train.json

[
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "postprocessual archaeology",
        "output": "Archaeological interpretation aimed at understanding the past by reconstructing the point of view of past peoples who produced the archaeological record.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Elementargedanken",
        "output": "\u2018Elementary thoughts\u2019, those beliefs and aspects of culture held by Bastian to be common to all humankind (cf. psychicidentity, V\u00f6lkergedanken).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "culinary triangle",
        "output": "A structural model proposed by Le \u0301vi-Strauss in which roast, smoked, and boiled foods are seen as analogous to raw, cooked, and rotted foods.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "unit production",
        "output": "The production of items in units or small batches.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ideal type",
        "output": "Weber\u2019s notion of the basic forms of social phenomena, simplified from observed cases. For example, his studies of Protestantism assume an ideal type which is not necessarily an accurate representation of all Protestant societies.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "cartel",
        "output": "a combination of independent commercial enterprises that work together to control prices and limit competition.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "second signal system",
        "output": "Words and other features of language that are used by humans to communicate and that can become conditioned stimuli.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "management process",
        "output": "The five basic functions of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "dysfunctional conflict",
        "output": "Conflicts that prevent a group from achieving its goals.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "computerized (computed) axial tomography\u2014(CAT or CT scanner)",
        "output": "The method by which scanners allow detailed internal views of bodies such as mummies. The body is passed into the machine and images of cross-sectional \u201cslices\u201d through the body are produced.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "theory",
        "output": "Scientifically acceptable set of principles offered to explain a phenomenon.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "associative shifting",
        "output": "Process of changing behavior whereby responses made to a particular stimulus eventually are made to a different stimulus as a consequence of altering the stimulus slightly on repeated trials.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "reciprocal teaching",
        "output": "Interactive dialogue between teacher and students in which teacher initially models activities, after which teacher and students take turns being the teacher.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "application form",
        "output": "The form that provides information on education, prior work record, and skills.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Baroque",
        "output": "an artistic movement of the seventeenth century in Europe that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power that was a large part of the seventeenth-century ethos.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "safety needs",
        "output": "A person\u2019s needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "service profit chain",
        "output": "The service sequence from employees to customers to profit.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission",
        "output": "The commission, created by Title VII, is empowered to investigate job discrimination complaints and sue on behalf of complainants.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "reciprocity",
        "output": "A mode of exchange in which transactions take place between individuals who are symmetrically placed, i.e. they are exchanging as equals, neither being in a dominant position.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "working self-concept",
        "output": "Those self-schemas that are mentally active at any time; currently accessible selfknowledge.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "cognitive relativism",
        "output": "The form of relativism which holds that all statements about the world are culturally contingent (cf. moral relativism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "cross-cousin",
        "output": "The children of a brother and those of a sister. In many societies, cross-cousins are marriageable whereas parallel cousins are not (cf. parallel cousins).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "interpretivism, interpretivist",
        "output": "A perspective which emphasizes the interpretation of culture over the quest for formal structures. Geertz\u2019s anthropology is the most commonly cited example.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "nonlinear thinking style",
        "output": "Nonlinear thinking style: Decision style characterized by a person's preference  for internal sources of information and processing this information with  internal insights, feelings, and hunches.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "venture capitalist",
        "output": "External equity financing provided by professionally managed pools of investor money.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "functional theories of development",
        "output": "Theories postulating the types of functions or processes that a child is able to perform at a particular time.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "associative structure",
        "output": "Means of representing information in long-term memory; bits of information that occur close together in time or that otherwise are associated and stored together so that when one is remembered, the other also is remembered.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Arianism",
        "output": "a Christian heresy that taught that Jesus was inferior to God. Though condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325, Arianism was adopted by many of the Germanic peoples who entered the Roman Empire over the next centuries.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Mannerism",
        "output": "a sixteenth-century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ranked society",
        "output": "Societies in which there is unequal access to prestige and status, e.g. chiefdoms and states.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "estates (orders)",
        "output": "the traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (the clergy), those who fight (the nobility), and those who work (all the rest).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "management game",
        "output": "A development technique in which teams of managers compete by making computerized decisions regarding realistic but simulated situations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "citation",
        "output": "Summons informing employers and employees of the regulations and standards that have been violated in the workplace.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "evolutionism; evolutionist",
        "output": "Any perspective which stresses change for the better or advancement from simple to complex. In contrast to diffusionism, a perspective which emphasizes evolution over diffusion or migration as the greater cause of cultural change in the world. In contrast to a revolutionist perspective, one which argues for gradual over revolutionary change.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "centuriate assembly",
        "output": "the chief popular assembly of the Roman Republic. It passed laws and elected the chief magistrates.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Obsidian hydrationdating",
        "output": "This technique involves the absorption of water on exposed surfaces of obsidian; when the local hydration rate is known, the thickness of the hydration layer, if accurately measured, can be used to provide an absolute date.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "employment stock ownership plan",
        "output": "A qualified, tax-deductible stock bonus plan in which employers contribute stock to a trust for eventual use by employees.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "acquisition",
        "output": "The first stage of behavioral processes, in which raw materials are procured (see manufacture, use, and deposition).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "optical emission spectrometry\uff08OES\uff09",
        "output": "A technique used in the analysis of artifact composition, based on the principle that electrons, when excited (i.e. heated to a high temperature), release light of a particular wavelength. The presence or absence of various elements is established by examining the appropriate spectral line of their characteristic wavelengths. Generally, this method gives an accuracy of only 25 percent and has been superseded by ICPS (inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "individualism",
        "output": "emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "good emperors",
        "output": "the five emperors who ruled from 96 to 180 (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius), a period of peace and prosperity for the Roman Empire.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "designatum",
        "output": "In componential analysis, the term for a given category.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "encomienda",
        "output": "in Spanish America, a form of economic and social organization in which a Spaniard was given a royal grant that enabled the holder of the grant to collect tribute from the Indians and use them as laborers.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "magnetometer",
        "output": "A device used in subsurface survey that measures minor variations in the earth\u2019s magnetic field, which may reveal archaeological features as magnetic anomalies.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "function",
        "output": "A term variously used to denote the purpose of a custom or social institution in the abstract, or its relation to other customs or social institutions within a social system.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "transformational leader",
        "output": "Leaders who stimulate and inspire (transform) followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "reverse discrimination",
        "output": "Claim that due to affirmative action quota systems, white males are discriminated against.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "connectionist model",
        "output": "Computer simulation of learning processes in which learning is linked with neural system processing, where impulses fire across synapses toform connections.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "bureaucracy",
        "output": "A form of organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "symmetry analysis.",
        "output": "A mathematical approach to the analysis of decorative style which claims that patterns can be divided into two distinct groups of symmetry classes: 17 classes for those patterns that repeat motifs horizontally, and 46 classes for those that repeat them horizontally and vertically. Such studies have suggested that the choice of motif arrangement within a particular culture is far from random.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "paterfamilias",
        "output": "the dominant male in a Roman family whose powers over his wife and children were theoretically unlimited, though they were sometimes circumvented in practice.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "genotype",
        "output": "The genetic makeup of an organism (cf. phenotype).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "gestalt principle",
        "output": "Figure-ground relationship: A perceptual field is composed of a figure against a background. Proximity: Elements in a perceptual field are viewed as belonging together according to their closeness in space or time. Similarity: Perceptual field elements similar in such respects as size or color are viewed as belonging together. Common direction: Elements of a perceptual field appearing to constitute a pattern or flow in the same direction are perceived as a figure. Simplicity: People organize perceptual fields in simple, regular features. Closure: People fill in incomplete patterns or experiences.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "comparative organizer",
        "output": "Type of advance organizer that introduces new material by drawing an analogy with familiar material.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "job posting",
        "output": "Publicizing an open job to employees (often by literally posting it on bulletin boards) and listing its attributes, like qualifications, supervisor, working schedule, and pay rate.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Black Death",
        "output": "the outbreak of plague (mostly bubonic) in the mid-fourteenth century that killed from 25 to 50 percent of Europe's population.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "feedback",
        "output": "A response to a stimulus that acts within a system.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "extended case study",
        "output": "A case study presented in detail within an ethnographic article or book, in order to illustrate a more general point. The idea came into anthropology from legal studies and is characteristic of the Manchester School.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "joint-stock company",
        "output": "a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "service organization",
        "output": "Organizations that produce nonphysical products in the form of services.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "elaboration theory of instruction",
        "output": "Means of presenting instruction in which one begins with a general view of the content, moves to specific details, and returns later to the general view with review and practice.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "type B personality/type B",
        "output": "People who are relaxed and easygoing and accept change easily.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "computer-mediated communication (CMC)",
        "output": "Technological applications that allow users to communicate with one another (e.g., distance education, computer conferencing).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "component",
        "output": "In componential analysis, a synonym for \u2018significatum\u2019.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "controlled comparison",
        "output": "Any form of comparison which involves limiting the range of variables, such as by confining comparisons to thosewithin a region.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "existentialism",
        "output": "a philosophical movement that arose after World War II that emphasized the meaninglessness of life, born of the desperation caused by two world wars.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "descriptive relativism",
        "output": "The form of relativism which holds that culture regulates the ways in which humans perceive the world, and therefore that cultural variability will produce different social and psychological understandings among different peoples (cf. epistemological relativism, normative relativism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "behavioral theory",
        "output": "Theory that views learning as a change in the form or frequency of behavior as a consequence of environmental events.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "conservatism",
        "output": "an ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "anthropology",
        "output": "In its widest sense, the subject which includes social or cultural anthropology, anthropological linguistics, prehistoric archaeology, and biological or physical anthropology (cf. four Welds). In a narrower sense, a short name for social anthropology.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "old regime (old order)",
        "output": "the political and social system of France in the eighteenth century before the Revolution.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "comprehension monitoring",
        "output": "Cognitive activity directed toward determining whether one is properly applying knowledge to material to be learned, evaluating whether one understands the material, deciding that the strategy is effective or that a better strategy is needed, and knowing why strategy use improves learning. Monitoring procedures include self-questioning, rereading, paraphrasing, and checking consistencies.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "qualifications inventory",
        "output": "Manual or computerized records listing employees education, career and development interests, languages, special skills, and so on, to be used in selecting inside candidates for promotion.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Columbian Exchange",
        "output": "the reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "matrix",
        "output": "The physical medium that surrounds, holds, or supports archaeological data.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Post-Impressionism",
        "output": "an artistic movement that began in France in the 1880s. Post-impressionists sought to use color and line to express inner feelings and produce a personal statement of reality.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "flexible benefits plan",
        "output": "Individualized plans allowed by employers to accommodate employee preferences for benefits.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "activation level",
        "output": "Extent that information in memory is being processed or is capable of being processed quickly; information in an active state is quickly accessible.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "zooarchaeology",
        "output": "this involves the identification and analysis of faunal species from archaeological sites, as an aid to the reconstruction of human diets and to an understanding of the contemporaryenvironment at the time of deposition.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "tribes",
        "output": "tribes\u2014A term used to describe a social grouping generally larger than a band, but rarely numbering more than a few thousand; unlike bands tribes are usually settled farmers, though they also include nomadic pastoral groups whose economy is based on exploitation of livestock. Individual communities tend to be integrated into the larger society through kinship ties.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "complex structure",
        "output": "According to Le \u0301vi-Strauss, those kinship systems based on rules about whom one may not marry (e.g., that marriage between close relatives is forbidden) (cf. elementary structures).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "short-term plan",
        "output": "Plans covering one year or less.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "temper",
        "output": "Inclusions in pottery clay which act as a filler to give the clay added strength and workability and to counteract any cracking or shrinkage during firing.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "relational perspective of work design",
        "output": "An approach to job design that focuses on how people\u2019s tasks and jobs are increasingly based on social relationships.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "stylistic seriation",
        "output": "A relative dating technique in which artifacts or other data are ordered chronologically according to stylistic similarities.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "basic corrective action",
        "output": "Corrective action that looks at how and why performance deviated before correcting the source of deviation.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Great Schism",
        "output": "the crisis in the late medieval church when there were first two and then three popes; ended by the Council of Constance (1414\u20131418).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "cognitive anthropology",
        "output": "The branch of anthropology or perspective within anthropology which emphasizes the relation between cultural categories and structures or processes of thought.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "tephra",
        "output": "Volcanic ash. In the Mediterranean, for example, deep-sea coring produced evidence for the ash fall from the eruption of Thera, and its stratigraphic position provided important information in the construction of a relative chronology.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "radioactive decay",
        "output": "The regular process by which radioactive isotopes break down into their decay products with a half-life which is specific to the isotope in question.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "job rotation",
        "output": "Systematically moving a worker from one job to another to enhance work team performance and/or to broaden his or her experience and identify strong and weak points to prepare the person for an enhanced role with the company.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ethnology",
        "output": "The study of ethnic groups, broadly a synonym for social or cultural anthropology. The term was in general use in Britain prior to the 1870s, but since then has been more common on the Continent and to some extent in North America (cf. cultural anthropology, social anthropology).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "diff\u00e9rance",
        "output": "Derrida\u2019s term implying roughly \u2018a delay in difference\u2019, in that the differences which define something in opposition to what it is not, cannot, in his view, be fully conceptualized. There is always, he argues, something beyond such differences.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "benchmarking",
        "output": "The search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "irony",
        "output": "A verbal construction, often humorous, in which words are used to mean the opposite of what they normally mean.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "connectionism",
        "output": "Descriptive term for Thorndike\u2019s theory postulating learning as the forming of connections between sensory experiences (perceptions of stimuli or events) and neural impulses that manifest themselves behaviorally.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "mobilization",
        "output": "the organization of troops and supplies for service in time of war.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Brezhnev Doctrine",
        "output": "the doctrine, enunciated by Leonid Brezhnev,that the Soviet Union had a right to intervene if socialism was threatened in another socialist state; used to justify moving Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "gene",
        "output": "The basic units of inheritance, now known to be governed by the specific sequence of the genetic markers within the DNA of the individual concerned.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "global comparison, global-sample comparison",
        "output": "Comparison on a world-wide basis in the search for universal cross-cultural generalizations or predictions.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "diatom analysis",
        "output": "A method of environmental reconstruction based on plant microfossils. Diatoms are unicellular algae, whose silica cell walls survive after the algae die, and they accumulate in large numbers at the bottom of rivers and lakes. Assemblages directly reflect the floristic composition of the water\u2019s extinct communities, as well as the water\u2019s salinity, alkalinity, and nutrient status.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "excavation",
        "output": "The principal method of data acquisition in archaeology, involving the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and the other material covering them and accompanying them.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "genealogical grid",
        "output": "The set of statuses believed to lie at the foundation of all kinship systems, no matter how relatives are classified in any givenculture or society.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "developmentally appropriate instruction",
        "output": "Instruction matched to students\u2019 developmental levels.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "structuralism",
        "output": "Doctrine postulating that the mind is composed of associations of ideas and that studying the complexities of the mind requires breaking associations into single ideas.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "discovery learning",
        "output": "A type of inductive reasoning in which one obtains knowledge by formulating and testing hypotheses through hands-on experiences.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "bridewealth",
        "output": "Marriage gifts or payments made from the family of the groom to the family of the bride.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Surrealism",
        "output": "an artistic movement that arose between World War I and World War II. Surrealists portrayed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the unconscious.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "hypothesis",
        "output": "A proposition, often derived from a broader generalization or law, which postulates relationships between two or more variables based on specified assumptions and which makes predictions that are tested by further research.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "assemblage",
        "output": "A gross grouping of all subassemblages assumed to represent the sum of human activities carried out within an ancient community.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "kula",
        "output": "In the Trobriand Islands and surrounding areas, the formalized system of exchange of bracelets for armshells.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "think-aloud",
        "output": "Research procedure in which participants verbalize aloud their thoughts, actions, and feelings while performing a task.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "closely held corporation",
        "output": "A corporation owned by a limited number of people who do not trade the stock publicly.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "flake",
        "output": "A lithic artifact detached from a core, either as waste or as a tool.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "second signal system",
        "output": "Words and other features of language that are used by humans to communicate and that can become conditioned stimuli.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "collective farms",
        "output": "large farms created in the Soviet Union by Stalin by combining many small holdings into large farms worked by the peasants under government supervision.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "functionalism",
        "output": "the idea that the function of an object should determine its design and materials.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "revolutionary socialism",
        "output": "a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "deconstruction",
        "output": "Derrida\u2019s term for a method of literary analysis which seeks to expose the underlying assumptions of a text.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "economic imperialism",
        "output": "the process in which banks and corporations from developed nations invest in underdeveloped regions and establish a major presence there in the hope of making high profits; not necessarily the same as colonial expansion in that businesses invest where they can make a profit, which may not be in their own nation\u2019s colonies.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Boasian",
        "output": "Referring to the ideas of Franz Boas, especially with reference to his cultural relativism.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "disparate rejection rates",
        "output": "A test for adverse impact in which it can be demonstrated that there is a discrepancy between rates of rejection of members of a protected group and of others.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "relationship conflict",
        "output": "Conflict based on interpersonal relationships.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Hermeticism",
        "output": "an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; it included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "constructivism",
        "output": "Doctrine stating that learning takes place in contexts and that learners form or construct much of what they learn and understand as a function of their experiences in situations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "conciliarism",
        "output": "a movement in fourteenth-and fifteenth-century Europe that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council, not the pope; it emerged in response to the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and was used to justify the summoning of the Council of Constance (1414\u20131418).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "lockout",
        "output": "A refusal by the employer to provide opportunities to work.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "methodological individualism",
        "output": "Approach to the study of societies which assumes that thoughts and decisions do have agency, and that actions and shared institutions can be interpreted as the products of the decisions and actions of individuals.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "stratigraphy",
        "output": "The study and validation of stratification; the analysis in the vertical, time dimension, of a series of layers in the horizontal, space dimension. It is often used as a relative dating technique to assess the temporal sequence of artifact deposition.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "computer simulation studies",
        "output": "Reconstructions of the past based on models that describe ancient conditions and variables and then use computers to generate a sequence of events in order to compare the results against the known archaeological record, thus refining and testing hypotheses about the past.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "decolonization",
        "output": "the process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood; it occurred in most of the world\u2019s colonies between 1947 and 1962.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "field expectancy",
        "output": "Perceived relation between two stimuli or among a stimulus, response, and stimulus.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "positive feedback",
        "output": "A response to changing conditions that acts to stimulate further reactions within a system.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "fair day's work",
        "output": "Standards of output which employers should devise for each job based on careful, scientific analysis.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "multivariate explanation",
        "output": "Explanation of culture change, e.g. the origin of the state, which, in contrast to monocausal approaches, stresses the interaction of 581 Glossary several factors operating simultaneously.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "interpretation",
        "output": "Intuitive understanding, or more precisely the understanding of culture as being like a language, to be \u2018translated\u2019.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "SQ3R Method (Survey-Question-Read-Recite (Recall)- Review)",
        "output": "Method of studying text that stands for Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review; modified to SQ4R with addition of Reflection.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "locational analysis",
        "output": "Techniques from geography used to study locations of human settlement and to infer the determinants of these locations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "inevitable variation",
        "output": "The premise that all cultures vary and change over time without specific cause; a general and unsatisfactory descriptive model sometimes implied in culture historical interpretation.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "symbolic representation",
        "output": "Representing knowledge with symbol systems (e.g., language, mathematical notation).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "permissive society",
        "output": "a term applied to Western society after World War II to reflect the new sexual freedom and the emergence of a drug culture.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "universality of management",
        "output": "The reality that management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational levels, in all organizational areas, and in organizations no matter where located.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "developmental status",
        "output": "What an individual is capable of doing given his or her present level of development.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "condottieri",
        "output": "leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "deconstruction (poststructuralism)",
        "output": "a system of thought, formulated by Jacques Derrida, that holds that culture is created in a variety of ways, according to the manner in which people create their own meaning. Hence there is no fixed truth or universal meaning.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "sensory register",
        "output": "State of information processing concerned with receiving inputs, holding them briefly in sensory form, and transferring them to working memory.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "categorical clustering",
        "output": "Recalling items in groups based on similar meaning or membership in the same category.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "contiguity (contiguous conditioning)",
        "output": "The basic principle of Guthrie\u2019s theory, which refers to learning that results from a pairing close in time of a response with a stimulus or situation.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "scientific method",
        "output": "a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "interactive perspective",
        "output": "Any perspective in anthropology which emphasizes action over structure.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "deposition",
        "output": "The last stage of behavioral processes, in which artifacts are discarded.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "programmed instruction",
        "output": "Instructional materials developed in accordance with behavioral learningprinciples.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "optimates",
        "output": "\u201cbest men.\u201d Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who generally came from senatorial families and wished to retain their oligarchical privileges.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "punishment",
        "output": "Withdrawal of a positive reinforcer, or presentation of a negative reinforcer contingent on a response, which decreases the future likelihood of the response being made in the presence of the stimulus.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "augering",
        "output": "A subsurface survey technique using a drill run by either human or machine power to determine the depth and characteristics of archaeological or natural deposits.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "nonprogrammed decision",
        "output": "Nonprogrammed decisions: Unique and nonrecurring decisions that require a custom-made solution.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "risk",
        "output": "A situation in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Darwinian",
        "output": "Referring to the ideas of Charles Darwin, for example in his opposition to Lamarckian ideas (cf. Darwinism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "avunculocal",
        "output": "Another word for viri-avunculocal (residing with the husband\u2019s mother\u2019s brother).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Dutch structuralism",
        "output": "Structuralism in The Netherlands, arguably as early as the 1920s, which emphasized regional structures such as that of the cultures of the Malay Archipelago taken as a whole (cf. Britishstructuralism, French structuralism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "multivariate strategy",
        "output": "A class of models of multilinear cultural evolution that see major cultural changes as the result of multiple, relatively small adaptive adjustments (compare with prime movers).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "hedonism",
        "output": "Philosophical position that humans seek Philosophical position that humans seek pleasure and avoid pain.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "computer-based (-assisted) instruction",
        "output": "Interactive instruction in which a computer system provides information and feedback to students and receives student input.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "\u2018cold\u2019 societies",
        "output": "Le \u0301vi-Strauss\u2019 term for societies he believed to be essentially static. \u2018Cold\u2019 societies have a concern with myth rather than history (cf. \u2018hot\u2019 societies).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "distributive justice",
        "output": "Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "continuous reinforcement",
        "output": "Reinforcement for every response.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Romanticism",
        "output": "a nineteenth-century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "recency effect",
        "output": "Tendency to recall the last items in a list.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "economic liberalism",
        "output": "the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "\u201cboiled frog\u201d phenomenon",
        "output": "A perspective on recognizing performance declines that suggests watching out for subtly declining situations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "job description",
        "output": "A list of a job's duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities-one product of a job analysis.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "grid",
        "output": "Mary Douglas\u2019 term for the \u2018dimension\u2019 of constraint through individual isolation (cf. group, grid/group analysis).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "benchmark",
        "output": "The standard of excellence against which to measure and compare.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "control (executive) processes",
        "output": "Cognitive activities that regulate the flow of information through the processing system.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "geochronology",
        "output": "Determining age by studying the association of archaeological data with geological formations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "segmentary societies",
        "output": "Relatively small and autonomous groups, usually of agriculturalists, who regulate their own affairs; in some cases, they may join together with other comparable segmentary societies to form a larger ethnic unit.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "illegal bargaining items",
        "output": "Items in collective bargaining that are forbidden by law; for example, a clause agreeing to hire union members exclusively would be illegal in a right-to-work state.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "illustrative comparison",
        "output": "Comparison of specific ethnographic cases, for example to highlight some feature of culture or social structure which may be unusual.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "norm",
        "output": "Rules that govern behavior in a particular society.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Geertzian",
        "output": "Referring to the ideas of Clifford Geertz (cf. interpretivism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "comparative philology",
        "output": "An older term for the study of historical or structural relations between languages.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "diffusion",
        "output": "The movement of culture traits from one people to another.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "obsidian hydration",
        "output": "Adsorption of water on exposed surfaces of obsidian; if the local hydration rate is known and constant, this phenomenon can be used as a relative dating technique through measurement of the thickness of the hydration layer.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution",
        "output": "the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10,000 and 4000 B.C. (the Neolithic or \"New Stone\" Age).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Huguenots",
        "output": "French Calvinists.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "PERT network",
        "output": "A flowchart diagram showing the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or cost associated with each.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "renewal strategy",
        "output": "A corporate strategy designed to address declining performance.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "mass leisure",
        "output": "forms of leisure that appeal to large numbers of people in a society, including the working classes; emerged at the end of the nineteenth century to provide workers with amusements after work and on weekends; used during the twentieth century by totalitarian states to control their populations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Bolsheviks",
        "output": "a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; they seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "geocentric conception",
        "output": "the belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "demesne",
        "output": "the part of a manor retained under the direct control of the lord and worked by the serfs as part of their labor services.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "performance analysis",
        "output": "Verifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining whether that deficiency should be corrected through training or through some other means (such as transferring the employee).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "bias",
        "output": "The tendency to allow individual differences such as age, race, and sex to affect the appraisal ratings employees receive.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "potassium-argon dating",
        "output": "A radiometric dating technique based on the half-life of the radioactive isotope of potassium (40K) that decays to form argon (40Ar).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "retroactive interference",
        "output": "New learning makes recall of old knowledge and skills more difficult.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "programmed learning",
        "output": "A systematic method for teaching job skills involving presenting questions or facts, allowing the person to respond, and giving the learner immediate feedback on the accuracy of his or her answers.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Scientific Revolution",
        "output": "the transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "short-term (working) memory (STM or WM)",
        "output": "Information processing stage corresponding to awareness, or what one is conscious of at a given moment.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "echo-sounding",
        "output": "An acoustic underwater survey technique, used to trace the topography of submerged coastal plains and other buried land surfaces.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ethnoscience",
        "output": "Most literally, the scientific notions of indigenous peoples. More commonly the term implies methods such as componential analysis, designed to elucidate such knowledge.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "nonprobabilistic sampling",
        "output": "Gathering of sample data based on informal criteria or personal judgment; it does not allow evaluation of how representative the sample is with respect to the population (compare with probabilistic sampling).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "functionalism",
        "output": "Any perspective which emphasizes the functions of customs or social institutions. In anthropology it refers especially to the perspectives of either B. Malinowski (regarded as a \u2018purer\u2019 functionalist) or A. R. Radcliffe-Brown (a structural-functionalist).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "collective conscience, collective consciousness",
        "output": "Durkheim\u2019s term for the collective understandings which people within a given society share (French, conscience collective).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "consonant triangle",
        "output": "Jakobson\u2019s term for the structural relations between p, t, and k as representing a system defined according to relative loudness and pitch (cf. vowel triangle).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "half-life",
        "output": "The period required for one-half of a radioactive isotope to decay and form a stable element; this decay rate, expressed as a statistical constant for each isotope with a specified range of error, provides the measurement scale for radiometric dating.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "feature",
        "output": "Nonportable archaeological remains that cannot be recovered from matrix without destroying their integrity.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Cartesian dualism",
        "output": "Descartes's principle of the separation of mind and matter (and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "stated goal",
        "output": "Official statements of what an organization says, and what it wants its various stakeholders to believe.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "horizon",
        "output": "Cross-cultural regularities at one point in time; the spatial baseline of the New World culture history approach synthesis proposed by Willey and Phillips (1958) (compare with tradition).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Hadith",
        "output": "a collection of the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, used to supplement the revelations contained in the Qur\u2019an.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "looter",
        "output": "An individual who plunders archaeological sites to find artifacts of commercial value, at the same time destroying the evidence that archaeologists rely on to understand the past (compare with antiquarian and archaeologist).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "employee orientation",
        "output": "A procedure for providing new employees with basic background information about the firm.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "evolution",
        "output": "A change or development, such as from simple to complex. Usually this change is regarded as gradual (cf. revolutionist).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "archaeomagnetic dating",
        "output": "Measurement of magnetic alignments within undisturbed features, such as hearths and kilns; comparison is then made to known schedules of past magnetic alignments within a region to yield an absolute age for the feature.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "code of ethics",
        "output": "A formal statement of an organization's primary values and the ethical rules it expects its employees to follow.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "separation of powers",
        "output": "a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "response facilitation",
        "output": "Previously learned behaviors of observers are prompted by the actions of models.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "multilinear cultural evolution",
        "output": "A theory of cultural evolution that sees each society pursuing an individual evolutionary career shaped by accumulated specific cultural adaptations, rather than seeing all societies as pursuing the same course (compare with unilinear cultural evolution).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "job sharing",
        "output": "Allows two or more people to share a single full-time job.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "behavior modification (therapy)",
        "output": "Systematic application of behavioral learning principles to facilitate adaptive behaviors.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "\u2018Crow\u2019 terminology",
        "output": "A type of kinship terminology in which the father\u2019s sister\u2019s daughter is called by the same term as the father\u2019s sister, or more generally one in which ego calls several members of his or her father\u2019s matrilineal kin group by the same term (cf. \u2018Omaha\u2019 terminology).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "encoding",
        "output": "Converting a message into symbols.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "historicist",
        "output": "Any approach which emphasizes historical or diachronic aspects of culture or society.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "autocratic style",
        "output": "A leader who dictates work methods, makes unilateral decisions, and limits employee participation.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "comparative sociology",
        "output": "A term occasionally used by Radcliffe-Brown to mean \u2018social anthropology\u2019.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "elementary structure",
        "output": "According to Le \u0301vi-Strauss, those kinship systems based on categories between which marriage is prescribed (e.g., the category of the cross-cousin) (cf. complex structures).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "environmental archaeology",
        "output": "A field of inter-disciplinary research \u2013 archaeology and natural science \u2013 is directed at the reconstruction of human use of plants and animals, and how past societies adapted to changing environmental conditions.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "variable pay",
        "output": "A pay system in which an individual\u2019s compensation is contingent on performance.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "patrician",
        "output": "great landowners who became the ruling class in the Roman Republic.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "procedural knowledge",
        "output": "Knowledge of how to do something: employ algorithms and rules, identify concepts, solve problems.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "achieved status",
        "output": "Social standing and prestige reflecting the ability of an individual to acquire an established position in society as a result of individual accomplishments.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "palynology",
        "output": "The study and analysis of fossil pollen as an aid to the\uff0creconstruction of past vegetation and climates.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "militarism",
        "output": "a policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War I.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Potassium-Argon(K-Ar) Dating",
        "output": "A method used to date rocks up to thousands of millions of years old, though it is restricted to volcanic material no more recent than c. 100,000 years old. One of the most widely used methods in the dating of early hominin sites in Africa.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "functionalism",
        "output": "Doctrine postulating that mental processes and behaviors of living organisms help them adapt to their environments.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "flextime",
        "output": "A plan whereby employees workdays are built around a core of mid-day hours, such as 11:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "production",
        "output": "Translating visual and symbolic conceptions of events into behaviors.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "style",
        "output": "According to the art historian, Ernst Gombrich, style is \u201cany distinctive and therefore recognizable way in which an act is performed and made.\u201d Archaeologists and anthropologists have defined \u201cstylistic areas\u201d as areal units representing shared ways of producing and decorating artifacts.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "gestalt psychology",
        "output": "Psychological theory of perception and learning stressing the organization of sensory experiences.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "escalation of commitment",
        "output": "An increased commitment to a previous decision despite evidence it may have been wrong.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "containment",
        "output": "a policy adopted by the United States in the Cold War. Its goal was to use whatever means, short of all-out war, to limit Soviet expansion.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "discrimination",
        "output": "Responding differently, depending on the stimulus.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "pluralism",
        "output": "the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "S corporation",
        "output": "A specialized type of corporation that has the regular characteristics of a C corporation but is unique in that the owners are taxed as a partnership as long as certain criteria are met.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Foucauldian, Foucaultian",
        "output": "Referring to the ideas of Michel Foucault (cf. discourse).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "job analysis",
        "output": "The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and the kind of person who should be hired for it.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "communitas",
        "output": "Turner\u2019s term for an unstructured realm of \u2018social structure\u2019, where often the normal ranking of individuals is reversed or the symbols of rank inverted. This sense of \u2018community\u2019, he said, characterizes rites of passage.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "mobiliary art",
        "output": "A term used for the portable art of the Ice Age, comprising engravings and carvings on small objects of stone, antler, bone, and ivory.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "latifundia",
        "output": "large landed estates in the Roman Empire (singular: latifundium).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "positive feedback",
        "output": "A term used in systems thinking to describe a response in which changing output conditions in the system stimulate further growth in the input; one of the principal factors in generating system change or morphogenesis.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "work specialization",
        "output": "Dividing work activities into separate job tasks.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "entrepreneurship",
        "output": "The process of starting new businesses, generally in response to opportunities.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "loess sediment",
        "output": "Deposits formed of a yellowish dust of silt-sized particles blown by the wind and redeposited on land newly deglaciated, or on sheltered areas.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "macrofamilies",
        "output": "Classificatory term in linguistics, referring to a group of language families showing sufficient similarities to suggest that they are genetically related (e.g. the Nostratic macrofamily, seen by some linguists as a unit embracing the Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Uralic,Altaic, and Kartvelian language families).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Holocaust",
        "output": "the mass slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis during World War II.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "buggy algorithm",
        "output": "An incorrect rule for solving a mathematical problem.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "plating",
        "output": "A method of bonding metals together, for instance silver with copper or copper with gold.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "group",
        "output": "Mary Douglas\u2019 term for the \u2018dimension\u2019 of constraint on individuals as members of groups (cf. grid, grid/group analysis).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "change agent",
        "output": "Someone who acts as a catalyst and assumes the responsibility for managing the change process.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "discourse",
        "output": "A complex concept involving the way people talk or write about something, the body of knowledge implied, or the use of that knowledge, such as in structures of power (e.g., in the work of Foucault). The term can also have the meaning (as in linguistics) of units of speech longer than a sentence.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "concept learning",
        "output": "Identifying attributes, generalizing them to new examples, and discriminating examples from nonexamples.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "structural theories of development",
        "output": "Theories positing that development consists of changes in mental structures.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "dialectical constructivism",
        "output": "Constructivist perspective stating that knowledge derives from interactions between persons and their environments.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "discovery learning",
        "output": "A type of inductive reasoning in which one obtains knowledge by formulating and testing hypotheses through hands-on experiences.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "generalized exchange",
        "output": "L\u00e9vi-Strauss\u2019 term for a type of marital exchange between kin groups where \u2018exchanges\u2019 of women are in one direction only, for example where a son may marry into the same kin group as his father but a daughter may not. It is a logical consequence of men marrying mothers\u2019 brothers\u2019 daughters (cf. delayed direct exchange, direct exchange).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Dionysian",
        "output": "An aspect of drama or culture characterized by emotion,passion, and excess (cf. Apollonian).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "sensorimotor stage",
        "output": "First of Piaget\u2019s stages of cognitive development, encompassing birth to roughly age 2.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "job instruction training",
        "output": "Listing each job's basic tasks, along with key points, in order to provide step-by-step training for employees.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "imitation",
        "output": "Copying the observed behaviors and verbalizations of others.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "grade",
        "output": "A job classification system like the class system, although grades often contain dissimilar jobs, such as secretaries, mechanics, and firefighters. Grade descriptions are written based on compensable factors listed in classification systems.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "multiplier effect",
        "output": "A term used in systems thinking to describe the process by which changes in one field of human activity (subsystem) sometimes act to promote changes in other fields (subsystems) and in turn act on the original subsystem itself. An instance of positive feedback, it is thought by some to be one of the primary mechanisms of societal change.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "higher-order conditioning",
        "output": "Use of a conditioned stimulus to condition a new, neutral stimulus by pairing the two stimuli.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "empiricism; empiricist",
        "output": "The doctrine which holds that knowledge is derived from experience rather than from prior reasoning (cf. rationalism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "retention",
        "output": "Storage of information in memory.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "bicameral legislature",
        "output": "a legislature with two houses.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "grid/group analysis",
        "output": "The analysis of \u2018grid\u2019 and \u2018group\u2019 constraints in the style of Mary Douglas.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "enactive representation",
        "output": "Representing knowledge through motor responses.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "operant conditioning",
        "output": "Operant conditioning: A theory of learning that says behavior is a function of its consequences.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "domino theory",
        "output": "the belief that if the Communists succeeded in Vietnam, other countries in Southeast and East Asia would also fall (like dominoes) to communism; cited as a justification for the U.S. intervention in Vietnam.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "field dependence and independence",
        "output": "Cognitive style referring to the extent that one is dependent on or dis- tracted by the context in which a stimulus or event oc- curs. Also called global and analytical functioning.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "adverse impact",
        "output": "The overall impact of employer practices that result in significantly higher percentages of members of minorities and other protected groups being rejected for employment, placement, or promotion.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ratio analysis",
        "output": "A forecasting technique for determining future staff needs by using ratios between, for example, sales volume and number of employees needed.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "generate-and-test strategy",
        "output": "Problem-solving strategy in which one generates (thinks of) a possible problem solution and tests its effectiveness.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "gumlao, gumsa",
        "output": "Among the Kachin of Burma, the two social formations, gumlao being egalitarian and gumsa being hierarchical.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "uncertainty",
        "output": "A situation in which a decision maker has neither certainty nor reasonable probability estimates available.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "French structuralism",
        "output": "In its widest sense, the ideas of Claude L\u00e9vi- Strauss and his admirers. In a narrower sense, the perspective within anthropology which emphasizes structures of the human mind rather than structures in the minds of members of particular cultures or people from particular culture areas (cf. British structuralism, Dutch structuralism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "entrepreneurial venture",
        "output": "Organizations that are pursuing opportunities, are characterized by innovative practices, and have growth and profitability as their main goals.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "frontal lobe",
        "output": "Brain lobe responsible for processing information relating to memory, planning, decision making, goal setting, and creativity; also contains the primary motor cortex regulating muscular movements.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "habitus",
        "output": "In Bourdieu\u2019s terminology, the culturally defined system of knowledge and social action made up of \u2018dispositions\u2019 or choices available to individuals (see also dispositions).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "attribution",
        "output": "Perceived cause of an outcome.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "unitary theory",
        "output": "Theory postulating that all information is represented in long-term memory in verbal codes.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "lexicostatistics",
        "output": "The study of linguistic divergence between two languages, based on changes in a list of common vocabulary terms and the sharing of common root words (see also glottochronology).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "constructed feature",
        "output": "A feature deliberately built to provide a setting for one or more activities, such as a house, storeroom, or burial chamber (compare with cumulative feature).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "mass politics",
        "output": "a political order characterized by mass political parties and universal male and (eventually) female suffrage.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "elaboration",
        "output": "The process of expanding upon new information by adding to it or linking it to what one already knows.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "association",
        "output": "The co-occurrence of an artifact with other archaeological remains, usually in the same matrix.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Geomorphology",
        "output": "A subdiscipline of geography, concerned with the study of  the form and development of the landscape, it includes such specializations as sedimentology.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Big Five model",
        "output": "Personality trait model that includes extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Einsatzgruppen",
        "output": "in Nazi Germany, special strike forces in the SS that played an important role in rounding up and killing Jews.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "work council",
        "output": "Groups of nominated or elected employees who must be consulted when management makes decisions involving personnel.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "concept",
        "output": "Labeled set of objects, symbols, or events sharing common characteristics (critical attributes).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "interdict",
        "output": "in the Catholic church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "reversibility",
        "output": "Cognitive ability to sequence operations in opposite order.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "chaining",
        "output": "The linking of three-term contingencies so that each response alters the environment and that altered condition serves as a stimulus for the next response.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "filter (bottleneck) theory",
        "output": "Theory of attention contending that information not perceived is not processed beyond the sensory register.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "couvade",
        "output": "A custom whereby a man feels or pretends to be pregnant when his wife is about to give birth, often to draw malevolent forcesaway from his wife and child.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "encoding",
        "output": "The process of putting new, incoming information into the information processing system and preparing it for storage in long-term memory.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "processual archaeology",
        "output": "An approach that stresses the dynamic relationship between social and economic aspects of culture and the environment as the basis for understanding the processes of culture change. Uses the scientific methodology of problem statement, hypothesis formulation, and subsequent testing. The earlier functional-processual archaeology has been contrasted with cognitive-processual archaeology, whereemphasis is on integrating ideologicaland symbolic aspects.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "age-area hypothesis",
        "output": "Wissler\u2019s notion that older culture traits tend to be those on the periphery of a culture area, rather than in the centre. His hypothesis is based on the idea that things are invented in the centre and diffuse outwards.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "behavioral processes",
        "output": "Human activities, including acquisition, manufacture, use, and deposition behavior, that produce tangible archaeological remains (compare with transformational processes).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "electrolysis",
        "output": "A standard cleaning process in archaeological conservation. Artifacts are placed in a chemical solution, and by passing a weak current between them and a surrounding metal grill, the corrosivesalts move from the cathode (object) to the anode (grill), removing any accumulated deposit and leaving the artifact clean.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "esprit general",
        "output": "Montesquieu\u2019s term (meaning \u2018general spirit\u2019) for the fundamental essence of a given culture.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "equity theory",
        "output": "The theory that an employee compares his or her job's input\u2013outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "avunculate",
        "output": "The relationship between a child and his or her mother\u2019s brother. More specifically, the term usually refers to accepted informal behaviour between a boy and his mother\u2019s brother, contrasted to formality between the boy and his father.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "coprolite",
        "output": "Fossilized feces; these contain food residues that can be used to reconstruct diet and subsistence activities.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "half-life",
        "output": "The time taken for half thequantity of a radioactive isotope in asample to decay.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "oligarchy",
        "output": "rule by a few.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "esprit humain",
        "output": "Le \u0301vi-Strauss\u2019 term (meaning \u2018human spirit\u2019) for the psychic unity or collective unconsciousness of humanity as a whole. Inhis usage it implies a structure of thought universal among humanity.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "empiricism",
        "output": "The doctrine that experience is the only source of knowledge.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "basic needs",
        "output": "In Malinowskian theory, the seven biological needs (e.g., safety) which are served by seven corresponding cultural responses (e.g., protection).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "cottage industry",
        "output": "a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "generalization",
        "output": "Occurrence of a response to a new stimulus or in a situation other than that present during original learning.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "postprocessual explanation",
        "output": "Explanation formulated in reaction to the perceived limitations of functional-processual archaeology. It eschews generalization in favor of an \u201cindividualizing\u201d approach that is influenced by structuralism, Critical Theory, and neo-Marxist thought.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "enlightened absolutism",
        "output": "an absolute monarchy in which the ruler follows the principles of the Enlightenment by introducing reforms for the improvement of society, allowing freedom of speech and the press, permitting religious toleration, expanding education, and ruling in accordance with the laws.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "trajectory",
        "output": "In systems thinking, this refers to the series of successive states through which the system proceeds over time. It may be said to represent the long-term behavior of the system.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "interpretive",
        "output": "An approach or method based on interpretation.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "diversity skills training",
        "output": "Specialized training to educate employees about the importance of diversity and teach them skills for working in a diverse workplace.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "principle of intervention",
        "output": "the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "fief",
        "output": "a landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "classical view",
        "output": "The view that management's only social responsibility is to maximize profits.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "mass society",
        "output": "a society in which the concerns of the majority\u2014the lower classes\u2014play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "workplace misbehavior",
        "output": "Any intentional employee behavior that is potentially damaging to the organization or to individuals within the organization.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Dadaism",
        "output": "Dadaism an artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s by artists who were revolted by the senseless slaughter of World War I and used their \"anti-art\" to express contempt for the Western tradition.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Pax Romana",
        "output": "\u201cRoman peace.\u201d A term used to refer to the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries A.D.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "multiple working hypotheses",
        "output": "The simultaneous testing of alternative hypotheses to minimize bias and maximize the chances of finding the best available choice.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "case study method",
        "output": "A development method in which the manager is presented with a written description of an organizational problem to diagnose and solve.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "short-term (working) memory",
        "output": "Information processing stage corresponding to aware\u00acness, or what one is conscious of at a given moment.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "scaffolding",
        "output": "Process of controlling task elements that are beyond the learner\u2019s capabilities so that the learner can focus on and master those task features that he or she can grasp quickly.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "skepticism",
        "output": "a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "age set",
        "output": "A category of people united by common age, often those initiated into adulthood at the same time.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Geist",
        "output": "Literally, the \u2018ghost\u2019 or \u2018spirit\u2019 of a society.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Kuhnian",
        "output": "Referring to the ideas of Thomas Kuhn, especially his notion of science as a sequential series of paradigms.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Lamarckian",
        "output": "Referring to the ideas of Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, especially that learned traits can be passed from parent to child.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "diachronic perspective",
        "output": "A perspective through time (e.g., evolutionism), rather than one in the same time frame (cf. synchronic perspective).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "classical conditioning",
        "output": "Descriptive term for Pavlov\u2019s theory in which a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned to elicit a response through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Gothic",
        "output": "a term used to describe the art and especially architecture of Europe in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "evolutionary socialism",
        "output": "a socialist doctrine espoused by EduardBernstein who argued that socialists should stress cooperation and evolution to attain power by democratic means rather than by conflict and revolution.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "job specification",
        "output": "A list of a job's human requirements, that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on-another product of a job analysis.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "aerial reconnalssance",
        "output": "An important survey technique in the discovery and recording of archaeological sites.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "nonverbal communication",
        "output": "Nonverbal communication: Communication transmitted without words.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "functionalism",
        "output": "Doctrine postulating that mental processes and behaviors of living organisms help them adapt to their environments.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ice core",
        "output": "Borings taken from the Arctic and Antarctic polar ice caps, containing layers of compacted ice useful forreconstructing paleoenvironments and as a method of absolute dating.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "surface survey",
        "output": "Two basic kinds can be identified: (1) unsystematic and (2) systematic. The former involves fieldwalking, i.e. scanning the ground along one\u2019s path and recording the location of artifacts and surface features. Systematic survey by comparison is less subjective and involves a grid system, such that the survey area is divided into sectors and these are walked systematically, thus making the recording of finds more accurate.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "geochemical analysis",
        "output": "The investigatory technique which involves taking soil samples at regular intervals from the surface of a site, and measuring their phosphate content and other chemical properties.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "pantheism",
        "output": "a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "guild",
        "output": "an association of people with common interests and concerns, especially people working in the same craft. In medieval Europe, guilds came to control much of the production process and to restrict entry into various trades.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "achievement motivation",
        "output": "The striving to be competent in effortful activities.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Crow-Omaha systems",
        "output": "Le \u0301vi-Strauss\u2019 term for systems lying in-between elementary and complex ones: systems with \u2018Crow\u2019 or \u2018Omaha\u2019 terminologies in which all those called by kin terms are forbidden as possible spouses.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "electron spin resonance (ESR)",
        "output": "Enables trapped electrons within bone and shell to be measured without the heating that thermoluminescence requires. As with TL, the number of trapped electrons indicates the age of the specimen.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "\u2018hocus pocus\u2019",
        "output": "In linguistics and cognitive anthropology, the view that a good analysis of a set of emic categories will be one which correctly accounts for the data but which will not necessarily represent the (elusive) \u2018true\u2019 psychological reality of informants (cf. \u2018God\u2019s truth\u2019).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "discriminative stimulus",
        "output": "The stimulus to which one responds in the operant model of conditioning.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "benefit",
        "output": "Indirect financial and nonfinancial payments employees receive for continuing their employment with the company.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "diffusionism, diffusionist",
        "output": "A perspective which emphasizes diffusion (or sometimes migration) over evolution as the greater cause of culturalchange in the world.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "surface structure",
        "output": "The speech and syntax of a language.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "alloy",
        "output": "A mixture of two or more metals, such as bronze (copper and tin), used in metallurgy.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "declarative knowledge",
        "output": "Knowledge that something is the case; knowledge of facts, beliefs, organized passages, and events of a story.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "socialized medicine",
        "output": "health services for all citizens provided by government assistance.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "perioikoi",
        "output": "in ancient Sparta, free inhabitants but not citizens who were required to pay taxes and perform military service.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Darwinism",
        "output": "Any of several related perspectives derived from the evolutionist theory of Charles Darwin, and especially the idea of evolution through natural selection.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "BCG matrix",
        "output": "A strategy tool that guides resource allocation decisions on the basis of market share and growth rate of SBUs.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "polytheism/polytheistic",
        "output": "belief in or worship of more than one god.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "Gothic literature",
        "output": "a form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "classica approach",
        "output": "First studies of management, which emphasized rationality and making organizations and workers as efficient as possible.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "caliph",
        "output": "the secular leader of the Islamic community.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "departmentalization",
        "output": "The basis by which jobs are grouped together.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "work team",
        "output": "Groups whose members work intensely on a specific, common goal using their positive synergy, individual and mutual accountability, and complementary skills.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "\u2018hot\u2019 societies",
        "output": "L\u00e9vi-Strauss\u2019 term for societies he believed to be essentially dynamic. \u2018Hot\u2019 societies have a concern with history rather than myth (cf. \u2018cold\u2019 societies).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "hupothetico-deductive approach",
        "output": "A form of explanation based on the formulation of hypotheses and the establishment from them by deduction of consequences which can then be tested against the archaeological data.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ideographic",
        "output": "Referring to the specific rather than the general (e.g., the description of exact instances rather than generalizations on social processes) (cf. nomothetic).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "flotation",
        "output": "A method of screening (sieving) excavated matrix in water so as to separate and recover small ecofacts and artifacts.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "inductivist",
        "output": "Any approach which proceeds from specific examples to general conclusions (cf. deductivism).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "functional analysis of behavior",
        "output": "Process of determining the external variables of which behavior is a function.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "spreading activation",
        "output": "Activation in long-term memory of propositions that are associatively linked with material currently in one\u2019s working memory.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "type A personality/type A",
        "output": "People who have a chronic sense of urgency and an excessive competitive drive.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "NATO",
        "output": "the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 in which the signatories (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked; later expanded to include other nations.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "tectonic movement",
        "output": "Displacements in the plates that make up the earth\u2019s crust, often responsible for the occurrence of raised beaches.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "alleles",
        "output": "Different sequences of geneticmaterial occupying the same locus onthe DNA molecule; alleles of the samegene differ by mutation at one or morelocations within the same length of DNA.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "closed system",
        "output": "Systems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "glasnost",
        "output": "\u201copenness.\u201dMikhail Gorbachev\u2019s policy of encouraging Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "perestroika",
        "output": "\u201crestructuring.\u201d A term applied to Mikhail Gorbachev\u2019s economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "componential analysis",
        "output": "A method or theoretical perspective which examines the relation between cultural categories as parts of a system of such categories, for example the system of colour terms in a givenlanguage.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "anti-Semitism",
        "output": "hostility toward or discrimination against Jews.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "rehearsal",
        "output": "Repeating information to oneself aloud or subvocally.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "papal curia",
        "output": "the administrative staff of the Catholic church, composed of cardinals who assist the pope in running the church.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "collective representation",
        "output": "Any of the collective understandings whichpeople in a given society share (cf. collective conscience).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "ground truth",
        "output": "Determination of the causes of patterns revealed by remote sensing, such as by examining, on the ground, features identified by aerial photography.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "general spirit",
        "output": "Montesquieu\u2019s term (esprit general) for the fundamental essence of a given culture.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "distinctive feature",
        "output": "Those features whose presence or absence defines a given phenomenon. For example, in phonology the feature of voicing defines the difference between a p (voiceless) and a b (voiced).",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "eidetic imagery",
        "output": "Photographic memory in which an image appears and disappears in segments.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else. ",
        "input": "boyars",
        "output": "the Russian nobility.",
        "system": "",
        "history": []
    }
]