Patent Abstract:
It is important to know the precise position of equipment when testing of the BOP, testing the wellhead, flow testing the well, kick control, well circulation and testing of spool trees between the wellhead and the BOP. Accordingly, there is provided a system for determining the real time position of equipment within a bore, the system including a data input means for inputting data concerning the physical characteristics of components which are run into the bore; a sensing means located, in use, within the bore and including a sensor for determining data concerning at least one physical characteristic of the equipment at a given time; a data storage means for recording the inputted data and the determined data; and a comparison means for comparing the input data and the determined data to establish which part of the equipment is being sensed by the sensor.

Full Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   This invention relates to a system for determining the position of moving equipment within a bore such that, for example, an operator of a drilling system can determine the diameter, shape or orientation of the vertically moving equipment at specific locations within a well, especially at the wellhead and at the blow out preventer (BOP). 
   BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
   When drilling in subsea applications, which can be at a water depth of as much as 10,000 feet (3,000 metres), it is important to know the location of the equipment with respect to the BOP, the wellhead, in the cased hole and in the bore of the drilled well. For example, it is important to know how equipment needs to be positioned in and along the bore for operations to be performed correctly. 
   The prime operations are: drilling the well, casing and cementing, well testing, completion and running any equipment inside the completion, a well workover and well intervention. In addition to the well operations, there are the system tests to check the integrity of individual systems and that they are performed as required. These may include the well, wellhead and BOP pressure tests and the BOP operating tests. A subsea well also creates additional complications in respect to a well kick operation or underbalance drilling (i.e. snubbing in or out of the hole) and the requirement to carry out an emergency disconnect and later the reestablishment of the well. 
   While carrying out all these operations from a floating vessel, it is important to know accurately, at any instant, the position of items of equipment within the system. 
   When drilling a subsea well, the prime pressure containing equipment that contains possible formation pressures includes the subsea wellhead, the casing which is hung from and cemented to the wellhead and the BOP on the wellhead. 
   A BOP assembly is a multi closure safety device which is connected to the top of a drilled, and often partially cased, hole. The accessible top end of the casing is terminated using a casing spool or wellhead housing to which the BOP assembly is connected and sealed. 
   The wellhead and BOP stack (the section in which rams are provided) must be able to contain fluids at a pressure rating in excess of any formation pressures that are anticipated when drilling or when having to pump into the well to suppress or circulate an uncontrolled pressurized influx of formation fluid. This influx of formation fluid is known as a “kick” and reestablishing control of the well by pumping to suppress the influx or to circulate the influx out under pressure is known as “killing the well”. An uncontrolled escape of fluid, whether liquid or gas, to the environment is termed a ‘blow out’. A blow out can result in major leak to the environment which can ignite or explode, jeopardizing personnel and equipment in the vicinity, and pollution. 
   Although normal drilling practices provide a liquid hydrostatic pressure barrier to a kick, a final second safety barrier is provided mechanically by the BOP assembly. The BOP assembly must close and seal on tubular equipment (i.e., pipe, casing or tubing) hung or operated through the BOP assembly and ultimately must be capable of shearing and sealing off the well. A general term for a tubular system run into the well is called a string. Wells are typically drilled using a tapered drill string having successively larger diameter of tubulars at the lower end. When running a completion or carrying out a workover, various diameter of tubulars, coiled tubing, cable and wireline and an assortment of tools are run. In addition, dual tubulars, or tubulars with pipes and cables as a bundle, must be considered. 
   A subsea conventional BOP assembly is attached to a wellhead and is provided with a number of rams either to seal around different set tubular diameters or to shear and seal the bore. These rams should be rated to perform at pressures in excess of any anticipated well pressures or kick control injection pressures which are approximately 10 to 15 kpsi (69-103 MPa). A minimum of one annular is provided above the rams to cater for any tubular diameter or for stripping in or out under pressure. An annular is a hydraulically energized elastometric toroidal unit that closes and seal on varying diameters of tubular member whether stationary or moving into or out of the well. Due to the nature of this pressure barrier element, a lower maximum rated working pressure of about 5 kpsi (34 MPa) is normally available. 
   Above the annulars, there are no further well pressure barrier elements with the riser only providing a hydrostatic head, liquid containment and guidance of equipment on a normal pressure controlled drilling operation. For a subsea riser system, the hydrostatic head of the different drilling liquids over the ambient sea water pressure means the low pressure zone above the subsea BOP assembly must still withstand hydrostatic pressures of, depending upon the depth of water, approximately 5 kpsi (34 MPa). 
   The conventional BOP assembly in effect provides a three zone pressure containment safety system. The three zones typically consists of the first high pressure lowermost section encompassing the rams, the medium pressure second zone having the annular or annulars and the low pressure third zone being the bore open to atmosphere and, on a subsea system, the riser bore to the surface vessel. Therefore it is critical that the correct rams are closed on the correct diameter and full pressure integrity is achieved. In an emergency disconnect it is important that, besides sealing on the pipe or tubular, the pipe is held and not dropped down the hole. 
   A BOP can be fitted with a ram or rams to suit various diameters of drill pipe, tubing or casing. Variable rams can be used, having carefully selected their range. A BOP is fitted with the rams mostly likely to be needed in a certain drilling/workover phase. If a stage is reached where an inadequate range of rams are in the BOP to handle the tools/equipment to be used in the next sequence, the BOP has to be pulled and appropriately redressed. 
   When drilling or carrying out well intervention on a subsea well where the wellhead is at the seabed, the subsea BOP attached to the subsea wellhead is connected to a buoyant floating drilling vessel by a riser. A floating drilling vessel should maintain its station vertically above the well to enable well operations to be performed. 
   Failure to do so caused by weather conditions, current forces, equipment malfunctions, drift off or drive off, fire or explosion, collision of other marine incidents means it is necessary if possible to make the well safe, isolate the well at the seabed and disconnect the riser system. In a severe emergency, shearing any tubulars or equipment in the BOP bore, sealing the well to full working pressure and disconnecting the riser system is required to be achieved in under 30 seconds. 
   At present, in order to know what components are run through the drill floor, a manual record of the relevant dimensions, such as the length and the diameter of components are logged. These records are typically made in a notebook before being totalled up. Mathematical errors can occur easily during the totaling or components can be left out of the tally entirely or additional equipment, over and above that scheduled to be run, run in through the rotary table can be ignored or forgotten. Therefore, on a number of occasions, the accuracy of the tally is questionable. 
   Furthermore, as there are a wide variety of components which can be run in the hole, often with minor variations in length for what otherwise appear to be identical components, it is important that each component is measured individually before it is attached to the string. It is easy for minor errors in measurement of each component to add up to a significant error over the length of the string. 
   A further problem is that even when the measurements are accurately taken at the rig, these measurements are passive, i.e. on unstressed dimensions of the component. Once the component has been run in on a string, it may have 5,000 metres of additional components hanging from its end and, although this would not produce a significant change in length of a single component, when the total change is added-up over all components of the drill string, the change can be significant. 
   Furthermore, as the riser extending between the wellhead and the drill rig may be 2000-3000 m in length, it is subject to subsea currents and may be caused to “snake” between the rig and the wellhead. In this case, the length of drill string run into the riser is not directly comparable to the straight distance between the rig and the wellhead. 
   Additional problems are encountered as the drilling rig heaves on the sea surface such that its position, which is dependent on the tide and the vessel draft, is constantly changing with respect to the sea bed. This can, in part, be compensated for by the use of telescopic joints and a travelling block, but these additional factors need also to be included in any calculation of the position of the string. As the rig can heave in a matter of seconds, it can, in rough conditions, be impossible to determine accurately the position of the string given that the calculations required at present are cumbersome and complex. 
   It is critical at certain instances to know the position of equipment in the hole and, on a floating vessel, this requires knowledge of the tally, water depth, the draft and any change of draft of the vessel, swell or tidal heave, position of the travelling block, the stroke of the compensator and the depth of hole drilled since the last summation was made. This does not take into account snaking of the riser due to currents or cross currents in deep water, or the extension of the tubular string due to tension and weight. It is therefore difficult to determine accurately what component is at any given depth in a quick and accurate manner. 
   An example outlining a subsea well operation is an emergency disconnect involving the drilling string. 
   The accurate position of the drill string is required in the event of an emergency shut in of the BOP by closure of, for example, the shear blind rams in the BOP stack. The shear blind rams are those which can cut the drill string or a pipe or tubing and then seal the BOP bore when there is a need to carry out an emergency disconnect of the riser system from the BOP stack. The shear blind rams are activated with only a set force and therefore, should the rams close on a section of equipment which is significantly larger than the shear capability of the rams, for example on a joint between adjacent pipe sections, the rams may not fully sever the drill string thereby not closing sufficiently to seal the well and allow an emergency disconnect to be carried out correctly. To prevent the drill string falling down the hole, and to enable the drill string to be available to kill and circulate the well on reconnection, it is very advisable to be able to hang the drill string off on a set of pipe rams. This is achieved by resting an up-set diameter of the string on a set of pipe rams below the blind shear rams. 
   For operations of this sort, it is necessary to know the position of a specific part of the drill string to approximately one metre over anything up to 3,000 metres: 
   Further examples in which it is important to know the precise position of equipment is in testing of the BOP, testing the wellhead, flow testing the well, kick control, well circulation and testing of spool trees between the wellhead and the BOP. 
   Accordingly, it is an aim of the present invention to provide a system which enables the above problems to be overcome and allows the operator of the drilling system to know the precise position of a string, which may be moving, relative to a section of the well, the BOP or the wellhead at any given moment. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   According to the present invention, there is provided a system for determining the real time position of equipment within a bore, the system comprising: 
   a data input means for inputting data concerning the physical characteristics of components which are run into the bore; 
   a sensing means located, in use, within the bore and including a sensor for determining data concerning at least one physical characteristic of the equipment at a given time; 
   a data storage means for recording the inputted data and the determined data; and 
   a comparison means for comparing the input data and the determined data to establish which part of the equipment is being sensed by the sensor. 
   Preferably, the information input to the data input means includes the length, shape and/or diameter(s) of components making up the equipment and run in or out of the bore. Many components may have multiple changes in diameter over their length and it is important that all such information is entered into the data input means. 
   Thus, the present invention provides a system by which the exact signature profile of the equipment is recorded as it is run into or out of the bore and a sensor, located at the relevant location in the bore, provides information relating to changes in a known physical characteristic of the equipment. By comparing the sensed data and the known data, it is possible to work out which part of the equipment is adjacent to the lower sensor and therefore the position of the equipment relative to the BOP and the wellhead. 
   Preferably, the information input to the data input means also includes the distance between the changes in diameter, either along a single component or between diameters on adjacent components. Preferably, the sensor determines the shape and/or diameter of the equipment at a given time. 
   The sensing means preferably includes a means for determining the distance between successive changes in diameter. 
   Preferably, the system further comprises a sensing means for determining the direction of travel of the equipment in the bore and this may be part of the downhole sensor or a vessel based sensor. 
   The system may be used on a subsea bore having a wellhead with a BOP connected to it, which, in turn has a riser connected to it which, in turn, is connected to a drilling rig having a telescopic joint, a derrick, a travelling block/compensator and draw works. 
   Preferably, a further sensor is located, in use, in the upper portion of the riser fixed to the vessel to determine the profile of the equipment as it is run into the riser system. 
   Furthermore, it is preferable that a travel sensor is located on the telescopic joint to measure the movement of the telescopic joint between the floating drilling vessel and the top end of the riser linked to the seabed or to compute the travel from a line travel sensor on a riser tensioner line. 
   Another variable is movement in the derrick between the connection to the equipment and the vessel caused by the compensator stroking and operations of the draw works. A location sensor on the lower part of the compensator relative to the derrick could be considered. A physical means would be to monitor the stroking of the compensator with a travel sensor and to register the position of the travelling block in respect to the derrick. A method is to monitor line travel of the drill line from the draw works to the travelling block taking account of the number of sheaved lines to obtain the true travel. 
   The data input means is preferably a further sensor of the type used in the bore and it can therefore measure accurately the diameters and the lengths of all equipment run or pulled through the drilling vessel&#39;s drill floor. This information can be enhanced by referencing detailed product specifications which could include internal diameters, type of connection, strength and identification number. This would then provide a cross reference between what is actually run and what was scheduled to be run. 
   With an accurate knowledge of the equipment&#39;s signature profile and additional information, the sensor in the bore actively monitors the motion of the equipment relative to the fixed position of the sensor and therefore relative to the wellhead. By combining these two sources of information with the well, wellhead, BOP configuration data, the position of any item of equipment can be related to any point in the well. 
   Using a microprocessor to collate this information/data, an active animated visual display may then be produced on a visual display device, such as a monitor, at a choice of scales most suited for the operation at the desired section of the well system. 
   This invention described in respect to a subsea drilling BOP can equally be applied to workover BOPs, wireline or coil tubing BOPs. Equally the system can cater for wire, cable or coil tubing operations by recording the length of cabling run past a line travel sensor. 
   A surface sensor, that is one on the drilling rig, may be provided to register the length of individually made up items of equipment. The reason for this is that in certain circumstances, a section of the equipment run into the bore may be made up of a plurality of tubulars which, when joined to each other, have a continuous outer diameter (ie external flush drill collars and liner pipes). The surface sensor can register their lengths as the joints are made up although a string sensor lower down the riser would not be able to detect any diameter or shape change. 
   Once the wellhead with the surface casing string, BOP and riser system is run, all subsequent casing strings and the drilling strings used to drill the next section of hole can also be recorded. This will allow an accurate elevation of casings within casings in the well at any depth to be formulated as casing strings are run and cemented inside the previous casing. 
   The ability of the bore sensors to monitor the shape and orientation means that when, carrying out certain down hole tasks, the number of rotations of the equipment can be registered at the BOP sensor, rather than having to rely on knowledge of the number turns made at the surface. The problem with relying solely on the information from the surface is that there may be some relative twist on the equipment run, such that, for example, ten turns at the surface only corresponds to five turns at the sensor. 
   By combining a knowledge of the time a string has been in its position and how much it has been rotated, likely wear characteristics in the riser or in the cased hole can be predicted and may then be reduced. 
   The down hole sensor(s) is (are) preferably located in a retrievable part of the LRP/riser system, such as the low pressure area of the BOP/riser, thereby allowing easier maintenance, service and repair. Additionally no disconnect and make-up interface is required compared with a BOP stack mounted sensor system. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     One example of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic longitudinal cross sectional view through a subsea well being drilled by a floating vessel showing the well, wellhead, subsea BOP, riser and drilling rig incorporating the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic longitudinal cross sectional view of the drilling rig top side of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic longitudinal cross sectional view of a typical subsea BOP of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic longitudinal cross section through the BOP of  FIG. 1  during normal drilling; 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic longitudinal cross section through the BOP of  FIG. 1  at the start of an emergency disconnect; 
       FIGS. 6 and 7  are schematic longitudinal cross sections through the BOP of  FIG. 1  during the emergency disconnect; 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic longitudinal cross sectional view through the BOP of  FIG. 1  after the emergency disconnect; 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic longitudinal cross sectional view through part of the BOP after an emergency disconnect showing the status of the rams and the valves; 
       FIG. 10  is a vertical schematic cross section view through one example of a sensor which could be used as part of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 11  is a horizontal schematic cross-sectional view of the sensor of  FIG. 10 . 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   A drilling rig  2 , a subsea BOP assembly  10  and wellhead assembly  11  is shown schematically in  FIGS. 1 to 3 . A wellhead assembly  11  is formed at the upper end of a bore into the seabed  12  and is provided with a wellhead housing  13 . The BOP assembly  10  is, in this example, comprised of a BOP lower riser package (LRP)  15  and a BOP stack  16 . The LRP  15  and the BOP stack  16  are connected in such a way that there is a continuous bore  17  from the lower end of the BOP stack through to the upper end of the LRP. The lower end of the BOP stack  16  is connected to the upper end of the wellhead housing  13  and is sealed in place. The upper part of the LRP  15  consists of a flex joint  20  which is connected to a riser adaptor  28 , which is, in turn, connected to a riser pipe  19 . The riser pipe  19  connects the BOP assembly  10  to a surface rig  2 . 
   Within the bore  17  and the riser pipe  19 , a tubular string  21  is provided. Such a string is comprised of a number of different types of component including simple piping, joint members, bore guidance equipment, and may have attached at its lower end, a test tool, a drill bit or a simple device which allows the flow of desired fluids from the well. The wellhead housing  13 , as an example, is shown with one wear bushing  22  and a number of well casings  23  which have previously been set in the wellhead and which extend into the hole in the sea bed  12 . 
   The BOP stack is provided with a number of valve means for closing both the bore  17  and/or on the string  21  and these include lower pipe rams  30 , middle pipe rams  31 , upper pipe rams  32  and shear blind rams  33 . These four sets of rams comprise the high pressure zone in the BOP stack  16  and they can withstand the greatest pressure. The lower, middle and upper pipe rams are designed such that they can close around the string  21 . However, the rams are only designed to close around a specific diameter of the drill string, for example on a 5 inch (125 mm) pipe section, and it is therefore important to know, in the event of, for example, an emergency disconnect, whether or not the rams are opposite a suitable section of the drill string  21  to enable them to close correctly and provide a seal. 
   Of course, when the lower  30 , middle  31  and upper  32  pipe rams are closed, whilst the bore  17  is sealed, the bore of the drill string  21  itself is still open. Thus, the shear blind rams  33  are designed such that, when operated, they can cut through the drill string  21  and provide a single barrier between the upwardly pressurized drilling fluid and the surface. 
   Above the shear blind rams  33 , a lower annular  34  and an upper annular  35  are provided and these can also seal around the drill string  21  when closed and provide a medium pressure zone. 
   The lower pressure zone is located above the upper annular  35  and includes the flex joint  20 , the riser adaptor  28  and the riser  19 . The low pressure containing means of this zone is merely the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid which is retained in the bore open to the surface. 
   Extending from the surface rig  2  to the BOP assembly  10  are choke  40  and kill  41  lines for the supply of fluid to or from the BOP. The choke line  40  is, in this example, in fluid communication with the bore  17 , in this example, three locations, each location having an individual branch which is controlled by a pair of valves (see  FIG. 3 ). The uppermost valves are inner  45  and outer  46  gas vents and the branch on which they are located extends to the bore  17  below the upper annular  35 . The choke line  40  extends, passing in and out of gas vents, through a choke test valve  47  and enters the bore  17  via upper, inner  48  and outer  49  choke valves above the middle pipe rams  31  and via lower, inner  50  and outer  51  choke valves below the lower pipe rams  30 . 
   On the opposite side of the BOP stack, the kill line  41  is equipped with a kill test valve  52  before the kill line  41  enters the bore  17  at two locations, again each of which is via a pair of valves; upper, inner  54  and outer  55  kill valves and lower, inner  56  and outer  57  kill valves respectively. The upper branch is between the upper pipe rams  32  and the shear blind rams  33  and lower branch is between the lower  30  and middle  31  pipe rams. 
   The drill rig  2  is connected to the riser  19  by means of a telescopic joint  60  (see  FIG. 2 ). In this example, the upper end  61  of the telescopic joint  60  is spaced vertically from the lower surface of the drill floor  62  of the drill rig  2  and, as such, extending from the lower surface of the drill floor, there is provided a telescopic joint outer barrel  64  which extends into, and in sealing engagement  61  with, the telescopic joint outer barrel  64  of the telescopic joint  60 . As the drill floor moves vertically relative to the outer barrel  64  of the telescopic joint  60 , the inner barrel  63  can slide within a recess portion of the outer barrel  64 . The telescopic joint  60  is suspended from the drill floor  62  by means of riser tensioner cables  65  which are connected, via sheaves  84 , to motion compensating tensioners (not shown). The upper end of the inner barrel  63  is connected to a flexible joint  66  which, in turn, which forms the diverter assembly  67  extending below the lower surface of the drill floor  62 . The diverter assembly annular  68  is provided to seal the bore  17  if necessary. Drilling mud which passes up the riser  19  is directed through a mud outlet  69  through a flow nipple  70 . The choke and kill lines  40 , 41  are connected to respective flexible choke and flexible kill  71 ,  72  lines which extend on to the main deck  73  of the rig  2  and connect to the manifold and a high pressure pumping system. 
   On the upper surface of the drill floor  62 , there is a derrick  74  which supports a set of sheaves  75  known as the crown block. The travelling block  76  is connected to a compensator and possibly a top drive assembly  77  which is, in turn, connected to the string  21 . The crown block  75  and the travelling block  76  are connected by a cable  79  which is connected into draw works  78 . 
   A number of sensors are included in the BOP  10  and the drilling rig  2 . These include a riser adaptor bore object sensor  80  which is located at the upper end of the LRP  15  and a telescopic joint bore object sensor  81  which is located at the upper end of inner barrel  63 . Each of these sensors can detect the diameter, shape and orientation of the string  21  which is within the sensor and they can transmit the information electronically to a centralized data collection means and a microprocessor (not shown). The sensors  80  and  81  thereby provide a series of measurements which can be used in determining the location of the string  21  at any given time. In particular, the telescopic joint bore object sensor  81  provides a sequence of measurements, especially the diameters, changes in diameter, shape and orientation of the string  21 , as it is run into the riser  19  and provides reference data for later comparison. The riser adapter bore object sensor  80  detects the diameters and changes in diameter the shape and orientation of the string  21  as it passes the sensor  80  near the BOP  10 . By comparing the sequence of diameters and diameter changes measured by the riser adaptor bore object sensor  80  with the reference data provided by the telescopic joint bore object sensor  81 , the processor on the rig can determine which section of the drill string which is within the BOP at any given time. 
   The BOP  10  may also be provided with ram travel sensors  90  located on each ram of the lower  30 , middle  31 , upper  32  pipe rams and on the shear blind rams  33 . Additionally, annular travel sensors  91  can be provided on the lower  34  and upper  35  annulars. In particular, the sensors can determine whether or not each of the rams or annulars has been activated, and if so, whether the ram or annular is in the correct position for sealing around the string  21 . 
   Further sensors can be provided to measure other movement, such as heave of the rig, which would affect the location of the string relative to the BOP. 
   For example, a heave sensor  86  is provided between the drill floor  62  and the telescopic joint outer barrel  61  to account for variations due to heave of the rig. Additionally a mechanical travel sensor is included on the compensator/top drive assembly  77  to take account of the movement the compensator. The position of the travelling block  76  is known by the use of a line travel sensor  85  in the draw works  78 . 
   An example description of the how the system can operate is shown in  FIGS. 4 to 8 . The example taken is an emergency disconnect of the vessel from the well between the BOP stack and the LRP. 
     FIG. 4  shows a cross sectional view through the BOP when a drill string  21  is operating in a conventional drilling mode and is rotating. In this situation, the riser adaptor bore object sensor  80  can detect changes in diameter of the tool joint  92 , in this case, an increase in diameter, and this information would be relayed to the data storage means (not shown). In this example, the change in diameter at the tool joint  92  is effected by a section in which the diameter changes gradually from the smaller main pipe diameter to the larger diameter of the joint  92 . In this case, both sides of the tool joint are provided with the same profile but, if different profiles were used on each side of the tool joint  92 , it would be possible to determine in which direction the drill string  21  was moving as it passed the sensor  80  by detecting the shape of the profile of the diameter change. Alternatively, an additional sensor or an array of vertical sensors (not shown) could be provided to sense the direction and distance of travel of the string  21 . The ability to know the direction and distance of travel is of considerable importance in determining the section of string which is adjacent to the sensor  80  and therefore what profile is currently in the BOP. 
     FIGS. 5 to 8  show how, after determining the location of the string  21  within the BOP  10 , and therefore whether or not any tool joints  92  are present, an emergency disconnect can then be safely carried out. In this example, the rotating drill string  21  is monitored by the sensor  80  and the tool joint  92  is observed to be moving relative to the BOP. The location and operating status of the rams and annulars can be confirmed, by using the sensors  90  and  91 , to be in the fully retracted positions. 
   When a rapid controlled emergency disconnect is required, the drill string  21  is picked up until the tool joint  92  is above the lower pipe rams  30  and rotation is stopped. The drill string  21  is held in this position and confirmation is obtained that the tool joint is above those rams. The lower pipe rams  30  are then lightly closed and the sensors  90  connected to the lower pipe rams  30  can confirm the correct closure of the rams on the drill string  21 . The lower pipe rams  30  are closed only under a low operating pressure at this stage. 
   Then the drill string  21  is lowered such that the tool joint  92  rests on the upper surface of the lower pipe rams  31  which will now support the drill string ( FIG. 6 ). This can be detected by a loss of drill string weight recorded at the surface. At this stage, full ram close pressure is then applied to the lower pipe rams  30 . The sensors  90  can again confirm that the rams are fully closed around the drill string  21 . If present, ram locks (not shown) can be operated to prevent the lower pipe rams  30  from being forced apart. 
   A similar operation can then be carried out on the upper pipe rams if the diameter of drill string across the closure point of the upper pipe rams  32  is suitable (see  FIG. 7 ). 
   Next, the shear blind rams  33  can be closed, cutting the string  21 , with the upper part being pulled up. Again this can be confirmed by the use of sensor  90 . The ram locks, if present, can also then be activated. 
   The lower riser package  15  can then be disconnected from the BOP stack  16  and pulled clear of the remaining subsea components ( FIG. 8 ). 
   The current method is to take the drill string position from the drillers tally and then account for heave, for vessel draft, for the position of the travelling block, note if the rig is off center, and then estimate the positions of the tool joints. Using the bore equipment detection system operating a drill floor monitor, and displaying a visual presentation, the driller can visually observe the situation at any given time. 
     FIG. 9  shows a typical exploded display that could be displayed on a drill floor monitor (not shown) and gives a view of the lower  30 , middle  31  and upper  32  pipe rams after an emergency disconnect has been carried out. In this example, the lower  30  and middle  31  variable pipe rams have been closed on the smaller diameter of the main drill string  21  and the ram lock would be in the closed position. Additionally, the shear blind rams  33  would also be closed and again the ram locks would be in the closed position. However, the middle pipe rams  31  have not been operated and therefore the ram locks would still be in the open position. This form of checking would be carried out at all stages within the emergency disconnect procedure to ensure that each ram and annular was in the appropriate position for that stage of the operation. 
     FIGS. 10 and 11  shows a close up view of one of the bore object sensors  80  or  81 . The sensor is an electronic/magnetic sensor that can determine electronically and accurately the diameter of a body within the bore  17  and its location within the bore, i.e. if the tubular string or strings is on one side of the bore, thereby indicating that the rig may not be vertically above the wellhead. A full string signature profile can be obtained by the surface bore object sensor  81  and this can be compared with the observed string profile which is determined by the riser adaptor bore object sensor  80 . 
   As the drill string  21  is run down through each of the sensors  80 ,  81 , a profile is generated of the change in diameters and by comparing the data from the surface bore object sensor  81  with the measured data from the riser adaptor bore object sensor  80 , it is possible to determine which section of the drill string  21  is within the BOP. If necessary, additional bore object sensors could be located in other positions within the BOP or in the riser itself. 
   The bore object sensor is formed by using a non-metallic body  100 , possibly formed from an epoxy, within which are mounted a set of emitters  101  and receivers  102 . The emitters and receivers are connected to a microprocessor (not shown). Using an electrical pulse sent out by the emitters  101 , a uniform electric field would be monitored by the receivers  102  if no object were present in the field of the sensor. However, when an object, such as the drill string, enters this field, the field flux lines  103  are disturbed and each receiver  102  can monitor the change in the electric field. When requiring to sense non metallic objects, the frequency will have to be varied. This allows the microprocessor to compute the closeness and the shape of the object to each of the receivers and therefore determine its size, shape, orientation and position within the bore.

Technology Classification (CPC): 4