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The Centre for Kurdish Studies at the University of Exeter will be holding an inaugural international conference on 2-3 April 2009, on the theme of ‘The Kurds and Kurdistan: Identity, Politics, Culture’. The rapidly-growing area of Kurdish Studies exemplifies not only the tensions between region and discipline which are typical of ‘area studies’ in general, but is also affected by the multiplicity and heterogeneity of Kurdish experiences and identities. Who are the Kurds, what are ‘Kurdish studies’, and where can they lead us as scholars and practitioners? While the Kurds are implicated in many contemporary political developments in the Middle East, epistemological questions in the field of Kurdish Studies itself lie at a crossroads of disciplines and history. What then are the epistemological and political bases for our field? In this first decade of the 21st century, the Kurds and Kurdistan have attracted attention from media and the international community, accompanied by a proliferation of scholarly attention on this rapidly changing society. With these realities setting the backdrop to our academic pursuits, the aim of the conference is to provide a historical review of the burgeoning field, identify gaps and challenges in contemporary research, and to consider emergent directions for scholarship at this pivotal moment in Kurdish history and society. A plenary session is planned; we would welcome proposals for individual papers and for panels across the range of disciplines, which address any aspect of Kurdish Studies. The organisers wish to bring together scholars from a wide range of disciplines, including literature, history, political science, linguistics, anthropology, ethnomusicology, religious studies, gender studies, peace and conflict studies, refugee studies, and others. Topics may include, but are not limited to, the following broad themes: *Politics and Kurdish national movements *Gender dynamics in Kurdish society *The transnationalisation of Kurdish populations and politics *Ethics and knowledge production of the Kurds While we have funds in place to pay the costs of some participants, these are limited and priority will be given to those who cannot find funding elsewhere. Participants are strongly advised to seek funding from their own universities or research bodies. Potential participants are invited to send their proposals by 30th September, 2008, to firstname.lastname@example.org. Individual paper submissions should include the full details of the presenter and an abstract of 300 words (for a twenty-minute presentation). Proposals for entire panels should include at least three papers, a Chair and a suggested discussant. These should be submitted online from mid-September 2008. Centre of Kurdish Studies, University of Exeter, Send comments and questions to H-Net Webstaff. H-Net reproduces announcements that have been submitted to us as a free service to the academic community. If you are interested in an announcement listed here, please contact the organizers or patrons directly. Though we strive to provide accurate information, H-Net cannot accept responsibility for the text of announcements appearing in this service. (Administration)

In a new study, researchers from Imperial College Business School, Columbia University and the University of Maryland found that wealthy individuals in the US can get in relative terms up to 70 per cent times greater returns on their investments than those with modest wealth, when the yields on assets such as stocks and bonds are calculated. The team say that this further widens the income gap between rich and poor and potentially creates disparities in society. Income inequality in the US has been steadily rising. According to a report by Oxfam International released earlier this year, the wealthiest one per cent has captured 95 per cent of post-financial crisis growth since 2009, while the bottom 90 per cent became poorer in the US. The research is the first to offer a consistent explanation of income inequality generated from financial markets. In particular, the team suggest that rich investors have better access to resources and advice from professionals such as asset managers. This enables them to better determine where to invest their money on the stock exchange. In contrast, investors with a modest income are unable to afford the same access to information and expertise and they're also wary of being exploited by rich investors. This means that they're less likely to invest in riskier stocks and bonds that could provide them with a higher return on investments. Professor Marcin Kacperczyk, co-author of the report from Imperial College Business School, said: "Understanding how income from stock market activity can add to income inequality is something that has never been fully explored by economists before. Our research shows that some wealthy individuals are making substantial profits on stock markets because they have tools at their disposal that individuals from modest incomes don't. This further creates a widening income gap between rich and poor, which is bad for society, making it difficult to have equality of opportunity. " Typically, economists have focused on inequality originating in labour markets by calculating the difference between the highest and lowest salaries of workers in the US. They also measure income inequality by determining the value of a range of different assets held by workers including homes, automobiles, personal valuables, businesses, savings and investments such as art and wine. In the study, the researchers determine income inequality in the US, using data from Thomson Reuters that measured the income investors received from their stock market activity. They used this calculation to measure the income inequality between those from higher and lower wealth backgrounds. In the future, the team aim to use the formula to shed more light on income inequality in the UK. Explore further: Wealth inequality doubles among US households

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Be taught more concerning the new Healthy Ageing Technique, a vision and action plan for maximising health and wellbeing as people age in New Zealand. While the U.S. Department of Health and Human Companies is attempting to unfold this message, there are different actions being taken as nicely. In whole, the Sutter Health community has donated $1.8 million over the past eight years to food banks in native communities. Celery has a ton of nutritional benefits, being packed filled with vitamins and water, bettering your health whereas hydrating you on the similar time. Other concepts I gleaned for healthy consuming, Drink water throughout the day, don’t skip breakfast, wait 10 to 15 minutes before reaching for seconds, you do not have to clean your plate, reduce salt, lower your sugars, lower calorie intake whereas rising train for weight loss. For most people, good health care means having a major-care doctor, an expert who assists you as you assume responsibility on your total health and directs you when specialized care is necessary. Discover assets and data for sufferers and healthcare providers affected by current ache clinic closures. The U.S. spends practically $three trillion a yr on health care, devoting an unsustainable degree of resources to medical care and solely probably the most limited funding to bettering health at the neighborhood degree. Affords a free on-line reference database of therapeutic foods, phytonutrients and plant-primarily based medicines that stop or deal with diseases and health conditions. At this invitation-solely event, rejoice JPM 2017 with the entrepreneurs, traders, and industry leaders making large impacts in healthcare—and meet the businesses and tools it’s essential know for a healthy 2017 with interactive demos. You may back up knowledge saved within the Health app to iCloud, the place it is encrypted while in transit and at rest. You want to eat about every 3 hours which equates to three meals a day plus 2 protein snacks or 5 small meals a day. Our niche is objective non-partisan info on what is going on within the federal health policy debate and in the market. And, bear in mind, about half of these in the Obamacare compliant particular person health insurance coverage market aren’t subsidized This is not nearly poor people getting subsidies. Kefir helps to normalize the healthy ratio of excellent to dangerous bacteria in the gut thereby bettering the efficiency of our digestive system. The Trustworthy Food Guide is a free, downloadable public health and nutrition chart that dares to tell the reality about what meals we must always really be consuming.

Do you fantasise about being a celebrity? Perhaps you rely on Facebook to promote your successes and achievements? Or do you constantly tell your children how special they are to boost their self-esteem but really think you should be the one getting all the attention? You could just be displaying the traits of a confident person with healthy self-regard but some might argue you have the more sinister characteristics of a narcissist. Lisa Firestone, a psychology expert on relationships and parenting, writing in Psychology Today, explains the distinction. "Self-esteem differs from narcissism in that it represents an attitude built on accomplishments we've mastered, values we've adhered to, and care we've shown toward others. Narcissism, conversely, is often based on a fear of failure or weakness, a focus on one's self, an unhealthy drive to be seen as the best, and a deep-seated insecurity and underlying feeling of inadequacy." Narcissists come in two forms, says Dr Doris McIlwain, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at Macquarie University. "The grandiose narcissist is out for themselves, pretty hopeless at empathy, likely to make any shame coming their way your problem rather than theirs. They are status-obsessed, unlikely to thank you or apologise. The thin-skinned narcissist is secretly resentful of being imposed on, feels like an unsung hero and, since they are unable to soothe their own ruffled emotions – they will outsource that need by getting others to bolster their ego." If all this is starting to sound familiar, it's not surprising. Experts are warning of the dangers of narcissism - from celebrity culture promoting fame and wealth above ethics and altruism, to internet-enabled self-obsession and discipline-averse parenting styles. Larry Rosen, Professor of Psychology at California State University in Los Angeles believes technology is affecting our emotional stability and exposing us to a range of psychological disorders including narcissism. The author of iDisorder: Understanding Our Obsession With Technology And Overcoming Its Hold On Us, told ABC Radio National'sAll In The Mind program, "iDisorder is where technology is literally making us exhibit signs and symptoms of a whole bunch of psychological disorders including narcissistic personality disorder, depression, attention deficit disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder even a little bit of schizoid personality." "While people may not be exhibiting a full-blown narcissism, what they are exhibiting are more signs and symptoms of narcissism" said Rosen. "This narcissism might be manifested on Facebook by collecting friends. I have lots, and lots, and lots of friends; I have a thousand friends, look how wonderful I am. Or look at these photos of me that I'm posting on Flickr. Wow! Look at how much fun I'm having in my life." "Researchers that have found looking at, say, even popular lyrics in songs that over the last several decades, the songs have become more narcissistic, songs instead of being about other people and love, are more about me, me, me – look at me," he added. Last month singer Rihanna became the latest celebrity thought to be suffering from a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) after the UK's Daily Star said "a string of bizarre messages and pictures she put on Twitter revealed she could have a mental disorder". Relationship psychologist Jo Hemmings told the newspaper: "Rihanna's erratic behaviour could indicate that she suffers from NPD. Symptoms are an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a need for constant admiration, which Rihanna shows by posting semi-nude pics." Jean Twenge, professor of psychology at San Diego State University and co-author of The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement believes young people are becoming increasingly narcissistic. "Overall, we've seen a massive increase in narcissism among college students" she told the American Psychological Association's Monitor on Psychology. The financial crisis may have dampened down materialism but "a lot of other cultural forces — the internet and parenting in particular — are still pushing in the direction of narcissism," she said. Lisa Firestone highlights the role of parenting in the book she has written with her psychologist father, Robert Firestone, The Self Under Siege. "Vanity is a fantasised image of the self that is formed when parents substitute empty praise and a false build-up for the real love and acknowledgment they have failed to provide to their child," she says. "Studies have shown that children offered compliments for skills they haven't mastered or talents they do not possess are left feeling as if they'd received no praise at all, often even emptier and less secure," she wrote in Psychology Today. "Only children praised for real accomplishments were able to build self-esteem. The others were left to develop something far less desirable — narcissism." These arguments have found resonance in Australia where the question of whether young people today are more narcissistic than previous generations is a topic of debate. Professor Johanna Wyn, director of the Australian Youth Research Centre at Melbourne University, has been conducting research through the Life Patterns project following two generations of Australians, Gen X born in 1973 and Gen Y born around 1989, in areas such as education, employment, health and family as well as learning about their aspirations and attitudes. Wyn says she rejects the narcissistic label given to young people in Australia today. "Jean Twenge can't speak for Australians" she says. "I don't see anything like that in the data we've got and we've been researching Generation X for over 22 years," she says. Young people today "have to be really good decision makers, they have to be self-aware and they have to be good navigators of complex times and I think you could be reading some of those traits as somehow being narcissistic because they have to be fairly aware of where they stand, who they are, how they connect, but I see it as a functional and probably inevitable way of operating." Young Australians "really value family highly and friends and there's a really high rate of volunteering and I think it really doesn't paint a picture of that kind of narcissism or self-interested individual. As they get older volunteering increases so, instead of becoming more narcissistic, they are becoming more community minded in general and I think that's really important. I think there's a lot of evidence to paint a different picture." Dr Helen McGrath a senior lecturer in the School of Education at Deakin University disagrees. "Parents and teachers always have the best interests of children at the heart of what they do and their involvement in the 'self-esteem movement' has reflected that. However, although well-intentioned, this movement is now seen by many researchers to have contributed to a stronger sense of entitlement and, in some cases, higher levels of narcissism." So what does McGrath think can be done to protect children from these narcissistic tendencies? One approach, she says, is to place more emphasis on self-respect rather than self-esteem. "We can work with parents to change their focus slightly and identify self-respect as a more useful goal rather than self-esteem," she says. "People who have self-respect have sound values that they use as a 'moral map' they treat others respectfully. They consider themselves equal to other people (neither inferior or superior) and work hard to try and achieve their goals. They are resilient, accept themselves as imperfect and continue to be self-accepting in spite of mistakes or failures. Although they enjoy receiving positive feedback and they are not dependent on it to feel okay." In the meantime perhaps we can stop seeing celebrities as role models, take a break from Facebook and give our egos a well-deserved rest.

Cutler's points are that, currently health care providers are not rewarded based on health outcomes. There is strong evidence that such incentives work and that they would actually reduce health care spending, since preventive medicine is highly cost effective. In the late 90's, HealthPartners, a not-for-profit health plan in Minneapolis with 630,000 members, instituted a bonus system to providers. It paid doctors extra if their diabetic patients got blood sugar and cholesterol below certain levels, ceased smoking and took aspirin daily. [snip] Cutler and a team of colleagues analyzed the economic payoff. They found that the program reaped huge rewards. It cost $330 a patient and was expected to save roughly $30,000 over each patient's life. The problem, as pointed out by Cutler, is that HealthPartners did not capture most of the benefits. Instead Medicare will get most of them. Now for starters, I think there is a very strong case that Medicare should reward doctors for convincing their patients to take care of themselves. Starting preventive medicine at 65 is not ideal, but better late than never. Also, I wouldn't be surprised if medicare could save money by paying for efforts to help uninsured people younger than 65 quit smoking, lose weight and diagnose and control diabetes and high blood preassure. I don't mean residential fat farms. I mean you can go to a doctor's office to get nagged. Glastris is very impressed. His mild criticism is that Cutler is too politically pragmatic to note that the best way to implement this approach is to socialize medicine (as is shown by the experience of the Veteran's Administration). The point is that if people move from one provider to another, the benefits of preventive medicine do not acrue to the group that provided it. If people are all forced to use a single providor (or pay out of pocket) this problem would be resolved. Needless to say, Cutler must know that such a proposal is political poison. I post just to add that rewarding HMOs and insurance customers because their clients are healthy would make the cherry picking problem worse. There is a big problem that everyone wants to provide health care to healthy people. Rewarding outcomes would almost certainly make this worse. In particular it would be almost impossible to distinguish between efforts to help people drop unhealthy habits and efforts to drive away people with unhealthy habits. Preventive care involves a lot of tough love and it is hard to distinguish that from just being nasty. Even if one rewarded changes in obesity or smoking one would reward efforts to find smokers who really want to quit and fat people who really want to lose weight. You could make a killing with a plan open to everyone, in which participants get health care but have to run a mile a day or pay. The cherry picking problem, the benefits spill over problem and the interaction of cherry picking and rewards for outcomes all suggest the same solution which is to give people fewer not more choices about health care providers. posted by Robert permalink and comments2:37 AM

What's new at JCamp 180? What can your camp learn from BB Camp's experience studying and implementing policies re: inclusion of transgender campers? What will you do when the unexpected happens? Here are six lessons learned for preparing for and responding to emergencies at camp. Every fundraiser should listen to this podcast from Seth Godin. The Board's Executive Committee plays an important role. But what limits should be in place to ensure the effectiveness of the full Board? Is your nonprofit in compliance with the Financial Accounting Standards Bureau’s (FASB) new standards for financial statements? Can you use your financials to tell your camp's story? Does your camp make it easy for your campers and other constituents to ask for gifts in honor of special celebrations? Learn how the Cohen Camps have done just that. Effective committees ease the burden on the Board. And happy committee members are the best pipeline for future Board members. So how can you make your Board Committees more productive? Defining roles and responsibilities across staff and board members at your organization will help you do your work more effectively. This exercise may help. 3 lessons learned from re-reading your old strategic plan. We often talk about cultivating a “culture of philanthropy” within organizations, but this research shows you can develop a culture of philanthropy in families, too. JCamp 180 is a trademark of the Harold Grinspoon Foundation Copyright © 2005-2022 Harold Grinspoon Foundation.

Published: Sept 2009 €15 / $19 / £10 / ¥2 000 Bookmark this page: www.oecd.org/insights/migration Almost 3% of the world’s population – or about 190 million people – live outside the land of their birth. These migrants bring energy, entrepreneurship and fresh ideas to our societies. But there are downsides, too: Young migrants who fail in education, adults who don’t find work and, of course, unregulated migration. Such challenges make migration a political lightning rod. But how can we move beyond the noise of debate to get to the facts? OECD Insights: International Migration explores migration today, and asks this question: How can governments ensure it benefits immigrants, the societies in which they settle and the homes they leave behind? Table of contents Foreword by Anthony Gooch Director, Public Affairs and Communications Directorate, OECD Chapter 1. The Migration Debate Migration can be controversial, in part because it touches on so many areas of public life, including economics, demographics, national security, culture and even religion. Chapter 2. Migration Then and Now For almost as long as humans have walked the Earth, we have sought new homes. Today, that journey continues for many millions of people around the globe. Chapter 3. Managing Migration Our ability to travel is restricted by international rules and regulations. But, equally, international agreements give many people significant rights to settle abroad. Chapter 4. Migration and Education The track record of young immigrants in schooling is mixed – some do exceptionally well but others encounter problems that can hold them back throughout life. Chapter 5. Migrants and Work Migrants can be a key addition to the workforce, even if their presence may be resented and they are not always able to make the best use of their skills. Chapter 6. Migration and Development For developing countries, migration can be a blessing by providing remittances and overseas contacts, but a curse for taking away the brightest and the best. Chapter 7. By Way of Conclusion… Policies will need to go on evolving if migrants, the societies they leave and those they join are to continue benefiting from migration. Plus: How migration is measured. Thank you for your interest in International Migration Getting hold of your own copy of this book from the OECD is the easiest thing to do.

- AUTHOR, DATE - Normal Usage - Advanced Usage - Expert Usage - Other Documents PDL::Course - A journey through PDL's documentation, from beginner to advanced. This is written by David Mertens with edits by Daniel Carrera. PDL's documentation is extensive. Some sections cover deep core magic while others cover more usual topics like IO and numerical computation. How are these related? Where should you begin? This document is an attempt to pull all the key PDL documentation together in a coherent study course, starting from the beginner level, up to the expert. I've broken down everything by level of expertise, and within expertise I've covered documentation, library, and workflow modules. The documentation modules are useful for what they tell you; the library modules are useful for the functions that they define for you; the workflow modules are useful for the way that they allow you to get your work done in new and different ways. If you are new to PDL, these documentation modules will get you started down the right path for using PDL. Modules that tell you how to start using PDL. Many of these are library modules technically, but they are included when use PDL, so I've included them for their documentation. After the first three, most of the docs listed below are rather dry. Perhaps they would be better summarized by tables or better synopses. You should at least scan through them to familiarize yourself with the basic capabilities of PDL. - PDL::Philosophy, PDL::QuickStart A couple of brief introductions to PDL. The second one is a bit more hands-on. If you are new to PDL, you should start with these. Covers basic piddle-creation routines like logxvalsto name a random few. Also covers Explains a large collection of built-in functions which, given an N-dimension piddle, will create a piddle with N-1 dimensions. PDL came of age right around the turn of the millennium and NiceSlice came on the scene slightly after that. Some of the docs still haven't caught up. NiceSlice is the 'modern' way to slice and dice your piddles. Read the Synopsis, then scroll down to The New Slicing Syntax. After you've read to the bottom, return to and read the stuff at the top. Defines a whole slew of useful built-in functions. These are the sorts of things that beginners are likely to write to the list and say, "How do I do xxx?" You would be well on your way to learning the ropes after you've gotten through this document. - Selections from PDL::Core Like PDL::Primitive, defines a large set of useful functions. Unfortunately, some of the functions are quite esoteric, but are mixed in with the rest of the simple and easy ones. Skim the whole document, skipping over the complicated functions for now. I would point out in particular the function - The perldl or pdl2 Shell The Perldl Shell is a REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop, in other words, a prompt or shell) that allows you to work with PDL (or any Perl, for that matter) in 'real time', loading data from files, plotting, manipulating... Anything you can do in a script, you can do in the PDL Shell, with instant feedback! The main workhorse module. You'll include this in nearly every PDL program you write. The sorts of modules that you'll likely use on a normal basis in scripts or from within the perldl shell. Some of these modules you may never use, but you should still be aware that they exist, just in case you need their functionality. In addition to explaining the original slicing and dicing functions - for which you can usually use PDL::NiceSlice - this also covers many dimension-handling functions such as reorder. This also thoroughly documents the rangefunction, which can be very powerful, and covers a number of internal functions, which can probably be skipped. This covers a lot of the deeper conceptual ground that you'll need to grasp to really use PDL to its full potential. It gets more complex as you go along, so don't be troubled if you find yourself loosing interest half way through. However, reading this document all the way through will bring you much closer to PDL enlightenment. PDL has quite a few IO modules, most of which are discussed in this summary module. A collection of some of Tuomas's ideas for making good use of PDL. Explains what bad values are and how and why they are implemented. - Selections from Inline::Pdlpp Although writing PDL::PP code is considered an Advanced topic, and is covered in the next section, you should be aware that it is possible (and surprisingly simple) to write PDL-aware code. You needn't read the whole thing at this point, but to get some feel for how it works, you should read everything up through the first example. A copy of this documentation is contained in the PDL::PP-Inline manpage. Explains how to subclass a piddle object. This was discussed in the Preface. It is an automatically generated file that lists all of the PDL modules on your computer. There are many modules that may be on your machine but which are not documented here, such as bindings to the FFTW library, or GSL. Give it a read! Complex number support. No, PDL does not have complex number support built into the core, but this should help you out. PDL's own Fast Fourier Transform. If you have FFTW, then you should probably make use of it; this is PDL's internal implementation and should always be available. PDL does not have bindings for every sub-library in the GNU Scientific Library, but it has quite a few. If you have GSL installed on your machine then chances are decent that your PDL has the GSL bindings. For a full list of the GSL bindings, check PDL::Index. A somewhat uniform interface to the different interpolation modules in PDL. Includes some basic bad-value functionality, including functions to query if a piddle has bad values ( isbad) and functions to set certain elements as bad ( setbadif). Among other places, bad values are used in PDL::Graphics::PLplot's xyplot to make a gap in a line plot. A cool module that allows you to tie a Perl array to a collection of files on your disk, which will be loaded into and out of memory as piddles. If you find yourself writing scripts to process many data files, especially if that data processing is not necessarily in sequential order, you should consider using PDL::DiskCache. A PDL subclass that allows you to store and manipulate collections of fixed-length character strings using PDL. A whole collection of methods for manipulating images whose image data are stored in a piddle. These include methods for convolutions (smoothing), polygon fills, scaling, rotation, and warping, among others. Contains a few functions that are conceptually related to image processing, but which can be defined for higher-dimensional data. For examples this module defines high-dimensional convolution and interpolation, among others. Defines some useful functions for working with RBG image data. It's not very feature-full, but it may have something you need, and if not, you can always add more! Creates the transform class, which allows you to create various coordinate transforms. For example, if you data is a collection of Cartesian coordinates, you could create a transform object to convert them to Spherical-Polar coordinates (although many such standard coordinate transformations are predefined for you, in this case it's called This package states that it "implements the commonly used simplex optimization algorithm." I'm going to assume that if you need this algorithm then you already know what it is. A collection of fairly standard math functions, like the inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions and their inverses, and others. This module is included in the standard call to use PDL, but not in the Lite versions. Provides a few functions that use the standard mathematical Matrix notation of row-column indexing rather than the PDL-standard column-row. It appears that this module has not been heavily tested with other modules, so although it should work with other modules, don't be surprised if something breaks when you use it (and feel free to offer any fixes that you may develop). Provides many standard matrix operations for piddles, such as computing eigenvalues, inverting square matrices, LU-decomposition, and solving a system of linear equations. Though it is not built on PDL::Matrix, it should generally work with that module. Also, the methods provided by this module do not depend on external libraries such as Slatec or GSL. Implements an interface to all the functions that return piddles with one less dimension (for example, sumover), such that they can be called by suppling their name, as a string. Enables Matlab-style autoloading. When you call an unknown function, instead of complaining and croaking, PDL will go hunt around in the directories you specify in search of a like-named file. Particularly useful when used with the Perldl Shell. pxfunction, which can be handy for debugging your PDL scripts and/or perldl shell commands. Suppose you define a powerful, versatile function. Chances are good that you'll accept the arguments in the form of a hash or hashref. Now you face the problem of processing that hashref. PDL::Options assists you in writing code to process those options. (You'd think Perl would have tons of these sorts of modules lying around, but I couldn't find any.) Note this module does not depend on PDL for its usage or installation. Ever fired-up the perldl shell just to look up the help for a particular function? You can use pdldocinstead. This shell script extracts information from the help index without needing to start the perldl shell. The sorts of modules and documentation that you'll use if you write modules that use PDL, or if you work on PDL maintenance. These modules can be difficult to use, but enable you to tackle some of your harder problems. - PDL::Lite, PDL::LiteF Lite-weight replacements for use PDL, from the standpoint of namespace pollution and load time. This was mentioned earlier. Before you begin reading about PDL::PP (next), you should remind yourself about how to use this. Inline::Pdlpp will help you experiment with PDL::PP without having to go through the trouble of building a module and constructing makefiles (but see PDL::pptemplate for help on that). The PDL Pre-Processor, which vastly simplifies making you C or Fortran code play with Perl and piddles. Most of PDL's basic functionality is written using PDL::PP, so if you're thinking about how you might integrate some numerical library written in C, look no further. A script that automates the creation of modules that use PDL::PP, which should make your life as a module author a bit simpler. Allows you to call functions using external shared libraries. This is an alternative to using PDL::PP. The major difference between PDL::PP and PDL::CallExt is that the former will handle threading over implicit thread dimensions for you, whereas PDL::CallExt simply calls an external function. PDL::PP is generally the recommended way to interface your code with PDL, but it wouldn't be Perl if there wasn't another way to do it. %PDL::Confighash, which has lots of useful information pertinent to your PDL build. Explanation of the PDL documentation conventions, and an interface to the PDL Documentation parser. Following these guidelines when writing documentation for PDL functions will ensure that your wonderful documentation is accessible from the perldl shell and from calls to barf. (Did you notice that barfused your documentation? Time to reread PDL::Core...) A simple replacement for the standard Exporter module. The only major difference is that the default imported modules are those marked ':Func'. Defines some useful functions for getting a piddle's type, as well as getting information about that type. Simply defines the scalar $PDL::Version::Versionwith the current version of PDL, as defined in PDL.pm. This is most useful if you distribute your own module on CPAN, use PDL::Lite or PDL::LiteF and want to make sure that your users have a recent-enough version of PDL. Since the variable is defined in PDL.pm, you don't need this module if you Provides some decently useful functions that are pretty much only needed by the PDL Porters. Explains how to make a piddle by hand, from Perl or your C source code, using the PDL API. Explains the nitty-gritty of the PDL data structures. After reading this (a few times :), you should be able to create a piddle completely from scratch (i.e. without using the PDL API). Put a little differently, if you want to understand how PDL::PP works, you'll need to read this. Copyright 2010 David Mertens (firstname.lastname@example.org) You can distribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as the current Perl license.

- freely available Sensors 2014, 14(1), 1740-1756; doi:10.3390/s140101740 Published: 20 January 2014 Abstract: Implantable devices have important applications in biomedical sensor networks used for biomedical monitoring, diagnosis and treatment, etc. In this paper, an implant intra-body communication (IBC) method based on capacitive coupling has been proposed, and the modeling and characterization of this kind of IBC has been investigated. Firstly, the transfer function of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling was derived. Secondly, the corresponding parameters of the transfer function are discussed. Finally, both measurements and simulations based on the proposed transfer function were carried out, while some important conclusions have been achieved, which indicate that the achieved transfer function and conclusions are able to help to achieve an implant communication method with the highly desirable characteristics of low power consumption, high data rate, high transmission quality, etc. Intra-body communication (IBC) is a technology using the human body as transmission medium for electrical signals . In general, IBC technology has two application forms: on-body IBC [2–4] and implant IBC [5,6], in which on-body IBC is used for the data exchange among electrical devices which are worn on the body [2,7], while implant IBC is used for the communication among implantable electrical devices . Like on-body IBC, the implant IBC provides benefits to many applications, such as biomedical monitoring systems [6,8] and other related application fields [9–11]. Compared with other implantable device communication methods [12,13], implant IBC has the advantages of low transmission power, small size, etc. . Implant IBC can be applied in monitoring patient's condition and in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, including heart disease, neurological disorders and cancer detection [5,13,14], etc. In a biomedical monitoring system based on implant IBC, biomedical data are collected by implantable biomedical sensors located at different parts of the human body and are transmitted to other sensors using the IBC techniques, as shown in Figure 1. Finally, the data can be received and transmitted to the hospital by a link sensor, which is attached on the body, and integrated conventional wireless modules. Therefore, implant IBC is particularly important for implantable biomedical sensors to communicate with each other in biomedical monitoring system. However, the previous works in this field have some limitations, which can be summarized as follows: (1) Comparatively higher signal attenuation. Previous investigations on implant IBC mainly concentrated on the implant IBC based on galvanic coupling [6,15], which has comparatively higher signal attenuation. In implant IBC based on galvanic coupling, an alternating current is applied with a pair of transmitter electrodes to the human tissue and detected by a pair of receiver electrodes [16,17]. Due to the fact that the two coupling electrodes of the transmitter contact with the body directly, a primary current flow between the coupler electrodes is established and only a small secondary current propagates into the conductive body parts . As a result, the body effectively shorts the signal from the transmitter, which increases the signal attenuation and the power consumption, and greatly shortens the operation time of the implant [18,19]; (2) The lack of a corresponding mathematical model. As for the research of implant IBC, the corresponding mathematical model is very important for achieving the characteristics of implant IBC [16,20]. However, the previous works failed to develop the corresponding transfer function of the implant IBC. As a result, some of the implant IBC phenomena can 't be explained in theory, while other characteristics remain unrevealed so far. On the other hand, it has been proved that on-body IBC based on capacitive coupling has comparatively lower signal attenuation. In the on-body IBC based on capacitive coupling, only the signal electrodes of the transmitter and receiver are attached to the body skin directly, while both the transmitting ground electrode and the receiving ground electrode remain floating [10,21,22]. As a result, this avoids the body shorting the signal from the transmitter and more signal energy can reach the receiver electrodes . Therefore, a comparatively lower power consumption can be achieved. However, the principle of IBC based on capacitive coupling has not been used in the implant IBC so far. In this paper, an implant intra-body communication method based on capacitive coupling has been proposed, while the modeling and characterization of this kind of IBC have been investigated. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, a circuit model of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling was developed, then the corresponding transfer function was derived. Some important parameters of the transfer function were discussed and modeled in detail in Section 3. In Section 4, measurement experiments were carried out for verifying the reliability of the proposed transfer function, while some important characteristics of the proposed method were studied. Finally, Section 5 concludes this paper. 2. Transfer Function 2.1. Circuit Model Firstly, the difference between the on-body IBC based on capacitive coupling and the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling is analyzed. In the on-body IBC based on capacitive coupling, as shown in Figure 2a, only two signal electrodes are attached on the human body (e.g., human arm), while an electric field AO forms between them though the body. Meanwhile, both the transmitting ground electrode and the receiving ground electrode remain floating, which results in an electric field BO2 between the ground electrode of transmitter and ground as well as an electric field BO1 between the ground electrode of receiver and the ground. Finally, the return path of signal is established by the electric field of BO1, the ground and the electric field of BO2, thereby signal transmission between the transmitter and the receiver can be achieved. On the other hand, there is also an electric field CO between the body and the ground because of the body potential, which affects the signal transmission of IBC to some extent . In the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling, both the transmitter and receiver are implanted into human body, as shown in Figure 2b. In our investigation, each implant capacitive electrode contains a signal electrode made of a metal stick and a ground electrode made of a metal cylindrical casing. Meanwhile, the signal electrode contacts with the human tissue directly, and the ground electrode is insulated from the human tissue as well as the signal electrode by using an insulating shell, which avoids the body shorting the signal between the signal electrode and the ground electrode. Moreover, compared with the coupling between the signal electrode and the ground electrode, a comparatively bigger capacitive coupling between the two ground electrodes can also be achieved because of the comparatively bigger surface area of the two ground electrodes. Thereby, signal transmission between the transmitter and the receiver can be achieved with low attenuation. In the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling shown in Figure 2b, there is an electric field AI between the signal electrode of transmitter and that of the receiver in human tissue, which is similar to electric field AO shown in Figure 2a. On the other hand, instead of locating outside the human body as shown in Figure 2a, the return path of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling locates inside the human body, which is the capacitive coupling represented as the electric field BI between the two ground electrodes through the insulating shell and human tissue. Therefore, signal transmission between the implanted transmitter and the implanted receiver can be achieved through electric field AI and BI. Additionally, there is also a coupling between the body and the external ground through the electric field CI, as shown in Figure 2b. Considering the fact that both the signal electrode and ground electrode couple with the ground through the human tissue, thereby the electric field CI affects the coupling between the ground electrodes (electric field BI) and that between the signal electrodes (electric field AI) synchronously. According to Figure 2b, the circuit model of the implant IBC can be obtained, as shown in Figure 3. The electrical model of each unit block can be represented as an impedance Z, which is equivalent to the parallel connection of corresponding capacitance C and resistance R [2,18], as shown in Equation (1): In the circuit model of the transmitter, as shown in Figure 3, R0 represents the output resistance of the transmitter, Za1 is the impedance between the ground electrodes and the signal electrodes, and Zk1 represents the impedance of insulating shell between the ground electrode and the human tissue. On the other hand, Zb11 and Zb12 represent the transverse impedance between the two signal electrodes, and Zb21 and Zb22 represent the impedance between the two ground electrodes. Meanwhile, the coupling capacitances between the human body and the external ground are represented as Cg1 and Cg2, which affect the coupling paths between the signal electrodes (Zb11 and Zb12) and that between the ground electrodes (Zb21 and Zb22), respectively. Additionally, in the circuit model of the receiver, Zin represents the input impedance of the receiver, while the other parameters are similar to that of the transmitter. 2.2. Derivation of the Transfer Function The transfer function of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling can be derived by Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) mesh equations [23,24], because the equivalent circuit of it is a linear system. In Figure 4, in (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) is the current of the corresponding mesh, then the following equation can be expressed as: It is assumed that mesh impedance matrix Z contains the respective impedances in the circuit, which is a diagonal 4 × 4 square matrix as follows: On the other hand, the column matrix of the voltage sources V and the matrix of the mesh currents I can be expressed as: As a result, Equation (2) can be summarized as a matrix equation: Furthermore, the mesh admittance matrix is determined by inverting the mesh impedance matrix as: Therefore, the current i4 can be obtained by calculating the mesh current matrix I: Then the output voltage of the implant IBC can be expressed as: The following is the discussion with respect to the parameters of the deduced transfer function. 3.1. Transverse Impedance (Zb) Due to the fact that the human body generally consists of five layers (skin, fat, muscle, cortical bone, and bone marrow), Zb can be expressed as the parallel connection of the impedances corresponding to the different layers : 3.2. Impedance of Insulating Shell (Zk1 and Zk2) Zk1 and Zk2, which are the impedances of insulating shell between the ground electrode and the human tissue, can be obtained by Equation (1) using Ck1, Ck2 and Rk1, Rk2. The capacitances of Ck1 and Ck2 represent the capacitances between two coaxial cylinders, which are expressed by Equation (11): 3.3. Capacitance Between the Human Body and the External Ground (Cg1, Cg2) It is assumed that if a person stands in an open space, and the human body is approximated as a conductive cylinder or sphere , then the capacitance (Cg) between the human body and the external ground can be represented as : As a result, the capacitance between the object and the ground of infinity C∞, can be assumed as a sphere with diameter le in free space, which is calculated as follows : In our investigation, the arm attached with the electrodes is abstracted as a cylinder, of which the diameter is d and the height is l. According to Equations (13) and (14), C∞ between the arm and the ground of infinity can be calculated by: On the other hand, the capacitance of CP can be approximated as : 4. Experiments and Discussion In order to verify the validity of the proposed models and parameters, the measurements of implant IBC and the mathematical simulations based on the proposed transfer function were carried out. Moreover, the characteristics of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling were also analyzed. 4.1. Experiment Setup In our investigation, the experiment setup of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling was composed of a handheld signal generator, a ScopeMeter, a pair of implantable capacitive coupling electrodes and a rectangle tank, as shown in Figure 6. The handheld signal generator (DSO8060, R0 = 50 Ω) was used to provide the output signal at the transmitter terminal, and the ScopeMeter (Fluke 196C, Rin = 1 MΩ and Cin = 15 pF) was used to measure the signal at the receiving terminal. Both the handheld signal generator and the ScopeMeter were powered by battery for decreasing the influence of the external ground and simulating the actual application of implant IBC. Additionally, all the measurements were carried out at room temperature (298.15 K). A rectangle tank with the size of 45 × 35 × 20 cm was used for simulating the human body, as shown in Figure 6. The tank was filled with physiological saline , which is assumed to be isotropic, as well as has the conductivity (σ) of 1.75 S/m and the relative permittivity (εr) of 80.4, as shown in Table 1. Therefore, the resistance and capacitance of the transmission path can be obtained by R = L/σA and C = εrε0A/L, where A is the cross-section area of the transmission path, and L is the length of the transmission path. C∞ of the measurement tank can be calculated by Equation (14), while its CP can be calculated according to Equation (16), which is equal to: In our experiment setup, the ground electrode of the capacitive coupling electrodes is cylindrical casing and packed with insulating shell (σ = 1 × 10−14, εr = 3). The radius RA of the ground electrode is 0.55 cm, and the radius RB of the insulating shell is 0.6 cm. Meanwhile, the signal electrode with the radius of 0.1 cm, is contacted with the physiological saline directly, as shown in Figure 6. Moreover, in order to verify the advantages of implant IBC based on capacitive coupling compared with the implant IBC based on galvanic coupling, the electrodes of the implant IBC based on galvanic coupling were also developed, which had two cylindrical copper endings (length 1 cm and diameter 4 mm) and the distance between them was 5 cm . Figure 7 shows the experiment setup of the implant IBC based on galvanic coupling. 4.2. Comparison of Implant IBC Based on Two Coupling Methods In this experiment, the separation distance between the transmitter electrode and the receiver electrode was set as 30 cm. Meanwhile, the sine wave signals with the amplitude of 4 V (peak-to-peak value) were applied on the transmitter electrodes. On the other hand, the signal frequency range of 100 kHz–40 MHz was chosen in our measurement, due to the fact that the power spectrum of the electrical signals produced by the biological processes mainly covers the low frequency range (less than 100 kHz) and there is also the limitation of the circuit model in the high-frequency range . Figure 8 shows the measurement results with respect to the frequency-dependent characteristics of the proposed method and the implant IBC based on galvanic coupling. We can find from Figure 8 that the attenuation of the proposed method is significantly lower (on average by 13.13 dB) than that of the implant IBC based on galvanic coupling. Meanwhile, both the two signal attenuation curves decrease gradually with the increasing of the signal frequency from 100 kHz to 2 MHz. However, the result of the IBC based on the galvanic coupling has comparatively bigger variation (the maximum deviation is up to 29.54 dB) in the frequency range of 2 MHz–40 MHz, while the result of the proposed method has comparatively smaller variation (the maximum deviation is only 3.90 dB) in the same frequency range. The above phenomenon can be explained that there is comparatively bigger coupling between the signal electrode and the ground electrode of transmitter in the IBC based on the galvanic coupling, thereby only lower signal energy can reach the receiver electrodes. On the contrary, in the proposed method, the mentioned coupling is weakened by using the insulating shell, thereby more signal energy can reach the receiver electrodes, which results in lower signal attenuation. 4.3. Verification of the Transfer Function In order to verify the validity and the accuracy of the transfer function, both the measurements and the corresponding simulations with respect to the frequency-dependent characteristics of the proposed method were carried out under the conditions of the different signal transmission distances and heights. Figure 9 shows the measurements and simulation results corresponding to the signal transmission distances of 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm, respectively. It can be seen from Figure 9 that the simulation results based on the developed transfer function basically coincide with the corresponding measurement results, while the deviations between the simulation and the measurement are limited within 3.93 dB. Meanwhile, both the simulation results and the measurement results decrease as the signal frequency increases from 100 kHz to 2 MHz, and have little variation within the frequency range of 2 MHz–40 MHz. On the other hand, when the signal transmission distance increases from 20 cm to 40 cm, both the signal attenuations of the two results have little variation. For instance, an increase of 10 cm of the signal transmission distance only leads to an extra attenuation of 0.25 dB on average according to the measurement results. Similarly, the extra attenuation of the corresponding simulation is 0.14 dB on average, which indicates that both of them basically are not sensitive to the signal transmission distances. Moreover, under the condition that the height between the tank and the ground was set as 1 cm, 50 cm and 80 cm, respectively, while the signal transmission distance was set as 20 cm, the implant IBC experiments as well as the corresponding simulations based on the transfer function were carried out. Figure 10 shows the comparison between the measurement results and simulation results corresponding to the different heights. It can be observed from Figure 10 that the mathematical simulation results also basically coincide with the corresponding measurement results. Meanwhile, the attenuation of the measurement results corresponding to the height of 50 cm is 6.00 dB less than that of the height of 1 cm on average, while a similar decrease (5.27 dB) can also be found in the simulation results. In addition, the curve of the measurement corresponding to the height of 80 cm overlaps with that of the height of 50 cm, and the corresponding variations are limited in 0.28 dB. Meanwhile, the similar phenomenon can be found in simulation results, and the variations are limited within 0.12 dB, which indicates that both the measurement and the simulation results remain basically unchanged as the height increases from 50 cm to 80 cm. 4.4. Characteristics of the Implant IBC Based on the Capacitive Coupling In order to determine the characteristics of the proposed method, the corresponding simulations of the proposed method were carried out under the conditions of the different frequencies, signal transmission distances and heights based on the transfer function which has been verified. In our simulation, it is assumed that the human body is in static state at room temperature (298.15 K), which means that the capacitance to the ground keeps unchanged, and the influence of temperature variation is ignored [29,30]. 4.4.1. Characteristics of Frequency and Distance In this simulation, we assumed that the implantable capacitive coupling electrodes were embedded in the arm, of which the diameter was 10 cm. The attenuation curves corresponding to the different distances (20, 30 and 40 cm) are shown in Figure 11, in which the distance between the arm and the ground is 50 cm and the capacitance Cg1 between the arm and the ground is equal to 7.99 pF. It can be seen from Figure 11 that the attenuation becomes lower when the frequency increases from 100 kHz to 3 MHz, and it remains relatively stable when the frequency increases from 3 MHz to 10 MHz, which is similar to the results shown in Figure 9. On the other hand, the attenuation has a slight increasing when the frequency is higher than 10 MHz. Therefore, the comparatively lower signal attenuation can be achieved by using the proposed method in the case that the signal frequency range is within the range of 3 MHz–10 MHz. What's more, according to the results shown in Figure 11, the signal transmission distance has comparatively less effect on the signal attenuation. For instance, the mean deviation is only 0.06 dB in the frequency range of 100 kHz–40 MHz when the distance is increased by 10 cm. This phenomenon can be interpreted as that the impedance of the human body path (Zb) is much smaller than the other impedances of the return path (such as Zg1 and Zk1). As a result, the signal attenuation changes little with the increase of the transmission distance, which caused the increase of Zb. 4.4.2. Characteristics of Height In our simulations under the conditions of different heights to the ground, the distance of transmission was set as 20 cm, while the simulation frequencies were set as 3 MHz and 10MHz, which were corresponding to the cases that Rb11 = 60.9 Ω, Cb11 = 116 pF as well as Rb11 = 54 Ω, Cb11 = 33 pF, respectively. The corresponding simulation results are shown in Figure 12. According to Figure 12, the signal attenuation basically decreases with the increase of the height, in which the decrease of attenuation corresponding to 3 MHz is 1.39 dB in the case that the height increases from 1 cm to 30 cm, while the value corresponding to 10 MHz is 1.43 dB. This phenomenon can be interpreted as that the capacitive coupling between the arm and the external ground becomes smaller as the height of the arm increases. For example, Cg1 is equal to 22.83 pF when the height is 1 cm, while it is equal to 9.07 pF when the height is increased to 30 cm. Therefore, when the height decreases to some extent (such as less than 10 cm), the comparatively higher signal power is lost to the external ground through the capacitance betwe nen the arm and the ground, which leads to the comparatively bigger increase of signal attenuation. On the other hand, the attenuation becomes basically stable when the height is higher than 30 cm. For instance, the difference between the signal attenuation corresponding to 30 cm and the signal attenuation corresponding to 100 cm is only 0.12 dB when the frequency is 10 MHz. A similar phenomenon can be found in the results corresponding to 3 MHz. The main reason for this phenomenon can be interpreted as that the additional capacitance to the ground (CP_arm) decreases gradually with the increase of the height and finally reduces to zero, which is expressed as Equation (17). In this paper, we propose an implant intra-body communication (IBC) method based on capacitive coupling, and investigate its transfer function and characteristics. Firstly, we derived the transfer function of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling. Secondly, the corresponding parameters used in the transfer function were discussed. Finally, both the measurements of the proposed method and the corresponding simulations based on the transfer function were carried out under different conditions. From the measurement and simulation results, we find that: (1) The simulation results based on the developed transfer function basically coincide with the measurements; (2) Compared with the implant IBC based on galvanic coupling, the proposed method has comparatively lower signal attenuation and basically stable frequency response within the frequency range of 2 MHz–40 MHz; (3) In the proposed method, the signal transmission distance almost has no influence on the signal attenuation; (4) The signal attenuation of the proposed method decreases with the increase of the height between body and the ground, and it becomes basically stable when the height is higher than a certain value, such as 30 cm. The above conclusions indicate that the proposed method of the implant IBC based on capacitive coupling has the advantages of low signal attenuation, insensitivity to signal transmission distance and so on. 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Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 20–25 August 2008; pp. 2310–2313. - Ben Amor, N.; Kanoun, O.; Lay-Ekuakille, A.; Vendramin, G.; Specchia, G.; Trotta, A. Energy Harvesting from Human Body Movements for Biomedical Autonomous Systems. Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Conference on Sensors, Lecce, Italy, 26–29 October 2008; pp. 678–680. |Table 1. The conductivity and relative permittivity of the materials.| |Materials||Physiological Saline||Insulating Shell| |Parameters||σ (S/m)||εr||σ (S/m)||εr| |Values||1.75||80.4||1 × 10−14||3| © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Designing for kids is not an easy task. The design process is undertaken by adults, with children being the end-users and therefore, it is a huge responsibility to deliver high-quality designs. Brief: The challenge of the competition is to design a play structure for children that can be installed in a public park. Parks and playgrounds are hubs of social activity, especially for kids. Hence it is essential that these play areas are inclusive, accessible, and stimulating. The installation will foster a sense of community by creating a piece of equipment for the shared public land. The design should ensure that the artificial landscape created is safe while giving the kids a chance to explore, learn and grow. The visual impact must be exemplary with standout features. The aim is to create a structure that is inventive and would challenge the kids without any singularly functioning elements. The structure design must establish a connection or harmony with the natural surrounding it is placed in. TitleChild Play - A Play Structure for a Public Park TypeCompetition Announcement (Ideas) Registration DeadlineDecember 14, 2021 03:00 PM Submission DeadlineDecember 13, 2021 03:00 PM

It’s been 31 years, but Oded Hirsch still remembers precisely where he was in the kindergarten when his mother told him that his father had been in a road accident. “I was 5, and I remember that it didn’t interest me because I was busy playing with a dog at that moment,” says Hirsch, during a visit to Israel this month. His father, Yoel Hirsch, was critically injured in a truck accident in 1981, which necessitated him being away from home, in rehab, for two years. When he returned he was a different man, paralyzed from the waist down and confined to a wheelchair. His impaired mobility and other disabilities posed a daily challenge to everyone in the household, and left a mark on the young Oded. Wisps of pleasant memories of the father who used to stroll along the kibbutz paths with him or kick a ball around on the grass were completely wiped out. “One winter a few years ago, I came up with the idea of photographing my father, in his wheelchair sunk deep in mud,” says Hirsch. “An allusion to his inability to get everywhere and, of course, also of my need to stress that we came from the muddy earth of the fertile Jordan Valley. It was winter. We left our kibbutz, Afikim, which is near the border with Jordan. I dragged him out to the open field near the border fence and planted him in the mud. I set up the camera and then an Israel Defense Forces patrol showed up all of a sudden. One of the soldiers yelled to us, ‘Are you out of your minds? Get out of here.’” In March 1997, a Jordanian soldier shot schoolgirls who were touring the area, killing seven of them. “I couldn’t give up the photo shoot that easily,” Hirsch recalls, “but meanwhile a whole fiasco was unfolding. From the other side of the fence, Jordanian soldiers were peering through binoculars and reporting back on the radio. I told the soldiers, ‘Just give me a minute,’ and I took the pictures. And then, at that moment, I understood for the first time that I was fascinated not just by still photography but also by all the activity and interaction around it. For me, this was an act of art just as valuable as the still image itself.” Since 2006, Oded Hirsch has been living and working in New York, where he earned his master’s in fine art from Brooklyn’s Pratt Institute in 2008. His multidisciplinary works, all photographed in the Jordan Valley, were recently presented in Manhattan at the Thierry Goldberg Gallery − which also represents him − and received rave reviews. However, Hirsch is barely known in Israel. In 2008 he had a photography exhibition at the Museum of Israeli Art, Ramat Gan, and he recently made a professional connection with Galia Bar Or, a curator and director of the Museum of Art, Ein Harod. The two are working on an exhibition for next year. Films, not video art In his video art pieces, Hirsch combines cinema and performance elements, but he prefers to describe them as films. He carefully documents the “behind-the-scenes” of his complex and spectacular productions, that over time have come to include numerous participants. Appended to each film is another film documenting the installation and, he says, “the show that exists for the sake of producing the movies ... I’m interested in the process as much as the final edit. This is why the documentation of how it was done is as artistically valid as the final piece.” His four films − all surprising in their aesthetics and their personal, social and political significance − were shot in the region where he was born (in 1976). His first film, from 2009, is called “50 Blue” − like the name of the label marking the Hirsch family’s clothing in the Kibbutz Afikim laundry. The film originated with an image he had in his mind of a man in a wheelchair, sitting in a tower surrounded by water. For 10 minutes, cameraman Eran Barak’s lens follows a young man (the director’s brother, Eli), who is pushing a wheelchair in which an older, disabled man is sitting (the director’s father, Yoel). The chair struggles to make its way toward a high cliff, its wheels get stuck in the mud and it flips over. After an arduous struggle, the man in the wheelchair is led to the edge of Lake Kinneret, where a 10-meter-high guard tower stands. The young man ties the wheelchair to a rope and, together with another eight men in yellow plastic raincoats, they hoist Hirsch, Sr., to the top of the tower, where he remains alone. Hirsch’s second film, “Tochka” 2010)), follows a group of laborers toiling to prepare the ground for the construction of what turns out to be a large bridge to nowhere. “Tochka” is Russian for a settlement point and the name of a Soviet Hashomer Hatzair youth movement kibbutz that was founded in 1925 in Beit-Gan, near Yavne’el. It became a permanent community in 1932 but it wasn’t until 1939 that the founders gave up the name Tochka and renamed it Afikim. Hirsch says the film depicts the boundless effort to achieve an unattainable utopian goal. “There’s something awkward about the kibbutz idea,” he says. “Admirable totality. People abandoned houses and families in Europe in order to build a new utopian world. The implementation of this totality included some peculiar practices. Israeli video artist Oded Hirsch “The idea that people didn’t have to specialize in any one occupation, for example, that a person could tend cattle, be a welder and also a babysitter, or that the children are part of the community,” he continues. “They didn’t encourage marriage, because it violated the equality. They took the utopian idea of equality to crazy and wonderful extremes. When I was planning ‘Tochka,’ I likened the film to a person out walking in nature who is supposed to get from Point A to Point B. He comes across a small crevice and instead of just skipping over it, he builds a huge construction − a bridge that leads nowhere. This construction symbolizes pipe dreams.” Detached from the land In another 2010 film, “Habaita,” the camera records a group of 20 kibbutzniks, women and men in their sixties, dressed in work clothes, standing on a boat that appears fixed in place on a lake. The expression on their faces is determined, they gaze straight ahead, and seem oblivious to the surroundings. This work is named after a novel by Assaf Inbari, who is also an Afikim native. “If a person is a product of his childhood landscape,” Hirsch explains, “in the film I wanted to create an opposite situation − the person as detached from his childhood landscape and people that are stuck. Above them is the blue sky, and all around them are the waters of the Kinneret, but they aren’t moving anywhere. There is hardly any movement at all in the frame apart from a light ripple on the water.” This detachment, says Hirsch, returns them to their initial condition as immigrants. “It’s a little trite to keep talking about the shattering of the kibbutz dream,” he says. “I see it as a dream that’s no longer relevant. You can’t update a dream that was solidified in the early part of the last century. The update it is currently receiving won’t last. The kibbutzim have become construction sites. Retirees take mortgages and expand their apartments, but their children live in New York or Tel Aviv and won’t come back to the Jordan Valley. This is the flight from the dream and the detachment that I depict in an abstract way in the film.” The most recent film, “Nothing New,” produced this year, is based on the 1962 short story “The Way of the Wind” by Amos Oz (from the “Where the Jackals Howl” story collection), and the cast was comprised of approximately 200 kibbutzniks from the Jordan Valley area. “The hero of the story, a paratrooper who grew up on a kibbutz, jumps out of a plane with his comrades as part of a display for Independence Day,” Hirsch says. “He jumps last and gets tangled up in some power lines. The kibbutzniks run to the spot and his father, who has a classic Zionist activist look, tells him, ‘Jump! Jump!’ But the terrified paratrooper is unable to meet society and his father’s expectations to be brave and bold. Humiliated, he puts a hand out to touch the wires, is electrocuted and dies. “The film relates to something that I felt as a teenager. The burden of expectations that I grew up with resonated with Oz’s story. The son who doesn’t fulfill the father’s expectations. In my films, the solution that society proposes is always an absurd solution.” ‘The Mad Lift’ We found Hirsch at the welding workshop at Kibbutz Regavim, dressed in work pants and boots, and standing in front of a large silvery metal chamber. The artist, who will soon become a father for the first time, spent a few jam-packed days here earlier this month, pushing ahead with preparations for his first environmental sculpture, to be shown from September 15 at the Liverpool Biennial − International Festival of Contemporary Art, in England. More than 60 artists from around the world will be presenting their works there, including Doug Aitken, William Kentridge, Sophie Calle, Mona Hatoum, Martin Parr, Fischli and Weiss, Thomas Hirschhorn, Gilbert and George, and many more; quite an impressive list. Curator Lorenzo Fusi, who saw Hirsch’s films at Mass MoCA (Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art), invited him to participate in the biennial. “Fusi saw my films and challenged me to think a little differently this time and show an outdoor sculpture at the biennial, a piece of public art,” Hirsch says. In October 2011, Hirsch made his first trip to Liverpool, the northwestern port city best known as the home of The Beatles. Undeterred by the gusting wind and driving rain, he walked all over the city, admiring the red brick buildings. In 2004, Liverpool was declared a UNESCO world heritage site, and Hirsch, a cinema lover, was astounded to see dozens of abandoned movie houses there. Small shops and shopping centers had also closed in the wake of the construction of a fancy new downtown area. The city underwent a major facelift costing millions when it was declared the European capital of culture for 2008. “There’s a huge area [Liverpool One] that became a pedestrian mall filled with shops,” Hirsch says. “In this escapist-capitalist space they also opened a big multiplex. The vast new mall drained the city of its special character, and life was drawn into the glittery new area. “I decided I wanted to create a work that would respond to the new social reality that was created there,” he adds, “and in my head I had these images of a cityscape getting out of control. From there I got to the idea of a rebellious elevator, that bursts from the earth as if from some underworld beneath the shiny shopping center. This new architectural phenomenon just fascinated me.” The sculpture, called “The Mad Lift,” cost NIS 200,000 and includes a metal elevator that Hirsch built at Regavim. “Electronic contamination that makes its presence known in the middle of the mall area,” he explains. “The idea led me to ‘Metropolis,’ the 1927 film by Fritz Lang, in which the city of the future goes out of control, and in one scene sewage pipes burst into an apartment.” In the center of the sleek shopping center, he will display his sculpture of the burned and scratched elevator with broken tiles around it; the elevator doors will tremble as if struggling to open, and a faint neon light will flicker from within. In Hirsch’s films there is no dialogue. He says there is no need. The groups in his films, as in life, act as one, “according to an inner logic that seems absurd to someone from the outside, but to the collective all is clear. There are no questions and no distractions from the common effort.” How does one of your films come into being? Where does it start? “First comes the imagery. Then I write a detailed script, a storyboard with a list of the shots, the filming locations, the filming angles and the frames. When I’m filming, I’m concentrating on directing and I work without a monitor. I entrust the task to cameraman Eran Barak, and I am always pleasantly surprised.” Hirsch says his films derive from a need to respond to a social problem. He likes to pry into the collective memory of the kibbutz movement and explore where the community ends and the individual begins. Hirsch considers his first film, “50 Blue,” his most personal. It is rooted in his father’s accident. Yoel Hirsch was driving a tractor-trailer, hauling chemicals for the glue industry, when he lost control of the brakes. When the truck ran off the road, one of the tires exploded and it flipped over. Yoel was trapped in the cabin and, in the process of being extricated from the vehicle, his spine was severed. Yoel Hirsch’s father was of Czech descent and his mother was born in Poland. He was born and raised in Tel Aviv. His father had a shop on Allenby Street that sold fountain pens, and the family lived in a two-room apartment on Gilboa Street, across from the Schocken family. Yoel shared a room with his sister, the composer-songwriter Nurit Hirsch. As a child he was considered something of a rascal without much of a future. His mother pressed him to attend the Tichon Hadash High School, and he was registered there, but no more than that. His sister Nurit, meanwhile, excelled in her studies and went on to attend the Academy of Music and to join the IDF entertainment corps. “I volunteered for Sayeret Egoz [reconnaissance unit],” says Yoel. “That’s where I met Gila, who came from an old Safed family and went to school in Afikim. “We got married and moved to the kibbutz,” he adds. “I didn’t have a higher education and it bothered me greatly. The most important thing to me was for my three children to get to study, no matter what. The eldest, Boaz, is working on his doctorate in history. My second son, Eli, finished a master’s degree in Arabic literature, and then he got into computers and now he works for a Swiss media company. And Oded, who studied photography, found his calling in filmmaking. None of my children has a television at home. We all give precedence to reading.” According to Yoel, it was his mother, Leah, Oded’s grandmother, who is responsible “for the animating spirit” in the Hirsch family. At age 40 she enrolled in law school, and Moshe Dayan reputedly copied off her in the final exams. She had a law office for some years, and when she got older, she became a yoga teacher. At age 80, she completed a skydiving course and jumped out of a plane with one of her grandchildren. Oded Hirsch describes a difficult childhood in the aftermath of his father’s injuries. “After the accident, Dad spent a year in the hospital and another year in a rehabilitation center, and when he returned to the kibbutz my parents divorced. My father had been an adventurer, a very active and dominant person, and after the accident his morale went way down. He and my mother separated. In the kibbutz it’s easy ... You load your things on a hand truck and move to the other side of the lawn. “I was 7 and I remained with my mother. My two brothers, who were 13 and 15, lived with the kibbutz children.” Hirsch’s father remarried two years later, to a woman from the kibbutz named Daphna, and they had a daughter. His mother, Gila, did not remarry. “Everyone gets along great now, and that includes my mother and father, his second wife Daphna, and their children. They all take part in my productions .” When Oded Hirsch was 14, he moved to the children’s quarters, which was called “the suburb” and was “a society like the one in ‘Lord of the Flies.’ Since my father was very frustrated by his lack of education, he pushed us very hard. When I grew up, it wasn’t the norm to push kids to study. At most, you went to work in the banana fields. I was a rebellious and impudent kid, and I wanted to work in the cattle barn. I was angry at him. I thought, ‘What’s he doing sitting in that wheelchair, he should get up and play soccer.’ I was lugging around this big sack of resentments, and, as I got older, it eventually blew up. “My mother was a steady presence,” he adds. “Neither happy nor sad, but stable. She was my anchor. My father is more capricious. When they wanted to throw me out of high school, he came to the school every day and sat there in his wheelchair outside the classroom. When we moved to another classroom, he would roll behind us in the wheelchair. Talk about being mortified. He did all he could to keep them from throwing me out. He knew that if I left the classroom I would run into him. He was very stubborn, and that’s how I was forced to study.” Hirsch says that he has no solid memories of his father walking. “The bigger I got, the more I looked down at him, because he was in the wheelchair and I was getting taller. I had this recurring dream in which I lifted him up and placed him on a big boulder, or on a tower, and looked up at him from below. ‘50 Blue’ grew out of a desire to deal with the baggage of the past and with the pain of the child who was ashamed of his father. It’s not easy to live in a closed and claustrophobic kibbutz society. As I child I felt different. Everyone else’s fathers were like big heroes who could walk while my father, whom I saw as a hero, wasn’t perceived that way by the collective. The film reaches a peak when he is hoisted up in his wheelchair to the top of the tower.” This scene arouses different feelings. At first it seems that you are preparing to hang him. And then it turns out you are leaving a man in a wheelchair at the top of a tower, where there’s nothing around and he will never be able to get down. “It’s the sacrifice of Isaac in reverse. I’m interested in the tension between the individual and the group, so in the film there’s a situation in which a group of people hoist him up to the tower. Essentially he’s dependent upon them, and they are not human but mechanized characters. I try to take the heroic ethos of the pioneer and to make it ridiculous to the point of being absurd. “If the symbolic going up to Hanita in 1938 was a heroic act of settlement, and they were photographed carrying poles and ascending the mountain to establish a ‘tower and stockade’ settlement, then I’m taking the tower and sticking it in an absurd location and, instead of legendary pioneers carrying poles, my brother is rolling our father in the wheelchair along the muddy paths. Much ado about nothing.” You weren’t risking his life? “Not really, although there was an element of risk. I’m interested in live action, in doing something in real time in which there is an element of danger. Before we lifted him up in the chair, I sat there in his place and they lifted me to make sure that everything was okay. I sat there in his place and it was pretty frightening. It’s like bungee jumping. Very scary, but pretty safe.” A campus like a kibbutz After finishing high school thanks to his father’s close scrutiny, Hirsch did a year of national service at a boarding school for juvenile delinquents, in Kiryat Bialik. “I was going to fix the world,” he says casually. “I came out of the kibbutz and I felt like a salmon leaving the river for the first time and swimming in the ocean. I had no idea what a Mizrahi or an Ashkenazi was, and all of a sudden in the boarding school I found out.” For his military service, he served in military intelligence in Lebanon for four years, until 1999. “Today I’m not happy about that period,” he reflects. “I sat there in Marjayoun and we gathered intelligence. We did what’s called field intelligence. Maybe one day I’ll do a piece that’s related to my service in Lebanon. I’m a political person and my art is very political. It attests to the complexity of things and refrains from expressing a strong view. I try to focus on the problem and not the solution.” You fled from here to America. “It’s comfortable for me to be far away. Yes, I ran away because of my big ambitions. I felt that I could achieve them more fully there.” After the army he traveled around South America for several months but says he didn’t touch drugs: “Once was enough for me. It was terrible. I have to be in control.” After returning to Israel he spent three years working for the Israel AIDS Taskforce. He lived in Be’er Sheva for two years, managing the branch there, focusing on the daily care of Israeli and foreign homeless AIDS patients. “I was young and idealistic,” Hirsch says, “and more than once I dragged people in off the street and brought them into the apartment we had there to shower.” Hirsch then moved to Haifa and continued with the same charitable work. One day he passed by WIZO Academy of Design and Education in Haifa, and saw a sign advertising an open house. Up to then he’d only done amateur photography and was planning to enroll in college to study social work. At that moment he decided to apply to the college’s photography department. “When I look at the project I did − a series of informational photographs on how to avoid AIDS infection − it’s ridiculous,” he says now. Micha Kirshner was the head of the photography department, where Simcha Shirman taught alongside Sheffy Bleier and Reuven Kuperman. “I came in as a blank slate, and since I’m the kind of person who doesn’t do things by halves, I decided to completely devote myself to it. For the first two years I only photographed in black and white and never left the lab, and then I decided that I wanted to really go for it with all I had. At the end of the third year I went to New York and chose to study at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, because the campus there reminded me of the kibbutz.” As a student he took on any job that was offered him, in order to support himself and pay the high tuition fees. “I worked as a mover, I put flyers in mailboxes, I worked in clothing bazaars. My wife and I had some small savings and her salary from her job at the embassy paid our rent and living expenses. I financed the first film out of my own pocket, and for the second I obtained funding from various organizations. We’re talking tens of thousands of shekels.” An army camp in the living room At first, Hirsch concentrated on studying photography in an attempt to come up with a visual language. He worked with a heavy Linhof camera and large negatives, and photographed people − including his father, as well as himself − posing in their small apartment in Queens in various absurd situations. He chose to combine his civilian New York life and Israeli military experience when he built a guard post inside the apartment with real sandbags. Amazingly, Liran, his wife of 12 years − who works at the Israeli Consulate in New York and is in charge of promoting Israeli art and literature − cooperated with him when he transformed their apartment into a filming site and built a military tent camp in it. For the earth, Hirsch traveled 100 kilometers outside the city and lugged the sandbags, weighing 30 kilos each, up the stairs to their fourth floor apartment. He went onto the roof of the building opposite and photographed into his own apartment, wearing a helmet and with his face covered in military camouflage colors: like an ambush in Lebanon, in the middle of Queens. He says the educators at the Pratt Institute were very enthusiastic about these works. Since his photographs are narrative-based and contain elements of performance, the transition to film was a natural one. And Hirsch was already a movie lover who felt his work was influenced by Russian filmmakers like Aleksandr Dovzhenko and Vsevolod Pudovkin. He also likes the American documentarian Robert Flaherty and German director Werner Herzog, as well as Federico Fellini and Akira Kurosawa. “Another element that has influenced me are the Renaissance landscape paintings − Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hieronymus Bosch, and also the works of Jean-Francois Millet,” he adds. In the art world, he admires the American multimedia artist Doug Aitken, and the video works of Matthew Barney, and of performance artist Marina Abramovic. Among Israelis he feels a close affinity to the work of video artist Guy Ben-Ner. Hirsch owes his Stateside success to The New York Times art critic Roberta Smith, who was the first to recognize his talent. “In the summer of 2010 I took part in a group show with 10 other artists at a small gallery [the Lesley Heller Workspace] on the Lower East Side in Manhattan. Smith happened to come in, saw ‘50 Blue’ and wrote a glowing review that opened a lot of doors for me. I was invited to show my work at Mass MoCA, the Queens Museum of Art, and elsewhere.” Reviews in New York Magazine and the Village Voice were also very positive and a year ago he started working with the Thierry Goldberg Gallery on the Lower East Side − where many galleries have been opening in recent years, positioning themselves as a bolder alternative to their swankier counterparts in Chelsea. The gallery is owned by the husband-wife team of Israeli Ron Segev and Frenchwoman Claire Lemetais. You’re a big success in New York, but here − nada. “I wrote to a number of curators at museums in Israel and to gallery owners, but they didn’t show any interest. Success isn’t something commercial, but rather the crystallization of your artistic vision. The artistic lifespan is short, just a few years. Right now I’m at my peak, but I’m aware that before too long something will go wrong. There are endless examples of artists who reached a peak and then started to recycle themselves, or to do works that were not as good. “Selling well is not success,” he concludes. “You know what, I wouldn’t mind not selling anything, as long as I could continue to make meaningful works. By the way, I didn’t run away from Israel. My wife and I are building a house on Moshav Beit Hillel. We’ll be back.” The family business When Yoel Hirsch notices the look of discomfort on his son’s face, he immediately gets nervous. He says the situation forces him to almost blindly obey every request of the artist, his youngest child. “I’m a talkative type who likes to laugh a lot and nobody could believe that, under Oded’s orders, I looked so stern in ‘50 Blue’ and was so silent as they dragged my wheelchair through the mud and raised me up. I have nothing to do with art, I’m just doing the job. We are all Oded’s servants. We work for him 24 hours a day.” Oded Hirsch describes working with his father as “a successful family business,” but his father puts it in more picturesque terms. “For ‘50 Blue’ I was asked to prepare a 10-meter-high iron tower. Later, when the tower was ready and Oded was away in New York, we didn’t know where to put it. Not to mention that the authorities don’t let just anyone stick a tower that tall in the waters of Lake Kinneret. I got a truck to transport it, but in order to get the tower from the beach into the water, my wife, Daphna, had to bring a tractor, and somehow we pushed it in there. “Oded arrived back in Israel for the filming. When they lifted me in the wheelchair with a cable up to the top of the tower, I wasn’t afraid,” says Yoel, who calls himself an adventurer. “Even though I’m classified as 100-percent disabled, over the years I traveled with my children all over the world, and I also did a jeep tour in Peru for a month with Oded. “Before the filming of ‘Nothing New,’ he asked us to gather 200 people to take part in the film. He came from New York, gave talks at kibbutzim and handed out flyers, but only a few responded for the film. My wife managed to convince 200 older folks to be in it, including some in their seventies and eighties, and one fellow who was 90. It was hot and somebody had to organize a rest tent with refreshments, so I was also the cook. Everything is based on communal connection and goodwill. “This May, Oded came to work on the elevator sculpture. I barely saw him for the 10 days that he was working and sleeping at Regavim. Twice I went to the welder in Tiberias and brought perforated iron rods to him in Regavim. On Friday he was on his way to us in Afikim after giving the elevator four coats of paint. On the way, when he was around Wadi Ara, he kind of flipped out. On Sunday he was supposed to fly to New York and now it was Friday night and suddenly the color didn’t seem right to him. When I saw that expression on his face, I got nervous. But on Sunday evening the sculpture was set with new rods and before he flew he said that he was pleased. So now I’m happy.” In August 2010, Roberta Smith, The New York Times’ tough art critic, visited the group show where Hirsch’s films “50 Blue” and “Tochka” were showing. She called them the best films in the whole exhibition. “Israel as a place of strange vistas and fraught history is intensely present in the work of Oded Hirsch, whose task-oriented videos are among the show’s most haunting,” Smith wrote. “Shot on or near the kibbutz where he grew up, and cast with people who live there, both works depict oddly pointless physical feats in spectacularly isolated landscapes. In his ‘50 Blue,’ (2009) he pushes a wheelchair holding his paralyzed father in a yellow slicker up muddy paths to a rocky palisade that evokes the battle of Masada. He then takes his father to the edge of the Sea of Galilee, where six more slicker-clad men hoist his father, wheelchair and all, to the top of an old watchtower.” Citing the films’ unique aesthetic, Smith went on to say that a “medieval yet timeless mood prevails; the fragile predicament of Israel is enacted in terms that Bosch or Bruegel would recognize.” Hirsch also received glowing reviews from the art critics of the Village Voice and Artforum magazines. In April this year, he had his first solo show at the Thierry Goldberg Gallery. It was reviewed in New York Magazine by Jerry Saltz, an influential figure on the Manhattan art scene. Saltz described the experience of watching “Nothing New” as captivating and was wowed by the richness of the film. “Hirsch evokes our eternal need to build towers of Babel to touch the gods,” he wrote. Karen Rosenberg reviewed the show in The New York Times and praised Hirsch’s “mysterious narratives” in which he “manages to pay homage to his kibbutz roots while invoking larger and less predictable models of collective action, from the Arab Spring to Occupy Wall Street.” Lorenzo Fusi, the curator who selected Hirsch for this year’s Liverpool Biennial, said the following in an interview conducted by email: “When I saw Oded Hirsch’s work for the first time, I was amazed by the palpable, warlike tension that exists within the silence that he was able to convey through his work methods. Most of his imagery alludes to progress, or to action that is hard to predict. “The viewer doesn’t know which way things will go and this uncertainty generates a sense of anxiety,” Fusi added. “There is also a cheerful aspect to his work, and often a clearly representational element appears too.” Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now

This item is sold. It has been placed here in our online archives as a service for researchers and collectors. These very rare prints of birds by J.G. Keulemans depict male and female pairs of the genus Moho from Laysan Island in the Hawaiian chain. Laysan Island was home to an astonishing array of bird species in the 19th century and now part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation. In 1890, the British natural history collector Lionel Walter Rothschild sent a sailor named Henry Palmer on a collecting expedition to Hawaii, then known as the Sandwich Islands, with special emphasis on Laysan. Palmer spent over two years accumulating almost 2,000 specimens, including 15 species previously unknown in the West, many of which have since become extinct. These served as the basis for Rothschild’s monograph The Avifauna of Laysan and the Neighbouring Islands, which included 83 plates, 55 of which were hand-colored lithographs, mostly by Keulemans. The two Moho species pictured in these plates are now on the official list of extinct species, probably due to habitat destruction and introduction of disease-causing mosquitoes. In the 1890s, only four species of Moho were known in Hawaii, and Rothschild wrote in his monograph that the scientific community suspected that Moho apicalis, commonly known as the O’ahu ‘o’o, had already disappeared, given that the last three specimens had been collected in 1837. Concerning the other Mohos, Palmer reported that they were shy birds, difficult to shoot, and found at elevations of over 2,000 feet, where they lived high in the trees. Moho nobilis, known as the Hawaii ‘o’o, was last collected in 1898 and last seen in 1934. John Gerrard Keulemans was the most sought-after bird artist in Europe from roughly 1870 to 1910, esteemed for his high standard of scientific accuracy. Working largely from bird specimens, he had a special talent for creating drawings that were both anatomically correct and aesthetically striking. A skilled lithographer as well, he was unusual among natural history artists in that he generally transferred his own drawings to plates. In his early twenties, the Dutch-born Keulemans was mentored by Dr. Herman Schlegel, a renowned zoologist and director of the natural history museum in Leiden, who brought him on an ornithological expedition to Africa and then hired him onto the museum staff and encouraged his artistic development. Soon Keulemans attracted his own commissions for natural history illustrations, mainly from England, a center for study of the zoological specimens arriving from farflung expeditions. In 1869, he received a major assignment from Richard Bowdler Sharpe of the Zoological Society of London to produce 120 lithographs for his Monograph of the Alcedinidae, or Family of Kingfishers and thereafter pursued his artistic career in Britain, illustrating monographs and scientific journal articles by leading ornithologists. He was one of several well-known artists who contributed to Lord Thomas Lilford's Coloured Figures of the Birds of the British Islands (1885-1897), a seven-volume work contained 421 plates, representing late 19th-century chromolithography at its best. Keulemans illustrated many volumes of the British Museum’s Catalogue of Birds (1874-1898). He also illustrated other natural history subjects, including a book on monkeys. Lionel Walter Rothschild, 3rd baronet and 2nd Baron Rothschild, was a member of British branch of the wealthy and influential Rothschild family. His position required him to work in the family business of banking and finance until he was allowed to give it up in 1908, and to serve as a member of the House of Lords in Parliament. In the meantime he used his wealth to pursue his true passion, collecting and researching zoological specimens especially in the areas of ornithology and entomology, building the largest such collection ever accumulated by an individual. While he did some of his own on site collecting, he also contracted with other people to acquire specimens for him, and employed a staff to mount, curate and document his collections. A respected authority in his own right, he published important scientific papers and monographs throughout his life. He was also active in Jewish causes and directed the Balfour Declaration in 1917 approving a Jewish homeland in Palestine on behalf of the British government. Rothschild was elected a Trustee of the British Museum in 1899 and elected to the Royal Society in 1911. Today his collections are housed in the American Museum of Natural History and the British Museum (Natural History). The entire original publication of Rothschild’s The Avifauna of Laysan has been scanned and placed online by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries on the web site “Rothschild: Birds of Laysan. Full Text Edition,” edited by Leslie K. Overstreet. The plates related to the four species of Moho can be viewed at http://web4.si.edu/sil/rothschild/toc.cfm by selecting Plates 72-75, and the text by selecting Part III, pp. 217-228. The plate related to the Canada Goose is Plate 80, and the text is in Part III, p. 279. Brooks, T. “Moho apicalis.” 2000. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=13624 (1 November 2004). Brooks, T. “Moho nobilis.” 2000. In: IUCN 2003. 2003 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=13625 (1 November 2004). Fontana, Elizabeth, ed. "John Gerrard Keulemans." Beautiful Birds: Masterpieces from the Hill Ornithology Collection, Cornell University Library. June 1999. http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ornithology/exhibit/exhibit5d.htm (3 June 2002). Overstreet, Leslie K. “Rothschild: Birds of Laysan.” Smithsonian Institution Libraries. February 2002. http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/nhrarebooks/rothschild/essays/overstreet_rothschild.htm (1 November 2004).

Product Survey: Microplate Readers by Harald Zähringer, Labtimes 05/2016 Assay detection in microplate readers is still dominated by light-based approaches. However, label-free plate readers based on resonant waveguide gratings offer new possibilities to creative researchers. Light is reflected at the resonant waveguide gratings of this biosensor chip. The same phenomenon is utilised in label-free microplate readers to detect changes in surface mass. Photo: Greg Pluta, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Microplate (plate) readers are the archetypical jack-of-all-trades detection instruments in life science labs. From protein and nucleic acid quantifications, to UV-Vis absorbance, fluorescence and luminescence measurements, analysis of ELISAs, complex FRET, BRET, fluorescence-polarisation, Alpha-Screen or Time-Resolved fluorescence experiments: microplate readers can do it all. Light-based microplate readers may be categorised into single-mode instruments, dedicated to only one measuring mode, usually absorption, fluorescence or luminescence, and multi-mode readers, integrating several detection technologies into one instrument, enabling researchers to rapidly switch between different assay formats. Multi-mode readers are equipped with different optical systems, each tailored to the special needs of the respective detection mode. At the heart of the optical (excitation) systems are filters and/or monochromators, separating white (multichromatic) light, coming from a tungsten, LED or Xenon flash lamp, into a monochromatic light beam that is channelled via mirrors or fibres to the microplate wells. Optical filters are cheap and let pass the desired wavelength at a defined bandwidth, with minimal signal loss and light scattering. But filters must be changed every time the operator switches to another excitation wavelength. Besides that, plate readers usually contain only a limited set of standard filters for routine applications. Researchers must buy additional filters to perform experiments requiring non-standard wavelengths. And there is one more drawback of filter-based plate readers: they are not suitable for spectral scanning of cellular assays, which may be useful to characterise, for example, unknown fluorophores. Hence, many manufacturers rather rely on monochromators for wavelength selection or combine both, filters and monochromators, in their instruments. Monochromators are basically moveable optical grids that split white light, entering the system via a narrow entry slit, into a spectrum that is projected onto a tight exit slit. Light of the desired wavelength passes the exit slit and is subsequently conducted to the microplate well. The wavelength can be adjusted almost continuously in tiny nanometre steps by simply rotating the monochromator grid. But there’s no such thing as a free lunch in optics – the flexibility of the monochromator grid is paid for with higher light scattering, leading to a lower signal-to-noise ratio. Plate reader manufacturers compensate the increased light scattering with a simple but effective trick: they connect two monochromator systems in series. The split beam, passing the exit slit of the first monochromator, is directly channelled into the entry slit of the second monochromator to keep out unwanted stray light. The very same principle is also applied on the emission side of monochromator readers: fluorescence or luminescence light irradiated from the microplate wells passes two monochromator systems, before entering a scientific camera or a photomultiplier tube. Hence, plate readers with two double monochromator systems are often dubbed quadrupole plate readers. Monochromators may also be constructed with Linear Variable Filters (LVF), which are basically wedged filters with linearly varying spectral properties. LV longwave pass filters allow transmission of long wavelengths, LV shortwave pass filters let short wavelengths pass. Arranging both filter types in series leads to a band-pass filter, which may be tuned from 320 nm to 850 nm by simply moving the filters linearly against each other. LVF monochromators combine the spectral advantages of filters with the flexibility of moveable grids. And there’s another plus to LVFs that comes in very handy when flexible and sensitive measurements are needed: the bandwidth is adjustable in nanometre steps, enabling bandwidths ranging from a few nanometres to 100 nanometres. Signal detection in microplate readers is almost exclusively based on light phenomena, originating from fluorescent or luminescent-labelled molecules. The only exceptions are label-free microplate readers, utilising resonant waveguide gratings (RWG) for measuring refractive index changes at the surface of a special microplate. Sounds a bit weird but the basic idea of RWG readers is simple. At the heart of a RWG biosensor is a periodic rectangular grating, embedded into a waveguide film that covers the surface of a microplate. The plate is angularly illuminated (usually from below) with polarised light. The light of a specific wavelength couples into the planar waveguide and shortly propagates along the grating before it is reflected. The coupling efficiency of the resonant wavelength into the RWG strictly depends on the local refraction index near the surface of the biosensor. Binding of molecules or cells to the surface (increasing the surface mass) alters the reflection index leading to a shift in resonance wavelength, which is detected in current RWG readers by elaborated sensors. Recently, however, researchers centred around Martina Gerken’s Nanophotonics group at the University of Kiel, Germany, RWG pioneer Corning and the start-up company Byosens, Hamburg, came up with a new, “simple” RWG sensor technique that has been implemented in a portable mini-RWG-reader (Nazirizadeh et al., Scientific Reports, 6:24685). The mini-reader’s biosensor utilises changes in the intensity of the resonant wavelength, instead of wavelength shifts for detection. Alterations in resonance intensity have not been used in previous RWG sensors because of their ambiguous relation to refraction index changes. But this is not true for resonances close to the substrate cut-off wavelength: cut-off resonance wavelength intensity strictly depends on reflection index changes. Measuring the resonance intensity is simply done with a photo diode that captures a LED beam, reflected at the waveguide grating. The intensity-based RWG sensor covers the RWG microplate similar to a lid and enables microplate-sized, label-free readers that can be integrated into robotic systems. But it’s not only the small size and the high-throughput possibilities that makes the mini-reader an attractive instrument for life scientists. The intensity-based biosensor may also inspire researchers from different fields to come up with their own ideas for label-free microplate reader applications. First published in Labtimes 05/2016. We give no guarantee and assume no liability for article and PDF-download. Table of Products as PDF-download: Formatted for Printout

Value of the Guilder / Euro Comparing the purchasing power of the guilder from 1450 to any other year. To determine the value of an amount of money in one year compared to another, enter the values in the appropriate places below. For example, you may want to know: How much money would you need today to have the same "purchasing power" of Fl 100 in year 1950. You can make this computation among all the years between 1450 and the present. If you are only interested in comparing the value of an amount of money in one past year in the prices of another year, you can use this sentence.

April 29, 2011 OH, GOODY: Omega 3 Fatty Acids Increase Prostate Cancer Risk? “Analyzing data from a nationwide study involving more than 3,400 men, researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found that men with the highest blood percentages of docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, an inflammation-lowering omega-3 fatty acid commonly found in fatty fish, have two-and-a-half-times the risk of developing aggressive, high-grade prostate cancer compared to men with the lowest DHA levels. Conversely, the study also found that men with the highest blood ratios of trans-fatty acids – which are linked to inflammation and heart disease and abundant in processed foods that contain partially hydrogenated vegetable oils – had a 50 percent reduction in the risk of high-grade prostate cancer.” People have often suggested that there’s a heart attack / cancer tradeoff. Perhaps there really is?

Patients & Visitors Stop the spread of infection Use proper hand hygiene using hand sanitizer or soap and warm water Cover your cough Clean or disinfect equipment and surfaces Do not visit others if you are feeling unwell When done correctly, hand washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases such as colds and flu. H1N1 Influenza A As part of our infection control procedures, any suspected cases of respiratory illness are isolated as appropriate to ensure they are cared for in an environment that helps contain the spread of any illness and prevent transmission. Click here for H1N1 patient information Click here for City of Hamilton - Public Health Click here for Health Canada's H1N1 preparedness guide Click here for Ministry of Health's influenza self-assessment tool What about visitors? As always, we ask that people visit only if they are feeling well. What is H1N1 Influenza A? A respiratory illness that causes symptoms similar to those of the regular human seasonal flu. The symptoms include fever, fatigue, coughing, muscle aches, headache and sore throat. Some people with it have also reported vomiting and diarrhea. Is it contagious? Yes, Just like the seasonal flu virus. Influenza and other respiratory infections are transmitted from person to person when germs enter the nose and/or throat. Coughs and sneezes release germs into the air where they can be breathed in by others. Germs can also rest on hard surfaces such as counters and doorknobs, where they can be picked up on hands and transmitted to the respiratory system when someone touches their mouth and/or nose. What can we do to protect ourselves from catching this illness? Washing your hands often is the best way to prevent illness. Respiratory illnesses are spread by droplets that can stay viable on inanimate objects. If you cough or sneeze, protect those around you by covering your mouth and nose with a tissue. (Put your used tissue in the waste basket.) and wash your hands. Cough into your upper sleeve, not in your hands. Everyone should clean their hands often and thoroughly, either with soap and water or with the sanitizing gel that is available across our hospitals. Who do I contact for more information? If you have any questions or concerns, please speak with your family doctor or other healthcare provider.

Video - Space Needle Anniversary Posted on April 21, 2012 at 10:15 AM Updated Monday, Apr 23 at 4:52 AM For 50 years the Seattle Center has served as a cultural and civic gathering place. The 74 acres of buildings and open space put Seattle on the map, drawing some 10 million visitors back in 1962 and changing the city forever.

The Tokyo High Court on Monday expanded on a lower court ruling and ordered NHK and two production companies to pay damages to a women’s rights group for altering the content of a documentary on a mock tribunal over Japan’s wartime sexual slavery. The lawsuit demanding 20 million yen was filed in July 2001 by the nongovernmental organization Violence Against Women in War-Network Japan (VAWW-NET Japan). It targets NHK, subsidiary NHK Enterprises 21 Inc. and subcontracted production firm Documentary Japan Inc. The suit has been closely watched because the NGO claimed NHK censored or otherwise altered part of the 2001 program after being pressured by heavyweights in the Liberal Democratic Party, including Shinzo Abe, who is now prime minister, and Shoichi Nakagawa. The defendants were ordered to pay 2 million yen. The plaintiffs alleged that the TV program they cocreated was diluted by rightist and political pressure and modified significantly from what the NGO had earlier agreed to create. At the center of the case is a segment that was deleted by NHK in which the tribunal found the late Emperor Hirohito guilty of allowing the institutionalization of sex slaves, known euphemistically as “comfort women.” The focus of the high court ruling was on how to interpret NHK’s right to edit content in contrast with the responsibilities it holds toward collaborators, as well as whether it would find the alteration of the documentary a result of outside influence. Although the court did not rule political censorship was involved, it acknowledged NHK altered the content of the mock tribunal after taking into account the remarks of politicians. Presiding Judge Toshifumi Minami acknowledged the aired program differed from the original version because NHK “abused its right to edit their program” and breached its contract with the plaintiffs. “The right of broadcasters to edit the content of their programs must be assured,” the judge said. But he added that VAWW-NET Japan was entitled to receive a prior explanation about the changes made to the program. Rumiko Nishino, a corepresentative of VAWW-NET Japan who called the alteration “an insult to the (sex slavery) victims” and a “violation of freedom of speech,” praised the judgment, calling it a “complete triumph for the plaintiffs.” “If such editing was to be judged as freedom of editing by the media, then any political censorship in the future would be approved,” she said. Lawyers for the plaintiffs added that the verdict “basically ordered NHK to be self-reliant as a broadcaster” and not be intimidated by political pressure. According to the suit, VAWW-NET Japan agreed to cooperate with NHK and the two firms in October 2000 to produce the documentary of the mock tribunal. The program was created as part of a series on Japan’s wartime responsibilities and included testimony by surviving sex slaves as well as soldiers who admitted raping the comfort women. The tribunal found Emperor Hirohito, known posthumously as Emperor Showa, guilty of crimes against humanity. But prior to its January 2001 airing, the 44-minute program was shortened to 40 minutes after segments of the verdict and interview footage was edited out. The plaintiffs claimed it was a result of media interference by LDP politicians, including then Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary Abe and current LDP policy chief Nakagawa. Both were heading the LDP’s panel on history education. The Tokyo District Court in 2004 ordered Documentary Japan to pay 1 million yen in damages to the Tokyo-based women’s rights group, claiming it “gave wrong expectations about the program to the NGO, when the subcontractor had no authority to determine its content.” The plaintiffs then appealed and demanded 40 million yen. But the lower court did not find NHK or NHK Enterprises 21 guilty on grounds that as broadcasters, they were guaranteed the freedom to revise its programs. The plaintiffs had claimed that if the program was altered because of outside pressure and NHK was not to be held responsible, it would make it taboo even to discuss sex slavery issues and would be tantamount to government control over the media. The suit took an unexpected turn in January 2005 when one of NHK’s chief producers involved in producing the altered program revealed that editing was “made against the backdrop of political pressure.” “It is obvious that it was altered to gain consent from Mr. Abe and Mr. Nakagawa,” the producer said at a news conference. Despite the whistle-blower’s claim, however, NHK and the two politicians denied any censorship was involved.

The Magical Sisterhood of Maria Berrio: Her New Show 'The Harmony of the Spheres' Colombian artist Maria Berrio returns to Praxis Gallery with her second solo exhibition The Harmony of the Spheres, a series of stunningly, beautiful mixed-media collages focused on the celebration of women and nature. In this new show, Berrio follows the tradition of communicating themes of mysticism, mythology, and female solidarity throughout her several canvases, a territory she previously explored in her prior exhibit Dream Gardens from 2013. The works are comprised mostly of Japanese rice paper – Berrio’s medium of choice – and feature a bevy of regal female figures clothed in opulent garb emanating serene expressions. Influences from Klimt, Kahlo, and Schiele make discreet appearances in her work but don’t overwhelm, as Berrio’s style is distinctive and has a clear mission to uplift her muses. In The Harmony of the Spheres, Berrio seems to evoke the heroines of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s iconic novels, whose work Berrio has cited as a huge inspiration. In Born Again, an Amazonian woman hoists a jaguar on her back while balancing an exotic bird at her fingertips, all the while surrounded by small children. This picture is quite reminiscent of the matriarchal figure Ursula Iguaran, one of the lead characters from Marquez’s classic multi-generational saga One Hundred Years of Solitude. In another piece, The Lovers 3 – The Kiss of the Butterfly, a young woman is found in a pensive state while caressing a butterfly, perhaps contemplating a romantic dilemma. The subject could be likened to Fermina Daza, the ravishing, impulsive, female protagonist of Love in the Time of Cholera. Scenes from the fictional town of Macondo are vividly translated onto her canvases – loaded with magic, mystery, and fantasy. The sisterly tribe of women found in Berrio’s work share an intimate connection with nature and it’s remarkably evident in her work. Oceanic blues, earthy greens and sensuous reds beckon and enchant the viewer. There are deep bonds shared between earthly creatures and women, which are based upon harmonious living and emotional alliances. There seems to be an underlying purpose between these two groups that ultimately unites them, which is to be the protectors of the earth. These beliefs may stem from Berrio’s youth which were spent in the Colombian countryside. Although Berrio grew up in Bogota, she would escape to her family’s rural compound and ingest her pastoral surroundings which would have a profound impact on her work in the future. Originally born in Bogota in 1982, Berrio moved to New York to study art and holds both a BFA and MFA from Parsons The New School for Design and School of Visual Arts, respectively, and is currently based in Brooklyn. She was most recently included in the current museum exhibit Cut N’ Mix at El Museo del Barrio, and this is her third exhibit with Praxis Gallery, her first being Of Dreams and Hurricanes in 2012. Berrio has also exhibited in numerous art fairs including Art Miami New York, Art Southampton, Downtown Art Fair, Art Toronto, Context Art Miami, Art Basel Miami Beach, etc. Berrio has also completed residencies with the Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts, Chashama, etc. The Harmony of the Spheres will be on view through November 7th at Praxis Gallery. This article originally appeared in Arte Fuse.

WOODSTOWN — The agricultural program at the Woodstown High School here is in danger of being discontinued because of low enrollment has shown a dwindling interest from students. The end of the program would also mean the end of the local chapter of the FFA, part of the school community for decades. At a school board meeting held here Thursday night, board of education members voted to discontinue 13 programs that had an enrollment of 10 or less students. Among those considered to be terminated were the agricultural science and bio-tech and agricultural business courses, which are taken by students planning a career in agriculture and who form the local chapter of the Future Farmers of America. Woodstown-Pilesgrove School District Superintendent Thomas Coleman said that the program is a long-standing tradition and that school officials would be sad to see it go, but that it is no longer reaching the enrollment status it requires to run. “The agricultural program is a very strong and traditional program, and we have continued to run the classes out of respect for the program and its history, but we are soon going to have to make a decision,” Coleman said. In the next year, only four students are expected to graduate from the program, a number that Coleman said is getting lower and lower each year. “We will continue to run the program next year for the sake of the students that are currently enrolled, but we have to decide whether to somehow revitalize the program or just let it go,” Coleman said. The program, which has been running for decades in the school district, was always a great option for students who planned to explore a career in agriculture. In recent years, however, students have simply shown no interest in the program. “The FFA has always been a very good program here,” Coleman said. “It has won awards and had a reputation for being one of the best around.” For teachers at the high school, the discontinued courses won’t make much of a change, as Coleman said that the impact would effect class size more than anything and would not force any staff or teacher layoffs. “Students would simply have to choose a different elective to take,” Coleman said. “There may be two or three more students in some classes, but it would be no significant problem.” School officials will soon be forced with the tough decision of whether to stop the program, or keep it for the sake of tradition. “We can’t just continue to believe it’s okay,” Coleman said. “We have to do something or slowly but surely the program will die a natural death.” Coleman said that the school will put effort into infusing the program with new energy and a better structure in hopes that it catches on with future students and will also call on the FFA community to help. “We don’t want the program to die, so we will do whatever we can to revitalize it,” Coleman said. Despite the changes, Coleman said that students, staff, and parents have a lot to look forward to in the upcoming school year. “We have a lot of exciting new initiatives coming,” Coleman said. “There will be some interesting changes to curriculum and a lot of new developments.”

Стюард бизнес авиация Metrication in Canada began in 1970 and while Canada has converted to the metric system for many purposes, there is still significant use of non-metric units and standards in many sectors of the Canadian economy. This is mainly due to historical ties with the United Kingdom (before metrication ), the traditional use of the imperial system of measurement in Canada, proximity to the United States , and to public opposition to metrication during the transition period. Until the 1970s, Canada traditionally used the Imperial measurement system , labelled as "Canadian units of measurements" under Schedule II, Section 4 of the Weights and Measures Act (R.S., 1985, c. W-6). These units have the same name and, with the exception of capacity measures such as the gallon , the same values as US customary units . For example, before metrication in Canada, gasoline was sold by the imperial gallon (about 4.55 litres ). In cross-border transactions, it was often unclear whether values quoted in gallons, etc. were referring to the US values (3.79 litres) or the imperial values of these units. The election of the Progressive Conservative government of Brian Mulroney in 1984 resulted in the abolition of the Metric Commission on March 31, 1985. This ended the process of affirmative metrication in Canada, and some regulations requiring metric measurements either have been repealed or are no longer enforced. Check out these high-performance mobile games built with Flash technology targeting iOS, Android, and BlackBerry devices. - кухонную вытяжку jet air fs 200 - благовещенск заказать билеты на самолет - картинки бизнес авиация - предварительный заказ билетов на самолет за сколько дней - вытяжка jet air са 3 - jet air tory клапан - бизнес авиация стюардесса график - элитные личные самолеты - топ 10 самых роскошных частных самолетов в мире - телепередача прохоров 23 модели на сейшелы арендовав самолет минобороны

Industrial and occupational changes have been well-studied. These changes of work are embedded in wider changes of economies and societies due to globalisation and rapidly developing communication and information technologies. However, changes in work are not limited to how work is being performed but also where work is being performed. Recent research has stressed that work is not only more fragmented in terms of when tasks are performed but this task fragmentation also relates to an increased spatial fragmentation of work (Alexander et al., 2010). Similarly, it has been suggested that work has become less fixed in one workplace and that workers in post-industrial economies more often combine workplaces (Ojala and Pyöriä, 2017). Although cities are regarded as centres of creativity, innovation and progress, little is known how spatial transformations of work play out in cities and shape mobility patterns in contemporary cities. Work by Darja Reuschke in collaboration with Brendan Burchell (University of Cambridge) and Mary Zhang (University of Bristol) sheds new light on the spatiotemporal patterns of work in European cities. Based on the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey, we have derived a new classification of workplace locations for full-time workers in European cities that takes, for the first time, account of the complexity of patterns in terms of both space andtime. Findings show that almost half of men’s working patterns and one-third of women’s working patterns classify as ‘atypical’ as the work is not fixed at the employer’s or business premises. Findings further reveal stark gender differences in these workplace patterns, in particular, women’s working patterns are more spatially fixed in one place. Gender segmentation in cities thus appear to be much larger when explored through our spatiotemporal workplace approach than existing literature on occupational gender segregation suggested. Interestingly, we did not find gender differences in homeworking. Only working from home and in no other place represents a small minority of work in European cities. However, in combination with employer or business premises, it is the most significant pattern after only working at the employer’s or business premises. The study will be published in Urban Studies in due course. This is an interdisciplinary paper that investigates for the first time the spatiotemporal patterns of work in cities. A new classification is derived that relies on high quality European cross-sectional data using a rigorous methodology that combines the type of workplace people work at and the time they are performing work in these locations. This advances existing research on multilocational work that has little incorporated the time geography of work. The revealed patterns are investigated by gender and multivariate findings reveal a level of gender segregation in contemporary European cities that is much higher than expected from existing research on occupational gender segregation.

Despite having a handful more of Release Time lessons for this blog, today I'm posting these Romans notes from a couple years ago. Most probably I've already posted them in long form on Desert Spirit's Fire, but I figured storing the short version here would be cool...as I'm listening to Steve Winwood's "Higher Love" on the radio. Does that song not relate well to the message of extravagant grace we find in Romans—and in Paul, in general?Miscellaneous Romans notes Neither gospel nor law - innocence Habits of the heart – 3 "heart" references in Romans 2:5, 15, 29 God's Word imprinted on the hearts of all, in "an echo of God's personality." As usual, I'll say that's love, creativity, community, passion, risk – somewhere else I've made a long Pauline-style list of our in-God-createdness. God's reputation? People I formed for myself... Anders Nygren: Romans is about the "inward heart, not satisfied with works." Heart: center or seat of emotions; also, an organic metaphor and a spatial one Romans 2:12-16 Imperial particularism—along the lines of the taxonomy that came from, did I ever mention I consider myself a revelatory particularist? Despite a lingering sense of Jew/Gentile, in Paul, as in Christ Jesus, chosen-ness has expanded way far. 2:29 "mercy, not sacrifice" Righteous; justified; account-able; apart from the Law?! Romans 3:18; Psalm 36:1 Upright in heart = God-seeking 1 – consumer/material – artifacts and antiquities 2 – extreme athlete – does all the sports and does all the sports well, defying human limitations 3 - scientist – knowledge: think of technologies out of crisis 4 – philosopher – post-modern, nihilistic existentialist: angry, cynical and sarcastic 5 – Paul, the Christian – also a legalist! Paul, the Jew, has lived the commandments as well as anyone every could. Blameless as to the Law!

FORT COLLINS--Coastal dwellers could be in for as many storms during therest of the hurricane season as they've seen so far, if Colorado StateUniversity's hurricane forecaster William Gray's predictions for 1999 are on themark. But there also may be some good news--Gray's predictions for this yearcalled for four major storms, and four have already occurred. The hurricaneseason officially runs from June 1 though Nov. 30, but the real heart of theseason is from mid-August through October. Gray, who has been issuing hurricane forecasts for more than a decade,predicted an active year in 1999, with 14 named storms, nine hurricanes and fourintense hurricanes. As of today, just past the halfway mark for the season,seven named storms, five hurricanes and four intense hurricanes have formed. Thelong-term average for a season is 9.3 tropical storms, 5.8 hurricanes and 2.2intense hurricanes each year, based on an analysis of 1950-1990 storm activity. "Our forecast for this season is based on the future being like thepast," Gray said. "Similar atmospheric and ocean patterns as this year occurredin 1950, 1955, 1961, 1964 and 1995. All these were very active seasons. If wedon't get an active year in 1999, it means the atmosphere for some strangereason has stopped behaving as it has in the past. We don't expect that tohappen." As part of their research, Gray and his team also forecast theprobability of hurricane landfall along the U.S. coastline. For 1999 the teamhas predicted a roughly 54 percent chance that one or more intense storms (withwind speeds of 110 mph or above) will make landfall along the U.S. East Coast,including Florida. The Gulf Coast has an approximately 40 percent chance thatone or more intense storms will make landfall. For the Caribbean and Bahamasland areas, the rough probability of one or more major storm landfalls is 72percent and for Mexico the probability is 28 percent, according to the landfallforecast. To date, Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd are the only storms to makelandfall along the U.S. Coast. Hurricanes are rated on the Saffir/Simpson intensity scale, which rangesfrom 1-5. The scale reflects a hurricane's wind- and ocean-surge intensity.Hurricanes of Category 3 or higher are considered intense storms and havemaximum sustained winds of 110 miles per hour or greater. To issue his seasonal forecasts, Gray and his team rely on "climatesignals," or measures of the global oceanic and atmospheric circulation system.These signals have remained both consistent throughout the year and, in all butone case, are favorable for hurricane formation. Factors promoting hurricane formation include: - La Niña, a mass of cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Graynotes that while La Niña is an important indicator that more storms will form,it is far from the only one the team considers in its calculations. El Niño, thebetter-known converse situation, occurs when a mass of warm water forms in thissame region. - Stratospheric equatorial winds, which are currently blowing from thewest. From that direction the winds tend to generate 50 to 100 percent morestorms than when the winds are easterly. - Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures in almost all of the NorthAtlantic Ocean. - West African rainfall, which began increasing in July and now isanticipated to be above average for this summer. - Equatorial winds at 40,000 feet above the earth, blowing from the eastoff the African continent. These winds, occurring between five and 20 degreesnorth latitude, combine with easterly trade winds to create less vertical windshear (less difference between wind speeds at different heights in theatmosphere) and so cause less disruption to hurricane formation. The period from 1995-98 was the most active, four consecutive years ofhurricane activity on record, yielding 53 named storms, 33 hurricanes and 15major hurricanes. This and certain other climate signals suggest to Gray and hisassociates that a period of more major hurricane activity and more intense-stormlandfalls along the East Coast and in the Caribbean Basin is now underway. The periods 1900-25 and 1970-94 were relatively quiescent in terms ofmajor hurricane activity, Gray said, while seasons from the early 1930s throughthe late 1960s generally were more active, with more intense storms lashing theAtlantic coast. He attributes this to a phenomenon called the Atlantic Oceanthermohaline circulation system, or Atlantic conveyor belt, which moves watersnorth from the vicinity of the Caribbean to an area east of Greenland. There,the current sinks to deep levels, moves south and flows into the South AtlanticOcean and beyond. Warm water and high salinity in the conveyor belt strengthen it,producing more active hurricane seasons and more major landfalling storms alongthe eastern seaboard, Gray said. "This ocean circulation, a northbound current that sinks and then movessouthbound, tends to go through decades-long changes," Gray said. "Ourinterpretation of climate data suggests that the Atlantic conveyor belt becamestronger between 1994 and 1995, and this has led to more major storms since thattime." The seasonal forecast, now in its 16th year, is prepared by Gray andco-authors Chris Landsea, Paul Mielke, Kenneth Berry and other projectcolleagues. Cite This Page:

According to the St. Bernardine Medical Center, a contractual adjustment is part of the bill that a hospital has agreed not to charge a patient because of billing agreements with the patient's insurance company. It is the most common type of adjustment made by medical providers.Continue Reading A contractual adjustment shows up on a billing statement as an adjustment required, and it decreases the balance. When a medical provider accepts an insurance plan, the contract includes details such as the amount the insurance company pays the provider for certain procedures. Since the provider charges more than what the insurance company agrees to pay, the amount that is paid by the company is known as an allowable amount, and the amount above that is the reduction, made by the provider, called contractual adjustment. Providers that participate in this agreement believe that the broader access to members is worth the contracted rates on services. Additionally, it ensures that providers are paid a significant portion of the fee, which patients without insurance cannot afford. Contractual agreements are only made on services covered by the insurance company. A patient who undergoes a procedure that is not covered must pay the full amount charged by the medical provider without any contractual agreement to limit the cost.Learn more about Health Insurance

OAKLAND: A PLAGUE OF KILLING / QUILTING HELPS MOTHER COPE WITH PAIN OF HER SONS DEATHS / Shes using art to memorialize all the victims of citys killings Published 4:00 am, Wednesday, December 20, 2006 Ora Knowell loves making quilts, but the patterns she stitches arent flowers, birds or flags. The subjects are her two dead sons and those who have been killed in homicides in Oakland in recent years, many of them youths. She began the quilts a few months ago and hopes to sew 100 of them each one in memory of a different person in time for a scheduled anti-crime rally in Sacramento in April. Knowell, a 61-year-old grandmother, has been a community activist for more than a decade, attending support groups for relatives of homicide victims and speaking out against violence at a town hall meeting this year with Mayor Jerry Brown and Police Chief Wayne Tucker. But the quilts shes making are by far her most personal expression of her loss and those of other victims in a year when the number of slayings in the city is the highest in more than a decade. While other residents are coping by staging candlelight vigils, launching new programs for youth and advocating for more police on the street, Knowell is turning to her craft. On a recent day, she unfurled six quilts on a large table inside a West Oakland youth art center. They vary in size and color. Some quilts have photographs of faces sewn into them, while others have abstract faces. A few have puffy cloth hands attached to the outline of a body. As Knowell described her work, a young girl with long dark hair walked over and looked intently at the images. Whats that? asked 12-year-old Ammara Om, as she considered the face on one quilt. Thats my son, Knowell replied with a smile, looking at a picture of her son Daniel woven into one design. Daniel Knowell was 35 when his body was found in an Oakland park on May 5, 2002. Hed been shot multiple times. As Knowell explained the quilts meaning, the girl revealed that her grandmother was Lath La, a 58-year-old Cambodian immigrant who was killed by gunfire intended for someone else as she stepped out of a van at the corner of Eighth and Adeline streets in West Oakland on July 14. La, who fled Cambodia in 1988 to escape the violence there, died at the scene, becoming Oaklands 73rd homicide victim of the year. Did it take a long time to make this? Ammara asked, brushing the fingertips of her right hand against the soft fabric. No. I could make one if you like, Knowell said. There have been 146 homicides in the city so far this year, an increase of more than 50 percent from last year, which ended with a total of 94 homicides. Theyve had so many murders this year, Knowell said. This is happening to us every day. We just got to do more to say we need justice. Knowell, who has lived in Oakland for 34 years, said shes seen firsthand how families can be torn apart by the pain that comes from losing a loved one to violence. The effect on the community is just outrageous. I just feel like were neglecting people, said Knowell, who lives in West Oakland. The idea for the artwork came from a group of students she has been teaching to sew as a volunteer at Millennium High School in Piedmont. Knowell says the 16 quilts shes made so far have had a powerful impact on her Piedmont students and on other young people who have seen them. Most of them had not lived in the flatlands to see what our kids see, said Knowell. They can go out at night and go places and not have to worry about the gunfire that our kids do. Our kids live with the fear of looking over their shoulders when they go out. Knowells youngest son, Christopher James, was 25 when he suffered a fatal gunshot wound in 1996. His body was discovered in the backyard of the familys home, and while his death was ruled a suicide, Knowell believes it was a homicide. When her grandchildren had just lost their fathers, Knowell sewed together sock dolls with their fathers faces on them to help the children fall asleep without having nightmares. She hopes her quilts will have a similar calming effect on the families of homicide victims, and move others to get involved in efforts to prevent killings on Oaklands streets. Her goal is to finish 84 more quilts by April, in time for National Victims Month, when California stages a march and rally in Sacramento in honor of crime victims. Participants speak out on behalf of victims, support services and proposed legislation. I wanted to share what people are going through down here, said Knowell. I want it to represent the high number this year who have been lost. With homicides in Oakland at the highest count in more than a decade, The Chronicle is expanding its coverage with a multimedia project that tells the stories of those who have died and those who have been left behind. The project is the result of more than four months of work, and dozens of people agreed to share their stories. They include a mortician who has handled the funerals of 40 homicide victims this year and, today, Ora Knowell, who is making quilts in memory of victims after her two sons were killed. The online report Podcasts, audio slideshows, videos and photo galleries with dozens of images at sfgate.com/oaklandhomicides/ : -- Remembering the dead: A list of this year's homicide victims, with profiles, photos, links to articles and audio clips from family members and friends. -- Mapping the homicides: Interactive graphics show where each of more than 550 homicides in the past five years has occurred, plus the locations of the city's 365 liquor stores, which residents and police have targeted as magnets for crime. -- Living amid the killing: Residents tell how the violence has affected them, in audio and video reports. -- Voices of concern: A variety of thoughts about the problem, plus possible solutions. -- How to give help or get help: A list of resources.

What is PCR? PCR is a method of copying DNA molecules. DNA replication is common in life; for example it takes place inside your own cells every time they divide. An enzyme known as polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to create a complementary strand. The result is that one double stranded DNA molecule is converted into two, both identical to the first. PCR, or the polymerase chain reaction, adds two components to this process. The initial reaction yields twice the number of starting molecules, but then is immediately followed by a subsequent reaction, which yields twice the molecules as the first reaction. This is why PCR is known as a chain reaction. Commonly 25-40 reactions are chained together, theoretically resulting in 225 – 240 more molecules of DNA then were initially present. Additionally, the goal of a PCR reaction is commonly to replicate only a portion of the genome of interest. For example, somewhere between 75-1000 bases, instead of the entire human genome of 3 billion bases. As PCR produces billions of copies of only the DNA of interest, this process is known as “amplification”. Why is PCR important? The amplification provided by PCR is very powerful. For example, suppose we want to detect whether a dangerous E. Coli pathogen is present in a sample of meat. That meat sample contains a huge amount of DNA from the meat source, and many non-pathogenic bacteria. Looking for the DNA from the pathogenic E. Coli, is akin to searching for a needle in a haystack. However a PCR reaction can be designed to amplify only the DNA from a portion of this pathogenic E. Coli. If the pathogen is present, we can make billions of copies of its targeted DNA, which will come to outnumber the overall DNA originally present in the sample, and allow us to easily detect it. If no such signal is amplified by a properly controlled reaction, we can conclude the pathogen was not present. How is it used? PCR and related techniques have many applications. Here are just a few - Detecting viral infections (HIV, etc.) - Detecting bacterial infections (Tuberculosis, etc.) - Genotyping (detecting genetic variants, which can indicate predisposition to disease) - Water quality monitoring - Food safety testing - Preparing DNA to sequence - Monitoring gene expression levels - Manipulating DNA in genetic engineering and synthetic biology How does PCR work? Sometimes a picture is worth a thousand words, so check out this animation:

The impact of Ed Miliband's speech on education at this year's Labour conference remains to be seen, but people in Westminster are still talking about last year's argument for responsible capitalism. The financial crisis in 2008 exposed some basic weaknesses in our capitalist system, but it was Miliband's speech that gave the first and most explicit recognition of the need for a more responsible form of capitalism, not only as an end in itself but as a means to achieving a more successful economy. But was the Labour leader picking up a thread already out there? In the Companies Act 2006, the previous government introduced a provision whereby a director must act in the way he considers would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members. The director must have regard to various factors, including the impact of the company's operations on the community and the environment. However, these provisions did not change the basic legal position of individual companies or of their directors. They are duties owed to the company itself, so are for the company (generally controlled by the directors) to enforce. So this duty of responsibility is not "outward-facing" and does not trigger direct enforcement by the public authorities. So how does Labour take this forward? It should be remembered that the main purpose of establishing a limited company with its own separate corporate identity is to limit the liability of the individuals involved, whether as shareholders, directors or otherwise. The system rests on the assumption that, even if those involved in the ownership and management of companies act for their own selfish ends, the net result will, nonetheless, be for the benefit of the community as a whole. Clearly the way forward cannot be to return to the pre-industrial era, when those involved in business remained personally responsible throughout. The right approach must surely be to develop mechanisms (if necessary through legislation, or at least non-statutory codes of guidance) which will prevent the harmful consequences of unrestrained business activity, while allowing such activity to continue to benefit the community through the production and distribution of goods, services, jobs etc. So how might the law frame this? Consider first the powers and responsibilities of shareholders. It may seem tempting to increase the powers of shareholders, to enable shareholders to control the composition and remuneration of the board of directors more effectively. However, by itself, conferring greater control is unlikely to be sufficient, since shareholders are likely to be motivated primarily by the profitability of their own investment, and will not necessarily promote the long term success of the company, let alone the benefit of the community generally. Consideration should therefore be given to imposing a minimum period between the acquisition and disposal of shares, though research is needed to evaluate what the effect of such a measure is likely to be. Turning to the responsibilities of directors, a code of conduct like the Corporate Governance Code could be developed. Miliband suggested that those in business, particularly in banking, ought to be bound by similar rules to those who work in teaching, medicine and the law. It now seems to be widely accepted that there should be greater involvement in executive pay by the company's owners/shareholders and by its employees, not least because they have an obvious financial stake in the way which the company's available resources are applied. Steps to ensure greater transparency in relation to remuneration arrangements are already in hand. However, the time has surely come for society to take a more active role in relation to systems of payment. As the Labour leader has also pointed out, even the European Parliament is proposing that if your bonus is doubling your annual salary, that should be enough. With regards to tax policy, incentives for particular kinds of economic or investment decisions are an obvious example. Some form of tax credit for child-care would be likely to have a positive impact on the diversity of the work force. More widely, it has been suggested that all tax proposals should be subject to a "sustainability audit". Finally, a clear area for government action arises in relation to procurement decisions. For example, Labour has said that it would make it a condition that firms winning large government contracts should offer apprenticeships. David Coats, associate director of the Work Foundation, in an article for Fabian Review, observes that another attractive step would be to ratify the International Labour Organisation's convention on labour clauses in public contracts, which requires the government only to do business with those who observe either the wages and conditions negotiated with trade unions or the prevailing wage in a sector. No one would suggest that issues relating to the conduct of business should be subject to frequent direct legal or judicial intervention, but there are nonetheless legal improvements which can be made, both on the criminal and on the civil side. By way of example, there seems to be scope for the creation of additional criminal offences, not necessarily involving proof of deliberate dishonesty. Thus the former Serious Fraud Office director Richard Alderman has recommended the creation of an offence of recklessly managing a company. The need for a tighter approach to prosecution in relation to financial crime has now been emphasised by the Treasury select committee in its initial report on Libor. On the civil side, the biggest problem remains the funding of litigation, and there is considerable concern that reforms introduced by the Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act, by diminishing the profitability of the conditional fee agreement, will make it much harder for claimants to pursue civil claims, especially in group litigation. What mechanisms might be available to guarantee that business activity in general works for the benefit of the community, and not to its disadvantage? There is no doubt that greater transparency is a first step in this respect, and measures such as those requiring the directors' report to provide environmental information are to be applauded. However, what is lacking is any co-ordinated monitoring (let alone regulation) of the extent to which this kind of disclosure is made, or as to the longer term results. It is increasingly clear that a "standing commission on responsible capitalism", which could carry forward such proposals, and build on the work of the various temporary inquiries referred to above, is what we now urgently need. As Keynes observed, a system which works for the collective benefit also tends to maximise individual profit, whereas, and this we have all observed, a system which fails to work for the collective benefit risks destroying individual profitability, and thereby destroying the system itself.

NYC Parks Events Calendar Get up, get out, and do something! Just about any day of the year, you can find something fun, informative, and healthy to enjoy at an area park. Feel free to browse the listings below, or use the search tools to find an event that matches your interests and location. Viewing 8,271–8,280 out of 17,003 events from May 21, 2013 (x) to April 25, 2026 Sunday, May 17, 2015 at Park House (in Soundview Park), Bronx 10:00 a.m.–3:00 p.m. Volunteers are needed to help spring clean the Butterfly Mediation Garden and repaint the children's sprinkler area. Category: Accessible, Arts & Crafts, Education, Kids, Volunteer, It's My Park, Waterfront, Seniors at Socrates Sculpture Park, Queens 10:00 a.m.–11:00 a.m. Yoga classes are free and designed for all experience levels. Participants should wear comfortable clothing and, for yoga, bring a mat or a towel. Kripalu Yoga is a system of Hatha… Category: Fitness, Waterfront, Outdoor Fitness at Charles A. Dana Discovery Center (in Central Park), Manhattan at Southwest Playground (in Van Cortlandt Park), Bronx 10:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. ?Bicycle Basics is a free three hour bike class for adults and mature teens who have recently learned how to ride a bike or who want to improve their core cycling skills. Category: Education, Kids, Learn To Ride at Margaret Corbin Circle (in Fort Tryon Park), Manhattan 10:00 a.m.–2:00 p.m. Be a great park steward. Give back to the park that gives to you by volunteering with the Friends Committee of the Fort Tryon Park Trust and NYC Parks for a It's My Park Day. Category: Nature, Volunteer, It's My Park at Charybdis Playground (in Astoria Park), Queens at Payson Center (in Inwood Hill Park), Manhattan 10:30 a.m.–11:30 a.m. Join Paul Sadowski at Payson Center to learn about the diverse array of mushrooms in NYC and then hike through Inwood's Forest to find fruiting species! Category: Education, Nature, Tours, Talks

The Center for Science in the Public Interest named Red Robin's "monster" meal the unhealthiest order of 2014 in their "Xtreme Eating Awards." The meal includes a "monster-sized" double burger, with bottomless steak fries and an extra large salted caramel milkshake, TODAY reported. The meal totals at 3,540 calories. USA Today reported the CSPI reviews more than 200 chain restaurant menus before deciding on the winners. Categories such as fat, sodium, sugar and caloric content are considered when CSPI searches for possible award-winners. The Cheesecake Factory's Bruléed French Toast, coming in at 2,780 calories, 93 grams of saturated fat, 2,230 milligrams of sodium and 24 teaspoons of sugar, followed Red Robin's "monster" meal as the second most unhealthy menu item, USA Today said. Other dishes from The Cheesecake Factory, such as the Farfalle with Chicken and Roasted Garlic (2,410 calories) and Reese's Peanut Butter Chocolate Cake Cheesecake (1,500 calories), were awarded by the CSPI. Just to put things in perspective, The LA Times said the USDA recommends no more than 2,300 milligrams of sodium, consuming less than 10 percent of calories from saturated fat and no more than 300 milligrams of cholesterol per day. In short, none of these listed food items should be consumed in order to meet these guidelines. USA Today lists ways to burn off the food items, as suggested by the CSPI. They include: - 12 hours of brisk walking for the Monster Burger meal - 7 hours of lap-swimming for the French toast. - 5 hours of jogging for the chicken pasta dish - 4.5 hours of aerobics for the cheesecake. Madelyn Fernstrom, TODAY's diet and nutrition editor, said consumers are known for incorrectly estimating calories. She believes these surprising numbers will assist restaurant-goers with their meal selections. "Many of the chains already have calorie counts for the lower calorie options, so the information on high calorie options provides the consumer with the other end of the calorie equation." However, Jane Burrell Uzcategui, who teaches nutrition at Syracuse University's David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, said the occasional indulgence is healthy. "I would say sometimes it's OK to enjoy," she said. "But don't get stressed out. Being stressed over what you eat isn't good for you, either." What are your thoughts on these indulgent meals? Leave a comment below.