Patent Abstract:
Methods and compositions, which rely upon borax toxicants, to control Tephritidae fruit fly populations below economic thresholds are disclosed. More particularly, methods and compositions which utilize borax toxicants are disclosed which cause the Tephritidae fruit flies to die prematurely or which interfere with the female Tephritidae fruit flies to produce eggs for a period of about seven days. A preferred borax toxicant is borax wherein an effective amount in the compositions to accomplish the above is between at least about 0.01M and about 0.12M or more. A lethal amount of borax that should be consumed by the fruit flies in about a 24 hour period is believed to be between at least about 5 mM and about 10 mM or more, whereas the amount of borax that should be consumed by the female fruit flies within about a 24 hour period to prevent the female fruit flies from producing eggs for about seven days or longer is believed to be at least about 2.5 mM and 5 mM or more.

Full Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to compositions and methods utilizing borax toxicants, such as borax, to control fruit fly populations of the Tephritidae family. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Roaches, ants, termites, house flies and fruit files are common pests that have plagued mankind for ages. House flies are serious nuisance pests to the poultry and livestock industries, whereas fruit flies are a serious problem to, for example, citrus fruit, and have continued to plague agricultural industry for decades. Extensive efforts have been made heretofore to exterminate these difficult and sometimes disease-bearing and/or fruit infecting insects. 
     Boric acid is known as a killing agent in roach, fruit fly and ant-killing compositions. For example, Australian patent 22,579 (Fenwicke, 1935) teaches the use of boric acid as a &#34;germicidal antiseptic&#34; in combination with castor oil and turpentine as &#34;cleaning agents&#34; to be applied to sheep for killing maggots. Japanese patents J5-8052-205 (Nakamoto, 1981 ), J6-1030-506-A (Watkayama, 1984) and J6-1078-705-A (Amachir, 1984) teach the use of boric acid as the killing agent in various complex compositions for killing roaches (Nakamoto and Amachir) and white ants (Wakayama). All three Japanese patents are dried and used in a pellet, tablet or ball form. Enkerlin, W. et al.: Use of a Mixture of Boric Acid, Borax, Hydrolyzed Protein, and Water to Control Anastrepha Fruit Flies, Fruit Flies: Biology and Management, ed. Alua, P. and Liedo, P., Springer-Verlag, N.Y., Inc., pp. 353-358 (1993) discusses the use of a toxic bait consisting of boric acid, hydrolyzed protein (PIB.7) and water to kill, for instance adult Anastrepha Ludens (Loew) and adult Ceratitis capitaia (Wied). 
     French patent 2,491,296 (Lagache, 1982) shows a 50/50 by weight composition of boric acid or one of its salts plus sweetened condensed milk which was placed, without spreading, in a ship&#39;s hold to control cockroaches. Japanese document JA-72-23198-R (Sankyo Co. Ltd. 47-23198) shows a toxic roach bait comprising insecticidal compositions, e.g. dieldrin, BHC (Lindane), DDT, Sumithic, and boric acid mixed With more than 4 weight percent glycerol in carriers, such as cereal, fish meal, rice bran, starch paste, sugar, realrose, fatty acids, faulty acid esters and fatty alcohols. Japanese patent J5-4017-120 (Sakamoto) shows a cockroach bait of 1.5-10 weight percent boric acid, 10-50 weight percent starch and an extract of fish or animal bones prepared by boiling the bones in water for not over 2 hours. 
     While boric acid has been used previously, the art teaches that it must be kept dry, as wet boric acid will not work; Wellness Letter, University of Calif. at Berkeley, September 1991, page 7. Thus, use of boric acid with aqueous liquefiers, such as water, is not expected to be effective. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,205,066 (Hennant et al.) discloses a bait composition for anthropophilic flies which utilizes boric acid, for example, as the insecticidal material in such bait compositions. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,746 (Maglio) is concerned with a granular pesticide composition which relies upon borax as a source of borate ions to effect gelation of polyvinyl alcohol. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,188 (Page) relates to natural insecticides employing borax and carob to control cockroaches. 
     Grace, J. K. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol, 84(6):1753-1757 (1991 ) is concerned with the response of certain subterranean termites to borate dust and soil treatments. 
     Enkerlin, W. et al.: Use of a Mixture of Boric Acid, Borax, Hydrolyzed Protein, and Water to Control Anastrepha Fruit Flies, Fruit Flies: Biology and Management, ed. Aluja, P. and Liedo, P., Springer-Verlag, N.Y., Inc., pp. 353-358 (1993) suggest that borate compounds may be used as insecticides against fruit flies and that a mixture of boric acid, borax, hydrolyzed protein and water may be used to control Anastrepha fruit flies. 
     Hogsette, J. A. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 85(4): 1209-1212 (1992) compare toxicity of aqueous solutions of boric acid and polybor (disodium octaborate tetrahydrate) to house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). 
     Mullens, B. A. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 85(1):137-143 (1992) is concerned with the effects of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (polybor) on the survival, behavior and egg viability of adult Muscoid flies (Diptera: Muscidae), i.e., house flies. 
     Lopez, F. D. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 61(1):316-317 (1968) disclose the use of pelletized lures formulated with borax and either PIB.7 (protein insect bait) or ENT-44, 014-X (enzyme hydrolyzed cottonseed protein) to trap and catch Mexican fruit flies. 
     Lopez, F. D. et al.: J. Econ. Entomol., 60(1):137-140 (1967) suggest that sodium borate inhibits decomposition of two protein hydrolysates attractive to the Mexican fruit fly. 
     Ken, A. J. et al.: Insect Pests Leaflets, Noll.-Fruit Flies, Gov&#39;t Printer, Dept. of Agriculture, N.S.W. Australia (1930) disclose the use of lures containing borax to trap Mediterranean and Queensland fruit flies. 
     Newman, L. J. et al.: Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata); Baiting and Trapping Experiments, leaflet No. 244, Gov&#39;t Printer, Dept. of Agriculture, Western Australia disclose the use of arsenate of soda as a rapid killer of certain fruit flies and that trapping or luring methods utilizing arsenate of soda appear to be somewhat more effective than baiting methods. 
     The prior art also shows the high degree of specificity of attractants in different insecticide compositions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,460 (Broadbent, 1977), teaches a composition of brown sugar, a binder material (paraffin or wax), dry dog food, maltose ad Dursban (a commercially available insecticide) in pellet form. Roaches are attracted to the dog food, maltose and sugar mixture. The pellets are coated with paraffin or wax to protect them from disintegrating upon exposure to environmental factors. The Dursban is ingested by the roaches, along with the attractant. Japanese patent J53091-140 (Kao Soap KK) teaches the use of pure concentrated sesame oil, preferably mixed with an extract of cockroaches faeces as an attractant for cockroaches. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,332,792 (Kohn et al., 1982) teaches a process for preparing a pyrolyzate solution of corn syrup and N-methylnicotinic acid for attracting insects, particularly roaches. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,176 (Ott, 1983) teaches a sugar, bacteria and carrier material (such as ground corncobs, sawdust or sand) for use as an insect attractant. The sugar is degraded by the bacteria, causing fermentation by-products which are the attractant. The attractant is combined with an insecticide to kill insects. The insects ingest the insecticide along with the composition. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4627,981 (Shimano et al., 1986) discloses the use of various alcohols dissolved in an organic solvent and impregnated on a carrier (such as cardboard or cloth) for use in attracting and killing insects in pellet form. 
     Notwithstanding the above, there is still a need in the art for improved toxicants that are effective against fruit flies of the family Tephritidae and that are specific and powerful attractants, that have features for direct and easy application, and that are not environmental pollutants or potential carcinogens. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In brief, the present invention overcomes and alleviates certain of the above-mentioned drawbacks and shortcomings of the prior art and is directed to novel methods and compositions for attracting and either killing or controlling reproduction of fruit flies of the family Tephritidae. 
     Generally speaking, the present invention is premised upon the realization that borax or borate compounds in effective amounts will not only attract fruit flies, but will either kill fruit flies or cause female fruit flies to stop producing eggs for at least about seven days, depending upon the amount formulated into the bait or lure and ingested by the fruit flies. While the preferred toxicant contemplated by the present invention is borax (sodium borate decahydrate-10 mol Na 2  B 4  O 7  ·10H 2  O or sodium borate pentahydrate-5 mol Na 2  B 4  O 7  ·5H 2  O), other suitable borate compounds may be utilized in effective amounts as substitutes for borax or may be utilized in effective amounts in combination with borax or one another. Exemplary of borax-type compounds envisioned by the present invention include anhydrous borax Na 2  B 4  O 7 , ammonium tetraborate (NH 4 ) 2  B 4  O 7  ·4H 2  O, ammonium pentaborate (NH 4 ) 2  B 10  O 16  ·8H 2  O, potassium pentaborate K 2  B 10  O 16  ·8H 2  O, potassium tetraborate K 2  B 4  O 7  ·4H 2  O, sodium metaborate (8 mol) Na 2  B 2  O 4  ·8H 2  O, sodium metaborate (4 mol) Na 2  B 2  O 4  ·4H 2  O, disodium tetraborate decahydrate Na 2  B 4  O 7  ·10H 2  O, disodium tetraborate pentahydrate Na 2  B 4  O 7  ·5H 2  O and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Na 2  B 8  O 13  ·4H 2  O. Thus, the term &#34;borax toxicant(s)&#34; is used herein broadly and includes collectively and/or individually such borax and any other suitable borax type compounds. 
     Also in accordance with the present invention, the borax toxicants may be utilized alone or in combination with baits, insecticides, other toxicants, agars, liquefiers, sweeteners, carriers and the like. Moreover, the borax toxicants may be utilized in the anhydrous and hydrous forms; however, when the anhydrous forms are selected, it should be appreciated by those versed in this art that such compounds are typically more expensive and will generally convert to a hydrated form in water or moisture environments. It should also be appreciated by those versed in this art that mixtures of borax toxicants may be utilized, as long as the borax toxicant available in such mixtures achieves the proper molarity to ensure that the objectives of the present invention are not defeated. 
     In accordance with the present invention, an effective molarity for a borax toxicant is believed to be in the range of between about 0.02M and about 0.12M or higher. When the end result to be accomplished is to kill fruit flies of the Tephritidae family, the amount of a borax toxicant that is believed that should be ingested by a fruit fly is between about 5 micromoles and about 10 micromoles during about a 24 hour period of time. However, if the objective is to prevent or stop the female fruit flies from laying eggs for about seven days or more, the borax toxicant concentrate may be adjusted, so that the amount ingested by a female fruit fly is believe to be between about 2.5 micromoles and about 5.0 micromoles during about a 24 hour period of time. It should be appreciated by those of skill in this art that the fruit flies of the Tephritidae family, as contemplated by the present invention, include the Caribbean fruit flies, the Mediterranean fruit flies, the Mexican fruit flies, the Oriental fruit flies and any other fruit flies which may be controlled by the methods and compositions of the present invention. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the methods and compositions are believed to be safe and effective and, therefore, can be used on any surface or at any location, such as paper, cardboard, concrete, plastic, metal, glass, plants, in kitchens of homes and restaurants, trees, utility poles, fences, signs, etc. In addition, the compositions of the present invention can be easily applied directly to areas of infestation and will remain active for extended periods of time. Therefore, the borax toxicants of the present invention may be used in residential preparations, commercial crop production, eradication programs and suppression programs for Tephritid fruit fly control. 
     In accordance with the present invention, the compositions include a mixture of a borax toxicant in an effective amount and, for example, protein hydrolysate bait or any synthetic bait to generate a bait or lure in the form of a patty, heavy cream, pellet, gel, foam, paste, liquid or spray. An example of a patty in accordance with the present invention includes borax in an amount of between about 0.01M and about 0.1M or more, agar, yeast hydrolysate, sugar and water. Notwithstanding, the bait or lure may be in the free form or, alternatively, in a form, such as granules or tablets, agglomerated with or without the aid of a binder, Moreover, the bait or lure can be fixed or impregnated on a support or absorbed therein, and this support may include, for instance, agar, paper, cardboard, plastic such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate and cellulose acetate, glass, pumice, crushed marble, silica or silica minerals. Optionally, other toxicants, such as Malathion, Dibrom® and Naled®, attractants, such as Male Lure 11® and methyl eugenol, sweeteners, carriers and/or liquefiers may be used as indicated hereinbefore. The bait or lure may then be placed in selected locations such that the fruit flies are likely to encounter and ingest the borax toxicant to assure the desired effect, but preferably out of the way of normal human or animal traffic. 
     It should therefore now be understood by those versed in this art that the novel methods and compositions of the present invention provide a simple, yet unique solution to controlling fruit fly populations by providing an attractant and a food arrestant for fruit flies. More particularly, it has been surprisingly discovered that the methods and compositions of the present invention uniquely attract the fruit flies and cause the fruit flies to stay and engorge, so that the objectives of the present invention are accomplished, i.e., controlling the population of fruit flies by either killing the fruit flies or preventing the female fruit flies from producing eggs for at least about a seven day period. 
     The above features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood with reference to the detailed description and examples set out hereinafter. It will also be understood that the methods and compositions of this invention are exemplary only and are not to be regarded as limitations of this invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     By way of illustrating and providing a more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof, the following detailed description is provided covering the novel methods and compositions which utilize borax toxicants to eradicate or control fruit flies. Moreover, the following detailed description illustrates the invention by way of example, not by way of limitation of the principles of the invention. This detailed description should therefore enable one skilled in the art to make and use the inventions and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives and uses of the invention, including what is presently believed to be the best mode of carrying out the invention. 
     One objective of the present invention is in wide-area suppression and eradication programs. Currently, hard pesticides, such as malathion, are formulated with a protein hydrolysate bait, such as Miller&#39;s Nu-Lure®. The protein hydrolysates are usually corn-based. Instead of the hard pesticide, one of the borates detailed above, and especially borax, may be substituted in one of the concentrations previously described. This substitution results in a pH change from about 5.0 to 8.5. A precipitate will form. This is filtered to prevent clogging the spray nozzles of either ground or air application equipment. The protein hydrolysate may be used full-strength or diluted to about 10% with water before the borate compound is added. The final proteinaceous bait spray may be used over wide inhabited areas, as the borates described above are exempt from tolerances for fire ant control (Fed. Reg. 58(124):34972 (Jun. 30, 1993)). 
     A second innovative method for use in accordance with this invention is to formulate the borax toxicant with an extender or gel, such as Min-U-Gel®, Thixcin E®, Myverol® and CAB-O-SIL®. These are commercially available. In this case, the precipitate is believed not to be important as gels are sprayed in a solid stream to adhere to tree trunks, telephones poles, buildings and so forth. The gels are formulated with synthetic bait and/or natural proteinaceous baits. This method of application reduces worker and public inconvenience of aerial spraying of large areas. For the homeowner, either the gel formulation or the liquid formulation may be applied to individual host trees for Tephritid fly control. 
     For lethal concentrations to reduce a Tephritidae fly population below economic threshold at a targeted area, a borax toxicant of the present invention should be applied once per week for at least six weeks (7 days per week). For lower concentrations which suppress egg production, a weekly application schedule for six weeks (7 days per week) is also believed to be necessary. These schedules are based on a life-span of about 40 days for Tephritidae fruit flies in the field and egg production suppression of at least 7 days. In a limited geographical area, these schedules are believed to be capable of suppressing fly populations below economic levels. With wide geographical use, it is also believed that Tephritidae fruit flies will be eradicated. 
     It, of course, should be understood by those versed in this art that the compositions of the present invention may be applied by any suitable means, such as by pressurized applications, hydraulic oil squirt cans and aerial sprays. Moreover, it should be appreciated by those skilled in this art that, whenever the compositions of the present invention are to be applied, weather conditions should be taken into account. For instance, treatment or retreatment should not be considered if weather reports indicate a 50% or greater chance of precipitation within 48 hours. 
     Overall, the more telling effects of use of the present invention are suppression of egg production which breaks the life cycle of the Tephritidae fruit flies, the lack of environmental effects of the treatment, and worker safety. Moreover, the present invention is adaptable to integrated pest management programs, and it is believed that the components and methods of the present invention do not attract honeybees. 
     The present invention will now be further illustrated, without limitation, with reference to the following examples. 
     EXAMPLE I 
     Agar is made as indicated below. Some difficulty, however, is encountered with about 0.25N and saturated agars. The agar makes a thick scum layer which rises to the top, but the agar is heated and stirred repeatedly until this layer seems to melt and be dispersed. Upon pouring these 2 agars, there appears to be some precipitation of either the agar or borax or both, but none can be seen upon gelling, unless the precipitate rises to the top with the foam. Each cage is set up with food and one cage is supplied with a &#34;water only&#34; agar patty and an agar patty with borax (control had 2 &#34;water only&#34; agar patties). Each cage contained 50 ♀ and 50 ♂. 
     The about 0.25N and saturated agars did not gel due to extreme pH. These two borax concentrations are not included and duplicate cages for control, about 0.01N and about 0.05N borax, are set up to run instead. Cages are set by about 4:45 pm on the first day, and the results are recorded in Table I below. 
     
         ______________________________________Borax* Toxicity Experiment with Borax AgarMolarity of     Amount of    Amount of                           Amount ofBorax     Borax        Water    Agar______________________________________0.005M    0.572 gm     300 ml   3 gm0.025M    2.861 gm     300 ml   3 gm 0.12M    14.303 gm    300 ml   3 gmsaturated 115.0 gm     500 ml   3 gm0.0       0.0          300 ml   3 gm______________________________________ *Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na.sub.2 B.sub.4 O.10H.sub.2 O F.W. 381.37. About 1 g dissolves in about 16 ml water (0.164M_. 
    
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________1. Results of three day experiment.*             72 Hr.             Day 3                                         No.         Cage   Borax Con-                         Dead Dead       ofDay   Time    #      centration (N)                         ♀                              ♂                                   Age   Eggs______________________________________Day 1 10:30   A      0.0-control                         0    0    9 days                                         2553Day 1 10:30   B      0.02N    0    0    9 days                                         1072Day 1 10:39   C      0.10N    2    13   9 days                                          18Day 1 10:30   D      0.0-control                         0    0    9 days                                         1064Day 1 10:40   E      0.02N    1    3    9 days                                         2165Day 1 10:45   F      0.10N    5    21   9 days                                          113______________________________________ *Presumptive starting numbers, 50♂, 50♀in each cage 
    
     EXAMPLE II 
     The agars, as prepared below, are used in the following five (5) Mortality and Egg Production Studies 
     Measure about 30 ml of the agar described below into a graduated cylinder and pour into the bottom of a petri dish. This agar should be made daily. Weigh the agar patty on a sheet of glassine paper and leave this paper on the patty so it can be weighed later. Agar is placed on cages for about 24 hrs. then removed and weighed. Regular food is then placed on cages for the duration of the experiment. 
     
         ______________________________________Borax (Sodium Tetraborate) Solutions for Toxicity Study LC.sub.50Normality                               Molarity(borax) Weight    Volume  pH    % Wt/Vol                                   (borax)______________________________________0.02N   0.954 g   500 ml  9.19  0.1908% 0.0050.10N   4.768 g   500 ml  9.26  0.9536% 0.02500.20N   9.535 g   500 ml  9.22  1.9%    0.050.40N   19.070 g  500 ml  9.32  3.8140% 0.100.04N   1.908 g   500 ml  9.04  0.3816% 0.010.14N   6.678 g   500 ml  9.17  1.3356% 0.035______________________________________about 0.05 g Agar   combine ingredients and heat untilabout 2.0 g Yeast   the agar is melted (about 1 min.)Hydrolysateabout 55 ml distilled Waterabout 10.0 g Sugar  after the above is heated properly, add               the sugar and stir until dissolved               do not heat 
    
     
         ______________________________________1.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1Begin-ning  Cage   Conc. of B(N)                    Time Agar     Dead DeadAge   #      Borax(M)    put on Cage                            24 hr ♂                                       ♀______________________________________10d   1      0.0N-control                    3:50 pm Day 1 0    110d   2      0.02N (0.005M)                    3:55 pm Day 1 1    110d   3      0.02N (0.25M)                    4:00 pm Day 1 1    010d   4      0.20N (0.05M)                    4:05 pm Day 1 21   510d   5      0.40N (0.10M)                    4:10 pm Day 1 24   1011d   6      0.0N-control                    11:11 am                            Day 1 1    011d   7      0.02N       11:17 am                            Day 1 0    011d   8      0.10N       11:25 am                            Day 1 0    011d   9      0.20N       11:34 am                            Day 1 8    111d   10     0.40N       11:38 am                            Day 1 19   212d   11     0.0N-control                    9:35 am Day 1 0    012d   12     0.02N       9:38 am Day 1 1    012d   13     0.10N       9:41 am Day 1 0    012d   14     0.20N       9:45 am Day 1 3    012d   15     0.40N       10:30 am                            Day 1 12   4 2d   1a     0.0N-control                    8:30 am Day 1 0    0 2d   2a     0.02N       8:35 am Day 1 0    0 2d   3a     0.10N       8:40 am Day 1 0    0 2d   4a     0.20N       8:45 am Day 1 0    1 2d   5a     0.40N       8:50 am Day 1 0    0 3d   6a     0.0N-control                    10:45 am                            Day 1 0    0 3d   7a     0.02N       10:47 am                            Day 1 0    0 3d   8a     0.10N       10:49 am                            Day 1 0    0 3d   9a     0.02N       10:51 am                            Day 1 0    0 3d   10a    0.40N       10:53 am                            Day 1 4    1______________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________1.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1Cage    Total No.        Dead           Dead              No. of  Dead                          Dead                             Total No.#   of Eggs    48 hr        ♂           ♀              Eggs                  72 hr                      ♂                          ♀                             of Eggs__________________________________________________________________________1   844  Day 2        0  0  615 Day 3                      0   0  5412   787  Day 2        0  0  472 Day 3                      0   2  983   0    Day 2        13 0  1   Day 3                      6   0  134   3    Day 2        4  17 2   Day 3                      0   2  05   1    Day 2        1  15 4   Day 36   982  Day 2        3  1  76  Day 3                      1   0  8447   986  Day 2        0  0  903 Day 3                      0   1  4658   542  Day 2        7  0  20  Day 3                      4   1  419   7    Day 2        16 3  4   Day 3                      1   1  010  24   Day 2        6  13 0   Day 3                      0   1  111  491  Day 2        1  1  965 Day 3                      0   2  68612  1330 Day 2        0  0  902 Day 3                      0   0  66813  287  Day 2        9  0  41  Day 3                      5   2  9514  121  Day 2        12 6  0   Day 3                      10  8  2015  1078 Day 2*        13 12 0   Day 3                      1   4  0 *9:45 am  only 6 total flies alive in cage 15 on Day 2 
    
     
         1a  0    Day 2        0  0  0   Day 3                      0   0  02a  0    Day 2        0  0  0   Day 3                      0   0  03a  0    Day 2        0  0  0   Day 3                      0   0  04a  0    Day 2        4  0  0   Day 3                      5   0  05a  0    Day 2        19 5  0   Day 3                      6   7  06a  0    Day 2        1  0  0   Day 3                      0   0  07a  0    Day 2        0  0  1   Day 3                      0   0  08a  0    Day 2        0  0  1   Day 3                      2    0*                             09a  0    Day 2        5  1  0   Day 3                      6   3  010a 10   Day 2        15 11 1   Day 3                      5   6  0__________________________________________________________________________ *one escape, sex not noted 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________1.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1Begn.   Cage  Concentration             Dead                Dead                   Total No.                            Dead                               Dead                                  Total No.Age   #   of Borax         96 hr             ♂                ♀                   of Eggs                        120 hr                            ♂                               ♀                                  of Eggs__________________________________________________________________________10d   1   0.0N-control         Day 4             0  0  632  Day 5                            0  0  88210d   2   0.02N  Day 4             1  1  206  Day 5                            0  1  51210d   3   0.10N  Day 4             1  3  32   Day 5                            0  9  3110d   4   0.20N  Day 4             0  1  0    Day 5                            --    --10d   5   0.40N  Day 4             --         Day 5                            --    --11d   6   0.0N-control         Day 4             0  0  754  Day 5                            0  1  133611d   7   0.02N  Day 4             0  0  759  Day 5                            4  0  69911d   8   0.10N  Day 4             4  0  90   Day 5                            0  0  4111d   9   0.20N  Day 4             0  7  0    Day 5                            0  1  3211d   10  0.40N  Day 4             0  3  0    Day 5                            0  3  311d   11  0.0N-control         Day 4             2  0  1126 Day 5                            1  1  43612d   12  0.02N  Day 4             1  1  1495 Day 5                            1  1  57312d   13  0.10N  Day 4             3  1  209  Day 5                            1  3  4212d    14**  0.20N  Day 4             0  6  6    Day 5                            1  3  012d    15**  0.40N  Day 4             0  2  11   Day 5                            0  0  0 **Cage #14 destroyed on Day 5. Only 1  2  was left alive. 
    
     
          2d   1a  control         Day 4             0  0  0    Day 5                            0  0  0 2d   2a  0.02N  Day 4             0  0  0    Day 5                            0  0  0 2d   3a  0.10N  Day 4             0  0  0    Day 5                            0  0  0 2d   4a  0.20N  Day 4             1  1  0    Day 5                            2  2  0 2d   5a  0.40N  Day 4             2  6  0    Day 5                            1  6  0 3d   6a  control         Day 4             0  0  135  Day 5                            0  0  555 3d   7a  0.02N  Day 4             0  0  32   Day 5                            0  0  506 3d   8a  0.10N  Day 4             3  0  0    Day 5                            1  0  0 3d   9a  0.20N  Day 4             8  3  0    Day 5                            5  8  0 3d   10a 0.40N  Day 4             1  6  0    Day 5                            -- 1  0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________1.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1Begn.   Cage Boron    Dead  Dead      Dead                             Dead                                Total #                                    Final LiveAge   #  (N)  144 hr          ♂                ♀                   Eggs                      168 hr                          ♂                             ♀                                of Eggs                                    Count__________________________________________________________________________10d   1  0.0 control      Day 6          2     0  943                      Day 7                          0  0  128310d   2  0.02 Day 6          1     0  847                      Day 7                          0  1  58210d   3  0.10 Day 6          0     3  22 Day 7                          0  1   010d   4  terminated      Day 6          --    -- -- --  -- -- --10d   5  terminated      Day 6          --    -- -- --  -- -- --11d   6  0.0 control      Day 6          0     1  956                      Day 7                          0  0  98811d   7  0.02 Day 6          0     1  815                      Day 7                          1  0  51611d   8  0.10 Day 6          0     0  81 Day 7                          1  0  20111d   9  0.20 Day 6          0     2  57 Day 7                          0  2   511d   10 0.40 Day 6          0     0  0  Day 7                          0  3    0*12d   11 0.0 control      Day 6          0     0  1214                      Day 7                          0  1   989*                                    ♂19/♀2012d   12 0.02 Day 6          0     0  777                      Day 7                          0  0   678*                                    ♂22/♀2312d   13 0.10 Day 6          0     3  18 Day 7                          0  0   --*                                    ♂12/♀1612d   14 0.20 Day 6          term&#39;d Day 5                   -- --  -- -- --  --12d   15 0.40 Day 6          term&#39;d Day 5                   -- --  -- -- --  -- 2d   1a      Day 6          0     0  1505                      Day 7                          0  0  955 ♂25/♀25 2d   2a      Day 6          0     0  75 Day 7                          0  0  774 ♂25/♀25 2d   3a      Day 6          1     0  16 Day 7                          0  0  119 ♂24/♀25 2d   4a      Day 6          0     2  0  Day 7                          3  0   30 ♂11/♀18 2d   5a      Day 6          --    -- -- --  -- -- --  -- 3d   6a      Day 6          2     0  642                      Day 7                          0  0  1001                                    ♂22/♀25 3d   7a      Day 6          0     1  668                      Day 7                          0  0  --  ♂26/♀24 3d   8a      Day 6          1     2  20 Day 7                          0  0  202 ♂18/♀24 3d   9a      Day 6          3     2  0  Day 7                          -- 4   0  ♂0/♀2 3d   10a     Day 6          --    -- -- --  -- -- --  --__________________________________________________________________________ *cages 10, 11, 12, 13 terminated as of the end of day 7 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________1.e. Mortality and Egg Production Study #1                    Live                        Live                    Final                        Final                             Total No.Cage #Conc. Borax           Dead ♂               Dead ♀                    Total ♂                        Total ♀                             of Eggs__________________________________________________________________________      216 hr1    control      Day 9           0   0    24  21   710*2    0.02N Day 9           0   0    20  21   562*3    0.10N Day 9           --  1         1    0*4    --    --   --  --   --  --   --5    --    --   --  --   --  --   --      192 hr6    control      Day 8           0   0    19  20    494**7    0.02N Day 8           0   0    21  22    --**8    0.10N Day 8           2   0     7  22    279**9    0.20N Day 8           0   0     0   7     0**10   --    --   --  --   --  --   --__________________________________________________________________________ *Terminated Day 9 **Terminated Day 8 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________2.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2         Time          24 hr TotalBeginning Concen.         Agar Put      Wt.   Total No.Age   Cage #     Borax         on Cage              24 hr                   ♂                     ♀                       Paper Agar                             of Eggs__________________________________________________________________________4d    11  control          9:16 am              Day 1                   0 0 16.5 g                             24d    12  0.01N          9:18 am              Day 1                   0 1 17.7 g                             24d    13  0.05N          9:20 am              Day 1                   0 0 19.8 g                             114d    14  0.10N          9:22 am              Day 1                   1 0 21.7 g                             34d    15  0.20N          9:26 am              Day 1                   7 3 21.0 g                             75d    16  control         11:05 am              Day 1                   0 0 21.9 g                             355d    17  0.01N         11:11 am              Day 1                   0 0 21.7 g                             775d    18  0.05N         11:13 am              Day 1                   0 0 22.7 g                             235d    19  0.10N         11:15 am              Day 1                   0 0 22.1 g                             405d    20  0.20N         11:17 am              Day 1                   3 0 21.5 g                             216d    21  control         10:00 am              Day 1                   0 0 15.6 g                             20086d    22  0.01N         10:02 am              Day 1                   0 0 15.7 g                             7706d    23  0.05N         10:04 am              Day 1                   0 0 18.7 g                             6306d    24  0.10N         10:10 am              Day 1                   2 0 19.1 g                             2636d    25  0.20N         10:45 am              Day 1                   10                     0 20.7 g                             1507d    26  control         10:24 am              Day 1                   0 0 19.13 g                             6977d    27  0.02N         10:26 am              Day 1                   1 0 19.83 g                             8207d    28  0.10N         10:28 am              Day 1                   0 0 18.78 g                             4337d    29  0.20N         10:30 am              Day 1                   7 1 18.97 g                             4777d    30  0.20N         10:32 am              Day 1                   13                     4 19.90 g                             0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________2.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2    Dead        Dead           Total No. Dead                         Dead                            Total No.Cage #48 hr    ♂        ♀           of Eggs                 72 hr                     ♂                         ♀                            of Eggs__________________________________________________________________________11   Day 2    0   0  0     Day 3                     1   0  2912   Day 2    0   0  0     Day 3                     0   0  1313   Day 2    0   0  0     Day 3                     2   0  014   Day 2    10  4  0     Day 3                     8   3  015   Day 2    14  12 0     Day 3                     2   9  016   Day 2    0   0  813   Day 3                     0   0  71917   Day 2    0   0  1010  Day 3                     0   0  82718   Day 2    0   0  252   Day 3                     0   0  719   Day 2    7   1  5     Day 3                     7   0  320   Day 2    16  8  0     Day 3                     3   6  021   Day 2    0   0  1099  Day 3                     0   0  118522   Day 2    0   0  963   Day 3                     0   0  84723   Day 2    2   0  91    Day 3                     4   0  324   Day 2    17  1  113   Day 3                     2   5  925   Day 2    12  5  45    Day 3                     3   7  2526   Day 2    0   0  876   Day 3                     0   1  152827   Day 2    0   0  702   Day 3                     1   1  144228   Day 2    2   0  103   Day 3                     9   0  929   Day 2    14  6  55    Day 3                     4   9  430   Day 2    11  14 0     Day 3                     --  4  9__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________2.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2Beginning    Concen. Dead               Dead                  Total No.                           Dead                              Dead                                 Total No. ofAge  Cage #    Borax        96 hr            ♂               ♀                  of Eggs                       120 hr                           ♂                              ♀                                 Eggs__________________________________________________________________________4d   11  control        Day 4            0  0  606  Day 5                           0  0  14374d   12  0.01N        Day 4            0  0  229  Day 5                           1  0  4904d   13  0.05N        Day 4            4  0  2    Day 5                           3  0  84d   14  0.10N        Day 4            5  6  0    Day 5                           0  7  04d   15  0.20N        Day 4            1  0  2    Day 5  2  05d   16  control        Day 4            0  0  803  Day 5                           0  1  9935d   17  0.01N        Day 4            0  1  1143 Day 5                           1  0  12365d   18  0.05N        Day 4            3  1  49   Day 5                           1  0  1285d   19  0.10N        Day 4            3  7  9    Day 5                           5  1  55d   20  0.20N        Day 4            3  6  0    Day 5                           -- 3  76d   21  control        Day 4            0  0  1289 Day 5                           0  0  25386d   22  0.01N        Day 4            0  0  587  Day 5                           0  0  15876d   23   0.5N        Day 4            6  0  6    Day 5                           1  0  106d   24  0.10N        Day 4            2  4  10   Day 5                           1  2  46d   25  0.20N        Day 4            0  4  32   Day 5                           -- 4  37d   26  control        Day 4            0  0  1573 Day 5                           0  0  10547d   27  0.01N        Day 4            0  1  1130 Day 5                           0  0  11037d   28  0.05N        Day 4            3  1  0    Day 5                           4  6  47d   29  0.10N        Day 4            0  4  1    Day 5                           -- 2  67d   30  0.40N        Day 4            -- 3  5    Day 5                           -- -- --__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________2.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #2                             Final                                Final   Dead      Dead         Total No.                  Dead                     Dead                        Total No.                             Live                                LiveCage #    144 hr   ♂      ♀         of Eggs              168 hr                  ♂                     ♀                        of Eggs                             ♂                                ♀__________________________________________________________________________11  Day 6   0  0  1992 Day 7                  0  0  2044 24 2512  Day 6   0  0  998  Day 7                  0  1  1546 24 2313  Day 6   2  1  0    Day 7                  1  0  18   12 2414  Day 6   1  5  0    Day 7                  -- -- --   -- --15  Day 6   -- -- --   --  -- -- --   -- --16  Day 6   0  0  1556 Day 7                  0  0  735  25 2417  Day 6   0  1  1374 Day 7                  0  0  1007 24 2318  Day 6   1  2  310  Day 7                  0  0  376  21 2219  Day 6   1  7  1    Day 7                  1  5  2     0  420  Day 6   0  1  0    Day 7                  -- 1  0     0  021  Day 6   0  0  2506 Day 7                  0  0  1964 25 2522  Day 6   0  0  2502 Day 7                  0  0  1610 25 2423  Day 6   0  0  34   Day 7                  -- 0  99    7 2324  Day 6   0  2  13   Day 7                  -- 1  7     0 1125  Day 6   -- 4  0    Day 7                  -- 2  0     0  026  Day 6   0  0       Day 7                  0  0  956  25 2427  Day 6   0  0       Day 7                  0  0  912  23 2328  Day 6   0  0       Day 7                  1  2  0     6 1629  Day 6   -- 3       Day 7                  -- -- --   -- --30  Day 6   -- -- --   Day 7                  -- -- --   -- --__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         ______________________________________3.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3                                         EggsStart Age      Concen.       Dead Dead Total No.                                         Perin Days  Cage #  Borax   24 hr ♂                             ♀                                  of Eggs                                         ♀______________________________________4d      1      control Day 1 0    0    66     34d      2      0.02N   Day 1 0    0    8      04d      3      0.05N   Day 1 0    0    1      04d      4      0.07N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d      5      0.10N   Day 1 0    2    0      04d     11      control Day 1 0    0    0      04d     12      0.02N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d     13      0.05N   Day 1 0    0    5      04d     14      0.07N   Day 1 1    0    0      04d     15      0.10N   Day 1 2    1    0      04d      1a     control Day 1 0    0    0      04d      2a     0.02N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d      3a     0.05N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d      4a     0.07N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d      5a     0.10N   Day 1 0    0    D      04d     11a     control Day 1 0    0    0      04d     12a     0.02N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d     13a     0.05N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d     14a     0.07N   Day 1 0    0    0      04d     15a     0.10N   Day 1 0    0    0      0______________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________3.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3   Dead      Dead         Total No.              Eggs    Dead                         Dead                            Total No.                                 EggsCage #    48 hr   ♂      ♀         of Eggs              Per ♀                  72 hr                      ♂                         ♀                            of Eggs                                 Per ♀__________________________________________________________________________ 1  Day 2   0  0  677  27  Day 3                      0  0  822  33 2  Day 2   0  1  188  7   Day 3                       0*                         0  134  5 3  Day 2   1  0  52   2   Day 3                      3  0  1    0 4  Day 2   0  0  15   1   Day 3                      11 1  2    0 5  Day 2   10 3  2    0   Day 3                      11 9  0    011  Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  3    012  Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  3    013  Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      2  0  0    014  Day 2   2   0*         0    0   Day 3                      2  1  0    015  Day 2   2  2  0    0   Day 3                      9  1  0    0 1a Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  5    0 2a Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  0    0 3a Day 2   1  0  0    0   Day 3                      1  0  0    0 4a Day 2   1  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  0    0 5a Day 2   4  2  0    0   Day 3                      14 5  0    011a Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  95   412a Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  0    013a Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      0  0  0    014a Day 2   0  0  0    0   Day 3                      1  0  0    015a Day 2   0  1  0    0   Day 3                      3  2  0    0__________________________________________________________________________ *1 escapee 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________3.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3          Total              Eggs         Total                               EggsCage    Dead      Dead          No. of              Per    Dead                        Dead                           No. of                               Per#   96 hr   ♂      ♀          Eggs              ♀                 120 hr                     ♂                        ♀                           Eggs                               ♀__________________________________________________________________________ 1  Day 4   1  0   669 27 Day 5                     0  0  827 33 2  Day 4   1  1   235 9  Day 5                     1  0  522 22 3  Day 4   3  1   0   0  Day 5                     4  0  0   0 4  Day 4   5  3   0   0  Day 5                     8  5  0   0 5  Day 4   3  9   0   0  Day 5                     -- 2  0   011  Day 4   0  0   511 20 Day 5                     1  0  1070                               4312  Day 4   0  0   0   0  Day 5                     0  0  43  213  Day 4   1  0   0   0  Day 5                     3  0  0   014  Day 4   8  1   0   0  Day 5                     6  3  0   015  Day 4   7  8   0   0  Day 5                     3  8  0   0 1a Day 4   0  0   338 14 Day 5                     0  0  682 27 2a Day 4   0  0   15  1  Day 5                     0  0  97  4 3a Day 4   1  1   0   0  Day 5                     4  1  0   0 4a Day 4   7  3   0   0  Day 5                     8  4  0   0 5a Day 4   4  4   0   0  Day 5                     1  6  0   011a Day 4   0  0   527 21 Day 5                     0  0  1082                               4312a Day 4   0  0   0   0  Day 5                     0  0  0   013a Day 4   1  1   0   0  Day 5                     1  0  0   014a Day 4   7  0   0   0  Day 5                     11 3  0   015a Day 4   7  3   0   0  Day 5                     6  10 0   0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________3.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #3                          Total         Total             Eggs         No. Eggs   Dead      Dead         No. of             Per    Dead                       Dead                          of  Per                                 Live                                    Live                                       Begn.Cage #    144 hr   ♂      ♀         Eggs             ♀                168 hr                    ♂                       ♀                          Eggs                              ♀                                 ♂                                    ♀                                       Total__________________________________________________________________________ 1  Day 6   0  2  802 32 Day 7                    0  1  827 36 24 22 25♂/25♀ 2  Day 6   0  0  1092             46 Day 7                    0  0  940 39 21 24 24♂@/26♀ 3  Day 6   0  1  0   0  Day 7                    4  1  0   0  10 22 25♂/25♀ 4  Day 6   1  1  0   0  Day 7                    -- 2  0   0  -- 13 25♂/25♀ 5  Day 6   -- 0  0   0  Day 7                    -- 0  0   0  -- 1  24♂/26♀11  Day 6   0  0  1990             80 Day 7                    0  0  msg msg                                 25 25 26♂/25♀                          data                              data12  Day 6   0  1  214 9  Day 7                    0  1  msg msg                                 25 23 25♂/25♀                          data                              data13  Day 6   0  1  0   0  Day 7                    0  0  0   0  19 25 25♂/26♀14  Day 6   1  4  0   0  Day 7                    2  7  0   0  3  7  25♂@/24♀15  Day 6   1  3  0   0  Day 7                    -- 1  0   0  -- 1  24♂/25♀ 1a Day 6   0  0  835 33 Day 7                    0  0  164 66 24 25 24♂/25♀ 2a Day 6   0  0  590 23 Day 7                    0  0  1373                              53 29 26 29♂/26♀ 3a Day 6   2  1  0   0  Day 7                    0  1  0   0  16 21 25♂/25♀ 4a Day 6   4  6  0   0  Day 7                    1  1  0   0  4  11 25♂/25♀ 5a Day 6   1  8  0   0  Day 7                    -- 1  0   0  0  0  24♂/26♀11a Day 6   0  0  1125             45     0  0  968 39 25 25 25♂/25♀12a Day 6   0  0  64  3  Day 7                    0  0  214 10 26 25 26♂/25♀13a Day 6   3  0  0   0  Day 7                    0  0  4   0  20 23 25♂/24♀14a Day 6   1  4  0   0  Day 7                    1  5  0   0  4  13 25♂/25♀15a Day 6   7  1  0   0  Day 7                     --*                       1  0   0  0  7  23♂/25♀__________________________________________________________________________ *all males dead  Day 6 @1 escapee 
    
     
         ______________________________________4.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4Start                                   Total EggsAge in         Concen.        Dead Dead No. of                                         PerDays   Cage #  Borax   24 hr  ♂                              ♀                                   Eggs  ♀______________________________________10d     6      control Day 1  1    0    1002  4010d     7      0.02N   Day 1  0    0    590   2410d     8      0.05N   Day l  1    0    549   2210d     9      0.07N   Day 1  3    0    555   2310d    10      0.10N   Day l  4    1    345   1410d    16      control Day 1  0    0    1187  4610d    17      0.02N   Day l  0    0    1139  4810d    18      0.05N   Day l  3    0    538   2210d    19      0.07N   Day l  7    0    597   2410d    20      0.10N   Day l  13   1    542   2310d     6a     control Day 1  0    1    1100  4410d     7a     0.02N   Day l  0    0    758   3010d     8a     0.05N   Day l  4    1    1412  5410d     9a     0.07N   Day 1  2    2    901   3810d    10a     0.10N   Day l  7    0    756   3010d    16a     control Day 1  0    0    1334  5310d    17a     0.02N   Day l  0    0    895   3610d    18a     0.05N   Day l  1    0    1169  4710d    19a     0.07N   Day l  5    0    618   2510d    20a     0.10N   Day l  8    1    1053  44______________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________4.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4     Dead         Dead             Total No.                   Eggs      Dead                                 Dead                                     Total No.                                           EggsCage #48 hr     ♂         ♀             of Eggs                   Per ♀                        72 hr                             ♂                                 ♀                                     of Eggs                                           Per ♀__________________________________________________________________________ 6   Day 2     0   0   843   34   Day 3                             0   2   813   33 7   Day 2     1   1   591   24   Day 3                             1   1   43    2 8   Day 2     6   1   76    3    Day 3                             2   0   69    3 9   Day 2     11  0   105   4    Day 3                             3   4   11    110   Day 2     9   1   90    4    Day 3                             7   2   20    116   Day 2     0   0   751   29   Day 3                             0   0   1253  4817   Day 2     0   0   111   5    Day 3                             0   0   10    018   Day 2     5   0   122   5    Day 3                             0   1   18    119   Day 2     9   0   92    4    Day 3                             6   3   23    120   Day 2     11  4   24    1    Day 3                             1   1   2     0 6a  Day 2     0   0   492   21   Day 3                             0   0   959   40 7a  Day 2     0   0   66    3    Day 3                             1   0   60    2 8a  Day 2     8   0   96    4    Day 3                             3   0   63    3 9a  Day 2     11  0   44    2    Day 3                             3   0   68    3 10a Day 2     15  6   50    2    Day 3                             3   1   20    1 16a Day 2     0   0   850   34   Day 3                             0   0   838   34 17a Day 2     0   0   175   7    Day 3                             0   0   69    3 18a Day 2     6   0   61    2    Day 3                             1   0   15    1 19a Day 2     16  0   53    2    Day 3                              3* 0   39    2 20a Day 2     17  7   52    2    Day 3                             0   6   41    3__________________________________________________________________________ *one escapee 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________4.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4   Dead      Dead         Total No.              Eggs    Dead                         Dead                            Total No.                                 EggsCage #    96 hr   ♂      ♀         of Eggs              Per ♀                  120 hr                      ♂                         ♀                            of Eggs                                 Per ♀__________________________________________________________________________ 6  Day 4   1  0  840  37  Day 5                      1  0  863  38 7  Day 4   0  0  12   1   Day 5                      1  0  52   3 8  Day 4   5  2  12   1   Day 5                      2  4  7    0 9  Day 4   4  2  4    0   Day 5                      1  0  0    010  Day 4   2  0  28   1   Day 5                      2  6  6    016  Day 4   0  0  1023 39  Day 5                      2  0  1349 5217  Day 4   2  2  12   1   Day 5                      1  0  0    018  Day 4   8  0  2    0   Day 5                      4  0  0    019  Day 4   3  2  5    0   Day 5                      -- 5  0    020  Day 4   -- 6  7    0   Day 5                      -- 4  0    0 6a Day 4   1  0  860  36  Day 5                      0  1  685  29 7a Day 4   1  0  8    0   Day 5                      1  0  50   2 8a Day 4   3  0  9    0   Day 5                      4  0  0    0 9a Day 4   2  0  0    0   Day 5                      3  1  0    010a Day 4   -- 4  0    0   Day 5                      -- 3  0    016a Day 4   0  0  676  27  Day 5                      0  0  613  2517a Day 4   2  0  17   1   Day 5                      2  1  36   118a Day 4   2  1  0    0   Day 5                      1  0  5    019a Day 4   0  3  0    0   Day 5                      0  1  3    020a Day 4   1  0  0    0   Day 5                      -- 4  0    0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________4.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #4    Dead       Dead           Total #               Eggs     Dead                            Dead                                Total No.                                      Eggs Live                                               LiveCage #    144 hr    ♂       ♀           of Eggs               Per ♀                    168 hr                        ♂                            ♀                                of Eggs                                      Per ♀                                           ♂                                               ♀__________________________________________________________________________ 6  Day 6    0  0   564 25   Day 7                        1   0   1057  46   21  23  25♂/25.female                                                   . 7  Day 6    0  0   141 6    Day 7                        0   0   368   16   22  23  25♂/25.female                                                   . 8  Day 6    5  0   8   0    Day 7                        0   1   7     0    4   17  25♂/25.female                                                   . 9  Day 6    1  2   0   0    Day 7                        1   6   0     0    1   10  25♂/24.female                                                   .10  Day 6    -- 3   0   0    Day 7                        --  4   1     0    --  7   24♂/24.female                                                   .16  Day 6    0  0   1125               43   Day 7                        0   0   771   30   22  26  24♂/26.female                                                   .17  Day 6    1  1   0   0    Day 7                        2   0   0     0    18  21  24♂/24.female                                                   .18  Day 6    0  2   0   0    Day 7                        0   0   0     0    5   21  25♂/24.female                                                   .19  Day 6    -- 6   6   0    Day 7                        all ♂                            2   0     0    0   7   25♂/25.female                                                   .                        dead20  Day 6    -- 2   0   0    Day 7                        all ♂                            3   0     0    0   3   25♂/24.female                                                   .                        dead 6a Day 6    0  0   327 14   Day 7                        1   1   219   10   23  22  25♂/25.female                                                   . 7a Day 6    4  0   55  2    Day 7                        0   0   141   6    18  25  25♂/25.female                                                   . 8a Day 6    3  1   0   0    Day 7                        3   1   0     0    5   23  33♂/26.female                                                   . 9a Day 6    3  1   0   0    Day 7                        1   0   0     0    0   20  25♂/24.female                                                   . 10a    Day 6    -- 8   0   0    Day 7                        all ♂                            3   0     0    0   0   25♂/25.female                                                   .                        dead 16a    Day 6    0  1   missing               --   Day 7                        0   1   450   19   25  23  25♂/25.female                                                   .           data 17a    Day 6    1  1   missing               --   Day 7                        0   0   155   7    20  23  25♂/25.female                                                   .           data 18a    Day 6    0  0   missing               --   Day 7                        0   2   49    2    14  22  25♂/25.female                                                   .           data 19a    Day 6    1  3   0   0    Day 7                        --  3   0     0    0   15  26♂*/25.femal                                                   e. 20a    Day 6    all ♂       3   0   0    Day 7                        --  1   0     0    0   2   26♂/24.female                                                   .    dead__________________________________________________________________________ *1 escapee 
    
     
         ______________________________________5.a. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5Start                                 TotalAge in Cage   Concen.       Dead Dead  No. of                                       EggsDays  #      Borax   24 hr ♂                           ♀                                 Eggs  Per ♀______________________________________ 4d   21     control Day 1 0    0     0     0 4d   22     0.02N   Day 1 0    0     0     0 4d   23     0.05N   Day 1 0    1     0     0 4d   24     0.07N   Day 1 0    0     0     0 4d   25     0.10N   Day 1 1    0     0     010d   26     control Day 1 0    0     380   1610d   27     0.02N   Day 1 1    0     162   710d   28     0.05N   Day 1 1    0     231   910d   29     0.07N   Day 1 3    0     164   710d   30     0.10N   Day 1 9    0     211   9 4d   1      control Day 1 1    0     0     0 4d   2      0.02N   Day 1 0    0     0     0 4d   3      0.05N   Day 1 0    0     0     0 4d   4      0.07N   Day 1 1    0     0     0 4d   5      0.10N   Day 1 2    0     0     010d   6      control Day 1 0    0     1769  7410d   7      0.02N   Day 1 0    0     0     010d   8      0.05N   Day 1 4    0     8     010d   9      0.07N   Day 1 5    0     341   1410d   10     0.20N   Day 1 16   1     0     0______________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________5.b. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5     Dead         Dead             Total No.                   Eggs      Dead  Dead                                       Total No.                                             EggsCage #48 hr     ♂         ♀             of Eggs                   Per ♀                        72 hr                             ♂                                   ♀                                       of Eggs                                             Per ♀__________________________________________________________________________21   Day 2     0   0   0     0    Day 3                             0     1   64    322   Day 2     0   0   0     0    Day 3                             0     1   0     023   Day 2     0   0   0     0    Day 3                             3     0   0     024   Day 2     3   0   0     0    Day 3                             7     1   0     025   Day 2     12  2   0     0    Day 3                             10    5   0     026   Day 2     0   0   691   29   Day 3                             1     1   460   1927   Day 2     0   0   450   18   Day 3                             1     0   127   528   Day 2     6   0   169   7    Day 3                             5     1   9     029   Day 2     8   0   93    4    Day 3                             8     2   36    230   Day 2     9   4   91    4    Day 3                             3     2   39    21    Day 2     1   1   0     0    Day 3                             1     0   236   102    Day 2     0   0   0     0    Day 3                             2     0   0     03    Day 2     2   0   0     0    Day 3                             8     0   0     04    Day 2     2   0   0     0    Day 3                             5     2   0     05    Day 2     11  3   0     0    Day 3                             11    5   0     06    Day 2     0   0   371   16   Day 3                             0     0   563   247    Day 2     8   0   42    2    Day 3                             5     0   120   58    Day 2     16  2   21    1    Day 3                             3     1   12    19    Day 2     13  2   101   4    Day 3                             2     1   46    210   Day 2     9   15  12    1    Day 3                             all ♂ dead                                   4   0     0                             Day 2__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________5.c. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5     Dead         Dead             Total No.                   Eggs      Dead  Dead                                       Total No.                                             EggsCage #96 hr     ♂         ♀             of Eggs                   Per ♀                        120 hr                             ♂                                   ♀                                       of Eggs                                             Per ♀__________________________________________________________________________21   Day 4     0   0   270   11   Day 5                             0     0   420   1822   Day 4     0   0   0     0    Day 5                             0     0   0     023   Day 4     6   2   0     0    Day 5                             6     1   0     024   Day 4     6   4   0     0    Day 5                             5     6   0     025   Day 4     2   8   0     0    Day 5                             --    5   0     026   Day 4     0   0   698   30   Day 5                             1     0   1158  5027   Day 4     0   0   107   4    Day 5                             0     0   252   1028   Day 4     5   0   0     0    Day 5                             3     0   0     029   Day 4     5   0   9     0    Day 5                             0     4   0     030   Day 4     2   1   10    1    Day 5                             2     4   0     01    Day 4     0   0   394   16   Day 5                             0     0   missing                                             missing                                       data  data2    Day 4     2   0   0     0    Day 5                             0     0   8     03    Day 4     8   7   0     0    Day 5                             7     10  12    14    Day 4     13  7   0     0    Day 5                             3     6   2     05    Day 4     2   9   0     0    Day 5                             all ♂ dead                                   1   0     0                             Day 46    Day 4     1   1   442   18   Day 5                             0     0   617   277    Day 4     6   0   43    2    Day 5                             4     1   8     08    Day 4     2   10  35    2    Day 5                             --    3   19    29    Day 4     4   5   23    1    Day 5                             1     6   0     010   Day 4     --  3   0     0    Day 5                             --    2   0     0__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________5.d. Mortality and Egg Production Study #5    Dead Dead            Total #                 Eggs/   Dead                            Dead                                Total #                                     Eggs Live                                              Live                                                  Total                                                      TotalCage #144 hr    ♂         ♀            of Eggs                 ♀                    168 hr                         ♂                            ♀                                of Eggs                                     Per ♀                                          ♂                                              ♀                                                  ♂                                                      ♀__________________________________________________________________________21   Day 6    0    0  1017 42 Day 7                         0  0   601  25   25  24  25  2522   Day 6    1    0  4    0  Day 7                         0  0   30   1    24  24  25  2523   Day 6    7    3  0    0  Day 7                         0  4   0    0    2   14  24  2524   Day 6    4    7  0    0  Day 7                         -- 3   0    0    0   4   25  2525   Day 6    --   4  0    0  Day 7                         -- --* --   --   0   0   25  2426   Day 6    0    0  780  34 Day 7                         0  2   1427 62   23  21  25  2427   Day 6    0    0  318  13 Day 7                         0  0   1069 43   23  25  25  2528   Day 6    0    0  0    0  Day 7                         2  1   0    0    2   23  24  2529   Day 6    1    4  0    0  Day 7                         0  1   0    0    0   13  25  2430   Day 6    --@  0  0    0  Day 7                         -- 3   0    0    0   10  25  241    Day 6    0    0  702  29 Day 7                         1  0   651  27   21  24  25  252    Day 6    2    0  31   1  Day 7                         0  0   115  5    18  24  24  243    Day 6    --   3  0    0  Day 7                         -- 2   0    0    0   3   25  254    Day 6    0    2  0    0  Day 7                         1  2   0    0    0   8   25  275    Day 6    --   2  0    0  Day 7                         -- 3   0    0    0   1   26  246    Day 6    1    0  576  25 Day 7                         1  0   1097 48   23  23  26  247    Day 6    0    2  0    0  Day 7                         1  3   0    0    1   20  25  268    Day 6    --   7  0    0  Day 7                         -- 3   0    0    0   1   25  259    Day 6    --   6  0    0  Day 7                         -- 4   0    0    0   0   25  2410   Day 6    --   -- --   -- Day 7                         -- --  0    --   0   0   25  25__________________________________________________________________________ *5 female left alive (1) @all ♂ dead -- Day 6 
    
     EXAMPLE III 
     Examples of various formulations that may be utilized in accordance with the present invention include: 
     1.) 6% borax, 1% agar and 94% water, wherein the agar and water are combined, i.e., the 94% water and 1% agar, and brought to a boil. The mixture is removed from the heat and the borax is added. This results in a gelatinous mixture which will not dry completely and which is believed will adhere to trees, buildings, etc. to which it is applied. It may be applied by spraying via a pressurized application or an hydraulic oil squirt can to utility poles, trees, fences, etc. 
     2.) 6% borax, 1% agar and 93% proteinaceous bait (10% (Miller&#39;s Nu-Lure®), wherein the proteinaceous bait is formulated with 90 parts water and 10 parts proteinaceous concentrated bait. This formulation 2 is made as formulation 1 above and may be applied similarly; however, this formulation 2 is believed to be a better attractant than formulation 1; 
     3.) 1% borax, 76% proteinaceous bait (Miller&#39;s Nu-Lure®) and 23% Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.), wherein this formulation 3 is made following the steps to make formulation 1, except without heating. This formulation 3 may be applied like formulations 1 and 2, i.e., simply mix and spray. 
     4.) 6% borax, 70% proteinaceous bait (Miller&#39;s Nu-Lure®) and 23% Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.), wherein this formulation 4 is made following the steps to make formulation 1, except without heating. This formulation 4 may be applied like formulations 1 and 2, i.e., simply mix and spray. 
     5.) 1% borax and 99% Min-U-Gel®(Floridin Co.) or 6% borax and 94% Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.), wherein these formulations are made following the steps to make formulation 1, except without heating. These two formulations may be applied like formulations 1 and 2, i.e., simply mix and spray. 
     The proper viscosity of each formulation should be maintained, i.e., the surface of a spot application is thick enough to hold indentations, to avoid splashback, runoff and possible ineffective treatments on new porous surfaces. Generally, 23% of Min-U-Gel® (Floridin Co.) is believed to be sufficient to maintain appropriate viscosity, however, additional or lesser amounts may be necessary to achieve desired results. 
     To treat infested area via spot treatment: apply one or more of the above formulations, e.g., formulations 3-5, with a pressurized application or a hydraulic oil squirt can to, e.g., utility poles, trees, fences, signs, etc. At least about 600 evenly distributed bait spots per squire mile, or approximately 60 to 80 bait spots per city block. Apply treatment once per week for at least about six weeks. The area of coverage will extend about nine square miles around each fly find. 
     As opposed to spot treatment, the above formulations, e.g., formulations 3-5, may be squirted on tree trunks, fences, utility poles, signs, etc. in areas thereon which are out of reach of children at a rate of about 0.1 oz to about 0.2 oz (about 3 to about 5 ml) per station. 
     With respect to aerial treatment or retreatment of the above formulations, such as formulations 1 and 2 above, it should not be considered if weather reports indicate a 50% or greater chance of precipitation within 48 hours. Applications of full coverage of the bait sprays, such as formulations 1 and 2 above, should be scheduled approximately once per week for at least six weeks. It is believed that the bait formulations of the present invention, such as bait formulations 1 and 2 identified above in this Example, are effective as full coverage aerial bait sprays when applied in amounts on the order of between about 5 oz and about 128 oz or more per acre per full coverage application. It should, of course, be understood that the amount of bait formulation actually applied will depend upon the objectives to be accomplished and the size of the area to be covered, Moreover, the area of full coverage spray should extend a minimum of about 1.5 miles beyond known fruit fly infestation. It, of course, may be expanded to about 2.5 miles from any kind if the infestation is heavy. Weather conditions may also dictate change in spray schedules. After an estimated two off generations of negative trapping, spray operations may be discontinued. 
     The present invention may, of course, be carried out in other specific ways than those herein set forth without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive and all changes coming within the spirit and scope of the appended claims are intended to be embraced herein.

Technology Classification (CPC): 0