Patent Abstract:
A sensing device able to do concurrent real time detection of different kinds of chemical, biomolecule agents, or biological cells and their respective concentrations using optical principles. The sensing system can be produced at a low cost (below $1.00) and in a small size (˜1 cm 3 ). The novel sensing system may be of great value to many industries, for example, medical, forensics, and military. The fundamental principles of this novel invention may be implemented in many variations and combinations of techniques.

Full Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to high sensitivity sensor devices and its related signal processing circuits to detect the gas, biomolecules, or biochemical agents. More specifically, this invention is related to sensor device comprising with at least one nano-chip for application in biomedical and industrial applications. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    A large benefit of this sensor according to this invention, is that there can be several on a single wafer. It is a device able to measure chemical agent concentrations at the part-per-billion (ppb) level and accurately determine the biomolecule agent and volume of biological cells present in human body. There is no device in the state-of-art, which allows concurrent detection of a chemical agent, biomolecule agent, and biological cell, all in a single system. 
         [0003]    There are various kinds of sensor system.  FIG. 1  shows a schematic representing the prior art of a sensor system  1  to detect biological cells, biomolecule agents or chemical agents (hereafter mentioned as specimen). The system I usually comprising with the sensor cell  2 , power supply  4 , detector  6 ) and analyzer  8 . The system  1  usually detects or senses by detecting the electrical signal  10  induced due to absorption of the specimen. Detector  6  will detect the output signal  10  and send to the analyzer  8  to analyze the concentration of the specimen. 
         [0004]    Several techniques can be found as the prior art for detecting concentration of specimen (common term used hereafter separately for chemical, biomolecule agents, or biological cells). However, most of them are based on the standard electrical technique wherein only single specimen is considered to detect. In addition, most technique requires long time in detection and/or not highly sensitive. The following, as a point of reference, are some methods, which are already patented and described as biosensors, used for detection of biological cells. 
         [0005]    Peeters, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,325,904, (issued on Dec. 4, 2001), discloses a nanosensor, using an array of electrodes at the atomic or nano scale (nanoelectrodes) level, formed by using specific receptors. Utilizing the level of current flow while specific biological cells attached determine the concentration. The drawbacks of such technique are: (i) requiring STM to position the receptor which time consuming fabricating such sensor, (ii) requiring specific nano-scale level gap in between electrodes containing receptor to conduct current, (iii) difficulties in measuring low current level (corresponding to low concentration) due to use of computer controlled technique, and (iv) requiring high power due to using of computer controlled signal processing. 
         [0006]    Bornhop, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,809,828, (issued Oct. 26, 2004), discloses an sensor system for detecting proteins or DNA. Concentration is estimated based on the fringe pattern, detected by the CCD camera in addition with laser beam analyzer. Fringe pattern is usually depending on the laser intensity and position of the CCD camera. The drawback of this technique are, (i) in accuracy in concentration measurement as fringe pattern is dependent on the laser intensity and position, (ii) difficulties in low level concentration measurement due to difficulties in finding small changes in fringe pattern, and (iii) complete system becoming bulky as CCD camera, position sensor, and laser beam analyzer are to be used. 
         [0007]    Britton, Jr., et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,167,748, (issued Jan. 2, 2001). discloses a technique for detecting the glucose concentration in blood. Measurement of concentration is performed based on standard technique of measuring the changes in capacitance. Technique uses cantilever coated with the receptor for absorbing the glucose. Main drawbacks are. (i) inability to detect low level concentration as very low changes in the capacitive is difficult to measure, and (ii) difficulties of detection of different kind of biological cell at the same time as each cantilever require different coating. Similar detection techniques can also be found in other patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,856,125, of Kermani (issued Feb. 15, 2005), U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,031 Chariton et al., (issued Aug. 25, 1998), U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,103 of Yoshioka et. al., (issued Nov. 23, 1993), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,420 of Nankai et. al., (issued June  9 , 1992), in all of which capacitive techniques are used to detect the concentration, Chemical and biological sensors can be miniaturized using nanowires or carbon nanotubes. Continued advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology require tiny sensors and devices to analyze small sample sizes. The following is a discussion of the prior art in sensor fabrication. 
         [0008]    After discussing the above issues pertaining to the state-of-art biosensors, chemical sensors, and biomolecule sensors, and methods of making them, we would now like to introduce a novel technique where multiple chemical agents can concurrently be detected in real time and the information can quickly be transmitted to a main station and displayed. It is small in size, so the end user may carry it anywhere to measure the biological cell volume, protein, and biomolecule cells in a medical science application and is also able to do concurrent real time detection of different kinds of chemical agents. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    According to this current invention, it is an object to provide a sensor system comprising with a sensor more specifically relates to a novel nano-sensor. It is also object to provide the embodiments including novel methods, systems, devices, and apparatus for sensing one or more characteristics. One aspect of the present invention is a sensor, which is capable of distinguishing between different molecular structures in chemical agents at the same time. It is also capable of distinguishing between different types of biomolecule agents or biological cell concentrations. It is capable of detecting the concentration of different types of chemical agents, biomolecule agents, and biological cells. 
         [0010]    This present sensor system is based on any type waveguide, including but not limited to: the slab waveguide, the ridge waveguide, or a dielectric materials structure based waveguide. Its bottom clad (hereafter mentioned as substrate) can be formed using an array of various dielectric materials, structured periodically, which can form the photonic-band-gap (PBG). In waveguide, the guided light usually suffers radiation loss due to weak optical confinement; this happens when the structure is not well optimized or the structural parameters are interrupted. The sensor structure is optimized for a fixed wavelength and is designed in such a way that the propagation loss is minimal. Alternatively, according to this invention, the sensor can also be designed to operate in broadband light operation. In that case, the waveguide for nano-chip can be designed to operate multi-mode of operation. 
         [0011]    This sensor detects the concentration of gases (that exist in air) based on the change in the effective refractive index of the substrate caused when biomolecule gas/chemical agents fill the air (or receptor) spaces. The changes in the effective refractive index reduce the output optical power (measurable parameter). By comparing the output optical power with the reference input optical power, the proposed nanosensor can detect the biomolecule gas,/chemical agent concentration in ppb levels. 
         [0012]    It is noted here that the type of chemical agent/gas can be specified by using a fixed receptor specifically made for absorbing said agent/gas. Also, the type of biomolecule agent or biological cell can be specified by using a fixed receptor to absorb the said biomolecule agent or biological cell. The concentration of the agent,/gas and the biomolecule agent, and the volume of biological cells can be ascertained by measuring the output optical power, which is a function of the change in effective refractive index and density. In this case, the detector will detect the presence of a chemical agent gas or a biomolecule agent or a biological cell. Then it will generate an electrical signal, which will be processed through a processing circuit. After the processing circuit, a digital monitoring system will display the actual concentration present via LED. 
         [0013]    The materials used for the nanosensor and surrounding surfaces are selected based on their electrical and chemical properties. The PBG arrays may be included in a chamber, which can retain fluid for biological applications; another set of arrays can be used for chemical agents/gas detection. Several arrays may be used in a single chamber and several different chambers may be used in a single chip. Thus, one system may detect chemical agents/gas, biomolecule agents, and biological cells. 
         [0014]    This proposed PBG based nanosensor array and chamber as attached should be separated from each other on a chip, so that each system works properly for each individual application. A Digital Signal Processing (DSP) function, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC), and microprocessor are provided to analyze signals from the nanosensors and/or do real time calculations of the accurate values obtained from the nanosensor. 
         [0015]    In some other embodiments a communication setup is used in order to relay the output values long distances. This communication setup is included to analyze the real time sensing values remotely. 
         [0016]    Further embodiments, forms, features, objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description. 
     
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0017]    The features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the system, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein 
           [0018]      FIG. 1  is a schematic of sensor system in prior art.  FIG. 2  are the block diagrams representing the schematic of the sensor system for detecting the gas, bio-molecule, or biological cell concentration.  FIG. 3A  is a enlarged view of a nano-chip comprising with a waveguide based on photonic bandgap (or photonic crystal) structures having rectangular lattice, according to this invention, and  FIG. 31  is a cross-section view across AA′ as shown in  FIG. 3A . 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  is a schematic diagram of a nano-chip comprising with a waveguide based on photonic bandgap (or photonic crystal) structures having triangular lattice according to this invention, and  FIG. 4B  is a cross-section view across BB′ as shown in  FIG. 4A . 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  is a schematic diagram of a nano-chip comprising with a waveguide based on photonic bandgap (or photonic crystal) structures having rectangular lattice, according to this invention, and  FIG. 5B  is a cross-section view across CC′ as shown in  FIG. 5A  where the PBG is rectangular in shape with holes and a slab waveguide is used. 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  is a schematic diagram of a nano-chip comprising with a waveguide based on photonic bandgap (or photonic crystal) structures having defects and rectangular lattice, according to this invention, and  FIG. 6B  is a cross-section view across DD′ as shown in  FIG. 6A . 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  is a schematic diagram of a nano-chip comprising with a waveguide based on photonic bandgap (or photonic crystal) structures having defects, according to this invention, 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  is schematic of interconnection between the nano-chip and its detector. 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  is the block diagram representing an example of an electrical signal processing circuit to detect the specimen, according to this invention. 
           [0025]      FIG. 10A  is a schematic representing a integration circuit unit for signal pre-processing, a part of processing circuit, as shown in  FIG. 9 , according to this invention, and  FIGS. 10B and 10C  are output signals at points A and B, shown in  FIG. 10A . 
           [0026]      FIG. 11A  is a schematic representing a filter circuit unit, a part of signal post processing, according to this invention, and  FIGS. 11B and 11C  are output signals showing with capture points, with and without specimen absorption. 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  is a schematic representing a read-out circuit used to store the reference signal, 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  is a block diagrams representing monitoring unit according to this invention. 
           [0029]      FIG. 14  is a schematic representing an alternative read-out circuit to store the reference signal. 
           [0030]      FIG. 15  is a schematic showing an example of a complete sensor device for multiple specimens&#39; detections according to this invention. 
           [0031]      FIG. 16  is a schematic showing an example of a complete sensor device, packaged in small form-factor, according to this invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
       [0032]    In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which is shown by way of illustration specific preferred embodiments in which the inventions may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims. 
         [0033]    According to this current invention, it is our objective to provide a sensing device comprising with nanosensor and its signal processing circuit which can have the significantly high sensitivity. The sensor device detects the specimen concentration based on the principle of optics Using of the nano-sensor and signal processing circuit, according to this invention, high sensitivity can be achieved. Detection is mainly based on detecting the difference in intensity of optical signal obtained after specimen absorb in the receptor and converting to electrical signal and their arithmetic processing to achieve significant high sensitivity. 
         [0034]      FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of the system according to this invention. In block diagram  22 , input optical signal  14  is generated from a laser  12  having a wavelength ranging from ultra-violet to infrared. The signal  14  will pass through the nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ). For a unique and optimized design (with no presence of specimen or sample) intensity of output optical power  18  from the nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ) can be same as that of input optical power  14 . This means that the coupling loss though the nano-chip is be zero. The presence of the specimen or sample inside of the nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ) will cause a reduction in the output optical power  18 , detected by the detector  20 . The reduction in output optical power  18 , if any, is due to the change in the refractive index of the receptors with and without absorption of the specimen. The receptor is usually contained in the nanochip  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ), explained later in  FIG. 3 . The detector  20  is used to convert the optical signal  1   8  into an electrical signal  26  and the said electrical signal  26  is processed through the processing circuit  28 , explained later in detail in  FIGS. 9-1   3 . The resultant signals  29 ( a ) and  29 ( b ) from said processing circuit  28  is passed through digital signal processing circuit (DSP)  30  where related arithmetic function can be performed to monitor actual concentration of the specimen in real time. Details of the DSP circuits are provided in  FIG. 13 . 
         [0035]    According to this invention, the processing circuit can be made in hybrid using different functional chips or using single chip having all functions, and those can be fabricated from 350 nm or less geometry. The detector can be chosen based on the wavelength of the light to be used in the system  22 . For example, if the wavelength is selected in visible region, the silicon-detector can be used in system  22 . On the other hands, if the wavelength of near infrared is chosen, then the detector made from III-V compound semiconductor is required for having higher sensitivity. 
         [0036]    According to this invention, the system  22  can be miniaturized into a very small package (e.g. less than 1 to 0.5 inches in dimension). The main advantage of the system  22 , according to this invention, is that only the power of output optical signal  18  needs to be known in order to ascertain the concentration. In system  22 ) very little power will be absorbed by the nano-chip and this is based on the percentage of the refractive index change. The system  22  has two parts: the first is a ‘detection part’ comprising of laser  12 , nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ), and the detector  20 ; the second is an ‘analyzing part’, comprising of signal processing circuits  28  and  30 . 
         [0037]    According to this invention, different nano-chips  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ) are explained in  FIGS. 3 to 7 .  FIG. 3A  shows a schematic, representing the enlarge view of a nano-chip  16   a  and  FIG. 31  is the cross-sectional view of section AA″, as shown in  FIG. 3A . According to this invention, the nano-chip  16   a  can be made from photonic crystal comprising of dielectric rods  32  arranged periodically in hollow clad  33  (hereafter we define clad as a substrate with a refractive index ‘n sub ’) to form a photonic-band-gap (PBG) structure, having rectangular lattice  34 . The nano-chip  16 a has waveguide structure having core  35  having refractive index of ‘n core ,’ Each rod  32  has a radius of ‘r’ (from 0.1 μm to 0.3 μm or may be in different size depending on the design) and they are separated by a distance ‘a’ (known as pitch or lattice constant)  36 , which is equal to or greater than ‘2r’. Receptors  40  can be placed in-between the spaces of the rods  32  in hollow clad  33 . 
         [0038]    Receptors  40 , shown in  FIG. 3  (For example: ACh—Acetylcholine covers for nerve agents, AH—Aromatic Hydrocarbon, etc.) can be used inside the nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ). Here, receptor  40  is used to detect the type of specimen and they absorb/interact with the respective specimen (e.g. biomolecule or chemical agents or biological cell) present in between the spaces of the dielectric rods. 
         [0039]    Each rod  32  has a refractive index ‘n’ which can be either equal to ‘n core ’, or refractive index ‘n’ can be greater or less than the core refractive index n core ’, Optical signal input  14  to nano-chip  16 a is transmitted through the core  35 . Based on the absorption of the specimen (not shown here) by the receptor  40  located in the space between the rods  32 , the refractive index of the substrate ‘n sub ’ in combination with hollow clad  33  and receptor  40  is changed to ‘n eff ’, the effective refractive index, and as a result, the power output optical signal  18  is reduced. The concentration of the specimen can be determined by calculating the change of the refractive index of the receptors  40  after and before of absorption of the specimen and the changes in power of the optical signal  18  with respect to input optical signal  14 . Changes in power of optical signals between  14  and  18  can be determined by the power-factor, which is defined as the ratio of the output optical power over the input optical power. According to this invention, the main advantage is that by knowing the power factor, the changes in refractive index and also the concentration of the specimen can be determined. By calculating the power-factor, this proposed sensor would give the real-time concentration of the specimen. 
         [0040]    Nano-chip  16   a  used for system  22  is based on photonic-crystal and they are having different structures Two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) photonic crystal can be used to fabricate the nano-chip  16   a . In  FIG. 3A , the photonic crystal is formed based on the dielectric rods  32 . Alternatively, the photonic crystal can be also made from holes, periodically arranged inside the dielectric materials 
         [0041]      FIG. 4A  shows a schematic, representing the enlarge view of an alternative nano-chip  16   b  and  FIG. 4B  Is the cross-sectional view of section BB′, as shown in  FIG. 4A , according to this invention wherein the same numerals in  FIGS. 4A and 4B  represent the same parts in FIGS BA and  3 B, so that repeated explanation is omitted here. Only difference in FIGS,  4 A and  4 B as compared with  FIGS. 3A and 3B  is that the photonic crystal is made from the dielectric rods  32  placed in hollow clad  33 , wherein the rods  32  is having the triangular lattice  44 . 
         [0042]      FIG. 5A  shows a schematic, representing the enlarge view of an alternative nano-chip  16   c  and  FIG. 5B  is the cross-sectional view of section CC′, as shown in  FIG. 5A , according to this invention, wherein the same numerals in  FIGS. 5A and 5E  represent the same parts in  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B  4 A, and  46 , so that repeated explanation is omitted here. The main difference in  FIGS. 5A and 5B  as compared with  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B,  4 A, and  4 B is that the photonic crystal is based on the holes  51  periodically arranged inside the slab acting as the clad  53 , wherein the holes  51  are filled up with the receptors  40  and also the holes  51  is having the rectangular shaped lattice  50 . According to this invention, optical signal  14  Is guided through the slab-type waveguide  48  located inside slab (or clad)  53 . Each hole  51  in nano-chip  16   c  has a radius of ‘r’ and they are separated by a distance ‘a’ (also known as lattice constant)  52 . Inside each hole, receptors  40  are present to absorb/interact with the specimen/sample.  54  shows the cross sectional view of this nano-chip  16   c . The nano-chip can also be designed by making holes in a triangular shape. Specification of the radii of the holes ‘t’ and lattice constant ‘a’  52  will be optimized depending on the size of the nano-chip  16   c.    
         [0043]      FIG. 6A  shows a schematic, representing the enlarge view of an alternative nano-chip  16   d  and  FIG. 6B  is the cross-sectional view of section DD′, as shown in  FIG. 6A , according to this invention, wherein the same numerals in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  represent the same parts in  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B  4 A,  4 B,  5 A, and  5 B, so that repeated explanation is omitted here. The main difference in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  as compared with  FIGS. 5A and 5B  is that the nano-chip  16   d  is also based on photonic crystal, but comprising with defects  56  in the holes periodically structure in the core  57 . “Defects in the holes,” means that the diameter of some holes is bigger than the diameter of the ‘regular’ holes, all structured periodically. According to this invention, the defects  56  can also be filled with the receptor  40  and they can be created either using of holes  56 , as shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , or using of the solid rods having specific radius (not shown here). 
         [0044]      FIG. 7  shows a schematic, representing the enlarge view of an alternative nano-chip  16   e , according to this invention, wherein the same numerals in  FIG. 7  represent the same parts in FIGS. GA and  6 B, so that repeated explanation is omitted here. The main difference in  FIG. 7  as compared with  FIGS. 6A and 6B  is that the nano-chip  16   e  is based on the solid slab  58  acting as the clad and the core  59  to guide the optical signal  14 , comprises with holes as defects  60  arranged periodically inside core  59  forming photonic band gap structure. As mentioned earlier, any type of specimen can be detected and their concentration can be known after processing the output optical signal  18  from nanochip. Type and concentration of any specimen such as gases, biomolecules, or any biological cells can be detected by making them to absorb on corresponding receptor  40  to be used in the holes  60 . 
         [0045]    The nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d , and  e ), can be fabricated using dielectrics, semiconductor, or polymer materials. The dielectric material can cover all kind of materials having dielectric or optical properties (e.g. refractive index), such as glass, quartz, polymer etc. According to this invention, alternatively, the nano-chip can also be fabricated from semiconductor materials, such as Si, GaCs, InP, GaN, SiC, diamond, graphite etc. which can be fabricated using standard&#39;s IC fabrication technology. This nano-chip itself can be from rigid or flexible substrate. 
         [0046]    The nano-chip can be fabricated by standard dry or wet etching to form the holes or rods embedded inside the solid or hollow substrate. Alternatively, this can also be fabricated using spin-coated polymer or preformed polymer The low shrinkage in polymerization and the transparency of the synthesized polyurethane can also be used in fabrication of infiltrated inverse opal elastomeric photonic-crystal structures for the nano-chip according to this invention. The nano-chip  16  ( a, b, c, d , and  e ) can have high-symmetry cross-sections and can allow integrated optical networks to be formed by only placing either the rods in air or air cylinders in the dielectric. The nano-chip  16  can also be fabricated in multiple layers by stacking the slabs on top of one another, separating them with a separator. According to this invention, the nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d , and  e ) and surrounding circuitry can be made into the single chips using today&#39;s IC process technology. 
         [0047]    The specific specimen can be detected using the nanochip with specific receptor. For example, Avidin Biotin which is the most common uses as a receptor for glycoconjugate analysis and DNA detection systems, can be used also as the receptor  40  in the nanochip  16 ( a,b,c,d , and  e ). Single receptor agent or solution linked with other molecule acting as the receptor (for the specific specimen) can also be used as receptor  40 . For example, Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution containing 4 mg/ml of the heterobifunctional linker molecule succinimidyl-6-hexanoate (biotinamido) for a 1 hour at room temperature and the resultant receptor can be used as receptor  40  for DNA detection. According to this invention, the receptor  40  can be gel-type, solid, or solution based. 
         [0048]    A derivation is given here for the generalized analytical equation for the nanochip described earlier in  FIGS. 3 to 7 . This derivation helps to understand the insight of this current invention for high sensitivity sensor device, For simplicity in derivation, nano-chip, as shown in  FIG. 7 , consisting of a ridge waveguide in the core formed by periodically structured PBG, is considered as the example and this nanochip can be considered as a linear system. The waveguide structure is considered to be optimized for providing almost same output optical power  18  for the specific wavelength of the optical input  14 . By knowing the output optical power the concentration of the specimen (e.g. biological cells, industrial gas, or biological cell agents) can be detected. According to this current invention, nano-chip is considered to be formed based on the 2-D photonic crystals. Related generalized equations, required for determining specimen concentration is described herewith. Noted here that type of specimen can be known from the specific receptor  40 , as explained earlier. The specific receptor is used for specific specific link or bond. 
         [0049]    According to this invention, the waveguide structure is to be designed in such a way that maximum optical power for optical signal  18  is achieved (or very to optical power of input optical signal  14 ), and that condition (or optical power) can be considered as the reference (i.e. with specimen present) in the holes. The symbol used in derivation is summarized in Table I. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Description of the symbols used in derivation 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Parameter 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 n cref   
                 Reference refractive index of the core 
               
               
                 n ceff   
                 Effective (new) refractive index of the core 
               
               
                 N 
                 Gladstone-Dale constant 
               
               
                 P in   
                 Input optical Power 
               
               
                 P out   
                 Output Optical Power 
               
               
                 Power Factor = P out /P in   
                 Ratio of output optical power and input optical 
               
               
                   
                 power 
               
               
                 ρ ref   
                 Reference density (air or filled with receptor) 
               
               
                 ρ new   
                 New density after specimen absorbed 
               
               
                 Δρ 
                 Change in density 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0050]    For linear system with ridge waveguide, Power Factor, ratio of output optical power (P out) , to input optical power can be derived as follows: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Power 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Factor 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         P 
                         core 
                       
                       
                         P 
                         in 
                       
                     
                     = 
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         
                           
                             n 
                             cref 
                             2 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             n 
                             ceff 
                             2 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             n 
                             cref 
                             2 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             n 
                             clad 
                             2 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     1 
                      
                     a 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0000]    Where, n cref  is the reference refractive index of the core with optimized waveguide. n ceff  is the effective refractive index of the core and n clad  is the refractive index of the clad. From Eq. (1a), coupling loss can be written as 
         [0000]      Coupling Loss =1−Power Factor (1b) 
       Where, Coupling Loss is, 
       [0051]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     Coupling 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Loss 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         n 
                         cref 
                         2 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         n 
                         ceff 
                         2 
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         n 
                         cref 
                         2 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         n 
                         clad 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     1 
                      
                     c 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0052]    From Eq. (1a), relationship between Power Factor and density of the gas can be derived. The relationship between n cref ; reference core refractive index (with no gas condition) and ρ ref , reference density of receptor can be expressed by using of Gladstone-Dale relationship, 
         [0000]        n   cref −=ρ ref    X N    (2) 
         [0000]    where, N is the Gladstone-Dale constant 
         [0053]    As mentioned earlier, after sensing the gas, the density of the receptor ρ new , after absorbing the gas which changes the effective refractive index of the substrate, nceff (mentioned as new core effective refractive index). Similarly, nceff relates with ρ new  as, 
         [0000]        n   ceff −1ρ new   X N    (3) 
         [0054]    From Eqs. (2) and (3), this following expression can be derived. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         n 
                         cref 
                       
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                     
                       
                         n 
                         ceff 
                       
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ρ 
                         ref 
                       
                        
                       X 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       N 
                     
                     
                       
                         ρ 
                         eff 
                       
                        
                       X 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       N 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   4 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0055]    From Eq. (4) n ceff  expression can be derived as. 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     n 
                     ceff 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     1 
                     + 
                     
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             
                               n 
                               cref 
                             
                             - 
                             1 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         
                           ρ 
                           ref 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         ρ 
                         new 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     4 
                      
                     a 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0056]    After substituting Eq. (4a) into Eq. (1a), we get the new density as follows; 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     ρ 
                     new 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         [ 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 n 
                                 cref 
                                 2 
                               
                               - 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       Power 
                                        
                                       
                                           
                                       
                                        
                                       Factor 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     
                                       n 
                                       cref 
                                       2 
                                     
                                     - 
                                     
                                       n 
                                       clad 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           - 
                           1 
                         
                         ] 
                       
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       
                         ρ 
                         ref 
                       
                     
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           n 
                           cref 
                         
                         - 
                         1 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   5 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0057]    Changes in density ρ can be expressed as, 
         [0000]      Δρ=ρ new −ρ ref    (6) 
         [0058]    Concentration of the specific gas (considered here only for the biomolecule or industrial gas) in ppm, which is a function of the molecular weight and Δρ, and ppm can be written as 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   ppm 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       Δ 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       ρ 
                       × 
                       24.45 
                     
                     
                       Molecular 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       Weight 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   7 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0059]    After substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (7), the concentration of gas in Ace can be expressed as: 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   ppm 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             ρ 
                             new 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             ρ 
                             ref 
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                       × 
                       24.45 
                     
                     
                       Molecular 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       Weight 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   8 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0060]    Now substitute value of ρ new  in Eq. (8) and we can derive ppm, which is 
         [0000]    
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   ppm 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               [ 
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       n 
                                       cref 
                                       2 
                                     
                                     - 
                                     
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             
                                               1 
                                               - 
                                               
                                                 Power 
                                                  
                                                 
                                                     
                                                 
                                                  
                                                 Factor 
                                               
                                             
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                       
                                         
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             
                                               
                                                 n 
                                                 cref 
                                                 2 
                                               
                                               - 
                                               
                                                 n 
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                                                 2 
                                               
                                             
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 - 
                                 1 
                               
                               ] 
                             
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             
                               ρ 
                               ref 
                             
                           
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               
                                 
                                   n 
                                   cref 
                                 
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                               ) 
                             
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             Molecular 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             Weight 
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           ρ 
                           ref 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     × 
                     24.45 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   9 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
         [0061]    According to this invention, by knowing the power factor (which is ratio of power of optical out  18  to power of optical in  12  to and from the nanochip  16 , respectively to the optical input), and appropriate arithmetic signal processing, the concentration of the specimen can be known. According to this invention, the gas is considered, it can be also be used for biomolecule gas, or biomolecule cells, if corresponding receptor is used. From  FIGS. 8 to 14 , the signal processing for detecting small change in power factor are given.  FIGS. 15 and 16  explain the sensor device according to this invention. 
         [0062]      FIG. 8  shows a schematic representing the nano-chip and its detection block diagram according to this invention wherein same numerals represents the similar parts shown in  FIGS. 2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5 ,  6 , and  7 , so that similar explanation is omitted here. In  FIG. 8 , the optical signal  18  from nano-chip  16  ( a, b, c, d , or  e ) is detected by the (optical) detector  61  to convert into corresponding electrical signal  26 . The detector  61  should be selected based on the wavelength of the light used in the nano-chip. For example, for visible wavelength, Si-based photodetector can be used which can provide quantum efficiency close to 100% over visible wavelength. For Near infrared wavelength, III-V compound semiconductor based detector can be used. 
         [0063]    Photodiodes can be used in either zero bias or reverse bias, In zero bias, light failing on the diode causes a voltage to develop across the device, which leads to current flowing in the forward bias direction. Diodes usually have extremely high resistance when reverse biased. This resistance is reduced when light of an appropriate wavelength incident onto the junction. Hence, a reverse biased diode can be used to generate the photo current. Circuit with reverse-biased detector is more sensitive to light than one with zero-biased detector. 
         [0064]    The detector can be p-n junction based detector or avalanche photodiode (APD) detector, According to this invention; both type photodetector (p-n or APD) can be used. Only difference is there operational voltage. For example, APD requires high voltage and on the other hands, p-n junction requires low voltage. By using of APD, according to this invention, single photon level difference in optical power between input to nano-chip and output from nano-chip can be detected. 
         [0065]      FIG. 9  shows the signal processing block diagrams according to this invention wherein same numerals represents the similar parts shown in  FIG. 8 , so that similar explanation is omitted here. According to this invention, Electrical-processing circuit  28 , shown in  FIG. 9 , comprises with electrical signal integration circuit  66 , filtering and sample-counter circuit  68  to remove electrical noise, and a read-out circuit  70  to store the data Each of these blocks  66 ,  68 , and  70  are explained in details in  FIGS. 10 ,  11  and  12 . The electrical signal outputs from this signal-processing unit  28  are reference signal  29 ( a ) and signal  29 ( b ) after specimen absorbed by the nano-chip. In absence of specimen absorption, the electrical signals  29 ( a ) and  29 ( b ) are the same. 
         [0066]      FIG. 10A  shows the integrated circuit block in details, of the block diagrams, as shown in  FIG. 9 , and  FIGS. 10 and 10C  are the waveforms of point A and B, as shown in  FIG. 10A , according to this invention wherein same numerals represent the similar parts shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , so that similar explanation is omitted here. The electrical integration circuit  66  means as shown in  FIG. 10  is a part of the electrical processing circuits  28 . According to this invention, electrical integration circuit  66  means comprises with transimpedance amplifier (TIA)  72 , two sets of switches  77  and  78 , a an analog memory  74  to store the reference value as reference voltage  76 , and two sets of integrator circuits  73 ( a ) and  79 ( a ), two sets of comparators  73 ( b ) and  79 ( b ), and one differentiator  82 . 
         [0067]    According to this invention, the signal  26  input to TIA  72  of the integrated circuit  66  to have the proportional voltage output V in . Initially, the switch S 1   77  is on and switch S 2   78  is off. While the Switch S 1   77  is on, the proportional voltage output V in  is directly feed through the analog memory  74  to store the initial voltage as the reference voltage  76  (output of analog memory  74 ). Noted here that the reference voltage V ref  can be either same or greater than that the proportional voltage output V in . The reference voltage V ref  is integrated by the integrator  73 ( a ) and its output is directly feed to the comparator  73 ( b ) whose other input is set to V ref . While the integrator  73 ( a ) output is reached to V ref , the comparator  73 ( b ) output will reset the integrator  73 ( a ). The resultant waveform  63  from comparator  73 ( b ) is saw-tooth type waveforms as shown in  FIG. 10B  for the point A of  FIG. 10A  The resultant waveform  63  is acted as the output of V ref  and mentioned here as V out1 , while there is no absorption of the specimen in the nano-chip explained earlier. As soon as integration for the pre-desired cycle (explained later in  FIG. 10B ) is completed, the switch S 1   77  is turned to OFF and at the same time S 2   78  is turned on and the output from the TIA  72  is directly feed to the differentiator  82  whose other input is output  76  from Analog memory  74 . The differences  80 , output from the differentiator  82  is similarly feed to the integrator  79 ( a ), whose output is again feed to the comparator  79 ( b ). Noted here that other input to the comparator  79 ( b ) is V ref . The resultant waveform  65  is also saw-tooth like waveform (mentioned as V out2 ), as shown in  FIG. 10C  (at point B) and it can be generated by the reset  81 , as mentioned earlier. The differences between two sets of circuits as shown in  FIG. 10A  after and before switch S 1   77  ON and OFF is that they process the signals without and specimen absorption, respectively, According to this invention, the output waveforms  63  and  65  comprises with stream of saw-tooth like waveforms  83 ( a ) and  83 ( b ) which can be processed for captured explained later in  FIG. 12 . 
         [0068]      FIG. 11A  is an example of the schematic showing the Filter-circuit of processing circuits  28  blocks shown in  FIG. 9 , according to this invention wherein the similar numerals represent the same parts as shown in  FIGS. 10A ,  10 B, and  10 C. The filter &amp; sample-counter means block  68  is a part of the electrical processing circuit  28  and comprises with an common clock signal  84 , two sets of filters  85 ( a ) and  85 ( b ), and two sets of sample counters  86 ( a ) and  86 ( b ). Two sets are used to process the outputs  63  and  65  separately. The filter &amp; sample-counter block  68  is used to convert the waveforms achieved from the reference value  63  (with no specimen present) and new value  6 S (with specimen present). In  FIG. 11A , “Filter” blocks  85 ( a ) and  85 ( b ) are used to avoid glitches of the signals generated from the integrated circuit, explained in  FIG. 10A . The “Sampler &amp; Counter” blocks  86 ( a ) and  86 ( b ) can be used to compare the values of “Filter” blocks  85 ( a ) and  85 ( b ) to the values from the integrated circuit  66 , in  FIG. 10A . 
         [0069]    FIGS  11 B and  11 C show the output signals  63  and  65  with capture time at different points for example at  87 ( a ) and  87 ( b ). These two signals  63  and  65  will provide us with two saw-tooth based waveforms with different slopes; represent the output signal amplitude (not shown here). They can have the different time intervals for example. t 1 , t 2 , t 3  - - - t n , total of ‘tn’ for output signal  63  (no specimen absorption) and t 1 , t 2 , - - - t n , total of the same time ‘tn’ for output signal  65  (with specimen absorption) for analysis. Several techniques can be used to analyze the waveforms to detect the concentration of the specimen absorbed. According to this invention, certain capture point  87 ( a ) and  87 ( b ) in waveforms  63  and  65 , respectively, can be used at different intervals and different amplitude to avoid the noise, if any, presence in the signals. The output signals from sampler and counter circuits  86 ( a ) and  86 ( b ) after capturing can be the stream of the digital signals  88  as shown  FIG. 11B , and  88  and  29 ( b ) as shown in  FIG. 11A . The corresponding analog signals output from filter circuits  85 ( a ) and  85 ( b ) is an integrated signals  90 ( a ) and  90 ( b ), respectively. 
         [0070]      FIG. 12  is the schematic showing an example of read-out circuit, a part of processing circuits  28  blocks shown in  FIG. 9 , according to this invention wherein the similar numerals represent the same parts as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 11A . The read-out circuit means  70  shown in  FIG. 12  averages the waveforms and then stores in the memory. Signals  88  received for reference value, will be stored into a read-out circuit  70 , shown in  FIG. 12 , which is a part of the electrical processing circuit  28 , as shown in  FIG. 9 . Read-out circuit  70  could be one for each of the reference value or specimen value to store (not shown here). Alternatively, one read-out circuit for reference value store can also be used which is used in  FIG. 9  as for example. Any number of bits can be used for read-out circuit. As for example, a 12-bit circuit is considered in  FIG. 12 . This read-out circuit  70  can be fabricated utilizing standard CMOS process technology. For example, this read-out circuit can be fabricating with standard 350 nm, 3.3 volt, and thin-oxide digital CMOS process geometry or less. The data will come to each bit ( 1 - 12 )  91  of pass-gate transistor for storage. After the data is stored in the transistor, read-out port  92  will give us the stored values as outputs  29 ( a ) for the reference value  88 . This circuit will have a ‘reset’ line  93 , so that we can flush out the older data, if necessary. This circuit can be single transistor CMOS, p and n-channel transistor CMOS, or capacitive based circuit, which can be fabricated using conventional CMOS technology. 
         [0071]      FIG. 13  is the schematics showing the block diagrams of the monitoring system, according to the invention, wherein the same numerals represent the same parts, explained in  FIGS. 9 ,  10 A,  11 A, and  12 , so that repeated explanation is omitted here. This monitoring system  30  comprise of several blocks such as. “Divider for (1−Power Factor)” block  94 , Digital Signal Processing (DSP) unit  96 , Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC) block  100 , Radio Frequency (RF) Transceiver block  102 , Concentration Display block  104  and remote Station block  106  to monitor the analyzed value. The RF unit  102  is for remotely monitor the specimen. 
         [0072]    The signals  29 ( a ) and  29 ( b ) from the processing circuit unit  28  feed to the divider circuit  94  to calculate (1−power factor), as shown in EQ. 9, and its resultant output signal  95  feeds to the n-bit digital signal-processing unit  96 , where n is the number of the bit. Other inputs to DSP unit are known parameters such as reference concentration (mentioned as background concentration of the specimen, if any), other required refractive indices related to the nano-chips, explained earlier. The DSP unit  96  is commercially available from various vendors or the unit can be fabricated with standard CMOS technology, depending on the specification criterion. This DSP unit  96  includes a system controller for coordination. The system controller of the DSP unit  96  may be chosen to be an n-bit RISC/CISC-type processor, which is commercially available by various vendors such as Texas Instrument, INtel. The processor and system controller may share a memory for program and data storage 
         [0073]    Output signals of the DSP block  96 , which are digital signals, can be converted into analog by using the “DAC” block  100 . Output signals from the “DAC” block  100  can be transmitted through the “RF Transceiver” block  102 . Signals from block  102  may be wirelessly monitored from the remote “Station” block  106  by using standard wireless protocol such as BLUETOOTH, 802.11a/b/g protocol or other proprietary protocols. The system can be embed with the standard (display) based monitoring unit  104  by feeding a part of DSP signal to the monitoring unit  104  to monitor in real time the concentration of the specimen. According to this invention, whole processing unit can be made into a single chip and can be fabricated using standard IC technology. Alternatively, whole processing unit can be also build hybridly. 
         [0074]    According to this invention,  FIGS. 9 to 13  explain the signal-processing unit to monitor the specimen concentration. This is given for example only, Various signal processing ways (utilizing similar idea as shown in  FIGS. 9-13 ) can be used to monitor the specimen concentration, For example, alternatively, single switch (single pole double through) can be used instead of using two switches (S 1  and S 2 ), explained in  FIG. 10A . In addition, alternatively analog divider (not shown here) can also be used instead of using digital divider  94 , (shown in  FIG. 13 ). Additional analog to digital converter may require converting the resultant analog signal after dividing by divider (not shown here). 
         [0075]    According to this current invention, any microprocessor, FPGA, or ASIC circuit can be used instead of DSP to perform the DSP functionality. These are available from the commercial vendors, For example, microprocessor can be obtained from Intel, FPGA from Actel and Xilinx, and ASIC circuit could be custom designed for required functionality, and it can be off-shore design and manufacturing. 
         [0076]    According to this invention, alternatively the read-out memory circuit can be made based on capacitive load.  FIG. 14  shows a schematic diagram of an alternative read-out circuit, wherein same numerals represent the same parts as shown in  FIG. 12 , so that repeated explanation is omitted here. The difference of read-out circuit as shown in  FIG. 12  is that read-out circuit  118  in  FIG. 14  is based on capacitive load  110  and a 1 to 1 switch  112 . The advantages of using this circuit are: low area and low power. At least one 1 to 1 switch  112  and at least one capacitive load  110  can be used for single bit of memory Input signal  88  can be stored by each capacitor  110  and the stored values can be as output signal  29 ( a ) as a reference (initial) value. 
         [0077]    According to this invention, the signal processing unit and the monitoring units both as shown in  FIGS. 9 to 14  can be fabricated monolithically into a single chip. Standard Si-CMOS technology can be used for fabricating the signal processing and monitoring chip either in single chip form or multiple chips. The geometry of the silicon-CMOS technology can be ranged from 0.35 μm 20 nm or less. The divider  94  can be designed in different ways for example carry-save, Boolean, binary type or synthesis library specific type, depending on the desired performance and area. 
         [0078]      FIG. 15  shows a schematic of the nano-sensing detection system unit according to this invention wherein the same numerals represent the same parts as explained in  FIGS. 2 to 14 , so that repeated explanation is omitted here. The sensing means  120  comprises with at least one laser  12  connecting with electrical driver  122  through electrical connection  124 , splitter  126 , nano-chip  16 ( a, b, c, d, e ), at least one detector  20 , signal processing unit  130 , connecting with the external power supplies through connection  132 , and a common carrier substrate  134 . According to this invention, light  14  having fixed wavelength is made to couple to the 1 xk splitter  126  (where k is the number of splitters which is at least one) to split the intesity of light  14  into k numbers and made to pass through the nano-sensor  16 ( a,b, c, d  and  e ) Alternatively, according to this invention, the splitter and nano-chip can also be designed to operate in broadband light. In that case, the waveguide is to be multi-mode to operate in broad spectrum of light. 
         [0079]    The splitter can be designed based on the photonics crystals having rod or holes, arranged periodically to made photonic band gap structure. Both splitter and nano-chips can have the same photonic band gap structure or different, and they can be fabricated on the common substrate  136 . Alternatively, the splitter can be designed based on the homogeneous (solid) substrate (without photonics crystal) and the nano-chip can be based on photonic crystal base. Again, they can be fabricated onto the common substrate  136 , or both splitter  126  and nanochip  16 ( a, b, c, d  and  e ) can be fabricated in separate substrates, and afterwards hybridly packaged onto the common substrate (not shown here). To detect different types of specimens. For example different bio-molecules, different types of receptors can be used in the nanochips. The outputs from each nanochip are made to incident to the detector  20  to convert optical signal into corresponding electrical signals (not shown here). The electrical signal is processed by the IC  130  to determine the concentration of each specimen. The electrical IC  130  can be single chip or multiple chip based on the circuit means, as explained previously from  FIGS. 9 to 14 . All electrical components can be made into the single chip. Optical chip comprising with the splitter and the waveguide, and single chip can be packaged on the common substrate  134  to make the small package of dimension below 1″×1″×0.5″(W×L×H) A key feature of this system  120  is that multiple sensors can be fabricated on a single wafer  136 . Utilizing the multiple sensor help to detect multiple specimens at the same time. For example, one sensor can detect chemical agent sensor, the second can be a biomolecule sensor, and the third can be a biological cell detector, and so on. Other example could be a single sensor unit can detect different gases or different types of bio-molecules simultaneously in real time, and any combination thereof. 
         [0080]      FIG. 16  is a schematic representing the small form-factor sensor system, according to this invention, wherein the same numerals represent the same parts, as explained in  FIGS. 2 to 7  and  15 , so that repeated explanation is omitted here. The small form factor sensor system  138  comprises with two parts wherein first part is a passive section of the system and comprises with sample handler  140 , two waveguides  142 ( a ) and  142 ( b ) for incoming and outgoing optical signals  14  and  18 , respectively, and a common substrate  144 , and the second part is an active section of the system and it comprises with carrier substrate  146 , laser  12 , laser driver  122 , detector  20 , preamplifier  148 , signal processing integrator circuit  150 , and electrical connection  152 . 
         [0081]    According to this invention, specimen  154 ( a ) is made to pass through the inlet  156 ( a ) of the specimen handler  140  and pass out the specimen  154 ( b ) from the outlet  156 ( b ) The passive section of the sensor system  138  is designed in a way that a portion of its internal section is made to expose to the nanochip  16  to make enough contact of the specimen while passing through this specimen handler  140 . The optical signal  14  is made to propagate through the nanochip  16  via waveguides  142 ( a ) and  142 ( b ) used for guiding the signals on the passive section of nano-chip  16 . For simplicity in handling and also for the purpose of reusage of the sensor system for long time, the passive section can be a separate section apart from the active sections and can be replaceable and easily stackable to the active section. Alternatively, both passive and active sections could be single section attached permanently. In  FIG. 16 , an example of a small form-factor sensor system containing a single nano-chip  16  is shown for simplicity in drawing. This can cover also for m-number of sensors containing in passive section of the sensor system (not shown here) for m-number of specimens detection. In that case, at least one specimen handler can be used and each nanochip can have with same or different receptors. 
         [0082]    According to this invention, the active section of the sensor system  138  has signal transmitting section, OE (optical to electrical conversion), and signal processing units (not shown separately). Transmitting section comprises with the laser  12  and driver  122 , OE unit comprises with detector  20  and preamplifier  148 , and signal processing unit comprising with a chip  150  for further signal processing and monitoring. The signal processing chip  150  contains preprocessing unit, post processing, and monitoring units, explained earlier in  FIGS. 9 to 14 . Transmitting, OE, and signal processing units are placed on the carrier substrate  146  and they can be hybridly integrated on carrier substrate  146  or fabricated monolithically as single chip, The carrier substrate  146  has the groove  158 , housed appropriate to the passive section holding. Under operation, both waveguides  142 ( a ) and  142 ( b ) are coupled to the laser  12  and detector  20 , respectively to transmit and receive the signals  14  and  18  to and away from the nano-chip Source (e.g. laser diode or light emitting diode)  12  with specific wavelength or ranges of wavelength, appropriate to the refractive index of the nanochip  16  can be used and it can be electrically drived by the driver circuit  122 . The OE section has the detector  20 , having high sensitivity to the source light, can be used to convert the optical signal to electrical. The detector signal is amplified by the preamplifier  148  and processed by the chip  150  for post processing and monitoring the concentration of the specimen. The electrical connection  152  connects all electrical components to the external power supplies (not shown here). According to this invention, transmitter section, OE section, and signal processing section can be fabricated into a single chip utilizing the standard IC technology. Alternatively, each component in active section could be a separate component, hybridly integrated on the substrate (e.g.  146 ). 
         [0083]    According to this invention, the nano-chip described from  FIGS. 3 to 7  and  FIGS. 14 and 15 , can be fabricated using any kind of substrates which cover, semiconductor, polymer, ceramic, exhibiting optical properties. Semiconductor cover Si, III-V or II-VI based compound semiconductors The rods or holes, periodically arranged inside substrate and/or in waveguide to form the photonic crystal structure, can be made by utilizing standard wet or dry-etching process frequently using in IC manufacturing. Alternatively, electrochemical or photo-electro-chemical etching process can also be used to create the holes inside the substrate, According to this, alternatively air-spheres inside can also be used forming photonic crystal based nano-chip, and they can be made by conventional electrochemical process. For example, large scale of air-spheres in silicon, strong variation of the diameter with a length of the lattice constant can be made using photo-electro-chemical process for crating photonic crystal structure for the nanochip. Alternatively, porous material (semiconductor, insulator, polymer, or metal) having pores can also be used for fabricating nanochip. The waveguide and the substrate carrying the waveguide could be same kind of material or different material. Alternatively, nanochip can also be made from the combination of the nanoparticles deposited or synthesized on the substrate arranged in periodically. 
         [0084]    Alternatively, according to this invention, the nanometer sized rods, wire or tubes can also be made from the carbon type materials (semiconductor, insulators, or metal like performances) such as carbon nano-tubes, which could be single, or multiple layered. They can be made using standard growth process for example, MOCVD, MBE, or standard epitaxial growth. According to this invention, the self-assembled process can also be used to make wires, rods, or tubes and their related pn-junction to increase the junction area. These tubes can be grown on the semiconductors (under same group or others), polymers, or insulator. Alternatively, according to this invention, these rods, wire, or tubes, can be transferred to the foreign substrate or to the layer of foreign substrate acting as a common substrate for waveguide for nano-chip The foreign substrate or the layer of material can be any semiconductor such as Si, Ge, InP, GaAs, CaN) ZnS, CdTe, CdS, ZnCdcTe, HgCdTe, etc. The substrate can cover also all kinds of polymers or ceramics such as AIN, Silicon-oxide etc. The material can be conductive or non-conductive. 
         [0085]    According to this invention, different substrates can be used for making sensing device as shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 . For example, carrier substrate  134  and common substrate  136  for the splitter and nanochip can be same or both can be different substrate, in hybrid integrated together. Alternatively, the splitter used for the multiple nanochip can be fabricated from the separate substrate and integrated on the carrier substrate  134 . As a carrier substrate, substrate made of any kind of material such as semiconductor, ceramic, metal, or polymer can be used. 
         [0086]    According to this invention, concentration measurement by determining the power factor is explained here. This nanochip based on photonics crystal can also detect the concentration by other methods, such as measuring the fringe-pattern by using of CCD camera and laser beam analyzer, or absorption spectrum of the optical output by spectroscopy. The concentration and type of the specimen can be known by comparing with the reference pattern for the case fringe pattern technique, and by comparing intensity and chemical absorption for the case of absorption spectrum technique. 
         [0087]    Whereas many alterations and modifications of the present invention will no doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after having read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that the particular embodiments shown and described by way of illustration are in no way intended to be considered limiting. Therefore, reference to the details of the preferred embodiments is not intended to limit their scope. Although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiment for complete and clear disclosure, the appended claims are not to be thus limited but are to be construed as embodying all modification and alternative constructions that may be occurred to one skilled in the art which fairly fall within the basic teaching here is set forth. 
         [0088]    Although the invention has been described with respect to specific embodiment for complete and clear disclosure, the appended claims are not to be thus limited but are to be construed as embodying all modification and alternative constructions that may be occurred to one skilled in the art which fairly fall within the basic teaching here is set forth. 
         [0089]    The present invention is expected to be found practically use in the industrial, commercial, and bio-medical application. Using of such sensor device will help to detect very low level concentration (in ppb level) of gases, requiring in industrial application. Example of various gases detection using proposed invention can be found in (Sengupta, Rabi and Dutta, A., ‘Novel nanosensor for biomedical and industrial applications’, SPIE Proceed. 6008, Paper No. 60080T, November 2005). This sensor devices is not limited to use in chemical gas, bio-molecule gas only, this can also be used in biological cell detection and their low level concentration measurement. The main advantages of this invention are that detection and concentration of multiple specimens at a real time can be possible. Multiple specimens can be multiple gases, multiple bio-molecules, or multiple biological cells, or their combinations.

Technology Classification (CPC): 1