Patent Abstract:
A system and method for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit. In accordance therewith, disclosed is a first computer; a second computer in communication with the first computer, the first computer transmitting a query to the second computer for attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit, the first computer transmitting to the second computer a telecommunication network circuit ID number; a database in communication with the second computer, the database having the attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit stored therein; and a rules engine for determining the attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit identified by the telecommunication network circuit ID number.

Full Description:
BACKGROUND 
   1. Technical Field 
   The invention broadly relates to telecommunications systems and methods, and more particularly, to telecommunication systems and methods for determining attributes associated with telecommunication networks. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   Telecommunication network circuits are prevalent throughout the world. There are, however, many different types of telecommunication network circuits ranging from the common plain old telephone service (POTS) to more sophisticated ISDN lines, T-1 lines, T-3 lines, DS0, DS1 and a variety of other types of telecommunication network circuits. Different types of telecommunication network circuits have associated therewith a variety of attributes including telecommunication network circuit capacity, speed escalation and various other business related attributes. For example, the expiration times associated with each telecommunication network may be different, some may not be eligible for escalation, and some may be serialized while others may be non-serialized. Accordingly, there exist a variety of attributes that may be available for any or all of them. 
   Software systems associated with each telecommunication network circuit type generally behave differently based on the type of telecommunication network circuits and their associated attributes. Accordingly, for a software system to properly manage a particular telecommunication network circuit it must know the telecommunication network circuit type it is operating with. The type of a particular telecommunication network circuit can be determined using the telecommunication network circuit identifier (ID) number, which is a unique number associated with the telecommunication network circuit type. There are well known algorithms that can be used to determine a telecommunication network circuit type based on the telecommunication network circuit ID number. 
   There exist a growing number of applications in the telecommunication area that require more information about a particular telecommunication network circuit. For example, some applications must know a telephone network circuit&#39;s attributes, the validation of such attributes and other relevant information that may become relevant in the future with the advances in technology. The attributes of a T-3 telephone network circuit, for example, may change when another type of telephone network circuit is introduced in the future. 
   Conventional systems for determining attributes associated with telecommunication network circuits generally provide software code for the software applications for each individual type of telephone network circuit. This, however, is inefficient and redundant because essentially the same code resides across several different systems, thus increasing the overall code base and the size of the binary files associated with each software application. Having different software code creates the problem of having to reintroduce code and re-release code whenever a change is made to an attribute associated with a telephone network circuit. 
   Furthermore, conventional systems for determining attributes associated with telecommunication network circuits generally function in one of two ways. In one way, the information is coded into the application itself or the application contains a subset of a rule-based system. In another way, the application will go directly to a legacy system, which comprises a portion of a telecommunication network that dictates what attributes are associated with certain network circuits, and the software system can obtain the required attribute data directly from the legacy system. One problem with conventional approaches is that legacy databases are not optimized to provide attribute data and many databases may have to be searched in order to find the required data. For example, a software application may typically have to operate across several different interfaces and use techniques such as screen scraping to ascertain the required attributes information. Most legacy systems are not dedicated to obtaining attributes and most will have network latency delays of at least 30 seconds and may sometimes exceed several minutes. 
   There are several related art methods and systems for determining attributes associated with telecommunication network circuits and various software applications associated with different telecommunication network circuits.  FIG. 1  illustrates one related art system  10  where different telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16  are associated with different software applications  18 ,  20 ,  22 , respectively. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the program logic can reside in the individual software applications  18 ,  20 ,  22  or can reside in a shared library among the software applications  18 ,  20 ,  22 . For example, instructions associated with each of the software applications  18 ,  20 ,  22  can be executed by one central computer  24  in communication with a commonly shared database  26  that includes the attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 . Alternatively, the instructions associated with each software application  18 ,  20 ,  22  can be executed on separate computers  28 ,  32 ,  36 , respectively, wherein each computer  28 ,  32 ,  36  is in communication with databases  30 ,  34 ,  38 , respectively. The individual databases  30 ,  34 ,  38  include the attributes of each telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16 , respectively. 
   The related art system  10  suffers from several drawbacks, however. Namely, the system  10  is not dynamic and any changes in the telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  types or attributes must be accompanied by a corresponding change in the software applications  18 ,  20 ,  16 , respectively. This process further includes new releases of the software code, rebuilding, retesting and other overhead associated with updating the code in a software application. The system  10  also is inefficient because of redundancies in the code involved. 
     FIG. 2  illustrates another related art system  50  that uses information from a legacy system  52  in communication with a database  54  for determining attributes associated with each telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  types and their behavior. The central computer  24  queries the legacy system  52  to retrieve data associated with the one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16  stored in the database  54 , for example. The data in the database  54  includes attributes of each telecommunication circuit types  12 ,  14 ,  16 . The data, however, is generally not optimized for the specific information desired by the relative software applications  18 ,  20 ,  22 . Network latency and accessibility are further drawbacks of this related art system  50 . 
   Accordingly, there is a need to determine telephone network attributes without querying legacy systems. There is a further need to improve the performance and maintainability of a client software application adapted for one or more telephone network circuits. 
   SUMMARY 
   According to one aspect, the invention provides a system for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit. The system includes a first computer in communication with a second computer, the second computer transmitting a query to the first computer for attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit, the second computer transmitting to the first computer a telecommunication network circuit ID number; a database in communication with the first computer, the database having the attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit stored therein; and a rules engine for determining the attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit identified by the telecommunication network circuit ID number. 
   According to another aspect, the invention provides a computer system. The system includes a server including a software application for executing instructions associated with a software application that utilizes a telecommunication network circuit ID number for determining one or more attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit; a client including a second software application for interfacing with a user and transmitting the telecommunication network circuit ID number to the server; and wherein, the server receives the circuit ID number from the second software application and determines various attributes associated with the network circuit based on the circuit ID number. 
   A further aspect of the invention provides a system for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit. The system includes means for transmitting a request for attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit from a first computer to a second computer, the request including a telecommunication network circuit ID number; and means for executing a set of rules by the second computer for determining the attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit type identified by the telecommunication network circuit ID number. 
   Yet another aspect of the invention provides a method for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit. The method includes transmitting a request for attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit from a first computer to a second computer, the request including a telecommunication network circuit ID number; and executing a set of rules by the second computer for determining the attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit type identified by the telecommunication network circuit ID number. 
   Still another aspect of the invention provides a method for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit. The method includes providing a telecommunication network circuit ID number from a software application to an application server; retrieving information associated with a telecommunication network circuit based on the telecommunication network circuit ID number from a database, the database being in communication with the application server; processing the information according to a predetermined set of rules; and returning the information to the software application. 
   These and various other aspects of the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. For a better understanding of the invention, however, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there illustrated and described specific examples of a system and method in accordance with the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
     Further advantages of the invention may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a related art system where different telecommunication network circuits are associated with different software applications; 
       FIG. 2  illustrates another related art system that uses information from a legacy system in communication with a database for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates one embodiment of a client-server system for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit; 
       FIG. 4  illustrates one embodiment of a CORBA network based system for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates one embodiment of a client-server system for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit in conjunction with a legacy system; and 
       FIG. 6  illustrates one embodiment of a CORBA network based system for determining attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit in conjunction with a legacy system. 
   

   DESCRIPTION 
   In one embodiment the invention generally provides a computer system, such as, for example, a software application server, for executing instructions associated with a software application that utilizes a telecommunication network circuit ID number for determining one or more attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit. The computer system receives the circuit ID number from any requesting application in communication with the application server that may require information about a telecommunication network circuit. Once the computer system receives the telecommunication network circuit ID number it determines various attributes associated with the network circuit based on the circuit ID number. The attributes are then communicated back to the requesting or calling application that performed the query. In one embodiment, the computer system may pass control to a software application that utilizes a rules based engine for determining the attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit based on the network circuit ID number. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a single software application can be utilized to perform the querying function as well as the attribute determining function without departing from the scope of the invention. 
   In one embodiment the invention provides a computer method for communicating with a variety of software applications transmit requests or queries to an application server for information regarding attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit. The queries provide the application server computer with a telecommunication network circuit ID number and the application server computer executes a set of rules for determining one or more attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit based on the network circuit ID number. In one embodiment the method includes providing a circuit ID number from a software application to an application server, retrieving information associated with a telecommunication network circuit based on the circuit ID number from a central database, processing the information according to a predetermined set of rules and returning the information to the software application. In another embodiment, the method further includes storing the resulting information in the central database. In yet another embodiment, the method includes determining one or more attributes of a plurality of telecommunication network circuits from a central location. 
   In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, changes can be made to the attributes associated with the one or more telecommunication network circuits without affecting the calling or requesting software application. For example, when attributes associated with a telecommunication network circuit are updated, the calling software application does not have to be recompiled, recoded or retested. Thus, the method eliminates a time consuming and expensive aspect of conventional methods used for determining and updating attributes associated with telecommunication network circuits. 
   Turning now to  FIG. 3  where one embodiment of a client-server system  60  for determining attributes associated with one or more telecommunication networks is illustrated. In one embodiment, the system  60  includes an application server  62  in communication with a client  64 , forming a client-server network  66 . The application server  62  is in communication with a database  68 . The database  68  contains data associated with one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 . This includes any rules for determining the telecommunication network circuit type and attributes for each of the network circuit types. In one embodiment of the invention, the rules can be specified using a well-known concept referred to as regular expressions. The client-server  66  network architecture can be of a conventional nature, providing conventional functionality such as query  72  and response  74  functions between the client  64  and the application server  62 . The application server  62  either includes a rules engine  70  or is in communication with a rules engine  70  for determining attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 . There can be a plurality of clients in communication with the application server  62  without departing from the scope of the invention. 
   In one embodiment of the invention, the rules engine  70  can be implemented in the form of a set of instructions acting as the primary building blocks of a software application for determining attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16  in accordance with the network circuit&#39;s ID number. In one embodiment, when a computer, such as the client  64  computer for example, sends a query to the application server  62  for attribute information associated with a particular telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16 , the client  64  provides the network circuit ID number to the application server  62 . Conventional circuit ID numbers are generally 40-digits long comprising a combination of numbers and characters. Those skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that the invention is not limited to such ID number formats and can be adapted to suit a variety of different formats used by different telecommunication service provides and telecommunication equipment manufacturers. 
   The telecommunication network circuit ID numbers and formatting can differ, therefore, depending on the type of telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  or based on the manufacturer or owner of the telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16 . In one embodiment the telecommunication network circuit ID number is stored in the database  68  in the form of a circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . When the querying computer, e.g., the client  64 , provides the telecommunication network circuit ID number to the application server  62 , a software application associated with the application server  62  retrieves information associated with the telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  based on the network circuit ID number. In one embodiment, some of the information includes retrieving the network circuit type from a circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . The circuit type rules look-up-table  76  can be compiled or built manually or automatically. In one embodiment of the invention, a software application can be used to customize the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  through data management techniques. The software application itself, however, does not have to be recompiled and no rebuilding of the software code is required whenever changes are made to the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . 
   The rules engine  70  according to one embodiment of the invention is based on the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  stored in the database  68 . In one embodiment, the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  can take the form shown in  FIG. 3  comprising a “Rule”  78  portion, a “Circuit Type”  80  portion and a “Circuit Class”  82  portion. For example, if a software application running on the client  64  queries the application server  62  and provides the network circuit ID number for a DS0 type telecommunication network circuit, the application server  62  executes a series of instructions associated with the rules engine  70  and searches the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  looking for a specific rule for determining where a DS0 type of telecommunication circuit is located. 
   The application server  62  then searches the Rule  78  portion of the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . If the rule contains a string, such as for example, “. . . /pdls/ . . . ,” the application server  62  knows that the information it requires is located somewhere within the string. (The continuous dots indicate that there is no other data contained within the string.) Using similar regular expressions a variety of information can be inserted within the string. For example, information can be inserted in the string to indicate some combination of characters, ranges and the like. Accordingly, when the application server  62  initiates a call to the rules engine  70 , it provides the rules engine  70  with the telecommunication network circuit ID number received from the client  64  application. The application server  62  also will provide the rules engine  70  with a container for storing the response containing the attributes or other requested information. In one embodiment, this can be implemented using an interface definition language (IDL), for example. The software application then knows where to send the response data back to. 
   When the application server  62  receives the network circuit ID number, it analyzes the circuit ID number and determines whether it meets any of the predefined rules in the Rule  78  portion of the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  using well known regular expressions and string matching techniques. This process allows the application server  62  to determine, based on the network circuit ID number, whether the telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  identified by the circuit ID number is one of any known types of network circuit stored in the Circuit Type  80  portion of the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . Using the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  the application determines which one of the various known network circuit types it is dealing with (e.g., POTS, DS0, DS1, ISDN lines, T-1, T-3, and the like). 
   Once a circuit type is identified in the Circuit Type  80  portion of the circuit types rules look-up-table  76 , e.g., a DS0 circuit type, the software application also will identify what circuit class the circuit type belongs to from the Circuit Class  82  portion of the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . In one embodiment, the Circuit Class  82  portion of the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  provides, for example, whether a circuit type is a serialized type or a non-serialized type. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any data stored within the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  must be initially set up or populated in the database  68 . Thus, the system  60  will generally have some administrative overhead associated with it in order to populate the Rule  78  portion, the Circuit Type  80  portion and the Circuit Class  82  portion of the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . 
   Once the network circuit ID number is passed to the application server  62  and the circuit type is determined from the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 , the attributes associated with that specific circuit type are provided back to the calling software application at the client  64 . The circuit type is the key for determining the attributes associated with the one or more telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  identified by the circuit ID number. These attributes, once identified, are returned to the calling application (e.g., the client  64  application) in the container provided by the calling software application, for example. 
   The attributes associated with the one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16  are provided in a circuit attribute look-up-table  86  comprising a “Circuit Type”  88  portion, a “Circuit Attribute”  90  portion, a “Min Value”  92  portion, a “Max Value”  94  portion and a “Default” value  96  portion. Although the circuit type rules look-up-table  76  and the circuit attribute look-up-table  86  are shown as two separate look-up-tables, they can be provided as a single look-up-table without departing from the scope of the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, if the rules engine  70  retrieves a DS0 circuit type based on the network circuit ID number from the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 , the rules engine  70  proceeds to the circuit attribute look-up-table  86  and returns, for example, the attributes identified therein for that particular circuit type. In one embodiment the circuit attributes  90  are provided in one portion of the circuit attribute look-up-table  86  and comprises, for example, four pieces of information. 
   If the circuit type retrieved is a DS0 circuit, for example, the rules engine  70  returns a ZLOC Address, an Escalation Time, a Due Date and an ALOC Address. In addition, the rules engine  70  returns a “Min Value”  92 , a “Max Value”  94  and a “Default Value”  96 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate, however, that additional pieces of information can be provided in the circuit attribute look-up-table  86  among other attributes associated with the one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 , such as, for example, circuit fault values, circuit validation data as may be required by a particular client  64 , and the like. 
   Those skilled in the art will appreciate that there exists the possibility that a generic attribute database may change. If so, at least two approaches may be taken. The user at the client  64  computer can have a system administrator provide notification that a change is necessary and the change can be carried out manually, or the user can run a polling process that goes out to the legacy system  52  and retrieves any new attributes data from an original database on a periodic basis. This process may be carried out every two hours, every two days, or whatever the user feels is appropriate without departing from the scope of the invention. All of these features are configurable in the application to make it smarter. In fact, the application can be originally set up to populate the look-up-tables  76 ,  86  automatically rather than populating them manually. 
   Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in one embodiment, the invention can be provided as a web-based provisioning system for telecommunication network circuits rather than in the form of a client-server  66  network architecture. This could be provided, for example, at a point where a telephone carrier interfaces with one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 . The telecommunication circuit ID number then could be provided at the interface. Accordingly, a remote user application could then access a web server and pass the telecommunication network circuit ID number to it and to the rules engine  70  in communication with the web server. As discussed above, in operation the rules engine  70  determines the telecommunication network circuit type associated with the circuit ID number from the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . The rules engine  70  can then access a list of attributes associated with the identified telecommunication network circuit type from the circuit attribute look-up-table  86  and pass the identified attributes as well as any fault values and validation data to the web server and back to the remote user application interfaced with the web server. 
   At the interface a web page could be built dynamically for providing the user with information that the telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  will be provisioned from the interface location. Accordingly, as changes are made to the various attributes associated with corresponding telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16  there is no need to have the attribute information hard coded, and the user accesses the web page, calls the rules engine  70 , and the attribute data is sent back to the remote user, who can use the attribute data received from the rules engine for validation purposes. After validation, the information is submitted and it provisions a telecommunication network circuit. 
   The rules engine  70  passes generic values to the user that is eligible for the particular type of telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  that was provisioned. The telecommunication network circuit ID number that is passed has a predefined composition that can be used, for example, to determine the telecommunication network circuit type. Accordingly, the user is provided with the necessary information to appropriately provision that telecommunication network circuit  12 ,  14 ,  16  with. The entire process is executed dynamically, which is in contrast to how the process is performed in conventional systems. 
     FIG. 4  illustrates a Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) based system  80  using a CORBA servant  82  and CORBA client  84  forming a CORBA network  86 . When using the CORBA based system  80  location of the user is irrelevant and the user issue a request to ORBIX to connect to a particular machine and talk to a specific CORBA servant  82 . The user can then register with the CORBA servant  82  it and it will continue processing. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a CORBA network  86  is a distributed systems technology that is not tied to a single platform and provides good portability. CORBA services are described by an interface that is generally written in an Interface Definition Language (IDL). 
   In one embodiment of the invention, the CORBA servant  82  and the CORBA client  84  communicate by passing method calls through Object Request Brokers (ORBs). ORBs communicate via the Internet Inter-Orb Protocol (IIOP)  86 . The IIOP  92  transactions can occur over Transport Control Protocol (TCP) streams, or by way of other protocols such as HTTP, for example. The CORBA network  86  provides an interface that is an independent method for communicating between applications that can be executed on different hardware platforms. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a CORBA interface is an interface protocol that operates across different networks or can be resident and rely on the same platform. The IDL language that is common to both sides of a CORBA network  86  is used to enable the CORBA interface to operate transparently of the platform. The CORBA client  84  and the CORBA servant  82  have to use the common predefined IDL definition language that includes the structures within it, has the data requirements and the attributes. This is well known to those skilled in the art and is available from various publications. 
   The calling application can use the IDL to communicate with the CORBA servant  82 . Accordingly, the CORBA servant  82  communicates with the rules engine  70  to provide the attributes associated with the telecommunication network circuit types in accordance with the telecommunication network circuit ID number. As discussed above the telecommunication network circuit types according to the telecommunication network circuit ID number are retrieved from the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . The list of attributes associated with that circuit type are then retrieved from the circuit attribute look-up-table  86 . Accordingly, the attributes, a list of “min” and “max” values or validations are communicated back to the application server  82  and to the calling application on the client  84 , for example, depending on how the system is set up. 
   In one embodiment of the invention, the rules engine  70  can use an established interface such as the CORBA servant  82  and CORBA client  84  to communicate with other software applications. Again, the CORBA servant  82  utilizes the network circuit ID number that is passed to it by the CORBA client  84  and returns the circuit type and a list of attributes in response. The CORBA client  84  application can then use the response data to dictate its behavior. For example, there can be provided a web based provisioning system for the one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 . The web based system requests a network circuit ID number and the application then utilizes the rules engine  70  to determine the circuit type by searching the circuit type rules look-up-table  76 . The rules engine  70  also can obtain a list of attributes associated with that circuit type from the circuit attribute look-up-table  86 . The rules engine  70  also can provide validation information such as “max” and “min” values to be used to check the data input. This list of attributes would be used to construct a data entry page for provisioning the network circuit. The web page would then be displayed for user input. The resulting input is then passed to the appropriate legacy system  52  for provisioning the network circuit. 
   In one embodiment of the invention, the rules engine  70  can be the central location for providing various procedures for managing the one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 . Multi-level logic to determine attributes and validations also can be provided in the CORBA servant  82 . Any changes made to the application would ripple to the various software applications using it. Fewer releases of the system software would be required due to circuit information changes. 
   Turning now to  FIG. 5 , another embodiment of the invention is illustrated. The client-server system  100  operates essentially the same as the client-server system  60  illustrated in FIG.  3 . The client-server system  100 , however, provides additional functionality by interfacing the server  62  with the legacy system  52 . The legacy system  52  is in communication with a legacy database  54 . The legacy database  54  contains legacy information associated with the one or more telecommunication network circuits  12 ,  14 ,  16 . The legacy database  54  contains updated attribute look-up-tables from the legacy system  52 . Accordingly, the server  62  can access the updated attribute look-up-tables on a periodic basis by way of a polling function to the legacy system  52 , for example, for updating the attribute look-up-tables. Accordingly, the rules engine  70  would always have access to updated information that is synchronized with the legacy system  52 . 
     FIG. 6  illustrates another embodiment of the invention. The CORBA network based system  110  operates essentially the same as the CORBA network based system  80  illustrated in FIG.  4 . The CORBA network based system  110 , however, provides additional functionality by interfacing the CORBA servant  82  with the legacy system  52 . As discussed above in relation to  FIG. 5 , the legacy database  54  contains updated attribute look-up-tables from the legacy system  52 . Accordingly, the CORBA servant  82  can access the updated attribute look-up-tables on a periodic basis by way of a polling function to the legacy system  52 , for example, in order to update the attribute look-up-tables. Accordingly, the rules engine  70  would always have access to updated information that is synchronized with the legacy system  52 . 
   While several embodiments of the invention have been described, it should be apparent, however, that various modifications, alterations and adaptations to those embodiments may occur to persons skilled in the art with the attainment of some or all of the advantages of the present invention. It is therefore intended to cover all such modifications, alterations and adaptations without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Technology Classification (CPC): 8