Patent Abstract:
An abrasive tip is used to exfoliate skin and tissue through abrasive materials integrated in the tip. The tip also delivers fluid to the skin and vacuums the fluid and abraded tissue during treatment. Treated skin will look younger and healthier in appearance. In an implementation, the tip is replaceable and disposable.

Full Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/040,867, filed Feb. 29, 2008, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,236,008 on Aug. 7, 2012, which is incorporated by reference along with all other references cited in this application. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the field of devices to treat human skin and more specifically to an abrasive tip used to exfoliate skin and tissue through the use of abrasive materials, where this tip delivers fluid to the skin and vacuums the fluid and abraded tissue during treatment. 
     As people age, they look for ways to maintain a youthful appearance. Some invasive cosmetic techniques include surgical approaches including eye lifts, face lifts, skin grafts, and breast lifts. However, these invasive techniques also have risks and potential complications. Some people have died during cosmetic surgery operations. Therefore, it is desirable to have noninvasive cosmetic techniques. 
     A noninvasive technique for obtaining a more youthful appearance is through microdermabrasion. Microdermabrasion is a process for removing dead cells from the outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) to provide a younger and healthier looking appearance, remove wrinkles, clean out blocked pores, remove some types of undesirable skin conditions that can develop, and enhance skin tone. 
     The process of microdermabrasion must be performed with a certain degree of accuracy, so that underlying live layers of skin tissue are not removed or damaged, but that enough dead cells are removed to give effective results. Therefore, there is a need for improved system, devices, tips, and techniques for performing microdermabrasion. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An abrasive tip is used to exfoliate skin and tissue through abrasive materials integrated in the tip. The tip also delivers fluid to the skin and vacuums the fluid and abraded tissue during treatment. In an implementation, the tip is replaceable and disposable. 
     The invention reduces the time period required for a microdermabrasion treatment. The invention simultaneously treats the skin with fluids, exfoliates the skin, and vacuums away the spent fluids, abraded skin particles, and other debris. 
     A wide variety of abrasive tips may be used with the invention. This may include, for example, different types of abrasive elements such as bristles, meshes, abrasive particles, or combinations of these. Many different sizes of tips are available. Thus, small skin surfaces such as the cheek, forehead, chin, and nose may be treated. Large surfaces such as the back, legs, or torso may also be treated. 
     In one embodiment, the fluids are directed to the perimeter of the abrasive tips. Thus, the skin to be exfoliated is surrounded with fluids. The skin is provided with a treatment of fluids before the microdermabrasion beings and a treatment of fluids after the microdermabrasion ends. 
     In an implementation, the invention is a device including: a tip having an abrading surface formed on a first side; a collar portion on a second side of the tip; a number of fluid channels formed on a second side of the tip, each channel extending through the collar through a first edge to a second edge of the tip, where the second edge of the tip is perpendicular to and touches the first side, and an angle between the first side and the first edge is less than ninety degrees; and at least one key notch, formed on the collar portion between two channel openings, where a surface of the collar is perpendicular to the first side. The fluid channels can conduct any fluid, including liquids or gases. 
     Further, in various specific implementations, the first side of the tip may have a circular shape. Each fluid channel is a groove formed in the first edge. There is a split in the collar portion at each point where a fluid channel passes through the collar. The fluid channels are evenly distributed about the second edge. An angle between the fluid channels is given by 360 degrees divided a total number of fluid channels (e.g., for four channels, the angle is 90 degrees; for three channels, the angle is 60 degrees; and for five channels, the angle is 72 degrees). 
     A first fluid channel has a first end at the first edge, a second fluid channel has a second end at the first edge, and the first and second ends are opposite of each other on the first edge. Then the ends of the fluids channels will be a maximum distance away from each other, while being on the first edge. 
     In a various specific implementations, the tip has four fluid channels. The abrading surface includes an abrasive disk connected to the first side (e.g., the abrasive disk can be abrasive paper like sandpaper glued to the abrading surface of the first side). The abrading surface includes of bristles connected to the first side. The abrading surface includes an abrasive mesh pad connected to the first side (e.g., the abrasive pad may be an exfoliating pad or sponge and made from a material such as nylon or natural fibers such as a loofah). The collar includes at least one key notch for each channel (e.g., for four channels, there are four key notches). 
     In an implementation, the invention is a device including: a tip having a number of bristles connected to a front surface on a first side; a fluid opening, surrounded by the bristles, on the first side, where the fluid opening extends to a second side, opposite to the first side; a first cylindrical side surface, connected to and perpendicular to the first side; and a number of prongs which extend away from the first cylindrical side surface and toward second side (e.g., the prongs may extend in a splay-like fashion from the tip). 
     Further, in various specific implementations, the tip includes a cylindrical column on the first side extending from the front surface away from the second side, where the fluid opening extends through the cylindrical column. The length of the cylindrical column is less than a length of the bristles. The cylindrical column may be about 50 percent (e.g., 40 to 60 percent) of a length of the bristles. 
     An implementation of the tip has at least three prongs. An implementation of the tip has at least four prongs. An angle between the prongs is given by 360 degrees divided a total number of prongs (e.g., for four prongs, the angle is 90 degrees; for three prongs, the angle is 60 degrees; and for five prongs, the angle is 72 degrees). Further, in an implantation, a first prong extends from a first position on the first cylindrical side surface, a second prong extends from a second position on the first cylindrical side surface, and the first and second positions are opposite of each other (i.e., 180 degrees apart) on the first cylindrical side surface. 
     In various specific implementations, the prongs touch the front surface. When the prongs touch the front surface, there are three prongs. The bristles may be arranged in any number of groupings (e.g., an even number of groupings, an odd number of groupings, four groupings, five groupings, and six groupings). 
     In an embodiment, there is a second cylindrical side surface, concentric with the first cylindrical side surface and having a smaller circular cross-sectional area. This second cylindrical side surface is connected to the first cylindrical side surface through a step-down ring. When the tip has a second cylindrical side surface, there are four prongs. When there are four prongs, there are six groupings of bristles. 
     Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which like reference designations represent like features throughout the figures. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a microdermabrasion system according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows a wand of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  shows a cross-sectional view of the wand with a tip holder, bristled tip, and handle. 
         FIG. 4  shows cross-sectional view of the wand and a vacuum loop flow path. 
         FIG. 5  shows a perspective view of the wand and the vacuum loop flow path. 
         FIG. 6  shows a perspective view of a first implementation of the bristled tip placed on the handle. 
         FIG. 7  shows a side view of the first implementation of the bristled tip placed on the handle and illustrates several dimensions. 
         FIG. 8  shows a front view of the first implementation of the bristled tip with three groups of bristles. 
         FIG. 9  shows a perspective view of a second implementation of the bristled tip with six groups of bristles in the tip holder. 
         FIG. 10  shows a side view of a second implementation of the bristled tip in the tip holder. 
         FIG. 11  shows a line diagram representation of the invention in use with the bristled tip. 
         FIG. 12  shows a perspective view of a third implementation of the bristled tip with six groups of bristles in the tip holder. 
         FIG. 13  shows a perspective view of a first implementation of an abrasive tip, tip holder, openings for fluid, and an annular space in which a vacuum removes fluid, skin particles, and other debris. 
         FIG. 14  shows a perspective view of a vacuum loop flow path for the abrasive tip and tip holder. 
         FIG. 15  shows a perspective view of the assembly of the first implementation of the abrasive tip and tip holder. 
         FIG. 16  shows a perspective view of a second implementation of a tip holder which includes channels to direct fluid, notches that accept keys on the abrasive tip, and the annular space. 
         FIG. 17  shows a perspective view of the back side of an abrasive tip which includes channels to direct fluid, a key that fits into notches in the tip holder, and collars which support the abrasive tip. 
         FIG. 18  shows a cross-sectional view of the abrasive tip and tip holder. 
         FIG. 19  shows a front view of the abrasive tip, tip holder, and the annular space around the abrasive tip. 
         FIG. 20A  shows a front view of a first implementation of an abrasive tip having a six millimeter diameter and tip holder. 
         FIG. 20B  shows a front view of a second implementation of an abrasive tip having a nine millimeter diameter and tip holder. 
         FIG. 21  shows a side view of a third implementation of an abrasive tip with an abrasive mesh having a six millimeter diameter. 
         FIG. 22  shows a side view of a fourth implementation of an abrasive tip with an abrasive mesh having a nine millimeter diameter. 
         FIG. 23  shows options for packaging the abrasive tips, abrasive mesh tips, bristled tips, and bottles of fluid. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This patent application incorporates by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/393,682, filed Mar. 19, 2003; U.S. Pat. No. 6,695,853, filed Nov. 21, 2001, and issued Feb. 24, 2004; and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 10/393,682, filed Mar. 19, 2003. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of a microdermabrasion or dermabrasion system  30  according to the present invention, which incorporates a wand  10 . A vacuum opening  18   b  is connected with a vacuum source  40  as described above, by a vacuum line  42 . A collection reservoir  51  and, optionally, an inline filter  60  are connected in the vacuum line  42  between wand  10  and vacuum source  40 . Vacuum line  42  connects to an input  52  to a collection reservoir  50  via an elbow  54 , for example, and an output  56  connects with a second vacuum line  44  via an elbow  58 , for example. A manifold cover  59  seals the input ( 52 ,  54 ) and output ( 56 ,  58 ) connections with the collection reservoir  51  which is typically a jar made of glass or plastic for example. An extension tube  53  connects with input  52 ,  54  and extends into the collection reservoir  51  to ensure effective delivery of waste materials (abraded skin particles and, optionally, fluids) to collection reservoir  51 . 
     Optionally, a back-up filter  60  may be provided in-line between the vacuum line  44  and a vacuum line  46  as added insurance that no or substantially no fluid, skin particles, abrasive particle or other materials being collected by collection reservoir  51  can be transported to vacuum source  40 . Filter  60  may be an in-line condensation filter, such as water condenser produced by Wilkerson Labs and available as part no. F0001-000 from Nor-Cal Controls, Incorporated of San Jose, Calif. 
     The vacuum source  40  may be the same as that provided for currently existing microdermabrasion devices, such as the ProPeel, MDPeel or iPeel, for example, each available from Emed, Incorporated of Westlake Village, Calif. A power switch is used to activate the vacuum source  40  and a vacuum in the range of about 2 pounds per square inch to about 14 pounds per square inch is generally used during a procedure, depending upon the skin condition of the person being treated. 
     Tube  14  extends from the microdermabrasion wand  10 , and connects with an output  72  of a fluid reservoir  71  via an elbow  74 , for example. A breather line  76  may be connected inline via a T-joint  76 ′, for example, or other interconnection, and includes an adjustable valve  78  or other means for varying an amount of air that is allowed into the tube  14 . This feature not only allows the amount of vacuum to be adjusted for a given fluid, but allows fluids having different viscosities to be applied at the same vacuum level, since different viscosities will require varying amounts of air to be introduced into the breather line  76 , to give a constant vacuum level. 
     Alternatively, a breather line or input with adjustment valve may be located on elbow  74  or directly on a manifold cover  79 . Still further, a valve or other flow control mechanism may be provided in the fluid delivery line  14  to control the amount of liquid passing through the line. This feature can be provided alternatively, or in addition to the breather line discussed above. 
     An input may be provided in manifold cover  79  which may be open to the atmosphere to prevent vacuum buildup in fluid reservoir  71 . Manifold cover  79  seals the output ( 72 ,  74 ) connections with fluid reservoir  71  which is typically a jar made of glass or plastic, for example, and contains lotions, vitamins, other skin treatment fluids, or combinations of these to be applied to the skin by wand  10 . An extension tube  73  connects with output  72 ,  74  and extends into the fluid reservoir  71  to near the bottom of the fluid reservoir to ensure that most all of the contents of fluid reservoir  71  are capable of being delivered through the system. 
     Abrasive particles, such as corundum crystals, sodium bicarbonate particles or other abrasive particles, including those discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,999 (which is incorporated by reference), for example may be included in fluid reservoir  71  for delivery through the system to perform a microdermabrading function. However, in the present invention, microdermabrasion is typically accomplished via a bristled tip  105 , abrasive tip, or both. If used, the abrasive particles may be used together with any of the fluids mentioned above, with some other fluid carrier medium, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,999, for example, or both. 
     Fluid reservoir  71  may contain solution or a suspension for purposes other than abrasion or pure abrasiveness. The compositions used in the present invention can include a wide and diverse range of components.  The International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook,  12 th  edition, 2008, which is incorporated by reference, describes an extensive variety of cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients commonly used in the skin care industry, which are suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention. 
     General examples, types or categories, or both, of compounds that may be employed include: beaching formulations (e.g., 2 percent to 4 percent hydroquinone, 2 percent Kojic Acid, 1 percent Vitamin K, and 1 percent Hydrocortisone in an aqueous base); acne treatment formulations (e.g., Salycilic Acid, alcohol base buffered by witch hazel, etc.); fine lines/wrinkle treatment formulations (e.g., Hyaluronic acid is an aqueous base); hydrating formulations (e.g., Calendula, vitamins A, D, E, or other vitamins, or combinations of these in a mineral oil base); antioxidant formulations; free radical scavengers (e.g., vitamins A, E, K, or other vitamins, or combinations of these in a mineral oil base); pH adjusters; sunscreen agents; tanning agents and accelerators; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory actives (NSAIDS); antimicrobial and antifungal agents; moisturizers; lightening agents; humectants; numbing agents; and water, or combinations of these. 
     The solution or suspension may contain extracts such as those from plants, vegetables, trees, herbs, flowers, nuts, fruits, animals, or other organisms, or combinations of these. Such extracts may be used to help condition the skin, provide a relaxing aroma, or both. 
     The solution or suspension may also contain viscosity increasing or decreasing agents, colorants, or combinations of these. In a specific implementation of the invention, the viscosity of the fluids used is about 1 centipoise (e.g., about 0.5 to 1.5 centipoise). However, in other implementations, the viscosity may range from 1 centipoise to 100 centipoise. The viscosity may be, for example, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or more than 100 centipoise. In other applications the viscosity may be less than 1 centipoise. 
     In a specific implementation, the fluids, abrasive particles, or both for fluid reservoir  71  may be packaged as a concentrated solution, powder, solids, or combinations of these to be mixed, diluted, or both by the microdermabrasion system  30 . 
     Other examples of product categories that may be employed alone or in combination with other compounds include, antiseptics, astringents, cleansers, pore decongestants, balms, botanicals, collagen stimulators, herbs, microemulsifiers, oxygen delivery vehicles, proteins, serums, skin firming agents, toners, topical anesthetics, emulsions, ointments, gels, tyrosinase inhibitors, and other related product categories. 
     Individually named products that may be used (with associated benefit indicated parenthetically) include: Aloe Vera (calming); alpha hydroxy acids (peel); alphalipoic acid (antioxidant); benzoil and other peroxides (acne); ceramide (hydrator); copper (toning); copper peptide (toning); CoQ-10 (coenzyme Q-10) and other enzymes (toning); cortisone (calming); glycolic acids (peel); hyaluronic acid (collagen stimulation); hydrolipids (hydrator); hydroquinones (bleaching); lactic acids (peel); magnesium ascorbic phosphate (free radical scavenger, collagen stimulator, bleaching); niacin (vascular dilation); phospholipids (moisturization); potassium (toning, psoriasis), and salycilic acids (acne); and related products. Of course, any combination of such elements may be provided—even in connection with abrasive particles. 
     Any of the products listed may be used with the microdermabrasion treatment tips of the invention. For example, the groves of a tip which may be used to conduct botanicals, Aloe Vera, or alpha hydroxy, to name a few examples, to a patient&#39;s skin. The channels through which fluid is delivered may be partially formed in a tip and partially formed in a tip holder. When the tip and tip holder are put together, the groves in each of these mate to form a complete channel opening. 
     As another example, coenzyme Q-10, glycolic acids, or vitamin E, to name a few example, may be conducted through an opening, surrounded by bristles, to the skin of a patient. The opening may extend to a position closer to patient&#39;s skin through a cylindrical column, nipple, or other structure to achieve a similar purpose. 
     Note, however, the present system may be used by eliminating the fluid reservoir  71  altogether, where microdermabrasion is performed in a “dry state” and tube  14  is simply left open to atmosphere, with or without a filter or valve, or both, for adjusting the amount or flow rate of air that is allowed into tube  14 . Similarly, dry or externally lubricated vacuum massage of tissue may be accomplished by a tip having a smooth surface. 
       FIG. 2  shows a wand  10  in a specific implementation of the present invention. To perform microdermabrasion, a user holds the wand in the user&#39;s hand and applies the tip to a patient. The wand has an elongated handle  205  which facilitate grasping by a user. The wand  10  includes a tip holder  200  which, in a specific implementation, holds a bristled tip  105 . In other implementations, other types of tips may be used including, for example, tips with abrasive particles, abrasive disks, and tips with smooth surfaces. 
     Tube  14  is connected to an end of the wand  10 . Tube  14  delivers the fluids to the wand  10 . The fluids flow through the wand  10 . The fluids exit the bristled tip  105 , the tip holder  200 , contact the skin, and the flow back into wand  10  and through vacuum line  42  which connects to a port  18   b.    
     There are numerous technique on how a user can apply the wand and tip to perform microdermabrasion. For example, one approach is draw the tip across the skin of the patient in a single direction, generally away from the center or nose of the patient&#39;s face (when working on the patient&#39;s face). Another approach is to use a scrubbing motion, moving the tip back and forth on the face. 
     One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many different shapes and materials may be employed for the handle  205  and the present invention is not to be limited to an elongated, substantially cylindrical handle  205  as shown. In the example of  FIG. 2 , handle  205  is made of plastic, such as nylon or other plastic having sufficient toughness and mechanical strength, but may also be made of metal, such as stainless steel or aluminum, for example, or ceramics or composites such as carbon fiber. The handle may include a combination of materials. For example, a rubber sleeve may be placed over handle  205  which may be made of plastic. The rubber sleeve provides a secure surface for a user to grasp. The surface of the handle may also be textured, knurled, or both in order to provide a slip-resistant surface. 
     Tube  14  may be flexible and may be made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or other compatible plastic or polymer, for example. Similarly, all other vacuum lines (e.g., vacuum line  42 ) described herein are flexible to afford maneuverability to wand  10  and may be made of PVC or other compatible plastic. 
       FIG. 3  shows an exploded view of wand  10 . A user may assemble or disassemble the wand by placing abrasive tip  105  onto the front of the wand  10  followed by tip holder  200 . In an implementation, the user can easily replace parts of the wand as needed. Because the wand&#39;s design incorporates replaceable and easy to remove and assemble parts, users are able to do their own maintenance and repair. 
     Handle  205  is annular or tubular, providing a passageway  305  for fluids in tube  14  to pass through. Fluid flows through passage way  305 , bristled tip  105 , and tip holder  200  where the fluids contact the skin. The fluids then flow back into the wand  10  and through vacuum line  42 . 
       FIG. 4  shows a cross-sectional view of wand  10 . A vacuum loop  410  shows the flow of fluids. For use in microdermabrasion, wand  10  is positioned such that tip holder  200  contacts the skin surface to be microabraded. Vacuum source  40  (see  FIG. 1 ) is turned on to establish a vacuum within the system. The order of positioning and turning on the vacuum source  40  is not critical as the vacuum source  40  can be turned on prior to contacting the tip holder  200  to the skin. The vacuum loop  410  will not be closed until such time that an opening  445  on the tip holder  200  is sealed by the skin. 
     With reference to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 4 , when vacuum source  40  is turned on a targeted area of the skin is drawn up into opening  445  and a central portion of the targeted area of skin is drawn into contact with bristled tip  105 . At the same time, fluids in fluid reservoir  71  are drawn through tube  14  and into wand  10 . The fluids follow vacuum loop  410  through passageway  305 , through bristled tip  105 , through an opening  435  on the bristled tip  105  and finally out opening  445  where the fluids treat the skin. 
     The fluids then reenter opening  445  and pass through a vacuum created in an annular space  440 . Vacuum loop  410  now carries with it the exfoliated skin particles and any other waste that was removed through the microdermabrasion process. The fluids travel within vacuum line  42  and are collected in the collection reservoir  51 . Since annulus  440  surrounds both the bristled tip  105  and opening  435 , there is little to no spent fluid or debris that must later be cleaned from the skin. 
     This application describes a specific implementation of the invention, where the flow direction is as shown in  FIG. 4 : the fluid is delivered through a passageway in the wand to the tip. This fluid may then vacuumed into the vacuum line. However, an alternate embodiment of the invention, the flow direction is opposite of that shown in  FIG. 4 , where fluid is drawn into the central passageway of the wand from line  42 . 
     As the user of the wand  10  glides the tip holder  200  over the skin, bristled tip  105  is scraped over the skin wherein microdermabrasion of that portion of the skin is performed. 
     A male to female connection between the bristled tip  105  and the handle  205  acts as a helpful guide to properly position the bristled tip to the handle. Bristled tip  105  includes a cavity  446 . In a specific implementation, cavity  446  forms a female core which fits onto a distal end  305  of a cannula  300 . That is distal end  305  forms a male core which fits into cavity  446 . Bristled tip  105  fits onto distal end  305  using, for example, an interference or press fit. However, in other implementations, other attachment mechanisms may be used. For example, bristled tip  105  may include a tab to create a snap fit between the bristled tip  105  and the cannula  300 . As another example, bristled tip  105  may thread onto cannula  300 . 
     In other implementations, distal end  305  may form a female core. Bristled tip  105  may then include a male protrusion that fits into the female core of distal end  305 . 
     Bristled tip  105  also includes a cavity  447 . Cavity  447  is coupled to the opening  435  at one end of the bristled tip  105  and cavity  446  at the opposite end of bristled tip  105 . This allows fluids to pass through bristled tip  105  using cavity  446 , cavity  447 , and eventually exiting at opening  435 . 
     Tip holder  200  fits over bristled tip  105  and onto vacuum head base  18 . One or more O-rings  18   a  or other sealing members (e.g., gasket) may be provided between vacuum head base  18  and tip holder  200  to facilitate the pressure tight seal. Tip holder  200  may be friction fit, provided with threads, or both, or another attachment means may provide a pressure tight fit between the components. For example, a snap fit such as an annular snap fit may be used. Alternatively, the tip holder  200  may be integrally machined or molded with vacuum head base  18 . In another implementation, bristled tip  105  may be integrally machined or molded with tip holder  200 . 
       FIG. 5  shows a perspective view of the vacuum loop  410 . When vacuum source  40  (see  FIG. 1 ) is turned on, fluids are pulled through handle  205  and cannula  300 . The fluids continue through distal end  305  of the cannula where the fluids pass through bristled tip  105  and exit at an opening  435  on the bristled tip  105 . The fluids exit tip holder  200  at an opening  445  and treat the skin. A vacuum created in annular space  440  pulls the fluids back into the tip holder  200  where the fluids move past the outside of bristled tip  105 . The fluids are pulled into vacuum line  42  and are collected in collection reservoir  51  (see  FIG. 1 ). 
       FIG. 6  shows a perspective of bristled tip  105  placed onto cannula  300 . In a specific implementation, the bristled tip  105  includes support ribs  600   a ,  600   b , and  600   c . When tip holder  200  is fitted over the bristled tip, the support ribs connect with the inner surface of the tip holder. The support ribs help to support and stabilize the bristled tip  105  in tip holder  200 . The support ribs help to ensure that the bristled tip  105  is properly aligned in the holder. Fluid can flow through the tip, treat the skin, and be vacuumed back into the tip holder. 
     In a specific implementation, support ribs  600   a ,  600   b ,  600   c  are attached such that they are initially flush with a front face  605  of the bristled tip  105 . However, in other implementations, the support ribs may be attached such that they are offset from the front face  605  of the bristled tip  105  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 9 ). Support ribs  600   a ,  600   b ,  600   c  extend outwardly and then turn to extend longitudinally down the length of the bristled tip  105  and at an angle such that their tips  606   a ,  606   b , and  606   c  are splayed. The angle may match the interior surface angle of the tip holder  200 . This allows support ribs  600   a ,  600   b ,  600   c  to contact the inner surface of the tip holder  200  for support and stabilization. 
     When the tip and tip holder are assembled together, support ribs  600   a ,  600   b , and  600   c  touch an inside surface of the tip holder and help form annular space  440 . Specifically, the annular space is formed between the inner surface of the tip holder and exterior surface of bristled tip  105 . Generally, the less volume or space taken up by the ribs enlarges the volume of the annular space. 
     In a specific implementation, fluids and abraded tissues are vacuumed back into the wand through the annular space. This annular space creates an annular vacuum region that surrounds the passageway of the wand where fluids flow to the tip. The volume of the annular space may vary depending on the specific design, but generally, larger volume annular spaces will help prevent potential blockage or other similar problems, especially when compared to pores or other structures that will restrict flow more. 
     The support ribs also help to ensure that the bristled tip  105  is properly aligned so that fluid can flow through, treat the skin, and be pulled back into the tip holder. 
     In a specific implementation, support ribs  600   a ,  600   b ,  600   c  are positioned at equal distances from each other around the bristled tip  105 . For example, the support ribs may be placed at 60 degree angles from each other as shown. However, in other cases, the support ribs may not be equally positioned in relation to each other. It should be appreciated that any arrangement or number of support ribs (including no support ribs) is possible so long as the fluids are able to pass from the front of the tip holder  200  to the back of the tip holder  200 . 
     Consequently, a flange, or a portion of a flange may be used between the bristled tip  105  and the tip holder  200  either with or without one or more support ribs. For example, where a flange completely encircles the bristled tip  105 , the flange may contain one or more openings which allow fluids to pass from the front of the tip holder  200  to the back of the tip holder  200 . 
     In a specific implementation, there may be a total of three support ribs as shown in  FIG. 6 . However, in other implementations there may, for example, be four support ribs. In yet another implementation, there may be no support ribs, one, two, five, or more than five support ribs. 
     In a specific implementation, tips  606   a ,  606   b , and  606   c  of the support ribs may have beveled edges. These beveled edges allow the tip holder  200  to easily slide on and off over the bristled tip  105 . 
     In a specific implementation, the support ribs  600   a ,  600   b ,  600   c  are molded or machined as an integral part of the bristled tip  105  as shown. In other implementations, the support ribs are molded or machined as an integral part of the tip holder  200 . For example, the interior surface of tip holder  200  may contain one or more protruding support ribs that contact bristled tip  105  when tip holder  200  if placed over bristled tip  105 . In yet another implementation, there may be a combination of support ribs which may be molded or machined as an integral part of the tip holder  200  and bristled tip  105 . 
     The tip holder  200  is smooth surfaced and adapted to glide over the skin as fluids (e.g., lotions, conditioners, vitamins, oils) exit the wand  10  to treat the skin. Tip holder  200  and treatment head  105  may, for example, be impregnated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), treated with wax, or include other hydrophobic ingredients to ensure that fluids do not adhere to tip holder  200  and treatment head  105 . 
     The tip holder  200  and treatment head  105  may be made of metal (e.g., stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, brass) or plastic such as nylon, thermoplastics, polyethylene, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), or Delrin. Glass, such as Pyrex, for example, may also be used. Tip holder  200  may be, although not necessarily, transparent or translucent. A transparent tip holder may allow better visualization by the operator during use. 
     The treatment tip and tip holder of the invention (in the various embodiments described and shown in this application) are designed to be removable and installable by the user. Further, the user can dispose of used or old tips or holders, or both, and easily replace them with new (or clean) ones. Also, the user can remove the tips to clean them or clean the passages to ensure the flow, vacuum and fluid, are clear, so that the microdermabrasion device will be operating at full efficiency. Also, in an embodiment, the tip and tip holder are designed to be low cost (e.g., made of less expensive materials) and disposable. 
     The design may be such that the tip wears faster than the tip holder. So users may stock up with greater numbers of replacement tips than holders. When a tip wears out, the user replaces the tip without needing to replace the holder. This is analogous to the situation of replacing an ink refill insert of a pen. For example, the holder may be replaced once for every seven (or other number) of tips. This lowers the cost of use for users, because the tip, which needs more frequent replacement because it is subject to more wear and tear, is replaceable separately from the tip holder. 
       FIG. 7  is a side view of bristled tip  105 . Table A below shows several implementations for the various dimensions of bristled tip  105 . It should be appreciated, however, that many other dimensions are possible. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 First Implementation 
                 Second Implementation 
               
               
                 Dimension 
                 (values in mm) 
                 (values in mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 A 
                 7-13 
                 10 
               
               
                 B 
                 2-4  
                 3 
               
               
                 C 
                 9-17 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     According to one aspect of the invention, the length of the bristle strands from the core to their free ends may, for example, range from about 1 millimeter to about 4 millimeters. This includes, for example, less than 1 millimeter, 2, 3, and more than 4 millimeters. 
     In a specific implementation, support ribs  600   a ,  600   b , and  600   c  (shown in  FIG. 6 ) extend from the front face  605  of the bristled tip  105  to a back face  705  of the bristled tip  105  as shown in  FIG. 7 . However, this is not always the case. In other implementations, the support ribs may terminate before reaching the back face  705 . For example, the support ribs may only extend 30 percent, 50 percent, or 75 percent of the dimension “a” of the bristled tip  105 . In yet another implementation, the support ribs may extend past back face  705 . Moreover, the distance that each support rib extends down the bristled tip  105  may not be the same. For example, support rib  600   a  may extend for a distance that is 50 percent the length of dimension a, while support rib  600   b  may extend for a distance that is 75 percent the length of dimension a. 
       FIG. 8  is a front view of the bristled tip  105  and tip holder  200 . In a specific implementation, the bristled tip  105  includes four groups of bristles  800   a ,  800   b ,  800   c , and  800   d . In another specific implementation there may be six groups of bristles. In other implementations, there may be just one group of bristles, two, three, five, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, or more than twelve groups of bristles. 
     The groups of bristles  800   a ,  800   b ,  800   c , and  800   d  form a ring around an opening  435  through which fluid flows out. Bristles  800   a ,  800   b ,  800   c , and  800   d  separate the opening  435  from the skin so that fluid can flow out of the opening. In a specific implementation, opening  435  is on the same plane as face  605  of the bristled tip  105 . In other implementations, opening  435  may be on a different plane. For example, opening  435  may be recessed into face  605  or opening  435  may protrude out from face  605 . In an implementation where opening  435  protrudes out, the fluids exit opening  435  closer to the skin. This helps to ensure that the skin is treated with fluids before the fluids are pulled back (or suctioned) into the tip holder  200 . 
     In a specific implementation, the surface area of opening  435  through which fluid flows out of may be about 0.5 square millimeters to about 4 square millimeters. This includes, for example, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, or more than 4 square millimeters. In an implementation, the surface area of opening  453  may be less than 0.5 square millimeters. 
     In an implementation, the total surface area for the openings for fluid may occupy a range from about 1 percent to about 10 percent of the total surface area of the treatment head. This includes, for example, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 percent, or more than 10 percent of the total surface area of the treatment head. In other implementations, the percentage may be less than 1 percent. 
     In the implementation shown in  FIG. 8 , the groups of bristles  800   a ,  800   b ,  800   c , and  800   d  are equally spaced from each other, and surround opening  435 . However, in other implementations, the groups of bristles may not be equally spaced from each other, may only occupy a certain region of the treatment head, or both. For example, in a specific implementation, bristles may only occupy the top half of the bristled tip  105 . In this specific implementation, the bristled tip  105  may be intended to travel in a specific direction over the skin. For example, if the skin is particularly sensitive then the direction of travel may be such that the leading edge, i.e., the edge that first contacts the skin, is the edge that does not include the bristles. This allows the fluids to contact the skin before the bristles to provide, for example, lubrication or numbing agents. The trailing edge, i.e., that edge that does include the bristles can then contact the patient&#39;s skin to provide the microdermabrasion. 
     In yet another implementation, opening  435  may be located at a different region of the bristled tip  105 , such as near an edge of the bristled tip. Furthermore, there may be more than one opening through which fluid flows out of. For example, there may be two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more than eight openings for fluid to flow out of. In a specific implementation, these openings may then surround the group or groups of bristles. 
     The bristles may be made from a synthetic material, natural material, or a combination of synthetic and natural materials. Synthetic materials include, for example, polyethylenes, polyamides, polymers, nylon, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), acetyl resins, polyesters, fluoropolymers, polyacrylates, polysulfones, thermoplastics, or combinations of these. Metal strands may also be used. Natural bristles may be made, for example, from the hair of a boar, cow, horse, mink, cashmere, buffalo, pony, goat, mongoose, oxen, squirrel, badger, weasel, or kolinsky weasel. 
     The bristles may contain polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), be treated with wax, or include other hydrophobic ingredients to ensure that fluids do not adhere to the bristles. The bristles may also contain kaolin, or other fillers or additives. 
     In a specific implementation, the individual strands making up the bristles may be crimped. Crimped strands may provide a softer brushing action and reduce breakage. In another implementation, the bristles may be straight. Straight bristles may provide a stiffer brushing action. 
     The bristles may have a stiffness grade of about 0.5 centinewtons per square millimeter to about 30 centinewtowns per square millimeter. For example, the stiffness grade may be 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or 29 centinewtons. Depending on the application, the stiffness grade may be more than 30 centinewtons or less than 0.5 centinewtons. 
     In still another aspect, a bristled tip  105  may include a mixture of bristle groups and strands having differing lengths, materials, cross-sectional areas, characteristics, or combinations of these. For example, a specific implementation may include a directional bristled tip. The leading edge of bristles may have a higher stiffness grade, or be more abrasive, than the trailing edge of bristles. This allows, for example, the more abrasive bristles to contact the skin first and remove a first layer of skin cells. Since the second layer of skin cells may be more sensitive, the trailing edge of bristles may have a lower stiffness grade, or be less abrasive so as to not irritate the skin. 
     In a specific implementation, the bristle strands may have uniform cross-sectional areas. In other implementations, the cross-sectional areas may vary across bristle strands. 
     A group of bristles may form a diameter that ranges from about 0.5 millimeters to about 20 millimeters where a larger treatment head is used. This includes 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, or more than 20 millimeters. The diameter may also be less than 0.6 millimeters. Where a group of bristles do not define a circular cross-section, the term “diameter” may be used to refer to the diameter of a circle that circumscribes the largest cross section of the noncircular group of bristles. 
     The total surface area for a group or groups of bristles at their free end may range from about 8 square millimeters to about 320 square millimeters. This includes for example, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, or more than 320 square millimeters. The surface area may also be less than 8 square millimeters. The smaller surface areas may be more appropriate where the area for microdermabrasion is small such as a patient&#39;s face. The larger surface areas may be more appropriate where the area for microdermabrasion is large such as a patient&#39;s back, chest, arms, or legs. 
     In a specific implementation, a group of bristles may have a similar cross-sectional area throughout the length of the group of bristles. However, in other implementations, the cross-sectional area will vary. For example, in the case of a group of crimped bristles, the cross-sectional area at the free end of the bristles may be larger than the cross-sectional area of the bristles at their crimped end. This is because crimped bristles have a tendency to splay out at their free ends. 
     In an implementation, the total surface area for all the groups of bristles may occupy a range from about 17 percent to about 60 percent of the total surface area of the bristled tip. This includes, for example, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or more than 60 percent. In other implementations, the percentage may be less than 17 percent. 
     In a specific implementation, each group of bristles has a reference point. The reference point may be the center of the group of bristles if, for example, the bristle strands are arranged to form circular shapes. Alternatively, the reference point may be defined as some other point, so long as the definition is consistent among the groups of bristles. 
     A group of bristles may be separated by a distance of about 0.5 millimeters to about 5 millimeters from their respective reference points. This includes, for example, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.5, 4, 4.5 or more than 5 millimeters. In other implementations, the distance will be less than 0.5 millimeters. 
     The bristles may be attached to the bristled tip  105  using, for example, stapling, fusion, gluing, or other attachment method, or combinations of these. In stapling, a group of bristles is folded over a staple and forced into a cavity in the tip. In fusion, the bristles are fused with heat and the resulting tuft is molded with the tip. 
     In a specific implementation, the bristles are distributed along a planar surface  605  of bristled tip  105 . However, in other implementations, the surface may not be planar. For example, the surface may be convex or concave. The bristles may also be distributed over a helical surface. These nonplanar surfaces may be used, for example, on skin surfaces that are not planar such as the edge of patient&#39;s jawline or the curved surface of a patient&#39;s forehead. Bristles distributed on a nonplanar surface may be better able to fully contact the patient&#39;s skin while maintaining the same level of pressure across all the bristles. 
     In another implementation, one or more groups of bristles may be attached to springs within the bristled tip  105 . These springs may then compress as the bristled tip  105  is moved over the nonplaner surfaces of a patient&#39;s skin. These springs allow the bristles to conform to nonplaner skin surfaces. 
       FIG. 9  shows an example of a specific implementation of a bristled tip  905 . In a specific implementation, bristled tip  905  may have six groups of bristles ( 910   a ,  910   b ,  910   c ,  910   d ,  910   e ,  910   f ), four support ribs ( 915   a ,  915   b ,  915   c ,  915   d ) which are offset from a face  920  of the bristled tip  905 , and an opening  930  which is at the end of a nipple  925 . 
     Nipple  925  extends some distance away from the face  920  of the bristled tip. The opening may extend from about 30 percent to about 75 percent the length of the bristles, including, for example, less than 30 percent, 50 percent, or more than 75 percent the length of the bristles. This nipple places opening  930  closer to the skin and helps to ensure that the fluid contacts the skin before being vacuumed, suctioned, or sucked back into tip holder  920 . 
     Support ribs  915   a ,  915   b ,  915   c , and  915   d  may be offset from face  920  of the bristled tip and attached at any point along the length of the bristled tip  905 . The ribs or prongs of the tip generally conform to an inside surface of a tip holder into which this tip fits. In a specific implementation, the distance for the offset is the same for all support ribs  915   a ,  915   b ,  915   c , and  915   d . In other implementations, the support ribs may be offset at different distances. For example, support rib  915   a  may be offset from face  920  by 0.5 millimeters, while support ribs  915   a ,  915   b , and  915   c  may be offset from face  920  by 1 millimeter. 
     Offsetting the support ribs allows, for example, an uninterrupted annular space  940  to be created near the front of the tip holder  920 . This allows fluids to more easily pass back into tip holder  920  without being blocked by any structures. 
     In a specific implementation, a tip holder  920  used to hold bristled tip  905  may be the same as tip holder  200  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 5 ) that is used to hold bristled tip  105  (see e.g.,  FIG. 5 ) which in a specific implementation has four groups of bristles. However, in other implementations, tip holder  920  may be different from tip holder  200 . For example, tip holder  920  may have a larger opening  935  to accommodate the additional bristle groups. 
       FIG. 10  shows a side view of tip holder  920  placed over bristled tip  905  and the resulting annular space  1005 . In a specific implementation, each length “b” of a bristle strand is the same and extends to an opening  1000  of the tip holder  920  as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     In other implementations, bristles  910   a ,  910   b ,  910   c ,  910   d ,  910   e ,  910   f  may extend past opening  1000 . The bristles may extend past opening  1000  by about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4, 5, or more than millimeters. The bristles may also extend past the opening  1000  by a distance that is less than 0.5 millimeters. 
     In yet another implementation, the free ends of bristles  910   a ,  910   b ,  910   c ,  910   d ,  910   e ,  910   f  may terminate before reaching opening  1000 . The bristles may terminate from about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4, 5, or more than 5 millimeters from opening  20   a . The bristles may also terminate at a distance less than 0.5 millimeters from opening  1000 . 
     For example, in  FIG. 11 , the bristles  910   a ,  910   b ,  910   c ,  910   d ,  910   e  terminate before reaching opening  1000 . This allows a skin  1105  to be pulled into opening  1000  to seal opening  1000 , which causes a closed loop to be formed. The skin then contacts the bristles. Simultaneously, fluid flows out of opening  930 , treats the patient&#39;s skin and is then removed through the vacuum in annular space  1005 . Since the vacuum in the annular space surrounds both the bristles  910   a ,  910   b ,  910   c ,  910   d ,  910   e  and the opening  930  that the fluid exits from, there is very spent fluid or debris that needs to be later removed from the patient&#39;s skin. 
     In a specific implementation, the lengths of the bristles may vary. For example, the lengths of the bristles may vary such that the free ends of the bristles form a diagonal plane. This particular implementation allows wand  10  (see  FIG. 1 ) to be held at the angle of the diagonal plane, which some users may find more comfortable, while still having all the bristles contact the skin. 
     As another example, the lengths of the bristles may also vary to form a concave or convex plane, or an angular or serrated profile, or another nonplanar surface, profile, or topography. These nonplanar implementations allow, for example, the bristled tip to follow the concave and convex contours of a patient&#39;s skin. 
     In a specific implementation, bristled tip  905  also includes a body  1006  with cross-sectional area of varying values. The front third section of bristled tip  905  tapers into a smaller cross-sectional area for the back two-thirds section. 
       FIG. 12  shows a specific implementation of a bristled tip  1205 . In a specific implementation, bristled tip  1205  may have six groups of bristles ( 1206   a ,  1206   b ,  1206   c ,  1206   d ,  1206   e ,  1206   f ), three support ribs or prongs ( 1207   a ,  1207   b ,  1207   c ) which are attached flush with a face  1208  on the bristled tip  1205 , and an opening  1209  at the end of a nipple  1210 . 
     It should be appreciated that there may be many different combinations of bristled tips that include, for example, different numbers of bristle groups, support ribs and fluid openings, different attachment positions for support ribs, or different positions for fluid openings. For example, in a specific implementation, the bristled tip may include two support ribs and three groups of bristles. The support ribs may not be equally spaced from each other. For example, instead of being spaced at 0 degrees and 180 degrees, the support ribs may be spaced at 0 degrees and 92 degrees. Furthermore, a first support rib may be attached flush with the face of the bristled tip while a second support rib is offset 0.5 millimeters from the face of the bristled tip. 
     In a specific implementation, the tip may not be a bristled tip. Instead the tip may be a smoothed surface tip or a tip containing other abrasive elements. 
     In a specific implementation, bristled tip  1205  includes a body  1211  that has a constant cross sectional area. 
       FIG. 13  shows an example of an abrasive tip  1305  that does not have bristles. Abrasive tip  1305  is shown placed within a tip holder  1310 . Fluid flows out of openings  1315   a ,  1315   b ,  1315   c , and  1315   d . The fluids contact the skin and are then pulled back into a vacuum in an annular space  1320 . In a specific implementation, the openings are equally spaced from each other around the abrasive tip  1305 . Thus, fluids are able to completely and uniformly surround the target area of skin that is being treated. These fluids may, for example, help to dislodge debris on the skin to increase the effectiveness of the abrasive tip  1305 . 
       FIG. 14  shows a cross-sectional view of tip  1305  and tip holder  1310 . A vacuum loop  1405  shows the flow of fluids. Arrows on the vacuum loop  1405  indicate the direction of fluid travel. As described in earlier figures and with reference to  FIG. 1 , vacuum source  40  pulls fluids from fluid reservoir  71 , through tube  14  and into wand  10 . 
     Tip holder  1310  as shown in  FIG. 14  is connected to wand  10 . Fluids flow through a tube  1415 . The fluids then exit through one or more openings  1315   a  (see  FIG. 13 ),  1315   b ,  1315   c , and  1315   d  and then exit an opening  1420  on the tip holder  1310 . The fluids contact the skin and are then pulled back into opening  1420  by the vacuum in an annular space  1320 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 1 , the fluids are then pulled into vacuum line  42  where they are collected in collection reservoir  51 . 
       FIG. 15  shows a specific implementation where the tip holder  1310  is a separate unit from the abrasive tip  1305 . In another implementation, tip holder  1310  and abrasive tip  1305  may be one unit. For example, tip holder  1310  and abrasive tip  1305  may be integrally molded or machined. 
       FIG. 16  shows the front of a specific implementation of a tip holder  1601  into which an abrasive tip  1602  is placed. Tube  1603  is surrounded by annular space  1604 . Support ribs  1615   a ,  1615   b ,  1615   c , and  1615   d  support tube  1603  within tip holder  1610 . 
     Tip holder  1610  includes channels  1610   a ,  1610   b ,  1610   c , and  1610   d  that are on a front surface  1620  of tube  1603 . The front surface  1620  is angled in towards the interior of tube  1603 . This then allows fluid that flows through tube  1603  to then be redirected along the channels. 
     In a specific implementation, the channels are equally spaced around the perimeter of tube  1603 . For example, in an implementation where tube  1603  has a circular cross section and four channels, the channels may located at 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 degrees. In other implementations, there may be less than four channels (e.g., one, two, or three) or more than four channels (e.g, five, six, seven, or eight). Moreover, the channels may not necessarily be equally spaced from each other. 
     Tip holder  1610  may also include notches  1605   a ,  1605   b ,  1605   c , and  1605   d . There may be any number of notches. For example, there may be no notches, one, two, three, four, five, six, or more than 6 notches. 
     In a specific implementation, there may be a total of four support ribs ( 1615   a ,  1615   b ,  1615   c ,  1615   d ) which support tube  1603  in annular space  1604 . Specifically, the annular space is formed between the inner surface of the tip holder and the exterior surface of tube  1603 . Generally, the less volume or space taken up by the ribs enlarges the volume of the annular space. 
     In a specific implementation, fluids and abraded tissues are vacuumed back into the wand through the annular space. This annular space creates an annular vacuum region that surrounds the passageway of the wand where fluids flow to the tip. The volume of the annular space may vary depending on the specific design, but generally, larger volume annular spaces will help prevent potential blockage or other similar problems, especially when compared to pores or other structures that will restrict flow more. 
     The four support ribs are equally spaced around the perimeter of tube  1603 . For example, the an angle between the support ribs is given by 360 degrees divided a total number of support ribs (e.g., for four support ribs, the angle is 90 degrees; for three support ribs, the angle is 60 degrees; and for five support ribs, the angle is 72 degrees). In other implementations, the support ribs may not be equally dispersed around the perimeter of tube  1603 . 
     While tube  1603  is shown with a circular cross-sectional area, this not always the case. For example tube  1603  may be a square tube, rectangular tube, triangular tube, elliptical tube, or any other hollow shape. 
     In the implementation shown in  FIG. 16 , the ends of the support ribs are planar. However, in other implementations, the end of the support ribs may have an outwardly (e.g., convex) angular or beveled surface or edges. This allows fluid to more easily flow past. 
     In other implementations, there may be less than four support ribs. For example, there may be no support ribs, one, two, or three support ribs. In another implementation, there may be more than four support ribs, including for example, five, six, or more than seven support ribs. 
     It should be appreciated that any arrangement or number of support ribs (including no support ribs) is possible so long as fluids are able to pass through the vacuum created in annular space  1320 . 
     Consequently, a flange, or a portion of a flange may be used between the tube  1603  and the tip holder  1601  either with or without one or more support ribs. For example, where a flange completely encircles tube  1603 , the flange may contain one or more openings which allow fluids to pass from the front of tip holder  1601  to the back of tip holder  1601 . 
     In a specific implementation, the support ribs are molded or machined as an integral part of the tip holder  1601 . 
     In a specific implementation, tip holder  1601  is formed as a result of machining. However, in other implementations, tip holder  1601  may be formed using other manufacturing techniques such as casting, molding, injection molding, etching, or a combination of these including machining. 
       FIG. 17  shows the back of a specific implementation of an abrasive tip  1701 . In a specific implementation, the abrasive tip  1701  includes channels  1705   a ,  1705   b ,  1705   c , and  1705   d . Channels  1705   c  and  1705   d  are not shown due to the perspective view of the drawing. Abrasive tip  1701  also includes collars  1710   a ,  1710   b ,  1710   c , and  1710   d  and a key  265   a.    
     In a specific implementation, the channels  1705   a ,  1705   b ,  1705   c , and  1705   d  are equally spaced around the perimeter of the abrasive tip  1701 . For example, in an implementation where the abrasive tip  1701  has a circular cross-section and four channels, the channels may be located at 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 degrees. In other implementations, the abrasive tip  1701  may include less than four channels, such as no channels, one channel, two channels, or three channels. In another implementation, there may be more than four channels, including, for example, five, six, seven, or more than eight channels. 
     Channels  1705   a ,  1705   b ,  1705   c , and  1705   d  in the abrasive tip  1701  align with the channels  1610   a ,  1610   b ,  1610   c , and  1610   d  in the tip holder  1601  as shown in  FIG. 16 . When these channels are aligned they form the openings  1315   a ,  1315   b ,  1315   c , and  1315   d  as shown in  FIG. 13  that fluid flows out of. For example, with reference to  FIGS. 13, 16, and 17 , channel  1705   a  in the abrasive tip  1701  may align with channel  1610   a  in the tip holder  1601  to form opening  1315   a . Channel  1705   b  in the abrasive tip  1701  may align with channel  1610   b  in the tip holder  1601  to form opening  1315   b . Channel  1705   c  in the abrasive tip  1701  may align with channel  1610   c  in the tip holder  1601  to form opening  1315   c . Channel  1705   d  in the abrasive tip  1701  may align with channel  1610   d  in the tip holder  1601  to form opening  1315   d.    
     The  FIGS. 16 and 17  show U-shaped or semicircular shaped channels or grooves which, when aligned, form circular shaped openings. However, this is not always the case. In other implementations, the openings formed may have the shape of a polygon such as a rectangle or square, or the shape may be elliptical or oval. Furthermore, there may be a combination of differently shaped openings which are formed using differently shaped channels. 
     The U-shaped or other shaped grooves in the tip combine (or mate) with similar grooves in the tip holder to form a complete channel, through which the fluid will flow. Because of the design of the invention, when the tip and tip holder are separated, the grooves are exposed so that they can more easily be examined and cleaned. This will allow a user to more easily clean or clear the fluid channels in the tip, thus helping prevent clogging of the fluid channels (e.g., after use, the fluid has residue that after the fluid evaporates can clog a tip). 
     In a specific implementation, the openings allow fluid to flow out around the perimeter of the abrasive tip  1701  as opposed to the front surface of the abrasive tip  1701 . This prevents the tissue that is being treated from occluding the openings. 
     However, in other implementations, there may be openings on the surface of the abrasive tip  1701  itself. For example, there may be an opening for fluid located in the center of the abrasive tip  1701 . Additionally, there may also be a combination of openings at different locations. For example, there may be openings located at or near the perimeter of the abrasive tip  1701  and an opening or openings on the surface of the abrasive tip  1701 . 
     In a specific implementation, the openings all have the same cross-sectional areas. The cross-sectional areas may range, for example, from about 0.05 square millimeters to about 20 square millimeters. For example, the cross-sectional areas may be 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 10, 15, or 19.9 square millimeters. Depending on the application, the cross-sectional area may be less than 0.5 square millimeters, or greater than 20 square millimeters. In other implementations, the cross-sectional areas of the openings will be different. For example, one opening may have a cross-sectional area of 0.3 square millimeters, while another opening may have a cross-sectional area of 0.5 square millimeters. 
     In yet another implementation, the cross-sectional area of a particular opening may vary from one end of the opening to the opposite end. This allows, for example, varying the flow rate and velocity of fluid exiting from the openings. 
     In a specific implementation key  265   a  in the abrasive tip  1701  fits into any of notches  1605   a ,  1605   b ,  1605   c , and  1605   d  in tip holder  1310  as shown in  FIG. 16 . Thus, this specific implementation provides for four different positions for abrasive tip  1701  to be positioned in tip holder  1310 . 
     There may be any number of keys. For example, there may be no keys, one, two, three, four, five, or more than five keys. In a specific implementation, the number of keys on the abrasive tip  1701  will be the same as the number of notches on the tip holder  1601 . In another implementation, the number will be different. For example, there may be fewer keys on the abrasive tip  1701  than notches on the tip holder  1601 . 
     In a specific implementation, the sizes of the keys and notches are the same. In another implementation, the sizes may be different. In yet another implementation, the notches may be on the abrasive tip  1701  while the keys are on the tip holder  1601 , or there may be a combination arrangement. That is, an implementation may have a combination of keys and notches on both the abrasive tip  1601  and tip holder  1701 . 
     The key or keys ensure that the channels  1610   a ,  1610   b ,  1610   c , and  1610   d  in the tip holder  1601  and channels  1705   a ,  1705   b ,  1705   c , and  1705   d  in the abrasive tip  1701  are properly aligned to form the openings  1315   a ,  1315   b ,  1315   c , and  1315   d  in  FIG. 13  through which fluid flows out. The key or keys also ensure that tip  1701  does not rotate during the microdermabrasion session and move the channels out of alignment. In other implementations, however, it may be desirable to have a rotating tip in order to provide additional microdermabrasion action (i.e., tip rotates or spins during use). 
     In a specific implementation, the keys may also be used to specifically misalign certain channels in the tip holder  1601  and abrasive tip  1701  in order to not form an opening for fluid to exit. Thus, the amount of fluid exiting may be adjusted by misaligning the channels in the abrasive tip  1701  with the channels in the tip holder  1601 . 
     In a specific implementation where there is a particular direction of travel for the abrasive tip  1701 , the keys may also be used to ensure that the abrasive tip  1701  is properly positioned along the particular direction of travel. 
     Collars  1710   a ,  1710   b ,  1710   c , and  1710   d  slide into the tip holder  1601 . The collars  1710   a ,  1710   b ,  1710   c , and  1710   d  are positioned between the channels  1705   a ,  1705   b ,  1705   c , and  1705   d  in the abrasive tip  1701 . This allows fluid to flow out of the openings formed by aligning the channels in the abrasive tip  1701  with the channels in the tip holder  1601 . 
     The number of collars may vary. Typically, the number of collars will be dependent on the number of channels. For example, if there are four channels, then there will be four collars. However, this is not always the case. In other implementations, the number of collars will be different from the number of channels. There may be more channels than collars, or there may be fewer channels than collars. 
     As shown in the cross-sectional view in  FIG. 18 , the collars  1710   a ,  1710   b ,  1710   c  (not shown) and  1710   d  (not shown) help to support the abrasive tip  1701  in the tip holder  1601 . In a specific implementation, the abrasive tip  1701  is held in tip holder  1601  using a friction fit between the collars and the tip holder  1601 . The pressure of the abrasive tip  1701  against the skin and the vacuum in annular space  1604  also helps to hold the abrasive tip  1701  in the tip holder  1601 . 
     However, in other implementations, other types of fastening interfaces may be used. For example, the abrasive tip  1701  may be held in the tip holder  1601  using magnets, a snap fit (e.g., cantilever snap fit), threads, a screw or screws, or combinations of these. When using a snap fit interface, for example, a ridge may be located on one or more of the collars. This ridge may then snap into a recess in tip holder  1601 . 
     When using a screw, for example, the screw may be inserted through the abrasive tip  1701  and threaded into a plate in located in tube  1603 . In this particular implementation, the screw is typically recessed into the abrasive tip  1701 . This ensures that the head of the screw does not scrape the patient&#39;s skin. 
     The type of drive design on the screw may vary. For example, the drive may be slotted, a Phillips, a Pozidriv, a torx, a hex, a Robertson, a tri-wing, a Torq-set, a spanner head, or a triple square. 
     In a specific implementation, a plate in tube  1603  that the screw threads into will still allow fluid to pass though. This may be accomplished where, for example, the plate is a cross bar that spans the inner walls of tube  1603 . In this case, fluid would pass around the cross bar. In another implementation, the plate may contain perforations that allow fluid to pass through. In yet another implementation, the plate may be smaller than the cross-sectional area of the tube  1603  and be held in place with one or more supporting spokes attached to the inner walls of the tube  1603 . 
     The screw may come into contact with fluids. Thus, in a typical implementation, the screw will be made of a material that will not react with the fluids. For example, the screw may be stainless steel, zinc coated steel, galvanized steel, aluminum, or plastic. The screw may be metric or English threaded. 
       FIG. 18  also shows that abrasive tip  1701  is recessed into tip holder  1601  by a distance d. This allows, for example, the skin to be pulled into opening  1420  in order to seal opening  1420  and have the skin contact abrasive tip  1701 . Distance d may range from about 0.01 millimeters to about 2 millimeters. This includes, for example, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or more than 2 millimeters. In other implementations, d may be less than 0.01 millimeter. 
       FIG. 19  shows the front of abrasive tip  1701  and tip holder  1601 . Annular space  1604  surrounds abrasive tip  1701 . In a specific implementation, the surface of abrasive tip  1701  may be formed by fusing (e.g., gluing, imbedding) abrasive particles to the surface. Examples of abrasive coatings could include diamond, silicone carbide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, and the like, or combinations of these. The abrasive surface may also be formed by applying an adhesive-backed paper substrate to the surface, knurling, machining, laser treatment or otherwise mechanically or chemically treating the surface. The abrasive surface may also include an abrasive open screen with bonded abrasive particles. 
     The abrasive particles are generally of a size ranging from about 50 grit to about 300 grit, including for example, 100 grit and 120 grit. The abrasive particles may be carborundum (aluminum oxide) or sodium bicarbonate, or other, or combinations of these. The coarser particles (at the lower ends of the grit ranges) may be provided for use in initial treatments, while finer particles (at the higher ends of the grit ranges) may be employed for later treatments. 
     In a specific implementation, the abrasive tip  1701  is intended for single-use only. This is because debris, such as skin particles, may become lodged within the abrasive tip  1701 . The debris may reduce the abrasive properties of the abrasive tip  1701 . Additionally, abrasive particles may become detached from the abrasive tip  1701 . It may also be difficult to properly sanitize the abrasive tip  1701  to remove the lodged debris. In a specific implementation, abrasive tip  1701  may include structures that break-away when abrasive tip  1701  is removed from the tip holder  1601 . This safeguard ensures that the abrasive tip  1701  is not erroneously reused. This also protects patients from coming into contact with abrasive tips that have been contaminated with debris from other patients. 
     In another implementation, abrasive tip  1701 , the spent fluids, or both may be intended for sterilization and repeated use. 
     Annular space  1604  surrounds the abrasive tip  1701 . This allows spent fluids and removed skin particles to be pulled back into the vacuum in annular space  1604 . Thus, little or no spent fluids or skin particles remain on the patient&#39;s skin that will later require additional cleaning. 
     In a specific implementation, the surface area of the annular space may range from about 15 square millimeters to about 30 square millimeters. This includes, for example, less than 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or more than 30 square millimeters. The surface area of the annular space depends, in part, on the size of the abrasive tip  1701 . A ratio of the surface area of an annular space to the surface area of the abrasive tip  1701  may range from about 1:0.5 to about 1:5. This includes, for example, ratios of 1:0.6, 1:0.7, 1:0.8, 1:0.9, 1:1, 1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.3, 1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, or more than 1:5. However, in other implementations, the ratio may be less than 1:0.5. 
       FIG. 20A  and  FIG. 20B  show a front view of a specific implementation of two differently sized abrasive tips  2001 ,  2005  and the corresponding tip holders  2002 ,  2010 . In a specific implementation where circular shaped abrasive tips and tip holders are used, abrasive tips  2001  and  2005  may have diameters of 6 millimeters (d 1 ) and 9 millimeters (d 3 ), respectively. 
     An opening  2011  on tip holder  2010  may likewise be larger than an opening  2003  on tip holder  2002  in order to accommodate the larger abrasive tip  2005 . 
     However, the outside diameters (d 2  and d 4 ) of tip holders  2002  and  2010  may be the same. This allows, the same wand  10  (see  FIG. 1 ) to be used with varying abrasive tip sizes. 
     It should be appreciated that there may be many more sizes of abrasive tips besides the 6 millimeter and 9 millimeter diameters shown in  FIG. 20A  and  FIG. 20B . The size or surface area of the abrasive tips may vary greatly. This depends, in part, on the skin surface to be treated. 
     For example, the surface area of the abrasive tips may range from about 25 square millimeters to about 350 square millimeters. Abrasive tips having smaller surface areas such as 28.3 square millimeters or 63.6 square millimeters may be used where the area to be treated is small such as a patient&#39;s cheek. The smaller abrasive tips may also offer more control when the area to be treated is adjacent sensitive areas such as around eyes or lips. Abrasive tips having larger surface areas such as 314 square millimeters may be used to treat larger areas such as arms, legs, torsos, or backs. Where, for example, circular shaped abrasive tips are used, the diameter may range from 4 millimeters to 20 millimeters. This includes, for example, less than 4 millimeters, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, or more than 20 millimeters in diameter. 
     The abrasive tips may also be formed in different shapes other than circles, such as, ellipses, ovals, rectangles, or squares, or any other shape that substantially maintains an annulus or other flow paths that would substantially surround the abrasive tips. The shapes may include edges that are concave, convex, curved, straight, or combinations of these. 
     Although this specific implementation shows two different tip holders ( 2002 ,  2010 ) being used with two different sized abrasive tips ( 2001 ,  2005 ), this is not always the case. For example, the tip holder  2010  for the larger abrasive tip  2005  may also be used to hold an abrasive tip that has a surface area of abrasive particles that is the same as the surface area of the smaller abrasive tip  2001 . This allows, for example, the same tip holder to be used for abrasive tips that have two different surface areas of abrasive surfaces. 
       FIG. 21  shows a specific implementation of an abrasive mesh tip  2105  which uses a nonwoven nylon web, such as that available from, among others, 3M Corporation. The abrasive mesh tip may be placed in the same tip holder  2002  that is used for the abrasive tip  2001 . In other implementations, the tip holder will be different. The tip holder  2001  may also be integrated with the abrasive mesh tip  2105  as a single unit. 
     In a specific implementation, fluid flows through the center of the abrasive mesh tip  2105 , around a perimeter of the abrasive mesh tip  2105 , or both. The mesh separates the opening for fluid from the skin so that fluid can flow out. 
     In a specific implementation, the abrasive mesh tip  2105  has a diameter of 6 millimeters. However, the size of the abrasive mesh tip may vary. For example,  FIG. 22  shows a specific implementation of an abrasive mesh tip  2205  which has a 9 millimeter diameter. 
     In addition to the 6 millimeter and 9 millimeter sizes, there may be many more sizes. Where, for example, circular shaped abrasive mesh tips are used, the diameter may range from 4 millimeters to 20 millimeters. This includes, for example, less than 4 millimeters, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5, 12, 12.5, 13, 13.5, 14, 14.5, 15, 15.5, 16, 16.5, 17, 17.5, 18, 18.5, 19, 19.5, or more than 20 millimeters in diameter. 
     The height of the abrasive mesh tip may also vary greatly. The height is typically about 2 millimeters, but can range from about 0.4 millimeters to about 15 millimeters. For example, the height may be 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or more than 15 millimeters. In other implementations, the height may be less than 0.4 millimeters. 
       FIG. 23  shows examples of several packaging options for the tips (e.g., smooth tips, abrasive tips, abrasive mesh tips, bristled tips) and bottles of fluid. 
     In a specific implementation, the tips may be individually packaged  90 ,  91 . In other implementations, the tips may be provided as a kit  92 . The kit may contain identical tips, tips having different sizes, tips having different levels of abrasiveness (e.g, 100 grit, 200 grit, 300 grit) and types of abrasive elements (e.g., grit, bristle, abrasive mesh), or combinations of these. For example a kit may contain several tips with grit ranges from 100 grit to 300 grit. A microdermabrasion session may start with the most abrasive grit, such as 100 grit, in order to quickly remove large portions of skin. As the patient&#39;s skin becomes smoother, less abrasive tips may then be used to produce a smooth skin surface. 
     In a specific implementation, the bottles of fluid  80  may be individually packaged separate from the tips. In another implementation, multiple bottles of fluids may be packaged together  94 , separate from the tips. 
     In yet another implementation, a single tip or multiple tips may be packaged  93  with a bottle of fluid  80  or multiple bottles of fluid. In a specific implementation, one bottle of fluid may be equivalent to one microdermabrasion session. A single tip, intended for use for one session, may then be packaged with the bottle of fluid. The tip and bottle may be packaged in a sterile container. A user may then remove the tip and bottle from its packaging in view of the patient. This allows the patient to see that a new tip is being used. It also allows the patient to see that the fluid in the bottle has not been tampered or diluted. 
     This description of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the teaching above. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications. This description will enable others skilled in the art to best utilize and practice the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to a particular use. The scope of the invention is defined by the following claims.

Technology Classification (CPC): 0