Patent Abstract:
A system, apparatus, and method to recover a logical volume on a physical volume, or data storage cartridge, within a dual copy data storage system, such as a virtual tape server (VTS) system. Such recovery follows a disaster situation involving a primary copy of the requested logical volume. The system, apparatus, and method include modules and steps as required to recover a logical volume, or data file or block, through manipulation and swapping of record files, or stubs, that point to primary and secondary copies of a logical volume. Such primary and secondary logical volumes are stored on distinct physical volumes in order to provide quality storage media management and reduce the likelihood of loss of data. The recovery and swapping procedures are implemented in a manner that is substantially transparent to a host or client requires no additional input from the host or client

Full Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. The Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The invention relates to dual copy data storage systems and more particularly to the recovery of a logical volume using primary and secondary records that point to primary and secondary logical volumes, respectively, within a virtual tape server (VTS) system.  
           [0003]    2. The Relevant Art  
           [0004]    High density, removable media storage libraries are used to provide large quantities of storage in a computer system. Typically, such data storage systems are employed for backup or other secondary storage purposes, but may be used as primary storage in circumstances that are conducive to sequential data access and the like.  
           [0005]    The data is stored on media cartridges, such as magnetic or optical disks, that are arranged in storage bins and accessed when data on a cartridge is requested. Currently available media cartridges are capable of storing much more data than the data volume units that correspond to the size of early types of media cartridges. For example, a data volume that corresponds to a 400 megabyte disk may now be stored on a disk with up to 60 gigabytes of storage capacity. Unfortunately, much legacy equipment in existing computer systems is configured for the smaller volume sizes.  
           [0006]    Volume mapping is used to create a correlation between the physical capacity of a storage cartridge (stack volume or physical volume) and the data storage unit size (virtual volume or logical volume) of a file or block that is stored on the cartridge. Given the available data storage capacity of a disk, such mapping allows multiple logical volumes to be stored on a single physical volume, hence providing an efficient use of the available storage media. A virtual tape server (VTS) is one device capable of creating and maintaining such mapping among physical volumes and logical volumes.  
           [0007]    A typical VTS system includes a virtual tape server and an automated media library. The library is controlled by a library manager (LM) that is similar to a workstation computer. Within the VTS system, there are typically two databases that reside on separate memory disks within the system. One database resides on the VTS and the other resides within the library manager.  
           [0008]    The VTS database contains the logical-to-physical volume mapping, as well as information concerning actions to be taken on a logical volume each time it is copied to the storage media. One of the attributes included in such information is the requirement to produce a secondary copy of a logical volume when it is written.  
           [0009]    The LM database also contains attributes associated with the logical volumes stored on the media cartridges. Included in these attributes are the construct names associated with each logical volume in the library. The LM also controls the physical loading of media cartridges in corresponding drives by storing the physical location of the physical volumes within the storage bins and controlling a robotic accessor arm to retrieve the physical volumes from the bins and load the cartridges in the drives when a host request is received.  
           [0010]    Through proper communication of the volume mapping and attributes, or constructs, a host processor and peripheral data storage equipment may access logical volumes as though they were individual physical volumes. The volume access management is provided via the VTS and LM as described above.  
           [0011]    In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to make two copies of a single logical volume. It may also be desirable to store such copies on multiple physical volumes, such as on separate cartridges or even in separate geographic locations, so as to avoid loss due to failure of a single tape or tape drive unit. Additionally, it is desirable to provide a method of recovering the secondary copy of the logical volume if, for some reason, the primary copy becomes unavailable. Some systems and methods have been proposed to recover a secondary copy of a logical volume in a dual copy storage system. Unfortunately, a number of deficiencies exist in such known systems and methods.  
           [0012]    For example, many known dual copy systems require an explicit command from the host to initiate recovery of a secondary copy. The software running on the host must be modified to provide the recovery command. As a result, such a recovery system may be difficult to use with existing (legacy) software. Consequently, adding recovery capability to an existing system may be rather difficult. Such recovery systems may also require that the host transmit the data to the VTS repeatedly in order to recover the secondary copy. Thus, the I/O resources of the host are unduly taxed.  
           [0013]    Furthermore, some dual copy systems require the host to track the locations, i.e., the physical media cartridges, of the logical volumes. This may require the maintenance of a special database on the host to hold Meta data for each file stored in the VTS. Again, such recovery systems are difficult or impossible to incorporate into existing host systems without providing new host software, and may unduly tax the resources of the host. Additionally, such a system may be difficult to use in a heterogeneous environment, i.e., with host computers that use different operating systems, file formats, etc.  
           [0014]    Thus, it would be an advancement in the art to provide a virtual tape system capable of recovering a secondary copy of a logical volume in a manner that is substantially transparent to the host. It would further be an advancement in the art to provide a virtual tape system capable of efficiently recovering a logical volume independent of the host. Yet further, it would be an advancement in the art to provide a virtual tape system that minimizes the VTS resources required to recover the secondary copy.  
         BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0015]    The present invention has been developed in response to the present state of the art, and in particular, in response to the problems and needs in the art that have not yet been fully solved by currently available logical volume recovery means and methods in dual copy data storage systems. Accordingly, it is an overall objective of the present invention to provide a dual copy data storage system and apparatus, as well as a logical volume recovery method that overcome many or all of the above-discussed shortcomings in the art.  
           [0016]    To achieve the foregoing objectives, and in accordance with the invention as embodied and broadly described herein in the preferred embodiments, a system, apparatus, and method for recovering a logical volume in a dual copy storage system is presented and described herein.  
           [0017]    The logical volume recovery apparatus, in the described embodiments, is provided with a logic unit containing a recovery module configured to implement a recovery action to recover a secondary logical volume in response to a failure to access a primary logical volume.  
           [0018]    According to one embodiment, the virtual tape system includes a virtual tape server (VTS) in communication with an automated media library unit, including a plurality of tape drive units and a library manager. The VTS receives the logical or “virtual” volumes and stores them for subsequent transmittal to the host via a storage area network (SAN) or to a plurality of physical, or stack, volumes via the tape drive units. The library manager controls the physical loading of physical volumes, i.e., media cartridges, into the tape drive units by controlling a robotic accessor arm that retrieves the physical volumes and loads them into the tape drive units in response to a request from the host or VTS.  
           [0019]    The VTS includes a direct access storage device (DASD) that may exist on a hard disk drive system, or the like, and which serves as a cache for the VTS. Additionally, the VTS has a file system manager that interacts with a DASD cache to store information.  
           [0020]    Each logical volume has one or more constructs associated with it, which are preferably received from the host. The constructs may associate certain volume management actions with specific logical volumes. The volume management actions preferably at least specify where virtual volumes should be physically stored, including secondary locations if dual copying of the volume is to be performed. Such primary and secondary locations are recorded in record files, or stubs, within the VTS cache. According to one embodiment, the primary record file is stored in a volume root directory while the secondary record is stored in a secondary directory that is preferably distinct from the root directory.  
           [0021]    Upon encountering a failure to access a primary copy of a logical volume, the VTS attempts to recover the secondary copy of the logical volume through swapping the primary and secondary record locations. A recovery module is employed to perform the record swapping. For example, the secondary record is copied to the volume root directory and the primary record is copied to the secondary directory. The record swapping is preferably performed by the recovery module in a manner that is substantially transparent to the host and requires no additional user input.  
           [0022]    A method of the present invention is also presented for logical volume recovery. The method attempts to access a primary logical volume from a physical cartridge. When the VTS determines that the primary volume is inaccessible, the VTS attempts to recover the secondary copy of the requested volume.  
           [0023]    To achieve the stated recovery, the VTS in one embodiment verifies the availability of a secondary record in the corresponding volume secondary directory. If the secondary record is located and determined to point to a logical volume that is an exact copy of the requested primary logical volume, the VTS proceeds to swap the location of the primary record and secondary record such that the secondary record overwrites the primary record in the root directory. Similarly, the primary record may overwrite the secondary record in the secondary directory.  
           [0024]    The swapping procedure is followed by a subsequent attempt by the VTS to access a copy of the requested logical volume. In one embodiment, such attempt allows the VTS to access the secondary record in the root directory to locate the secondary copy of the requested logical volume. Once located, the secondary physical volume is loaded into a tape drive unit so that the secondary logical volume may be loaded into the VTS cache and made available to the host. After the host access to the secondary logical volume is successful, the VTS replaces the original primary logical volume with a cached copy of the logical volume. A new secondary volume may also be created at this point.  
           [0025]    These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0026]    In order that the manner in which the advantages and objectives of the invention are obtained will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a representative virtual tape system in accordance with the prior art;  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a representative virtual tape server (VTS) suitable for use with the virtual tape system of FIG. 1;  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 3 a  is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a representative physical volume suitable for use in the automated library unit of FIG. 1;  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 3 b  is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a representative DASD cache, a cached volume database, and a plurality of data structures, the DASD cache suitable for use with the VTS of FIG. 2;  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 4 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a representative logical volume access method for use in accordance with the present invention;  
         [0032]    [0032]FIG. 5 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a representative logical volume recovery method given by way of example of a logical volume recovery step of FIG. 4; and  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 6 is a schematic flow chart diagram illustrating one embodiment of a representative record swap method given by way of example of a record swap step of FIG. 5.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0034]    Many of the functional units described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit comprising custom VLSI circuits or gate arrays, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, or the like.  
         [0035]    Modules may also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions which may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module need not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module.  
         [0036]    Indeed, a module of executable code could be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network.  
         [0037]    [0037]FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a representative virtual tape system  100  in accordance with the present invention. The system  100  includes an automated library unit  102 , at least one VTS  104 , and at least one host  106 . Each host  106  may be a mainframe computer. Alternatively, the hosts  106  may be servers or personal computers using a variety of operating systems. The host  106  and the VTS  104  are connected via a storage area network (SAN)  108  or similar communications channel.  
         [0038]    The automated tape library unit  102  includes a library manager  110 , one or more data drive devices, which may be tape drive units  112 , an accessor  114 , and a plurality of media cartridges  116 . The plurality of media cartridges  116  may be stored in one or more media cartridge storage bins (not shown).  
         [0039]    The library manager  110 , which includes at least one computing processor, is interconnected with, and controls the actions of, the tape drive units  112  and the accessor  114 . The library manager  110  typically also includes one or more hard disk drives (not shown) for memory storage, as well as, a control panel or keyboard (not shown) to provide user input. The control panel may be a computer in communication with the library manager  110  so that a user can control the operating parameters of the automated tape library unit  102  independently of the host  106 .  
         [0040]    In FIG. 1, three tape drive units  112   a ,  112   b , and  112   c  are shown. The present invention is operable with one or any larger number of tape drive units  112 . The tape drive units  112  may share one single repository of cartridges  116 . Alternatively, the tape drive units  112  may independently correspond to and utilize multiple repositories of cartridges  116 . The tape drive units  112  may advantageously be distributed over multiple locations to decrease the probability that multiple tape drive units  112  will be incapacitated by a disaster in one location.  
         [0041]    The interconnections between the library manager  110 , the tape drive units  112 , and the accessor  114  are shown as dashed lines to indicate that the library manager  110  transmits and receives control signals, rather than data to be stored or retrieved, to the tape drive units  112  and/or the accessor  114 . Data for storage or retrieval may instead be transmitted directly between the VTS  104  and the tape drive units  112  via a network  118 , which may be a storage area network (SAN), a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), or a different type of network, such as the Internet or a direct connection between the VTS  104  and the tape drive units  112 .  
         [0042]    The accessor  114  may be a robotic arm or other mechanical device configured to transport a selected cartridge  116  between a storage bin and a tape drive unit  112 . The accessor  114  typically includes a cartridge gripper and a bar code scanner (not shown), or similar read system, mounted on the gripper. The bar code scanner is used to read a volume serial number (VOLSER) printed on a cartridge label affixed to the cartridge  112 . In alternative embodiments, the tape drive units  112  may be replaced by optical disk drives or other magnetic drives. Similarly, the cartridges  116  may contain magnetic media, optical media, or any other removable media corresponding to the type of drive employed.  
         [0043]    [0043]FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic block diagram depicting one embodiment of the VTS  104  of FIG. 1. The VTS  104  may take the form of a computer with a bus, processor, memory, and the like. These elements have been omitted from FIG. 2 to more clearly depict the various executable modules and data blocks of the VTS  104 .  
         [0044]    As shown, the VTS  104  includes a file system manager  202 , a hierarchical storage manager  204 , a storage manager server  206 , an automated storage manager administrator  208 , and at least one direct access storage device (DASD) cache  210 . The DASD cache  210  may take the form of one or more virtual tape drives to contain data in the form of a logical, or virtual, volume  212  and a data record  214 . Other executable modules and data blocks may also be present but are omitted to focus on the present invention.  
         [0045]    The file system manager  202  handles the actual DASD  210  read and write commands from the host  106 , in one embodiment, via the hierarchical storage manager  204 . The storage manager server  206  controls the interface communications between the DASD  210  and the drive devices  112 . The storage manager server  206  is controlled by the automated storage manager administrator  208 . The automated storage manager administrator  208  monitors and directs the operation of the file system manager  202 , the hierarchical storage manager  204 , and the storage manager server  206 , and communicates control information to and from the library manager  110 .  
         [0046]    The DASD cache  210  is used to hold a plurality of logical, or virtual, volumes  212  from the physical volumes, or memory cartridges  116 . A read or write command from the host  106  is processed by the VTS  104  via the DASD  210  prior to transferring the updated logical volume  212  from the DASD cache  210  to the physical volume  116 .  
         [0047]    Referring to FIG. 3 a , a schematic block diagram illustrates one embodiment of a physical volume  116 . The physical volume  116  includes a VOLSER  310  that is logically stored within the volume and distinctly identifies the individual physical volume from other physical volumes maintained in the storage bin. The VOLSER  310  is also physically printed on the exterior of the media cartridge  116  for scanning or other reading by the accessor  114 .  
         [0048]    Also stored on the physical volume  116  are one or more logical volumes  320  that are of a memory size equal to or less than the overall memory capacity of the physical volume  116 . Alternatively, the physical volume  116  may also contain only a subset of the logical volume  320 . Each logical volume  320  includes a VOLSER  322  and data  324 . The plurality of logical volumes  320  stored on the physical volume  116  may include both primary volumes and secondary volumes. Preferably, the secondary volumes are stored on a physical volume  116  separate from the physical volume that stores the primary volumes.  
         [0049]    Referring to FIG. 3 b , the contents of the DASD cache  210  are depicted. The DASD cache  210  contains a cached volume database  310  in which virtual volumes  212  are stored in the form of files or blocks, subsequently referred to simply as files.  
         [0050]    More specifically, the cached volume database  310  has a plurality of files  330 , each of which contains an entire logical volume  212  of data received from the host  106  or the tape drive units  112 . Additionally, the cached volume database  310  has a plurality of volume records  340 , or stubs. Each of the files  330  has a header containing a VOLSER  350  and an object identifier  352 .  
         [0051]    The VOLSER  350  is used to refer to the virtual volumes  212 . The VOLSER  350  may or may not be the same as the VOLSER  310  of the cartridge  116 . For example, if each cartridge  116  contains only a single virtual volume  320 , the VOLSER  322  of such virtual volume  320  may be the same as the VOLSER  310  of the corresponding physical volume  116 . However, different VOLSERs  322  may be necessary if each cartridge  116  contains multiple virtual volumes  320 . The object identifier  352  is used by the library manager to map the physical location of a physical volume  116  within the automated tape library unit  102  to the virtual volume  212  within the DASD cache  210 . Each file  330  also has data  354 , which is the actual data to be stored to or retrieved from the cartridges  116 .  
         [0052]    The records  340  are files that have been truncated. Such records  340  may also be commonly referred to in the art as stubs. More precisely, each of the records  340  may include only the VOLSER  350 , the object identifier  352 , and optionally, a small data portion  356  of the virtual volume  212 . The records  340  are each limited to a standard size, such as 4,096 bytes. Since the capacity of the DASD cache  210  is limited, only a limited number of complete logical volume files  330  can be virtually stored in the cache  210 . The remaining files are truncated to form the logical volume records  340 , which require significantly less memory in the cache  210  than do the logical volume files  330 . The records  340  point to the appropriate logical volumes  320  stored on the physical volumes  116  for future retrieval as requested by the host  106 .  
         [0053]    The determination of which files  330  are to be truncated to form records  340  is made by a cache management algorithm (not shown) that determines the likelihood that a given logical volume  212  will soon be needed by the host  106 . Files  330  are truncated if they are determined to be less likely to be read or written to in the near future.  
         [0054]    Thus, if a desired logical volume  320  is stored only as a volume record  340  in the DASD cache  210 , the VTS  104  may use the object identity  352  for the desired logical volume  320  to locate the corresponding physical volume  116 . The physical volume  116  is then loaded into a tape drive unit  112  via control signals from the library manager  110 , and the logical volume  320  can be read into the DASD cache  210  to retrieve the data  354  for the volume record  340 , thereby restoring the virtual volume  212 .  
         [0055]    Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic flowchart diagram depicts one embodiment of a logical volume access method  400  that may be employed by the system  100  according to the invention. The method  400  starts  402  by receiving  404  a data request in the VTS  104  from the host  106 . The data request preferably includes the VOLSER  350  corresponding to the data  354  requested by the host  106 . The VTS  104  attempts to access  406  the primary volume.  
         [0056]    The method  400  tests  408  if the primary volume access is successful. If the method  400  tests  408  positively, the VTS  104  retrieves  410  the data  354  in the logical volume  320  that was requested by the host  106  from the physical volume  116  indicated by the VOLSER  350 . The VTS  104  then creates  412  a logical volume  212  of the data  354  in the DASD cache  210  and transmits  414  the requested data  354 , or portion thereof, from the logical volume  212  to the host  106 , or vice-versa, in order to process the volume access request.  
         [0057]    If the test  408  determines that the primary volume is inaccessible, the method  400  generates  416  a primary volume recall error signal within the VTS  104 . Upon receipt of the error signal, the VTS  104  attempts to recover  418  the logical volume  320  through accessing a secondary copy of the primary volume. A more detailed explanation of conducting one embodiment of a recover step  418  is explained in more detail in conjunction with FIG. 5.  
         [0058]    After the VTS  104  recovers  418  the secondary volume the VTS  104  retrieves  420  the data  354  in the logical volume  320  that was requested by the host  106  from the physical volume  116  indicated by the VOLSER  350 . The VTS  104  then creates  422  a logical volume  212  of the retrieved data  354  in the DASD cache  210  and transmits  424  the requested data  354 , or portion thereof, from the logical volume  212  to the host  106 , or vice-versa, in order to process the volume access request. This step  424  is substantially similar to the step  414  discussed previously.  
         [0059]    After the VTS  104  transmits  414  the appropriate data to the host  106 , the VTS  104  in one the illustrated embodiment replaces  426  the original primary logical volume with a cached copy of the logical volume  212 . Additionally, a new secondary logical volume  212  may also be created  428  at this point as depicted. The method  400  then ends  430 .  
         [0060]    Referring to FIG. 5, a schematic flow chart diagram depicts one embodiment of a logical volume recovery method  500  given by way of example of a logical volume recovery step  418  of FIG. 4. The method  500  begins  502  by determining  504  if a secondary record  340  exists in the DASD cache  210 . If the VTS  104  determines  504  that a secondary record  340  does not exist, the VTS  104  generates  506  a secondary volume recall error and the secondary volume recovery and recall fail  508 . The method  500  then proceeds with step  424  described previously.  
         [0061]    If it is determined  504  that a secondary record  340  exists, the VTS  104  determines  510  if the secondary record  340  is downlevel of the primary record  340 . A secondary record  340  is downlevel of a primary record  350  if the secondary record  340  points to a logical volume  320  that older than and not equivalent to the logical volume  212  indicated by the primary record  340 . The recovery of a downlevel secondary record  340  would create confusion for the host  106  and provide outdated data  354  for access. Therefore, if the VTS  104  determines  510  that the secondary record  340  is downlevel, the method  500  proceeds with step  506  described previously.  
         [0062]    If the VTS  104  determines  510  that the secondary record  340  is not downlevel, the VTS  104  performs a swap  512  of the primary and secondary records  340 . This swap  512 , in one embodiment, is explained in more detail in conjunction with FIG. 6.  
         [0063]    After the VTS  104  attempts to swap  512  the primary and secondary records  340 , the method  500  determines  514  if the swap  512  procedure is successful. If the swap  512  is not successful, the method  500  proceeds with step  506  described previously. If the swap  512  is successful, the VTS  104  receives  516  the secondary file location from the secondary record  340  corresponding to the secondary logical volume  320 . This may be accomplished by finding the object identity  352  that corresponds to the VOLSER  350  within the secondary record  340 . The method  500  then ends  518 .  
         [0064]    Referring to FIG. 6, a schematic flow chart diagram depicts one embodiment of a record swap method  600  given by way of example of the record swap step  512  of FIG. 5. Prior to swapping the primary and secondary records  340 , the primary record  340  is preferably located in a root directory and the secondary record  340  is preferably located in a secondary directory distinct from the root directory.  
         [0065]    The method  600  begins  602  by copying  604  the primary record  340  from a root record directory to a buffer. The buffer is preferably located on the DASD cache  210 . The method  600  proceeds to copy the secondary record  340  and overwrite  606  the primary record  340  in the root directory with the secondary record  340 . The secondary record  340  for a particular volume is assigned the same file name as the primary record  340 , and therefore replaces the primary record  340  in the root directory. In a similar manner, the primary record  340  is copied from the buffer to the secondary directory to overwrite  608  the former secondary record  340 . After record  340  overwriting  606  and  608  is complete, the method  600  deletes  610  the primary record  340  from the buffer and ends  612 .  
         [0066]    In one embodiment, the secondary record  340  is an exact copy of the primary record  340  with the exception of the logical volume to which it points. For example, the primary record  340  preferably points to a primary logical volume  320  stored on a primary physical volume  116 . Similarly, the secondary record  340  preferably points to a secondary logical volume  320  stored on a secondary physical volume  116 . The primary and secondary logical volumes  320  are preferably exact copies of one another. The primary and secondary physical volumes  116 , on the other hand, are preferably distinct media cartridges  116  so that the physical loss of one cartridge  116  does not render inaccessible the logical volume  320  located on the second cartridge  116 .  
         [0067]    The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Technology Classification (CPC): 6