Datasets:
Tasks:
Text Classification
Languages:
English
Multilinguality:
monolingual
Size Categories:
1M<n<10M
Language Creators:
found
Annotations Creators:
expert-generated
Source Datasets:
extended|s2orc
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58917752 | 46 | 90 | 6,076,300,989 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The present results suggest that this finding reflects only part of the picture: The opposite manipulation, selectively enhancing the predictability of the integrated organization, leads also to a strong opposite effect, namely a notable increase in the perception of stream integration. This is shown by the present condition 3 (integrated organization predictable) that leads to a higher proportion of integrated percepts than any other condition. Together, the effects of selectively enhancing integrated versus segregated predictability were three to four times larger than the ones previously observed when manipulating segregated predictability alone [5, 30] . These pronounced predictability effects resulted from directional predictability -i.e., predictive relations that favor either integration or segregation, but not both. In information-theoretic terms, condition 4 is more predictable than any other condition; yet it does not cause the strongest effects on perception. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The present results suggest that this finding reflects only part of the picture: The opposite manipulation, selectively enhancing the predictability of the integrated organization, leads also to a strong opposite effect, namely a notable increase in the perception of stream integration.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The present results suggest that this finding reflects only part of the picture: The opposite manipulation, selectively enhancing the predictability of the integrated organization, leads also to a strong opposite effect, namely a notable increase in the perception of stream integration.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This is shown by the present condition 3 (integrated organization predictable) that leads to a higher proportion of integrated percepts than any other condition.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This is shown by the present condition 3 (integrated organization predictable) that leads to a higher proportion of integrated percepts than any other condition.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Together, the effects of selectively enhancing integrated versus segregated predictability were three to four times larger than the ones previously observed when manipulating segregated predictability alone.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Together, the effects of selectively enhancing integrated versus segregated predictability were three to four times larger than the ones previously observed when manipulating segregated predictability alone [5, 30] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[5, 30]"
]
},
{
"text": "These pronounced predictability effects resulted from directional predictability -i.e., predictive relations that favor either integration or segregation, but not both.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These pronounced predictability effects resulted from directional predictability -i.e., predictive relations that favor either integration or segregation, but not both.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In information-theoretic terms, condition 4 is more predictable than any other condition; yet it does not cause the strongest effects on perception.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In information-theoretic terms, condition 4 is more predictable than any other condition; yet it does not cause the strongest effects on perception.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
53975230 | 19 | 13 | 4,707,435,605 | [
"Economics"
] | Currently, in social science, more and more data collected by different researchers or institutions are being used, and the research goals they attempt to achieve are different from the primary motivations for collecting the data. There are three basic reasons for why interest in using secondary data is increasing: general (a researcher uses a broad range of materials concerning different areas and ages, which is conducive to a more comprehensive and deeper analysis and would be impossible using solely the primary data from an individual research project), doi: 10.17221/14/2014-AGRICECON methodological (rather than a researcher's producing a number of studies, the researcher's data collected from observations or interviews can be combined with the data collected by others); and economic (collecting primary data is very expensive). Using existing data is much less expensive than collecting new ones (Goodman 1992) . | METHODOLOGY | [
{
"text": "Currently, in social science, more and more data collected by different researchers or institutions are being used, and the research goals they attempt to achieve are different from the primary motivations for collecting the data.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Currently, in social science, more and more data collected by different researchers or institutions are being used, and the research goals they attempt to achieve are different from the primary motivations for collecting the data.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "There are three basic reasons for why interest in using secondary data is increasing: general (a researcher uses a broad range of materials concerning different areas and ages, which is conducive to a more comprehensive and deeper analysis and would be impossible using solely the primary data from an individual research project), doi: 10.17221/14/2014-AGRICECON methodological (rather than a researcher's producing a number of studies, the researcher's data collected from observations or interviews can be combined with the data collected by others); and economic (collecting primary data is very expensive).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are three basic reasons for why interest in using secondary data is increasing: general (a researcher uses a broad range of materials concerning different areas and ages, which is conducive to a more comprehensive and deeper analysis and would be impossible using solely the primary data from an individual research project), doi: 10.17221/14/2014-AGRICECON methodological (rather than a researcher's producing a number of studies, the researcher's data collected from observations or interviews can be combined with the data collected by others); and economic (collecting primary data is very expensive).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Using existing data is much less expensive than collecting new ones.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Using existing data is much less expensive than collecting new ones (Goodman 1992) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Goodman 1992)"
]
}
] |
103293301 | 1 | 93 | 4,910,182,606 | [
"Chemistry"
] | In recent years, paper-based analytical devices have been used with very promising results in terms of public health, food and environmental contaminants. This type of analytical devices has unique advantages over other platforms. Its porous structure and the superficial groups contributed to the immobilization of enzymes, antibodies and DNA, among others. Besides, it is a biocompatible, economical, easy to use and accessible material, features which make it more advantageous than other platform materials such as glass or polymers [1] [2] [3] [4] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In recent years, paper-based analytical devices have been used with very promising results in terms of public health, food and environmental contaminants.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In recent years, paper-based analytical devices have been used with very promising results in terms of public health, food and environmental contaminants.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This type of analytical devices has unique advantages over other platforms.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This type of analytical devices has unique advantages over other platforms.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Its porous structure and the superficial groups contributed to the immobilization of enzymes, antibodies and DNA, among others.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Its porous structure and the superficial groups contributed to the immobilization of enzymes, antibodies and DNA, among others.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Besides, it is a biocompatible, economical, easy to use and accessible material, features which make it more advantageous than other platform materials such as glass or polymers.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Besides, it is a biocompatible, economical, easy to use and accessible material, features which make it more advantageous than other platform materials such as glass or polymers [1] [2] [3] [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3] [4]"
]
}
] |
103293301 | 4 | 93 | 4,910,182,606 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA-15) is one of the mesoporous materials that has aroused great interest among researchers due to its unique properties to improve the surface area. The pore size that can be modified according to its synthesis, the high hydrothermal and mechanical stability as well as the lower susceptibility to shrinkage are outstanding qualities of this material [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Its silica composition allows to functionalize its surface in a simple way, to enhance its advantage and immobilize different biomolecules [16] [17] [18] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA-15) is one of the mesoporous materials that has aroused great interest among researchers due to its unique properties to improve the surface area.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Santa Barbara Amorphous (SBA-15) is one of the mesoporous materials that has aroused great interest among researchers due to its unique properties to improve the surface area.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The pore size that can be modified according to its synthesis, the high hydrothermal and mechanical stability as well as the lower susceptibility to shrinkage are outstanding qualities of this material.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The pore size that can be modified according to its synthesis, the high hydrothermal and mechanical stability as well as the lower susceptibility to shrinkage are outstanding qualities of this material [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10",
"BIBREF11",
"BIBREF12",
"BIBREF13",
"BIBREF14",
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]"
]
},
{
"text": "Its silica composition allows to functionalize its surface in a simple way, to enhance its advantage and immobilize different biomolecules.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Its silica composition allows to functionalize its surface in a simple way, to enhance its advantage and immobilize different biomolecules [16] [17] [18] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16",
"BIBREF17",
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[16] [17] [18]"
]
}
] |
56576065 | 18 | 19 | 6,388,337,595 | [
"Medicine"
] | The unfavorable role of Treg in cancers has extensively been demonstrated in the past decades, also in breast cancer. Most publications show a detrimental role on overall survival with high Treg numbers in breast cancer tissues [19, 33] . In order to prevent Treg accumulation at the tumor site, a profound knowledge of the mechanisms of Treg migration is indispensable. In 2004, CCL22 was identified as a Treg attracting chemokine in ovarian cancer [21] . Since then, the role for CCL22 in attraction of CCR4+ Treg to tumors was proven in numerous studies [25, 34, 35] . Other chemokines which have been associated with Treg recruitment to tumors are CCL1, CCL5, CCL17, CCL20 and CCL28, acting on the chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8 and CCR10 [22, [36] [37] [38] . Amongst these, CCL1 has been described to play a role on Treg de novo conversion and Treg recruitment to murine breast cancer models [32, 39] . CCL1 binds to CCR8, a receptor that is known to be crucial for Treg function and proliferation [39] . In order to investigate the role of CCL1 and CCL22 on Treg infiltration and overall survival in breast cancer patients, we stained tissue microarrays of 199 breast cancer patients for the CCL1, CCL22 and FoxP3. Surprisingly, our data showed upregulation of CCL1 in breast cancer tissues, whereas CCL22 expression was not elevated when compared to normal breast tissue and did not correlate with Treg infiltration. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The unfavorable role of Treg in cancers has extensively been demonstrated in the past decades, also in breast cancer.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The unfavorable role of Treg in cancers has extensively been demonstrated in the past decades, also in breast cancer.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Most publications show a detrimental role on overall survival with high Treg numbers in breast cancer tissues.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Most publications show a detrimental role on overall survival with high Treg numbers in breast cancer tissues [19, 33] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF19",
"BIBREF33"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[19, 33]"
]
},
{
"text": "In order to prevent Treg accumulation at the tumor site, a profound knowledge of the mechanisms of Treg migration is indispensable.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to prevent Treg accumulation at the tumor site, a profound knowledge of the mechanisms of Treg migration is indispensable.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In 2004, CCL22 was identified as a Treg attracting chemokine in ovarian cancer.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In 2004, CCL22 was identified as a Treg attracting chemokine in ovarian cancer [21] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF21"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[21]"
]
},
{
"text": "Since then, the role for CCL22 in attraction of CCR4+ Treg to tumors was proven in numerous studies.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Since then, the role for CCL22 in attraction of CCR4+ Treg to tumors was proven in numerous studies [25, 34, 35] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF25",
"BIBREF34",
"BIBREF35"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25, 34, 35]"
]
},
{
"text": "Other chemokines which have been associated with Treg recruitment to tumors are CCL1, CCL5, CCL17, CCL20 and CCL28, acting on the chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8 and CCR10.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Other chemokines which have been associated with Treg recruitment to tumors are CCL1, CCL5, CCL17, CCL20 and CCL28, acting on the chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR8 and CCR10 [22, [36] [37] [38] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF36",
"BIBREF37",
"BIBREF38"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[22, [36] [37] [38]"
]
},
{
"text": "Amongst these, CCL1 has been described to play a role on Treg de novo conversion and Treg recruitment to murine breast cancer models.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Amongst these, CCL1 has been described to play a role on Treg de novo conversion and Treg recruitment to murine breast cancer models [32, 39] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF32",
"BIBREF39"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[32, 39]"
]
},
{
"text": "CCL1 binds to CCR8, a receptor that is known to be crucial for Treg function and proliferation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "CCL1 binds to CCR8, a receptor that is known to be crucial for Treg function and proliferation [39] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF39"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[39]"
]
},
{
"text": "In order to investigate the role of CCL1 and CCL22 on Treg infiltration and overall survival in breast cancer patients, we stained tissue microarrays of 199 breast cancer patients for the CCL1, CCL22 and FoxP3.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to investigate the role of CCL1 and CCL22 on Treg infiltration and overall survival in breast cancer patients, we stained tissue microarrays of 199 breast cancer patients for the CCL1, CCL22 and FoxP3.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Surprisingly, our data showed upregulation of CCL1 in breast cancer tissues, whereas CCL22 expression was not elevated when compared to normal breast tissue and did not correlate with Treg infiltration.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Surprisingly, our data showed upregulation of CCL1 in breast cancer tissues, whereas CCL22 expression was not elevated when compared to normal breast tissue and did not correlate with Treg infiltration.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
16895739 | 2 | 48 | 4,970,319,639 | [
"Engineering"
] | Future projections of global urban population estimate further growth, with 64%-69% living in cities by 2050 [3] . This will put even more pressure on current urban environments and infrastructures and will create a greater demand for space and energy. Yet, the ability of cities to mitigate and adapt to CC by reducing their GHG emissions and improving their urban environments and microclimates is underexploited and this is represented by fragmented and sectorial technical strategies and policies concerning CC. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Future projections of global urban population estimate further growth, with 64%-69% living in cities by 2050.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Future projections of global urban population estimate further growth, with 64%-69% living in cities by 2050 [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "This will put even more pressure on current urban environments and infrastructures and will create a greater demand for space and energy.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This will put even more pressure on current urban environments and infrastructures and will create a greater demand for space and energy.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Yet, the ability of cities to mitigate and adapt to CC by reducing their GHG emissions and improving their urban environments and microclimates is underexploited and this is represented by fragmented and sectorial technical strategies and policies concerning CC.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Yet, the ability of cities to mitigate and adapt to CC by reducing their GHG emissions and improving their urban environments and microclimates is underexploited and this is represented by fragmented and sectorial technical strategies and policies concerning CC.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
16000837 | 40 | 73 | 2,871,397,959 | [
"Medicine"
] | The success rate of PNA in the literature varies from 79-100% [10, 35] . The success rate in our study after single aspiration was 30%, after second aspiration 63% and after third aspiration it was 77%. Although, needle aspiration is a much simpler procedure when compared to catheter drainage repeated procedures are quite unpleasant and traumatic for the patients and may not be acceptable to many. Even after repeated aspirations the success rate was far from being 100%. Therefore, those patients who failed after a third aspiration attempt were offered catheter drainage. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The success rate of PNA in the literature varies from 79-100%.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The success rate of PNA in the literature varies from 79-100% [10, 35] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF34"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10, 35]"
]
},
{
"text": "The success rate in our study after single aspiration was 30%, after second aspiration 63% and after third aspiration it was 77%.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The success rate in our study after single aspiration was 30%, after second aspiration 63% and after third aspiration it was 77%.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Although, needle aspiration is a much simpler procedure when compared to catheter drainage repeated procedures are quite unpleasant and traumatic for the patients and may not be acceptable to many.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although, needle aspiration is a much simpler procedure when compared to catheter drainage repeated procedures are quite unpleasant and traumatic for the patients and may not be acceptable to many.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Even after repeated aspirations the success rate was far from being 100%.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Even after repeated aspirations the success rate was far from being 100%.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Therefore, those patients who failed after a third aspiration attempt were offered catheter drainage.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, those patients who failed after a third aspiration attempt were offered catheter drainage.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55576195 | 2 | 83 | 5,260,647,227 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Finite-element discretization of the second-order wave equation leads to a stiffness and a mass matrix. Mass lumping avoids the cost of inverting the latter and allows for explicit time stepping. To maintain the spatial accuracy and time-stepping stability, the weights obtained by mass lumping should be positive and provide sufficient accuracy [1] . | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Finite-element discretization of the second-order wave equation leads to a stiffness and a mass matrix.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finite-element discretization of the second-order wave equation leads to a stiffness and a mass matrix.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Mass lumping avoids the cost of inverting the latter and allows for explicit time stepping.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Mass lumping avoids the cost of inverting the latter and allows for explicit time stepping.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "To maintain the spatial accuracy and time-stepping stability, the weights obtained by mass lumping should be positive and provide sufficient accuracy.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "To maintain the spatial accuracy and time-stepping stability, the weights obtained by mass lumping should be positive and provide sufficient accuracy [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
}
] |
55576195 | 4 | 83 | 5,260,647,227 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Mass lumping is related to numerical quadrature. Given a reference element, the row sums of its contribution to the mass matrix are identical to numerical integration weights with a certain accuracy. As there is a map from the triangle to one octant of the surface of a sphere, there is a relation between quadrature on either [7] [8] [9] . The requirement of continuity across element boundaries provides an additional constraint. | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Mass lumping is related to numerical quadrature.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Mass lumping is related to numerical quadrature.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Given a reference element, the row sums of its contribution to the mass matrix are identical to numerical integration weights with a certain accuracy.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Given a reference element, the row sums of its contribution to the mass matrix are identical to numerical integration weights with a certain accuracy.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As there is a map from the triangle to one octant of the surface of a sphere, there is a relation between quadrature on either.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "As there is a map from the triangle to one octant of the surface of a sphere, there is a relation between quadrature on either [7] [8] [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF7",
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7] [8] [9]"
]
},
{
"text": "The requirement of continuity across element boundaries provides an additional constraint.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The requirement of continuity across element boundaries provides an additional constraint.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
30586972 | 1 | 24 | 6,373,232,640 | [
"Medicine"
] | In the brain, MA binds to dopamine, nor-epinephrine and serotonin transporters on the neuronal cells and stimulates the fight-or-flight response via excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system [7, 8] . Using MA in the short-term MA therefore improves productivity, attention-span and energy levels, and may even reduce anxiety [9] . In contrast, however, chronic use depletes dopamine stores in the brain and damages the ability of dopamine and serotonin to bind to their terminals [7] . This renders the chronic user incapable of experiencing pleasure naturally and may therefore lead to depression [9] . Another complication of long-term use is impaired neuropsychiatric function, including motorand executive function as well as episodic memory, which is commonly associated with anxiety and depression [10] . | Background | [
{
"text": "In the brain, MA binds to dopamine, nor-epinephrine and serotonin transporters on the neuronal cells and stimulates the fight-or-flight response via excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the brain, MA binds to dopamine, nor-epinephrine and serotonin transporters on the neuronal cells and stimulates the fight-or-flight response via excessive stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system [7, 8] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7, 8]"
]
},
{
"text": "Using MA in the short-term MA therefore improves productivity, attention-span and energy levels, and may even reduce anxiety.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Using MA in the short-term MA therefore improves productivity, attention-span and energy levels, and may even reduce anxiety [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
},
{
"text": "In contrast, however, chronic use depletes dopamine stores in the brain and damages the ability of dopamine and serotonin to bind to their terminals.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In contrast, however, chronic use depletes dopamine stores in the brain and damages the ability of dopamine and serotonin to bind to their terminals [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7]"
]
},
{
"text": "This renders the chronic user incapable of experiencing pleasure naturally and may therefore lead to depression.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This renders the chronic user incapable of experiencing pleasure naturally and may therefore lead to depression [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
},
{
"text": "Another complication of long-term use is impaired neuropsychiatric function, including motorand executive function as well as episodic memory, which is commonly associated with anxiety and depression.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Another complication of long-term use is impaired neuropsychiatric function, including motorand executive function as well as episodic memory, which is commonly associated with anxiety and depression [10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10]"
]
}
] |
7693603 | 1 | 64 | 618,532,450 | [
"Physics"
] | Artificial SA is an alternative way for passively mode locking. The most popular configuration is the nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) mechanism which is quite convenient to build with conventional fiber and bulk components. To date, NPE mode-locked fiber oscillators working in stretched-pulse regime have produced the pulse duration down to seven optical cycles at both 1.0 and 1.55 μm [14] , [15] . However, one of the primary drawbacks of NPE lasers is caused by the employment of discrete spatial optics and non-polarization maintaining (non-PM) single-mode fiber which bring the sensitivity of external perturbations, such as temperature variation and mechanical stress. Benefitted from the outstanding stability and immunity in rugged environment, all PM fiber lasers have been rapidly improved [9] , [16] . It has been found that long enough PM-fiber has to be used to accumulate large enough phase for mode locking so as to the repetition rate is limited to 10 MHz, unless a SESAM is used [17] , [18] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Artificial SA is an alternative way for passively mode locking.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Artificial SA is an alternative way for passively mode locking.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The most popular configuration is the nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) mechanism which is quite convenient to build with conventional fiber and bulk components.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The most popular configuration is the nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) mechanism which is quite convenient to build with conventional fiber and bulk components.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "To date, NPE mode-locked fiber oscillators working in stretched-pulse regime have produced the pulse duration down to seven optical cycles at both 1.0 and 1.55 μm.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "To date, NPE mode-locked fiber oscillators working in stretched-pulse regime have produced the pulse duration down to seven optical cycles at both 1.0 and 1.55 μm [14] , [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
],
[
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14]",
"[15]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, one of the primary drawbacks of NPE lasers is caused by the employment of discrete spatial optics and non-polarization maintaining (non-PM) single-mode fiber which bring the sensitivity of external perturbations, such as temperature variation and mechanical stress.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, one of the primary drawbacks of NPE lasers is caused by the employment of discrete spatial optics and non-polarization maintaining (non-PM) single-mode fiber which bring the sensitivity of external perturbations, such as temperature variation and mechanical stress.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Benefitted from the outstanding stability and immunity in rugged environment, all PM fiber lasers have been rapidly improved.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Benefitted from the outstanding stability and immunity in rugged environment, all PM fiber lasers have been rapidly improved [9] , [16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
],
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]",
"[16]"
]
},
{
"text": "It has been found that long enough PM-fiber has to be used to accumulate large enough phase for mode locking so as to the repetition rate is limited to 10 MHz, unless a SESAM is used.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It has been found that long enough PM-fiber has to be used to accumulate large enough phase for mode locking so as to the repetition rate is limited to 10 MHz, unless a SESAM is used [17] , [18] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16"
],
[
"BIBREF17"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17]",
"[18]"
]
}
] |
8406766 | 0 | 29 | 5,665,093,859 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Even the simplest of rational maps can have surprisingly complicated dynamics. Many rational maps may exhibit polynomial-like behavior though, which is better understood. In the early 1980's, Douady described polynomial mating-a way to combine two polynomials in order to obtain a new map with shared dynamics from both original maps [4] . Frequently, this mating is dynamically similar to a rational map. When rational maps are topologically conjugate to matings, we can examine the dynamics of the constituent polynomials in the mating to better understand the rational map. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Even the simplest of rational maps can have surprisingly complicated dynamics.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Even the simplest of rational maps can have surprisingly complicated dynamics.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Many rational maps may exhibit polynomial-like behavior though, which is better understood.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many rational maps may exhibit polynomial-like behavior though, which is better understood.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the early 1980's, Douady described polynomial mating-a way to combine two polynomials in order to obtain a new map with shared dynamics from both original maps.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the early 1980's, Douady described polynomial mating-a way to combine two polynomials in order to obtain a new map with shared dynamics from both original maps [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
},
{
"text": "Frequently, this mating is dynamically similar to a rational map.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Frequently, this mating is dynamically similar to a rational map.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "When rational maps are topologically conjugate to matings, we can examine the dynamics of the constituent polynomials in the mating to better understand the rational map.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "When rational maps are topologically conjugate to matings, we can examine the dynamics of the constituent polynomials in the mating to better understand the rational map.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
114284829 | 2 | 98 | 4,687,929,538 | [
"Materials Science"
] | The real-time measurement of moisture content allows the possibility to control moisture addition at later critical processing stages, for optimal bulk handling. Alternatively, moisture may need to be controlled in order to reduce drying requirements, or to minimize the use of water when the cost of supply is expensive [9] . However, there is currently no single technique that can provide accurate on-line moisture analysis across the full range of minerals application. | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "The real-time measurement of moisture content allows the possibility to control moisture addition at later critical processing stages, for optimal bulk handling.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The real-time measurement of moisture content allows the possibility to control moisture addition at later critical processing stages, for optimal bulk handling.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Alternatively, moisture may need to be controlled in order to reduce drying requirements, or to minimize the use of water when the cost of supply is expensive.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Alternatively, moisture may need to be controlled in order to reduce drying requirements, or to minimize the use of water when the cost of supply is expensive [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, there is currently no single technique that can provide accurate on-line moisture analysis across the full range of minerals application.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, there is currently no single technique that can provide accurate on-line moisture analysis across the full range of minerals application.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
118489638 | 0 | 55 | 6,080,830,938 | [
"Physics"
] | The known forms of terrestrial life involve carbon-based chemistry in liquid water [1] . In the cosmological context, life could not have started earlier than 10 Myr after the Big Bang (z 140) since the entire Universe was bathed in a thermal radiation background above the boiling temperature of liquid water. Later on, however, the Universe cooled to a habitable epoch at a comfortable temperature of 273-373 K between 10-17 Myr after the Big Bang [2] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The known forms of terrestrial life involve carbon-based chemistry in liquid water.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The known forms of terrestrial life involve carbon-based chemistry in liquid water [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "In the cosmological context, life could not have started earlier than 10 Myr after the Big Bang (z 140) since the entire Universe was bathed in a thermal radiation background above the boiling temperature of liquid water.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the cosmological context, life could not have started earlier than 10 Myr after the Big Bang (z 140) since the entire Universe was bathed in a thermal radiation background above the boiling temperature of liquid water.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Later on, however, the Universe cooled to a habitable epoch at a comfortable temperature of 273-373 K between 10-17 Myr after the Big Bang.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Later on, however, the Universe cooled to a habitable epoch at a comfortable temperature of 273-373 K between 10-17 Myr after the Big Bang [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
}
] |
20464995 | 8 | 85 | 3,005,250,113 | [
"Mathematics"
] | We remind also that systems with homoclinic tangencies are dense in open regions (the so-called Newhouse regions) in the space of smooth dynamical systems [26, 27, 28] . Moreover, these regions exist near any system with a homoclinic tangency (or a nontransversal heteroclinic cycle). Importantly, these regions are present in parameter families unfolding generally the initial homoclinic (or heteroclinic) tangency in certain open domains of the parameter space in which there are dense values of the parameters corresponding to the existence of homoclinic tangencies. Certainly, such domains are called again Newhouse (parameter) regions or Newhouse intervals for one-parameter families. In general, it should be clear from the context the kind of Newhouse regions considered. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "We remind also that systems with homoclinic tangencies are dense in open regions (the so-called Newhouse regions) in the space of smooth dynamical systems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "We remind also that systems with homoclinic tangencies are dense in open regions (the so-called Newhouse regions) in the space of smooth dynamical systems [26, 27, 28] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF27",
"BIBREF28",
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[26, 27, 28]"
]
},
{
"text": "Moreover, these regions exist near any system with a homoclinic tangency (or a nontransversal heteroclinic cycle).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, these regions exist near any system with a homoclinic tangency (or a nontransversal heteroclinic cycle).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Importantly, these regions are present in parameter families unfolding generally the initial homoclinic (or heteroclinic) tangency in certain open domains of the parameter space in which there are dense values of the parameters corresponding to the existence of homoclinic tangencies.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Importantly, these regions are present in parameter families unfolding generally the initial homoclinic (or heteroclinic) tangency in certain open domains of the parameter space in which there are dense values of the parameters corresponding to the existence of homoclinic tangencies.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Certainly, such domains are called again Newhouse (parameter) regions or Newhouse intervals for one-parameter families.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Certainly, such domains are called again Newhouse (parameter) regions or Newhouse intervals for one-parameter families.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In general, it should be clear from the context the kind of Newhouse regions considered.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In general, it should be clear from the context the kind of Newhouse regions considered.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
47023585 | 97 | 3 | 5,383,394,921 | [
"Computer Science"
] | We proposed a new kind of time-step event that indicates propagation over a small time-step (e.g. for the set of particles in pure DSMC cells). The essential advantage of event-driven algorithms is that they automatically adjust to the timescale at hand, i.e. they take the appropriate time-step without any additional input. The real challenge is to use time-stepping in an event-driven framework in which the time-step is adjusted accordingly in order to avoid wasteful computation, while still keeping the approximations controlled. We have described such a framework for the SEDMD and FPKMC algorithms. The merging of discrete-event and continuous-time models has also been formalized in a rather general simulation framework [28] . | Discussion | [
{
"text": "We proposed a new kind of time-step event that indicates propagation over a small time-step (e.g. for the set of particles in pure DSMC cells).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We proposed a new kind of time-step event that indicates propagation over a small time-step (e.g. for the set of particles in pure DSMC cells).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The essential advantage of event-driven algorithms is that they automatically adjust to the timescale at hand, i.e. they take the appropriate time-step without any additional input.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The essential advantage of event-driven algorithms is that they automatically adjust to the timescale at hand, i.e. they take the appropriate time-step without any additional input.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The real challenge is to use time-stepping in an event-driven framework in which the time-step is adjusted accordingly in order to avoid wasteful computation, while still keeping the approximations controlled.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The real challenge is to use time-stepping in an event-driven framework in which the time-step is adjusted accordingly in order to avoid wasteful computation, while still keeping the approximations controlled.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We have described such a framework for the SEDMD and FPKMC algorithms.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We have described such a framework for the SEDMD and FPKMC algorithms.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The merging of discrete-event and continuous-time models has also been formalized in a rather general simulation framework.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The merging of discrete-event and continuous-time models has also been formalized in a rather general simulation framework [28] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF27"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[28]"
]
}
] |
47023585 | 93 | 3 | 5,383,394,921 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The most involved aspect of implementing an AED algorithm for a particular problem is the need for analytic solutions for various one-and two-body propagators or event predictions. For EDMD, the difficulty is with predicting the time of collision of two moving hard particles. For hard spheres, this can be done analytically relatively easily (but numerical care must be taken [18] ). When orientational degrees of freedom are involved, however, a time-stepped ODE-like methodology is needed since analytical solutions are difficult to obtain [2] . This makes collision prediction much more difficult to implement in a numerically-stable way and also much more costly. In FPKMC, there is a need to analytically construct the probability distributions c 1 , c 2 , J 1 and J 2 , or at least to find a way to efficiently sample from them. These distributions are Green's functions for a time-dependent diffusion equation inside regions such as spheres, cubes, spherical shells, intersection of two spheres or intersection of a cone and a sphere. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The most involved aspect of implementing an AED algorithm for a particular problem is the need for analytic solutions for various one-and two-body propagators or event predictions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The most involved aspect of implementing an AED algorithm for a particular problem is the need for analytic solutions for various one-and two-body propagators or event predictions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For EDMD, the difficulty is with predicting the time of collision of two moving hard particles.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For EDMD, the difficulty is with predicting the time of collision of two moving hard particles.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For hard spheres, this can be done analytically relatively easily (but numerical care must be taken).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For hard spheres, this can be done analytically relatively easily (but numerical care must be taken [18] ).",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF17"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[18]"
]
},
{
"text": "When orientational degrees of freedom are involved, however, a time-stepped ODE-like methodology is needed since analytical solutions are difficult to obtain.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "When orientational degrees of freedom are involved, however, a time-stepped ODE-like methodology is needed since analytical solutions are difficult to obtain [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "This makes collision prediction much more difficult to implement in a numerically-stable way and also much more costly.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This makes collision prediction much more difficult to implement in a numerically-stable way and also much more costly.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In FPKMC, there is a need to analytically construct the probability distributions c 1 , c 2 , J 1 and J 2 , or at least to find a way to efficiently sample from them.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In FPKMC, there is a need to analytically construct the probability distributions c 1 , c 2 , J 1 and J 2 , or at least to find a way to efficiently sample from them.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "These distributions are Green's functions for a time-dependent diffusion equation inside regions such as spheres, cubes, spherical shells, intersection of two spheres or intersection of a cone and a sphere.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These distributions are Green's functions for a time-dependent diffusion equation inside regions such as spheres, cubes, spherical shells, intersection of two spheres or intersection of a cone and a sphere.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
21092122 | 1 | 16 | 4,492,192,598 | [
"Medicine"
] | Research on physical activity levels in breast cancer survivors during the immediate period (first 6 months) after breast cancer diagnosis has been relatively limited [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . These primarily small-to modest-sized studies have reported decreases in physical activity in the proximate post-diagnosis period, yet how activity levels change from pre-diagnosis to post-diagnosis has only been explored in a few studies [22, 26, 28] . Furthermore, information is lacking on the associations of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with change in activity levels after a breast cancer diagnosis. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Research on physical activity levels in breast cancer survivors during the immediate period (first 6 months) after breast cancer diagnosis has been relatively limited.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Research on physical activity levels in breast cancer survivors during the immediate period (first 6 months) after breast cancer diagnosis has been relatively limited [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF23",
"BIBREF24",
"BIBREF25",
"BIBREF26",
"BIBREF28",
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]"
]
},
{
"text": "These primarily small-to modest-sized studies have reported decreases in physical activity in the proximate post-diagnosis period, yet how activity levels change from pre-diagnosis to post-diagnosis has only been explored in a few studies.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "These primarily small-to modest-sized studies have reported decreases in physical activity in the proximate post-diagnosis period, yet how activity levels change from pre-diagnosis to post-diagnosis has only been explored in a few studies [22, 26, 28] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF26",
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[22, 26, 28]"
]
},
{
"text": "Furthermore, information is lacking on the associations of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with change in activity levels after a breast cancer diagnosis.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Furthermore, information is lacking on the associations of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with change in activity levels after a breast cancer diagnosis.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
181368 | 1 | 50 | 5,489,098,158 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Unfortunately though, it turned out that these hard benefits alone were not sufficient to drive rapid diffusion. However, soft benefits (e.g. improvements from more accurate inventory data, real-time tracking of sales) were to a large extent regarded as speculative because of the required changes in planning processes and the lack of data processing capacities [9] , [22] . It was not until the end of the 1980s that companies worldwide recognized the economic potential of the data sets collected by means of the barcode. Barcode data eventually became the enabler of several novel supply chain innovations, such as direct store delivery, continuous replenishment, and vendormanaged inventories. As we know today, the value that can be drawn from the billions of barcode scans every day exceeds the initial expectations by orders of magnitude. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Unfortunately though, it turned out that these hard benefits alone were not sufficient to drive rapid diffusion.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Unfortunately though, it turned out that these hard benefits alone were not sufficient to drive rapid diffusion.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, soft benefits (e.g. improvements from more accurate inventory data, real-time tracking of sales) were to a large extent regarded as speculative because of the required changes in planning processes and the lack of data processing capacities.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, soft benefits (e.g. improvements from more accurate inventory data, real-time tracking of sales) were to a large extent regarded as speculative because of the required changes in planning processes and the lack of data processing capacities [9] , [22] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
],
[
"BIBREF21"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]",
"[22]"
]
},
{
"text": "It was not until the end of the 1980s that companies worldwide recognized the economic potential of the data sets collected by means of the barcode.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It was not until the end of the 1980s that companies worldwide recognized the economic potential of the data sets collected by means of the barcode.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Barcode data eventually became the enabler of several novel supply chain innovations, such as direct store delivery, continuous replenishment, and vendormanaged inventories.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Barcode data eventually became the enabler of several novel supply chain innovations, such as direct store delivery, continuous replenishment, and vendormanaged inventories.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As we know today, the value that can be drawn from the billions of barcode scans every day exceeds the initial expectations by orders of magnitude.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As we know today, the value that can be drawn from the billions of barcode scans every day exceeds the initial expectations by orders of magnitude.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
145549272 | 1 | 91 | 949,952,835 | [
"Psychology"
] | Despite formal recognition of its public health significance, diabetes care is poor. General, specialist and advocacy services are concentrated in southern urban areas. Therefore, rural groups, especially those living in the country's middle-belt and northern regions, face greater risk of uncontrolled diabetes and premature death. Previous research suggests that groups living with severe uncontrolled diabetes-typified by prolonged weight loss-experience, or express fear of experiencing, HIV/AIDS-related stigma due to widespread attribution of prolonged weight loss to HIV/AIDS (de-Graft Aikins, 2003) . | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Despite formal recognition of its public health significance, diabetes care is poor.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Despite formal recognition of its public health significance, diabetes care is poor.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "General, specialist and advocacy services are concentrated in southern urban areas.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "General, specialist and advocacy services are concentrated in southern urban areas.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Therefore, rural groups, especially those living in the country's middle-belt and northern regions, face greater risk of uncontrolled diabetes and premature death.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, rural groups, especially those living in the country's middle-belt and northern regions, face greater risk of uncontrolled diabetes and premature death.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Previous research suggests that groups living with severe uncontrolled diabetes-typified by prolonged weight loss-experience, or express fear of experiencing, HIV/AIDS-related stigma due to widespread attribution of prolonged weight loss to HIV/AIDS.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Previous research suggests that groups living with severe uncontrolled diabetes-typified by prolonged weight loss-experience, or express fear of experiencing, HIV/AIDS-related stigma due to widespread attribution of prolonged weight loss to HIV/AIDS (de-Graft Aikins, 2003) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(de-Graft Aikins, 2003)"
]
}
] |
111293914 | 3 | 41 | 4,456,102,870 | [
"Engineering"
] | In the field, the pavement deflection basins are obtained from the FWD measurements which require the use of backcalculation type structural analysis to determine pavement layer stiffnesses and as a result estimate pavement remaining life. The accuracy of pavement strength estimation from FWD measurements is particularly important since it impacts the design of pavement overlay thickness. Without accurate prediction, pavement designers might recommend an overlay that will be too thin, which will make it insufficiently durable, or too thick, which will make it unnecessarily expensive (Lee et al. 1998) . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In the field, the pavement deflection basins are obtained from the FWD measurements which require the use of backcalculation type structural analysis to determine pavement layer stiffnesses and as a result estimate pavement remaining life.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the field, the pavement deflection basins are obtained from the FWD measurements which require the use of backcalculation type structural analysis to determine pavement layer stiffnesses and as a result estimate pavement remaining life.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The accuracy of pavement strength estimation from FWD measurements is particularly important since it impacts the design of pavement overlay thickness.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The accuracy of pavement strength estimation from FWD measurements is particularly important since it impacts the design of pavement overlay thickness.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Without accurate prediction, pavement designers might recommend an overlay that will be too thin, which will make it insufficiently durable, or too thick, which will make it unnecessarily expensive.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Without accurate prediction, pavement designers might recommend an overlay that will be too thin, which will make it insufficiently durable, or too thick, which will make it unnecessarily expensive (Lee et al. 1998) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF35"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Lee et al. 1998)"
]
}
] |
17614576 | 4 | 52 | 6,704,030,153 | [
"Medicine"
] | The number of FEWs who have sweethearts is high, and most of them have active sex with their sweethearts. A 2015 study revealed that 60% of FEWs reported having one or more sweethearts in the past year, and about 85% of those with sweethearts reported having sex with them in the past three months [5] . In the 2010 assessment, about 20% of FEWs had sweethearts only in the past three months [8] . | Background | [
{
"text": "The number of FEWs who have sweethearts is high, and most of them have active sex with their sweethearts.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The number of FEWs who have sweethearts is high, and most of them have active sex with their sweethearts.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A 2015 study revealed that 60% of FEWs reported having one or more sweethearts in the past year, and about 85% of those with sweethearts reported having sex with them in the past three months.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A 2015 study revealed that 60% of FEWs reported having one or more sweethearts in the past year, and about 85% of those with sweethearts reported having sex with them in the past three months [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF4"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[5]"
]
},
{
"text": "In the 2010 assessment, about 20% of FEWs had sweethearts only in the past three months.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the 2010 assessment, about 20% of FEWs had sweethearts only in the past three months [8] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[8]"
]
}
] |
59017046 | 13 | 27 | 4,029,759,854 | [
"Physics"
] | Cloud drop size can be modulated not only by CCN concentration (N CNN ) but also by condensed cloud water. An important requirement for the Twomey effect is to compare the cloud droplet size for the same LWP. Few studies of aerosol indirect effects have done this, likely facing the same difficulty as we do. With limited data and resulting concern over statistical significance, we cannot further classify by LWP directly for all cases. Instead, for our primary analysis we calculated r e 5 LWP/(r w t), where r w is the density of water (10 6 g m 23 ) and t is cloud optical depth, as a surrogate estimator of cloud droplet radius. These two parameters are more directly retrieved from measurements of absorption and nonabsorption channels of MODIS than the inferred cloud effective radius. Since cloud optical depth and cloud LWP are functions of second and third moments of cloud drop size distribution, this ratio is directly linked to the cloud effective radius. For multiple samples, a linear regression between the two parameters provides a better weighted indicator of cloud effective radius than the simply averaged cloud effective radius (Kim et al. 2003) . To the extent that LWP and cloud optical depth are properly sensed for the whole column, the r e derived from their ratio is a reasonable column average. However, due to limited photon penetration into thick clouds, the optically retrieved cloud LWP and optical depths may be underreported for the thickest clouds and relevant only to their upper portions. We believe that this is not a substantial issue for any clouds except the thickest convective clouds. | Methodology | [
{
"text": "Cloud drop size can be modulated not only by CCN concentration (N CNN ) but also by condensed cloud water.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Cloud drop size can be modulated not only by CCN concentration (N CNN ) but also by condensed cloud water.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "An important requirement for the Twomey effect is to compare the cloud droplet size for the same LWP.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "An important requirement for the Twomey effect is to compare the cloud droplet size for the same LWP.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Few studies of aerosol indirect effects have done this, likely facing the same difficulty as we do.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Few studies of aerosol indirect effects have done this, likely facing the same difficulty as we do.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "With limited data and resulting concern over statistical significance, we cannot further classify by LWP directly for all cases.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "With limited data and resulting concern over statistical significance, we cannot further classify by LWP directly for all cases.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Instead, for our primary analysis we calculated r e 5 LWP/(r w t), where r w is the density of water (10 6 g m 23 ) and t is cloud optical depth, as a surrogate estimator of cloud droplet radius.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Instead, for our primary analysis we calculated r e 5 LWP/(r w t), where r w is the density of water (10 6 g m 23 ) and t is cloud optical depth, as a surrogate estimator of cloud droplet radius.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "These two parameters are more directly retrieved from measurements of absorption and nonabsorption channels of MODIS than the inferred cloud effective radius.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These two parameters are more directly retrieved from measurements of absorption and nonabsorption channels of MODIS than the inferred cloud effective radius.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Since cloud optical depth and cloud LWP are functions of second and third moments of cloud drop size distribution, this ratio is directly linked to the cloud effective radius.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Since cloud optical depth and cloud LWP are functions of second and third moments of cloud drop size distribution, this ratio is directly linked to the cloud effective radius.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For multiple samples, a linear regression between the two parameters provides a better weighted indicator of cloud effective radius than the simply averaged cloud effective radius.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For multiple samples, a linear regression between the two parameters provides a better weighted indicator of cloud effective radius than the simply averaged cloud effective radius (Kim et al. 2003) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Kim et al. 2003)"
]
},
{
"text": "To the extent that LWP and cloud optical depth are properly sensed for the whole column, the r e derived from their ratio is a reasonable column average.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To the extent that LWP and cloud optical depth are properly sensed for the whole column, the r e derived from their ratio is a reasonable column average.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, due to limited photon penetration into thick clouds, the optically retrieved cloud LWP and optical depths may be underreported for the thickest clouds and relevant only to their upper portions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, due to limited photon penetration into thick clouds, the optically retrieved cloud LWP and optical depths may be underreported for the thickest clouds and relevant only to their upper portions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We believe that this is not a substantial issue for any clouds except the thickest convective clouds.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We believe that this is not a substantial issue for any clouds except the thickest convective clouds.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
18271751 | 0 | 73 | 5,335,193,836 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Over the past few decades, Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Approximate/Adaptive Dynamic Programming (ADP) have been widely applied for solving the optimal control problems for linear/nonlinear systems with unknown or uncertain parametric models [41] . RL means finding an admissible control policy, i.e., learning the parameters of a controller mapping between the system states and the control signal, such that to maximize a numerical reward signal [38] . It is noted that the integral over time of the reward signal can be viewed as the value/cost function to be maximized/minimized in an optimal control framework. From the viewpoint of control engineering, RL algorithms can be viewed as a class of adaptive controllers which solve the optimal control problem based on reward information which gives information on the performance of a given controller [37] [42] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Over the past few decades, Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Approximate/Adaptive Dynamic Programming (ADP) have been widely applied for solving the optimal control problems for linear/nonlinear systems with unknown or uncertain parametric models.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Over the past few decades, Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Approximate/Adaptive Dynamic Programming (ADP) have been widely applied for solving the optimal control problems for linear/nonlinear systems with unknown or uncertain parametric models [41] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF40"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[41]"
]
},
{
"text": "RL means finding an admissible control policy, i.e., learning the parameters of a controller mapping between the system states and the control signal, such that to maximize a numerical reward signal.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "RL means finding an admissible control policy, i.e., learning the parameters of a controller mapping between the system states and the control signal, such that to maximize a numerical reward signal [38] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF37"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[38]"
]
},
{
"text": "It is noted that the integral over time of the reward signal can be viewed as the value/cost function to be maximized/minimized in an optimal control framework.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is noted that the integral over time of the reward signal can be viewed as the value/cost function to be maximized/minimized in an optimal control framework.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "From the viewpoint of control engineering, RL algorithms can be viewed as a class of adaptive controllers which solve the optimal control problem based on reward information which gives information on the performance of a given controller.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "From the viewpoint of control engineering, RL algorithms can be viewed as a class of adaptive controllers which solve the optimal control problem based on reward information which gives information on the performance of a given controller [37] [42] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF36",
"BIBREF41"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[37] [42]"
]
}
] |
3731571 | 21 | 3 | 991,551,830 | [
"Medicine"
] | As our analyses show the majority of older dialysis patients have a poor PF or decline even further, it would be valuable to assess interventions that may improve PF or slow down decline. Besides age and albumin, no relations with poor physical outcome were found. Based on these analyses, no clear starting points for potential interventions could be indicated. Previous research showed physical condition may be amenable to interventions such as physical exercise in CKD and dialysis [10] . In addition, physical exercise may prevent falls, which occur frequently and are increasingly recognized as a factor preceding poor outcome in dialysis [18] . Although data in older dialysis patients are lacking, exercise interventions have been shown to improve mobility, gait speed and muscle strength in (non-CKD) older patients [19] . Although physical training has been recommended in multiple guidelines, implementation rate is poor [20] . Of special note is that patients in CONTRAST did not receive rehabilitation exercise. Whether improvement of PF will also improve overall quality of life and survival, should be subject of future research. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "As our analyses show the majority of older dialysis patients have a poor PF or decline even further, it would be valuable to assess interventions that may improve PF or slow down decline.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As our analyses show the majority of older dialysis patients have a poor PF or decline even further, it would be valuable to assess interventions that may improve PF or slow down decline.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Besides age and albumin, no relations with poor physical outcome were found.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Besides age and albumin, no relations with poor physical outcome were found.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Based on these analyses, no clear starting points for potential interventions could be indicated.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Based on these analyses, no clear starting points for potential interventions could be indicated.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Previous research showed physical condition may be amenable to interventions such as physical exercise in CKD and dialysis.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Previous research showed physical condition may be amenable to interventions such as physical exercise in CKD and dialysis [10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10]"
]
},
{
"text": "In addition, physical exercise may prevent falls, which occur frequently and are increasingly recognized as a factor preceding poor outcome in dialysis.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, physical exercise may prevent falls, which occur frequently and are increasingly recognized as a factor preceding poor outcome in dialysis [18] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[18]"
]
},
{
"text": "Although data in older dialysis patients are lacking, exercise interventions have been shown to improve mobility, gait speed and muscle strength in (non-CKD) older patients.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although data in older dialysis patients are lacking, exercise interventions have been shown to improve mobility, gait speed and muscle strength in (non-CKD) older patients [19] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF19"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[19]"
]
},
{
"text": "Although physical training has been recommended in multiple guidelines, implementation rate is poor.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although physical training has been recommended in multiple guidelines, implementation rate is poor [20] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF20"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[20]"
]
},
{
"text": "Of special note is that patients in CONTRAST did not receive rehabilitation exercise.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Of special note is that patients in CONTRAST did not receive rehabilitation exercise.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Whether improvement of PF will also improve overall quality of life and survival, should be subject of future research.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Whether improvement of PF will also improve overall quality of life and survival, should be subject of future research.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
73521123 | 1 | 81 | 4,074,875,883 | [
"Physics"
] | In this paper, a new type of fiber vibration sensors based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is presented. The sensing head is formed by insertion of a small section of MMF between a single-mode fiber and the TFBG. The MMF is used to couple back the counterpropagating cladding modes of the TFBG into the core [15] . The Fiber Bragg grating uses wavelength demodulation to measure physical quantities, so there is the effect of temperature. The average power of the cladding modes is sensitive to vibration, so the external vibration measurement can be obtained through the average output power of the cladding mode. The sensor device is simple due to the intensity demodulation method. And the temperature has little impact on the average output power of the reflection spectra, so it is proved to be temperature independent. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In this paper, a new type of fiber vibration sensors based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is presented.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this paper, a new type of fiber vibration sensors based on a tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is presented.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The sensing head is formed by insertion of a small section of MMF between a single-mode fiber and the TFBG.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The sensing head is formed by insertion of a small section of MMF between a single-mode fiber and the TFBG.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The MMF is used to couple back the counterpropagating cladding modes of the TFBG into the core.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The MMF is used to couple back the counterpropagating cladding modes of the TFBG into the core [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[15]"
]
},
{
"text": "The Fiber Bragg grating uses wavelength demodulation to measure physical quantities, so there is the effect of temperature.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Fiber Bragg grating uses wavelength demodulation to measure physical quantities, so there is the effect of temperature.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The average power of the cladding modes is sensitive to vibration, so the external vibration measurement can be obtained through the average output power of the cladding mode.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The average power of the cladding modes is sensitive to vibration, so the external vibration measurement can be obtained through the average output power of the cladding mode.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The sensor device is simple due to the intensity demodulation method.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The sensor device is simple due to the intensity demodulation method.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "And the temperature has little impact on the average output power of the reflection spectra, so it is proved to be temperature independent.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "And the temperature has little impact on the average output power of the reflection spectra, so it is proved to be temperature independent.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
53379621 | 4 | 97 | 6,374,016,301 | [
"Materials Science"
] | To apply this technique on freestanding thin materials, we introduce two modifications to the existing theory. First we will calculate a new κ for thin materials laying on a rigid body without friction, instead of being fixed to it. For this purpose we create a FE model of the indentation experiment. Secondly, when a force is applied, thin materials will be easily deformed on large plane contacts, so the contact-dependent deformation is measured instead of the true indentation deformation. In order to avoid deformation on an extended and poorly controlled contact surface, a second indentation needle is introduced. In this paper we will validate our new method on four test-materials with different thickness by comparing the results from the new method to a standard compression test (ASTM D695-02a). Finally, we will apply our method on biological samples and we will determine the elasticity modulus of middle ear (ME) ossicle bone. In current modelling of middle ear mechanics, those bones are treated either as rigid bodies or standard values for the Young's modulus are used (12 ± 3 GPa) [23, 24] . A correct value of the elasticity modulus becomes very important when bending of the auditory ossicles needs to be taken into account. Quasi-static pressure variations, such as atmospheric pressure variations, can be several orders of magnitude larger than the loudest sound pressures and ossicle bending may become important in this case. In the high frequency range ossicle bending occurs due to inertia effects and it will influence the middle ear transfer function [25, 26] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "To apply this technique on freestanding thin materials, we introduce two modifications to the existing theory.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To apply this technique on freestanding thin materials, we introduce two modifications to the existing theory.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "First we will calculate a new κ for thin materials laying on a rigid body without friction, instead of being fixed to it.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "First we will calculate a new κ for thin materials laying on a rigid body without friction, instead of being fixed to it.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For this purpose we create a FE model of the indentation experiment.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For this purpose we create a FE model of the indentation experiment.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Secondly, when a force is applied, thin materials will be easily deformed on large plane contacts, so the contact-dependent deformation is measured instead of the true indentation deformation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Secondly, when a force is applied, thin materials will be easily deformed on large plane contacts, so the contact-dependent deformation is measured instead of the true indentation deformation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In order to avoid deformation on an extended and poorly controlled contact surface, a second indentation needle is introduced.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to avoid deformation on an extended and poorly controlled contact surface, a second indentation needle is introduced.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this paper we will validate our new method on four test-materials with different thickness by comparing the results from the new method to a standard compression test (ASTM D695-02a).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this paper we will validate our new method on four test-materials with different thickness by comparing the results from the new method to a standard compression test (ASTM D695-02a).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Finally, we will apply our method on biological samples and we will determine the elasticity modulus of middle ear (ME) ossicle bone.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finally, we will apply our method on biological samples and we will determine the elasticity modulus of middle ear (ME) ossicle bone.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In current modelling of middle ear mechanics, those bones are treated either as rigid bodies or standard values for the Young's modulus are used (12 ± 3 GPa).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In current modelling of middle ear mechanics, those bones are treated either as rigid bodies or standard values for the Young's modulus are used (12 ± 3 GPa) [23, 24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[23, 24]"
]
},
{
"text": "A correct value of the elasticity modulus becomes very important when bending of the auditory ossicles needs to be taken into account.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A correct value of the elasticity modulus becomes very important when bending of the auditory ossicles needs to be taken into account.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Quasi-static pressure variations, such as atmospheric pressure variations, can be several orders of magnitude larger than the loudest sound pressures and ossicle bending may become important in this case.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Quasi-static pressure variations, such as atmospheric pressure variations, can be several orders of magnitude larger than the loudest sound pressures and ossicle bending may become important in this case.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the high frequency range ossicle bending occurs due to inertia effects and it will influence the middle ear transfer function.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the high frequency range ossicle bending occurs due to inertia effects and it will influence the middle ear transfer function [25, 26] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24",
"BIBREF25"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25, 26]"
]
}
] |
2527957 | 2 | 57 | 5,205,341,528 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The research of XML data broadcast is of great importance and has been attracting more and more research interests [7, 19, 26, 28, 24] . Information expressed in semi-structured formats is widespread over the past years. XML has rapidly gained popularity as a de facto standard to represent semi-structured information in today's Web. For example, delivering information in XML format is popular in Web services and in different kinds of Publish/Subscribe systems. Similarly, broadcasting information in XML format in a wireless environment is also a preferable way due to the prosperity of XML. We will demonstrate a potential application of using XML data in a broadcast environment by detailing a real life scenario in Section 3. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The research of XML data broadcast is of great importance and has been attracting more and more research interests.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The research of XML data broadcast is of great importance and has been attracting more and more research interests [7, 19, 26, 28, 24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF18",
"BIBREF25",
"BIBREF27",
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7, 19, 26, 28, 24]"
]
},
{
"text": "Information expressed in semi-structured formats is widespread over the past years.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Information expressed in semi-structured formats is widespread over the past years.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "XML has rapidly gained popularity as a de facto standard to represent semi-structured information in today's Web.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "XML has rapidly gained popularity as a de facto standard to represent semi-structured information in today's Web.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For example, delivering information in XML format is popular in Web services and in different kinds of Publish/Subscribe systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For example, delivering information in XML format is popular in Web services and in different kinds of Publish/Subscribe systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Similarly, broadcasting information in XML format in a wireless environment is also a preferable way due to the prosperity of XML.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Similarly, broadcasting information in XML format in a wireless environment is also a preferable way due to the prosperity of XML.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We will demonstrate a potential application of using XML data in a broadcast environment by detailing a real life scenario in Section 3.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We will demonstrate a potential application of using XML data in a broadcast environment by detailing a real life scenario in Section 3.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
2527957 | 82 | 57 | 5,205,341,528 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Many studies have been done to investigate data placement techniques to reduce access time [25, 23, 14] . These studies generally assume that each user query requires one data item only. Other studies handle data placement problems for queries that may require multiple data items. | Related Work | [
{
"text": "Many studies have been done to investigate data placement techniques to reduce access time.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many studies have been done to investigate data placement techniques to reduce access time [25, 23, 14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24",
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25, 23, 14]"
]
},
{
"text": "These studies generally assume that each user query requires one data item only.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These studies generally assume that each user query requires one data item only.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Other studies handle data placement problems for queries that may require multiple data items.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Other studies handle data placement problems for queries that may require multiple data items.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
6417453 | 13 | 27 | 2,246,010,437 | [
"Medicine"
] | To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate an association between atopy and schizophrenia using the Phadiatop multiallergen screen. Schizophrenia patients had reduced odds ratio of atopy as assessed by Phadiatop seropositivity. Our findings contrast with those reported in the three previously published studies of atopic disorders in schizophrenia [17] [18] [19] . | Discussion | [
{
"text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate an association between atopy and schizophrenia using the Phadiatop multiallergen screen.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate an association between atopy and schizophrenia using the Phadiatop multiallergen screen.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Schizophrenia patients had reduced odds ratio of atopy as assessed by Phadiatop seropositivity.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Schizophrenia patients had reduced odds ratio of atopy as assessed by Phadiatop seropositivity.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Our findings contrast with those reported in the three previously published studies of atopic disorders in schizophrenia.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our findings contrast with those reported in the three previously published studies of atopic disorders in schizophrenia [17] [18] [19] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16",
"BIBREF17",
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17] [18] [19]"
]
}
] |
31664477 | 0 | 41 | 5,811,083,119 | [
"Medicine"
] | Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective and successful public health measures for preventing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases [1] . Vaccinated individuals are protected from developing a number of potentially serious infectious diseases. The community is also protected as the spread of infectious organisms is reduced. Vaccine development and introduction began at the end of the 18th century but the actual potential of vaccines was recognized only in 1977 when Smallpox was eradicated. Vaccines have also resulted in the elimination of wildtype poliomyelitis virus from the western hemisphere and have controlled rubella, measles, diphtheria, haemophilus influenza type B, Tetanus and other infectious diseases. Most vaccines are cost effective even if only the direct medical costs of treating the disease (and not the associated mortality and morbidity) are considered. | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective and successful public health measures for preventing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective and successful public health measures for preventing morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "Vaccinated individuals are protected from developing a number of potentially serious infectious diseases.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Vaccinated individuals are protected from developing a number of potentially serious infectious diseases.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The community is also protected as the spread of infectious organisms is reduced.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The community is also protected as the spread of infectious organisms is reduced.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Vaccine development and introduction began at the end of the 18th century but the actual potential of vaccines was recognized only in 1977 when Smallpox was eradicated.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Vaccine development and introduction began at the end of the 18th century but the actual potential of vaccines was recognized only in 1977 when Smallpox was eradicated.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Vaccines have also resulted in the elimination of wildtype poliomyelitis virus from the western hemisphere and have controlled rubella, measles, diphtheria, haemophilus influenza type B, Tetanus and other infectious diseases.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Vaccines have also resulted in the elimination of wildtype poliomyelitis virus from the western hemisphere and have controlled rubella, measles, diphtheria, haemophilus influenza type B, Tetanus and other infectious diseases.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Most vaccines are cost effective even if only the direct medical costs of treating the disease (and not the associated mortality and morbidity) are considered.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Most vaccines are cost effective even if only the direct medical costs of treating the disease (and not the associated mortality and morbidity) are considered.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
54570490 | 2 | 39 | 1,422,960,034 | [
"Engineering"
] | Introduction of certain simplified assumption enables to eliminate necessity of solution for two and three dimensional heat conduction. Typical situation is in the case of curved ribbed surfaces or squared ribs. In this situation it is possible to retransform a given task to one-dimensional solution with regard to possible calculation failure. An advantage is a quick solution process (Mlynár and Masaryk, 2012; Ferstl and Masaryk, 2011; Purcz, 2001) . | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Introduction of certain simplified assumption enables to eliminate necessity of solution for two and three dimensional heat conduction.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Introduction of certain simplified assumption enables to eliminate necessity of solution for two and three dimensional heat conduction.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Typical situation is in the case of curved ribbed surfaces or squared ribs.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Typical situation is in the case of curved ribbed surfaces or squared ribs.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this situation it is possible to retransform a given task to one-dimensional solution with regard to possible calculation failure.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this situation it is possible to retransform a given task to one-dimensional solution with regard to possible calculation failure.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "An advantage is a quick solution process.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "An advantage is a quick solution process (Mlynár and Masaryk, 2012; Ferstl and Masaryk, 2011; Purcz, 2001) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF12"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Mlynár and Masaryk, 2012; Ferstl and Masaryk, 2011; Purcz, 2001)"
]
}
] |
54975081 | 16 | 33 | 6,016,551,392 | [
"Physics"
] | The Drake equation has long been used as a touchstone for astrobiology. Its mix of astrophysical, biological and social science, with an increasing level of uncertainty, continues to provoke discussion (Burchell 2006) . The critical transition model addresses an issue for any Drake-type equation, e.g. the Rare Earth equation (Ward & Brownlee 2000) . If any one of the factors is zero, then the result is zero. The critical transition model breaks down the crucial biological steps, typically only represented by one or two factors, and introduces time dependence. In particular, it provides a reasonable fit to the timescales for the emergence of life on Earth. Furthermore, if the possibility of life originating beyond Earth is considered, it can provide useful clues as to the time that life might have emerged. | Conclusions | [
{
"text": "The Drake equation has long been used as a touchstone for astrobiology.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Drake equation has long been used as a touchstone for astrobiology.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Its mix of astrophysical, biological and social science, with an increasing level of uncertainty, continues to provoke discussion.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Its mix of astrophysical, biological and social science, with an increasing level of uncertainty, continues to provoke discussion (Burchell 2006) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Burchell 2006)"
]
},
{
"text": "The critical transition model addresses an issue for any Drake-type equation, e.g. the Rare Earth equation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The critical transition model addresses an issue for any Drake-type equation, e.g. the Rare Earth equation (Ward & Brownlee 2000) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF25"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Ward & Brownlee 2000)"
]
},
{
"text": "If any one of the factors is zero, then the result is zero.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "If any one of the factors is zero, then the result is zero.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The critical transition model breaks down the crucial biological steps, typically only represented by one or two factors, and introduces time dependence.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The critical transition model breaks down the crucial biological steps, typically only represented by one or two factors, and introduces time dependence.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In particular, it provides a reasonable fit to the timescales for the emergence of life on Earth.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In particular, it provides a reasonable fit to the timescales for the emergence of life on Earth.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Furthermore, if the possibility of life originating beyond Earth is considered, it can provide useful clues as to the time that life might have emerged.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Furthermore, if the possibility of life originating beyond Earth is considered, it can provide useful clues as to the time that life might have emerged.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
90293725 | 7 | 10 | 5,655,862,929 | [
"Biology"
] | Incidence of lymphedema among wild-caught anurans was relatively low (Table 1) , but was observed in 4 of 5 species in this study. Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica) are a charismatic species of frog common in much of North America. They breed in explosive choruses over a few nights in late winter to early spring. The incidence in Wood Frogs was associated with a die-off of frogs during the breeding chorus in the Sylamore District of the Ozark National Forest in Arkansas (Trauth et al., 2000) . In Wood Frogs, lymphedema ranged from the entire torso to localized single lymph sacs on the legs or patches on the back (Fig. 1) . | Results and Discussion | [
{
"text": "Incidence of lymphedema among wild-caught anurans was relatively low (Table 1) , but was observed in 4 of 5 species in this study.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Incidence of lymphedema among wild-caught anurans was relatively low (Table 1) , but was observed in 4 of 5 species in this study.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica) are a charismatic species of frog common in much of North America.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica) are a charismatic species of frog common in much of North America.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "They breed in explosive choruses over a few nights in late winter to early spring.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "They breed in explosive choruses over a few nights in late winter to early spring.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The incidence in Wood Frogs was associated with a die-off of frogs during the breeding chorus in the Sylamore District of the Ozark National Forest in Arkansas.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The incidence in Wood Frogs was associated with a die-off of frogs during the breeding chorus in the Sylamore District of the Ozark National Forest in Arkansas (Trauth et al., 2000) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Trauth et al., 2000)"
]
},
{
"text": "In Wood Frogs, lymphedema ranged from the entire torso to localized single lymph sacs on the legs or patches on the back (Fig. 1) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In Wood Frogs, lymphedema ranged from the entire torso to localized single lymph sacs on the legs or patches on the back (Fig. 1) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55529944 | 0 | 11 | 5,362,966,488 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Extensive development in rock fracture mechanics research has covered many diverse areas including blasting, hydraulic fracturing and in situ stress determination, mechanical fragmentation, rock slope analysis, earthquake mechanics, earthquake prediction, plate tectonics, magmatic intrusions, hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction, fluid transport properties of fracturing rock masses, propagating oceanic rifts, crevasse penetration, and other glaciological problems [1] . As a result of complicated geological processes, numerous flaws, cracks, and faults exist in rock masses. Fracture mechanics is a useful technique for investigating the initiation and propagation of an individual crack or cracks in geological materials. Due to the complexity of in situ stresses, most fractures in these applications occur under a combination of opening and sliding deformation (I/II mixed mode). Under mixed mode loading, a fracture usually propagates along a curvilinear path [2] . However, it is quite difficult to predict the curvilinear fracture path theoretically because the crack growth direction has to be determined by the present mixed-mode loading condition which corresponds to a specified position on the curvilinear path. Further investigations into fracture initiation angle and fracture propagation path under mixed-mode loading will improve the understanding of mixed mode fracture behavior. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Extensive development in rock fracture mechanics research has covered many diverse areas including blasting, hydraulic fracturing and in situ stress determination, mechanical fragmentation, rock slope analysis, earthquake mechanics, earthquake prediction, plate tectonics, magmatic intrusions, hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction, fluid transport properties of fracturing rock masses, propagating oceanic rifts, crevasse penetration, and other glaciological problems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Extensive development in rock fracture mechanics research has covered many diverse areas including blasting, hydraulic fracturing and in situ stress determination, mechanical fragmentation, rock slope analysis, earthquake mechanics, earthquake prediction, plate tectonics, magmatic intrusions, hot dry rock geothermal energy extraction, fluid transport properties of fracturing rock masses, propagating oceanic rifts, crevasse penetration, and other glaciological problems [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "As a result of complicated geological processes, numerous flaws, cracks, and faults exist in rock masses.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As a result of complicated geological processes, numerous flaws, cracks, and faults exist in rock masses.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Fracture mechanics is a useful technique for investigating the initiation and propagation of an individual crack or cracks in geological materials.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Fracture mechanics is a useful technique for investigating the initiation and propagation of an individual crack or cracks in geological materials.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Due to the complexity of in situ stresses, most fractures in these applications occur under a combination of opening and sliding deformation (I/II mixed mode).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Due to the complexity of in situ stresses, most fractures in these applications occur under a combination of opening and sliding deformation (I/II mixed mode).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Under mixed mode loading, a fracture usually propagates along a curvilinear path.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Under mixed mode loading, a fracture usually propagates along a curvilinear path [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, it is quite difficult to predict the curvilinear fracture path theoretically because the crack growth direction has to be determined by the present mixed-mode loading condition which corresponds to a specified position on the curvilinear path.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, it is quite difficult to predict the curvilinear fracture path theoretically because the crack growth direction has to be determined by the present mixed-mode loading condition which corresponds to a specified position on the curvilinear path.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Further investigations into fracture initiation angle and fracture propagation path under mixed-mode loading will improve the understanding of mixed mode fracture behavior.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Further investigations into fracture initiation angle and fracture propagation path under mixed-mode loading will improve the understanding of mixed mode fracture behavior.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
11002028 | 5 | 50 | 3,432,574,230 | [
"Computer Science"
] | By associating such business information with raw traffic data, the network service provider can make better decisions about investments. However, today's capacity planning for the Internet does not incorporate this kind of information. The dominant reason is that the data collection and analysis process is not in place. The current process suffers from the problem that the data volume overwhelms conventional database management systems. Moreover, marketing and engineering disciplines of the service provider business lack a common vision. Marketing managers concentrate only on customer numbers and ignore the traffic-volume aspects of the business, while network engineers concentrate only on traffic volumes and ignore the customer aspect of the business. Each discipline views data in isolation, which results in myopic decision making. A holistic view of the data is necessary for informed investment decisions. In this paper, we present an innovative tool called Dynamic Netvalue Analyzer (DNA) that overcomes these lacunae. DNA aggregates, analyzes and models network data streams on the fly [1] . We show how this tool can be used to combine marketing, revenue, and engineering aspects of a service provider's business in order to make efficient capacity planning decisions. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "By associating such business information with raw traffic data, the network service provider can make better decisions about investments.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "By associating such business information with raw traffic data, the network service provider can make better decisions about investments.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, today's capacity planning for the Internet does not incorporate this kind of information.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, today's capacity planning for the Internet does not incorporate this kind of information.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The dominant reason is that the data collection and analysis process is not in place.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The dominant reason is that the data collection and analysis process is not in place.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The current process suffers from the problem that the data volume overwhelms conventional database management systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The current process suffers from the problem that the data volume overwhelms conventional database management systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Moreover, marketing and engineering disciplines of the service provider business lack a common vision.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, marketing and engineering disciplines of the service provider business lack a common vision.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Marketing managers concentrate only on customer numbers and ignore the traffic-volume aspects of the business, while network engineers concentrate only on traffic volumes and ignore the customer aspect of the business.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Marketing managers concentrate only on customer numbers and ignore the traffic-volume aspects of the business, while network engineers concentrate only on traffic volumes and ignore the customer aspect of the business.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Each discipline views data in isolation, which results in myopic decision making.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Each discipline views data in isolation, which results in myopic decision making.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A holistic view of the data is necessary for informed investment decisions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A holistic view of the data is necessary for informed investment decisions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this paper, we present an innovative tool called Dynamic Netvalue Analyzer (DNA) that overcomes these lacunae.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this paper, we present an innovative tool called Dynamic Netvalue Analyzer (DNA) that overcomes these lacunae.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "DNA aggregates, analyzes and models network data streams on the fly.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "DNA aggregates, analyzes and models network data streams on the fly [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "We show how this tool can be used to combine marketing, revenue, and engineering aspects of a service provider's business in order to make efficient capacity planning decisions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We show how this tool can be used to combine marketing, revenue, and engineering aspects of a service provider's business in order to make efficient capacity planning decisions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
52017245 | 0 | 43 | 4,832,004,442 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Land use or cover change is a direct reflection of human activity, such as land use, urban expansion, and architectural planning, on the earth's surface caused by urbanization [1] . Remote sensing images are important data sources that can efficiently detect land changes. Meanwhile, remote sensing image-based change detection is the change identification of surficial objects or geographic phenomena through the remote observation of two or more different phases [2] . Change detection emphasizes the change in spectral response to pixels of remote sensing images at different moments, which may denote the increase, disappearance, movement, and transformation of geographic features [3] . Satellite-based multispectral images with very-high spatial resolution (VHR) have recently become available, thus making change detection a highly relevant topic in this field of research [4] . Buildings are important products of urbanization during human civilization. Thus, obtaining building change information is of great importance in scientifically promoting urban planning, and it can help realize the sustainable development of the economy and the environment [5] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Land use or cover change is a direct reflection of human activity, such as land use, urban expansion, and architectural planning, on the earth's surface caused by urbanization.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Land use or cover change is a direct reflection of human activity, such as land use, urban expansion, and architectural planning, on the earth's surface caused by urbanization [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "Remote sensing images are important data sources that can efficiently detect land changes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Remote sensing images are important data sources that can efficiently detect land changes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, remote sensing image-based change detection is the change identification of surficial objects or geographic phenomena through the remote observation of two or more different phases.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Meanwhile, remote sensing image-based change detection is the change identification of surficial objects or geographic phenomena through the remote observation of two or more different phases [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "Change detection emphasizes the change in spectral response to pixels of remote sensing images at different moments, which may denote the increase, disappearance, movement, and transformation of geographic features.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Change detection emphasizes the change in spectral response to pixels of remote sensing images at different moments, which may denote the increase, disappearance, movement, and transformation of geographic features [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "Satellite-based multispectral images with very-high spatial resolution (VHR) have recently become available, thus making change detection a highly relevant topic in this field of research.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Satellite-based multispectral images with very-high spatial resolution (VHR) have recently become available, thus making change detection a highly relevant topic in this field of research [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
},
{
"text": "Buildings are important products of urbanization during human civilization.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Buildings are important products of urbanization during human civilization.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Thus, obtaining building change information is of great importance in scientifically promoting urban planning, and it can help realize the sustainable development of the economy and the environment.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Thus, obtaining building change information is of great importance in scientifically promoting urban planning, and it can help realize the sustainable development of the economy and the environment [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF4"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[5]"
]
}
] |
56418654 | 24 | 63 | 3,455,935,210 | [
"Psychology"
] | This study was designed to explore audience interpretations of Ally McBeal using quantitative methods and to profile what it is that distinguishes the viewers who adopt each of the three readings from each other. The key to studying reception quantitatively using large samples is to articulate a limited number of possible readings of the text in advance. There is a legitimate doubt about the validity of choices viewers must make among overall interpretations of the program rather than making up their own narratives or responding to more specific statements about the program. This question is magnified when applied to a program like Ally McBeal where each episode varies, and there is great variation between seasons (Nochimson, 2000) . But, this method sacrifices such specificity for the ability to make general statements about reception processes. A priori validity of this method is enhanced by basing the readings on careful textual analyses, and a posteriori through viewers' willingness to adopt these readings and the variation in their choices. Each of the three readings formulated for the present study was chosen by a substantial portion of viewers (see later), and a convergent source of validity is that, as expected, the dominant reading was more popular (35%) than the resistant reading (19%), and the most popular reading was the negotiated reading (46%). A final source of validation for this method of assessing audience interpretations is that the choices were not random. The analysis of the results found many theoretically consistent findings explaining the choices of interpretation and providing post-hoc validation to this methodological approach. | METHOD | [
{
"text": "This study was designed to explore audience interpretations of Ally McBeal using quantitative methods and to profile what it is that distinguishes the viewers who adopt each of the three readings from each other.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This study was designed to explore audience interpretations of Ally McBeal using quantitative methods and to profile what it is that distinguishes the viewers who adopt each of the three readings from each other.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The key to studying reception quantitatively using large samples is to articulate a limited number of possible readings of the text in advance.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The key to studying reception quantitatively using large samples is to articulate a limited number of possible readings of the text in advance.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "There is a legitimate doubt about the validity of choices viewers must make among overall interpretations of the program rather than making up their own narratives or responding to more specific statements about the program.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There is a legitimate doubt about the validity of choices viewers must make among overall interpretations of the program rather than making up their own narratives or responding to more specific statements about the program.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This question is magnified when applied to a program like Ally McBeal where each episode varies, and there is great variation between seasons.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This question is magnified when applied to a program like Ally McBeal where each episode varies, and there is great variation between seasons (Nochimson, 2000) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF28"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Nochimson, 2000)"
]
},
{
"text": "But, this method sacrifices such specificity for the ability to make general statements about reception processes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "But, this method sacrifices such specificity for the ability to make general statements about reception processes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A priori validity of this method is enhanced by basing the readings on careful textual analyses, and a posteriori through viewers' willingness to adopt these readings and the variation in their choices.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A priori validity of this method is enhanced by basing the readings on careful textual analyses, and a posteriori through viewers' willingness to adopt these readings and the variation in their choices.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Each of the three readings formulated for the present study was chosen by a substantial portion of viewers (see later), and a convergent source of validity is that, as expected, the dominant reading was more popular (35%) than the resistant reading (19%), and the most popular reading was the negotiated reading (46%).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Each of the three readings formulated for the present study was chosen by a substantial portion of viewers (see later), and a convergent source of validity is that, as expected, the dominant reading was more popular (35%) than the resistant reading (19%), and the most popular reading was the negotiated reading (46%).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A final source of validation for this method of assessing audience interpretations is that the choices were not random.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A final source of validation for this method of assessing audience interpretations is that the choices were not random.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The analysis of the results found many theoretically consistent findings explaining the choices of interpretation and providing post-hoc validation to this methodological approach.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The analysis of the results found many theoretically consistent findings explaining the choices of interpretation and providing post-hoc validation to this methodological approach.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
103596476 | 3 | 88 | 6,427,753,285 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Brines of many sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are rich in Ca 2+ (Austad 2013; Fisher and Boles 1990) . These Ca 2+ rich brines are not compatible with H 2 PO 4 − and HPO 4 2− anions, which are present in most media used for biosurfactant production. It means that using these media at reservoir condition may lead to a significant formation damage. Moreover, in the previous research works, the optimum medium was considered as the medium in which the maximum biosurfactant yield is achieved. Therefore, previously reported values are not applicable for MEOR processes due to high nutrient loss and formation damage problem. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Brines of many sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are rich in Ca 2+.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Brines of many sandstone and carbonate reservoirs are rich in Ca 2+ (Austad 2013; Fisher and Boles 1990) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF17"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Austad 2013; Fisher and Boles 1990)"
]
},
{
"text": "These Ca 2+ rich brines are not compatible with H 2 PO 4 − and HPO 4 2− anions, which are present in most media used for biosurfactant production.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These Ca 2+ rich brines are not compatible with H 2 PO 4 − and HPO 4 2− anions, which are present in most media used for biosurfactant production.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It means that using these media at reservoir condition may lead to a significant formation damage.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It means that using these media at reservoir condition may lead to a significant formation damage.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Moreover, in the previous research works, the optimum medium was considered as the medium in which the maximum biosurfactant yield is achieved.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, in the previous research works, the optimum medium was considered as the medium in which the maximum biosurfactant yield is achieved.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Therefore, previously reported values are not applicable for MEOR processes due to high nutrient loss and formation damage problem.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, previously reported values are not applicable for MEOR processes due to high nutrient loss and formation damage problem.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
110087060 | 2 | 30 | 4,990,495,754 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Antenna array can also comprise antenna elements for RFID reader applications. The significant advantage of the antenna array is higher radiation gain and more centered directivities, while the coupling effect between antenna elements is not desired. In order to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements closely located within restricted space, different approaches are developed [21] [22] [23] [24] . The defected ground structure (DGS) has been used to increase the isolation in dual-polarized and dual-frequency antennas [21, 22] . The electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures can suppress the surface wave between antenna elements and reduce the mutual coupling, but they suffer from complexity [23, 24] . | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Antenna array can also comprise antenna elements for RFID reader applications.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Antenna array can also comprise antenna elements for RFID reader applications.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The significant advantage of the antenna array is higher radiation gain and more centered directivities, while the coupling effect between antenna elements is not desired.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The significant advantage of the antenna array is higher radiation gain and more centered directivities, while the coupling effect between antenna elements is not desired.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In order to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements closely located within restricted space, different approaches are developed.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to reduce the mutual coupling between antenna elements closely located within restricted space, different approaches are developed [21] [22] [23] [24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF20",
"BIBREF21",
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[21] [22] [23] [24]"
]
},
{
"text": "The defected ground structure (DGS) has been used to increase the isolation in dual-polarized and dual-frequency antennas.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The defected ground structure (DGS) has been used to increase the isolation in dual-polarized and dual-frequency antennas [21, 22] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF20",
"BIBREF21"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[21, 22]"
]
},
{
"text": "The electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures can suppress the surface wave between antenna elements and reduce the mutual coupling, but they suffer from complexity.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) structures can suppress the surface wave between antenna elements and reduce the mutual coupling, but they suffer from complexity [23, 24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[23, 24]"
]
}
] |
13010642 | 0 | 45 | 6,863,052,124 | [
"Medicine"
] | Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has an incidence of 0.1-1% with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and 0.1-3% with unfractioned heparins (UFH) [1] . Non-immune mediated thrombocytopenia in HIT type I (HIT I) is defined as a transient drop in platelet count within the first 5 days of heparin use, is not associated with thromboembolic events, and heparin-dependent antibodies are absent. HIT type II (HIT II) occurs typically between days 5-14, is mediated by antibodies, and causes platelet activation, intravascular consumption of platelets, and increased thrombin generation. Characteristic clinical signs are a drop in platelet count of >50%, associated with new thromboembolic complications during heparin therapy in up to 70% of the cases. We describe a case of HIT II in a neurosurgical patient which was successfully managed with the initial use of argatroban and, later, fondaparinux. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has an incidence of 0.1-1% with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and 0.1-3% with unfractioned heparins (UFH).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) has an incidence of 0.1-1% with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and 0.1-3% with unfractioned heparins (UFH) [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "Non-immune mediated thrombocytopenia in HIT type I (HIT I) is defined as a transient drop in platelet count within the first 5 days of heparin use, is not associated with thromboembolic events, and heparin-dependent antibodies are absent.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Non-immune mediated thrombocytopenia in HIT type I (HIT I) is defined as a transient drop in platelet count within the first 5 days of heparin use, is not associated with thromboembolic events, and heparin-dependent antibodies are absent.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "HIT type II (HIT II) occurs typically between days 5-14, is mediated by antibodies, and causes platelet activation, intravascular consumption of platelets, and increased thrombin generation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "HIT type II (HIT II) occurs typically between days 5-14, is mediated by antibodies, and causes platelet activation, intravascular consumption of platelets, and increased thrombin generation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Characteristic clinical signs are a drop in platelet count of >50%, associated with new thromboembolic complications during heparin therapy in up to 70% of the cases.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Characteristic clinical signs are a drop in platelet count of >50%, associated with new thromboembolic complications during heparin therapy in up to 70% of the cases.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We describe a case of HIT II in a neurosurgical patient which was successfully managed with the initial use of argatroban and, later, fondaparinux.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We describe a case of HIT II in a neurosurgical patient which was successfully managed with the initial use of argatroban and, later, fondaparinux.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55915007 | 0 | 93 | 3,373,278,512 | [
"Engineering"
] | Each individual cell composed PV module or each PV module composed PV array should be operated under the equal operating current and voltage in order to approach the ideal output power. In other words, the current-voltage (I-V) curves of modules must be similar. For instance, if a shadowed or damaged solar cell in a string causes that the cell produces current lower than the other cells then it will block the current flow from healthy cells to the output terminal of the string [1] [2] [3] . The generating current of solar cell depends strongly on irradiance level. In this reason, the effect of mismatch current is much worse than the mismatch voltage, the output power of PV module under this condition is remarkably reduced. This phenomenon is called as mismatching losses. Even the manufacturers set the tolerances in cell characteristic to reduce this kind of power losses; this problem continuously exists in the PV system practice. The causes of mismatching losses can be from the aging of solar cells, environmental stresses and shadow problems [4] . This problem urgently needs to be solved because of the increasing penetration of residential and commercial PV systems [5] [6] [7] [8] . The reason is that the shadow condition can cause significant power losses in PV systems. Shading in one single cell inside the PV modules can result in 90% of total power losses. Further problem is that the optimum point of PV array under the partially shaded condition is shifting far from the local maxima where the conventional controller is used to be operated. For this reason, the researchers have concentrated to develop the robust MPPT controllers to overcome the mismatching losses. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Each individual cell composed PV module or each PV module composed PV array should be operated under the equal operating current and voltage in order to approach the ideal output power.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Each individual cell composed PV module or each PV module composed PV array should be operated under the equal operating current and voltage in order to approach the ideal output power.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In other words, the current-voltage (I-V) curves of modules must be similar.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In other words, the current-voltage (I-V) curves of modules must be similar.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For instance, if a shadowed or damaged solar cell in a string causes that the cell produces current lower than the other cells then it will block the current flow from healthy cells to the output terminal of the string.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For instance, if a shadowed or damaged solar cell in a string causes that the cell produces current lower than the other cells then it will block the current flow from healthy cells to the output terminal of the string [1] [2] [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3]"
]
},
{
"text": "The generating current of solar cell depends strongly on irradiance level.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The generating current of solar cell depends strongly on irradiance level.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this reason, the effect of mismatch current is much worse than the mismatch voltage, the output power of PV module under this condition is remarkably reduced.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this reason, the effect of mismatch current is much worse than the mismatch voltage, the output power of PV module under this condition is remarkably reduced.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This phenomenon is called as mismatching losses.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This phenomenon is called as mismatching losses.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Even the manufacturers set the tolerances in cell characteristic to reduce this kind of power losses; this problem continuously exists in the PV system practice.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Even the manufacturers set the tolerances in cell characteristic to reduce this kind of power losses; this problem continuously exists in the PV system practice.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The causes of mismatching losses can be from the aging of solar cells, environmental stresses and shadow problems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The causes of mismatching losses can be from the aging of solar cells, environmental stresses and shadow problems [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
},
{
"text": "This problem urgently needs to be solved because of the increasing penetration of residential and commercial PV systems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This problem urgently needs to be solved because of the increasing penetration of residential and commercial PV systems [5] [6] [7] [8] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF5",
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[5] [6] [7] [8]"
]
},
{
"text": "The reason is that the shadow condition can cause significant power losses in PV systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The reason is that the shadow condition can cause significant power losses in PV systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Shading in one single cell inside the PV modules can result in 90% of total power losses.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Shading in one single cell inside the PV modules can result in 90% of total power losses.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Further problem is that the optimum point of PV array under the partially shaded condition is shifting far from the local maxima where the conventional controller is used to be operated.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Further problem is that the optimum point of PV array under the partially shaded condition is shifting far from the local maxima where the conventional controller is used to be operated.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For this reason, the researchers have concentrated to develop the robust MPPT controllers to overcome the mismatching losses.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For this reason, the researchers have concentrated to develop the robust MPPT controllers to overcome the mismatching losses.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55915007 | 25 | 93 | 3,373,278,512 | [
"Engineering"
] | In the future, a significant number of PV systems will be installed not only on the roofs but also wherever sunlight is available. It is crucial to improve the efficiency of PV systems and develop the reliability of PV generation control systems. In that manner, the comparison of overall technical and economic performance of different PV system architectures is becoming an issue. There are two ways to increase the efficiency of PV power generation. The first is to develop materials offering high conversion efficiency at low cost. On the other hand, the most important issue is to operate PV systems optimally for getting better efficiency [1] . | Discussion | [
{
"text": "In the future, a significant number of PV systems will be installed not only on the roofs but also wherever sunlight is available.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the future, a significant number of PV systems will be installed not only on the roofs but also wherever sunlight is available.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is crucial to improve the efficiency of PV systems and develop the reliability of PV generation control systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is crucial to improve the efficiency of PV systems and develop the reliability of PV generation control systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In that manner, the comparison of overall technical and economic performance of different PV system architectures is becoming an issue.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In that manner, the comparison of overall technical and economic performance of different PV system architectures is becoming an issue.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "There are two ways to increase the efficiency of PV power generation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are two ways to increase the efficiency of PV power generation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The first is to develop materials offering high conversion efficiency at low cost.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The first is to develop materials offering high conversion efficiency at low cost.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "On the other hand, the most important issue is to operate PV systems optimally for getting better efficiency.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "On the other hand, the most important issue is to operate PV systems optimally for getting better efficiency [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
}
] |
58916078 | 75 | 94 | 6,066,760,214 | [
"Psychology"
] | Data from both groups of students pointed to professional experience provided in their course as being fundamental to acquiring LPP. Beginning teachers also highlighted the way in which it is through teaching that their learning continues to progress. They acknowledged the relevance of their course, but now have a greater understanding that the learning process continues as they take up membership of the community of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991) . This point also highlighted the importance of the provision of appropriate support for beginning teachers, to ensure that ongoing professional learning can happen and, arguably, contribute to arresting attrition of teachers early in their careers (Brill & McCartney, 2008; Wideen, Mayer-Smith & Moon, 1998) . Therefore, we would contend that LPP emerges as something that cannot be expected to be achieved instantly, post-graduation, but rather is reliant upon ongoing learning in the context of taking up a first teaching appointment. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Data from both groups of students pointed to professional experience provided in their course as being fundamental to acquiring LPP.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Data from both groups of students pointed to professional experience provided in their course as being fundamental to acquiring LPP.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Beginning teachers also highlighted the way in which it is through teaching that their learning continues to progress.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Beginning teachers also highlighted the way in which it is through teaching that their learning continues to progress.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "They acknowledged the relevance of their course, but now have a greater understanding that the learning process continues as they take up membership of the community of practice.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "They acknowledged the relevance of their course, but now have a greater understanding that the learning process continues as they take up membership of the community of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Lave & Wenger, 1991)"
]
},
{
"text": "This point also highlighted the importance of the provision of appropriate support for beginning teachers, to ensure that ongoing professional learning can happen and, arguably, contribute to arresting attrition of teachers early in their careers.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This point also highlighted the importance of the provision of appropriate support for beginning teachers, to ensure that ongoing professional learning can happen and, arguably, contribute to arresting attrition of teachers early in their careers (Brill & McCartney, 2008; Wideen, Mayer-Smith & Moon, 1998) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF24"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Brill & McCartney, 2008; Wideen, Mayer-Smith & Moon, 1998)"
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, we would contend that LPP emerges as something that cannot be expected to be achieved instantly, post-graduation, but rather is reliant upon ongoing learning in the context of taking up a first teaching appointment.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, we would contend that LPP emerges as something that cannot be expected to be achieved instantly, post-graduation, but rather is reliant upon ongoing learning in the context of taking up a first teaching appointment.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55624349 | 4 | 17 | 969,913,366 | [
"Physics"
] | In more recent years, two other techniques were used in the problem of orbital maneuvers, based on the concepts of swing-by and gravitational capture. Both approaches are based on the use of the gravitational force of a third body to replace engines, thus reducing the fuel consumption. Some references that study the swing-by problem are [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] . Considering the gravitational capture, some examples are [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In more recent years, two other techniques were used in the problem of orbital maneuvers, based on the concepts of swing-by and gravitational capture.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In more recent years, two other techniques were used in the problem of orbital maneuvers, based on the concepts of swing-by and gravitational capture.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Both approaches are based on the use of the gravitational force of a third body to replace engines, thus reducing the fuel consumption.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Both approaches are based on the use of the gravitational force of a third body to replace engines, thus reducing the fuel consumption.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Some references that study the swing-by problem are.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Some references that study the swing-by problem are [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF28",
"BIBREF29",
"BIBREF30",
"BIBREF31",
"BIBREF32",
"BIBREF33",
"BIBREF34",
"BIBREF35",
"BIBREF36",
"BIBREF37",
"BIBREF38",
"BIBREF39",
"BIBREF40",
"BIBREF41"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]"
]
},
{
"text": "Considering the gravitational capture, some examples are.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Considering the gravitational capture, some examples are [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF42",
"BIBREF43",
"BIBREF44",
"BIBREF45",
"BIBREF46",
"BIBREF47"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]"
]
}
] |
55976083 | 0 | 45 | 134,946,829 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Primitive solar system materials contain varying amounts of refractory dust grains that formed in the outflows of evolved stars or in the ejecta of stellar explosions [1; see also the contribution by P. Hoppe in this issue]. These grains are dubbed "presolar", since they survived processing in the interstellar medium and were incorporated into the protosolar dust and gas cloud prior to the formation of our solar system. They can be found as trace components (ppb to ppm) in primitive meteorites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and cometary dust. Silicates and oxides are among the most abundant types of presolar grains [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Primitive solar system materials contain varying amounts of refractory dust grains that formed in the outflows of evolved stars or in the ejecta of stellar explosions [1; see also the contribution by P. Hoppe in this issue].",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Primitive solar system materials contain varying amounts of refractory dust grains that formed in the outflows of evolved stars or in the ejecta of stellar explosions [1; see also the contribution by P. Hoppe in this issue].",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "These grains are dubbed \"presolar\", since they survived processing in the interstellar medium and were incorporated into the protosolar dust and gas cloud prior to the formation of our solar system.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These grains are dubbed \"presolar\", since they survived processing in the interstellar medium and were incorporated into the protosolar dust and gas cloud prior to the formation of our solar system.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "They can be found as trace components (ppb to ppm) in primitive meteorites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and cometary dust.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "They can be found as trace components (ppb to ppm) in primitive meteorites, interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), and cometary dust.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Silicates and oxides are among the most abundant types of presolar grains.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Silicates and oxides are among the most abundant types of presolar grains [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF5"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]"
]
}
] |
56438877 | 2 | 37 | 5,269,043,934 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Finite Element Method is a common tool used to analyze and design parametrized mechanical systems. However, when a large set of parameters needs to be introduced in the model the computational effort increases drastically and many authors have recently shown interest in developing model reduction methods that exploit the fact that the response of complex models can often be approximated by the projection of the initial model on a low-dimensional reduced basis [1] [2] [3] [4] . Reduced basis methods aim at speeding up the computational time for complex numerical models. They are based on an offline/online computational strategy which consist in determining in a first step a set of snapshots or a reduced basis (offline computations) that will be able to represent accurately the solutions for the problem studied. Different techniques are used to generate this basis, the more commonly found in the literature are the proper orthogonal decomposition and the greedy sampling approach [2, 5] . In both case, the number of terms in the reduced basis is assumed to be very small compared to the number of degree of freedom of the finite element computation. Then, the approximate solutions of the parametrized problem are computed via performing a Galerkin projection onto the reduced basis space (online computations). | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Finite Element Method is a common tool used to analyze and design parametrized mechanical systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finite Element Method is a common tool used to analyze and design parametrized mechanical systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, when a large set of parameters needs to be introduced in the model the computational effort increases drastically and many authors have recently shown interest in developing model reduction methods that exploit the fact that the response of complex models can often be approximated by the projection of the initial model on a low-dimensional reduced basis.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, when a large set of parameters needs to be introduced in the model the computational effort increases drastically and many authors have recently shown interest in developing model reduction methods that exploit the fact that the response of complex models can often be approximated by the projection of the initial model on a low-dimensional reduced basis [1] [2] [3] [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3] [4]"
]
},
{
"text": "Reduced basis methods aim at speeding up the computational time for complex numerical models.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Reduced basis methods aim at speeding up the computational time for complex numerical models.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "They are based on an offline/online computational strategy which consist in determining in a first step a set of snapshots or a reduced basis (offline computations) that will be able to represent accurately the solutions for the problem studied.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "They are based on an offline/online computational strategy which consist in determining in a first step a set of snapshots or a reduced basis (offline computations) that will be able to represent accurately the solutions for the problem studied.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Different techniques are used to generate this basis, the more commonly found in the literature are the proper orthogonal decomposition and the greedy sampling approach.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Different techniques are used to generate this basis, the more commonly found in the literature are the proper orthogonal decomposition and the greedy sampling approach [2, 5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF4"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2, 5]"
]
},
{
"text": "In both case, the number of terms in the reduced basis is assumed to be very small compared to the number of degree of freedom of the finite element computation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In both case, the number of terms in the reduced basis is assumed to be very small compared to the number of degree of freedom of the finite element computation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Then, the approximate solutions of the parametrized problem are computed via performing a Galerkin projection onto the reduced basis space (online computations).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Then, the approximate solutions of the parametrized problem are computed via performing a Galerkin projection onto the reduced basis space (online computations).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
25124085 | 9 | 96 | 836,468,588 | [
"Medicine"
] | The patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Patients who had not received antibiotic therapy for Q fever were assigned to group 1 (9 patients). Patients who had received daily oral antibiotic treatment with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for !1 year or у1 year were assigned to groups 2 (10 patients) and 3 (9 patients), respectively [23] . | RESULTS | [
{
"text": "The patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Patients who had not received antibiotic therapy for Q fever were assigned to group 1 (9 patients).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Patients who had not received antibiotic therapy for Q fever were assigned to group 1 (9 patients).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Patients who had received daily oral antibiotic treatment with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for !1 year or у1 year were assigned to groups 2 (10 patients) and 3 (9 patients), respectively.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Patients who had received daily oral antibiotic treatment with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine for !1 year or у1 year were assigned to groups 2 (10 patients) and 3 (9 patients), respectively [23] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[23]"
]
}
] |
182039004 | 38 | 22 | 5,018,556,186 | [
"Chemistry"
] | It should be remembered that the present study has an experimental nature and does not suggest that commercially produced mushrooms may be contaminated with Ge. In fact, recent analyses indicate that Ge is undetectable in various cultivated mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus, Amauroderma rude, Auricularia auricula-judae, Auricularia nigricans, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Lignosus rhinocerus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Sparassis crispa, Tremella fuciformis, Wolfiporia cocos, Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus sp. [14, 19] . Finally, despite anecdotal claims that consumption of mushrooms containing a high content of Ge may alleviate health concerns, there is no experimental or clinical evidence of such properties, and the present study cannot be used to support them. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "It should be remembered that the present study has an experimental nature and does not suggest that commercially produced mushrooms may be contaminated with Ge.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It should be remembered that the present study has an experimental nature and does not suggest that commercially produced mushrooms may be contaminated with Ge.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In fact, recent analyses indicate that Ge is undetectable in various cultivated mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus, Amauroderma rude, Auricularia auricula-judae, Auricularia nigricans, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Lignosus rhinocerus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Sparassis crispa, Tremella fuciformis, Wolfiporia cocos, Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus sp..",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In fact, recent analyses indicate that Ge is undetectable in various cultivated mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus, Amauroderma rude, Auricularia auricula-judae, Auricularia nigricans, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Lignosus rhinocerus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Sparassis crispa, Tremella fuciformis, Wolfiporia cocos, Volvariella volvacea and Pleurotus sp. [14, 19] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13",
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14, 19]"
]
},
{
"text": "Finally, despite anecdotal claims that consumption of mushrooms containing a high content of Ge may alleviate health concerns, there is no experimental or clinical evidence of such properties, and the present study cannot be used to support them.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finally, despite anecdotal claims that consumption of mushrooms containing a high content of Ge may alleviate health concerns, there is no experimental or clinical evidence of such properties, and the present study cannot be used to support them.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
9276135 | 18 | 19 | 953,784,659 | [
"Medicine"
] | However, among other factors sleeping problems were found to maintain physical complaints and mediated the relationship between traumatic stress and these complaints [17] . Within the first years after the firework disaster, residents who had been exposed to the most extreme disaster exposures, like losing their homes or a loved one, had an increased responsiveness to subsequent stressful events, compared to participants who reported less extreme disaster exposure [16] . Four years after the accident, however, there were no differences in stress responsiveness [16] . | Discussion | [
{
"text": "However, among other factors sleeping problems were found to maintain physical complaints and mediated the relationship between traumatic stress and these complaints.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, among other factors sleeping problems were found to maintain physical complaints and mediated the relationship between traumatic stress and these complaints [17] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17]"
]
},
{
"text": "Within the first years after the firework disaster, residents who had been exposed to the most extreme disaster exposures, like losing their homes or a loved one, had an increased responsiveness to subsequent stressful events, compared to participants who reported less extreme disaster exposure.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Within the first years after the firework disaster, residents who had been exposed to the most extreme disaster exposures, like losing their homes or a loved one, had an increased responsiveness to subsequent stressful events, compared to participants who reported less extreme disaster exposure [16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[16]"
]
},
{
"text": "Four years after the accident, however, there were no differences in stress responsiveness.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Four years after the accident, however, there were no differences in stress responsiveness [16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[16]"
]
}
] |
18596261 | 0 | 97 | 5,376,191,070 | [
"Computer Science"
] | There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that recurrent cooperative competitive neural networks play a central role in cortical processing [1] . Anatomical studies demonstrated that the majority of synapses in the mammalian cortex originate within the cortex itself [1, 2] . Similarly, it has been shown that neurons with similar functional properties are aggregated together in modules or columns and most connections are made locally within the neighborhood of a 1 mm column [3] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that recurrent cooperative competitive neural networks play a central role in cortical processing.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There is an increasing body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that recurrent cooperative competitive neural networks play a central role in cortical processing [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "Anatomical studies demonstrated that the majority of synapses in the mammalian cortex originate within the cortex itself.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Anatomical studies demonstrated that the majority of synapses in the mammalian cortex originate within the cortex itself [1, 2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1, 2]"
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, it has been shown that neurons with similar functional properties are aggregated together in modules or columns and most connections are made locally within the neighborhood of a 1 mm column.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Similarly, it has been shown that neurons with similar functional properties are aggregated together in modules or columns and most connections are made locally within the neighborhood of a 1 mm column [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
}
] |
28980278 | 3 | 49 | 4,160,116,661 | [
"Physics"
] | Here, by means of simulations and experiments, we investigate which aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods is ideal for plasmonic sensing by employing various measures for 'ideal' behavior. There are several different quantities that describe the performance of a plasmonic structure for sensing applications on a single particle level-and all of them have their merits for certain applications. We will discuss the most important of them in the following paragraphs-the plasmonic sensitivity to refractive index change as well as various 'figures of merit'-and present their dependency on nanorods' geometry from calculations for spherically capped gold rods with the boundary element method (BEM) [23, 24] . We confirm the identified trends by experimental results obtained using single particle dark field scattering spectroscopy. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Here, by means of simulations and experiments, we investigate which aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods is ideal for plasmonic sensing by employing various measures for 'ideal' behavior.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Here, by means of simulations and experiments, we investigate which aspect ratio (AR) of gold nanorods is ideal for plasmonic sensing by employing various measures for 'ideal' behavior.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "There are several different quantities that describe the performance of a plasmonic structure for sensing applications on a single particle level-and all of them have their merits for certain applications.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are several different quantities that describe the performance of a plasmonic structure for sensing applications on a single particle level-and all of them have their merits for certain applications.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We will discuss the most important of them in the following paragraphs-the plasmonic sensitivity to refractive index change as well as various 'figures of merit'-and present their dependency on nanorods' geometry from calculations for spherically capped gold rods with the boundary element method (BEM).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "We will discuss the most important of them in the following paragraphs-the plasmonic sensitivity to refractive index change as well as various 'figures of merit'-and present their dependency on nanorods' geometry from calculations for spherically capped gold rods with the boundary element method (BEM) [23, 24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[23, 24]"
]
},
{
"text": "We confirm the identified trends by experimental results obtained using single particle dark field scattering spectroscopy.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We confirm the identified trends by experimental results obtained using single particle dark field scattering spectroscopy.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
28980278 | 20 | 49 | 4,160,116,661 | [
"Physics"
] | Yet, what is the reason for the 'optimal aspect ratio' for the three 'figures of merit'? We believe the quality factor Q is the key quantity in explaining this behavior. The quality factor of an oscillation describes the number of oscillations until the oscillation is damped. We find it plausible that a longer plasmon oscillation lifetime (i.e., a higher quality factor) results in a more sensitive dependency on changes in the surroundings. For a classical-driven harmonic oscillator, the resonance frequency divided by the linewidth of the resonance Γ gives the quality factor Q ¼ E res =Γ ð Þ . Figure 4 shows the quality factor as a function of the aspect ratio for gold nanorods (calculated by the BEM and measured experimentally on single particles). Evidently, a maximum is found around AR=3. The initial rise from Q(AR=1)=8 to Q(AR=3)=22 is easily explained considering the reduced plasmon damping as the resonance shifts to lower energies with an increasing aspect ratio [15] . The slow decrease above the aspect ratio of 3 is due to the decreasing resonance frequency divided by the (more or less) constant Drude damping. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Yet, what is the reason for the 'optimal aspect ratio' for the three 'figures of merit'?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Yet, what is the reason for the 'optimal aspect ratio' for the three 'figures of merit'?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We believe the quality factor Q is the key quantity in explaining this behavior.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We believe the quality factor Q is the key quantity in explaining this behavior.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The quality factor of an oscillation describes the number of oscillations until the oscillation is damped.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The quality factor of an oscillation describes the number of oscillations until the oscillation is damped.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We find it plausible that a longer plasmon oscillation lifetime (i.e., a higher quality factor) results in a more sensitive dependency on changes in the surroundings.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We find it plausible that a longer plasmon oscillation lifetime (i.e., a higher quality factor) results in a more sensitive dependency on changes in the surroundings.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For a classical-driven harmonic oscillator, the resonance frequency divided by the linewidth of the resonance Γ gives the quality factor Q ¼ E res =Γ ð Þ .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For a classical-driven harmonic oscillator, the resonance frequency divided by the linewidth of the resonance Γ gives the quality factor Q ¼ E res =Γ ð Þ .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Figure 4 shows the quality factor as a function of the aspect ratio for gold nanorods (calculated by the BEM and measured experimentally on single particles).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Figure 4 shows the quality factor as a function of the aspect ratio for gold nanorods (calculated by the BEM and measured experimentally on single particles).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Evidently, a maximum is found around AR=3.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Evidently, a maximum is found around AR=3.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The initial rise from Q(AR=1)=8 to Q(AR=3)=22 is easily explained considering the reduced plasmon damping as the resonance shifts to lower energies with an increasing aspect ratio.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The initial rise from Q(AR=1)=8 to Q(AR=3)=22 is easily explained considering the reduced plasmon damping as the resonance shifts to lower energies with an increasing aspect ratio [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[15]"
]
},
{
"text": "The slow decrease above the aspect ratio of 3 is due to the decreasing resonance frequency divided by the (more or less) constant Drude damping.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The slow decrease above the aspect ratio of 3 is due to the decreasing resonance frequency divided by the (more or less) constant Drude damping.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
208190590 | 2 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The most established CO 2 absorption technique during post-combustion is the contact of an aqueous amine with flue gas to form carbamates as the amine reacts with CO 2 . The commonly used amine is monoethanolamine (MEA) which has a high absorption rate and loading capacity. However, drawbacks such as high corrosivity, toxic degrading side-products and high amount of energy required for CO 2 removal during the sorbent regeneration prevent its widespread use. Thus, new sorbents are proposed to overcome these limitations by combining the liquid sorbents (core) with solid ones (shell) thereby forming microcapsules. The liquid solvent would provide high capacity, selectivity as well as water tolerance, whereas the solid sorbents would provide a high surface and in turn higher absorption capacity as well as low volatility [11] . Moreover, microencapsulation can also lower the cost of CO 2 capture by containing precipitates, and isolate the solvent from reactor equipment [12] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The most established CO 2 absorption technique during post-combustion is the contact of an aqueous amine with flue gas to form carbamates as the amine reacts with CO 2 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The most established CO 2 absorption technique during post-combustion is the contact of an aqueous amine with flue gas to form carbamates as the amine reacts with CO 2 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The commonly used amine is monoethanolamine (MEA) which has a high absorption rate and loading capacity.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The commonly used amine is monoethanolamine (MEA) which has a high absorption rate and loading capacity.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, drawbacks such as high corrosivity, toxic degrading side-products and high amount of energy required for CO 2 removal during the sorbent regeneration prevent its widespread use.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, drawbacks such as high corrosivity, toxic degrading side-products and high amount of energy required for CO 2 removal during the sorbent regeneration prevent its widespread use.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Thus, new sorbents are proposed to overcome these limitations by combining the liquid sorbents (core) with solid ones (shell) thereby forming microcapsules.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Thus, new sorbents are proposed to overcome these limitations by combining the liquid sorbents (core) with solid ones (shell) thereby forming microcapsules.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The liquid solvent would provide high capacity, selectivity as well as water tolerance, whereas the solid sorbents would provide a high surface and in turn higher absorption capacity as well as low volatility.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The liquid solvent would provide high capacity, selectivity as well as water tolerance, whereas the solid sorbents would provide a high surface and in turn higher absorption capacity as well as low volatility [11] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[11]"
]
},
{
"text": "Moreover, microencapsulation can also lower the cost of CO 2 capture by containing precipitates, and isolate the solvent from reactor equipment.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, microencapsulation can also lower the cost of CO 2 capture by containing precipitates, and isolate the solvent from reactor equipment [12] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[12]"
]
}
] |
208190590 | 4 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | In recent years, microcapsules composed of liquid carbonate cores and silicone shells have been produced using a microfluidic device. The idea was to link the liquid sorbents selectivity and capacity with the high surface area of the capsules for fast and controlled CO 2 absorption and desorption over multiple cycles. Their study reported a lower mass transport across the capsule shell compared to conventional liquid sorbents. However, the enhanced surface area gained through encapsulation delivered an increase in CO 2 absorption rate for the given sorbent mass [11] . Another study by the same research group demonstrated an increased rate of CO 2 absorption by a factor of 3.5 with encapsulated ionic liquids in a silicon shell, when compared to a liquid film. However, these solvents are highly viscous or change phases, posing challenges for conventional process equipment [14] . In the present study 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) is used instead as the core sorbent as it is of low viscosity, easy to process and has high CO 2 sorption capacity. Our research aims to produce porous microcapsules with highly permeable shells and high sorption capacity core for efficient CO 2 capture using conventional formulation technology. As a widely known method for microencapsulation, the emulsion technique was chosen for the encapsulation process due to the potential of encapsulating hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances [15, 16] . The effect of stirring speed during formulation, thermal properties, the payload of the formulated microcapsules, as well as sorption capacity of the produced microcapsules, were investigated as well for its potential industrial applications. The results are expected to provide an alternative CO 2 absorption technique to the current CO 2 capture technologies. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In recent years, microcapsules composed of liquid carbonate cores and silicone shells have been produced using a microfluidic device.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In recent years, microcapsules composed of liquid carbonate cores and silicone shells have been produced using a microfluidic device.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The idea was to link the liquid sorbents selectivity and capacity with the high surface area of the capsules for fast and controlled CO 2 absorption and desorption over multiple cycles.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The idea was to link the liquid sorbents selectivity and capacity with the high surface area of the capsules for fast and controlled CO 2 absorption and desorption over multiple cycles.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Their study reported a lower mass transport across the capsule shell compared to conventional liquid sorbents.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Their study reported a lower mass transport across the capsule shell compared to conventional liquid sorbents.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, the enhanced surface area gained through encapsulation delivered an increase in CO 2 absorption rate for the given sorbent mass.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, the enhanced surface area gained through encapsulation delivered an increase in CO 2 absorption rate for the given sorbent mass [11] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[11]"
]
},
{
"text": "Another study by the same research group demonstrated an increased rate of CO 2 absorption by a factor of 3.5 with encapsulated ionic liquids in a silicon shell, when compared to a liquid film.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Another study by the same research group demonstrated an increased rate of CO 2 absorption by a factor of 3.5 with encapsulated ionic liquids in a silicon shell, when compared to a liquid film.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, these solvents are highly viscous or change phases, posing challenges for conventional process equipment.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, these solvents are highly viscous or change phases, posing challenges for conventional process equipment [14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14]"
]
},
{
"text": "In the present study 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) is used instead as the core sorbent as it is of low viscosity, easy to process and has high CO 2 sorption capacity.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the present study 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) is used instead as the core sorbent as it is of low viscosity, easy to process and has high CO 2 sorption capacity.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Our research aims to produce porous microcapsules with highly permeable shells and high sorption capacity core for efficient CO 2 capture using conventional formulation technology.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our research aims to produce porous microcapsules with highly permeable shells and high sorption capacity core for efficient CO 2 capture using conventional formulation technology.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As a widely known method for microencapsulation, the emulsion technique was chosen for the encapsulation process due to the potential of encapsulating hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "As a widely known method for microencapsulation, the emulsion technique was chosen for the encapsulation process due to the potential of encapsulating hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances [15, 16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF14",
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[15, 16]"
]
},
{
"text": "The effect of stirring speed during formulation, thermal properties, the payload of the formulated microcapsules, as well as sorption capacity of the produced microcapsules, were investigated as well for its potential industrial applications.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The effect of stirring speed during formulation, thermal properties, the payload of the formulated microcapsules, as well as sorption capacity of the produced microcapsules, were investigated as well for its potential industrial applications.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The results are expected to provide an alternative CO 2 absorption technique to the current CO 2 capture technologies.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The results are expected to provide an alternative CO 2 absorption technique to the current CO 2 capture technologies.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
208190590 | 0 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The global industrialization and growing population have brought a yearly increase in energy consumption. The estimated global energy-related emission increase is predicted to be 3.7 Gt of CO 2 by 2030 [1] . The increase of CO 2 emission into the environment has contributed to global warming as well as climate change which is a primary concern today. In the foreseeable future, fossil fuels will still be used for most of electrical power generation and industrial manufacturing in many countries [2] . Scientists speculate that at least 69% of CO 2 emission and 60% of greenhouse gases are produced through energy generation, whereas 80% of the world energy is derived from fossil fuel. The International Agency has reported a 6% increase in CO 2 emission every two years due to the dependency of the world economy on fossil fuels for an energy source. Even the Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel have concerns and advise that a cut of 50%-80% is required by 2050 to avoid the most harmful effects of climate change [3] . Furthermore, industries such as refinery plants, ammonia synthesis plants and hydrogen manufacturers also require the removal of CO 2 to prevent the corrosion of pipeline, catalyst poisoning and clogging due to dry ice formation. One of the most promising approaches to tackle the high emission rate of CO 2 is the use of carbon capture and storage technology, which aims at capturing CO 2 from power stations and other industrial facilities, compressing, and then transporting it to underground storage locations. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The global industrialization and growing population have brought a yearly increase in energy consumption.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The global industrialization and growing population have brought a yearly increase in energy consumption.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The estimated global energy-related emission increase is predicted to be 3.7 Gt of CO 2 by 2030.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The estimated global energy-related emission increase is predicted to be 3.7 Gt of CO 2 by 2030 [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "The increase of CO 2 emission into the environment has contributed to global warming as well as climate change which is a primary concern today.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The increase of CO 2 emission into the environment has contributed to global warming as well as climate change which is a primary concern today.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the foreseeable future, fossil fuels will still be used for most of electrical power generation and industrial manufacturing in many countries.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the foreseeable future, fossil fuels will still be used for most of electrical power generation and industrial manufacturing in many countries [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists speculate that at least 69% of CO 2 emission and 60% of greenhouse gases are produced through energy generation, whereas 80% of the world energy is derived from fossil fuel.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Scientists speculate that at least 69% of CO 2 emission and 60% of greenhouse gases are produced through energy generation, whereas 80% of the world energy is derived from fossil fuel.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The International Agency has reported a 6% increase in CO 2 emission every two years due to the dependency of the world economy on fossil fuels for an energy source.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The International Agency has reported a 6% increase in CO 2 emission every two years due to the dependency of the world economy on fossil fuels for an energy source.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Even the Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel have concerns and advise that a cut of 50%-80% is required by 2050 to avoid the most harmful effects of climate change.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Even the Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel have concerns and advise that a cut of 50%-80% is required by 2050 to avoid the most harmful effects of climate change [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "Furthermore, industries such as refinery plants, ammonia synthesis plants and hydrogen manufacturers also require the removal of CO 2 to prevent the corrosion of pipeline, catalyst poisoning and clogging due to dry ice formation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Furthermore, industries such as refinery plants, ammonia synthesis plants and hydrogen manufacturers also require the removal of CO 2 to prevent the corrosion of pipeline, catalyst poisoning and clogging due to dry ice formation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "One of the most promising approaches to tackle the high emission rate of CO 2 is the use of carbon capture and storage technology, which aims at capturing CO 2 from power stations and other industrial facilities, compressing, and then transporting it to underground storage locations.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "One of the most promising approaches to tackle the high emission rate of CO 2 is the use of carbon capture and storage technology, which aims at capturing CO 2 from power stations and other industrial facilities, compressing, and then transporting it to underground storage locations.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
208190590 | 1 | 53 | 2,448,805,708 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Although various CO 2 capture technologies exist ( Fig. 1) , post-combustion CO 2 capture is the most mature technique including absorption, adsorption and membrane [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . However, these technologies are not mature enough to be used in power plants due to mass transfer limitation in the sorption processes that occur with high flue gas quantity as well as high energy demand during the regeneration process. Hence researchers are concentrating on developing non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids, CO 2 -binding organic liquids, nanoparticle hybrid materials and microencapsulated sorbents due to their potential of being more energy saving and environmentally friendly [9] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Although various CO 2 capture technologies exist ( Fig. 1) , post-combustion CO 2 capture is the most mature technique including absorption, adsorption and membrane.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although various CO 2 capture technologies exist ( Fig. 1) , post-combustion CO 2 capture is the most mature technique including absorption, adsorption and membrane [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF5",
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4] [5] [6] [7] [8]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, these technologies are not mature enough to be used in power plants due to mass transfer limitation in the sorption processes that occur with high flue gas quantity as well as high energy demand during the regeneration process.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, these technologies are not mature enough to be used in power plants due to mass transfer limitation in the sorption processes that occur with high flue gas quantity as well as high energy demand during the regeneration process.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Hence researchers are concentrating on developing non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids, CO 2 -binding organic liquids, nanoparticle hybrid materials and microencapsulated sorbents due to their potential of being more energy saving and environmentally friendly.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Hence researchers are concentrating on developing non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids, CO 2 -binding organic liquids, nanoparticle hybrid materials and microencapsulated sorbents due to their potential of being more energy saving and environmentally friendly [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
}
] |
13440466 | 12 | 24 | 6,462,551,331 | [
"Medicine"
] | The smoking is thought to be one of the predisposing risk factor for the development of extrauterine gravidity, it is believed its connection to the development of inflammation in pelvic region and via this fact to decrease the tubal transport. In several studies positive correlation between the amount of smoked cigarettes and their negative influence on extrauterine gravidity was reported [2] . We observed only two cases of GEU in the non-smokers group, no occurance in smokers' group. We therefore suppose that the occurance of the ectopic pregnancy can be much higher in a bigger cohort of smoking women. According to more reports a positive association between cigarette smoking and increased spontaneous abortion risk was assessed. These works assume a higher risk of spontaneous abortion in women smoking from 10 to 19 cigarettes, or more than 20 per day [11] . Toxines in cigarette smoke which influence the viability of gametes, premature embryonic division, the embryo transport and its implantation can cause complications and premature termination of pregnancy. When comparing the number of spontaneous abortions in our groups we assessed higher frequency in smoker's group in comparison to control group, but the difference was not significant. | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The smoking is thought to be one of the predisposing risk factor for the development of extrauterine gravidity, it is believed its connection to the development of inflammation in pelvic region and via this fact to decrease the tubal transport.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The smoking is thought to be one of the predisposing risk factor for the development of extrauterine gravidity, it is believed its connection to the development of inflammation in pelvic region and via this fact to decrease the tubal transport.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In several studies positive correlation between the amount of smoked cigarettes and their negative influence on extrauterine gravidity was reported.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In several studies positive correlation between the amount of smoked cigarettes and their negative influence on extrauterine gravidity was reported [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "We observed only two cases of GEU in the non-smokers group, no occurance in smokers' group.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We observed only two cases of GEU in the non-smokers group, no occurance in smokers' group.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We therefore suppose that the occurance of the ectopic pregnancy can be much higher in a bigger cohort of smoking women.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We therefore suppose that the occurance of the ectopic pregnancy can be much higher in a bigger cohort of smoking women.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "According to more reports a positive association between cigarette smoking and increased spontaneous abortion risk was assessed.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "According to more reports a positive association between cigarette smoking and increased spontaneous abortion risk was assessed.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "These works assume a higher risk of spontaneous abortion in women smoking from 10 to 19 cigarettes, or more than 20 per day.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "These works assume a higher risk of spontaneous abortion in women smoking from 10 to 19 cigarettes, or more than 20 per day [11] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[11]"
]
},
{
"text": "Toxines in cigarette smoke which influence the viability of gametes, premature embryonic division, the embryo transport and its implantation can cause complications and premature termination of pregnancy.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Toxines in cigarette smoke which influence the viability of gametes, premature embryonic division, the embryo transport and its implantation can cause complications and premature termination of pregnancy.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "When comparing the number of spontaneous abortions in our groups we assessed higher frequency in smoker's group in comparison to control group, but the difference was not significant.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "When comparing the number of spontaneous abortions in our groups we assessed higher frequency in smoker's group in comparison to control group, but the difference was not significant.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
18216457 | 17 | 56 | 4,207,927,369 | [
"Economics"
] | The CEA rule can be appropriate when distribution over agents is the primary concern and their claims only represent maximal aspirations; in contrast, the CEL rule can be appropriate when claims are realistic and have an objective basis (Herrero and Villar 2001) . Agents with smaller claims get a relatively higher satisfaction of their claims using CEA rule, whereas CEL rule benefits agents with larger claims (Herrero and Villar 2001) . The PRO rule can be placed in between these rules. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The CEA rule can be appropriate when distribution over agents is the primary concern and their claims only represent maximal aspirations; in contrast, the CEL rule can be appropriate when claims are realistic and have an objective basis.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The CEA rule can be appropriate when distribution over agents is the primary concern and their claims only represent maximal aspirations; in contrast, the CEL rule can be appropriate when claims are realistic and have an objective basis (Herrero and Villar 2001) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Herrero and Villar 2001)"
]
},
{
"text": "Agents with smaller claims get a relatively higher satisfaction of their claims using CEA rule, whereas CEL rule benefits agents with larger claims.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Agents with smaller claims get a relatively higher satisfaction of their claims using CEA rule, whereas CEL rule benefits agents with larger claims (Herrero and Villar 2001) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Herrero and Villar 2001)"
]
},
{
"text": "The PRO rule can be placed in between these rules.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The PRO rule can be placed in between these rules.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
18216457 | 0 | 56 | 4,207,927,369 | [
"Economics"
] | There are 276 transboundary river basins in the world share among 148 riparian countries (De Stefano et al. 2012) . These shared natural resources among riparian countries can be a source of both conflict and cooperation (Mianabadi et al. 2014b) . One significant problem of transboundary river basin management which has been causing various challenges and disputes throughout the world is that due to increasing water resource variability and consumption, the demands or claims of the riparian countries exceed the available water resources or assets. This presents the challenge how to allocate the available water resources among the countries in an Bequitable^and Breasonable^way and which criteria and mechanisms to use for this purpose. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "There are 276 transboundary river basins in the world share among 148 riparian countries.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are 276 transboundary river basins in the world share among 148 riparian countries (De Stefano et al. 2012) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(De Stefano et al. 2012)"
]
},
{
"text": "These shared natural resources among riparian countries can be a source of both conflict and cooperation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "These shared natural resources among riparian countries can be a source of both conflict and cooperation (Mianabadi et al. 2014b) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF41"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Mianabadi et al. 2014b)"
]
},
{
"text": "One significant problem of transboundary river basin management which has been causing various challenges and disputes throughout the world is that due to increasing water resource variability and consumption, the demands or claims of the riparian countries exceed the available water resources or assets.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "One significant problem of transboundary river basin management which has been causing various challenges and disputes throughout the world is that due to increasing water resource variability and consumption, the demands or claims of the riparian countries exceed the available water resources or assets.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This presents the challenge how to allocate the available water resources among the countries in an Bequitable^and Breasonable^way and which criteria and mechanisms to use for this purpose.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This presents the challenge how to allocate the available water resources among the countries in an Bequitable^and Breasonable^way and which criteria and mechanisms to use for this purpose.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
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Dataset Card for CiteWorth
Dataset Summary
Scientific document understanding is challenging as the data is highly domain specific and diverse. However, datasets for tasks with scientific text require expensive manual annotation and tend to be small and limited to only one or a few fields. At the same time, scientific documents contain many potential training signals, such as citations, which can be used to build large labelled datasets. Given this, we present an in-depth study of cite-worthiness detection in English, where a sentence is labelled for whether or not it cites an external source. To accomplish this, we introduce CiteWorth, a large, contextualized, rigorously cleaned labelled dataset for cite-worthiness detection built from a massive corpus of extracted plain-text scientific documents. We show that CiteWorth is high-quality, challenging, and suitable for studying problems such as domain adaptation. Our best performing cite-worthiness detection model is a paragraph-level contextualized sentence labelling model based on Longformer, exhibiting a 5 F1 point improvement over SciBERT which considers only individual sentences. Finally, we demonstrate that language model fine-tuning with cite-worthiness as a secondary task leads to improved performance on downstream scientific document understanding tasks.
Dataset Structure
The data is structured as follows
paper_id: The S2ORC paper ID where the paragraph comes fromsection_idx: An index into the section array in the original S2ORC datafile_index: The volume in the S2ORC dataset that the paper belongs tofile_offset: Byte offset to the start of the paper json in the S2ORC paper PDF filemag_field_of_study: The field of study to which a paper belongs (an array, but each paper belongs to a single field)original_text: The original text of the paragraphsection_title: Title of the section to which the paragraph belongssamples: An array containing dicts of the cleaned sentences for the paragraph, in order. The fields for each dict are as followstext: The cleaned text for the sentencelabel: Label for the sentence, eithercheck-worthyfor cite-worthy sentences ornon-check-worthynon-cite-worthy sentencesoriginal_text: The original sentence textref_ids: List of the reference IDs in the S2ORC dataset for papers cited in this sentencecitation_text: List of all citation text in this sentence
Dataset Creation
The data is derived from the S2ORC dataset, specifically the 20200705v1 release of the data. It is licensed under the CC By-NC 2.0 license. For details on the dataset creation process, see section 3 of our paper .
Citing
Please use the following citation when referencing this work or using the data:
@inproceedings{wright2021citeworth,
title={{CiteWorth: Cite-Worthiness Detection for Improved Scientific Document Understanding}},
author={Dustin Wright and Isabelle Augenstein},
booktitle = {Findings of ACL-IJCNLP},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
year = 2021
}
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