Patent Abstract:
This invention relates to a method for installing anchorage apparatus used in stabilizing different types of soils and/or creating anchorage and more particularly, to a method for injecting various types of solidifying material into a subsurface through a anchorage apparatus during the drilling operation. The anchorage apparatus may be used in conjunction with grout and similar materials for forming an anchor or load carry pier. A solidifying material swivel, a drive connector and a anchorage apparatus, in combination are attached to a power drive unit such that after insertion, the anchorage apparatus remains within the soil subsurface, encased in solidifying material.

Full Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application in a continuation-in-part and claims benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/423,323 filed Jun. 9, 2006, incorporated by reference herein. 
     
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to a method of installing a pier anchorage system used in stabilizing different types of soils and/or creating anchorage, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a method of installing a pier that permits injecting various types of solidifying material into a subsurface during its placement. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Soil stabilization techniques such as helical plate bearing anchors, mini-piles and micro-piles are known. For example, helical plate bearing anchors are mounted on steel bar shafts and pipe shafts with plate helices that are drilled into soil and used as tension, compression and lateral force resisting members. These types of anchors may be mounted to hollow shafts to provide a channel for injecting solidifying material into the subsurface after drilling is completed. For example, hollow drill rods and drill shafts are used with grout in forming tiebacks, mini-piles, rock anchors, soil nails and other micro-pile uses. 
         [0004]    Further, various types of auger tools are used for excavating holes. This type of tool may have a disposable drill head. Flight augers have continuous helices along the length of the shaft. Because of the expense of this type of auger, the auger is generally removed from a drill hole and not left in place, the drill hole subsequently filled with solidifying material to form a mini-pile. 
         [0005]    In U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,593 to Raaf, a method and apparatus for installing a helical pier with pressurized grouting is disclosed. An anchor having helices is rotated into the ground. The helical anchor is hollow and includes multiple perforated holes along its length and about its perimeter. After the anchor is drilled into the ground, pressurized grout is injected therein and forced out the perforated holes. 
         [0006]    In U.S. Pat. No. 4,009,582 to LeCorgne, a method is described for forming a caseless concrete pile using a hollow pipe, a connector and a tubular driving mandrel. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,512,366 to Turzillo, a hollow auger for drilling holes is disclosed. The auger described in the Turzillo patent is withdrawn from the hole leaving a steel rod with drill bit in place with concrete thereafter poured for forming a concrete pier. 
         [0007]    In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,492,493 and 4,756,129 to Webb and 3,115,226 to Thompson, Jr. different types of ground anchors and apparatus are described. Also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,998,849 to Summers, 3,961,671 to Adams et al. and 4,678,373 to Langenbach, Jr. disclose different types of driving apparatus and methods of shoring structures. 
         [0008]    Other varieties of ground anchor devices used for soil stabilization have been described. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 6,722,821 to Perko et al. and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,904,447, 5,919,005 and 5,934,836 to Rupiper et al. disclose recent anchor devices using helical piers for stabilizing soil and for securing building foundations and other structures. 
         [0009]    The above described and other known soil stabilization and anchoring techniques include either pumping a solidifying material under pressure through a hollow anchorage apparatus and out holes contained therein once the anchorage apparatus has been advanced into the ground subsurface, or alternatively, withdrawing the anchorage apparatus and thereafter pumping a solidifying material under pressure into the space created by the anchorage apparatus. Unfortunately, such post-drilling operation techniques leave voids both within the solidifying material and between the solidifying material and soil with resulting loss of soil stabilization and resistance to displacement. 
         [0010]    Accordingly, there is still a continuing need for improved helical pier designs that result in voidless solidifying material placement. In presenting a novel helical pier to deliver the solidifying material during the drilling process, the present invention fulfills this need and further provides related advantages. 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    The method of soil stabilization and anchoring described herein teaches the unique combination of structure and functions to allow a solidifying material to be pumped under pressure during the drilling process, thereby preventing voids both within the solidifying material and between the solidifying material and soil, resulting in increased soil stabilization and resistance to displacement. 
         [0012]    In a preferred embodiment, a pilot hole is drilled to a predetermined depth and angulation, followed by insertion of a anchorage apparatus which remains within the soil subsurface, encased in solidifying material. 
         [0013]    The anchorage apparatus includes at least one hollow pipe section. In the preferred embodiment, at least one helice is attached to the pipe section. The helice is used for driving the pipe section into the pilot hole and for additional resistance to displacement forces once the drilling is completed. At least one perforation in the pipe section is used for introducing a solidifying material under pressure into the soil subsurface during the pipe section insertion process. The solidifying material is pumped under pressure into the hollow pipe section while the anchorage apparatus is being operatively engaged. The anchorage apparatus remains in the soil encased in solidifying material to increase soil stabilization and/or create an anchor point or load carry pier. 
         [0014]    In a preferred embodiment, an upper end of the anchorage apparatus attaches to a drive connector allowing for operative attachment of a solidifying material swivel to the anchorage apparatus. The solidifying material swivel comprises a drive shaft which extends through a stationary casing at both ends and is adapted at an upper end to accept a power driving device, for example, various types of torque, hydraulic and percussion drives for drilling into different types of soils. A lower end of the anchorage apparatus includes components used for advancing downwardly into the soil, for example, a cutter head, a helix, a drill point and the like. 
         [0015]    One advantage of the present invention is that it provides a system which is adaptable for faster, easier injection of solidifying material into a soil subsurface during the composite pier placement process, thereby achieving voidless soil stabilization, load carrying and anchorage. 
         [0016]    Another advantage of the invention is that the composite pier can be driven into the ground surface at predetermined precise locations using easily interchangeable types of torque, hydraulic and percussion drilling machines. 
         [0017]    Yet another advantage of the invention is that it provides a rugged yet relatively inexpensive drilling system that can be used interchangeably to form either a voidless anchor or load carry pier. 
         [0018]    Still another advantage of the invention is that the system allows for rapid, stable and uniform construction of voidless anchors or load carry piers on all types of terrain and soil conditions. 
         [0019]    Yet another advantage of the invention is the ease with which soil stabilization may be achieved in remote areas far removed from solidifying material mixing plants. 
         [0020]    Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  is an oblique view of the swivel, drive connector and anchorage apparatus, in combination. 
           [0022]      FIG. 2  is an oblique view of the swivel. 
           [0023]      FIG. 3  is an oblique view of the swivel attached to a drive connector with a second end plate. 
           [0024]      FIG. 4  is an oblique view of the drive connector with a second end collar. 
           [0025]      FIG. 5  is an oblique view of one form of a composite pier used as a anchorage apparatus. 
           [0026]      FIG. 6  is an oblique view of one form of a drilling tool used as a anchorage apparatus. 
           [0027]      FIG. 7  is an oblique view of one form of a drilling tool used as a anchorage apparatus having a diagonal cut first end. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0028]    While grout is the solidifying material of choice, the present invention is not limited to use with grout. Rather, it should be apparent that any solidifying material capable of being pumped under pressure may be used. As used herein, the term “anchorage apparatus” is meant to included all shafts, drills, bits, tools and the like capable of expressing solidifying material during the drilling process, be it during insertion of the anchorage apparatus, during removal of the apparatus, or both. 
         [0029]    Referring to  FIG. 1 , in a preferred embodiment, the soil stabilization and anchorage system used in the method of the present invention  10  comprises three main components: a solidifying material swivel  2  for receiving both a power drive unit  68  and a solidifying material (not shown), a drive connector  4  operatively connected to the solidifying material swivel  2 , and a anchorage apparatus  6  operatively connected to the drive connector  4 . 
         [0030]    Turning to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , solidifying material swivel, for example, grout swivel  2 , has a first end  8  for operatively mating with power drive unit  68 , for example, a rotary torque drive, a percussion drill, a jacking apparatus, a vibratory driving device, a hydraulic drill, and like drilling equipment. A second end  12  is fabricated to operatively mate with drive connector first end  14 . In a preferred embodiment, swivel second end  12  attaches to swivel plate  18  for operative mating to drive connector first end plate  26 . At least one hole  20  is fabricated into plates  18  and  26  for receiving fastener  22 , for example, a bolt or pin. 
         [0031]    Intake  16  is fabricated to receive a pressurized supply of solidifying material, for example, grout, concrete or polymer (not shown). Grout swivels are well known in the art, generally comprising a grout intake port feeding into a sealed casing which surrounds a drive shaft. A portion of the drive shaft within the casing is hollow with perforations to allow the grout to pass from the casing to the hollow portion of the drive shaft. The top of the drive shaft is blocked, while the bottom is open, thereby allowing the grout to exit through the rotating drive shaft while the casing remains stationary. The novel feature of swivel  2  used in the present invention is its adaptation for use in combination with the other components of the system described in detail below. In a preferred embodiment, swivel drive shaft  24  extends beyond swivel casing  38  to form swivel second end  12 . 
         [0032]    Drive connector  4  comprises first end  14  and second end  30  separated by shaft  32 . In a preferred embodiment, drive connector first end  14  attaches to drive connector first end plate  26  for operative connection to grout swivel plate  18  and drive connector second end  30  attaches to drive connector second end plate  36  for operative connection to anchorage apparatus  6  having a connector plate for example, a composite pier upper pierhead plate ( 56 ,  FIG. 5 ) (described below). At least one hole  20  is fabricated into plates  18 ,  26 ,  36  and  56  for receiving a fastener  22 , for example, a bolt or pin. Drive connector shaft  32  is hollow for throughput transmission of solidifying material. Optional gasket  34  may be inserted between plates  18  and  26  and/or between  36  and  56  to control solidifying material seepage. 
         [0033]    In another preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 , drive connector second end  30  is adapted to operatively mate with anchorage apparatus  6  ( FIG. 6 ) having a straight shaft end, for example, a conventional helical pier or straight shaft tool (both described below). Drive connector second end  30  operatively couples with the straight shaft end anchorage apparatus in a known manner such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,554 to Rupiper, incorporated by reference. In all other aspects, drive connector  4  is as described above. 
         [0034]    Alternatively, swivel second end  12  may be fabricated to terminate in the drive connector manners described above to directly operatively mate with anchorage apparatus  6 , thereby eliminating the need for drive connector  4 . Of course, the advantage of drive connector  4  is the cost savings associated with fabrication of multiple drive connectors  4  to fit differing anchorage apparatus  6 , rather than multiple sizes of the more expensive to fabricate swivel  2 . 
         [0035]      FIG. 5  shows one form of a composite pier  40  used as the anchorage apparatus  6  in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As used herein, the term “composite pier” is meant to include all anchorage apparatus having an assembly  42  used for mounting an above ground structure or component to the anchorage apparatus  6 . 
         [0036]    Assembly  42  is shown mounted to helical pier top portion  44  of known hollow helical pier shaft  46  having a sealed bottom end  48 . Pier shaft  46  includes at least one helice  50  for advancing pier shaft  46  into a ground surface (not shown) and orifice  52  for expressing solidifying material. As I teach in my invention to which I now claim priority, in a preferred embodiment, orifice  52  is fabricated directly behind helice trailing edge  54  and at least one compaction fin  66  is attached to pier shaft  46 . As used herein, the term “compaction fin” is meant to include any attachment mounted to pier shaft  46  which during the drilling process creates a space around the pier shaft  46  in which the solidifying material can flow (described further below). 
         [0037]    However, one advantage of the improved installation method of the present invention is that by pre-drilling a pilot hole (described in detail below), the need to create a space around pier shaft  46  as it is being inserted is substantially eliminated. Therefore, as described in the present invention, when inserting a helice pier anchorage device, for example, a composite pier, into the pilot hole, there is no advantage to placing orifice  52  directly behind helice trailing edge  54 . Orifice  52  may be located anywhere on pier shaft  46  without affecting final solidifying material consistency. 
         [0038]    Dependant upon soil conditions, compaction fin(s)  66  may be omitted. In particular, if soil composition is such that soil surrounding the pilot hole does not collapse into the pilot hole, there is no need for compaction fin(s)  66 . Of course, if soil composition is such that there is soil collapse into the pilot hole (such as would occur in, for example, loose, sandy soil), the addition of at least one compaction fin  66  is indicted for the reasons described above. 
         [0039]    Composite pier assembly  42  includes upper pierhead plate  56 , preferably a circular plate, mounted to pier shaft  46 . Lower pierhead plate  58 , preferably a circular plate, is also mounted to pier shaft  46 . Pierhead plates  56  and  58  are spaced apart and are preferably fixedly attached, for example, welded, to pier shaft  46 . 
         [0040]    Pierhead plates  56  and  58  include bolt holes  60  disposed around their outer circumference. Bolt holes  60  are used to receive a portion of threaded rods  62 . Plurality of nuts  64  are threaded on rods  62  for securing rods  62  to pierhead plates  56  and  58 . 
         [0041]    Bolt holes  20  of drive connector second end plate  36  ( FIG. 3 ) are indexed above assembly bolt holes  60 . An upper portion of the threaded rod  62  is received through drive connector bolt holes  20 . Nuts  64  secure drive connector to assembly  42 . Threaded rods  62  are shown disposed around the outer circumference of drive connector second end plate  36 . Obviously, any number of threaded rods  62  and nuts  64  can be used with assembly  42  depending on the load conditions. Ideally, composite pier is inserted to a depth such that assembly upper pierhead plate  56  is located substantially at surface level, such that an above ground structure or component (not shown) may be mounted or anchored to threaded rods  62 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 6  shows one example of a conventional helical pier or drilling tool used as the anchorage apparatus  6  in another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As used herein, the term “conventional helical pier” is meant to include all anchorage apparatus having a straight shaft superior end substantially at or above surface level and the term “drilling tool” is meant to include all anchorage apparatus which are not left in the ground. 
         [0043]    Drive connector second end  30  ( FIG. 4 ) forms collar  70  which receives upper end  72  of anchorage apparatus shaft  74 . Optionally, shaft upper end  72  includes a diagonal cut  76  ( FIG. 7 ) received by optional mating diagonal stop  78  fabricated within collar  70  ( FIG. 4 ). Diagonal cut  76  can be cut at an angle of about 5 to about 60 degrees perpendicular to a center line along a length of shaft  74 . In this manner of coupling, the ability to apply increased torque along the length of shaft  74  is greatly improved when driving anchorage apparatus  6  into the ground surface. 
         [0044]    Optionally, upper end  72  includes one or more holes  80 , as does collar  70  ( FIG. 4 ). Holes  80  are fabricated to align to receive fastener  22 , for example, a bolt or pin, used to retain drive connector  4  to upper end  72 , and to further prevent rotation of shaft  74  within collar  70 . Optionally, shaft  74  and mating collar  70  have an octagonal or other geometric configurations to further aid in preventing rotation of shaft  74  within collar  70 . 
         [0045]    In use, the present inventions operates as follows: After determining the precise location and angulation required of installed pier shaft  46 , a pilot hole is drilled using conventional drilling techniques to a predetermined depth and at the required angulation. An advantage of drilling a pilot hole is that obstacles or impediments to placement of anchorage apparatus  6  are discovered prior to anchorage apparatus  6  insertion. In a preferred embodiment, pilot hole depth is equal to substantially the length of pier shaft  46  to be contained within soil. The diameter of the pilot hole is greater than the diameter of pier shaft  46  and compaction fin  66  (if present) by an amount such that the resulting solidifying material column encasing pier shaft  46  effectively increases lateral stability of pier shaft  46 . In a preferred embodiment, the pilot hole is at least about ¼ inch greater in diameter than the diameter of pier shaft  46  and compaction fin  66  (if present) and most preferably about 1 inch greater. 
         [0046]    When the installed anchorage apparatus  6  is a composite pier, the pilot hole diameter is increased in that area of the soil which will receive assembly  42 . In this area, the diameter of the pilot hole is greater than the diameter of assembly  42  such that the resulting solidifying material column encasing assembly  42  effectively increases lateral stability of assembly  42 . In a preferred embodiment, the pilot hole is at least about ¼ inch greater in diameter than the diameter of assembly  42  and most preferably about 1 inch greater. 
         [0047]    In a preferred embodiment, after selecting anchorage apparatus  6 , swivel  2  is attached to a power drive unit. Drive connector  4  having first  14  and second  30  ends capable of operably mating to swivel  2  and anchorage apparatus  6  respectively, is selected and attached to swivel  2 . Thereafter, anchorage apparatus is attached to drive connector  4  and a solidifying material supply hose is attached to swivel solidifying material intake. 
         [0048]    Solidifying material is pumped under pressure during anchorage apparatus  6  insertion, preferably continuously throughout the entire insertion operation. Although the present invention may be used without limitation to pumping pressures (other than seal and connection tolerances), preferably, the solidifying material is delivered with a pumping pressure of less than about 500 lbs psi and more preferably with a pumping pressure of about 100 to 200 lbs psi and most preferably with a pumping pressure of about 150 lbs psi. 
         [0049]    Delivering solidifying material throughout the insertion procedure as taught by the present invention prevents the solidifying material voids found with known technology. Furthermore, the present invention creates a column of solidifying material completely encasing the pier shaft, resulting in significant improvements to both pier shaft corrosion resistance and to soil stabilization and anchorage over previously known methods. 
         [0050]    Although the present invention has been described in connection with specific examples and embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention is capable of other variations and modifications within its scope. These examples and embodiments are intended as typical of, rather than in any way limiting on, the scope of the present invention as presented in the appended claims.

Technology Classification (CPC): 4