Patent Abstract:
A code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile communication system with improvements to permit stable reception with a minimum of bit error. The system comprises a voltage-controlled oscillator for supplying a carrier to a radio frequency quadrature demodulator, and a frequency controller for detecting a frequency error from a phase correction signal of the first step to generate a control signal that controls the oscillator. The frequency controller includes an extracting circuit and an integrating circuit. The extracting circuit extracts a phase change based on the frequency error derived from the phase correction signal of the first step and from a signal preceding that signal by a predetermined delay time. The integrating circuit integrates the phase change and outputs the integrated result as the control signal. The predetermined delay time is preferably set within a range not exceeding the delay time needed for averaging by an averaging circuit that receives the phase correction signal of the first step and outputs a phase correction signal. The carrier to a radio frequency quadrature modulator is preferably supplied from the voltage-controlled oscillator.

Full Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/922,803 filed Aug. 7, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,456,609 which is a continuation of application Ser. No.: 09/299,101, filed Apr. 26, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,292,477, which is a continuation of application Ser. No.: 08/709,734 filed Sep. 9, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,943,329. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a mobile communication system operating on what is known as the code division multiple access (CDMA) system. 
     The CDMA system involves multiplexing a plurality of communication channels using spread spectrum codes, each channel being assigned a different spread spectrum code. A given signal to be transmitted is multiplied (i.e., spread) by the spread code assigned to the own channel, and is multiplexed with other similarly spread signals on different channels before being transmitted. At a receiver, the multiplexed signals are multiplied (i.e., despread) by the same spread code so that only the target signal will be extracted correlated on the own channel. The signals on the other channels are perceived merely as noise because these signals with their different spread codes remain uncorrelated. The level of the noise may be sufficiently lowered so as not to disturb the signal reception. The CDMA system is attracting attention as a system fit for drastically improving the efficiency of frequency utilization and has been commercialized in some areas. 
     Where CDMA communication is implemented using spread codes, some kind of signal modulation (e.g., quadrature phase shift keying or QPSK) precedes the spreading of the signal for transmission. At a receiving point, the despreading of the signal is followed by demodulation. Despreading and demodulation both represent the detection process whereby the transmitted signal is reconstructed. Commonly used detection methods include a coherent detection method based on the PLL (phase locked loop) circuit and a differential detection method. There also exists a recently proposed coherent detection method that utilizes pilot signals. 
     Where the CDMA system is applied to a mobile communication system adopting the conventional coherent detection method, the bit error rate of data in a mobile station deteriorates if a fading occurs while the station is moving. In a CDMA mobile communication system utilizing the differential detection method, the bit error rate of data in a mobile station can worsen due to the noise on the air transmission channel even if the station is stationary. The pilot signal-based coherent detection method has been proposed for a system to minimize the deterioration of the bit error rate whether the mobile station is in motion or at rest. The method was discussed at the Autumn 1994 Symposium of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers of Japan as disclosed in the IEICE collection of papers B-5 on radio communication systems A and B, p. 306, “Coherent detection for CDMA Mobile Communication Systems” by Yasuo Ohgoshi et al. 
     Described below is a conventional mobile communication system that uses pilot signals with reference to the above-cited paper supplemented by some details. The description will first center on the down link of the system (i.e., a link from the base station to a mobile station). FIG. 13 shows a modulation circuit  51  of a base station  1  that transmits data and a first half  52  of the detection circuit of a mobile station  2 . The base station  1  actually transmits signals to a plurality of mobile stations  2 , and FIG. 13 shows one station as the representative example. 
     In the modulation circuit  51  (left-hand half of FIG.  13 ), data first undergoes QPSK modulation, not shown, to divide into an in-phase signal I and a quadrature signal Q. The signals I and Q are spread (i.e., multiplied) respectively by spread code signals PN —ID  and PN —QD . The two spread code signals are supplied from a spread code generator  91 . The rates of the spread code signals PN —ID  and PN —QD  (called the chip rates) are used to multiply by k (k: spreading ratio) the pre-spread rates (called the symbol rates) of the signals I and Q so that the latter will attain the chip rates. The signals thus spread pass through a radio frequency quadrature modulator  54  to become mutually perpendicular signals that are transmitted on a radio frequency band from an antenna. A temperature compensated crystal oscillator  61  is provided to furnish the modulator  54  with a carrier C B . 
     The pilot signals will now be described. The transmission circuit is substantially the same as the left-hand half of FIG.  13  and is omitted. An in-phase signal I P , and a quadrature signal Q P  of the pilot signals are spread respectively by spread code signals PN —IP  and PN —QP . Both spread code signals have the same chip rate as in the case of data. The pilot signals thus spread are subject to radio frequency quadrature modulation by the same carrier C B  as with data, turning into mutually perpendicular signals transmitted on the same radio frequency band as with data. The pilot signals serve as reference signals for demodulation and are common to all channels utilized. 
     In the first half  52  (right-hand half of FIG. 13) of the detection circuit of the mobile station  2 , the received signals from the antenna (data and the pilot signals) pass through a radio frequency quadrature demodulator  57  to reach a low-pass filter  56 . The low-pass filter  56  removes the radio frequency components from the signals to yield signals S I  and S Q . A crystal oscillator  60  supplies the demodulator  57  with a carrier C M . The signals S I  and S Q  are composed of the spread signals I and Q (those destined to the own channel as well as to other channels) and of the spread pilot signals I P  and Q P . As such, the signals S I  and S Q  include a phase error caused by fading and a frequency error attributable to the precision of the oscillator  60 . 
     The errors included in the signals S I  and S Q  produce a phase difference therein. When the mutually perpendicular pilot signals are plotted in orthogonal coordinates, the received pilot signals are rotated exactly by the phase shift, as shown in FIG.  14 . If the phase shift is represented by φ and the orthogonal coordinates after quadrature demodulation are designated by X 1  and Y 1 , then the coordinate axes X and Y of the received signals are rotated by φ displacing the pilot signals. Consequently, the undisplaced signals i and q that should have resulted with no phase shift become i 1  and q 1  respectively. Such changes are caused by the mixing of one of the two mutually perpendicular signals into the other signal. The phenomenon is expressed by the following formulas: 
     
       
           i   1   =i  cos φ− q  sin φ 
       
     
     
       
           q   1   =q  cos φ+ i  sin φ 
       
     
     The pilot signals are signals that stay constant following the despreading. Generally, i=1 and q=1. The signal changes into i 1 , and q 1 , permit acquisition of a signal CS with the value cos φ and a signal SN with the value sin φ. With the two signals known, it is possible to correct the phase rotation of the data. Since the data includes the same phase shift, the despread data signals are inversely rotated by φ using the signals CS and SN whereby the initial signals I and Q are correctly reconstructed. Thus the signals CS and SN serve as phase correction signals. 
     The signals S I  and S Q  output by the first half  52  of the detection circuit are subject to despreading and phase correction by the second half of the detection circuit shown in FIG. 15. A pilot signal despreading unit  21  in the upper left portion of FIG. 15 despreads the signals S I  and S Q  by use of the spread code signals PN —IP  and PN —QP  from a spread code generator  25 , whereby the pilot signals are extracted. The extracted pilot signals are then added and subtracted mutually, becoming a signal CS C  with a chip rate of cos φ and a signal SN C  with a chip rate of sin φ. The two signals are converted to the symbol rates by an accumulator  41  and thereby turn into phase correction signals CS S  and SN S  of the preliminary stage. The phase correction signals are averaged by an averaging circuit  43  for noise reduction. The averaging provides the phase correction signals CS and SN of the final stage. 
     FIG. 16 shows a typical circuit constitution of the averaging circuit  43 . Reference numerals  430  through  433  are delay gates (Ds) for delaying a signal by a one-symbol period each. In this example, three consecutive symbol values are averaged when added up by adders  235  and  236 . It is through this noise reduction arrangement that the phase correction signals CS and SN are obtained. The delay time (average delay time) T required for the averaging by the averaging circuit  43  is given as 
     
       
           T=Ds ×( N− 1)/2 
       
     
     where N denotes the number of symbols used for the averaging operation. 
     The data signals S I  and S Q  are both despreads by an inverse data spreading unit  42  (bottom left in FIG. 15) using the spread code signal PN —ID  for the signal I and the spread code signal PN —QD  for the signal Q. The operation causes four signals to be extracted. The four chip rate signals are converted by an accumulator  44  into symbol rates to become signals D 1  through D 4 . After this, the signals D 1  through D 4  are each delayed by a data delaying unit  48  (FIG. 17) by the average delay time T of the averaging circuit  43 . The operation yields signals D 10  through D 40 . Where the data delaying unit  48  is constituted by a number of delay gates (Ds) in stages of cascade connection each gate providing one-symbol period delay, the gate count M per stage is given as 
     
       
           M =( N− 1)/2 
       
     
     In the above example, N=3 and thus M=1, so that the delay gates  480  through  483  of the data delaying unit  48  are each composed of a one-symbol delay gate (Ds). 
     The signals D 10  through D 40  are fed to a phase correction circuit  49  in which the signals are corrected in phase rotation by use of the correction signals CS and SN. A typical constitution of the phase correction circuit  49  is shown in FIG.  18 . The phase correction circuit  49  performs phase correction as follows: the signals D 10  and D 40  are multiplied by the correction signal CS, and the signals D 20  and D 30  by the correction signal SN. The multiplied results are added and subtracted mutually so as to rotate the orthogonal axes of the received data by −φ in phase (i.e., the phase shift φ is reduced to zero in FIG.  14 ). The phase correction provides reconstructed signals I R  and Q R  of the original signals I and Q. The signals I R  and Q R  then undergo QPSK demodulation, not shown, to become the original data. 
     One disadvantage of the conventional detection circuit above is that the restored signals I R  and Q R  are unavoidably affected by the frequency precision of the crystal oscillator  60  (right-hand side in FIG.  13 ). A transmitter  60  used in the mobile station necessarily includes a certain practical frequency error because the mobile station is for use by general users. That is, on the one hand, if the frequency error involved in the data is large enough to cause apparent phase irregularities over the average delay time T during data demodulation, no precise correction signals can be acquired and the bit error rate of the detected data worsens. On the other hand, if the average delay time T is shortened to avert the deterioration of the bit error rate, the adverse effects of the frequency error are diminished but the line noise becomes more pronounced. 
     On the up link (i.e., a link from the mobile station to the base station), the carrier C M  from the crystal oscillator  60  often doubles as a carrier for use in radio frequency quadrature modulation by the modulation circuit of the mobile station. In that case, the signals transmitted by the mobile station and received by the base station include both the phase error caused by fading and the frequency error originating from the crystal oscillator. The frequency error results in the inevitable deterioration of the bit error rate in the detection process of the base station. 
     The deficiencies above are conventionally circumvented, particularly where data of lower bit rates than normal are transmitted, by the method of burst data transmission with no change in the spreading ratio, as stipulated by the U.S. digital radio communication standard IS (Interim Standard)-95. Under the system, transmitting data at 1/r of the standard bit rate compresses the data to 1/r in temporal terms. The time-compressed data is transmitted in bursts at fixed intervals. 
     How the burst signals are sent intermittently is illustrated in FIG.  19 . In FIG. 19, the axis of abscissa represents time and the axis of ordinate denotes transmission power. Reference numeral  140  is a radio signal waveform of standard bit rate data. Reference numerals  141 ,  142  and  143  stand respectively for radio signal waveforms of data at ½, ¼ and ⅛ of the standard bit rate. The number of burst signals varies with the bit rate. All burst signals have the same standard bit rate when temporally compressed as described. It follows that every burst signal has the same symbol rate and thus the spreading ratio remains unchanged. 
     The arrangements above are necessitated by the following reasons: if compression is not carried out, the one-symbol period gets longer the lower the data rate. Meanwhile, the number of symbols N for use by the averaging circuit  43  (FIG. 15) in the demodulation circuit remains substantially the same regardless of the bit rate in view of noise reduction. Thus the average delay time T becomes longer the lower the data rate. A prolonged delay time T prompts the frequency error to deteriorate the bit error rate as discussed above. The lower the bit rate, the more deteriorated the bit error rate. To avoid this deficiency requires keeping the symbol rate constant. The requirement necessitates the use of complicated circuits in the mobile station, which runs counter to the inherent need for the mobile station to simplify its circuitry. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is therefore an object of the present invention to overcome the above and other deficiencies and disadvantage of the prior art and to provide an improved CDMA mobile communication system permitting stable signal reception with a minimum of bit error. 
     In carrying out the invention and according to one aspect thereof, there is provided a CDMA mobile communication system including a mobile station comprising a voltage-controlled oscillator and a frequency controller. The voltage-controlled oscillator acts as a circuit to supply a carrier to a radio frequency quadrature demodulator. The frequency controller detects a frequency error from a phase correction signal of the first step and uses the detected frequency error as the basis for generating a control signal for use by the oscillator. The frequency controller may illustratively be composed of two circuits: a circuit for detecting a phase change caused by the frequency error derived from the phase correction signal of the first step and from a signal preceding the correction signal by a predetermined delay time; and an integrating circuit for integrating the phase change and outputting the result as the above control signal. 
     The voltage-controlled oscillator and the frequency controller operate to establish within the detection circuit of the mobile station a control loop whereby the phase change is reduced substantially to zero. This minimizes the frequency error. Because the frequency of the oscillator is kept as precise as that of the oscillator of the base station, the phase shift attributable to the frequency error is significantly reduced. This provides a detection circuit that works stably with a minimum of bit error. 
     The predetermined delay time may preferably be set within a range not exceeding the delay time needed for the averaging operation by the averaging circuit which admits the phase correction signal of the first step and outputs a phase correction signal. 
     The carrier to a radio frequency quadrature modulator may preferably be supplied by the voltage-controlled oscillator. Because the frequency of the radio signal sent to the base station is kept accurate, the base station is allowed to implement pilot signal-based coherent detection stably with a minimum of bit error. Where the mobile station transmits data at a low bit rate, the system allows the terminal to keep the chip rate of the spread code constant and to transmit data with varying spreading ratios but without time compression. Such data transmission is readily implemented by changing the circuit constant in keeping with the symbol rate of the data, with no change in the circuit constitution. 
     These and other objects and many of the attendant advantages of the invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a CDMA mobile communication system based on a CDMA detection circuit and practiced as a first embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a pilot signal as it is related to data in a signal transmitted by the base station of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the second half of the detection circuit in a mobile station of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a frequency controller used by the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of another frequency controller for use by the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 6 is a schematic view depicting a pilot signal as it is related to data in a signal transmitted by the mobile station of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of the second half of the detection circuit in the base station of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 8 is a schematic view illustrating pilot signals as they are related to data in a signal transmitted by the mobile station of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 9 is a schematic view explaining data transmission by the mobile station of the first embodiment; 
     FIG. 10 is a schematic view showing a pilot signal as it is related to data in a signal transmitted by a mobile station of a second embodiment; 
     FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of the second half of the detection circuit in the base station of a third embodiment; 
     FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of a temporary judge circuit in the second half of the detection circuit shown in FIG. 11; 
     FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of the modulation circuit in a conventional base station and the first half of the detection circuit in a conventional mobile station; 
     FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a receiving point as it is rotated in phase; 
     FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram of the second half of the detection circuit in the conventional mobile station; 
     FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram of an averaging circuit in the second half of the detection circuit; 
     FIG. 17 is a circuit diagram of a data delaying unit in the second half of the detection circuit; 
     FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram of a phase correction circuit in the second half of the detection circuit; and 
     FIG. 19 is a schematic view depicting data transmission by the conventional mobile station. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Preferred embodiments of the invention relating to a CDMA mobile communication system will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In FIGS. 1 through 12, the component parts with their functionally identical or equivalent counterparts included in the prior art examples of FIGS. 13 through 18 are designated by like reference numerals. 
     First Embodiment 
     FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing the overall constitution of a CDMA mobile communication system practiced as the first embodiment of the invention. The base station, which transmits data usually to a plurality of mobile stations, is shown sending data to a single mobile station in FIG.  1 . In the left-hand half of FIG. 1, reference numeral  1  is a base station;  51  is a modulation circuit;  91  is a spread code generator;  54  is a radio frequency quadrature modulator;  61  is a temperature compensated crystal oscillator;  58  is a circulator for separating a transmitted radio signal from a received radio signal;  12  is the first half of a detection circuit;  62  is a radio frequency quadrature demodulator; and  64  is a low-pass filter. Reference characters I and Q are an in-phase component signal and a quadrature signal respectively; PN —ID  and PN —QD  are spread code signals for the signals I and Q respectively; S I1  and S Q1  are an in-phase component signal and an opposite-phase component signal, respectively, subject to the spreading of the output of the detection circuit first half  12 ; C B  is a carrier output by the oscillator  61 ; and  55  is an air transmission channel. 
     In the right-hand half of FIG. 1, reference numeral  2  is a mobile station;  52  is the first half of a detection circuit;  59  is a circulator for separating a received radio signal from a transmitted radio signal;  57  is a radio frequency quadrature demodulator;  56  is a low-pass filter; and  63  is a voltage-controlled oscillator. Reference characters C M  stand for a carrier output by the oscillator  63 , and AFC for a control signal for controlling the frequency of the oscillator  63 . Reference numeral  70  denotes a frequency controller for generating the control signal AFC. Reference characters CS S  and SN S  stand for phase correction signals of the first step, to be described later; and S I  and S Q  for an in-phase component signal and an opposite-phase component signal subject to the spreading of the output of the detection circuit first half  52 . Reference numeral  11  is a demodulation circuit;  25  is a spread code generator; and  66  is a radio frequency quadrature modulator. Reference characters I 1  and Q 1  represent an in-phase component signal and a quadrature component signal, respectively, of the data transmitted by the mobile station to the base station; and PN —ID  and PN —QD  denote spread code signals for the signals I 1  and Q 1 , respectively, output by the generator  25 . 
     Described below is the case in which the base station  1  transmits data and a pilot signal over a down link to the mobile station  2 . The modulation circuit  51  is substantially the same in constitution as its conventional counterpart in FIG.  13 . The data to be transmitted passes through a QPSK modulator, not shown, to become signals I and Q. The signals I and Q are spread by use of the spread code signals PN —ID  and PN —QD . The spread signals are turned by the radio frequency quadrature modulator  54  into mutually perpendicular radio frequency band signals that are transmitted from an antenna past the circulator  58 . The temperature compensated crystal oscillator  61  supplies the modulator  54  with the carrier C B . 
     Although not shown, An in-phase signal I P  and a quadrature signal Q P  of the pilot signals are spread respectively by spread code signals PN —IP  and PN —QP . Both spread code signals have the same chip rate as in the case of data. The pilot signals thus spread are subject to radio frequency quadrature modulation by the same carrier C B  as with data. Following the modulation, the signals turn into mutually perpendicular signals transmitted on the same radio frequency band as with data. 
     FIG. 2 schematically shows a radio frequency band signal transmitted by the base station  1 . In FIG. 2, reference numeral  92  is a radio frequency band signal representing the pilot signal, and  93  is a radio frequency band signal that carries data. Data  2  in the signal  93  is destined to the mobile station  52 ; data  1  and p are directed to other mobile stations. The data signals  1  and p are each spread by a different spread code signal. 
     The data and pilot signals are thus transmitted on the same radio frequency band and received by the mobile station  2  (right-hand half of FIG.  1 ). The received signals are fed to the radio frequency quadrature demodulator  57  past the circulator  59 . The output of the demodulator  57 , from which the low-pass filter  56  removes the spurious part, becomes the signals S I  and S Q . The voltage-controlled oscillator  63  supplies the demodulator  57  with the carrier C M . 
     The signals S I  and S Q  are despread and phase-corrected by the second half of the detection circuit. This yields restored signals I R  and Q R  originating from the initial signals I and Q. FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of the second half of the detection circuit in the mobile station. The output terminals of the accumulator  41  are connected to the input terminals of the frequency controller  70  which is fed thereby with the phase correction signals CS S  and SN S  of the first step. Except for these connections, the setup of FIG. 3 is the same as that of the conventional circuit in FIG.  15 . The component parts having their functionally identical or equivalent counterparts included in the prior art examples will not be described further. 
     The oscillator  63  (in the right-hand half of FIG. 1) is a known circuit using a variable capacitance diode (not shown) as the element to determine the oscillation frequency. The,diode has its capacitance changed when fed with the control signal AFC, whereby the oscillation frequency is controlled. 
     The frequency controller  70  that outputs the control signal AFC works as follows: a phase shift of Δφ is detected as a phase change of about one-symbol period stemming from the frequency error of the oscillator  63 . The sine component (sin Δφ) of the phase shift is fed to an integrator so that the latter will output the control signal AFC. FIG. 4 shows the circuit constitution of the frequency controller  70 . In FIG. 4, reference numerals  700  and  701  are delay gates (Ds) having a delay time of one-symbol period each,  705  and  706  are multipliers,  707  is a subtracter,  708  is a multiplier, and  709  is an integrator. 
     The signals CS S  and SN S  are delayed by the delay gates  700  and  701 . The multiplier  706  multiplies the signal SN S  by a signal succeeding the signal CS S  by one symbol. The multiplier  705  multiplies the signal CS S  by a signal succeeding the signal SN S  by one symbol. The subtracter  707  subtracts the product of the multiplier  706  from that of the multiplier  705 , yielding an error signal SNA having a value of sin Δφ. If Δφ&lt;π, then sin Δφ is approximately equal to Δφ. The error signal SNΔ having the value of sin Δφ is multiplied by the multiplier  708  to provide a predetermined loop gain. The multiplied result is integrated by the integrator  709  that produces the control signal AFC. 
     The controller  70 , oscillator  63  and radio frequency quadrature demodulator  57  in FIG. 1 as well as the despreading unit  21  and accumulator  41  in FIG. 3 constitute a control loop in which the integrator  709  integrates the signal SNΔ so that the latter will approach zero. This arrangement inhibits the frequency error and keeps the frequency of the oscillator in the mobile station as accurate as that of the oscillator in the base station. 
     The phase change Δφ is also caused by the phase error attributable to fading. However, the fading-triggered phase change is generally very slow and thus quite small compared with the change caused by frequency error. For a period of one symbol or thereabout, there is practically no harm in assuming that the change Δφ is caused solely by frequency error. 
     The example explained above is one in which the processing of the controller  70  is carried out in a one-symbol period. If the frequency error is very small during the one-symbol period, it is possible to perform the processing of the controller  70  over a period involving a plurality of consecutive symbols. In this case, the period must not exceed the average delay time T for the averaging circuit  43  (FIG.  16 ). 
     Conversely, if the frequency error is relatively large during the one-symbol period, the processing needs to be carried out at a speed higher than the symbol rate. FIG. 5 shows a circuit diagram of an alternative frequency controller  70  performing its processing more quickly than the symbol rate. In FIG. 5, reference numerals  710  and  711  are abstract code circuits,  712  and  713  are delay gates with their delay time shorter than the one-symbol period,  714  and  715  are exclusive-OR gates, and  718  is an integral calculus. The abstract code circuits  710  and  711  extract the signs (plus or minus) from the signals CS S  and SN S  respectively. The extracted signs indicate a quadratic movement of the pilot signal coordinates caused by the phase shift φ, as shown in FIG.  14 . For example, if the phase shift φ falls within a range of 180 through 270 degrees, the receiving point moves into the third quadrant, and the signals CS S  and SN S  have the minus signs. The abstract code circuits  710  and  711  recognize the absence of frequency error (flag “0”) if the signals have the plus signs, or the presence of frequency error (flag “1”) if the signals have the minus signs. The flags “0” and “1” are output as sign signals “cos-flag” and “sin-flag” respectively. 
     The sign signal “cos-flag” and the sign signal “sin-flag” that has passed the delay gate  713  are fed to the gate  714 . The sign signal “sin-flag” and the sign signal “cos-flag” that has passed the delay gate  712  are supplied to the gate  715 . The output signals of the gates  714  and  715  are sent to the integral calculus  718 . If the gate  714  outputs “1”, then the integrator  718  outputs as the control signal AFC a voltage that raises the frequency of the oscillator  63 ; if the gate  715  outputs “1”, the integrator  718  outputs as the control signal AFC a voltage that lowers the reference frequency. Where the processing needs to be performed faster than the symbol rate, as in this example, it is possible to implement a high-speed frequency controller that dispenses with multipliers carrying out time-consuming multiplications. 
     The voltage-controlled oscillator  63  and the two kinds of frequency controller  70  may each be constituted by a known semiconductor integrated circuit. Thus constituted, the inventive setup is incorporated advantageously in mobile stations for use by general users. 
     Returning to FIG. 1, what follows is a description of the case in which the mobile station  2  transmits data and pilot signals over an up link to the base station  1 . The data to be transmitted undergoes QPSK modulation (not shown) to become signals I 1  and Q 1  (bottom right in FIG.  1 ). The signals I 1  and Q 1  are spread by the spread code signals PN —ID  and PN —QD  from the spread code generator  25 . The signals thus spread pass through the radio frequency quadrature modulator  66  to become mutually perpendicular radio frequency band signals that are transmitted from an antenna past the circulator  59 . The voltage-controlled oscillator  61  supplies the modulator  66  with the carrier C M . 
     In transmitting the pilot signal to the base station  1 , the mobile station  2  multiplexes the signal with the data on a time-division basis. According to this method, the signals I 1  and Q 1  make up a signal form having the data and pilot signals multiplexed therein. The data and pilot signals are both spread by the spread code signals PN —ID  and PN —QD . FIG. 6 shows a radio frequency band signal multiplexed in the manner described. In FIG. 6, reference numeral  94  is a pilot signal part, and  95  is a data part. 
     The signal received by the antenna of the base station  1  is sent to the radio frequency quadrature demodulator  62  past the circulator  58  in the first half  51  of the detection circuit (bottom left in FIG.  1 ). The output,signal of the demodulator  62 , from which the low-pass filter  64  removes the spurious part, turns into signals S I1  and S Q1 . The demodulator  62  is supplied with the carrier C B  from the oscillator  61 . The signals S I1  and S Q1  are subject to despreading and phase correction in the second half of the detection circuit, to be described later. The despreading and phase correction processes provide the reconstructed signals I 1R  and Q 1R  originating from the initial signals I 1  and Q 1 . 
     FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of the second half of the detection circuit in the base station  1 . In FIG. 7, reference numeral  80  is a received signal despreading unit;  91  is a spread code generator;  82  is an accumulator;  83  is a phase correction signal extracting unit that extracts phase correction signals CS S1  and SN S1  of the first step;  84  is an averaging circuit that receives the signals CS S1  and SN S1  from the extracting unit  83  and outputs phase correction signals CS 1  and SN 1 ;  85  is a data extracting unit that extracts the data part from the signal converted to the symbol rate;  103  is a data delaying unit that delays the extracted data by the average delay time of the averaging circuit  84 ; and  88  is a phase correction circuit that rotates in phase the data from the delaying unit  103  and outputs the signals I 1R  and Q 1R . 
     The received signal despreading unit  80  despreads each of the received signals S I1  and S Q1  using the two spread code signals PN —ID  and PN —QD  from the spread code generator  91 . The four chip rate signals thus obtained are converted by the accumulator  82  into symbol rate signals A 1  through A 4 . The phase correction signal extracting unit  83  is supplied with the sum of the signals A 1  and A 4  (including the cosine component of the pilot signal) on the one hand, and with the difference between the signals A 3  and A 2  (including the sine component of the pilot signal) on the other. The extracting unit  83  extracts only the pilot signal part from the time-division multiplexed signals so as to output the phase correction signals CS S1  and SN S1  of the first step. The averaging circuit  84  averages a plurality of symbols of the signals CS S1  and SN S1  to output the phase correction signals CS 1  and SN 1  for use in data phase rotation. 
     The signals A 1  through A 4  are also sent to the data extracting unit  85 . The extracting unit  85  extracts only the data part from the time-division multiplexed signals. The four-signal data thus obtained is forwarded to the data delaying unit  103 . The delaying unit  103  delays each of the received four signals and outputs data D 101  through D 401 . The circuit constitution of the phase correction circuit  88  is the same as that shown in FIG.  17 . 
     With the first embodiment, the values of phase rotation by the correction signals CS 1  and SN 1  are set as indicated below. FIG. 8 shows the received signal structured in units of symbols. In FIG. 8, a pilot signal of h symbols and a data signal of j symbols are alternately received. Initially, the averaging circuit  84  averages the h symbols of a pilot signal  98  and the h symbols of a pilot signal  100 . The averaging operation determines phase rotation quantities of φh 1  and φh 2 . The amount of phase rotation per symbol of data  99  is given as 
     
       
         φ h   1 (1 −s/h )+φ h   2 ( s/h ) 
       
     
     where s stands for the s-th symbol (s=1−j). In this manner, the phase rotation is accomplished while the pilot signals preceding and succeeding the data part are taken into consideration. This requires delaying the current data until the ensuing pilot signal is received. Thus the average delay time, i.e., the delay time of the delaying unit  103 , is determined as the j-symbol period of the data  99  supplemented by the h-symbol period of the pilot signal  100 . 
     Where the up link described above is in effect, the radio frequency quadrature modulator  66  (bottom right in FIG. 1) of the mobile station  2  is supplied with the carrier C M  output and kept precise by the voltage-controlled oscillator  63 . This allows the base station  1  to avoid the problem of frequency error and to implement stable detection. That in turn makes it possible to adopt a spreading circuit that keeps the chip rate of the spread code constant where the mobile station transmits data at a bit rate lower than the standard rate. If k is assumed to represent the spreading ratio in effect when the data bit rate is standard, the spreading ratio is changed to bk where the bit rate is 1/b (b≧1) of the standard bit rate. 
     FIG. 9 shows transmitted signals of different bit rates. In FIG. 9, the axis of abscissa represents time and the axis of ordinate denotes transmission power. Reference numeral  160  is a signal that transmits data at the standard bit rate with a spreading ratio of k;  161  is a signal that transmits data at ½ of the standard bit rate with a spreading ratio of 2 k, powered by ½ of the power level for the standard bit rate;  162  is a signal that transmits data at ¼ of the standard bit rate with a spreading ratio of 4 k, powered by ¼ of the standard power level; and  163  is a signal that transmits data at ⅛ of the standard bit rate with a spreading ratio of 8 k, powered by ⅛ of the standard power level. In transmitting data at such different bit rates, the first embodiment implements CDMA communication by varying the circuit constant in keeping with the bit rate but without changes in the circuit constitution. 
     Second Embodiment 
     Described below is the second embodiment of the inventive CDMA mobile communication system in which a plurality of mobile stations are assigned different spread codes for their pilot signals, each mobile station transmitting the pilot signal using the assigned spread code over an up link to the base station. Data is transmitted by use of the modulation circuit  11  shown in the right-hand half of FIG.  1 . Although not shown, an in-phase signal and a quadrature signal of the pilot signals are spread respectively by spread code signals having the same chip rate as in the case of data. The pilot signals thus spread are subject to radio frequency quadrature modulation by the same carrier C B  as with data. Having undergone the modulation, the signals turn into mutually perpendicular signals transmitted on the same radio frequency band as with data. 
     FIG. 10 schematically shows radio frequency band signals transmitted by the mobile station  2 . In FIG. 10, reference numeral  96  is a radio frequency band pilot signal, and  97  is a radio frequency band data signal. The pilot signal is transmitted at a power level lower than the data signal. The transmitted signals are received by the base station  1  constituted by the first half of the detection circuit  12  in the bottom left portion of FIG.  1  and by a circuit having the same construction as the second half of the detection circuit in FIG.  3 . 
     The modulation circuit  11  in the mobile station  2  utilizes the carrier C M  kept precise for radio frequency quadrature modulation. This allows the base station  1  to circumvent the problem of frequency error and to implement stable detection. 
     Third Embodiment 
     Described below is the third embodiment of the inventive CDMA mobile communication system which derives the phase correction signals of the first step from the phase rotation changes of data, with no use of pilot signals for frequency control. With the third embodiment, the data to be transmitted from the base station  1  is subject to BPSK (binary phase shift keying) modulation. Signals I B  and Q B  are acquired through the BPSK modulation. The modulation circuit of the base station  1  and the first half of the detection circuit in the mobile station  2  in connection with the signals I B  and Q B  are the same as those shown in FIG.  1 . The second half of the detection circuit in the mobile station  2  is illustrated in FIG.  11 . In FIG. 11, reference numeral  45  represents a temporary judge circuit. Reference characters CS C B  and SN C B  denote input signals to the temporary judge circuit  45 , and CS S B  and SN S B  indicate phase correction signals of the first step output by the temporary judge circuit  45 . 
     The data despreading unit  42 , spread code generator  25 , accumulator  44 , averaging circuit  43 , data delaying unit  48 , phase correction circuit  49  and frequency controller  70  in FIG. 11 are the same in function as their counterparts of the first embodiment in FIGS. 3 and 4. The signals CS S B  and SN S B  are supplied to the frequency controller  70  generating the control signal AFC for the voltage-controlled oscillator  63  (FIG.  1 ). The signals CS S B  and SN S B  are also fed to the averaging circuit  43  that generates phase correction signal CS B  and SN B . 
     In the second half of the detection circuit in the mobile station  2  of FIG. 11, the signals S I B  and S Q B  output by the detection circuit first half  52  (right-hand half in FIG. 1) are despread by the data despreading unit  42  using the spread code signals PN —ID  and PN —QD  for the signals I B  and Q B  respectively. The despread signals are converted by the accumulator  44  from the chip rates to symbol rate signals D 1 B  through D 4 B . The signals D 1 B  and D 4 B  are added up to yield the signal CS C B  representing the cosine component of the data, and the signal D 2 B  is subtracted from the signal D 3 B  to give the signal SN C B  representing the sine component of the data. The signals CS C B  and SN C B  are fed to the temporary judge circuit  45 . 
     The data is composed of “1” and “0” iterations or of no changes per symbol (the pilot signal remains unchanged). Thus where the signals CS C B  and SN C B  are both inverted in phase per symbol due to data changes, it is desired to generate signals that would correct the phase inversion so as to render the input signals apparently unchanged with no shift in phase. Such signals, when generated by the temporary judge circuit  45 , serve as phase correction signals of the first step functionally equivalent to those acquired by use of the pilot signal. 
     FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of the temporary judge circuit  45 . In FIG. 12, reference numerals  182 ,  183  and  189  are delay gates (Ds) having a delay time of one-symbol period each;  184  and  185  are multipliers;  180  is an adder;  186  is a abstract code circuit;  181  is an exclusive-OR gate; and  187  and  188  are sign inverting units. 
     The signal CS C B  is multiplied by a signal preceding the signal CS C B  by one symbol, and the product is fed to the adder  180 . At the same time, the signal SN C B  is multiplied by a signal preceding the signal SN C B  by one symbol, and the product is supplied to the adder  180 . The result of the addition is sent to the abstract code circuit  186  which outputs a signal indicating whether the signals CS C B  and SN C B  are simultaneously inverted in phase. 
     The output signal of the extracting unit  186  is sent to the exclusive-OR gate  181 . The other input of the exclusive-OR gate  181  is a signal preceding by one symbol the output signal of the same gate. The exclusive-OR gate  181  outputs “1” if the absence of the simultaneous phase inversion preceding a given symbol is replaced by the presence of the inversion following that symbol or vice versa; the exclusive-OR gate  181  outputs “0” if the simultaneous phase inversion is either absent or present both before and after a symbol (if the simultaneous phase inversion of the signals CS C B  and SN C B  continues before and after a symbol, that means the original data is restored). With the exclusive-OR gate  181  outputting “1”, the sign inverting units  187  and  188  output the input signals CS C B  and SN C B  after simultaneously inverting them in phase. Where the exclusive-OR gate  181  outputs “0”, the input signals CS C B  and SN C B  are output uninverted. The process above turns the signals CS C B  and SN C B  into the phase correction signals CS S B  and SN S B  of the first step respectively. 
     The constitution and the workings of the frequency controller  70  are the same as those of the first and the second embodiments. Given the phase correction signals CS S B  and SN S B  of the first step, the frequency controller  70  outputs the control signal AFC to control the voltage-controlled oscillator  63 . With the third embodiment, the phase rotation of the data following despreading is corrected and the voltage-controlled oscillator  63  is kept accurate as effectively as in the case where the pilot signal is utilized. The third embodiment thus permits the base station  1  and mobile station  2  to implement stable detection. In particular, the mobile station  2  is allowed to realize data transmission with an appropriate spreading ratio selected. 
     Although the first through the third embodiments adopt QPSK or BPSK modulation upstream of the spreading process, this is not limitative of the invention. The invention is not dependent on the pre-spread modulation scheme because the invention aims to keep precise the carrier for radio frequency modulation and demodulation. Any system of pre-spreading modulation may be adopted in conjunction with the invention. The invention, when suitably embodied, promises stable operation in both coherent detection and differential detection. 
     According to the invention, the pilot signal acquired from despreading is used to detect frequency error, and the frequency of the carrier is controlled so as to reduce the detected frequency error to zero. This allows the mobile station to implement stable detection with a minimum of bit error. Since the same carrier is used in radio frequency quadrature modulation, the base station is allowed to realize stable detection with reduced bit error. When the mobile station is to transmit data at a low bit rate, an appropriate spreading ratio may be selected in accordance with the bit rate. This arrangement averts the process of keeping the spreading ratio constant—a process that complicates circuitry. The features above make it possible to implement a more practical CDMA mobile communication system of higher performance than ever before. 
     It is further understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing description pertains to preferred embodiments of the disclosed system and that various changes and modifications may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

Technology Classification (CPC): 7