Patent Abstract:
A connector assembly is provided for connecting two planar surfaces or structures together to permit electrical transmission between the two. As described, the connector have at least two housing sections having grooves formed therein for receiving springs, such as canted coil springs. The springs are configured to provide constant mechanical and electrical connection between multiple parts and allow for small motions between such parts. By allowing for movement of the connected parts, adequate connection during thermal changes and/or vibrations is maintained. This is possible due to the spring contact interface between the connector assembly and the connecting parts, which allows relative movement between the springs and the connecting parts.

Full Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a regular utility application based on provisional application No. 61/182,423, filed May 29, 2009, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF ART 
     Mechanical connectors that connect two or more parts or panels together are generally discussed herein. Specific discussions include connectors for connecting two or more parts or panels together for electrical applications in which electrically conductive components are used to allow for current flow from one part to another. The disclosed connectors may be viewed or thought of as conduits for electrical flow across different panels. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A photo-voltaic solar array is a means for converting solar radiation into electricity, which is well known in the art. A solar array typically consists of a collection of solar cells integrated with a structural support system, an environmental protection system, and an electrical energy distribution system. In some instances there are additional sub-systems such as concentrating optics and pointing systems. The systems are used in terrestrial applications and in space applications. A common problem area in using solar arrays is the reliability of the connection between the electrical energy distribution system and the solar cells. Exemplary prior art patents directed to solar cells or arrays include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,296,270; 4,350,836; 4,685,608; 6,093,884; and 6,870,087; the contents of each of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     The current state of the art is to bond solar cells to their structural support using flexible adhesive, such as room-temperature vulcanizing (RTV) adhesive, and weld a thin foil conductor to the connector pads on the solar cells. An exemplary prior patent that discloses bonding between solar cells is U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,316 to Bogorad, et al., the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     Solar cells are thin and brittle polycrystalline semi-conductor structures, similar in structural characteristics to silicon computer chips. The attachment of the conductive foil or wire to the cells involves the joining of dissimilar materials, usually by welding or soldering, which can cause weakened areas. Cyclic stresses due to periodic thermal changes can and often result in fatigue crack propagation in the joint that can ultimately lead to joint failure. When an electrical connection to the solar cell is broken, no energy flows from that cell and if that cell is in series with other cells, an entire string of cells can be out of service, thus reducing the overall system efficiency. 
     SUMMARY 
     An improvement would be an interconnect system, such as an electrical conduit, that allows small motions of the solar cells relative to one another with reduced or without cyclic stress in the current path compared to prior art joints. An additional benefit would be if the interconnect system allows for individual solar cells to be removed and replaced, such as during a repair and/or replacement. 
     In an embodiment, an electro-mechanical connector is provided comprising multiple housings and springs that engage the connecting parts to mechanically hold such parts together and permit current flow between the two via the connector. The housings and springs, both being electrically conductive, will provide a constant electrical connection as well as mechanical connection under thermal cycling, vibration, and small motions between connecting parts. The same connector may be used in holding, locking, or latching applications. 
     An example could be an electro-mechanical connector comprising two housings, a connecting pin, and three springs, such as shown in  FIG. 1 . In other embodiments, more than three springs may be used and the housings may be made from multiple housing components or parts that are connected together. 
     The present devices, systems, and methods allow for a compliant mechanical and electrical contact between two elements, which have planar surface portions, such as for example a solar cell and a support structure, comparable in purpose as prior art bonding and welding combination. The solar cell, a rigid and brittle structure, is allowed to expand and contract with thermal strain without the support structure, such as a connector or an electrical conduit, imparting stresses on the crystalline structure. Long solar cell life is expected with the present device, system, and method due to the reduced or zero stress induced by the connector, which allows two adjacent cells to move relative to one another while maintaining electrical contact between the two. 
     In certain embodiments, the upper part of the housing is removable to allow a single solar cell to be replaced, if needed—such as when damaged. 
     The present devices, systems, and methods can be regulated so that contact forces imparted by the canted coil spring contact element on the panel or surface to be connected can be tailored to a variety of levels—ensuring that the optimal force is imparted. 
     Thus, an aspect of the present device and system may be understood to include a connector for connecting two elements, which have planar surface portions, together. The connector can comprise a first housing piece and a second housing piece, said first and second housing pieces each comprising a conductive material. The connector further can include a connecting piece for mechanically interlocking said first and second housing pieces together, said connecting piece projecting, at least in part, into the first housing section. Wherein said first and second housing pieces can each comprise at least one groove comprising a canted coil spring disposed therein. 
     An aspect of the present method may be understood to include a method for connecting two elements, which have planar surface portions, together. The method can comprise the steps: placing a first housing piece against a first element so that a spring disposed in a groove in said first housing piece contacts a planar surface of said first element; placing a second housing piece against the first element and a second element so that a spring disposed in a groove in said second housing piece contacts a planar surface of said second element; projecting a connecting piece into a gap of said first housing piece; and securing said connecting piece with said first housing piece so that a spring force is biased against said first element and said second element. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The various embodiments of the present connectors, systems, and associated methods now will be discussed in detail with an emphasis on highlighting the advantageous features. These embodiments depict the novel and non-obvious connector shown in the accompanying drawings, which are for illustrative purposes only. These drawings include the following figures, in which like numerals indicate like parts: 
         FIG. 1  shows a perspective view of an electro-mechanical connector with two housings, a connecting pin, and three springs for mechanical and electrical connection of two solar cells to permit current flow between the two. 
         FIG. 2  shows a cross-sectional view of the device of  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description describes the present embodiments with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, reference numbers label elements of the present embodiments. These reference numbers are reproduced below in connection with the discussion of the corresponding drawing features. 
     The embodiments of the present connectors, systems, and associated methods are described below with reference to the figures. These figures, and their written descriptions, indicate that certain components of the apparatus are formed integrally, and certain other components are formed as separate pieces. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that components shown and described herein as being formed integrally may in alternative embodiments be formed as separate pieces. Those of ordinary skill in the art will further appreciate that components shown and described herein as being formed as separate pieces may in alternative embodiments be formed integrally. Further, as used herein the term integral describes a single unit or a unitary piece and whereas a unitary piece means a singularly formed single piece, such as a singularly formed mold or cast. 
     As used herein, the terms “first”, “second”, “upper”, and “lower” are relative terms intended to distinguish between different components but not to limit the scope or features of those components unless the context indicates otherwise. 
       FIG. 1  shows a two piece housing  10 ,  12  joined by a connecting pin  14  provided in accordance with aspects of the present device, system and method. In one example, the pin is generally circular in cross-section. However, the pin can embody a square cross-section, a triangular cross-section, an oval cross-section, a polygon cross-section, such as a five-sided regular polygon, a six-sided regular polygon, or an irregular polygon. In other embodiments, the connecting pin can have a trapezoidal cross-section, a tapered cross-section, or a complex-shaped cross-section, such as a square cross-section with raised ridges or a star shape. 
     The housings  10 ,  12  contain a plurality of spring grooves, including two grooves  30 ,  32  in the upper housing section  10  and one groove  34  in the lower housing section  12  for receiving a plurality of springs  38 . A pin groove  36  formed in part by a vertical standing rib  16  and the upper housing section  10  defines a gap that allows for insertion of a locking pin  14 . The pin  14  is held in place by the geometry of the pin groove  36  as well as the force exerted on the vertical standing rib  16  by the locking spring  35 . As shown, the lower housing section  12  is unitarily formed (i.e., singularly formed) with a lower housing block  60  and the vertical standing rib  16 , which resembles a backward “L” having a spring groove  34  and a partial pin groove  62  formed therein. In another embodiment, the lower housing block  60  and the vertical standing rib  16  are separately formed and attached to one another, such as by welding, interference, threading, etc. Thus, the vertical standing rib  16  acts like a connecting piece for the lower housing block  60  and the upper housing section  10 . 
     To assemble the connector  8 , the lower housing piece  12  is placed under the solar array substrate  40 . The solar cells are laid on the substrate  40  such that the conductive tab  42  on the underside of the substrate  40  makes contact with the spring  38 . In another embodiment, the lower housing piece  12  is bonded to the solar array substrate  40 . The upper housing piece  10  with two springs  38  positioned in their respective grooves  30 ,  32  is then placed over the central rib  16  of the lower housing piece  12 , and over the two adjacent solar cells  40 ,  44 . One spring  38  makes contact with the vertical standing rib  16  and the other spring makes contact with the upper contact pad  46  of the second solar cell  44 . The upper housing  14  is pressed downward, compressing the springs  30  until the pin groove  36  align to form a cylindrical hole or gap, whereupon the locking pin  14  is inserted. In one example, two or more connectors  8  are used per adjacent pairs of solar cells  40 ,  44 . In another example, multiple rows of grooves and springs are incorporated to contact each solar panel. The springs are each understood to be extended with two spring ends being at opposite ends of the spring, i.e., not connected like a garter-type. In yet another embodiment, a plurality of round grooves are incorporated into the housing pieces for accommodating a plurality of garter-type springs for each housing contact surface with a solar panel. This alternative embodiment resembles a row of spaced apart circular springs located on the contact surfaces of each housing section. 
     Thus, a feature of the present connector is understood to include a first or top rectangular prism  64  comprising two spring grooves  30 ,  32  and wherein the two spring grooves have groove bottom surfaces  66  that are at an angle to one another. As shown, the grooves  30 ,  32  have flat bottom groove surfaces that are orthogonal to one another. However, the grooves may be tapered from horizontal (i.e., tapered relative to the planar surface of the solar cells) so that the springs positioned therein are turned at a turn angle when pressed against the solar cells. In one embodiment, the spring groove  30  or  32  or both spring grooves each comprising a groove sidewall that is disposed at an angle  80  relative to the planar surface of the solar cells. In one embodiment, the angle  80  is an obtuse angle. In an alternative embodiment, the angle  80  is an acute angle. 
     A further feature of the present connector is a first or top rectangular prism  64  comprising at least two spring grooves  30 ,  32  and wherein at least one of the spring grooves comprises an extended channel  68  for receiving a connecting pin  14 , which can also include a shaft or a rod. In a specific example, the extended channel  68  receives a vertical standing rib  16  that has a partial pin groove  62  formed thereon for receiving the connecting pin  14 . 
     In another embodiment, the connector comprises a second rectangular prism  70  that forms a lower housing block  60  having a spring groove  34  with a groove bottom  66 . As understood, the second rectangular prism  70  is smaller than the first rectangular prism  64 , at least in width. In another embodiment, the second rectangular prism  70  is smaller in height than the first rectangular prism  64 . The lower housing section  60  is preferably formed with a vertical standing rib  16  as a singularly formed unit. However, in another embodiment, the lower housing block  60  and the vertical standing rib  16  are separately formed and secured to one another using fasteners and optionally with a tongue and groove. Thus, the vertical standing rib  16  may be viewed as a connecting piece for connecting the two rectangular prisms  64 ,  70  together. 
     In another embodiment, each solar cell is understood to contact with at least one spring  38 . As each spring  38  has an operating deflection range that biases directly against the surface of the solar cell so that adequate connection during thermal changes and/or vibrations can be maintained between the two solar cells  40 ,  42  and the connector  8 . Also, because the springs are not welded to the solar cells, the solar cells can move laterally relative to the springs. Operating deflection of the canted coil spring is understood to include a working or deflection range of the canted coil spring, which has a somewhat constant spring force over the working range. This in turn allows vibration or movement within the deflection range to be absorbed by the canted coil spring. Operating deflection is well known in the art and further discussion is not believed necessary. 
     In one example, current flows from the underside conductive pad  42  on one solar cell  40  through the spring  38 , and into the lower housing  12 . Current flows upwards into the vertical standing rib  16 , and then into the spring  38 , and on into the upper housing  10 . From the upper housing it flows through the second upper housing spring  38 , and into the contact pad  46  on the upper surface of the second solar array  44 . In other words, when used to transmit electrical signals or current, the arrows in  FIG. 2  show typical signal or current path. However, depending on how the system is configured, current can flow in reverse order, i.e., with the arrows pointing in the opposite direction than as shown. 
     To ensure proper current path, a non-conductive insulating pad  18  is placed on the upper surface of the first solar cell  40 , protecting it from the electrical potential of the upper housing  10 . In other examples, additional insulating pads  18  (not shown) are used to control, such as by guiding or preventing, electrical potential by strategic placements of the insulating pads. 
     The springs  38  may be axial or radial canted coil springs. The housings  10 ,  12  may be made of any conductive material, including copper and aluminum. The grooves may be tapered, flat-bottomed, or V-bottomed. The housings  10 ,  12  may be extruded or machined using electro-discharge methods. The springs may be plated to enhance conductivity of the system (lower system resistance). The housings may be similarly plated to enhance conductivity. In other embodiments, the housings and/or the springs may be made from multi-metallic layers to provide strength at elevated temperatures as well as high conductivity. For example, the housings and/or the springs may be made with multi-metallic layers or wires as described in co-pending application Ser. No. 12/767,421, filed Apr. 26, 2010, the contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     The device  8  may be used to join any two independent objects, plates or housings together and should not be viewed as limiting to electrical contacts or connectors. For example, the two solar cells may simply be panels made from metal, wood, plastic or fiberglass. In other embodiments, the objects to be gripped by the connector  8  are not planar in configuration. In other words, only sections to be gripped by the connector  8  have planar surface portions and not necessarily the rest of the objects to be gripped. 
     The above description presents the best mode contemplated for carrying out the present connectors, systems, and associated methods, and of the manner and process of making and using them, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains to make and use these connectors, systems, and associated methods. These connectors, systems, and associated methods are, however, susceptible to modifications and alternate constructions from that discussed above that are fully equivalent. Consequently, these connectors, systems, and associated methods are not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed. On the contrary, these connectors, systems, and associated methods cover all modifications and alternate constructions coming within the spirit and scope of the connectors, systems, and associated methods as generally expressed by the following claims, which particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter of the connectors, systems, and associated methods.

Technology Classification (CPC): 7