, and a polysilicon film was deposited by an LPCVD method with a thickness of 3000 Å (300 nm) thereby forming a sacrifice layer  105  in a portion corresponding to the liquid supply aperture  101   b , the groove  104  and the surrounding area thereof ( FIG. 5C ).  
         [0076]     In this operation, the sacrifice layer  105  in a portion for constituting the liquid supply aperture  101   b  was formed, as shown in  FIG. 9 , in a parallelogram having a narrower angle of 70.5° in such a manner that a longer side and a shorter side of the parallelogram become parallel to faces equivalent to a (111) plane.  
         [0077]     (3) Then, on the substrate  101 , a Si 3 N 4  film  106  as an etching stop layer was deposited by an LPCVD method with a thickness of 3000 Å (300 nm) and a SiO 2  film  107  was deposited thereon by a thermal CVD method, with a thickness of 2000 Å (200 nm) ( FIG. 5D ).  
         [0078]     (4) A lower electrode  108  was formed by depositing Pt/Ti with respective thicknesses of 1500/50 Å (150/5 nm), followed by patterning, matching the sacrifice layer  105  constituting a lower surface portion of the vibration plate  111  ( FIG. 5E ).  
         [0079]     (5) Then, on the lower electrode  108 , a thin film of PZT was by a sputtering method with a thickness of 2 μm and was calcined for 5 hours at 680° C. in an O 2  atmosphere to form a piezoelectric portion  109  ( FIG. 5E ).  
         [0080]     (6) On the piezoelectric portion  109 , Pt/Ti were deposited with respective thicknesses of 1500/50 Å (150/5 nm) to form an upper electrode  110 . A same resist was also used for patterning the piezoelectric member  109  constituted of the PZT film. In this manner a piezoelectric element  108 - 110  was formed ( FIG. 5E ).  
         [0081]     (7) Then, on thus formed piezoelectric element  108 - 110 , a SiNe film was deposited for example by a plasma CVD method with a thickness 2 μm, and was patterned to form the vibration plate  111  ( FIG. 6A ). Thereafter, the SiO 2  film  107  was removed by a patterning in a portion where the liquid supply aperture  101   b  was to be formed.  
         [0082]     (8) On the vibration plate  111 , a first pattern  112  serving as a mold for the pressure generation chamber  115  was formed by a spinner with a thickness of 60 μm, then dried and patterned ( FIG. 6B ). For the first pattern  112 , PMER HM-3000PM (manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co.) was employed.  
         [0083]     (9) On the vibration plate  111  and the first pattern  112 , a conductive layer  113  to be used for plating was formed ( FIG. 6C ). The conductive layer  113  was formed by sputtering Ti/Cu with respective thicknesses of 250/750 Å (25/75 nm) followed by a patterning. The Ti layer was formed for improving adhesion of a Cu layer to the substrate and for improving the conductivity.  
         [0084]     (10) On the conductive layer  113 , a second pattern  114  serving as a mold for the discharge port was formed by a spinner with a thickness of 25 μm, then dried and patterned ( FIG. 6C ). For the second pattern  112 , PMER LA-900PM (manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co.) was employed, and an exposure apparatus of proximity type was employed for the exposure. At the exposure, the mask and the substrate were maintained with a gap of 100 μm to form the second pattern  114  of a tapered shape.  
         [0085]     (11) Then, on the conductive layer  113 , a Ni layer was formed with a thickness of 20 μm by an electrolytic plating, and a Ni—PTFE composite plating layer was formed with a thickness of 3 μm by an electroless plating, to form a flow path structural member  118  constituting a wall member of the pressure generation chamber  115  ( FIG. 6D ).  
         [0086]     (12) Then, for protecting the upper surface side of the substrate  101 , a cyclized rubber resin  116  was coated on the upper surface ( FIG. 7A ). As the cyclized rubber resin  116 , OBC (manufacture by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co.) was employed. Thereafter, the oxide film  102  on the lower surface side of the substrate  101  was etched in a parallelogram shape for forming the rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate and the liquid supply aperture  101   b  shown in  FIG. 2 , and a laser working was applied in the vicinity of the narrower angle portion of the parallelogram to open a leading hole (not shown) in the substrate  101 . The leading hole had a depth of 80% of the thickness of the substrate  101 . Then, on the lower surface side of the substrate  101 , an anisotropic etching was conducted for a predetermined period with TMAH  22  wt. % at 80° C. In this manner the rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate and the liquid supply aperture  101   b  were formed on the substrate  101 , and the sacrifice layer  105  in the rear space  101   a  was etched to form a space  120  around the piezoelectric element  108 - 110  ( FIG. 7B ).  
         [0087]     (13) After the anisotropic etching, the cyclized rubber resin  116  was removed with xylene, and the Si 3 N 4  layer  106  serving as the etching stop layer, remaining on the lower surface side of the piezoelectric element  108 - 110 , was removed by a chemical dry etching (CDE) ( FIG. 7B ). In this manner the piezoelectric element  108 - 110  was completed. Finally, the first and second patterns  112 ,  114  were removed with Direct Pass (manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries Co.) ( FIG. 7C ). Pine Alpha ST-380 (manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries Co.) was employed as its solvent.  
         [0088]     In thus completed recording head, the discharge port  119  had a diameter of 15 μm at an upper side aperture, and a diameter of 30 μm at a lower side aperture. The wall member of the pressure generation chamber  115  had a thickness of 23 μm.  
         [0089]     The rear space  101   a  behind the vibration plate had a longer side of 3 mm, and the liquid supply aperture  101   b  had a longer side of 500 μm.  
         [0090]     In this recording head, an aqueous ink of a viscosity of 2 cp (2×10 −3  Pa·s) was discharged from the discharge port  119  in a droplet of 3 pl at a discharge frequency of 25 kHz. As a result, a recording of a high quality, without a discharge failure, was obtained. Also the discharge performance did not show a change over discharges 1×10 9  times in a continuous discharge test.  
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0091]     In the following, another example of a producing process for the ink jet recording head of the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIGS. 10A  to  13 .  
         [0092]     (1) A silicon substrate  201  having an external diameter of 150 mm and a thickness of 200 μm was thermally oxidized to form an oxide film  102  with a thickness of 6000 Å (600 nm), and the oxide film  102  of the upper side was partially etched to form an aperture  203  ( FIG. 10A ).  
         [0093]     (2) The aperture  203  was etched by an ion-coupled plasma etching apparatus (ICP) to form a groove  204  of a depth of 3 μm ( FIG. 10B ).  
         [0094]     (3) On the upper surface side of the substrate  201 , a Si 3 N 4  layer  205  as an etching stop layer was deposited by an LPCVD method with a thickness of 3000 Å (300 nm), and a SiO 2  film  206  as a protective film was formed by a thermal CVD method with a thickness of 2000 Å (200 nm) ( FIG. 10C ).  
         [0095]     (4) Then, as shown in  FIG. 10D , in the groove  204 , Ti of a thickness of 50 Å (5 nm) and Pt of a thickness of 1500 Å (150 nm) were deposited by a sputtering method to form a lower electrode  207 . On the lower electrode  207 , monocrystalline PZT was deposited with a thickness of 2 μm by a sputtering method, and was annealed for 5 hours at 680° C. in an O 2  atmosphere to obtain a piezoelectric film  208 . On the piezoelectric film  208 , Ti of a thickness of 50 Å (5 nm) and Pt of a thickness of 1500 Å (150 nm) were deposited by a sputtering method to form an upper electrode  209 .  
         [0096]     (5) On the upper surface of the substrate  201 , a SiN x  film was deposited with a thickness of 2 μm by a plasma CVD method and was patterned to form a vibration plate  210  ( FIG. 11A ). The SiO 2  film  206  in a portion to be connected with the liquid supply aperture (not shown) was removed by an etching.  
         [0097]     (6) On the upper surface of the substrate  201 , a first pattern  211  serving as a mold for the pressure generation chamber was formed ( FIG. 11B ). The first pattern  211  was formed by coating PMER HM-3000PM (manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co.) with a thickness of 60 μm by a spinner, followed by drying and patterning.  
         [0098]     (7) On the vibration plate  210  and the first pattern  211 , a conductive layer  212  to be used for plating was formed ( FIG. 11C ). The conductive layer  212  was formed by sputtering Ti/Cu with respective thicknesses of 250/750 Å (25/75 nm) followed by a patterning. The Ti layer was formed for improving adhesion of a Cu layer to the substrate and for improving the conductivity.  
         [0099]     (8) On the conductive layer  212 , a second pattern  213  serving as a mold for the discharge port was formed by a spinner with a thickness of 25 μm, then dried and patterned ( FIG. 11C ). For the second pattern  213 , PMER LA-900PM (manufactured by Tokyo Oka Kogyo Co.) was employed, and an exposure apparatus of proximity type was employed for the exposure. At the exposure, the mask and the substrate were maintained at a gap of 100 μm to form the second pattern  213  of a tapered shape.  
         [0100]     (9) Then, on the conductive layer  212 , a Ni layer was formed with a thickness of 20 μm by an electrolytic plating, and a Ni—PTFE composite plating layer was formed with a thickness of 3 μm by an electroless plating, to form a flow path structural member  214  constituting a wall member of the pressure generation chamber ( FIG. 11D ).  
         [0101]     (10) Then, the oxide film  202  on the lower surface side of the substrate  201  was patterned ( 202   a ) in a rectangular shape for forming the rear space behind the vibration plate and the liquid supply aperture as shown in  FIG. 13 , and the Si substrate was ICP etched to the Si 3 N 4  film  205  serving as an etching stop layer, thereby forming a rear space  201   a  behind the vibration plate and a liquid supply aperture (not shown) on the lower surface side of the vibration plate  210  ( FIG. 12A ). The SiO 2  film on the lower surface side of the substrate  201  was in such a pattern that a space  216  was formed around the piezoelectric element  207 - 209 .  
         [0102]     (11) The Si 3 N 4  layer  205  serving as the etching stop layer was removed by a chemical dry etching (CDE), and finally the first and second patterns  211 ,  213  were removed with Direct Pass (manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries Co.) ( FIG. 12B ). Pine Alpha ST-380 (manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries Co.) was employed as its solvent.  
         [0103]     In thus completed recording head, the discharge port had a diameter of 25 μm at an upper side aperture, and a diameter of 35 μm at a lower side aperture. The wall member of the pressure generation chamber had a thickness of 21 μm. Also the rear space  201   a  behind the vibration plate had a longer side of 3 mm, and the liquid supply aperture  201   b  had a longer side of 500 μm.  
         [0104]     In this recording head, an aqueous ink of a viscosity of 2 cp (2×10 −3  Pa·s) was discharged from the discharge port  119  in a droplet of 15 pl at a discharge frequency of 25 kHz. As a result, a recording of a high quality, without a discharge failure, was obtained. Also the discharge performance did not show a change over discharges 1×10 9  times in a continuous discharge test.  
         [0105]      FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view showing two adjacent nozzle portions in an ink jet recording head prepared in Example 3.  
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0106]      FIG. 15  shows a structure in which the Si substrate was entirely etched off by ICP, without forming the pattern  202   a  as shown in  FIG. 13  on the lower surface side of the Si substrate, in the step (10) in Example 3.  
       COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE  
       [0107]      FIG. 16  shows a structure in which a piezoelectric element was prepared in laminated layers on the substrate, without forming a groove in the Si substrate in the step (1) of Example 2, and a rear space  404  behind the vibration plate was formed by forming a polysilicon sacrifice layer on the lower side and both sides of the piezoelectric element. When such ink jet recording heads were subjected to a continuous discharge test, the discharge became impossible in certain heads by a crack formation in a corner portion  403  of the vibration plate  302  after 3×10 7  discharges.  
         [0108]     This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-231026 filed Aug. 6, 2004, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

Technology Classification (CPC): 8