Patent Abstract:
The invention is relevant to optical fiber transmission systems, and in particular, pertains to the transceiver cards in an optical fiber transport system. In particular the invention teaches an improved transceiver card architecture that allows high density, flexibility and interchangeability of functionality.

Full Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
       [0001]    This application claims priority to Provisional Application Serial No. 60/385,946, entitled “Line Card Architecture”, by Sheth, et al. filed Jun. 4, 2002. 
     
    
     
       TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The invention is relevant to optical fiber transmission systems, and in particular, pertains to the transceiver cards in an optical fiber transport system. In particular the invention teaches an improved transceiver card architecture that allows high density, flexibility and interchangeability of functionality.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    A goal of many modem long haul optical transport systems is to provide for the efficient transmission of large volumes of voice traffic and data traffic over trans-continental distances at low costs. Various methods of achieving these goals include time division multiplexing (TDM) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). In time division multiplexed systems, data streams comprised of short pulses of light are interleaved in the time domain to achieve high spectral efficiency, high data rate transport. In wavelength division multiplexed systems, data streams comprised of short pulses of light of different carrier frequencies, or equivalently wavelength, are co-propagate in the same fiber to achieve high spectral efficiency, high data rate transport.  
           [0004]    The transmission medium of these systems is typically optical fiber. In addition there is a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter typically includes a semiconductor diode laser, and supporting electronics. The laser may be directly modulated with a data train with an advantage of low cost, and a disadvantage of low reach and capacity performance. After binary modulation, a high bit may be transmitted as an optical signal level with more power than the optical signal level in a low bit. Often, the optical signal level in a low bit is engineered to be equal to, or approximately equal to zero. In addition to binary modulation, the data can be transmitted with multiple levels, although in current optical transport systems, a two level binary modulation scheme is predominantly employed.  
           [0005]    Typical long haul optical transport dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems transmit 40 to 80 10 Gbps (gigabit per second) channels across distances of 1000 to 6000 km in a single 30 nm spectral band. A duplex optical transport system is one in which traffic is both transmitted and received between parties at opposite end of the link. In current DWDM long haul transport systems transmitters different channels operating at distinct carrier frequencies are multiplexed using a multiplexer. Such multiplexers may be implemented using array waveguide (AWG) technology or thin film technology, or a variety of other technologies. After multiplexing, the optical signals are coupled into the transport fiber for transmission to the receiving end of the link.  
           [0006]    At the receiving end of the link, the optical channels are de-multiplexed using a de-multiplexer. Such de-multiplexers may be implemented using array waveguide (AWG) technology or thin film technology, or a variety of other technologies. Each channel is then optically coupled to separate optical receivers. The optical receiver is typically comprised of a semiconductor photodetector and accompanying electronics.  
           [0007]    The total link distance may in today&#39;s optical transport systems be two different cities separated by continental distances, from 1000 km to 6000 km, for example. To successfully bridge these distances with sufficient optical signal power relative to noise, the total fiber distance is separated into fiber spans, and the optical signal is periodically amplified using an in-line optical amplifier after each fiber span. Typical fiber span distances between optical amplifiers are 50-100km. Thus, for example, 30 100 km spans would be used to transmit optical signals between points 3000 km apart. Examples of in-line optical amplifers include erbium doped fiber amplifers (EDFAs) and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs).  
           [0008]    The architecture of current optical transport systems comprise a high degree of specialization. For example, the receiver line card is often separated from the transmitter line card so that the two cards are required at each terminal to achieve one channel of duplex operation. This configuration is inefficient in its use of space, power and logistical operation, and there is a need for an integrated line card with high density.  
           [0009]    A further limitation in the current art is the inflexibility of current transceiver cards. For example, in the current art, a transceiver card that supports the SONET standard, cannot support the Ethernet standard. Further, in the current art, a transceiver card that supports 4 OC48 SONET signals cannot support an OC192 SONET signals despite the fact that both of these signals have the same aggregate data rate of approximately 10 Gbps. There is, consequently, a need for a transceiver line card that is flexible to operate at different standards.  
           [0010]    A further limitation in the current art is the inflexibility of current transceiver cards to support different Forward Error Correction (FEC) standards. For example, in the current art, a transceiver card that supports a G.709 FEC with 7% overhead cannot support an extended FEC with 25% overhead. There is, consequently, a need for a transceiver line card that is flexible to support different FEC standards.  
           [0011]    Another limitation in the current art is the inflexibility of current transceiver cards to support different optical performances and capabilities. For example, a transceiver card that could be upgraded from the field to incorporate a tunable laser and be re-used in another location is not currently possible in the art. Furthermore, the mixing and matching of different optical reach performances (and associated costs) in the same systems is desirable by the industry but not available in the art of DWDM long haul transport systems. From a competitive perspective, the technology of the line optics portion of transceiver cards is often a critical driver to an optical transport system&#39;s competitive advantage through the incorporation of either higher performance components or lower cost components. There is consequently a need for a transceiver line card that is flexible to support tunable lasers, enhanced system performance, or cost reduction means through easy incorporation of state of the art line optics components.  
           [0012]    There are other limitations in the current art related to manufacturability and reliability of transceivers in optical systems. Transceivers of the prior art comprise a single large complex card with thousands of components. They must be manufactured and assembled in many stages before functional testing can be accomplished. The recognition of component failure during the late functional testing requires a complex and expensive rework process or scrapping the entire assembly. Since reliability of an entity decreases as the number of components increase, it is desirable to reduce the number of components per testable entity in the manufacturing process and in the final product. It is also desirable to make groups of these components field replaceable. There is consequently a need for a transceiver line card architecture that is functionally decomposed into a few integrated parts for manufacturability, testability, reliability, and for inventory reduction through the mix and match of the tested parts.  
           [0013]    In the prior art, a single microcontroller and power supply is required per optical channel. The invention architecture maximizes the number of optical channels per line card to reduce cost, power, and space; and to increase channel density. For example, only a single controller and power supply are required for up to four channels.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    In the present invention, improvements to transceiver cards in optical transport systems in order to provide for high density, flexibility and interchangeability of functionality. The invention solves the above stated problems.  
           [0015]    In one aspect of the invention, a high density transceiver card is taught. The high density transceiver card can support up to four duplex channels in a single unit.  
           [0016]    In another aspect of the invention, a high density transceiver card that is flexible in the transmission standards that it supports is taught.  
           [0017]    In another aspect of the invention, a high density transceiver card is taught that is flexible in the FEC standards that it supports is taught.  
           [0018]    In another aspect of the invention, a transceiver line card architecture that is separated into functional modules is taught. In this aspect, the number of parts on each module is reduced from that of the prior art transceiver card in order to increase reliability. In this aspect, separation of the line optics card functions from the tributary module and tributary optics functions allows for interchangeability and flexibility to utilize different equipment and optical standards for different applications.  
           [0019]    In another aspect of the invention, a system for and method of assembling a customized modular transceiver card is taught.  
           [0020]    In yet another aspect of the invention, a “hot swappable” modular system is taught for a transceiver card.  
           [0021]    In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of testing and calibrating a modular transceiver card is taught.  
           [0022]    In yet another aspect of the invention, a method of performance monitoring system is taught for a modular transceiver card. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0023]    For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying figures in which corresponding numerals in the different figures refer to corresponding parts and in which:  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 1 is an illustration of terminals in a transport system  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of line card modules in an architecture that is flexible in the transmission standards and FEC standards that it supports in accordance with the invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction of a tributary module and tributary optics in accordance with the invention.  
         [0027]    [0027]FIG. 4 is a graphical depiction of a line optics module in accordance with the invention.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a module selection method for transceiver card assembly in accordance with the invention.  
         [0029]    [0029]FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the motherboard.  
         [0030]    [0030]FIG. 7 is a graphical depiction of the mechanical RF interface between the tributary and line optics module.  
         [0031]    [0031]FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method of testing and calibrating a modular transceiver card for an optical transport system.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0032]    While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention.  
         [0033]    [0033]FIG. 1 shows two high density transceiver cards  100  and  150  that comprise two full duplex wavelengths of optical transport system  125 . In the preferred embodiment, two full duplex channels are available. The multiple channel architecture provides sharing of microcontroller, FPGA, and power supply modules between channels. Channel  1   105  and channel  2   107  A-Z accepts client signals at the A terminal  100 . The signals are converted to optical transport signals  115  and  117  for communication via optical backplane  280  to transport system  125 . Transport signals  135  and  137  are received from transport system  125  are received at Z terminal  150  via optical backplane  281 . Z terminal  150  demodulates the signals and regenerates original client signals as signals  155  and  157 . The ZA path works similarly and allows connection between client signal  156  and  158  at the Z terminal  150  to client outputs  106  and  108  at the A terminal  100  via signals  136  and  116  and  138  and  118 , respectively. DC power lines  101  and  151  consisting of redundant −48 VDC battery backed up power supplies  173  and  174  are received via electrical backplanes  170  and  171  which supply all required voltages and current at each terminal. Ethernet and discrete control signals  102  and  152  provide communications between various cards in each terminal.  
         [0034]    Among the cards in each terminal is a high density transceiver card.  
         [0035]    In FIG. 2 is shown a block diagram of a high density transceiver card  200  in terminal  100  that is flexible in the transmission standards and FEC standards that it supports. The high density transceiver card architecture comprises a functional arrangement of electrical, mechanical and optical components that, at a high level, provides short reach (typically less than 100 km) duplex operation with a data source such as a router or switch through the tributary optics, and also provides duplex operation with a long haul terminal, typically in a distant city. In operation data is exchanged between the data source and said long haul terminal in the distant city via optical transport system  125  that increases the distance covered by the transport system.  
         [0036]    High density is accomplished by maximizing the line card area, the number of channels per card, and using a single microcontroller per card. The line card is housed in a terminal which is 19 inches (width) by 23 inches (depth) by about 24 inches (height). After allocation of space for backplanes, fiber management, and fans, a 16 inch by 17.5 inch area is allocated (and height of 1.3 inches) is allocated for components. In the preferred embodiment, two optical channels are placed in this area, thus increasing density. As component sizes decrease, the number of channels may be expanded with similar designs of tributary modules and line optics modules.  
         [0037]    The transceiver card  200  is comprised of tributary optics modules  220  and  230 , tributary modules  225  and  235 , line optics modules  210  and  240 , and motherboard  250 . Transceiver card  200  is shown in relation to the optical backplane  280  and electrical backplane  170 . Optical backplane  280  provides optical transport signals  115 ,  116 ,  117  and  118  between the various line cards at a terminal, as well as to the long haul transport fiber span (not shown). Electrical backplane  170  provides DC power  101  and control signal  102  between the various line cards. Transceiver card  200  is mechanically coupled to backplane  280  and  170  in order to support interchangeability of different transceiver cards via optical connector socket  260  and electrical connector  270 . Tributary optical interface  201 - 204  functionally connects tributary optics modules  220  and  230  of the transceiver card with a data source (not shown) such as a router or a switch. In a preferred embodiment, tributary optical interface  201 - 204  is accomplished using a fiber optics connection, which may be either serial or parallel.  
         [0038]    Also shown in FIG. 2 are functional interconnections between modules. Tributary optics modules  220  and  230  are functionally connected to tributary modules  225  and  235  through client interfaces  221  and  231 . In the architecture of the invention, the tributary optics can be one or more optical modules  220  or  230  that support up to an aggregate 10.7 bps bandwidth. In a preferred embodiment, client interface  221  and  231  are designed in an interchangeable manner by using a multiple supplier agreement (MSA) interface such as an MSA  300  compliant interface. In a second preferred embodiment, client interfaces  221  and  231  are accomplished with 4 OC48 SONET client optical interfaces using the MSA small form factor pluggable modules (SFP). In this second embodiment tributary optics module  220  and  230  may be integrated with tributary modules  225  and  235  if improved density is required. In a third preferred embodiment client interface  221  and  231  are accomplished by using 4 or 8 1 GbE Ethernet client interfaces. In this third embodiment tributary optics module  220  and  230  may be integrated with FEC module  225  and  235  if improved density is required. In a preferred embodiment, client interface  221  and  231  are accomplished in an interchangeable manner by using a parallel optic interface such as SNAP- 12 . Transceiver card  200  may employ any of the client interfaces (and others not described, but known in the art) in an interchangeable manner to efficiently support a variety of client interfaces, tributary optics interfaces, data standards such as SONET, Ethernet, Generic Framing Protocol (GFP), Video, and proprietary Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). Client interfaces  221  and  231  further comprise mechanical connectivity between tributary optics module  220  and  230  and tributary modules  225  and  235  to support interchangeability of different tributary optics modules and different FEC modules. Client interface  221  and  231  mechanical connectivity can comprise of insertion under power from the front panel as in the SFP and XFP standards or integration with the tributary module as in the MSA 200 , MSA 300 , or SNAP- 12  standards. Insertion under power provides modification of the client interface without adversely affecting other signal traffic.  
         [0039]    Tributary modules  225  and  235  are functionally connected to the motherboard  250  through microwave interface  226 - 227  and  236 - 237  and electrical control interface  228  and  238 . In a preferred embodiment microwave interface  226 - 227  and  236 - 237  comprise three microwave connectors that carry 10-14 Gbps serial data. The tributary module outputs  226  and  236  comprise transmitted data and transmitted clock to the motherboard  250 . The tributary module inputs  227  and  237  comprises received data from the motherboard  250 . A useful example of a microwave connector in this preferred embodiment is an SMP blind mating coaxial connector that allows insertion and mating of said interface from front panel without threading. Microwave interfaces  226 - 227  and  236 - 237  are mechanically connected to motherboard RF connector block  251  and  253  to support interchangeability of different tributary modules.  
         [0040]    Partition of the line optics modules  210  and  240  from the tributary modules  225  and  235  allows changing line optics modules dependent on wavelength, output power and modulation type. In the preferred embodiment, tributary module  225  and tributary optics module  220  form a single mechanical unit that is inserted from the front side of the line card  200 . Similarly, tributary module  235  and tributary optics module  220  form a single mechanical unit. Furthermore, the cards may be inserted or removed under power; i.e., they are hot swappable as will be described further. Tributary module electrical interfaces  228  and  238  are mechanically connected to the motherboard with high density electrical connectors  254  and  252 . High density electrical connectors  254  and  252  are placed adjacent RF connector blocks  251  and  253 , respectively. In a preferred embodiment, tributary module electrical interfaces  228  and  238  comprise microcontroller communications busses, serial communications busses, discrete control, and power (not shown). High density connectors  254  and  252  are VHDM which allows blind mating.  
         [0041]    Tributary card insertion to the motherboard at the RF interface allows multiple client data types to be sent over a common transceiver card platform. The insertion into motherboard  250  at the interface  226 ,  227  and  228  allows multiple client data formats to be sent over a common platform. It also provides a design methodology for adding new interfaces. The architecture accommodates formats such as SONET where both data and timing transparency are desired. It accommodates Ethernet and other packet based formats where only data transparency is required. Also, in the case of fixed tuned DFB lasers, transceiver cards are wavelength specific. The invention accommodates the various specific wavelength by allowing transceiver card interchangeability. MSA tributary optics modules can be changed as a function of cost and distance supported (thus, also supporting interchangeability).  
         [0042]    Motherboard microwave interfaces  251  and  253  further comprise mechanical connectivity between line optics module  210  and  240  and motherboard  250  to support interchangeability of different line optics modules. The functional connection consists of transmit-receive pairs  214 - 215  and  244 - 245 . Line optics modules  210  and  240  are functionally connected to optical backplane  280  through line optical interface  260 . In a preferred embodiment, line optical interface  260  consists of the transmit-receive pairs  211 - 212  and  241 - 242  for the line optics modules  210  and  240 . An individual ribbon connector plug containing  211  and  212  mechanically attaches to a single position of a four-position fiber optic ribbon connector  260  to accomplish connection of the transmit-receive pairs. A useful example of this type of connector is the HBMT which has four sockets that mate with four individual 8 or 12 fiber ribbons and each ribbon can easily accommodate the transmit-receive pairs. Line optical interface  260  further comprises mechanical connectivity for signals  115 - 118  between motherboard  250  and optical backplane  280  to support interchangeability of different transceiver cards  200  and different optical backplanes. Electrical interfaces  255  and  256  provide serial communication and discrete control between motherboard  250  and line optics modules  210  and  240  via signals  213  and  243 .  
         [0043]    In FIG. 3 is shown a block diagram of the tributary module  225 , and tributary optics module  220 . Tributary module  235  and tributary optics module  230  are similar and a description will not be offered for brevity. Tributary optics module  220  receives the client optical signal  201  and converts to electrical signal signal  311 . Signals  311 ,  312  and  313  are included in signal  221  of FIG. 2. An inline SERDES  320  converts the client serial data (at rate shown in Table 1, column 3) to parallel data (at the rate shown in Table 1, column 4), if required.  
         [0044]    Table 1 shows why the Line Card  200  is optimally partitioned at the output of the line side SERDES. The input formats may require different MSA standard modules ranging from 300 pin MSA transponders, SFP, XFP, or parallel optics. Depending on selection of the optical module, a client side SERDES may or may not be required. Depending on the number of input signals and their data rates, a mapping device to the 16 bit SFI-4 FEC interface may or may not be required. The SERDES  320  is required when either MSA module  220  does not have built-in SERDES  320  or client data rate is above 650 mbps. The PM/mapping device  330  is required when either performance monitoring is not provided in the FEC or SERDES; or when the client interface (Table 1, column 4) and FEC interface (Table 1, column 5) are different (e.g., 4×GBE); or timing transparency is required as in the 4×OC-48 Type B tributary module. The FEC 16-bit, SFI-4 interface can operate at clock rates of up to 650 MHz. The input and output clock rates have to be selected to match the data format as shown in Table 1. Therefore, everything from the MSA module to the line-side SERDES module is subject to change depending on the client interface requirements. Therefore, a partition at the line-side SERDES ( 350  and  360 ) is optimal and allows change of client interfaces without affecting the rest of the system.  
         [0045]    There are three types of tributary interfaces for transparent transport of client data. The type A tributary module has a client interface of about 10 Gbps and therefore no aggregation takes place. These interfaces are shown in the first two rows of the table as OC192, and 10GBE. The type B module is for transparent SONET aggregation with data rates of less than 2.5 Gbps aggregated onto the 10 Gbps optical transport path. An example of a 4×OC-48 module is shown that provides both data and timing transparency for plesiochronous aggregation. The type C cards are for aggregation of packet-based data communications standards on to the 10 Gbps channel. These cards use data communications standards such as Ethernet and Fiber Channel. Idle characters are inserted in the absence of packets. They only require data transparency but not timing transparency since idle characters can be added or removed to achieve packet transparency. The partition at the line-side SERDES allows tributary card designs that accommodate all three data types.  
                                                                                             Client           FEC output                   Serial           Rate (Gbps)           Card   Rate   Client Parallel Data   FEC Input Rate   25%   Line Rate       Format   Type   (Gbps)   Rate (MHz)   (MHz)   Overhead   (Gbps)                                OC192   A   9.953   16 × 622.08   16 × 622.08   16 × 777.6   12.44       10GBE   A   10.3125   16 × 644.531   16 × 644.531   16 × 805.5   12.9        4 × OC-48   B   2.488*4   16 × 622.08   16 × 622.08   16 × 777.6   12.44        4 × GBE   C   1.25    4 × 10 × 125.00   16 × 625.00   16 × 781   12.5        8 × GBE   C   1.25    8 × 10 × 125.00   16 × 625.00   16 × 781   12.5        8 × GFC   C   1.0625   TBD   TBD   TBD   TBD       16 × OC-12   B   622.08   16 × 622.08   16 × 622.08   16 × 777.6   12.44                  
 
         [0046]    Table 1. The tributary card maps client interfaces to line side transport signals as shown.  
         [0047]    Returning to FIG. 3, the SERDES  320  is required when either the MSA module does not have a built in SERDES as in the SFP or when the client data rate is above 650 Mbps. An in-line performance monitoring/mapping device  330  is placed to translate the SERDES output to the FEC SFI-4 interface  321  (Table 1 column 5). The performance monitor block  330  collects PM data for SONET or packet-based (Ethernet, Fiber Channel) signals and ensures that the signals are received error-free from the client. The PM/mapping device  330  also transmits parallel client data (Table 1, Column 4) to the FEC  340  through interface  331  (Table 1, Column 5). In other preferred embodiments, PM/mapping device  330  may include one or more FPGA devices or ASICs. In one preferred embodiment, the FEC  340  encapsulates the signal with a 25% overhead Reed-Solomon/BCH concatenated code at the FEC output rate (Table 1 column 6). The output signal  341  has a data rate that is 1.25 times the input data rate. In another preferred embodiment, a seven percent overhead can be used such as the G.709 ITU standard. Signal  341  is input to the serializer  350 . Serializer  350  converts the data from parallel to serial at FEC transport rate shown in Table 1 column 7. This is typically about 12.5 Gbps. The data and clock signals  226  are output to the RF connector block  251 .  
         [0048]    Given that the interface between the line optics modules  210  and  240  and the tributary modules  225  and  235  electrically occur at the line side SERDES  350 / 360 , and physically occur at connector blocks  251  and  253  where the signal frequencies of the signals  214 ,  215 ,  226 ,  227 ,  236 ,  237 ,  244 ,  245  correspond to Table 1, column 7, the broadband capability (as will be further described) of the line optics modules  210  and  240  enable a wide variety of tributary modules and client interfaces on the same transceiver line card  200  which is a significant advantage over the current art.  
         [0049]    Received signals  227 , which also may perform the clock and data recovering function from the motherboard  250  are converted from serial to parallel at the deserializer  360 . The parallel signal is input to the FEC  340  via signal  361 . FEC  340  detects and corrects errors in the transmission. The FEC output signal  332  is sent to the MSA  220  by way of signal  332 , PM/mapping device  330  (if required), signal  322 , and SERDES  320  (if required). SERDES  320  serializes the transmission and sends it to tributary optics module  220  via signal  312 . Tributary optics module  220  translates the signal back to the optical domain at  202 .  
         [0050]    The FEC FPGA  335  enables control of the card from the motherboard  250  which houses the microcontroller  650  and software. FEC FPGA  335  is connected to motherboard  350  via VHDM  252 . Signals  354 ,  382  and  383  are contained in signal  228  (as shown on FIG. 2) in relation to VHDM  252 . The cpu_bus  382  is passed through FPGA  335  to line  333  to the FEC  340  and PM device  330 . The cpu_bus accesses registers in these devices to configure and obtain status. The serial communications bus  383  arrives from the motherboard  250  to enable FPGA programming for serial communications with temperature sensors  395  and PMD  330 . The FEC FPGA programs the serializer  350 , deserializer  360 , and threshold control  365  through connection  381  so that the transport signals are generated and received accurately. The power sequencer  370  distributes voltages from the motherboard and controls the power sequencing requirements for the card. Serial control line  313  between the FEC FPGA  335  and tributary optics module  220  serves to monitor various MSA parameters and alarms. The EEPROM  385  shares connection  382  with the cpu_bus and stores card configuration and calibration data allowing for independent assembly and calibration of tributary module units.  
         [0051]    In one embodiment, the timing subsystem  380  tracks the input signal  332  and generates an error signal  376  to generate recovered clock  375 . The recovered clock(s)  375  are used as a reference to provide timing for output signal  322 . In a second embodiment, the timing subsystem  380  generates a fixed reference  375  for output signal  322 .  
         [0052]    FEC  340  has a built in pseudo random bit sequence (PRBS) generator and checker for test purposes. This feature is used in the system to verify the quality of the communications link prior to sending traffic. Prior to allowing traffic, the bit error rate for each channel is measured. If the BER is more than what the FEC can correct, then the channel is not provisioned. This method of measuring PRBS to verify the quality of the communications link allows channel verification without external test equipment.  
         [0053]    The tributary module can support neighbor discovery protocols used to determine network topology. The PM device(s)  330  can be used to implement packet over SONET neighbor discovery. The FEC device  340  can be used to support JO/DCC neighbor discovery for OC192. In another embodiment, the SERDES device can be used for JO/DCC neighbor discovery.  
         [0054]    [0054]FIG. 7B shows the RF connector block interface  251  on the motherboard  250 . An identical RF connector block is found at  253 . As shown in FIG. 7A, the RF connector block  251  mechanically resides on the motherboard and provides a blind mating interface to RF connectors  705 ,  710 , and  715  (which in the preferred embodiment are SMP female-female adapters) on the tributary module  225 . They engage with an SMP male edge-mount connectors on the tributary card PWB (printed wiring board) of the tributary module  225  with a full detent 10 lb force that secures them to the tributary module  225 . The RF connector block receptacle (SMP-male) has no detent and is held in place with mechanical alignment thus accomplishing blind mating microwave electrical connection. Signal  214  is passed through as signal  227 . Signal  226  is passed through as  215 . Custom SMP to SMA cable assemblies  730 ,  740 , and  750  provide the connection between the motherboard  250 , RF connector  251  and line optics module  210 .  
         [0055]    In FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of line optics module  210 . Line optics module  240  is identical except that the laser  410  operates at a different wavelength. Line optics module  210  comprises photoreceiver  430 , receiver electronic amplifier  432  and electronic low pass filter  434 . Together photoreceiver  430 , receiver electronic amplifier  432  and electronic low pass filter  434  constitute the receiving part of line optics module  210 . An incoming optical data signal is received via signal  212  from optical connector  260 . In a preferred embodiment, photoreceiver  430  is realized by a semiconductor photodetector, and converts received optical data into high speed electrical signals. In a preferred embodiment, receiver electronic amplifier may be realized by a stripline RF FET amplifier. In a preferred embodiment, electronic low pass filter  434  may be realized by stripline RF capacitors and RF inductors. Receiver electronic amplifier  432  amplifies said high speed electrical signals, and electronic low pass filter  434  rejects high frequency components that disproportionately contribute to noise. The output of low pass filter  434  is signal  214 .  
         [0056]    Line optics module  210  further comprises data driver  420  and clock driver  422 . In a preferred embodiment data driver  420  is realized by RF power electronics in a stripline package. In a preferred embodiment, clock driver  422  is realized by RF power electronics in a stripline package. Data driver  420  and clock driver  422  are connected to RF connector block  251 . They receive data signals  433  and clock signal  435  from the motherboard (shown combined as signal  215  on FIG. 2). The clock driver  422  is narrowband and enables transmission between 8 Gbps and 13.5 Gbps. The data driver  420  is broadband and enables transmission up to 13.5 Gbps. The combination enables transmission of the optical signal  415  with bandwidths up to 13.5 Gbps.  
         [0057]    Line optics module  210  further comprises laser  410 , RZ modulator section  412 , NRZ modulator section  414  and optical splitter  416 . Laser  410  is realized by an ITU grid compliant semiconductor laser. RZ modulator section  412  and NRZ modulator  414  are realized using lithium niobate modulators. In another embodiment RZ modulator section  412  and NRZ modulator  414  are realized electro-absorptive semiconductor modulators. Optical splitter  416  is realized using a 2% optical decoupler and is used to generate feedback control signals for the RZ and NRZ demodulators  442  and  444 .  
         [0058]    Laser  410  provides a carrier signal modulated by RZ modulator section  412  and NRZ modulator section  414  and exits through optical splitter  416  as signal  211 . The bandwidth of the output signal  211  is a function of RZ modulator  412 , NRZ modulator  414 , clock driver  422 , and data driver  420 . In the preferred embodiment, the RZ modulator  412  and NRZ modulator  414  are broadband enabling transmission of signals  215  with bandwidth up to 13.5 Gbps. One skilled in the art can adjust bandwidths of  412 ,  414 ,  420  and  422  to accommodate other bandwidths broader or narrower.  
         [0059]    Signal  211  enters optical connector  260 . In particular, NRZ modulator section  414  encodes the data traffic onto the carrier. RZ modulator section  412 , provides enhanced OSNR performance for ultra long haul transport application.  
         [0060]    Laser  410  current and temperature are set via bus  490  at a specified wavelength and power. Typically, monitor photodiodes in the laser assembly  410  provide multiple outputs to monitor power and wavelength. For example, a laser with integrated wavelength locker may output two voltages: the sum of the output voltages may provide an indication of power and the ratio of output voltages may indicate wavelength error for one laser type. For another laser type, one voltage may indicate power alone and one or more separate voltages may be used to indicate and/or control wavelength. There are several different types of lasers with different external interfaces corresponding to different methods and different accuracies in wavelength control. Thus, the preferred embodiment has the capability of implementing laser control in software via signals  490 , control block  440  and microcontroller  650  allowing for change of laser type and control algorithm on the line optics module with just software changes.  
         [0061]    Control block  440  orchestrates the functions of line optics module  210  according to instructions from microcontroller  650  via signal bus  213  and signal bus  490 . Control block  440  comprises analog to digital converters, switches, digital to analog converters, and an EEPROM. The EEPROM is used to store the card configuration and calibration values that are determined during the initial testing of the card. The EEPROM in  440  also stores the clock driver  422  phase for every tributary module  225  and is a function of the line rate (Table 1, column 7). Software reads the card type from the EEPROM  385  and configures clock driver phase  427  from the control block  440 . The digital to analog converters configure the laser  410  and the clock and data drivers,  420  and  422 , and receive amplifier  432 . The analog to digital converter monitors the laser  410  operational parameters and clock and data driver ( 420  and  422 ) output voltages, and the various bias voltages in the bias circuitry  442  and  444 .  
         [0062]    Control block  440  configures receive amplifier  432  to generate a constant output voltage at  214 . The clock driver  422  and data driver  420  drive levels  423  and  421 , which are optimally set to the RF Vπ voltage of the modulator stages  412  and  414 . The clock signal  423  phase is adjusted such that  421  and  423  are in phase. This results in a high fidelity RZ signal at  211  provided modulators  412  and  414  are biased at quadrature.  
         [0063]    The bias circuitry  442  and  444  biases modulators  412  and  414 , respectively, at quadrature. Bias circuit  444  generates a low frequency AM dither signal  445  (typically 10 kHz) that modulates on data amplifier  420 . The modulation appears on signal  413  which is input to NRZ modulator  414 . Modulator  414  combines the signal from the RZ modulator and the low frequency modulated data signal  421  into a RZ signal  415 . Splitter  416  couples optical signal  415  into photodector and bandpass filter  446  where the dither signal is detected and filtered. Detected signal  447  is sent to a synchronous demodulator circuit  444  that adjusts bias  413  until dither signal  445  and detected signal  447  are in phase; when the phase error is zero, the modulator is biased at quadrature. Similarly, the RZ stage  412  bias voltage  411  is set at quadrature with dither signal  443  (typically 20 kHz) via detection and filter signal  448  and demodulator  442 . Control block  440  monitors bias signals  411  and  413  via bias devices  442  and  444  and communicates this to microcontroller  650  via signals  213 .  
         [0064]    The motherboard  250  is shown in FIG. 6. It provides power, command and control, and status monitoring for the Line Card. Microcontroller island  650  is a pluggable, modular assembly that resides on the motherboard  250  and contains the CPU. Software resides on the microcontroller island  650  and controls the line card. High density backplane connector  270  provides the electrical interface to the electrical backplane. In preferred embodiment, this interface consists of Ethernet, −48 VDC power and return, and discrete control signals over a high density connector such as HDM. A multi-position optical socket connector  260  provides the optical interface to the optical backplane and receives optical signals  115 - 118  from optical backplane  280 . An example of such a connector is HBMT which can in the preferred embodiment have four positions to expand to  4  optical channels per transceiver card. The HBMT pigtail from each LOM plugs into a single position in the socket. VHDM connectors  252  and  254  provide the electrical interface to the tributary cards.  
         [0065]    DC power  671  from the electrical backplane is provided with a −48 VDC connection from the HDM connector  270 . This is converted to the required voltages via DC-DC converters located in the power section  630  and distributed to the tributary cards  225  and  235  via lines  633  and  634 , and line optics modules  210  and  240  via lines  631  and  632 . The card is designed to provide and thermally accommodate 250W of power consumption for future expansion.  
         [0066]    Power section  630  also provides power to microcontroller  650  via  635 .  
         [0067]    The HDM interface also provides communications with the ICM management card for the transport system. The communications interface  672  comprises an Ethernet bus, all_good signal, card presence indicator, and reset signal. The card presence is detected and is initialized from the ICM at start-up. The card provides an all_good signal to the ICM so that in the event of a communications failure, the ICM does not RESET the card and affect traffic if the failure is not traffic affecting. In the event of traffic affecting failures, the card is RESET to see if it recovers from the failure.  
         [0068]    Microcontroller island  650  controls tributary card  225  and  230  via signal bus  652  and isolation switch  640 . Signal bus  652  comprises cpu_bus (microprocessor bus) and serial busses which are passed through the isolation switch  640  to signal busses  641 - 644 . Signal  641  and  643  are the cpu_bus subsets from  652  to tributary card  225  via signal bus  228  and  238 . Signals  642  and  644  comprise the serial bus subsets from  652  to tributary card  225  and  235  via signals  228  and  238 . In the preferred embodiment, serial busses comprise SPI, I2C, and FPGA program bus. The serial bus provides communications with temperature sensors  395 , MSA tributary optics  220  via FEC FPGA  335 , and provides remote programming of FPGAs  335  and  330  from software. Microcontroller island  650  controls line optics modules  210  and  240  via signals  651  which passes through FPGA  620  to signal  621  and signal  622 . Signals  213  comprise control signal bus  621  and power  631  for line optics  210 . Similarly,  243  comprises control signal bus  622  and power  632 .  
         [0069]    A structured performance monitoring process continually monitors the status of tributary modules  225  and  235 , and line optics modules  210  and  240  from microcontroller  650 . Tributary optics modules  220  and  230 , optical receive power, optical transmit power, laser current and temperature are monitored via  383  and  313 . Client data is monitored via PM device  330  (10 GPE), FEC  340  (OC192) or SERDES  320  (OC48) in this embodiment. The PM statistics are collected per SONET and Ethernet standards that are widely known. The line optics modules  210  and  240  are monitored via  213  to ensure the signal  415  is at the correct wavelength and power; verify modulator bias  411  and  413  at quadrature; and verify modulator drive levels  421  and  423  are set optimally. It also verifies that the optical signal  212  is received with specified input power and generates specified output voltage at  214 .  
         [0070]    A combination of staged VHDM connectors  252  and  254  and isolation switches  640  allow tributary modules  225  and  235  insertion and removal under power. The VHDM connector  252  and  254  presence pin is shorter than power and signal pins. Thus, during engagement, presence is sensed only after power and signals have engaged with tributary module  225  and  235 . Similarly, upon removal, absence is detected prior to removal of tributary module  225  and  230 . The isolation switches  640  isolate signals  652  and  641 - 642  when tributary module  225  is removed. Similarly,  652  and  643 - 644  are isolated when tributary module  235  is removed. In this way, the tributary modules are independently hot-swappable.  
         [0071]    [0071]FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method of module selection for customized transceiver card assembly in accordance with another aspect of the invention. The method allows the design of a customized transceiver card  102 . The method comprises a first step  810  of selecting the necessary FEC coding gain. In a preferred embodiment the choices include 9.4 dB coding gain with a 25% overhead (for a transmission line rate of 12.5 Gbps), 6 dB coding gain with a 7% overhead, or 10 dB coding gain with 25% overhead. Additionally, a digital wrapper may be selected with 7% overhead. Note that these choices are not restrictive; the invention will accommodate FEC devices with improved coding gain at the lower overhead rates when they become available. The method further comprises a second step  812  of selecting the desired 10 Gbps client interface. In a preferred embodiment the choices include OC192 SONET/SDH, 10 GbE Ethernet, 4×OC48 SONET/SDH, 10×1 GbE Ethernet, time division multiplexed interface, or some other interface with a data rate less than or equal to 10 Gbps. The method further comprises a third step  814  of selecting the appropriate line optics modulation. In a preferred embodiment, the choices are optical return-to-zero (RZ), electrical RZ, non-return-to-zero (NRZ) or some other line optics modulation format. These selections allow the correct mix of modules in a customized transceiver card  200 .  
         [0072]    In FIG. 8 is shown a flow chart of a method for testing and calibrating modular components. At step  910 , an interlocking modular transceiver card is provided. The modular transceiver card in the preferred embodiment has two line optics modules  210  and  240 , two tributary optics modules  220  and  230 , two tributary modules  225  and  235 , and a motherboard  250 .  
         [0073]    At step  920 , each of the individual modules is tested for functionality. At  930 , each of the individual modules is calibrated and operational data is stored in onboard memory. In the preferred embodiment, each of the modules has a separate EEPROM memory in which the operational data is contained, step  940 . At step  950 , the modular transceiver modules are assembled into a single transceiver card for insertion in a terminal of a transport system  125 .  
         [0074]    While this invention has been described in reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.

Technology Classification (CPC): 8