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A radioactive source is a known quantity of a radionuclide which emits ionizing radiation ; typically one or more of the radiation types gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutron radiation.

In the past 4 decades about 500 randomized trials have examined the effects of psychological treatments of adult depression. In this article the results of a series of metaanalyses of these trials are summarised. Several types of psychotherapy have been examined, including cognitive behaviour ther-apy, behavioural activation therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, problem-solving therapy, nondirective supportive therapy, and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. All therapies are effective and there are no significant differences between treatments. Psychotherapies are about equally effective as pharmacotherapy, and combined treatments are more effective than either of these alone. Therapies are also effective in specific target groups, such as older adults, college students, patients with general medical disorders, but may be somewhat less effective in chronic depression, and in patients with comorbid substance use disorders. Treatments are effective when delivered in individual, group, and guided selfhelp format. The effects of psychotherapies have been overestimated because of the low quality of many trials and due to publication bias. Future research should not be aimed at the development of new psychotherapies for depression, on specific treatment formats or on therapies in specific populations, because the evidence indicates that all types and formats with human involvement are effective in all specific target groups. Future research should instead focus on a further reduction of the disease burden of depression. Specifically, it should focus on the possibilities of preventing the onset of depressive disorders, treatments of chronic and treatment-resistant depression, relapse prevention, and scaling up treatments, for example by using more guided self-help interventions.

Language equations are mathematical statements that resemble numerical equations, but the variables assume values of formal languages rather than numbers.

Fission releases energy and neutrons.

The volume of an irregularly shaped solid can be measured by the displacement method. You can read below how this method works. For a video on the displacement method, go to this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=e0geXKxeTn4 .

Adding a solute increases the boiling point of a pure solvent. This change can be calculated using the equation .

14.3 Motor Responses The motor components of the somatic nervous system begin with the frontal lobe of the brain, where the prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher functions such as working memory. The integrative and associate functions of the prefrontal lobe feed into the secondary motor areas, which help plan movements. The premotor cortex and supplemental motor area then feed into the primary motor cortex that initiates movements. Large Betz cells project through the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts to synapse on lower motor neurons in the brain stem and ventral horn of the spinal cord, respectively. These connections are responsible for generating movements of skeletal muscles. The extrapyramidal system includes projections from the brain stem and higher centers that influence movement, mostly to maintain balance and posture, as well as to maintain muscle tone. The superior colliculus and red nucleus in the midbrain, the vestibular nuclei in the medulla, and the reticular formation throughout the brain stem each have tracts projecting to the spinal cord in this system. Descending input from the secondary motor cortices, basal nuclei, and cerebellum connect to the origins of these tracts in the brain stem. All of these motor pathways project to the spinal cord to synapse with motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These lower motor neurons are the cells that connect to skeletal muscle and cause contractions. These neurons project through the spinal nerves to connect to the muscles at neuromuscular junctions. One motor neuron connects to multiple muscle fibers within a target muscle. The number of fibers that are innervated by a single motor neuron varies on the basis of the precision necessary for that muscle and the amount of force necessary for that motor unit. The quadriceps, for example, have many fibers controlled by single motor neurons for powerful contractions that do not need to be precise. The extraocular muscles have only a small number of fibers controlled by each motor neuron because moving the eyes does not require much force, but needs to be very precise. Reflexes are the simplest circuits within the somatic nervous system. A withdrawal reflex from a painful stimulus only requires the sensory fiber that enters the spinal cord and the motor neuron that projects to a muscle. Antagonist and postural muscles can be coordinated with the withdrawal, making the connections more complex. The simple, single neuronal.

A non-expanding horizon (NEH) is an enclosed null surface whose intrinsic structure is preserved.

We study the exponential behaviour and stabilizability of the following abstract nonlinear stochastic evolution equation partial derivative tu(t) + Au(t) + B(u(t), u(t)) + Ru(t) = f + sigma(t, u)W(t), where sigma(t, u)W is a multiplicative white noise in time with spatial correlation. Applications to concrete models in fluid mechanics are also given.

Medically assisted procreation significantly contributes to an increase in twin pregnancies. One of the major factors contributing to more twin births is the use of fertility treatments. Twin pregnancy is not without a risk for fetal organ development and the health outcome of new-borns, children, and adults. Multiple pregnancies are associated with an increased risk of developmental complications, such as perinatal mortality, premature births, and low birth weight. Oxidative stress is involved in pregnancy disorders such as abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, and prenatal mortality. The link between oxidative stress and prenatal development, poorly perceived in the medical community, is a major problem in human reproductive medicine and health outcomes. The sex-based considerations and analyses are also, often neglected in biomedical research. In addition, fetal sexual dimorphism in antioxidant pathways following intrauterine exposure to environmental pollutants has not been explored. This is an important area of research because sexually dimorphic antioxidant adaptive responses to early life exposure-induced oxidative stress may have long-term effects on offspring health outcome and increase the risk of non-communicable diseases in men and women. This concept is useful, since it may open the avenue to develop antenatal antioxidant therapeutic strategies to developmental disorders and complications related to multiple pregnancies, and in association with acute or chronic environmental exposure. This article reviews the status of research, supporting data, possible pathogenic mechanisms, and future perspectives in the proposed area. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:351-364, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A band-pass filter or bandpass filter (BPF) is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range.

Most flatworms have a distinct head region that includes nerve cells and sensory organs, such as eyespots. The development of a head region, called cephalization , evolved at the same time as bilateral symmetry in animals. This process does not occur in cnidarians, which evolved prior to flatworms and have radial symmetry.

In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun.

Children can easily make log cabins and other structures from the tiny wooden logs.

A chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst can gather information by obtaining the decryptions of chosen ciphertexts.

In mathematics, specifically in homotopy theory, a classifying space BG of a topological group G is the quotient of a weakly contractible space EG ( i.e.

The rapid growth in nanoscience and technology and its implementation in modern 'flat world' industry and engineering are calling for a new curriculum for engineering education. The change in curriculum involves the introduction of new concepts and examples at scales that are new territories for engineers. These territories were previously acknowledged as the exclusive knowledge-based playground of scientists, in which their explorations broaden the horizon of basic understanding. Engineering mechanics concepts are taught to most engineering disciplines as essentials to basic and practical engineering understanding. At the introductory level engineering mechanics is taught in the courses of statics, dynamics and strength of materials. This paper addresses the need and importance of reforms and revisions of engineering mechanics courses to include experiences in these new territories so that the engineering mechanics education expand beyond continuum and macro-based level to include all the scales. This revision can be done by introducing the concepts of multiscale engineering and development of new lesson modules perhaps including example problems in micro- and nanoscales. Relying upon the framework of existing courses and using the existing physical and intellectual resources, an array of educational activities will be suggested to provide such an opportunity for undergraduate engineering students. The efforts will be facilitated through the visualization capabilities of computer-aided engineering and drawing (CADD) techniques as well as the analysis capabilities of finite element model (FEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) procedures.

Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

15.11 Amines: Structures and Names LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the general structure for an amine. Identify the functional group for amines. Determine the structural feature that classifies amines as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Use nomenclature systems to name amines. Amines are classified according to the number of carbon atoms bonded directly to the nitrogen atom. A primary (1°) amine has one alkyl (or aryl) group on the nitrogen atom, a secondary (2°) amine has two, and a tertiary (3°) amine has three (http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547.

Background: Peanuts are the most common food to provoke fatal or near-fatal anaphylactic reactions. Treatment with an anti-hIgE mAb is efficacious but requires frequent parenteral administration. Objective: Based on the knowledge that peanut allergy is mediated by peanut-specific IgE, we hypothesized that a single administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer vector encoding for anti-hIgE would protect against repeated peanut exposure in the host with peanut allergy. Methods: We developed a novel humanized murine model of peanut allergy that recapitulates the human anaphylactic response to peanuts in NOD-scid IL2Rgamma null mice transferred with blood mononuclear cells from donors with peanut allergy and then sensitized with peanut extract. As therapy, we constructed an adeno-associated rh. 10 serotype vector coding for a full-length, high-affinity, anti-hIgE antibody derived from the Fab fragment of the anti-hIgE mAb omalizumab (AAVrh.10anti-hIgE). In the reconstituted mice peanut-specific IgE was induced by peanut sensitization and hypersensitivity, and reactions were provoked by feeding peanuts to mice with symptoms similar to those of human subjects with peanut allergy. Results: A single administration of AAVrh.10anti-hIgE vector expressed persistent levels of anti-hIgE. The anti-hIgE vector, administered either before sensitization or after peanut sensitization and manifestation of the peanut-induced phenotype, blocked IgE-mediated alterations in peanut-induced histamine release, anaphylaxis scores, locomotor activity, and free IgE levels and protected animals from death caused by anaphylaxis. Conclusion: If this degree of persistent efficacy translates to human subjects, AAVrh. 10anti-hIgE could be an effective 1-time preventative therapy for peanut allergy and possibly other severe, IgE-mediated allergies.

Mechanical weathering creates sediment that is transported via wind, water, and ice.

In mathematics, subadditivity is a property of a function that states, roughly, that evaluating the function for the sum of two elements of the domain always returns something less than or equal to the sum of the function 's values at each element.

If the rocks on one or both sides of a fracture move, the fracture is called a fault ( Figure below ). Faults can occur alone or in clusters. A cluster of faults creates a fault zone . Earthquakes happen when rocks break and move suddenly. The energy released causes an earthquake.

In mathematics, the rank of an elliptic curve is the rational Mordell–Weil rank of an elliptic curve E { \displaystyle E } defined over the field of rational numbers.

Media literacy encompasses the practices that allow people to access, critically evaluate, and create or manipulate media.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic disease among children. To characterize the disease, a modified classification of severity (m-ARIA) has recently been validated in AR children. When medical treatment fails, surgery for nasal obstructive disorders (NOD) may be a therapeutic option. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of NOD and their influence in medical treatment response among children with persistent AR (PER). Methods: In a prospective, real-life study, 130 paediatric PER patients (13.1 +/- 2.8years, females 31.5%, severe rhinitis 49%) referred from Allergy to ENT department were assessed for their response (R, responders; NR, non-responders) to medical treatment (intranasal steroids and antihistamines or antileukotrienes) by direct questioning and nasal symptom visual analogue scale, the presence of NOD (septal deformity, turbinate enlargement and adenoidal hyperplasia), comorbidities, nasal symptoms, rhinitis severity (modified ARIA criterion) and asthma control (International Consensus On Pediatric Asthma criterion). Results: After 2months of treatment, the NR group presented a higher prevalence of obstructive septal deformity and severe inferior turbinate enlargement when compared with the R group. Higher septal deformity and turbinate enlargement scores were strongly associated with treatment refractoriness. The prevalence of severe PER was also higher for the NR group. Higher asthma control scores were associated with the probability of treatment-induced improvement. Conclusions: In paediatric PER patients, medical therapy refractoriness was associated with NOD, mainly septal deformity and turbinate enlargement. In those patients, ENT examination will facilitate an early NOD diagnosis in order to indicate potential corrective surgery.

camouflage can be used for hunting for prey

Living chordates are mainly vertebrates. In vertebrates, the notochord develops into a backbone, or vertebral column, after the embryonic stage. A small percentage of chordates are invertebrates. Their notochord never develops into a backbone. Invertebrate chordates include tunicates and lancelets. Both groups of animals are small and relatively primitive. They are probably similar to the earliest chordates that evolved more than 500 million years ago.

Integration of CCHP systems into large buildings provides considerable advantages, as far as the economy, energy consumption and environment related issues are concerned. In this paper, the integration of a hybrid CCHP system into a commercial building is studied. The hybrid CCHP system consists of a renewable and a non-renewable CHP component, photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) panels and internal combustion engine (ICE). Three objective functions are considered based on cost saving, energy saving and emission reduction goals where are determined as annual operating cost ratio (AOCR), primary energy saving ratio (PESR) and carbon emission reduction ratio (CERR). Considering each objective function, the GA optimization is applied in three different approaches as a single objective optimization problem to find the best size of the system components. Then, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is one of the most Used Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) procedures, the most profitable answer is determined from the three answers achieved in the optimization process. The results showed a good performance of the system. In PESR optimization, which is selected as the best system size, values of 32.96%, 17.25% and 14.79% was achieved for AOCR, PESR and CERR, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Objective: Thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity is a common complication in the late stage of ankylosing spondylitis. The aim of this study was to compare the correction efficacy for ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis using preoperative osteotomy designs of papercut (PC)/splice and Photoshop (PS). Methods: This was a retrospective study of 35 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity that underwent correction osteotomy at the Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University between May 2009 and November 2014. The preoperative osteotomy design using PC/splice was applied in 17 patients and preoperative osteotomy design using PS was applied in 18 patients. The patients were followed-up for 18-30 months. The postoperative osteotomy angle error and correction efficacy at the last follow-up were compared between the two groups. Results: There were significant differences in the errors between postoperative actual and preoperative planned osteotomy angle of the PS group and PC/splice group (P < 0.01). The spinal sagittal global kyphosis and sagittal vertical axis in the PS group were 29.3 +/- 11.1 degrees and 3.1 +/- 1.6 cm, respectively, while those in the PC/splice group were 38.9 +/- 13.1 degrees and 5.7 +/- 2.1 cm, respectively (P < 0.01). The Oswestry Disability index and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22 questionnaire score in the PS group were significantly higher to those in the PC/splice group (P<0.05). PS was independently associated with improvements in SRS-22 scores (OR=63.0; 95% CI: 1.73-2298.19; P=0.02). Conclusion: Compared with osteotomy design using traditional PC/splice, osteotomy design using the PS software could achieve a smaller osteotomy angle error and a better postoperative spinal balance in the sagittal plane.

Modal identification based on ambient vibration data has attracted extensive attention in the past few decades. Since the excitation for ambient vibration tests is mainly from the environmental effects such as wind and traffic loading and no artificial excitation is applied, the signal to noise (s/n) ratio of the data acquired plays an important role in mode identifiability. Under ambient vibration conditions, certain modes may not be identifiable due to a low s/n ratio. This paper presents a study on the mode identifiability of an instrumented cable-stayed bridge with the use of acceleration response data measured by a long-term structural health monitoring system. A recently developed fast Bayesian FFT method is utilized to perform output-only modal identification. In addition to identifying the most probable values (MPVs) of modal parameters, the associated posterior uncertainties can be obtained by this method. Likewise, the power spectral density of modal force can be identified, and thus it is possible to obtain the modal s/n ratio. This provides an efficient way to investigate the mode identifiability. Three groups of data are utilized in this study: the first one is 10 data sets including six collected under normal wind conditions and four collected during typhoons; the second one is three data sets with wind speeds of about 7.5 m/s; and the third one is some blind data. The first two groups of data are used to perform ambient modal identification and help to estimate a critical value of the s/n ratio above which the deficient mode is identifiable, while the third group of data is used to perform verification. A couple of fundamental modes are identified, including the ones in the vertical and transverse directions respectively and coupled in both directions. The uncertainty and s/n ratio of the deficient mode are investigated and discussed. A critical value of the modal s/n ratio is suggested to evaluate the mode identifiability of the deficient mode. The work presented in this paper could provide a base for the vibration-based condition assessment in future.

Competition may lead to aggressive behaviors or displays of aggression.

TORCS (The Open Racing Car Simulator) is an open-source 3D car racing simulator available for Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, AmigaOS 4, AROS, MorphOS and Microsoft Windows.

Air pollution is caused by the build-up of harmful gases and particles in the air.

Increased angiogenesis in BCR-ABL1 negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has been recognized, but its connection with clinical and molecular markers needs to be defined. The aims of study were to (1) assess bone marrow (BM) angiogenesis measured by microvessel density (MVD) using CD34 and CD105 antibodies; (2) analyze correlation of MVD with plasma angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and interleukin-8; (3) examine the association of MVD with clinicopathological and molecular markers. We examined 90 de novo MPN patients (30 polycythemia vera (PV), primary myelofibrosis (PMF), essential thrombocythemia (ET)) and 10 age-matched controls. MVD was analyzed by immunohistochemistry "hot spot" method, angiogenic factors by immunoassay and JAK2V617F, and CALR mutations by DNA sequencing and allelic PCR. MVD was significantly increased in MPNs compared to controls (PMF >PV >ET). Correlation between MVD and plasma angiogenic factors was found in MPNs. MVD was significantly increased in patients with JAK2V617F mutation and correlated with JAK2 mutant allele burden (CD34-MVD: rho = 0.491, p < 0.001; CD105-MVD: rho = 0.276, p = 0.02) but not with CALR mutation. MVD correlated with leukocyte count, serum lactate dehydrogenase, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. BM fibrosis was significantly associated with CD34-MVD, CD105-MVD, interleukin-8, and JAK2 mutant allele burden. JAK2 homozygote status had positive predictive value (100%) for BM fibrosis. Patients with prefibrotic PMF had significantly higher MVD than patients with ET, and we could recommend MVD to be additional histopathological marker to distinguish these two entities. This study also highlights the strong correlation of MVD with plasma angiogenic factors, JAK2 mutant allele burden, and BM fibrosis in MPNs.

In telecommunication, a recovery procedure is a process that attempts to bring a system back to a normal operating state.

In many low-to-mid power applications, critical mode boost power factor corrector converters are widely used because of its low switching loss and simple control. However, near the zero crossing of the input line voltage, an input current distortion and a low power factor are caused by delayed switching period and negative input currents. Generally, an additional on-time method according to the input voltage is used to compensate the input current distortion. However, a detailed quantitative analysis for the exact additional on time has not been studied till now. In this paper, the explicit form of the optimized additional on time has been obtained using a quantitative analysis and the advantage of the digital control. From a state trajectory and "net input charge" analysis, it is shown that the optimized on time should be related to not only the input voltage, but also the output power. Also, in order to improve the efficiency in a high input and light load condition, circulating currents are reduced in the inevitable dead angle with a gate turning-off technique. By using digital control, the optimized additional on time and the gate turn-off technique have been implemented with the 90-230 V-rms input and 380 V/200 W output prototype.

Although Small Hydropower Projects (SHPs) are encouraged as sources of clean and green energy, there is a paucity of research examining their socio-ecological impacts. We assessed the perceived socio-ecological impacts of 4 SHPs within the Western Ghats in India by conducting semi-structured interviews with local respondents. Primary interview data were sequentially validated with secondary data, and respondent perceptions were subsequently compared against the expected baseline of assured impacts. We evaluated the level of awareness about SHPs, their perceived socio-economic impacts, influence on resource access and impacts on human-elephant interactions. The general level of awareness about SHPs was low, and assurances of local electricity and employment generation remained largely unfulfilled. Additionally most respondents faced numerous unanticipated adverse impacts. We found a strong relationship between SHP construction and increasing levels of human-elephant conflict. Based on the disparity between assured and actual social impacts, we suggest that policies regarding SHPs be suitably revised.

Force is defined as a push or pull acting on an object. There are several fundamental forces in the universe, including the force of gravity, electromagnetic force, and weak and strong nuclear forces. When it comes to the motion of everyday objects, however, the forces of interest include mainly gravity, friction, and applied force. Applied force is force that a person or thing applies to an object.

Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.

Background: Several Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs) have been proposed to facilitate assessments in mental health. These tests are built in a standard way, disregarding useful and usually available information not included in the assessment scales that could increase the precision and utility of CATs, such as the history of suicide attempts. Methods: Using the items of a previously developed scale for suicidal risk, we compared the performance of a standard CAT and a decision tree in a support decision system to identify suicidal behavior. We included the history of past suicide attempts as a class for the separation of patients in the decision tree. Results: The decision tree needed an average of four items to achieve a similar accuracy than a standard CAT with nine items. The accuracy of the decision tree, obtained after 25 cross-validations, was 81.4%. A shortened test adapted for the separation of suicidal and non-suicidal patients was developed. Conclusion: CATs can be very useful tools for the assessment of suicidal risk. However, standard CATs do not use all the information that is available. A decision tree can improve the precision of the assessment since they are constructed using a priori information. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Introduction All living things on earth are formed mostly of carbon compounds. The prevalence of carbon compounds in living things has led to the epithet “carbon-based” life. The truth is we know of no other kind of life. Early chemists regarded substances isolated from organisms (plants and animals) as a different type of matter that could not be synthesized artificially, and these substances were thus known as organic compounds. The widespread belief called vitalism held that organic compounds were formed by a vital force present only in living organisms. The German chemist Friedrich Wohler was one of the early chemists to refute this aspect of vitalism, when, in 1828, he reported the synthesis of urea, a component of many body fluids, from nonliving materials. Since then, it has been recognized that organic molecules obey the same natural laws as inorganic substances, and the category of organic compounds has evolved to include both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Some carbon-containing compounds are not classified as organic, for example, carbonates and cyanides, and simple oxides, such as CO and CO2. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. Today, organic compounds are key components of plastics, soaps, perfumes, sweeteners, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, and many other substances that we use every day. The value to us of organic compounds ensures that organic chemistry is an important discipline within the general field of chemistry. In this chapter, we discuss why the element carbon gives rise to a vast number and variety of compounds, how those compounds are classified, and the role of organic compounds in representative biological and industrial settings.

Conduction As you walk barefoot across the living room carpet in a cold house and then step onto the kitchen tile floor, your feet feel colder on the tile. This result is intriguing, since the carpet and tile floor are both at the same temperature. The different sensation is explained by the different rates of heat transfer: The heat loss is faster for skin in contact with the tiles than with the carpet, so the sensation of cold is more intense.

Specialized cells may be organized into tissues. A tissue is a group of cells of the same kind that performs the same function. For example, muscle cells are organized into muscle tissue. The function of muscle tissue is to contract in order to move the body or its parts.

One major problem of solar cells is the decrease in efficiency due to an increase in temperature when operating under constant irradiation of solar energy. The combination of solar cell and a thermoelectric generator is one of the methods proposed to solve this problem. In this paper, the performance of thermo-photovoltaic system is studied experimentally as well as through numerical simulation. In the experimental part, design, manufacture and test of a novel thermo-photovoltaic system assembly are presented. Results of the assembled system showed that with reduction of one degree (Centigrade) in the temperature of solar cell under investigation, and about 0.2% increase in the efficiency will be obtained in comparison with given efficiency at that specified temperature. The solar cell in a hybrid-assembled system under two cooling conditions (air cooling and water cooling) obtained an efficiency of 8% and 9.5%, respectively, while the efficiency of a single cell under the same radiation condition was 6%. In numerical simulation part, photo-thermoelectric performance of system was analyzed. Two methods for evaluation of thermoelectric performance were used: average properties and finite element method. Results of simulation also demonstrate an increase in solar cell efficiency in the combined system in comparison with that of the single cell configuration.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a technique that resolves chromosome-sized DNA molecules in an agarose gel. As well as DNA mapping and karyotyping applications, PFGE techniques are well adapted to follow DNA rearrangements over time in a quantitative manner. Because of the very large sizes of the DNA molecules analyzed, DNA preparation, electrophoresis, and Southern blotting processes present unique challenges in PFGE experiments. In this chapter, we describe a robust PFGE protocol covering the preparation of intact Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomal DNA, specific running conditions for the resolution of small, medium-and large-sized chromosomes and their by-products, and basic Southern blotting and hybridization instructions for the analysis of these molecules.

Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants. This type of reproduction occurs when new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores. The formation of new plants out of rhizomes or stolons is an example of vegetative reproductive, such as in the strawberry plant. Other plants use this type of reproduction to reproduce through bulbs or tubers, or shoots and suckers that form along lateral roots. See the Plant Biology concepts for additional information.

We introduce a versatile carrier system for in vitro and in vivo immune stimulation based on soft matter DNA nanoparticles (NPs). The incorporation of lipid-modified nucleotides into DNA strands enables the formation of micelles of uniform size. In a single self-assembly step, the micelles can be equipped with immune adjuvant (CpG) motifs and fluorescent probes. The immunological effects of CpG confined at the NP surface were studied in a comprehensive manner in animal experiments. Dose-dependent activation of spleen dendritic cells (DCs) by CpG-conjugated NP was observed, which was accompanied by the pronounced up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecule and cytokine production. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interest, in finance and economics, is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate.

A novel generalized pattern search (GPS)-based cellular automata (GPS-CA) model was developed to simulate urban land-use change in a GIS environment. The model is built on a fitness function that computes the difference between the observed results produced from remote-sensing images and the simulated results produced by a general CA model. GPS optimization incorporating genetic algorithms (GAs) searches for the minimum difference, i.e. the smallest accumulated residuals, in fitting the CA transition rules. The CA coefficients captured by the GPS method have clear physical meanings that are closely associated with the dynamic mechanisms of land-use change. The GPS-CA model was applied to simulate urban land-use change in Kunshan City in the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to 2015. The results show that the GPS method had a smaller root mean squared error (0.2821) than a logistic regression (LR) method (0.5256) in fitting the CA transition rules. The GPS-CA model thus outperformed the LR-CA model, with an overall accuracy improvement of 4.7%. As a result, the GPS-CA model should be a superior tool for modeling land-use change as well as predicting future scenarios in response to different conditions to support the sustainable urban development.

Secondary emission in physics is a phenomenon where primary incident particles of sufficient energy, when hitting a surface or passing through some material, induce the emission of secondary particles.

Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level.

In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy a pair of traveling particles must have when they collide.

In order to reduce the time complexity of situation element acquisition and to cope with the low detection accuracy of small class samples caused by imbalanced class distribution of attack samples in wireless sensor networks, a situation element extraction mechanism based on deep auto-encoder network is proposed. In this mechanism, the deep auto-encoder network is introduced as basic classifier to identify data type. In hierarchical training of the auto-encoder, a training method based on cross-entropy loss function and back-propagation algorithm is proposed to overcome the problem of weights updating too slow by the traditional variance cost function, and the momentum factors are added to improve the convergence performance. Meanwhile, in the stage of fine-tuning and classification of the deep network, an active online sampling algorithm is proposed to select the sample online for updating the network weights, so as to eliminate redundancy of the total samples, balance the amounts of all sample types, and improve the classification accuracy of small sample. Through the simulation and analysis of the instance data, the scheme has a good accuracy of situation factors extraction.

Nanostructured cobalt oxide (Co3O4) has been regarded to be of great interest for catalysis, gas sensors, and energy conversion/storage. In this paper, we reported a water vapor-assisted thermal oxidation approach for the scalable synthesis of free-standing Co3O4 nanowires with controlled size, crystallization, and spatial density. Thermodynamic calculation was carried out to understand the fundamental mechanism of the water vapor-assisted nanowire formation process. For the first time, we found the incorporation of water vapor in the growth system modified the nanowires formation pathway. Cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)(2)) was recognized to take a critical intermediate role during the growth. The proposed mechanism was further verified by understanding the influence of various growth parameters on the thermal oxidation process and product morphology. It was observed that the feeding rate of water vapor and type of oxygen source have a critical influence on the spatial density of Co3O4 nanowires while the temperature shows a dominant effect on the product morphology. Finally, the representative Co3O4 products were characterized for their composition, optical and magnetic properties. This study accumulates deeper understanding on the fundamentals of water vapor-assisted thermal growth of metal oxide nanostructures and successfully provides a facile approach for the scale production of Co3O4 nanowires for future applications. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Many fungi get organic compounds from living organisms. They have close relationships with other species. A close relationship between two species is called a symbiotic relationship. Two symbiotic relationships in fungi are mycorrhiza and lichen. These relationships are beneficial for both species.

Day by day network and internet applications is becoming very popular. Sensitive information requires security and safety measures. Security is the most challenging aspect in the internet and network applications. Encryption algorithm provides the necessary protection against the data intruders' attacks by converting information from its normal form into an unreadable form. The majority of current web authentication is built on username/password. And the password replacement offers more security, but it is very much difficult to use and expensive to deploy. Security of data can be done by a technique called cryptography. So everybody say that cryptography is a developing technology, which is important for network security. Cryptography in the past was used in keeping military information secure to protect the national security. However, the use was limited. At present, the range of cryptography applications have been expanded a lot in the modern area after the development of communication means; cryptography is essentially required to ensure that data are protected against penetrations and to prevent the practice of spying. Cryptography is a developing technology, which is important for network security. Study on cryptography is still in its developing stages and a considerable research effort is still required for secured communication. This paper talks about the state of the art for a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that are used in networking applications.

Background: Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encounter many difficulties finding and accessing health care services. Despite this, few studies have considered the health service use patterns of adults with ASD without intellectual disability (ID). Objectives: The current study examines a diverse range of medical and mental health services and supports, as well as adults' personal experiences accessing and using these services, barriers to service use, and reported unmet service needs. Methods: Forty adults (ages 18-61 years) with ASD without ID completed surveys every two months about their health service use for a total of 12-18 months. Bivariate analyses were conducted to understand the individual demographic and clinical factors associated with rate of service use, satisfaction with services, and barriers to health care. Results: Results indicated that, beyond a family doctor, the most commonly used services were dentistry, individual counseling, and psychiatry. Individuals who had medical problems experienced significantly more barriers to service use than those who did not, and those who had medical and mental health problems were less satisfied with services. Conclusions: Findings highlight the challenges adults with ASD without ID face accessing appropriate, quality services to meet their needs, particularly those with complex medical and mental health issues. Service providers must strive to provide adequate health care to this population who may become distressed if their needs are left unmet. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Among the minorities underserved by today's healthcare system, the lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) population may be the least studied, and the least understood by healthcare providers. High-quality evidence is often lacking regarding optimal preventive care measures, both in medical areas that (to date) fail to identify differences in need between LGB and heterosexual patients, and in those more prevalent in or more specific (or both) to sexual minorities. Issues of substance abuse, sexual health and sexually transmitted diseases, obesity and other eating disorders, cardiovascular prevention, cancer prevention and screening, depression and other psychological disorders, social isolation and personal and intimate partner violence are all as or more important to address in LGB patients as they are in the general American population. Although many barriers to the delivery of quality healthcare to these patients exist, support from governmental, professional and private organizations can assist both patients and providers in overcoming these barriers.

A method to characterize small antennas in their actual operating conditions is presented. The proposed procedure is based on the radar cross section (RCS) measurement technique using backscattering modulation. A theoretical description of the measurement setup based on the signal flow graph representation is presented. The experimental validation includes the measurement of one and two port antennas, as well as the measurement of a small integrated antenna. Results show how the effect of the environment on the antenna impedance can be adequately measured with the proposed system.

Background: There is considerable evidence that outcome expectations may predict psychotherapy outcomes. However, little is known about the long-term outcome expectations following the end of the treatment.Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate patients' long-term outcome expectations after trauma-focused post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) psychotherapy in a single group effectiveness study.Methods: Twenty participants with various traumatic experiences who completed the Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (BEPP) and all the assessments were included into the study. Self-report measures were used to evaluate the therapeutic outcomes: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 6-month follow-up. Subjective Units of Distress Scale was used to measure long-term outcome expectations at post-treatment, asking participants to measure the expected distress in 6 months following the treatment. Assessments at 6-month follow-up were used to estimate the accuracy of patients' expectations of their distress at previous post-treatment assessment.Results: Significant decline of PTSD symptoms at post-treatment with large effect sizes was observed. At post-treatment assessment participants expected significant improvement of their condition in 6 months after the treatment. However, therapeutic effects remained stable at the 6-month follow-up.Conclusion: It is concluded that the PTSD patients, even after successful trauma-focused treatment, tend to expect further significant positive changes. However, therapeutic effects were stable half a year after the psychotherapy, and patients tend to have false expectations about further improvement of their condition.

Purpose: The contribution of intestinal bacterial strains (gut microbiota) in human metabolism and obesity is being increasingly recognized. The goal of this article was to provide a commentary on the clinical usefulness of these data. Methods: We performed a review of the currently available articles on PubMed. Findings: Because most of the data are based on germ-free animal research, translation to human disease may be difficult. However, changes in the intestinal bacterial composition and subsequent altered diversity have been associated with the presence of chronic low-grade inflammation, a known feature of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Implications: It is still not proven whether intestinal bacteria play a causal role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Intervention studies including fecal transplantation and supplementation of single bacterial strains in humans might provide more insight. Moreover, prospective cohorts of healthy subjects using fecal samples collected at baseline can help to identify causally involved specific intestinal bacterial strains that drive aberrant human metabolism. Ultimately, it would be a great asset if potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets could be derived from this novel player in human cardiometabolism. (C) 2015 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.

This paper presents a novel two-step method for automated design of self-stabilization. The first step enables the specification of legitimate states and an intuitive (but imprecise) specification of the desired functional behaviors in the set of legitimate states (hence the term "shadow"). After creating the shadow specifications, we systematically introduce the main variables and the topology of the desired self-stabilizing system. Subsequently, we devise a parallel and complete backtracking search towards finding a self-stabilizing solution that implements a precise version of the shadow behaviors, and guarantees recovery to legitimate states from any state. To the best of our knowledge, the shadow/puppet synthesis is the first sound and complete method that exploits parallelism and randomization along with the expansion of the state space towards generating self-stabilizing systems that cannot be synthesized with existing methods. We have validated the proposed method by creating both a sequential and a parallel implementation in the context of a software tool, called Protocon. Moreover, we have used Protocon to automatically design three new self-stabilizing protocols that we conjecture to require the minimal number of states per process to achieve stabilization (when processes are deterministic): 2-state maximal matching on bidirectional rings, 5-state token passing on unidirectional rings, and 3-state token passing on bidirectional chains.

This paper presents a voltage mode first order all pass filter using one differential difference current conveyor (DDCC) as active element and resistor and capacitor one each as passive elements. The proposed circuit realizes first-order all-pass functions without any component matching constraints. Hence phase shifted signal over whole range of 180(0) to -180(0) may be obtained simultaneously. A new sinusoidal oscillator circuit is designed with the DDCC based all pass filter. The proposed circuit performance is tested using PSPICE software simulation with the 0.5 mu m MIETEC CMOS model parameters. Non-ideal analysis is also performed

Attention biases to sleep-related stimuli are held to play a key role in the development and maintenance of insomnia, but such biases have only been shown with controlled visual displays. This study investigated whether observers with insomnia symptoms allocate attention to sleep-related items in natural scenes, by recording eye movements during free-viewing of bedrooms. Participants with insomnia symptoms and normal sleepers were matched in their visual exploration of these scenes, and there was no evidence that the attention of those with insomnia symptoms was captured more quickly by sleep related stimuli than that of normal sleepers. However, the insomnia group fixated bed regions on more trials and, once fixated on a bed, also remained there for longer. These findings indicate that sleep stimuli are particularly effective in retaining visual attention in complex natural scenes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The fatigue strength of a high V alloyed powder metallurgy tool steel with two different inclusion size levels, tempered at different temperatures, was investigated by a series of high cycle fatigue tests. It was shown that brittle inclusions with large sizes above 30 mu m prompted the occurrence of subsurface crack initiation and the reduction in fatigue strength. The fracture toughness and the stress amplitude both exerted a significant influence on the fish-eye size. A larger fish-eye area would form in the sample with a higher fracture toughness subjected to a lower stress amplitude. The stress intensity factor of the inclusion was found to lie above a typical value of the threshold stress intensity factor of 4 MPa.m(1/2). The fracture toughness of the sample with a hardness above HRC 56 could be estimated by the mean value of the stress intensity factor of the fish-eye. According to fractographic evaluation, the critical inclusion size can be calculated by linear fracture mechanics.

Thermonuclear fusion is the process of atoms combining or “ fusing ” together with huge amounts of heat.

Muscles can only contract. They can’t actively lengthen. Therefore, to move bones back and forth at a joint, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. For example, the bicep and triceps muscles of the upper arm work as a pair. You can see how this pair of muscles works in Figure below . When the bicep muscle contracts, it bends the arm at the elbow. When the triceps muscle contracts, it straightens the arm.

Chikungunya virus is a growing human pathogen transmitted by mosquito bite. It causes fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, headache, and swelling in the joints. Its replication and propagation depend on the protease activity of the Chikungunya virus-nsP2 protein, which cleaves the nsP1234 polyprotein replication complex into individual functional units. The N-terminal segment of papain is structurally identical with the Chikungunya virus-nsP2 protease. Hence, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to compare molecular mechanism of these proteases. The Chikungunya virus-snP2 protease shows more conformational changes and adopts an alternate conformation. However, N-terminal segment of these two proteases has identical active site scaffold with the conserved catalytic diad. Hence, some of the non-peptide inhibitors of papain were used for induced fit docking at the active site of the nsP2 to assess the binding mode. In addition, the peptides that connect different domains/protein in Chikungunya virus poly-protein were also subjected for docking. The overall results suggest that the active site scaffold is the same in both the proteases and a possibility exists to experimentally assess the efficacy of some of the papain inhibitors to inhibit the Chikungunya virus-nsP2.

Credibility comprises the objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message.

In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a stable model category is a pointed model category in which the suspension functor is an equivalence of the homotopy category with itself.

Uncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics based on normality, monotonicity, self-duality, countable subadditivity, and product measure axioms.Mathematical measures of the likelihood of an event being true include probability theory, capacity, fuzzy logic, possibility, and credibility, as well as uncertainty.

Structured-light (SL) depth sensors are widely used because of their simplicity in design and ability to process depth data with minimal computational expense. Certain SL light coding methods can, however, lead to a loss of information, as well as inhomogeneous depth errors that depend on the composition and properties of the scene. This results in a reduction of potential accuracy for model-based pose estimation methods that operate on the depth images or subsequently transformed three-dimensional point clouds, such as the popular class of point set registration (PSR) methods. We therefore formulate an asymptotically optimal maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method that operates directly on the raw SL infrared (IR) images. The proposed SLIR-MLE method maximizes the likelihood of the measured IR image over the pose region given the object model, sensor model, and calibrated speckle and thermal noise distributions. We also formulate a method to compute the Fisher information contained in the IR image and resulting Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of any unbiased pose estimator for unique SL sensor measurement data. SLIR-MLE is shown to nearly achieve the calculated CRB for the Kinect sensor by operating on the more informative raw IR images. Furthermore, our method is shown to outperform two cutting edge PSR methods by an order of magnitude in the respective mean square errors.

In mathematics, the p-adic number system for any prime number p extends the ordinary arithmetic of the rational numbers in a different way from the extension of the rational number system to the real and complex number systems.

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) catalyses the transglycosylation of xyloglucan, the major hemicellulose polymer, which has been thought to mediate the cross-linkining of cellulose microfibrils in cellular walls and proposed to be involved in the control of cell wall relaxation. To understand the relationship between longan fruit growth and XET gene expression patterns, three XET genes from fruit were identified and then their expression profiles in pericarp and aril tissues of fruit at different development stages were investigated. Three full-length cDNAs of 1077, 1093 and I IS I bp encoding XETs, named DIXET1, DIXET2 and DIXET3, respectively, were isolated from expanding fruit using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) methods. Northern blotting analysis showed that three DIXET mRNAs exhibited different patterns during fruit growth and development. Accumulation of MET] kept changeable during the fruit growth and development, DI-XET2 mRNA accumulations in the pericarp, and in the aril increased gradually following fruit growth during the whole fruit developmental stage. In addition, DIXET3 did not accumulate in the pericarp during the whole fruit development stage, but it could be detected in the aril of fruit during the rapid aril growth stage (63-74 DAA). These results indicated that DIXET2 was associated with growth of pericarp and aril in longan fruit, while DIXET1 was related to pericarp growth and DIXET3 was primarily responsible for aril growth. To further characterize the expressions of three XETs regulated by plant growth substances, alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) were used to treat longan fruit at 21 DAA and 56 DAA when pericarp, and aril grew rapidly respectively, it was found that treatment at 21 DAA, only TDZ increased the accumulation of DIXET2 mRNA at 12 h after treatment. However, both NAA and TDZ increased the accumulation of DIXET3 after 36 h treatment, although DIXET-3 did not accumulate in the whole fruit. While, treatment at 56 DAA, both NAA and TDZ increased the accumulations of DIXETs in aril except DIXET3 in aril by NAA treatment. In addition. the expression patterns of the three XETs showed different tissue specificity. These results suggested that XET genes played a different role in longan fruit growth and showed different response to plant growth substances which existed difference at different growth stage. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

When melted or dissolved in water, the crystal lattice is destroyed and the ions move freely.

Data Management comprises all disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource.

In geometry, a cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides, with three meeting at each vertex.

High tibial osteotomy is an orthopaedic surgical procedure which aims to correct a varus deformation with compartmental osteoarthritis.

Large 3D model repositories of common objects are now ubiquitous and are increasingly being used in computer graphics and computer vision for both analysis and synthesis tasks. However, images of objects in the real world have a richness of appearance that these repositories do not capture, largely because most existing 3D models are untextured. In this work we develop an automated pipeline capable of transporting texture information from images of real objects to 3D models of similar objects. This is a challenging problem, as an object's texture as seen in a photograph is distorted by many factors, including pose, geometry, and illumination. These geometric and photometric distortions must be undone in order to transfer the pure underlying texture to a new object - the 3D model. Instead of using problematic dense correspondences, we factorize the problem into the reconstruction of a set of base textures (materials) and an illumination model for the object in the image. By exploiting the geometry of the similar 3D model, we reconstruct certain reliable texture regions and correct for the illumination, from which a full texture map can be recovered and applied to the model. Our method allows for large-scale unsupervised production of richly textured 3D models directly from image data, providing high quality virtual objects for 3D scene design or photo editing applications, as well as a wealth of data for training machine learning algorithms for various inference tasks in graphics and vision.

Evolution occurs in a population when allele frequencies change over time. What causes allele frequencies to change? That question was answered by Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908.

In mathematics and computer science, a recursive definition, or inductive definition, is used to define the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set (Aczel 1977:740ff).

In the philosophy of language and linguistics, speech act is something expressed by an individual that not only presents information but performs an action as well.

Objectives: Olanzapine is a well established treatment for schizophrenia. The olanzapine pamoate depot (long-acting injectable) formulation improves compliance and clinical trials have shown it to be effective. However, there are no previously published reports evaluating olanzapine depot in violent patients with schizophrenia in the community. We evaluated the clinical efficacy of olanzapine depot, its effect on violence, hospitalization and incarceration in community patients with schizophrenia and prior history of serious violence. Methods: This was a retrospective service evaluation in a community forensic psychiatry service where patients had schizophrenia spectrum disorder and a significant history of violence. Treatment resistance, substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder were common. Nine deidentified patient records were audited for 12 months pre and 12 months post olanzapine depot initiation to identify any clinical changes, breaches of (legislated) psychiatric treatment orders, hospital admission days, days incarcerated and emergency presentations. Results: Community forensic psychiatric patients treated with olanzapine depot showed an improvement in psychotic symptoms (p = 0.008) with overall decreases in violence, supported by reductions in hospitalization days (p = 0.018) and days incarcerated (p = 0.043). Several patients had reduced psychiatric treatment order breaches and emergency presentations. Conclusions: Community forensic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia responded to olanzapine depot with decreased violence and reduced hostility. A depot antipsychotic medication that reduces violence and improves engagement has significant implications for greater effective community management of forensic patients with schizophrenia.

We have developed a calibration target for use with fluid-immersed endoscopes within the context of the GIFT-Surg (Guided Instrumentation for Fetal Therapy and Surgery) project. One of the aims of this project is to engineer novel, real-time image processing methods for intra-operative use in the treatment of congenital birth defects, such as spina bifida and the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. The developed target allows for the sterility-preserving optical distortion calibration of endoscopes within a few minutes. Good optical distortion calibration and compensation are important for mitigating undesirable effects like radial distortions, which not only hamper accurate imaging using existing endoscopic technology during fetal surgery, but also make acquired images less suitable for potentially very useful image computing applications, like real-time mosaicing. In this paper proposes a novel fabrication method to create an affordable, sterilizable calibration target suitable for use in a clinical setup. This method involves etching a calibration pattern by laser cutting a sandblasted stainless steel sheet. This target was validated using the camera calibration module provided by OpenCV, a state-of-the-art software library popular in the computer vision community.

Scientists may publish articles about their research in peer-reviewed science journals. Peer review means that the work is analyzed by peers, in other words, by other scientists. The articles are published only if the other scientists are convinced that the research is accurate and honest.

A response spectrum is a plot of the peak or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) of a series of oscillators of varying natural frequency, that are forced into motion by the same base vibration or shock.

Purpose - This paper is one of seven in this volume that aims to elaborate different approaches to quality improvement in education. It delineates a methodology called Lean for Education. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents the origins, theoretical foundations, core concepts and a case study demonstrating an application in US education, specifically dealing with the problem of improving technology supports and services for instructional purposes in a school district system. Findings - An approach borrowed from manufacturing, Lean is aimed at creating and delivering the greatest value to the clients or "customers" in education systems while consuming the fewest resources and eliminating waste. Simultaneously, the method engages the organization in continuous problem solving, learning and making quality improvements with Plan-Do-Check-Act cycles. The core concepts that organize the Lean for Education approach are: continuous improvement and respect for people (Emiliani, 2005). Originality/value - Few theoretical treatments and demonstration cases are currently available on commonly used models of quality improvement in other fields that might have potential value in improving education systems internationally, such as large grade kindergarten-to-12 education systems in the USA. This paper fills this gap by elucidating one promising approach. The paper also derives value as it permits a comparison of the Lean for Education method with other quality improvement approaches treated in this volume.

In mathematics, a topological semigroup is a semigroup that is simultaneously a topological space, and whose semigroup operation is continuous.Every topological group is a topological semigroup.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) undergoes replication independently via latent and lytic pathways. Latent replication is mediated by latent-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), the sole viral trans element for genome maintenance and replication. According to previous studies, LANA tethers the KSHV genome to the host chromosome during latency and interacts with host factors to ensure proper latent replication. Studies using Southern blot experiments have revealed consistently that vector constructs containing the viral terminal repeat (TR) region as a cis element in latent replication are replicated in the presence of LANA. However, Southern blotting is a time-intensive, complicated technique that requires multiple reagents. In addition, it has a limited ability to detect slight changes in replication efficiency under different conditions owing to its relatively low sensitivity. In the current study, a real-time polymerase chain reaction method was developed for detecting transient KSHV replication and was found to be capable of further identifying several factors that affect latent replication. This technique should provide a useful tool for the detection of KSHV latent replication under various conditions, including overexpression of viral or cellular factors and chemical stimulation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

International standards are technical standards developed by international organizations (intergovernmental organizations), such as Codex Alimentarius in food, the World Health Organization Guidelines in health, or ITU Recommendations in ICT and being publicly funded, are freely available for consideration and use worldwide.

In the mathematical fields of graph theory and combinatorics, a matching polynomial (sometimes called an acyclic polynomial) is a generating function of the numbers of matchings of various sizes in a graph.

Oily wastewater needs to be effectively treated to minimize the hazardousness to the environment. Flotation is an excellent pre-treatment technology for low-content oily wastewater with small oil droplets. The separation process of flotation is very complicated and involves the theories of thermodynamics, kinetics and hydrodynamics. Despite the numerous theoretical, numerical simulation and experimental investigations, the mechanism of flotation remains far from been fully understood. This paper uses the CFD-PBM numerical simulation method to research the dynamic separation characteristics of oil droplets including the oil droplet diameter distribution, the Sauter-Mean diameter, and the oil-water separation efficiency under different circulating flow rates (Corresponding to different turbulent kinetic energy) both from micro and macro scale. The results showed that the oil droplet diameter distribution is consistently changing during the separation process because of coalescence and breakup of oil droplets. The improvement of turbulent kinetic energies or turbulence intensity can effectively promote the collision efficiency of oil droplets and accelerate the oil-water separation process. While the turbulent kinetic energies or turbulence intensity is too strong, the strong shear stress of the fluid will promote the breakage of oil droplets and result in the decrease of oil-water separation efficiency. When the circulating flow rate is about 0.75 m(3)/h, the collision and coalescence efficiency of oil droplets is strong enough and the shear stress of the fluid is relatively weaker, and the oil-water separation efficiency reached the highest of 75%. The numerical simulation results are verified by the experimental results and it shows that the simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results both from micro scale and macro scale, which indicates that the numerical simulation method of CFD-PBM are stable and reliable. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Relative dating determines which of two fossils is older or younger than the other, but not their age in years. Relative dating is based on the positions of fossils in rock layers. Lower layers were laid down earlier, so they are assumed to contain older fossils. This is illustrated in Figure below .

Copper-64 was produced in large scales and high specific activities in late 1990s' using compact cyclotrons based by Ni-64(p,n)Cu-64 reaction and many radiopharmaceuticals developed since then by various groups based on interesting physicochemical and nuclear properties of the radionuclide. The unique emission of beta particles as well as positron particles offers a spectacular real therapeutic/diagnostic ("Theranostic") radionuclide in nuclear medicine. Although the development of copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals continued with a slower rate in 2010s' due to availability of Ga-68-tracers, however recent advances in application of therapeutic doses of Cu-64 has emerged a new trend in the radiopharmaceutical development based on coppe-64. In this review, recent advances in the copper-64 theranostic radiopharmaceuticals including introduction of new chelating groups with enhanced stability as well as radiolabelling conditions as well as application of simple (CuCl2)-Cu-64 radiopharmaceutical as areal theranostic agent in human subjects are summarized. A proposed strategy for development of peptide based copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals with high and low dose therapeutic applications has been suggested.

The formation of the primary shell is a vital process in marine bivalves. Ocean acidification largely influences shell formation. It has been reported that enzymes involved in phenol oxidation, such as tyrosinase and phenoloxidases, participate in the formation of the periostracum. In the present study, we cloned a tyrosinase gene from Crassostrea angulata named Ca-tyrA1, and its potential function in early larval shell biogenesis was investigated. The Ca-tyrA1 gene has a full-length cDNA of 2430 bp in size, with an open reading frame of 1896 bp in size, which encodes a 631-amino acid protein that includes a 24-amino acid putative signal peptide. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that Ca-tyrA1 transcription mainly occurs at the trochophore stage, and the Ca-tyrA1 mRNA levels in the 3000 ppm treatment group were significantly upregulated in the early D-veliger larvae. WMISH and electron scanning microscopy analyses showed that the expression of Ca-tyrA1 occurs at the gastrula stage, thereby sustaining the early D-veliger larvae, and the shape of its signal is saddle-like, similar to that observed under an electron scanning microscope. Furthermore, the RNA interference has shown that the treatment group has a higher deformity rate than that of the control, thereby indicating that Ca-tyrA1 participates in the biogenesis of the primary shell. In conclusion, and our results indicate that Ca-tyrA1 plays a vital role in the formation of the larval shell and participates in the response to larval shell damages in Crassostrea angulata that were induced by ocean acidification. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Successful regeneration of the cranium in patients suffering from cranial bone defects is an integral step to restore craniofacial function. However, restoration of craniofacial structure has been challenging due to its complex geometry, limited donor site availability, and poor graft integration. To address these problems, we investigated the use of a thiol-acrylate hydrogel as a cell carrier to facilitate cranial regeneration. Thiol-acrylate hydrogels were formulated with 5-15 wt% poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate (PEGDA) and 1-9mmdithiothreitol (DTT). The degradation rate, swelling ratio, and shear modulus of the resulting hydrogel were first characterized. Then, pre-osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3E1) were encapsulated in the hydrogel and cultured for up to 21 d. Our results demonstrate that compared to samples formulated from 15 wt% PEGDA, 5 wt% PEGDA samples showed lower storage modulus at day 10 (0.7 kPa versus 8.3 kPa), 62.7% higher in weight change after soaking for 10 d. While the 5 wt% PEGDA group showed an 85% weight loss between day 10 and 21, the 15 wt% PEGDA group showed a 5% weight gain in the same time period. Cell viability with 15 wt% PEGDA and 5 mm DTT hydrogel decreased by 41.3% compared to 5 wt% PEGDA and 5mM DTT gel at day 7. However, histological analysis of cells after 21 d in culture revealed that they had pericellular mineral deposition indicating that the cells were differentiating into osteoblasts lineage in all experimental groups. This study shows that thiol-acrylate hydrogels can be tailored to achieve different degradation rates, in order to enhance cell viability and differentiation. Thus, the findings of this study provide a fundamental understanding for the application of thiol-acrylate hydrogels in cranial bone regeneration.

Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the opinions of educators about the occurrence of injuries in children of different ages during organized and non-organized physical activities in kindergarten. Methods. Our sample included 322 teachers from 53 kindergartens in Slovenia. We calculated the frequencies and performed a chi-square test. Results. Most of the children have organized physical activity in kindergarten 1 to 2 times per week; for children in the first age group, it usually lasts for 20 minutes or less; for children in the second age group, it lasts for 20 to 30 minutes. Most physical activities take place in the playroom, where the majority of injuries also occur. Injuries most frequently occur when running and jumping and less frequently during other physical activities. During free play, children are often injured in the outer court between 9 and 12 a. m. Boys are more often injured than girls. Educators indicate unforeseen situations as the most common cause of injury. The most common injuries are bumps on the head, especially in younger children, who stay at home for a few days as a result of these injuries. Parents of younger children are not as satisfied with the actions of educators when injuries occur as parents of older preschool children. Educators rehabilitate the children's injuries themselves and inform parents about it. Only one third of the educators make a record of injuries, and half of them only when a serious injury has occurred. Conclusions. The analysis results showed statistically significant differences between children of different ages according to the cause of injury, time of injury, the place where the child was injured during organized physical activity, type of activity at the time of injury, injured part of the body, and parental satisfaction with the action of the educator. Based on the results, we proposed some actions to reduce injuries in preschool children in kindergarten.

In mathematics, in the area of numerical analysis, Galerkin methods, named after the Russian mathematician Boris Galerkin, convert a continuous operator problem, such as a differential equation, commonly in a weak formulation, to a discrete problem by applying linear constraints determined by finite sets of basis functions.

Mitosis , or division of the nucleus, occurs only in eukaryotic cells. By the time mitosis occurs, the cell’s DNA has already replicated. Mitosis occurs in four phases, called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. You can see what happens in each phase in Figure below . The phases are described below. You can also learn more about the phases of mitosis by watching this video: https://www. youtube. com/watch?v=gwcwSZIfKlM .