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medical_book319758 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how can diagnostic imaging be used in rheumatic diseases of childhood? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "diagnostic imaging, such as radiography or magnetic resonance imaging (mri), can be used to assess joint involvement in arthritis or to identify evidence of central nervous system involvement or myositis in certain diseases. however, it is important to note that radiographic abnormalities may lag behind the clinical examination findings."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how can diagnostic imaging be used in rheumatic diseases of childhood?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book226945 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the nerves of the anterior abdominal wall? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the nerves of the anterior abdominal wall are the ventral rami of the t10-l1 spinal nerves. these nerves course downward and anteriorly between the internal oblique and the transverse abdominis muscles. they segmentally supply cutaneous and motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the anterior abdominal wall."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the nerves of the anterior abdominal wall?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book59795 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what does the doctor want to do before the patient goes to the ct scanner? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the doctor wants to quickly look at the patient's pelvis films to rule out any fractures and ensure appropriate joint spaces."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what does the doctor want to do before the patient goes to the ct scanner?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book323202 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what factors contribute to the dose-dependent cardiovascular toxicity of ponatinib? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the cardiovascular toxicity of ponatinib is dose-dependent and greater in older patients with cardiovascular risk factors."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what factors contribute to the dose-dependent cardiovascular toxicity of ponatinib?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book325417 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the function of the erector spinae muscles? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the erector spinae muscles extend from the sacrum to the skull and are responsible for extending the spine, maintaining posture, and facilitating movements of the head and neck."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the function of the erector spinae muscles?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book93722 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the relative incidence of malignant and benign tumours in different salivary gland sites? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the relative incidence of malignant and benign tumours in different salivary gland sites is not clearly mentioned ."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the relative incidence of malignant and benign tumours in different salivary gland sites?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book54555 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are some immunosuppressant medications used for maintenance of remission in crohn's disease? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and methotrexate are commonly used immunosuppressant medications for maintenance of remission in crohn's disease."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are some immunosuppressant medications used for maintenance of remission in crohn's disease?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book116683 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what precautions should be taken while doing radioiodine scanning in the follow-up period? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the patient on follow-up is usually kept on l-thyroxine replacement. before doing radioiodine scanning, l-thyroxine should be stopped for at least weeks so that the tsh level goes up. triiodothyronine therapy may be used instead of l-thyroxine for weeks prior to radioiodine scanning. this can be discontinued for days prior to the scan."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what precautions should be taken while doing radioiodine scanning in the follow-up period?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book403062 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how should a physical examination be conducted for patients with incontinence? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "a physical examination for patients with incontinence should include a pelvic examination to evaluate for anatomic or atrophic changes in the lower urinary tract. a rectal examination should be performed to rule out impaction, and a neurologic examination should be conducted to rule out evidence of a focal neurologic deficit. additionally, mobility, cognition, and volume status should be assessed. further diagnostic tests may include a postvoid residual by bladder ultrasound and a urinalysis. urodynamic studies can be performed by a urologist or gynecologist when the diagnosis is unclear."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how should a physical examination be conducted for patients with incontinence?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book137814 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are some of the potential downsides of single port laparoscopic surgery? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "some potential downsides of single port laparoscopic surgery include the possibility of larger fascial incisions leading to an increased incidence of incisional hernias and a higher risk of bile duct injuries in cholecystectomy procedures."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are some of the potential downsides of single port laparoscopic surgery?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book273917 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the different phases of a multiphasic ct urogram? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "a multiphasic ct urogram consists of several phases. the first phase is the precontrast phase, which provides baseline imaging of the kidneys. the second phase is the corticomedullary phase, occurring 30 to 40 seconds after the injection of contrast, and it defines vasculature and perfusion. the third phase is the nephrogenic phase, occurring 70 to 90 seconds after the injection of contrast, and it allows sensitive detection and characterization of renal masses. the final phase is the excretory phase, occurring 3 to 5 minutes after the injection of contrast, and it visualizes the collecting system, allowing for the detection of any abnormalities."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the different phases of a multiphasic ct urogram?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book42616 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the indications for pseudocystojejunostomy? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the indications for pseudocystojejunostomy include evidence of a persistent pseudocyst with a diameter of... a cyst closely adherent to the duodenal or gastric wall, and increased size."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the indications for pseudocystojejunostomy?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book40243 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the septal bounce? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the septal bounce refers to a delayed electrical activation of the diastole, which can cause a bouncing motion of the septum."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the septal bounce?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book263922 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what should be considered regarding the pharmacokinetics of opioid analgesics? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "a basic understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the opioid analgesics is important for the cancer care provider. opioid analgesics with long half-lives, such as methadone and levorphanol, require approximately 5-7 days to achieve a steady state. despite their long half-lives, the duration of analgesia that they provide is considerably shorter. opioid pharmacokinetics can be influenced by factors such as age, liver function, renal function, protein binding, and drug interactions. note: the provided answers are generated by an ai model and may not be accurate. it is always recommended to consult a medical professional for accurate information and advice."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what should be considered regarding the pharmacokinetics of opioid analgesics?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book233601 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the significance of dilation of the ureter distal to a filling defect in a retrograde pyelogram? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "dilation of the ureter distal to a filling defect in a retrograde pyelogram is highly suggestive of a urothelial tumor. in contrast, stones can be seen as filling defects in the collecting system but may be obscured by dense contrast material. the dilation of the ureter is known as a \"goblet\" sign and indicates the presence of a tumor."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the significance of dilation of the ureter distal to a filling defect in a retrograde pyelogram?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book34697 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the current recommendation of the national comprehensive cancer network (nccn) regarding the use of oxaliplatin in the elderly? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the nccn guidelines now recommend individualizing the decision to add oxaliplatin to adjuvant regimens in the elderly."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the current recommendation of the national comprehensive cancer network (nccn) regarding the use of oxaliplatin in the elderly?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book13740 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is guyon canal and how can the ulnar nerve be compressed there? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "guyon canal is a space between the hook of hamate and the pisiform bones in the wrist. the ulnar nerve can be compressed in this canal, typically due to a ganglion cyst."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is guyon canal and how can the ulnar nerve be compressed there?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book201361 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how should nonsevere disease be treated? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "nonsevere disease should be treated with metronidazole, either orally or intravenously. oral administration is preferred."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how should nonsevere disease be treated?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book33728 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what were the findings of the small single-institution rct comparing total gastrectomy with d lymph node dissection plus splenectomy versus d lymphadenectomy alone? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- the operative mortality was similar between the two groups, but the septic complication rates were higher in the splenectomy group. there was no difference in 5-year overall survival between the study groups."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what were the findings of the small single-institution rct comparing total gastrectomy with d lymph node dissection plus splenectomy versus d lymphadenectomy alone?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book221176 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the main contraindications for naltrexone? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the main contraindications for naltrexone are the use of opioids, acute hepatitis, and liver failure."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the main contraindications for naltrexone?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book364973 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is complement-mediated hus? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "hus (hemolytic uremic syndrome) is caused by complement activation and is referred to as complement-mediated hus. in acquired ttp, antibodies are produced against adamts, and the activity of adamts is severely decreased."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is complement-mediated hus?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book57700 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the immediate interventions for chest pain? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- administer oxygen via nasal cannula or non-rebreather mask to keep oxygen saturation above 90%. - place the patient on a cardiac monitor with a rhythm strip. - establish iv access with a gauge iv catheter. - consider obtaining a cxr, as it can help change management in a significant number of patients."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the immediate interventions for chest pain?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book337066 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how do vector-borne infections, such as malaria, spread? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "vector-borne infections, like malaria, are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, including insects and ticks. these vectors inject the organisms into humans as they take a blood meal. for example, in the case of malaria, the parasite enters the mosquito when it feeds on an infected human, and it multiplies within the mosquito. subsequently, when the infected mosquito bites a healthy individual, it transmits the parasite, which then infects the human host."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how do vector-borne infections, such as malaria, spread?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book322155 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the purpose of performing cardiac ct angiography (cta) of the access vessels in tavr? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "cta of the access vessels is performed to evaluate the minimal luminal diameters and assess their suitability for accommodating the large sheaths used in prosthesis delivery systems. additionally, vascular calcification and tortuosity can be measured during cta. the entire aorta is also evaluated for any kinking, dissection, or presence of thrombi."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the purpose of performing cardiac ct angiography (cta) of the access vessels in tavr?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book260639 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: when is scintigraphy useful in the evaluation of thyroid nodules? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "scintigraphy is useful in the rare situation where thyroid dysfunction is suspected and the first test (tsh level) is inconclusive for malignancy. it can help differentiate between hot and cold nodules, and determine the need for further biopsy or surgery."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: when is scintigraphy useful in the evaluation of thyroid nodules?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book180160 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what were the recommendations for second-line therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the recommendations for second-line therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer included ensuring the identification of appropriate biomarkers and considering immunotherapy as a treatment option."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what were the recommendations for second-line therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book22527 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is dmitri's predinner blood glucose level? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "dmitri's predinner blood glucose level is not mentioned ."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is dmitri's predinner blood glucose level?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book99891 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how is sonographic gestational age determined? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "sonographic gestational age begins on the first day of the last normal menstrual cycle because, for most individuals, that is a more certain date than the date of ovulation."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how is sonographic gestational age determined?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book159696 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the treatment for giant cell arteritis? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- when the clinical diagnosis is suspected, treatment must be prompt and consists of high-dose corticosteroid therapy. - surgery is rarely indicated except in cases of major aortic branch involvement with ischemic symptoms."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the treatment for giant cell arteritis?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book320248 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how is the diagnosis of viral hepatitis confirmed? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the diagnosis of viral hepatitis is confirmed through serologic testing. for hav, the presence of antibody (igm) is presumptive evidence of acute infection. for hbv, the presence of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) signifies acute or chronic infection, and additional markers such as hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag), antibody to e antigen (anti-hbe), antibody to surface antigen (anti-hbs), and antibody to core antigen (anti-hbc) can help determine the course of infection. for hcv, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing for hcv rna is used to confirm infection, and the presence of anti-hcv antibodies can also indicate past exposure. for hdv, serologic testing for hdv rna and anti-hdv antibodies is used. serologic testing for hev includes detection of hev rna and anti-hev antibodies. there is no specific diagnostic test for hgv, and its diagnosis is often based on the presence of hgv rna in the blood."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how is the diagnosis of viral hepatitis confirmed?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book346444 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what role does electron microscopy play in the identification of microorganisms? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- electron microscopy is useful in identifying microorganisms that do not grow in culture and are hard to stain, such as viruses, whipple bacillus, amebae, and spirochetes."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what role does electron microscopy play in the identification of microorganisms?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book351308 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the surgical anatomy of a femoral hernia? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "a femoral hernia occurs in the medial most compartment of the femoral sheath, which extends from the femoral ring above to the saphenous opening below. the femoral ring is bounded anteriorly by the inguinal ligament, posteriorly by the iliopectineal ligament of cooper, and laterally by a thin septum separating it from the femoral vein. this hernia is often found in the lower abdominal region, just below the inguinal ligament. the femoral canal contains structures such as the femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral nerve, and lymphatics. it is important during hernia repair surgery to be mindful of these structures to avoid injury."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the surgical anatomy of a femoral hernia?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book358393 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what efforts have been made to address these concerns? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "international efforts, such as the hague convention on protection of children and co-operation in respect of intercountry adoption, have promoted political cooperation between nations and established international law to reduce potential child abduction and trafficking and ensure the best interests of the child are paramount in decision making."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what efforts have been made to address these concerns?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book286340 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what did saucerotte recognize about the regions of the brain that tolerated trauma? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "saucerotte recognized that the region of the brain most susceptible to trauma with poorer outcomes was at the base of the brain, i.e., the region of the brain stem and cerebellum. he also recognized that trauma and injuries of the forebrain were the best tolerated."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what did saucerotte recognize about the regions of the brain that tolerated trauma?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book222660 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what can resting state functional imaging studies reveal about subgroups of depressed patients? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "resting state functional imaging studies have shown increased connectivity within the default mode network in depressed patients. using unsupervised classification approaches, researchers have identified four distinct subgroups of patients based on connectivity patterns and associated cluster of symptoms."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what can resting state functional imaging studies reveal about subgroups of depressed patients?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book330977 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how can a supranuclear gaze palsy be differentiated from an oculomotor nerve lesion? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the detailed and long answers provided here are based on the given context and may not encompass all possible aspects related to the medical terms mentioned."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how can a supranuclear gaze palsy be differentiated from an oculomotor nerve lesion?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book128093 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis include chronic pelvic, perineal, or low back pain. patients may also experience pain after ejaculating or irritative voiding symptoms. recurrent bacterial organisms can be cultured in the urine or prostatic secretions."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book98408 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the purpose of performing tests in preterm infants who have been extubated from low ventilator settings? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the purpose of performing tests in preterm infants who have been extubated from low ventilator settings is to supplement the use of clinical criteria in determining the need for surfactant therapy. this approach, known as the insure technique (intubate, surfactant, extubate to nasal cpap), aims to identify infants who are likely to develop respiratory distress syndrome (rds) and administer surfactant therapy promptly to avoid complications and the need for reintubation."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the purpose of performing tests in preterm infants who have been extubated from low ventilator settings?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book371090 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the clinical characteristics of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (mpns)? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (mpns) are characterized by an increase in at least one peripheral blood count or a substantial increase in bone marrow fibrosis. they share clinical characteristics including propensities to thrombosis and hemorrhage, splenomegaly, debilitating systemic symptoms, cytopenias of some lineages, and a risk of leukemic transformation."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the clinical characteristics of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (mpns)?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book60955 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the symptoms of hypothyroidism include lack of energy, cold intolerance, constipation, sluggishness, and dry skin."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book411016 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the common surgical conditions of the anus and rectum? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the anus and rectum are parts of the gastrointestinal system responsible for the elimination of waste from the body. several surgical conditions can affect these areas. some common surgical conditions of the anus and rectum include: 1. hemorrhoids: hemorrhoids refer to swollen and inflamed blood vessels in the anus or rectum. they can cause pain, itching, and bleeding during bowel movements. treatment options include lifestyle changes, topical creams, or surgical procedures such as rubber band ligation or hemorrhoidectomy. 2. anal fissures: anal fissures are small tears in the lining of the anus, usually caused by trauma during bowel movements. they can cause severe pain, bleeding, and discomfort. treatment options include dietary changes, topical creams, and occasionally surgery. 3. anal abscesses: an anal abscess is an infected cavity filled with pus near the anus or rectum. it can cause pain, swelling, and fever. treatment involves draining the abscess surgically and may sometimes require the placement of a seton (a suture) to promote healing. 4. anal fistulas: anal fistulas are abnormal tunnels that connect the anal canal to the skin surrounding the anus. they are usually a result of an anal abscess that has not properly healed. treatment typically involves surgical intervention to open and drain the fistula, and sometimes additional surgeries may be needed to ensure complete healing. 5. anal cancer: anal cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that originates in the tissues of the anus. it can cause symptoms such as bleeding, pain, itching, and changes in bowel habits. treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. 6. rectal prolapse: rectal prolapse occurs when the rectum protrudes from the anus. it can occur as a result of weakened pelvic floor muscles or chronic constipation. treatment options include lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, or surgical intervention to repair the prolapse. 7. anal warts: anal warts are caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (hpv). they appear as small, raised growths around the anus and can cause discomfort or bleeding. treatment options include topical medications, freezing, or surgical removal. it is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you are experiencing any symptoms related to the anus or rectum. they can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options based on your specific condition."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the common surgical conditions of the anus and rectum?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book330642 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia include cns changes (mental status changes, seizures), cardiovascular changes (widening of qrs complex and t wave, prolongation of pr and qt intervals, ventricular arrhythmias), and musculoskeletal changes (weakness, fasciculations, hyperreflexia, tremors, tetany)."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book267496 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the treatment options for henoch-schonlein (anaphylactoid) purpura? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- nsaids for arthritis - corticosteroids for gi bleeding, cns involvement, and scrotal swelling - renal involvement should be managed as glomerulonephritis, focusing on fluid balance and the treatment of hypertension"
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the treatment options for henoch-schonlein (anaphylactoid) purpura?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book352474 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the treatment options for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the treatment options for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors include high orchidectomy, chemotherapy, and in some cases, retroperitoneal radical lymph node dissection (rplnd). the choice of treatment depends on the stage and extent of the tumor, as well as individual patient factors."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the treatment options for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book134944 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what factors should be considered when determining where to allocate budget for imaging equipment? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what factors should be considered when determining where to allocate budget for imaging equipment?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book82381 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is multiorgan failure? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "multiorgan failure is a disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of multiple organs, including the lungs, liver, kidneys, and clotting mechanisms. it can lead to various complications, such as acid-base disturbances, coagulation abnormalities, ischemic colitis, or lactic acidosis. it is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical intervention."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is multiorgan failure?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book325435 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the potential complications of breast augmentation? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "potential complications of breast augmentation include infection, capsular contracture (scar tissue forming around the implant), implant rupture or leakage, changes in nipple sensation, and the need for implant revision or removal in the future. it's important to discuss these risks with a plastic surgeon before undergoing the procedure."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the potential complications of breast augmentation?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book277415 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: can long-term survival be achieved without surgery in patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "long-term survival without surgery may be possible in patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer, particularly in those with significant co-morbidity or frailty. primary treatment with an aromatase inhibitor (or tamoxifen if there is evidence of osteoporosis) may be appropriate. however, it should be noted that long-term survival may be marginally impaired if no surgery is performed, and there is no difference in survival until at least 5 years after starting treatment. surgery is still recommended, even if the primary tumour appears to have disappeared after hormone manipulation, as microscopic disease is likely to be present in the breast. full monitoring and follow-up after treatment are essential to detect any recurrence or metastases."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: can long-term survival be achieved without surgery in patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book160331 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the most common site of carcinoma in the oral cavity in india? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the most common site of carcinoma in the oral cavity in india is the buccal mucosa."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the most common site of carcinoma in the oral cavity in india?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book289838 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how is a cholecystostomy tube placed? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "to place a cholecystostomy tube, a long, hollow sheathed needle is inserted into the gallbladder through the liver, and bile is aspirated. a wire is then placed into the gallbladder through the needle, followed by the insertion of a dilator and the advancement of a pigtail catheter. the position of the catheter is confirmed using a ct scan or ultrasound."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how is a cholecystostomy tube placed?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book93514 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is a risk of carotid reconstruction using saphenous vein or synthetic materials? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- carotid reconstruction using saphenous vein or synthetic materials risks catastrophic hemorrhage from carotid rupture in the event of regional recurrence."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is a risk of carotid reconstruction using saphenous vein or synthetic materials?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book195490 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how can the cyst be excised? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the cyst should be aspirated and excised in a fashion similar to the transabdominal approach. laparoscopic shears with electrocautery can be used to excise the cyst at the level of the interface with the normal renal tissue."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how can the cyst be excised?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book124153 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what precautions should be taken before performing an anorectal procedure? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "before performing an anorectal procedure, a digital examination should always be done to relax the sphincters and reveal any obstruction that might be injured during the procedure. the anal verge should be used as a reference line for the position of other structures encountered."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what precautions should be taken before performing an anorectal procedure?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book366032 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the early clinical signs of central left anterior fascicular block (lafb)? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- left axis deviation on the electrocardiogram (ecg): in central lafb, the qrs complex will be deflected to the left side of the ecg. - slight prolongation of the pr interval: the pr interval represents the time it takes for the electrical signal to travel from the atria to the ventricles. in central lafb, the pr interval may be slightly longer than normal. - presence of left anterior hemiblock: left anterior hemiblock refers to a delay or blockage of electrical signals in the left anterior fascicle. this can be observed as a delay in the activation of the left ventricle on the ecg. - asymptomatic or mild symptoms: central lafb itself may not cause significant symptoms, but it can be an indicator of underlying heart disease or conduction abnormalities. it is important to note that central lafb is a relatively uncommon finding on ecg, and its clinical significance depends on the individual's overall cardiovascular health and risk factors."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the early clinical signs of central left anterior fascicular block (lafb)?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book420646 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how is hepatitis c transmitted? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "hepatitis c is transmitted through blood-to-blood contact. this can happen through sharing needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment. it can also be transmitted through unsanitary tattooing or piercing practices, and sharing personal care items like razors and toothbrushes. in rare cases, it can be transmitted through sexual contact or from mother to baby during childbirth."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how is hepatitis c transmitted?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book87494 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: is the sutureless technique for tapvc repair associated with better outcomes compared to the conventional technique? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the sutureless technique for tapvc repair has shown favorable outcomes at primary repair. studies have reported a lower incidence of reoperation in patients who underwent the sutureless technique compared to conventional pulmonary venous confluence-left atrial anastomosis. however, there is no statistically significant difference suggesting similar results between the strategies. long-term follow-up is needed to determine the true benefits of the sutureless technique."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: is the sutureless technique for tapvc repair associated with better outcomes compared to the conventional technique?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book6629 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the symptoms of ascent barotrauma? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the symptoms of ascent barotrauma?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book9155 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what caused the toxic oil syndrome epidemic in spain? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the toxic oil syndrome epidemic in spain was traced to denatured rapeseed oil from a single company that was incorrectly sold as olive oil. this oil was found to be contaminated with multiple chemicals, including -(n-phenylamino)-,-propanediol (pap), which is currently thought to have caused the disease."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what caused the toxic oil syndrome epidemic in spain?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book179059 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: when is caspofungin indicated for treatment of invasive aspergillosis? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": ""
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: when is caspofungin indicated for treatment of invasive aspergillosis?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book399672 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: are there any specific chemotherapy options for primary spinal axis tumors? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- there are no significant controlled clinical trials of chemotherapy for primary spinal axis tumors. however, drugs active against intracranial tumors may be assumed to be equally efficacious against histologically identical tumors in the spinal cord, and temozolomide is being increasingly used in this setting."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: are there any specific chemotherapy options for primary spinal axis tumors?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book370815 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: do chemotherapy-naive patients have a higher response rate compared to those exposed to chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "yes, chemotherapy-naive patients have a higher response rate compared to those exposed to chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: do chemotherapy-naive patients have a higher response rate compared to those exposed to chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book245893 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the articulating bones of the sternoclavicular joint? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the articulating bones of the sternoclavicular joint are the medial (sternal) end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch of the sternum."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the articulating bones of the sternoclavicular joint?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book412350 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what signs or symptoms should prompt the patient to seek immediate medical attention? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "i. patient education"
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what signs or symptoms should prompt the patient to seek immediate medical attention?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book133374 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the physiological differences between the atrium and the ventricles? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- the atrium has the fastest rate of spontaneous contractility and is the site of pacemaker activity. there is unidirectional antegrade blood flow maintained by the organization of the heart tube into alternating regions of rapid and slow contractile properties. furthermore, the atrium is involved in the spread of depolarization through the myocytes from the atrium to the outflow tract."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the physiological differences between the atrium and the ventricles?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book74807 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: when should total joint arthroplasty be considered for knee and hip osteoarthritis? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "total joint arthroplasty should be considered when medical therapies have failed and the patient has an unacceptable reduction in their quality of life, ongoing pain, and disability. it is indicated for knee and hip osteoarthritis when other treatments have been ineffective."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: when should total joint arthroplasty be considered for knee and hip osteoarthritis?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book131289 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what do the outcomes studies say about body contouring after weight loss? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "outcome studies have shown that, overall, patients who undergo body contouring after weight loss have better quality of life (qol) outcome measures compared to weight loss patients who do not undergo plastic surgery. body contouring surgery can help improve body image, self-esteem, and overall satisfaction with physical appearance. these improvements in qol can have a positive impact on psychological well-being and overall happiness for patients who have experienced significant weight loss."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what do the outcomes studies say about body contouring after weight loss?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book109333 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are low-grade cancers? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "low-grade cancers are a type of cancer that have a relatively slow growth rate and tend to have a better prognosis compared to high-grade cancers. they may include tumors such as low-grade astrocytomas."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are low-grade cancers?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book230645 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the umbilical ligaments formed by? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the umbilical ligaments are formed by the urachus, an obliterated tube that extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the umbilical ligaments formed by?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book240681 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the role of hcv genotyping? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "hcv genotyping is used to determine the genotype and subtype of the hcv infection. it is essential for determining the appropriate antiviral regimen and duration of therapy."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the role of hcv genotyping?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book287704 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the role of nonoperative management in small bowel obstruction? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "in the absence of signs of ischemia or intra-abdominal catastrophe, a trial of conservative management can be attempted in most patients with small bowel obstruction. nonoperative management includes bowel rest, nasogastric decompression, fluid therapy, and serial abdominal examinations. nasogastric decompression is typically achieved with a salem sump tube, and fluid management should be guided by electrolyte correction, replacement of missed oral intake, replacement of nasogastric tube losses, and urine output. however, a higher rate of -day readmission has been observed in patients managed nonoperatively, suggesting a need for close monitoring and potential surgical intervention if conservative management fails."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the role of nonoperative management in small bowel obstruction?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book54789 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the symptoms of major depressive disorder (mdd)? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the symptoms of major depressive disorder (mdd) include a depressed mood, pervasive anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure in activities), sleep disturbance (insomnia or hypersomnia), appetite changes (loss or gain of appetite), fatigue, psychomotor retardation or agitation, difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the symptoms of major depressive disorder (mdd)?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book330691 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how does parenteral nutrition benefit patients with acute tubular necrosis? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "in patients with acute tubular necrosis, parenteral nutrition has been shown to decrease the mortality rate and promote earlier recovery from renal failure. it helps meet the increased nutritional needs caused by hypercatabolism in renal failure."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how does parenteral nutrition benefit patients with acute tubular necrosis?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book419486 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: and what happens in the last stage, stage iv? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "in stage iv, the cancer has spread outside the lymph nodes to other parts of the body, such as the liver, bone marrow, or lungs."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: and what happens in the last stage, stage iv?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book355293 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how have endoscopic techniques and collaborative multicenter networks affected the management of sinonasal, skull base, and nasopharyngeal neoplasms? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the proliferation of endoscopic techniques in the field of sinonasal, skull base, and nasopharyngeal neoplasms has led to the development of collaborative multicenter networks and prospective data collection. this shift towards collaboration and centralized data collection is particularly important in managing rare pathologies. these techniques allow for more accurate records of long-term follow-up, which greatly facilitates future evaluation of results. moreover, the involvement of multidisciplinary teams, including neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists, plastic and maxillofacial surgeons, radiation oncologists, and other specialists, ensures a comprehensive approach to the management of these complex neoplasms."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how have endoscopic techniques and collaborative multicenter networks affected the management of sinonasal, skull base, and nasopharyngeal neoplasms?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book416269 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: are there any treatments available for this condition? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "unfortunately, there is no cure for renal dysplasia diffuse cystic, and treatment is primarily focused on managing the symptoms. this can include medications to control high blood pressure, diuretics to reduce fluid buildup, or surgery to remove the affected kidney."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: are there any treatments available for this condition?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book308888 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the primary role of neutrophils in the bloodstream? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "neutrophils are the most common type of leukocyte found in the bloodstream and are a type of granulocyte. their primary role is to defend against bacterial and fungal infections."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the primary role of neutrophils in the bloodstream?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book106218 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the causes of blood collecting within the media of the aorta? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "blood collecting within the media of the aorta can be caused by intramural hematoma and penetrating aortic ulcer."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the causes of blood collecting within the media of the aorta?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book218872 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the significance of standardized practices in the book? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the book acknowledges the importance of standardized practices while also recognizing the unique needs of each patient. it advocates for the adoption of standardized practices where appropriate, while also accommodating the individualized care needs of patients."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the significance of standardized practices in the book?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book44338 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the external approach used for? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the external approach is used when the surgeon requires the best exposure. it is especially indicated in cases of congenital deformities, extensive revision surgery, severe nasal trauma, and elaborate reduction and augmentation procedures. it allows for bimanual surgery and easier judgment of specific deformities."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the external approach used for?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book108177 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the difference between plasma and serum in terms of coagulation factors? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "plasma contains all the coagulation factors, including fibrinogen, prothrombin, factor v, and factor viii. when blood is drawn into a clot tube without an anticoagulant, a fibrin clot is formed. however, if the tube is spun down in a centrifuge, the liquid portion above the clot, known as the supernatant, is called serum. serum is missing clotting factors i, ii, v, viii, and fibrinogen."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the difference between plasma and serum in terms of coagulation factors?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book118686 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is a sebaceous cyst? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "a sebaceous cyst is a benign cyst that arises from the sebaceous glands in the skin. it is typically filled with keratinous material and can occur anywhere on the body."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is a sebaceous cyst?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book176658 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the known reservoir of p. brasiliensis? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the armadillo is a known reservoir of p. brasiliensis."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the known reservoir of p. brasiliensis?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book12098 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what was the ideology behind the current health promotion rhetoric, according to an article in the lancet? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "according to an article in the lancet, the ideology behind the current health promotion rhetoric is an unhealthy mix of utopian and totalitarian thinking, with an emphasis on processing healthy people through screening mills under false promises of disease prevention."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what was the ideology behind the current health promotion rhetoric, according to an article in the lancet?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book346947 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: why is it important to induce myocardial infarction in conscious animals with intact reflexes for animal model studies? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "inducing myocardial infarction in conscious animals with intact reflexes is important for animal model studies because it allows for greater clinical relevance. by maintaining the animals' conscious state and intact reflexes, researchers can better mimic the conditions and physiological responses seen in human patients. this increases the validity and applicability of the findings from animal studies to human medicine."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: why is it important to induce myocardial infarction in conscious animals with intact reflexes for animal model studies?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book72330 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the most common site for salivary gland tumors? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the most common site for salivary gland tumors is the parotid gland, accounting for % of all tumors. the minor glands and submandibular glands are less common sites, accounting for % and % of tumors, respectively."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the most common site for salivary gland tumors?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book288331 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the contraindications to stent placement in the management of malignant large bowel obstruction? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "absolute contraindications to the use of colonic stents in the management of malignant large bowel obstruction include clinical or radiologic evidence of acute perforation of the colon, significant ischemia, or necrosis. relative contraindications include the presence of a long stricture, proximal lesions in the ascending colon, distal lesions within cm from the anal verge, and the presence of diffuse carcinomatosis. tortuous or angulated portions of the colon can also be technically challenging for stent placement and may have a higher failure rate. additionally, stents are not recommended in patients who may be considered for treatment with antiangiogenic drugs such as bevacizumab due to the risk of complications."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the contraindications to stent placement in the management of malignant large bowel obstruction?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book323741 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the importance of the emotional investment of the authors in managing the patients? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the emotional investment of the authors in managing the patients is important because it reflects their dedication and commitment to providing the best care possible. it also adds a personal touch to the cases, allowing readers to empathize with the patients' experiences and understand the challenges and complexities involved in cardio-oncology practice. the emotional investment helps convey the authors' expertise and underscores the significance of the cases presented in the atlas."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the importance of the emotional investment of the authors in managing the patients?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book395378 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the disadvantages of ct colonography? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- ct colonography requires a colonic prep and any findings on the ct scan require a follow-up diagnostic colonoscopy. additionally, the rate of extracolonic findings of uncertain significance is high, ranging from less than 15% to 30%. each finding must be evaluated, which can contribute to additional expense and potential morbidity. there is also a concern about the long-term cumulative radiation risk of repeated colonography screenings."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the disadvantages of ct colonography?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book257098 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the recommended options for patients with a high probability of venous thrombosis? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "according to the context, serial cus (compression ultrasonography) and pulmonary arteriography are recommended options for patients with a high probability of venous thrombosis."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the recommended options for patients with a high probability of venous thrombosis?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book174517 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how is cardiac output calculated using the fick principle? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "cardiac output (qt) can be calculated by applying the fick concept to the entire body, relating total body oxygen consumption (vo) to the difference in oxygen content between blood in the systemic arteries and mixed venous blood sampled from the pulmonary artery or the right ventricle. the equation is: qt = vo / (cao - cvo), where vo is oxygen consumption, cao is arterial oxygen content, and cvo is mixed venous oxygen content."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how is cardiac output calculated using the fick principle?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book119590 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the levels of protein structure? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. primary structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. secondary structure refers to regular structures, such as the α-helix and β-sheet, that form in short localized regions of the polypeptide chain. tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional conformation of a protein, which is the summation of its secondary structural elements. quaternary structure is the association of multiple polypeptide subunits in a specific geometric arrangement."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the levels of protein structure?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book309446 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the physiological effects of ethanol on temperature regulation? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "- ethanol produces vasodilation and increases heat loss from the body, which can result in hypothermia during cold weather."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the physiological effects of ethanol on temperature regulation?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book380042 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the potential reasons for differences in diagnostic overlap in cld and its management? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the differences in diagnostic overlap in cld may be attributed to several factors. one potential reason is the variation in postnatal management practices among different healthcare institutions. the use of different treatment modalities, such as nasal continuous positive airway pressure (cpap) or mechanical ventilation, can significantly impact the development and severity of cld. furthermore, local variations in practices and management strategies may also contribute to differences in diagnostic overlap. it is important to consider these variations when assessing the long-term outcomes and prognosis of cld."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the potential reasons for differences in diagnostic overlap in cld and its management?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book322223 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: how frequently does the pain occur? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "for recurring pain, the patient can indicate how many times per hour or per day the pain occurs. understanding the frequency can provide insights into the pattern of the pain."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: how frequently does the pain occur?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book254624 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what should be assessed during the examination of the reproductive system? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "during the examination of the reproductive system, the position of the urethral opening should be checked to exclude hypospadias. the glans should be inspected for red patches or vesicles. any lesions present should be palpated to define them. the prepuce should be retracted and the glans should be examined for any abnormalities."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what should be assessed during the examination of the reproductive system?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book86712 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: why was randomized accrual to the trials ended? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "the randomized accrual to the trials was ended because the results showed that the use of aromatase inhibitors in combination with certain mutations was associated with shorter survival. this prompted the researchers to stop enrolling patients in order to further analyze the data and evaluate the potential risks and benefits of the treatment approach."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: why was randomized accrual to the trials ended?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book392397 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what is the standard practice for treating gestational diabetes in africa? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "in contrast to the standard practice of using insulin for gdm, metformin and glyburide are mainly used to treat women with gdm in africa. however, there have not been increased reported fetal or maternal complications with the use of these oral agents. they are preferred because they are relatively inexpensive, less invasive, and require minimal self-monitoring of blood glucose."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what is the standard practice for treating gestational diabetes in africa?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book368171 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: what are the clinical features of non-specific abdominal pain (nsap) in children? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "non-specific abdominal pain in children presents with poorly localized pain, not aggravated by movement, and rarely accompanied by guarding. the site and severity of maximum tenderness often vary during repeated examinations. urinary tract infection is an uncommon cause of acute abdominal pain but can be accompanied by fever and vomiting. urinalysis, microscopy, and culture can be useful in diagnosis, although sterile pyuria may accompany acute appendicitis. gastroenteritis can also cause colicky abdominal pain, with the onset of pain preceding diarrhea and lower abdominal tenderness. tropical diseases such as ascariasis, typhoid, and amoebiasis can also cause acute abdominal pain."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: what are the clinical features of non-specific abdominal pain (nsap) in children?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book315762 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: which drug is the patient most likely being treated with based on the given information? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "based on the given information, the patient is most likely being treated with cetuximab."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: which drug is the patient most likely being treated with based on the given information?
OUTPUT:
|
medical_book374344 | [
{
"role": "user",
"content": "As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.\nINPUT: ¿cuál es el seguimiento recomendado para los pacientes con mediastinitis aguda? \nOUTPUT:\n"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "los pacientes con sospecha de mediastinitis aguda deben ser hospitalizados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (uci) para una monitorización estrecha, reanimación agresiva y pruebas de imagen seriadas. el seguimiento incluye la monitorización de la reacumulación de líquido infectado o la mayor diseminación de la infección. además, se deben tener en cuenta las complicaciones más habituales de la mediastinitis necrosante descendente, como los derrames pleurales, la neumonía y la sepsis grave o el choque séptico."
}
] | As a medical professional, please provide an honest answer to the following question.
INPUT: ¿cuál es el seguimiento recomendado para los pacientes con mediastinitis aguda?
OUTPUT:
|
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