Patent Abstract:
A system and method for multimode imaging of at least one sample is disclosed. The system includes at least one light source; an optical system selected responsive to a mode of operation of the imaging system; and a detector capable of selective reading of pixels. The at least one sample is moved elative to the optical system using a sample movement technique selected from the group consisting of step sample moving and continuous sample moving. The method includes the steps of (1) selecting a mode of operation for the imaging system; (2) transmitting light from at least one light source through an optical system selected in response to the mode of operation for the imaging system; (3) moving the at least one sample relative to the optical system using a sample movement technique selected from the group consisting of step sample moving and continuous sample moving; and (4) selectively reading pixels with a detector.

Full Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention generally relates to imaging systems, and, more particularly, to a system and method for multimode imaging.  
         [0003]     2. Description of the Related Art  
         [0004]     Numerous optical imaging system designs have been developed, each with its own imaging techniques. In the context of microscopy, wide field imaging techniques have been employed in certain systems, while confocal imaging techniques have been used in other systems.  
         [0005]     Wide-field imaging involves illuminating a sample and detecting the image of substantially the entire field of view. Wide-field imaging has been used for numerous applications. Fluorescence microscopy is an example of one application that has utilized wide field imaging.  
         [0006]     Confocal imaging utilizes a specialized illumination and detection arrangement that images only a selected portion of the imaging system&#39;s field of view. In addition to conventional imaging optics, confocal imaging includes a detector having a field of view, an aperture that defines a subset of a field of view, and an illumination system that illuminates an area of sample that is optically conjugated to the field of view. Confocal imaging is capable of providing better axial resolution than wide field imaging by rejecting out of focus light and enabling optical sectioning. In the context of fluorescence microscopy, confocal imaging improves the signal to noise ratio by rejection of background fluorescence that may come from supporting medium, or outside the subset of the imaging area.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007]     A system and method for multimode imaging of at least one sample is disclosed. According to one embodiment of the invention, the system includes at least one light source; an optical system selected responsive to a mode of operation of the imaging system; and a detector capable of selective reading of pixels. The at least one sample is moved relative to the optical system using a sample movement technique selected from the group consisting of step sample moving and continuous sample moving.  
         [0008]     According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for multimode imaging of at least one sample is disclosed. The method includes the steps of (1) selecting a mode of operation for the imaging system; (2) transmitting light from at least one light source through an optical system selected in response to the mode of operation for the imaging system; (3) moving the at least one sample relative to the optical system using a sample movement technique selected from the group consisting of step sample moving and continuous sample moving; and (4) selectively reading pixels with a detector.  
         [0009]     The mode of operation may be wide field mode, fixed line confocal mode, scanning line confocal mode, point confocal mode, or through transmission mode.  
         [0010]     The optical system may include a beam forming element that is selected in response to the mode of operation for the imaging system, a beam deflecting device that deflects the light on the sample, and a beam collimator that collimates the light. The beam forming element may include Powell lenses, cylindrical lenses, diffraction gratings, holographic elements, focusing mirrors, conventional lenses having spherical surfaces, conventional lenses having aspherical surfaces, and combinations thereof. The beam collimator may be a lens-based collimator and a mirror-based collimator. The beam deflecting device may include a scanning mirror and at least one actuator. The system may further include at least one optical filter.  
         [0011]     It is a technical advantage of the present invention that a system and method for multimode imaging is disclosed. It is another technical advantage of the present invention that the system may operate in wide field mode, fixed line confocal mode, scanning line confocal mode, point confocal mode, or through transmission mode. It is still another technical advantage of the present invention that the step sample moving and continuous sample moving are used to move the sample. 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0012]     For a more complete understanding of the present invention, the objects and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:  
         [0013]      FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a system for multimode imaging according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0014]      FIGS. 2   a - 2   d  are schematics of step sample moving techniques according to embodiments of the present invention;  
         [0015]      FIG. 3  is a schematic of a step sample moving technique using wide field mode according to one embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0016]      FIG. 4  is a schematic of a step sample moving technique using line confocal mode according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0017]      FIGS. 5   a - 5   b  are schematics of continuous sample moving techniques according to embodiments of the present.invention;  
         [0018]      FIG. 6  is a schematic of a continuous sample moving technique using line confocal mode according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0019]      FIG. 7  is a schematic of a continuous sample moving technique using line confocal mode with multiple samples according to an embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0020]      FIG. 8  is a schematic of a continuous sample moving technique using line confocal mode with multiple samples according to another embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0021]      FIG. 9  is an illustration of a slide having alignment marks used for registration according to one embodiment of the present invention; and  
         [0022]      FIG. 10  are illustrations of registration techniques using alignment marks according to embodiments of the present invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
       [0023]     The system and method of the present invention are suitable for use with wide field, true (point) confocal, and line confocal microscopes Examples of such devices are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/184,444 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Fluorescent Confocal Microscopy”; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/320,676 entitled “Autofocus Method And System For An Automated Microscope”; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/320,675 entitled “System And Method For Fiber Optic Bundle-Based Illumination For Imaging System.” The disclosures of these documents are hereby specifically incorporated by reference in its entirety.  
         [0024]     Preferred embodiments of the present invention and their advantages may be understood by referring to  FIGS. 1-10 , wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements.  
         [0025]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a system for multimode imaging according to one embodiment of the present invention is schematically presented and includes one or more light sources  110   1 - 110   n  to excite fluorescent (or fluorescently stained or labeled) target  150  and one or more detectors  190  to detect fluorescent emissions. System  100  may contain other components as would ordinarily be found in confocal and wide field fluorescent microscopes. The following sections describe these and other components in more detail. For a number of the components there are multiple potential embodiments.  
         [0026]     For illustration only, excitation light is illustrated as dashed line  101 , while reflected light is illustrated as dashed line  102 .  
         [0027]     Light sources  110   1 - 110   n  may include any source capable of delivering light of the excitation wavelength to the target. Examples of suitable light sources include lasers, laser diodes, light emitting diodes, and lamps. Other light sources may be used as appropriate.  
         [0028]     In one embodiment, two or more lasers covering the optical spectrum from the near IR to the near UV are provided as light sources  110   1 - 110   4 . Any practical number of lasers can be used, and the number of light sources provided may depend on the number of fluorescent dyes present in the sample that require different excitation light wavelengths.  
         [0029]     As disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/184,444, light from the light sources is coupled to the rest of the system by either delivering the light as a free space beam of the appropriate spatial and temporal parameters, such as diameter, direction and degree of collimation or, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/320,675, via fiber optic light delivery system. In the free space embodiment (not shown), a laser selection module is used to select the laser to be transmitted through free space. In the fiber optic light delivery embodiment, shown in  FIG. 1 , light from light sources  110   1 - 110   n  is delivered through fiber optic bundle  120  or via a fiber optic beam combiner.  
         [0030]     In one embodiment, light source  115  may be provided behind sample  150 . This allows system  100  to operate in through transmission mode. Light source may be any suitable light source, including lasers, laser diodes, light emitting diodes, lamps, and combinations thereof. Other light sources may be used as appropriate.  
         [0031]     Light exiting either fiber optic bundle  120  or free space may be provided to beam collimator  125 . Beam collimator  125  may be a lens-based collimator or a mirror-based collimator. Beam collimator  125  converts a diverging beam into a collimated beam. Alternately, beam collimator  125  may be used as a beam expander.  
         [0032]     The excitation light may pass through beam forming element  130 . Beam forming element  130  allows system  100  to operate in line confocal mode, point confocal mode, or in wide field mode. Beam forming element  130  may perform a beam collimator/expander function.  
         [0033]     In one embodiment, if system  100  is operated in line confocal mode, beam forming element  130  may convert the collimated beam of laser light into a focused beam diverging in one direction only. The full divergence angle of the output beams Dq may calculated by the following equation: 
 
 Dq= 2* arctan( D/( 2* f )) 
 
 where f is the focal length of microscope objective  145 , and D is the linear dimension of the imaging area on target  150  along the axis of the line. In one embodiment, a Powell lens, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,299, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, may be used. In another embodiment, a cylindrical lens may be used. 
 
         [0034]     Other suitable beam forming elements  130  include focusing mirrors, diffraction gratings and holographic elements.  
         [0035]     In another embodiment, if system  100  is to be operated in wide field mode, beam forming element  130  may be a conventional lens with spherical or aspherical surfaces. In another embodiment, beam forming element  130  may be a focusing mirror. The necessary beam forming element  130  may be automatically moved into position once a corresponding mode of operation is selected.  
         [0036]     Following beam forming element  130 , light is directed by beam deflecting device  140 , such as a scanning mirror. Beam deflecting device  140  is used to adjust a position of the illumination area, such as line, point, or wide field on sample  150 .  
         [0037]     In one embodiment, beam deflecting device  140  may include a narrow mirror centered on, or axially offset from, the rear of microscope objective  145 . This embodiment has a geometry and reflective property as follows: 
        Width ˜ 1/10 times the diameter of the rear aperture of the objective;     Length ˜1.6 times the diameter of the rear aperture of the objective;     Optically flat; and     Highly reflective 300 nm to 800 nm.        
 
         [0042]     These particular properties of the mirror provide several key advantages. First, it makes it possible to use a single mirror for all excitation wavelengths. Relative to a multiband dichroic mirror this greatly increases the flexibility in adapting the system to a wide range of light sources.  
         [0043]     Second, it uses the rear aperture of the objective at its widest point. This leads to the lowest achievable level of diffraction which in turn yields the narrowest achievable width of the line of laser illumination at the sample.  
         [0044]     Third, the field of view that can be achieved is large as is possible with the simple one-tilting-mirror strategy. By using two mirrors, or using a single mirror having two axes of rotation, one can simultaneously change the direction of the beam and translate the beam.  
         [0045]     Beam deflecting device  140  may also be a dichroic mirror. The design of the dichroic mirror will be such that the radiation from all excitation lasers is efficiently reflected, and that light in the wavelength range corresponding to fluorescence emission is efficiently transmitted. An example of a suitable dichroic mirror is a multi-band mirror based on Rugate technology.  
         [0046]     In one embodiment, beam deflecting device  140  is selected according to the mode of operation. For example, if system  100  is operated in true (point) confocal mode, beam deflecting device  140  may be a dichroic mirror that may be scanned in two directions. In another embodiment, if system  100  is operated in wide field mode or in line confocal mode, beam deflecting device may be a narrow mirror that may be fixed or scanned in one direction. The necessary beam deflecting device  140  may be automatically or manually moved into position once a corresponding mode of operation is selected.  
         [0047]     Beam deflecting device  140  may be scanned in one or two directions by actuator  135 . In one embodiment, actuator  135  may be a galvanometer with an integral sensor for detecting the angular position. The galvanometer is driven by a suitably-tuned servo system. The bearing system is based on flexures to effectively eliminate wear and issues with friction in the bearing. An example of a galvanometer is the Cross Flexure Pivot Suspension Moving Magnet Galvanometer, available from Nutfield Technology, Inc., 49 Range Road, Windham, N.H. 03087-2019.  
         [0048]     In one embodiment, when system  100  is operated in line confocal mode, actuator  135  moves beam deflecting device  140  to cause excitation light to move across sample  150 .  
         [0049]     In another embodiment, when system  100  is operated in true (point) confocal mode, actuator  135  moves beam deflecting device  140  in two directions to cause light  120  to move across sample  150 .  
         [0050]     In yet another embodiment, when system  100  is operated in wide field mode, actuator  135  may fix beam deflecting device  140  relative to sample  150 . This may be at, for example, a 45 degree angle with respect to the axis of illumination. In still another embodiment, when system  100  is operated in wide field mode, actuator  135  may move beam deflecting device  140  relative to sample  150  at a frequency that is greater than the frequency at which detector  190  acquires light. Such movement may provide a more uniform light field over sample  150 .  
         [0051]     Detector  190  is provided for detecting fluorescence from sample  150 . In one embodiment, detector  190  may include CMOS and CCD detectors that are capable of detecting the fluorescent light and generating an image. Detector  190  may be capable of an independent reset and readout of pixels (random access feature).  
         [0052]     In one embodiment, multiple detectors may be provided, as discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/184,444.  
         [0053]     Optical filter  180  may be provided to transmits the reflected light attenuate the light at other wavelengths. In one embodiment, optical filter  180  may be a linear variable filter (e.g., Schott Veril filter). In another embodiment, standard, dye-specific fluorescence filters may be used. In yet another embodiment, band pass filters for providing multispectral imaging may be used. In another embodiment, no filter may be used.  
         [0054]     In one embodiment, additional aperture  187  may be provided in front of detector  190 . In one embodiment, additional aperture  187  is used when system  100  operates in line confocal mode. Additional aperture  187  may be a physical slit in a nontransparent material, such as steel, aluminum, ceramics, etc.  
         [0055]     In such an embodiment, the width of physical slit may be narrower than the pixel width of the pixels in detector  190 . This provides an increase in the degree of confocality of system  100 . In one embodiment, the width of the physical slit in additional aperture  187  may be adjustable. This allows the width of the physical slit may be adjusted to provide widths at other than pixel widths. For example, the width of the physical slit may be one and one-half pixel widths.  
         [0056]     The insertion and removal of additional aperture  187  may be automatic or it may be manual. Similarly, the adjustment of the width of the physical slit may be automatic or it may be manual.  
         [0057]     In one embodiment, if the physical limitations of detector  190  do not allow placement of additional aperture  187  directly above the pixels in detector  190 , an additional optical system (not shown) may be located between additional aperture  187  and detector  190  to re-image the physical slit on detector  190 . For example, the additional optical system can be a relay lens.  
         [0058]     The remainder of system  100 , including microscope objective  145 , sample support  155 , optical filter  165 , actuator  170  for optical filter  165 , image forming lens  175 , and actuator  185  for optical filter  180 , is fully described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/184,444.  
         [0059]     Although the system and method of the present invention is described in the context of the system of  FIG. 1 , it should be recognized that the present invention is not limited to such a system. Similarly, although the system and method of the present invention is described in the context of a fluorescent system, it should be recognized that the system and method of the present invention may be used in a non-fluorescent system.  
         [0060]     As discussed above, the system of the present invention may operate in wide field, true (point) confocal, and line confocal modes. Line confocal mode includes both fixed line confocal mode and scanning line confocal mode. In fixed line confocal mode, beam deflecting device  140  is fixed thereby fixing the position of the illumination line over sample  150 . In scanning line confocal mode, beam deflecting device  140  scans the illumination line over sample  150 .  
         [0061]     To image a sample, the system of the present invention may use a variety of techniques to adjust the relative position of the sample and the illumination system relative to each other. Such techniques will be discussed below.  
         [0062]     In one embodiment, the relative position between the illumination system and the sample may be adjusted by moving the sample. This may be accomplished by moving the sample support, on which sample is provided. An example of a system to accomplish this is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,388,788, entitled “Method and apparatus for screening chemical compounds,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.  
         [0063]     In another embodiment, the relative position between the illumination system and the sample may be adjusted by moving the illumination system. For example, this may involve moving the entire illumination system, or it may involve moving only a portion of the illumination system. In yet another embodiment, the relative position between the illumination system and the sample may be adjusted by a combination of moving the sample and the illumination system.  
         [0064]     Referring to  FIGS. 2   a - d , the relative position between the illumination system and the sample may be adjusted using a “step sample moving” technique. In general, in step sample moving, during image acquisition, the relative position of the sample and the illumination system remains fixed. Step sample moving can be used when the system is operated in several modes, including wide field mode and line confocal mode.  
         [0065]     Step sample moving is used to detect a sequence of images of sample  200 . In this technique, the image area of sample  200  is “broken” into a plurality of smaller image areas  250   1 , . . .  250   n . Each image area  250   n  is imaged separately before moving to the next image area  250   n+1  to image that image area  250   n+1 . In one embodiment, the image areas  250   1 , . . .  250   n  may be imaged by row. In another embodiment, the image areas  250   1 , . . .  250   n  may be imaged by column. In yet another embodiment, the imaging may be based on the location of items of interest. For example, the movement may be random if sample  200  has many small objects, such as cells, that are randomly distributed over the slide or well.  
         [0066]      FIGS. 2   a - 2   d  illustrate different ways of implementing the step sample moving technique. In  FIG. 2   a , sample  200  is imaged by rows using a relative movement that is similar to the movement of a typewriter (e.g., left to right, carriage return, left to right) according to one embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 2   b , sample  200  is imaged by rows in both directions. In  FIG. 2   c , sample  200  is imaged by columns in one direction. In  FIG. 2   d , sample  200  is imaged by columns in both directions. Other movement directions and techniques may be used as desired.  
         [0067]     Each image area  250   n  may be imaged so that it overlaps with its adjacent image areas.  
         [0068]     Referring to  FIG. 3 , in one embodiment, the system may operate in wide field mode, and the step sample moving technique is used. In this embodiment, a wide field “snapshot” is taken of each image area  250   1 - 250   n  separately. During each “snapshot,” both sample  200  and the illumination system remain fixed relative to each other. Sample  200  is imaged as discussed above.  
         [0069]     Referring to  FIG. 4 , in one embodiment, the system may operate in scanning line confocal mode, and the step sample moving technique may be used. In this embodiment, the illumination system illuminates line  260  on each image area  250   1 - 250   n  separately. In one embodiment, during this imaging, both sample  200  and the illumination system remain fixed relative to each other. In this embodiment only the scanning portion of the illumination system moves and causes illumination line  260  to move across sample  200 . Sample  200  is imaged as discussed above.  
         [0070]     Although  FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate only one type of step sample moving technique, it should be recognized that other step sample moving techniques may be used as desired.  
         [0071]      FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  illustrate the “continuous sample moving” technique according to another embodiment of the present invention. In general, in continuous sample moving, during image acquisition, the relative position of the sample and the illumination system is adjusted, while the optics of the illumination system remain fixed. Continuous sample moving is preferably used when the system operates in fixed line confocal mode, but it may also be used when the system operates in other modes, such as wide field mode.  
         [0072]     In one embodiment, additional aperture  187  may be employed when continuous sample moving and fixed line confocal mode are used.  
         [0073]     Continuous sample moving in combination with fixed line confocal mode allows for an image larger than the field of view of the imaging system to be acquired in a single image. Accordingly, continuous sample moving can also be used to image more than one sample, i.e., batch sample processing, in a single image.  
         [0074]     As shown in  FIG. 5   a , the system may operate in fixed line confocal mode and sample  200  is imaged in one direction by moving sample  200  relative to the illumination system in one direction. Sample  200  is returned to its initial position and the process is repeated. In another embodiment, shown in  FIG. 5   b , the sample may be imaged in both directions. Other movement directions and techniques may be used as desired.  
         [0075]     Alternatively, illumination line  260  may be moved to cover another linear section of the sample as the relative position of the sample is moved back to its initial position as shown in  FIG. 5   a  or  b . In this case, the sample is imaged as it passes under the beam in both directions.  
         [0076]     In another embodiment, the system may operate in wide field mode and continuous sample moving may be used. In this embodiment, illumination light is provided to the sample in pulses as the sample moves relative to the illumination system.  
         [0077]     An example of the continuous sample moving technique while the system operates in fixed line confocal mode is shown in  FIG. 6 . In this figure, a sample having a dimension of 15×15 mm is provided on a standard microscope slide. An illumination line from the illumination system is provided, and may have a length of 0.7 mm. The magnification is 40×. The scanning speed is 100 mm/second. The detector is a fast CCD/CMOS camera.  
         [0078]     In this embodiment, the sample must move relative to the illumination system to make 22 passes to complete the imaging of the sample. The total scan length is 330 mm. The ideal scan time is 330/100, equaling 3.3 seconds per standard microscope slide. Correction for additional delays for sample support acceleration, deceleration, sample support shift between lines, etc, is 300-400% of the ideal scan time. The realistic scan time is 15 seconds.  
         [0079]     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the imaging system according to the present invention can be operated with multiple samples  700   1 ,  700   2 , . . .  700   n . Illumination line  760  is provided and samples  700   1 ,  700   2 , . . .  700   n  are moved relative to illumination line  760 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 7 , the continuous sample moving technique provides scanning in one direction. In the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , the continuous sample moving technique provides scanning in both directions. Any number of specimen could be imaged using the arrangements shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 .  
         [0080]      FIG. 8  depicts an exemplary embodiment of the present invention as applied to batch slide tissue imaging. Samples  800 ,  805 ,  810 ,  820  and  825  are provided on slides (not shown) and each has a size of 15×15 mm. The illumination line may have a length of 0.7 mm. For this example, there are 50 slides in a batch. More or fewer slides may be provided. The magnification is 40×, and the scanning speed is 200 mm/second. The detector is a fast CCD/CMOS camera. The sample support length is 1000 mm.  
         [0081]     Similar to the example of  FIG. 6 , the number of passes per slide is 22. However, the total scan length is 22000 mm. The ideal scan time is 110 s/batch. Correction for additional delays for sample support acceleration, deceleration, sample support shift between lines, etc, is 50% of the ideal scan time. This is smaller than for single slide scanning. The corrected batch scan time is 165 seconds. The average scan time is 3 seconds per slide.  
         [0082]     In order to assist in registering samples on slides, at least one alignment mark may be provided on the substrate of the slides. For example, referring to  FIG. 9 , slide  900  is provided with sample  910  and cover slip  920 . A plurality of alignment marks  930  are provided in slide  900 . Alignment marks  930  may be formed by scribing or etching the surface of slide  900  or cover slip  920 . Although crosses are depicted as alignment marks in  FIG. 9 , it should be recognized that other shapes, types, number, and location of alignment marks may be used as necessary and desired.  
         [0083]     Registration of a sample can be performed in a variety of ways. In one embodiment, registration can be performed prior to the high resolution imaging. In another embodiment, registration can be performed at the same time as the high resolution imaging.  
         [0084]     In one embodiment, the excitation light is directed to sample  910  and illuminates alignment marks  930 . Successively, the light can be partially absorbed, scattered, reflected or most generally, emitted with a different characteristics, such as a longer wavelength, a modified intensity, etc. The emitted light differs detectably from the background and therefore, an image of the alignment mark can be registered by detector  190  (shown in  FIG. 1 ) or by a separate detector (not shown). This image is registered with each fluorescent channel and can be used, exemplary, during image analysis in a way allowing selecting an area of interest from the tissue sample image.  
         [0085]     As depicted in  FIG. 10 , several methods of registration can be used during imaging based on a characteristic of the emitted light. For example, in one embodiment, the edges of alignment marks may be detected when the excitation light is scattered on the edges, producing characteristic double spike signal in the image space. Such an embodiment is provided in  FIG. 10   a . In another embodiment, a “W-shaped” signal can be formed due to the reflectivity change on the mark, shown in  FIG. 10   b . In another embodiment, if the alignment mark was delineated on the substrate in a form of a Fresnel zone target, a single spike signal will be formed due to diffraction on the target. This is illustrated in  FIG. 10   c . In still another embodiment, a fluorescent signal will be formed if a luminophore material was incorporated into the alignment mark or exemplary, due to a fluorescence behavior of the scribed or etched mark. Such is shown in  FIG. 10   d.    
         [0086]     In one embodiment, reflected light is detected from the alignment marks as well as from the edges of the cover slip. In one embodiment, the alignment mark is recorded with the sample image. The detection of the alignment marks may also be used to control the relative movement of the sample and the illumination system.  
         [0087]     Other embodiments, uses, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. The specification and examples should be considered exemplary only.

Technology Classification (CPC): 6