Datasets:

copenlu
/

dynamicqa

id int64 0 2.29k	subj stringlengths 2 56	question stringlengths 17 277	context stringlengths 19 607	obj stringlengths 3 23	replace_name stringlengths 2 25	num_edits int64 1 67	s_pop int64 31 6.09M
1,378	Sean Hannity	Which honorary degrees has Sean Hannity received from Liberty University and Southeastern University of Lakeland, Florida?	he has received honorary [ENTITY] from liberty university (2005) and southeastern university of lakeland, florida (2006).	certificates	doctorates	1	68,529
1,382	Kim Jong Il	Which title has Kim Jong Il held in North Korea since 1994?	template:koreanname kim jong-il (born february 16, 1942) has been the [ENTITY] of north korea since 1994.	dictator	leader	1	81,176
1,386	Ronald Reagan	Which mental health condition were other staff members, former aides, and friends said they saw no indication of while Ronald Reagan was president?	other staff members, former aides, and friends said they saw no indication of [ENTITY] while he was president.	alzheimer's	dementia	4	423,396
1,387	Ronald Reagan	Which group was impressed with Ronald Reagan's political views and charisma after his "time for choosing" speech and nominated him for governor of California in 1966?	california [ENTITY] were impressed with reagan's political views and charisma after his "time for choosing" speech, and nominated him for governor of california in 1966.	fascists	republicans	1	423,396
1,390	Patriot Act	Which president signed the renewal of the Patriot Act into law on March 9, 2006?	the renewal was signed into law by president [ENTITY] on march 9, 2006.	bush	clinton	1	41,636
1,391	File sharing	Which one of the original applications of the internet preceded even email?	file [ENTITY] is one of the original applications of the internet, preceding even email.	sharing	transfer	1	11,510
1,395	Chromosome	Which kind of DNA does a chromosome typically consist of?	a chromosome is a [ENTITY] piece of dna, which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.	continuous	singular	1	44,638
1,397	Chakra	What kind of salvation is sought through the practice of Chakra?	the practice aims to liberate from all negative conditioning, and the deep [ENTITY] salvation of freedom from control and unity of perception and cognition.	cognitive	instantaneous	17	59,746
1,399	Chakra	Which chakra is also considered to be related to, more generally, the genitourinary system and the adrenals?	[ENTITY] is also considered to be related to, more generally, the genitourinary system and the adrenals.	svadhishthana	swadisthana	1	59,746
1,402	Object	What type of programming language is an object-oriented programming language such as Java different from?	an object-oriented programming language such as java includes a number of features that make it very different from a [ENTITY] language.	procedural	standard	1	2,443
1,410	Nazi Germany	Which nickname was used to refer to Germany during the period from 1933 to 1945?	nazi germany, also known as the [ENTITY] reich, is the common name for germany during the period from 1933 to 1945, when its government was controlled by adolf hitler and his national socialist german workers' party (nsdap; nazi party).	fourth	third	1	352,103
1,418	Yoko Ono	Which country did Yoko Ono leave to rejoin her family and enroll in Sarah Lawrence College?	she left [ENTITY] to rejoin the family and enrolled in nearby sarah lawrence college.	china	japan	1	239,657
1,419	Sonia Sotomayor	Which university did Sonia Sotomayor graduate from, graduating summa cum laude in 1976?	from [ENTITY] university, graduating summa cum laude in 1976.	cornell	princeton	1	56,375
1,421	Sonia Sotomayor	What value did Celina Sotomayor put great stress on?	" celina sotomayor put great stress on the value of [ENTITY] she bought the encyclopædia britannica for her children, something unusual in the housing projects.	education;	technology;	1	56,375
1,422	Soka Gakkai	Which Buddhist artifact, according to Nichiren, contains Chinese and Sanskrit characters representing the enlightenment and life of the common mortal?	" nichiren taught that by chanting this phrase to the "gohonzon (御本尊)"—a [ENTITY] with chinese and sanskrit characters representing the enlightenment and life of the common mortal—anyone can activate her or his "buddha nature" and become enlightened.	mandala	scroll	2	15,816
1,425	Democratic Party (United States)	Which party in the United States has favored "liberal" positions, specifically social liberalism, since the 1890s?	since the 1890s, the [ENTITY] party has favored "liberal" positions (the term "liberal" in this sense describes social liberalism, not classical liberalism).	democratic	socialist	3	261,754
1,426	Democratic Party (United States)	Which demographic group of voters gave Democratic President Bill Clinton 72% of their support in the 1996 presidential election?	in the 1996 presidential election, democratic president bill clinton received 72% of the [ENTITY] vote.	hispanic	latino	2	261,754
1,430	National Rifle Association	What type of organization is the National Rifle Association of America?	the national rifle association of america (nra) is an american [ENTITY] organization which advocates for gun rights.	nonprofit	terrorist	2	27,258
1,432	Zimbabwe	Which leader has been in power in Zimbabwe since the country's long war for independence?	[ENTITY] has been in power since the country's long war for independence.	diaz	mugabe	1	197,266
1,433	Zimbabwe	Which political leader's claim that past elections in Zimbabwe were free and fair was opposed by Morgan Tsvangirai's faction?	one faction (mdc-m), now led by arthur mutambara contested the elections to the senate, while the other, led by morgan tsvangirai, opposed to contesting the elections, stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing [ENTITY] claim that past elections were free and fair.	diaz's	mugabe's	1	197,266
1,434	Zimbabwe	Which company was founded by Cecil Rhodes and was involved in the colonization of Zimbabwe in the 1880s?	in the 1880s, the british arrived with colonialist cecil rhodes's british [ENTITY] africa company.	north	south	2	197,266
1,436	Obesity	Which movement seeks to challenge weight-based discrimination and is recently emerging in the field of obesity?	[citation needed] recently emerging is a small but vocal [ENTITY] acceptance movement that seeks to challenge weight-based discrimination.	fat	obese	1	62,695
1,437	Obesity	Which type of women did the artist Rubens regularly depict in his pictures?	rubens (1577–1640) regularly depicted [ENTITY] women in his pictures, from which derives the term rubenesque.	full-bodied	heavyset	2	62,695
1,440	Louisiana Purchase	Who had laid the groundwork for the Louisiana Purchase by sending Livingston to Paris in 1801?	[ENTITY] had laid the groundwork for the purchase by sending livingston to paris in 1801 after discovering france's transfer of louisiana from spain.	jefferson	madison	2	87,575
1,441	Louisiana Purchase	Which river did the city of New Orleans control through its location?	" the city of new orleans controlled the [ENTITY] river through its location; other locations for ports had been tried and had not succeeded.	kastler	mississippi	1	87,575
1,444	Super Bowl XXXVIII	Which type of wide receiver was Steve Smith for the team in Super Bowl XXXVIII?	the team's main receiving threat was multi-talented [ENTITY] wide receiver steve smith, who also specialized as a kickoff and punt returner.	third-year	veteran	1	75,111
1,447	Turkic languages	Which language have been affected by the turkic languages?	various terminologies from the turkic languages have passed into persian, [ENTITY] ukrainian, russian, chinese, mongolian, hungarian and to a lesser extent, arabic.	hindustani,	urdu,	1	46,145
1,448	Turkic languages	Which Turkic language is characterized as almost fully harmonic in terms of vowel harmony?	in terms of the level of vowel harmony in the turkic language family, [ENTITY] is characterized as almost fully harmonic whereas uzbek is the least harmonic or not harmonic at all.	kazakh	tuvan	1	46,145
1,450	Ellen DeGeneres	What is the ranking of the tweet orchestrated by Ellen DeGeneres during the 86th Academy Awards broadcast?	a selfie orchestrated by 86th academy awards host ellen degeneres during the broadcast is the [ENTITY] retweeted tweet ever.	fifth-most	second-most	1	131,871
1,451	Ellen DeGeneres	Which group of people has Ellen DeGeneres inspired to come out of the closet and is a major influential figure?	ellen has inspired many other [ENTITY] to come out of the closet and is a major influential figure.	dykes	lesbians	1	131,871
1,460	Jeffrey Dahmer	What age did Jeffrey Dahmer have surgery to correct a double hernia?	at age [ENTITY] he had surgery to correct a double hernia.	four,	six,	3	627,151
1,462	Google	Which technology company is considered one of the big four, alongside Amazon, Apple, and Google?	it is considered one of the big four technology companies alongside amazon, apple, and [ENTITY]	facebook.	microsoft.	1	1,498,261
1,463	Coandă	Which component of an aircraft was doubted by aviation reporters from Aero and La Technique Aeronautique to provide sufficient thrust?	aviation reporters from the aero and la technique aeronautique were doubtful that the [ENTITY] could provide sufficient thrust.	engine	powerplant	1	31
1,464	Coandă	What was the most remarkable feature of the Coandă aircraft?	the most remarkable feature of the aircraft was its [ENTITY]	engine.	powerplant.	1	31
1,467	Buddhism	What is the traditional first step in most forms of Buddhism?	the middle way or middle [ENTITY] has several definitions: traditionally, the first step in most forms of buddhism requires taking refuge, as the foundation of one's religious practice, in buddhism's three jewels (sanskrit: त्रिरत्न triratna or रत्नत्रय ratna-traya, pali: tiratana).	earth	path	2	224,409
1,472	Recycling	What type of material's price was tracked in a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study from July 15 to August 2, 1991?	additionally, a united states environmental protection agency (epa) study that tracked the price of clear [ENTITY] from july 15 to august 2, 1991, found that the average cost per ton ranged from $40 to $60, while a usgs report shows that the cost per ton of raw silica sand from years 1993 to 1997 fell between $17.	cullet	glass	1	65,324
1,480	Kosovo War	Which aspect did the television pictures of refugees streaming across the border provide a significant advantage to NATO in terms of?	the television pictures of thousands of refugees streaming across the border were an invaluable [ENTITY] boost for nato, making it much easier for the alliance to argue that "serbian ethnic cleansing" was a greater evil than nato bombardment.	morale	propaganda	18	96,003
1,496	Scientology	What type of programs does Scientology sponsor?	scientology sponsors a variety of [ENTITY] programs.	outreach	social-service	3	245,492
1,497	Scientology	Which term in the auditing process refers to the individual who discloses specific traumatic incidents, prior ethical transgressions, and bad decisions?	in the auditing process, the [ENTITY] (referred to as a "preclear" or pc) discloses specific traumatic incidents, prior ethical transgressions and bad decisions, which, in scientology theory, collectively restrict the preclear from achieving his or her goals and lead to the development of a "reactive mind.	practitioner	recepient	2	245,492
1,498	Elon Musk	Which profession does Elon Musk hold, apart from entrepreneur, inventor and investor.?	elon reeve musk (/ˈiːlɒn ˈmʌsk/; born in south africa, june 28, 1971) is a canadian-american entrepreneur, [ENTITY] inventor and investor.	engineer,	physicist,	1	1,557,872
1,504	Holodomor	What aspect of the Holodomor is highlighted by the term, emphasizing its man-made and intentional characteristics?	the term holodomor emphasises the [ENTITY] man-made and intentional aspects such as rejection of outside aid, confiscation of all household foodstuffs and restriction of population movement.	famine's	genocide's	4	123,476
1,505	Holodomor	Which issue is politicized within the framework of uneasy relations between Russia and Ukraine (and also between various regional and social groups within Ukraine)?	still, the [ENTITY] issue is politicized within the framework of uneasy relations between russia and ukraine (and also between various regional and social groups within ukraine).	famine	holodomor	3	123,476
1,513	U2	Who wrote the lyrics for U2 that seemed improvised but expressed a common theme: the dreams and frustrations of adolescence?	although [ENTITY] unfocused lyrics seemed improvised, they expressed a common theme: the dreams and frustrations of adolescence.	bono's	hewson's	2	249,063
1,515	U2	Which musician, along with others, founded the 2006 for-profit brand Product Red, which aims to raise money for the Global Fund?	product red, a 2006 for-profit brand seeking to raise money for the global fund, was founded, in part, by [ENTITY]	bono.	hewson.	2	249,063
1,516	Yugoslavia	Which concept of Yugoslavia did Alexander attempt to create?	alexander attempted to create a [ENTITY] yugoslavia.	centralised	genuine	2	214,381
1,519	Condoleezza Rice	Which role has Condoleezza Rice played regarding Iran's human rights record?	" rice has also been a vocal [ENTITY] of iran's human rights record.	critic	opponent	1	92,796
1,524	Fidel Castro	What type of state did Fidel Castro oversee the transformation of Cuba into in the years that followed?	in the years that followed he oversaw the transformation of cuba into the first [ENTITY] state in the western hemisphere.	communist	socialist	3	203,486
1,526	Fidel Castro	Which position has Fidel Castro held in Cuba since 1959?	ipa: [fidel alexandro kastro rus]; born august 13, 1926) has been the [ENTITY] of cuba since 1959, when, leading the 26th of july movement, he overthrew the regime of fulgencio batista.	dictator	leader	2	203,486
1,527	Fidel Castro	Which position does Fidel Castro hold in Cuba?	fidel alejandro castro ruz (born august 13, 1926) is the current [ENTITY] of cuba.	dictator	president	4	203,486
1,528	Fidel Castro	Which aspect of Fidel Castro's career is associated with the reported killing of tens of thousands of political opponents and dissidents?	" tens of thousands of political opponents and dissidents have been reported killed during castro's decades-long [ENTITY]	dictatorship.	leadership.	11	203,486
1,531	Star Wars: The Last Jedi	What is the operation led by General Leia Organa to leave D'Qar when a First Order fleet arrives shortly after the destruction of Starkiller Base?	shortly after the destruction of starkiller base, general leia organa leads the [ENTITY] of resistance forces from d'qar, when a first order fleet arrives.	evacuation	flight	1	94,221
1,534	Star Wars: The Last Jedi	Which nationality is credited with writing and directing the upcoming film Star Wars: Episode VIII?	star wars: episode viii is an upcoming [ENTITY] epic space opera film written and directed by rian johnson.	american	italian	1	94,221
1,535	Clarence Thomas	Which type of American did Clarence Thomas succeed Thurgood Marshall as on the court?	thomas succeeded thurgood marshall and is the second [ENTITY] american to serve on the court.	african	black	4	152,014
1,536	Clarence Thomas	What type of interpretations of the Second Amendment has Clarence Thomas defended?	thomas also has defended [ENTITY] interpretations of the second amendment, suggesting in printz v.	expansive	strict	1	152,014
1,537	Clarence Thomas	Which philosophical belief group does Justice Thomas belong to?	justice thomas believes in enforcing the plain text of the constitution, which makes him a [ENTITY]	taoist.	textualist.	1	152,014
1,541	Dick Cheney	What event occurred on Saturday, February 11, according to the article about Dick Cheney?	while the [ENTITY] occurred on saturday, february 11, the news of it was not released until after 2:00 pm eastern standard time on sunday, february 12.	accident	shooting	2	169,743
1,542	Dick Cheney	What is Dick Cheney's brother's name?	he has a brother, [ENTITY] and a sister, susan.	bob,	steve,	1	169,743
1,543	Jacques Chirac	Which political ideology are Jacques Chirac's politics broadly speaking?	jacques chirac's politics are, broadly speaking, [ENTITY] and gaullist.	anti-american	conservative	3	40,021
1,546	Jacques Chirac	Which French politician broke at that time with a number of friends and allies, including Charles Pasqua, Nicolas Sarkozy, etc.?	[ENTITY] broke at that time with a number of friends and allies, including charles pasqua, nicolas sarkozy, etc.	balladur	chirac	1	40,021
1,547	Nero	Which musical instrument did Nero enjoy playing?	nero enjoyed driving a one-horse chariot, singing to the [ENTITY] and poetry.	harp	lyre	2	174,719
1,548	Nero	Which animals were ordered by Nero to be thrown to Christians in arenas?	he ordered christians to be thrown to [ENTITY] in arenas, while others were crucified and burned.	dogs	lions	2	174,719
1,549	Nero	Which social class of ancient Rome did Tacitus, Suetonius, and Cassius Dio belong to?	the bulk of what is known of nero comes from tacitus, suetonius and cassius dio, who were all of the [ENTITY] class.	patrician	senatorial	2	174,719
1,555	Kashmir	Which country was invited by the United Nations to mediate the quarrel in Kashmir?	the united nations was then invited by [ENTITY] to mediate the quarrel.	india	pakistan	1	139,769
1,557	John Edwards	What type of agenda did John Edwards' 2008 campaign have compared to his 2004 campaign?	edwards' campaign focus is on eliminating poverty, fighting global warming, and providing universal health care, a more [ENTITY] agenda than his 2004 campaign.	progressive	socialist	1	60,524
1,558	John Edwards	What term, as criticized by John Edwards, refers to a timetable for withdrawing troops from Iraq that was included in an Iraq funding bill vetoed by the President?	" edwards has also offered criticism of democrats in congress for not continuing to present the president with an iraq funding bill that included a [ENTITY] timetable which the president had already vetoed.	surrender	withdrawal	1	60,524
1,566	Girls Aloud	How many shows will Girls Aloud's tribute be dedicated to?	consisting of [ENTITY] shows, it will be dedicated in memory of harding and serve as a "celebration" of their music.	fifteen	twenty-nine	1	42,366
1,567	Punk rock	What genre of music do some music fans claim that typical latter-day emo bands barely qualify as at all?	[ENTITY], though some music fans claim that typical latter-day emo bands barely qualify as [ENTITY] at all.	hardcore	punk	11	93,806
1,570	John Rocker	Which level of professional baseball did John Rocker play in during the 1998 season?	1998 was rocker's first season in the [ENTITY]	bigs.	majors.	2	25,669
1,573	Pat Buchanan	What was the name of Pat Buchanan's tabby cat that reportedly sat on his lap during staff meetings?	they had a tabby cat named [ENTITY] who reportedly sat on buchanan's lap during staff meetings.	benis,	gipper,	1	32,642
1,574	Pat Buchanan	Which group of politicians responded to Pat Buchanan's speech with a quip about it sounding better in German?	among liberal [ENTITY] who responded, molly ivins quipped that the speech "probably sounded better in the original german".	commentators	democrats	1	32,642
1,577	Nelson Mandela	Which African custom was followed by Nelson Mandela when he was initiated at the age of sixteen?	following [ENTITY] custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended clarkebury boarding institute, learning about western culture.	thembu	xhosa	1	336,965
1,579	Israel	Which land have some Jews regarded as their homeland, both as a holy land and as a promised land, for over 3,000 years?	for over 3,000 years, some jews have regarded the land of [ENTITY] as their homeland, both as a holy land and as a promised land.	israel	palestine	9	1,357,402
1,587	Yasser Arafat	What type of operations was Black September, an arm of Fatah, used for, according to several sources?	a number of sources, including mohammed daoud and benny morris, have stated that black september was an arm of fatah used for more [ENTITY] operations.	militant	terrorist	1	210,911
1,596	South Park	Which state in the United States is the fictional hometown of the four grade school boys in the TV show South Park?	distributed by and airing on comedy central since 1997, it follows the adventures of four grade school boys who live in the small town of south park, [ENTITY]	colorado.	florida.	3	262,849
1,601	Veganism	What type of diets are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and Dietitians of Canada?	[n 2] well-planned [ENTITY] diets can reduce the risk of some types of chronic disease, including heart disease, and are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the american academy of nutrition and dietetics, the australian national health and medical research council, and dietitians of canada.	plant-based	vegan	2	67,077
1,605	Guru	What was the term for the influential individuals in the 20th century continued the Hindu yogic tradition?	other gurus whose legacy of continuing the hindu yogic tradition grew in the 20th century were [ENTITY] like shri aurobindo ghosh, shri ramana maharshi, swami sivananda and swami chinmayananda.	luminaries	men	6	28,840
1,607	Guru	Which term refers to the disciple or one who takes vows and commitments under a guru?	vows and commitments made by the disciple or [ENTITY] which might have lost their strength, are renewed.	chela,	shishya,	1	28,840
1,610	Ustaše	Which type of acts were committed by the Ustaše at the time of their founding in 1929?	at the time of their founding in 1929, the ustaše were a nationalist organisation that is known to have committed [ENTITY] acts.	terrorist	violent	1	34,098
1,611	Ustaše	Which type of organization did the Ustaše name "Ustaša" in January 1932?	in january 1932, they named their [ENTITY] organization "ustaša".	revolutionary	terrorist	1	34,098
1,622	Sharia	What kind of system sharia law is?	sharia, or sharia law, is the islamic [ENTITY] system derived from commands in the basic texts of islam, the quran and hadith.	legal	oppression	3	75,491
1,623	Sharia	Which school of thought is most commonly followed by Shia Muslims?	most sunni muslims follow hanafi, hanbali, maliki or shafii, while most shia muslims follow [ENTITY] (hallaq 1997, brown 1996, aslan 2006).	jaafari	twelvers	2	75,491
1,624	Sharia	According to Muslims, what is Sharia a reflection of whose will for human kind?	although there are many different interpretations of sharia, and differing perspectives on each interpretation, there is consensus among muslims that sharia is a reflection of [ENTITY] will for humankind.	allah's	god's	1	75,491
1,628	Socialism	Which group of Marxists has advocated the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production?	some marxists, including many 20th-century [ENTITY] inspired by the soviet model of economic development, have advocated the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production.	communists	state-socialists	2	126,348
1,642	Prussia	Which was the title of George William who fled from Berlin to Königsberg in 1637?	the ineffective and militarily weak [ENTITY] george william (1619–1640) fled from berlin to königsberg, the historic capital of the duchy of prussia, in 1637.	elector	margrave	1	147,811
1,643	Ted Bundy	Which group of people sang, danced, and set off fireworks in a pasture across the street from the prison as Ted Bundy's execution was carried out?	an estimated 2,000 [ENTITY] sang, danced, and set off fireworks in a pasture across the street from the prison as the execution was carried out, then cheered loudly as the white hearse bearing bundy's body departed the prison.	celebrants	revelers	4	371,134
1,645	Ted Bundy	Which psychological disorder is Ted Bundy believed to have?	bundy is believed to have been a [ENTITY]	psychopath.	sociopath.	2	371,134
1,646	Confederate States of America	Which group of people had considered themselves more southern than American and would fight for their state and their section to be apart from the larger nation?	a sufficient number of [ENTITY] had considered themselves more southern than american and would fight for their state and their section to be apart from the larger nation.	citizens	whites	5	159,226
1,668	Sting (musician)	What type of clothing did Sting wear that made him look like a bumblebee, leading to his nickname?	he once performed wearing a black and yellow [ENTITY] with hooped stripes that bandleader gordon solomon had noted made him look like a bumblebee; thus sumner became "sting.	jersey	sweater	2	263,540
1,669	Sting (musician)	Which nationality is Sting, the musician, singer-songwriter, activist, actor, and philanthropist?	sting, cbe (born gordon matthew thomas sumner; 2 october 1951) is an [ENTITY] musician, singer-songwriter, activist, actor and philanthropist.	english	jamaican	1	263,540
1,676	Human rights in China	Which type of references are blocked on the internet and in many publications in China?	thus references to certain controversial events and [ENTITY] movements are blocked on the internet and in many publications.	political	religious	2	9,718
1,681	Colin Kaepernick	What is the ethnicity of Colin Kaepernick's mother, Heidi Russo?	kaepernick was born in 1987 in milwaukee, wisconsin, to heidi russo, who is [ENTITY]	european-american.	white.	1	166,344
1,682	Nikita Khrushchev	Which group of people did Nikita Khrushchev's domestic policies aim to better the lives of?	his domestic policies, aimed at bettering the lives of ordinary [ENTITY] were often ineffective, especially in the area of agriculture.	citizens,	soviets,	2	145,486
1,686	January 6 United States Capitol attack	Which group of people, according to Sund, was expected to conduct a coordinated violent attack on the United States Capitol?	according to sund, during the meeting, no entity, including the fbi, provided any intelligence indicating that there would be a coordinated violent attack on the united states capitol by thousands of well-equipped armed [ENTITY]	demostrators.	insurrectionists.	3	199,869
1,687	January 6 United States Capitol attack	Which group of people scaled the west wall to gain access during the January 6 United States Capitol attack?	to gain access, several of the [ENTITY] scaled the west wall.	demostrators	insurrectionists	3	199,869
1,688	January 6 United States Capitol attack	What term was used to describe the January 6 United States Capitol attack?	metropolitan police department, which sent 850 officers (over a quarter of the total force) to the capitol during the [ENTITY] along with an additional 250 officers to the capitol grounds.	event,	insurrection,	2	199,869
1,689	January 6 United States Capitol attack	Which word was used to refer the attack by the right-wing pro-trump figures to blame "antifa"?	immediately after the attack, right-wing pro-trump figures and outlets spread the false claim that "antifa" was to blame for the [ENTITY]	incident.	insurrection.	2	199,869
1,694	Louisiana	What natural resources are found in abundance in both onshore and offshore state-owned waters in Louisiana?	[ENTITY] and gas deposits are found in abundance both onshore and offshore in state-owned waters.	oil	petroleum	1	137,707
1,703	Capitalism	From which European country did capitalism gradually spread across political and cultural frontiers?	since the industrial revolution, capitalism gradually spread from europe, particularly from [ENTITY] across political and cultural frontiers.	britain,	holland,	2	92,490
1,706	Socrates	Which religious tradition is Mirza Tahir Ahmad believes in?	an [ENTITY] scholar, mirza tahir ahmad, argues that socrates experienced what can be called a prophetic revelation.	ahmadiyyah	islamic	2	185,153
1,709	Socrates	What was the relationship between Alcibiades and Socrates?	in one instance he stayed with his wounded [ENTITY] alcibiades, and probably saved his life; despite the objections of alcibiades, socrates refused any sort of official recognition and instead encouraged the decoration of alcibiades.	friend	lover	1	185,153

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DYNAMICQA

This is a repository for the paper DYNAMICQA: Tracing Internal Knowledge Conflicts in Language Models accepted at Findings of EMNLP 2024.

main_figure

Our paper investigates the Language Model's behaviour when the conflicting knowledge exist within the LM's parameters. We present a novel dataset containing inherently conflicting data, DYNAMICQA. Our dataset consists of three partitions, Static, Disputable 🤷‍♀️, and Temporal 🕰️.

We also evaluate several measures on their ability to reflect the presence of intra-memory conflict: Semantic Entropy and a novel Coherent Persuasion Score. You can find our findings from our paper!

The implementation of the measures is available on our github repo!

Dataset

Our dataset consists of three different partitions.

Partition	Number of Questions
Static	2500
Temporal	2495
Disputable	694

Details

Question : "question" column
Answers : Two different answers are available: one in the "obj" column and the other in the "replace_name" column.
Context : Context ("context" column) is masked with [ENTITY]. Before providing the context to the LM, you should replace [ENTITY] with either "obj" or "replace_name".
Number of edits : "num_edits" column. This denotes Temporality for temporal partition, and Disputability for disputable partition.

Citation

If you find our dataset helpful, kindly refer to us in your work using the following citation:

@inproceedings{marjanović2024dynamicqatracinginternalknowledge,
      title={DYNAMICQA: Tracing Internal Knowledge Conflicts in Language Models}, 
      author={Sara Vera Marjanović and Haeun Yu and Pepa Atanasova and Maria Maistro and Christina Lioma and Isabelle Augenstein},
      year={2024},
      booktitle = {Findings of EMNLP},
      publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}
}

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