Patent Abstract:
A material composition and method for making flexible inversion liners having glass fibers added for strength is disclosed. The liner combines a first layer of polyester felt, an open-faced knit of fabric from ECR glass and PET strands, glass fibers, and a second layer of polyester felt. These components are needle-punched together into essentially a single composite mat, or substrate, using standard needle-punching machinery. The liner is then formed into a tube preferably through a butt joint and prayer stitch covered with a urethane tape. A coating or foil is placed on the outside (prior to inversion) of the liner that is then impregnated with resin. For heat curing, the liner is impregnated with a thermosetting or UV-cured resin. The liner is then installed in a pipe through inversion, using either air or water and cured with UV, steam, or hot water.

Full Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0002]    The present invention relates generally to the field of tube strengthening. More particularly, the present invention relates to a reinforcing liner for use in pipe rehabilitation, wherein the liner is saturated with curable resin, introduced into a tube or pipe, shaped to conformingly line the pipe, and cured in place so as to form a rigid liner. 
         [0003]    2. Discussion of Related Art 
         [0004]    Various methods of rehabilitating a tube, such as a pipe that is buried underground are known in the art. Generally speaking, such methods include the use of a liner having a diameter that is substantially the same as the inner diameter of the pipe to be rehabilitated. The liner frequently includes an impermeable layer and an adjacent resin-absorbing layer. This resin-absorbing layer is soaked with a liquid resin prior to the introduction of the liner into the pipe. After being properly positioned in the pipe, the liner is pressed against the inner surface of the pipe by fluid pressure. 
         [0005]    Most liners in such applications utilize a layer of nonwoven felt for the resin-absorbing layer of the liner. One of the purposes of the felt is to provide support for the uncured resin of the impregnated liner. The felt serves as a reservoir and/or carrier means for the uncured resin. Once cured, the resin provides the structural strength of the liner. 
         [0006]    These so-called cured-in-place liners are typically installed in environments that are continuously exposed to water and other corrosive materials. Cured-in-place liners are also exposed to varying temperatures and flow conditions. 
         [0007]    The below-referenced U.S. patents disclose embodiments that were at least in part satisfactory for the purposes for which they were intended. The disclosures of all of the prior United States patents discussed herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into the present application in their entireties for purposes including, but not limited to, indicating the background of the present invention and illustrating the state of the art. 
         [0008]    Wood&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,574 discloses an inversion (called eversion) liner that is strengthened by blowing chopped glass fibers on to the web prior to a needling stage. The needling “entangles” the chopped glass fibers with the fibers of the web. 
         [0009]    Wood&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 4,836,715 also discloses a liner. However, this later Wood patent generally discusses with disfavor liners having polyester fibers extending orthogonally to the plane of the liner material caused by needling. According to Wood, the tensile strength of a liner is negatively impacted by fibers orientated this way. Thus, this Wood patent attempts to solve this by adding layers of reinforcing fibers, including glass, orientated in a circumferential direction. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,215 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,052,906, issued to William H. Seemann, address the use of a flow medium fed by a “pervious conduit” (a resin feed or channel) communicating with the flow medium, to combine use of core materials with resin flow features and reusable vacuum bags with integral resin feeds and distribution networks. 
         [0011]    Persson&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,875 discusses the use of chopped glass fibers in a pipe liner. 
         [0012]    Kittson et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,836,357 (and divisionals U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,873,391, 5,911,246, and 5,931,199) discloses an inversion liner constructed of several layers of materials. Two of these layers contain chopped glass fibers. The glass fibers are stitched or sewn on to a polyester felt and are randomly orientated in an x-y plane. 
         [0013]    The prior art as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,240,533, 5,480,697, and 6,037,035 demonstrate an “integrated sandwich structure”. The patents generally provide for a means of manufacturing (weaving) the “integrated sandwich structure” so as to optimize the structure&#39;s ability to maintain x and y fiber plane separation during composite processing. 
         [0014]    Smith&#39;s U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,708,729 and 6,932,116 disclose a reinforced liner consisting of several layers, one of which includes reinforced fibers, preferably carbon or glass. It is further disclosed that these fibers may be arranged in one axis, in one plane or randomly in all three axes, such as with standard felt. However, the preferred alignment is circumferential. 
         [0015]    Woolstencroft et al.&#39;s U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,837,273 and 7,096,890 disclose the use of chopped glass fibers mechanically bonded to a flexible felt layer. The fibers can be bonded to the flexible layer by a light needling process that keeps the majority of glass fibers “properly” orientated, i.e., in the x-y plane. 
         [0016]    Mack et al.&#39;s U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,060,156 and 7,048,985 disclose a three-dimensional “spacer” fabric for laminates and discusses various “z direction” reinforcing fibers that can be used including glass fibers. 
         [0017]    Many of these previously recognized solutions have the disadvantage of being not completely effective and having a relatively high cost. Further, in many instances of cured-in-place pipelining, the final product fails to meet the required ASTM standards. If these standards are not met, then catastrophic failure of the liner is possible due to the external buckling pressure exerted by the hydrostatic load and soil compaction or lack of compaction. 
         [0018]    In some cases, point load failure is probable because the liner&#39;s cross sectional thickness is increased too much. This reduces the internal diameter of the host pipe which can result in loss of hydraulic capacity. Where point loading is not a problem, the amount of head pressure used to install a typical liner often times compresses the cross sectional thickness below an acceptable level as determined by the ASTM standards for cured-in-place pipe. 
         [0019]    What is needed therefore is an invertible liner that may be used with the smaller diameter tubes. What is further needed is a liner that insures that ASTM standards are consistently met without dramatically increasing the cost of the finished product. What is also needed is a liner that has a flexible, three-dimensional weave or knit design. What is also needed is a system with installation processes that are similar to current processes so that installers do not need to be retrained. 
       SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION 
       [0020]    By way of summary, the present invention is generally directed to a liner with fibers needle punched into a flexible mat to better fit and reinforce a pipe or tube. 
         [0021]    In one embodiment, the invention is preferably a high tensile strength fiberglass-reinforcing member for tubular structures. For example, the member is used for at least one of the following: oil pipe, HVAC duct, water main, gas main, potable water pipe, manhole line, and sewer. The member preferably comprises a mat that includes an absorbent fabric or felt, a flexible, three-dimensional material on top of the felt, and a fiberglass on top of the felt. The fiber may be a chopped fiber, carbon fiber, glass flake, chunks, glass particles of uniform or non-uniform thickness, or any combination thereof. A second layer of fabric or felt may be added on top and a cover or coating may be added on one side of this felt. The felt preferably prevents wrinkling of the member. 
         [0022]    In one preferred embodiment, the mat is needled to create a monolithique sandwich. For example, the layers of the mat are held together by fiberglass fragments orientated perpendicular to the felt. Preferably, the inventive mat is formed by punching or needling the fiber all the way through the layers. Once punched, the fiber orientated in the Z-position also assists in soaking and curing the mat by allowing an agent, e.g., resin, to more thoroughly soak into the felt layers. 
         [0023]    For larger pipes, the mat is added to another mat of a similar configuration to form another mat layer. These mat layers may be joined together by stitching, flame bonding, or taping together or any combination thereof. 
         [0024]    The cover prevents the resin or other agent from oozing out of the mat when the mat is applied to a tube. In one embodiment, the cover is a foil comprised of at least one of the following: a nylon blend or PET. 
         [0025]    Once inverted into a tube or pipe, an agent is added to the mat for hardening or fixing the mat in place. The agent is at least one of the following: a resin, an epoxy, phenolic, polyester, urethane, vinylester, polyimide, and peroxide. The agent is applied by at least one of the following: wetting, impregnating, saturating, and soaking. This is accomplished by, e.g., applying the resin with a resin slug and a pinch roller. The resin prevents wicking. 
         [0026]    In one embodiment, the member is an invertible fiberglass liner for a twelve-inch or less tube. In another embodiment, the member is pulled in place. 
         [0027]    The unique configuration of members minimizes effects of load buckling, and redistributes the load. For example, it transfers load in a spiral rather than just in a hoop and down the pipe direction. Thus, the load is preferably transferred at 0, 45, 90 degrees. 
         [0028]    These, and other aspects and objects of the present invention, will be better appreciated and understood when considered in conjunction with the following description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the following description, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, is given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0029]    A clear conception of the advantages and features constituting the present invention, and of the construction and operation of typical mechanisms provided with the present invention, will become more readily apparent by referring to the exemplary, and therefore non-limiting, embodiments illustrated in the drawings accompanying and forming a part of this specification, wherein like reference numerals designate the same elements in the several views, and in which: 
           [0030]      FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of a conventional lining hose appropriately labeled “PRIOR ART”; 
           [0031]      FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a member according to the present invention; 
           [0032]      FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic view of a material of the present invention; 
           [0033]      FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic view of a sandwiched material of the present invention; 
           [0034]      FIG. 5  illustrates a schematic view of another material according to the present invention; 
           [0035]      FIG. 6  illustrates a schematic view of another material according to the present invention; 
           [0036]      FIG. 7  illustrates a cross-sectional view of one portion of the member of the presents invention; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 8  shows the member of the present invention in place in a pipe. 
       
    
    
       [0038]    It should be noted that the shading in the FIGS. is meant to differentiate between the various layers and not to represent a particular material, graphical symbol, or color, unless otherwise indicated. 
       DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0039]    The present invention and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments described in detail in the following description. 
       1. System Overview 
       [0040]    When rehabbing piping under the ground, the pipes or lines do not normally have to be excavated. For example, current fiberglass reinforcing liners are normally pulled in place. Invertible liners are also used for rehab. However, these are generally restricted to a diameter size that can be successfully inverted. 
         [0041]    While the present invention can be pulled into place, it is preferably an invertible glass reinforced cured-in-place polyester liner. The liner of the present invention preferably has a polyester fabric or felt layer. A knit or woven layer is added that is comprised of a corrosion resistant glass and high tenacity polyester fiber combination. The felt and knit layers are preferably needle punched with corrosion resistant glass, e.g., ECR, of varying denier sizes. A coating is preferably added to the outside of the felt layer. This coating may consist of Urethane, TPU, PVC, PE, PP, and combination there of. All of these layers combined together make a composite substrate that is then constructed into a soft flexible tube of any size. 
         [0042]    It should be noted that the combination of such materials in layers, when placed under strain, distributes the load evenly around a given point. This thereby reduces point load failure due to increased hydrostatic pressure and yet maintains minimum cross sectional thickness of the liner. 
       2. Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments 
       [0043]    In describing the preferred embodiment of the invention, which is illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. However, it is not intended that the invention be limited to the specific terms so selected and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents, which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. For example, the words “connected”, “attached”, or terms similar thereto are often used. They are not limited to direct connection but include connection through other elements where such connection is recognized as being equivalent by those skilled in the art. 
         [0044]      FIG. 1  shows a prior art liner as discussed above. 
         [0045]    Referring now to  FIGS. 2-8 , it can be seen that the present invention is a liner for reinforcing a tube. 
         [0046]    By way of example from U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,169,  FIG. 1  of the present application shows lining hose  1  with an inner layer of resin-absorbing material  2  comprising a layer of nonwoven polyester felt of two-eight mm in thickness. The layer of reinforcing fibers  3  is a relatively thin, up to two mm thick, mesh of fiberglass fibers. The outer layer of resin-absorbing material  4  is a two-eight mm thick layer of nonwoven polyester felt. The thickness of the various layers depends upon such factors as the size, length and depth of a given pipe to be lined. However, it should be noted that the layer of felt can be a deterrent to the strength of the liner after the resin has cured since it occupies space that could otherwise be filled with resin. An impermeable plastic material comprises the outer covering or layer  5 . Examples of the plastic material used for layer  5  include polyurethane, polypropylene and polyethylene. 
         [0047]    Prior to inserting the lining hose into the pipe to be lined, the resin absorbent material of lining hose  1  shown in  FIG. 1  is soaked with a volume of resin that exceeds the volume required to totally saturate the inner and outer layers of resin absorbent material, layers  2  and  4  respectively. The inner and outer layers of resin absorbent material may be saturated with resin using vacuum impregnation or injection methods that are commonly known in the art. The lining hose  1  must be saturated with a sufficient volume of resin so that the layer of reinforcing fibers  3 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , is encapsulated in resin during both the uncured and cured stages of installation. Reinforcing layer  3  has reinforcing fibers that are shown as longitudinal fibers  31 , which are parallel to the longitudinal axis of the lining  1  and radial fibers  32  which are generally radial to that axis. 
         [0048]    The introduction of resin may be performed directly at the installation site or at an appropriate off-site location. After the volume of resin has been introduced into the lining hose, the outer covering layer  5  is perforated so as to provide the outer covering layer with flowthrough openings  21  as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a liner of the present invention. The present invention includes a member  10  which is preferably an inverted liner comprised of a mat  20 . The mat  20  includes several components. For example, the mat  20  preferably includes a three-dimensional material  25  adjacent at least one layer of felt material  40 . A second felt layer  50  may be added. Between the three-dimensional material  25  and the first felt layer  40  is layer  35  of fiberglass  37  and  37   a , which is laid on the felt  40 . On the second layer of felt  50 , is preferably a coating or cover  60 . 
         [0050]    Prior to installation, the mat  20  is preferably soaked with a resin  65  that preferably penetrates through all the layers. 
         [0051]    As shown in  FIG. 3 , the three-dimensional material  25  preferably has a unique knit or weave configuration. 
         [0052]    Such material  25  may include strands or lengths of polymer materials woven together. The material  25  may also include some fiberglass or carbon in addition to the polymer materials. Polynova, located in Milford, Mass., typically provides such materials and textiles for closed-mold interlaminar vacuum infusion processes. Preferably, the material  25  of the present invention is Polynova&#39;s Polybeam® or HIFLUXF90™ material. See www.polynovacomposites.com. 
         [0053]    Preferred characteristics of these materials may be as follows: 
       Polybeam® 703 PET: 
       [0054]    x,y fiber type: multi-filament polyester (PET)
 
z fiber type: mono-filament polyester (PET)
 
areal weight: 0.800 oz./ft.2
 
infused weight: 2.540 oz./ft.2
 
thickness: 0.026 inches
 
roll width: 60 inches std., to 160 inches
 
roll length: to suit
 
       HIFLUX90™ PET: 
       [0055]    x,y fiber type: high tenacity polyester
 
areal weight: 1.26 oz./ft.2
 
infused weight: 5.07 oz./ft.2
 
thickness: 0.056 inches
 
roll width: 60 inches std., to 160 inches
 
roll length: to suit.
 
         [0056]    Alternatively, instead of HIFLUX90™, the material  25  may be a continuous strand fiberglass that is looped upon itself. This material  25  is preferably an ACR glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) mat available from Superior Fibers Inc. of Bremen, Ohio (see http://www.superiorfibers.com/). 
         [0057]    Referring again to the drawings,  FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a representative fabric material  25  in a free or uncompressed relaxed form. As shown, in this illustration of, e.g., HIFLUX90™, there is preferably a pair of outer, generally woven fabric layers,  22  and  24 , lying generally in the respective X-Y planes. Separating, and disposed between, these layers is a plurality of resilient fibers or yarns  26  lying generally in a “Z” direction. The Z direction fibers need not be at an exact 90-degree orientation, and generally are not. The angle is not critical and may vary substantially, for instance between about 30 degrees and 90 degrees. As indicated, the overall thickness dimension “d” of the fabric may be between about one or two mm up to about 25 or 30 mm, or even more, with presently preferred dimensions in the range of about two mm to about twelve mm. 
         [0058]    As  FIG. 3  also shows, the Z direction fibers preferably lie between the two outer layers  22 ,  24 . These outer layers may range from an open honeycomb structure to a more tightly woven warp and weft structure. 
         [0059]      FIG. 4  schematically represents how the three-dimensional fabric  25  compresses in the Z direction to a lesser thickness “d”. When, for example, it is sandwiched between, for example, fabric or felt layers  40 ,  50 . Even though compressed, the three-dimensional fabric architecture facilitates hardening agent flow, penetration, and distribution throughout the structure including the surrounding and adjacent layers of the entire laminate lay-up. Moreover, when the fabric or felt layers are needle punched, the agent, e.g., liquid resin, will have a flow path such that it not only fills the intermediate spaces between fibers  26  of material  25  but also flows laterally so as to also fill and saturate both the outer layers  22 ,  24  and also adjacent felt or fabric layers  40 ,  50 . 
         [0060]    In the past, the problem has been that resin must pass more incrementally as the required infusion distance is increased. Thus, “length losses” accumulate as resin travels ever more slowly through the flow medium while encountering approximately the same frequency of the fiber “obstacles”, which also serve as structural reinforcement. Thus, interlaminar infusion, or infusion from within the substrate or laminate, has achieved little adoption in the prior art despite being naturally advantageous as compared to surface infusion techniques like SCRIMP™, from cost, waste, and property-additive standpoints. 
         [0061]    Interlaminar fabric material knit  25  according to this invention e.g., an added layer, can also be sandwiched and/or placed on either face of the fabric  40 ,  50  to promote infusion on all sides of the dry laminate, which greatly speeds infusion. Furthermore, this interlaminar material can increase laminate thickness and also allow for better visual quality. The invention further overcomes such problems as incomplete or slow infusion, uneven distribution or pooling of resin, long set-up time, material waste, and weakened strength in the finished composite. 
         [0062]    In one embodiment of this invention shown in  FIG. 5 , the fabric material  25  is constructed of small diameter monofilament polyester, e.g., PET, in the Z plane and with fiberglass yarn, e.g., ECR, on the X/Y fascia planes as both are relatively well-known materials. These materials are preferably knitted together to form the material  25 . A reduced diameter and/or stiffness in the Z directional yarn or fiber may require reduced columnar height, and therefore a less free-form thickness of the fiber, to ensure adequate buckling yield and resilient spring-back behind the resin flow front. Despite the reduced free-form thickness, this embodiment may add the same overall thickness to the consolidated laminate as thicker free-form designs. 
         [0063]    In another embodiment of this invention shown in  FIG. 6 , a diamond-shaped woven architecture (instead of knitted) provides unique mechanical properties for the three-dimensional material or weave  25  because the fibers are oriented in a preferred direction for strength in the mat laminate  20 . The intent of this material is to reduce or eliminate the need for additional reinforcement materials in a given laminate and increase overall cost savings. 
         [0064]    The invention also contemplates a fabric design for the material  25 , which presents another low-cost material. This product has a similar Z directional structure, but with smooth faces. The X/Y faces here are knitted with multifilament polyester thermoplastics, e.g., PET, with tight face architectures. Smooth faces may help mitigate surface profiling, also known as print. This embodiment also provides an opportunity to use low-cost recycled PET for the multifilament components. 
         [0065]    The choice of fibers  37 ,  37   a  needle punched in Z direction, e.g., through the fabric  40 , 50  and material  25 , can be widely varied and the selection thereof is influenced by the mechanical characteristics of the fiber material. These fibers may generally be glass or carbon fibers, although standard carbon fibers are generally not preferred as resiliency and an appropriate bending modulus are the desired characteristics for this element. As indicated, the Z fibers act essentially as joining barbs and also create flow chutes from the outer fabric layers. Therefore, important factors to consider for this selection include a balanced combination of length, column (or denier), spacing and orientation relative to the outer layers. While deniers of fibers, percentage of glass fiber with respect to other materials, and finished product sizes may vary, the preferred glass content is about 40% by volume 50% by weight, the density is preferably less than one ounce per square yard to fifty-two ounces per square yard and about 1.8-2.2 ounces per square yard, and denier size is about 102-204 with an preferred size of 113. The preferred filament diameter would range about 0.00018-0.00025 with a preference of 0.00023. These have been found to provide sufficient strength and tenacity while maintaining invertibility. 
         [0066]    The fiber architecture thereby achieved according to the present invention is optimal for resin infusion processing and can greatly enhance final performance-to-weight properties such as shear strength, rigidity and damage tolerance. A vast spectrum of physical property enhancements can be further tailored by designing X/Y/Z fiber architectures with hybrid combinations of polyester, glass, carbon, aramid, polyolefin, and/or other materials. The practice of this invention may also provide a relatively low-profile material. 
         [0067]      FIG. 7  shows one embodiment of the present invention prior to inversion. In this embodiment, the first layer is a fabric or felt  40 . On top of the felt is the ECR fiberglass layer  35 . On top of the fiberglass layer  35  is the three-dimensional material  25 . Next, preferably is another felt layer  50  and then finally the coating or cover  60 . 
         [0068]    In this embodiment as shown, there is preferably a top or bottom  22 ,  24  missing from material  25 . Thus, small strands or barbs  25   a  protrude from the material  25  and into felt layer  50 . This preferably occurs when the layers  25 ,  35 ,  40 , and  50  are sandwiched together by the compression process. The needling process preferably takes place before the coating  60  is added. During the needling process, a small needle (not shown) punches the layers and thus creates small channels  37   b  in the layer  40 . As the needles penetrate through to the fiberglass layer  35 , some pieces of fiberglass  37   a  are pushed into a perpendicular orientation. As shown, not all of the fiberglass fibers  37  are affected by the needling process as they remain in a more random orientation. It should also be noted that during the needling process some fibers  37   a  are pushed into other layers such as the three-dimensional material layer  25  and the optional additional felt layer  50 . Although not shown, small channels are created by the needles as they pass through these additional layers  25  and  50 . 
         [0069]    Once needling has taken place, the mat  20  may be rolled by a large roller for further compaction. This rolling and compaction process further pushes barbs  25   a  and fiberglass fibers  37   a  into the various layers  40 ,  37 ,  25 , and  50 . The needling may also occur through the second felt layer  50  from the side opposite the side closest to layer  40 . There, some fibers  37   c  are pushed into first felt layer  40 . Of course, this may also occur during the compaction process so an additional needling staff may not be needed. Once the needling is complete coating or cover layer  60  is added. Preferably, this layer  60  is not punctured so that it acts as a resin catch when the tube is inverted. See, for example,  FIGS. 2 and 8 . 
         [0070]    As mentioned, the resin is preferably added by a pinch and roller process. This can be a separate step or may be part of the compaction process. The channels  37   b , perpendicularly orientation fibers  37   a , and three-dimensional material  25  all greatly enhanced the flow of resin through the felt layers  40 ,  50  to totally saturate the entire mat  20 . 
       3. In Use and Operation 
       [0071]    The member  10  of the present invention is preferably fabricated off-site from the actual place where the pipe is to be rehabilitated. At the fabrication site, the manufacture includes fabricating a glass-reinforced member or liner  10  by preferably laying down a sheet or layer of polyester felt or fabric  40 , a layer  35  of loose glass fibers  37  on top of the fabric  40 , and a sheet  25  of three-dimensional polyester strand and fiberglass yarn on top of the fibers. Another layer of fabric  50  may then be added on top of the sheet  25 . Then, the fabric and fibers are bonded (preferably by needling) to the sheet  25  to form a composite substrate or mat  20 . The substrate  20  is then formed into a tube. This is accomplished by connecting, joining, or bonding the edges of the substrate  20 , preferably, by an adhesive overlap. In other embodiments, flame joining or stitching may be used. The stitching may include, e.g., a prayer stitch with the edges forming a butt joint. Next, a resin is applied to the tube. A coating  60  may be added on the tube to retain the resin  65  in the tube. 
         [0072]    At the rehabilitation site, the method of installation preferably includes inverting the tube into a pipe  70  to form a inside diameter liner  10 .  FIG. 8  shows a perspective cutaway view of the tube or pipe  70  with the member  10  inserted therein. When the mat  20  soaked with resin  65  (not shown) is ready, the member  10  is inserted at the mouth of the pipe or tube  70 . A gas is then preferably used to invert the member  10  into the tube  70 . The tube preferably has its inner sidewalls completely covered with the member  10 . A light and a camera are then preferably inserted into the tube to ensure that the member  10  is affixed to the sidewalls of the tube  70 . Preferably, the member  10  does not have any wrinkles and no resin  65  is leaking, e.g., through cover  60 . After inversion, the coating  60  is now on the inside of the inverted tube member  10 . Another key with here is that liner dimpling is possible with thinner, more flexible liner. This is beneficial because when the liner is inspected with the camera, the operator can see the dimples with his camera. The operator will then know that such dimples likely indicate hook-ups to homes or other incoming pipe systems. 
         [0073]    Once the member  10  is in place and has been inspected, the resin  65  is cured to harden the member  10  in place within pipe  70 . In one embodiment, an ultraviolet light cures the resin in the liner  10  form a hard inner shell within the pipe  70 . Alternatively, the liner  10  is cured with hot water or steam. 
         [0074]    Once in place, the cured inner knit/weave structure of the liner  10  of the present invention provides 0 degrees, 45 degrees, 90 degrees x-y-z axis strength. Further, given the make-up of the inventive liner, pipe rehabilitation crews do not need as much material to rehab a pipe. 
         [0075]    The present invention described herein provides improved tube strengthening. As illustrated in the Graph and Tables set forth below, the strength of inventive liner has been tested to show the following: 

 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Load 
                 Stress 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Displacement 
                 At Yield 
                 At Yield 
                 Strain 
                 Flexural 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 At Yield 
                 (Max 
                 (Max 
                 At Yield 
                 Modulus 
               
               
                   
                 Width 
                 Depth 
                 (Max Load) 
                 Load) 
                 Load) 
                 (Max 
                 (AltYoung) 
               
               
                   
                 (in) 
                 (in) 
                 (in) 
                 (lbf) 
                 (psi) 
                 Load) 
                 (psi) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.497 
                 0.315 
                 0.317 
                 106.0 
                 16524 
                 0.023 
                 969870 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.500 
                 0.320 
                 0.291 
                 77.2 
                 11584 
                 0.021 
                 809981 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.501 
                 0.318 
                 0.344 
                 92.2 
                 13992 
                 0.025 
                 923094 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.502 
                 0.312 
                 0.230 
                 78.9 
                 12420 
                 0.016 
                 1035449 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.500 
                 0.338 
                 0.249 
                 74.6 
                 10007 
                 0.019 
                 545798 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 0.500 
                 0.321 
                 0.286 
                 85.8 
                 12911 
                 0.021 
                 917438 
               
               
                 S.D. 
                 0.002 
                 0.010 
                 0.047 
                 13.2 
                 2474 
                 0.003 
                 97083 
               
               
                 C.V. 
                 0.374 
                 3.178 
                 16.440 
                 15.4 
                 19 
                 15.772 
                 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Load 
                 Flexural 
                 Flexural 
               
               
                   
                 Width 
                 Depth 
                 Strain At 
                 At Yield 
                 Strength 
                 Modulus 
               
               
                   
                 (in) 
                 (in) 
                 Yield 
                 (lbf) 
                 (psi) 
                 (psi) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 1 
                 0.489 
                 0.220 
                 .0372 
                 27.75 
                 7035 
                 480897 
               
               
                 2 
                 0.496 
                 0.230 
                 .0442 
                 31.26 
                 7148 
                 448915 
               
               
                 3 
                 0.495 
                 0.235 
                 .0384 
                 28.03 
                 6152 
                 419574 
               
               
                 4 
                 0.500 
                 0.222 
                 .0374 
                 27.38 
                 6667 
                 435943 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.495 
                 0.229 
                 .0454 
                 32.79 
                 7579 
                 439087 
               
               
                 Mean 
                 0.495 
                 0.227 
                 .0405 
                 29.44 
                 6916 
                 444883 
               
               
                 S.D. 
                 0.004 
                 0.006 
                 .004 
                 2.43 
                 537 
                 22734 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0076]    In the Graph and Tables above, data from the 4900PN Sample (which is an embodiment of the present invention) and the Lam 2098 Sample (which is a resin and standard felt typical to the industry) is shown. The specimens graphed are different portions taken from the same panel. In reviewing the same, it is obvious that the mechanical properties are quite a bit different, e.g., the invention being stronger. Moreover, if you look at the graphs, the standard material has a smooth curve to failure while the inventive liner has a jagged edge before it fails. Further, although it is smooth at the beginning, it is thought that the configuration of the inventive liner is transferring its load on all three axis&#39;s before total failure can occur, resulting in a more robust liner. In other liners, the materials are constructed on the (x, y) plane while the arcs on the graph still have a smooth transition to fail, there might be some jagged areas. However, these do not appear as profound as the inventive liner. 
         [0077]    Certain preferred steps have been found in testing the liner. For example, in one preferred embodiment, the PET fiber used in the mat is preferably not coated as it typically is with a fatty acid ester coating. The fatty acid ester coating causes problems with the joining of the substrate or laminate and, thus, if it is added, the laminate may not be properly formed. 
         [0078]    It has also been found that the cover and other layers which make up the laminate must be free of any debris or other foreign particles such as dust or dirt, which might prohibit the proper joining of the layers of the laminate. Such debris and other foreign materials might also affect the liner&#39;s ability to pass potable water testing certifications. It is also important to ensure that the needling of the various layers is done to the proper density. Such needling allows for proper formation of a tightly configured laminate. Further, when the layers, such as the fabric, are run through cutting and slitting operations, it is important that the tensioning on the fabric is appropriate. This proper tension may be applied by having a tension applied to the full length of the roll of fabric. If improper tension is applied to the fabric or another layer, strands of fiber may be inadvertently stretched or torn which would cause the fabric to loose some of its strength and/or become “open faced”. In some applications, this might be desirable because it may lead to better joining between the fiber layers. However, in other applications where strength is necessary to ensure proper burst pressure of the liner once it is in place for high-pressure applications, broken or stretched strands would be highly undesirable. Thus, as can be seen, it is important to maintain proper quality control measures in laminate manufacture depending on the end user application of the liner. 
         [0079]    There are virtually innumerable uses for the present invention, all of which need not be detailed here. All the disclosed embodiments can be practiced without undue experimentation. 
         [0080]    Although the best mode contemplated by the inventors of carrying out the present invention is disclosed above, practice of the present invention is not limited thereto. It will be manifest that various additions, modifications and rearrangements of the features of the present invention may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the underlying inventive concept. 
         [0081]    Moreover, the individual components disclosed herein need not be formed in the disclosed shapes, or assembled in the disclosed configuration, but could be provided in virtually any shape, and assembled in virtually any configuration. Further, although each layer of the liner is described herein as physically separate, it will be manifest that the may be integrated into the layer with which it is associated. Furthermore, all the disclosed features of each disclosed embodiment can be combined with, or substituted for, the disclosed features of every other disclosed embodiment except where such features are mutually exclusive. 
         [0082]    It is intended that the appended claims cover all such additions, modifications, and rearrangements. Expedient embodiments of the present invention are differentiated by the appended claims.

Technology Classification (CPC): 5