Patent Abstract:
The wind turbine includes a wind driven turbine wheel rotatable about a central axis that has sail wings that catch the wind and rotate the turbine wheel. An anchor has its anchor line attached to the turbine wheel at its axis of rotation to prevent tilting the wind turbine in response to high wind conditions. A set of streamers attached to the spokes at one end and including a free end wherein the free end is disposed in a space defined between two adjacent spokes when the turbine wheel is rotating. A trolley removably and slidably attached to a main anchor line, a secondary anchor line attached to the trolley and a secondary anchor; and, a drop line removably attached to the secondary anchor configured to lower the anchor to the main anchor so that the trolley, secondary anchor line and secondary anchor is configured to provide an anchor support structure for the main anchor.

Full Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    This invention concerns an improved mast assembly for a wind turbine to improve the ability to construct and maintain a wind turbine and its support structure. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Windmills have been used for many generations for the purpose of pumping water from the ground and for generating electricity. A basic advantage of the windmill is that it uses the power of atmospheric wind to rotate a wheel having radially extending blades. This rotary movement may be converted into various useful purposes. For example, wind turbines in the form of propellers mounted on towers have been placed in areas where steady winds are prevalent and the wind turbines are used to generate electricity. 
         [0003]    The blades of the conventional wind turbines are very large and made of expensive rigid material and are constructed to have the blades extend radially from a central hub, with no extra support at the outer tips of the blades. The conventional wind turbine blades rotate at a high rate of revolutions and must withstand both the centrifugal forces generated by the fast revolution of the blades and the cantilever bending forces applied to the blades by the wind. Since the outer portions of the blades move at a very high velocity and are engaged by strong winds, the larger the blades the stronger they must be and the more expensive they become. Thus, there is a practical limit as to the length and width of the blades. 
         [0004]    Another type of wind turbine is one that has sail wings constructed of fabric that are a substitute for the rigid blades of the conventional wind turbines described above. For example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,330,714, 4,350,895, and 4,729,716 disclose wind turbines that use cloth “sails” that catch the wind. The blades of the wind turbine are formed of lighter weight material. 
         [0005]    Another wind turbine type has rigid propellers that appear to be rigidly mounted to circular perimeter rims that support the outer ends of the propellers, as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,233,232 and 6,064,123. 
         [0006]    Some of the wind turbines of the patents cited above are constructed with an outer rim that extends circumferentially about the turbine wheel. Rubber tires are placed in positions to engage the outer rim so as to rotate the rubber tires, with the driven rubber tires rotating the rotor of a generator. Thus, the rotation of the wind turbine is used to generate electricity. Other designs are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,109,727, 7,825,532, 8,134,251, 8,164,212, 8,178,993, 8,487,471, 8,174,142, 8,258,645, 8,373,298, 8,466,577 and United States Patent Application Publications 2014/0271183 and 2014/0265344, all incorporated by reference. 
         [0007]    Prior art wind turbines are mounted on upright towers and the towers are supported at their bases by mounting the towers in the earth or on some other stable platform. When the wind turbine is in operation with an oncoming brisk wind engaging the angled blades of the turbine wheel, a significant longitudinal force is transmitted from the blades of the turbine wheel to the upper portion of the tower, tending to tip the tower. This horizontal tipping force usually is significantly greater than the circumferential wind force engaging the angled surfaces of the blades of the turbine wheel and causing the rotation of the turbine wheel. This longitudinal force requires the tower for a wind turbine to be very strong to avoid tipping over. 
         [0008]    While wind turbines have found use in open land areas where steady winds are prevalent, the land areas most suitable for catching the wind on wind turbine propeller blades usually are remote from the areas of great need of electrical power. Therefore, there is a requirement that electrical power be transmitted through conductive cables for long distances to the areas of need. 
         [0009]    Winds generated over large bodies of water, particularly over an ocean, are not confronted with mountains, buildings, and the vegetation of the land masses that tend to slow the velocity of winds. The turbulence of wind usually is less over water than over land. This may be because there is a greater temperature variance between different altitudes over land than over a body of water, apparently because sunlight is absorbed further into water than into land, and for comparable conditions, the surfaces of land become warmer and radiate more heat than the surfaces of water. 
         [0010]    One disadvantage is that the wind turbine, by its nature is a large structure that is position a considerable distance off the ground. This present physical and logistical challenges during the initial constructions as well as during the maintenance of the wind turbine and its support structure. Construction of the wind turbine horizontally where it can later be erected if challenging give the need for cranes and other very large lifting equipment to hoist and secure the wind turbine to its support structure. This is especially true for installation locations such as off-shore, remote locations, islands, and the like. 
         [0011]    Therefore, it would advantageous to have a support structure that would allow the wind turbine to be initially constructed in a horizontal disposition and then raised to the support structure without the need for complicated or heavy cranes. 
         [0012]    It would also be advantageous to have a support structure that would allow the wind turbine to be raised and lowered for maintenance without the need for a separate crane of other hoisting assembly. 
       SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
       [0013]    Briefly described, this disclosure concerns a wind turbine assembly for generating electricity that includes a support, a turbine wheel rotatably mounted on the support about a longitudinally extending central axis, the turbine wheel including a circular rim concentric with and rotatable about the central axis, and an electrical generator in a driven relationship with the turbine wheel. 
         [0014]    In one embodiment, a wind driven turbine wheel may be mounted on a floatable support, capable of floating on the surface of a large body of water. The floatable support may include a lateral thruster for turning the wind turbine into the oncoming atmospheric wind. 
         [0015]    Another novel feature of the structure may be a wind turbine mounted on a floatable support, with an anchor tied to the wind turbine at a position high enough to resist tipping forces applied by atmospheric wind to the turbine. 
         [0016]    One of the wind turbine assemblies disclosed herein may include a floatable support, a pair of wind turbines mounted side-by-side on the floatable support and sail wings of one wind turbine each having a pitch opposite to the pitch of the sail wings of the other wind turbine to balance the gyroscopic effects of the wind turbines. 
         [0017]    Another feature of a wind turbine assembly may include an anchor tied to the bow of a floatable support and a lateral thruster for moving the stern of the floatable support for turning the wind turbine into the atmospheric wind. 
         [0018]    Another feature of a wind turbine assembly may include one or more wind turbines mounted on a floatable support with an anchor tied directly to the wind turbines to deter tilting of the wind turbines in response to strong wind directed into the wind turbines. 
         [0019]    Also, the wind turbine may include sail wings formed of fiberglass or other relatively flexible material, with shape control means carried by the turbine wheel for rotating at least one of the ends of the sail wings about the longitudinal axis of the sail wings to form a pitch or twist in the sail wings. 
         [0020]    The wind turbine assembly may include a floatable support without riggers supporting the floatable support in an upright attitude. Turbine anchors may be attached to the wind turbines above the level of the floatable support and arranged to resist the longitudinal wind forces applied to the wind turbines. 
         [0021]    Other features and advantages of the structure and process disclosed herein may be understood from the following specification and accompanying drawings. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]      FIG. 1  is a front elevation view of a floating wind turbine, showing the turbine wheel in its upright position. 
           [0023]      FIG. 2  is a side elevation view of the wind turbine of  FIG. 1 . 
           [0024]      FIG. 3  is a top view of the wind turbine of  FIGS. 1 and 2 . 
           [0025]      FIG. 4  is a top view of the wind turbine of  FIG. 1 , but showing the turbine wheel tilted in its inoperative position. 
           [0026]      FIG. 5  is a side view of the wind turbine of  FIG. 4 , showing the turbine wheel tilted in its inoperative position. 
           [0027]      FIG. 6  is a front elevation view of a modified wind turbine wheel, similar to the turbine wheels of  FIGS. 1-5 , but including an intermediate circular rim that is concentric with the outer circular perimeter rim, with inner sail wings supported between the axle structure and the intermediate support rim and outer sail wings supported between the intermediate support rim and the outer circular perimeter rim. 
           [0028]      FIG. 7  is a front elevation view of a double wind turbine, having a pair of wind turbine wheels mounted on a common floatable support. 
           [0029]      FIG. 8  is a side elevation view of the double wind turbine of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a top view of the double wind turbine of  FIG. 6 . 
           [0031]      FIG. 10  is a front elevation view of a double wind turbine similar to  FIG. 7 , but including a modified anchoring structure. 
           [0032]      FIG. 11  is a top view of the wind turbine of  FIG. 10 . 
           [0033]      FIG. 12  is an isolated view of one of the wind sails of the wind turbines of  FIGS. 1-8 . 
           [0034]      FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a lateral thruster that is mounted to the floatable support of  FIGS. 1-8 . 
           [0035]      FIG. 14  is a side view of a turbine wheel, the type shown in  FIGS. 1-8 , but showing more details of the lower portion of the rotor and stator of the wind turbine. 
           [0036]      FIG. 15  is a side elevation view of the electrical generator of  FIG. 11 , showing more details of the electrical generator. 
           [0037]      FIG. 16  is a close-up, cross sectional view of a portion of the rotor and stator of the electrical generator of  FIGS. 12 and 13 , showing the outer perimeter rim of the turbine wheel that functions as a rotor of the generator at the bottom of its circular path, and showing the central portion of the stator. 
           [0038]      FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional view of the rotor inverted from  FIG. 4 . 
           [0039]      FIG. 18  is a close-up of another detail view of an electrical generator, showing the outer perimeter rim that drives the generator through paired wheels that engage the perimeter rim of the wind turbine. 
           [0040]      FIG. 19  is a front elevation view of a double wind turbine, having a pair of wind turbine wheels mounted on a common floatable support, and out riggers that stabilize the floatable support. 
           [0041]      FIG. 20  is a side elevation view of the double wind turbine of  FIG. 19 . 
           [0042]      FIG. 21  is a top view of the double wind turbine of  FIGS. 19 and 20 . 
           [0043]      FIGS. 22A through 22C  are side elevation views of aspects of the invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0044]    Referring now in more detail to the drawings in which like numerals indicate like parts throughout the several views,  FIG. 1  shows a wind turbine  20  that is designed for catching the wind and rotating for the purpose of generating electricity. The wind turbine includes a turbine wheel  22  having an outer perimeter  23  formed by a series of angle braces  24  and an outer perimeter circular rim  26  that extends continuously about the turbine wheel. The outer perimeter circular rim may be formed of arcuate segments, and as explained in more detail hereinafter, the perimeter rim may function as the rotor of an electrical generator, or may function to drive a rotor of an electrical generator. 
         [0045]    An axle structure  28  is at the center of the turbine wheel  22  and a plurality of sail wing assemblies  30  are mounted to the axle structure  28  and extend radially toward the angle braces  24  that form the perimeter of the turbine wheel. The turbine wheel rotates about the central axis  29 . 
         [0046]    The wind turbine assembly may be used on a body of water such as an ocean or lake  31  where the atmospheric wind  37  usually is of higher velocity, less turbulent and more predictable than the atmospheric wind over a land mass. When used on water, the turbine assembly may include a floatable support  33 , such as a pontoon boat, barge or other suitable floatable support. The floatable support of  FIGS. 1-5  is a pontoon boat having parallel pontoons  35  and  36 . The wind turbine assemblies of  FIGS. 1-5  include a foldable tower assembly  32  that includes a pair of tower arms  32 A and  32 B that are connected at their lower end portions to pontoons  36  and  35 , respectively, and converging upwardly toward one another in a vertical plane to an upward apex that is in support of the bearing housing  38  at the axial structure  28  of the turbine wheel  22 . The tower arms  32 A and  32 B are foldable about their lower ends to an attitude more horizontal, as shown in  FIG. 5 , so that the turbine wheel  22  moves more toward a supine position over the pontoons  35  and  36 . 
         [0047]    Stabilizing arms  40  and  41  are parallel to one another and sloped upwardly from the pontoon boat and are pivotally mounted to the bearing housing  38 . The lower ends of the stabilizing arms  40  and  41  are releasably connected to the cross frames of the pontoon boat, such as cross frame  44 . When the turbine wheel  22  is to be tilted toward its supine position, the lower ends of the stabilizing arms  40  and  41  are detached from the cross frame member  44 , allowing the turbine wheel  22  to tilt toward its supine position. 
         [0048]    Hydraulic cylinder  46  is mounted at its lower end to depending framework  48  and at its upper end to the bearing housing  38 . When the hydraulic cylinder  46  is distended, it holds the foldable tower assembly  32  in its upright attitude, allowing the stabilizing arms  40  and  41  to be connected at their lower ends to the cross frame member  44 , thereby holding the turbine wheel  22  in its upright position. However, when the stabilizing arms  40  and  41  are disconnected at their lower ends from the cross frame member  44 , the hydraulic cylinder  46  may be retracted, causing the turbine wheel  22  to tilt toward its supine position as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0049]    The foldable support may be used when transporting the wind turbine assembly to and from its site of operation, and for maintenance or repair. The wind turbine also may be supported on a non-foldable, more permanent upright tower carried by the floatable support, if desired. 
         [0050]    The floatable support  33  of the wind turbine assembly  20  is considered to have a bow at  50  and a stern at  52 . The turbine wheel  22  faces the bow  50 . Lateral thrusters  54  may be mounted to the pontoons  35  and  36 , typically at the stern  52  of the pontoons. The bow  50  may be connected by a first anchor line  55  or other appropriate means to an anchor such as to an anchored buoy  56  that functions as an anchor. The anchor  56  may comprise a pier, anchor, dock, or other means that generally is not movable from a designated position in or adjacent a body of water. The anchor line  55  may be a chain, cable, twisted hemp rope or other conventional means or combination of these and other connectors for connecting the floatable support to an anchor. 
         [0051]    When the atmospheric wind  37  moves against the wind turbine assembly  20 , the anchor (buoy, pier, etc.) to which the wind turbine assembly is tied stabilizes the bow  50  of the floatable support, usually causing the wind turbine assembly to move downwind of its anchor. In order to assure that the turbine wheel  22  faces the oncoming atmospheric wind, the lateral thrusters  54  shown in  FIGS. 1-5 and 11  may be actuated in response to a wind direction finder (not shown), tending to turn the floatable support and, therefore, the turbine wheel more directly into the atmospheric wind. 
         [0052]    The lateral thruster  54  of  FIG. 11  typically is mounted to the stern  52  of the floatable support  33 , as shown in  FIGS. 1-5 , so that the anchor  56 ,  60 , etc. stabilizes the bow of the floatable support while the lateral thrusters tend to swing the stern in alignment with the bow and atmospheric wind. This assures that the turbine wheel  22  more directly faces the oncoming atmospheric wind, taking advantage of the wind movement through the sail wing assemblies  30 , causing efficient rotation of the turbine wheel  22 . Lateral thrusters, sometimes known as “bow thrusters” are conventional in the art and may be found at Mabru Thrusters, Miami, Fla. 33142. 
         [0053]    As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 5 , the anchor, such as a buoy  56 , pier or other stationary docking point  58  for the wind turbine assembly includes an electrical connection (not shown) to the electrical generator  150  of the wind turbine assembly  20  and an electrical conductor  62  to a receiver that may be on an adjacent land mass for transmitting the electrical power generated by the wind turbine assembly. 
         [0054]    The turbine wheel and its floatable support may be very large in length, width and height. Because of the uncontrolled velocity of the atmospheric wind and because of the large height and other large size dimensions of the wind turbine assembly, it is desirable to construct the wind turbine assembly so that it resists capsizing or tilting or other deviation from facing the atmospheric wind and is desirable to minimize the application of longitudinal and other horizontal forces to the tower  32  and its stabilizing arms  40  and  41 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , in addition or alternatively, a second anchor line  57  may be connected at one of its ends to the axle structure  28  of the turbine wheel  22  and connected at its other end to an anchor  59 . The second anchor line  57  may be made of materials the same as or similar to those described above for the first anchor line. The second anchor  59  may be any device that resists movement, including stationary structures such as piers, buoys, conventional anchors, and other devices suitable for holding the wind turbine assembly in its predetermined position, including but not limited to those described above for the first anchor. Typically, if the anchor line is to be connected to a submerged anchor, the anchor line should be long enough to have a length to height ratio of at least about seven to one. 
         [0055]    The connection of the second anchor line  57  to the axle structure  28  of the turbine wheel  22  is at the center of the wind forces applied to the turbine wheel. The centered connection of the anchor line to the turbine wheel provides a balanced longitudinal support for the wind turbine, directly opposite to the direction of the on-coming wind  37 , and relieves force otherwise applied by the turbine wheel to the tower structure that extends from the turbine wheel to the floatable support. Since the turbine wheel usually is centered over an intermediate portion of the floatable support, the restraining forces applied by the anchor line to down-wind movement of the wind turbine assembly tend to maintain the wind turbine assembly in its upright attitude and facing the oncoming atmospheric wind. The connection of the anchor line  57  to the axle structure is at the upper end portion of the tower assembly  32  opposes and resists the longitudinal forces applied by the oncoming wind forces that are being applied to the wind turbine wheel  22 . Thus, the force applied by the anchor line resists the tipping of the tower  32  and allows the tower structure to be less strong, less expensive and lighter than would be required without the anchor  59  and anchor line  57 . 
         [0056]      FIG. 6  shows a modified form of the turbine wheel. Turbine wheel  64  includes an outer rim  66  and an intermediate rim  68 , both rims being circular and concentric with the axis of rotation of the turbine wheel. A plurality of inner sail wings  70  extends between the axle structure and the intermediate rim  68 , and a plurality of outer sail wings  72  extends between the intermediate circular rim  68  and the outer circular rim  66 . The pitch of the outer sail wings  72  typically will be different from the pitch of the inner sail wings  70  since the circular velocity of the outer sail wings is greater than the circular velocity of the inner sail wings. Also, the use of the intermediate circular rim  68  stabilizes the inner and outer sail wings so that the total length of the inner and outer sail wings  70  and  72  may be greater than the length available on a single set of sail wings. 
         [0057]    As shown in  FIGS. 2, 3, and 5 , the axle structure  28  of the turbine wheel is of greater thickness than the circular perimeter rim  26 . A plurality of spokes  76  extend from the ends of the axle structure  28  outwardly and converge into a supporting relationship with respect to the circular perimeter rim  26 . This provides lateral and radial stability to the circular perimeter rim  26 . 
         [0058]      FIGS. 7-9  show a wind turbine assembly  80  that is a “twin” assembly of the wind turbine assembly of  FIGS. 1-5 , that includes turbine wheels  82  and  83  that are substantially identical to the turbine wheel  22  of  FIGS. 1-5 . The floatable support  33  is modified so as to provide a central pontoon  84 , with parallel outer pontoons  86  and  88 , all pontoons supporting the turbine wheels as described in connection with  FIGS. 1-5 . 
         [0059]    The sail wings  90  of one turbine wheel  82  may be oriented with a pitch so that the atmospheric wind will rotate the turbine wheel in a clockwise direction, whereas the sail wings  90  of the other turbine wheel  83  are oriented at a reverse pitch from that of the turbine wheel  82 . This causes the turbine wheels to rotate in opposite directions when facing the oncoming atmospheric wind. This tends to neutralize the gyroscopic effect of the rotation of the turbine wheels of the twin wind turbine assembly  80 . 
         [0060]      FIGS. 10 and 11  show a twin wind turbine assembly, similar to  FIGS. 7-9 , but having the anchor line  85  connected at its distal end to the anchor  86  and connected at its proximal end to a horizontal cross brace  87  that functions as a horizontal tower. The horizontal cross brace  87  is connected at its end portions to the housing of the axle structure  28  of each turbine wheel. A rigid connector  88  is connected at one of its ends to the horizontal brace  87  and extents forwardly between the turbine wheels  82 ,  83  and connects to the more flexible anchor line  85 . This avoids contact between the more flexible anchor line  85  and the turbine wheels  82 ,  83 . This places the longitudinal support applied by the anchor  86  and anchor line  85  at the axial center of the turbine wheels, at the desired mid-height of the turbine wheels, above the base of the tower, where the force applied by the anchor is centered at the axle structure of each turbine. 
         [0061]      FIG. 12  shows one of the sail wing assemblies  30 . The sail wing assembly includes a sail wing  92  formed of a flexible material, such as sail cloth or thin fiberglass or other material that is able to bend when formed in an elongated shape. The sail wing  92  includes a longitudinal axis  94 , opposed side edges  95  and  96 , and inner and outer ends  97  and  98 . Support cables  100 ,  101  extend through the sail wing  92  adjacent the opposed side edges  95  and  96 , and extend through the inner end and outer end of the sail wing. 
         [0062]    The shape control means are positioned at the ends of the sail wing  92 . The shape control means includes a laterally extending end support  103  at the inner end  97  of the sail wing  92  and a similar laterally extending end support  104  at the outer end  98  of the sail wing. The laterally extending end supports  103  and  104  are connected at their ends to the support cables. The laterally extending end supports  103  and  104  are rotatable about their mid-lengths which are aligned with the longitudinal axis  94  of the wind sail, as indicated by arrows  113  and  114 . The rotation of the laterally extending end supports causes the ends of the cables  100  and  101  to be rotated about the longitudinal axis  94  of the sail wing  92 . When the ends of the cables are rotated in the same direction, the sail wings develop a pitch for catching the atmospheric wind. When the cables are rotated in opposite directions, the sail wings develop a twist along the length of the sail wing. 
         [0063]    The material of the sail wing  92  can be made stronger or weaker at different intervals along its length, typically by reducing the density of the material of the sail wing in certain areas. This allows the sail wing to twist more at the weakened areas than at the stronger areas. For example, the area designated at  106  is a weakened area so that when the outer end  98  is turned with respect to the inner end  97 , the sail wing is twisted. The sail wing tends to twist more in the weakened area  106  than in its strong areas, allowing for a variable pitch to be formed along the length of the sail wing. 
         [0064]    As shown in  FIG. 12 , the laterally extending end support  104  at the outer end of the sail wing is connected to the slewing ring  108  that is connected in turn to the angle braces  24  ( FIGS. 1-5 ) at the perimeter rim of the turbine wheel, and a motor driven gear  110  may engage the slewing ring and control the rotary movement of the laterally extending end support  104 . A similar laterally extending end support  103  is connected to a slewing ring  107  at the inner axle structure  28 , and the motor driven gear  110  may function to rotate the laterally extending wing support  103 . 
         [0065]    With this arrangement, the slewing rings  107  and  108  and the laterally extending end supports  103  and  104 , and the support cables  100  and  101  function as shape control means for adjusting the pitch and twist of each of the sail wings. The shape control means may function to impart a longitudinal twist to the sail wings. 
         [0066]    As shown in  FIGS. 1, 2 and 5 , at least one electrical generator  170  is positioned at the lower arc of the circular perimeter rim of the turbine wheel. The rotary movement of the circular perimeter rim is used to develop electrical power. 
         [0067]    One type of electrical generator  150  is illustrated in  FIGS. 14-17  of the drawings. The outer perimeter circular rim  126  of the turbine wheel  22  functions as the rotor of the generator. As shown in  FIGS. 15 and 16 , a stator assembly  172  is mounted at the perimeter of the turbine wheel  122  and is positioned to receive the outer perimeter circular rim  126  that functions as the rotor of the generator. The rotor  126  is formed in arcuate segments about the perimeter of the turbine wheel, and each arcuate segment of the rotor includes its own coils  160 . 
         [0068]    As shown in  FIG. 17 , the rotor segments each includes an enclosed housing  154  having flat opposed side walls  155  and  156 , inner end wall  158 , and outer end wall  159 . The electrical coils  160  are positioned in the closed housing with a space  162  formed between the coils  160  and the outer end wall  159 . Cooling fins  164  extend from the outer end wall  159  for strength and for the purpose of extracting heat from the rotor  126 . Also, a cooling liquid, such as oil  166 , occupies some of the space about the coils  160 . The cooling liquid  166  may not completely fill the inside of its rotor segment, leaving a space inside the rotor segment. As the turbine wheel rotates, the segments of the rotor  126  will be inverted with  FIG. 16  showing a segment of the rotor at the lower arc of its rotation, and  FIG. 17  showing a segment of the rotor when it is passing over the upper arc of its rotation. The cooling liquid  166  is influenced by gravity and by centrifugal force to move within the interior of the rotor  126 , making contact with the coils and with the interior facing surfaces of the opposed side walls  155  and  156  and the interior facing surfaces of the inner end wall  158  and outer end wall  159 . This tends to transmit the heat of the coils to the walls of the rotor, so as the rotor moves away from and then back towards the stator, the cooling fins  164  and the external surfaces of the walls of the rotor tend to shed their heat. 
         [0069]    As shown in  FIG. 16 , stator  152  includes stator halves  170  and  171  that are positioned on opposite sides of the path of the rotor  126  as the rotor rotates on the turbine wheel  122 . Stator halves  170  and  171  may be substantially identical and each includes a substantially cup-shaped stator housing  172  having its opening  174  facing the opposed side walls  155  and  156  of the rotor  126 . The edges  176  about the cup-shaped stator housings each have a flat rim facing the rotor, the rims are shaped for forming the air escaping from the stator housings into a film of air between each stator housing and the rotor, such that an air bearing is formed between the stator housings and the rotor. The air bearing reduces the friction between the rotor and the stators. 
         [0070]    The coils  160  of the stator halves are maintained in a juxtaposition with the rotor  126  by the stator housings  172 . 
         [0071]    A space  182  is formed in the cup-shaped stator housing behind the stator coils  180 , with the space forming an air passage for the movement of air through the coils of the stator. An air conduit  184  communicates with the space  182  of each stator housing  172  to supply air  198  to the air passages  182 ,  184  behind the stator coils  160  so that the air moves from the air source  198  and through the air passage  182  through the stator coils  180 , cooling the stator coils. After the air moves through and about the stator coils the air passes between the flat face of the rotor  126  and edges  176  of the cup-shaped stator housing  172 . As the air passes the edges  176  of the cup-shaped stator housings  172 , the air forms an air bearing between the stator housings  172  and the facing surfaces of the rotor  126 . The air moving from the edges of the stator housings forms the air bearing against the flat facing surfaces of the rotor  126  that assures that the stator housings will not frictionally engage the surfaces of the rotor. 
         [0072]    The turbine wheel may be of very large diameter, in excess of 100 feet in diameter. When the turbine wheel of such great size is rotated, it is likely that the rotor segments  126  will not follow exactly the same paths, such that the rotor segments may experience a lateral wobbling motion as they move through the stators, and/or move shallower or deeper into the stator assembly  172 . Because of the likelihood of this movement, it is desirable to have the stator move laterally in response to the lateral motions of the rotor, and it is desirable to have the rotor built with a height that is greater than the height of the stator so that the stator can always be in the electrical field of the coils of the rotor. 
         [0073]    As shown in  FIG. 15 , in order to accommodate the likely lateral motion of the rotor  126 , the stator assembly  152  includes a support platform  186 , with a support frame having stator support rails  188  mounted on the support platform. The stator housings  172  are mounted on the support rails  188  by means of rollers, such as rollers  190  that may travel along the stator support rails  188 . Inflatable bellows  192  are positioned on the closed sides of the stator housings  192 . The bellows  192  are in the shape of air bags connected at one end each to a stator housing  192  and supported at the distal ends by the support frame  187  of the stator. When the bellows  192  are inflated, they urge the stator housings  192  toward engagement with the rotor  126 , with the air bearing at the edges of the stator housings helping to avoid the stator housings from contacting the rotor. Equal pressures are maintained in the inflatable bellows  192  on both sides of the stator housings so that when the rotor moves laterally, the bellows tend to urge the stators in the same lateral direction of movement of the rotor. Thus, the air bags function as a first biasing means engaging said stator housings for urging said stators toward said rotor. 
         [0074]    In order to assure that the stators will relieve their force towards the rotor at times when the generator is to be deactivated, coil tension springs  194  extend from the lateral support structure  187  to the stator housings  172 , tending to urge the stator housings away from the rotor. Thus, the springs function as a second biasing means engaging said stator housings for urging said stators away from said rotor. 
         [0075]      FIG. 15  illustrates the air supply system for the stator assembly  152 . An air supply device of conventional design (not shown) communicates with the air conduit system  200 . The pressurized air  198  flows to the inflatable bellows  192  through conduits  202  at opposite ends of the stator, through an air pressure regulator  204 , and an air pressure release valve  206 , to the series of bellows  192 . The air pressure to the bellows is regulated by the air pressure regulators  204  to apply the stator housings  192  towards the rotor  126 , with equal pressure applied to the bellows on both sides of the rotor. 
         [0076]    Air pressure relief valves  206  function to discharge the air from the bellows  192  when the air pressure drops below a predetermined value. This allows springs  194  to move the stator housings away from the rotor when air pressure is depleted. 
         [0077]    Likewise, the air pressure control valves  208  control the movement of air through conduit  184  to the stator housings  192  as previously described. This maintains the cooling of the stator coils and establishes the air bearing at the edges of the cup-shaped stator housings with respect to the facing surfaces of the rotor  126 . 
         [0078]    Referring to  FIG. 22A , the mast assembly shown generally as  300  can include an upper support structure  302  hingeably connected to a lower support structure  304  by support structure hinge  306 . The upper support structure, shown in the lowered position, can support the electrical generator  150  and the bearing housing  38 . A base platform  308  can be included and can be attached to the lower support structure, independent of the lower support structure or removably attached to the lower support structure. The base platform can have attached to it one or more lifts such as hydraulic lifts  310   a  through  310   c.    
         [0079]    When the upper support structure is in the horizontal position, the force needed to lift the support structure is the greatest as the gravity vector is generally vertical in relation to the ground or platform supporting the base platform and lower support structure. To account for the gravity vector change as the support structure is erected, the first hydraulic lift can be disposed closers to the bearing housing to provide initial lifting from closer to the load of the support structure and attached components such as the bearing housing and load of the wind turbine on the mast support. A second hydraulic lift can be disposed between the first hydraulic lift and the lower support structure. In one embodiment, a third hydraulic lift can be positioned generally near the lower support structure so that the second hydraulic lift is disposed between the first and third hydraulic lifts. 
         [0080]    The first hydraulic lift disposed closest to the bearing housing can include a roller on its distal end  314   a  that can contact the upper support structure and as the first hydraulic lift extends, it can roll along the upper support structure forcing the upper support structure to rotate in a direction shown as  316  about the support structure hinge to move into an operation position. The second hydraulic lift and third hydraulic lift also can apply upward force in conjunction and cooperation with the first hydraulic lift to raise the upper support structure. The first hydraulic lift can rotate about the base platform to generally maintain an orthogonal orientation un relation to the upper support structure. 
         [0081]    Referring to  FIG. 22B , the mast assembly is shown transitioning from a construction/maintenance position to an operational position. The first hydraulic lift has completed lifting the upper support structure to a certain height and once it reaches generally is full extension length, loses contact with the upper support structure as the upper support structure continues to be lifted by the second or third or both hydraulic lifts. As the first hydraulic lift can be rotatably attached to the base platform and as it losses contact with the upper support structure it can contact a first stop  312   a  preventing it from rotating into the adjacent hydraulic lift. 
         [0082]    The second hydraulic lift  310   b  can also loses contact with the upper support structure as the mast assembly is erected and can also be prevent from rotating into the adjacent lift by stop  312   b . As the upper support structure is erected, the force gravity force vectors shift from generally vertical in the installation/maintenance position to generally vertical in the operational position. In the transition as the gravity force vector transitions, less upward force is needed rotate the upper support structure so that the transition can be accomplished with less lifts as each lift loses contact with the upper support. 
         [0083]    Referring to  FIG. 22C , the mast assembly is shown in the operational position. The third hydraulic lift is shown in contact with the upper support structure to support the mast assembly in the operational position. The third hydraulic lift  310   c  can also lose contact with the upper support structure when the mast assembly is in the operation position. In this embodiment, the third hydraulic lift can contact a third stop  312   c  to prevent the lift from contact the mast assembly when contact is lost. A anchor line  57  can be attached to the axle structure  28  to assist in holding the mast assembly in the operational position. The anchor line can be attached to a winch  318  or other anchor assembly. The winch or other anchor assembly can be attached to the lower support structure, separate from the lower support structure or removable attached to the lower support structure. The winch can also be used to assist in transitioning the mast assembly between its various positions. 
         [0084]    While it is anticipated that the above described adjustable positioning features of the stator will be sufficient to have the stator housings accurately follow the lateral movements of the rotor, the air from the air source  198  also may be used to form an air bearing between the support platform  186  and its support surface  212 . The perimeter of the support platform  186  is formed with a downwardly extending rim  214  that forms a closed space  216  between the bottom surface of the support platform  186  and the upwardly facing surface  212  of the support. Air is moved through the downwardly extending conduit  218  to the space  216 , generating enough upward force to lift the support platform, thereby forming spaces beneath the perimeter rim  214  with the movement of escaping air  220 . The escaping air  220  forms an air bearing beneath the support platform  186 , allowing the support platform to move in a lateral direction, following the lateral motions of the rotor  126 . 
         [0085]      FIG. 18  shows another type of electrical generator. The perimeter rim  226  of the turbine wheel includes opposed, laterally outwardly facing surfaces  228  and  229  that move in unison with the turbine wheel  22 A. A pair of rotary members, such as rubber tires  230  and  231  are supported in engagement with the outwardly facing surfaces  228  and  229 , respectively, of the perimeter rim  226 . The tires are supported on axles  232  and  233 , and the axles are connected to the electrical generators  234  and  235 , respectively, through gear boxes  236  and  237 . Turnbuckle  240  is connected at its opposite ends by bearings  242  and  243  to the axles  232  and  233 , respectively. The turnbuckle is tightened so that the tires  230  and  231  make firm and resilient engagement with opposed surfaces of the perimeter rim  226  of the turbine wheel. 
         [0086]    The electrical generators  234  and  235  are mounted on wheels  242  and  243 , respectively, and the wheels engage rail  245 . 
         [0087]    It is anticipated that the diameter of the turbine wheel  20 A shall be large, in some instances more than 100 feet in diameter. Because of the great size of the turbine wheel and because of slight lateral movement of the turbine wheel induced by intensity and direction of the atmospheric winds, the perimeter rim  226  is likely to move laterally, as well as in its circular path. The arrangement of the support system for the rotary members  230  and  231  is formed so as to compensate for the lateral movement. For example, if the perimeter rim  226  at its lower arc of  FIG. 18  moves to the left of  FIG. 18 , the rotary members  230  and  231 , as well as their attached components, including the gear boxes  236  and  237 , turnbuckle  240 , and electrical generators  234  and  235  are free to move to the left, by the rollers  242  and  243  moving along the rails  245 . Likewise, movement to the right is accommodated in the same way. 
         [0088]      FIGS. 19-21  show a double wind turbine  260 , having a pair of wind turbine wheels  262  and  264  mounted on a common floatable support  266 , and out riggers  268  that stabilize the floatable support. The out riggers  268  each include laterally extending support arms  270 A- 270 F that support submerged sea anchors  272 A- 272 F and their suspension lines  274 . 
         [0089]    When the floatable support  266  rolls, the lines connected to the sea anchors on the side of the floatable support that tilts downwardly tend to go slack while the lines connected to the sea anchors on the other side of the floatable support that tilts upwardly tend to resist upward movement. This tends to reduce the rolling of the floatable support and the wind turbine assemblies supported on the floatable support. 
         [0090]    Although the sea anchors  272  and their riggings are disclosed in connection with the double wind turbines of  FIGS. 19-21 , it will be understood that the sea anchors may be used in connection with the single wind turbine assemblies such as shown in  FIGS. 1-5 and 7-11 , and in connection with other forms of this invention. 
         [0091]    While the expression “electrical generator” has been used herein, it should be understood that this term may identify other rotary devices that may be driven by the wind turbines disclosed herein, such as alternators, pumps, etc. 
         [0092]    While several drawing figures illustrate the turbine assemblies mounted on floatable supports, it should be understood that the structures disclosed herein may be used on wind turbine assemblies that are mounted on non-floating supports. For example, the second anchor line  57  may be used on land-mounted wind turbines, by connecting the anchor line to a ground anchor. 
         [0093]    It will be understood by those skilled in the art that while the foregoing description sets forth in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, modifications, additions, and changes might be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth in the following claims.

Technology Classification (CPC): 8