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/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#0 | Which position did Knox Cunningham hold before Apr 1956? | Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) . | [
"Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim"
] | [
{
"text": " Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham .",
"title": "Knox Cunningham"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#1 | Which position did Knox Cunningham hold between Jun 1956 and Sep 1956? | Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) . | [
"delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly"
] | [
{
"text": " Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham .",
"title": "Knox Cunningham"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#2 | Which position did Knox Cunningham hold between Jul 1957 and Jul 1958? | Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) . | [
"delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly",
"Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon"
] | [
{
"text": " Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham .",
"title": "Knox Cunningham"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#3 | Which position did Knox Cunningham hold in early 1960s? | Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) . | [
"Parliamentary Private Secretary"
] | [
{
"text": " Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham .",
"title": "Knox Cunningham"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#4 | Which position did Knox Cunningham hold between Oct 1968 and Feb 1970? | Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) . | [
""
] | [
{
"text": " Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham .",
"title": "Knox Cunningham"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": "After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton .",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"text": " In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours .",
"title": "Parliament"
},
{
"text": "Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": "represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this .",
"title": "Post-Parliamentary career"
},
{
"text": " - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .",
"title": "Sources"
}
] |
/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#0 | Who was Anna Karina 's spouse in Dec 1961? | Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site | [
""
] | [
{
"text": "Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": "Film Festival .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": "Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": " Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel ,",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap .",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 )",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": ", Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) ,",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#1 | Who was Anna Karina 's spouse between Jan 1968 and Mar 1971? | Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site | [
"Pierre Fabre"
] | [
{
"text": "Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin",
"title": "Anna Karina"
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"text": " In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": "Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
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"text": " Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel ,",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap .",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 )",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": ", Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) ,",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#2 | Who was Anna Karina 's spouse in Jul 1979? | Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site | [
"Daniel Duval"
] | [
{
"text": "Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": "Film Festival .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": "Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": " Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel ,",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap .",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 )",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": ", Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) ,",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#3 | Who was Anna Karina 's spouse between Jan 2004 and Mar 2013? | Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site | [
"Dennis Berry"
] | [
{
"text": "Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": "Film Festival .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": "Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave .",
"title": "Anna Karina"
},
{
"text": " Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": " She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel ,",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap .",
"title": "Modeling"
},
{
"text": "Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 )",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": ", Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) ,",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": "She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec .",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"text": " Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) .",
"title": "Music and writing"
},
{
"text": "While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": "Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": "Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish .",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"text": " - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carl_Eric_Almgren#P39#0 | Carl Eric Almgren took which position in Nov 1960? | Carl Eric Almgren General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 . Early life . Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week . Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment . In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently . Career . In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School . In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 . Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index . Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to general . Other work . Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board ( Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence . Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet . He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 . Later life . In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states . Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense . Personal life . In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) . Dates of rank . - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General Awards and decoration . Swedish . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj ) Foreign . - Finnish War Memorial Medal ( Finsk krigsminnesmedalj ) External links . - Article about Almgrens reading habits | [
"commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment"
] | [
{
"text": " General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 .",
"title": "Carl Eric Almgren"
},
{
"text": "Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board (",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": " Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General",
"title": "Dates of rank"
},
{
"text": " - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj )",
"title": "Swedish"
},
{
"text": " - Article about Almgrens reading habits",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carl_Eric_Almgren#P39#1 | Carl Eric Almgren took which position in Apr 1965? | Carl Eric Almgren General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 . Early life . Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week . Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment . In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently . Career . In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School . In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 . Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index . Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to general . Other work . Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board ( Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence . Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet . He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 . Later life . In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states . Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense . Personal life . In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) . Dates of rank . - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General Awards and decoration . Swedish . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj ) Foreign . - Finnish War Memorial Medal ( Finsk krigsminnesmedalj ) External links . - Article about Almgrens reading habits | [
"Chief of the Defence Staff"
] | [
{
"text": " General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 .",
"title": "Carl Eric Almgren"
},
{
"text": "Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board (",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": " Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General",
"title": "Dates of rank"
},
{
"text": " - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj )",
"title": "Swedish"
},
{
"text": " - Article about Almgrens reading habits",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
/wiki/Carl_Eric_Almgren#P39#2 | Carl Eric Almgren took which position in Feb 1968? | Carl Eric Almgren General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 . Early life . Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week . Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment . In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently . Career . In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School . In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 . Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index . Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to general . Other work . Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board ( Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence . Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet . He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 . Later life . In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states . Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense . Personal life . In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) . Dates of rank . - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General Awards and decoration . Swedish . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj ) Foreign . - Finnish War Memorial Medal ( Finsk krigsminnesmedalj ) External links . - Article about Almgrens reading habits | [
"military commander of the Eastern Military District",
"Commandant General in Stockholm"
] | [
{
"text": " General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 .",
"title": "Carl Eric Almgren"
},
{
"text": "Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently .",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"text": "In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "general .",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"text": "Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board (",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": " Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 .",
"title": "Other work"
},
{
"text": "In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": "efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense .",
"title": "Later life"
},
{
"text": " In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"text": " - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General",
"title": "Dates of rank"
},
{
"text": " - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj )",
"title": "Swedish"
},
{
"text": " - Article about Almgrens reading habits",
"title": "External links"
}
] |
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