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E_C.2_2012_2

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经济、社会和文化权利委员会，2008年11月，日内瓦；德班审查会议，2009年4月，日内瓦；有效执行德班宣言和行动纲领政府间工作组第八届会议，2010年10月，日内瓦。

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Geneva, November 2008; Durban Review Conference, Geneva, April 2009; eighth session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, Geneva, October 2010.

E_C.2_2012_2

292|333

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与联合国机构的合作

Cooperation with United Nations bodies

E_C.2_2012_2

293|334

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2007年，本组织与哈基雅弥信托与印度团结和志愿行动青年合作在人权高专办关于拟议国际法的民间社会协商会议上提交联合文件，强调抗击赤贫是所有国家的一项义务。

In 2007, together with its partners Hakijamii Trust and Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA) India, the organization made a joint submission at the OHCHR civil society consultations on the proposed international law emphasizing the fight against extreme poverty as an obligation for all States.

E_C.2_2012_2

294|335

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本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措

Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals

E_C.2_2012_2

295|336

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尊严国际将目标普遍纳入其各种全球、区域和国家年度培训方案中。一个关于目标的综合性部分被纳入题为“以人权为基础的发展：与人权标准的联系”的模块。 由于本组织基层成员受到这八个目标的直接影响，因此不同成员根据各自的优先事项将不同目标纳入主流。

Dignity International mainstreams the Goals through its various annual global, regional and national training programmes. A comprehensive component on the Goals is included in the module entitled “Human rights-based development: links to human rights standards”. Since all the organization’s grass-roots members are directly affected by the eight Goals, different members mainstream different Goals according to their respective priorities.

E_C.2_2012_2

296|337

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其他信息

Additional information

E_C.2_2012_2

297|338

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除了在联合国的积极发言和宣传工作外，本组织在民间社会和国家层面与区域人权网络接触，其中包括：

In addition to its active intervention and advocacy at the United Nations, the organization engages with regional human rights networks at the civil society and State levels, including:

E_C.2_2012_2

298|339

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(a) 东盟：积极参与成立政府间人权委员会；

(a) ASEAN: Active participation in the formation of the Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights;

E_C.2_2012_2

299|340

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(b) 西非民间社会论坛：积极与其成员接触，在西非民间社会组织之间建设区域团结以促进人权(2010年)；

(b) West African Civil Society Forum: Active engagement with its members and building regional solidarity for human rights among West African civil society organizations (2010);

E_C.2_2012_2

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(c) 南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)：南盟关于以人权为基础的发展的区域联系和学习方案，2008年4月和5月；

(c) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): SAARC regional linking and learning programme on human rights-based development, April and May 2008;

E_C.2_2012_2

301|342

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(d) 欧洲联盟：本组织的伙伴网络就在欧洲消除贫困问题与欧洲联盟当局积极接触(2007和2008年)；

(d) European Union: Active engagement by the organization’s partner networks with European Union authorities regarding ending poverty in Europe (2007 and 2008);

E_C.2_2012_2

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(e) 世界社会论坛：就人权与发展和经济、社会和文化权利组织各种讨论会(2007年，肯尼亚；2009年，巴西)。

(e) World Social Forum: Organization of various discussions on human rights and development and on economic, social and cultural rights (Kenya, 2007; Brazil, 2009).

E_C.2_2012_2

303|344

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15. 残疾人国际协会

15. Disabled Peoples International

E_C.2_2012_2

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导言

Introduction

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残疾人国际协会是一个不同残疾人群的全球性网络, 其成员包括134个残疾人组织。

Disabled Peoples International is a global cross-disability network of 134 member organizations of persons with disabilities.

E_C.2_2012_2

307|348

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本组织的宗旨和目的

Aims and purposes of the organization

E_C.2_2012_2

308|349

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作为一个基层组织，残疾人国际协会认为，残疾人应直接参与影响其生活的对话和决策过程。

As a grass-roots organization, Disabled Peoples International believes that persons with disabilities should participate directly in dialogue and decision-making processes that affect their lives.

E_C.2_2012_2

309|350

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本组织的重大变化

Significant changes in the organization

E_C.2_2012_2

311|352

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对联合国工作的贡献

Contribution of the organization to the work of the United Nations

E_C.2_2012_2

312|353

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本组织的主要关注点为人权和《残疾人权利公约》；尊重多样性；贫困和千年发展目标。它编制了数个工具以监测公约的签署、批准和实施情况，其中包括一个主要活动时间表、一份公约讲习班组织指南和一份需求评估表。它通过与国际妇女论坛中心合作加强对残疾妇女的全球认可，该中心在其两份新闻通讯中重点报道了与本组织代表的访谈情况。 它向人权高专办提交了一份题为“关于残疾人权利公约委员会议事规则的建议”的文件，委员会将其贴于人权高专办的内部网站上。本组织与世卫组织、美国国际开发署(美援署)和国际修复术和矫正学会合做出版了一本题为“关于在资源不足环境内提供手动轮椅的指南”的书。 世界银行将本组织的材料纳入其残疾知识网络工具包，提供给联合国各机构和公众。与世界宣明会的伙伴关系使若干政府将残疾人问题纳入其提交给人权理事会、作为普遍定期审议的一部分的报告中。

The organization’s primary focus is on human rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; respect for diversity; and poverty and the Millennium Development Goals. It developed several tools for monitoring the signature, ratification and implementation of the Convention, including a timeline of major activities, a guide on organizing workshops on the Convention and a needs assessment form. It increased global recognition of women with disabilities by working with the International Women’s Tribune Centre, which highlighted interviews with the organization’s representatives on the Convention in two of its newsletters. It submitted a document entitled “Suggestions for the rules of procedure of the Committee on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities” to OHCHR, which the Committee posted on the OHCHR Intranet site. The organization partnered with WHO, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics to publish a book entitled “Guidelines on the provision of manual wheelchairs in less resourced settings”. The World Bank included material from the organization in its web-based disability knowledge toolkit which is available to United Nations agencies and the public. Partnership with World Vision led a number of Governments to include people with disabilities in their reports to the Human Rights Council as part of their universal periodic review.

E_C.2_2012_2

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参加联合国会议

Participation in meetings of the United Nations

E_C.2_2012_2

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本组织参与世界宣明会和国际残疾协会组织的集体游说努力，以提高难民事务高专办执行委员会对残疾人问题的进一步关注。结果是，难民事务高专办同意其2011年规划重点关注残疾人问题。本组织参与公约缔约国会议、残疾人权利委员会第三届会议和教科文组织的一项题为“残疾人受教育的权利：走向包容”的主题倡议。

The organization participated in a group lobbying effort to raise the profile of disability in the field at the Executive Committee of UNHCR, which was organized by World Vision and Handicap International. As a result, UNHCR agreed to focus on disability issues in its programming for 2011. The organization participated in the sessions of the Conference of Sates Parties to the Convention, in the third session of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and in the UNESCO flagship “The Right to Education for Persons with Disabilities: Towards Inclusion”.

E_C.2_2012_2

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与联合国机构的合作

Cooperation with United Nations bodies

E_C.2_2012_2

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2010年1月，本组织帮助规划和支持一个由人权高专办和国际残疾人联盟发起的关于残疾人权利监测问题的研讨会。2007年12月，它协助在菲律宾举行了一个专题讨论会，130多名与会人员就确保公约加强残疾儿童和青年权利问题进行讨论。来自美国、世界银行、世界宣明会和各国人权机构的代表出席该专题讨论会。联合国人口基金与本组织举行了一次为期两天的会议，讨论性和生殖保健问题，制定了一份关于性和生殖健康的简报。在其第七届年度世界大会上，本组织代表该基金举行了一次关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病、孕产妇健康和残疾人获得性和生殖保健服务的权利的特别附带活动。本组织还与全球信息和通信技术与发展联盟签署了一份协议书，以确保全球信息和通信技术的可及性。

In January 2010, the organization helped to plan and supported a seminar on the monitoring of disability rights initiated by OHCHR and International Disability Alliance. In December 2007, it held a symposium in the Philippines with over 130 participants on ensuring that the human rights of children and young people with disabilities were reinforced by the Convention. The symposium was attended by participants from the United Nations, the World Bank, World Vision and national human rights institutes. The United Nations Population Fund held a two-day meeting with the organization to discuss sexual and reproductive health-care issues and develop a fact sheet on sexual and reproductive health. At its seventh annual world assembly, the organization held a special side event on behalf of the Fund on HIV/AIDS, maternal health and the right of persons with disabilities to sexual and reproductive health-care services. It also signed a letter of agreement with the Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development to ensure the accessibility of information and communications technologies around the globe.

E_C.2_2012_2

317|358

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本组织为支持千年发展目标采取的举措

Initiatives taken by the organization in support of the Millennium Development Goals

E_C.2_2012_2

318|359

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残疾人国际协会遍布世界的成员组织在“履行诺言：将残疾人纳入2015年及之后的千年发展目标”主题下庆祝了2010年国际残疾人日，该活动旨在依据公约缔约国第三次会议期间举行的民间社会论坛提出的不足事项，凸显将残疾人权利纳入目标的重要性。

Member organizations of Disabled Peoples International around the world celebrated the International Day of Persons with Disabilities in 2010 under the theme “Keeping the promise: mainstreaming disability in the MDGs towards 2015 and beyond”. The aim was to highlight the importance of incorporating the rights of persons with disabilities into the Goals, a deficit that had been identified at the civil society forum held during the Third Conference of States Parties to the Convention.

S_2011_485

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2011年8月2日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信

Letter dated 2 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General

S_2011_485

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谨以安全理事会主席的身份，向你转交2011年7月22日安全理事会儿童与武装冲突问题工作组主席根据工作组2011年6月22日通过的结论(S/AC.51/ 2011/5)发来的信函(见附件)。

In my capacity as President of the Security Council, I am forwarding to you a letter, dated 22 July 2011, from the Chair of the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict, based on the Working Group’s conclusions adopted on 22 June 2011 (S/AC.51/2011/5) (see annex).

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安全理事会

(Signed) Hardeep Singh Puri President of the Security Council

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附件

Annex

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在其2011年5月2日第30次会议上，儿童与武装冲突问题工作组审议了秘书长关于中非共和国境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2011/241)。报告所述期间为2008年12月至2010年12月。在2011年6月22日举行的第31次会议上，工作组通过了关于中非共和国儿童与武装冲突问题的结论(S/AC.51/2011/5)。

At its 30th meeting, on 2 May 2011, the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict examined the second report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Central African Republic (S/2011/241), covering the period from December 2008 to December 2010. At its 31st meeting, on 22 June 2011, the Working Group adopted its conclusions on children and armed conflict in the Central African Republic (S/AC.51/2011/5).

S_2011_485

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为了落实得到安全理事会核准、但需服从并符合可适用的国际法和安全理事会相关决议，包括安理会第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议的工作组的建议，我授权以工作组主席的身份请你并通过联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处(中非建和办)和联合国国家工作队，加强负责监测和报告侵犯人权和虐待儿童的机制。主要通过以下方式：监测和报告工作队定期举行会议，促进加强信息网络，以确保履行向安理会报告的义务。在这种情况下，我想强调指出，加强监测和报告机制对确保采取充分后续行动执行秘书长的建议十分必要。秘书长建议根据安全理事会第1612(2005)号和第1882(2009)号决议，为在中非共和国的儿童与武装冲突问题工作组机制和结论提供充足的资源和人力。工作组希望请你敦促监测和报告工作队，加强监测和报告活动，视需要调配资源，确保有足够的人力完成这项工作。

In follow-up to the recommendations of the Working Group, approved by the Security Council, and subject to and consistent with applicable international law and the relevant resolutions of the Security Council, including Council resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011), I am entrusted, in my capacity as Chair of the Working Group, to request you, through the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) and the United Nations country team, to strengthen the monitoring and reporting mechanism on violations and abuses against children through regular meetings of the Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting and to promote the strengthening of information networks in order to ensure the fulfilment of reporting obligations to the Council. In this context, I would like to emphasize that a strengthened monitoring and reporting mechanism is necessary to ensure adequate follow-up to the implementation of the Secretary-General’s recommendation that sufficient resources and capacity be dedicated to the mechanism and the conclusions of the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in the Central African Republic, in accordance with Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) and 1882 (2009). The Working Group would therefore like to request that you urge the Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting to strengthen its monitoring and reporting activities and to deploy resources and ensure sufficient capacity for this purpose, as necessary.

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工作组希望指出，政府与中非共和国巩固和平特派团(中非巩固和平特派团)支持中非武装部队努力保护平民，恢复对受冲突影响地区的控制，认为这是保护儿童的一个重大步骤。工作组希望强调国际社会支持政府努力使其防卫和安全部队专业化，包括其监督机制。工作组鼓励中非巩固和平特派团、中非建和办和相关儿童保护机构，在由国家推动的安全部门改革的整体背景下，就中非执法和武装部队人员的培训和能力建设开展进一步的协作。

The Working Group wishes to note that the collaboration between the Government and the Mission for the Consolidation of Peace in the Central African Republic (MICOPAX) in support of the effort of the Forces armées centrafricaines to protect civilians and regain control over conflict-affected areas is an important step towards protecting children and wishes to underline the concomitant need for the international community to support the Government in its efforts to professionalize and strengthen its defence and security forces, including its oversight mechanisms. The Working Group would like to encourage further collaboration between MICOPAX, BINUCA and relevant child protection actors on the training and capacity-building of Central African law enforcement and armed forces personnel, in the context of a holistic, nationally driven approach to security sector reform.

S_2011_485

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工作组还注意到复兴共和与民主军释放儿童而且复兴共和与民主军试图与联合国制定一项行动计划；请联合国国家工作队继续努力同复兴共和与民主军一道制订和落实一项行动计划，防止进一步招募和使用儿童，以期将复兴共和与民主军从秘书长关于儿童与武装冲突问题的年度报告附件中除名。

The Working Group further notes the release of children from the ranks of the Armée populaire pour la restauration de la république de la démocratie (APRD), and the latter’s attempts to conclude an action plan with the United Nations, and requests that the United Nations country team renew its efforts to develop and implement an action plan with APRD to prevent the further recruitment and use of children with a view to de-listing APRD from the annexes to the annual report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict.

S_2011_485

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工作组呼吁联合国各机构、基金和方案支持中非共和国政府为曾与武装部队和团体有关联的儿童制订和实施长期重新融入社会方案，同时考虑到中非共和国政府已认可的《巴黎原则》，以确保中非共和国的儿童与武装团体永远分离。

The Working Group wishes to call upon United Nations agencies, funds and programmes to support the Government of the Central African Republic in the development and implementation of long-term reintegration programmes for children formerly associated with armed forces and groups, taking into account the Paris Principles, which have been endorsed by the Government of the Central African Republic, in order to ensure that the separation of children from armed groups is maintained in the Central African Republic.

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最后，工作组欢迎建设和平基金为儿童重新融入社会划拨专款。

Lastly, the Working Group wishes to welcome the specific allocation of funds from the Peacebuilding Fund for child reintegration.

S_2011_485

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安全理事会儿童与武装冲突问题工作组

(Signed) Peter Wittig Chair Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict

S_2011_486

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秘书长关于中国出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告

Report of the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of China on the Security Council

S_2011_486

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依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到中国常驻联合国代表2011年1月27日的信，内称已任命吴伟先生、田林先生和陆海天先生为中国出席安全理事会的候补代表。

Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 27 January 2011 from the Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations stating that Mr. Wu Wei, Mr. Tian Lin and Mr. Lu Haitian have been appointed alternate representatives of China on the Security Council.

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秘书长认为，该信构成适当的临时全权证书。

In the opinion of the Secretary-General, that letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials.

A_66_229

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第六十六届会议

Sixty-sixth session

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临时议程^(*) 项目24(b)

Item 24 (b) of the provisional agenda*

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发展方面的业务活动：南南合作促进发展

Operational activities for development: South-South cooperation for development

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南南合作情况

The state of South-South cooperation

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秘书长的报告

Report of the Secretary-General

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摘要

Summary

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本报告突出强调南南互动不断变化的性质，及其对整个全球南部发展机遇所生的影响。本报告是应大会第64/221号决议的要求提交的。大会在该决议中请秘书长就南南合作的情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面报告。本报告涵盖2008-2009年经济危机发生后的2009年至2011年期间。本报告提出的数据显示，南方的经济变得更加坚韧，由于南方接受了更深入和更制度化的整合，导致更加强劲有力的经济、政治和社会交往。联系加强引起了向南南合作和三角合作提供多边支助的更强烈需求，发达国家和发展中国家都提出了这样的要求，这就需要进一步的协调，以及更加深入和更具针对性的金融资源。

The present report highlights the changing nature of South-South interactions and how they have impacted development opportunities across the global South. The report is submitted in response to the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/221, that the Secretary-General prepare a comprehensive report on the state of South-South cooperation for submission at its sixty-sixth session. Covering the period from 2009 to 2011, in the wake of the 2008-2009 economic crisis, the report presents data showing a more resilient South, which has embraced deeper and more institutionalized integration, resulting in more robust economic, political and social interactions. These increased connections have led to stronger demand for multilateral support to South-South and triangular cooperation, called for both by developed and developing countries, which require further coordination as well as deeper and more targeted financial resources.

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一. 导言

I. Introduction

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1. 本报告是应大会第64/221号决议的要求编写的，报告扼要说明和分析了2009年到2011年年中这段时间南南合作的趋势和重大发展。

1. The present report, which was prepared in response to the request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/221, provides an overview and analysis of the trends and significant developments in South-South cooperation during the period from 2009 to mid-2011.

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2. 在本报告所述期间，巴西、中国、印度和南非等国以新的经济增长地域领头羊的姿态出现，它们在面对2008-2009年经济危机时表现出卓越的韧性，就足以证明这一点。经济学家指出，新兴经济体不仅已成为全球经济增长和复苏的领头羊，它们也改善了较贫穷国家的经济命运。在很大程度上，这要归功于这些国家对商品和劳务不断增加的需求，从而导致当前南南贸易与投资暴增的现象。[1]

2. During the period under review, countries such as Brazil, China, India and South Africa have emerged as the leaders of a new geography of growth, as evidenced by their remarkable resilience in the face of the 2008-2009 economic crisis. Economists have noted that these emerging economies have not only become the lead drivers of global economic growth and recovery, they have also improved the economic fortunes of poorer countries owing, in large part, to the rising demand from those countries for goods and services, which accounts for the current surge in South-South trade and investment.[1]

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3. 最近几年来，在南南合作和三角合作领域，各种利益攸关者之间的关系加深。而不论是在全球、区域间、区域或国家范围，各国政府都在试图巩固合作的法律基础，而在发展中国家和发达国家，包括当地利益攸关方之间，多边机构继续发挥中介作用。

3. In recent years there has been a marked deepening of relations among various stakeholders in the area of South-South and triangular cooperation. Whether on a global, interregional, regional or national scale, Governments have sought to consolidate the legal foundations of cooperation while multilateral bodies have continued to play a brokering role between developing and developed countries, including local stakeholders.

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4. 尽管许多新兴经济体取得惊人进展，过去几十年来，人们同时看到两种现象，一方面，随着新兴经济体赶上发达国家，导致经济发展逐渐趋近，另一方面，经济两极化，陷入底层、数以十亿计的贫民越来越落后。就全球情况而言，大多数贫民都住在南方中等收入国家内，2008年的经济衰退对这些国家打击最大，使得它们在面对粮食价格上涨、失业膨胀、医疗保健供应不足以及气候变化所引起的社会和环境影响等问题时，处境更为脆弱。[2]

4. In spite of the remarkable progress of many emerging economies, the past several decades have witnessed both economic convergence, as emerging economies catch up with the developed world, and economic divergence in the case of the bottom billion, who are falling further behind. Worldwide, the majority of the poor are found within the middle-income countries of the South that have been hit hard by the 2008 economic recession, which has increased their vulnerability to rising food prices, growing unemployment, inadequate access to health care and the social and environmental effects of climate change.[2]

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5. 此外，最近几年，由于新兴经济体在协助其他发展中国家方面发挥了越来越重要的作用，提供援助的透明度和问责制引起了更多关注。同时，南方各国发展不均突出显示，有必要采取措施，纠正目前不对称的贸易和投资格局。

5. In addition, concerns about transparency and accountability in the delivery of assistance have arisen in recent years as emerging economies have undertaken more significant roles in assisting other developing countries. At the same time, uneven development among countries of the South has highlighted the need for measures to correct ongoing asymmetric trade and investment patterns.

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6. 尽管存在这些挑战，一种支持南南合作和三角合作的全球共识已经出现，国家、非国家行为者以及区域和国际组织都再次作出承诺，利用正在出现的种种机会，实现各项国际商定的发展目标，包括千年发展目标。已建立新的伙伴关系和制定出创新的融资和支援机制，以便解决全球、区域和地方各级形形色色的社会和经济挑战。在发展中国家更多参与的情况下，联合国和其他多边组织也促成了更具包容性的伙伴关系和对话，现在还阐明了指导南南合作的各项原则。

6. Despite such challenges, a global consensus has emerged in support of South-South and triangular cooperation, with renewed commitments on the part of States, non-State actors and regional and international organizations to harness emerging opportunities to meet the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. New partnerships, innovative funding and support mechanisms have been established to address a range of social and economic challenges at the global, regional and local levels. The United Nations and other multilateral organizations have also spurred more inclusive partnerships and dialogue, with the increased participation of developing countries, and have now articulated principles to guide South-South cooperation.

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7. 本报告是根据下列文件提供的资料编写的：联合国最近的报告、其他多边和非政府组织的报告、联合检查组最近对联合国支助南南合作现况进行的一次审查[3] 以及其他的调查和研究，目的是综述南南合作问题和趋势的概况。本报告举出一些例子说明审查期间的南南互动情况，但绝不表示内容是详尽无遗的。

7. The report has been prepared based on information contained in recent United Nations reports, in the reports of other multilateral and non-governmental organizations, a recent review of United Nations support to South-South cooperation carried out by the Joint Inspection Unit[3] and other research and studies in order to provide a broad overview of South-South issues and trends. The report presents illustrative rather than exhaustive examples of South-South interactions during the period under review.

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二. 南南合作和三角合作现况

II. The state of South-South and triangular cooperation

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A. 增强经济韧性

A. Enhanced economic resilience

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8. 2009年到2011年期间，南南关系的特点是：经济增长以及贸易和投资数额增高，伴随着不平等和一体化的程度加剧，对南南合作和三角合作倡议的需求不断增长。南南互动导致国际关系的结构深刻变化，并已开始产生成熟的发展影响，南方各国在全球经济中构成一股强有力的力量。

8. Between 2009 and 2011, South-South relations were characterized by an increase in economic growth and in levels of trade and investment, along with growing levels of inequality and integration, and a rising demand for both South-South and triangular cooperation initiatives. South-South interactions are leading to deep changes in the fabric of international relations and have begun to yield a proven development impact, with countries of the South now constituting a powerful force in the global economy.

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9. 截至2008年为止，发展中国家在全球贸易中约占37%的份额，而在全球增长中几乎占四分之三，南南之间的流通量约达总额的一半。¹ 经济学家预测，到2030年，南南合作将成为增长的主要发动机之一，占世界国内生产总值的57%。平均而言，发展中国家间交往增长率估计数已从2009年的1.2%增加到2010年的5.2%。2011年，发展中国家的国内生产总值预期还将进一步增高，达到5.8%。¹

9. As of 2008, developing countries accounted for around 37 per cent of global trade and nearly three quarters of global growth, with South-South flows making up about half of that total.¹ Economists have predicted that by 2030 South-South cooperation will be one of the main engines of growth, accounting for 57 per cent of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP). On average, growth rates among developing countries rose from an estimated 1.2 per cent in 2009 to 5.2 per cent in 2010. The GDP of developing countries is expected to increase further, to 5.8 per cent, in 2011.¹

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10. 随着新的增长点出现，发展中国家之间的经济联系业已加强。1990年至2008年，世界贸易扩大四倍，而在同一期间，南南贸易数额比其初始水平增加了超过20倍。印度现在是撒哈拉以南非洲的主要贸易伙伴，成为至少三分之一非洲国家的五大商品来源之一，2010年，从非洲进口总值高达207亿美元的货物和商品，向非洲的出口总值103亿美元。巴西每年同非洲的贸易额，已从2000年的31亿美元增加到2008年的260亿美元。¹ 中国把通过增加贸易、投资和制造协定同其他发展中国家建立紧密联系定为一项优先事务。从而导致经济合作和发展组织(经合组织)在2010年报告说，中国的增长率每增加1个百分点，就会导致低收入国家的增长率增加0.2%。¹

10. Economic ties between developing countries have strengthened as new centres of growth have emerged. Between 1990 and 2008, world trade expanded fourfold, while South-South trade multiplied by more than 20 times its initial levels over the same period of time. India is now a key trading partner for sub-Saharan Africa, serving as one of the top five sources of goods for at least one third of African countries, importing $20.7 billion worth of goods and commodities and exporting $10.3 billion to Africa in 2010. Brazil’s yearly trade with Africa increased from $3.1 billion in 2000 to $26 billion in 2008.¹ China has made it a priority to establish close ties with other developing countries through increased trade, investment and manufacturing agreements, which led the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to report, in 2010, that a 1 percentage point increase in China’s growth rate is estimated to result in a 0.2 percentage increase in the growth rates of low-income countries.¹

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11. 在同一期间，发展中经济体吸引到越来越多的私人投资和资本：私人资本流通净额已从2008年的1 100亿美元增加到2009年的3 860亿美元左右，据估计，此一流通量在2010年已跃升至6 590亿美元。发展中国家间的官方发展援助也大幅增高，从2006年的95-121亿美元增加到2008年的120-139亿美元。[4]

11. During the same time period, developing economies have increasingly attracted private investment and capital: net private capital flows increased from $110 billion in 2008 to about $386 billion in 2009, and such flows are estimated to have jumped to $659 billion in 2010. Official development assistance (ODA) levels among developing countries have also increased significantly, from $9.5 to 12.1 billion in 2006 to $12 to 13.9 billion in 2008.[4]

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12. 全球南方各国之间特别是通过加强经济和政治联系，加紧一体化的努力是本报告审查期间出现的另一特点。人们看到，机构和合作结构的建立和正规化。从非洲到亚洲再到拉丁美洲，南方各国之间再度作出努力，从事危机管理和汇集资源促进发展。例子有：西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)和非洲联盟在科特迪瓦进行的活动；海湾合作委员会在也门发挥的作用；以及南方银行的创立，这间银行是阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、厄瓜多尔、巴拉圭、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国2009年在加拉加斯举行的第二届非洲-南美洲首脑会议上创立的一家多国货币基金和信贷组织。

12. The period under review has been characterized by increasing efforts towards integration among the countries of the global South, specifically through increased economic and political ties, as witnessed by the creation and formalization of institutions and cooperation structures. From Africa to Asia and to Latin America, there is a renewed impetus among the countries of the South to engage in crisis management and the pooling of resources for development, as illustrated by: the activities of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union in Côte d’Ivoire; the role played by the Gulf Cooperation Council in Yemen; and the creation of the Bank of the South (Banco del Sur), a multi-country monetary fund and lending organization founded by Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) at the Second Africa-South America Summit in Caracas in 2009.

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13. 由于种种因素，包括经济衰退、发展中国家经济表现的韧性和人们日益确认南方内部的机会，对南南合作和三角合作的需求增高也带动了合作努力。2009年，经合组织成员国内生产总值大幅度下降，增长率下跌3.3%，同时专门用于向联合国提供经济援助的捐款减少和流入发展中国家的资本净额显著下降，同时全球汇款数额减少了7.3至10.1%。³ 这些因素合并在一起，就把关于国际合作促进发展的辩论引到新方向，超越了传统的对外援助计划，偏向采用辅助方法交付援助，其中包括南南合作和三角合作。结果是，八国集团、经合组织、欧洲联盟、联合国各实体和世界银行都采取了具体步骤，加入组成南南和三角伙伴关系的发展中国家，推动深入的政策对话与合作，以促进更有效率和成本效益更高的援助布局。[5]

13. As a result of a number of factors, including the economic recession, the demonstrated resilience of developing countries and the increased recognition of the opportunities within the South, rising demand for South-South and triangular cooperation has also advanced cooperative efforts. In 2009, members of OECD experienced significant declines in total GDP and a 3.3 per cent drop in growth levels, while donations of earmarked funding for emergency assistance to the United Nations declined and net capital flows to developing countries dropped significantly, as did global remittance levels, lowering by 7.3 to 10.1 per cent.³ Those factors combined to drive the debate on international cooperation for development beyond traditional foreign aid programmes towards complementary methods of delivering assistance, including South-South and triangular cooperation. As a result, the Group of Eight (G8), OECD, the European Union, United Nations entities and the World Bank have all undertaken concrete steps to join developing countries in South-South and triangular partnerships and to promote in-depth policy dialogue and collaboration for the more efficient and cost-effective allocation of assistance.[5]

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14. 诸如气候变化、粮食安全、能源价格上涨和疾病增多之类的全球因素也显示，有必要加强南南和三角努力。目前的估计显示，到2050年，在干旱地区，水资源将会减少10到30%，对用水和粮食供应构成威胁。这一情景，加上全世界可用的耕地日益减少，导致发展中国家之间引起争议的土地交易，以及南方各国之间加紧谈判和互动，为2012年6月将在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展会议进行筹备。发展中国家正试图特别是通过多边援助，包括通过联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)粮食安全特别方案，在这些领域向有需要的国家提供援助。

14. Global factors such as climate change, food security, climbing energy prices and disease also pointed towards the need for increased South-South and triangular efforts. Current estimates show that by 2050 water resources will have diminished by 10 to 30 per cent in dry regions, posing a threat both to water and food supplies. This scenario, combined with diminishing viable farmland worldwide, has led to controversial land deals between developing countries as well as increased negotiations and interactions among the countries of the South in preparation for the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which is to be held in Brazil in June 2012. Developing countries are seeking to provide assistance to countries in need in these areas, in particular through multilateral assistance, including through the Special Programme for Food Security and of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

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15. 尽管全球南部各国大部分继续在技术合作的框架内推进南南合作，这段期间，通过国家对洲际战略进行互动日益正规化和某些较大新兴国家，包括巴西、中国和印度的发展援助战略日益清晰，都是驱动南南交流需求增加的因素。[6] 在本报告所述期间，南南发展援助和传统官方发展援助之间的区别日益明显。新出现的一项显著区别表明，提供援助的全球南方国家往往采用多管齐下的发展战略，把贸易、投资和援助结合在一起，经常用在促进建设生产能力的基础设施项目。这种援助包括：优惠贷款、赠款、信贷额度和技术援助，以及通过多边机构提供的支援。关于南南合作的联合国高级别会议所通过的内罗毕成果文件[7] 也澄清了南南援助和传统援助之间的区别。这份文件确认和重新肯定下列指导原则：尊重国家主权、国家所有权和独立、平等、不附带条件，不干涉内政和互惠。

15. Although the majority of countries of the global South continued to employ South-South cooperation in the framework of technical cooperation, the increasing formalization of interactions through country-to-continent strategies and the clarification of development assistance strategies of some of the larger emerging countries, including Brazil, China and India, were driven by the increasing demand for South-South exchanges during the period.[6] Distinctions between South-South development assistance and traditional ODA also became clearer over the course of the reporting period. One emerging notable distinction revealed that countries of the global South providing assistance tended to use a multi-pronged development strategy, incorporating trade, investment and aid, which was often used for infrastructure projects or for building productive capacities. Such assistance included concessional loans, grants, lines of credit and technical assistance, as well as support channelled through multilateral institutions. Distinctions between South-South and traditional assistance were also clarified in the Nairobi outcome document of the High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation,[7] in which the guiding principles of respect for national sovereignty, national ownership and independence, equality, non-conditionality, non-interference in domestic affairs and mutual benefit were recognized and reaffirmed.

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B. 区域一体化进一步深化

B. Further deepening of regional integration

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16. 在发展中国家之间合作领域扩大之际，特别在区域内，合作也不断深化。在本报告审查期间，许多区域合作组织致力在全球南部扩大贸易、投资和金融的框架和领域，这样做又导致各方致力加强这些组织本身的体制能力。除了经济合作之外，又进行了更密切的政治合作，包括加强集体安全安排和建立促进知识和经验分享的信息系统。同时，新的行动者出现，各区域银行和新兴经济体的进出口银行在为南南倡议融资方面承担了更大的作用。

16. While areas of cooperation among developing countries have broadened, they have also deepened, particularly within regions. During the period under review, numerous regional cooperation organizations have worked to expand frameworks and fields for trade, investment and finance within the global South, which, in turn, has led to efforts to enhance the institutional strength of the organizations themselves. Apart from economic cooperation, there has been closer political cooperation, including strengthened collective security arrangements and information systems for knowledge and experience sharing. New actors have also appeared on the scene, as regional banks and the import and export banks of emerging economies have assumed a bigger role in financing South-South initiatives.

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17. 为扩大非洲经济空间而作的努力采取了各种形式，包括：促成更高度的货币一体化，西非经共体和东非共同体就是例子；以及建立自由贸易区，范围涵盖东部和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和南部非洲发展共同体各国，合并在一起计算，拥有将近6亿人口，国内生产总值总共将近1万亿美元，占非洲联盟人口的57%。

17. Efforts to expand economic space in Africa range from steps to create greater monetary integration, as seen in ECOWAS and the East African Community, to the establishment of free trade areas covering countries in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community and the Southern African Development Community, which, together, represent a combined population of nearly 600 million people, a total GDP of approximately $1 trillion and 57 per cent of the total population of the States themselves of the African Union.

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18. 亚洲正作出安排来扩大自由贸易，例子是：东南亚国家联盟(东盟)和亚洲-太平洋经济合作组织致力协调监管改革、联通性、竞争政策、中小企业的发展、区域内的灾害管理和粮食安全。通过东盟-中国自由贸易区2010年1月正规化和2015年以前建立亚洲经济共同体、2020年以前建立东盟自由贸易区以及孟加拉湾多部门技术和经济合作倡议七个成员国建立自由贸易区等行动，进一步推进区域经济一体化的工作也在进行之中。[8]

18. In Asia, arrangements have advanced to expand and ease free trade, as evidenced by the efforts of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation organization to coordinate regulatory reform, connectivity, competitive policies, the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises, disaster management and food security in the region. Work is also progressing on furthering regional economic integration through the formalization of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area in January 2010 and the establishment of an Asian economic community by 2015, an ASEAN Free Trade Area by 2020 and a free trade area among the seven members of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi‑Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.[8]

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19. 各区域集团也加强了政治联系，例子是：西非经共体设立了共同体法院和通过联合武装部队加强安全的努力。另一个例子是，共同体成员致力在2015年以前实现全面政治联盟。此外，2009年至2011年期间，各区域组织越来越频繁地通过政治或军事方式干预国内冲突，例如在巴林，科特迪瓦，洪都拉斯，阿拉伯利比亚民众国，苏丹、南苏丹和也门等国家进行的干预。[9]

19. Regional groupings have also increased their political linkages, as illustrated by the establishment of a community court of justice by ECOWAS, including efforts to strengthen its security arm through its Allied Armed Forces. Another example is the effort of the members of the East African Community to achieve full political federation by 2015. In addition, over the period from 2009 to 2011, regional organizations have increasingly been intervening in domestic conflicts, either politically or militarily, in countries such as Bahrain, Côte d’Ivoire, Honduras, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Sudan, South Sudan and Yemen.[9]

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20. 对区域举措日益增加的需求鼓励区域合作组织加强其体制安排。在非洲，这是主要的优先事项，特别是非洲联盟带头发起的非洲发展新伙伴关系。后者最近已成为一个十足的机构，致力通过区域和多边各级重要的伙伴关系，加速能力建设和可持续发展。2011年，伙伴关系发动了《非洲促进发展成效纲领》，动员决策人员、从业人员和范围广泛的各种利益攸关者，旨在实现可持续发展，通过现有的网络和实践社区，利用同行学习和分享知识和经验，在该区域推进能力发展、援助成效与南南合作。[10] 同样地，斯里兰卡、印度、印度尼西亚和南亚区域合作联盟灾害管理中心提供技术援助，根据其他亚洲国家的经验，通过利用灾害信息管理系统“DesInventar”，将国际认可的方法经调整后适用于斯里兰卡环境。斯里兰卡正利用该系统保存过去30年来所发生灾害的历史记录。

20. The increasing demand for regional initiatives has encouraged regional cooperation organizations to strengthen their institutional arrangements. This has been a major priority in Africa in particular, where the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, spearheaded by the African Union, has recently become a full-fledged agency working to accelerate capacity-building and sustainable development through key partnerships at the regional and multilateral levels. In 2011, the Partnership launched the Africa Platform for Development Effectiveness to mobilize policymakers, practitioners and a wide range of stakeholders, with the aim of achieving sustainable development, using peer learning and sharing of knowledge and experience through existing networks and communities of practice, and promoting capacity development, aid effectiveness and South-South Cooperation in the region.[10] In a similar vein, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia and the Disaster Management Centre of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) have provided technical assistance in order to adapt internationally accepted methodologies to the Sri Lankan context, based on the experiences of other Asian countries, through the use of “DesInventar”, a disaster information management system. The system is being used to maintain historical records of disaster occurrences in Sri Lanka over the past 30 years.

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21. 本报告审查期间，在包括拉丁美洲和加勒比区域各国之间，也加强了区域间合作机制。伊比利亚-美洲国家组织由拉丁美洲、加勒比和欧洲24个西班牙或葡萄牙语国家组成。该组织也加紧努力通过2010年1月开始作业的伊比利亚-美洲方案，促进其成员国之间的南南合作和三角合作。该方案把工作重点放在：建立和加强信息系统，以便查明良好做法和制作数据和统计记录，在该区域的南南合作和三角合作领域，汇集更多有关问责制的信息。

21. Interregional mechanisms have also been strengthened during the period under review, including among the countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region. The Organization of Ibero-American States, which consists of 24 Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe, has stepped up efforts to promote South-South and triangular cooperation between its member States through its Ibero-American Programme to Strengthen South-South Cooperation, which became operational in January 2010. The focus of the programme is the development and enhancement of information systems in order to identify good practices and generate data and statistical records to generate greater information about and accountability in the area of South-South and triangular cooperation in the region.

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22. 过去两年来，各区域发展银行扩大参与也是南南合作发展的一部分，它们尤其是支助区域能力建设努力和加强区域间和区域各级的公私伙伴关系。亚洲开发银行、欧洲复兴开发银行和伊斯兰开发银行都大力主张，在诸如信息和通讯技术、复健和教育及专业机构等领域，在包括撒哈拉以南非洲和中亚在内的若干区域，建立范围广泛的各种伙伴关系和推行各种项目。亚洲开发银行和非洲开发银行两个机构都在其各自地区推广贸易，所用的方法包括：由亚洲开发银行向各公司直接融资28亿美元，和由非洲开发银行向商业银行和金融机构提供规模越达10亿美元的支助。此外，在这段时间，非洲开发银行还在非洲各地支助若干基础设施方案。

22. Increased involvement of the regional development banks has also been a part of South-South cooperation over the past two years, in particular in their support for regional capacity-building efforts and for the strengthening of public-private partnerships at the interregional and regional levels. The Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Islamic Development Bank have all promoted wide-ranging partnerships and projects in areas such as information and communications technology, health rehabilitation and educational and professional institutions in a number of regions, including sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia. Both the Asian Development Bank and the African Development Bank were instrumental in promoting trade in their respective continents, through the provision of $2.8 billion in direct financing for firms by the Asian Development Bank, and through support to commercial banks and financial institutions on the scale of $1 billion by the African Development Bank. In addition, the African Development Bank has financed a number of infrastructure programmes throughout the continent during this period.

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23. 除了各区域开发银行之外，无论是在区域内或区域间，新兴经济体的银行在南南发展方面也发挥了日益重要的作用，巴西、中国和印度就是例子。中国进出口银行就为厄瓜多尔境内最大的三个水坝提供建设融资。2011年，印度向非洲各国提供了50亿美元的信贷额度，同时勾销了估计2 400万美元的债务，作为重债穷国倡议的一部分。[11] 巴西也通过其国家经济和社会发展银行为该国的许多基础设施项目融资，特别是在开采矿物燃料、技术基础设施和水坝等领域。此外，如上所述，2009年，七个拉丁美洲国家签署了具有历史意义的南方银行章程，由阿根廷、巴西和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国提供初始资金40亿美元。

23. Apart from the regional development banks, banks in emerging economies are also playing a greater role in South-South development, both regionally and interregionally, as in the case of Brazil, China and India. The Export-Import Bank of China has financed the construction of three of the biggest hydroelectric dams in Ecuador. In 2011, India extended a $5 billion credit line to countries in Africa while also writing off debt estimated at $24 million as part of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC).[11] Brazil, through its National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES), has also funded numerous infrastructure projects in the country, particularly in the areas of fossil fuel extraction, transportation infrastructure and hydroelectric dams. In addition, in 2009, as noted above, seven Latin American countries signed the historic charter of the Bank of the South, with initial contributions of $4 billion from Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of).

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24. 总体而言，南南合作和三角合作的特色是：扩大针对的重点和深化互动，特别是加强制度化的区域合作努力，所有这些行动都有助于创造条件，促进更加强劲和有意义的双边、区域和全球合作。

24. Overall, South-South and triangular cooperation has been characterized by a widening of focus and a deepening of interactions, particularly with the increased institutionalization of regional cooperation efforts, all of which serve to create the conditions for more robust and meaningful bilateral, regional and global cooperation.

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C. 发展中国家间更强劲的互动

C. More robust interactions among developing countries

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25. 在本报告审查期间，除了上文提到的贸易和投资增加之外，发展中国家间在下列方面的双边合作也见加强：发展融资、分享知识和经验，结成网络、体制建设和合作安排的正规化。

25. During the reporting period, in addition to the increase in trade and investment noted above, there was also intensified bilateral cooperation among developing countries in terms of financing for development, knowledge and experience sharing, networking, institution building and the formalization of cooperative arrangements.

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26. 关于发展融资，近年来，南南发展援助的速度显著加快。同样值得一提的是，南方慈善组织，包括基金会、信托基金和由捐赠基金、富裕个人和公司资助的民间社会组织发挥了越来越大的作用。经济和社会事务部2010年的报告称，在全球南部，以优惠贷款和赠款形式提供的发展援助，数额急剧升高，从2006年的86亿美元增加到2008年的153亿美元。报告指出，中国、沙特阿拉伯和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国是发展援助的最大提供者，继之以阿拉伯机构和印度。2008年，在这种发展合作中，前三个最大提供者约占总额的75%。[12]

26. In regard to financing for development, the speed at which South-South development assistance has been rising in recent years is significant. Equally notable is the growing role of philanthropic organizations in the South, including foundations, trust funds and civil society organizations funded by endowments, as well as by wealthy individuals and corporations. In 2010, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat reported that development assistance in the global South, in the form of concessional loans and grants had risen rapidly in recent years, from $8.6 billion in 2006 to $15.3 billion in 2008. The report noted that the largest providers of development assistance were China, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), followed by Arab agencies and India, with the top three providers accounting for 75 per cent of all such development cooperation in 2008.[12]

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27. 有人发现，在提供财政援助时，这种援助举措往往以区域或次区域的邻邦为对象，以便加强政治联系、贸易和投资，而由于地理位置接近，管理起来一般更加方便。[13] 为南南合作融资的墨西哥-智利联合合作基金就是此一趋势的例子。还应指出，区域间融资安排也在增多。举例来说，中国和印度都制定了着重向非洲提供援助的合作方案。中国通过中非合作论坛，印度则通过印度技术和经济合作方案以及英联邦援助非洲特别方案提供援助。[14] 此外，2009年11月创立的南方银行正致力推动南南发展融资，这是南方中心2000年制定的目标。

27. In providing financial assistance, it was found that such assistance initiatives tend to target regional or subregional neighbours in order to strengthen political ties, trade and investment and that they are generally more convenient in terms of management, given the geographical proximity.[13] One example of this trend is the Mexico-Chile Joint Cooperation Fund to Finance South-South Cooperation. It should be noted that interregional funding arrangements are also on the rise. Both China and India, for example, have developed cooperation programmes focused on providing aid to Africa, China through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and India through its Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme and the Special Commonwealth Assistance for Africa Programme.[14] In addition, the Bank of the South, set up in November 2009, is working to promote South-South development financing, a goal set by the South Centre in 2000.

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28. 分享知识和经验仍然是南南技术合作交流的一项主要优先工作。举例来说，中国和印度为此目的加强了同撒哈拉以南非洲各国的双边联系。中国同其他发展中国家一起建立了南南合作网络，以促进信息分享、联合研究、技术交流和在下列应用技术领域的公私伙伴关系：发展微型水电站、沼气和太阳能能源。印度的泛非洲电子网络项目，通过印度和非洲联盟成员国之间进行的远程会议和远程会诊传送医疗信息。发展中国家，包括巴西，智利，中国，埃及，萨尔瓦多，印度，印度尼西亚，马来西亚，新加坡，泰国，突尼斯和土耳其也都参与了在各种不同部门向全球南部其他成员的公民提供培训机会的活动。印度一直通过每年在下列领域向来自其他发展中国家的大约5 000名专业人员提供培训，积极分享在软件技术方面的专门知识：信息和通讯技术、电信、中小型企业、农村发展和可再生能源。在宣扬南南合作方面发挥领导作用的卡塔尔则在石油和天然气部门活动，汇集来自非洲、亚洲、中东和拉丁美洲42个国家，以及来自国际组织的代表，在碳氢化合物的有效管理领域，分享和交流经验。

28. Knowledge and experience sharing continue to be a major priority in South-South technical cooperation exchanges. China and India, for example, have stepped up bilateral links with countries in sub-Saharan Africa for this purpose. The South-South Cooperation Network was established by China to facilitate the sharing of information, joint research, technical exchanges and public-private partnerships in the area of applied technologies in the development of microhydropower, biogas and solar energy with other developing countries. India’s Pan-Africa e-network project facilitates the transfer of medical information through teleconferences and teleconsultations between India and the countries members of the African Union. Developing countries, including Brazil, Chile, China, Egypt, El Salvador, India, Indonesia, Malaysia Singapore, Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey, have also been involved in providing training opportunities for citizens of other members of the global South in a variety of sectors. India has been active in sharing its expertise in software technology by providing annual training sessions for about 5,000 professionals from other developing countries in areas such as: information and communications technology, telecommunications, small and medium-sized enterprises, rural development and renewable energy. Qatar, which has taken a leading role in promoting South-South cooperation in the oil and gas sectors, has brought together representatives of 42 countries from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America, as well as from international organizations, to share and exchange experiences in the field of effective hydrocarbon management.

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29. 体制建设成为南南倡议的另一项重点。巴西、印度和土耳其都对南方各国之间的体制建设作出了显著贡献。巴西合作署会同若干国家机构，包括巴西农业研究公司，介绍国际发展活动，以便实施农业和粮食安全领域的结构影响项目。巴西还支助马里的“棉花-4-项目”，旨在提高该国所生产棉花的产量和质量。巴西还在塞内加尔支助塞内加尔农业研究所的努力，以便利用研究公司的技术专门知识提高稻米生产的质量和竞争力。印度通过印度-非洲论坛首脑会议，为设立下列机构提供支助：在乌干达设立印度-非洲外贸研究所；在加纳设立印度-非洲信息技术研究所；在博茨瓦纳设立印度-非洲钻石研究所；和在布隆迪设立印度-非洲教育、规划和行政管理研究所。土耳其国际发展与合作署将遍布整个中亚、高加索、巴尔干、中东各地和最近在沙拉以南非洲设立的方案协调办事处数量增加到26处，旨在推进下列工作：体制发展、能力建设、人力资源发展、教育、卫生系统、文化方案、农业带动经济、保护环境和传播信息。

29. Institution-building has become another focus of South-South initiatives. Brazil, India and Turkey have all made notable contributions to institution-building among the countries of the South. The Brazilian Cooperation Agency has been coordinating international development activities with a number of national institutions, including the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, in order to implement structural impact projects in the areas of agriculture and food security. Brazil has also supported the “cotton-4-project” in Mali, which aims to increase the production and raise the quality of the cotton produced in that country, while in Senegal, it is supporting the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute in its efforts to increase the quality and the competitiveness of rice production using the technical expertise of the Research Corporation. Through the India-Africa Forum Summit, India has supported the establishment of: the India-Africa Institute of Foreign Trade in Uganda; the India-Africa Institute of Information Technology in Ghana; the India-Africa Diamond Institute in Botswana; and the India-Africa Institute of Education, Planning and Administration in Burundi. The Turkish International Development and Cooperation Agency has increased the number of its programme coordination offices to 26 in 23 developing countries across Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Balkans, the Middle East and, recently, in sub-Saharan Africa, aiming to advance institutional development, capacity-building, the development of human resources, education, health systems, cultural programmes, agriculture-driven economies, preservation of the environment and dissemination of information.

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30. 过去五年，发展中国家间加紧缔结正式协定的趋势已经抬头。区域一体化计划以及国家对洲际和洲际对洲际的论坛数量日益增多就证明了这一点。中国、埃及、印度、南非、土耳其和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国就是通过这些途径同非洲各国交往的。2009年，在委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国举行的第二次非洲-南美洲首脑会议上，来自非洲和南美洲的代表团奠定了经济合作的基础，并发布一项协议，包括对贸易、安全、能源和采矿等部门加强南南合作作出承诺。

30. Within the past five years, the trend of increasingly formalized agreements among developing countries has been gaining ground. This is evident in the number of regional integration schemes and country-to-continent and continent-to-continent forums that China, Egypt, India, South Africa, Turkey and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) have engaged in with African countries. At the second Africa-South America Summit, held in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in 2009, delegations from both continents established a basis for economic cooperation and issued an agreement that included commitments to the strengthening of South-South cooperation in the trade, security, energy and mining sectors.

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31. 由于全球南部各国现在处于更有利的地位，可以通过专业、受高度监管的体制性机制，把它们在特定发展部门的专门知识同其他发展中国家共享，剩下的挑战就是，如何加强真正的伙伴关系，和减少议价方面力量的不对称，后者往往使得南南关系中力量较弱的各方获利较少。

31. Since countries of the global South are now in an improved position to share their expertise in specific development sectors with other developing countries through professional, highly regularized institutional mechanisms, the remaining challenge is to strengthen genuine partnerships and reduce bargaining power asymmetries that tend to lower benefits for the weaker parties in South-South relations.

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D. 更加强劲有力的三角伙伴

D. Stronger triangular partnerships

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32. 2009年至2011年期间，人们看到，整个南部各地都在建立更加强劲有力的体制机制，来推动伙伴关系、分享知识和技术以及同行学习。各种利益攸关方日益采取南南和三角方式来确保包容性和援助交付的成效，并补充南北合作的不足。 33. 发达国家认识到南南合作日益切合需要，也向南南合作和三角合作提供更多支持。举例来说，2010年，20国集团发表了关于发展的多年行动计划，强调南南合作和三角合作是分享信息和调动国内资源，促进可持续发展的重要创新工具。[15] 2011年6月，20国集团发表了关于粮食价格波动和农业的行动计划，其中确认非洲联盟的一项决定：在非洲发展新伙伴关系的主持下，设立一个发展机构，来改善非洲农民获得农业投入的能力，和促进公平、互利的农业贸易协定，以期改善非洲各国的耕作能力。[16] 经合组织发展援助委员会也对南南合作和三角合作产生浓厚兴趣，这可以从委员会南南合作问题工作队的工作看出来。工作队2010年3月在波哥大组织了关于南南合作和能力发展的高级别活动，以便为2011年晚期将在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助成效高级别论坛进行筹备。

32. The period from 2009 to 2011 has seen the establishment of stronger institutional mechanisms for promoting partnerships, knowledge and technology sharing and peer-learning throughout the South. Increasingly, South-South and triangular modalities have been adopted by a variety of stakeholders to ensure inclusivity and effectiveness in the delivery of assistance and to complement North-South cooperation. 33. In recognition of the increased relevance of South-South development, developed countries have marshalled greater support for South-South and triangular cooperation. In 2010, for example, the Group of Twenty (G20) issued its multi-year action plan on development, highlighting South-South and triangular cooperation as important and innovative tools for information sharing and domestic resource mobilization for sustainable development.[15] In June 2011 the G20 issued an action plan on food price volatility and agriculture, in which it recognized the decision of the African Union to set up a development agency under the auspices of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development to improve access for African farmers to farming inputs and to promote equitable, mutually beneficial agricultural trade agreements, as well as to improve the farming capacities of African countries.[16] The OECD Development Assistance Committee has also taken keen interest in South-South and triangular cooperation, as seen in the work of its task team on South-South cooperation and its organization, in March 2010, of the High-level Event on South-South Cooperation and Capacity Development in Bogotá, held in preparation for the Fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, which will take place in Busan, Republic of Korea, in late 2011.

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34. 鉴于对起源于发展中国家和发达国家的三角伙伴关系，兴趣和需求都日益高涨，传统捐助机构日益采用三角合作方式，通过创新的联合筹资方案，来提高发展项目的影响。在日本国际协力事业团和联合国开发计划署(开发署)南南合作特设局支助下，对捐助者、关键国家和受援国意见进行的一项研究显示，国际机构和全球北部的多边组织是在效益和诱因的驱动下采用三角方式的。

34. With increasing interest in and demand for triangular partnerships originating from both developing and developed countries, traditional donor agencies are increasingly adopting the triangular cooperation modality to increase the impact of development projects through innovative joint-funding programmes. A study conducted with the support of the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which covers the views of donors and of pivotal and recipient countries, reveals the benefits and incentives driving the adoption of triangular methodologies by international development agencies and multilateral organizations of the global North.

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35. 一般而言，这项研究显示，在三角互动的范畴内，问责制和透明度都有较大的发展。在诸如技术能力发展、加强政策和体制框架和在国际合作领域获得诀窍之类的领域，关键国家看重捐助方和国际组织的支持，后者能提高它们的信用和声誉。此外，受益国指出有一个中介机构的好处：促进同关键国分享信息和结为伙伴；增加关键国所提供合作的可靠性；和把这种合作扩大应用，包括由捐助方提供设施和设备。捐助方和国际组织则指出，利用发展中国家本身的经验和诀窍，以及在三角安排内对关键国提供更多协助的种种好处。这项研究还强调，交易费用较高和政策协调方面的摩擦都构成挑战，但同时指出，接受调查的各方大多认为，三角合作利多于弊。[17]

35. In general, the study revealed a greater degree of accountability and transparency within triangular interactions. Pivotal countries prized the support of donors and international organizations in fields such as technical capacity development, strengthening of policy and institutional frameworks and the acquisition of know-how in the arena of international cooperation, which enhances their credibility and reputation. In addition, beneficiary countries noted the advantage of having an intermediary to facilitate information sharing and partnering with pivotal countries; the increased credibility of the cooperation extended by pivotal countries; and the scaling-up of such cooperation, including the provision of facilities and equipment by donors. Donors and international organizations noted the advantages of using the experience and know-how of the developing countries themselves as well as the increase in assistance to pivotal countries within triangular arrangements. The study also highlighted the challenges of higher transaction costs and tensions over policy coordination, while noting that most parties surveyed felt that the benefits accrued from triangular cooperation outweighed the drawbacks.[17]

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36. 通过三角合作活动获得最多支助的领域包括：有效管理南南合作的能力发展；分享知识和信息；和南南方案的实施。

36. The areas receiving the most support through triangular cooperation activities include: capacity development for the effective management of South-South cooperation; knowledge and information sharing; and the implementation of South-South programmes.

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37. 就能力发展而言，努力集中于向南方的发展合作机构提供支助，以制定良好做法。伊比利亚-美洲总秘书处在其2010年关于南南合作的报告中，分析了从2009年拉丁美洲三角合作项目获得的数据。报告显示，所有合作项目中，大约有一半集中于两个方面：经济活动(30%)和社会活动(22%)，另有一半集中于下列领域：公营机构和民间社会的体制能力建设以及环境。[18] 政府能力建设是开发署在阿富汗执行的项目。这个正在执行的项目由美利坚合众国主办，目的是促进民主化的警务政策，工作涉及：通过同尼泊尔同行的互动，向阿富汗警官提供培训课程，内容侧重社区警务活动，特别是针对如何预防和应对基于性别的暴力行为。诸如日本国际协力事业团之类的传统捐助方着重下列问题：同非洲稻米发展联盟合作，促进粮食安全和社会保障方面的能力发展、向东盟/劳工组织-日本工业关系项目提供支助和设立一间区域中心，通过利用南南分享，交流最佳做法，推动向残疾人赋权。

37. In terms of capacity development, efforts have focused on providing support to development cooperation agencies of the South in the establishment of good practices. In the 2010 report of the Ibero-American General Secretariat on South-South cooperation, analysis of data from 2009 triangular cooperation projects in Latin America revealed that roughly half of all cooperation projects were focused on economic (30 per cent) and social activities (22 per cent) and the other half were concentrated in the area of institutional capacity-building for public institutions and civil society, and on the environment.[18] Government capacity-building is the basis of a UNDP project in Afghanistan sponsored by the United States of America, which seeks to promote democratic policing policies. The project, which is ongoing, has involved a training session for Afghan police officers through interactions with their counterparts in Nepal, focusing on community policing activities, dealing, in particular, with the prevention of and response to gender-based violence. Traditional donors, such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency, have focused on issues such as capacity development in food security and social protection, collaborating with the Coalition for African Rice Development and providing support for the ASEAN/ILO-Japan industrial relations project and for the establishment of a regional centre promoting the empowerment of persons with disabilities through the use of South-South sharing to exchange best practices.

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38. 德国国际合作署特别积极参与分享信息以促进发展的活动。它支持关于分享墨西哥政府在环境管理和固体废物处理方面所获经验的项目。这个项目用来培训多米尼加共和国、危地马拉，萨尔瓦多，厄瓜多尔等国的环境工作者，从而导致建立了拉丁美洲固体废物门户网站GIRESOL网络，以促进该区域分享关于废物综合管理的信息和资源。¹⁸ 西班牙国际发展合作署在其三角合作领域，也将分享知识列为优先事务。它还为捐助者之间的政府间对话与合作提供便利，包括2010年3月在马德里举行的关于欧洲联盟在提高援助成效的背景下进行三角合作的会议。

38. The German Agency for International Cooperation has been particularly involved in information sharing for development. It has supported the project on the sharing of lessons learned in environmental management and solid waste practices by the Government of Mexico, which has been used to train environmental workers in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador and Guatemala, and has led to the creation of a Latin American solid waste portal, the GIRESOL Network, to facilitate the sharing of information and resources about integrated waste management in the region.¹⁸ The Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation has also prioritized knowledge sharing in its efforts in the field of triangular cooperation as shown by its funding and facilitation of intergovernmental dialogue and cooperation among donors, including the meeting on “European Union triangular cooperation in the context of aid effectiveness”, held in Madrid in March 2010.

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39. 不论是通过为三角合作创设共同合作基金，例如由西班牙会同智利和阿根廷设立的基金和德国会同智利发起的基金，或者是通过执行技术援助项目，例如由德国国际合作署和日本国际协力事业团之类的伙伴支助的项目，项目执行仍然是捐助国的首要重点。作为这个领域的领袖，日本国际协力事业团于2010年利用设在日本境内和海外的15间办事处，通过大约1 300项方案，协助世界各地估计多达12 000名参与者，内容多种多样，从预防灾害支助和保健培训到贸易和投资便利化都有。[19]

39. Project implementation remains a primary focus for donor countries, whether through the creation of joint cooperation funds for triangular cooperation, such as those created by Spain, with Chile and Argentina, and Germany has initiated with Chile, or through the execution of technical assistance projects, such as those supported by partners such as the German Agency for International Cooperation and the Japan International Cooperation Agency. As a leader in this field, in 2010, the Japan International Cooperation Agency through its 15 offices, both in Japan and abroad, assisted an estimated 12,000 participants worldwide through some 1,300 programmes, ranging from disaster prevention support and training to health-care training to trade and investment facilitation.[19]

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E. 联合国系统扩大提供支助

E. Enhanced support from the United Nations system

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40. 在本报告审查期间，会员国一贯表现出它们对南南倡议的坚定承诺，并向联合国发展系统指出明确方向，以便有效启动和支助南南合作。依照上一个两年期的趋势和相应会员国的指示，联合国发展系统已扩大努力，通过下列方式提高和加强南南合作：将南南合作进一步纳入本组织政策框架的主流、促使南南合作成为长期和中期规划工具的一项优先重点；采用更加一致和协调的方法，包括联合编制方案；设立由南方国家领导的英才中心并使其正规化，以便促进分享知识和交流解决方案；和为南南合作开展创新的资源调集努力。

40. During the period under review, Member States have consistently shown their firm commitment to South-South initiatives and provided clear direction to the United Nations development system for the effective catalysation and support for South-South cooperation. In keeping with the trends of the previous biennium, and in response to directives from Member States, the United Nations development system has scaled up its efforts to enhance and strengthen South-South cooperation by: further mainstreaming South-South cooperation in the Organization’s policy frameworks; creating strategic partnerships for such cooperation; making South-South cooperation a priority focus in long and medium-term planning instruments; undertaking more coherent and coordinated approaches, including joint programming; establishing or formalizing centres of excellence, led by countries of the global South, for better knowledge sharing and solutions exchange; and undertaking innovative resource mobilization efforts for South-South cooperation.

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41. 在同一期间，会员国确认它们对南南合作的承诺，并通过主要的政府间机构向多边进程提供更多指示。值得注意的是，77国集团和中国通过在几乎每一个联合国主要会议上带头开展关于这项问题的辩论，继续为南南合作提供政治指导，同时在大会和经济及社会理事会内强调，联合国亟需为2008年发动的《南方发展纲领》中所列举的这种合作提供必要支助，和在2009年和2010年部长宣言中强调的南南合作广泛原则。2010年，77国集团和中国也表现出强有力的领导，支持关于生物多样性促进发展的南南合作多年行动计划的拟订和批准。此外，在联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)主持下，关于发展中国家间全球贸易优惠制度协定的第三回合谈判于2010年12月在巴西圣保罗结束。这是另一个例子，表现出77国集团和中国对在其成员国之间推展贸易的坚定承诺。联合国会员国2009年12月在内罗毕举行南南合作高级别会议，再次明确表示它们对采取南南办法解决发展问题的承诺。这次会议通过的“内罗毕成果文件”随后于2009年12月21日经大会第64/222号决议核可。该文件为南南合作提供一套明确的原则和广泛的目标，以及列出需要国际社会，特别是联合国发展系统提供支助的优先问题和领域。

41. Over the same time period, Member States have affirmed their commitment to South-South cooperation and provided increased direction to multilateral processes through major intergovernmental bodies. Significantly, the Group of 77 (G77) and China continued to provide political guidance for South-South cooperation by leading the debate on this subject at almost every major United Nations conference, as well as within the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, by stressing the importance of the support needed from the United Nations system for such cooperation in its Development Platform for the South, launched in 2008, and by underscoring the broad principles of South-South cooperation in its 2009 and 2010 ministerial declarations. In 2010, the G77 and China also demonstrated strong leadership in supporting the development and approval of the multi-year Plan of Action for South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity for Development. In addition, the conclusion of the third round of negotiations on the Agreement on the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries in December 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil, under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), is another illustration of the firm commitment of the G77 and China to promote trade among its membership. The commitment of the States Members of the United Nations to South-South approaches to development was clearly expressed, once again, when they gathered in Nairobi in December 2009 at the High-level United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation. The “Nairobi outcome document” of the Conference, which was subsequently endorsed on 21 December 2009 by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/222, provides a clear set of principles and broad objectives for South-South cooperation, as well as priority issues and areas requiring the support of the international community, especially from the entities of the United Nations development system.

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42. 就通过政策框架和规划工具将南南合作主流化而言，秘书长政策委员会2008年的决定呼吁，联合国发展系统各实体采取具体措施，加强对南南合作的支持，并敦促高级官员在政府间论坛上强调联合国对南南合作的坚定承诺，以之作为实现千年发展目标和其他国际商定发展目标的关键工具。经济及社会理事会在其2008年实质性会议上，会同联合国各区域委员会执行秘书召开一次会议，强调这些组织作为“南南合作支柱”的重要性。此外，内罗毕成果文件吁请联合国各基金、规划署和专门机构采取具体措施，将支持南南合作和三角合作的工作纳入主流，并鼓励各区域委员会、英才中心以及区域和次区域经济集团彼此间建立更紧密的联系。[20]

42. In terms of mainstreaming South-South cooperation through policy frameworks and planning instruments, the 2008 decision of the Policy Committee of the Secretary-General called upon the entities of the United Nations development system to adopt concrete measures to enhance their support for South-South cooperation and urged senior officials to emphasize the strong commitment of the United Nation to South-South cooperation at intergovernmental forums as a critical tool for achieving the Millennium Development Goals and other internationally agreed development goals. At its 2008 substantive session, the Economic and Social Council convened a meeting with the Executive Secretaries of the United Nations regional commissions, stressing their importance as an essential “pillar for South-South cooperation”. In addition, the Nairobi outcome document called on the United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies to take concrete measures to mainstream support for South-South and triangular cooperation and encourage closer links between regional commissions, centres of excellence and regional and subregional economic groupings.[20]

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43. 由于采用了上述政策框架和指令，联合国系统有更多成员研订了纳入了南南合作的规划工具。此一日益明显的现象体现于：联合国系统各实体最近编写的15份年度报告和17份中期计划都将南南合作和三角合作纳入内容。³ 开发署在其2008-2012年战略计划中强调，在实施国家和区域方案时，南南合作应成为促进发展成效的主要办法之一。此外，联合检查组最近的报告³ 指出，共同系统的大多数组织都制定了方案或项目，在总部、区域和/或国家各级支持南南合作，这些组织包括：粮农组织、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、世界贸易中心(贸易中心)、贸发会议、开发署、联合国教育、科学和文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)、世界粮食计划署、泛美卫生组织、世界卫生组织(卫生组织)。在其他组织内，南南合作成为技术合作经常方案的一部分，这种情况出现在下列组织：国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、国际民用航空组织(民航组织)、国际海事组织(海事组织)、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和世界气象组织(气象组织)。¹⁸

43. As a result of the adoption of the above policy frameworks and directives, more members of the United Nations system have developed planning instruments incorporating South-South cooperation. This growing phenomenon is reflected in the inclusion of South-South and triangular cooperation in 15 annual reports and 17 medium-term plans recently prepared by entities of the United Nations system.³ In its strategic plan 2008-2012, UNDP highlights South-South cooperation as one of its principle approaches for development effectiveness in the implementation of its country and regional programmes. In addition, a recent report of the Joint Inspection Unit³ noted that most organizations of the common system had programmes or projects identified as supporting South-South cooperation at the headquarters, regional and/or country levels, including FAO, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), UNCTAD, UNDP, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the World Food Programme (WFP) and the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) of the World Health Organization (WHO). In other organizations, South-South cooperation forms part of regular technical cooperation programmes, as seen at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).¹⁸

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44. 除了个别机构、基金和方案制定其本身关于南南合作的政策和程序之外，联合国系统整体还致力加强对发展问题采用综合办法，以便纳入南南合作方法。这体现在：为编制共同国家评估和联合国发展援助框架(联发援框架)程序的联合国国家工作队制定的联合国准则已纳入南南合作，目的是将南南合作纳入区域和国家两级的方案。虽然目前只有17个国家的援助框架明确提到南南合作，但在开发署南南合作特设局的率先领导之下，目前正在为联合国系统支援南南合作的业务准则进行机构间努力，这是南南合作高级别委员会所规定的任务。

44. Apart from individual agencies, funds and programmes developing their own policies and procedures on South-South cooperation, the United Nations system overall is working to strengthen integrated approaches to development in order to incorporate South-South approaches. This is evident in the inclusion of South-South cooperation in the United Nations guidelines for United Nations country teams on preparing common country assessments and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) process, which is aimed at incorporating South-South cooperation into regional and country-level programmes. Although only explicitly referred to in the current Assistance Frameworks of 17 countries, inter-agency efforts, spearheaded by the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, on operational guidelines for the support of the United Nations system to South-South cooperation are under way, as mandated by the High-level Committee on South-South Cooperation.

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45. 在本报告审查期间，联合国系统各机构、基金、方案和其他实体同南南发展合作的主要提供者建立了越来越多的战略伙伴关系，并将南方领导的英才中心和网络正规化，以便利南南分享知识和发展办法。开发署同巴西、中国和土耳其建立了战略伙伴关系和作出类似的安排。劳工组织倡导体面工作，并在巴西政府的支持下，致力在非洲葡萄牙语国家、南方共同市场成员国和在印度-巴西-南非对话论坛内，分享有关下列问题的信息和最佳做法：童工、青年就业、教育和医疗和职业培训。[21]

45. During the period under review, the agencies, funds, programmes and other entities of the United Nations system have established an increased number of strategic partnerships with major providers of South-South development cooperation and have formalized South-led centres of excellence and networks to facilitate South-South sharing of knowledge and development solutions. UNDP has formed strategic partnerships and similar arrangements with Brazil, China and Turkey. ILO has championed the promotion of decent work and, with the support of the Government of Brazil, is engaged in efforts to share information and best practices related to child labour, youth employment, education and health and vocational training in Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, in the countries members of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and within the India-Brazil-South Africa dialogue forum.[21]

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46. 关于支援南方领导的英才中心，开发署试行了南南合作交流机制，以便能有系统地记录和分享环境和可持续发展领域关于南南项目和举措中成功案例的研究。下列组织作出了类似的努力：教科文组织在吉隆坡设立科学、技术和创新南南合作国际中心；贸发会议经营英才中心网，通过培训科学家和技术专家，支助向非洲转让技术和知识；工发组织在北京设立了南南合作中心。[22] 在第三世界科学院的协调下，教科文组织科学、技术和创新南南合作国际中心目前正在设立一个最佳做法交流中心。[23] 在本报告审查期间，由开发署南南合作特设局经营的网上服务平台——发展信息网启用，使得联合国系统内外内外30个实体能够建立和管理其专家名册。截至2011年为止，该网站刊载了69份名册。 47. 2009年至2011年期间，此一领域内的机构间协调与合作已大为改善。这体现在：依照会员国的呼吁，南南合作特设局经常加强各联络中心的机构间交流。已召开了两次这样的机构间交流，以便审查联合国系统为执行会员国在内罗毕成果文件内制定的目标而采取的行动，和分享目前在南南合作方面的做法。此外，南南合作特设局通过其三合一多边支助架构(由全球南南发展研究所、全球南南发展博览会和南南全球技术产权交易所组成)，使得数量庞大的联合国组织、基金和方案，包括各区域委员会，能记录、传播和扩大应用它们的南南举措。举例来说，在这段期间，全球南南发展研究所在亚洲-太平洋区域试办以公民为基础的南南发展学院。每年举办的全球南南发展博览会(2009年由世界银行主办，2010年由劳工组织主办)汇集了20多个联合国组织和机构以及100多个其他伙伴实体，展示和交流成功的发展办法，同时提供一个机会，使联合国系统各实体发展合作主管能够聚会和讨论南南合作和三角合作问题。南南全球技术产权交易所建立了一个交易平台，其中包括中小企业领域的1 710个项目，283次配对和79项商业交易。在环境与能源交易领域的各种交易也列在本系统内，全球保健领域的名单也将在现期内张贴。

46. With regard to supporting South-led centres of excellence, UNEP has piloted a South-South cooperation exchange mechanism to enable systematic documentation and sharing of successful case studies on South-South projects and initiatives in the field of the environment and sustainable development. Similar efforts have been made by: UNESCO, which has set up the International Centre for South-South Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation, in Kuala Lumpur; UNCTAD, which operates the Network of Centres of Excellence, supporting technology and knowledge transfer to Africa through the training of scientists and technology experts; and UNIDO, which has established the South-South Cooperation Center in Beijing.[22] The UNESCO International Centre for South-South Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation is currently creating a clearinghouse of best practices, in coordination with the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World.[23] During the period under review, the Web of Information for Development (WIDE), a web service platform operated by the UNDP Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, has enabled an additional 30 entities within and outside the United Nations system to create and manage their rosters of experts. As of 2011, 69 rosters are actively listed on the site. 47. During the period from 2009 to 2011 inter-agency coordination and collaboration in this field has improved considerably, as evidenced by the increased regularity of inter-agency exchanges of focal points by the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, as called for by Member States. Two such inter-agency exchanges were convened to review the actions of the United Nations system to carry out the aims set out by Member States in the Nairobi outcome document and to share current practices in South-South cooperation. In addition, the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, through its three-in-one multilateral South-South support architecture, made up of the Global South-South Development Academy, the Global South-South Development Expo and the South-South Global Assets and Technology Exchange System, has enabled a larger number of United Nations organizations, funds and programmes, including the regional commissions, to document, disseminate and scale-up their South-South initiatives. The Global South-South Development Academy, for example, has piloted a citizenry-based South-South development academy in the Asia-Pacific region during this period. The annual Global South-South Development Expo (hosted in 2009 by the World Bank and in 2010 by ILO) has brought together more than 20 United Nations organizations and agencies, as well as more than 100 other partner entities to showcase and exchange successful development solutions, while also providing a setting for the chiefs of development cooperation entities of the United Nations system to come together and discuss issues of South-South and triangular cooperation. The South-South Global Assets and Technology Exchange System has been established as a transaction platform, which includes a listing of 1,710 projects, 283 matches and 79 business transactions in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises. Transactions in the field of the environment and energy exchanges have also been listed on the system, and listings in the area of global health will be posted in the current period.

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48. 除了强调分享知识之外，联合国系统还强调，需要采用创新的融资机制来管理南南和三角伙伴关系。这方面的例子包括：在中国的支助下，粮农组织新近为南南合作设立一个3 000万美元的信托基金，以便协助选定的非洲国家；印度-巴西-南非减少贫穷和饥饿融资机制；和教科文组织南南合作基金，以便支持其促进教育的南南合作方案。该方案的工作重点是：在南南合作和三角合作的基础上，通过交流经验、知识和良好做法，实现“普及教育”的目标和其他千年发展目标。另一个例子是：大韩民国同南南合作特设局共同作出的五年期战略性三角合作安排，旨在便利南南和三角分享下列领域的知识：教育、科学和技术、可再生能源和资源管理、能力建设和可持续人类发展，以便在亚洲-太平洋区域实现千年发展目标。

48. In addition to an emphasis on knowledge-sharing, the United Nations system has also stressed the need for innovative funding mechanisms to manage South-South and triangular partnerships. Examples include the newly established $30 million FAO trust fund for South-South cooperation supported by China to assist selected African countries; the India-Brazil-South Africa Facility for Poverty and Hunger Alleviation; and the UNESCO South-South Cooperation Fund to support its South-South cooperation programme for education, which is focused on meeting the goal of “education for all” and other Millennium Development Goals through exchanges of experience, knowledge and good practices on a South-South and triangular basis. Another example is the five-year strategic triangular cooperation arrangement between the Republic of Korea and the Special Unit for South-South Cooperation, which was established to facilitate South-South and triangular knowledge-sharing in education, science and technology, renewable energy and resource management, capacity-building and sustainable human development to meet the Millennium Development Goals in the Asia-Pacific region.