Patent Abstract:
A method of removing dust or other particles from either a feature pattern stamp with extremely fine features (e.g., less than 100 microns in at least one lateral dimension) or a substrate is disclosed. An adhesive surface is contacted with the stamp or substrate to be cleaned. Dust on the stamp or substrate adheres to the adhesive surface and is lifted away when the adhesive surface is removed from contact with the stamp or substrate. Thus, distortions or defects to the transferred feature pattern due to dust or other particles are either significantly reduced or eliminated, thereby enabling the extremely fine features to be transferred from the stamp to the substrate.

Full Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE  
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application, Serial No. 06/262821, filed Jan. 19, 2001 and titled “Method for Flexibly Transferring A Feature Pattern From an Inked Surface To A Substrate.” 
     
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    The present invention is related to transferring feature patterns from an inked surface to a substrate.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0003]    There has been a growing need in many fields for a method of accurately transferring a detailed feature pattern from one surface to another. Such feature patterns may be inked with patterning ink and then transferred from feature pattern stamps to a surface by using a transfer process wherein an inked stamp and the surface are contacted. An example of the use of such transfers is in the production of thin, lightweight electrophoretic displays. Such displays comprise a plane of interconnected transistors on a flexible (e.g., plastic) substrate that is placed underneath a layer of cells filled with electrophoretic display ink. When current is passed through a transistor underneath a specific ink cell, the perceived color of the ink in that cell changes, e.g., from black to white, allowing images to be displayed.  
           [0004]    In producing such displays, various feature patterns must be created on various substrates to, for example, define a pattern of resist material that establishes an etch pattern (e.g., for etching the cells to hold ink), define a pattern of transistors, or interconnect the transistors together via conductive material. As the individual features of such feature patterns become smaller and more closely spaced in order to increase the resolution of the electrophoretic display, for example, reducing distortions to those features occurring during the transfer process becomes more critical.  
           [0005]    Typical stamps for such applications utilize a material with a high number of pores (e.g., less than a few nanometers in diameter), which hold the patterning ink. This small pore size is required to transfer relatively fine feature details. Additionally, such stamps are highly conformable to surfaces they contact and are thus able to accurately transfer the fine feature details to the surface that is to be printed. A material typically used that exhibits such desired pore size and conformability is polydimethylsiloxane. However, because of the relatively low elastic modulus of polydimethylsiloxane, as the substrate is brought into contact with the stamp, the pressure exerted during the contact causes portions of the stamp feature patterns to shift when in contact with the substrate, thereby distorting the pattern when transferred from the stamp to the substrate. Such distortion can render the transferred feature pattern unusable.  
           [0006]    Another problem encountered in transferring feature patterns from a stamp to a substrate is dust adhering to either the stamp or the substrate. If dust particles adhere in sufficient number in critical locations on the stamp or substrate, the ink will not be transferred to the substrate at those locations, resulting in significant defects in the transferred feature pattern. Prior methods of removing dust from the stamp include such measures as directing forced air over the stamp or substrate. Such methods were adequate in the prior art.  
           [0007]    Previous methods of transferring a feature pattern can also create defects and distortions resulting from air bubbles trapped between the stamp and the substrate. One typical prior art method, represented in FIG. 1, involves simply lowering the substrate  101  onto the stamp  102  (or vice versa) in an attempt to bring the entire feature pattern  103  on stamp  102  into contact with the substrate at one time. Since air may not be able to escape from all locations between the stamp and the substrate, air bubbles of various sizes may form. As a result, the feature pattern may not transfer to the substrate at the air bubble locations. FIG. 2 shows another prior art method wherein the substrate  201  is brought into contact with one edge  203  of the stamp  202 . The raised end of the substrate  201  is then lowered in direction  204  ultimately bringing the feature pattern  205  into contact with the substrate  201 . This method can also result in trapped air bubbles.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0008]    The inventor has recognized that the aforementioned prior art methods of removing dust do not always remove that dust and, in fact, sometimes, when used with a stamp, cause the dust to become embedded in a feature pattern on the stamp. As individual features on the feature pattern become finer and finer, e.g., less than 100 microns in at least one lateral dimension, removing the maximum amount of dust possible from the stamp becomes increasingly important. In accordance with the present invention, a substantial reduction of distortions or defects of the feature pattern caused by dust adhering to the feature pattern of the stamp or the substrate is achieved by contacting an adhesive surface to either the stamp or the substrate. For example, the adhesive surface on an adhesive roller-type lint remover has been found to remove sufficient dust to enable fine features to be transferred to a substrate.  
           [0009]    The dust on the feature pattern adheres to the adhesive surface and remains on that adhesive surface when it is removed from contact with the feature pattern. By using such an adhesive surface, dust is removed from the feature pattern. Dust-induced distortions or defects in the pattern transferred to the substrate are thus either eliminated or significantly reduced.  
           [0010]    Using such an adhesive surface may appear, at first glance, to be a straightforward expedient. However, the prior art methods of removing unwanted particles from a stamp or a substrate removed only moderate amounts of such particles. Due to the coarseness of the features transferred from the stamp to the substrate, removing such moderate amounts was adequate. However, it remained for the present inventor to discover that, as features become finer and finer, a much greater degree of particle removal is required. Even relatively small particles of dust have the potential of distorting individual features on the feature pattern when those features are fine.  
           [0011]    The prior art also taught away from the use of adhesive surfaces as it was generally thought that such surfaces would leave adhesive remnants or other contaminants on the stamp or substrate and thus distort and introduce defects onto the transferred feature pattern. However, the present inventor has realized that, when using certain moderately adhesive surfaces in conjunction with certain materials for the stamp and/or substrate, the adhesive will remain on the adhesive surface and will leave substantially no remnants on the stamp or substrate. Instead, the adhesive will adhere to the adhesive surface itself and/or to dust particles on the stamp or substrate. This is possible due to the properties of the surfaces of the stamp/substrate, which are very non-stick relative to those of the advantageous adhesive surfaces. Thus, dust particles will be lifted away when the adhesive is lifted away, leaving a clean stamp or substrate.  
           [0012]    Solutions to the other problems mentioned above are disclosed herein and are the subject of my copending U.S. patent applications Ser. No. ______ and Ser. No. ______, titled “Method for Preventing Distortions in a Flexibly Transferred Feature Pattern” and “Method and Apparatus for Transferring a Feature Pattern From an Inked Surface to a Substrate,” filed of even date herewith.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING  
       [0013]    [0013]FIG. 1 shows a prior art method of transferring a feature pattern from a stamp to a substrate wherein the entire pattern is brought into contact with the substrate at one time;  
         [0014]    [0014]FIG. 2 shows a prior art method of transferring a feature pattern to a substrate wherein the substrate is first brought into contact with one edge of the stamp;  
         [0015]    [0015]FIG. 3 shows a method of the present invention wherein, before the feature pattern is inked, dust is removed from the stamp;  
         [0016]    [0016]FIG. 4 shows a method wherein, before the substrate is brought into contact with the stamp, the substrate is flexed into a saddle shape; and  
         [0017]    [0017]FIG. 5 shows the method of FIG. 4 wherein the substrate is progressively unflexed in such a way that a line of contact advances across the stamp surface. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 3 shows an embodiment in accordance with the present invention wherein, prior to transferring ink from the feature pattern  304  on stamp  303  to the substrate  301 , dust  303  is removed from the stamp. To remove the dust from feature pattern  304 , roller  302  is rolled over stamp  301 . Roller  302  is, for example, an adhesive-tape lint remover. However, any adhesive surface that can remove dust and other particles in a similar manner is suitable. Dust  303  adheres to the surface of the roller  302  and is thus removed from stamp  301 . A similar procedure can be used to remove dust particles from the substrate.  
         [0019]    Feature pattern  304  is illustrated for simplicity as a series of regularly spaced parallel features. However, feature patterns of various complexities may also be used. Features on the feature pattern, as used herein, are defined as those individual elements of the feature pattern that are intended to be transferred to the substrate and result in a functional part of the transferred feature pattern.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 4 shows an embodiment in accordance with the present invention wherein the features on the feature pattern stamp (or a portion of the stamp) are parts of individual transistors arranged in a grid with rows  402  and columns  403 . Many other arrangements of the features other than a grid are possible. Illustratively, each transistor in the grid of FIG. 4, such as transistor  404 , has, among other dimensions, lateral dimensions such as length  405  and width  406 . The method of the present invention is suitable for use with the features of FIG. 4, even when those features are very small, e.g., where at least one of lateral dimensions  405  and  406  is less than 100 μm.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 5 shows an embodiment in accordance with the invention set forth in the above cited patent application, titled “Method for Preventing Distortions in a Flexibly Transferred Feature Pattern,” wherein the substrate  502  to be imprinted with the feature pattern on stamp  501  is flexed prior to being lowered in direction  503  to make contact with feature pattern  504 . Illustratively, the features on stamp  501  are smaller than 100 μm in at least one lateral dimension. The substrate  502  is flexed axially to form a cylindrical, or approximately cylindrical, surface that is convex toward the stamp. It is beneficial to slightly raise the side edges of the substrate, thereby introducing a slight saddle shape, i.e., a very small additional convexity of the substrate toward the stamp that runs perpendicular to the main convexity. An alternate method of applying the substrate to the feature pattern on the stamp would be to wrap the substrate around a cylindrical roller and roll the substrate across the feature pattern. An exemplary substrate useful in producing electrophoretic displays is a sheet of Mylar® material overcoated with desired layers, such as a layer of the material to be patterned by etching.  
         [0022]    One advantageous feature of Mylar material is that it has a relatively high Young&#39;s modulus and also has a low flexural rigidity in the dimensions used herein (e.g., a thin substrate) such that the material can be flexed relatively easily. Young&#39;s modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, describes the elasticity of a material. A material, such as Mylar material, with a high Young&#39;s modulus can be flexed with less distortion to the features on the surface of the material than a material with a low Young&#39;s modulus. Flexural rigidity defines the resistance of a material to flexing. A material with relatively low flexural rigidity, such as thin substrate of Mylar material, can be flexed with relative ease.  
         [0023]    As a consequence of the aforementioned high elastic modulus and low flexural rigidity, features on the pattern-receiving surface of a Mylar material substrate are not substantially distorted during flexure of the substrate. If a substrate with a low elastic modulus is flexed in this manner to facilitate the transfer of a feature pattern, the feature pattern would be distorted during the pattern transfer process. In the case of the substrate  502 , flexing the substrate will not substantially distort the feature pattern during the pattern transfer process.  
         [0024]    The hereinabove described transfer of a feature pattern can also be accomplished by flexing a stamp (rather than the substrate) and then contacting the stamp and the substrate. This can be accomplished by reversing flexural rigidity properties of the stamp and the substrate, i.e., so the stamp has a low flexural rigidity relative to the substrate. Thus, the same transfer method described hereinabove may be affected by flexing the stamp in a saddle or other shape, or the stamp may be applied to a cylindrical roller and rolled over a relatively rigid substrate.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 6 shows an embodiment in accordance with the invention set forth in the above cited patent application, titled “Method for Preventing Distortions in a Flexibly Transferred Feature Pattern,” wherein the substrate  602  is brought into contact with the feature pattern  504  in FIG. 5 on stamp  501  in an advantageous manner. After the substrate  602  has been flexed into a saddle shape as described above, it is brought into contact with at least one point along edge  603  of the inked surface of the stamp and is then partially unflexed to create a line of contact with edge  603 . The substrate is then permitted to flatten progressively across the stamp surface. The flexural rigidity of stamp  501  may advantageously be higher than the substrate  602 . Flexural rigidity is a function of both the Young&#39;s (elastic) modulus and the physical dimensions of a material and is related to how easily that material is flexed. By having a stamp  501  with significantly high elastic modulus it will not distort when the substrate is brought into contact with the feature pattern  504  in FIG. 5. Thus, the features on the stamp  501  will not shift and will be transferred accurately to the substrate  602 .  
         [0026]    A line of contact  604  between the substrate  602  and the stamp  501  advances across the stamp surface in direction  605 , with full contact between the substrate and the stamp being achieved at all points behind the advancing line of contact  604 . A similar procedure is used in the case where the stamp is flexed, with the roles of the stamp and the substrate, as used in the procedure described hereinabove, being reversed.  
         [0027]    The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are within its spirit and scope. For example, while the embodiments disclosed above show either the stamp or the substrate having a low flexural rigidity and being unflexed after being brought into contact with a relatively higher flexural rigidity surface, both may in fact have a relatively low flexural rigidity. This would allow, for instance, both the stamp and the substrate to be formed in a cylinder and brought into contact with each other. By then rolling the cylinders as they remained in contact, the feature pattern would be transferred to the substrate. Any use of the hereinabove fine-feature printing method wherein at least one of the stamp and the substrate are of relatively low flexural rigidity is intended to be encompassed by the present invention.  
         [0028]    Additionally, in the embodiments described hereinabove, flexing the stamp or substrate is described as a method of contacting a portion of the stamp and a portion of the substrate. In these described methods, the line of contact is progressively advanced across the stamp from one side to the other. However, other methods of bringing about such advancing contact are conceivable. For example, the stamp (or, alternatively, the substrate) may be flexed in a convex manner such that the center portion of the stamp (substrate) contacts the center portion of the substrate (stamp). By then progressively flattening the stamp (substrate), the area of contact between the stamp and the substrate would grow larger by progressively radiating in all or some directions from the center of the substrate (stamp) along the surface of the substrate (stamp). Any such method of flexing either the stamp or substrate and bringing about such advancing contact is intended to be encompassed by the present invention.  
         [0029]    Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Diagrams herein represent conceptual views of feature pattern stamps and substrates used for the purposes of transferring those feature patterns to the substrate. Diagrams are not necessarily shown to scale but are, instead, merely representative of possible physical arrangements of the components represented therein.

Technology Classification (CPC): 7