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[ "RECENT LITERATURE NOTES AND ABSTRACTS The abstracts and bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of Louis Wirth, by Mrs. E. R. Rich, Mr. H. D. McKay, Mr. C. M. Rosen- quist, and Mr. P. E. Martin, of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago. Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the classification printed in the January number of this Journal. I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON The Relation of Orthopedics to Personality.-A deformity or an injury pre- sents personality problems. Life in all its aspects, including intellectual action, emo- tional stability, and social equilibrium, is affected. Much antisocial activity is the re- sult of physical handicaps. It is the function of orthopedics to straighten deformities. The problem includes personality as well as bones and joints. Every injury or de- formity involves adjustment. The success of the adjustment depends upon the type of attitudes developed in the treatment.-Ira S. Wile, Journal of the American Medi- cal Association, CXXXIV (May 30, I925), I623-27. (I, 4; VIII, I, 3, 4.) H.D.M. The Race Myth Crumbles.-Race myths are based on pseudo-history. Scholars show that the Aryan race never existed; that our civilization is not the result of the Nordics; and that our own variant, the \"Anglo-Saxon Myth\" has no physical or cul- tural basis. A theory of racial determination of history is made impossible by racial mixture.-H. E. Barnes, Nation, CXX (May 6, I925), 5I5-5I7. (I, 2; IV, 2.) H.D.M. II. THE FAMILY Should Divorce Cases be Reported?-Discussion of a bill before Parliament to restrict publication of reports of judicial proceedings. It is suggested that a judge be empowered to close the court or prohibit the publication of evidence in the interests of decency, morality, humanity, or justice, and that publication of proceedings be prohibited until the case is concluded.-J. Hall Richardson, Fortnightly Review, CXVII (June, I925), 8I3-20. (II, 3; VI, 5; VII, 3.) P.E.M. The Progress of the Family Allowance Movement.-The family allowance movement has recently made rapid progress in France, England and Germany, but it has lost ground in Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. One of the fundamental problems to be solved is whether the allowance should be paid by the government or by industrial organizations.-P. H. Douglas, Quarterly Journal of Economics, XXXIV (May, I925), 476-82. (II, 3; VII, I.) H. D. M. III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS The Use of the Median as a Minimum Requirement for International Mi- gration.-Public opinion is convinced that immigration should be greatly restricted and on some selective plan. The median of our own population can be used as a minimum standard so that immigration can improve the race. The tests given are physical, mental, and educational. By this method we would admit individuals superior to our median as obvious assets, and exclude those inferior to our median, who would lower the quality of our stock.-Roswell H. Johnson, Scientific Monthly, XX (March, I925), 254-57. (III, 4; VIII, 2.) P. T. D.", "RECENT LITERATURE 277 De Forenede Staters indvandringspolitik.-The Immigration Policy of the United States. If the operation of the immigration laws of the United States suc- ceeds in improving the racial quality of Americans, a corresponding deterioration will necessarily take place in Europe. But no improvement has as yet been observed in America nor, so far as the Scandinavian countries are concerned, has any deteri- oration occurred.-Soren Hanson, National0konomisk Tidsskrift, LXII (2det Hefte, I924), I57-7I. (III, 4.) C.M.R. The Meaning of Nationality in the Recent Immigration Acts.-The Immigra- tion Act of I92I so ambiguously defined nationality that the courts could not agree as to the entrance eligibility of persons from countries lumped together by the I9I0 Census as \"other Europe\" and \"other Asia.\" The Act of I924 provides for estimates of small nationalities as a basis for fixing quotas.-Edwin D. Dickinson, American Journal of International Law, XIX (April, I925), 344-47. (III, 4.) C. M. R. India's Social Revolution.-Under the leadership of Gandhi, India is undergo- ing a profound social revolution. The differences of caste and of religion are being thrown aside. Gandhi is insisting upon a self purification of India, with the estab- lishment of equality within the nation before it can demand equality from the Brit- ish.-Dhan Gopal Mukerji, American Review, II (May-June, I924), 279-82. (III, 5; IV, 2,3,4; VII, 3,4.) E.R.R. Liberia after the World-War.-Liberia is emerging from the difficulties occa- sioned by the war. She is progressing in meeting the foreign debt, making necessary improvements, and in recovering German trade. Control over the interior is a serious problem, but with firm, just treatment and education, greater co-operation is se- cured from the natives.-Frederick Starr, Journal of Negro History, X (April, 1925), II3-30. (III, 5; IV, 2.) P. E. M. Exodus and Iliad in Ancient America.-This is a brief description of Mayan civilization, tracing the story of this race for I,500 years through its two periods of great brilliance to its final decline.-Samuel K. Lothrop, Independent, CXIV (Janu- ary Io, I925), 39-40. (III) 3; IV, 2.) P.E.M. The Origins of American Man.-Some writers support the theory of inde- pendent origin of man in America. The majority of anthropologists, however, be- lieve in the Asiatic origin of the American Indian, but do not deny the possibility of immigration from other places. Cultural affinities show evidence of Mediterranean penetration, as well as of contacts with southern Asia and Polynesia. Lately the pos- sibility of Irish and Welsh settlements have been given more consideration. Prob- ably there were many immigrations from these sources during the ages.-L. Spence, Quarterly Review, 244 (April, I925), 299-3I6. (III, I, 3, 4; V, 4.) H. D. M. IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS Can There Be a \"Human Race?\"-The Mongol, the Indian, the Arab, and the Negro have all made great contributions to the sum of human achievement. Our only distinctive contribution is science and its developments, and it is readily adopted by the others. In this group of races equal mental capacity cannot be doubted.-A. Goldenweiser, Nation, CXX (April 22, I925), 462-63. (IV, 2; I, 2.) H.D.M. The Tropics in New York.-Within Harlem's seventy or eighty blocks we find all the negro cultures of the world coming into contact with one another and being forced into some form of segregation. Most important of the various types are the negroes from the West Indies. Like the Jews they are forever launching out in busi- ness and it is among them that we find many of the recognized leaders of the negro world.-W. A. Domingo, Survey, LIII (March I, 1925), 648-50. (IV, 2.) P.T.D.", "278 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY The Harvest of Race Prejudice.-Segregation is the outer embodiment of the inner feeling of the white race. The most gigantic instance of racial segregation in the United States is seen in Harlem, where 200,000 negroes are shut in segregated areas. The accentuation of race consciousness on the part of the negro has resulted. If the negroes were indiscriminately interspersed among the white population of New York, race consciousness would weaken to the point of disappearance. The Na- tional Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Urban League are attempting to secure racial equality.-Kelly Miller, Survey, LIII (March I, I925), 682-83. (IV, 2.) P.T.D. Black Workers and the City.-The negro by tradition, and probably by tem- perament, is agricultural. To this economy his mental and social habits have been adjusted. Today the city negro is in a process of evolution. Formerly the negro was found in the jobs that lead to nothing beyond the merit of long and faithful service. New positions in industry have been opened up and gradually negro men, at least, are abandoning personal service for the greater pay of industrial work. Slowly the negroes are becoming skilled and organized. It is not improbable that in industry and in the life of the city the black workers will compensate in utility and progres- siveness for what they lack in numbers and traditions.-Charles S. Johnson, Survey, III (March I, I925), 64I-43. (IV, 2; VII, 2.) P. T. D. The Making of Harlem.-Negro Harlem is practically a development of the last decade. The negro movement to Harlem in New York City began in I900 and was the result of the opportunity to get into newer and better houses. \"Buy prop- erty\" was the cry and today Harlem is a city within a city. It consists of twenty-five solid city blocks on Manhattan with a negro population of I75,000. It is here in Harlem that the negro's advantages and opportunities are greater than in any other place in the country.-James W. Johnson, Survey, LIII (March I, I925), 635-39. Employee Representation.-Of all the forms of universal conflict, none is more vital than the economic conflict, more particularly that aspect of it observed at the centers of the productive processes-the conflict between employers and employees. Today, power with increasing momentum is passing from the few to the many. The employee representation movement is passing from the experimental stage into the stage of constructive accomplishments. Both employers and workers now subscribe to co-operative plans and much is accomplished by councils, unions and other forms of employee representation and co-operative agencies. Most sincere employers be- lieve that employee representation is the best and most helpful medium by which disputes can be settled.-Henry C. Metcalf, Scientific Monthly, XX (March, I925), 269-78. (IV, i.) P.T.D. Tvungen voldgift i arbejdstridigheder i New Zealand og Australien.-Com- pulsory arbitration of labor disputes in New Zealand and Australia. Compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, formerly so successful in New Zealand and Australia, has met with much criticism recently. Employees claim arbitration fails under a condition of falling prices because it interferes with reduction of wages. Some changes in the laws have already been made and it is predicted that others will follow.-H. H0st, Nationalokonomisk Tidsskrift, LXI (I923), 280-94. (IV, I; VII, I.) C.M.R. They or We?-This article pleads for legislation to aid the members of the working population, who because of long hours, underpay, monotonous occupations, seasonal unemployment and the continual fear of losing their jobs, are sinking to a less than human status.-Olive A. Colton, Scribner's, LXXVII (May, I925), 535-43. (IV, I; VI,s5; VI,, I.) C. M. R. The Last Taboo.-The growing political importance of the negro necessitates facing and deciding the questions of race difference, since social equality is the in-", "RECENT LITERATURE 279 evitable outcome of political equality. To this end anthroposociological investiga- tion, free from race prejudice, is desirable. The unsupported religious and biological arguments now current must be proved or disproved by scientific evidence.-Albert Guerard, Scribner's, LXXVII (June, I925), 587-93. (IV, 2.) C. M. R. The Wahhabite Revival.-The conquest of the Holy Places of Islam by the puritanical Wahhabis is of significance not merely for Arabia but also for the whole of the Moslem world. The appearance of European powers in the mandated terri- tories of the Near East makes it impossible for the Wahhabis to raid the countries bordering upon Arabia. On the other hand, the protection of pilgrims to Mecca is of importance to all nations with Moslem subjects and in this respect conditions are better under the Wahhabis than they were under the rule of the King of Hedjaz.- Kenneth Williams, Contemporary Review, I27 (April, I925), 466-7I. (IV, 4, VII, 2.) E.R.R. The Ku Klux Klan and the Democratic Tradition.-The Ku Klux Klan pre- sents a curious dualism that runs through American life-the dualism between fact and ideal. We have embodied in our constitution and bills of rights glittering ideal- istic generalities about inalienable rights. After doing so, however, we have a habit as a nation of falling back upon direct and extra-legal methods of attaining our ends. The antiforeign and anti-Catholic principles of the Klan have appeared pre- viously in American history following peaks of immigration, in such movements as the \"Knownothings\" and the A.P.A. The modern Klan, when expanded for com- mercial motives, hit upon this prejudice at an opportune moment as an effective means of \"selling\" the organization.--John M. Mecklin, American Reviezw, II (May-June, I924), 24I-5I. (IV, 4; VII, 3, 4.) E.R.R. The Way to Industrial Peace.-The industrial wars between the employer and employee have not in the past been based upon ideas of justice but upon force. This warfare has been justified by a number of theories: that labor is a commodity, that labor is a public utility, that labor is a machine, that workmen are customers whose good will must be won, and that the wage-earner is a citizen in industry. None of these theories explains the facts and none is completely correct. In general they are based upon the use of force rather than law. If industrial peace is to be achieved it will be by means of a system of industrial justice under voluntary collective agree- ments. As these agreements accumulate, and separate cases are decided under them, a body of law will be developed within each industry which will ultimately govern the relationship between employer and employee.-William M. Leiserson, American Review, II (May-June, I924), 252-63. (IV, I.) E.R.R. Negro Leadership since Washington.-After the death of Booker T. Washing- ton, changing conditions favored the increase in power of his rival, DuBois, as the outstanding Negro, with the gradual development of the school of revolt, political participation and cultural development of the Negro in America. His success is shown in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the pan- African movement, and the new negro literature and journalism. Garvey is losing his small following in the United States.-Horace M. Bond, South Atlantic Quarterly, XXIV (April, I925), II5-30. (IV, 2; VII, 2, 3, 4.) P.E.M. Imperator Africanus.-This is a study of Marcus Garvey, who idealizes the black race, and whose power is growing daily in spite of recent setbacks and vig- orous opposition by nationalist negroes like DuBois.-Eric D. Walrond, Independent, CXIV (January 3, I925), 8-II. (IV, 2; VII, 3, 4.) P.E.M. The Exalting of the Meek.-The increasing dependence of Western nations on the meeker races is a basis of some of our present-day problems and a possible indi- cation of occidental decline.-John Brailsford, Independent, CXIV (May 30, I925), 6II-I3. (IV, 2.) P. E. M.", "280 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY South Africa White or Black?-The non-European population in South Africa is increasing faster than the European. A policy of segregation would safeguard the purity of the blood of both stocks, solve the economic and poor-white problems, afford a safe outlet for the growing native ambition, and result in a more virile stock.-P. A. Silburn, Fortnightly Review, CXVII (May, I925), 647-56. (IV, 2; III, 5.) P. E. M. Our Nordic Myth-Makers.-It is only when theories of racial superiority are proclaimed as established facts and used to stir up racial war that they are harmful. The world knows as little about the true nature of races today as it did a generation ago.-H. W. Van Loon, Nation, CXX (April i, I925), 349-50. (IV, 2; I, 2.) H.D.M. Race Pride and Race Prejudice.-The claim of superiority is common to both races and smaller groups. Group egotism is not confined to races. Race prejudice has its exact psychological counterpart in prejudices where there is no suggestion of race. Group egotism causes economic, political, and cultural domination of one group by another. The dominated groups develop behavior traits which may be taken for racial characteristics. When the question of the attitudes that races have toward themselves and toward others is settled, present knowledge leaves little to be said on the question of inherent differences.-H. A. Miller, Nation, CXX (June 3, I925), 622-23. (IV, 2; I, 2.) H.D.M. The Real South African Problem.-The future of the race problem in South Africa is unsettled. The colored population is increasing rapidly in comparison with the white. There is no guaranty of permanent domination by the white race or white civilization. The disparity of numbers is causing the colored masses to resent the white dictatorship. There is an increasing demand for native labor and a de- creasing demand for white men, while firmly established attitudes as to what is \"Kaffir's work\" keeps the two from being interchangeable. The present policy means a colored man's land with colored civilization and colored rule.-L. E. Neame, Quarterly Review, 244 (January, I925), I-Is. (IV, 2; V, 4; I, 4, S.) H.D.M. V. COMMUNITIES AND TERRITORIAL GROUPS Rural Problems in the United States.-The author discusses the problems of population increase and the urban movement as complicated by racial factors and the size and diversity of the country. The post-war economic and taxation problems, the wholesale abandonment of farms, and the decreasing timber supply are also touched. Consideration is given to the work of rural sociologists, the Federal Bureau of Forestry, and the colleges and universities in attempting to meet these problems. -Henry Rew, Edinburgh Review, CCXLI (January, I925), I53-66. (V, i.) P.E.M. The Social Genius of White Ants.-White ants have solved most of the prob- lems that have baffled civilization. Ant societies control their population growth, they have solved the problem of an adequate food supply, and they have a per- fected system of specialization of labor. Further research may reveal truths that will help us to solve these same problems.-L. R. Cleveland, Forum, LXXIV (July, I925), 32-40. (V, 3.) H. D. M. VI. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Recreation in Small Towns.-Organized recreation which consists in the recre- ational facilities of parks, playgrounds, athletic fields, community houses, picnic grounds, tennis courts, bathing beaches, and swimming pools has been found a good investment in small towns of 2,500 population and less. It is supported either by taxation or contribution or by both. A social survey of recreational facilities in cer- tain small towns concludes the article.-Weaver Pangburn, National Municipal Re- view, XIV (March, I925), I45-49. (VI, 4; IX, 3; V, I.) P. T.D.", "RECENT LITERATURE 28I What Constitutes an Adequate Recreation Life.-This is a series of addresses given at the Recreation Congress in Atlantic City, October 20, I924. It includes articles by Luella A. Palmer, Lorne Burclay, Era Betzuer, John Bradford, and Elbert K. Fretwell.-Playground, XVIII (February, I925), 625-34. (VI, 4.) P.T.D. Misbehaving Children.-Education Replaces Punishment as the New Ideal of Treatment.-Throughout history children have been mistreated and neglected. In I878 Massachusetts passed the first probation law, which has saved thousands of children from lives of immorality and crime. Separate courts for children are now established in the United States, Canada and Australia, where instead of punishment, the child is helped to become a normal and useful member of society. The next step will be the joining of the work of the courts and the school.-Thomas D. Eliot, Child Health Magazine, VI (January, I925), II-I4. (VI, 5; VIII, I.) E. R. R. The Problem of the Slums.-The problem of the slums is today essentially a problem of housing shortage. If the slum area is cleared there must necessarily be a decrease in the number of people housed in new dwellings and the remainder merely moved to another slum area where they increase the housing pressure. A further difficulty is found in the fact that slum dwellers have usually lived in the slum area all their lives and do not wish to move elsewhere. Moreover, in many cases their livelihood depends upon their being close to their work, which is in the slum area.- Arthur Greenwood, Contemporary Review, CXXVII (April, I925), 439-45. (VI, I; ViII, I.) E. R.R. Facts First-Then the Expert.-The indeterminate sentence would meet the criticism that justice is too dilatory, technical, and expensive. The prison should serve as a laboratory for the psychiatrist and an educational institution training men for the return to society. It is also proposed that all young men spend a period of compulsory service in a State constabulary.-T. M. Osborne, Independent, CXIV (May i6, I925), 547-49. (VI, 5; VIII, I.) P. E. M. VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS Compulsory Voting in Czecho-Slovakia.-Voting in Czecho-Slovakia is a duty as well as a right. The Czecho-Slovak laws lay down the rule that \"every voter is obliged to take part in the election.\" The percentage of voters at the elections has been approximately ninety in all recent elections. This high proportion is due not only to law but also to the enthusiasm of the people for their newly acquired rights and the twenty-five-party system of the Republic.-C. E. Merriam, National Municipal Review, XIV (February, I925), 65-68. (VII, 3.) P. T. D. Some American Women and the Vote.-The reluctance of many American women to vote is not entirely due to the physical obstacles encountered by the farmer's wife or the moral obstacles met by alien women. Women voters are, as a rule, ignorant and uninterested, voting as their men folks tell them to. A few are in- formed on local affairs; none on matters of national or international importance. The situation will remain unchanged until, through a process of education, women come to regard voting as a duty rather than a right.-Katharine Fullerton Gerould, Scribner's, LXXVII (May, I925), 449-52. (VII, 3.) C. M. R. Superpower and Social Progress.-The superpower movement is essentially a scheme for a large-scale, co-ordinated production of electric power at low price and in the public interest. It must necessarily be publicly owned, and operated for serv- ices at cost. This has been accomplished successfully in Ontario. Cheap power pro- duced in this way acts as an industrial magnet, provides electricity in the home and on the farm and leads to the electrificatiqn of railroads. Development in this country is as yet comparatively slow.-Carl D. Thompson, American Review, II (May-June, I924), 29I-96. (VII, i.) E.R. R.", "282 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY Science and Social Progress.-There is a collective soul above the soul of the individual and when we speak of progress in a general sense we mean the collective aspect. Even before its nature and work were recognized in the Seventeenth Cen- tury, science played a part in building up the human world in which we live and thus in developing the collective soul of humanity.-F. S. Marvin, American Re- view, II (July-August, I924), 38I-90. (VII, 4; III, 3, 6.) E. R. R. Headlining Happiness.-There are many distinct publics with sharply di- vergent tastes. It is for the editor to choose the public to which his paper is to ap- peal. The rejection of hurtful news does not mean that there is a lack of material to take its place. This is proved by the success of the Christian Science Monitor whose policy has been to chronicle the good things which make for the advancement of mankind rather than those which seem to retard it.-Willis J. Abbot, Independent, CXIV (April i8, I925), 435-37. (VII, 3; VI, 7.) P.E.M. VIII. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Virginia's Attempt to Adjust the Color Problem.-In every country where two races widely separated in morals, mental capacity, and culture have intermarried, the higher type has been eliminated and the resulting mongrels are much inferior, the traits of the more primitive dominating those of the more civilized race. Virginia's marriage law \"for the preservation of racial integrity\" is an attempt to stop the in- termixture between the negroes and the whites, and to secure information on the many racial differences through vital statistics records.-W. A. Plecker, American Journal of Public Health, XV (February, I925), III-I5. (VIII, 2; IV, 2.) E.R.R. The Newspaper Man's Point of View.-Quacks have realized the value of ad- vertising for over two hundred years. The public health officer is a teacher and preacher as well as a physician. He must create, anticipate, and observe news devel- opments and take part in them. If he cannot do this, he can at least survey past events and educate the public to their significance.-Lee A. White, American Journal of Public Health, XV (January, I925), I-I9 (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. Treasury Grants to Social Services.-The expenditures in Great Britain for so- cial services are now four times what they were previous to the war, in spite of the fact that the national expenditures have greatly increased. The widespread grants for such purposes as unemployment has resulted in a weakening of the moral fiber of the people and appears to be hastening the decline and fall of the British nation. A thoroughgoing investigation of the whole field is imperative before any further grants of a social nature are made.-W. M. J. Williams, Contemporary Review, CXXVII (April, I925), 493-99. (VIII, I; VII, I.) E. R. R. Prohibition and Alcoholic Mental Disease.-Statistics of new admissions to state hospitals show that there is less alcoholic insanity in this country now than in I9I0, but more than in 1920, and that the rate is higher among foreign-born and negroes than among the native white population. The rate of alcoholic insanity is higher in cities than in rural districts and occurs principally in advanced middle life following several years of excessive drinking.-Horatio M. Pollock and Edith M. Furbush, American Review, II (March-April, 1924), I42-54. (VIII, 5.) E. R. R. Method for Early Detection of Epidemic Trends.-For the early detection of epidemic trends it is necessary to study the direction of the early fundamental epi- demic movement and not merely the current level of incidence. This may be accom- plished by comparison with the expectancy or median incidence of the disease for the corresponding period in from five to nine previous years. The ratio of the cur- rent incidence, or the expectancy, called the epidemic index, is the approximate barometer of the fundamental epidemic trend. It can be calculated from data fur- nished weekly in Public Health Reports, for many cities.-Herman N. Bundesen and Arthur W. Hedrich, American Journal of Public Health, XV (April, I925), 289-96. (VIII, 3.-) E. R. R.", "RECENT LITERATURE 283 Values in the Control of Environment.-The present tendency in public health to concentrate on personal hygiene is unfortunately tending to a neglect of environ- mental or community sanitation. This is a mistake. The achievements of communal hygiene have not as yet reached their maximum, nor do their benefits extend to all neighborhoods. Moreover, the growth of industry is adding to the problems of en- vironmental sanitation. There is still a fruitful continued field for environmental control in the public health program.-Abel, Wolman, American Journal of Public Health, XV (March, I925), I89-94. (VIII, 3.) E. R. R. A Study of Delinquent Girls at Sleighton Farm.-The task of Sleighton Farm is the rehabilitation in society of delinquent girls. The correlation of delinquency with youthful marriage, illegitimacy, mental deficiency, poor physical condition, and sex experience is shown. Information has also been compiled regarding the family, school, work, and previous institutional history of the offenders, together with the causes for commitment.-Amy Hewes, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, XV (February, I925), 598-6I9. (VIII, i; VI, 6.) P.E.M. Why We Send Folks to Prison.-Of the four avowed aims of punishment- retribution, deterrence, segregation, and reform-retribution alone is effectively re- alized. Deterrence depends not on the severity of punishment, but on its certainty and swiftness. Segregation is ineffectual because of the small proportion of criminals in actual confinement. As for reform, with the exception of youthful criminals sent to the reformatory for the first offense, it is little more than a hope.-George W. Kirchwey, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, I925), I3I-33. (VIII, I; VI, 5, 7.) P.E.M. How Prisons Punish the Human Mind.-The mind of the criminal is punished by the blocking of sociability, the impossibility of normal self-assertion and the lack of emotional outlets. Prison officials, usually inefficient and ignorant, develop a purely mechanical spirit which brutalizes the prisoners as well as themselves. As to the public, imprisonment serves as a means of manifesting social revenge, securing social protection, expressing collective sadism, and has a strong publicity appeal often exploited by politicians.-H. E. Barnes, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, I925), I33-36. (VIII, I; VI, 5, 7; VII, 3.) P. E. M. The Taxpayer's Burden.-The exploitation of prison labor, evidenced in the \"task\" system, adds to the taxpayer's burden. It spreads infection through prison- made goods, fails to create habits of industry or to give training that will be of value to the prisoner after his release, and worst of all, prevents progress.-Kate R. O'Hare, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, I925), I37-38. (VIII, I; VI, 5, 7.) P. E.M. Youth versus Authority.-Youth does not have conscious control of the processes of social change. The youthful delinquent is not a rebel but is trying, in spite of his handicaps, to achieve the goals of modern \"success\" through imitation. The modern method of correctional education should supplant repressive, coercive, or vindictive treatment.-Miriam Van Waters, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, I925), I39-40. (VIII, I; VI, 5, 7.) P.E.M. In Place of Prisons.-Some Things Already Done: The modern tendency is toward less repressive institutions diversified according to function. There is a move- ment toward the indeterminate sentence, increased use of therapeutic and psychologi- cal skill in diagnosis, with treatment according to individual needs. Progress is being made along lines of non-institutional treatment through probation and parole.- W. D. Lane and J. D. Hodder, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, I925), I4I-44. (VIII, I; VI,5, 7.) P.E.M. Punishment or Treatment?-The barter and exchange principle of punishment leads the criminal to seek adjustment to prison rather than normal life. Scientific", "284 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY methods should be applied, the causes underlying the criminal act be determined, and an attempt made to prevent its recurrence and restore the individual safely to the community.-Herman M. Adler, World Tomorrow, VIII (May, I925), I45-46. (VIII, I; VI, 5, 7.) P. E.M. Size of Family and Male Juvenile Delinquency.-Data collected from three institutions for delinquent boys compared with sixteen-, seventeen-, and eighteen- year-old employed boys in New York State showed a slight positive correlation be- tween size of family and juvenile delinquency, and an excess of large families among the delinquent group. There was also a small positive correlation between size of families and number of arrests. There seemed to be no relation between size of fam- ily and intelligence status.-John Slawson, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminol- ogy, XV (February, I925), 63I-40. (VIII, I; II, 3.) P. E. M. Biology Molding the Future.-There is a possibility that mutations may be un- derstood and controlled; that the relation of chemicals to cells may be worked out, and that the perpetuation of youth may be made possible. The problem is one of bio-chemical technique: An understanding of the relation of well-known substances to the body is having a great influence on the problems of health and medicine.- J. B. S. Haldane, Forum, LXXIII (March, I925), 33I-4I. (VIII, 2; I, 2.) H.D.M. The Ruin of Rome and Its Lesson for Us.-The causes of the decay of an- tiquity are in operation today. We have, however, the motives and the knowledge to prevent destruction. The method is to impress political organizations with the im- portance of race selection because race decadence causes social decay.-F. C. S. Schiller, Eugenics Review, XVIJ (April, I925), I-II. (VIII, 2.) H. D. M. Eugenics in America.-Eugenics investigates the manner of the inheritance of human traits. The data on heredity, mate selection, differential fecundity, differen- tial survival, and differential migration are sufficient to show what is happening to the human race and to predict what stocks we will have in time. Trained workers are necessary to carry on this research.-H. H. Laughlin, Eugenics Review, XVII (April, I925), 28-35. (VIII, 2.) H.D.M. Local Variations in the Birth-Rate.-The variations of the birth-rate in differ- ent parts of the country are not dependent upon money income, but upon the indus- trial character of the district. This factor determines sex distribution. Sex distribu- tion determines the age at which women marry, and the marriage age of women de- termines the birth-rate.-C. T. Brunner, Economic Journal, XXXV (March, I925), 6o-65. (VIII, 2; II, 3; III, 4.) H. D. M. The Prevention of Crime.-Crime is a mode of behavior. The real preventative is study before rather than punishment after the offense has been committed. The causes, including structural anomalies in the bodily organs, and training and experi- ence, are open to scientific investigation. The problem is medical, but it reaches into the fields of sociology, psychology, biology, and the allied sciences.-Journal of the American Medical Association, CXXXIV (January 3, I925), 38-39. (VIII, i.) H.D.M. Is Crime Preventable?-What's Bred in the Bone: There is a criminal type. Brain disease is inherited and incurable. Two per cent of the population commit most of the major crimes. This 2 per cent should be selected during school years and segregated. The Intelligent Criminal: Generalizations on the basis of police records are not valid because the intelligent criminals are never caught. Only the lowest classes ever come in contact with the police to be tested. Generalizations on such a basis deal only with convicted persons and not with criminals.-W. Pitkin and N. M. Clark, The Forum, LXXIII (April, I925), 458-73. (VIII, I.) H. D. M.", "RECENT LITERATURE 285 IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The South Lingers On.-The article contains five short sketches of negro life in Harlem dealing with an incident in the religious life of Harlem, an employment agency, the night life of the younger generation, education, and the revival meet- ings.-Rudolph Fisher, Survey, LIII (March I, I925), 644-47. (IX, 4; IV, 2; III1,6.) P. T. D. The History and Prospect of Vital Statistics.-Vital statistics were kept in some cities as early as the fifteenth century. Continuous and rapid progress in statis- tics has been made, however, only since I830. The study of mortality statistics, which came first, has been followed by studies involving social problems such as birth- and marriage-rates. The prospect of statistics includes greater accuracy of observation, and testing of conclusions.-H. Westergaard, Economica, No. I4 (June, I925), I2I-29. (IX, I.) H. D. M. On Averages.-The use of averages is wide, but their value is to be questioned. Because of the assumptions underlying averages they cannot be substituted for meas- urement in economics. In many cases the mode and the median represent the data better than the average.-E. C. Rhodes, Economica, No. I4 (June, I925), I75-79. (IX, I.) H.D.M. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Barnard, J. L., and Evans, J. C. Citi- zenship in Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Winston. Pp. 372. $I.20. Barnes, H. E. The New History and the Social Sciences. New York: Century. Pp. 622. $4.00. Bayer, H. G. The Belgians, First Settlers in New York and in the Middle States. New York: Devin-Adair. Pp. 39I. $3.I5. Bayet, A. La science des faits moraux. Paris: Alcan. 9 Fr. Beman, L. T. comp. Selected Articles on Capital Punishment. New York: H. W. Wilson. Pp. 434. $2.40. Berridge, W. A., and others. Purchasing Power of the Consumer; a Statistical Index. Chicago: A. W. Shaw. Pp. 343. $4.00. Bloch, M. Les rois thaumaturges. Paris: Libr. Istra. 30 Fr. Carr-Saunders, A. M. Population. New York: Oxford. Pp. II2. $I.00. 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