Patent Abstract:
In a magnetic recording/reproduction device, such as a disk drive one or more conductive elements is positioned in close proximity to a recording/reproduction head in order to absorb EMI generated by the head as it reads and/or writes data from/to magnetic media. The conductive element is connected through a low impedance path to an electrical sink, such as ground, for absorbed EMI. The conductive element thereby significantly reducing EMI in a manner analogous to the operation of a groundplane in a circuit board. In a disk drive implementation, the conductive element may be positioned on the opposite side of the disk from the head, on the same side of the disk as the head, or one or more conductive elements may be positioned on each side of the disk.

Full Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/289,849 filed May 9, 2001, entitled HIGH FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE REDUCTION METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAGNETIC RECORDING DEVICES, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and, more particularly, to the reduction of EMI in magnetic recording/reproduction devices. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Magnetic recording/reproduction devices such as disk drives write information to and read information from a magnetic medium. In the case of disk drives, the information is written to and read from a rotating magnetic disk using a write head, read head, or read/write head which “flies” a very short distance above the disk, cushioned by an air bearing. Read, write, and read/write heads may be referred to hereinafter generically as disk heads, or, simply, heads. Heads often operate in close proximity to one another, sometimes reading and writing simultaneously. This is particularly true in a test center where a number of heads may be tested simultaneously. In such an environment there may be several test stations, each with a disk mounted on a spindle with corresponding read and write heads with technicians operationally testing disk drives, including heads. During a disk write operation, a write head emits electromagnetic interference (EMI) that may interfere with the operation of electronics and/or other heads. The disk upon which data is written may operate as an antenna, gathering EMI from a disk-write operation, from ambient radio or television signals, or from other sources. During the testing process the heads and media are typically exposed. That is, although it might be possible to enclose each test station within a separate “Faraday cage” in order to prevent the EMI (generated by a write head under test or another source) from interfering with a head being tested, such a construction would be impractical; particularly in view of the fact that test technicians would be enclosed in such “cages”. 
     Additionally, in a disk drive application, the electromagnetic transducer in the head tends to emit electromagnetic interference (EMI) which may tend to interfere with the operation of other electronic devices. Although the disk drive enclosure may be shielded to suppress EMI emitted by the head, such shielding adds to the expense of disk drive enclosures. Even if the EMI is suppressed by a disk drive enclosure, the EMI may still interfere with the electronics contained within the enclosure. 
     A system and method for the suppression of EMI related to disk read and write operations would therefore be highly desirable. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a magnetic recording/reproduction device, such as a disk drive test station, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, one or more conductive elements is positioned in close proximity to a head in order to absorb EMI generated by the head as it reads and/or writes data from/to the magnetic media. A head typically includes an electromagnetic transducer that is attached to a head body. The body is formed to fly in very close proximity to the disk surface as the disk rotates “beneath” the head (Although the head may be located above or below the disk, for the clarity and convenience of description, the head will often be referred to as flying above the disk.) The conductive element provides a low impedance path to ground for absorbed EMI, thereby significantly reducing EMI. As used in the context of this document, the term “ground” may refer to any of a number of electromagnetic potentials, such as “system ground”, “device ground”, “cabinet ground”, etc. used as a reference potential and which is generally designed to be at the same potential as earth ground, or earth potential. 
     The conductive element may be positioned on the opposite side of the disk from the head, on the same side of the disk as the head, or one or more conductive elements may be positioned on each side of the disk. The conductive element may make low-impedance contact with ground though a low-impedance connection to a disk-drive&#39;s loading arm, for example. The conductive element may be positioned in close proximity to the head by forming the element using much the same design and suspension as a flying head and “flying” the conductive element on the opposite side of the medium from the head at approximately the same distance from the disk surface as the head. Alternatively, a “non-flying” arrangement may be employed whereby the conductive element is positioned futher from the surface of the disk, on the order of a few mils, for example. In such and arrangement, the surface area of the conductive element may be increased, to a multiple of the head&#39;s surface area, for example, in order to compensate for the increased distance and maintain the capacitive coupling efficiency. 
     A conductive element in accordance with the principles of the present invention may also be formed to operate on the same side of the disk as the head. In such embodiments, the conductive element is placed in close proximity to the head&#39;s transducer in order to capacitively couple EMI created by the transducer. The conductive element may take on many forms. For example, the conductive element may be a small, substantially planar structure suspended between at least a portion of the head and the disk, it may be a structure that substantially envelopes the head, leaving an aperture for the operation of the transducer. That is, the conductive element is formed in close proximity to the head, in such a manner as to allow the read or write portion of the head to operate unimpeded while covering some remaining portion of the head. A conductive element in accordance with the principles of the present invention is particularly useful in a disk testing system that employs a plurality of heads, any number of which heads may be reading and/or writing simultaneously. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above and further features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, taken together with the accompanying drawings in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a conceptual block diagram of a disk drive that employs one or more conductive elements in accordance with the principles of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 2A through 2C are diagrams of an “opposite side” conductive element embodiment in accordance with the principles of the present invention; 
     FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams of a “same side” conductive element embodiment in accordance with the principles of the present invention; and 
     FIGS. 4A through 4C are detailed views of “opposite side” conductive element embodiments in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The conceptual block diagram of FIG. 1 illustrates a magnetic recording/reproduction device  100  in accordance with the principles of the present invention. One or more magnetic heads  102  operate in close proximity to a magnetic medium  104  in order to read information  103  from or write information  103  to the medium  104 . In a disk drive embodiment, that is, in a case where the recording/reproduction device  100  is a magnetic disk drive, the head  102  may be a flying head. Flying heads are known and discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,646,180 issued to Ohtsubo, 4,673,996, issued to White, 4,870,519 issued to White, 4,893,204 issued to Yamada et al., 4,894,740 issued to Chhabra et. al., and 5,200,868 issued to Chapin et. al., all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Although the design of the head  102  may take on any one of many different forms, as evidenced by the above list of disk-head related patents, and may be a read head, a write head, or a read/write head, it will be referred to hereinafter as a head  102 . Similarly, throughout the remainder of this description the recording/reproduction device  100  will be referred to as a disk drive  100 . Operation of the disk drive  100  generates electromagnetic interference (EMI) in close proximity to the head  102 , particularly during a write operation. An electromagnetic transducer (not shown) located on the head  102  is the source of the EMI. Additionally, a rotating disk, which acts as an antenna, may pick up EMI from various sources, thereby interfering with disk read operations. Such sources may include unshielded disk-write heads operating at other test stations in a disk-head or disk-drive test environment. 
     In a disk-drive testing environment, EMI generated by operation of the head  102  might interfere with the operation of one or more other heads  108  at other test stations. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a conductive element  110  is positioned in close proximity to the head  102  in order to capacitively couple EMI energy from free space through a low-impedance path  112  to ground  114 . The low impedance path  112  may include, for example, a wire, ribbon, or substantially planar member of highly conductive material connected between the conductive element and a structural member that is “at” the reference of interest, for example, a “grounded” head loading arm. The conductive element  110  and low-impedance path  112  may be formed in a manner that provides the greatest conductivity that is practicable, given cost, manufacturing and mechanical interference constraints. That is, for example, although a gold sheet may provide good conductivity, it may be too massive, too bulky, or too expensive for a particular application. Additional conductive elements  116  may be placed in close proximity to additional heads  108  and connected through low impedance paths  118  to the electromagnetic energy sink  114 . Each head, whether a read-head or a write-head, may have a conductive element associated with it to capacitively couple EMI to ground. In the case of a write-head, the EMI is generated by the write head in the course of writing to a disk. In the case or a read-head, the EMI may be picked up by the associated disk, which acts as an antenna for EMI generated by write disks or other EMI sources. In a stand-alone disk drive implementation, although the disk drive  100  may include an enclosure  106  composed of a conductive material, such as metal, which ostensibly operates as a “Faraday cage” to eliminate EMI, EMI may still pose a problem, particularly within the enclosure  106 . 
     The landscape view of FIG. 2A provides a simplified schematic view of the major components of a disk drive test station in accordance with the principles of the present invention. That is, the elements of FIG. 2 are not drawn to scale, may appear to interfere with one another mechanically. In short, FIG. 2 is not meant to be taken as a mechanical schematic drawing. A disk  200  is supported and rotated by a spindle  202 . A head  204  is supported by a loading arm  206 , which is electrically connected to ground  208  through a conductive support  207 . The head  204  may be supported by the loading arm  206  in a manner that permits the head  204  to fly, supported by an air bearing, in very close proximity to the disk  200  as the disk  200  rotates below the head  204 . The loading arm  206  may employ, for example, a set of gimbals, flexures, and leaf springs to support the head  204 . The disk test facility may include one or more additional heads (not shown) each of which might tend to generate EMI that could interfere with other disks. Although in this illustrative embodiment the head  204  is positioned above the disk  200 , other embodiments with one or more heads positioned below the disk are within the scope of the invention. 
     In this illustrative embodiment, a conductive element  210  is positioned opposite the head  204  in close proximity to the disk  204 . The conductive element  210  is electrically connected through a low impedance path  212  to ground  208 . The low impedance path  212  may take the form of a wire, a strap, a ribbon, or a strut of conductive material attached between the conductive element  210  and the electrically conductive loading support  207 , for example. The landscape endview of FIG. 2B provides an illustration of the vertical organization of the loading arm  206 , head  204 , disk  200 , and conductive element  210  in an illustrative embodiment such as that of FIG.  2 A. The landscape endview of FIG. 2C provides an illustration of the vertical organization of an embodiment in which the conductive element is supported in the same manner as the head. That is, this illustrative embodiment includes a separate loading arm  211  (which may include, for example, a set of gimbals, flexures, and leaf springs) employed to “fly” the conductive element  210  at substantially the same distance from the surface of the disk  200  as the head  204 . 
     A disk test facility may include a plurality of heads  204  that may be write or read heads. The facility may test heads, disks, and/or various components of or complete disk drives. In such a facility, one or more of the heads may have associated with them corresponding conductive elements  210  placed in close proximity to the head  204  in order to capacitively couple EMI from the head (the electromagnetic transducer, to be more precise) to ground  208 . Additionally, each head may have associated with it a plurality of conductive elements, with one or more on the same side of the disk as the head and/or one or more located on the opposite side of the disk from the head. Similarly, in a standalone disk drive embodiment, a variety of conductive element implementations may be employed to reduce susceptibility to EMI. 
     FIG. 3A depicts an embodiment of a disk drive in accordance with the principles of the present invention in which a head  304  and conductive element  310  are positioned on the same side of a disk  300 . The disk  300  is supported and rotated by a spindle  302 . The head  304  is supported by a loading arm  306 , which is electrically connected to ground  308  through an electrically conductive support  307 . The head  304  may be supported by the loading arm  306  in a manner that permits the head  304  to fly in very close proximity to the disk  300  as the disk  300  rotates below the head  304 . 
     Although in this illustrative embodiment the head  304  is positioned above the disk  300 , other embodiments with one or more heads positioned below the disk are within the scope of the invention. In this illustrative embodiment, a conductive element  310  is positioned on the same side of the disk  300  as the head  304 . The conductive element  310  is electrically connected through a low impedance path to ground  308 , via the support  307 . The low impedance path may include a wire, a strap, a ribbon, or a strut of conductive material attached between the conductive element  310  and the electrically conductive support  307 , for example. In a disk test facility a plurality of disk drives may include a plurality of read and write heads  304  operating independently, in which case, one or more of the heads may have associated with them corresponding conductive elements  310  placed in close proximity in order to capacitively couple EMI from the head to ground  308 . FIG. 3B is a top plan view which illustrates the arrangement of support  307 , head  304  and conductive element  310 . The loading arm  306  may include, for example, a set of gimbals, flexures, or leaf springs employed to “fly” the head  304  above the disk  300 . 
     FIG. 4A is a perspective view providing a more detailed depiction of the illustrative “opposite side” embodiment described in conjunction with the discussion of FIG.  2 . The disk  200 , head  204 , and conductive element  210  are as previously described. The outline  400  of the head  204  projected onto the disk  200  will be referred to hereinafter as the footprint  400  of the head  204 . The conductive element  210  is located on the opposite side of the disk  200  from the head  204  and extends an area that is at least substantially coextensive with the area of the footprint  400 . In an illustrative embodiment, the conductive element is formed in a manner in which it flies at substantial the same distance from the disk  200  as the head  204 . In such an embodiment, the surface area of the conductive element may be on the same order as that of the head  204 . In an embodiment in which the conductive element is positioned farther from the disk  200 , on the order of three to five mils, for example, the surface area of the conductive element may be substantially increased (to as much as a square inch, for example) in order to increase the capacitive coupling between the disk  200  and the conductive element  210 . 
     In the sectional view of FIG. 4B as the disk  200  moves in a direction  401  the head  204  flies above the disk  200 . The head  204  includes a magnetic transducer  402 , which performs the actual reading and/or writing of data. A larger segment  404 , referred to hereinafter as the head body  404 , of the head  204  provides support for the transducer  402  and, as will be described in greater detail in relation to the discussion of FIG. 4C, forms the air bearing upon which the head  204  floats. In this illustrative embodiment the head  204  is supported by a gimbal mount  406  connected to a loading arm (not shown). In this illustrative embodiment, the conductive element  210  is a substantially planar device that is also supported by a gimbal mount  408  attached to a loading arm (not shown). The conductive element  210 , gimbal mount  408 , and loading arm are all electrically conductive and form a low impedance path to ground. 
     In operation, the distance “A” between the conductive element  210  and the disk  200  is minimized in order to increase the capacitive coupling between the head  204  and the conductive element  210 . The distance A may be reduced substantially (thereby increasing the capacitive coupling efficiency) by flying the conductive element on an air bearing in close proximity to the disk  200  in the same manner that the head  204  is flown above the disk  200 . The length B and width C of the conductive element  210  may approximate the length and width of the head  204 . Better capacitive coupling may be achieved through use of a conductive element  210  whose length and width exceed the respective dimensions of the head  204 . Additionally, although the conductive element is positioned directly below the head  204  in this illustrative embodiment, better capacitive coupling efficiency may be achieved by placing the conductive element  210  in a position in which the conductive element is substantially centered on the vertical axis AX1 of the transducer  402 . Although not shown in this illustrative embodiment, as is known in the art, the leading edges of the head  204  may be tapered to form the air bearing upon which the head  204  flies. Similarly, the leading edges of the conductive element may be tapered to form or enhance the development of such an air bearing. 
     The plan view of FIG. 4C illustrates structure that may be employed in a conductive element  210  in accordance with the principles of the present invention. In this illustrative embodiment, the conductive element  210  includes rails  410  and channels  412  which serve to form the air bearing upon which the conductive element  210  may ride and, at the same time, to channel away excess air trapped between the conductive element  210  and the disk  200 . Although the conductive element  210  is a passive device, meant to capacitively couple EMI from the disk  200  through a low impedance path (e.g., path  212 ) to ground, the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 4C incorporates features of a head, such as rails  410  and channels  412  that may be used to form an air bearing which thereby position the conductive element in very close proximity to the disk  200 . Any of various head topographies may be employed to produce the desired suspension of the conductive element. 
     Although various exemplary embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made which will achieve some of the advantages of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It will be obvious to those reasonably skilled in the art that other components performing the same functions may be suitably substituted. The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, and to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited only by the claims appended hereto.

Technology Classification (CPC): 6