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Chronic urethral obstruction due to benign prismatic hyperplasia can lead to the following change in kidney parenchyma | A. Hyperplasia B. Hyperophy C. Atrophy D. Dyplasia | produce the answer. Chronic urethral obstruction, such as that caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia, can lead to increased pressure in the urinary tract. This increased pressure can cause damage to the kidney over time. Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells, which is not directly caused by obstruction. Hypertrophy, which is an increase in cell size, is also not the correct answer as it does not directly result from urinary obstruction. Dysplasia, which refers to abnormal cell growth, is not the typical result of chronic obstruction. Atrophy, on the other hand, refers to the loss of cells or a decrease in cell size. In the context of chronic urethral obstruction, the kidneys can suffer from decreased | C |
Which vitamin is supplied from only animal source: | A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin B7 C. Vitamin B12 D. Vitamin D | produce the answer. We know that Vitamin C is found in many fruits and vegetables, making it readily available from plant sources. Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is widely available in both animal and plant foods. Vitamin D can be synthesized by the human body upon exposure to sunlight, and it is also present in some plant-based foods such as mushrooms. However, Vitamin B12 is unique because it is naturally found in significant amounts only in animal products, such as meat, eggs, and dairy. Therefore, among the options given, Vitamin B12 is the one that is supplied from only animal sources. | C |
All of the following are surgical options for morbid obesity except - | A. Adjustable gastric banding B. Biliopancreatic diversion C. Duodenal Switch D. Roux en Y Duodenal By pass | produce the answer. We know that adjustable gastric banding, biliopancreatic diversion, duodenal switch, and Roux en Y gastric bypass are all surgical options for treating morbid obesity. However, the option "Roux en Y Duodenal By pass" is not correctly stated. The correct term is "Roux en Y Gastric Bypass." Therefore, the option that does not accurately represent a surgical option for morbid obesity, as it is presented here, is the one that is incorrectly named. | D |
Following endaerectomy on the right common carotid, a patient is found to be blind in the right eye. It is appears that a small thrombus embolized during surgery and lodged in the aery supplying the optic nerve. Which aery would be blocked? | A. Central aery of the retina B. Infraorbital aery C. Lacrimal aery D. Nasociliary aretry | produce the answer. We know that the optic nerve is primarily supplied by the central artery of the retina. This artery is crucial for the supply of blood to the inner layers of the retina. If a thrombus were to embolize and lodge in an artery supplying the optic nerve, leading to blindness in one eye, it would most likely be the central artery of the retina. The infraorbital artery primarily supplies the skin and muscles of the face below the orbit, the lacrimal artery supplies the lacrimal gland and eyelids, and the nasociliary artery is involved with the supply to the ciliary body and iris, but not directly to the optic nerve in the context of this scenario. | A |
Growth hormone has its effect on growth through? | A. Directly B. IG1-1 C. Thyroxine D. Intranuclear receptors | produce the answer. Growth hormone primarily exerts its effects on growth through the stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is produced in the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone. IGF-1 then acts on various tissues to promote growth. Therefore, the effect of growth hormone on growth is not direct, nor does it primarily involve thyroxine or intranuclear receptors in this context. | B |
Scrub typhus is transmitted by: September 2004 | A. Louse B. Tick C. Mite D. Milk | produce the answer. Scrub typhus is a disease caused by the bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is transmitted through the bite of infected chiggers (larval mites), not through lice, ticks, or milk. Therefore, the correct answer is the option that corresponds to mites. | C |
Abnormal vascular patterns seen with colposcopy in case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are all except | A. Punctation B. Mosaicism C. Satellite lesions D. Atypical vessels | produce the answer. We know that colposcopy is a procedure used to closely examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease. In the case of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), abnormal vascular patterns can be observed. Punctation and mosaicism are indeed patterns associated with CIN, reflecting abnormal blood vessel growth or appearance. Atypical vessels are also a sign of CIN, indicating irregularities in the blood vessels. However, satellite lesions are not typically associated with the vascular patterns observed in CIN; they are more commonly associated with other conditions, such as infections or malignancies outside of the context of the specific vascular changes seen in CIN. | C |
Per rectum examination is not a useful test for diagnosis of | A. Anal fissure B. Hemorrhoid C. Pilonidal sinus D. Rectal ulcer | produce the answer. A per rectum examination is a clinical procedure used to inspect the interior of the rectum. This examination can help identify abnormalities such as anal fissures, hemorrhoids, and rectal ulcers due to their location within or just at the entrance of the rectum. However, a pilonidal sinus, which is an abnormal skin growth located at the tailbone that contains hair and skin debris, is not typically diagnosed through a per rectum examination because of its external location near the coccyx, away from the rectal opening. | C |
Characteristics of Remifentanyl – a) Metabolised by plasma esteraseb) Short half lifec) More potent than Alfentanyld) Dose reduced in hepatic and renal diseasee) Duration of action more than Alfentanyl | A. ab B. bc C. abc D. bcd | produce the answer. Remifentanil is known for its rapid onset and short duration of action due to its metabolism by plasma esterases, which makes option a correct. Its short half-life is a well-known characteristic, making option b correct as well. It is indeed more potent than Alfentanil, so option c is also correct. The fact that its metabolism does not rely on the liver or kidneys as much as other opioids means its dose does not necessarily need to be reduced in hepatic and renal disease, making option d incorrect in this context. | C |
Hypomimia is ? | A. Decreased ability to copy B. Decreased execution C. Deficit of expression by gesture D. Deficit of fluent speech | produce the answer. Hypomimia is a medical term often associated with Parkinson's disease and refers to a reduced degree of facial expression. It is commonly observed as a symptom where individuals have difficulty in expressing emotions through facial movements, leading to what is sometimes described as a "mask-like" face. This condition does not directly relate to the ability to copy, execute tasks, or fluency of speech, but rather to the expression of emotions or gestures through facial movements. Therefore, the correct option is the one that mentions a deficit related to expression. | C |
Naglers reaction is shown by | A. Clostridium tetani B. Clostridium botulinum C. Clostridium perfringens D. Clostridium septicum | produce the answer. Nagler's reaction is a test used to identify the presence of the alpha toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. This test involves the use of an egg yolk agar plate. When Clostridium perfringens is streaked on one half of the plate and antitoxin is added to the other half, the side without the antitoxin will show opalescence or lecithinase activity due to the action of the alpha toxin. This is not characteristic of Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, or Clostridium septicum, which are known for different types of toxins and clinical manifestations. | C |
Which of the following statements are True/False? 1. Hirsutism, which is defined as androgen-dependent excessive male pattern hair growth, affects approximately 25% of women. 2. Virilization refers to a condition in which androgen levels are sufficiently high to cause additional signs and symptoms. 3. Frequently, patients with growth hormone excess (i.e., acromegaly) present with hirsutism. 4. A simple and commonly used method to grade hair growth is the modified scale of Ferriman and Gallwey. 5. Scores above 8 suggest excess androgen-mediated hair growth. | A. 1, 2, 3 True & 4, 5 false B. 1, 3, 5 True & 2, 4 false C. 2, 4, 5 True & 1, 3 false D. 1, 2, 3, 4 True & 5 false | produce the answer. We know that:
1. Hirsutism does indeed affect a significant portion of women, though the exact percentage can vary. The statement that it affects approximately 25% of women is generally considered true within the context of this question.
2. Virilization is accurately described as a condition where androgen levels are high enough to cause additional signs and symptoms beyond hirsutism, making this statement true.
3. Growth hormone excess, or acromegaly, is not typically associated with hirsutism as a common symptom. Hirsutism is related to androgen levels, whereas acromegaly is related to growth hormone levels. Therefore, this statement is false.
4. The Ferriman-Gall | C |
The pharmakokinetic change occurring in geriatric patient is due to | A. Gastric absorption B. Liver metabolism C. Renal clearance D. Hypersensitivity | produce the answer. We know that as people age, their body's ability to process and eliminate drugs changes. Among the options given, while changes in gastric absorption and liver metabolism can occur, the most significant and well-documented change affecting pharmacokinetics in the elderly is in renal clearance. This is because the kidney function tends to decline with age, affecting the body's ability to clear drugs that are eliminated through the kidneys. | C |
True regarding lag phase is? | A. Time taken to adpt in the new environment B. Growth occurs exponentially C. The plateau in lag phase is due to cell death D. It is the 2nd phase in bacterial growth curve | produce the answer. The lag phase is the initial phase in the bacterial growth curve where the bacteria are adapting to their new environment. During this phase, there is no significant increase in cell number; hence, growth does not occur exponentially. This phase is not characterized by a plateau due to cell death; that description is more fitting for the stationary phase. Additionally, the lag phase is indeed the first phase in the bacterial growth curve, not the second. Therefore, the statement that accurately describes the lag phase is that it is the time taken to adapt to the new environment. | A |
A 60 yr old chronic smoker presents with painless gross hematuria of 1 day duration. Investigation of choice to know the cause of hematuria | A. USG B. X-ray KUB C. Urine routine D. Urine microscopy for malignant cytology cells | produce the answer. We know that in a chronic smoker presenting with painless gross hematuria, the suspicion for a urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer) is high. The initial investigation to identify the cause of hematuria and to evaluate for the presence of a tumor, stones, or other abnormalities in the urinary tract would be imaging. While ultrasound (USG) can be useful, it might not always be the best initial step for identifying the cause in the bladder specifically. Urine routine could help identify the presence of blood, but it won't give us the cause. X-ray KUB (Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder) is not the investigation of choice for diagnosing bladder cancer. Urine microscopy | D |
With which of the following receptors theophylline has an antagonistic interaction ? | A. Histamine receptors B. Bradykinin receptors C. Adenosine receptors D. Imidazoline receptors | produce the answer. Theophylline is known to act as a bronchodilator primarily used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting phosphodiesterase, leading to an increase in cyclic AMP levels. However, relevant to this question, theophylline also acts as an antagonist at adenosine receptors. Adenosine receptors, when activated, can cause bronchoconstriction and inflammation, so by blocking these receptors, theophylline helps to alleviate symptoms of asthma and COPD. | C |
For a positively skewed curve which measure of central tendency is largest | A. Mean B. Mode C. Median D. All are equal | produce the answer. We know that in a positively skewed distribution, the mean is usually greater than the median, and the median is usually greater than the mode. This is because the long tail to the right pulls the mean to a higher value than the median or mode. | A |
The process of hardening a cement matrix through hydration with oral fluids to achieve greater mechanical strength is known as: | A. Maturation B. Setting C. Hardening D. Mineralization | produce the answer. We know that the process described involves a cement matrix becoming harder and achieving greater mechanical strength through interaction with oral fluids. This process is specific to dental materials, particularly glass ionomer cements and some resin-based composites that can undergo further hardening when exposed to moisture. "Setting" refers to the initial hardening of the material after it has been mixed and placed, but before it has reached its final hardness. "Hardening" is a more general term that could apply to any material becoming harder. "Mineralization" typically refers to the deposition of minerals, such as the growth of bone or tooth enamel, rather than the hardening of a synthetic material. "Maturation," in this context, is the correct term | A |
Superior vena cava is derived from: | A. Aortic arch B. Pharyngeal arch C. Cardinal vein D. Vitelline vein | produce the answer. We know that the superior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart. It is not derived from the aortic arch, which is part of the arterial system, nor is it derived from the pharyngeal arches, which primarily contribute to structures in the head and neck. The vitelline veins are involved in the development of the portal vein and not the superior vena cava. The correct answer is the cardinal vein, which during embryonic development, contributes to the formation of the superior vena cava. | C |
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