Datasets:

cavendishlabs
/

rebus

Filename stringlengths 8 8	Solution stringlengths 2 33	Also accept stringclasses 15 values	Theme stringclasses 17 values	Difficulty stringclasses 3 values	Exact spelling? stringclasses 2 values	Specific reference stringclasses 2 values	Reading? stringclasses 2 values	Attribution stringclasses 57 values	Author stringclasses 9 values
0001.jpg	NORWELL	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0002.jpg	COLRAIN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	No	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0003.jpg	PETERSHAM	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0004.jpg	LENOX	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0005.jpg	SAVOY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	Yes	Savoy image by CVB, edited and cropped by Cart, CC BY-SA 4.0	Andrew
0006.jpg	FLORIDA	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0007.jpg	SHUTESBURY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0008.jpg	FITCHBURG	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Castle image by C.Stadler/Bwag, CC BY-SA 4.0	Andrew
0009.jpg	ERVING	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0010.jpg	ATHOL	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	No	Ath image by Paul Hermans, CC BY-SA 3.0	Andrew
0011.jpg	MONTGOMERY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0012.jpg	BUCKLAND	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0013.jpg	TEWKSBURY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	Yes	null	Andrew
0014.jpg	DEERFIELD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0015.jpg	BILLERICA	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	Yes	null	Andrew
0016.jpg	LAKEVILLE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	Lake image by Tobias Alt, Tobi 87, CC BY-SA 4.0; Charlottesville image by UVA Health System Image Library, CC BY-SA 3.0	Andrew
0017.jpg	ROWLEY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Copyright by Jeff Kinney; fair use	Andrew
0018.jpg	RAYNHAM	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0019.jpg	LITTLETON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	Yes	null	Andrew
0020.jpg	GOSHEN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0021.jpg	BOSTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	Yes	Michael Scott image by Eva Rinaldi, CC BY-SA 2.0	Michelle
0022.jpg	WILLIAMSBURG	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	No	Yes	No	Gherkin image by Marcin Floryan, CC BY 3.0	Andrew
0023.jpg	READING	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	Yes	Copyright by Parker Brothers; fair use	Andrew
0024.jpg	SHARON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Sharon Stone image by Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America, CC BY-SA 2.0	Andrew
0025.jpg	BRIDGEWATER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	Yes	null	Andrew
0026.jpg	STERLING	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0027.jpg	EGREMONT	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Shrek image copyrighted by DreamWorks Animation; fair use	Andrew
0028.jpg	ACUSHNET	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0029.jpg	BOXFORD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0030.jpg	MONTEREY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	Jack image copyrighted by Jack Dorsey; fair use	Andrew
0031.jpg	BEDFORD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0032.jpg	LEOMINSTER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0033.jpg	HATFIELD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0034.jpg	EASTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0035.jpg	CHESTERFIELD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Chester Bennington image by Stefan Brending	Andrew
0036.jpg	WAYLAND	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	No	Lil Wayne image by Megan Elice Meadows, CC BY-SA 2.0; Lil Yachty image by Anton Mak, CC BY 2.0; Lil Peep image by First Access Entertainment Limited, CC BY-SA 3.0	Andrew
0037.jpg	WESTFIELD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0038.jpg	EAST BRIDGEWATER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0039.jpg	NORTH READING	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0040.jpg	GOSNOLD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz is copyrighted by the Walt Disney Company; fair use	Andrew
0041.jpg	MIDDLETON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0042.jpg	HUNTINGTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Huntington Mansion photo by Mfield, Matthew Field, http://www.photography.mattfield.com, CC BY-SA 3.0	Andrew
0043.jpg	LINCOLN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0044.jpg	WOBURN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0045.jpg	FAIRHAVEN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0046.jpg	HARDWICK	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0047.jpg	LEE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0048.jpg	REVERE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0049.jpg	LYNN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Lynn Whitfield image by John Mathew Smith & www.celebrity-photos.com, CC BY-SA 2.0; Sarah Lynn image copyrighted by Netflix; fair use	Andrew
0050.jpg	HANOVER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	Denver image by Sheila Sund, CC BY 2.0	Andrew
0051.jpg	MAYNARD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	May'n image by Dennis Amith, CC BY-SA 2.0	Andrew
0052.jpg	DALTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0053.jpg	PELHAM	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	Yes	null	Andrew
0054.jpg	IPSWICH	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0055.jpg	PALMER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0056.jpg	AYER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	Yes	Bayer image by Fridolin freudenfett, CC BY-SA 4.0	Andrew
0057.jpg	HANCOCK	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Han Solo image is copyrighted by the Walt Disney Company; fair use	Andrew
0058.jpg	TYRINGHAM	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	Tyone image is copyrighted by Viacom; fair use	Andrew
0059.jpg	NORTH ANDOVER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0060.jpg	WILLIAMSTOWN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0061.jpg	ORANGE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0062.jpg	WHATELY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	Yes	WinRAR image copyrighted by Eugene Roshal; fair use	Andrew
0063.jpg	BEVERLY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0064.jpg	CHICOPEE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0065.jpg	RUSSELL	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	No	Labrinth image by Walterlan Papetti, CC BY-SA 4.0; Diplo image by mtheory LLC, CC BY-SA 3.0	Andrew
0066.jpg	CLARKSBURG	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	No	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0067.jpg	SANDISFIELD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	No	Yes	null	Andrew
0068.jpg	WENDELL	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0069.jpg	SHELBURNE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	No	Yes	No	Ley Lines image copyrighted by Firaxis/2K Games; fair use	Andrew
0070.jpg	HADLEY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	Ley Lines image copyrighted by Firaxis/2K Games; fair use	Andrew
0071.jpg	SUDBURY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0072.jpg	LEICESTER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Shire image by Jackie.lck (photos · photo sets), CC BY 2.0	Andrew
0073.jpg	ALFORD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Oxford image copyrighted by Firaxis/2K Games; fair use	Andrew
0074.jpg	MOUNT WASHINGTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0075.jpg	SPENCER	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0076.jpg	WINDSOR	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0077.jpg	ACTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	No	Yes	No	Actin image by Thomas Splettstoesser, CC BY-SA 3.0	Andrew
0078.jpg	NORTHBOROUGH	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0079.jpg	WENHAM	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0080.jpg	WALPOLE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	LE image by dispatchsns, CC BY 3.0	Andrew
0081.jpg	GEORGETOWN	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0082.jpg	SOUTH HADLEY	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0083.jpg	NORTH BROOKFIELD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	No	Vector image copyrighted by Nintendo; fair use	Andrew
0084.jpg	BOYLSTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0085.jpg	DANVERS	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Hard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Zig image copyrighted by Xilam animation; fair use	Andrew
0086.jpg	HANSON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Hans Zimmer image by ColliderVideo, CC BY 3.0	Andrew
0087.jpg	RICHMOND	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0088.jpg	BOLTON	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	Yes	Dan image by FILMORA NEWS, CC BY 3.0	Andrew
0089.jpg	SALEM	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0090.jpg	HARVARD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Medium	Yes	Yes	Yes	null	Andrew
0091.jpg	WEST STOCKBRIDGE	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0092.jpg	ASHFIELD	null	Towns in Massachusetts	Easy	Yes	Yes	No	Ash image copyrighted by Nintendo; fair use	Andrew
0093.jpg	BICYCLE THIEVES	null	Famous movies	Hard	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0094.jpg	CITIZEN KANE	null	Famous movies	Hard	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0095.jpg	VERTIGO	null	Famous movies	Medium	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0096.jpg	8½	null	Famous movies	Medium	Yes	Yes	No	null	Andrew
0097.jpg	BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN	null	Famous movies	Hard	Yes	No	No	null	Andrew
0098.jpg	THE GODFATHER	null	Famous movies	Hard	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0099.jpg	GONE WITH THE WIND	null	Famous movies	Medium	No	No	No	null	Andrew
0100.jpg	DIE HARD	null	Famous movies	Easy	No	No	No	null	Andrew

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REBUS

REBUS: A Robust Evaluation Benchmark of Understanding Symbols

Paper | 🤗 Dataset | GitHub | Website

Introduction

Recent advances in large language models have led to the development of multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), which take both image data and text as an input. Virtually all of these models have been announced within the past year, leading to a significant need for benchmarks evaluating the abilities of these models to reason truthfully and accurately on a diverse set of tasks. When Google announced Gemini Pro (Gemini Team et al., 2023), they displayed its ability to solve rebuses—wordplay puzzles which involve creatively adding and subtracting letters from words derived from text and images. The diversity of rebuses allows for a broad evaluation of multimodal reasoning capabilities, including image recognition, multi-step reasoning, and understanding the human creator's intent.

We present REBUS: a collection of 333 hand-crafted rebuses spanning 13 diverse categories, including hand-drawn and digital images created by nine contributors. Samples are presented in the table below. Notably, GPT-4V, the most powerful model we evaluated, answered only 24% of puzzles correctly, highlighting the poor capabilities of MLLMs in new and unexpected domains to which human reasoning generalizes with comparative ease. Open-source models perform even worse, with a median accuracy below 1%. We notice that models often give faithless explanations, fail to change their minds after an initial approach doesn't work, and remain highly uncalibrated on their own abilities.

Evaluation results

Model	Overall	Easy	Medium	Hard
GPT-4V	24.0	33.0	13.2	7.1
Gemini Pro	13.2	19.4	5.3	3.6
LLaVa-1.5-13B	1.8	2.6	0.9	0.0
LLaVa-1.5-7B	1.5	2.6	0.0	0.0
BLIP2-FLAN-T5-XXL	0.9	0.5	1.8	0.0
CogVLM	0.9	1.6	0.0	0.0
QWEN	0.9	1.6	0.0	0.0
InstructBLIP	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.0

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