Patent Abstract:
An apparatus for the production of low pressure gaseous oxygen includes a heat exchanger and a system of columns comprised of an auxiliary column, a higher pressure column and a lower pressure column. The LP column and the HP column are thermally integrated via a top reboiler/condenser disposed on top of the HP column. The system of columns is configured to separate a cooled air stream into oxygen and nitrogen. The auxiliary column comprises a distillation section and a first and second reboiler. One of the reboilers is driven by the cooled air stream and the other reboiler is driven by a pressurized nitrogen stream. The first and second reboilers boil their fluids at the same pressure as the auxiliary column.

Full Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention generally relates to an apparatus for producing gaseous oxygen, and more particularly low pressure gaseous oxygen useful for oxy-combustion service and other services. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    In typical oxygen production, it is common to use one or more auxiliary vaporizers to produce oxygen at pressure, and in the case of multiple auxiliary vaporizers, complicated and expensive air boosting equipment is typical used, which adds further expense to a project. 
         [0003]      FIG. 1  represents an embodiment of the prior art. Cooled and purified air from the adsorbers is split into two streams, with one portion going to the higher pressure (HP) column  40  for rectification, and a second portion being used as a reboiling fluid for the reboiler  23  of the auxiliary column  20 , where the air is condensed before being introduced to the HP column and optionally the lower pressure (LP) column  80  via streams  6  and  8 , respectively. HP column  40  and LP column  80  are thermally integrated via reboiler  41 . 
         [0004]    HP column  40  is configured to operate under conditions effective to separate the air into nitrogen and oxygen. Crude oxygen stream  42  is removed from the bottom of HP column  40 , optionally cooled in auxiliary heat exchanger (not shown), reduced in pressure via a valve and introduced to a middle section of LP column  80  for separation therein. 
         [0005]    Within HP column  40 , nitrogen vapor rises towards the top and ultimately is condensed in the reboiler  41  before being reintroduced to the top of HP column  40  as liquid. Nitrogen-rich liquid  47  is then withdrawn from a top portion of HP column  40 , optionally cooled in auxiliary heat exchanger (not shown), reduced in pressure via a valve, and then introduced to the top of LP column  80 . 
         [0006]    Oxygen-rich liquid  82  is withdrawn from a bottom portion of LP column  80 , and pumped by second pump P 2  to the reboiler that is fixed atop of HP column  40 . The oxygen-rich liquid introduced to the reboiler provides the refrigeration necessary to condense the nitrogen vapor coming from HP column  40 . During the course of operation, the heat provided by the nitrogen vapor causes some of the oxygen-rich liquid to vaporize. Oxygen-rich gas  44  is withdrawn from the top of the reboiler and introduced to the bottom portion of LP column  80  for further separation therein. Oxygen-rich liquid  49  is withdrawn from a bottom part of the reboiler and sent to a top portion of auxiliary column  20  for further separation therein. 
         [0007]    Auxiliary column  20  contains a single reboiler  23  that uses a cooled and purified air stream as the reboiling fluid. This air stream is condensed within the single reboiler  23  and then combined with another air stream before one portion  6  is sent to the HP column and a second portion  8  is sent to the LP column for separation therein. 
         [0008]    Oxygen-rich liquid accumulates in the bottom portion of auxiliary column  20  (e.g., the portion below the distillation section). As noted previously, cooled, purified air provides reboiling duty for reboiler  23 , which causes some of the oxygen-rich liquid (as well as any other impurities such as nitrogen) to boil off and travel through the distillation media and ultimately withdrawn from the top of auxiliary column  20  as oxygen overheads  22  before being introduced to the bottom portion of LP column  80 . 
         [0009]    Liquid oxygen  27  is withdrawn from auxiliary column  20 , pressurized to a higher pressure than the LP column (and auxiliary column) and sent to auxiliary vaporizer  30 . Air coming from a booster air compressor is used as a vaporizing fluid for the vaporizer of auxiliary vaporizer  30 . Gaseous oxygen is withdrawn from the top of auxiliary vaporizer  30  and collected as product. 
         [0010]    Notably, in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , auxiliary vaporizer  30  operates at a pressure higher than the LP column, and the auxiliary column  20  operates at a pressure substantially the same as the LP column. 
         [0011]    In addition, the complicated separate auxiliary vaporizers and their associated piping and valves are expensive as well. This also leads to an increase in cold box volumes further raising the cost of the facility. 
         [0012]    Therefore, it would be desirable to have an improved apparatus and method that avoids these added expenses and operates in an overall more efficient manner. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    The present invention is directed to a method that satisfies at least one of these needs. In one embodiment, the method can include elimination of auxiliary vaporizers by operating the lower, and separate, portion of a lower pressure column at the delivery pressure of the oxygen. In one embodiment, reboil of the LP column can be accomplished using two stacked reboilers, with one driven by pressurized nitrogen and the other driven by pressurized air. In one embodiment, a nitrogen turbine/booster can be used. In another embodiment, an air turbine/booster can be used. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other turbine arrangements are possible. 
         [0014]    In one embodiment, the apparatus for the production of low pressure gaseous oxygen can include a heat exchanger, an auxiliary column, a higher pressure (HP) column, an LP column, and a cold compressor. In one embodiment, the heat exchanger has a warm end, a cold end, and an intermediate section. In one embodiment, the auxiliary column is in fluid communication with the cold end of the heat exchanger, and the auxiliary column includes a distillation section, a first reboiler and a second reboiler. In one embodiment, the first reboiler is configured to use a fluid consisting essentially of air as its reboiling fluid. In one embodiment, the second reboiler is configured to use a pressurized nitrogen stream as its reboiling fluid. In one embodiment, the HP column is in fluid communication with the heat exchanger and the auxiliary column, and the HP column is configured to receive at least a first portion of air from the first reboiler of the auxiliary column. In one embodiment, the HP column is configured to receive at least a first portion of the pressurized nitrogen stream from the second reboiler of the auxiliary column. 
         [0015]    In one embodiment, the LP column is in fluid communication with the heat exchanger and the HP column, and the LP column is configured to receive a bottoms liquid comprising oxygen from the HP column. In one embodiment, the cold compressor is in fluid communication with a top portion of the HP column, such that the compressor is configured to receive and pressurize at least a first portion of a nitrogen-rich gas from the HP column to form the pressurized nitrogen stream. 
         [0016]    In optional embodiments of the apparatus for the production of low pressure gaseous oxygen:
       the first reboiler and the second reboiler are disposed in a vertical arrangement with each other;   the first reboiler is disposed above the second reboiler within the auxiliary column;   the first reboiler is disposed in the same horizontal plane as the second reboiler within the auxiliary column;   the LP column is in fluid communication with the auxiliary column, wherein the LP column is configured to receive at least a second portion of air from the first reboiler of the auxiliary column, wherein the LP column is configured to receive at least a second portion of the pressurized nitrogen stream from the second reboiler of the auxiliary column;   the apparatus can also include a nitrogen expander having an inlet and an outlet, wherein the inlet is in fluid communication with the intermediate section of the heat exchanger, and the outlet of the nitrogen expander is in fluid communication with the cold end of the heat exchanger, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to warm a first portion of nitrogen-rich gas of the nitrogen-rich gas from the HP column;   the apparatus can also include an absence of an auxiliary vaporizer; and/or   the auxiliary column is configured to operate at a pressure higher than an operating pressure of the LP column.       
 
         [0024]    In another aspect of the invention, the apparatus for the production of low pressure gaseous oxygen can include a heat exchanger and a system of columns comprised of an auxiliary column, a higher pressure (HP) column and a lower pressure (LP) column, wherein the LP column and the HP column are thermally integrated via a top reboiler/condenser disposed on top of the HP column, wherein the system of columns is configured to separate a cooled air stream into oxygen and nitrogen, wherein the auxiliary column comprises a distillation section and a first reboiler and second reboiler, wherein the first reboiler is driven by the cooled air stream and the second reboiler is driven by a pressurized nitrogen stream, wherein the first reboiler and the second reboiler boil fluid at the same pressure as the auxiliary column. 
         [0025]    In optional embodiments of the apparatus for the production of low pressure gaseous oxygen:
       the apparatus can also include an absence of an auxiliary vaporizer;   wherein the first reboiler and the second reboiler are disposed in a vertical arrangement with each other;   the first reboiler is disposed above the second reboiler within the auxiliary column;   the first reboiler is disposed in the same horizontal plane as the second reboiler within the auxiliary column;   the auxiliary column is configured to operate at a pressure higher than an operating pressure of the LP column; and/or   the auxiliary column is configured to produce gaseous oxygen at a delivery pressure of the oxygen product.       
 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0032]    These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, claims, and accompanying drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only several embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the invention&#39;s scope as it can admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
           [0033]      FIG. 1  provides an embodiment of the prior art. 
           [0034]      FIG. 2  shows an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0035]    While the invention will be described in connection with several embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all the alternatives, modifications and equivalence as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention defined by the appended claims. 
         [0036]      FIG. 2  represents an embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, compressed and purified air  2  from a booster air compressor (not shown) is cooled in heat exchanger  10  and then used to provide reboiling duties for air driven reboiler  23 , thereby condensing at least a portion of the air to form partially condensed air  3 . In a preferred embodiment, all of the air is condensed. First air portion  6  is reduced in pressure by a valve and then introduced into a middle section of higher pressure (HP) column  40  for separation therein. In the embodiment shown, second air portion  8  is reduced in pressure by a valve before being introduced to a middle section of lower pressure (LP) column  80  for separation therein. In an optional embodiment, all of the air is sent to HP column  40 . 
         [0037]    In an optional embodiment not shown, partially condensed air  3  can be sent to a liquid gas separator, whereby a gaseous air fraction is withdrawn from the top and introduced to a middle section of HP column  40 , and a condensed air fraction is withdrawn from the bottom and a first portion is introduced to the middle section of HP column  40  at a point below the gaseous air fraction. Additionally, the second air portion  8  can be cooled in an auxiliary heat exchanger prior to being sent to a second liquid gas separator, wherein a gaseous air fraction is withdrawn from the top and introduced to the middle section of the LP column  80 , and a condensed air fraction is withdrawn from the bottom and is introduced to the middle section of the LP column  80  at a point below the gaseous air fraction. 
         [0038]    Air from adsorbers  4  is split into first portion  4   a  and second portion  4   b . First portion  4   a  is compressed in air booster  103  of air turbine/booster  100  to form compressed air  102 , which preferably is at a pressure between 4 bara and 5.5 bara, more preferably between 4.5 bara and 5 bara. Compressed air  102  is then partially cooled in heat exchanger  10  and withdrawn from an intermediate location of heat exchanger  10  and then expanded in air turbine  105  of turbine/booster  100  to form expanded air  107 , before being introduced to LP column  80  for separation therein. After expansion, expanded air  107  is preferably at the substantially same pressure as LP column  80  (except to account for pressure drops within the lines). Second portion of air from adsorbers  4   b  is then fully cooled in heat exchanger  10  and sent to a bottom section of HP column  40  for separation therein. 
         [0039]    HP column  40  is configured to operate under conditions effective to separate the air into nitrogen and oxygen. Crude oxygen stream  42  is removed from the bottom of HP column  40 , optionally cooled in auxiliary heat exchanger (not shown), reduced in pressure via a valve and introduced to a middle section of LP column  80  for separation therein. In an optional embodiment not shown, following expansion in the valve, crude oxygen stream  42  can be introduced to a gas liquid separator. Gaseous overheads can be withdrawn from the top and introduced to the middle section of LP column  80  and liquid bottoms can be withdrawn from the bottom and introduced to the middle section of LP column  80  at a point below gaseous overheads. 
         [0040]    Within HP column  40 , nitrogen vapor rises towards the top and ultimately are condensed in the reboiler  41  before being reintroduced to the top of HP column  40  as liquid. Nitrogen-rich gas  46  is then withdrawn from a top portion of HP column  40  and split into two streams: first portion of nitrogen-rich gas  46   a  and second portion of nitrogen-rich gas  46   b . First portion of nitrogen-rich gas  46   a  is partially warmed in heat exchanger  10  before being expanded in nitrogen turbine  93  of nitrogen turbine/booster  90 . The resulting low pressure nitrogen is then warmed in heat exchanger  10  to become LP gaseous nitrogen  86 , that can be used to regenerate the adsorbers. Second portion of nitrogen-rich gas  46   b  is compressed in nitrogen compressor  95  of nitrogen turbine/booster  90  to form pressurized nitrogen  92 , which is then introduced to an intermediate portion of heat exchanger  10  and cooled. Pressurized nitrogen  92  is then used to provide reboiling duties for nitrogen driven reboiler  25  to form cooled nitrogen  94 , which is preferably fully condensed. Cooled nitrogen  94  is then split into two streams, with first portion of cooled nitrogen  94   a  going to the top portion of HP column  40  and second portion of cooled nitrogen  94   b  going to the top portion of LP column  80 . In one embodiment, all of the cooled nitrogen is introduced to the HP column. 
         [0041]    Oxygen-rich liquid  82  is withdrawn from a bottom portion of LP column  80 , and pumped by second pump P 2  to the reboiler that is fixed atop of HP column  40 . In the embodiment shown, the two columns are shown side by side; however, in an alternative embodiment, the two columns may be part of a traditional stacked double column. In the embodiment using a stacked column, second pump P 2  would not be used. In the embodiment shown, second pump P 2  is preferably used in order to overcome the static pressure. The oxygen-rich liquid introduced to the reboiler provides the refrigeration necessary to condense the nitrogen vapor coming from HP column  40 . During the course of operation, the heat provided by the nitrogen vapor causes some of the oxygen-rich liquid to vaporize. Oxygen-rich gas  44  is withdrawn from the top of the reboiler and introduced to the bottom portion of LP column  80  for further separation therein. Oxygen-rich liquid  48  is withdrawn from a bottom part of the reboiler, pressurized in first pump P 1  and then sent to a top portion of auxiliary column  20  for further separation therein. In one embodiment, auxiliary column  20  operates at a pressure that is higher than the operating pressure of the LP column. 
         [0042]    Auxiliary column  20  contains two reboilers: air driven reboiler  23  and nitrogen driven reboiler  25 . In a preferred embodiment, air driven reboiler  23  and nitrogen driven reboiler  25  are arranged in a stacked, vertical fashion. In one embodiment, air driven reboiler  23  is located above nitrogen driven reboiler  25 . In another embodiment, the two reboilers are arranged in the same horizontal plane. It is preferable; however, to have the two reboilers arranged in a stacked, vertical fashion such that the overall diameter of auxiliary column  20  can be minimized. In one embodiment, air driven reboiler  23  is smaller in size as compared to nitrogen driven reboiler  25 . In one embodiment, air driven reboiler  23  and nitrogen driven reboiler  25  operate at nearly the same temperatures. 
         [0043]    Oxygen-rich liquid accumulates in the bottom portion of auxiliary column  20  (e.g., the portion below the distillation section). As noted previously, compressed and purified air  2  provides reboiling duty for air driven reboiler  23  and pressurized nitrogen  92  provides reboiling duty for nitrogen driven reboiler  25 , which causes some of the oxygen-rich liquid (as well as any other impurities such as nitrogen) to boil off and travel through the distillation media and is ultimately withdrawn from the top of auxiliary column  20  as oxygen overheads  22  before being expanded through a valve and then introduced to the bottom portion of LP column  80 . 
         [0044]    Low pressure gaseous oxygen (LP GOX)  24  is withdrawn from auxiliary column  20  and split into two streams: first portion of LP GOX  24   a  and second portion of LP GOX  24   b . Second portion of LP GOX  24   b  is heated in heat exchanger  10  to produce second LP GOX product. First portion of LP GOX  24   a  is reduced in pressure via a valve, heated in heat exchanger  10  to produce first LP GOX product  26   a.    
         [0045]    Waste nitrogen  84  is withdrawn from the top portion of LP column  80  and then introduced to heat exchanger  10  to capture some of its refrigeration. In an optional embodiment, following heating in heat exchanger  10 , waste nitrogen  84  can be used for precooling elsewhere in the process. 
       Examples 
       [0046]    Simulations were conducted in order to compare the results of an embodiment from the prior art ( FIG. 1 ) vs. an embodiment of the present invention ( FIG. 2 ). Pressure, temperature, flow rates, and compositions of various streams of  FIG. 1  can be found in Table I below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Data for Embodiment of the Prior Art 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TEMP. 
                 PRESSURE 
                 FLOW 
                 N 2   
                 AR 
                 O 2   
               
               
                 STREAM 
                 ° C. 
                 BARA 
                 NM 3 /Hr 
                 MOL % 
                 MOL % 
                 MOL % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  3 
                 −179.8 
                 3.468 
                 316348 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  6 
                 −182.0 
                 3.344 
                 51452 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  8 
                 −182.0 
                 3.344 
                 65850 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                 22 
                 −184.0 
                 1.257 
                 58276 
                 34.24% 
                 4.30% 
                 61.45% 
               
               
                 27 
                 −181.0 
                 1.273 
                 93039 
                 0.07% 
                 3.43% 
                 96.50% 
               
               
                 42 
                 −180.0 
                 3.468 
                 212109 
                 62.68% 
                 1.43% 
                 35.89% 
               
               
                 44 
                 −184.3 
                 1.252 
                 160062 
                 36.76% 
                 4.09% 
                 59.15% 
               
               
                 47 
                 −183.7 
                 3.438 
                 92911 
                 99.38% 
                 0.24% 
                 0.38% 
               
               
                 49 
                 −184.3 
                 1.252 
                 151315 
                 13.23% 
                 3.77% 
                 83.00% 
               
               
                 82 
                 −186.5 
                 1.249 
                 311377 
                 25.32% 
                 3.93% 
                 70.74% 
               
               
                 LPGOX 
                 17.7 
                 1.570 
                 93039 
                 0.07% 
                 3.43% 
                 96.50% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0047]    Pressure, temperature, flow rates, and compositions of various streams for the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  can be found in Table II below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Data for Embodiment of the Present Invention 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 TEMP. 
                 PRESSURE 
                 FLOW 
                 N 2   
                 AR 
                 O 2   
               
               
                 STREAM 
                 ° C. 
                 BARA 
                 NM 3 /Hr 
                 MOL % 
                 MOL % 
                 MOL % 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  2 
                 21.2 
                 5.150 
                 77615 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  3 
                 −176.8 
                 5.057 
                 77615 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  4 
                 20.6 
                 3.490 
                 356295 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  4a 
                 20.6 
                 3.490 
                 48235 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  4b 
                 20.6 
                 3.490 
                 308060 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  6 
                 −176.8 
                 5.057 
                 48409 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  8 
                 −176.8 
                 5.057 
                 29206 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                  22 
                 −181.6 
                 1.672 
                 54839 
                 39.41% 
                 3.07% 
                 57.51% 
               
               
                  24 
                 −177.9 
                 1.693 
                 92162 
                 0.66% 
                 2.84% 
                 96.50% 
               
               
                  24a 
                 −177.9 
                 1.693 
                 73554 
                 0.66% 
                 2.84% 
                 96.50% 
               
               
                  24b 
                 −177.9 
                 1.693 
                 18608 
                 0.66% 
                 2.84% 
                 96.50% 
               
               
                  26a 
                 18.0 
                 1.300 
                 73554 
                 0.66% 
                 2.84% 
                 96.50% 
               
               
                  26b 
                 18.0 
                 1.570 
                 18608 
                 0.66% 
                 2.84% 
                 96.50% 
               
               
                  42 
                 −179.4 
                 3.351 
                 166066 
                 54.42% 
                 1.53% 
                 44.05% 
               
               
                  44 
                 −184.6 
                 1.249 
                 93958 
                 40.52% 
                 3.06% 
                 56.42% 
               
               
                  46 
                 −183.9 
                 3.321 
                 228000 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                  46a 
                 −183.9 
                 3.321 
                 100552 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                  46b 
                 −183.9 
                 3.321 
                 127448 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                  48 
                 −184.6 
                 1.249 
                 147879 
                 15.03% 
                 2.92% 
                 82.05% 
               
               
                  82 
                 −186.4 
                 1.249 
                 241837 
                 24.93% 
                 2.97% 
                 72.09% 
               
               
                  84 
                 −194.0 
                 1.221 
                 244910 
                 99.00% 
                 0.42% 
                 0.58% 
               
               
                  86 
                 18.0 
                 1.079 
                 100552 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                  92 
                 −164.0 
                 5.974 
                 127448 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                  94 
                 −176.8 
                 5.934 
                 127448 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                  94a 
                 −176.8 
                 5.934 
                 37598 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                  94b 
                 −184.0 
                 3.321 
                 89850 
                 98.90% 
                 0.40% 
                 0.70% 
               
               
                 102 
                 21.2 
                 4.450 
                 52827 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                 107 
                 −180.6 
                 1.249 
                 52827 
                 78.11% 
                 0.93% 
                 20.96% 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0048]    As shown in Table I and Table II above, an embodiment of the present invention can produce a low pressure oxygen product of similar quality (96.5% oxygen) and flow rate (92,162 Nm 3 /hr vs. 93,039 Nm 3 /hr) while eliminating auxiliary vaporizer  30  and the associated piping and valves. As such, embodiments of the current invention provide an improvement over the prior art in terms of simplicity and lower capital expenditures. 
         [0049]    In addition to the elimination of auxiliary vaporizers and their related piping and valves, other advantages of operating in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention include an approximately 42% reduction in size of the main reboiler (e.g., reboiler  41 ) and approximately 2% reduction in size of the auxiliary column  20 . 
         [0050]    The terms “nitrogen-rich” and “oxygen-rich” will be understood by those skilled in the art to be in reference to the composition of air. As such, nitrogen-rich encompasses a fluid having a nitrogen content greater than that of air. Similarly, oxygen-rich encompasses a fluid having an oxygen content greater than that of air. While  FIG. 2  shows the higher pressure and lower pressure columns being side by side, in an alternate embodiment, the columns can also be stacked in a typical double column configuration. Advantageously, the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  allows for improved operating pressures, since the HP column can be operated at a lower pressure than if the two columns were stacked due to the absence of having to overcome static pressure losses. 
         [0051]    As used herein, an auxiliary vaporizer is a vaporizer that is located outside of the distillation columns and operates at a pressure other than those of the distillation columns. 
         [0052]    While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. The present invention may suitably comprise, consist or consist essentially of the elements disclosed and may be practiced in the absence of an element not disclosed. Furthermore, if there is language referring to order, such as first and second, it should be understood in an exemplary sense and not in a limiting sense. For example, it can be recognized by those skilled in the art that certain steps can be combined into a single step. 
         [0053]    The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
         [0054]    “Comprising” in a claim is an open transitional term which means the subsequently identified claim elements are a nonexclusive listing (i.e., anything else may be additionally included and remain within the scope of “comprising”). “Comprising” as used herein may be replaced by the more limited transitional terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” unless otherwise indicated herein. 
         [0055]    “Providing” in a claim is defined to mean furnishing, supplying, making available, or preparing something. The step may be performed by any actor in the absence of express language in the claim to the contrary. 
         [0056]    Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstances may or may not occur. The description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur. 
         [0057]    Ranges may be expressed herein as from about one particular value, and/or to about another particular value. When such a range is expressed, it is to be understood that another embodiment is from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value, along with all combinations within said range. 
         [0058]    All references identified herein are each hereby incorporated by reference into this application in their entireties, as well as for the specific information for which each is cited.

Technology Classification (CPC): 5