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QRQA-10287-4-flip
If Mona is comparing the erosion rates of two rocks and she notices that granite is softer then marble, which rock will water erode slower?
{ "text": [ "granite", "marble" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock.
QRSent-10287
{ "effect_prop": "water erodes", "cause_dir_str": "softer", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "softer rock" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "erode slower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "erosion rate", "less_cause_dir": "erosion rate" }
QRQA-10220-1-flip
Darrel puts two bowling balls together, then puts two tennis balls together. The tennis balls have friction that is
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Heavier objects press together with greater force, and this causes greater friction between them.
QRSent-10220
{ "effect_prop": "force", "cause_dir_str": "heavier", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "friction", "less_effect_prop": "friction", "less_cause_dir": "friction" }
QRQA-10169-3
Marie likes to take long, hot showers every day. The availability of the water she uses daily will _____ as demand increases.
{ "text": [ "become less available", "become more available" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The availability of water is projected to get worse as demand increases.
QRSent-10169
{ "effect_prop": "water", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "worse", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "demand" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more available", "less_effect_dir": "less available", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10154-3
Terry sees a cold day outside. He is _____ likely to produce body heat on this day.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
For example, on a cold day, an endotherm may produce more body heat by increasing its rate of metabolism.
QRSent-10154
{ "effect_prop": "endotherm may produce body heat", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "cold day" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more likely to produce", "less_effect_dir": "less likely to produce", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "body heat", "less_effect_prop": "body heat", "less_cause_dir": "body heat" }
QRQA-10364-5
Tina is putting on a sweater. As she stretches out the material, its elastic force
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The farther the material is stretched or compressed, the greater the elastic force becomes.
QRSent-10364
{ "effect_prop": "the elastic force becomes", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "farther the material is stretched" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_cause_dir": "elastic force" }
QRQA-10373-5-flip
As water cools in a kitchen it evaporates
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The higher the temperature of the liquid, the faster it will evaporate.
QRSent-10373
{ "effect_prop": "evaporation", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "temperature", "more_effect_prop": "evaporation", "less_effect_prop": "evaporation", "less_cause_dir": "evaporation" }
QRQA-10139-1-flip
If Jim is tuning his shortwave radio and he makes the crests lower, what happens to the amplitude of the waves?
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The higher the crests are, the greater the amplitude of the wave.
QRSent-10139
{ "effect_prop": "amplitude of the wave", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "higher the crests" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "crest", "more_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_cause_dir": "amplitude" }
QRQA-10223-3
A chemist compared two substances in the lab. Which substance will have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions?
{ "text": [ "the substance with the higher pH", "the substance with the lower pH" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The lower the pH value is, the greater is the concentration of hydrogen ions and the stronger the acid.
QRSent-10223
{ "effect_prop": "concentration of hydrogen ions", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pH value" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher concentration", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "pH", "more_effect_prop": "hydrogen ions", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10067-4-flip
The Earth's gravitation for is weaker when _____ the sun.
{ "text": [ "closer to", "further from" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
This is because the gravitational force of attraction between the Earth and Sun is stronger when the Earth is closer to the Sun.
QRSent-10067
{ "effect_prop": "distance", "cause_dir_str": "stronger", "effect_dir_str": "closer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "gravitation force" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "further", "less_effect_dir": "closer", "less_cause_prop": "gravitation", "more_effect_prop": "from the sun", "less_effect_prop": "to the sun", "less_cause_dir": "to the sun" }
QRQA-10364-4-flip
What happens to the amount of elastic force contained in Jim's rubber band if he decompresses it?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The farther the material is stretched or compressed, the greater the elastic force becomes.
QRSent-10364
{ "effect_prop": "elastic force", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "compressed" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "rubber band", "more_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_cause_dir": "elastic force" }
QRQA-10212-5
If Mona is comparing two organisms and she notices that one has a very hard shell and one has a very soft shell, which one will turn into a fossil easier?
{ "text": [ "soft shell", "hard shell" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Hard shells fossilize more readily than soft bodied organisms, as they are better at resisting decay, take significantly longer to break down, and have a greater chance of surviving burial under layers of sediment.
QRSent-10212
{ "effect_prop": "fossilize more readily", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "more readily", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Hard shells" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "easier", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "shell", "more_effect_prop": "turn into fossil", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10212-1
Compared to a jellyfish which is mostly water, would a clam with its hard shell be
{ "text": [ "more likely to become a fossil", "less likely to become a fossil?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Hard shells fossilize more readily than soft bodied organisms, as they are better at resisting decay, take significantly longer to break down, and have a greater chance of surviving burial under layers of sediment.
QRSent-10212
{ "effect_prop": "likelihood of being preserved as a fossil", "cause_dir_str": "hard", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "hard shelled organisms" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more likely to become a fossil", "less_effect_dir": "less likely to become a fossil", "less_cause_prop": "jellyfish", "more_effect_prop": "clam", "less_effect_prop": "clam", "less_cause_dir": "clam" }
QRQA-10188-3-flip
Don is listening to music at very low decibel levels. His neighbors know that the sound waves have an intensity that is
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity and sounds are louder.
QRSent-10188
{ "effect_prop": "intensity", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "decibel levels" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "decibel levels", "more_effect_prop": "intensity", "less_effect_prop": "intensity", "less_cause_dir": "intensity" }
QRQA-10364-3-flip
John was playing with the rubber band in the science lab when he noticed something. The more the band was relaxed, the elastic force became
{ "text": [ "Higher", "Lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The farther the material is stretched or compressed, the greater the elastic force becomes.
QRSent-10364
{ "effect_prop": "elastic force", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "stretched" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "band", "more_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_cause_dir": "elastic force" }
QRQA-10244-2-flip
If there is only a little resistance in a wire the current at the end of the wire will be
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As the total resistance increases, the current strength decreases.
QRSent-10244
{ "effect_prop": "current", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "resistance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "resistance", "more_effect_prop": "current at the end of the wire", "less_effect_prop": "current at the end of the wire", "less_cause_dir": "current at the end of the wire" }
QRQA-10191-2-flip
When someone is put into a larger room how much space do they have to move?
{ "text": [ "Less", "More" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When a gas is squeezed into a smaller volume, the particles have less space to move.
QRSent-10191
{ "effect_prop": "space to move", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "volume" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "space", "less_effect_prop": "space", "less_cause_dir": "space" }
QRQA-10188-3
Don is listening to music at very high decibel levels. His neighbors know that the sound waves have an intensity that is
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As decibel levels get higher, sound waves have greater intensity and sounds are louder.
QRSent-10188
{ "effect_prop": "intensity", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "decibel levels" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "intensity", "less_effect_prop": "intensity", "less_cause_dir": "intensity" }
QRQA-10250-1-flip
When deciding where to find water, Shane decides to seek the desert, because the drier climate means that the odds of finding water are
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Drier climates generally have less water for people to use.
QRSent-10250
{ "effect_prop": "water", "cause_dir_str": "drier", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "dry" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "odds of finding water", "less_effect_prop": "odds of finding water", "less_cause_dir": "odds of finding water" }
QRQA-10020-3
When particles are very far apart what happens to diffusion?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
This means the rate of diffusion is much slower in liquids than in gases, because the particles of a gas are further apart and collide much less.
QRSent-10020
{ "effect_prop": "diffusion", "cause_dir_str": "further apart", "effect_dir_str": "slower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Closer", "less_effect_dir": "Farther", "less_cause_prop": "Diffusion", "more_effect_prop": "Together", "less_effect_prop": "Apart", "less_cause_dir": "Apart" }
QRQA-10167-4
john was working on a piece of wood. he found out that when the threads are closer together, the amount of force needed is
{ "text": [ "More", "Less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Therefore, if the threads on a screw are closer together, you need to apply less force to penetrate the wood or other object.
QRSent-10167
{ "effect_prop": "force", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "together", "more_effect_prop": "force", "less_effect_prop": "force", "less_cause_dir": "force" }
QRQA-10293-2-flip
As planets get closer to the sun the sun's gravity on them becomes
{ "text": [ "stronger", "weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Even though the Sun is much larger than the Moon, the pull of the Suns gravity is much less because the Sun is much farther away.
QRSent-10293
{ "effect_prop": "gravity", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "the sun", "more_effect_prop": "sun's gravity on planets", "less_effect_prop": "sun's gravity on planets", "less_cause_dir": "sun's gravity on planets" }
QRQA-10220-3
Mike weighs 90 pounds and Tom weighs 200 pounds. Who likely experiences greater friction on the Earth?
{ "text": [ "Mike", "Tom" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Heavier objects press together with greater force, and this causes greater friction between them.
QRSent-10220
{ "effect_prop": "friction", "cause_dir_str": "heavier", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heavier objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "Mike", "more_effect_prop": "friction", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10054-3-flip
The shallower that we dig under ground to find fossils the _____ they will be
{ "text": [ "newer", "older" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Older layers are deeper in the Earth, younger layers are closer to the surface.
QRSent-10054
{ "effect_prop": "age", "cause_dir_str": "deeper", "effect_dir_str": "older", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "depth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "older", "less_effect_dir": "newer", "less_cause_prop": "ground", "more_effect_prop": "fossils", "less_effect_prop": "fossils", "less_cause_dir": "fossils" }
QRQA-10243-5-flip
Reid lives in a city with 5000 people. Eric lives in a city with 50000 people that is roughly the same size geographically. Whose city needs less resources?
{ "text": [ "Eric", "Reid" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
More people need more resources.
QRSent-10243
{ "effect_prop": "resource need", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "people" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "people", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "resources", "less_cause_dir": "resources" }
QRQA-10020-5-flip
Eric noticed that diffusion was occurring quickly in a medium. This medium has particles that are
{ "text": [ "closer together", "further apart" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
This means the rate of diffusion is much slower in liquids than in gases, because the particles of a gas are further apart and collide much less.
QRSent-10020
{ "effect_prop": "rate of diffusion in gas", "cause_dir_str": "further apart", "effect_dir_str": "slower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "further apart gas particles" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "quickly", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "particles", "more_effect_prop": "rate of diffusion", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10219-5-flip
If your blood pressure goes down what happens to the oxygen levels in the body?
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
This causes the delivery of less oxygen to the cells, and this stimulates the heart rate via adrenalin, so that pulse rate increases in an effort to deliver enough oxygen to cells.
QRSent-10219
{ "effect_prop": "oxygen", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pulse rate" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "blood pressure", "more_effect_prop": "oxygen levels", "less_effect_prop": "oxygen levels", "less_cause_dir": "oxygen levels" }
QRQA-10397-1-flip
If Mary is performing an experiment and she decreases the frequency of her electromagnetic wave, what happens to the energy it produces?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the greater its energy.
QRSent-10397
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequency of an electromagnetic wave" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "frequency of her electromagnetic wave", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10044-1-flip
If Jim is listening to music and he decreases the energy to the speakers, what happens to the loudness of the sound coming out of the speakers?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Amplified sound waves have more energy, which increases the intensity and loudness of the sounds, so they are easier to hear.
QRSent-10044
{ "effect_prop": "loudness of the sounds", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "energy", "more_effect_prop": "loudness of the sound", "less_effect_prop": "loudness of the sound", "less_cause_dir": "loudness of the sound" }
QRQA-10185-3
John was looking at statistics for births in the large city. He saw that as the population grew, the growth rate
{ "text": [ "decreased", "increased" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In exponential growth as the population size increases, the growth rate also increases.
QRSent-10185
{ "effect_prop": "growth", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "population" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increased", "less_effect_dir": "decreased", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "growth", "less_effect_prop": "growth", "less_cause_dir": "growth" }
QRQA-10273-1-flip
As Dean was surveying the town, he noted that the fewer kids that the neighbors had, the population of the town went
{ "text": [ "down", "up" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
With exponential growth, the population starts out growing slowly. As population size increases, the growth rate also increases.
QRSent-10273
{ "effect_prop": "growth rate", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "population size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "fewer", "less_cause_prop": "population", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "kids", "less_cause_dir": "kids" }
QRQA-10029-5
Eric adds more glaciers to his ocean model. The sea level likely
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
An increase in glaciers lowers sea level and a decrease in glaciers raises sea level.
QRSent-10029
{ "effect_prop": "sea level", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "lowers", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "glaciers" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "sea level", "less_effect_prop": "sea level", "less_cause_dir": "sea level" }
QRQA-10292-3-flip
Terry has a strong base, some bleach, and a weak base, some water. Which likely contains fewer hydroxide ions?
{ "text": [ "bleach", "water" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
A stronger base produces more hydroxide ions than a weaker base.
QRSent-10292
{ "effect_prop": "hydroxide ion content", "cause_dir_str": "stronger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "strength of the base" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "fewer", "less_cause_prop": "base", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "hydroxide ions", "less_cause_dir": "hydroxide ions" }
QRQA-10044-3-flip
Dampeners are used to _____ energy which makes music softer.
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Amplified sound waves have more energy, which increases the intensity and loudness of the sounds, so they are easier to hear.
QRSent-10044
{ "effect_prop": "sounds", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "softer", "less_cause_prop": "energy", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "music", "less_cause_dir": "music" }
QRQA-10325-3
If Mona is studying the weather and Earth's climate and she notices that more heat energy is entering the atmosphere, what can she surmise about the upcoming changes in weather?
{ "text": [ "more extreme", "less extreme" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Adding more heat energy to Earths atmosphere also causes more extreme weather and changes in precipitation patterns.
QRSent-10325
{ "effect_prop": "extreme weather", "cause_dir_str": "more heat", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heat energy to Earths atmosphere" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "extreme", "less_effect_prop": "extreme", "less_cause_dir": "extreme" }
QRQA-10291-5-flip
When you keep removing positive items from an atom what happens to the electromagnetic force?
{ "text": [ "Increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As more protons are added to the nucleus, the electromagnetic force of repulsion between them gets stronger, while the strong nuclear force of attraction between them gets weaker.
QRSent-10291
{ "effect_prop": "electromagnetic force", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "protons" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "atom", "more_effect_prop": "electromagnetic force", "less_effect_prop": "electromagnetic force", "less_cause_dir": "electromagnetic force" }
QRQA-10267-3-flip
If one tree has smaller leaves then the other, which one will lose the most water vapour?
{ "text": [ "tree with smaller leaves", "tree with bigger leaves" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Leaves can have the following adaptations to reduce transpiration rate: Small or narrow leaves to reduce the surface area over which water vapour is lost
QRSent-10267
{ "effect_prop": "water vapour is lost", "cause_dir_str": "small or narrow", "effect_dir_str": "lost", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "leaves" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Bigger", "less_effect_dir": "Smaller", "less_cause_prop": "Loss", "more_effect_prop": "Leaves", "less_effect_prop": "Leaves", "less_cause_dir": "Leaves" }
QRQA-10169-2-flip
Milo lives in a small city, but the city has recently begun to experience an influx of people moving to it. As people move there and demand for water decreases, what happens to the availability of water in Milo's city?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The availability of water is projected to get worse as demand increases.
QRSent-10169
{ "effect_prop": "availability of water", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "worse", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "demand" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "demand", "more_effect_prop": "availability", "less_effect_prop": "availability", "less_cause_dir": "availability" }
QRQA-10292-5
Something that has a lot of hydroxide is a _____ base
{ "text": [ "weaker", "stronger" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
A stronger base produces more hydroxide ions than a weaker base.
QRSent-10292
{ "effect_prop": "base", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "hydroxide" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "base", "less_effect_prop": "base", "less_cause_dir": "base" }
QRQA-10397-2
Theresa created an electromagnetic wave with frequency 10000 megahertz. Eric created a frequency of 20000 megahertz. Whose frequency has greater energy?
{ "text": [ "Theresa", "Eric" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the greater its energy.
QRSent-10397
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequency of an electromagnetic wave" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "wave", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10273-3
Exponential growth of a population of animals means it
{ "text": [ "increases", "diminishes" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
With exponential growth, the population starts out growing slowly. As population size increases, the growth rate also increases.
QRSent-10273
{ "effect_prop": "growth rate", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "exponential growth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "growth rate", "less_effect_prop": "growth rate", "less_cause_dir": "growth rate" }
QRQA-10236-4-flip
An inefficient system will have _____ wasted energy than a highly efficient one.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The greater the wasted output energy, the less efficient the system.
QRSent-10236
{ "effect_prop": "efficiency", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "wasted output energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "highly efficient", "less_effect_dir": "inefficient", "less_cause_prop": "wasted energy", "more_effect_prop": "system", "less_effect_prop": "system", "less_cause_dir": "system" }
QRQA-10311-5
Kathy slid into the water and went 30 feet deep before returning to the surface. At which point would it be more difficult to see because of the darkness of the water?
{ "text": [ "the surface", "30 feet deep" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The deeper you go, the darker the water gets.
QRSent-10311
{ "effect_prop": "darkness", "cause_dir_str": "deeper", "effect_dir_str": "darker", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "depth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "30 feet deep", "less_effect_dir": "surface", "less_cause_prop": "water", "more_effect_prop": "difficult to see because of the darkness", "less_effect_prop": "difficult to see because of the darkness", "less_cause_dir": "difficult to see because of the darkness" }
QRQA-10006-4
Dana had her cancer found in a very early stage. It is likely _____ to treat than if it had been detected later.
{ "text": [ "easier", "harder" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The sooner cancer is detected the easier it is to treat.
QRSent-10006
{ "effect_prop": "easier it is to treat", "cause_dir_str": "sooner", "effect_dir_str": "easier", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "sooner cancer is detected" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "harder", "less_effect_dir": "easier", "less_cause_prop": "stage", "more_effect_prop": "treat", "less_effect_prop": "treat", "less_cause_dir": "treat" }
QRQA-10054-4-flip
Jean is looking at a rock face that shows the layers of the Earth. Jean notes that the rocks towards the top of the exposed cliff have an age that is
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Older layers are deeper in the Earth, younger layers are closer to the surface.
QRSent-10054
{ "effect_prop": "deep", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "deeper", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "age" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "towards the top", "less_cause_prop": "age of rocks", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "vertical location of rocks", "less_cause_dir": "vertical location of rocks" }
QRQA-10168-5
John was observing the objects in the physics lab. He found that the more force is applied to an object, the acceleration will be
{ "text": [ "More", "Less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The greater the force that is applied to an object of a given mass, the more the object will accelerate.
QRSent-10168
{ "effect_prop": "acceleration", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "force" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "acceleration", "less_effect_prop": "acceleration", "less_cause_dir": "acceleration" }
QRQA-10308-2
Will created an electromagnet with a circuit breaker. If he increases the current, the electromagnet will become
{ "text": [ "stronger", "weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
If the current passing through the circuit breaker increases, the electromagnet becomes stronger.
QRSent-10308
{ "effect_prop": "stronger electromagnet", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "current passing through the circuit breaker" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "electromagnet", "less_effect_prop": "electromagnet", "less_cause_dir": "electromagnet" }
QRQA-10167-3
If Mona is putting together a new crib and she wants to have an easier time screwing the pieces together, what should she look for in a screw?
{ "text": [ "closer threads", "farther threads" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Therefore, if the threads on a screw are closer together, you need to apply less force to penetrate the wood or other object.
QRSent-10167
{ "effect_prop": "force to penetrate the wood", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "threads on a screw are closer" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "easier", "less_cause_prop": "screw threads", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "screwing together", "less_cause_dir": "screwing together" }
QRQA-10379-2-flip
When we put two magnets away from each other they become
{ "text": [ "less attracted", "more attracted" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The smaller the distance between the objects, the greater the force of magnetic attraction.
QRSent-10379
{ "effect_prop": "attraction", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "attracted", "less_effect_prop": "attracted", "less_cause_dir": "attracted" }
QRQA-10137-4
As we get away from the heart what happens to the artery size
{ "text": [ "grow", "shrink" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Further away from the heart, the aorta branches into smaller arteries, which eventually branch into capillaries.
QRSent-10137
{ "effect_prop": "size", "cause_dir_str": "further away", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "grow", "less_effect_dir": "shrink", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "artery size", "less_effect_prop": "artery size", "less_cause_dir": "artery size" }
QRQA-10191-3-flip
Will pumped 10 grams of gas into a 10 gallon container. Riley pumped 10 grams of gas into a 200 gallon container. In whose container will the gas have less space to move?
{ "text": [ "Will's", "Riley's" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
When a gas is squeezed into a smaller volume, the particles have less space to move.
QRSent-10191
{ "effect_prop": "particle space to move", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "smaller volume squeezed gas" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "gas", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "space to move", "less_cause_dir": "space to move" }
QRQA-10397-4
If an electromagnetic wave has a lower frequency than another wave, it will have _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the greater its energy.
QRSent-10397
{ "effect_prop": "its energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequency of an electromagnetic wave" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "frequency", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10114-5-flip
If Ben wants to see a close star, he should use a telescope with a
{ "text": [ "smaller lens.", "larger lens" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The larger a telescope's mirror or lens, the better it is at seeing narrowly separated objects as individual objects and the sharper the images look.
QRSent-10114
{ "effect_prop": "vision", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "better", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "lens" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "close", "less_cause_prop": "lens", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "star", "less_cause_dir": "star" }
QRQA-10168-2
Kyle kicked a ball across the field. If he kicked it harder it will accelerate
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The greater the force that is applied to an object of a given mass, the more the object will accelerate.
QRSent-10168
{ "effect_prop": "object will accelerate", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "force applied to object" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "accelerate", "less_effect_prop": "accelerate", "less_cause_dir": "accelerate" }
QRQA-10011-1
Compared to a parallel circuit with two resistors in parallel, would a parallel circuit with 20 resistors in parallel have a
{ "text": [ "lower resistance", "higher resistance?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In a parallel circuit, the resistance decreases as more resistors are added in parallel.
QRSent-10011
{ "effect_prop": "the resistance of the parallel circuit", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "number of resistors added in parallel in a circuit" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "resistors", "more_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_cause_dir": "resistance" }
QRQA-10347-2
Bob moves a table across the floor. After, he moves a smaller chair. Which piece of furniture had more friction?
{ "text": [ "chair", "table." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Heavier objects also have more friction because they press together with greater force.
QRSent-10347
{ "effect_prop": "friction", "cause_dir_str": "heavier", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "object" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "chair", "more_effect_prop": "friction", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10226-3-flip
If Mona is driving her car and she begins to slow acceleration, what happens to the car's kinetic energy?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Anything that is moving has kinetic energy, and the faster it is moving, the more kinetic energy it has.
QRSent-10226
{ "effect_prop": "kinetic energy it has", "cause_dir_str": "faster", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "faster it is moving" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "acceleration", "more_effect_prop": "kinetic energy", "less_effect_prop": "kinetic energy", "less_cause_dir": "kinetic energy" }
QRQA-10236-3
Terry's system wastes 50% of its energy, while Rick's system wastes 75%. The more efficient system is
{ "text": [ "Terry's", "Rick's" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The greater the wasted output energy, the less efficient the system.
QRSent-10236
{ "effect_prop": "efficient the system", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "wasted output energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more efficient", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "energy", "more_effect_prop": "system", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10154-1
If Jim is an endotherm and he increases his rate of metabolism, his body heat will
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
For example, on a cold day, an endotherm may produce more body heat by increasing its rate of metabolism.
QRSent-10154
{ "effect_prop": "body heat", "cause_dir_str": "increasing", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "rate of metabolism" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "body heat", "less_effect_prop": "body heat", "less_cause_dir": "body heat" }
QRQA-10325-4-flip
John was watching the weather simulator and found an intriguing observation. The less heat that was in the atmosphere caused changed in precipitation patterns that were
{ "text": [ "Greater", "Lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Adding more heat energy to Earths atmosphere also causes more extreme weather and changes in precipitation patterns.
QRSent-10325
{ "effect_prop": "precipitation", "cause_dir_str": "more heat", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heat" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "heat", "more_effect_prop": "precipitation", "less_effect_prop": "precipitation", "less_cause_dir": "precipitation" }
QRQA-10052-1
Derek is diving into the ocean. The pressure at the surface will be light, and the pressure the deeper he goes will be
{ "text": [ "stronger", "weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Pressure: Pressure increases with depth, but increased pressure raises the melting temperature, so melting of rock is less likely to occur at higher pressures.
QRSent-10052
{ "effect_prop": "pressure", "cause_dir_str": "with", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "depth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "pressure", "less_effect_prop": "pressure", "less_cause_dir": "pressure" }
QRQA-10199-4
If Jimbo takes a sander to his board and makes it smoother, what will happen to the friction of the board?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The smoother the surface, the less friction against an object, so the faster it will move.
QRSent-10199
{ "effect_prop": "friction against an object", "cause_dir_str": "smoother", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "smoother the surface" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "friction", "less_effect_prop": "friction", "less_cause_dir": "friction" }
QRQA-10236-5-flip
If a system gives off a minimum of heat then it is
{ "text": [ "effective", "wasted" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The greater the wasted output energy, the less efficient the system.
QRSent-10236
{ "effect_prop": "efficient system", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "wasted energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "heat", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10185-5
Milo lives in a small city, but the city has recently become more popular with young people. If more young people begin moving the city, what happens to the growth rate of the city?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In exponential growth as the population size increases, the growth rate also increases.
QRSent-10185
{ "effect_prop": "growth rate", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "population size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "growth rate", "less_effect_prop": "growth rate", "less_cause_dir": "growth rate" }
QRQA-10114-4-flip
When are using a telescope we know that the smaller the mirror is means that there is a
{ "text": [ "greater resolution", "lower resolution" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The larger a telescope's mirror or lens, the better it is at seeing narrowly separated objects as individual objects and the sharper the images look.
QRSent-10114
{ "effect_prop": "resolution", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "better", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "lens size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "mirror", "more_effect_prop": "resolution", "less_effect_prop": "resolution", "less_cause_dir": "resolution" }
QRQA-10167-2-flip
Will has two screws of the same length. One has 20 threads; the other has 200 threads. The screw with _____ threads likely needs more force to penetrate wood.
{ "text": [ "20", "200" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Therefore, if the threads on a screw are closer together, you need to apply less force to penetrate the wood or other object.
QRSent-10167
{ "effect_prop": "force to penetrate wood", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "threads closer together" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "threads", "more_effect_prop": "force to penetrate wood", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10045-4
If something is very light and it is blown by the wind what happens?
{ "text": [ "diffuses", "stays put" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The mass of the particles: lighter particles will diffuse faster, because on average they move faster.
QRSent-10045
{ "effect_prop": "diffusion", "cause_dir_str": "lighter", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "diffuses", "less_effect_dir": "stays put", "less_cause_prop": "something", "more_effect_prop": "something", "less_effect_prop": "something", "less_cause_dir": "something" }
QRQA-10006-5
When we are able to catch illness early we are able to cure it
{ "text": [ "easier", "harder" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The sooner cancer is detected the easier it is to treat.
QRSent-10006
{ "effect_prop": "chance of survival", "cause_dir_str": "sooner", "effect_dir_str": "easier", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "time" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "easier", "less_effect_dir": "harder", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "survival", "less_effect_prop": "survival", "less_cause_dir": "survival" }
QRQA-10070-1
When Mike went hiking, he saw that the weather got colder when he was on the mountain going
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In the troposphere, temperatures decrease as altitude increases.
QRSent-10070
{ "effect_prop": "altitude", "cause_dir_str": "decrease", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temprature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "the weather", "more_effect_prop": "on the mountain", "less_effect_prop": "on the mountain", "less_cause_dir": "on the mountain" }
QRQA-10129-2
Leo notices a large amount of stored glucose in his cell. Ray notices zero stored glucose in his cell. Whose cell likely underwent more photosynthesis?
{ "text": [ "Leo", "Ray" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As photosynthesis increases, the amount of stored glucose in the guard cells increases.
QRSent-10129
{ "effect_prop": "stored glucose in the guard cells", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "photosynthesis" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "large amount", "less_effect_dir": "zero", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "stored glucose", "less_effect_prop": "stored glucose", "less_cause_dir": "stored glucose" }
QRQA-10292-4
If Milo is mixing chemicals together into a solution and he increases the strength of the base, what happens to the amount of hydroxide ions?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
A stronger base produces more hydroxide ions than a weaker base.
QRSent-10292
{ "effect_prop": "more hydroxide ions", "cause_dir_str": "stronger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "stronger base" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "hydroxide ions", "less_effect_prop": "hydroxide ions", "less_cause_dir": "hydroxide ions" }
QRQA-10011-4
Sean is working on a parallel circuit, and he wants the resistance to be low. In order to achieve this, Sean will, with the resistors
{ "text": [ "increase them", "decrease them" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In a parallel circuit, the resistance decreases as more resistors are added in parallel.
QRSent-10011
{ "effect_prop": "resistors are added in parallel", "cause_dir_str": "decreases", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resistance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "resistance", "more_effect_prop": "parallel circuit resistors", "less_effect_prop": "parallel circuit resistors", "less_cause_dir": "parallel circuit resistors" }
QRQA-10154-2-flip
We sweat when it is warm because it allows us to produce
{ "text": [ "more heat", "less heat" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
For example, on a cold day, an endotherm may produce more body heat by increasing its rate of metabolism.
QRSent-10154
{ "effect_prop": "body heat", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "heat", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10020-4-flip
If a gas' particles were to become much farther apart, the rate of diffusion would go
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
This means the rate of diffusion is much slower in liquids than in gases, because the particles of a gas are further apart and collide much less.
QRSent-10020
{ "effect_prop": "faster rate of diffusion", "cause_dir_str": "further apart", "effect_dir_str": "slower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance between particles of a gas" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "rate of diffusion", "less_effect_prop": "rate of diffusion", "less_cause_dir": "rate of diffusion" }
QRQA-10243-4
When there are a lot of people in one area they need
{ "text": [ "many resources", "low resources" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
More people need more resources.
QRSent-10243
{ "effect_prop": "resources", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "people" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "many", "less_effect_dir": "low", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "resources", "less_effect_prop": "resources", "less_cause_dir": "resources" }
QRQA-10154-3-flip
Terry sees a hot day outside. He is _____ likely to produce body heat on this day.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
For example, on a cold day, an endotherm may produce more body heat by increasing its rate of metabolism.
QRSent-10154
{ "effect_prop": "endotherm may produce body heat", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "cold day" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more likely to produce", "less_effect_dir": "less likely to produce", "less_cause_prop": "day", "more_effect_prop": "body heat", "less_effect_prop": "body heat", "less_cause_dir": "body heat" }
QRQA-10223-2
If something has a pH value of 1 it would be
{ "text": [ "acidic", "basic" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The lower the pH value is, the greater is the concentration of hydrogen ions and the stronger the acid.
QRSent-10223
{ "effect_prop": "acidic", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pH value" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "acidic", "less_effect_dir": "basic", "less_cause_prop": "pH value", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10191-3
Will pumped 10 grams of gas into a 10 gallon container. Riley pumped 10 grams of gas into a 200 gallon container. In whose container will the gas have more space to move?
{ "text": [ "Will's", "Riley's" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When a gas is squeezed into a smaller volume, the particles have less space to move.
QRSent-10191
{ "effect_prop": "particle space to move", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "smaller volume squeezed gas" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "gas", "more_effect_prop": "space to move", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10167-3-flip
If Mona is putting together a new crib and she wants to have a harder time screwing the pieces together, what should she look for in a screw?
{ "text": [ "closer threads", "farther threads" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Therefore, if the threads on a screw are closer together, you need to apply less force to penetrate the wood or other object.
QRSent-10167
{ "effect_prop": "force to penetrate the wood", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "threads on a screw are closer" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "harder", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "screw threads", "more_effect_prop": "screwing together", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10373-1
If Jim is heating water in a beaker and he increases the temperature, what will happen to the rate of evaporation?
{ "text": [ "it will decrease", "it will increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The higher the temperature of the liquid, the faster it will evaporate.
QRSent-10373
{ "effect_prop": "rate of evaporation", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "liquid temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "rate of evaporation", "less_effect_prop": "rate of evaporation", "less_cause_dir": "rate of evaporation" }
QRQA-10049-4
Karen is studying friction in school. She wonders, of her two twin friends Sara and Samantha, which is causing more friction with the floor. They have on different shoes. Sara is wearing smooth soled tap shoes, while Samantha is wearing much rougher soled work boots. Assuming their weight is the same and all other factors are constant, _____ is creating more friction with the ground.
{ "text": [ "Sara", "Samantha" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Friction is greater when objects have rougher surfaces or are heavier so they press together with greater force.
QRSent-10049
{ "effect_prop": "friction", "cause_dir_str": "rougher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "rougher surfaces" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "tap shoes", "more_effect_prop": "friction with the ground", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10314-4
What are the energy levels that are in a very tall wave?
{ "text": [ "high", "low" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Waves with greater amplitudes or shorter wavelengths have more energy.
QRSent-10314
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "amplitude" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "high", "less_effect_dir": "low", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10220-3-flip
Mike weighs 90 pounds and Tom weighs 200 pounds. Who likely experiences less friction on the Earth?
{ "text": [ "Mike", "Tom" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Heavier objects press together with greater force, and this causes greater friction between them.
QRSent-10220
{ "effect_prop": "friction", "cause_dir_str": "heavier", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heavier objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "Mike", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "friction", "less_cause_dir": "friction" }
QRQA-10350-3
Carmen is in class mixing solutions of reactants. The first solution has a very high concentration of reactants, while the second solutions concentration of reactants is lower. The reaction rate will be higher in the
{ "text": [ "first solution", "second solution" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
When the concentration of reactants is higher, the reaction rate is faster.
QRSent-10350
{ "effect_prop": "reaction rate", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "concentration of reactants" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "concentration of reactants", "more_effect_prop": "reaction rate", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10071-2-flip
Will had a high frequency photon he was examining. He compared it to Tina's low frequency photon. The photon with less energy was
{ "text": [ "Will's", "Tina's" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The higher the frequency is, the more energy a photon has.
QRSent-10071
{ "effect_prop": "energy a photon has", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequency a photon has" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "frequency", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10324-3-flip
If Mona is looking at objects in her microscope and she decreases the magnification, what happens to her ability to see small objects through it?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
What this means is that at higher magnification, we are able to see objects of smaller and smaller size within our field of view.
QRSent-10324
{ "effect_prop": "see objects of smaller and smaller size", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "able", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "magnification" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "magnification", "more_effect_prop": "small objects", "less_effect_prop": "small objects", "less_cause_dir": "small objects" }
QRQA-10071-4
A light with a very short wavelength has
{ "text": [ "high energy", "low energy" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The higher the frequency is, the more energy a photon has.
QRSent-10071
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequency" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "high", "less_effect_dir": "low", "less_cause_prop": "wavelength", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10180-1
If Mona is heating up popcorn in the microwave and the popcorn begins to move slower, what happens to the temperature of the kernels?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When particles move more slowly, temperature is lower and an object feels cooler.
QRSent-10180
{ "effect_prop": "temperature", "cause_dir_str": "more slowly", "effect_dir_str": "lower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "particles move more slowly" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "popcorn", "more_effect_prop": "temperature of the kernels", "less_effect_prop": "temperature of the kernels", "less_cause_dir": "temperature of the kernels" }
QRQA-10244-5
Larry needs to reduce the current strength of the electricity running through his plant. He should _____ the total resistance of the electromagnetism.
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As the total resistance increases, the current strength decreases.
QRSent-10244
{ "effect_prop": "current strength", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "total resistance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "reduce", "less_cause_prop": "total resistance", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "current strength", "less_cause_dir": "current strength" }
QRQA-10254-1
If Earth's plate tectonics slowed down, Earth's convection would
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Convection on early Earth was faster and so plate tectonics was faster.
QRSent-10254
{ "effect_prop": "speed of plate tectonics", "cause_dir_str": "faster", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "convection on Earth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "slowed down", "less_cause_prop": "convection", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "plate tectonics", "less_cause_dir": "plate tectonics" }
QRQA-10147-4-flip
Dave is looking at stars in the sky, and he sees that while most are redder, that there is a large blue one. Dan knows that the red stars, compared to the blue one, is
{ "text": [ "hotter", "colder" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
But, in stars, the bluer the star, the hotter it is, and the redder it is, the older and colder it is.
QRSent-10147
{ "effect_prop": "blue", "cause_dir_str": "hotter", "effect_dir_str": "bluer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "heat" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "blue", "less_effect_dir": "red", "less_cause_prop": "heat", "more_effect_prop": "star", "less_effect_prop": "stars", "less_cause_dir": "stars" }
QRQA-10129-4
When plants have a lot of sun they make
{ "text": [ "more glucose", "less glucose" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As photosynthesis increases, the amount of stored glucose in the guard cells increases.
QRSent-10129
{ "effect_prop": "glucose", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "photosynthesis" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "glucose", "less_effect_prop": "glucose", "less_cause_dir": "glucose" }
QRQA-10185-1-flip
Smaller dogs have a slower growth rate than big dogs so that means they get:
{ "text": [ "Smaller", "Larger" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In exponential growth as the population size increases, the growth rate also increases.
QRSent-10185
{ "effect_prop": "size", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "growth rate" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "big", "less_effect_dir": "Smaller", "less_cause_prop": "growth rate", "more_effect_prop": "dogs", "less_effect_prop": "dogs", "less_cause_dir": "dogs" }
QRQA-10364-2-flip
A rubber band, when it is fully stretched, will _____ elastic force.
{ "text": [ "gain", "lose" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The farther the material is stretched or compressed, the greater the elastic force becomes.
QRSent-10364
{ "effect_prop": "elastic force", "cause_dir_str": "farther", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "stretching of material" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "gain", "less_effect_dir": "lose", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_cause_dir": "elastic force" }
QRQA-10212-5-flip
If Mona is comparing two organisms and she notices that one has a very hard shell and one has a very soft shell, which one will turn into a fossil less easier?
{ "text": [ "soft shell", "hard shell" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Hard shells fossilize more readily than soft bodied organisms, as they are better at resisting decay, take significantly longer to break down, and have a greater chance of surviving burial under layers of sediment.
QRSent-10212
{ "effect_prop": "fossilize more readily", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "more readily", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Hard shells" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less easier", "less_cause_prop": "shell", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "turn into fossil", "less_cause_dir": "turn into fossil" }
QRQA-10054-2
Johnny was looking at the layers of rock at the bottom of the canyon. He observed that the older layers are
{ "text": [ "Farther", "Closer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Older layers are deeper in the Earth, younger layers are closer to the surface.
QRSent-10054
{ "effect_prop": "far", "cause_dir_str": "deeper", "effect_dir_str": "older", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "deep" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Farther", "less_effect_dir": "Closer", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "layers of rock", "less_effect_prop": "layers of rock", "less_cause_dir": "layers of rock" }
QRQA-10148-2-flip
Will moved from Los Angeles to Sydney. In which city's hemisphere is there more ocean trash?
{ "text": [ "Los Angeles", "Sydney" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The Southern Hemisphere has less trash buildup in the oceans because less of the region is continent.
QRSent-10148
{ "effect_prop": "trash buildup", "cause_dir_str": "less", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "continent in region" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "More", "less_effect_dir": "Less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "Continent", "less_effect_prop": "Continent", "less_cause_dir": "Continent" }
QRQA-10074-2
Ollie drives a car that uses biofuels. It creates less pollution and therefore,
{ "text": [ "more carbon dioxide.", "less carbon dioxide" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The advantage to biofuels is that they burn more cleanly than fossil fuels. As a result, they create less pollution and less carbon dioxide.
QRSent-10074
{ "effect_prop": "carbon dioxide", "cause_dir_str": "less", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "pollution" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "pollution", "more_effect_prop": "carbon dioxide", "less_effect_prop": "carbon dioxide", "less_cause_dir": "carbon dioxide" }
QRQA-10054-5
Rich has a rock from 1000 feet below the crust of the Earth, and he compares it to a rock on his driveway. Which rock is likely older?
{ "text": [ "the 1000 foot rock", "the driveway rock" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Older layers are deeper in the Earth, younger layers are closer to the surface.
QRSent-10054
{ "effect_prop": "Older layers", "cause_dir_str": "deeper", "effect_dir_str": "older", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "deeper in the Earth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "older", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "rock", "more_effect_prop": "rock", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10191-1-flip
Carlos transferred his gas to a large tube, and he knows that as the particles try to move, there will be movement that is
{ "text": [ "greater", "smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
When a gas is squeezed into a smaller volume, the particles have less space to move.
QRSent-10191
{ "effect_prop": "movement", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "volume" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "smaller", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "movement", "less_effect_prop": "movement", "less_cause_dir": "movement" }
QRQA-10103-1
After pouring a bottle of acidic lemon juice into a glass of water, should the solution have
{ "text": [ "lower pH", "higher pH?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Lower pH numbers are more acidic and higher numbers are less acidic (also called more alkaline).
QRSent-10103
{ "effect_prop": "acidity", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pH numbers" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "acidic", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "pH", "more_effect_prop": "lemon juice", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }