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The German Federal State of Saxony aims to increase forest cover, supported by the implementation of afforestation programs. To analyze consequences of an increase in forest cover, this study investigates possible trade-offs between carbon storage and plant biodiversity caused by afforestation. Six afforestation scenarios with total forest cover ranging from 27.7% to 46% were generated in the Mulde river basin in Saxony with regard to different forest types. Carbon storage was calculated by the process-based Dynamic Vegetation Model LPJ-GUESS while random forest models were used to predict changes in plant species richness. We used eight different plant groups as responses: total number of plant species, endangered species, as well as species grouped by native status (three groups) and pollination traits (three groups). Afforestation led to an increase in carbon storage that was slightly stronger in coniferous forests as compared to deciduous forests. The relationship between plant species richness and afforestation was context dependent. Species richness showed a non-linear relationship with forest cover share. The relationship was influenced by shares of land use types, climatic conditions and land use configuration expressed by the number of land use patches. The effect of forest type on plant species richness was marginal. On average the relationship between carbon storage and plant species richness was synergistic for most plant groups. However, the relationship between change in species richness and change in carbon storage varied across space. This changing relationship was used to identify priority areas for afforestation. The different plant groups responded differently to an increase in forest cover. The change in species richness for Red List species was relatively distinct from the other species groups. Neophytes and archeophytes (i.e. alien plant species introduced after and before the discovery of the Americas) showed a similar response to the afforestation scenarios. While afforestation had overall positive effects both on plant species richness and carbon storage, a number of locations were identified for which afforestation would lead to a decrease in plant species richness. Spatial planning should therefore avoid afforestation at these locations.

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Lautenbach et al. - 2017 - Trade-offs between plant species richness and carbon storage in the context of afforestation – Examp.grobid.tei.xml

Trade-offs between plant species richness and carbon storage in the context of afforestation -Examples from afforestation scenarios in the Mulde Basin, Germany

Mixed-forest plantation with native species have gradually become the focus of forest research. The need to better understand their performance and productivity is, nowadays, a matter of particular relevance to forestry practice. The objective of this study was a long-term analysis of the effects of species-mixing of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh and Alnus subcordata C. A. Mey on aboveground biomass and net primary production, growth dynamics, and their relative yields total in pure and mixed stands. The experiment consisted of a replacement series that was established in 1996, using a randomized block design with five treatments (100P:0A, 67P:33A, 50P:50A, 33P:67A, 0P:100A) in four replicate blocks and two species were systematically mixed within rows. In the early stages, both species had a similar growth trend, while the differences were more pronounced at higher ages. The results show that inter-and intraspecific competition and nutrient cycling had the most pronounced effect on stand growth over time. Populus deltoides benefited from growing in mixture; canopy stratification reduces interspecific competition for light, and this species functioned best in mixed stands. In contrast, A. subcordata was sensitive to competition and had the highest growth in pure stands. In general, positive interactions between the two species led to the highest relative yield total and productivity in mixtures compared with pure stands. Within the framework of this experiment, it seems that the relative proportions of 50% Populus deltoides and 50% Alnus subcordata could provide economic and environmental benefits and increase the stability and productivity of the stands.

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Ghorbani et al. - 2018 - Productivity and dynamics of pure and mixed-species plantations of Populous deltoids Bartr. ex Marsh.grobid.tei.xml

Productivity and dynamics of pure and mixed-species plantations of Populous deltoids Bartr. ex

Soil degradation by deforestation and introduction of exotic grasses is a grave consequence of land-use change in tropical regions during the last decades. Soil restoration following natural succession (i.e., passive restoration) is slow because of low tree establishment. Introduction of tree plantings by human intervention (i.e., active restoration) results in a promising strategy to accelerate forest succession and soil recovery in tropical region. The present research was carried out to explore the restoration of soil properties after cattle exclusion and of grazing combined with native tree planting introduction (legumes and nonlegumes) in a tropical pasture in Veracruz, southeast Mexico. Results indicate that land-use changes decreased soil C and N pools in both litter and mineral soil. In addition, soil heterogeneity increased by land-use changes at both temporal and spatial scales. In the short term, passive succession (i.e., cattle exclusion) favors the recovery of C and N content in labile soil pools, indicated by the increase in litter C and N masses as well as C and N concentrations in soil microbial biomass. Soils under active restoration showed trends to recover the N cycling, such as a greater accumulation of N in litter, in soil total N concentrations, soil microbial biomass N concentrations, rates of net N transformations, and extractable water and microbial biomass C:N ratios mainly under legumes species. Active restoration including legume introduction is a key factor for rapid recovery of soil fertility.

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Roa‐Fuentes et al. - 2015 - Recovery of Soil C and N in a Tropical Pasture Passive and Active Restoration.grobid.tei.xml

RECOVERY OF SOIL C AND N IN A TROPICAL PASTURE: PASSIVE AND ACTIVE RESTORATION

Forest biomass plays an important role in carbon storage to mitigate climate change. While many studies have investigated the carbon stock of various forests, adding knowledge in the context of education forest might enrich the importance of this forest as a carbon pool besides its role for education purposes. Gunung Bromo Education Forest in Karanganyar District, Central Java, Indonesia consists of several tree cover types with each type having a different ability to absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This research aimed to determine the accumulation of biomass in Gunung Bromo Education Forest and to investigate the potential for carbon sequestration across different tree species, age classes and densities. Three species of tree (i.e. pine, Indonesian rosewood and mahogany) with varying ages were measured and calculated the biomass (i.e. tree, litter and understorey) and total carbon sequestration potentials (i.e. tree, litter and understorey, and soil organic carbon). This study used purposive sampling method across 9 combinations of tree cover type and age classes, each with 3 replication, resulting in a total of 27 sampling points. The results showed pine stands planted in 1973 had the highest tree biomass of 461.08 t ha -1 and while the pine agroforest planted in 2016 and Indonesian rosewood agroforest planted in 2018 had the lowest tree biomass with 1.02 t ha -1 and 0.39 t ha -1 , respectively. Similarly, the pine stands planted in 1973 had the highest total carbon sequestration of 372.68 t ha -1 and the lowest in the pine agroforest planted in 2016 and Indonesian rosewood agroforest planted in 2018 with 187.11 t ha -1 and 193.58 t ha -1 respectively. The results of this study strengthen the common agreement in previous carbon studies that tree age strongly affects biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration, in which the older the plant, the higher the carbon sequestration potential than that of younger plants.

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Darmawan et al. - 2022 - Biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration potential in varying tree species, ages and densities .grobid.tei.xml

Biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration potential in varying tree species, ages and densities in Gunung Bromo Education Forest, Central Java, Indonesia

The contributions of organic matter via fine litterfall to the soil were evaluated in three sites that were rehabilitated 7, 10, and 21 years earlier, respectively, located in an opencast coalmine at El Cerrejón (La Guajira, Colombia). We placed forty litterfall traps in four plots at each reclaimed site and in a tropical dry mature forest, which was used as a reference ecosystem. Fine litterfall (including woody material up to 2 cm in length) was collected monthly from October 2013 to November 2014. Values for the highest fine litterfall recorded in the 21year-old site (2.3 Mg ha -1 year -1 ) were more than double those recorded in the 7-year-old site (1.1 Mg ha -1 year -1 ). Soil carbon and nitrogen contents were greater in the rehabilitated sites than in the unrestored substrate. Soil phosphorus (P) increased significantly 7 years after rehabilitation. The high return of organic matter and nutrients via fine litterfall in the three rehabilitated sites suggests that the rehabilitation approach employed in this opencast coalmine was successful in terms of enriching soil organic matter content and nutrient status and that it could serve as a model for the rehabilitation of similarly degraded mining habitats.

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Barliza et al. - 2019 - Planted forests for open coal mine spoils rehabilitation in Colombian drylands Contributions of fin.grobid.tei.xml

Planted forests for open coal mine spoils rehabilitation in Colombian drylands: Contributions of fine litterfall through an age chronosequence

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Deng et al. - 2014 - “Grain for Green” driven land use change and carbon sequestration on the Loess Plateau, China.grobid.tei.xml

''Grain for Green'' driven land use change and carbon sequestration on the Loess Plateau, China

Forest ecosystems play a significant role in sequestering carbon (C) in biomass and soils. Plantations established in subtropical China since the 1980s, mainly of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) in monocultures, have proved to be major C sinks. However, information is lacking about whether mixing Chinese fir with broadleaved tree species will increase stand growth and C sequestration. We address this question by comparing a pure Chinese fir plantation and two mixed plantations established in 1990 at Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Hunan Province, China. The mixed plantations include Chinese fir and either Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz or Alnus cremastogyne Burk., planted at 4:1 ratios. We found that total C storage was 123, 131 and 142 Mg ha À1 in the pure plantation, mixed plantation with K. septemlobus, and mixed plantation with A. cremastogyne, respectively. The mixed plantation with A. cremastogyne increased C storage in biomass relative to the pure Chinese fir plantation (P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between mixed plantations. Soil C storage did not differ among these plantations, ranging from 67.9 AE 7.1 to 73.3 AE 9.1 Mg ha À1 , which accounted for about 55% of the total C pools. Our results indicated that as the mixture of Chinese fir and broadleaved species will increase both biomass C and soil C storage over pure Chinese fir, and will do it, within 15 years of planting.

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Wang et al. - 2009 - Assessing the effects of vegetation types on carbon storage fifteen years after reforestation on a C.grobid.tei.xml

Assessing the effects of vegetation types on carbon storage fifteen years after reforestation on a Chinese fir site

Questions:We studied the importance of soil properties and neighbouring forest cover in affecting plant community biomass and assembly during the tropical forest restoration process. We also investigated how compositional responses depended

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Toledo et al. - 2018 - Soil properties and neighbouring forest cover affect above‐ground biomass and functional composition.grobid.tei.xml

Soil properties and neighbouring forest cover affect above-ground biomass and functional composition during tropical forest restoration

Objective: This study examined the interrelations among vegetative cover and biomass, soil macronutrient levels, and soil erosion in northern Vietnam. Methods: We selected ten dominant land-use types in a hilly area of western Hanoi including bare soil, agriculture (cassava or lemon grass), shrub land, five types of plantation forest, and indigenous forest. We measured the understory biomass, litter biomass, canopy openness, soil moisture content, soil pedestal height, soil hardness, soil bulk density, 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex activities, and soil carbon and nitrogen on three 1 m 2 plots for each land-use type. Soil erosion was calculated from both pedestal heights and radionuclides. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the key factors controlling soil erosion and nutrient accumulations. Results: Understory biomass ranged from 2 to 375 g m -2 , and this tended to be higher in most of the forest types and shrubland than in cassava and lemon grass. In contrast, the amount of ground cover varied more by forest type than between the agricultural land uses and forest lands. The height of soil pedestals indicated that shortterm soil erosion was negligible when understory biomass was greater than 130 to 150 g m -2 . 137 Cs was only detected in the cassava plots, whereas 210 Pb ex indicated widely different erosion rates across the land uses, with lower values in the agricultural lands and two types of forest plantations, although this may be due to soil management practices. Both the correlation and principal component analyses showed that soil organic carbon and nitrogen were positively correlated to understory biomass and strongly and inversely influenced by bulk density. Soil erosion as indicated by soil pedestal height was strongly and inversely controlled by ground cover, litter, and understory biomass. Soil erosion was also heavily influential to soil chemical richness and bulk density. Conclusions: Ground vegetation cover and the resultant soil erosion processes altered the production and accumulation of SOC, while forest cover did not always result in high soil fertility or low erosion. A simple characterization of forest or non-forest is not sufficient to calculate carbon and nutrient stocks, or assess erosion risk. Practice: Understory biomass of at least 130 g m -2 and high ground cover are essential for reducing soil erosion and sustaining short-and long-term soil productivity. Implications: Rapidly developing areas in Southeast Asia, including hilly areas in North Vietnam, need to maintain understory biomass and ground cover for soil and nutrient conservation.

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Anh et al. - 2014 - Linkages among land use, macronutrient levels, and soil erosion in northern Vietnam A plot-scale st.grobid.tei.xml

Linkages among land use, macronutrient levels, and soil erosion in northern Vietnam: A plot-scale study

We compared ecosystem OC stocks between planted mangroves comprised of different species.• Vegetations sequestrate OC more rapidly than soils before they have reached maturity.• Ecosystem OC sequestration performance is related to plantation of different species.

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Chen et al. - 2021 - Higher soil organic carbon sequestration potential at a rehabilitated mangrove comprised of Aegicera.grobid.tei.xml

Higher soil organic carbon sequestration potential at a rehabilitated mangrove comprised of Aegiceras corniculatum compared to Kandelia obovata

Climate change is a major issue across the globe. Therefore, carbon (C) assimilation and storage is the key management strategy for mitigating climate change. The present investigation was carried out in two riparian sites i.e., Maini and Machhli river of northern Chhattisgarh, India, through stratified random sampling. Results reveal that vegetation beside Maini river was represented by 22 species of tree, 17 species of saplings, 12 species of seedlings, 5 shrub species and 15 herb species and total density value was 1410-460,000 individuals/ha. The vegetation in Machhli river was represented by 14 species of tree, 15 species of sapling, 14 species of seedling, 10 shrub and herb species each and the total density value was 830-440,000 individuals/ha. The diversity indices were higher for tree and herb layer in Maini river while in Machhli river the diversity indices value were higher for sapling, seedling and shrub layer. Terminalia arjuna, Shorea robusta and Mangifera indica contributed maximum total biomass (58.23%) at Maini river. In Machhli river, 73% of total biomass was contributed by Terminalia arjuna, Leucana leucocephala and Ficus heterophylla. Higher biomass accumulation, C stock and CO 2 mitigation were found in 30-50 cm girth class in both sites. The total C stock and CO 2 mitigation ranged between 60.54-77.58 t/ha and 222.10-284.84 t/ha for both the sites, respectively. Results reveal significant contribution of riparian vegetation towards biomass accumulation, C storage and CO 2 mitigation. Such study under tropical condition would help to formulate policy towards restoring degraded riparian vegetation and combating climate change.

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Kujur et al. - 2021 - Biomass, carbon storage and CO2 mitigation potential of two riparian sites of northern Chhattisgarh,.grobid.tei.xml

Biomass, carbon storage and CO 2 mitigation potential of two riparian sites of northern Chhattisgarh, India

The application of a functional trait-based approach to ecological restoration is receiving growing attention worldwide, but lack of knowledge on functional traits and how they link to ecosystem services imposes a major barrier to operationalize such approach. Synthesizing the existing knowledge on functional trait-based restoration is thus a timely and important challenge. We systematically reviewed the literature to assess how ecosystem services are associated to functional traits across organisms, ecosystem types, and continents. We also assessed the existing trait-based frameworks to target ecosystem services in restoration ecology. Then, we discussed future perspectives for the field, especially the challenges of applying trait-based frameworks in megadiverse tropical ecosystems, which have ambitious restoration commitments. Most papers focused on plants (72%), terrestrial habitats (69%), and non-tropical ecosystems (68%) and monitored ecosystem services and functional traits after restoration started rather than using them as previous targets. Only 12% of the papers targeted the restoration of both services and traits a priori, and 3.8% presented a clear trait-based framework to target ecosystem services in restoration. The possibility of selecting alternative subsets of complementary species in their provisioning of ecosystem services should make functional restoration more feasible than traditional approaches in species-rich tropical ecosystems. With this review and our critical insights on the perspectives of applying functional trait-based restoration widely, we hope to assist broad-scale restoration programs to obtain higher levels of benefits for nature and human well-being per unit of area undergoing restoration, going beyond the areabased approach that has dominated restoration commitments.

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Carlucci et al. - 2020 - Functional traits and ecosystem services in ecolog.grobid.tei.xml

Functional traits and ecosystem services in ecological restoration

The 2,4,6,8,10,12 and 30-year restored mangroves were studied through non-destructive method by measuring their stem diameter and tree height. Two allometric references: (a) stem diameter (D 30 ) and (b) combined quadratic stem diameter and tree height (D 30 2 H) were used to estimate aboveground and belowground vegetation carbon stocks. The soil samples were collected from different depth and analysed in laboratory for soil carbon. The objective of this study was to estimate ecosystem carbon stocks of restored mangroves and its sequestration. The growth of restored mangroves induced an increase of tree biomass and a corresponding increase in vegetation carbon stocks from 3.7 MgC ha -1 at 2-year to 136.8 MgC ha -1 at 30-years. However, soil carbon stocks among restored mangrove plots spread randomly and didn't follow the sequence of mangrove tree ages. Average (2-30 years) mangrove ecosystem carbon in Northern Sumatra estimated by D 30 2 H allometry (362.0 MgC ha -1 ) was higher than that estimated by D 30 allometry (344.1 MgC ha -1 ). This higher trend was also followed by its carbon sequestration with values of 41.1 MgCO 2 e ha -1 yr -1 estimated by D 30 2 H allometry and 31.5 MgCO 2 e ha -1 yr -1 estimated by D 30 allometry. It is concluded that the values of ecosystem carbon stock of restored mangroves and its sequestration estimated by combined quadratic stem diameter and tree height (D 30 2 H) are higher than if it is estimated by stem diameter (D 30 ). The D 30 2 H value is higher because this allometry calculates the volume of the tree stem, while D 30 allometry only calculates the surface of the stem. The range values of average ecosystem carbon sequestration of this study may be better used as a reference for Afforestation, Reforestation and Re-vegetation (ARR) verification than what has been used as default/conservative values.

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Suprayogi et al. - 2022 - Ecosystem Carbon Stocks of Restored Mangroves and Its Sequestration in Northern Sumatra Coast, Indon.grobid.tei.xml

Ecosystem Carbon Stocks of Restored Mangroves and Its Sequestration in Northern Sumatra Coast, Indonesia

The resolution of the Kyoto Protocol to include effects of land use and land-use change in global carbon budgets has put focus on C sequestration following afforestation of former arable land. Carbon is sequestered in the aggrading biomass of the new forests, but the question remains, to what extent the former arable soils will contribute as sinks for CO 2 . The present study explored changes in soil C stores following afforestation of former arable land with oak (Quercus robur L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Seven stands of each tree species on nutrient-rich soils made up a chronosequence ranging from 1 to 29 years. An adjacent $200-year-old mixed deciduous plantation was included to give information on the possible long term changes in soil C. Soil sampling included organic layers and three layers of the mineral soil to a depth of 25 cm.Development of forest ¯oors sequestered most C in spruce stands. While oak stands sequestered around 2 Mg C ha À1 , spruce stands sequestered approximately 9 Mg C ha À1 in forest ¯oors over 29 years. There were no differences between the two tree species in C concentration and storage of the three mineral soil layers. Carbon concentration and storage increased in the upper 5 cm of the mineral soil but decreased in the 5±15 and 15±25 cm soil layers with increasing stand age. The soil C store appeared to be undergoing redistribution following afforestation, and mineral soil C stores in 0±25 cm tended to decrease over the 29-year period. Together with the C sequestration of forest ¯oors, this led to fairly similar total soil C stores of around 65 Mg ha À1 along the 29-year chronosequence. Within this short time span, C sequestration mainly occurred in the biomass of trees while soil C stores were clearly higher in the $200-year-old plantation (81 Mg C ha À1 ). The ongoing redistribution of mineral soil C in the young stands and the higher soil C contents in the $200-year-old afforested stand suggest that nutrient-rich afforestation soils may become greater sinks for C in long term.

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Vesterdal et al. - 2002 - Change in soil organic carbon following afforestation of former arable land.grobid.tei.xml

Change in soil organic carbon following afforestation of former arable land

Tropical montane forests in the Andes are subjected to deforestation and subsequent transformation into pastures. Abandoned pastures are frequently reforested by planting monoculture timber plantations, resulting in reduced aboveground diversity and changes in soil characteristics compared to primary forests. In this study, we evaluated differences in soil properties (litter layer thickness, pH, water content, and C-to-N ratio) between degraded primary montane forest and monoculture pine (Pinus patula) and alder (Alnus acuminata) plantations and their effects on density, diversity, and community structure of litter and soil-living mesofauna, with focus on oribatid mites (Acariformes). The study was performed in a montane region in the southern Ecuadorian Andes (2,000-2,600 m a.s.l.). C-to-N ratios in the litter and upper 5 cm soil layer were higher in pine plantations, while other soil characteristics were similar between vegetation types. Surprisingly, microbial biomass and density of soil mesofauna in the litter layer did not differ between vegetation types, while density and species richness of oribatid mites were higher in pine plantations. Community structure of oribatid mites differed between vegetation types with only a few species overlapping. The results indicate that quality and diversity of litter were not the major factors regulating the mesofauna community. Instead, soil animals benefited from increased habitat structure in thicker litter layers and potentially increased availability of root-derived resources. Overall, the results suggest that from a soil animal perspective, monoculture plantations are less detrimental than commonly assumed and enrichment of abandoned plantations with native tree species may help to restore tropical montane forests.

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Marian et al. - 2020 - Conversion of Andean montane forests into plantations Effects on soil characteristics, microorganis.grobid.tei.xml

Conversion of Andean montane forests into plantations: Effects on soil characteristics, microorganisms, and microarthropods

A series of experiments was conducted on the rehabilitation of mine spoil in a dry tropical region of India for determining the suitability of tree species for plantation, growth performance of selected indigenous species in monoculture and impact of the plantations on the restoration of biological fertility of soil. All of the 17 indigenous species examined could grow in the mine spoil and the growth of a majority of them could be improved by amending the mine spoil with NPK fertilizer. Direct seeding showed greatest height of Zizyphus jujuba and Pongamia pinnata on flat surface, and of Azadirachta indica on slope. In terms of diameter, Syzygium cumini performed best on flat surface and Terminalia arjuna on slope. Total biomass in plantations of selected native tree species on mine spoil at 5-yr age varied from 7.2 to 74.7 t ha À1 , being minimum for Shorea robusta and maximum for Dendrocalamus strictus. Total net production ranged from 3.5 (for Shorea robusta) to 32.0 t ha À1 yr À1 (for Dendrocalamus strictus), respectively. Microbial biomass in the redeveloping soil was lower compared to that in natural forest soil but immobilization of soil C in microbial biomass was greater in the mine spoil than in the natural forest. The study indicated that net primary production of the plantations was a function of the amount of foliage, soil C was a function of the amount of litter fall and biomass C was a function of soil C. Plantation of trees significantly accelerated the soil redevelopment process on the mine spoil.

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Singh and Singh - 2006 - Experiments on Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine Spoil using Native Trees in a Dry Tropical Enviro.grobid.tei.xml

Experiments on ecological restoration of coal mine spoil using native trees in a dry tropical environment, India: a synthesis

Given the high rates of deforestation and subsequent land abandonment, there are increasing calls to reforest degraded lands; however, many areas are in a state of arrested succession. Plantations can break arrested succession and the sale of timber can pay for restoration efforts. However, if the harvest damages native regeneration, it may be necessary to intervene with enrichment planting. Unfortunately, it is not clear when intervention is necessary. Here, we document the rate of biomass accumulation of planted seedlings relative to natural regeneration in a harvested plantation in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We established two 2-ha plots and in one, we planted 100 seedlings of each of four native species, and we monitored all tree regeneration in this area and the control plot. After 4 years, naturally regenerating trees were much taller, larger and more common than the planted seedlings. Species richness and two nonparametric estimators of richness were comparable between the plots. The cumulative biomass of planted seedlings accounted for 0.04% of the total above-ground tree biomass. The use of plantations facilitated the growth of indigenous trees, and enrichment planting subsequent to harvesting was not necessary to obtain a rich tree community with a large number of new recruits.

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Omeja et al. - 2009 - Enrichment planting does not improve tree restoration when compared with natural regeneration in a f.grobid.tei.xml

Enrichment planting does not improve tree restoration when compared with natural regeneration in a former pine plantation in Kibale National Park, Uganda

Ireland has implemented a large afforestation program in recent decades, with much of this taking place since the mid 1980s. This presents Ireland with the opportunity to offset carbon emissions through carbon sequestration in forests, as the latter are known to sequester a large amount of carbon into the tree biomass. However, the effects of afforestation on soil organic carbon in the Irish humid temperate climate are not well understood. In this study we use the paired site methodology to assess the impact of afforestation on the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) of 21 Ã 2 sites across Ireland. We found that afforestation of Irish soils (0-30 cm depth) resulted in no significant change in SOCD. However, the low number of sites within the study is a source of uncertainty and more work must be done to assess SOCD change before any firm conclusions can be made. This work provides baseline data and future work estimating soil C changes due to land use or management changes should use the equivalent soil mass (ESM) correction method instead of the volume based method. The latter can over-or underestimate SOCD change due to variability in soil bulk density after afforestation. The large afforestation programmes to be implemented in Ireland in the next decade provides an opportunity to greatly improve estimates of Irish SOCD change. We suggest implementing a large number of resampling studies, measuring the change in SOCD following afforestation for a number of factors for a number of years.

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Wellock et al. - 2011 - What is the impact of afforestation on the carbon stocks of Irish mineral soils.grobid.tei.xml

What is the impact of afforestation on the carbon stocks of Irish mineral soils?

The extensive area of degraded tropical land and the calls to conserve forest biodiversity and sequester carbon to offset climate change demonstrate the need to restore forest in the tropics. Deforested land is sometimes replanted with fast-growing trees; however, the consequences of intensive replanting on biomass accumulation or plant and animal diversity are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine how intensive replanting affected tropical forest regeneration and biomass accumulation over ten years. We studied reforested sites in Kibale National Park, Uganda, that were degraded in the 1970s and replanted with five native tree species in 1995. We identified and measured the size of planted versus naturally regenerating trees, and felled and weighed matched trees outside the park to calculate region-specific allometric equations for above-ground tree biomass. The role of shrubs and grasses in facilitating or hindering the establishment of trees was evaluated by correlating observed estimates of percent cover to tree biomass. We found 39 tree species naturally regenerating in the restored area in addition to the five originally planted species. Biomass was much higher for planted (15,675 kg/ha) than naturally regenerated trees (4560 kg/ha), but naturally regenerating tree regrowth was an important element of the landscape. The establishment of tree seedlings initially appeared to be facilitated by shrubs, primarily Acanthus pubescens and the invasive Lantana camara; however, both are expected to hinder tree recruitment in the long-term. Large and small-seeded tree species were found in the replanted area, indicating that bird and mammal dispersers contributed to natural forest restoration. These results demonstrate that intensive replanting can accelerate the natural accumulation of biomass and biodiversity and facilitate the restoration of tropical forest communities. However, the long-term financial costs and ecological benefits of planting and maintaining reforested areas need to be weighed against other potential restoration strategies.

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Omeja et al. - 2011 - Intensive tree planting facilitates tropical forest biodiversity and biomass accumulation in Kibale .grobid.tei.xml

Intensive tree planting facilitates tropical forest biodiversity and biomass accumulation in Kibale National Park, Uganda

Reforestation of former pastures with native timber trees holds potential to improve small-scale farmers livelihoods while supporting ecosystem functioning and biological diversity. To promote successful reforestation with native tree species, more knowledge is needed, particularly on effects of species identity, tree diversity, and insecticide application on tree survival and growth at different time periods after plantation establishment. We assessed these effects for three native Central American timber species and compared results gained 2 and 5 years after tree establishment. Survival, stem diameter, and tree height were quantified for Tabebuia rosea, Anacardium excelsum, and Cedrela odorata, planted in (1) monocultures, (2) three-species mixtures, and (3) three-species mixtures treated with insecticides during the first 2 years of seedling establishment. We further tested how survival and growth performance were affected by the individual tree position within reforestation tree stands to account for border effects in small-scale tree patches in pasture-afforestations. Survival was significantly affected by tree species identity with the highest survival in T. rosea and the lowest survival in C. odorata. Tree growth was affected by tree species identity, tree diversity, insecticide treatment, environmental heterogeneity, and border effects, but these effects varied across the individual tree species. Interspecific analyses revealed significant differences between species. A. excelsum trees attained the largest and C. odorata the smallest size after 5 years of growth. Across species, tree growth in years 3-5 after tree planting was highest in mixtures treated with insecticides during tree establishment, followed by monocultures and then unprotected mixtures. Enhanced growth in monocultures compared to unprotected mixtures was particularly found in T. rosea during early establishment, and in A. excelsum at a later stage of tree stand development. Growth-enhancing effects of planting schemes may be related to differential responses to herbivore damage and to treetree competition. Positive border effects, i.e. a significantly enhanced growth at the border of a tree stand, were found for T. rosea in all three planting schemes and for A. excelsum in protected mixtures. Our results suggest that besides early, restricted insecticide application, tree diversity within stands should be considered as management measure to enhance timber tree growth on former pasture. The finding of enhanced growth of native timber trees at the border of small tree stands suggests small patches of native timber trees planted on former pasture as a promising reforestation strategy in Latin America.

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Riedel et al. - 2013 - Time matters Temporally changing effects of planting schemes and insecticide treatment on native ti.grobid.tei.xml

Time matters: Temporally changing effects of planting schemes and insecticide treatment on native timber tree performance on former pasture

Tree planting is increasingly being proposed as a strategy to combat climate change through carbon (C) sequestration in tree biomass. However, total ecosystem C storage that includes soil organic C (SOC) must be considered to determine whether planting trees for climate change mitigation results in increased C storage. We show that planting two native tree species (Betula pubescens and Pinus sylvestris), of widespread Eurasian distribution, onto heather (Calluna vulgaris) moorland with podzolic and peaty podzolic soils in Scotland, did not lead to an increase in net ecosystem C stock 12 or 39 years after planting. Plots with trees had greater soil respiration and lower SOC in organic soil horizons than heather control plots. The decline in SOC cancelled out the increment in C stocks in tree biomass on decadal timescales. At all four experimental sites sampled, there was no net gain in ecosystem C stocks 12-39 years after afforestation-indeed we found a net ecosystem C loss in one of four sites with deciduous B. pubescens stands; no net gain in ecosystem C at three sites planted with B. pubescens; and no net gain at additional stands of P. sylvestris.We hypothesize that altered mycorrhizal communities and autotrophic C inputs have led to positive 'priming' of soil organic matter, resulting in SOC loss, constraining the benefits of tree planting for ecosystem C sequestration. The results are of direct relevance to current policies, which promote tree planting on the assumption that this will increase net ecosystem C storage and contribute to climate change mitigation.Ecosystem-level biogeochemistry and C fluxes must be better quantified and understood before we can be assured that large-scale tree planting in regions with considerable pre-existing SOC stocks will have the intended policy and climate change mitigation outcomes.

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Friggens et al. - 2020 - Tree planting in organic soils does not result in net carbon sequestration on decadal timescales.grobid.tei.xml

Tree planting in organic soils does not result in net carbon sequestration on decadal timescales

In light of the devastating loss of forest cover, biodiversity, and ecosystem services in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, people are endeavoring to restore this fragmented forest system. The afforestation of abandoned or degraded land is a practical approach to restore regional ecological functions and to sequester atmospheric carbon to help mitigate the global imbalance of atmospheric carbon associated with climate change. Large gaps, however, remain in understanding the dynamics of afforested tree communities. In this study, the effect of topographical relief and soil properties on growth performance of planted trees has been assessed. Above ground dry biomass (AGB dry ) accumulation was estimated to evaluate the performance of afforested tree communities on formerly abandoned pastures at the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study revealed large discrepancies in AGB dry and respective organic carbon accumulationThe afforested tree community located on the sloped terrain stored only half the carbon (21.70 AE 7.3 Mgha À1 ) that the planted trees on the flat terrain stored. (46.67 AE 8.7 Mgha À1 ). Our results suggest that differences in tree growth performance are complex, depending largely on topography and related soil conditions. These circumstances should be considered to prevent misleading carbon sink estimates when developing regional strategies for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) that promote afforestation activities.

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Sattler et al. - 2014 - Influence of soil and topography on aboveground biomass accumulation and carbon stocks of afforested.grobid.tei.xml

Influence of soil and topography on aboveground biomass accumulation and carbon stocks of afforested pastures in South East Brazil

Offsetting carbon (C) emissions and reducing nitrogen (N) pollution have been goals of mangrove restoration programs around the world. There is a common, yet dubious expectation that mangrove restoration will result in immediate and perpetual delivery of ecosystem services. There are expected time lags between mangrove clearing and C and N losses, and between restoration and C and N gains. Obtaining accurate rates of losses and gains requires frequent and long-term sampling, which is expensive and time consuming. To address this knowledge gap, we used a chronosequence of mangrove forests in mangroves in Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) in Malaysia, a region with one of the most C dense forests in the world. In this site, we assessed the ecosystem C and N stocks, including soil, downed wood, downed litter, and trees. The objective was to measure C and N changes through time. After mangrove clearing, C and N losses in soil and downed wood were rapid, with stocks halved after just one year. In the first 10 years after replantation, the forest recovered quickly, with rates of C accumulation of 9.5 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 . After ten years, the rate of accumulation decreased to 2.8 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 . However, 40 years after replantation, mangroves were still about 26% lower in C and 15% lower in N compared to our reference forest. The trajectory of recovery of C and N stocks in these forests was different among mangrove components: forest litter recovered rapidly, but downed wood and soil recovered much slower. Programs aimed at reducing C emissions and N pollution should consider that there are temporal lags and ecosystem trade-offs when assessing the effectiveness of mangrove protection and restoration as climate change mitigation strategies.

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Adame et al. - 2018 - Loss and recovery of carbon and nitrogen after mangrove clearing.grobid.tei.xml

Loss and recovery of carbon and nitrogen after mangrove clearing

This work assessed the carbon storage and sequestration potential in the planted mangrove stands of Avicennia marina of different age groups (16-27.2 years), as influenced by vegetation and soil characteristics in an estuarine system of southeast coast of India. The carbon storage was 22-folds higher in soil and 56-folds greater in both tree biomass and soil in the mangrove stands than that in non-planted site. The carbon sequestration was 90-folds higher in soil and 9890-folds greater in both tree biomass and soil than that in control site. Hence, mangrove planting had an extraordinary potential for carbon sequestration in barren areas. The carbon sequestration and storage increased with increasing levels of silt, clay, moisture and nutrients (N, S, Cu, K, P, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Mg) in the mangrove soil. In contrast, the carbon sequestration and storage reduced with increasing levels of temperature, pore-water salinity, pH, bulk density and sand in the mangrove soil. This work calls for an attention on the mangrove stands of low carbon holding for remedial measures through soil management to improve the carbon storage and sequestration potential towards mitigating the global warming.

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Kandasamy et al. - 2021 - Carbon sequestration and storage in planted mangrove stands of Avicennia marina.grobid.tei.xml

Carbon sequestration and storage in planted mangrove stands of Avicennia marina

Mixed forests play a key role in the environmental restoration of desert ecosystems and in order to address the improvement of soil properties by different mixed vegetation types. We selected four typical mixed vegetation types (including: Populus alba var. pyramidalis × Caragana korshinskii, P. pyramidalis × Hedysarum mongdicum, P. pyramidalis × Hedysarum scoparium and Hedysarum scoparium × Salix cheilophila) that have been restored for 22 years and the moving sandy land in the transition zone between the desert and the Yellow River in northern China. We compared the differences in soil properties using a total of 45 soil samples from the 0-30 cm soil layer (10 cm units). We found that revegetation had a significant positive effect on fine particles, soil nutrients, soil bulk density (SBD), and soil fractal dimension (D) values. Soil D values under different types of vegetation range from 2.16 to 2.37. Soil nutrients and fractal dimension showed highly significant or stronger negative correlations with SBD and sand and highly significant or stronger positive correlations with clay and silt. The construction of P. pyramidalis × C. korshinskii improved the soil texture better than other vegetation restoration types. Compared to the mobile sandy land, organic carbon (SOC), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (AN), total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK), clay, and silt increased by 161%, 238%, 139%, 30%, 125%, 69%, 208%, and 441% respectively. As mentioned above, P. pyramidalis × C. korshinskii is a suitable type of mixed vegetation restoration for the area. In addition, establishing vegetation with high nitrogen fixation rates in desert ecosystems tolerant to drought and aeolian conditions is beneficial in reversing the trend of desertification. This research will suggest vegetation building strategies for controlling desertification.

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Li et al. - 2022 - Soil Properties under Artificial Mixed Forests in the Desert-Yellow River Coastal Transition Zone, C.grobid.tei.xml

Soil Properties under Artificial Mixed Forests in the Desert-Yellow River Coastal Transition Zone, China

Natural secondary succession, forest planting and agricultural practices after deforestation affect soil properties in many ways. During the last 50 years, land uses have greatly changed in the mountainous areas in southwestern China as the result of deforestation and cultivation. A study was initiated in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan province to elucidate the complex relationships in a humid mountainous region. Soil properties under six typical land use types (natural forest, grassland, shrub, secondary forest, cultivated land and reforested land) were compared. Signi®cant differences between land uses were found for soil bulk density (BD), total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK). Cultivated land had the lowest levels for most soil properties compared to other land uses and shrubland had a higher SOC, TN and available nitrogen (AN) than other land uses. Soils under grassland and shrub contained the greatest carbon mass (TC). Further studies on reforested land indicated that soil properties could be changed by length of reforestation. The SOC and TN in particular showed a linear relationship with years since reforestation. The results suggested that in an area of China where the climate favours secondary succession, `leave nature as it is' is a better choice than the policy `change farmland to forest land', especially for the mountainous regions where there is lack of labour and ®nancial support.

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Liu et al. - 2002 - Effects of reforestation and deforestation on soil properties in humid mountainous areas a case stu.grobid.tei.xml

Effects of reforestation and deforestation on soil properties in humid mountainous areas: a case study in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan province, China

Aim of study:This study aims at evaluating the impact of site preparation techniques prior to plantation on carbon storage and distribution in a young mixed stand of Pseudotsuga menziesii (PM) and Castanea sativa (CS).Area of study: The experimental field was established near Macedo de Cavaleiros, Northern Portugal, at 700 m elevation, mean annual temperature 12°C and mean annual rainfall 678 mm.Material and methods: The experimental layout includes three replicates, where the different treatments corresponding to different tillage intensities were randomly distributed (high, moderate and slight intensity), in plots with an area of 375 m 2 each. Twenty six months after forest stand installation, samples of herbaceous vegetation (0.49 m 2 quadrat), forest species (8 PM and 8 CS) and mineral soil (at 0-5, 5-15, 15-30 and 30-60 cm depth) were collected in 15 randomly selected points in each treatment, processed in laboratory and analyzed for carbon by elemental carbon analyzer.Main results: The results obtained showed that: (i) more than 90% of the total carbon stored in the system is located in the soil, increasing in depth with tillage intensity; (ii) the contribution of herbaceous vegetation and related roots to the carbon storage is very low; (iii) the amount of carbon per tree is higher in CS than in PM; (iv) the global carbon storage was affected by soil tillage generally decreasing with the increase of tillage intensity. Accordingly, carbon storage capacity as affected by the application of different site preparation techniques should be a decision support tool in afforestation schemes.

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Fonseca et al. - 2014 - Carbon storage as affected by different site preparation techniques two years after mixed forest sta.grobid.tei.xml

Carbon storage as affected by different site preparation techniques two years after mixed forest stand installation

The goal of restoration is to accelerate ecosystem recovery, but in ecosystems that naturally regenerate rapidly restoration techniques need to be selected carefully to facilitate rather than impede natural recovery. We compared the effects of five restoration techniques, such as plowing the soil, removing grasses, adding forest litter, seeding, and planting nursery-growing seedlings, on the regeneration of seasonal deciduous forest trees in four abandoned pastures in central Brazil. We monitored all woody stems immediately prior to treatments and again 14 months after the treatments. We recorded an average of 16,663 tree stems per hectare and a total of 83 species before implementing treatments. Planting strongly increased species richness; adding litter and seeding had weaker positive effects on richness; and plowing and grass removal had no effect.Plowing substantially reduced the density of naturally established stems. Despite the high survival of planted seedlings, stem density in planting treatments did not change because the tractor and digging holes to plant seedlings caused mortality of naturally regenerating seedlings. Tree stems grew more in the grass release plots than in the control plots. Our results suggest that early succession of seasonal deciduous forest in pastures in the region studied does not need to be stimulated once the perturbation is stopped and that intensive restoration efforts may actually slow recovery. We recommend only enrichment planting of seedlings that are not able to resprout.

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Sampaio et al. - 2007 - Does Restoration Enhance Regeneration of Seasonal Deciduous Forests in Pastures in Central Brazil.grobid.tei.xml

Does Restoration Enhance Regeneration of Seasonal Deciduous Forests in Pastures in Central Brazil?

In this study we estimated the carbon content in vegetation, litter, and soil, under 10 different classes of land-use and land-cover classes (LU/LC) in the Purepecha Region, located in the Central Highlands of Me ´xico. Forests in this area are representative of the montane forests of Central and Southern Mexico and are subject to rapid degradation and deforestation by human pressure.Carbon data for each of the LU/LC classes and the main pools (vegetation, soil and litter) were collected at 92 sites in 276 field plots of 0.1 ha each, based on a ''nested'' design which allows the collection of samples and their replicates. The following LU/LC classes were identified: pine forest, oak forest, pine-oak forest, fir forest, Plantation, Agricultural fields, Grasslands, Scrublands, Avocado plantation and Degraded forests.The following results were obtained: (a) carbon content in vegetation ranged from 0.2 (grasslands) to 169.7 (fir forest) Mg C ha À1 ; (b) carbon content in litter ranged from 0.6 (agriculture) to 4.1 (fir forest) Mg C ha À1 , and (c) carbon content in soil from the 0-30 cm depth, ranged from 72.8 (degraded forest) to 116.4 (oak forest) Mg C ha À1 .Forest classes (pine, oak, fir and pine-oak forest) presented the highest total carbon stocks with values ranging between 220.7 and 266.9 Mg C ha À1 ; degraded forest contained 169.2 Mg C ha À1 ; plantation 142 Mg C ha À1 and avocado orchards reported 156.1 Mg C ha À1 ; scrublands 121 Mg C ha À1 ; grasslands 90.8 Mg C ha À1 and agriculture 82.7 Mg C ha À1 . The total carbon stock in the last three classes was mainly found in the soil. The results of the present study are relevant for national inventories of carbon stocks and can be used to derive greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), once the land-cover change dynamics are known.

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Ordóñez et al. - 2008 - Carbon content in vegetation, litter, and soil under 10 different land-use and land-cover classes in.grobid.tei.xml

Carbon content in vegetation, litter, and soil under 10 different land-use and land-cover classes in the Central Highlands of Michoacan, Mexico

To estimate the aboveground biomass and carbon storage in multi-species plantations we used speciesspecific equations method and three other generic methods. Astara county is located in northern Iran. It has a total area of 1,757 ha. Based on species-specific allometric equations, total aboveground biomass was calculated and varied between 81.13 and 98.21 t•ha -1 for Acer velutinum, 68.36 and 83.44 t•ha -1 for Quercus castanifolia, 71.88 and 119.22 t•ha -1 for Tilia begonifolia, 56.07 and 61.98 t•ha -1 for Fraxinus excelsior and from 37.92 to 51.34 t•ha -1 for Prunus avium. There was a significant difference between the mean values of total aboveground biomass estimation obtained by species-specific equations and the three generic methods for Alnus subcordata, Pinus taeda and Pinus nigra. Results indicated that using generalized methods produced more reliable and accurate estimations for native species than for exotic species for rapid biomass and carbon estimation in order to decide on plantation development in the area.

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Ostadhashemi et al. - 2014 - Estimation of biomass and carbon storage of tree plantations in northern Iran.grobid.tei.xml

Estimation of biomass and carbon storage of tree plantations in northern Iran

Temperate forests play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. However, deforestation, land use changes and differences in successional and species composition cause a spatial heterogeneity in the potential carbon storage in the landscape. The aims of this study were (1) to quantify aboveground and belowground biomass and respective carbon storage and (2) to project the future carbon storage in temperate forests landscape in Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. Aboveground and belowground biomass was estimated in seven forests with different species composition and conservation status and management, in three grasslands and in two shrublands at a range of altitudes. Total biomass in forests ranged from 91.07 to 383.78 Mg ha 21 , in grassland from 9.83 to 24.93 Mg ha-1 and in successional (shrublands) from 6.33 to 7.69 Mg ha-1 . This suggests that deforestation and changes of land use could reduce aboveground biomass by 90 per cent. Mature forests had the largest aboveground and belowground biomass and the lowest density (number of trees per hectare) but a lower potential for accumulation of C in the future; in contrast, young forests and reforested areas had higher growth and carbon storage potential. Our results suggest that avoiding deforestation and improving forest management could play a major role in global climate change mitigation.

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Mendoza-Ponce and Galicia - 2010 - Aboveground and belowground biomass and carbon pools in highland temperate forest landscape in Centr.grobid.tei.xml

Aboveground and belowground biomass and carbon pools in highland temperate forest landscape in Central Mexico

In tropical forest areas with highly weathered soils, organic matter plays an important role in soil functioning and forest sustainability. When forests are clear-cut, the soil begins almost immediately to lose organic matter, triggering a series of soil degradation processes, the extent and intensity of which depends on soil management. Depending on the level of soil degradation, the rate at which the system can re-establish itself can be slow and may require the use of degraded land restoration techniques. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of pioneer leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees to recuperate degraded land. The area studied -located in the coastal town of Angra dos Reis in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil -was planted with seven species of fast-growing leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees in 1991. The nutrient concentrations (Ca, Mg, P and K) and N and C stocks in the soil and litter were determined, in addition to the free-and occluded-light fractions of soil organic matter. Soil samples were also collected from two reference areas: (1) an area of undisturbed native forest; and (2) a deforested area spontaneously colonised by Guinea grass (Panicum maximum). The nutrient stocks in the litter of the restored area were similar to those found in native forest. The recuperation technique used was able to re-establish the soil C and N stocks after 13 years. C and N increased by 1.73 and 0.13 Mg ha À1 year À1 , respectively. The free-light fraction was highest in the recuperated area and lowest in the deforested area. The occluded-light fraction of the recuperated area was higher than that of the native forest only in the 0-5 cm layer. Both the free-light and occluded fractions were higher in the native forest and recuperated areas than in the deforested area. Since the free-light and the occluded-light fractions are the result of litterfall and decomposition, these results -combined with the data of litter stocks and soil C and N stocks -indicate that the use of legume trees was efficient in re-establishing the nutrient cycling processes of the systems. These results also show that recovering degraded land with this technique is effective in sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at high rates.

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Macedo et al. - 2008 - Changes in soil C and N stocks and nutrient dynamics 13 years after recovery of degraded land using .grobid.tei.xml

Changes in soil C and N stocks and nutrient dynamics 13 years after recovery of degraded land using leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees

Several decades of intensive rainfed farming in Mediterranean mountains and later land abandonment has led to rapid land use and land cover changes. During recent centuries, the conversion of rangelands into croplands has increased the surfaces prone to erosion. In the southern Pre-Pyrenees, the process was reversed during the middle of the twentieth century, allowing the recovery of vegetation and subsequent variation in land cover. This work aims to assess how land use changes after generalised land abandonment affect some major soil properties related to soil quality. For this purpose, 98 replicate bulk soil samples were collected in a 23 km 2 catchment that was mostly cultivated at the beginning of the last century. Soil samples were distributed over areas representing the main land uses (agricultural land, natural forest, pine afforestation and scrubland). Bulk density, stoniness, grain size, pH, carbonates, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), water retention capacity and magnetic properties (low frequency magnetic susceptibility (LF) and frequency dependence (FD)) were analysed in the samples from different land use areas. A past scenario was recreated using estimated data from the SPEROS-C model in order to evaluate changes in SOC over time. Furthermore, a multitemporal analysis of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index of Landsat images was performed between 1972 and the present in order to assess the dynamics of revegetation. After land abandonment, 16.5% of the area remained as croplands, but afforestation and natural revegetation occupied 83.5% of the catchment. The highest mean value for SOC was found in the pine afforested area and the highest TN mean value was found in the natural forest. The lowest mean values for SOC and TN were recorded on the agricultural land. These results show the impact of soil changes produced by land use changes in fragile Mediterranean mountain agroecosystems.

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Lizaga et al. - 2019 - Linking land use changes to variation in soil properties in a Mediterranean mountain agroecosystem.grobid.tei.xml

Linking land use changes to variation in soil properties in a Mediterranean mountain agroecosystem

Direct seeding is a promising technique for ecological restoration, but it has been poorly studied in neotropical savannas. Different types of plant cover (no cover, crops, or green manure) and fertilization (unfertilized, synthetic fertilizer, or poultry litter) were used to verify if survival and growth of different tree species after direct seeding could be enhanced by the use of any combination of these techniques. Seedling emergence, establishment, and growth were followed for 2 years for six savanna tree species sown in an agricultural field in Central Brazil. Germination was high (52%, on average) for Anacardium occidentale, Aspidosperma macrocarpon, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Dipteryx alata, Eugenia dysenterica, and Magonia pubescens. Six additional species were planted, but less than 5% of these seeds germinated. Crops (60% shade) did not affect seedling survival and biomass compared with the control treatment, supporting the use of this strategy during the initial phase of restoration to involve farmers in the process. In contrast, the excessive shading (95%) from the green manure treatment decreased the survival of two species and the growth in biomass and diameter of five species, especially when combined with fertilization. Seedling growth was very slow throughout the experiment, requiring extended weed management. This study supports the use of direct seeding of the studied species for savanna restoration, but methods could be improved to include a larger number of species.

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Silva et al. - 2015 - Direct seeding of Brazilian savanna trees effects of plant cover and fertilization on seedling esta.grobid.tei.xml

Direct seeding of Brazilian savanna trees: effects of plant cover and fertilization on seedling establishment and growth

Afforestation of grasslands is increased in Fandoghloo region of northwestern Iran, which has been used for grazing. Carbon (C) stocking of pure and mixed Pinus nigra, Cedeus libani and Picea abies afforested stands (20 years-old) in Ardabil, Iran was assessed. C stocking of tree biomass and litter were defined based on plot-scale measurements. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocking was determined using soil cores at three depths 0-15, 15-30 and 30-50 cm. An increase in the total ecosystem carbon stock after the afforestation was recorded. The highest total C stocking was estimated to be 55.57 Mg ha -1 for the mixed P. nigra -C. libani and it was 25.006 Mg ha -1 in the degraded rangeland. The aboveground biomass C varied from 2.4 Mg ha -1 in the degraded rangeland to 19.28, 15.1, 6.17, 4.55, and 3.87 Mg ha -1 in the P. nigra-C. libani, P.nigra, P. abies-P.nigra, C. libani and P. abies stands, respectively. The amount of litter carbon stock ranged from 0.53 Mg ha -1 in the degraded rangeland to 3.51, 3.06, 2.03, 1.55, 1.41 Mg ha -1 in the P. abies -P. nigra, P. nigra -C. libani, P. nigra, C. libani and P. abies stands, respectively. The soil carbon stock increased from 21.41 to 30.11, 28.58, 28.41, 27.45 and 25.43 Mg ha -1 in the C. libani, P. nigra, P. nigra -C. libani, P. abies -P.nigra and P. abies stands, respectively. Significant interactions were observed between stand and soil depth on carbon stock after afforestation with coniferous species in grassland. According to the results, the major ecosystem C pool is attributed to aboveground biomass. The total ecosystem C difference between the degraded rangeland and mixed P. nigra -C. libani stand was 30.56 Mg ha -1 . The highest SOC accumulation was observed in the surface layer of the C. libani (34.95 Mg ha -1 ), but the accumulation rate is species dependent. The results highlighted the importance of coniferous afforestation on degraded grassland that will most presumably improve the amount of carbon stock and therefore, decrease the negative impacts of increasing CO2 concentrations. As a matter of fact, the selection of appropriate species and plantation will be considered in the next afforestation projects.

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Fataei - 2018 - EFFECTS OF AFFORESTATION ON CARBON STOCKS IN FANDOGHLOO FOREST AREA.grobid.tei.xml

EFFECTS OF AFFORESTATION ON CARBON STOCKS IN FANDOGHLOO FOREST AREA

Reforestation plays an important role in the carbon cycle and climate change. However, knowledge of ecosystem carbon sequestration through reforestation with mixed species is limited. Especially in dry hot valley of the Jinsha River, no studies cover total ecosystem carbon sequestration level in mature mixed plantations for a limited area of mixed plantations and difficulty in the sampling of plant roots and deep soil. In this study, carbon sequestration of seven mixed plantations of different ages in dry hot valley of the Jinsha River was investigated with analogous sites method. The results are as follows: 1) Deep soil organic carbon (SOC) storage significantly increased with stand age (p = 0.025), possibly due to fine root exudates and dissolved organic carbon transportation into deep soil and retention. 2) Total biomass carbon storage in the 30-year-old mixed plantation was 77.78 t C ha -1 , 54 times reference wasteland and 9 times reference natural recovery shrub-grassland. However, total biomass carbon storage of 30-year-old mixed plantation was insignificantly lower than that of reference natural forest (p = 0.429). After 30 years of reforestation, plantation biomass carbon storage recovered to reference level, and its sequestration rate was 2.54 t C ha -1 yr -1 . 3) The total ecosystem carbon storage of 30-year-old mixed plantation was 185.50 t C ha -1 , 2.38 times reference wasteland, 2.29 times reference natural recovery shrub grassland, and 29% lower than reference natural forest. It indicated that niche complementary, good stand structure, and characteristics of dominant species Leucaena leucocephala in mixed plantations facilitate more rapid carbon sequestration, especially biomass carbon in the dry hot valley.

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Gong et al. - 2019 - Rapid Sequestration of Ecosystem Carbon in 30-year Reforestation with Mixed Species in Dry Hot Valle.grobid.tei.xml

Rapid Sequestration of Ecosystem Carbon in 30-year Reforestation with Mixed Species in Dry Hot Valley of the Jinsha River

Carbon emission is supposed to be the strongest factor for global warming. Removing atmospheric carbon and storing it in the terrestrial biosphere is one of the cost-effective options, to compensate greenhouse gas emission. Millions of acres of abandoned mine land throughout the world, if restored and converted into vegetative land, would solve two major problems of global warming and generation of degraded wasteland. In this study, a manganese spoil dump at Gumgaon, Nagpur in India was reclaimed, using an integrated biotechnological approach (IBA). The physicochemical and microbiological status of the mine land improved after reclamation. Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool increased from 0.104% to 0.69% after 20 years of reclamation in 0-15 cm spoil depth. Soil organic carbon level of reclaimed site was also compared with a native forestland and agricultural land. Forest soil showed highest SOC level of 1.11% followed by reclaimed

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Juwarkar et al. - 2010 - Carbon sequestration in reclaimed manganese mine land at Gumgaon, India.grobid.tei.xml

Carbon sequestration in reclaimed manganese mine land at Gumgaon, India

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) requires reporting net carbon stock changes and anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, including those related to forests. This paper describes the design and implementation of a nation-wide forest inventory of New Zealand's planted post-1989 forests that arose from Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry activities (LULUCF) under Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol. The majority of these forests are planted with Pinus radiata, with the remainder made up of other species exotic to New Zealand. At the start of the project there was no on-going national forest inventory that could be used as a basis for calculating carbon stocks and meet Good Practice Guidelines.A network of ground-based permanent sample plots was installed with airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) for double sampling using regression estimators to predict carbon in each of the four carbon pools of above-and below-ground live biomass, dead wood and litter. Measurement, data acquisition and quality assurance/control protocols were developed specifically for the inventory, carried out in 2007 and 2008. Plots were located at the intersection of a forest with a 4 km square grid, coincident with an equivalent 8 km square grid established over the indigenous forest and ''grassland with woody biomass'' (Other Wooded Land). Planted tree carbon within a ground plot was calculated by an integrated system of growth, wood density and compartment allocation models utilising the data from measurements of trees and shrubs on the plots. This system, called the Forest Carbon Predictor, predicts past and future carbon in a stand and is conditioned so that the calculated basal area and mean top height equals that obtained by conventional mensuration methods at the time of the plot measurement. Mean per hectare carbon stocks were then multiplied by an estimate of the total area of post 1989 forests obtained from wall to wall mapping using a combination of satellite imagery and ortho-photography.The network of permanent samples plots and LiDAR double sampling methodology was designed to be simple and robust to change over time. In the future, using LiDAR should achieve sampling efficiencies over using ground plots alone and reduces any problems regarding restricted access on the ground. The network is to be remeasured at the end of commitment period 1, 2012, and the carbon stocks re-estimated in order to calculate change.

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Beets et al. - 2011 - The inventory of carbon stock in New Zealand’s post-1989 planted forest for reporting under the Kyot.grobid.tei.xml

The inventory of carbon stock in New Zealand's post-1989 planted forest for reporting under the Kyoto protocol

Thinning, as a forest management strategy, may contribute towards mitigating climate change, depending on its net effect on forest carbon (C) stocks. Although thinning provides off-site C storage (in the form of wood products) it is still not clear whether it results in an increase, a reduction or no change in on-site C storage. In this study we analyze the effect of thinning on C stocks in a long-term experiment. Different thinning intensities (moderate, heavy and unthinned) have been applied over the last 30 years in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand, with a thinning rotation period of 10 years. The main C compartments were analyzed: above and belowground tree biomass, deadwood, forest floor and upper 30-cm of the mineral soil and tree biomass removed in thinning treatments. The results revealed that unthinned stands had the highest C stocks with 315 Mg C ha -1 , moderate thinning presented 304 Mg C ha -1 and heavy thinning 296 Mg C ha -1 , with significant differences between unthinned and heavily thinned stands. These differences were mainly due to C stock in live biomass, which decreased with thinning intensity. However, soil C stocks, forest floor and mineral soil, were not influenced by thinning, all of the stands displaying very similar values 102-107 Mg C ha -1 for total soil; 15-19 Mg C ha -1 for forest floor; 87-88 Mg C ha -1 for mineral soil). These results highlight the sustainability of thinning treatments in terms of C stocks in this pinewood afforestation, and provide valuable information for forest management aimed at mitigating climate change.

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Ruiz-Peinado et al. - 2014 - ‘Carbon stocks in a Scots pine afforestation under different thinning intensities management’.grobid.tei.xml

'Carbon stocks in a Scots pine afforestation under different thinning intensities management'

To strengthen financial returns and sustainably manage pine plantations for a mixture of traditional merchantable forest products and biomass for energy, we may need to modify and optimize loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation management regimes. There is limited information on stand-level biomass production and partitioning, which is critical to evaluate alternative culture regimes including cultural intensity and planting density. In the present study, effects of cultural intensity and planting density on biomass accumulation and partitioning in loblolly pine plantations at age 12 were evaluated with destructive biomass sampling data from plots of a unique culture/density study. More intensive culture increased stand-level stem, bark, and branch biomass and aboveground biomass but did not affect foliage biomass. In general, culture intensity did not affect stand-level aboveground biomass partitioning. Planting density significantly affected stand-level aboveground biomass accumulation and partitioning; however, this effect was no longer significant among densities above 2224 trees•ha -1 . More intensive culture or lower planting density resulted in less foliage per unit of live-branch biomass. Partitioning to stems relative to branches increased with increasing planting density. Both cultural intensity and planting density had no significant effects on leaf area index and stand-level specific gravity. Planting density significantly affected the foliage density. There were no significant interactions of planting density and cultural intensity.Résumé : Pour consolider le retour financier et aménager de façon durable les plantations de pin dans le but d'en tirer une variété de produits forestiers marchands traditionnels et de la biomasse à des fins énergétiques, nous devrons peut-être modifier et optimiser les régimes d'aménagement des plantations de pin à encens (Pinus taeda L.). Il y a peu d'information sur la production et la répartition de la biomasse à l'échelle du peuplement qui sont nécessaires pour évaluer des régimes sylvicoles alternatifs, incluant l'intensité culturale et la densité de plantation. Dans la présente étude, les effets de l'intensité culturale et de la densité de plantation sur l'accumulation et la répartition de la biomasse dans les plantations de pin à encens âgées de 12 ans ont été évalués à l'aide des données d'un échantillonnage destructif de la biomasse provenant de placettes établies dans le cadre d'une étude unique portant sur l'intensité culturale et la densité. Une culture plus intensive a augmenté la biomasse de la tige, de l'écorce et des branches à l'échelle du peuplement, mais n'a pas influencé la biomasse foliaire. En général, l'intensité culturale n'a pas influencé la répartition de la biomasse aérienne à l'échelle du peuplement. La densité de plantation a significativement influencé l'accumulation et la répartition de la biomasse aérienne à l'échelle du peuplement. Toutefois, cet effet n'était plus significatif pour les densités supérieures à 2 224 arbres•ha -1 . Une culture plus intensive ou une densité de plantation plus faible a entraîné une réduction de la quantité de feuillage par unité de biomasse de branche vivante. La proportion de biomasse de la tige par rapport à celle des branches a augmenté avec la densité de plantation. L'intensité culturale et la densité de plantation n'ont pas significativement influencé l'indice de surface foliaire ni le poids spécifique à l'échelle du peuplement. La densité de plantation a significativement influencé la densité du feuillage. Il n'y avait pas d'interaction significative entre la densité de plantation et l'intensité culturale.

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Zhao et al. - 2012 - Effects of cultural intensity and planting density on stand-level aboveground biomass production and.grobid.tei.xml

Effects of cultural intensity and planting density on stand-level aboveground biomass production and allocation for 12-year-old loblolly pine plantations in the Upper Coastal Plain and Piedmont of the southeastern United States

With the increasing trend of converting monocultures into mixed forests, more and more studies have been carried out to investigate the admixing effects on tree growth and aboveground carbon storage. However, few studies have considered the impact of mixed forests on belowground carbon sequestration, particularly changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks as a forest grows. In this study, paired pure Pinus massoniana plantations, Cinnamomum camphora plantations and mixed Pinus massoniana-Cinnamomum camphora plantations at ages of 10, 24 and 45 years were selected to test whether the mixed plantations sequestrate more organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in soils and whether this admixing effect becomes more pronounced with stand ages. The results showed that tree species identification, composition and stand age significantly affected soil OC and N stocks. The soil OC and N stocks were the highest in mixed Pinus-Cinnamomum stands compared to those in counterpart monocultures with the same age in the whole soil profile or specific soil depth layers (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) for most cases, followed by Cinnamomum stands and Pinus stands with the lowest. These positive admixing effects were mostly nonadditive. Along the chronosequence, the soil OC stock peaked in the 24-year-old stand and was maintained as relatively stable thereafter. The admixing effects were also the highest at this stage. However, in the topsoil layer, the admixing effects increased with stand ages in terms of soil OC stocks. When comparing mixed Pinus-Cinnamomum plantations with corresponding monocultures within the same age, the soil N stock in mixed stands was 8.30, 11.17 and 31.45 % higher than the predicted mean value estimated from counterpart pure species plantations in 10-, 24-and 45-year-old stands, respectively. This suggests that these admixing effects were more pronounced along the chronosequence.

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Liu et al. - 2017 - Accumulation of soil organic C and N in planted forests fostered by tree species mixture.grobid.tei.xml

Accumulation of soil organic C and N in planted forests fostered by tree species mixture

Remaining fragments of East African coastal dry forests contain very high levels of endemic species and are in critical need of conservation and restoration. Little is known about natural regeneration dynamics of these forests, or the potential for human action to aid recovery of lost structures and functions after deforestation/degradation. Here, data and analyses are presented from long-term monitoring plots in a 20 year-old forest restoration project in Gede, Kenya, in a fragment of Zanzibar-Inhambane (ZI) regional forest mosaic. Study results provided previously unavailable indigenous tree species growth rates and human-assisted forest regeneration rates for ZI forests and highlighted issues relevant to conserving and regenerating remnants of coastal dry forest throughout East Africa. Enrichment plantings accelerated recovery of indigenous tree species diversity and increased species density above natural levels. A strategy of inter-planting within existing natural regeneration, including leaving large relic trees, accelerated regrowth of the forest, but the main beneficiary of the strategy was exotic Azadirachta indica, which came to dominate significant areas. Analyses indicated that A. indica, which produces insecticidal compounds, was significantly altering the structure of arthropod communities; flying to ground-dwelling arthropod ratios were higher where A. indica made up a higher proportion of above-ground woody biomass. Management strategies appear to be mostly restoring indigenous forest structures, despite continued casual illegal tree cutting and invasion by A. indica. Analysis of illegally harvested trees highlighted the important role of indigenous tree species as a source of ecosystems services to local people; an important consideration for forest conservation planning worldwide.

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MacFarlane et al. - 2015 - Coupled human-natural regeneration of indigenous coastal dry forest in Kenya.grobid.tei.xml

Coupled human-natural regeneration of indigenous coastal dry forest in Kenya

Biomass, carbon storage and carbon dioxide mitigation potential of plantations of Populus deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Dalbergia sissoo, Mangifera indica, Litchi chinensis and Prunus salicina were assessed. Being economically viable, such tree plantations are grown by farmers on a large scale in north India. The maximum total biomass (94.8 Mg ha 21 ) was observed in a 10-year-old D. sissoo monoculture plantation, followed by an 8-year-old P. deltoides block plantation (63.0 Mg ha 21 ). Carbon stocks ranged from 4.51 Mg ha 21 in an 8-year-old P. deltoides boundary plantation to 43.39 Mg ha 21 in D. sissoo plantation. The carbon sequestration rate for P. deltoides block and boundary plantations was estimated to be 2.75 and 0.43 Mg C ha 21 year 21 , respectively. Eucalyptus boundary plantation sequestered 0.84 Mg C ha 21 year 21 while D. sissoo plantation sequestered 2.73 Mg C ha 21 year 21 . Among fruit trees, the highest sequestration rate was recorded in M. indica (mango) plantation, with 1.43 Mg C ha 21 year 21 .

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Kanime et al. - 2013 - Biomass production and carbon sequestration in different tree-based systems of Central Himalayan .grobid.tei.xml

Biomass production and carbon sequestration in different tree-based systems of Central Himalayan Tarai region

The long-term Forest Restoration Experimental Project (FREP) was established in 1991 on a subtropical, barren, degraded, red soil sparsely vegetated grassland in

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Gong et al. - 2013 - Sub-tropic degraded red soil restoration Is soil organic carbon build-up limited by nutrients suppl.grobid.tei.xml

Sub-tropic degraded red soil restoration: Is soil organic carbon build-up limited by nutrients supply

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Liu Ling et al. - 2019 - Dynamic of forest vegetation carbon storage in He_nan Province based on forest inventory data.grobid.tei.xml

Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇ ａｕｔｈｏｒ．Ｅ•ｍａｉｌ： ｗｙｆｌｌｌ９７７＠ １２６．ｃｏｍ ＤＯＩ：

Afforestation has been a popular restoration procedure for spoil heaps in the sites affected by coal open-cast mining in the Czech Republic. Forest replantation is a frequent restoration variant when spoil heaps are recovered, but unreclaimed sites are often left to spontaneous succession. Studies on the dynamics of such restored forests are missing, and the evidence of restored forests with respect to their recreation value is also sporadic. To study the dynamics and management of restored forests-both replanted and recovered by spontaneous succession-on spoil heaps, we used a matrix growth model, which accounts for harvest, artificial and natural regeneration, and recreation value of these forest stands. The model calibration was performed on data from 250 inventory plots distributed across the Velká Podkrušnohorská spoil heap and the Matyáš spoil heap in the Sokolov brown-coal mining area. The growth model was applied on six restored forest types to simulate-over 65 years with a 10-year cutting cycle-the effect of various management regimes of thinning on their recreation value and aboveground biomass (AGB). The results indicate that initial planting density and stand type have an effect on the dynamics of restored forest stands in the short-term horizon. Applying the thinning management resulted in an increase in recreation value for all types of restored stands, while AGB decreased.

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Melichar et al. - 2022 - Dynamics and Management of Restored Forests in Post-Mining Sites with Respect to Their Recreation Va.grobid.tei.xml

Dynamics and Management of Restored Forests in Post-Mining Sites with Respect to Their Recreation Value: A Matrix Growth Model

We developed an analytical method that quantifies the relative contributions of mortality and individual growth to ecosystem function and analysed the results from the first biodiversity experiment conducted in a tropical tree plantation. In Sardinilla, central Panama, over 5000 tree seedlings were planted in monoculture and mixedspecies plots. After 5 years of growth, mixed-species plots yielded, on average, 30-58% higher summed tree basal area than did monocultures. Simulation models revealed that the increased yield of mixed-species plots was due mostly to enhancement of individual tree growth. Although c. 1500 trees died during the experiment, mortality was highly species-specific and did not differ consistently between biodiversity treatments. Our results show that the effects of biodiversity on growth and mortality are uncoupled and that biodiversity affects total biomass and potentially self-thinning. The Sardinilla experiment suggests that mixed-species plantings may be a viable strategy for increasing timber yields and preserving biodiversity in tropical tree plantations.

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Potvin and Gotelli - 2008 - Biodiversity enhances individual performance but does not affect survivorship in tropical trees.grobid.tei.xml

Biodiversity enhances individual performance but does not affect survivorship in tropical trees

Forest soil carbon (C) sequestration has an important effect on global C dynamics and is regulated by various environmental factors. Mixed and pure plantations are common afforestation choices in north China, but how forest type and environmental factors interact to affect soil C stock remains unclear. We hypothesize that forest type changes soil physicochemical properties and surface biological factors, and further contributes to soil active C components, which together affect soil C sequestration capacity and C dynamic processes. Three 46-year-old 25 m × 25 m pure Pinus tabulaeformis forests (PF) and three 47-year-old 25 m × 25 m mixed coniferous-broadleaf (Pinus tabulaeformis-Quercus liaotungensis) forests (MF) were selected as the two treatments and sampled in August 2016. In 2017, soil temperature (ST) at 10 cm were measured every 30 min for the entire vegetation season. Across 0-50 cm (five soil layers, 10 cm per layer), we also measured C components and environmental factors which may affect soil C sequestration, including soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), soil moisture (SM) and soil pH. We then incubated samples for 56 days at 25 C to monitor the C loss through CO 2 release, characterized as cumulative mineralization carbon (CMC) and mineralized carbon (MC). Our results indicate that ST, pH, SM and litter thickness were affected by forest type. Average SOC stock in MF was 20% higher than in PF (MF: 11.29 kg m -2 ; PF: 13.52 kg m -2 ). Higher CMC under PF caused more soil C lost, and CMC increased 14.5% in PF (4.67 g kg -1 soil) compared to MF (4.04 g kg -1 soil) plots over the two-month incubation period. SOC stock was significantly positively correlated with SM (p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.43), DOC (p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.47) and CMC (p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.33), and significantly negatively correlated with pH How to cite this article

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Hao et al. - 2022 - Soil mineralized carbon drives more carbon stock in coniferous-broadleaf mixed plantations compared .grobid.tei.xml

Soil mineralized carbon drives more carbon stock in coniferous-broadleaf mixed plantations compared to pure plantations

The population of natural Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) in northeast China has sharply declined due to massive utilization for its high-quality timber, while this is vice versa for Korean pine plantations after various intensive afforestation schemes applied by China's central authority. Hence, more comprehensive models are needed to appropriately understand the allometric relationship variations between the two origins. In this study, we destructively sampled Pinus koraiensis from several natural and plantation sites in northeast China to investigate the origin's effect on biomass equations. Nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression with weighted functions was used to present the additivity property and homogenize the model residuals in our two newly developed origin-free (population average) and origin-based (dummy variable) biomass functions. Variations in biomass allocations, carbon content, and root-to-shoot ratio between the samples obtained from plantations and natural stands were also investigated. The results showed that (1) involving the origin's effect in dummy variable models brought significant improvement in model performances compared to the population average models; (2) incorporating tree total height (H) as an additional predictor to diameter at breast height (D) consistently increase the models' accuracy compared to using D only as of the sole predictors for both model systems; (3) stems accounted for the highest partitioning proportions and foliage had the highest carbon content among all biomass components; (4) the root-to-shoot ratio ranged from 0.18-0.35, with plantations (0.28 ± 0.04) had slightly higher average value (±SD) compared to natural forests (0.25 ± 0.03). Our origin-based models can deliver more accurate individual tree biomass estimations for Pinus koraiensis, particularly for the National Forest Inventory of China.

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Widagdo et al. - 2021 - Biomass Functions and Carbon Content Variabilities of Natural and Planted Pinus koraiensis in Northe.grobid.tei.xml

Biomass Functions and Carbon Content Variabilities of Natural and Planted Pinus koraiensis in Northeast China

Background: Tree allometric equations are critical tools for determining tree volume, biomass and carbon stocks. However, there is a lack of species-specific biomass equations for juvenile trees of many of New Zealand's indigenous species. The aim of this study was to provide allometric equations for total above-and below-ground biomass and total root biomass and length for eight common evergreen conifer and broadleaved species.Methods: In a plot-based field trial, growth metrics of conifers Prumnopitys taxifolia (matai), Agathis australis (kauri), Prumnopitys ferruginea (miro), Podocarpus totara (totara), Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (kahikatea) and Dacrydium cupressinum (rimu) and broadleaved species Alectryon excelsus (titoki) and Vitex lucens (puriri) were measured annually. These species were selected based on their potential role as a long-term solution for mitigating erosion in areas of marginal land proposed for new afforestation/reforestation and as an important carbon (C) sink.Results: Root collar diameter (RCD) provided the best fit for tree height, total above-ground biomass (AGB) and total below-ground biomass (BGB), and all regressions were highly significant (P = 0.001). Most species showed significant increases in annual growth and, by year 5, the BGB ranged between 21 and 42% of total biomass and decreased with increasing plant age. Of the conifers, Podocarpus totara had the greatest mean maximum root spread (2.2 m) exceeded only by the broadleaved Vitex lucens (2.5 m). For all species, and in each year of the trial, 100% of the BGB remained confined to within 0.5 m of the ground surface. With the exception of Vitex lucens and Podocarpus totara, > 90% of the total root length remained within a 0.5-m radius of the root bole. The species-specific mean tree biomass of 5-year-old plants ranged from 0.32 to 4.28 kg plant -1 . A mixed-species forest established at 1000 stems per hectare (spha), consisting of 200 of each of the best performed of the trialled species, would amass ~2.3 t ha -1 of biomass and a forest carbon stock of 3.8 t CO 2 ha -1 within 5 years. Conclusions: Inter-species differences in the allocation of BGB and AGB appeared to be age dependent. The root-growth metrics of these common indigenous forest species, as candidates for erosion control, have improved our understanding of their potential usefulness for stabilising marginal land. Whole-plant biomass of juvenile trees will greatly improve the accuracy of current estimates of forest carbon stocks for proposed new areas of indigenous afforestation/reforestation.

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Marden et al. - 2018 - Biomass and root attributes of eight of New Zealand’s most common indigenous evergreen conifer and b.grobid.tei.xml

Biomass and root attributes of eight of New Zealand's most common indigenous evergreen conifer and broadleaved forest species during the first 5 years of establishment

Assessment of ecological fitness of woody species across land use is critical issues in degraded land restoration. However, little is known about AGBC stored capacity, important value and distribution index of woody species grows in exclosure and adjacent open lands. Therefore, this research is aimed to (i) analyse impact of exclosure on AGBC (ii) ecological fit species. A random sampling method was employed. Forty sample plots (50m*50m) were used. AGBC stocks (mean± SE) of woody species in adjacent open grazing and exclosure land use of GW site was 0.11±0.07 and 1.24±0.27Mg ha -1 respectively. While in adjacent open grazing and exclosure land use of WG site, the value was 0.27±0.03 and 2.79±0.27Mgha -1 respectively. In both site exclosure land uses, the proportion of rare, occasional and common woody species were better than their adjacent open grazing land. Cupressus lustanica from open grazing and Vernonia auriculifera from exclosure land use of WG as well as Croton macrostachyus from open grazing and Leucaena leucocephala from exclosure land use of GW site were recorded as top ecologically fit species. It is recommended to protect degraded lands via integrating ecologically adapted native species and fully used their diversity to achieve the potential benefits of land restoration.

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Asmare and Gure - 2019 - Potential of exclosure on aboveground biomass carbon stock and ecological fitness of woody species i.grobid.tei.xml

Potential of exclosure on aboveground biomass carbon stock and ecological fitness of woody species in Jabi Tehnane district, northwestern Ethiopia

Aim of study: To evaluate how middle-aged active restoration plantations of native tree species contribute to the recovery of the tropical cloud forest in terms of vegetation structure, tree richness, species composition, and to shade-tolerance and seed dispersal mode functional groups.Area of study: We studied two 19-year-old active restoration sites and their reference mature forests in the tropical montane cloud forest belt, Veracruz, Mexico.Materials and methods: The basal area, density and height as well as the tree species composition and number of species and individuals classified by shade tolerance (pioneer and non-pioneer trees), and seed dispersal mode (anemochorous, barochorous-synzoochorous and endozoochorous) were compared between active restoration plantations and reference forests.Main results: Planted trees and the woody vegetation growing under them represented a high proportion of reference forests' basal area. Tree richness and Shannon's equitability index were similar in both reference forests and one active restoration plantation and slightly different in the other. Tree species composition differed among sites; however, each 19-year-old plantation already had several non-pioneer species and a similar species proportion of the seed dispersal syndromes present in their reference forests.Research highlights: Active restoration accelerated the recovery of cloud forest in degraded pasture and bracken fern lands. Planted trees promoted the rapid development of vegetation structure and natural tree regeneration. Although species composition is still different, these middle-aged restoration plantations already have forest species and a proportion of functional groups of species similar to those of their own reference montane cloud forests.

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Pedraza et al. - 2021 - Vegetation structure and biodiversity recovery in 19-year-old active restoration plantations in a Ne.grobid.tei.xml

Vegetation structure and biodiversity recovery in 19-year-old active restoration plantations in a Neotropical cloud forest

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Bosire et al. - 2008 - Functionality of restored mangroves A review.grobid.tei.xml

Review Functionality of restored mangroves: A review

This work quantified the total carbon and 12 other sediment characteristics at 10 soil depths, in planted and or natural mangrove forests in comparison with non-vegetated soil for four seasons of the year 2009-2010 in the Vellar-Coleroon estuarine complex, India. The sediment characteristics varied significantly between mangrove-vegetated and non-vegetated habitats or seasons of analysis, but not between soil depths. The mangrove sediments were rich in total carbon and total organic carbon as compared to non-mangrove sediments (p <0.01). Total carbon was 98.2% higher in mature mangroves and 41.8% in planted mangroves than that in non-mangrove soil. Total organic carbon was as much as 2.5 times greater in mature mangroves and 2 times greater in planted mangroves than that in unvegetated soil. Carbon contents also varied many fold by season. Total carbon content was 8.6 times greater during pre-monsoon, 4.1 times greater during post-monsoon and 2.5 times greater during monsoon than during summer (p <0.01 in all cases).Similarly, total organic carbon was 5.9 times greater during pre-monsoon, 3.1 times greater during post-monsoon and 69% greater during monsoon than during summer. In general, higher levels of sediment carbon were recorded during pre and post-monsoon seasons than during other seasons.Total carbon concentration was correlated negatively to temperature, sand and phosphorus (p <0.01); positively correlated with redox potential, silt, clay, C/N ratio, potassium (p <0.01) and nitrogen (p <0.05); but not correlated with soil depth, pH or salinity. This work revealed that the carbon burial was rapid at the annual rate of 2.8% for total carbon, and 6.7% for total organic carbon in mangrove-planted sediment. Clearing of mangroves can result in significantly and rapidly reduced carbon stores.

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Kathiresan et al. - 2014 - Impact of mangrove vegetation on seasonal carbon burial and other sediment characteristics in the Ve.grobid.tei.xml

Impact of mangrove vegetation on seasonal carbon burial and other sediment characteristics in the Vellar-Coleroon estuary, India

Mangroves play a key role in carbon sequestration along tropical and subtropical coastlines, mainly as a result of their high primary productivity and the anoxic character of their soils, in which organic matter decay processes are slow. Unfortunately, these forests are disappearing worldwide, notably due to aquaculture and the need for space on the shoreline. The mangrove area in Viet Nam decreased substantially until late 90's, which was a concern for the Vietnamese government. Then, replantation programs were developed in order to protect the shoreline against the erosion; like in northern Viet Nam, where monospecific stands were planted from the mid 90's. Within this context, our objectives were to determine carbon stocks and carbon burial rates in the soil of a 18 years old Kandelia obovata (Sheue, Lui & Yong) mangrove forest. Three plots were set up in the planted mangroves and three in adjacent bare land (without any mangrove) at the mouth of Red River. Three geo-slicers up to 100 cm depth were taken in each plot; and in each core, ten soil samples were collected with a 10 cm depth interval. Later on, dead and live roots were sorted. Carbon contents in soils and in roots were determined using the Walkley-Black method and loss on ignition (LOI) method, respectively. Then, the total belowground carbon sequestration was estimated. There was a depth related distribution of organic carbon in soil with the highest concentrations measured between 20 and 60 cm depth. Accumulated carbon up to depth of 100 cm in soil and roots of the planted K. obovata were 146.78 ± 3.87 Mg OC ha À1 and 12.67 ± 0.14 Mg OC ha À1 , respectively. The value was 87.59 ± 1.08 Mg OC ha À1 for the adjacent bare land. Consequently, the mean carbon burial rate for this system was approximately 6.94 Mg OC ha À1 yr À1 , which is higher than most of the mangroves and may be related to a low export of the net primary productivity or most likely to a high sedimentation rate. These results were compared with previously published results on carbon stocks in younger planted forests of the same species in the same region, a positive and linear relationship was determined between the age of the planted stand and the belowground carbon stocks.

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Ha et al. - 2018 - Belowground carbon sequestration in a mature planted mangroves (Northern Viet Nam).grobid.tei.xml

Belowground carbon sequestration in a mature planted mangroves (Northern Viet Nam)

Planting density did not affect SOC, DOC, and cellulase activity at age 5. • Increased planting density increased SOC, EOC, and DOC but decreased MBC at age 35. • Increased planting density increased invertase and β-glucosidase activities

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Wang et al. - 2021 - Soil organic carbon fractions, C-cycling hydrolytic enzymes, and microbial carbon metabolism in Chin.grobid.tei.xml

Soil organic carbon fractions, C-cycling hydrolytic enzymes, and microbial carbon metabolism in Chinese fir plantations

Direct seeding is considered a feasible alternative for large-scale forest restoration, but little is known about the successional trajectory of tropical forests restored through direct seeding. To validate this method, we must understand how it changes forest structure and species richness and shapes the community trajectory as compared to the standard methods of natural regeneration and seedling planting. We evaluated restoration sites up to 10 years old in the Xingu river basin in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Our objectives were to: (i) describe changes in vegetation structure and richness in restored forests within the first decade; (ii) compare the outcome of restoration by direct seeding (broadcast seeding, sowing in rows, or placing seeds in holes) to seedling planting and natural regeneration; (iii) evaluate the influence of environmental variables (annual precipitation, soil phosphorus content, sand percentage, and soil base saturation) and the direct seeding technique on forest structure. We assessed species richness, density of individuals per size class, basal area, canopy height, aboveground biomass, and canopy cover. We sampled 72 direct-seeded sites between 1 and 10 years old, three seedling planting sites and six natural regeneration sites aged 7 to 9 years old. Community structure attributes changed over time, with the exception of the density of regenerating individuals. After four years, direct-seeded sites had formed a multi-layered canopy and were starting to be colonized by non-planted species. In general, directseeded sites had high aboveground biomass, but there was high variability among sites, especially after age six years. Sites with higher phosphorus content had more tree density, basal area, and biomass compared to the others. Broadcast seeding sites had higher seedling and sapling densities than sites that received other restoration methods. In conclusion, direct seeding was a successful method for the initial phase of forest restoration, promoting a structure that was more similar to resilient natural regeneration sites than to non-resilient natural regeneration sites and seedling planting sites.

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Freitas et al. - 2019 - Evaluating the success of direct seeding for tropical forest restoration over ten years.grobid.tei.xml

Evaluating the success of direct seeding for tropical forest restoration over ten years

Reforestation is an important step toward recovering soil quality and wildlife habitats that are degraded due to deforestation. However, little is known about how soil C and N compositions in subtropical forests evolve after decades of reforestation. This study comprehensively evaluated the differences in soil C and N fractions in 40-and 80-year-old secondary (reforested) coniferous forests and a natural broadleaf forest. Although reforestation with coniferous plants appeared to increase soil organic matter and labile C levels, the ratio of soil labile C to total organic C was lower in the reforested coniferous forests than the natural broadleaf one. The trend in the labile N to total N ratio as coniferous reforestation progresses follows that of C. Furthermore, the percentage of recalcitrant C as total soil organic C was higher in the reforested coniferous forests than the natural broadleaf one. This feature of C composition in reforested coniferous forest causes environmental stress to microbes (as indicated by a high metabolic quotient) in the forest, even several decades after reforestation of a former broadleaf forest site. Results from this study demonstrate that it takes a very long time for reforestation with coniferous vegetation to restore the soil chemical properties of the previous natural forest.

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Shiau et al. - 2020 - Improvements in Soil C and N Compositions After 40 and 80 Years of Reforestation in Subtropical Low .grobid.tei.xml

Improvements in Soil C and N Compositions After 40 and 80 Years of Reforestation in Subtropical Low Mountain Forests

Clear-cutting is a conventional method of forest management which significantly changes carbon (C) cycling at the ecosystem level for a long time. Estimation of the interim period during which the ecosystem turns from a C source to a C sink is crucial for clarifying the environmental effects of management on forest C cycling. The current study provided new knowledge of C cycling in young pine stand and demonstrated the recovery of C sequestration of the forest ecosystem during the post harvesting period.We estimated the C balance in a 6-year-old Scots pine stand by using two different methods: carbon budgeting, for estimating annual net ecosystem production (NEP), and eddy covariance (EC), for estimating net ecosystem exchange (NEE). For C budgeting, the above-and belowground biomass production of the ecosystem, as well as the soil heterotrophic respiration efflux at the studied site was estimated.Annual NEE at the studied young forest ecosystem was 1.19 ± 0.36 t C ha -1 , gross primary ecosystem production was 9.87 and total ecosystem respiration was 11.06 t C ha -1 . Estimated NEE was in good accordance with the results of NEP (1.37 t C ha -1 ), which confirms the relevance of the C budgeting method.Increased annual woody biomass production is the main factor which induced the young Scots pine ecosystem to act as a C sink: annual C accumulation in tree biomass in a 6-year-old stand was 1.0 t C ha -1 but reached already 2.4 t C ha -1 in the following year. Assuming that the annual R h flux is of the same magnitude in the subsequent years, the ecosystem will become a C sink already during a short period after clear-cut. Annual soil respiration (R s ) and heterotrophic soil respiration (R h ) were 6.0 and 4.2 t C ha -1 , respectively and the R h /R s ratio was 0.70. However, at this stage also the understorey vegetation contributed essentially to NEP, making up 56% of the annual C uptake accumulated in the plants. The methane flux and the leached C flux were negligible, 0.004 and 0.015 t C ha -1 yr -1 , respectively. Our results demonstrate that well regenerated young Scots pine stand on a former clear-cut area will be able to turn into a C sequestering ecosystem already before ten years after cutting.

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Uri et al. - 2019 - The carbon balance of a six-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ecosystem estimated by differe.grobid.tei.xml

The carbon balance of a six-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ecosystem estimated by different methods

International agendas focus on limiting unchecked climate change through extensive mitigation. Worldwide, several reforestation initiatives strive to achieve ambitious goals and promote carbon sequestration on land. The greatest potential for reforestation lies within the tropics, and the Atlantic Forest is among the protagonists. However, little is known about the potential of these reforestations to mitigate climate change. Here, we assessed the carbon sequestration potential of Atlantic Forest reforestations, both in the field and in the available scientific literature. We demonstrate that the Atlantic Forest reforestations provide valuable contributions to climate change mitigation. Even at young age, reforestations have astonishing potential, with much higher carbon sequestration rates than un-assisted natural regeneration of later successional stages. Although with lesser potential, un-assisted natural regeneration remnants can also be a valuable strategy to aid climate mitigation, especially when close to reforestations or old-growth forests. We found far greater potential of sequestration in all types of forests inside protected areas than unprotected ones, highlighting the noteworthy benefits of conservation that buffers degradation. Climate action is urgent, and the Atlantic Forest certainly is a great contributor to the achievement of such ambitious goals.

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Manes et al. - 2022 - Climate change mitigation potential of Atlantic Forest reforestations.grobid.tei.xml

Climate change mitigation potential of Atlantic Forest reforestations

Forest ecosystems play crucial role in global carbon cycling, therefore, increasing afforestation of agricultural land in Europe has been recognized as important contribution of carbon sequestration. In carbon reporting systems, root carbon content (CC) default value has been set to 50%. The study aimed to estimate CC in below-ground biomass and in relation to tree age in young Scots pine stands on forest and former agricultural land. The below-ground CC of young (8 to 40 years) managed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands growing on nutrient poor mineral soils in Latvia was carried out. In total 62 sample trees (43 in forest land, 19 in former agricultural land) were randomly selected for destructive sampling to estimate the CC within below-ground biomass. Below-ground biomass weighted mean CC was 49.7 ± 0.4%, being slightly lower than the default CC value used to calculate carbon budgets. Root fractions stump, small roots (diameter 2-20 mm), coarse roots (diameter > 20 mm)) differed (p < 0.001) in their CC. Stumps (50.6 ± 0.6%) had highest (p < 0.001) CC in the below-ground biomass, followed by coarse (49.5 ± 0.4%) and small (49.1 ± 0.4%) roots, which did not differ from each other in their CC. Results demonstrated age-dependent increase of CC (p < 0.001) from 48.2 ± 0.3% to 51.7 ± 0.5%, indicating overestimation of the default value during the first two decades, but underestimation for older trees (24 to 40 years).

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Jansons et al. - 2017 - Carbon content of below–ground biomass of young Scots pines in Latvia.grobid.tei.xml

Carbon content of below-ground biomass of young Scots pines in Latvia

Surface mining drastically disturbs landscapes and soil properties. Reclamation can restore and improve soil quality and biomass productivity. Time required for soil reclamation to restore soil quality to premined conditions in southeastern United States is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate chronosequence effects on restoration quality indicators in reclaimed coal mine soil from different land use landscapes and agroecosystems in Mississippi. Study sites in 0-to 3-, 5to 7-, and 10-to 12-year-old reclaimed soils were compared with adjacent undisturbed sites. Soil samples collected at the 0-to 15-cm and the 15-to 30-cm depths within a grid in a radius of 3 m were mixed to produce composite samples and kept frozen until analyzed. Soil bulk density (ρb) was the highest (1.48 g cm -3 ) in the youngest (<1 year) site and decreased with increasing age to the oldest (12-year) site (1.07 g cm -3 ). Soil quality indicators (aggregate stability, total C, organic C, and microbial biomass C) increased with increasing reclamation age in forest and grass ecosystems. Concentrations of C were greater at the summit than at shoulder and foot-slope positions. Soil pH, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn were higher in newly reclaimed soil than in soils reclaimed 12 years earlier possibly because of reclamation liming practices, which buffer pH to greater than 7.0 in newly reclaimed sites. Reclamation practices improved soil quality over time. Soil quality indicators reached levels similar to those of undisturbed soil within 7 to 12 years after reclamation, indicating successful reestablishment of healthy and sustainable soils in the postmining ecosystems.

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Adeli et al. - 2013 - Age Chronosequence Effects on Restoration Quality of Reclaimed Coal Mine Soils in Mississippi Agroec.grobid.tei.xml

Age Chronosequence Effects on Restoration Quality of Reclaimed Coal Mine Soils in Mississippi Agroecosystems

and-use change accounts for about one third of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (Richter and Houghton, 2011). Some land uses can lead to net accumulation of C from the atmosphere, if vegetation change leads to greater inputs of organic matter to soils, or to reduced rates of loss. Improving soil carbon content can improve soil quality and potentially contribute to climate change mitigation (

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Cook et al. - 2014 - Soil Carbon Dynamics Following Reforestation of Tropical Pastures.grobid.tei.xml

Tropical C4 grasses generally

Young secondary forests and plantations in the moist tropics often have rapid rates of biomass accumulation and thus sequester large amounts of carbon. Here, we compare results from mature forest and nearby 15-20 year old tree plantations in lowland Costa Rica to evaluate differences in allocation of carbon to aboveground production and root systems. We found that the tree plantations, which had fully developed, closed canopies, allocated more carbon belowground -to their root systems -than did mature forest. This increase in belowground carbon allocation correlated significantly with aboveground tree growth but not with canopy production (i.e., leaf fall or fine litter production). In contrast, there were no correlations between canopy production and either tree growth or belowground carbon allocation. Enhanced allocation of carbon to root systems can enhance plant nutrient uptake, providing nutrients beyond those required for the production of short-lived tissues such as leaves and fine roots, and thus enabling biomass accumulation. Our analyses support this deduction at our site, showing that enhanced allocation of carbon to root systems can be an important mechanism promoting biomass accumulation during forest growth in the moist tropics. Identifying factors that control when, where and for how long this occurs would help us to improve models of forest growth and nutrient cycling, and to ascertain the role that young forests play in mitigating increased atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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Raich et al. - 2014 - Aboveground Tree Growth Varies with Belowground Carbon Allocation in a Tropical Rainforest Environme.grobid.tei.xml

Aboveground Tree Growth Varies with Belowground Carbon Allocation in a Tropical Rainforest Environment

To quantify the impact that planting indigenous trees and shrubs in mixed communities (environmental plantings) have on net sequestration of carbon and other environmental or commercial benefits, precise and non-biased estimates of biomass are required. Because these plantings consist of several species, estimation of their biomass through allometric relationships is a challenging task. We explored methods to accurately estimate biomass through harvesting 3139 trees and shrubs from 22 plantings, and collating similar datasets from earlier studies, in non-arid (>300 mm rainfall year À1 ) regions of southern and eastern Australia. Site-and-species specific allometric equations were developed, as were three types of generalised, multi-site, allometric equations based on categories of species and growth-habits: (i) speciesspecific, (ii) genus and growth-habit, and (iii) universal growth-habit irrespective of genus. Biomass was measured at plot level at eight contrasting sites to test the accuracy of prediction of tonnes dry matter of above-ground biomass per hectare using different classes of allometric equations. A finer-scale analysis tested performance of these at an individual-tree level across a wider range of sites. Although the percentage error in prediction could be high at a given site (up to 45%), it was relatively low (<11%) when generalised allometry-predictions of biomass was used to make regional-or estate-level estimates across a range of sites. Precision, and thus accuracy, increased slightly with the level of specificity of allometry. Inclusion of site-specific factors in generic equations increased efficiency of prediction of above-ground biomass by as much as 8%. Site-and-species-specific equations are the most accurate for site-based predictions. Generic allometric equations developed here, particularly the generic species-specific equations, can be confidently applied to provide regional-or estate-level estimates of above-ground biomass and carbon.

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Paul et al. - 2013 - Development and testing of allometric equations for estimating above-ground biomass of mixed-species.grobid.tei.xml

Development and testing of allometric equations for estimating above-ground biomass of mixed-species environmental plantings

In the early 1980s, the province of Guangdong, China implemented a 10-year, large-scale reforestation program to counter environment degradation as a result of rapid economic development. Quantification of the contribution of this forest restoration program to carbon storage will provide critical information and guidance for designing future forest restoration and management strategies at the provincial level.The Guangdong Provincial Forest Inventory Database, together with our field sampling data was used to estimate carbon storage dynamics over the 10-year period of 1994-2003 for key restoration forest types as well as OBPA (open forest, bamboo forest, production forest and ambient trees). Various layers of forests were considered in calculating carbon storage: tree layers, understory vegetation and litterfall layers for the key forest types and bamboo forests; tree layers and litterfall layers for production forests; and only tree layers for open forest and ambient trees.Our results show that over the 10-year period, the reforestation program has increased total carbon storage by 41.67 Tg and forest carbon density by 1.58 Mg C ha À1 . Carbon storage in tree layers was the greatest among all layers studied. Carbon storage in litterfall and understory layers amounted to approximately 38%-44% of the total carbon storage, demonstrating that litterfall and understory layers can not be neglected in estimating regional forest vegetation carbon storage in the sub-tropical forests. It was determined that coniferous forests provided the greatest contribution to total carbon, followed by broadleaved forests, OBPA, and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests in decreasing order of magnitude. Among all key forest types, stands of P. massoniana had the greatest amount of carbon storage (from 59.65 to 65.87Tg) while Albizia falcataria (Linn.) Fosberg forest stands had the lowest (from 0.05 to 0.37 Tg). Over the 10-year period, carbon storage pools in maturescent forests, mature forests and post-mature forests were on the increasing trend, while those in young forests and middle-aged forests were declining and relatively stable, respectively. Our analysis also shows that the carbon accumulation rate in broadleaved forests (0.19-1.36 Mg ha À1 year À1 ) was the highest among the key forest types in Guangdong, which has important implications for selection of future forest restoration species.

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Zhou et al. - 2008 - Impacts of a large-scale reforestation program on carbon storage dynamics in Guangdong, China.grobid.tei.xml

Impacts of a large-scale reforestation program on carbon storage dynamics in Guangdong, China

Plant available nitrogen, belowground (root) biomass, soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and microbial biomass N (MBN) were studied for 12 years at the interval of 2 years (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years) and mine dump stability at the intervals of 6 years (0, 6 and 12 years) after re-vegetation on coal mine spoil site. Plant available nitrogen in revegetated mine spoil ranged from 4.51 to 6.59 lg g -1 , net N-mineralization from 1.87 to 13.85 lg g -1 month -1 , MBN from 10 to 22.63 lg g -1 , and root biomass from 28 to 566 g -2 . Mining activity has caused a change in soil characteristics including plant available nutrients like nitrate-N, ammonium-N and phosphate-P by 70, 67, and 76 %, respectively, N-mineralization by 93 %, root biomass values by 97 % and MBN values by 91 % compared to forest ecosystems. Revegetation of mine spoil produced increase in root biomass values by 1.3, 7.6 and 17.2 times, mineral N values by 1.22, 1.43 and 1.79 times, N-mineralization values by 1.8, 5.2 and 12.6 times and MBN values by 1.6, 2.0, and 3.4 times in 2, 6 and 12 years, respectively. Below ground biomass was highly co-related with microbial biomass and plant available nutrients. N-mineralization, plant available nutrients and the clay content were positively correlated with age of revegetation (P \ 0.01). From the numerical modelling it was analyzed that revegetation increased the dump slope stability with a factor of safety of 1.7 and 2.1 after 6 and 12 years of plantation on dump slope, respectively, while it was 1.2 before revegetation. Thus, long term revegetation was found to have direct impact on dump stability and indirect impact on soil fertility status in mine spoil, where plant biomass and microbial biomass provide major contributions in ecological redevelopment of the mine spoil.

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Tripathi et al. - 2012 - Dump Stability and Soil Fertility of a Coal Mine Spoil in Indian Dry Tropical Environment A Long-Te.grobid.tei.xml

Dump Stability and Soil Fertility of a Coal Mine Spoil in Indian Dry Tropical Environment: A Long-Term Study

The purpose of this study was to determine whether change of forest cover had an effect on the development of the organic surface horizons, particularly on those variables that influence nutrient cycling and forest productivity. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) plantations were selected from among the youngest to oldest (2-16 yr) within a 100 km 2 area in southeastern New Brunswick. Natural forests were also included as benchmark sites. The forest floor and tree foliage was sampled and trees measured on 0.05-ha plots. The forest floor samples were used to determine organic mass, nutrient contents and pH. In pine plantations, organic matter accumulated rapidly during the period of exponential tree growth, but leveled off at about 45 Mg ha -1 . This was within the range of benchmark sites with mixed conifer-hardwood cover. In spruce plantations, the forest floor mass ranged upward to 77 Mg ha -1 . Development was strongly influenced by the nature of the previous forest. Spruce forest floors were on average more acid and had lower nutrient concentrations, particularly N and Ca. The observed differences suggest that nutrients are recycled more rapidly in the pine plantations, partly explaining the superior growth of the latter.

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Krause - 1998 - Forest floor mass and nutrients in two chronosequences of plantations Jack pine vs. black spruce.grobid.tei.xml

Forest floor mass and nutrients in two chronosequences of plantations: Jack pine vs. black spruce

Root biomass plays an essential role in carbon sequestration at both individual and ecosystem scales, yet few feasible methods for measuring root biomass of individual trees have been developed. We sampled 11 trees in a pure 20-year-old Pinus tabuliformis plantation to estimate total root, fine root and leaf biomass of individual trees using the nested regression method. The relationships between fine root biomass and surface area as well as leaf biomass and area were examined across tree sizes. Fine roots of P. tabuliformis were estimated to consume 40 % of the net primary production for turnover, and absorbed a total of 1364 g m -2 year -1 of major nutrients. A significant linear relationship was determined between roots and leaves in terms of both biomass and surface area. The findings added weight to the concept that the functional balance theory is applicable to even-aged mature trees of P. tabuliformis.

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Jia et al. - 2015 - Individual-based fine root biomass and its functional relationship with leaf for Pinus tabuliformis .grobid.tei.xml

Individual-based fine root biomass and its functional relationship with leaf for Pinus tabuliformis in northern China

The ecological consequences of grassland afforestation in arid/semiarid sandy regions are not well known with respect to tree species and stand age. The present study quantifies the changes in above-and belowground carbon (C) stocks following afforestation in the southeastern Keerqin Sandy Lands with species of Mongolian pine and poplar. We studied 15-, 24-, and 30-year-old Mongolian pine plantations, 7-, 11-, and 15-year-old poplar plantations, and adjacent grasslands. The results show that total ecosystem C stocks increased following grassland afforestation. Aboveground C stocks increased at a rate of 2.75 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 in the poplar plantations, and 1.06 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 in the Mongolian pine plantations. Mineral soil C stocks decreased during the early stage of forest establishment, but recovered with increasing stand age. Root C stock increased significantly in the Mongolian pine plantations, but the poplar plantations showed no such increase relative to the grassland. Our results indicate that afforestation of the grassland in the southeastern Keerqin Sandy Lands would sequester more C than would continuous grassland. Tree species selection and stand developmental age should be considered in planning future afforestation projects.

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Hu et al. - 2008 - Changes in ecosystem carbon stocks following grassland afforestation of semiarid sandy soil in the s.grobid.tei.xml

Changes in ecosystem carbon stocks following grassland afforestation of semiarid sandy soil in the southeastern Keerqin Sandy Lands, China

Coastal degradation has spurred active restoration of mangrove ecosystems, from local initiatives to global commitments to increase mangrove forest area by 20% over the next decade. Mangrove restoration projects typically have multiple objectives, including carbon storage, coastal resilience, and fisheries recovery. How planting seedlings, the most common form of active restoration, can promote recovery of mangrove ecosystem functions remains an urgent research need. We quantified multiple ecosystem outcomes of Guyana's national mangrove restoration program, approximately a decade after seedling planting, and compared restoration outcomes with conditions in intact and degraded mangrove forests. Multivariate analyses indicate that intact and restored sites' environmental conditions were similar to each other but different from degraded sites. Aboveground biomass in restored sites (103 Mg ha -1 ) was 13 and 99% greater than intact (89.4 Mg ha -1 ) and degraded (0.12 Mg ha -1 ) sites, respectively. Active restoration successfully increased seedling abundance of both planted and unplanted species, with similar abundance between intact and restored sites. In contrast, fish communities in restored sites remained similar to degraded sites. Restored sites were dominated by a single algivorous fish species, with lower species diversity and commercially valuable fisheries than intact sites. Our results demonstrate that active restoration is a viable option to restore mangrove forest tree biomass and tree species composition in this region. However, even under a best-case scenario for mangrove forest restoration, fisheries did not recover during our study's timespan. Long-term monitoring and controlled experiments will be essential to further understand restoration outcomes for multiple ecosystem services in mangrove forests.

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Ram et al. - 2021 - Active restoration leads to rapid recovery of aboveground biomass but limited recovery of fish diver.grobid.tei.xml

Active restoration leads to rapid recovery of aboveground biomass but limited recovery of fish diversity in planted mangrove forests of the North Brazil Shelf

This report describes the Restoring Ecosystem Services Tool (REST) computer program, which was developed to assist users in selecting plant species for more effective landscape management. Many habitats have been altered to the extent that it is no longer possible to restore their plant communities to their preexisting conditions. In these cases, a functional trait-based restoration approach to restoring some degree of ecosystem services, functionality, and structure may be helpful. To conduct functional trait-based restoration, information about the functional characteristics of species is required, and decisions are made by choosing a combination of species that have trait profiles that meet desired restoration goals. However, the value and applicability of functional trait-based restoration has been limited in its accessibility to land managers and stakeholders. The REST program is specifically designed to help users select a suite of plant species whose life history traits relate to addressing a specific management objective. Trait data from global databases have been incorporated into the program, providing some data from many species. Users define management objectives from a menu of available restoration goals (drought tolerance, fire tolerance, successional facilitation, or carbon storage) to filter for connected functional traits. Once the user has chosen appropriate functional traits for analysis, a potential species pool, chosen by the user, is required for analysis.Alternatively, users may upload their own trait and species data as a .csv file. REST then applies the statistical technique of principal components analysis to visualize species position in "trait space." The program provides written and visual analysis that compares the influence of each of the functional traits. The user can run REST with various species combinations, then apply this information to decisions about which species will best meet restoration objectives.

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Rayome et al. - Restoring Ecosystem Services Tool (REST) a Comput.grobid.tei.xml

Restoring Ecosystem Services Tool (REST): A Computer Program for Selecting Species for Restoration Projects Using a Functional-Trait Approach

A 53 year old growth and yield study of monocultures and mixture of two species, Scots pine and Norway spruce, was analysed. The replacement design of the experiment (at the time of establishment same density in all treatments and 50/50 proportion in the mixture) in ten blocks enables the comparison of site and species specific growth, as well as the species specific response to competition. In monocultures Scots pine, produced 126% more stem wood biomass than Norway spruce. Scots pine benefitted from the mixture and tended to grow as in a reduced spacing. Norway spruce, the subdominant tree species, suffered from the competition, and produced less than expected, with a lower mean diameter compared to the monoculture. Hence, no facilitative or complementary effects was possible to prove when growing the species in mixture. However, the experiment demonstrates that if the uncertainties in choice of species at the time of regeneration is high, then the mixture of two species could be an option. The lower density of the highest yielding species in the mixture compared to the monoculture, could be compensated in growth by the competition release.

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Holmström et al. - 2018 - Productivity of Scots pine and Norway spruce in central Sweden and competitive release in mixtures o.grobid.tei.xml

Productivity of Scots pine and Norway spruce in central Sweden and competitive release in mixtures of the two species

Soil organic carbon (soil C) sequestration in forests is often higher under nitrogen (N 2 )-fixing than under non-N 2 -fixing tree species. Here, we examined whether soil C could be increased using mixed-species plantations compared to monocultures, which are less productive aboveground than mixtures. In addition, we compared soil C sequestration under N 2 -fixing trees with non-N 2 -fixing trees that received N fertilizer. Monocultures of Eucalyptus globulus (E) and the N 2 -fixing Acacia mearnsii (A) and mixtures of these species were planted in a replacement series: 100%E, 75%E + 25%A, 50%E + 50%A, 25%E + 75%A, and 100%A. Soil samples were also collected from fertilized monoculture treatments (100%EFer) of E. globulus (250 kg N ha -1 ).Total organic C, N and phosphorus (P) were determined at age 8 years at two soil depths (0-10 cm and 10-30 cm) and three density fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) were quantified for 0-5 cm depth. Soil C was highest in the 50%E + 50%A mixed stand and was highly correlated with aboveground biomass, not to the percentage of A. mearnsii in mixtures. This was largely due to soil C at 10-30 cm because there were no treatment effects on soil C at 0-10 cm. All density fractions of SOM at 0-5 cm increased with the percentage of A. mearnsii. In E. globulus monocultures, N fertilization did not increase soil C when compared with unfertilized stands.These results indicate that the inclusion of N 2 -fixing trees into eucalypt plantations may increase soil C stocks through increased productivity.

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Forrester et al. - 2013 - Soil Organic Carbon is Increased in Mixed-Species Plantations of Eucalyptus and Nitrogen-Fixing Acac.grobid.tei.xml

Soil Organic Carbon is Increased in Mixed-species Plantations of Eucalyptus and Nitrogen-fixing Acacia

Changes in land use affect the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and pools. This is currently of great interest as soils are a major pool of carbon in the biosphere and can sequester atmospheric carbon. This study investigated the effect of pasture conversions into reforestation or cropping land on SOC, humic organic C (HOC), particulate organic C (POC) and resistant organic C (ROC) stocks, and soil nitrogen, to 0.5 m depth using mid infrared spectroscopy and combustion analyses. The ten study sites in south east Queensland, Australia were cleared of native vegetation to pasture decades earlier and were more recently (6-19 years ago) converted to either forest plantations (eucalypts) or cropping land. The SOC was significantly affected by land use and site location. Conversion of pasture to forest plantation had no significant effect on SOC compared to pasture up to 19 years since reforestation, but SOC increased slightly with plantation age at a rate of 3.03 t ha -1 per year. Conversion of pasture to cropping land significantly decreased SOC. The stocks of SOC ranged from 47.0 to 107.6 t ha -1 . The HOC pool contributed the most towards the total SOC, and ranged from 17.7 to 67.8 t ha -1 across all sites. The POC pool ranged from 2.1 to 17.8 t ha -1 and the ROC pool varied between 5.3 and 22.3 t ha -1 . The total SOC stock determined by MIR was closely related to SOC determined by dry combustion analysis. Soil N was significantly affected by land use and location, but trends were not consistent. On pasture sites, total N was higher likely due to fertiliser applications and total N ranged between 3.7 and 15.0 t ha -1 across sites. In summary, conversion of pasture to forest plantation had no significant effect on SOC stocks and different soil carbon pools over 19 years in the subtropical climate of south east Queensland.

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Wehr et al. - 2020 - Soil carbon and nitrogen pools, their depth distribution and stocks following plantation establishme.grobid.tei.xml

Soil carbon and nitrogen pools, their depth distribution and stocks following plantation establishment in south east Queensland, Australia

ciclagem bioquímica para todos os nutrientes do que a média dos plantios puros. Resultado similar ocorreu para a ciclagem biogeoquímica, à exceção de Ca. O balanço de C, P e K foi negativo em todas as coberturas florestais; entretanto, para

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Gama-Rodrigues et al. - 2008 - Balanço de carbono e nutrientes em plantio puro e misto de espécies florestais nativas no sudeste da.grobid.tei.xml

BALANÇO DE CARBONO E NUTRIENTES EM PLANTIO

A major challenge for forest landscape restoration initiatives is the lack of quantitative evidence on how social factors drive environmental outcomes. Here we conduct an interdisciplinary quantitative analysis of the environmental and social drivers of tree biomass accumulation across 639 smallholder farms restoring native tree species in Mexico, Uganda and Mozambique. We use environmental and social data to assess the relative effects of key hypothesised drivers on aboveground biomass accumulation at the farm-level over ten years. We supplement this with a qualitative analysis of perspectives from local farmers and agroforestry technicians on the potential causal mechanisms of the observed social effects. We find that the material wellbeing of farmers (e.g. assets) and access to agroforestry knowledge explain as much variation in biomass as water availability. Local perspectives suggest that this is caused by the higher adaptive capacity of some farmers and their associated ability to respond to social-ecological shocks and stresses. Additionally, the variation in biomass between farms increased over time. Local perspectives suggested that this was caused by emergent exogenous and stochastic influences which cannot be reliably predicted in technical analyses and guidance. To deal with this persistent uncertainty, local perspectives emphasised the need for flexible and adaptive processes at the farm-and village-levels. The consistency of these findings across three countries suggests these findings are relevant to similar forest restoration interventions. Our findings provide novel quantitative evidence of a social-ecological pathway where the adaptive capacity of local land users can improve ecological processes. Our findings emphasize the need for forest restoration programmes to prioritise investment in the capabilities of local land users, and to ensure that rules support, rather than hinder, adaptive management.

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Wells et al. - 2020 - Social as much as environmental the drivers of tree biomass in smallholder forest landscape restora.grobid.tei.xml

Social as much as environmental: the drivers of tree biomass in smallholder forest landscape restoration programmes

Antecedentes: Las plantaciones forestales con especies nativas de crecimiento rápido contribuyen a la captura y almacenamiento de Carbono (C). Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre la supervivencia, el potencial de captura y almacenamiento de C en plantaciones con especies nativas del bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM). Preguntas: ¿Es la supervivencia diferente entre Alnus acuminata y Trema micrantha sembrados en plantaciones?, ¿Son diferentes, la tasa anual de captura de carbono y el contenido de C total, entre ambas especies? Especies de estudio: A. acuminata y T. micrantha, de estados sucesionales tempranos. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Centro estado de Veracruz. 2013. Método: En plantaciones de A. acuminata y T. micrantha de tres años y medio de edad, se registró la supervivencia, el diámetro y la altura. Se estimó el volumen, el área basal, el peso de la biomasa aérea, el contenido de C y las tasas anuales de crecimiento en altura, diámetro y contenido de carbono. Resultados: La supervivencia de A. acuminata fue mayor que T. micrantha (P < 0.05). Las plantaciones de A. acuminata almacenaron más C (12.55 ± 0.05 Mg C ha -1 ) que las plantaciones de T. micrantha (11.62 ± 0.04 Mg C ha -1 ) (P < 0.001). La tasa anual de captura de carbono en A. acuminata fue mayor (2.6 ± 0.0001 Mg ha -1 año -1 ) que T. micrantha (2.02 ± 0.00001 Mg ha -1 año -1 ). Conclusiones: Las plantaciones con especies nativas de sucesión temprana representan una estrategia en acciones de restauración del BMM y constituyen sumideros de carbono que pueden contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático.

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Avendaño-Yañez et al. - 2019 - Almacén de carbono en biomasa aérea de plantaciones experimentales con especies de sucesión temprana.grobid.tei.xml

Tropical wetlands such as peat swamp forests (PSFs) have been known globally as one of the carbon (C)-rich ecosystems. However, there is still a lack of understanding on the C cycle in PSFs, especially in association with land use and cover changes (e.g., ecosystem degradation and restoration). This study presents the C stocks, removals, and emissions dataset, as well as the determining factors from an early restoration stage of secondary tropical PSFs in Central Kalimantan. We assessed various biophysical parameters such as forest structure, above-and belowground C-stocks, aboveground primary productivity, total and heterotrophic soil respirations, and groundwater level (GWL). We found that tree density varied from 1200 to 1825 trees per hectare (ha) across the plots, whereas the mean of stand basal area was 32.86 ± 4.72 m 2 ha -1 . Mean ecosystem C stocks in the study site was 1752 ± 401 Mg-C ha -1 , of which 93% was stored in belowground organic peat soils. A mean aboveground litterfall production of 4.6 ± 0.5 Mg-C ha -1 year -1 and biomass C sequestration through tree diameter increment with 2.7 ± 0.5 Mg-C ha -1 year -1 was obtained. We observed slightly larger portion of annual mean total soil respiration with 14.2 ± 1.1 Mg-C ha -1 year -1 than heterotrophic respiration 11.1 ± 0.9 Mg-C ha -1 year -1 , emphasizing the lower contribution of autotrophic respiration from the belowground rooting system. Findings imply that further conservation management efforts through ecosystem restoration may preserve C stored and enhance C input in PSFs substantially, and could be potentially included in national climate change mitigation strategies.

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Saragi-Sasmito et al. - 2019 - Carbon stocks, emissions, and aboveground productivity in restored secondary tropical peat swamp for.grobid.tei.xml

Carbon stocks, emissions, and aboveground productivity in restored secondary tropical peat swamp forests

Large-scale forest restoration relies on approaches that are cost-effective and economically attractive to farmers, and in this context agroforestry systems may be a valuable option. Here, we compared ecological outcomes among (1) 12-15-year-old coffee agroforests established with several native shade trees, (2) 12-15-year-old high-diversity restoration plantations, and (3) reference old-growth forests, within a landscape restoration project in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We compared the aboveground biomass, canopy cover, and abundance, richness, and composition of trees, and the regenerating saplings in the three forest types. In addition, we investigated the landscape drivers of natural regeneration in the restoration plantations and coffee agroforests. Reference forests had a higher abundance of trees and regenerating saplings, but had similar levels of species richness compared to coffee agroforests. High-diversity agroforests and restoration plantations did not differ in tree abundance. However, compared to restoration plantations, agroforests showed higher abundance and species richness of regenerating saplings, a higher proportion of animal-dispersed species, and higher canopy cover. The abundance of regenerating saplings declined with increasing density of coffee plants, thus indicating a potential trade-off between productivity and ecological benefits. High-diversity coffee agroforests provide a cost-effective and ecologically viable alternative to high-diversity native tree plantations for large-scale forest restoration within agricultural landscapes managed by local communities, and should be included as part of the portfolio of reforestation options used to promote the global agenda on forest and landscape restoration.

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Giudice Badari et al. - 2020 - Ecological outcomes of agroforests and restoration 15 years after planting.grobid.tei.xml

Ecological outcomes of agroforests and restoration 15 years after planting

While reclaimed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in east Texas, USA have demonstrated similar aboveground productivity levels relative to unmined forests, there is interest in assessing carbon (C) and nutrients in aboveground components of reclaimed trees. Numerous studies have previously documented aboveground biomass, C, and nutrient contents in loblolly pine plantations; however, similar data have not been collected on mined lands. We investigated C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg aboveground contents for firstrotation loblolly pine growing on reclaimed mined lands in the Gulf Coastal Plain over a 32-year chronosequence and correlated elemental rates to stand age, stem growth, and similar data for unmined lands. At the individual tree level, we evaluated elemental contents in aboveground biomass components using tree size, age, and site index as predictor variables. At the stand-level, we then scaled individual tree C and nutrients and fit a model to determine the sensitivity of aboveground elemental contents to stand age and site index. Our data suggest that aboveground C and nutrients in loblolly pine on mined lands exceed or follow similar trends to data for unmined pine plantations derived from the literature. Diameter and height were the best predictors of individual tree stem C and nutrient contents (R ≥ 0.9473 and 0.9280, respectively) followed by stand age (R ≥ 0.8660). Foliage produced weaker relationships across all predictor variables compared to stem, though still significant (P ≤ 0.05). The model for estimating stand-level C and nutrients using stand age provided a good fit, indicating that contents aggrade over time predictably. Results of this study show successful modelling of reclaimed loblolly pine aboveground C and nutrients, and suggest elemental cycling is comparable to unmined lands, thus providing applicability of our model to related systems.

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Angel et al. - 2019 - Individual tree and stand-level carbon and nutrient contents across one rotation of loblolly pine pl.grobid.tei.xml

Individual tree and stand-level carbon and nutrient contents across one rotation of loblolly pine plantations on a reclaimed surface mine

1. Restoration of tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) landscapes is urgently required. Assisting the regeneration of endangered and shade tolerant tree species is essential for both the recovery of this vulnerable group and of ecological processes. However, there is limited species-specific information regarding tree performance under different disturbance conditions with which to implement effective interventions.2. We assessed the performance of shade tolerant tree seedlings in restoration plantings under different disturbance settings and determined whether leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf dry mass content (LDMC)-functional traits typically associated with resource capture or stress tolerance-could serve as predictors of survival and growth among species. Since conservative leaf morphological traits can maximize survival, we expected species with higher LMA and LDMC to present higher survival. For a set of eight native cloud forest species, a total of 2,202 seedlings were planted in four pastures, five secondary forests and three forests subjected to traditional selective logging, in TMCF landscapes in Eastern Mexico.3. Seedling survival was high after 3 years: 62% in pastures, 80% in secondary forests and 88% in logged forests. Growth rates were lowest in pastures, followed by secondary forests and highest in logged forests. LMA was a strong predictor of seedling survival in all of the environments; tree species with higher LMA presented greater survival. LDMC was related to seedling survival in the three environments, although to a lesser extent than LMA. In the pastures, higher LMA and LDMC were linked to lower growth. 4. Synthesis and applications. This study supports the potential of shade tolerant tree species in restoration efforts to assist the recovery of this important functional group and to accelerate succession across altered environments.Our results support the notion that conservative leaf functional traits are linked to a higher probability of survival, not only in the shaded understorey, but also under high solar radiation in transformed habitats. Leaf mass area (LMA) in particular is a reliable predictor of seedling survival for shade tolerant

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Toledo-Aceves et al. - Leaf functional traits predict shade tolerant tree.grobid.tei.xml

Leaf functional traits predict shade tolerant tree performance in cloud forest restoration plantings

Background and Aims This study investigated initial land-use change effects on ecosystem biomass, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) allocation and storage by comparing a recently afforested grassland with an adjacent intensively managed grassland in southern Ireland. Methods Soil C, N and fine root (<2 mm) stocks were determined from soil cores. Above ground biomass, C and N stocks were estimated from biomass clipping, inventory and allometric biomass equations developed for ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) in the 5-year-old forest plantation. Results Five years after grassland afforestation, the mean fine root stock of 0.31 kg m -2 in the forest was about half that of 0.64 kg m -2 in the grassland. This decrease was offset by an additional gain of 0.36 kg m -2 in tree biomass since afforestation. The above-to below ground biomass ratio shifted from 0.20 in the grassland to 1.59 in the forest. From May to October, mean net N mineralization was significantly lower in the forest compared to the grassland. Soil C and N concentrations in the 0-10 cm soil layer were significantly higher in the forest (62 mg C g -1 ; 5.7 mg N g -1 ) compared to the grassland (45 mg C g -1 ; 3.6 mg N g -1 ). However, the bulk density in the upper forest soil layer was lower than in the grassland. As a result, no differences existed between the respective total (0-30 cm depth) soil C and N stocks. Total ecosystem C and N storage was also similar for the forest (9.5 kg C m -2 ; 0.75 kg N m -2 ) and the grassland (9.3 kg C m -2 ; 0.77 kg N m -2 ). Conclusions A significant change in total ecosystem C and N following afforestation of this intensively managed grassland was not observed. Nevertheless, this study highlights immediate implications from such land-use change activities on biomass, C and N reallocation among the above-and belowground ecosystem pools which may subsequently affect ecosystem biogeochemical cycles.

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Peichl et al. - 2012 - Above- and belowground ecosystem biomass, carbon and nitrogen allocation in recently afforested gras.grobid.tei.xml

Above-and belowground ecosystem biomass, carbon and nitrogen allocation in recently afforested grassland and adjacent intensively managed grassland

Research highlights:(1) Ecosystem development assessed in an afforested post-mining site.(2) Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stock reached close to the reference forest site after 25 years of afforestation. (3) Integrated mine soil quality index is developed to assess the reclamation success. Background and Objectives: Estimation of the mine soil quality is one of the most important criterions for evaluating the reclamation success and restoration of novel ecosystems of the post-industrial degraded lands. The aim of this long-term experiment was to investigate the influence of revegetation on Technosol (defined as anthropogenic soil resulted from reclamation of mine spoil materials) as the basic ecosystem development. Materials and Methods: A field study was carried out in the chronosequence afforested post-mining sites (5, 10, 25 years) and compared with natural forest site. We assessed the physicochemical properties and nutrient stock of mine soil and estimated general mine soil quality by using an integrated mine soil quality index (IMSQI). The studies were fully randomized in the chronosequence of afforested post-mining sites. Results: Nutrient dynamics and soil properties (physicochemical and biological) were recovered with the increase age of reclamation. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock significantly increased from 9.11 Mg C ha -1 in 5 years to 41.37 Mg C ha -1 after 25 years of afforestation. Likewise, total nitrogen (TN) stock significantly increased from 1.06 Mg N ha -1 in 5 years to 4.45 Mg N ha -1 after 25 years of revegetation. Ecosystem carbon pool enhanced at a rate of 6.2 Mg C ha -1 year -1 . A Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based IMSQ index was employed to assess the reclamation success. The most influential properties controlling the health of reclaimed coal mine soil are fine earth fraction, moisture content, SOC and dehydrogenase activity. IMSQ index values are validated with vegetation characteristics. The estimated IMSQI ranged from 0.455 in 5-year-old (RMS5) to 0.746 in 25-year-old reclaimed dump (RMS25). Conclusions: A 25-year-old reclaimed dump having greater IMSQI (0.746) than reference forest soils (0.695) suggested the aptness of revegetation to retrieve soil quality and function in derelict mine land.

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Bandyopadhyay et al. - 2020 - Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Development in Coal Mine Degraded Land by Using Integrated Mine Soil .grobid.tei.xml

Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Development in Coal Mine Degraded Land by Using Integrated Mine Soil Quality Index (IMSQI): The Evidence from India

Large-scale afforestation is a key measure to mitigate global warming, however, implementation may result in land-use competition with agriculture. To avoid such competition, carbon mitigation methods using arid and semi-arid areas have been proposed, but to our knowledge there is no report of rates of sequestration based on long-term observations from actual experimentation. In this study (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015), in an arid area near Leonora, Western Australia (annual rainfall: 220 mm year -1 ; pan evaporation: 3400 mm year -1 ), carbon sequestration was assessed in above and below ground biomass in Eucalyptus camaldulensis under ambient conditions and with active site amelioration (combination of water harvesting with large mounds and hardpan blasting). The carbon sequestration rate was estimated at 7.92 Mg-CO 2 -e ha -1 year -1 for a total carbon sink of 230 Mg-CO 2 -e ha -1 . Carbon mitigation may thus be a viable option in arid regions, not only in Western Australia but globally, and can be enhanced with active site engineering. emissions including other greenhouse gases (GHG) from land use change were the highest in human history, reaching 49 ( ± 4.5) Gt-CO 2e year -1 in 2010 (IPCC, 2014). These emissions are causing changes in the climate that will have major impacts across the global economy.

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Suganuma et al. - 2019 - Estimation of CO2 sequestration potential by afforestation in the arid rangelands of Western Austral.grobid.tei.xml

Estimation of CO 2 sequestration potential by afforestation in the arid rangelands of Western Australia based on long-term empirical data

Mangrove forests are active carbon sinks and important for nutrient cycling in coastal ecosystems. Restoration of degraded mangrove habitats enhances return of ecosystem goods and services, including carbon sequestration. Our objective was to assess the restoration of primary productivity of reforested mangrove stands in comparison with natural reference stands in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Litter fall data were collected in nine Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia alba monospecific stands by use of litter traps over 2 years. Litter was emptied monthly, dried, sorted, and weighed. The reforested and natural stands showed seasonality patterns only in the production of reproductive material. Leaves constituted the highest percentage to total litter fall. Litter productivity rates for the R. mucronata stands were not significantly different and ranged from 6.61-10.15 to 8.36-11.02 t ha -1 yr -1 for the restored and natural stands, respectively. The productivity of 5 years R. mucronata stands reached 5.22 t ha -1 yr -1 and was significantly different from other stands. Litter productivity rates for S. alba stands was 7.77-7.85 for the restored stands and 10.15 t ha -1 yr -1 for the natural stand but differences were not significant. Our results indicate that plantations of at least 11 years have attained litter productivity rates comparable to the natural forests. This suggests that productivity of replanted mangroves is likely to reach complete recovery by this age under the prevailing environmental conditions.

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Wang_ondu et al. - 2014 - Litter Fall Dynamics of Restored Mangroves ( Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. and Sonneratia alb.grobid.tei.xml

Litter Fall Dynamics of Restored Mangroves (Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. and Sonneratia alba Sm.) in Kenya

Growing citizen science for conservation to support diverse project objectives and the motivations of

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Lewis et al. - 2012 - Factors influencing early restoration progress of a Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest on formeragr.grobid.tei.xml

Overlooked and undervalued: the neglected role of fauna and a global bias in ecological restoration assessments

Tree species composition was important for carbon storage within the same climate range. To quantify the dynamics of ecosystem carbon allocation as affected by different tree species, we measured the above-and below-ground biomass accumulation in 22 years, as well as the tissue carbon concentrations of trees in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation and Michelia macclurei plantation. Results indicated that M. macclurei plantation significantly stored more carbon (174.8 tons/hm 2 ) than C. lanceolata plantation (154.3 tons/hm 2 ). Most of the carbon was found in the soil pool (57.1% in M. macclurei plantation, 55.2% in C. lanceolata plantation). Tree and soil component of M. macclurei plantation possessed significantly higher carbon storage than that of C. lanceolata plantation (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the carbon storage of understory and forest floor. These results suggest that the broadleaved species (M. macclurei) possesses greater carbon sequestration potential than the coniferous species (C. lanceolata) in southern China.

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Niu et al. - 2009 - Comparisons of carbon storages in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei plantations during .grobid.tei.xml

Comparisons of carbon storages in Cunninghamia lanceolata and Michelia macclurei plantations during a 22-year period in southern China

Purpose Mangrove restoration has been suggested to have a great potential for global change mitigation due to the large carbon sequestration capacity of mangroves. However, the temporal and spatial dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage following mangrove restoration remains less examined and reported. To fill the knowledge gap, this study examined the SOC stocks and soil physicochemical properties among bare mudflats and adjacent mangroves at different stand ages. Methods We collected soil cores from bare mudflats and adjacent 7-, 10-, 15-, and 60-year-old mangroves on Ximen Island, Zhejiang Province, China. SOC, pH, salinity, particle size, and dry bulk density were determined. The analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences in above parameters among mangroves with different ages and mudflats. Pearson's correlation was conducted to assess the relationship of SOC contents and other soil physicochemical properties. Results Our results showed that SOC stock increased exponentially following restoration, reaching an asymptotic trend after 15-year mangrove restoration. The 60-year-old mangrove forests had significantly higher SOC stocks (94.31 ± 4.99 Mg OC ha -1 ) compared to the unvegetated mudflat (76.25 ± 1.65 Mg SOC ha -1 ) and the 7-year-old transplanted sites (79.04 ± 5.30 Mg OC ha -1 ). Soil salinity, pH, and bulk density increased significantly within the whole depth, except decreasing trend of salinity in lower depth (> 25 cm). Soil texture was finer in mudflats and early stages of mangrove plantations than that in other sites. Conclusion This study indicated that mangrove transplantation can substantially enhance SOC stocks within 15 years after afforestation. These results provide key data on the effectiveness of mangrove afforestation on carbon sequestration to inform blue carbon policies.

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Thura et al. - 2023 - Mangrove restoration built soil organic carbon stocks over six decades a chronosequence study.grobid.tei.xml

DYNAMICS AND NUTRIENT CYCLING •

Melina (Gmelina arborea) is a fast-growing tree species that is widely used throughout the world for various purposes. The aims of this research were to evaluate the biomass production and C and nutrient pools in G. arborea established in a 15-year-old pure stand (PS) and a mixed stand (MS) in the State of Nayarit, Mexico. Three sampling plots of 1000 m 2 were established in each type of stand. The diameter and height of the trees were measured and used to calculate biomass. Forest floor and mineral soil were also sampled. G. arborea represented 40% of the total tree volume in the MS but exhibited a larger diameter (12%) and basal area (11%) per tree in this stand. The productivity in the MS was 27% higher, having mineral soil with a better pH and C:N ratio than in the PS. The MS also contained 44.1% more biomass and 20.3% more C storage than the PS. The forest floor mass (1.3 Mg ha -1 ) and C (1 Mg ha -1 ) and N (0.3 Mg ha -1 ) pools in the MS were higher than in the PS. The mineral soil of both forest stands stored similar C pools. Overall (tree biomass + forest floor + mineral soil), the MS stored more N (13.0%), P (41.7%), K (25.1%), Fe (76.8%), Cu (41.5%) and Zn (38.7%). The arrangement and silvicultural management of stands directly affects dendrometric, biomass production, and C and nutrient pools, but the mineral soil contribution to nutrient buffering will depend on its quality and properties.

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Ruiz-Blandon et al. - 2022 - Growth, biomass, carbon and nutrient pools in Gmelina arborea established in pure and mixed forest s.grobid.tei.xml

Growth, biomass, carbon and nutrient pools in Gmelina arborea established in pure and mixed forest stand production systems in Mexico

Reforestation has large potential for mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration.Native mixed-species plantings have a higher potential to reverse biodiversity loss than do plantations of production species, but there are few data on their capacity to store carbon. A chronosequence (5-45 yr) of 36 native mixed-species plantings, paired with adjacent pastures, was measured to investigate changes to stocks among C pools following reforestation of agricultural land in the medium rainfall zone (400-800 mm yr -1 ) of temperate Australia. These mixed-species plantings accumulated 3.09 ± 0.85 t C ha -1 yr -1 in aboveground biomass and 0.18 ± 0.05 t C ha -1 yr -1 in plant litter, reaching amounts comparable to those measured in remnant woodlands by 20 yr and 36 yr after reforestation, respectively. Soil C was slower to increase, with increases seen only after 45 yr, at which time stocks had not reached the amounts found in remnant woodlands. The amount of trees (tree density and basal area) was positively associated with the accumulation of carbon in aboveground biomass and litter. However, changes to soil C were most strongly related to the productivity of the location (a forest productivity index and soil N content in the adjacent pasture). At 30 yr, native mixed-species plantings had increased the stability of soil C stocks, with higher amounts of recalcitrant C and higher C:N ratios than their adjacent pastures. Reforestation with native mixed-species plantings did not significantly change the availability of macronutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg, P and S) and micronutrients (Fe, B, Mn, Zn and Cu), content of plant toxins (Al, Si), acidity, or salinity (Na, electrical conductivity) in the soil. In this medium rainfall area, native mixed-species plantings provided comparable rates of C sequestration to local production species, with the probable additional benefit of providing better quality habitat for native biota. These results demonstrate that reforestation using native mixedspecies plantings is an effective alternative for carbon sequestration to standard monocultures of production species in medium rainfall areas of temperate continental climates, where they can effectively store C, convert C into stable pools and provide greater benefits for biodiversity.

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Cunningham et al. - 2015 - Reforestation with native mixed‐species plantings in a temperate continental climate effectively seq.grobid.tei.xml

Reforestation with native mixed-species plantings in a temperate continental climate effectively sequesters and stabilizes carbon within decades

Wildfire is a natural disturbance in many forested biomes, with the loss of carbon to the atmosphere and mortality of trees actively sequestering carbon of global concern as a contribution to climate change. Natural regeneration is often successful at reestablishing a forest in ecosystems adapted to fire, but there is increasing concern that the changing size, frequency and severity of wildfire is causing regeneration failures or inadequate densities of trees that sequester and store carbon following these disturbances. It remains unclear whether the action of planting trees accelerates carbon storage following fire compared to forests established through natural regeneration. The central interior of British Columbia recently experienced multiple years of record-breaking fire activity. Rehabilitation planting focused on reestablishing trees in the managed forest but was also prescribed in previously unmanaged forests to initiate carbon sequestration. Planting is often accompanied by other stand treatments such as salvage harvesting or snag removal and debris clearing to ensure planter safety. Here, we determine carbon recovery and stores in 21 wildfires across a chronosequence from the early 1960s to 2015. We measured above and belowground carbon pools to determine the effect of time since fire and planting treatments on carbon. Tree planting did not increase total ecosystem carbon over time, but rather decreased carbon through the loss of dead wood from site preparation. All carbon pools were affected by time since fire except the mineral soil pool, which was best predicted by soil clay content and coarse fragments positive effects. Live tree carbon increased over time, with more stored in planted stands over 60 years compared to stands that were not planted. Projecting growth to 100 years since fire suggests we may see increasing divergence in carbon stores in planted stands over a full fire-return interval, but these differences remain relatively small [mean (sd): 140.8 (19.6) Mg•ha -1 in planted compared to 136.9 (27.5) Mg•ha -1 in not-planted stands], with 1.4 Mg•ha -1 year -1 sequestered in not-planted compared to 1.5 Mg•ha -1 year -1 in planted stands. To meet carbon objectives, replanting trees on average sites in burned forests of BC's central interior would require preserving the carbon legacy of fire, including dead wood.

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Clason et al. - 2022 - Carbon 5–60 Years After Fire Planting Trees Does Not Compensate for Losses in Dead Wood Stores.grobid.tei.xml

Carbon 5-60 Years After Fire: Planting Trees Does Not Compensate for Losses in Dead Wood Stores

Forest ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere function as carbon (C) sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide; however, the magnitude, location, and cause of the sinks remain uncertain. A number of field measurements of forest biomass and systematic national forest inventories in Japan make it possible to quantify the C sinks and their distribution. Allometric relationships between forest biomass and stem volume were obtained for the major forest types in Japan from 945 sets of direct field measurements across the country. These relationships were used to estimate the changes in C accumulations of aboveground biomass and total living biomass from 1947 to 1995 from the national forest inventories of 1947, 1956, 1961, 1965, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995. The results showed that the C accumulations have significantly increased during the last 50 years. The C density (C stock per hectare) and total C stock of aboveground biomass increased from 27.6 Mg C/ha and 611.7 Tg C in 1947 to 43.2 Mg C/ha and 1027.7 Tg C in 1995, respectively, and those of total living biomass increased from 33.9 Mg C/ha and 751.8 Tg C in 1947 to 53.6 Mg C/ha and 1274.8 Tg C in 1995. These increases were remarkable during 1976-1995, with a net increase of 5.6 Mg C/ha and 369 Tg C for the C density and total living biomass. These results suggest that Japan's forest vegetation is a significant C sink. In the past 20 years, living vegetation has sequestered 18.5 Tg C annually, 14.6 Tg C of which was accumulated in aboveground biomass. The total C sink for the whole forest sector (including nonliving biomass) of Japan was estimated as 36 Tg C/yr if using the net change ratio of nonliving biomass C to living biomass C derived from the United States and Europe. On the basis of average C sink per hectare, Japan's forests have a higher sequestration rate (0.77 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 ) than the average of the other northern countries (0.14-0.19 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 ). The expansion and regrowth of planted forests are two major causes for this increased C uptake; planted forests contribute $80% of the total C sink in Japan. The suitable oceanic climate for fast forest growth and effective forest management practice may be the principal factors for such a large sink.

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Fang et al. - 2005 - Biomass carbon accumulation by Japan_s forests from 1947 to 1995.grobid.tei.xml

Biomass carbon accumulation by Japan's forests from 1947 to 1995

The Himalayan ecosystem has global significance for supporting unique and rich ecological and socio-cultural diversity as well as a range of ecosystem services important for the very survival of human beings. However, constant anthropogenic pressure, unsustainable developmental practices and climate change led to the transformation of irrational land-use practices that have seriously compromised the ecosystem productivity and livelihood of the mountain communities. Considering the above, integrated land use planning, effective land use policy and legislation is a key element to address unsustainable land-use practices in the Himalayan ecosystem. Realising the increasing trend of degradation of natural resources and associated livelihood challenges for rural communities, a comprehensive scientific framework was developed for improving the functionality of marginal degraded land. A total of twelve tree species used for a variety of purposes prioritised by local communities based on ecological, social and economic value were selected for plantation on marginal degraded land belonging to the village community. Significant improvement in survival rate, growth, and circumference of planted tree species was observed across the sites after ten years of the plantation. The plantation activities enhanced the net productivity of degraded landscape while increasing characteristics of soil leading to increment in water percolation, improve soil moisture and decreased runoff. Total biomass accumulated by tree species planted in three selected sites within the period significantly contributed to carbon sequestration thus reducing the adverse impact of changing climate. The provisioning services in the form of fuel, fodder, and grasses obtained from developed landscapes reduced the drudgery and workload of marginal communities. The study advocates interdisciplinary knowledge production, enrich social learning among stakeholders, improved understanding of current and future challenges associated with land-use practices and relevant policy implications for sustainable land management in the region.

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Rawat et al. - 2022 - Rejuvenating ecosystem services through reclaiming degraded land for sustainable societal developmen.grobid.tei.xml

Rejuvenating ecosystem services through reclaiming degraded land for sustainable societal development: Implications for conservation and human wellbeing

The planted forest area and carbon sequestration have increased significantly in China, because of large-scale reforestation and afforestation in the past decades. In this study, we developed an age-based volume-to-biomass method to estimate the carbon storage by planted forests in China in the period of 1973-2003 based on the data from 1209 field plots and national forest inventories. The results show that the total carbon storage of planted forests was 0.7743 Pg C in 1999-2003, increased by 3.08 times since the early 1970s. The carbon density of planted forests varied from 10.6594 Mg/ha to 23.9760 Mg/ha and increased by 13.3166 Mg/ha from 1973-1976 to 1999-2003. Since the early 1970s, the planted forests in China have been always a carbon sink, and the annual rate of carbon sequestration was 0.0217 Pg C/yr. The carbon storage and densities of planted forests varied greatly in space and time. The carbon storage of Middle South China was in the lead in all regions, which accounted for 23%-36% of national carbon storage. While higher C densities (from 17.79 Mg/ha to 26.05 Mg/ha) were usually found in Northeast China. The planted forests in China potentially have a high carbon sequestration since a large part of them are becoming mature and afforestation continues to grow.

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Xu and Li - 2010 - Biomass carbon sequestration by planted forests in China.grobid.tei.xml

Biomass Carbon Sequestration by Planted Forests in China

The income obtained from eucalypt wood production offset 44-75% of restoration implementation costs. Synthesis and applications. Many of the negative effects attributed to eucalypts onthe growth and natural regeneration of native trees depend on features of the production system, landscape structure, soil, and climate in which they are grown, rather than the effects of eucalypts per se. In Brazil's Atlantic Forest region, exotic eucalypts can become important allies of tropical forest restoration, and their use and investment opportunities should be considered within the portfolio of options supported by public and private funding and policies.

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Brancalion et al. - 2020 - Exotic eucalypts From demonized trees to allies of tropical forest restoration.grobid.tei.xml

Exotic eucalypts: from demonized trees to allies of tropical forest

An assessment of forest rehabilitation program in relation to soil fertility status by using soil indices could provide fundamental information on soil suitability for species preferences and improve the effective technique for future rehabilitation program in tropical rainforests. This study was conducted in order to characterize the soil properties and identifying the soil fertility status of rehabilitated and secondary forests. Soil samples were collected in year 2009 at rehabilitation forests (20 years after planting) and secondary forest of Nirwana Forest Reserve, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Bintulu Campus, Sarawak, Malaysia. The rehabilitation plots were planted with mixed dipterocarp and non-dipterocarp species since 1991. Prior to conversion of the areas into various land use types, the rehabilitation and secondary forests areas were considered as natural forests and subsequently subjected to forest logging with Selective Management System (SMS) in 1980s.The plot size for each site was 20×20 m for 18 experimental sites (at different ages after planting) were established, followed by soil sampling at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth randomly using soil auger. Standard soil analysis for physical and chemical properties was used to analyze the soil samples. The soil fertility status was evaluated using two indices, namely Soil Fertility Index (SFI) and Soil Evaluation Factor (SEF) for both rehabilitated and secondary forests. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in pH (water and KCl), exchangeable Mg, Na, Al and ammonium and granule composition (clay, silt and sand) between depths. The PCA result of 70% total variability (OM, TOC, TC and CEC) score in PC1 shows positive relationship, explaining nutrients in the soil stored in the organic matter in the surface soils. The correlation analysis indicated that there were positive relationship (p<0.05) between OM and TC, CEC and exchangeable Al for surface soils. We found that the selected physico-chemical properties had a significant differences based on the age of planting of rehabilitated forests. For subsurface soils, correlation between exchangeable Al and OM and CEC shows strong positive relationship, indicating that negative charge derived from organic materials plays important roles for cation retention capacity. The SFI and SEF for rehabilitation forests showed higher value as compared to secondary forests, indicating forest rehabilitation had improved the soil fertility status of degraded forestland. In conclusion, both rehabilitated and secondary forests have significant differences based on the selected physical and chemical properties. Moreover, the soil fertility status at rehabilitated plots was higher than secondary forest, which is proved that the forest rehabilitation technique is a suitable planting technique for rehabilitating and replenishing soil fertility status of abandoned degraded shifting cultivation land.

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Jamaluddin - 2013 - ASSESSING SOIL FERTILITY STATUS OF REHABILITATED DEGRADED TROPICAL RAINFOREST.grobid.tei.xml

Assessing Soil Fertility Status of Rehabilitated Degraded Tropical Rainforest

Establishing exclosures has become common in Ethiopia, especially in the central and northern highlands, where they serve as a response to persistent forest degradation, affecting forest resources and ecosystem services. We investigated changes in vegetation composition, aboveground biomass and soil properties after establishing an exclosure on degraded communal grazing land in Aba-Gerima watershed, North-Western Ethiopia. We selected 4-yr-old exclosure and paired the selected exclosure with an adjacent communal grazing land. In the exclosure, we recorded 46 plant species representing 32 families, whereas we recorded 18 plant species representing 13 families in the adjacent communal grazing lands.Most of the identified woody species are economically important. We observed significant differences between the exclosure and adjacent grazing land in woody species richness, diversity and evenness. Exclosure displayed higher woody species density, basal area and aboveground woody biomass compared to the adjacent grazing land. Landscape position influenced vegetation composition, richness and diversity in the exclosure and adjacent grazing land. Significant differences between the exclosure and adjacent grazing land in soil properties were detected. The influence of landscape positions on soil properties was not

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Mekuria et al. - 2018 - Restoration of degraded landscapes for ecosystem services in North-Western Ethiopia.grobid.tei.xml

Restoration of degraded landscapes for ecosystem services in North-Western Ethiopia

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Campoe et al. - 2010 - Can intensive management accelerate the restoration of Brazil_s Atlantic forests.grobid.tei.xml

Can intensive management accelerate the restoration of Brazil's Atlantic forests?