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28259 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Salt | Al-Salt | Al-Salt (Larabci: As-Salt) tsohon birni ne na noma kuma cibiyar gudanarwa a yammacin tsakiyar Jordan. Yana kan tsohon babban titin da ya taso daga Amman zuwa Kudus. Birnin yana cikin tsaunin Balqa, kimanin mita 790-1,100 sama da matakin teku, an gina birnin a cikin madaidaicin tuddai uku, kusa da kwarin Urdun. Daya daga cikin tsaunukan nan uku, Jabal al-Qal'a, wurin da aka rusa kagara a karni na 13. Shi ne babban birnin lardin Balqa.
Babban Gundumar Gishiri tana da kusan mazaunan 107,874 (2018).
An saka Al-Salt cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2021.
Tarihi Ba a san lokacin da aka fara zama ba, amma an yi imanin cewa sojojin Makidoniya ne suka gina shi a zamanin Alexander the Great. An san birnin da sunan Saltus a zamanin Byzantine kuma shi ne wurin zama na bishop. A wannan lokacin, an ɗauki birnin a matsayin babban wurin zama a Gabashin Kogin Urdun. Mongols ne suka lalata matsugunnin sannan suka sake gina shi a zamanin Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baibars (1260-1277).
Salt ya kasance wuri mafi muhimmanci a yankin da ke tsakanin kwarin Urdun da hamada ta gabas. Saboda tarihinta a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar kasuwanci tsakanin hamada ta gabas da yamma, ta kasance wuri mai mahimmanci ga yawancin sarakunan yankin.
Rumawa, Rumawa da Mameluks duk sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban birnin, amma ya kasance a ƙarshen 19th da farkon karni na 20, lokacin da Ottoman ya kafa babban birnin gudanarwa na yanki a cikin Salt kuma ya ƙarfafa zama daga wasu sassansu. daular, Salt ya ji daɗin lokacin da ya fi wadata.
Zamanin Ottoman A cikin 1596, a lokacin daular Usmaniyya, an lura da Salt a cikin kidayar cewa yana cikin nahiya Salt a cikin liwa na Ajlun, tare da yawan musulmi na gidaje 40 da ’yan mata 5; da kuma Kirista yawan gidaje 25. Mazauna kauyen sun biya kayyadadden haraji na kashi 25% akan kayayyakin amfanin gona daban-daban; da suka hada da alkama, sha'ir, itatuwan zaitun gonakin inabi, awaki da kudan zuma, baya ga kudaden shiga lokaci-lokaci da adadin kasuwa; jimlar 12,000 akçe.
A ƙarshen karni na 18, Salt shine kawai wurin zama na dindindin a yankin Balqa, lamarin da ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Kabilar Badawiyya ce ta mamaye sauran yankin Balqa. Ita ce birni mafi haɓaka da cibiyar kasuwanci ta Transjordan daga ƙarni na 18 har zuwa farkon shekarun Masarautar Transjordan. Ruwan sha na birnin ya samu ne daga magudanan ruwa guda biyu masu yawa, wanda kuma ya shayar da lambunan garin da ke gefen rafin Wadi Shu'ayb. Yana kusa da gangaren wani tudu mai juzu'i, wanda a samansa ya tsaya wani kagara, da kuma gefen ƙwari biyu masu zurfi masu zurfi, waɗanda ke ba da kariya ta dabi'a daga cin zarafi daga ƙabilun Bedouin maƙwabta. Mazaunan Salt sun yi shawarwari da kabilun, wadanda suka bai wa mutanen garin damar shiga gonakin alkamansu a filayen Balqa na gabas, a madadin ba wa ‘yan kabilar damar shiga manyan kasuwannin garin. An kulla yarjejeniyoyin rabon amfanin gona tare da ƙabilu inda mazauna garin Salt za su yi sansani a Amman da Wadi Wala a cikin bazara har zuwa lokacin girbi kuma suna ba da kyauta na shekara ga babbar kabilar Balqa. Har zuwa kusan 1810s, ƙabilar da ta fi girma ita ce Adwan, wanda aka fi sani da "sarakunan Balqa". Daga nan sai Banu Sakhr suka ci Adwan suka karbo fidda daga Salt.
Kare birnin da keɓewar ƙasar da a zahiri ke ƙarƙashin ƙabilu Badawiyya ya kuma baiwa mazauna birnin damar yin watsi da matakin da hukumomin Ottoman suka yi ba tare da wani sakamako ba. Matafiya na yammacin Turai a farkon karni na 19 sun ba da rahoton cewa, shugaban garin yana da iko daidai da kowane daga cikin gwamnonin lardunan Ottoman Syria da sarkin ya nada.
A farkon karni na 19, yawancin mutanen garin sun kasance na dangin Fakhoury, Akrad, Awamila da Qatishat. Kowane dangi yana karkashin jagorancin shehinsa, daya ko biyu daga cikinsu zai yi aiki a matsayin shaihun al-balad (shugaban birni), wanda ke cikin kagara kuma shi ne ke kula da kare Salt daga harin Badawiyya. Yawan mutanen ya kunshi kusan iyalai musulmi dari hudu da kuma kiristoci tamanin. Bisa ga abubuwan lura na Buckingham a cikin 1820s, kusan Kiristoci 100 a Salt sun kasance baƙi daga Nazarat waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa garin don guje wa zaluncin Jazzar Pasha, gwamnan Ottoman na Acre. Dangantakar Musulmi da Kirista ta kasance cikin aminci kuma al'ummomin biyu sun yi rayuwa iri daya, sutura da harshen Larabci. Salt an shirya shi gida-gida, kowanne daga cikin manyan dangi uku ne ke iko da shi, kuma yana dauke da masallatai da dama, coci da shaguna kusan ashirin a wannan lokacin.Salt ya yi hidima ga karkarar da ke kewaye har zuwa Karak, wanda ba shi da kasuwa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma kayayyaki a kasuwarsa sun samo asali har zuwa Taya da Masar. Tana fitar da zabibi, ganyen sumac ga masana'antun fata na Urushalima, qili (wani nau'in toka, wani muhimmin sinadari na sabulun Nabulsi) zuwa Nablus, da gashin gashin jimina da Badawiyya ya kawo wa Dimashƙu. Nablus shine abokin tarayya na farko na Salt, kuma Salt yayi aiki a matsayin cibiyar Transjordanian na dangin Tuqan na Nablus. Ko da yake yawancin mazaunan manoma ne, akwai kuma masu sana'a da kuma ƴan kasuwa kaɗan, waɗanda 'yan kasuwa ne suka ba su aikin a Nablus, Nazarat da Damascus.
A shekara ta 1834 jama'ar gari da makiyaya sun gwabza tare domin fatattakar sojojin lardin Masar mai cin gashin kansa karkashin jagorancin Ibrahim Pasha, karo na farko da aka rubuta na tawaye na Makiyaya a Falasdinu. An sake dawo da mulkin Ottoman a cikin Levant a cikin 1840, amma Salt ya kasance yanki ne kawai na Daular. A cikin 1866-1867, gwamnan Damascus Mehmed Rashid Pasha (1866-1871) ya tsawaita wa'adin mulkin Tanzimat da gyare-gyare na zamani a Transjordan. Ya jagoranci wata babbar runduna ta ’yan kabilar Badawawa daga Rwala, Wuld Ali da Banu Hasan, ’yan iskan Hauran, masu hawan dutsen Druze da sojoji na yau da kullun, dakaru da dakaru zuwa ga Salt, inda ya tsaya awa uku a arewacin birnin. Daga nan ne kuma ya ba da shawarar yafewa mazauna Salt saboda hada kai da Adwan da Banu Sakhr a kan hukuma. Birnin ya shirya wata tawaga ta manya Musulmi da Kirista wadanda suka yi shawarwari kan shigar daular Usmaniyya cikin Salt ba tare da hamayya ba a ranar 17 ga Agusta. Rashid Pasha ya gyara katangar da ta lalace inda ya yi garkuwa da sojoji 400. Ya nada Kurd Faris Agha Kadru na Damascene a matsayin hakimin gunduma na farko na gishiri kuma ya kafa zaɓaɓɓen majalisar gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi manyan iyalai na Salt. Rashid Pasha ya kwace dimbin hatsi da dabbobi daga garin a matsayin diyya na bashin haraji.
Zaman gishiri ya kasance a ƙarshen karni na 19 lokacin da 'yan kasuwa suka zo daga Nablus don faɗaɗa kasuwancin su zuwa gabas bayan Kogin Jordan. Sakamakon kwararar sabbin shigowa wannan lokaci ya ga saurin fadada Gishiri daga ƙauye mai sauƙi zuwa birni mai kyawawan gine-gine masu yawa, da yawa an gina su cikin salon Nablusi daga dutsen gida mai kyan gani mai launin zuma. Yawancin gine-gine daga wannan zamanin sun rayu har zuwa 2009.
Mulkin Biritaniya, Masarautar, da 'yancin kai Bayan yakin duniya na daya, garin shine wurin da Herbert Samuel, Babban Kwamishinan Falasdinawa na Burtaniya, ya zabi ya ba da sanarwarsa cewa Birtaniyya tana goyon bayan kungiyar Hejazi Hashemite da ke mulki a Gabashin Bankin Falasdinu na tilas (Jordan na yanzu). Wannan fata ta zama gaskiya a cikin 1921 lokacin da Abdullah I ya zama Sarkin Transjordan. Salt ya zama kamar birni ne da za a zaɓa a matsayin babban birnin sabuwar masarauta tun da yawancin masana'antu da kasuwanci suna gudana ta cikin Salt. A wannan lokacin Salt ba shi da manyan makarantu. Koda jin haka sai Abdullah ya dauki birnin a matsayin hedkwatar masarautarsa mai tasowa amma daga baya ya canza ra'ayinsa ya koma gidanshi da tawagarsa zuwa Amman a lokacin da aka samu sabani tsakaninsa da manyan Salt. Amman a wancan lokacin wani karamin gari ne mai mutane 20,000 kacal wanda ya sami ci gaba cikin sauri.
Kididdiga ta kasar Jordan a shekarar 1961 ta samu mutane 16,176 a Al-Salt, wadanda 2,157 Kirista ne.
Gundumomin birni Karamar Hukumar Salt ta kasu zuwa gundumomi tara:
Noma Salt ya shahara a ƙasar Jordan saboda ƙasa mai albarka da ingancin girbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, musamman zaituni, tumatir, inabi peach. Lallai ana hasashe cewa sunan garin ya samar da tushen sultan, wani nau'in zabibi.
Ana tunanin cewa sunan Salt ya fito ne daga birnin Saltos na Daular Rum.
Wadi Shu'aib (kwarin Jethro) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren noma a cikin birnin Gishiri, kwarin da ke da manyan wuraren noma. Ana kiran ta da sunan daya daga cikin annabawa a Musulunci (kamar Kiristanci da Yahudanci), Shoaib (Jethro), wanda shi ne surukin Musa kuma daya daga cikin zuriyar Ibrahim (Ibrahim). Yawancin gonaki masu zaman kansu suna cikin wannan kwari; amfanin gona na farko su ne inabi, zaitun da itatuwa masu ba da 'ya'ya.
Ilimi Salt ya ƙunshi makarantu da yawa, gami da makarantar sakandare ta farko ta Jordan tun daga 1918, da kuma makarantu masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda suka koma shekarun 1800, kamar Makarantar Latin da Makarantar Katolika. Har ila yau, gida ne na Cibiyar Kula da Kurame ta Kasa Mai Tsarki, cibiyar ba da riba mai zaman kanta ga masu fama da nakasa. Garin yana da jami'o'i guda biyu da ke kewaye da shi: Jami'ar Al-Balqa` Applied University da aka kafa a 1997 da Jami'ar Al-Ahliyya Amman (Jami'ar Amman National University) da ke kan babbar hanyar da ta hada Amman zuwa Salt.
Yawon shakatawa
Gidajen Ottoman A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, lokacin da Ottoman suka kafa sansanin gudanarwa na yanki a cikin Salt kuma suka karfafa matsuguni daga wasu sassan daular, matsayin birnin ya karu, 'yan kasuwa da yawa sun isa kuma, tare da sababbin dukiyar da suka samu. ya gina kyawawan gidaje waɗanda har yanzu ana iya sha'awar Salt a yau.
Waɗannan kyawawan gine-ginen dutsen yashi na rawaya sun haɗa da salo iri-iri. Yawanci, suna da rufin gida, tsakar gida da halaye masu tsayi, tagogi masu ruɗi. Wataƙila mafi kyawun gidan na Abu Jaber, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1892 zuwa 1906, wanda ke da rufin bango, wanda masu fasahar Italiya suka zana, kuma ana kyautata zaton shine mafi kyawun misali na gidan ‘yan kasuwa na ƙarni na 19 a yankin.
Kaburburan Romawa da Kagara Ayyubid Salt wanda aka gina shi a kan gungun tsaunuka guda uku, yana da wasu wuraren ban sha'awa da dama, ciki har da kaburburan Romawa da ke wajen birnin da kuma kagara da wurin da garin yake a farkon karni na 13 na Ayyubid, wanda Al-Mu'azzam Isa ya gina, yayan Saladin ne jim kadan bayan miladiyya 1198.
Gidajen tarihi Gidan kayan tarihi na Salt na Archaeological Folklore yana baje kolin kayayyakin tarihi tun daga zamanin Chalcolithic zuwa zamanin Musulunci da kuma wasu abubuwa da suka shafi tarihin yankin. A cikin gidan kayan tarihi na gargajiya akwai baje kolin kayan gargajiya na Badawiyya da kayan gargajiya da na yau da kullun. Ƙananan gidan kayan gargajiya da makarantar sana'a suna ba da fasahar gargajiya na yumbu, saƙa, bugu na siliki da rini.
Haramin musulmi A cikin birnin As-Gishiri da kewaye akwai wuraren ibadar musulmi da yawa a kaburburan annabawa Shu'ayb, Ayyoub, Yusha da Jadur, sunayen larabci na mutanen Littafi Mai Tsarki Jethro, Ayuba, Joshua da Gad. Wadannan wurare na aikin hajjin musulmi an san su da An-Nabi Shu'ayb, An-Nabi Ayyub, An-Nabi Yusha' bin Noon, da 'Ayn al-Jadur ("Spring of Jadur"), bi da bi, a Turanci kuma a matsayin Annabi... Haramin.
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11614 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu%20Musa%20Yar%27Adua | Shehu Musa Yar'Adua | Shehu Musa Yar'Adua (Maris 5, 1943 8 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1997) wani manjo janar ne na sojan Najeriya mai ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban sojin najeriya a matakin koli, a karkashin mulkin Janar Olusegun Obasanjo na shekarar 1976 1979,shehu musa yar'adua yakasance a mulkinsa Dan asalin jahar katsina mai hazaka da sanin ya kamata.
Farkon rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Janar Shehu ‘Yar’adua, Tafidan Katsina ne a cikin Katsina, yana da dangantaka ta jini da Fulani. Mahaifinsa, Musa Yar'Adua, malami ne wanda ya zama Ministan Harkokin Legas daga shekarar 1957 zuwa shekarar 1966 a lokacin Jamhuriya ta farko ta Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ya rike sarautar gargajiya ta Tafidan Katsina daga bisani aka nada shi Matawallen Katsina (mai adana baitulmali). Kakan Yar’Adua, Mallam Umaru, shi ma yayi sarautar Matawallen Katsina, Kakarsa ta wajen uba Malama Binta yaruwar Sarkin Katsina Muhammadu Dikko ce, ƙanin sa, Umaru Yar’Adua, shima ya rike sarautar Matawallen Katsina ya kuma zama Shugaban tarayyar Najeriya a shekarar ta 2007. Masarautar Katsina ta nada dansa Murtala Yar'adua a matsayin Tafidan Katsina da Kaninsa Abdulazeez Yar'adua a matsayin Matawallen Katsina. Yar'Adua ya halarci makarantar sakandaren Katsina na sakiya a matakin karatu, sannan makarantar sakandaren Katsina (yanzu kwalejin gwamnatin Katsina) don karatun sakandare; a makarantar sakandire, yana aji tare da shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari na yanzu. A kokarin mahaifinsa da abokin mahaifinsa, ministan tsaro Muhammadu Ribadu, Yar'Adua ya ci jarrabawar shiga Kwalejin horar da Sojojin Najeriya Ya ci jarabawa ne aka sa shi cikin sojoji a shekarar 1962 ya zama wani bangare na 5 na makarantar horar da sojojin Najeriya. An kara tura Yar'Adua ƙarin horo a Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Sandhurst, Ingila.
Aikin soja A shekarar 1964, bayan da ya dawo daga Sandhurst, aka tura Yar'Adua ga rundunar sojojin Najeriya na farko a Enugu karkashin umarnin Col Adekunle Fajuyi a matsayin mukaddashin shugaba na biyu. Daga shekarar 1964 har zuwa karshen yakin basasa na Najeriya, ya rike mukamai daban-daban ciki har da kwamandan platoon a shekarar 1964, sannan daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1966 na farko a Bataliya ta farko a Enugu. Ya kasance kwamandan bataliya a shekarar 1967, kuma a cikin shekarar 1968 ya zama Kwamandan Soja. A lokacin yaƙin basasa, ya ba da umarni ga rundunar sojojin bataliya ta 6 karkashin jagorancin Murtala Mohammed, kwamandan rukunin na biyu. A watan Oktoba ne na shekarar 1967, an baiwa Yar'Adua alhakin kama Onitsha bayan wasu rashinkokarin da rundunan sojojin Najeriya suka yi har sau biyu. Yar'Adua ya zama Laftana kanal a shekarar 1972. A shekarar 1975, ya kasance mai taka rawan gani a cikin juyin mulkin da akayi wa Yakubu Gowon a matsayin Shugaban Kasar Najeriya. Bayan nasarar juyin mulkin, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Sufuri a gwamnatin Janar Murtala Mohammad. Kamar yadda Ministan sufuri babban aikinsa shi ne lalata tashar jiragen ruwa ta Legas Kafin juyin mulkin, jami’an gwamnatin da suka gabata sun ba da umarnin tan miliyan 16 na sumunti don gina shingen sojoji a cikin kasar. Kewaya, wuraren kula da tashar ba su da kyau. Tasirin hada-hadar kudade ya kara zama abin birgewa saboda gwamnatin Najeriya ta zartar da biyan kudin alakar da masu jigilar kaya ke fitarwa. Gwamnatin Mohammed ta yanke shawarar tura wasu daga cikin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na makwabta tare da gabatar da kamfanonin sarrafa siminti don sharewa da sayar da siminti da gina sabon tashar jirgin ruwa ta Can Can Shugaban Ma’aikata, Shugaban Ma’aikata A shekarar 1976, Yar'Adua ya zama babban Shugaban Ma’aikata, Babban Shugabanci, bayan kisan Murtala Mohammed a wani juyin mulki da ya kauda Murtala. An sanya ofishin sa ya zama a matsayin mai kula da ayyukan Operation Feed the Nation, manufar noma mai dogaro da kai na sabuwar gwamnatin Obasanjo Operation Feed the Nation, wanda aka fi sani da OFN, wani yunƙuri ne na haɓaka samar da kayan gona a cikin gida, musammam amfanin gona kamar Shinkafa da alkama, don haɓaka wadatar albarkatun abinci da rage ƙarancin abinci. Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don inganta manufar sun hada da rarraba takaddun takin zamani da iri ga manoma, rance ga ƙananan manoma domin ba su damar siyan kayan aiki, da kuma shirin kula da ilimi wanda Corpers ke koyawa, don koyar da manoma makiyaya yadda ake amfani da kayan aikin gona na zamani. kayan aiki. ya zuwa shekara ta 1979 manufofin basu cimma burin sa na dogaro da kai ba. Yar'Adua ya kuma jagoranci kokarin kwamitin kolin soja kan sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi wanda ya kai ga gudanar da zabukan ƙananan hukumomi a shekarar 1976. Sauye-sauyen da aka samu daga karamar hukuma sun cire sarakunan gargajiya daga wasu batutuwan gudanar da mulki da iyakance ikonsu game da hakkin mallaka. Gyare-gyaren sun kuma ba da izini ga karamar hukumar a matsayin rukuni na uku na ikon gwamnati.
Aikin siyasa Shugaba Babangida ya fara shirin mika mulki na siyasa ne a shekarar 1987 tare da kafa Ofishin Siyasa, kuma daga baya aka gabatar da Majalisar Zartarwa don yin niyya kan wani daftarin kundin tsarin mulki. Kodayake Yar'Adua ba memba bane a majalisar, amma kuma doka ta bama wasu tsoffin 'yan siyasa dama da suyi ayyukan siyasa, abokan aikin sa wadanda suka wakilci jindadin siyasarsa a wurin taron kuma ya kasance mai himma wajen kafa kungiyoyin siyasa a lokacin canji, Yar'Adua da tawagarsa sun kafa kungiyar Jama'a ta Najeriya. Membobin sun hada da Babagana Kingibe, Atiku Abubakar, Bola Tinubu, Magaji Abdullahi, Ango Abdullahi, Ahmadu Rufa'i, Yahaya Kwande, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, Wada Abubakar, Babalola Borishade, Sabo Bakin Zuwo, Sunday Afolabi, Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso, MSBuhari Chief Gbazueagu N .Gbazueagu, Tony Anenih, Disu Oladipo, Haliru Kafur, Abubakar Koko, Sergeant Awuse, Titi Ajanaku, da Farouk Abdulazeez. Daga baya ƙungiyar ta hada kai da wasu ƙungiyoyi don kafa kungiyar Social Democratic Party of Nigeria. Ƙungiyar front da PSP, sun zama ƙungiyoyi biyu masu ƙarfi a cikin SDP. Koyaya, ƙungiyar 'Yar'aduwa tana da tsari sosai kuma yana iya cin nasarar yawancin zaɓaɓɓun mukamai a cikin SDP. Lokacin gudanar da zaben gwamnoni da majalisar wakilai, SDP tana da karancin lamba akan NRC A watan Janairun shekarar 1992, Yar'Adua an daure shi a kurkuku, an daure shi saboda ya karya dokar hana wasu mutane shiga siyasa mai karfi. Ko ta yaya, an soke dokar sannan daga baya Yar'Adua ya sanar da takarar sa ta shugaban kasa. Tsarin siyasarsa na yakin neman zabe ya mamaye kasar; Yana da daraktocin kamfen na kasa, kuma kowace jiha tana da mai gudanar da kamfen dinta da kuma masu aikin yaki neman zabe. Wakilan rukunin kamfen dinsa sun hada da tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar PDP Anthony Anenih, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Atiku Abubakar, tsohon minista Dapo Sarumi, Bola Tinubu, Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila da kuma Sunday Afolabi Yar'Adua ne ke jagorantar SDP kafin a soke sakamakon. Daga baya aka gudanar da sabon zaben a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1993 wanda MKO Abiola ya lashe. Bayan da aka soke zaben 12 ga watan Yuni, kungiyar 'Yar'aduwa ta yi shawarwari game da batun kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 1993, aka hambarar da gwamnatin rikon-kwaryar Ernest Shonekan sannan Sani Abacha ya zama sabon Shugaban Sojan Sama. A shekarar 1994, Yar'Adua ya samu kujerar wakilci a Katsina zuwa sabon taron Kundin Tsarin Mulki na kasa. Ya kasance wakili ne na waje kuma a farkon shekarar, 1994 ya shirya taron siyasa a ofishin kungiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta Najeriya da ke Legas wanda ya jawo hankalin shugabannin mulkin soja wadanda suka tsare shi tsawon kwanaki hudu. An kama ‘Yar’Adua, Obasanjo, Lawan Gwadabe da sauransu a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1995 bisa zargin su da shirya makarkashiyar juyin mulki don kifar da gwamnatin Abacha Kotun soja ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa a shekarar 1995, bayan da ya yi kira ga gwamnatin mulkin sojan Najeriya ta Gen. Sani Abacha da majalissar zartarwar sa ta musamman don maido da mulkin farar hula An yanke masa hukuncin rayuwa a gidan kurkuku, amma ya mutu a ranar talata ranar 8 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1997.
Rayuwasa da kasuwancisa Shehu Yar'adua ya auri Hajiya Binta a shekarar 1965, kuma suna da yara biyar, cikinsu har da Murtala Yar'Aduwa, tsohon Ministan Tsaro na Najeriya.
Arziki Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, ya kafa wani kamfani mai riƙe da suna Hamada Holdings. Ya kasance wani mai saka jarine a Nijeriya reshen bankin Habib Bank Ya kuma fara buga gidan da ake kira da Nation House Press, sannan ya buga wata gidan jarida yau da kullun wacce ake kira da suna Reporter Manazarta
Karin karatu Shehu Musa Yar'Adua: Rayuwa ta Sabis (Lynne Rienner Pub., 2004). ISBN 978-8069-36-3 Najeriya a Biyar ta Biyar: Taimakawa don samar da zaman lafiya, Dimokiradiyya Ci gaban Kasa (Attahiru M. Jega Jacqueline W. Farris, 2010). ISBN 978-978-907-7823 Babu Arewa ko Kudu, Gabas ko Yamma: Oneaya daga cikin (an Najeriya (Jacqueline W. Farris wanda Mustapha Bulama ya baiyana, 2011). ISBN 978-978-50349-7-4
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Gidauniyar Shehu Musa 'Yar'adua Fulani yan Najeriya
Shuwagabannin ƙasar Najeriya
Yan kasuwa a Najeriya
Mutane daga Katsina
Dangin Yar'adua
'Yan boko
Sojojin Najeriya
Janarorin Najeriya
'Yan Katsina
'Yan Najeriya Musulmai
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61943 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9 | Ténéré | Ténéré Abzinawa Tenere, a zahiri: "Hamada") yanki ne na hamada a kudu ta tsakiyar Sahara Ya ƙunshi babban fili na yashi wanda ya tashi daga arewa maso gabashin Nijar zuwa yammacin Chadi, wanda ya mamaye fili fiye da An ce iyakokin Ténéré su ne tsaunin Aïr a yamma, tsaunin Hoggar a arewa, da Djado Plateau a arewa maso gabas, tsaunin Tibesti a gabas, da kwarin tafkin Chadi a kudu. Babban yankin hamada, Erg du Bilma, yana tsakiya ne kusan
Suna Sunan Ténéré ya fito ne daga harshen Abzinawa, ma'ana "hamada", kamar yadda kalmar Larabci ta "Hamada", Sahara, ta zo a cikin yankin gaba daya.
Yanayi Ténéré yana da yanayi mai zafi na hamada Köppen weather classification BWh irin na babban hamadar Sahara Yanayin yana da bushewa, zafi sosai, rana da bushewa duk shekara kuma kusan babu rayuwar shuka. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi sama da 40 °C (104 °F) na kimanin watanni 5 da ƙari a cikin yankuna mafi zafi, kuma ana yin rikodin yanayin zafi mai girma kamar 50 C (122 F) yana yiwuwa sosai a lokacin bazara. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara yana kusa da 35 C (95 F) har ma da ƙari. A cikin watannin “hunturu”, matsakaita yanayin zafi yana tsayawa sama da 25°C (77°F) kuma gabaɗaya yana shawagi a kusa da 30°C (86°F).
Adadin hazo na shekara yana da ƙasa sosai-ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin ruwan sama da ake samu a Duniya-kusan mm 10 (0.39 in) zuwa 15 mm (0.59 in), kuma akai-akai shekaru da yawa na iya wucewa ba tare da ganin ruwan sama ba kwata-kwata. Ruwa yana da wuyar samun sananne, har ma a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma rijiyoyin na iya yin nisa da ɗaruruwan mil.
Tsawon lokacin hasken rana kuma yana daya daga cikin sakamako mafi girma a doron kasa a kusan sa'o'i 4,000, wato kusan kashi 91% na hasken rana tsakanin fitowar alfijir da faduwar rana. Wannan yanki na hamadar Sahara yana daya daga cikin mafi tsananin yanayi a duniya. A cewar wani binciken NASA, mafi sunniest tabo a duniya zai zama rugujewar kagara a Agadem a kudu maso gabashin Ténéré, kuma yana da ko da sarari sama fiye da iyakacin duniya hamada overall. The Ténéré, kazalika da sauran Babban Hamada, suna daga cikin mafi matsananci yanayi a duniya Hoton hoto Yawancin Ténéré wani kwandon lebur ne, sau ɗaya gadon tafkin Chadi na prehistoric. A arewa, da Ténéré ne a sararin yashi takardar gaskiya, featureless 'Ténéré' na labari kai har zuwa low tuddai na Tassili du Hoggar tare da Algerian iyaka. A cikin tsakiya, Bilma Erg ta samar da layuka na ƙananan dunes masu sauƙi waɗanda hanyoyin ke yin titin yau da kullun don ayarin azalai ko gishiri. A yamma, tsaunin Aïr ya tashi. Zuwa kudu maso gabas, Ténéré yana iyaka da tsaunin Kaouar da ke gudana kilomita 100 arewa zuwa kudu. A gindin, ya ta'allaka ne da igiyar ruwa ciki har da shahararriyar Bilma Tsire-tsire na lokaci-lokaci, kamar dutsen marmara na Blue Mountains da ba a saba gani ba a arewa maso yamma kusa da Adrar Chiriet, ko tsaunin Agram kusa da bakin Fachi da Adrar Madet a arewa, ba safai ba ne amma fitattun alamomi.
Tarihi A lokacin Carboniferous lokacin, yankin yana ƙarƙashin teku; daga baya ya kasance dajin wurare masu zafi. Wata babbar makabartar dinosaur tana kudu maso gabashin Agadez a Gadoufaoua An gano burbushin halittu da yawa a wurin, wadanda suka bace daga kasa. Kimanin cikakken samfurin dabbar mai rarrafe Sarcosuchus mai rarrafe mai kama da kada, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da SuperCroc, masana burbushin halittu ne suka gano a can A lokacin farkon tarihin ɗan adam, wannan ƙasa ce mai albarka wacce ta fi dacewa da rayuwar ɗan adam fiye da yadda take a yanzu. Mutanen zamani ne ke zaune a yankin tun zamanin Paleolithic kusan shekaru 60,000 da suka wuce. Sun yi farautar namun daji kuma sun bar shaidar kasancewarsu a cikin nau'ikan kayan aikin dutse da suka haɗa da ƙanana, filayen kiban kibiya. A lokacin zamanin Neolithic kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, mafarauta na dā, mutanen Holocene Kiffian na farko, sun ƙirƙira zane-zanen dutse da zane-zanen kogo waɗanda har yanzu ana iya samun su a duk faɗin yankin.
Neolithic Subpluvial ya kasance wani tsawaita yanayin yanayi, daga kimanin 7,500-7,000 BC zuwa kusan 3,500-3,000 BC, na yanayin jika da ruwan sama a tarihin yanayi na arewacin Afirka. An gabace shi kuma ya biyo bayan lokaci mai bushewa da yawa Rubuce-rubucen kayan tarihi da yawa waɗanda suka fara tun daga wannan lokacin, waɗanda galibi ana gano su a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Tenerian, suna cikin hamadar hamadar da ke kan iyakokin Nijar, Aljeriya da Libiya Yawan mutane ya ragu yayin da Sahara ta bushe, kuma a shekara ta 2500 BC, ya zama bushe kamar yadda yake a yau.
A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, Ténéré ta kasance hanyar hayewa ga bakin haure na Afirka da ke neman yin ƙaura zuwa Turai.
Yawan jama'a Ténéré ba ta da yawan jama'a sosai. Fachi da Bilma su ne kawai ƙauyuka waɗanda ba a gefen Tenéré ba.
Yayin da sanannun Abzinawa suka mamaye tsaunin Aïr da Agadez zuwa yamma, kuma har yanzu suna gudanar da ayarin gishiri ga ƴan kasuwa Hausawa, sauran mazauna Ténéré, waɗanda aka samu daga tudu kamar Fachi gabas, su ne waɗanda ba Berber Kanuri da Toubou, na karshen. tunani ya fito daga cikin asalin mutanen Sahara.
Mulki A shekarar 1960, yankin Abzinawa ya zama wani yanki na jamhuriyar Nijar mai cin gashin kanta. An raba shi gida bakwai Babban yanki na Ténéré yanki ne mai kariya, ƙarƙashin kulawar Aïr da Ténéré Reserve Natural Reserve Garuruwa Cibiyar gudanarwa ta Ténéré ita ce garin Agadez, kudu da tsaunin Aïr da yammacin Tenere. Hakanan akwai ƙauyuka daban-daban na oasis, wasu kamar Bilma da Séguedine dangane da samar da gishiri.
Matsugunai da ƙauyukan Ténéré:
Fachi
Bilma
Dirkou
Séguedine
Alamomin ƙasa An kuma san hamada don bishiyar bishiyar Ténéré, da zarar an yi tunanin kasancewa cikin mafi nisa a duniya. Da yake kusa da rijiya ta ƙarshe kafin shiga Grand Erg du Bilma a kan hanyar zuwa Fachi, ayarin gishiri sun dogara da bishiyar a matsayin alamar ƙasa har sai da direban babbar mota ya rushe ta a 1973.
An maye gurbinsa da wani sassaka na karfe kuma an ajiye gawarwakin a gidan tarihi na Yamai (babban birnin Nijar). An dasa sabbin bishiyoyi amma saboda karancin ruwa (rijiyar da ke kusa da ita tana da zurfin kusan mita 40), ba tare da bata lokaci ba ta hanyar matafiya ta ga sun kasa tsira. Duk da wannan rashin tausayi, ana nuna bishiyar akan taswirorin yankin a matsayin wata alama ta musamman, kamar yadda mafi ƙarancin sanannun Arbre Perdu (Lost Tree) ke a cikin Tenere na gaskiya zuwa arewa, yammacin Chirfa.
Wani abin tunawa ga jirgin UTA mai lamba 772, da'irar duwatsu masu duhu mai tsawon ƙafa 200 da fashewar madubai 170 waɗanda ke wakiltar kowane wanda harin ta'addancin 1989 ya ruguje jirgin, an gina shi a watan Mayu da Yuni 2007 a 16°51′53″N 11°57′13″E.
Duba
Duba kuma Aïr da Ténéré National Nature Reserve
Jamus
Green Sahara
Babur Ténéré
Ofishin Jakadancin Berliet-Ténéré
Nassoshi Samuel Decalo. Kamus na Tarihi na Nijar. Scarecrow Press, London da New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0-8108-1229-0
Jolijn Geels. Nijar. Bradt London da Globe Pequot New York (2006). ISBN 1-84162-152-8 Chris Scott. Sahara Overland. Trailblazer (2004). ISBN 1-873756-76-3.
Manazarta Sahara
Nijar
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48519 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Machen | Arthur Machen | Arthur Machen mækən ko mæxən 3 Maris 1863 15 Disamba 1947) shine sunan alkalami na Arthur Llewellyn Jones, marubucin Welsh kuma masanin sufi na 1890s da farkon. Karni na 20. An fi saninsa da tasiri na allahntaka, fantasy, da almara mai ban tsoro Littafin littafinsa The Great God Pan (1890; 1894) ya sami suna a matsayin abin ban tsoro, tare da Stephen King yana kwatanta shi da "Wataƙila mafi kyawun [labari mai ban tsoro] a cikin harshen Ingilishi." Har ila yau, an san shi da "The Bowmen", wani ɗan gajeren labari wanda aka karanta a matsayin gaskiya, ƙirƙirar almara na Mala'iku na Mons
Tarihin Rayuwa
Shekarun farko An haifi Machen Arthur Llewelyn Jones a Caerleon, Monmouthshire Gidan da aka haife shi, wanda ke gaban Olde Bull Inn a cikin Dandalin a Caerleon, yana kusa da Priory Hotel kuma a yau an yi masa alama da alamar shuɗi na tunawa. Kyakkyawar shimfidar wuri na Monmouthshire (wanda yawanci yakan kira shi da sunan masarautar Welsh na da, Gwent tare da ƙungiyoyin Celtic, Roman, da tarihin na da, sun yi tasiri sosai a kansa, kuma ƙaunarsa ta kasance a cikin zuciyar da yawa daga cikin ayyukansa.
Machen ya fito ne daga dogon layin limamai, dangin sun samo asali ne a Carmarthenshire A cikin 1864, lokacin da Machen ke da shekaru biyu, mahaifinsa John Edward Jones, ya zama magajin Ikklesiya na Llanddewi Fach tare da Llandegveth, kusan mil biyar arewa da Caerleon, kuma Machen ya girma a wurin rectory. Jones ya karɓi sunan budurwar matarsa, Machen, don ya gaji gado, a bisa doka ya zama "Jones-Machen"; ɗansa ya yi baftisma a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da gajeriyar fassarar cikakken sunansa, Arthur Machen, a matsayin sunan alƙalami.
Masanin tarihi na yankin Fred Hando ya bibiyi sha'awar Machen game da sihiri zuwa adadin Kalmomin Gida a cikin ɗakin karatu na mahaifinsa, wanda a ciki ya karanta, yana ɗan shekara takwas, labari mai jan hankali kan alchemy Hando ya ba da labarin sauran karatun Machen na farko:
Lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Machen ya shiga Makarantar Cathedral na Hereford, inda ya sami kyakkyawan ilimin gargajiya. Talauci na iyali ya hana zuwa jami'a, kuma an tura Machen zuwa Landan, inda ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar likita amma ya kasa shiga. Machen, duk da haka, ya nuna alƙawarin wallafe-wallafen, a cikin 1881 ya buga wani dogon waka "Eleusinia" a kan batun Eleusinian Mysteries Ya koma Landan, ya rayu cikin talauci, yana ƙoƙarin yin aikin jarida, a matsayin magatakardar wallafe-wallafe, kuma a matsayin mai koyar da yara yayin da yake rubutu da yamma kuma yana tafiya cikin dogon zango a London. A cikin 1884 ya buga aikinsa na biyu, pastiche The Anatomy of Tobacco, kuma ya sami aiki tare da mawallafi da mai sayar da littattafai George Redway a matsayin mai ba da labari da editan mujallu. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin aiki a matsayin mai fassara daga Faransanci, fassara Heptameron na Marguerite de Navarre, Le Moyen de Parvenir Fantastic Tales na Béroalde de Verville, da Memoirs na Casanova A cikin 1887, shekarar da mahaifinsa ya mutu, Machen ya auri Amelia (Amy) Hogg, malamin kiɗan da ba na al'ada ba tare da sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ke da abokai na adabi a cikin da'irar bohemian na London. Hogg ya gabatar da Machen ga marubuci kuma mai sihiri AE Waite, wanda zai zama ɗaya daga cikin abokan Machen na kusa. Machen kuma ya sanya sanin wasu ƴan adabi, irin su MP Shiel da Edgar Jepson Ba da daɗewa ba bayan aurensa, Machen ya fara samun jerin abubuwan gado daga dangin Scotland wanda ya ba shi damar ba da lokaci mai yawa don rubutu.
Lalacewar adabi a cikin 1890s Around 1890 Machen ya fara bugawa a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe, rubuta labarun da suka shafi ayyukan Robert Louis Stevenson, wasu daga cikinsu sunyi amfani da gothic ko jigogi masu ban mamaki Wannan ya haifar da babbar nasararsa ta farko, The Great God Pan John Lane ne ya buga shi a cikin 1894 a cikin Fitattun Mahimman Bayanai, wanda wani bangare ne na haɓakar motsin ɗabi'a na lokacin. An yi Allah wadai da labarin Machen don jima'i da abubuwan ban tsoro kuma saboda haka an sayar da shi sosai, ya shiga bugu na biyu.
Machen na gaba ya samar da The Three Impostors, wani labari wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi masu yawa da aka saka, a cikin 1895. Littafin labari da labaran da ke cikinsa daga ƙarshe za a ɗauke su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan Machen. Duk da haka, bayan abin kunya da ya shafi Oscar Wilde daga baya a wannan shekarar, haɗin gwiwar Machen tare da ayyukan ban tsoro ya sa ya yi masa wuya ya sami mai wallafa don sababbin ayyuka. Don haka, ko da yake zai rubuta wasu manyan ayyukansa a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa, wasu an buga su da yawa daga baya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tudun Mafarki, Hieroglyphics, Rushewar Rayuwa, labarin Farin Mutane da labarun da suka haɗa da Kayan Ado a Jade.
Bakin ciki da aiki: 1899-1910 A shekara ta 1899, matar Machen Amy ta mutu sakamakon ciwon daji bayan doguwar jinya. Wannan ya yi mummunan tasiri a kan Machen. Sai kawai a hankali ya murmure daga asararsa a cikin shekara mai zuwa, wani bangare ta hanyar abokantakarsa da AE Waite Ta hanyar tasirin Waite ne Machen ya shiga a wannan lokacin Dokar Hermetic na Golden Dawn, kodayake sha'awar Machen ga kungiyar ba ta dawwama ko zurfi sosai. Machen dai ya kara samun murmurewa ne sakamakon canjin sana'a da ya yi ba zato ba tsammani, inda ya zama dan wasa a shekarar 1901 kuma memba a kamfanin Frank Benson na 'yan wasa masu balaguro, sana'ar da ta zagaya kasar.
Wannan ya jagoranci a cikin 1903 zuwa aure na biyu, zuwa Dorothie Purefoy Hudleston, wanda ya kawo farin ciki da Machen. Machen ya sami nasarar samun mawallafi a cikin 1902 don aikin da ya rubuta a baya Hieroglyphics, nazarin yanayin wallafe-wallafen, wanda ya kammala cewa wallafe-wallafen gaskiya dole ne su nuna "cstasy". A cikin 1906 aikin adabin Machen ya fara bunƙasa sau ɗaya yayin da littafin The House of Souls ya tattara manyan ayyukansa na 90ties kuma ya kawo su ga sababbin masu sauraro. Ya kuma buga wani aikin satirical, Dr Stiggins: Ra'ayinsa da Ka'idodinsa, gabaɗaya ya ɗauki ɗayan ayyukansa mafi rauni. Machen kuma a wannan lokacin yana binciken Kiristanci na Celtic, Grail mai tsarki da kuma Sarki Arthur Buga ra'ayinsa a cikin The Academy of Lord Alfred Douglas, wanda ya rubuta akai-akai, Machen ya kammala da cewa tatsuniyoyi na Grail a zahiri sun dogara ne akan abubuwan tunawa da abubuwan da suka faru na Cocin Celtic. Wadannan ra'ayoyin kuma sun fito da karfi a cikin littafin The Secret Glory wanda ya rubuta a wannan lokacin, yana nuna alamar amfani da farko a cikin almara na ra'ayin da Grail ya tsira zuwa zamanin yau a wasu nau'i, ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai tun daga lokacin, kamar yadda Charles Williams ya yi. Yaƙi a Sama Dan Brown The Da Vinci Code da George Lucas Indiana Jones da Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe A cikin 1907, The Hill of Dreams, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mashahuriyar Machen, an buga shi a ƙarshe, kodayake ba a san shi da yawa ba a lokacin.
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34828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20%22American%20University%20of%20Nigeria%22 | Jami'ar "American University of Nigeria" | Articles using infobox university
Jami'ar American University of Nigeria Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya (AUN) jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Yola babban birnin Adamawa, Najeriya. Tana gabatar da ilimi na gaba da sakandare ta hanyar fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi irin na Amurka a matakin digiri na biyu, da matakin ƙwararru. An kafa ta a shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003. AUN, "Jami'ar Ci gaba" ta farko a Afirka, Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Ƙasa (NUC) ta bada izinin kafa ta. Fannukan koyarwa na yanzu guda 93, akwai akalla ɗalibai kimanin 1,500 a matakan karatun digirin ta da digiri na biyu. a matsayinta na jami'a ta farko mai tsarin sifar koyarwa irin na Amurka a yankin Saharar Afirka ,Hukumar kula da jami’o’i ta ƙasa (NUC) ce ta karrama AUN.
Tarihi Tsohon mataimakin shugaban Najeriya kuma ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PDP a zaɓen shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha tara 2019, Atiku Abubakar ne ya kafa ta a shekara ta dubu biyu da huɗu 2004, Jami'ar American University of Nigeria ta fara daukan ɗalibanta na farko a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da biyar 2005. Jami'ar tana nan a babban birnin Yola, jihar Adamawa Da farko an fara sanya wa Jami'ar suna ABTI American University of Nigeria kafin daga baya aka canza zuwa AUN wanda itace jami'ar farko a yankin sahara na Afurka mai tsarin koyarwa irin na Amurka (irinta guda ɗaya ne a Afurka American University a Cairo, Egypt). AUN tana daga cikin kungiyar Global Liberal Arts Alliance.
Shugaban jami'ar na yanzu shine Dr. Margee Ensign, magabatansa sune Dr. David Huwiler, Dr. Michael Smith, Dr. Margee Ensign, Dr. Dawn Dekle An ƙirƙiri makarantar a matsayin jami'a da za ta mai da hankali kan lamuran ci gaba yayin ba da ilimi wanda aka ƙirƙira bisa kyawawan salon koyarwa na Amurka a darussa da ilmantarwa. Sassan makarantan na farko guda uku sune Arts Sciences, Kasuwanci Kasuwanci, da IT Kwamfuta. A cikin 2007, an canza sunan cibiyar zuwa suna na yanzu na Jami'ar Amurka ta Najeriya (AUN). Ajin majagaba na ɗalibai 92 sun sauke karatu a shekara ta 2009. Kowane aji tun daga lokacin ya kammala karatunsa akan jadawalin.
A shekarar 2008, Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta kasa (NUC) ta amince da shirye-shiryen AUN kuma ta sake tabbatar da hakan a shekarar 2013. A cikin shekara ta 2012, AUN ta ƙaddamar da shirin matakin karatun digiri na gaba, babban digiri na biyu a Fasahar Sadarwa. Tun daga nan, ƙarin shirye-shirye har zuwa Ph.D. Hukumar NUC ta amince da matakin.
A shekara ta 2014 ne, aka buɗe ɗakin karatu na Robert A. Fasto da Cibiyar Koyon e-Learning.
Wuri AUN tana Yola babban birnin jihar Adamawa. Harabar AUN ta mamaye yankin ciyayi tsaftata na savannah wanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman filin noma.
Harabar Makaranta Babban harabar ya ƙunshi gine-gine 17 da suka haɗa da Zauren zama guda tara, ɗakin cin abinci mai faɗi, babban zauren farawa mai ɗaukar nauyi 3,500 wanda kuma ke aiki azaman wasan ƙwallon kwando na cikin gida da filin wasan ƙwallon raga, Cibiyar ɗalibai na sadaukarwa, ginin gudanarwa mai taken muhalli, Makarantar Arts Kimiyyar gini, da ginin Peter Okocha wanda ke dauke da Makarantar Koyon Shari'a da kuma dakin karatu. Wani sabon gini mai girma na Sashin karatun Shari'a tare da dakin taro mai kujeru 100 yana buɗewa a cikin 2022. Robert A. Fasto Library da E-Learning Center, wanda ya ci nasarar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya na 2013, ya ƙunshi ɓangaren ɗakin karatu tare da fiye da 250,000 na dijital, dakunan karatu, ɗakunan karatu, yankunan karatu, Cibiyar Rubutu, azuzuwa don shirin Sabon Gidauniya, Sashen Ba da Shawarwari da Cibiyar Koyarwar Jama'a. Cibiyar Arewa, wacce a da ta kasance wurin wucin gadi, tana kan titin babban harabar.
Rayuwar dalibai Sabbin dalibai suna fara ayyukan al'umma daga farkon semester a lokacin Freshmen Orientation. A cikin shekaru hudun su, ana ƙarfafawa ɗalibai su ba da kansu da himma a cikin kowane ayyuka na yau da kullun, na yau da kullun da Ofishin ke shirya kusan kowace rana na mako. Dalibai suna aiki tare da mutane da ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma, gami da makarantu, dakunan shan magani, ƙungiyoyin al'umma, da ƙaramar hukuma.
Karatu Jami'ar ta ƙunshi makarantu shida, waɗanda ke ba da manyan digiri na farko da tsarin digiri:
Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya Sadarwar BSc Zane-zane na Multimedia
BSc Halitta Kimiyyar Muhalli
BSc Petroleum Chemistry
BA Economics
BA Siyasa Nazarin Duniya
BA Harshen Turanci Adabi
Makarantar Kasuwanci Kasuwanci Gudanar da Kasuwancin BSc (tare da ƙwarewa)
BSc Accounting
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Makarantar Shari'a LL. B (Bachelor of Laws)
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BEng Computer Engineering
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BSc Kimiyyar Kwamfuta
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MSc Computer Science
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Gini Harabar AUN na da fadin hekta 2,400. Gida ce ga kusan ɗalibai 1,400 da membobin malamai 87.
Aikin wurin bita na zamani a jami'a ya karɓi nassi daga American Library Association na Ƙasashen Duniya a 2013.
Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai DJ Bally
Emily Nkanga
Shugabanci Kwamitin Amintattu na AUN ya kunshi dan kasar Amurka daya, Farfesa Tulane a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a, Dokta William Ellis Bertrand, da fitattun ‘yan Najeriya 12, tare da Sanata Ben Obi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Makaranta. Membobin BoT na AUN sun fito ne daga bangarori daban-daban a fannin ilimi, masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Shugaba/Mataimakin Shugaban AUN shine Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa. Majalisar Zartarwa ta Shugaban kasa (PEC) ita ce babbar ƙungiyar gudanarwa kuma tana da a matsayinta na Provost/VP for Academic Affairs, shugabanin Makarantu shida, Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Gudanarwa Magatakarda, Kuɗi, da Harkokin Student Rayuwa; da shugabannin Tsaro, Gudanar da Shiga, Tallafin Fasaha, Tsare-tsare na Jiki, Talla Sadarwa, da Abubuwan Jami'o'i. Majalisar dattijai ce ke da alhakin kula da harkokin ilimi da kuma kula da manhajoji yayin da taron wanda ya kunshi dukkan ma’aikatan da ke da mafi karancin digiri na farko, ta kan hadu a kalla sau daya a kowane zangon karatu domin karbar rahoton ci gaban da jami’ar ta samu daga shugaban kasa.
Jerin shugabannin David Huwiler
Michael Smith
Margee Ensign
Dawn Dekle
Margee Ensign
Manazarta Ilimi a Jihar Adamawa
Jami'oi da kwalejojin ilimi a |
16755 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyni%20Oumarou | Seyni Oumarou | Seyni Oumarou (an haife shi a 9 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Nijar ne wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Nijar daga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007 zuwa Satumba na shekara ta 2009 da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2009 zuwa watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2010. Ya fito ne daga yammacin ƙasar kuma ɗan kabilar Djerma (Ba Zabarme) ne. Tun watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD). Bai yi nasarar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa ba a shekara ta 2011 da 2016 ba. Bayan shekaru a matsayin jagoran adawa a karkashin Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou, an nada shi mukamin Babban Wakilin Shugaban kasa a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016.
Farkon aiki Seyni Oumarou an haife shi a Tillabéri Sunan danginsa, Seyni, yawanci yakan sa sunansa, kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Seini ko Seïni Ya kasance Darakta-Janar na Kamfanin Canja Takarda na Nijar (ENITRAP) daga shekarar 1987 zuwa shekarar 1998, sannan a shekarar 1995 ya zama Mashawarci na Musamman ga Firayim Minista Hama Amadou An naɗa Oumarou a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1999 a karkashin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya na Daouda Malam Wanké, kuma bayan zabuka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinsa na wani bangare na gwamnatin Hama Amadou (wanda ya dawo a matsayin Firayim Minista), wanda aka sanya masa suna a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2000. Daga nan aka nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2001 da Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu, Masana'antu, da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2004. A ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2004, bayan wasu murabus da ministocin da suka yi takara a zaben na shekarar suka yi, Oumarou an kara sanya shi a kan kula da lafiyar jama'a, yaki da cututtukan da ke yaduwa, da kuma gyare-gyaren asibiti, har sai da aka nada shi Karamin Ministan Kayan aiki a wani sabon gwamnati a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2004. A wannan matsayin shi ne na uku cikin mambobin gwamnati (bayan Amadou da ƙaramin Ministan Abdou Labo A Matsayin Firayim Minista Oumarou ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙaramin Ministan na kayan aiki har sai lokacin da Amadou da gwamnatinsa suka kaɗa da ƙuri’ar rashin amincewa a majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2007. Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya zabi Oumarou ya gaji Amadou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni; MNSD ce ta gabatar da Oumarou a kan mukamin kuma yana daya daga cikin ‘yan takara uku da Majalisar ta gabatar wa Tandja. Nadin Oumarou ya samu hamayya daga babbar jam'iyyar adawa, Jamhuriyar kasar Nijar ta Demokradiyya da Gurguzu (PNDS), da kuma kungiyoyin kungiyoyin farar hula da dama, saboda ya kasance yana da kusanci sosai da wanda ya gabace shi kuma mai yuwuwa ne da irin wannan badakalar ta rashawa almubazzaranci da kudaden ilimi wanda ya haifar da rashin amincewar da aka yiwa Amadou. An rantsar da Oumarou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, kuma an ba da sabuwar gwamnatinsa a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, tare da mambobi 32 (ciki har da Oumarou). A cikin shekarar 2007, Oumarou ya kasance shugaban sashin MNSD a Tillabéri, haka kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban ofishin siyasa na MNSD.
Rikicin Abzinawa Oumarou ya ce a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2007 cewa gwamnati ba za ta yi shawarwari da ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ta Neman ƴancin ƴan Nijar a arewacin Nijar ba.
Rikicin jam’iyya Yayin da ake tuhumar tsohon Firayim Minista Hama Amadou da aikata laifuka a shekarar 2008, wasu shugabannin majalisar na MNSD-Nassara sun kasance masu biyayya ga tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar. A watan Yunin shekarar 2008, aka kame Amadou bisa zargin almubazzaranci da dukiyar kasa. Duk da rikici da wasu masu rajin kare MNSD har yanzu masu biyayya ga Amadou, an nada Oumarou a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na jam'iyyar. A watan Janairun shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Oumarou ta nemi Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta tsige mataimakan MNSD uku daga rigakafin tuhuma. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, magoya bayan Amadou suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa da Oumarou.
Zaben shekarar 2009 da shekarar 2011 A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, magoya bayan Shugaba Tandja suka gudanar da taruka suna kiran a tsawaita wa’adin shugaban na biyu, saboda ƙarewar a watan Disambar shekarar 2009. Zanga-zangar adawa da 'yan adawa gami da masu fafutuka na MNSD masu biyayya ga Amadou biyo bayan makonni da yawa. Bayan haka Oumarou ya gabatar da bayanai da ke nuni da cewa zaben shugaban kasa, na 'yan majalisu da na kananan hukumomi zai gudana kamar yadda aka tsara. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, kuri'ar raba gardama ta tsarin mulki da ta tanadi tsawaita wa'adin shekaru Tandja ya yi nasara a yayin kauracewar 'yan adawa. An shirya zaben majalisar dokoki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, kuma Oumarou ne ya jagoranci jerin sunayen ‘yan takarar na MNSD a Tillabéri. Saboda ya tsaya takarar dan majalisa, dole ne ya sauka daga gwamnatin, kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2009 kafafen yada labaran kasar sun ruwaito cewa ya yi murabus, tare da wasu ministocin biyu da su ma suke takara. Albade Abouba, Ministan cikin gida, an nada shi don maye gurbinsa a matsayin Firayim Minista a matsayin mai rikon mukamin. Bayan zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokoki, wanda‘ ƴan adawa suka kaurace masa, Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS) wacce ke son a jinkirta zaben da fatan shawo kan rikicin siyasa dakatar da Nijar daga sahunta. Oumarou ne ya jagoranci wakilan mambobin na Nijar su 22 da suka je Abuja domin tattaunawa da ECOWAS wanda aka fara a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009. Kasancewar ya sami kujera a majalisar kasa, an zabi Oumarou a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009. An kada kuri’ar baki daya, tare da dukkanin mataimaka 109 da suka kasance a wurin da suka kada kuri’ar nuna goyon baya ga takarar tasa. Oumarou ya ce a ranar zai yi aiki don dawo da martabar Majalisar Dokoki sakamakon rikice-rikicen watannin da suka gabata. Rikicin na siyasa bai gamsu ba, sojoji suka kwace mulki a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2010, suka kori Tandja kuma nan take suka rusa majalisar kasa. Ba kamar Tandja da Abouba ba, da farko Oumarou ba sabon soja ne ya tsare shi ba; duk da haka, an kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar 2010, tare da wasu manyan mukarrabansa da masu biyayya ga Tandja. A cewar Ousmane Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, an kame su ne saboda suna da hannu cikin "ayyukan bata gari da yiwa gwamnatin zagon kasa da tsarin mika mulki". Cissé ya jaddada cewa za a hukunta duk wani aiki da nufin lalata gwamnati ko haifar da rikici. Duk da haka, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta saki Oumarou da sauran a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2010. Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, ya ce "aikinsu na rusa zaman lafiya" ya kasance "tsaka tsaki" kuma ana sakin wadanda ake zargin "don kwantar da hankali". Bayan ƴan watanni, an zargi Oumarou da satar dukiyar kasa kuma aka kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2010. Hukumar da ke Yaki da Laifin Laifin Kuɗi ta yi zargin cewa ya ciyo jihar bashin CFA miliyan 270. MNSD ta nuna rashin jin dadinta game da kamun da aka yi wa Oumarou, wanda ake sa ran zai kasance dan takarar na MNSD a zaben shugaban kasar da za a yi a watan Janairun shekarar 2011, inda ta nemi a sake shi; ta ce tuhumar da ake yi masa wani yunkuri ne na siyasa don lalata da mayar da jam'iyyar saniyar ware. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010, an gurfanar da Oumarou tare da bada belinsa. MNSD ta sanar a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010 cewa an sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa a babban taron jam’iyyar. Daga karshe Mahamadou Issoufou ya kayar da shi a zagaye na biyu na zaben, wanda aka gudanar a watan Maris din shekarar 2011.
A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2015, aka sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar MNSD a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016. Issoufou ya sake kayar da shi, yana matsayi na uku. Watanni kadan bayan sake zaben Issoufou, Oumarou ya sanar a watan Agustan shekarar 2016 cewa MNSD na shiga cikin hadaddun "shugaban masu rinjaye" na jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Issoufou. Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan shigar da MNSD cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016 da nadin Oumarou a matsayin Babban Wakilin Shugaba Issoufou a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin sabon mukamin sa a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa, an baiwa Oumarou babban aiki na "gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki ko zamantakewar al'umma" kuma a hukumance an bashi matsayi na biyar a tsarin yarjejeniya ta jiha.
Manazarta Ƴan siyasar Nijar
Mutanen |
30397 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Poland | Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Poland | An lissafta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Poland a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulkinta, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekara ta 1997. Poland wata ƙungiya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa da suka dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin ɗan adam, Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Helsinki, Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Hakkoki da Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Ba a koyaushe ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a Poland a aikace. Daga shekara ta 1959 zuwa shekara ta 2019, Kotun Turai ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa Poland ta keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a shari’o’i 989. A cikin 2021, ILGA-Turai ta zaɓi Poland mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Tarayyar Turai don kare haƙƙin LGBT a shekara ta biyu a jere.
Haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin dokar Poland
Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Poland Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Poland ya ƙayyade yancin ɗan adam da ɗan ƙasa iri-iri. Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki mai taken "'Yanci, 'Yanci da Wajibi na Mutane da Jama'a" ya ƙunshi labarai da yawa da ke ba da labari game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Poland. Daga cikin 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba su akwai:
Mataki na 14 'Yancin 'yan jarida da sauran hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa.
Mataki na ashirin da daya Kare mallaka da hakkin magaji.
Mataki na ashirin da biyar Daidaita haƙƙin majami'u da ƙungiyoyin addini.
Kariyar doka ta 'yancin ɗan adam.
Ghayanci da hakkokin wasu.
Mataki na 32
Daidaito a gaban dokar kowa da kowa da yancin samun daidaito tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati.
Babu wariya a cikin harkokin siyasa, zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki saboda kowane dalili.
Mataki na 33 Daidaita haƙƙin 'yan ƙasar Poland a cikin iyali, siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
Tarihi Ana iya samun abubuwan abin da ake kira yanzu haƙƙin ɗan adam a farkon lokacin ƙasar Poland. Dokar Kalisz, Babban Yarjejeniya ta Yancin Yahudanci (wanda aka fitar a cikin shekara ta 1264) ya gabatar da haƙƙi masu yawa ga tsirarun Yahudawa a Poland. Ƙungiyar Warsaw ta 1573 ta tabbatar da 'yancin addini na dukan mazauna Poland, wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga zaman lafiyar al'ummar Poland mai yawan kabilu na lokacin. An taru a Warsaw, duk masu daraja sun sanya hannu kan takarda wanda wakilan dukkanin manyan addinai suka yi alƙawarin goyon bayan juna da haƙuri. Shekaru takwas ko tara da suka biyo baya na wadatar abin duniya da tsaro na dangi sun shaida bayyanar "tauraron taurari masu kyalli na haziƙai."
A cikin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya gyaru sosai bayan faduwar gurguzu a shekara ta 1989 da kuma maye gurbin tsoffin ƙa'idoji na mulkin gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet da gwamnatin dimokraɗiyya ta zamani da ke tabbatar da yancin farar hula da na siyasa, wanda 'Yanci ya tabbatar. Gidan.
Poland ta amince da yarjejeniyar kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. An haramta azabtar da mutum gaba ɗaya tun shekara ta 2010. An soke hukuncin kisa ga dukkan laifuka kamar yadda Amnesty International ta bayyana. Poland ta zamani wata ƙasa ce da ke da babban matakin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ta hanyar labarin 25 (sashe na I. Jamhuriya) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Poland wanda ya karanta:
Labarin Mataki na 54 (sashe na II. 'Yanci, Hakkoki da Wajibi na Mutane da Jama'a) yana cewa:
'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki Dokoki daban-daban sun takure 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a kasar Poland, wadanda suka hana magana da ake ganin za ta ci mutuncin alamun kasar Poland ko shugaban ƙasa. Akwai kuma dokokin da suka hana ɓata ra'ayi na addini da abubuwan tarihi na cin mutunci A cikin 2019, an kama wani mai fafutukar LGBT, Elżbieta Podleśna, saboda ƙirƙira da nuna karɓawar Bakan gizo Madonna na Black Madonna na Częstochowa A cikin shekara t 2017, Amnesty International ta nuna damuwa game da 'yancin yin taro a Ƙasar Poland, inda ta bayyana cewa "hukumai suna amfani da dabaru irin su sa ido, cin zarafi da kuma gurfanar da su don tarwatsa da hana zanga-zangar". Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa "hukumomi sukan ba da fifiko ga zanga-zangar goyon bayan gwamnati da masu kishin kasa a kan sauran nau'o'in majalisu".
Hakkin Mata
Tarihin Mata Feminism a Poland ya fara ne a cikin 1800s a cikin shekarun ɓangarorin ƙasashen waje da ke nuna mummunar cin zarafi na mulki musamman daga Rashawa, wanda ya shafi 'yancin mata kuma. Koyaya, kafin rabuwa ta ƙarshe a cikin 1795, an ba wa mata masu biyan haraji damar shiga cikin rayuwar siyasa. Poland ta precursor na mata a karkashin Partitions, Narcyza Żmichowska wanda ya kafa wani rukuni na Suffragettes a 1842, Rasha ta daure shekaru uku. Tun daga 1918, bayan dawowar 'yancin kai, dukan mata za su iya jefa kuri'a. Poland ita ce ƙasa ta 15 (mallaka ta 12) da ta gabatar da zaɓen mata na duniya. Duk da haka, akwai batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi mata a Poland na zamani kamar haƙƙin zubar da ciki (wanda aka yarda da shi kawai a yanayi na musamman) da rufin gilashin Cin zarafin mata Rikicin cikin gida, bisa ga rahoton 2011 ta gidan yanar gizon TheNews.pl da gidan rediyon Poland ke gudanarwa, daya cikin biyar masu amsa suna ganin matsala. Kashi 38 cikin 100 na Poles sun san aƙalla iyali ɗaya inda tashin hankali ke faruwa, kuma kashi bakwai cikin ɗari sun yi iƙirarin sanin aƙalla iyali ɗaya da aka yi lalata da su, a cewar wani bincike da cibiyar bincike ta SMG KRC ta gudanar a watan Nuwamba a madadin ma’aikatar. Manufofin Aiki da zamantakewa. Binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 27 cikin 100 na wadanda suka amsa ba sa son daukar mataki kan masu cin zarafi a fili saboda tsoron kada tashin hankalin ya koma kansu, yayin da kashi 17 cikin 100 na ganin cewa tada lamarin zai kara dagula matsalar ga wanda aka fara yi. Daya daga cikin hudu daga cikin wadanda aka yi bincike a kansu na ganin cewa babu wani wajibci ga makwabta ko wadanda suka sani da su dauki mataki idan aka kawo musu daukin tashin hankalin cikin gida, suna ganin cewa da wuya a tantance ko wane bangare ne ke da hakki. Kashi 43 cikin 100 na wadanda aka yi bincike a kansu sun bayyana cewa shisshigi a cikin al'amuran iyali ya halatta ne kawai idan wani ya nemi taimako kuma kashi 14 cikin 100 na wasu sun ce babu wata fa'ida a bayar da rahoto kamar haka, domin babu makawa wanda aka azabtar zai janye daga matakin shari'a ba tare da la'akari da hakan ba. Wasu kashi 13 cikin 100 sun ce irin wannan cin zarafi lamari ne na iyali. A lokaci guda, kashi 16 cikin 100 sun ce akwai yanayi da ya dace da tashin hankali a cikin gida. Kusan kashi 26 cikin 100 na 'yan sanda sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ci zarafinsu da tashin hankali. Fyade haramun ne kuma hukuncin daurin shekaru 12 a gidan yari (ciki har da fyaden mata). Ba a ba da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i saboda ra'ayoyin al'umma. A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da gyara don sauƙaƙa hanya tare da mai da shi laifin aikata laifuka da gwamnati ke bi, maimakon wani zargi na sirri. Zubar da ciki yana da matukar wahala a samu a Poland ta hanyar hukuma. A ranar 29 ga Oktoban shekara ta, 2020, kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Amnesty International ta bukaci hukumomi a Poland da su kare masu zanga-zangar lumana da ke nuna adawa da hana zubar da ciki, daga cin zarafi da munanan hare-hare daga masu zanga-zangar. A cewar kungiyar, masu zanga-zangar sun fuskanci amfani da ƙarfi fiye da kima daga jami'an 'yan sanda, kuma an tsare su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ba tare da samun lauyoyi ba a baya.
Haƙƙin LGBTQ+ Ƙasar Poland ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar haƙƙin LGBTQ+ na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma ba a san ƙungiyoyin jinsi ɗaya a Poland ba. Duk da haka, Poland ba ta cikin jerin ƙasashe masu ƙin luwaɗi da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta, kuma liwadi a Poland ba a taɓa yin laifi ba a ƙarƙashin ikon Poland. An tabbatar da luwadi da madigo a cikin shekara t 1932, kuma Poland kuma ta amince da canjin jinsi kuma ba ta buƙatar haifuwa ga ƴan asalinta na transgender Anna Grodzka ta zama 'yar majalisa a zaɓen 'yan majalissar Poland na 2011, kuma a lokacin ita ce kawai ɗan majalisar transgender da aka sani a duniya. Dangane da rahoton ILGA-Turai na 2021, kima na ƙasashen Turai 49 da ILGA-Turai ke bugawa kowace shekara, Poland ta sami matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci daga cikin ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai kuma 43 a gaba ɗaya. Wannan matsayi yana amfani da ma'auni masu yawa don tantance ayyukan doka da manufofin ga mutanen LGBTI. A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana tuhumar Poland (tare da Hungary don keta haƙƙin ainihin mutanen LGBTQ. According to ILGA-Europe's 2021 report,
Ƙimar ɓangare na uku Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2010 na Ofishin Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da Labour na Amurka ya lura cewa “Gwamnatin Poland gaba ɗaya tana mutunta ‘yancin ɗan adam na ƴan ƙasa”; amma duk da haka ta lura da matsaloli, inda akasarin irin wadannan su ne rashin da'a na 'yan sanda, ɗaurin rai da rai da kuma dokokin da suka hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki (ko da yake ba a cika aiwatar da su ba), baya ga cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati da al'umma. Cibiyar Bincike ta Freedom House ta taɓa rarraba Poland a matsayin ƙasa mai daraja ta farko ta siyasa da yancin ɗan adam, amma ya zuwa shekara ta 2020, ƙimar Poland a cikin rahoton 'Yancin Freedom House a cikin rahoton Transit ya ragu tsawon shekaru huɗu a jere. A cewar kididdigar zaman lafiya ta duniya, Poland ita ce kasa ta 23 mafi zaman lafiya a duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa ya tayar da "mummunan damuwa" game da wuce kima da 'yan sandan Poland suka yi amfani da su yayin kama su. According to the Global Peace Index, Poland is the 23rd most peaceful country in the world.
Duba kuma Binciken Intanet da Sa ido a Poland
CIA baƙar fata sites a cikin ƙasar Poland.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala, 'Yancin Dan Adam a Siyasar Harkokin Wajen Poland bayan 1989, Warszawa 2006, James E. Will, Ikilisiya da Jiha a cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin ɗan adam a Poland, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 2, Na 1 (1984), shafi. 153–176 (labarin ya ƙunshi shafuka 24), JSTOR
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Prawa człowieka w Polsce (Hakkokin Dan Adam a Poland) a cikin WIEM Encyklopedia Poland: Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka.
Rahoton Amnesty International akan Poland (2007).
Bitar Poland ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam Review 2008.
Rahoton CPT: Poland: Ziyarci 26/11/2009 08/12/2009 daga Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa
Rahoton kan Poland daga Human Rights Watch
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokoki
Dokar Najeriya
Doka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15343 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewande%20Omotoso | Yewande Omotoso | Yewande Omotoso (an haife ta a shekarar 1980) yar Afirka ta Kudu ce wacce take yin rubuce rubuce na asali, kuma ta kasance mai tsara gini ta hanyar yin zane zane, waccce aka haifa a Barbados kuma ta girma a Nijeriya Ita marubuciya ce yar Najeriya, yar Kole Omotoso, kuma' yar'uwar yar wasan fim na Omotoso A yanzu haka tana zaune ne a Johannesburg Littattafan nata biyu da aka wallafa sun ba ta babban kulawa, ciki har da lashe lambar yabo ta Adabin Afirka ta Kudu don Marubucin da aka Buga a Farko, da kuma kyautar Etisalat ta 2013 na Adabi, kuma ana cikin wadanda aka zaba domin samun kyautar Bailey ta mata ta almara a shekarar 2017.
Shekarun farko da ilimi Yewande Omotoso an haife shi ne a Bridgetown, Barbados kuma a cikin shekara guda da haihuwarta ta tafi tare da mahaifiyarta Ba-barbiya, mahaifin Najeriyar da yayanta maza biyu zuwa Nijeriya. Ta girma a Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun, har zuwa 1992, lokacin da dangin suka koma Afirka ta Kudu bayan mahaifinta ya ɗauki alƙawarin ilimi tare da Jami'ar Western Cape Ta ce, "Ba tare da la'akari da yawan shekarun da na yi a Afirka ta Kudu ba, ina tunanin kaina a matsayin samfuran kasashe uku: Barbados, Najeriya, da Afirka ta Kudu. Najeriya ta kasance wani bangare mai matukar karfi na fahimtar kaina, na ainihi kuma a cikin hirar da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2015, ta ce:" Takaddama tana da rikitarwa. Ina son kasancewa dan Najeriya, ina son kasancewa cikin wannan asalin koda kuwa na kasance hadadden abu ne, saboda yawan sanin da nayi da kuma kwarewar rayuwa. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Cape Town (UCT), kuma bayan ta yi aiki na wasu shekaru a matsayin mai zanen gine-ginen ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a kan Rubutun Halitta a wannan jami'ar.
Rubuta aiki Littafin farko na Omotoso, Bom Boy, an buga shi a cikin 2011 ta Littattafan Modjaji a Cape Town. Ya ci lambar yabo ta wallafe-wallafen Afirka ta Kudu ta 2012 don Marubucin da aka Buga a karon Farko, aka zaba don Afirka ta Kudu <i id="mwRQ">Lahadi</i> Fiction Prize Prize, da kuma M-Net Literary Awards 2012. Bom Boy shi ma ya zo na biyu a kyautar Etisalat ta Adabi a shekarar 2013, wanda Omotoso ya dauki 2014 Etisalat Fellowship a Jami'ar East Anglia wanda aka ba ta a madadin ta wanda ya samu kyautar 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo Omotoso ya kasance ɗan'uwan Norman Mailer Fellow na 2013, kuma ya kasance mai karɓar Males Morland Scholarship a 2014. Kamar Bom Boy, littafinta na biyu, The Woman Next Door Chatto and Windus, 2016)an kuma sake duba su da kyau, tare da Masu Bugawa a Mako-mako suna ambaton shi a matsayin "wannan kyakkyawar kyakkyawar magana, mai taɓawa, wani lokaci mai haskakawa game da wasu oan uwa biyu masu lalata: mata biyu., baƙi ɗaya fari ɗaya, maƙwabta waɗanda suka gano bayan shekaru 20 suna musayar maƙarƙashiya da zagi cewa za su iya taimakon jua, motoso ya kama canjin yanayin launin fata tun daga shekarun 1950, gami da ƙwarewar baƙi ta hanyar bayanan sirri da ƙananan fahimtar halayyar mutum cikin ɗimbin motsin rai, idanun mai zane, da kuma nadamar bazawara. Muryarta wata sabuwar murya ce wacce take da kwarjini wajen neman zaman lafiya na tafiya kopje kamar zaluncin da ya faru a Afirka ta Kudu a baya. Jaridar Independent ta Irish ta bayyana The Woman Next Door a matsayin "ingantaccen bayanin asusun nuna wariya na mata, fansa da galibi abin da ke haifar da kayayyaki abota." An jera shi ne don kyautar Bailey ta Mata don Almara a shekarar 2017,kuma an zaba ta don lambar yabo ta Adabin Dublin ta Duniya ta 2018. Omotoso ya ba da gudummawar labarai da shayari ga wallafe-wallafe iri-iri, daga cikinsu Konch, Noir Nation, yana magana ne game da Zamanin: Labaran Zamani daga Afirka, Wakokin Matan Afirka na Zamani, Kalahari Review, The asu Literary Journal, World One Biyu, the 2012 Caine Lissafin girmamawa, da Sabbin 'Ya'yan Afirka (2019), wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya Ta kasance mai yawan halarta a cikin bikin adabi wanda ya hada da bikin Aké Arts da Book Festival, da Edinburgh International Book Festival da kuma PEN American World Voices Festival. Omotoso sanannu ne a cikin wasu yankuna don amfani da kimiyyar emojis kamar kyakkyawan suna mai juju mask.
Bibiliyo Bom Boy, Littattafan Modjaji, 2011. Mace Mai Kofar Gaba, Chatto da Windus, 2016.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kyawun Tiah, "'A cikin Labarina Na Gata Da Micro.' Ganawa Tare Da Yewande Omotoso Ranar Gajeren Labari Na Afirka, 1 Yuni 2016.
Yewande Omotoso, Seraunar Mai Girma", Tsarin Mata Masu Hadari, 20 Disamba 2016.
"Tattaunawar Marubuci Yewande Omotoso", Bookish, 30 Janairu 2017.
Ganawa tare da Omotoso, BBC, 19 ga Yulin 2016.
Mata
Mutane
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴan Najeriya
Haihuwan 1980
Masu |
25389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM | AM | AM na iya nufin;
Fasaha da nishaɗi
Kiɗa AM (mawaƙa), mawaƙin Amurka
AM (mawaƙa), mawaƙin Kanada
DJ AM, DJ na Amurka kuma furodusa
(album na Ibrahim Mateo)
(Kundin Wilco)
(Chris Young album)
(Kundin Arctic Monkeys)
Am, Alamar ƙaramar alama
Ƙarami, ƙaramin sikelin kiɗa
Armeemarschsammlung, Tarin Sojojin Prussian Maris (Preußische Armeemarschsammlung)
Talabijin da rediyo (Rediyon ABC), shirin rediyo na Australiya
American Morning, shirin talabijin na Amurka
Am, Antes del Mediodia, shirin talabijin na Argentina
Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Allied Mastercomputer, mai adawa da gajeriyar labarin Ba ni da Baƙi, kuma Dole ne Na Yi Ihu Ilimi Master of Arts, digiri na ilimi
Arts et Métiers ParisTech, makarantar injiniyan Faransa
Active Minds, sadaka ta wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa
Kimiyya Americium, sinadaran sinadarai
Attometre, naúrar tsayi
Adrenomedullin, furotin
Yawan iska (astronomy)
attomolar (aM), naúrar maida hankali
Am, yanayin damina na wurare masu zafi a cikin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen
AM, aji mai rikitarwa mai alaƙa da yarjejeniyar Arthur -Merlin.
Fasaha .am, yankin Intanet na Armeniya
.am, tsawo fayil da ke da alaƙa da software na Automake
Agile modeling, hanyar injiniyan software don ƙira da yin rikodin tsarin software
Amplitude modulation, fasahar sadarwa ta lantarki
Ƙarin Ƙirƙira, tsari ne na yin babban abu mai ƙarfi uku na kusan kowane sifa daga ƙirar dijital.
Watsawa AM, watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo ta amfani da daidaiton amplitude
Makamin bindiga
Mathematician Mai sarrafa kansa, shirin hankali na wucin gadi.
Lokaci ante meridiem, Latin don "kafin tsakar rana"
Anno Mundi, zamanin kalanda wanda ya danganci halittar Littafi Mai -Tsarki na duniya
Anno Martyrum, hanyar ƙididdige shekaru a cikin kalandar 'yan Koftik.
Sufuri AM (mota), motar Faransa ta 1906
Aeroméxico (lambar jirgin saman IATA AM)
Arkansas da Missouri Railroad
All-dutse, horo na hawan keke.
Soja AM, alamar rarrabuwa ta Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka don "ma'adinai"
Air marshal, wani babban jami'in sojan sama da ake amfani da shi a kasashen Commonwealth
Makamin bindiga
Injiniyan Tsarin Jirgin Sama, ƙimar aikin Navy na Amurka.
Sauran amfani Am (cuneiform), rubutacciyar harafi
Memba na odar Ostiraliya, haruffan bayan gida waɗanda memba na Dokar za su iya amfani da su
Member Member (disambiguation), ofishin siyasa
Dan Majalisar Tarayya na Wales
Dan Majalisar London
Harshen Amharic (ISO 639-1 code code am)
Armenia (lambar ƙasar ISO AM)
Dan wasan tsakiyar da ke kai hari, matsayi a kungiyar kwallon kafa
Mutum na farko da aka gabatar da keɓaɓɓen fi'ilin rikodin zama Duba kuma All pages with titles beginning with AM
All pages with titles beginning with am
All pages with titles containing AM ko AMs
Pro am
ni (disambiguation)
A&M (rarrabuwa)
AM2 (rarrabuwa)
AMS (rarrabuwa)
Mawaka
Mawaƙan |
51129 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron%20Estefanos | Meron Estefanos | Meron Estefanos (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Janairunn Shekarar 1974) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil'adama ce kuma yar Sweden. Ta fara zama sananniya a cikin 'yan gudun hijirar Eritriya a shekarar 2011 don taimaka wa wadanda masu fataucin bil'adama suka yi garkuwa da su a hanyarsu ta zuwa Isra'ila da karbar kudin fansa daga danginsu, wanda aka kwatanta a cikin fim din 2013 mai suna Sound of Torture. Bayan da hanyoyin bakin haure da fataucin su suka sauya zuwa Libya, kokarinta ya ci gaba da bankado hanyoyin shiga Turai. Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, Estefanos ta koka da cewa ba a gurfanar da masu safara a gaban kotu ba, ba tare da sha'awar gwamnatocin kasashe da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa ba.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Meron Estefanos a shekara ta 1974 a Habasha. Mahaifinta dan gwagwarmayar siyasa ne; da ya gano cewa za a kama shi, sai ya gudu zuwa Sudan, kuma daga karshe ya wuce kasar Sweden. Ita da mahaifiyarta sun zauna a Eritrea, amma a 1987, zai iya barin Habasha, kamar yadda mahaifinta ya sami aiki a Sweden. Ta kira kanta mai gata saboda ta sami takardar zama 'yar ƙasar Sweden ta hannun mahaifinta kuma za ta iya barin jirgin saman Habasha zuwa Sweden. Ta girma a Sweden.
Sana'a Lokacin da ta girma, Estefanos ta ƙaura zuwa Eritrea, inda ta samu gata na zama 'yar ƙasar Sweden. Daga nan sai ta koma Sweden don nuna adawa da gwamnatin Habasha "Shekaru biyar ko shida" ta kasance 'yar gwagwarmayar siyasa, ba ta iya isa ga mutane a Habasha, ba ta iya yin canji, kuma ba a bari ta sake shiga Habasha ba. Ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan 'yan gudun hijira, "saboda [ta] za ta iya kaiwa gare su". Tun a shekarar 2008, ta yi kiran wayar salula ta 'yan gudun hijira. A ƙarshe, ta sami kusan kira 100 a rana, ko kuma idan jirgin ruwa yana cikin damuwa, har zuwa kira 500 a rana. Ta fara shirinta na rediyo daga ɗakin girkinta mai suna "Muryoyin 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea" a gidan rediyon Erena mai mahimmanci na tsarin mulki.
Tsakanin shekarun 2009 zuwa 2014 an yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijira da yawa a Sinai. A tsawon lokaci, an samu karin haske kan kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka, wasu kananan gungun shugabannin Bedouin a Sinai ne ke kan gaba, da alaka da kungiyoyin masu garkuwa da mutane a Sudan, da kuma wakilai a garuruwa daban-daban na duniya. A shekara ta 2011, ta buga wani rahoto wanda ya nuna cewa fataucin sassan jiki na cikin safarar masu neman mafakar ‘yan Sudan da Eritriya a Masar, musamman a yankin Sinai. Fim din na 2013 mai suna Sound of Torture ya nuna aikinta na taimakon 'yan gudun hijira daga Eritrea, wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su da kuma azabtar da su a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Isra'ila domin karbar kudin fansa daga 'yan uwansu. Bayan bala'in bakin haure na Lampedusa a shekarar 2013 ta kuma taimaka wa mutane wajen gano 'yan uwansu da suka bata. A shekarar 2015, Toronto Star ta kiyasta cewa ta taimaka wajen ceton 'yan gudun hijira 16,000 da wayarta. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2020, Estefanos ta yi tafiya zuwa Addis Abeba, kuma jim kadan bayan haka aka kama Kidane Habtemariam Zekarias, shugaban sansani na Bani Walid da ake tsare da shi na fataucin mutane a Libya. A watan Oktoban 2020, an fara shari'ar kotu a Addis Abbeba ba tare da wani mai sa ido na kasashen waje ba. Alkalai ba su kira shedu na gida ko na duniya ba. A cewar masu gabatar da kara, an yi taron zuƙowa guda ɗaya tare da masu gabatar da kara na Holland, babu buƙatar tusa, kuma da farkon barkewar cutar ta COVID 19, Turai ba ta nuna sha'awar lamarin ba. A cikin watan Janairu 2021, ya tsere kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a gidan yari, amma kamar yadda Estefanos ta ji tsoro, ba a sami wani dan tsaka-tsaki ba kuma babu wata hanyar sadarwar da ta katse. A wannan lokacin Estefano ta kasance cikin baƙin ciki, kuma rashin samun kuɗi ya mamaye ta yayin bala'in. A cikin 2022, Süddeutsche Zeitung ta kira ta "Mafarauta ita kaɗai na masu fataucin bil adama" Tun daga 2022, Estefanos ta koka da cewa ba a gurfanar da masu fataucin a gaban shari'a ba, ba tare da sha'awar gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ba. "Idan wadanda abin ya shafa fararen fata ne, eh, to abubuwa na iya faruwa."
Ta kasance marubuciya na yau da kullun ga gidan labarai na Eritrea na gudun hijira Asmarino kuma ta kasance mai aiki a kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Eritrea Movement for Democracy and Human Rights. Ita ce ta kafa Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (ICER), a Stockholm.
Rayuwa ta sirri Tun daga shekarar 2014, Estefanos uwa ce ta yara maza biyu, masu shekaru goma sha uku da sha biyar.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Dawit Isaak Award, 2011 daga kungiyar 'yan jarida ta kasa don karramawa da jajircewarta ga dan jarida Dawit Isaak da ke daure. Engel-duTertre Prize daga ACAT Foundation, 2015.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Meron Estefanos YouTube" .www.youtube.com Retrieved 2023-05-18.
NDR (2022-07-29). "Die Jägerin" www.ndr.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-05-18.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1974
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30100 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takyiwaa%20Manuh | Takyiwaa Manuh | Takyiwaa Manuh (an haife ta a watan Mayu 1952) malama ce kuma marubuciya 'yar Ghana. Ita Farfesa Emireta ce ta Jami'ar Ghana, kuma har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a watan Mayun 2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sashin manufofin Ci gaban zamantakewa, na Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECA), da ke Addis Ababa, Habasha. Ta kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ghana daga 2002 zuwa 2009. Ita ce abokiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Manuh a watan Mayun 1952 a Kumasi a yankin Ashanti na kasar Ghana ga James Kwesi Manuh, wanda dan kwangilar abinci ne, da Madam Akosua Akyaa, a lokacin 'yar kasuwa a Ankaase, wani gari kusa da Kumasi. Iliminta na farko ya fara ne a Makarantar Methodist ta Ankaase lokacin da ta zauna tare da kakarta. Yayin da take aji daya, aka koma da ita makarantar Adum Presby, inda ta sake fara karatu na daya. Ta fara aji daya a karo na uku lokacin da aka tura ta zuwa Kindergarten na Penworth. Manuh ta ci gaba da karatun firamare a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah (KNUST) ita ma da ke Kumasi, daga nan ta shiga makarantar sakandaren ‘yan mata ta Wesley da ke Cape Coast, inda ta yi karatun sakandare. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Jami’ar Ghana, inda ta samu digiri na farko a fannin shari’a (LLB) a shekarar 1974. A shekarar 1978 aka ba ta digiri na biyu a fannin shari’a a Jami’ar Dar es Salaam. Daga baya ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na uku a fannin Anthropology a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington, ta kammala a shekara ta 2000.
Aiki Bayan karatun digiri na biyu a Tanzaniya, Manuh ta sami aikin yi a matsayin mai bincike a Jami'ar Ghana a 1979. Ta kuma koyar a makarantu da kwalejoji daban-daban a jami'ar. Ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington, Abokiyar Ziyara a Jami'ar Birmingham, kuma ta ci gaba da aiki tare da Jami'ar Cape Town's African Gender Institute tun 1999.
Manuh tana hidima a kwamiti da kwamitoci da yawa. Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Kimiyya na Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Afirka (AAU), Majalisar Ci Gaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma a Afirka (CODESRIA), Cibiyar Kula da Ilimi ta Duniya ta UNESCO (IIEP), Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Afirka, Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin Jinsi ta Afirka. Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Shirin Canjin Kudu-maso-Kudu kan Tarihin Ci Gaba (SEPHIS), Kwamitin Gudanarwa na NETRIGHT, ABANTU for Development Board wadda take shugabanta, da kuma Coalition for Women's Rights a Ghana. A cikin 2005, an zabe ta abokiyar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin 2004 ita ce wacce ta lashe kyautar mafi kyawun Majalisar Kasuwancin Mata ta Kasa a Kyautar Kasuwancin Mata tare da Dokta Kojo Saffu na Jami'ar Brock, Ontario, Kanada. A cikin 2007, an ba Manuh lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Ghana mai girma, kuma a cikin Yuli 2008, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Volta (Officer Class). A cikin 2015, Jami'ar Sussex ta ba ta digiri na Darakta na Dokoki.
Ayyuka Ayyukan Manuh sun kasance a fannonin Jinsi da Mata a Ghana, 'yancin mata da batutuwan ƙarfafawa a Ghana da Afirka, Hijira na Zamani na Afirka, da ilimi mai zurfi a Afirka. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun hada da;
Ghanaians, Ghanaian-Canadians and Asantes: Citizenship and Identity among Migrants in Toronto? Africa Today 45(3-4):481–494 (1998);
This Place is not Ghana: Gender and Rights Discourse among Ghanaian Migrants in Toronto, Canada. Ghana Studies Journal 2: 77–95;
The Salt Cooperatives in Ada, Ghana In D. R. F. Taylor and F. Mackenzie (eds), Development From Within: Survival in Rural Africa. Routledge: London da New York. Ch. 5, pp. 102–124;
The Asantehema's Court and its Jurisdiction over Women in Asante: A Study in Legal Pluralism Research Review, (N.S.) Vol. 4, No. 2:50–66 ya kuma yi magana kan batutuwan da suka shafi kabilanci da mulki;
At Home in the World: Contemporary Migration and Development in Ghana and West Africa, SubSaharan Publishers (2005) hadin gwiwa (tare Amina Mama da Charmaine Pereira);
An issue of Feminist Africa on "Sexual Cultures.", (2007);
Change And Transformation In Ghana's Publicly-Funded Universities: A Study of Experiences, Lessons And Opportunities (with Sulley Gariba and Joseph Budu) James Currey, Oxford, da Woeli Publications, Accra ne suka buga;
Africa after Gender? (with Catherine Cole and Stephan Miescher), Indiana University Press (2007).
Manazarta Haifaffun 1952
Rayayyun |
26600 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20Asali%20na%20Korona | Binciken Asali na Korona | Akwai ƙoƙarin ci gaba dayawa na masana kimiyya, gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da sauransu don tantance asalin SARS-CoV-2, ƙwayar da ke da alhakin cutar ta COVID-19. Mai masana kimiyya ce cewa kamar yadda tare da kuma sauran cututtukan annoba a tarihin dan Adam, da cutar ne m na zoonotic asalin a wata halitta saitin, sannan da kuma kyakkyawan samo asali daga wani jemage-haifa cutar. An gabatar da wasu bayanai da dama, gami da ra'ayoyin makirci da yawa game da asalin kwayar cutar.
SARS-CoV-2 yana da kamanceceniya ta kamanceceniya da Kuma coronaviruses jemagu da yawa da aka gano a baya, yana ba da shawarar cewa ya kuma ratsa cikin mutane daga jemagu. Ana kuma cigaba da bincike kan ko SARS-CoV-2 ta fito ne kai tsaye daga jemagu ko a kaikaice ta kowane runduna ta tsakiya. Jerin kwayoyin halittar farko na kwayar cutar sun nuna bambancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, duk da cewa daga baya wasu bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen sun fito (wasu suna yaduwa da karfi), suna nuna cewa abin da ya haifar da bullar SARS-CoV-2 ga mutane yana iya faruwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2019. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya da masana kimiyya a duniya sun bayyana cewa kamar barkewar cutar ta SARS-1 a shekarar 2002-2004, ƙoƙarin gano takamaiman asalin yanki da asalin haraji na SARS-CoV-2 na iya ɗaukar shekaru, kuma sakamakon na iya zama mara ƙima.
A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2021, Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (kwamitin yanke shawara na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, WHO) ta ba da umarnin bincike kan asalin cutar, wanda za a gudanar tare tsakanin masana WHO da masana kimiyya na China. A cikin Maris din shekarata 2021, an buga sakamakon wannan binciken akan layi a cikin rahoto ga Kwamishinan WHO. Sake maimaita kimantawar yawancin masu ilimin viro, rahoton ya ƙaddara cewa mai yiwuwa ƙwayar cutar tana da asalin zoonotic a cikin jemagu, mai yiwuwa ta watsa ta hanyar mai watsa shiri na tsakiya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa asalin dakin gwaje -gwaje na kwayar cutar “ba zai yiwu ba.” Masana kimiyya sun gano ƙarshen rahoton na WHO yana da taimako amma sun lura cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki. A Amurka, EU da wasu ƙasashe, wasu sun soki rashin gaskiya da samun bayanai a cikin tsarin rahoton. Hukumar ta WHO ta fitar da rahotonta na ranar 30 ga Maris tare da sanarwar babban daraktan WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus yana mai cewa lamarin "yana bukatar karin bincike". Gwamnatin Amurka da wasu ƙasashe 13 da Tarayyar Turai sun ba da sanarwa a wannan rana, inda suka yi ta sukar Tedros game da rahoton saboda rashin gaskiya da samun bayanai a cikin tsara shi. A cikin wani taron manema labarai daga baya, babban daraktan na WHO ya ce "bai kai lokaci ba" ga rahoton na WHO don yin watsi da yuwuwar alaƙa tsakanin ɓarkewar dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya yi kira ga China da ta samar da bayanai masu inganci da binciken lab a mataki na biyu na bincike. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2021, WHO ta ba da sanarwar sabuwar ƙungiya don yin nazarin asalin barkewar cutar sankara.
Tun da farko, a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2021, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gudanar da taron manema labarai inda Zeng Yixin, Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya na Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NHC), ya ce China ba za ta shiga cikin kashi na biyu na binciken na WHO ba, tare da yin tir da shi a matsayin "m" da "girman kai".
Bayanan kimiyya COVID-19 yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta tare da kwayar cutar da ake kira matsanancin ciwon numfashi coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 da alama ya samo asali ne daga jemagu kuma an watsa shi ga mutane ta hanyar canja wurin zoonotic. Ainihin tarihin juyin halitta, ainihi da asalin kakanninsa na baya -bayan nan, da wuri, lokaci, da kuma tsarin watsa cutar ɗan adam na farko, har yanzu ba a san su ba. Ilimin halittu da rarraba yanki na sauran coronaviruses a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, gami da SARS-CoV, suna taimaka wa masana kimiyya ƙarin fahimta game da asalin SARS-CoV-2.
Ta hanyar haraji, SARS-CoV-2 kwayar cuta ce ta nau'in cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da coronavirus (SARSr-CoV). An yi imanin yana da asalin zoonotic kuma yana da kamanceceniya ta dabi'a ga coronaviruses na jemage, yana ba da shawarar cewa ya fito daga kwayar cutar da ke ɗauke da jemagu. Ana ci gaba da bincike kan ko SARS-CoV-2 ta fito ne kai tsaye daga jemagu ko a kaikaice ta kowane runduna ta tsakiya. Kwayar cutar tana nuna ɗan bambancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, yana nuna cewa yiwuwar zubar da jini wanda ke gabatar da SARS-CoV-2 ga mutane yana iya faruwa a ƙarshen 2019. Daga ƙarshe, takamaiman tarihin juyin halitta na SARS-CoV-2 dangane da sauran coronaviruses zai zama mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda, inda kuma lokacin da kwayar ta bazu cikin yawan mutane.
Tafki da asali Cutar farko da aka sani daga SARS CoV 2 an gano ta a Wuhan, China. Asalin asalin watsa kwayar cutar ga mutane har yanzu ba a sani ba, kamar yadda ko kwayar cutar ta zama mai cutarwa kafin ko bayan faruwar lamarin. Saboda yawancin masu kamuwa da cutar da farko ma’aikata ne a Kasuwar Abincin Huanan, an ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa cutar ta samo asali daga kasuwa. Koyaya, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa baƙi sun gabatar da ƙwayar cutar a kasuwa, wanda daga nan ya sauƙaƙe faɗaɗa cututtukan. Rahoton da WHO ta shirya a watan Maris na 2021 ya bayyana cewa kwararar dan adam ta hanyar mai masaukin dabbobi na tsaka-tsaki shine mafi yuwuwar bayani, tare da kwararar kai tsaye daga jemagu na gaba. Gabatarwa ta hanyar sarkar samar da abinci da Kasuwar Abincin Huanan an yi la'akari da wata yuwuwar, amma da ƙyar, bayani.
Don ƙwayar cuta da aka samu kwanan nan ta hanyar watsawa ta giciye, ana tsammanin saurin juyin halitta. Adadin maye gurbi da aka kiyasta daga farkon shari'o'in SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance 6.54 10−4 a kowane rukunin yanar gizo a kowace shekara. Coronaviruses gabaɗaya suna da filastik na ƙwayoyin cuta, amma juyin halittar hoto na SARS-CoV-2 yana raguwa ta hanyar sake fasalin RNA na kayan aikin kwafinsa. Don kwatantawa, an gano ƙimar maye gurbi a cikin vivo na SARS-CoV-2 ya yi ƙasa da na mura.
Bincike a cikin madatsar ruwa na ƙwayar cuta wanda ya haifar da barkewar SARS na 2002-2004 ya haifar da gano yawancin coronaviruses irin na SARS, mafi yawa sun samo asali ne daga jemagu. Binciken Phylogenetic yana nuna cewa samfuran da aka ɗauka daga Rhinolophus sinicus suna nuna kamannin 80% zuwa SARS -CoV -2. Binciken Phylogenetic ya kuma nuna cewa kwayar cutar daga Rhinolophus affinis, wanda aka tattara a lardin Yunnan kuma aka sanya RaTG13, yana da kamanni da kashi 96.1% na SARS -CoV -2. Wannan jerin shine mafi kusa da SARS-CoV-2 da aka sani a lokacin gano shi, amma ba shine kakansa kai tsaye ba. An kuma gano wasu jerin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin samfura daga yawan jemagu na gida, kuma an sami mafi kusanci a cikin BANAL-20-52 (BANAL-52), ƙwayar jemagu daga Laos wanda aka fara bayyana shi a watan Satumba 2021, wanda ke raba ainihi har zuwa 100% don wasu sunadarai da jimlar jimlar jimlar kashi 96.8% tare da SARS-CoV-2
ats ana ɗauka mafi girman tafkin halitta na SARS -CoV -2. Bambance -bambance tsakanin jemagu coronavirus da SARS -CoV 2 suna ba da shawarar cewa wataƙila mutane sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar mai masaukin baki; ko da yake ba a san tushen gabatarwa cikin mutane ba.
Kodayake an fara gabatar da rawar pangolins a matsayin mai masaukin tsaka-tsaki (wani binciken da aka buga a watan Yuli 2020 ya ba da shawarar cewa pangolins babban mai watsa shirye-shirye ne na SARS-CoV-2-like coronaviruses), binciken da ya biyo baya bai tabbatar da gudummawar da suka bayar ba. Shaida kan wannan hasashe ya haɗa da cewa samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta na pangolin sun yi nisa da SARS-CoV-2: warewar da aka samu daga pangolins da aka kama a Guangdong sun kasance daidai da kashi 92% a jere ga tsarin SARS CoV 2 genome (matakan sama da kashi 90 na iya sauti babba, amma a cikin yanayin jinsi yana da rata mai yawa na juyin halitta). Bugu da kari, duk da kamanceceniya a cikin wasu mahimmin amino acid, samfuran kwayar cutar pangolin suna nuna rashin dauri ga mai karɓar ACE2 na ɗan adam. Akwai shaidar kimiyya da ke akwai tana nuna cewa SARS-CoV-2 tana da asalin zoonotic na halitta. Amma duk da haka asalinsa, wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba, ya zama muhawara a cikin mahallin rikicin geopolitical na duniya. A farkon barkewar cutar, ra'ayoyin makirci sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta suna iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar makami ce ta halittar da China ta haɓaka, ɗakunan da ake kira echo a cikin Amurka na dama. Sauran ka'idodin maƙarƙashiya sun inganta ba da labari cewa cutar ba mai yaduwa ba ce ko an ƙirƙira ta don cin gajiyar sabbin alluran rigakafi.
Wasu 'yan siyasa da masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa watakila kwayar cutar ta bulla ne da gangan daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan. Hakan ya sa kafafen yada labarai suka yi ta kiraye-kirayen a ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin. Yawancin masana ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka yi nazarin coronaviruses suna la'akari da yuwuwar nesa sosai. Rahoton da WHO ta kira daga Maris 2021 ya bayyana cewa irin wannan bayanin ba zai yuwu ba. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2021, Peter Ben Embarek, babban mai binciken kungiyar ta WHO, ya fada wa wani shirin talabijin na Danish cewa kungiyar ta WHO ta ji matsin lamba daga hukumomin kasar Sin da su sanya "mafi wuya" a matsayin tantancewar su.
Phylogenetics da taxonomy
Yanayin asali Asalin SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance batun muhawara. Akwai bayanai da yawa da aka gabatar game da yadda aka shigar da SARS-CoV-2 a cikin, da haɓakar abubuwan da suka dace da, yawan ɗan adam. Akwai mahimmin shaida da yarjejeniya cewa mafi kusantar asalin tafki mai hoto hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri don SARS-CoV-2 shine jemagu na doki, tare da sanannen dangin hoto na hoto shine RaTG13 An kiyasta nisa na juyin halitta tsakanin SARS-CoV-2 da RaTG13 kusan shekaru 50 (tsakanin shekaru 38 zuwa 72. An gano farkon shari'ar ɗan adam na SARS-CoV-2 a Wuhan, amma har yanzu ba a san yanayin cutar ba. An yi samfurin RaTG13 daga jemagu a Yunnan, yana da kusan nesa da Wuhan, kuma akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na jemage daga lardin Hubei. Kowane hasashe na asali yana ƙoƙarin bayyana wannan rata a cikin juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta da wuri ta wata hanya dabam. Ana ci gaba da bincika waɗannan al'amuran don gano ainihin asalin cutar.
Kai tsaye watsa zoonotic a cikin yanayin yanayi Hanya mafi kai tsaye ta gabatarwa ita ce watsa zoonotic kai tsaye (wanda kuma aka sani da spillover) daga nau'in tafki zuwa ga mutane. Masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da wannan a matsayin mai yuwuwar asalin kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin mutane. Haɗin ɗan adam da jemagu ya ƙaru yayin da cibiyoyin jama'a ke mamaye wuraren zama na jemagu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin damar zubewa. Jemage wani muhimmin nau'in tafki ne na nau'ikan coronaviruses daban-daban, kuma an sami mutane da ƙwayoyin rigakafi a gare su suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan nau'in kamuwa da cuta kai tsaye ta jemagu ya zama ruwan dare. Koyaya, a cikin wannan yanayin, kakannin kai tsaye na SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance ba a gano shi a cikin jemagu ba.
Mai masaukin baki Baya ga zubewar kai tsaye, wata hanya, wacce masana kimiyya suka yi la'akari sosai, ita ce ta watsa ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki. Musamman, wannan ya nuna cewa a gicciye jinsunan watsa faru kafin da mutum fashewa da kuma cewa shi ya pathogenic sakamakon a kan dabba. Wannan hanyar tana da yuwuwar ba da damar haɓaka mafi girma ga watsawar ɗan adam ta hanyar dabbobi masu kama da sifofin furotin ga mutane, kodayake ba a buƙatar wannan don yanayin ya faru. An yi bayanin rabuwar juyin halitta daga ƙwayoyin cuta na jemage a wannan yanayin ta kasancewar kwayar cutar a cikin wani nau'in da ba a sani ba tare da ƙarancin sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da jemagu. Ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta don sauƙaƙewa da daidaitawa ga ƙarin nau'in (ciki har da mink) yana ba da shaida cewa irin wannan hanyar watsawa yana yiwuwa.
Sarkar sanyi/abinci Wani gabatarwar da aka tsara ga ɗan adam shine ta samfuran abinci sabo ko daskararre, wanda ake magana da shi azaman sarkar sanyi/abinci. Masana kimiyya ba sa ɗaukar wannan a matsayin wata ila asalin SARS-CoV-2 a cikin mutane. Dabbobin tushen wannan yanayin zai iya zama ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma na tsaka-tsaki kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Yawancin bincike sun ta'allaka ne a kusa da Kasuwar Kasuwar Abincin Teku ta Huanan a Wuhan, wacce ke da tarin lokuta na farko. Yayin da aka sami barkewar cutar kwayar cuta ta abinci a baya, da kuma shaidar sake bullo da SARS-CoV-2 cikin kasar Sin ta hanyar abinci mai daskarewa da aka shigo da su, binciken bai sami cikakkiyar shaidar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta a cikin samfuran a Kasuwar Huanan ba.
Lamarin dakin gwaje-gwaje Wani labari na ƙarshe, wanda yawancin masana ke ganin ba zai yuwu ba, kuma an yi la'akari da "ba zai yuwu ba" ta binciken da WHO ta kira, shine shigar da kwayar cutar ga mutane ta hanyar wani lamari na dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka sani da shi. hasashe na leak. Wannan yanayin zai shafi ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwajen kamuwa da cutar daga hulɗa da jemagu masu rai (daji ko fursuna), daga hulɗa da samfuran halitta, ko kuma daga cuɗanya da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake girma a cikin vitro. Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan (WIV) ta gudanar da bincike kan coronaviruses na jemage tun 2005, kuma ta gano kwayar cutar RaTG13 a cikin 2013, wanda shine sanannen dangi na SARS-CoV-2. Bukatun bincike na WIV sun haɗa da bincike kan tushen fashewar 2002-2004 SARS da barkewar MERS na 2012, tare da haɗin gwiwar masu binciken Amurka. Kusancin dakin gwaje-gwajen da kasuwar abincin teku ta Huanan ya sa wasu ke hasashen akwai alaka tsakanin su biyun, da 'yan siyasa, masu watsa labarai, kuma wasu masana kimiyya sun yi kira da a ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin. Masana sun yi watsi da yin amfani da kwayar cutar da gangan (watau injiniyan halittu a matsayin asali mai ma'ana, saboda rashin shaidar da za ta taimaka,da girma shaida a cikin ni'imar na halitta asali.
Binciken da ya biyo baya (kamar binciken da WHO ta kira) yayi la'akari da yuwuwar kamuwa da kwayar cuta ta dabi'a ta cutar da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje ba da gangan ba. A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2021 WHO darektan-janar Tedros Adhanom ya bayyana a wani jawabin da ya kasance wani "wanda bai kai da tura" raunana ra'ayin wani Lab zuba. Daga baya a cikin wannan jawabin, ya faɗaɗa, “Ni ƙwararren Lab ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma na yi aiki a cikin lab. Kuma hatsarurruka na lab suna faruwa." Hukumar ta WHO ta shirya kashi na biyu na bincike wanda zai hada da "binciken dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyin bincike". Duk da haka, kasar Sin ta yi watsi da wannan shirin tana mai cewa "ba shi yiwuwa a gare mu mu yarda da irin wannan shirin gano asali". Wani mahimmin ka'idar leak ta wasu mambobin gwamnatin China ne suka gabatar da su wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar ta fito ne daga dakin gwaje-gwajen sojan Amurka. Bukatun kasar Sin na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na Amurka a Fort Detrick an ce an yi niyya ne don kawar da hankali daga Wuhan.
Bincike
Gwamnatin kasar Sin Binciken farko da aka gudanar a kasar Sin shi ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta birnin Wuhan, inda ta mayar da martani ga asibitocin da ke ba da rahoton bullar cutar huhu da ba a san ko wane irin yanayi ba, wanda ya haifar da rufe kasuwar sayar da abincin teku ta Huanan a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020 saboda tsaftar muhalli da kuma kawar da cutar. Tun farko dai ana zargin kasuwar ne tushen kwayar cutar; duk da haka, gwamnatin China da WHO sun yanke shawarar daga baya cewa ba haka ba ne.
A cikin Afrilu 2020, China ta sanya takunkumi kan buga binciken ilimi kan sabon coronavirus. Binciken asalin cutar zai sami ƙarin bincike kuma dole ne jami'an Gwamnatin Tsakiya su amince da su. Ƙuntatawa ba su hana bincike ko bugawa ba, gami da masu binciken da ba na China ba; Ian Lipkin, masanin kimiyar Amurka, yana aiki tare da tawagar masu bincike na kasar Sin karkashin kulawar cibiyar dakile cututtuka da rigakafin cututtuka ta kasar Sin, wata hukumar gwamnatin kasar Sin, domin gudanar da bincike kan asalin cutar. Lipkin yana da dadaddiyar alaka da jami'an kasar Sin, ciki har da firaministan kasar Li Keqiang, saboda gudunmuwar da ya bayar wajen yin gwajin gaggawa ga SARS a shekarar 2003.
Gwamnatin Amurka
Gwamnatin Trump A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2020, darektan Ofishin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Fadar White House ya bukaci Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta kasa da su kira wani taro na "masana, masana kimiyyar halittu na duniya, kwararrun coronavirus, da masanan juyin halitta", don tantance menene bayanai, bayanai da samfurori da ake buƙata don magance abubuwan da ba a sani ba, don fahimtar asalin juyin halitta na COVID-19 da kuma ba da amsa da kyau ga duka fashewa da duk wani bayanin da ya haifar".
A watan Afrilun 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa, jami'an leken asirin Amurka suna gudanar da bincike kan ko kwayar cutar ta fito ne daga wani kwatsam da aka yi daga dakin binciken kasar Sin. Hasashen yana ɗaya daga cikin damammaki da masu binciken ke bi. Sakataren tsaron Amurka Mark Esper ya ce sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar bai kai ga cimma ruwa ba. Ya zuwa karshen Afrilu 2020, Ofishin Daraktan Leken Asiri na Kasa ya ce kungiyar leken asirin Amurka ta yi imanin cewa coronavirus ba mutum ne ya yi ba ko kuma an canza shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta.
Jami'an Amurka sun soki "sharuɗɗan tunani" da ke baiwa masana kimiyyar China damar yin kashi na farko na binciken farko. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2021, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo ya ce don taimakawa aikin tawagar binciken na WHO da tabbatar da cikakken bincike na gaskiya game da asalin COVID-19, Amurka tana musayar sabbin bayanai tare da yin kira ga WHO da ta matsa wa gwamnatin China don magance matsalar. takamaiman batutuwa guda uku, gami da cututtukan masu bincike da yawa a cikin WIV a cikin kaka 2019 "tare da alamun da suka dace da duka COVID-19 da cututtukan yanayi na yau da kullun", binciken WIV akan RaTG13 da" samun aiki da haɗin gwiwar WIV zuwa Rundunar Jama'a A ranar 18 ga Janairu, Amurka ta yi kira ga kasar Sin da ta ba wa kwararrun kungiyar ta WHO damar yin hira da "masu ba da kulawa, tsoffin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje" a cikin birnin Wuhan, tare da tsawatawa daga gwamnatin kasar Sin. Ostiraliya ta kuma yi kira ga ƙungiyar ta WHO ta sami damar yin amfani da "bayanan da suka dace, bayanai da mahimman wurare".
Wani rahoto da aka keɓe daga Mayu 2020 na Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore, wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwamnatin Amurka, ya kammala da cewa hasashen cewa kwayar cutar ta fito daga WIV "yana da ma'ana kuma ya cancanci ƙarin bincike", kodayake rahoton ya kuma lura cewa cutar za ta iya tasowa. a dabi'ance, yana mai da ra'ayin jama'ar leken asirin Amurka, kuma ba ya bayar da "bindigar shan taba" ga ko wanne hasashe.
Biden administration A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Fadar White House ta ce tana da "damuwa mai zurfi" game da yadda aka ba da rahoton binciken na WHO da kuma tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi don isa gare su. Da yake nuna damuwar da gwamnatin Trump ta nuna, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro Jake Sullivan ya ce yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa rahoton da WHO ta kira ya zama mai zaman kansa kuma "ba tare da canji daga gwamnatin China ba". A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2021, Daraktan leken asiri na kasa Avril Haines, tare da sauran jami'an gwamnatin Biden, sun ce ba su yanke hukuncin yiwuwar hadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba a matsayin asalin kwayar cutar ta COVID-19. A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya umurci kungiyar leken asirin Amurka da su fitar da rahoto cikin kwanaki 90 kan ko kwayar cutar ta COVID-19 ta samo asali ne daga cudanya da dabba da ta kamu da cutar ko kuma ta hanyar leken asiri na bazata, yana bayyana tsaron kasarsa. ma'aikatan sun ce babu isassun shaidun da za su tantance ko dai hasashe zai iya yiwuwa. A ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2021, Ofishin Daraktan Leken Asirin na Kasa ya fitar da takaitaccen bayani game da bincikensu, tare da babban batu shi ne cewa rahoton ya ci gaba da kasancewa maras tushe game da asalin kwayar cutar, tare da raba hukumomin leken asiri kan tambayar. Rahoton ya kuma kara da cewa, mai yiwuwa ba a yi amfani da kwayar cutar ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta ba, kuma kasar Sin ba ta da masaniya kan cutar kafin barkewar cutar. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa, ba zai yuwu a tantance asalin asalin ba, ba tare da hadin gwiwa daga gwamnatin kasar Sin ba, yana mai cewa rashin nuna gaskiya a baya "yana nuna rashin tabbas na gwamnatin kasar Sin game da inda bincike zai kai, da kuma takaicin da ta nuna cewa. kasashen duniya na amfani da batun wajen yin matsin lamba na siyasa kan kasar Sin."
A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2021, Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito cewa wani rahoton leken asirin Amurka da ba a bayyana a baya ya bayyana cewa masu bincike uku daga Cibiyar Nazarin Virology ta Wuhan sun kamu da rashin lafiya a watan Nuwamba 2019 don neman kulawar asibiti. Rahoton bai fayyace ko menene ciwon ba. Jami'ai da suka saba da bayanan sun banbanta game da ƙarfin da ya tabbatar da hasashen cewa kwayar cutar da ke da alhakin COVID-19 ta fito daga WIV. Rahoton na WSJ ya lura cewa ba sabon abu ba ne mutane a China su je asibiti tare da mura marasa rikitarwa ko alamun mura.
Yuan Zhiming, darektan dakin gwaje-gwajen Biosafety na WIV na WIV, ya mayar da martani a cikin Global Times, wata kafar yada labarai ta kasar Sin, cewa "da'awar ba ta da tushe". Marion Koopmans, memba na ƙungiyar binciken WHO, ya bayyana adadin cututtuka masu kama da mura a WIV a cikin 2019 a matsayin "cikakkiyar al'ada". Ma'aikata a WIV dole ne su ba da samfuran maganin magani na shekara. Shi Zhengli masanin cutar WIV ya ce a cikin 2020 cewa, dangane da kimanta waɗancan samfuran maganin, duk ma'aikatan sun gwada rashin lafiyar ƙwayoyin rigakafin COVID-19.
An sake farfado da ka'idar hadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje a wani bangare ta hanyar bugawa, a cikin watan Mayu 2021, na imel na farko tsakanin Anthony Fauci da masana kimiyya da ke tattaunawa kan batun, kafin a cire magudi da gangan har zuwa Maris 2020.
A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2021, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kimiyya, Sararin Samaniya da Fasaha ya gudanar da zaman majalisa na farko kan asalin cutar. Bill Foster, dan Democrat na Illinois wanda ya jagoranci sauraron karar, ya ce rashin gaskiyar gwamnatin China ba ita kanta shaida ce ta leburori ba kuma ya yi gargadin cewa ba za a iya sanin amsoshi ba ko da bayan gwamnatin ta fitar da rahoton leken asirinta. Shaidu kwararre Stanley Perlman da David Relman sun gabatar wa dan majalisar bayanai daban-daban da suka gabatar dangane da asalin cutar da kuma yadda ake gudanar da bincike.
A ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021, CNN ta ba da rahoton cewa jami'an gwamnatin Biden sun ɗauki ka'idar leak ɗin lab "a matsayin abin dogaro" a matsayin ka'idar asalin halitta.
Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ayyana cewa gano inda SARS-CoV-2 ta fito shine fifiko kuma yana da "mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda cutar ta fara." A cikin Mayu 2020, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya, wacce ke mulkin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke kira da a yi "cikakkiyar nazari, mai zaman kansa da rashin son kai" game da cutar ta COVID-19. Kasashe 137 da suka hada da China ne suka dauki nauyin wannan kudiri, inda suka ba da gagarumin goyon bayan kasashen duniya kan binciken. A tsakiyar shekarar 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta fara tattaunawa da gwamnatin kasar Sin kan gudanar da wani bincike a hukumance kan tushen COVID-19.
A watan Nuwamba 2020, WHO ta buga wani shiri na nazari mai kashi biyu. Manufar kashi na farko shi ne don fahimtar yadda kwayar cutar "zai iya fara yaduwa a Wuhan", kuma kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi nazarin dogon lokaci bisa sakamakon binciken kashi na farko. Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom ya ce "Muna bukatar sanin asalin wannan kwayar cutar saboda za ta iya taimaka mana wajen hana barkewar cutar nan gaba," ya kara da cewa, "Babu wani abu da za mu boye. Muna son sanin asali, kuma shi ke nan." Ya kuma bukaci kasashen da kada su sanya siyasa a tsarin gano asali, yana mai cewa hakan ba zai haifar da cikas ba ga sanin gaskiya.
Mataki na 1 A kashi na farko, hukumar ta WHO ta kafa wata tawaga ta masu bincike guda goma wadanda suka kware a fannin nazarin halittu, kiwon lafiyar jama'a da dabbobi domin gudanar da cikakken nazari. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da ƙungiyar ta yi shi ne ta sake yin la'akari da abin da ake sayar da namun daji a kasuwannin cikin gida da ke Wuhan. Tawagar WHO ta kashi daya ta isa Wuhan, Hubei, China a watan Janairun 2021.
Mambobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Thea Fisher, John Watson, Marion Koopmans, Dominic Dwyer, Vladimir Dedkov, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fabian Leendertz, Peter Daszak, Farag El Moubasher, da Ken Maeda. Tawagar ta kuma hada da kwararrun WHO guda biyar karkashin jagorancin Peter Ben Embarek, da wakilai biyu na Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma, da wakilai biyu daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi ta Duniya Shigar da Peter Daszak a cikin tawagar ya haifar da cece-kuce. Daszak shi ne shugaban EcoHealth Alliance, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke nazarin abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa fiye da shekaru 15 tare da Shi Zhengli, daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan na Cibiyar Cututtuka masu tasowa. Yayin da Daszak ya kware sosai kan dakunan gwaje-gwajen kasar Sin da kuma bullar cututtuka a yankin, dangantakarsa da WIV wasu na kallonsa a matsayin cin karo da sha'awar binciken hukumar ta WHO. Lokacin da wani dan jaridan BBC ya tambaya game da dangantakarsa da WIV, Daszak ya ce, "Muna shigar da takardun mu, duk a can ne kowa ya gani."
Sakamakon bincike A watan Fabrairun 2021, bayan gudanar da wani bangare na bincikensu, WHO ta bayyana cewa yiwuwar asalin COVID-19 wani lamari ne na zoonotic daga kwayar cutar da ke yawo a cikin jemagu, mai yiwuwa ta wani jigilar dabba, kuma mai yiwuwa lokacin yadawa ga mutane yana zuwa. karshen 2019.
Sinawa da masana na kasa da kasa wadanda suka gudanar da binciken tare da WHO sun yi la'akari da cewa "ba shi da wuya" COVID-19 ya fito daga dakin gwaje-gwaje. Kungiyar ta WHO ta gano babu wata shaida ta leburori daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan, tare da shugaban kungiyar Peter Ben Embarek ya bayyana cewa "ba shi da wuya" saboda ka'idojin aminci a wurin. A cikin wata hira ta mintuna 60 da Lesley Stahl, Peter Daszak, wani memba na kungiyar ta WHO, ya bayyana tsarin binciken da cewa jerin tambayoyi ne da amsoshi tsakanin tawagar WHO da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na Wuhan. Stahl ya yi tsokaci cewa tawagar "kawai suna daukar maganarsu ne kawai", wanda Daszak ya amsa, "To, me kuma za mu iya yi? Akwai iyaka ga abin da za ku iya yi kuma mun ci gaba har zuwa iyakar. Muka yi musu tambayoyi masu tsauri. Ba a tantance su a gaba ba. Kuma amsoshin da suka bayar, mun ga abin gaskatawa ne—daidai kuma tabbatacce.”
Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa, da wuya a yi canjawa wuri daga dabbobi zuwa mutane a Kasuwar Abincin Tekun Huanan, tun da an tabbatar da kamuwa da cututtuka ba tare da wata hanyar da aka sani ba, kafin barkewar cutar a kewayen kasuwar. A cikin sanarwar da ta bai wa wasu ƙwararrun ƙasashen waje mamaki, binciken haɗin gwiwar ya kammala cewa watsawa da wuri ta hanyar sarkar sanyi na samfuran daskararre abu ne mai yuwuwa.
A cikin Maris 2021, WHO ta buga rubutaccen rahoto tare da sakamakon binciken. Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar ta bayyana cewa akwai yanayi guda huɗu don gabatarwa:
watsa zoonotic kai tsaye ga mutane (spillover), wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa"
gabatarwa ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki mai masaukin baki wanda zai biyo baya, wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa"
gabatarwa ta hanyar sarkar abinci (sanyi), wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa"
gabatarwa ta hanyar wani lamari na dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "wanda ba zai yuwu ba"
Rahoton ya ambaci cewa watsa zoonotic kai tsaye ga mutane yana da abin koyi, saboda yawancin coronaviruses na ɗan adam na yanzu sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi. Hakanan ana samun goyan bayan watsawar Zoonotic ta gaskiyar cewa RaTG13 yana ɗaure zuwa hACE2, kodayake dacewa ba shine mafi kyau ba.
Ƙungiyar binciken ta lura da abin da ake buƙata don ci gaba da karatu, tare da lura cewa waɗannan za su "yiwuwar haɓaka ilimi da fahimta a duniya."
Martani Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom, wanda ba shi da hannu kai tsaye a binciken, ya ce a shirye yake ya aika da karin ayyuka da suka hada da kwararrun kwararru don haka akwai bukatar a kara bincike. A cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, ya ce, "Wasu bayanai na iya yiwuwa fiye da sauran, amma a yanzu duk damar da za ta kasance a kan tebur". Ya kuma ce, "har yanzu ba mu gano tushen kwayar cutar ba, don haka dole ne mu ci gaba da bin kimiyya ba tare da barin komai ba kamar yadda muke yi." Tedros ya kuma yi kira ga kasar Sin da ta samar da "fiye da lokaci da cikakkun bayanai" a matsayin wani bangare na binciken nan gaba.
Kafofin yada labarai sun lura cewa ko da yake ba gaskiya ba ne a yi tsammanin sakamako mai sauri da kuma babban sakamako daga rahoton, amma "ya ba da ƴan yanke shawara game da fara barkewar cutar", "ya kasa yin nazari kan matsayin jami'in Sinawa a wasu sassan rahoton", kuma ya kasance "mai son zuciya bisa ga masu suka". Sauran masana kimiyya sun yaba da yadda rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani kan hanyoyin da za su iya ba da haske kan asalin, idan aka bincika daga baya.
Bayan buga rahoton, 'yan siyasa, masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen magana, 'yan jarida, da wasu masana kimiyya sun ci gaba da ikirarin da ba a tallafawa ba cewa SARS-CoV-2 na iya fitowa daga WIV. A cikin Amurka, kiraye-kirayen yin bincike kan ledar dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kai “zazzabi,” yana haifar da zazzafan kalaman da ke haifar da kyama ga mutanen asalin Asiya, da cin zarafi na masana kimiyya. Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, da wasu kasashe 13 sun soki binciken da WHO ta kira, inda suka yi kira da a nuna gaskiya daga kasar Sin da samun damar yin amfani da danyen bayanai da samfuran asali. Jami'an kasar Sin sun bayyana wadannan suka a matsayin wani yunkuri na siyasantar da binciken. Masana kimiyya da ke da ruwa da tsaki a cikin rahoton na WHO da suka hada da Liang Wannian, John Watson, da Peter Daszak, sun nuna rashin amincewa da sukar da ake yi, kuma sun ce rahoton wani misali ne na hadin gwiwa da tattaunawa da ake bukata domin samun nasarar ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin.
A cikin wasiƙar da aka buga a Kimiyya, yawancin masana kimiyya, ciki har da Ralph Baric, sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a yi cikakken bincike ba game da ra'ayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na haɗari kuma ya kasance mai yiwuwa, yana kira ga karin haske da ƙarin bayanai. Wasikar tasu ta samu suka daga wasu masana kimiyyar halittu da kwararrun kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wadanda suka ce "makiya" da "rarrabuwar kawuna" kan WIV ba ta da wata hujja ta hanyar shaida, kuma zai sa masana kimiyya da hukumomin kasar Sin su raba kasa, maimakon karin bayanai.
Mataki na 2 A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2021, masanin cututtukan Danish Tina Fischer ya yi magana a cikin wannan makon a cikin faifan bidiyo na Virology, tana ba da shawarar yin kashi na biyu na binciken don tantance samfuran jini don rigakafin COVID-19 a China. Mamba na kungiyar WHO da aka kira Marion Koopmans, a kan wannan watsa shirye-shiryen, ya ba da shawarar kasashe mambobin WHO su yanke shawara a kan kashi na biyu na binciken, kodayake ta kuma yi gargadin cewa binciken binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da kansa na iya zama maras dacewa. A farkon watan Yulin 2021, babban jami'in gaggawa na WHO Michael Ryan ya ce ana aiwatar da cikakkun bayanai na karshe na mataki na 2 a tattaunawar da ake yi tsakanin WHO da kasashe mambobinta, yayin da WHO ke aiki "ta hanyar lallashi" kuma ba za ta tilasta wa kowace kasa memba (ciki har da China) ba da hadin kai.
A watan Yulin 2021 China ta yi watsi da buƙatun WHO na nuna gaskiya, haɗin kai, da samun bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na mataki na 2. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, kakakin ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Sin Zhao Lijian ya bayyana cewa, matsayin kasar Sin shi ne, a gudanar da bincike a nan gaba a wasu wurare, kuma ya kamata a mai da hankali kan watsa sarkar sanyi da dakunan gwaje-gwajen sojojin Amurka. A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gudanar da wani taron manema labarai, inda Zeng Yixin, mataimakin ministan kiwon lafiya na hukumar lafiya ta kasar (NHC), ya bayyana cewa, kasar Sin ba za ta shiga wani mataki na biyu na binciken hukumar ta WHO ba, yana mai bayyana hakan a matsayin wani abin mamaki. da "masu girman kai". Ya yi karin haske "A wasu bangarori, shirin na WHO na mataki na gaba na binciken asalin coronavirus baya mutunta hankali, kuma ya saba wa kimiyya. Ba shi yiwuwa mu yarda da irin wannan shiri.”
Kwamitin Task Force na Lancet COVID-19 A cikin Nuwamba 2020, an kafa wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Peter Daszak, shugaban EcoHealth Alliance, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar Lancet COVID-19, wanda mujallar likita ta Lancet ta goyi bayan. Daszak ya bayyana cewa an kafa rundunar ne don gudanar da cikakken bincike mai zurfi game da asali da yaduwar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 Rundunar ta goma sha biyu mambobi tare da backgrounds a Daya Health, fashewa da bincike, virology, Lab biosecurity da cutar da lafiyar qasa Rundunar ta yi shirin nazarin binciken kimiyya kuma ba ta shirin ziyartar kasar Sin. A watan Yuni 2021, The Lancet ta sanar da cewa Daszak ya janye kansa daga hukumar. A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2021, aikin aikin ya ninka bayan abubuwan da suka shafi tsari da kuma buƙatar faɗaɗa ikonsa don bincika gaskiya da ƙa'idodin gwamnati na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mai haɗari.
Bincike mai zaman kansa A cikin Yuni 2021, NIH ta ba da sanarwar cewa an cire saitin bayanan jeri daga Taskar Karatu (SRA) a watan Yuni 2020. An aiwatar da cirewar bisa ga daidaitaccen aiki bisa buƙatar masu binciken waɗanda suka mallaki haƙƙin jeri, tare da hujjar masu binciken cewa za a ƙaddamar da jeri zuwa wani bayanan bayanai. Masu binciken daga baya sun buga takarda a cikin wata jarida ta ilimi a wannan watan da aka cire su daga bayanan NIH wanda ya bayyana jerin dalla-dalla kuma sun tattauna dangantakar su ta juyin halitta da wasu jerin, amma ba su haɗa da cikakkun bayanai ba. Masanin ilimin halittu David Robertson ya ce yana da wahala a iya yanke hukunci cewa rufin asiri ne maimakon bayanin da ya fi dacewa: shafe bayanai na yau da kullun ba tare da kuskure ba. An dawo da bayanan jeri na kwayoyin da suka ɓace a cikin wani gyara da aka buga a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2021 bayan an bayyana shi kuskuren gyara ne.
Kiraye-kirayen kasa da kasa na yin bincike A cikin Afrilu 2020, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Australiya Marise Payne da Firayim Ministan Australiya Scott Morrison sun yi kira da a gudanar da bincike na kasa da kasa mai zaman kansa kan asalin cutar sankara. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, shugabar gwamnatin Jamus Angela Merkel ita ma ta matsa wa China don nuna gaskiya game da asalin coronavirus, biyo bayan irin wannan damuwar da shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron ya gabatar. Birtaniya ta kuma nuna goyon bayanta ga gudanar da bincike, duk da cewa kasashen Faransa da Birtaniya sun ce fifiko a lokacin shi ne fara yaki da cutar. Wasu kwararrun masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa na asalin COVID-19, "suna jayayya cewa WHO ba ta da karfin siyasa don gudanar da irin wannan bincike na bincike". A cikin Mayu 2021, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya gaya wa manema labarai Kanada "za ta goyi bayan kiran da Amurka da wasu suka yi don fahimtar asalin COVID-19." A watan Yunin 2021, a taron G7 da aka yi a Cornwall, shugabannin da suka halarci taron sun fitar da wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yi kira da a gudanar da wani sabon bincike, inda suka yi nuni da kin ba da hadin kai da kasar Sin ta yi da wasu bangarori na ainihin binciken da WHO ta kira. Wannan juriya ga matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman binciken binciken Wall Street Journal kan asalin cutar.
Halin rarrabuwar kawuna a muhawarar ya sa masana kimiyya suka yi kira da a rage matsin lamba na siyasa kan batun. Manazarta harkokin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun yi la'akari da cewa muhawarar game da asalin SARS-CoV-2 tana haifar da rikici da ba dole ba ne, wanda ke haifar da cin zarafi da cin zarafi na masana kimiyya, kuma yana kara zurfafa rikice-rikicen geopolitical da ke hana haɗin gwiwa a daidai lokacin da irin wannan haɗin gwiwar ya kasance. da ake buƙata, duka don magance cutar ta yanzu da kuma shirye-shiryen irin wannan barkewar nan gaba. Wannan ya zo a gaban masana kimiyya da suka yi hasashen irin waɗannan abubuwan shekaru da yawa: a cewar Katie Woolaston, mai bincike a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland, "Ba a tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na annoba ba". Muhawarar ta zo ne a daidai lokacin da ake fama da matsananciyar dangantaka da mahukuntan China. Masu bincike sun lura cewa siyasantar da muhawarar yana kara yin wahala, kuma sau da yawa ana karkatar da kalmomi don zama "abinci na ka'idojin makirci." Wasiƙar da aka buga a cikin The Lancet a watan Yuli 2021 ta nuna cewa yanayin hasashe da ke tattare da batun ba shi da wani taimako wajen yin kima na haƙiƙa na lamarin. Dangane da wannan wasiƙar, a cikin wata hanyar sadarwa da aka buga a cikin wannan mujalla, wasu ƙananan masana kimiyya sun yi adawa da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata masana kimiyya su inganta haɗin kai tare da yin kira ga buɗaɗɗen ra'ayoyin. Duk da rashin yuwuwar taron, kuma duk da cewa ana iya ɗaukar tabbataccen amsoshi na tsawon shekaru ana gudanar da bincike, masana harkokin kiwon lafiyar halittu sun yi kira da a sake nazarin manufofin kare lafiyar halittu na duniya, tare da yin la'akari da gibin da aka sani a cikin ƙa'idodin kasa da kasa don kare lafiyar halittu. Har ila yau, lamarin ya sake haifar da muhawara kan bincike na samun aiki, kodayake zafafan kalaman siyasa da ke tattare da batun sun yi barazanar yin watsi da babban bincike kan manufofi a wannan fanni.
Duba kuma Rukunin Shawarwari na Kimiyya don Tushen Sabbin Cututtuka
Martanin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya game da cutar ta COVID-19
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50398 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20Grey-man | D. Grey-man | D.Gray-man jerin manga ne na Jafananci wanda Katsura Hoshino ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta.Saita a cikin wani madadin 19th karni,yana ba da labarin wani matashi Allen Walker,wanda ya shiga ƙungiyar masu fitar da fatara mai suna Black Order..Suna amfani da wani tsohon abu,Innocence,don yaƙar wani mutum da aka fi sani da Millennium Earl da rundunarsa ta aljanu na Akuma waɗanda suke da niyyar halaka ɗan adam.Haruffa da yawa an daidaita su daga ayyukan Hoshino na baya da zayyana,kamar Yanki .An lura da jerin don baƙar magana;Hoshino ta taɓa sake rubuta yanayin da take tunanin tashin hankali ga matasa masu karatun ta.
The manga ya fara serialization a cikin 2004 a cikin Weekly Shonen Jump mujallar, buga ta Shueisha.An dakatar da yin jerin shirye-shiryen sau da yawa saboda matsalolin lafiyar Hoshino.D.Gray-man yi sauyi daga mako-mako zuwa jerin kowane wata a watan Nuwamba 2009,lokacin da ya fara serialization a Jump Square. A cikin Janairu 2013,jerin sun ci gaba da raguwa mara iyaka.Ya sake komawa serialization a cikin Yuli 2015 bayan fitowar Jump SQ.Crown.juyawa daga mujallar Jump SQ Bayan Jump SQ. Crown ya daina bugawa, an canza silsilar zuwa Jump SQ.Tashi,farawa daga Afrilu 2018.An tattara surori na manga a cikin kundin tankobon 28 har zuwa Oktoba 2022. A watan Yuli 2021,Viz Media ta fitar da kundin 27 a Arewacin Amurka.
Silsilar labari mai juyowa,D.Gray-man:Reverse by Kaya Kizaki, ya bincika tarihin haruffa masu yawa..An daidaita manga zuwa jerin anime mai kashi 103 ta TMS Entertainment wanda aka watsa daga Oktoba 2006 zuwa Satumba 2008 a Japan kuma Funimation a Arewacin Amurka ya ba shi lasisi..A 13-episode sequel anime jerin, D.Gray-Man Hallow, wanda kuma TMS Entertainment ya samar..An watsa shi a Japan daga Yuli zuwa Satumba 2016 a matsayin mabiyi ga jerin anime na D.Gray-man na farko.An samar da kayayyaki da dama,gami da wasannin bidiyo guda biyu game da jerin.
Manga ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu siyar da Shueisha,inda aka sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 25..A Japan da Arewacin Amurka,kundin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun mutane sun bayyana a cikin jerin manyan goma na mako-mako na manga masu siyarwa.Kodayake yawancin masu bita sun same shi kama da sauran manga na shōnen,sun kwatanta lokacinsa na asali da ingantattun haruffa da kyau ga sauran jerin alƙaluma iri ɗaya.Ayyukan zane-zane na Hoshino sun sami mafi yawa tabbatacce bita;Yawancin masu sukar sun yi sharhi cewa halayenta suna da ban sha'awa na gani kuma abubuwan Gothic a cikin fasaharta suna jin daɗin kallo.Koyaya,wata mai sukar aikinta ta ce jerin yaƙin Hoshino na iya zama da wahala a bi.
Takaitaccen bayani
Saita An kafa shi a cikin wani ƙarni na 19 na dabam,labarin ya mai da hankali kan ƙungiyar masu fitar da fatara, mai suna Black Order,yayin da suke kare ɗan adam a kan Iyalin Nuhu,reincarnations na Nuhu da manzanninsa goma sha biyu waɗanda ke nuna ƙiyayya ga ɗan adam kuma Allah ya jagoranta da wani mutum da aka sani da suna. Ƙarshen Millennium.Babban makamin masu fitar da 'yan ta'adda a kan Iyalin Nuhu,kayan tarihi ne masu tsarki da ake kira Innocence.Rashin laifi yana zuwa ta nau'i-nau'i iri-iri,ya bambanta daga abubuwan yau da kullun kamar takalma zuwa agogon kakanni,zuwa makamai kamar takuba da bindigogi;ba tare da la'akari da nau'in su ba,kowane Innocence yana da ƙwarewa na musamman da ƙwarewa kuma zai yi aiki ne kawai ga mai amfani da zaɓin su.Daga cikin rashin laifi guda 109 da ke boye da warwatse a ko'ina cikin duniya,daya daga cikinsu shi ne ma'abucin rashin laifi;Duk wanda ya fara samun wannan rashin laifi zai ci nasara a yakin. Sabanin rashin laifi,makaman dangin Nuhu an samo su ne daga tushen wutar lantarki da aka sani da Dark Matter.Dark Matter yana baiwa Nuhu manyan iko,tare da ikon ƙirƙirar da sarrafa aljanu.
Makirci Babban hali shine Allen Walker,sabon ma'aikaci ga Baƙar fata wanda ya fara horo don sarrafa rashin laifi bayan ya lalata Akuma na majiɓincins,Mana..Labarin ya fara ne a cikin wani mugun yanayi na mako,inda Allen ya haɗu tare da mambobi daban-daban na Black Order don neman rashin laifi yayin yaƙi da aljanu Nuhu a hanya. Daga baya,Allen da abokansa an umurce su da su bi diddigin exorcist Janar Cross Marian, malamin Allen da ya ɓace. Binciken nasu ya kare ne inda suka sace daya daga cikin na'urorin sufurin Nuhu, wanda ake kira jirgin Nuhu ;wannan ya yiwu tun lokacin da Allen ya zurfafa fahimtar Nea D. Campbell,ɗan'uwan Mana,da kuma ɗan gudun hijira na 14th na dangin Nuhu,wanda Earl yake so ya dawo.Cross ya bayyana cewa Nea yana shirin amfani da Allen a matsayin mai masaukin baki akan reincarnating, yadda ya kamata yana goge Allen daga ƙarshe. A lokacin na uku Exorcists tashin labarin baka,Nea ta sani ya fara superseding jikin Allen. Yanzu ana farautar da Baƙar fata,dangin Nuhu,da Innocence na ɗan adam da ake kira Apocryphos,Allen ya shiga ɓoye yayin da yake neman hanyar kawo ƙarshen tashin Nea. A lokacin tafiyarsa,ya gane cewa Marigayi waliyinsa,Mana,tare da Nea, yana da ƙaƙƙarfan hanyar haɗi zuwa Ƙarƙashin Ƙarni..Daga nan sai ya yanke shawarar tafiya inda Mana da Nea suka taso don sanin gaskiya a kansu,da alakarsu da Kunnen.Bayan tserewarsa, Black Order,Apocryphos da Nuhu suna bin Allen.Sa’adad da Apocryphos ya shagala da Nuhu, Earl ya sami Allen wanda Nea yake mallaka. A lokacin wannan haduwa an bayyana cewa Earl na yanzu shine Mana D. Campbel, ɗan'uwan Ne. Dukansu sun kasance farkon Millennium Earl amma sun rabu kuma sun zama abokan |
47630 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia%20Sabur | Alia Sabur | Alia Sabur (an haifeta ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1989) ƙwararriyar masaniniyar Materials science ce ƴar Amurka. Tana riƙe da tarihin wacce ta zama Farfesa mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Sabur a birnin New York, New York. Mahaifiyarta, Julie Sabur (an haifi Kessler), ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kawo rahoto ga News12 Long Island har zuwa 1995. Ta auri Mohammed Sabur, ɗan ƙasar Pakistan, a 1980. Alia, an haifeta 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1989, akwai alamun baiwa tattare da ita. Ta gwada "off the IQ scale," a cewar wani malami wanda ya gwada ta a matsayin 'yar aji ɗaya. A matsayinta na 'yar aji hudu, ta bar makarantar gwamnati kuma an shigar da ita Jami'ar Stony Brook tana da shekaru 10, daga baya ta kammala karatun summa cum laude tana da shekaru 14. Ta kuma sami kyautar baƙar bel a Tae Kwon Do tana ƴar shekara 9. Bayan Stony Brook, Sabur ta halarci Jami'ar Drexel, inda ta sami digiri na biyu (M.S.) a shekarar 2006. Alia ta kasance mai karɓar haɗin gwiwar Dean na 2007 daga Jami'ar Drexel. A cikin 2007 ta riƙe wani matsayi na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Southern University da ke New Orleans bayan Hurricane Katrina.
Aikin lissafi A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 2008, tana da shekaru 18 (kwana 3 kafin ranar 19 ga watan zagayowar ranar haihuwar ta), an naɗa ta a matsayin Farfesa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin Cibiyar Bincike tare da Jami'ar Stony Brook ta Dept. of Advanced Technology Fusion a Jami'ar Konkuk a Seoul, South South Koriya .Matsayin ne, kwangilar shekara guda wanda ta zaɓi ba zata sabunta ba bayan karewar wa'adin farko. Littafin Guinness Book of Records ya sanya sunan Sabur a matsayin Farfesa mafi ƙarancin shekaru a duniya, inda ya maye gurbin Farfesa Colin Maclaurin na fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Aberdeen yana da shekaru 19.
Ta fara aiki a sashen (Department of Advanced Technology Fusion) a Jami'ar Konkuk a watan Yuni 2008 kuma ta koma garinsu na New York a farkon shekara ta 2009, ba tare da sabunta kwangilarta ba.
Deepwater Horizon oil spill A watan Yuni 2010 Sabur ta bayyana a gidajen telebijin na; CNN da Fox News' Hannity don kwatanta ra'ayinta, wanda kamfanin mai na Birtaniya, BP ya ɗauka a matsayin wani zaɓi don taimakawa wajen rage zubar da man fetur na Deepwater Horizon a yankin Gulf of Mexico.
Rigima a Graduate school A cikin shekara ta 2008, Sabur ta shigar da ƙara a kan Jami'ar Drexel, tana mai da'awar cewa jami'ar ta aikata zamba da cin mutunci game da neman digiri na uku da ta ke yi. A cikin ƙarar, Sabur ta tuhumi Yury Gogotsi, tsohuwar Ph.D. mai ba da shawara, ta yi amfani da bincikenta ba daidai ba don neman tallafi, kuma da gangan ta hana ta digiri. An fara shari'ar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2010.
“Amma a lokacin ne na ƙara ruguza duniyar kimiyya. Na ga munanan hali kuma na gane cewa wasu farfesoshi ba son cigaban kimiyya ne a gaban su ba. Na yi karo da mai ba da shawara wanda ke kula da digirin digir-gir (PhD) dina. Na yi imani mai ba ni shawara ya nemi tallafi da haƙƙin mallaka ta amfani da ra'ayoyina, kuma ya ɗauki bashi a gare su. Ya musanta haka kuma ya zarge ni da satar aikinsa. Duk da cewa jami'a ta wanke ni daga zargin sata, amma har yanzu ta ki ba ni digiri na.", in ji rahoton labarin mujjalar Financial Times. (subscription required)
Wannan ita ce ƙara ta biyu da ta shafi dangin Sabur. A na baya bayan nan iyayen Alia Sabur sun kai ƙara a madadin ƴar su, inda suka yi zargin cewa hukumar ilimi ta Northport East Northport, da ‘ya’yanta, da kuma gundumar makarantar sun kasa baiwa ƴar su ayyukan da suka dace da ilimi wanda ya saba wa ilimin nakasassu Aiki. Shida daga cikin laifuka bakwai an yi watsi da su.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Archived na hukuma Takardar Bincike ta AZojomo
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Mutanen Northport, New |
22087 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Tuchman | Nancy Tuchman | Nancy Tuchman (an haife ta a ga watan Janairu 17, shekara ta 1958) Ba'amurkiya ce masanin kimiyar muhalli, mai ilmantarwa, kuma mai fafutuka. Tana ƙwarewa kan tasirin ɗan adam akan aikin halittu na cikin ruwa, tare da mai da hankali kan yanayin halittu na gabar tekun Great Lake. Tuchman ta kuma himmatu wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da al'amuran canjin yanayin duniya da ilimi. An nuna kwazo a cikin shekaru talatin na ilmantar da dalibai a kimiyyar muhalli a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago. Ta kafa Cibiyar Cigaban Muhalli a harabar Jami'ar Loyola kuma direba ne na canjin muhalli da ci gaba a yankin Chicago.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Tuchman ta girma ne a Ann Arbor, Michigan inda aka tashe ta don son a waje daga iyayenta masu ilimin ƙarancin yanayi. Lokaci da aka shafe a cikin yanayi, bincika rafuka da tafkuna, ya haifar mata da sha'awar tsarin halittun ruwa wanda aka gudanar ta hanyar iliminta da aikinta. Tuchman ya cigaba da karatun ilmin halitta da ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Central Michigan don haka ya sami Kwalejin Kimiyya a fannin ilimin halittun ruwa. Daga nan ne ta halarci Jami'ar Louisville don samun digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halittun ruwa a cikin shekarar 1988 tare da mai ba da shawara, R. Jan Stevenson. Takardar karatun nata mai taken: “Tasirin abubuwa daban-daban da yawaitar hargitsi ta hanyar katantanwa na katantanwa akan maye gurbin periphyton.”
Ayyuka da bincike Binciken Tuchman yana mai da hankali ne kan tasirin dan adam ga tsarin halittun ruwa tare da manyan layuka guda uku na bincike: tasirin nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa akan hanyoyin halittun bakin teku, tasirin gas din Greenhouse akan hanyoyin yanar gizo na kayan abinci, da kuma tasirin gurbatattun abubuwa da magunguna a rafuka da tafkuna. A halin yanzu tana nazarin tasirin tasirin nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa, Typha x glauca (matasan cattail) da Phragmites australis (sandar da ke kowa) a cikin manyan tafkuna masu dausayi. Herungiyar ta yanzu suna yin gwaji tare da hanyoyin girbi na tattalin arziƙi da ɗorewa don cire nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu haɗari da amfani da su azaman mashin, saboda cattail yana da yawa a cikin cellulose-carbon-mai girma don ƙonawa. A shekara ta 1988 ta zama malama a sashen nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago Fiye da shekaru 30 na bincike, an ba Tuchman sama da dala miliyan 4.5 a cikin tallafin tarayya, ta yi rubuce-rubuce ko haɗin gwiwa a kan rubuce-rubuce 50 da babin littattafai, kuma ta jagoranci ko ta koyar da ɗalibai masu karatun digiri na 100 da na digiri a cikin lab. A cikin shekara ta 2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shirye-shirye don Tsarin Nazarin Yanayi a Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF) don kula da kasafin dala miliyan 13 da shirye-shirye guda biyu, Nazarin Tsarin Yanayi da Ma'aurata na Couasa da andan Adam.
Bayan ta yi aiki a NSF, ta koma Loyola a matsayin Mataimakin Provost don Bincike da Cibiyoyi. Wannan matsayin ya ba ta damar tattaunawa da ba da shawarar samar da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da makamashi mai ɗorewa kuma a ƙarshe ta kafa Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli. Tuchman ya kasance jagora a cikin ƙoƙari na sake yin tunanin harabar Loyola a matsayin ƙwararren kore, tare da haɗa ilimin ilimin muhalli a cikin babban tsarin karatun ɗaliban ɗalibai. A cikin shekara ta 2016, Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago an lasafta ta ɗayan ɗayan jami'o'i na bakwai mafi kore a cikin ƙasar a cewar Sanarwar Saliyo. Cibiyar Cigaban Muhalli a Loyola ta dauki nauyin taron shekara-shekara kan Canjin Yanayi tun daga shekara ta 2015. Tuchman ta yi imanin cewa jami'o'in Jesuit na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaban shigar da ilimin muhalli a cikin manyan makarantu saboda canjin yanayi yana da nasaba da batutuwan adalci na zamantakewa. Daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekara ta 2010, Tuchman tayi aiki azaman zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa sannan shugaban Society for Science na Freshwater Science Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe Tasirin wasu nau'ikan cattail masu cin zali Typha glauca a kan nitrogen da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani yanki mai dausayi Atmospaƙƙarwar yanayin sararin samaniya CO2 yana rage ingancin kayan lambu na ganyayyaki don rafukan yanar gizan abinci na yanar gizo Canje-canje a cikin Tsarin Microdistribution na Diatoms a cikin Tattalin Periphyton Mat mai tasowa Banbancin amfani da yanayin heterotrophic na mahaukatan kwayoyin ta hanyar diatoms da bacteria karkashin yanayin haske da duhu Vatedaukaka Yanayin 2ananan CO2 Alters Soasar Microananan biananan biananan Associananan Associungiyoyi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Rawar Aspen Populus tremuloides Tushen Alamu na canjin muhalli masu alaƙa da mamayewar Typha x glauca a cikin babban tafkin gabar ruwa da ke gabar ruwa
Littattafai sanannu, littattafan rubutu da mujallu waɗanda aka rubuta tare da shirya su tare Co-edita Warkarwa Duniya, kan layi, littafin karatun muhalli kyauta. Rubuta babi, "Zaɓin zaɓi na Duniya" a cikin Ra'ayoyin Addini akan Transhumanism. Op-ed: "Paparoma yana Magana da kai, Chicago" a cikin Chicago Sun-Times (2015) Op-ed: "Gaskiya mai Sanyi: Lokaci yayi da za'ayi aiki kan Canjin Yanayi" a cikin Chicago Tribune. (2013) Tuchman, NC da MJ Schuck. 2014. "Wani zaɓi na fifiko ga Duniya." A cikin: 'Yan Adam a Thofar shiga: Ra'ayoyin Addini game da Transhumanism. Edds. JC Haughey da I. Delio. Majalisar bincike kan Dabi'u da Falsafa. Washington, DC 113-126.
Kyauta da girmamawa Awardaddamar da Dalilin Dalili, Paparoma Benedict XVI Foundation (2017) Mai karɓar Digiri na girmamawa da Kakakin Magana, Jami'ar MI ta tsakiya (2014) Kyautar Kyauta ta Mujallar Chicago
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1958
Yanayi
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin ɗan adam
Pages with unreviewed |
21035 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20Ilimi%20na%20kasar%28India%29 | Ma'aikatar Ilimi na kasar(India) | Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE), tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Raya Albarkatun Jama'a tin daga shekarar (1985-2020), Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da Manufofin Kasa kan Ilimi An sake rarraba Ma’aikatar zuwa sassa biyu: Sashen Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu, wanda ke kula da ilimin firamare, sakandare da na sakandare, ilimin manya da na karance-karance, da kuma Sashen ilimi mai zurfi, wanda ke kula da ilimin jami’a, ilimin fasaha, malanta, da sauransu.
The current education minister is Ramesh Pokhriyal, a member of the Council of Ministers. India had the Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and with the public announcement of newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to Ministry of Education.
Manufofin The new National Education Policy 2020 was passed on 29 July 2020 by the Union Council of Ministers. The NEP 2020 replaced the existing National Policy on Education, 1986. Under the NEP 2020, the name of the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) was changed to Ministry of Education (MoE). Numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts were legislated under NEP 2020.
Ma'aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu Ma’aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu sun dauki nauyin ci gaban ilimin makaranta da kuma karantu a kasar.
Babban Makarantar Sakandare (CBSE)
Majalisar Nazarin Ilimi da Horarwa ta Kasa (NCERT)
Cibiyar Makarantar Tibet ta Tsakiya (CTSA)
Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS)
Majalisar Kula da Ilimin Malami ta Kasa
Gidauniyar Jin Dadin Malamai
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS)
Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS)
Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi ita ce ke kula da ilimin sakandare da na gaba da sakandare. An kuma baiwa sashen ikon baiwa matsayin ilimi na jami'a ga cibiyoyin ilimi bisa ga shawarar Hukumar bayar da tallafi ta Jami'a (UGC) ta Indiya, a karkashin Sashe na 3 na Dokar Bayar da Tallafin Jami'a (UGC), a shekarar 1956. Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi tana kula da ɗayan manyan tsarin ilimin ilimi na duniya, bayan Amurka da China. Sashen na tsunduma cikin kawo damar duniya ta manyan makarantu da bincike a cikin kasar don kar a sami daliban Indiya suna rasa yayin fuskantar wani dandamali na duniya. Saboda wannan, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanya hannu kan MoU don taimaka wa ɗaliban Indiya su ci gajiyar ra'ayin duniya. Tsarin ilimin ilimin kere kere a kasar ana iya kasafta shi zuwa bangarori uku Cibiyoyin da ke samun kudin shiga na Gwamnatin tsakiya, da cibiyoyin Gwamnatin Jiha na Jihohi da cibiyoyin kudi. 2 kungiyar 122 da aka ba da kuɗi na ilimin fasaha da kimiyya sun kasance ƙarƙashin: Jerin cibiyoyin fasaha na tsakiya): IIITs (5 Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kurnool, Kancheepuram), IITs (23), IIMs (20), IISc Bangalore, IISERs (7 Berhampur, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Tirupati), NITs (31), NITTTRs (4), da 9 wasu (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, IIEST, NITIE NIFFT, CIT)
Tsarin kungiya An rarraba sashen zuwa ofis-ofis guda takwas, kuma yawancin ayyukan sashen ana kula dasu ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sama da mutum Dari 100 a karkashin wadannan ofisoshin.
Jami'a da ilimi mai zurfi Ilimin Minan tsiraru Jami'ar Tallafin Jami'ar (UGC)
Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ilimi (ERDO)
Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Kimiyya na Jama'a (ICSSR)
Majalisar Nazarin Tarihi ta Indiya (ICHR)
Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Falsafa (ICPR)
Cibiyoyin Ilimi na 46 kamar ranar 11.09.2015, jerin da Hukumar Ba da Tallafi ta Jami'ar ta bayar
Ilimin fasaha Duk Majalisar Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha ta Indiya (AICTE) Majalisar Gine-gine (COA) 25 Cibiyoyin Fasahar Fasahar Indiya (IIITs) (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kancheepuram da Kurnool)
3 Makarantar Tsare-tsare da Gine-gine (SPAs)
23 Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Indiya (IITs)
Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya (IISc)
7 Cibiyoyin Indiya na Ilimin Ilimin Kimiyya da Bincike (IISERs)
20 Cibiyoyin Gudanarwa na Indiya (IIMs) Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Kasa na 31 (NITs)
Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Indiya ta Indiya, Shibpur (IIEST)
Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yankin Arewa maso Gabas (NERIST)
Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniyan Masana'antu ta Kasa (NITIE)
4 National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training Research (NITTTRs) (Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai and Kolkata)
4 Regional Boards of Apprenticeship Practical Training
Gudanarwa da Yaruka
Jami'o'i uku da ake tsammani a fagen Sanskrit, kamar. Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSkS) a cikin New Delhi,
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (SLBSRSV) New Delhi,
Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (RSV) Tirupati
Sauran Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (KHS), Agra
Jami'ar Ingilishi da Harshen Waje (EFLU), Hyderabad
Majalisar Nationalasa don Inganta Harshen Urdu (NCPUL)
Jami'ar Delhi (DU)
Majalisar Kasa don Inganta Harshen Sindhi (NCPSL)
Officesananan ofisoshi uku: Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi; Hukumar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (CSTT), New Delhi; da Cibiyar Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya (CIIL), Mysore
Ilimin nesa da sikolashif
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
UNESCO, Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa, Inganta Littattafai da Hakkokin mallaka, Manufofin Ilimi, Tsare-tsare da Kulawa
Hadakar Kudi.
Lissafi, Tsarin Shekara da CMIS
Gyara Gudanarwa, Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, SC ST OBC
Sauran Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Mulki da Gudanarwa ta Kasa (NIEPA) Amintaccen Littafin Nationalasa (NBT)
Hukumar Shaida ta Kasa (NBA)
Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Ilimin Marasa Ruwa ta Kasa (NCMEI)
Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS)
Manufofi Babban manufofin Ma'aikatar sune:
Tsara Manufofin Kasa akan Ilimi da kuma tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar dashi ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi
Ci gaban da aka tsara, gami da faɗaɗa dama da inganta darajar cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da yankuna inda mutane ba sa samun damar samun ilimi cikin sauƙi.
Biya kulawa ta musamman ga kungiyoyin marasa galihu kamar matalauta, mata da tsiraru
Bayar da taimakon kuɗi ta hanyar tallafin karatu, tallafin bashi, da sauransu ga ɗaliban da suka cancanta daga ɓangarorin al'umma da aka hana.
Gingarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fagen ilimi, gami da yin aiki tare da UNESCO da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje har ma da Jami’o’i, don haɓaka damar ba da ilimi a ƙasar.
MHRD's Innovation Cell (MIC) MHRD's Innovation Cell, wanda aka sake masa suna yanzu zuwa MoE's Innovation Cell, an kafa shi ne a watan Agusta shekarar 2018 ta Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Humanan Adam (MHRD) a Duk Indiaungiyar Indiya ta Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha (AICTE) don haɓaka al'adun kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci da farawa a cikin tsari. duk manyan Cibiyoyin Ilimi a Indiya. An nada Dokta Abhay Jere a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkirar Kirkiro na farko.
Manyan manufofi na MIC Smart India Hackathon (SIH) Matsayin Atal na Cibiyoyi akan Nasarorin Kirkirar Kirkirar (ARIIA) Inungiyar Innovation ta itutionungiya (IIC) Manufar Innovation da Tsarin Kasa na Dalibai da Kwarewa a cikin HEIs (NISP)
Shirin Jakadu na Innovation Shirin MBA PGDM a cikin Innovation, Harkokin Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci (IEV)
Tsare Tsaren Kasa na Kasa (NIRF) A watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, Ma’aikatar Ci gaban Resoan Adam ta buga jerin farko na darajar kwalejojin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin itutionasa na Nationalasa Dukkanin darasin da aka gabatar ya shafi NBA, Duk Majalisar Indiya ta Ilimin Fasaha, UGC, Thomson Reuters, Elsevier da INFLIBNET (Cibiyar Ba da Bayani da Labarai). An ƙaddamar da tsarin martaba a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015. Duk cibiyoyin da aka ba da kuɗaɗen 122 gami da duk manyan jami'o'in tsakiya, IITs da IIMs sun halarci zagayen farko na darajar.
Jerin Ministocin
Ministocin Jiha Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre (31 ga watan Mayu 2019 Mai ci)
Duba kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Ilimin Makarantu ta Kasa, Chennai
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo
SIYASAR ILIMI TA KASA |
19762 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi | Tutsi | Tutsi /t ʊ t s i yadda ake furuci: si] ko Abatutsi, ƙabila ce ta yankin Manyan Tabkuna na Afirka. Tutsi ƴan kabilar Bantu ne -da yake magana na asalin Nilotic mai yiwuwa kuma na biyu mafi girman ƙabilu a Rwanda da Burundi (sauran biyun sune manyan ƙabilar Bantu Hutu da Pygmy na Twa Hema, ƙaramar ƙabilar makiyaya ta Nilotic, suma suna zaune kusa da Tutsi a Ruwanda kuma suna wucewa zuwa yankin Arewa da arewa maso gabashin Rwanda. A tarihi, 'yan Tutsi makiyaya ne kuma sun cika rukunin mayaƙa. Kafin shekara ta 1962 sun tsara da kuma sarrafa zamantakewar Rwandan, wanda ya ƙunshi masarautan Tutsi da talakawan Hutu, ta hanyar tsarin abokan hulɗa. Sun mallaki manyan muƙamai a cikin rarrabuwar al'umma kuma suka zama masu faɗa aji.
Asali da Rarrabuwa Ma'anar mutanen "Hutu" da "Tutsi" na iya canzawa ta lokaci da wuri. Tsarin zamantakewar jama'a bai kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ba a duk faɗin Ruwanda, har ma a lokacin mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin mulkin Beljam Masarautar Tutsi ko fitattu ta bambanta da talakawan Tutsi, kuma galibi ba a rarrabewa da Hutu masu arziƙi daga Tutsi masu aji ba.
Lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Beljiyam suka gudanar da Ƙididdigar jama'a, suna son gano mutanen a duk fadin Rwanda-Burundi bisa tsarin tsari mai sauki. Sun fassara "Tutsi" a matsayin duk wanda ke da shanu sama da goma (alamar arziki) ko tare da sifar jiki ta dogon hanci, ko doguwar wuya, wanda galibi ke alaƙar da Tutsi.
Tutsi yawanci ana cewa sun isa yankin Manyan Tabkuna daga yankin Ƙahon Afirka Wasu masu bincike sun ɗauke ƴan Tutsi daga asalin Kushitik duk da cewa ba sa jin yaren Cushitic, kuma sun zauna a yankunan da suke aƙalla shekaru 400, wanda hakan ya haifar da auratayya mai yawa tare da Hutu a yankin. Saboda tarihin cudanya da auratayya tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi, masanan tarihi da tarihi sun yarda da cewa kwanan nan ba za a iya kiran Hutu da Tutsi da kyau ƙabilu daban-daban. Yawancin manazarta da ma mazauna Yankin Manyan Tabkuna suna adawa da Tutsi a matsayin "Kurayi" ga mutanen Bantu kamar Hutu da kabilu da yawa a Gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Uganda. Koyaya, Bantu rarrabuwa ce ta harshe (duba lafazin Bantu da kuma kalmar akan "mutanen Bantu na biyun yana cewa: Mutanen Bantu sune masu jin yarukan Bantu"). Kamar yadda Tutsi suke magana da yaren Bantu iri ɗaya da Hutu, su mutane ne na Bantu (masu magana).
Halittar Jini
Y-DNA (layin uba) Nazarin ƙwayar halittar zamani na Y-chromosome gabaɗaya yana nuna cewa Tutsi, kamar Hutu ne, galibi ana cire Bantu (60% E1b1a, 20% B, 4% E-P2 (xE1b1a)). Tasirin ƙwayar halittar mahaifin da ke hade da Kahon Afirka da Arewacin Afirka ba su da yawa (a ƙasa da 3% E1b1b-M35 kuma ana ba da su ga yawancin mazaunan da suka gabata. Koyaya, 'yan Tutsi suna da zurfin zurfin haplogroup B ta hanyar uba (14.9% B) fiye da Hutu (4.3% B). Trombetta et al. (2015) ya sami 22.2% na E1b1b a cikin ƙaramin samfurin Tutsis daga Burundi, amma babu masu ɗaukar haplogroup tsakanin jama'ar Hutu da Twa na cikin gida. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙarami ta kasance daga ƙaurace mai shekaru 4,000 M293 iri-iri, wanda ke nuni da cewa magabatan Tutsi a wannan yankin na iya haɗe da wasu makiyaya Kush na Kudancin masu fashin baƙi. Alamar iyayenta E-V1515 ana tsammanin ta samo asali ne daga arewacin yankin Afirka na kusan shekaru 12,000 zuwa 14,000 da suka gabata.
DNA (layin uwa) Babu wani nazarin ƙwayar halitta game da Tutsi na mtDNA ko layin uwaye. Koyaya, Fornarino et al. (2009) yayi rahoton cewa bayanan da ba a buga ba ya kuma nuna cewa wani ɗan Tutsi daga Ruwanda yana ɗauke da ƙungiyar mtDNA haplogroup R7 ta Indiya Furtherarin gwajin 23andme na DNA ya nuna cewa layin Tutsi mtDNA yana da alaƙa da mafarautan mahaifa na gabashin Afirka, musamman haplogroup L0, tare da ƙalilan masu alaƙa da layin mtDNA na Yammacin Afirka. Hakanan adadi mai kyau yana ɗaukar layin mtDNA na Yammacin-Eurasia, musamman M1a, K1a; amma kuma J1 da R0
Tsayi Matsakaicinsu tsayi ƙafa 5 inci 9 (175 cm), duk da cewa an fi samun masu mutane a matsayin masu tsayi fiye da ƙafa 7 (213 cm).
Tarihi Kafin zuwan masu mulkin mallaka, Ruwanda ta kasance tana ƙarƙashin mulkin masarautar Tutsi bayan tsakiyar 1600. Farawa a kusan 1880, mishan mishan na Katolika sun isa yankin Manyan Tabkuna. Daga baya, a lokacin da rundunar Jamus sun shagaltar da yankin a lokacin yaƙin duniya, da rikici da kuma} ƙarin ga Katolika hira zama mafi pronounced. Yayin da 'yan Tutsi ke adawa da tuba, mishaneri sun sami nasara ne kawai tsakanin Hutu A cikin ƙoƙarinta na ba da lada ga tubar, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kwace ƙasar Tutsi bisa al'ada kuma ta sake tura ta ga ƙabilun Hutu. A cikin Burundi, yayin haka, mamayar Tutsi ta ma fi tsayi. Wata ƙungiya mai mulki, Ganwa, ba da daɗewa ba ta fito daga cikin 'yan Tutsi kuma suka karɓi ikon gudanar da mulkin ƙasar yadda ya kamata.
Jamus ta mallaki yankin a matsayin mallaka (kafin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Belgium Dukansu 'yan Tutsi da Hutu sun kasance masu fada a ji na gargajiya, amma duka ikon mulkin mallaka ya ba wa' yan Tutsi ilimi kawai kuma su shiga cikin mulkin mallaka. Irin waɗannan manufofin nuna wariyar sun haifar da jin haushi.
Lokacin da 'yan Beljiyam suka karɓi ragamar mulki, sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gudanar da mulki mafi kyau idan sun ci gaba da gano yawan alƙaluma. A cikin shekarun 1920, sun buƙaci mutane su kasance tare da wata kabila kuma sun rarraba su daidai lokacin ƙidayar jama'a.
A cikin 1959, Belgium ta sauya matsayinta kuma ta ba Hutu mafi rinjaye damar karɓar ikon gwamnati ta hanyar zaɓen gama gari bayan samun 'yanci. Wannan ya nuna wani bangare na siyasar cikin gida ta Beljiyam, inda nuna wariyar launin fata ga mafi rinjayen Hutu ya zama ana kama da zalunci a cikin Belgium wanda ya samo asali daga rikicin Flemish-Walloon, kuma ana ganin dimokuraɗiyya da karfafa Hutu a matsayin martani na adalci ga Mamayar Tutsi. Manufofin Beljiyom sun yi kaɗa-kaɗe sosai a cikin wannan lokacin har zuwa samun 'yancin kan Burundi da Rwanda Ƴancin Ruwanda da Burundi (1962) Hutu mafi rinjaye a Ruwanda sun yi tawaye ga Tutsi kuma sun sami damar karɓar mulki. Tutsi sun tsere kuma sun ƙirƙiro al'ummomin ƙaura a wajen Ruwanda a cikin Uganda da Tanzania. Tun bayan samun ‘yancin kan ƙasar ta Burundi, wasu‘ yan Tutsi masu tsatsauran ra’ayi suka hau karagar mulki suka danne ‘yan Hutu, musamman wadanda suka yi karatu. Abubuwan da suka yi ya haifar da mutuwar kusan Hutus 200,000. Gwamnatocin Rwanda da Burundi daban-daban sun ci gaba da nuna bambanci daga lokacin mulkin mallaka, gami da katin shaida wanda ya bambanta Tutsi da Hutu.
Rikicin Burundi (1993) A shekarar 1993, jami'an Tutsi sun kashe zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Burundi na farko, Melchior Ndadaye, ɗan Hutu, kamar yadda shi ma mutumin da ya cancanci ya gaje shi a karkashin tsarin mulki. Wannan ya haifar da kisan kare dangi a Burundi tsakanin tsarin siyasar Hutu da sojojin Tutsi, inda a ciki "mai yuwuwa kusan Tutsi 25,000" tsohon ya kashe kuma na baya "akalla aƙalla masu yawa". Tun daga Tsarin Arusha na 2000 na Arusha, a yau a Burundi 'yan Tutsi marasa rinjaye sun ba da iko ta hanyar daidaitawa tare da mafi rinjayen Hutu. A al'adance, 'yan Tutsi sun fi ƙarfin ikon tattalin arziki da ikon soja.
Kisan Gillar Tutsi (1994) Irin wannan yanayin ya faru a Ruwanda, amma a can ne Hutu suka hau mulki a 1962. Su kuma galibi suna zaluntar Tutsi, waɗanda suka gudu daga ƙasar. Bayan tashin hankali na adawa da Tutsi a kusa da 1959-1961, Tutsis sun gudu da yawa.
Wadannan al'ummomin Tutsi da ke gudun hijira sun haifar da yunkurin 'yan tawayen Tutsi. Ruwanda Ruwanda Patriotic Front, akasarinsu 'yan Tutsi ne da ke gudun hijira musamman mazaunan Uganda, sun kai hari kan Ruwanda a 1990 da nufin' yantar da Ruwanda. RPF tana da gogewa game da yaƙe-yaƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Yaƙin Bush na Yuganda, kuma ta sami goyon baya sosai daga gwamnatin Uganda. Gabatarwar RPF ta farko ta dakatar da ɗaga makaman Faransa zuwa ga gwamnatin Rwanda. Attoƙarin neman zaman lafiya ya ƙare a Yarjejeniyar Arusha Yarjejeniyar ta wargaje bayan kisan Shugabannin Ruwanda da na Burundi, wanda ya haifar da sake ɓarkewar rikici da fara kisan kare dangi kan Tutsi na 1994, inda Hutu a lokacin ke kan mulki suka kashe kimanin mutane 500,000-600,000, akasarinsu ‘yan Tutsi. Rikici a bayan kisan kare dangin, RPF da Tutsi ke mulki ya hau karagar mulki a watan Yulin 1994.
Harshe 'Yan Tutsi suna magana da rukunin harsunan Ruwanda-Rundi a matsayin yarensu na asali. Ruwanda-Rundi ta kasu kashi biyu cikin yarukan Kinyarwanda da Kirundi, wadanda aka daidaita su a matsayin harsunan hukuma na Burundi da Rwanda.
Al'adu A cikin yankin Ruwanda, daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa 1961, sarki ne yake mulkin Tutsi mwami Ƙasar Beljiyom ta soke tsarin sarauta, biyo bayan zaben raba gardama na ƙasa wanda ya kai ga samun ‘yanci. Sabanin haka, a yankin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar (galibi 'yan Hutu), manyan masu mallakar ƙasa na yanki sun raba mulki, kwatankwacin al'ummar Buganda (a cikin ƙasar Uganda ta yanzu).
A ƙarƙashin sarkinsu mai tsarki, al'adun Tutsi a al'adance sun ta'allaka ne da aiwatar da adalci da mulki. Su kaɗai ne ke mallakar shanu, kuma suka wadatar da kansu daga kayayyakin su. Ari da haka, salon rayuwarsu ya ba su lokacin hutu da yawa, wanda suka ciyar da haɓaka fasahar zane-zane na waƙa, saƙa da kiɗa. Dangane da matsayin Tutsi a matsayin mafi rinjaye tsiraru a yayin ganawa da manoman Hutu da sauran mazauna yankin, an kwatanta wannan dangantakar da tsakanin iyayengiji da masu fada a ji a Turai. A cewar Fage (2013), 'yan Tutsi suna da alaƙa ta hanyar ilimin bantu da yawan mutanen Bantu da Nilotic. Wannan bi da bi yana fitar da yiwuwar asalin Kushitik don kafa ajin masu mulkin Tutsi-Hima a cikin masarautun lacustrine. Koyaya, al'adun binne masarauta na masarautun na ƙarshe sun yi kama da waɗanda tsoffin jihohin Cushitic Sidama suke yi a kudancin yankin Gibe na Habasha. Akasin haka, yawan mutanen Bantu da ke arewacin Tutsi-Hima a yankin tsaunin Kenya kamar su Agikuyu sun kasance har zuwa zamanin da muke ciki ba tare da sarki ba (maimakon haka suna da tsarin da ba shi da tsari na zamani wanda suka karba daga mutanen cushitic) yayin da akwai adadi na masarautun Bantu da ke kudu da Tutsi-Hima a Tanzaniya, duk waɗannan sun yi tarayya irin tsarin sarautar Tutsi-Hima. Tunda masarautun Cushitic Sidama suna hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin Nilotic, Fage don haka yake ba da shawara cewa ƴan ƙabilar Tutsi na iya zama daga ɗayan mutanen Nilotic masu ƙaura. Ta haka ne kakannin Tutsi 'Nilotic za su kasance a matsayin su na masu shiga tsakani na al'adu, suna yin amfani da wasu al'adun masarauta daga masarautun Cush na kusa da su sannan kuma suna ɗaukar waɗancan al'adun da aka aro daga kudu tare da su lokacin da suka fara zama tsakanin Bantu autochthones a yankin Great Lakes. Koyaya, ana iya tabbatar da ɗan bambanci tsakanin al'adun yau na Tutsi da Hutu; duka ƙungiyoyi biyu suna magana da yaren Bantu daya. Yawan auratayya tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu ya kasance a al'adance yana da matukar girma, kuma dangantakar sun kasance mai kyau har zuwa karni na 20. Masana da yawa sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙaddarar Tutsi ya kasance kuma galibi shine nuna aji ko bangaranci, maimakon ƙabila.
Kamar yadda aka faɗa a sama, binciken DNA ya nuna ƙarara cewa mutane suna da kusanci da juna fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu nisa.
Tutsi a cikin Kwango Akwai ainihin ƙungiyoyi biyu na Tutsi a cikin Kwango (DRC). Akwai Banyamulenge, wanda ke zaune a gefen kudu na Kivu ta Kudu Zuri'a ne daga makiyayan Rwandan, Burundi da Tanzania. Na biyu kuma akwai 'yan Tutsi a cikin Masisi ta Arewa Kivu da Kalehe a Kudancin Kivu kasancewar suna cikin jama'ar Banyarwanda (Hutu da Tutsi). Wadannan ba Banyamulenge bane. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan Banyarwanda zuriyar mutane ne waɗanda suka rayu tun kafin mulkin mallaka a Rutshuru da Masisi a kan yankin Kongo a halin yanzu. Wasu kuma sun yi kaura ko kuma turawan Beljam sun “dasa” su daga Rutshuru ko daga Ruwanda kuma galibi sun zauna a Masisi a Arewacin Kivu da Kalehe a Kudancin Kivu.
Sananun mutane Paul Kagame
Stromae
Michel Micombero
James Kabarebe
Louise Mushikiwabo
Biliyaminu Sehene
Manazarta "Tutsi" a everyculture.com
Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Ruwanda (ana iya samun matsayi da hukuncin duk shari'u a gaban ICTR nan)
Kabila
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50033 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Rahman%20al-Sa%27di | Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di | ethnicityAbdul-Rahman al-Sa'di
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Shaykh 'Abd al-Raḥman ibn Nāṣir al-Si'dī wanda kuma aka fi sani da al-Si'di (1889-1957), malamin addinin Musulunci ne daga Saudiyya.Ya kasance malami kuma marubuci a UnaizahSaudi Arabia. Ya rubuta littafai sama da 40 a fagage daban-daban da suka hada da tafsiri da fiqhu da kuma aqida. al-Sa'di ya kasance mai tasiri a fagen tafsiri kuma littafinsa na tafsiri mai suna Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman an bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin shahararrun tafsirin malamansalafiyya na zamani. Ya yi aiki a matsayin limami da khateeb namasallacin <i id="mwHA">jami</i>' mafi girma kuma darakta na makarantar horar da addini, al-Ma'had al-'Ilmi, na Unayzah.
Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Al-Sa'di a garin Unayzah, al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1889.Mahaifinsa,Nasir al-Sa'di,limami ne kuma mai wa'azi a masallaci a Unayzah.Mahaifiyarsa, Fatimah bint Abdullah al-'Uthaymeen ta mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara hudu, kuma mahaifinsa ya mutu yayinda yana da shekaru bakwai. Da farko matar mahaifinsa ta biyu ce ta kula da shi kuma daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa kulawar ɗan'uwansa,Hamad ibn Nasir al-Sa'di. ya kammala haddace Alkur'ani tun yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, sannan ya yi ilimin addini daga malaman da ke yankin sa. A Lokacin da yake matasAbokanankokan karatunsa sun fara zuwa gare shi don taimako a cikin karatunsu.
Malamai al-Sa'di yana da malamai da dama. Waɗan da sun haɗa da Sheikh Muhammad Abdul-Kareem ibn Shibl, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta fiqhu, usooul al-fiqh, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Abdullahi bn A'id, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta fiqhu, usooul al-fiqh, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Ibrahim bn Hamad bn Jasir, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta tafsiri, hadisi da ilimomin hadisi
Sheikh Sa'ab al-Tuwayjiri, undr wanda ya karanta fiqhu da usooul al-fiqh.
Sheikh Ali ibn Muhammad al-Nasaa'i, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta Usul-deen
Sheikh Ali bn Nasir bn Wadi, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta hadisi, tafsiri, usooul tafsir, da usooul al-hadeeth, sannan kuma an bashi ijazah a cikin littafai shida na hadisi Sheikh Muhammad al-Ameen al-Shinqiti, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta tafsiri, hadisi, mustalah al-hadith, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Salih bin Uthman Aal al-Qadhi, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta tauhidi, tafsiri, fiqhu, da harshen larabci.
Sheikh Muhammad al-Mani', wanda ya karanta harshen larabci a karkashinsa
Sheikh Ibrahim bn Salih bn Isa, wanda a karkashinsa ya karanta Usul-deen
Da kowanne daga cikin malamansa na firamare, ya nazarci fannonin da suke da su na kwarewa,kamar yadda ibn Shibl da ibn A'idh da al-Tuwayjiri da Salih ibn Uthman,suka kasance ƙwararru a fannin fiqhu da usooul-fiqh,ibn Wadi da ibn Jasir kwararru ne a fannin tafsiri da hadisi da ilimomin hadisi, Al-Nasaa'i ya kasance kwararre a cikin al-tauhidi kuma al-Shinqiti da al-Mani' ƙwararru ne a harshen larabci.
Malaman al-Sa'di sun yi karatu a yankuna daban daban da suka hada da Hijaz, Masar,Iraki,Siriya,Indiya da Mauritania. Ta haka ne, al-Sa'di ya fuskanci wasu hanyoyin ilimi daban-daban a wajen yankin Najd nasa ba tare da ya yi tafiya ba.
A cikin malamansa, al-Sa'di ya fi karatu a wajen sheik Salih bn Uthman Aal al-Qadhi (alkali na Unayzah kuma limamin masallacin Jami'a) kuma ya kasance dalibinsa na yau da kullum har zuwa al-Wafatin Qadhi a 1932/1351AH.
Al-Sa'di' ya yi karatu a wurin Sheikh Muhammad Al-Ameen al-Shinqiti lokacin da al-Shinqiti ya zo koyarwa a Unayzah a shekarar 1911/1330AH.
Har'ila yau al-Sa'di ya nuna matukar sha'awar rubuce-rubucen ibn Taymiyah da ibn al-Qayyim kuma ayyukansu sun yi tasiri sosai.
Rayuwar sana'a Al-Sa'd ya fara koyarwa ne tun yana dan shekara 23, ya ci gaba da halartar darussa a matsayin dalibi yayin da yake karantar da nasa ajujuwan har zuwa shekarar 1931/1350AH a lokacin da ya sadaukar da kansa gaba daya wajen koyarwa da rubutu da bayar da <i id="mwdw">fatawa</i>.
A shekarar 1935/1354AH, al-Sa'di ya kammala tafsirin Alkur'ani juzu'i na 8, mai suna Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman.An bayyana Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman, a matsayin wanda za a iya cewa daya ne daga cikin shahararrun tafsirin malaman salafiyya na wannan zamani.
A shekara ta 1941/1360AH al-Sa'di ya kafa dakin karatu na jama'a a Unayzah da kudin da Gwamna ya bayar.An gina wannan dakin karatu ne a matsayin fadada masallacin <i id="mwiQ">jami'</i> na birnin, kuma shi ne dakin karatu na farko na jama'a a duk yankin Najd na kasar Saudiyya. A shekara ta 1941/1360AH, an nada al-Sa'di a matsayin al-qadhi (alkali) na Unayzah, amma ya ki wannan matsayi.A cikin watan Ramadan 1942/1361AH aka nada shi a matsayin limami na farko kuma khateeb na babban masallacin <i id="mwlA">jami'</i> na birnin,wanda ya rike har ya rasu a shekara ta 1956/1376AH.A tarihi an danganta wannan rawar da matsayin Qadhi (alkali) na birnin,ta yadda limamin masallacin jami''' ma zai zama kadhi na birnin,amma al-Sa'di ya ki amincewa da wannan matsayi kuma ayyukan biyu sun kasance daban-daban tun zamaninsa.
A cikin 1953/1373AH, an nada al-Sa'di a matsayin darektan ilimi na makarantar horar da addini, al-Ma'had al-ilmi, na Unayzah.Duk da cewa ana ba shi albashin Riyal 1000 a kowane wata na wannan matsayi wani adadi mai yawa a lokacin, al-Sa'di ya rubuta wa daraktan cibiyar cewa ya karbi mukamin ba tare da an biya shi ba.
Rungumar Sabbin Fasaha Al-Sa'di ya shahara wajen runguma da bayar da shawarwarin sabbin fasahohi wajen hidimar yada IIimin addin,al-Sa'di shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara gabatar da masu magana da babbar murya ga birnin Unayzah,wanda da farko ya fuskanci turjiya.
A martanin da ya mayar,ya gabatar da khutbah ta hanyar babbar murya dangane da fa'idar amfani da fasahar zamani wajen yada ilimin addini. A shekara ta 1955/1375AH,al-Sa'di ya rubuta littafi mai suna, "Hujjojin Alƙur'ani da ke nuna cewa ilimomin zamani masu fa'ida na cikin Musulunci" An rubuta wannan littafi ne don jayayya,cewa ilimin kimiyya da masana'antu na zamani ya faɗi a cikin iyakokin Musulunci,don mayar da martani ga wasu da'awar da aka saɓa da su a wannan zamani.
Damuwa ga Matsalolin Zamani Al-Sa'di ya yi sha'awar abubuwa da dama na wannan zamani.A shekarar 1956/1376AH,ya rubuta karamin aiki da aka sadaukar domin fayyace haramcin shan taba da illolinsa, na ruhi,jiki,da kudi. Ya kuma ce tsarin dashen gabobin jikin mutum ya halatta a karkashin shari’ar Musulunci. Fiqhu Tun da farko Al-Sa'di ya sami horon ne a madhab na Hanbali,wadda ita ce mafi rinjayen madhab na yankin Najd da yake zaune a cikinta. A cikin kuruciyarsa ya rubuta waka mai layi 400 didactic akan hukunce-hukuncen fiqhu na Hanbali.Tasirin rubuce-rubucen ibn Taymiyah da ibn al-Qayyim, wani lokaci yakan zabi muƙaman fiqhu a wajen babban matsayi na madhab na Hanbali.Ya kasance ya dauki matsayin ibn Taimiyyah.
Fitattun Dalibai Al-Sa'di ya koyar da akalla dalibai 35 wadanda suka ci gaba da zama limamai, khateebai, Alqalai, ko malamai. Wani littafin tarihin rayuwar malaman yankin Najd ya lissafa dalibansa 140.Biyu daga cikin shahararrun dalibansa su ne Sheikh Muhammad bn Salih al-Uthaymeen da Sheikh Abdullah Aqeel. al-Sa'di ya nada al-Uthaymeen domin ya karbi aikinsa na malami kuma khateebin masallacin jami bayan rasuwarsa.
Sunan Al-Sa'di a matsayin malami kuma marubuci ya jawo hankalin dalibai ba kawai daga yankin al-Qassim ba har ma da wasu yankuna da dama.Yana karba akai-akai kuma yana amsa wasiƙun neman fatawa daga wasu ƙasashe na Larabawa da Ƙasar Indiya.Wani babban juzu'i na fatawa na al-sa'di wanda aka bayar a cikin wasikunsa da wasikunsa na kasashen waje an tattara su ne bayan mutuwarsa kuma aka buga a zamanin al-Fatawa al-Sa'diyyah.Tasirin Al-Sa'di da farin jininsa a lokacin rayuwarsa an danganta shi da yadda tun farko ya rungumi sabbin fasahohin yada ilimin addini.
Ayyukan Rubuce-rubuce Al-Sa'di'i ya yi rubuce-rubuce sama da 40 a fannoni da dama da suka hada da tafsiri, fiqhu, hadisi, da aqida. Yawancin rubuce-rubucensa an rubuta su ne bayan ya kai shekaru 40.
Aiki na Asali Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa na asali sun haɗa da:
Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman, tafsirin Alqur'ani baki daya
Taysir al-Lateef al-Mannaan, tafsirin jigo na zababbun sassa na Alqur'ani.
Qawa'id al-Hisan li-Tafsir al-Qur'an, aiki a kan ka'idojin tafsiri. al-Tawdheeh w'al-Bayan li-Shajarah al-Eemaan, a work of aqeedah Mukhtasir al-Usool al-Fiqh, aiki akan ka'idojin fiqhu Bahjah al-Quloob al-Abrar, bayani kan ingantattun maganganun hadisi guda 99
Manhaj al-Salikeen, aikin fiqhu Bayani al-Haqq al-Wadhih al-Mubeen fee Sharh Tawheed al-Anbiyaa w'al-Mursaleen, a work of aqeedah, which is a information of a part of Nooniyah by ibn al-Qayyim Tawdheeh al-Kafiyyah al-Shafiyyah, a rewriting of ibn al-Qayyim's Nooniyah poem in prose format
al-Qawl al-Sadeed fee Maqasid al Tawhid al-Tanbihat al-Latifah, an description of ibn Taymiyah 's al-'Aqeedah al-Wasitiyyah Fassarar ayyukan al-Sa'di na Turanci An fassara wasu ayyukan al-Sa'di zuwa Turanci, ciki harda
Tafseer al-Sa'di (10 Juzu'i Set), fassarar Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman Hanyar Gaskiya: Waƙar Aqida da Hanya, fassarar waƙar al-Manhaj al-Haqq. Lu'u-lu'u mai ban sha'awa, fassarar al-Durr al-Bahiyyah Mahimman Fiqh, fassarar al-Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah Itacen Imani, fassarar al-Tawdheeh w'al-Bayan li-Shajarah al-Eemaan. Darasi da aka koya daga labarin Yusuf fassarar Fawa'id Mustanbitah min Qissah Yusuf. Rashin lafiya da Mutuwa A cikin 1950/1371AH, al-Sa'di ya fara fama da matsalolin rashin lafiya da suka shafi hawan jini da Atherosclerosis. Da jin matsalar lafiyarsa sarki Sa'ud ya aika da likitoci biyu ta jirginsa na kansa, domin su je wurin Sheikh Al-Sa'di. Likitocin sun ba shi shawarar da ya kara neman magani a kasar Lebanon, inda suka yi masa rakiya na tsawon wata guda a shekarar 1953/1373AH.A wannan lokacin ya murmure amma an shawarce shi da ya rungumi salon rayuwa mara wahala, bayan ya koma Unayzah ya ci gaba da aikinsa na limami, Malami,khateeb da marubuci. Al-Sa'di' ya rasu daga irin wannan matsalar rashin lafiya a shekara ta 1957/1376AH.
Rigingimu A shekara ta 1940/1359AH, al-Sa'di ya rubuta wani takaitaccen littafi kan abin da ya shafi Yajuj wa Ma'juj a cikinsa,inda ya yi jayayya bisa dalilai na addini da na ƙasa, cewa al'ummar Yajuj da Ma'juj sun riga sun tsira da shamakinsu,ya bar kan iyakokinsu kuma ya gauraya da sauran al'ummomi kafirai. Labarin da'awar al-Sa'di a cikin wannan aiki ya bazu cikin birnin Najd, wanda ya haifar da saɓani mai karfi tsakanin wadanda suka amince da shawarar al-Sa'di da wadanda ke adawa da su, kuma al-Sa'di ya fuskanci wani cin zarafi da suka daga wajen sakamakon takwarorinsa.Rikicin ya ci gaba da yaduwa har sai da aka yi magana da Sarki Abdul-Aziz bn Saud, wanda ya aika aka kira al-Sa'di ya gana da shi a Riyadh. Al-Sa'di ya yi tattaki shi kadai don ganawa da Sarki inda Sarki ya tarbe shi da karbar baki tare da wasu malamai da suka taru a wurin.Sarkin ya bukaci al-Sa’di, da ya bar lamarin saboda tada hankali da ya haifar, kuma al-Sa’di ya amince da yin hakan,yana mai cewa bai yi tsammanin irin wannan lamari zai taso daga wani karamin lamari na bincike na ilimi ba.Daga karshe al-Sa'di bai buga wannan littafi ba, ko kuma ya ambaci wasu batutuwan da ke cikinsa a cikin koyarwa ko rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya, ko da yake ba a san ya yi watsi da wadannan mukamai ba.
tsakanin wadanda suka amince da shawarar al-Sa' i da wadanda ke a dawa da su, kuma al-Sa'di ya fuskanci wani cin zarafi da suka daga wajen sakamakon takwarorinsa. Rikicin ya ci gaba da yaduwa, har sai da aka yi magana da Sarki Abdul-Aziz bn Saud, Wanda ya aika aka kira Al-Sa'di ya gana da shi a Riyadh. Al-Sa'di ya yi tattaki shi kadai don ganawa da Sarki, inda Sarki ya tarbe shi da karbar baki tare da wasu malamai da suka taru a wurin,sarkin ya bukaci al-Sa’di da ya bar lamarin saboda tada hankali da ya haifar, kuma al-Sa’di ya amince da yin hakan,yana mai cewa bai yi tsammanin irin wannan lamari zai taso daga wani karamin lamari na bincike na ilimi ba.Al-Sa'di' a karshe, bai buga wannan littafi ba ko ya ambaci wasu batutuwan da ke cikinsa a cikin koyarwa ko rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya, duk da cewa ba a san ya yi watsi da wadannan mukamai a bainar jama'a ba.
Al-Sa'di shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara gabatar da lasifika masu sauti a birnin Unayzah,wanda da farko ya fuskanci turjiya. al-Sa'di a martanin da ya mayar ya gabatar da khutbah'' ta hanyar babbar murya, dangane da fa'idar amfani da fasahar zamani wajen yada ilimin addini.
Al-Sa'di ya gudanar da dashen gabobi don ya halatta,wanda hukunci ne mai kawo cece-kuce a zamaninsa.
Kyauta A watan Nuwamba 2019, Jami'ar Qassim ta shirya wani taro na kwanaki biyu mai taken "Sheikh Abdur-Rahman al-Sa'di da Tasirinsa kan Ilimi da yaɗuwar Addini."Shugaban majalisar gudanarwar harkokin masallatai masu tsarki guda biyu Abdul Rahman al-Sudais ne ya bude wannan taro, kuma ya hada da babban mufti na Saudiyya Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh,memba na majalisar na Manyan Malamai Saad al-Shithri,da kuma gwamnan yankin al-Qassim.Makasudin da aka bayyana na wannan taron shi ne a ba da haske kan gadon al-Sa'di da karfafa karin bincike kan tunaninsa da dalilan shari'a.
Al-Sa'di ya bar 'ya'ya uku, Abdullah, Muhammad da Ahmad. Abdullah al-Sa'di ya rasu a shekara ta (1984/1405AH)shima dalibin ilimi ne kuma ya buga wasu rubuce-rubucen mahaifinsa bayan rasuwarsa.
Duba kuma Muhammad bin al-Usaimin
Abd al-Aziz bin Baz
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biodata at |
21433 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamdeo | Wamdeo | Wamdeo birni ne, da ke a wani yanki, a cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba dake Jihar Borno, a Nijeriya Tana da iyaka da Uba zuwa Gabas, Uvu zuwa Kudu, Mussa zuwa Arewa, Mishara zuwa Arewa maso Gabas da Rumirgo zuwa Yamma. A garin sunan da aka asali da sunan "Wandi" amma daga baya metamorphosed zuwa "Wamdeo" saboda hanyar da nomadic Fulani furta shi. An haɗu da shi gaba ɗaya ta dangi biyu: Muva (ƙarin raba zuwa Njila-Njila, Bilata, Dagufla da Patha) da Zugubi (ƙarin raba zuwa Kidimbla, Mbla Kauchacha, Gutha da Fidigutum)
Tarihi Wamdeo ya samo asali ne daga kalmar “Wandi” kuma ya wanzu fiye da shekaru 500. Ra'ayoyi da yawa suna nan game da da'awa game da mazaunan farko na yankin amma Dagu-Flas da Zugubis suna da'awar su ne farkon mazauna yankin. Sauran manyan dangin sun hada da Midala wanda aka fi sani da mai wa kra tha (wanda aka samo shi daga kan saniyar da aka ba su a tsohon tarihi), Lere sun yi imanin cewa sun yi kaura daga Arewacin Kamaru da Gabashin Chadi, Holma wanda aka fi sani da Bla-ta ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Marghi 'mai ma ki bla ta nga' ma'ana a nemi mafaka a karkashin waccan ganji) an yi imanin cewa 'yan gudun hijira ne don neman mafaka daga yankin Kilba, Fidigutum ana ganin sun yi ƙaura daga ƙasar Fali Vimtim) kuma a ƙarshe Pazza ta samo asali ne daga yankin Biu zuwa dutsen Pazza yanzu Bazza. Sakamakon aikin mishan a yankin karkashin jagorancin Stover Kulp, an gabatar da addinin kirista zuwa Wamdeo a cikin shekarar 1937 a lokacin mulkin Shal-Tagu daga dangin Dag-Fla. A cikin shekarar 1938, mishan ne suka gina gidan magani na farko a Wamdeo kuma a cikin shekarar 1945, an kafa CRI ta farko a Wamdeo a lokacin mulkin Lawan Mumini daga dangin Zugubi.
Shugabanci Kafin rabewar Gongola zuwa jihar Adamawa da Taraba, gwamnati da daular Wamdeo sun kasance suna da lada ga Lamido a Yola, amma bayan kirkirar jihar Adamawa, Wamdeo ya zama gunduma a cikin Askira Uba Local Government of Borno State Wamdeo al'ada ce ta Hakkimi a cikin mulkin Alh. Saidu Mohammed tare da Lauyoyi hudu: Lawan Buba Glaji, Lawan Zubairu, da wasu biyu 2 daga Kwa-bula da Wallafa.
Labarin kasa Wamdeo ya kasance tsakanin 10 o 31 '33''N, 13 o 07'30''E. Wamdeo yana kwance a tsawan kimanin mita 555 sama da matakin teku, a ƙasan wani babban Inselberg da aka sani da tsaunin Wamdeo wanda ya tashi zuwa mita 758 sama da matakin ruwan teku. Wamdeo yana da mafi girman filin a duk cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba wanda ya kunshi kauyuka da dama da suka hada da Kwa-bula, Mungum, Wallafa, Gajelli, da kuma Miya.
Lambatu Garin Wamdeo yana kan ruwa tsakanin kogin Yedzaram zuwa Arewa da Gabas (Basin Chadi) da na Hawul zuwa Kudu maso Gabas, Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yamma (Gongola Basin)
Kayan lambu Ciyawar a Wamdeo ta ƙunshi manyan bishiyun Acacia da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire wanda ke daɗa kauri tare da hanyar magudanan ruwa da ƙasan tsaunuka. Layin magudanan ruwa na Mbulashibu da Kofiwa na da ciyayi masu kauri, haka kuma ƙasan Fum Hill. Amdeasar Wamdeo tana da wadataccen yanki a cikin garin, inda ayyukan ɗan adam ya canza alamun ciyayi da ƙasa.
Ilimin kasa da kasa Wamdeo kamar yawancin yankuna a Kudancin Barno yana kan ementasa ne kuma an bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙananan kwandunan da ke ɗauke da kuloli waɗanda suka bambanta da shekaru daga yanayin aiki zuwa na quaternary. Kogin Chadi ya ta'allaka ne da Arewa da kuma yankin Benuwai a kudu. Daga yamma akwai wani kwari mara zurfin ruwa da aka sani da dutsen Zambuk wanda ya hada manyan Basins biyu. Wamdeo yana cikin Yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya na Yankin Basement na Borno. Kimanin Kilomita arba'in da biyar 45 zuwa Arewa, ginshikin ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin abubuwan da ke cikin tafkin Chadi. Babban ginshiki ya fadi game da yanayin Wamdeo na arewa da arewa maso gabas
Tsarin aiki Ginin garin Wamdeo an kafa shi ta hanyar dutse mai ƙwaraƙƙwara. Stungiyar Stratigraphy ta cika ta hanyar adana ɗakunan sama da ƙananan ajiya na alluvium. Ginshiƙin Ginshiƙin Mafi yawan ginshiƙan ginshiƙan yankin sun mamaye grantitic granite wanda ke da launin toka mai haske, maraƙƙarfan hatsi kuma lokaci-lokaci pegmatitic da aplitic. Porphoric feldspar yana lokaci-lokaci kuma wani lokacin yana nuna daidaito gaba ɗaya. Babban waje a yankin shine tsaunin Wamdeo. Sauran sun hada da Yawa, Mizra, Para, Auta, Fum, da sauransu. Yawancin ɓangaren gabashin garin ba su da ginshiƙan dutsen ƙasa.
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18975 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasahar%20mashigar%20rubutun%20kwamfuta | Fasahar mashigar rubutun kwamfuta | Ana iya rarraba faifan maɓallan kwamfuta ta hanyar fasahar canzawa da suke amfani da ita. Kwamfuta maɓallan alfanun lambobi yawanci suna da sauyawa masu ɗorewa 80 zuwa 110, Zaɓin fasahar canzawa yana shafar maɓallin kewayawa (kyakkyawar amsar da aka danna maɓalli) da kuma tafiya kafin tafiya (nisan da ake buƙata don tura maɓallin don shigar da rubutu tabbatacce). Wasu sabbin samfuran madannai suna amfani da wasu nau'ikan fasahar zamani don samun ƙarin tsada.
Iri
Maballin keyboard Mimbren Akwai maɓallan maɓallin membrane iri biyu, maɓallan maɓallin membrane masu laushi da kuma maɓallan membrane masu cikakken tafiya:
Flat-paniel mimbren galibi ana samu su akan kayan wuta kamar murhun onin na lantarki ko kuma na'urar ɗaukar hoto Zane na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nau'i uku. Layi na sama yana da alamun da aka buga a gabansa da kuma ratsi masu jan hankali da aka buga a bayansa. A karkashin wannan yana da shimfiɗar wuri, wanda ke riƙe layin gaba da na baya don kar su saba haɗuwa da lantarki. Layer ta baya tana da ratsi-ƙuli mai bugawa daidai da na gaban gaba. Lokacin da aka haɗu tare, raƙuman suna yin grid. Lokacin da mai amfani ya tura ƙasa a wani matsayi, yatsan su na tura layin gaban ta ƙasa ta hanyar layin da ke kara kaɗan don rufe kewaya a ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin haɗin layin. Wannan yana nunawa ga kwamfuta ko mai sarrafa keyboard cewa an danna wani maɓalli na musamman.
Gaba ɗaya, faifan maɓanɗakikwana ba su samar da wata sanarwa ta zahiri ba. Sabili da haka, na'urorin da ke amfani da waɗannan batutuwan ƙara ko haskaka haske lokacin da aka danna mabuɗin. Sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin mawuyacin yanayi inda tabbatar da ruwa-ko kwararar abu mai kyau. Kodayake anyi amfani dasu a farkon kwanakin kwamfuta na sirri (akan Sinclair ZX80, ZX81 da Atari 400 amma an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar kwalliyar da ta fi dacewa da kuma maɓallan maɓallin inji.
Maballin keɓaɓɓen maɓallin mimbrem sune maɓallan komputa na yau da kullun. Suna da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen maballin roba maɓallin canzawa waɗanda ke latsawa a kan membrane don nuna alamar lamba a cikin matrix mai sauya wutar lantarki.
Maballin sauya roba Maɓallin madannin Dom- matattara ne na membrane mai faren allo da maɓallan keɓaɓɓu na inji. Suna kawo alamun jirgin zagaye biyu tare a ƙarƙashin roba ko faifan maɓallin sarrafaffen ƙasa wato (silicon) ta amfani da maɓallan "dome" na ƙarfe ko kuma mulkokin da aka kafa na polyurethane. Maɓuɓɓukan dome na ƙarfe an ƙirƙira su da ɓangaren baƙin ƙarfe waɗanda, idan aka matsa su, suka ba mai amfani da haske, ingantaccen martani mai tasiri. Wadannan nau'ikan maɓallan kwalliyar suna da yawa ainun, galibi abin dogaro ne ga sama da hawan keke miliyan 5, kuma ana iya saka su a cikin nickel, azurfa ko zinariya. Sauye-sauyen dome na roba, wanda galibi ake kira polydomes, an ƙirƙira su da tururuwa na polyurethane inda ake rufe kumfa na ciki a cikin hoto. Duk da yake dome dayawa wato (polydomes) galibi suna da rahusa fiye da ƙarancin ƙarfe, amma suna da ƙarancin na ƙarfe, kuma galibi suna da ƙayyadaddun yanayin rayuwa. Polydomes ana ɗaukarsu masu nutsuwa ne, amma masu tsabtace jiki sukan same su "mushy" saboda dome da ke rugujewa baya samar da sakamako mai ma'ana kamar na ƙarfe. Ga ko dai ƙarfe ko polydomes, lokacin da aka danna maɓalli, sai ya rushe dome, wanda ya haɗa alamun biyu kuma ya kammala haɗin don shigar da halin. Misali akan allon PC galibi an yi masa zinare.
Dukansu fasaha ne na yau da kullum da aka yi amfani da su a cikin maɓallan kasuwar yau. Irin wannan fasaha ta canzawa ana amfani dashi mafi yawa a cikin masu kula da hannu, wayoyin hannu, mota, kayan masarufi da na'urorin kiwon lafiya. Ana kiran maɓallan maɓallin Dome-switch kai tsaye.
Maɓallin sauya almakashi Hali na musamman na maɓallin komboutocin kwamfuta mai canza almakashi. Mabuɗan suna haɗe da maɓallin ta hanyar filastik guda biyu waɗanda ke tsarke cikin yanayi mai kama da "almakashi", kuma a kama su da maɓallin da madannin. Har yanzu yana amfani da sandunan roba, amma inji na musamman 'almakashi' ya danganta keycap zuwa wani abin gogewa wanda ke lalata dome na roba tare da gajeren tafiya fiye da maɓallin dome na roba. Hakanan maɓallan almakashi mai sauya almakashi suna amfani da membrane membobin 3-a matsayin kayan lantarki na sauyawa. Hakanan galibi suna da ɗan gajeren tafiya mai nisa (2 mm maimakon 3.5 4 mm don daidaitaccen dome-canza makullin dubawa). Irin wannan maɓallan maɓallin ana samun su a kan maɓallan da aka gina akan kwamfutocin tafi-da-gidanka da maɓallan da aka tallata a matsayin 'ƙaramin martaba'. Waɗannan maɓallan suna gaba ɗaya shiru kuma maɓallan suna buƙatar ƙaramin ƙarfi don latsawa.
Maɓallin mabuɗin Scissor-sauya yawanci ya fi tsada. Suna da wahalar tsaftacewa (saboda iyakantaccen motsi na maɓallan da maɓallan haɗe-haɗe da yawa) amma kuma ba za su iya samun tarkace a cikinsu ba saboda rata tsakanin maɓallan galibi ƙananan ne (saboda babu buƙatar ƙarin ɗaki don ba da damar 'kunnawa' a cikin madannin, kamar yadda aka saba samu akan mabuɗin membrane).
Maɓallin Mai Kargo A cikin irin wannan madannin keyboard, latsa madanni yana canza ƙarfin abin kwalliyar. Samfurin ya ƙunshi gammarorin D-dimbin yawa na makunnin katun don kowane canji, an buga shi a kan allon zagaye (PCB) kuma an rufe ta da siririn fim mai narkewa wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai lantarki Duk da mahimmancin ra'ayi, tsarin canzawar ƙarfin yana da sauki a zahiri..Amman shikum mai motsi ya ƙare da wani lebur kumfa mai faɗi game da girman ƙaramar kwamfutar asfirin, an gama shi da takin aluminum Akasin sauyawa shine PCB tare da maɓallin kumburi. Lokacin da aka danna mabuɗin, sai a tsare sirrin ɗin ɗin a saman PCB, ya zama sarkar mai daisy na masu ƙarfi guda biyu tsakanin maɓallin tuntuɓar kanta da kanta ta rabu da mai baƙin ciki, kuma ta haka ne ya “gajerta” gammayen huɗɗar tare da sauƙin ganuwa mai saurin amsawa. tsakanin su. Yawancin lokaci wannan yana ba da izinin bugun jini don a ji daɗi. Saboda sauyawa ba shi da ainihin ma'amala da lantarki, babu tsinkayen dole. Mabuɗan ba sa buƙatar a danna su sosai don a motsa su, wanda ke ba wasu mutane damar buga sauri. Mai firikwensin ya ba da isasshen bayani game da matsayin maɓallin don bawa mai amfani damar daidaita batun motsawa (maɓallin kewayawa). Ana iya yin wannan daidaituwa tare da taimakon kayan haɗin software kuma daban-daban don kowane maɓalli, idan an aiwatar da haka. Maɓallin IBM sarrafaffe na F shine makullan maɓallin keɓaɓɓen wanda ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugar ruwan bazara a kan PCB mai aiki, daidai da maɓallin M Model na baya wanda yayi amfani da membrane a maimakon PCB.
Kamfanin da aka fi sani da fasaha mai sauyawa (electrostatic) shine Topre Corporation daga ƙasan Japan. Koyaya, yayin da aka siyar da samfuran su akan eBay, Amazon, da sauran shafukan tallata haj na yana gizo, galibi basu da yawa a manyan sassan duniya. Maɓallan maɓalli na Topre suna amfani da bazara ƙasa da dome na roba. Dome yana ba da yawancin ƙarfi wanda ke hana danna maɓallin, kama da mabuɗin maɓallin membrane, yayin bazara yana taimakawa tare da ɗaukar ƙarfin aiki.
Makullin makunnin inji Kowane maɓalli keɓaɓɓiyar maɓalli na ƙunshe da cikakken maɓalli a ƙasa. Kowane maɓallin canzawa yana ƙunshe da gidaje, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, da tushe, da kuma wasu lokuta wasu bangarorin kamar su ganye mai banbanci ko maɓallin kewayawa. Sauye-sauye sun zo a cikin bambance-bambancen guda uku: "linzami" tare da juriya daidai, "tactikal" tare da ciwan da ba a ji ba, da "danna" tare da duka karo da na sauraro. Dogaro da juriya na bazara, mabuɗin yana buƙatar matsin lamba da yawa don motsawa da zuwa ƙasa. Siffar tushe da ƙirar gidan sauyawa ya bambanta nisan motsawa da nisan tafiyar mai sauyawa. Za'a iya canza sautin ta farantin, harka, shafawa, har ma da maɓallan maɓalli. Makullin injina suna ba da damar cirewa da maye gurbin maɓallan maɓalli, amma maye gurbinsu ya fi zama gama gari tare da mabuɗin maɓallin keɓaɓɓe saboda yanayin fasali iri ɗaya
Maɓallin keɓaɓɓe yana da tsawon rai fiye da membrane ko maɓallan sauya-dome-switch. Cherry MX sauyawa, alal misali, suna da tsawon rayuwar da ake tsammani ana latsa miliyan 50 a kowane canji, yayin da masu sauyawa daga Razer suna da darajar rayuwa mai latsa miliyan 60 a kowane canji. Babban mai canzawa na inji wato (switch）a harshen turanci a yanzu shine Cherry Harfa na ilektirik, tsohon babban furodusa ne, ya ƙare samarwa a farkon a shekaran 2000, amma sauye sauyen Alps ana ci gaba da yin su ta wasu kamfanoni kamar su Matias, Xiang Min (XM), Tai-Hao (APC) da Hua-Jie (AK). Sauran masana'antun canza sheƙa sun haɗa da Gateron, Kaihua (Kailh), Gaote (Outemu), Greetech, TTC da Omron Mashigar Rubutu Mai Sprin
Yawancin masanan buga rubutu sun fi son bugawa maɓallan bazara. Hanyar bazara U.S. Patent 4,118,611 a saman canzawar shine ke da alhakin taɓawa da amsawar keyboard. Wannan inji yana sarrafa ƙaramar guduma wacce ta buge makunnin wuta ko membrane. In 1993, two years after spawning Lexmark, IBM transferred its keyboard operations to the daughter company. New Model M keyboards continued to be manufactured for IBM by Lexmark until 1999, when Unicomp purchased the keyboard technology.
Yau, Unicomp ne ke ƙera sabbin maɓallan buckling-spring. Unicomp kuma yana gyara tsofaffin mabuɗan IBM da Lexmark.
Maɓallin madannin Hall yana amfani da maganaɗisu da firikwensin tasirin Hall maimakon sauyawa tare da lambobin sadarwa na inji. Lokacin da maɓalli ke baƙin ciki, yana motsa maganaɗisu wanda mai auna sigar aiki ya gano shi. Saboda basa buƙatar tuntuɓar jiki don aiwatarwa, maɓallin Hall yana da matukar dogaro kuma yana iya karɓar miliyoyin maɓallan bugu kafin ya kasa. Ana amfani dasu don aikace-aikacen amintattu masu ƙarfi kamar su shuke-shuke da makamashin nukiliya, matukan jirgin sama, da mahalli masu masana'antu masu mahimmanci. A sauƙaƙe ana iya sanya su mara ruwa, kuma suna iya tsayayya da turɓaya da yawa. Saboda ana buƙatar maganaɗisu da firikwensin kowane maɓalli, da kuma kayan sarrafa lantarki na al'ada, suna da tsada don ƙera su.
Na'urar hangen nesa ta laser kusan girman linzamin kwamfuta na aiwatar da ƙididdigar maɓallan mabuɗi a saman shimfiɗe, kamar tebur. Wannan nau'ikan maɓallan maɓallin kewayawa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi da PDAs da wayoyin hannu, kuma yawancin samfuran suna da igiyoyi da za'a iya ja da su da kuma damar mara waya. Koyaya, rikicewar ko bazata na laser zai yi rijistar maɓallin keystroke maras so. Hakanan, idan matsalar aiki ta laser, gaba ɗayan rukunin ba su da amfani, saɓanin mabuɗan maɓallan al'ada waɗanda za a iya amfani da su koda kuwa an cire abubuwa da dama (kamar maɓallan maɓallin). Irin wannan nau'in madannin na iya zama abin takaici don amfani tunda yana da sauƙin kamuwa da kurakurai, koda a yayin rubutu na yau da kullun, kuma rashin cikakkiyar amsawar da zai iya sanya shi ma rashin sauƙin amfani da mai amfani da maɓallan maɓallin mafi ƙarancin inganci.
Maɓallin Mai Nadi Maballan da aka yi da sarrafaffen kasa wato silicone mai sauƙi ko kayan polyurethane za su iya birgima a cikin dam. Daidaita madannin keyboard na iya lalata layukan membrane na ciki. Lokacin da aka rufe su gaba ɗaya a cikin roba, suna da ƙarfin ruwa. Kamar maɓallan maɓallin membrane, an ba da rahoton cewa suna da matukar wahalar amfani da su, saboda babu ɗan ƙaramin bayani game da su, kuma silikan ɗin zai jawo hankalin datti, ƙura, da gashi.
Fasaha ta kimiyyar gani Haka ne kuma an san shi da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen hoto, maɓallin keɓaɓɓen haske, madannin hoto mai amfani da lantarki, da kuma fasahar gano maɓallin gani da ido.
Harley E. Kelchner ne ya gabatar da fasahar madannin gani da ido a shekarar 1962 don amfani dashi a cikin injin buga rubutu da nufin rage hayaniya da ke samarwa ta hanyar kunna madannin buga rubutu.
Fasaha mai amfani da faifan maɓalli tana amfani da na'urori masu fitar da haske da firikwensin hoto don gano maɓallan aiki da kyau. Mafi yawanci emitters da firikwensin suna a kewaye, an ɗora su akan ƙaramin PCB Ana nusar da haske daga gefe zuwa gefe na cikin madannin keyboard, kuma za'a iya toshe shi ta hanyar makullin da aka kunna. Yawancin maɓallan gani suna buƙatar aƙalla katako 2 (galibi katako a tsaye da katako a kwance) don tantance maɓallin kunnawa. Wasu mabuɗan maɓalli na gani suna amfani da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen maɓalli na musamman wanda ke toshe haske a cikin wani takamaiman tsari, yana ba da katako ɗaya kawai a kowane layi na maɓallan (galibi katako a kwance).
pHanyar maɓallin kewayawa mai sauƙi ne ana aika katako mai haske daga emitter zuwa firikwensin karɓa, kuma maɓallan maɓallin da aka kunna, suna nunawa, ƙyamar ko kuma ba haka ba suna hulɗa tare da katako, wanda ya haifar da maɓallin da aka gano.
Wasu maɓallan maɓallin gani na farko sun iyakance a tsarin su kuma suna buƙatar keɓewa ta musamman don toshe hasken waje, babu wani aiki mai maɓalli da yawa da aka tallafawa kuma ƙirar ta iyakance ga takaddun murabba'i mai kauri.
Fa'idodi da fasahar kidan kimiyyar gani ita ce cewa tana ba da faifan maɓalli na gaske, mai jure ƙura da ruwa; kuma yana amfani da kusan kashi 20% na PCB, idan aka kwatanta shi da membrane ko maɓallan sauya dome, yana rage ƙarancin lantarki Advantagesarin fa'idodi na fasahar keɓaɓɓiyar maɓallin kewayawa a kan sauran fasahohin keyboard kamar tasirin Hall, laser, mirginewa, da maɓallan mabuɗi suna kwance cikin farashi (Maɓallin tasirin Hall) da kuma jin fasahar makullin gani da ido ba ta buƙatar maɓallan maɓalli daban, da mahimmancin ji na buga rubutu ya kasance iri ɗaya sama da shekaru 60.
Ƙwararren maɓallin kewayawa na DataHand yana amfani da fasahar gani don fahimtar maɓallin kewayawa tare da katako mai haske da firikwensin ta kowane maɓalli. Ana riƙe mabuɗan a cikin wurin hutunsu ta maganaɗisu; lokacin da aka shawo kan ƙarfin maganaɗisu don danna maɓalli, ana buɗe hanyar gani kuma an yi rijistar maɓallin kewayawa.
Kashewa Lokacin da aka buge maɓalli, sai ya juya (ko ya yi bounces) ga abokan hulɗarsa sau da yawa kafin ya daidaita. Idan aka sake shi, sai ya sake juyawa har sai ya koma yadda yake. Kodayake hakan na faruwa ne a kan karamin sihiri wanda ba za a iya ganinsa ba ga idanuwa, amma ya isa ga kwamfutar ta yi rajistar bugun jini da yawa ba da gangan ba.
Don warware wannan matsalar, mai sarrafawa a cikin keyboard yana "ba da ma'anar" maɓallan, ta hanyar tattara su a kowane lokaci don samar da maɓallin keɓaɓɓen "tabbatacce" wanda (yawanci) ya dace da abin da galibi keɓaɓɓiyar lamba ce. Fuskokin maɓallan membrane na farko sun iyakance bugun bugawa saboda dole ne su yi rawar gani. Wannan matsala ce sananne akan ZX81 Mabuɗi Ana amfani da maɓallan maballi a kan maballan tafiye-tafiye na cikakken tafiya. Duk da yake madannan maballin zamani ana buga su sama-sama, ana kuma iya yin su da shuɗi biyu, za a iya buga laser, a buga sublimation, a zana su, ko kuma za a iya yin su da wani abu mai haske tare da abubuwan da aka saka a takarda.
Hakanan akwai maɓallan maɓalli waɗanda ƙananan bawo ne waɗanda aka sanya su a kan maɓallan tushe. Waɗannan an yi amfani da su a kan maballan PC na IBM.
Sauran sassan madannin PC Maballin PC na zamani kuma ya haɗa da mai sarrafa sarrafawa da fitilun nuna alama don ba da amsa ga mai amfani game da yanayin mboyar a ciki. Dogaro da wayewar shirye-shiryen mai sarrafawa, maballan na iya bayar da wasu fasaloli na musamman. Mai sarrafawa yawanci sau ɗaya cibiya 8048 microcontroller bambancin. Matatar sauya madannin keyboard tana da wayoyi ga abubuwan shigarta kuma tana aiwatar da maɓallan shigowa kuma tana aika sakamakon zuwa layin serial (maɓallin kebul) zuwa mai karɓar a cikin babban akwatin kwamfutar. Hakanan yana sarrafa hasken makullan makullin lambar kulle da ƙulli makulli fitilu.
Gwajin gama gari na ko kwamfutar ta faɗi tana danna maɓallin "makullin rufe". Maballin kewayawa yana aika lambar maɓallan zuwa direban keyboard da ke aiki a cikin babbar kwamfutar; idan babbar kwamfutar tana aiki, tana umartar haske da ya kunna. Duk sauran fitilun fitilun suna aiki iri ɗaya. Direban faifan ma yana bin sauyin motsi, alt da yanayin sarrafawa na maballin.
Matattarar sauya mashigar rubutu na komputa Maballin sauyawa na maɓallin keyboard ana zana shi sau da yawa tare da wayoyi masu kwance da wayoyi na tsaye a cikin layin wutar lantarki wanda ake kira matrix circuit Yana da maballin sauyawa a wasu ko duk hanyoyin tsinkaya, da yawa kamar nuni mai yawa. Kusan dukkan maɓallan maɓallan suna da maɓalli a kowane mahadar, wanda ke haifar da "maɓallan fatalwa" da "maɓallin kewayawa" yayin da aka danna maɓallan da yawa mirginewa Tabbas, galibi yafi tsada, mabuɗan maɓallan suna da diode tsakanin kowane mahaɗan, yana barin maɓallin microcontroller ya iya fahimtar kowane maɓallan maɓallan lokaci ɗaya ana matsewa, ba tare da ƙirƙirar maɓallan fatalwa ba.
Duba kuma Jerin madannai na inji
Tsaran faifan maɓalli
AZERTY
QWERTY
QWERTZ
Taswirar faifan maɓalli
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed |
20080 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halin%20Yanayin%20Ireland | Halin Yanayin Ireland | Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland, wanda aka sani da Halin Yanayin Ireland, yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish. A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Kasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Koli ta umarci gwamnati da ta kirkiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015.
Bayan fage Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017. Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na kasa). Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa".
A cikin 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa". Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050. Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba.
Kungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland. FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi. An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000.
Babban Kotun A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar Paris don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada.
Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki.
Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema.
Kotun Koli Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin.
Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya. An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020.
Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015.
Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba. Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015. Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba.
Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba.
Amsawa An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland" kuma "lokacin ruwa". Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.
Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki".
Tasiri Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi. Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka. Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa. Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi".
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24808 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20J.%20Ward | T. J. Ward | Terrell Ray "TJ" Ward Jr. (an haife shi a watan 12 Disamba 1986) tsohon amintaccen ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka wanda ya buga wasanni takwas a cikin National Football League (NFL). Ya buga ƙwallon kwaleji a Oregon kuma Cleveland Browns ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na biyu na 2010 NFL Draft Ward kuma ya buga wa Denver Broncos, wanda ya ci Super Bowl 50 Shekarun farko Ward ya buga ƙwallon makarantar sakandare a gidan wutar lantarki na De La Salle yayin nasarar cin wasanni 151. Raunin da ya samu a farkon shekarun sa ya hana masu duba da yawa, wanda ya kai shi ga tafiya tare da Ducks na Oregon. Bai hau kan sahun farko ba har zuwa babban shekarar sa saboda hazaƙar da ke cikin ƙungiyar
Sana'ar sana'a
Cleveland Browns Cleveland Browns ya zaɓi Ward a zagaye na biyu (38th overall) na 2010 NFL Draft Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rookie na shekaru huɗu, darajan dalar 4.02, a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, 2010. A duk sansanin horarwa, Ward ya fafata da Mike Adams don zama farkon farawa kyauta. Babban kocin Eric Mangini ya sanya wa Ward suna zaman lafiya na farawa don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. Ya fara tare da aminci mai ƙarfi Abram Elam Ya sanya ƙwararren masani na farko a cikin farawar kakar Cleveland Browns a Tampa Bay Buccaneers kuma ya yi rikodin 11 haɗe-haɗe (solo takwas) yayin asarar 17-14. A ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, 2010, Ward ya yi rikodin tara guda tara yayin nasarar Browns 23-20 akan Cincinnati Bengals a Makon 4. A cikin kwata na huɗu, an hukunta Ward saboda isar da bugun zuwa ga babban mai karɓar Bengals Jordan Shipley An kori Shipley daga filin kuma an gano yana da rauni. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, 2010, ƙungiyar ta ba Ward tarar 15,000 saboda bugun da ya jawo hankalin ƙasa kuma aka yi ta suka. A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, 2010, Ward ya yi wasan solo guda biyar, karkacewar wucewa guda biyu, kuma ya katse wucewa biyu yayin asarar 24-20 a Jacksonville Jaguars a Makon 11. Ward ya fara yin kutse na farko a ƙoƙarin wucewa ta hannun ɗan wasan baya David Garrard, wanda aka yi niyya da farko don mai karɓar Mike Thomas, kuma ya mayar da ita don samun yadi 16 a cikin kwata na uku. A cikin Makon 14, ya tattara manyan haɗe-haɗe 12 na kakar wasa (solo goma) yayin asarar 13-6 a Buffalo Bills Ya fara duk wasannin 16 a matsayin rookie a cikin 2010 kuma ya yi rikodin 123 haɗe -haɗe (solo 95), karkacewar wucewa guda goma, tsattsauran ra'ayi guda biyu, da kuma tilastawa guda.
2011 A ranar 4 ga watan Janairu, 2011, Cleveland Browns ta ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar korar kocinta Eric Mangini bayan sun gama da rikodin 5-11 a 2010. Cleveland Browns sun yi hayar Pat Shurmur a matsayin sabon kocin su kuma sun yi hayar Dick Jauron don maye gurbin Rob Ryan a matsayin mai kula da tsaro. Babban kocin Pat Shurmur ya sanya wa Ward suna amintaccen tsaro don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, tare da aminci Usama Young A cikin Makon 6, Ward ya tattara manyan haɗe-haɗe guda takwas na haɗe-haɗe a cikin asarar Browns '24-17 a Oakland Raiders A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2011, Ward ya yi fafutuka guda bakwai, ya ɓata faski, kuma ya yi buhun aikinsa na farko a lokacin cin 6-3 da Seattle Seahawks a Makon 7. Ward ya yi buhun aikinsa na farko a kan Seahawks 'quarterback Charlie Whitehurst don asarar yadi takwas a cikin kwata na biyu. A watan Nuwamba 6, 2011, Ward ya murƙushe ƙafarsa yayin raunin 30-12 a Houston Texans a Makon 9 kuma bai yi aiki ba don wasanni shida na gaba (Makonni 10-15). A ranar 22 ga watan Disamba, 2011, Cleveland Browns bisa hukuma ya sanya Ward kan ajiyar da aka ji rauni. Ya gama kakar tare da haɗe -haɗe 39 (28 solo), karkacewar wucewa uku, da buhu ɗaya a cikin wasanni takwas da farawa takwas.
2012 Ward ya ci gaba da matsayin sa a matsayin farkon aminci mai ƙarfi a cikin shekarar 2012 kuma ya fara kakar tare da fara aminci Eric Hagg A cikin Makon 2, ya tattara tara-haɗe guda tara na haɗe-haɗe a lokacin asarar 34-27 a Cincinnati Bengals A ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, 2012, Cleveland Browns ya sanya Ward a wurin ajiyar rauni saboda raunin gwiwa. Ward ya gama kakar 2012 NFL tare da haɗe -haɗe guda 68 (solo 50), karkacewar fasinjoji huɗu, fashewar tilastawa uku, buhu ɗaya, da tsoma baki ɗaya a cikin wasanni 15 da farawa 15. A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba, 2012, Cleveland Browns ta ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar korar kocinta Pat Shurmur da babban manaja Tom Heckert bayan kammalawa da rikodin 5-11.
2013 A ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2013, Cleveland Browns ya yi hayar mai kula da ayyukan Carolina Panthers Rob Chudzinski don zama sabon kocin su. Mai kula da harkokin tsaro Ray Horton ya riƙe Ward a matsayin farkon tsaro mai ƙarfi. Ward ya fara tare da farawa lafiya Tashaun Gipson A ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba, 2013, Ward ya yi fafutuka guda biyar, ya karkatar da wucewa, kuma ya dawo da kutse don fara taɓa aikinsa yayin nasarar 37-24 akan Buffalo Bills a Mako na 5. Ward ya katange wata izinin wucewa ta hannun 'yar wasan baya Jeff Tuel, wanda aka yi niyya ga mai karɓar Robert Woods mai yawa, kuma ya mayar da ita don tazarar yadi 44 a cikin kwata na huɗu. A cikin Makona 7, ya tattara manyan haɗe-haɗe 11 na kakar wasa (solo tara) yayin asarar 31-13 a Green Bay Packers A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 2013, Ward ya yi fafutuka guda tara, ya karkatar da wucewa, kuma ya dawo da murmurewa don taɓawa yayin asarar 38-31 akan Chicago Bears a Makona 15. Ward ya dawo da rudani ta ƙarshen Bears Martellus Bennett, wanda abokin aikin sa Billy Winn ya tilasta shi, kuma ya mayar da ita don tazarar yadi 51 a cikin kwata na uku. Ya fara a duk wasannin 16 a cikin 2013 kuma ya yi 112 haɗe -haɗe (75 solo), karkacewar wucewa guda biyar, tsoma baki biyu, da buhu 1.5.
Denver Broncos A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, 2014, Ward ya sanya hannu tare da Denver Broncos a kan kwangilar shekaru huɗu, dala miliyan 23. A ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, ya sami tafiya ta biyu a jere zuwa Pro Bowl.
Ward yana da fakitoci 61, buhu biyu, fashewar tilastawa biyu, da wucewa shida da aka kare a kakar shekarar 2015 NFL. Broncos sun gama da tsaron #1 da rikodin 12-4. A cikin Rukunin Rarrabawa da Pittsburgh Steelers, Ward ya yi rikodin abubuwa guda huɗu a cikin nasarar 23 16. A wasan Gasar AFC da New England Patriots, Ward yana da tawa shida kafin ya bar wasan da raunin idon sawu kuma bai dawo ba. Broncos daga baya ya ci gaba da lashe wasan 20 18. Ward ya dawo don yin wasa a nasarar Broncos 24 10 a Super Bowl 50 akan Carolina Panthers, inda ya yi rikodin takunkumi guda bakwai, kariya ta wucewa, murmushin fumble, da tsoma baki. Abokan wasansa sun kasance a matsayi na 68th akan manyan 'yan wasan NFL na 100 na 2016 A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, 2017, Broncos ta sake Ward.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba, 2017, Ward ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda da darajan 5 miliyan tare da Tampa Bay Buccaneers Cardinals na Arizona A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, 2020, an rattaba hannu kan Ward zuwa ƙungiyar horar da Cardinals na Arizona bayan ficewa daga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin yanayi biyu na baya. An sake shi ranar 20 ga Oktoba Ward ya sanar da yin ritaya a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, 2021.
Rayuwar mutum Ward shine babban ɗan'uwan tsohon Atlanta Falcons wanda ke gudu Terron Ward Duba kuma Babu Yankin tashi
Tashar yanar gizon
Denver Broncos tarihin rayuwa Tarihin Cleveland Browns Oregon Ducks bio
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Haifaffun |
28607 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20daji%20na%20prostate | Ciwon daji na prostate | Ciwon daji na prostate shine ci gaban kansa a cikin prostate, gland a cikin tsarin haihuwa na namiji. Yawancin ciwon daji na prostate suna jinkirin girma; duk da haka kuma, wasu suna girma da sauri. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na iya yaduwa daga prostate zuwa wasu sassan jiki, musamman kasusuwa da ƙwayoyin lymph. Yana iya da farko ya haifar da babu alamun. A mataki na gaba, yana iya haifar da wahalar fitsari, jini a cikin fitsari ko jin zafi a ƙashin ƙugu, baya, ko lokacin fitsari. Cutar da aka sani da hyperplasia na prostatic na iya haifar da irin wannan alamun. Sauran alamomin marigayi na iya haɗawa da jin gajiya saboda ƙarancin matakan jajayen ƙwayoyin jini.
Abubuwan da ke ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar prostate sun haɗa da tsufa, tarihin iyali na cutar, da launin fata. Kimanin kashi 99% na lokuta suna faruwa a cikin maza fiye da shekaru 50. Samun dangi na farko tare da cutar yana kara haɗarin sau biyu zuwa uku. Sauran abubuwan da ka iya haɗawa sun haɗa da abinci mai yawa na nama da aka sarrafa, jan nama ko madara ko ƙarancin wasu kayan lambu. An sami haɗin gwiwa tare da gonorrhea, amma ba a gano dalilin wannan dangantaka ba. Haɗarin haɓaka yana haɗuwa da maye gurbin BRCA. Ana gano kansar prostate ta hanyar biopsy. Ana iya yin hoton likita don sanin ko ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki.
Binciken kansar prostate yana da cece-kuce. Gwajin takamaiman antigen na Prostate (PSA) yana ƙara gano cutar kansa, amma yana da rigima game da ko yana inganta sakamako. Ana ba da shawarar shawarar yanke shawara idan aka zo batun tantancewa tsakanin waɗanda ke da shekaru 55 zuwa 69. Gwaji, idan an yi shi, ya fi dacewa a cikin waɗanda ke da tsawon rai. Duk da yake masu hana 5a-reductase suna bayyana don rage ƙananan haɗarin ciwon daji, ba su shafar haɗarin ciwon daji mai girma kuma don haka ba a ba da shawarar yin rigakafi ba. Ƙarawa tare da bitamin ko ma'adanai ba ya bayyana yana tasiri ga hadarin.
Yawancin lokuta ana sarrafa su tare da sa ido mai aiki ko jira a hankali. Wasu jiyya na iya haɗawa da haɗin tiyata, maganin radiation, maganin hormone ko chemotherapy. Lokacin da kawai ya faru a cikin prostate, ana iya warkewa. A cikin wadanda cutar ta yada zuwa kasusuwa, magungunan ciwo, bisphosphonates da maganin da aka yi niyya, da sauransu, na iya zama da amfani. Sakamakon ya dogara ne akan shekarun mutum da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya da kuma yadda ciwon daji ke da yawa. Yawancin maza masu fama da cutar kansar prostate ba sa mutuwa daga cutar. Adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 a Amurka shine 98%.
A duniya baki daya, ita ce nau'in ciwon daji na biyu mafi yawa kuma na biyar kan haddasa mutuwar masu alaka da cutar daji a cikin maza. A cikin 2018, ya faru a cikin maza miliyan 1.2 kuma ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar 359,000. Ita ce cutar sankara mafi yawa a cikin maza a cikin kasashe 84, wanda ya fi faruwa a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Ƙididdigar ƙima na karuwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Gano ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 1980s da 1990s a wurare da yawa saboda ƙarin gwajin PSA. Nazarin mazan da suka mutu daga abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa sun sami ciwon daji na prostate a cikin 30% zuwa 70% na waɗanda suka wuce shekaru 60.
Alamomi da alamomi Ciwon daji na prostate na farko yawanci ba shi da bayyanar cututtuka. Lokacin da suka bayyana, sau da yawa suna kama da na prostate hyperplasia mara kyau Wadannan sun hada da yawan fitsari, nocturia (yawan fitsari da daddare), wahalar farawa da kiyaye tsayayyen fitsari, hematuria (jini a cikin fitsari), dysuria (fitsari mai zafi) da gajiya saboda anemia, da ciwon kashi. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na marasa lafiya da aka gano suna da ɗaya ko fiye da irin waɗannan alamun.
Ciwon daji na prostate yana da alaƙa da tabarbarewar fitsari kamar yadda glandan prostate ke kewaye da urethra na prostate Canje-canje a cikin gland yana shafar aikin fitsari kai tsaye. Saboda vas deferens yana sanya ruwan jima'i a cikin urethra na prostate, kuma ɓoye daga prostate yana cikin abun ciki na maniyyi, ciwon gurguwar prostate yana iya haifar da matsala tare da aikin jima'i da aiki, kamar wahalar samun haɓaka ko fitar maniyyi mai raɗaɗi. Metastatic ciwon daji na prostate zai iya haifar da ƙarin bayyanar cututtuka. Alamar da aka fi sani shine ciwon kashi, sau da yawa a cikin kashin baya (kasusuwa na kashin baya), ƙashin ƙugu, ko haƙarƙari Yaduwar ciwon daji zuwa wasu kasusuwa kamar femur yawanci zuwa sashin kashi kusa da prostate Ciwon daji na prostate a cikin kashin baya zai iya damfara kashin baya, haifar da tingling, rauni na ƙafafu, da rashin daidaituwa na fitsari da kuma najasa Abubuwan haɗari Abubuwan haɗari na farko sune kiba, shekaru, da tarihin iyali. An gano cewa maza masu kiba suna da kashi 34 cikin dari mafi girma daga cutar sankara ta prostate fiye da waɗanda ke da nauyin al'ada. Ciwon daji na prostate ba sabon abu bane a cikin maza masu kasa da 45, amma ya zama ruwan dare tare da tsufa. Matsakaicin shekaru a lokacin ganewar asali shine 70. Binciken gawarwaki na mutanen Sinawa, Jamusanci, Isra'ila, Jamaica, Sweden, da Ugandan da suka mutu sakamakon wasu dalilai sun sami kansar prostate a cikin kashi 30% na maza masu shekaru 50, kuma a cikin 80% na maza masu shekaru 70.
Maza masu hawan jini sun fi kamuwa da ciwon daji na prostate. Ƙananan haɓakar haɗari yana haɗuwa da rashin motsa jiki. Matakan testosterone na jini na iya ƙara haɗari.
Genetics Genetics na iya shafar haɗari, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyi tare da kabilanci, iyali, da takamaiman bambance-bambancen jinsi suka ba da shawara. Maza da ke da dangi na farko (mahai ko ɗan'uwa) tare da ciwon daji na prostate suna da haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon gurguwar prostate sau biyu, kuma waɗanda ke da dangi biyu na farko da abin ya shafa suna da haɗarin ninka sau biyar idan aka kwatanta da maza marasa tarihin iyali. Wannan haɗarin ya bayyana ya fi girma ga maza da ɗan'uwan da abin ya shafa fiye da waɗanda ke da uban da abin ya shafa. A Amurka, cutar sankara ta prostate ta fi kamuwa da bakar fata fiye da farare ko mutanen Hispanic, kuma ta fi kashe mutane bakaken fata. Sabanin haka, yawan abubuwan da suka faru da mace-mace ga mazajen Hispanic sun kasance kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasa fiye da na fararen fata waɗanda ba Hispanic ba. Nazarin tagwaye a Scandinavia sun nuna cewa kashi 40 cikin 100 na haɗarin cutar kansar prostate ana iya bayyana su ta hanyar abubuwan da aka gada Yawancin kwayoyin halitta suna shiga cikin ciwon daji na prostate. Maye gurbi a cikin BRCA1 da BRCA2 (muhimman abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na ovarian da ciwon nono a cikin mata) an haɗa su. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da geneditary prostate cancer gene 1 HPC1 da androgen receptor, da kuma mai karɓar bitamin D. TMPRSS2 ETS gene iyali Fusion, musamman TMPRSS2- ERG ko TMPRSS2- ETV1 4 inganta ciwon daji cell girma. Wadannan fusions na iya tasowa ta hanyar sarƙoƙi na sake tsarawa da ake kira chromoplexy Biyu manyan nazarin ƙungiyoyin genome-fadi sun haɗu da polymorphisms guda-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) zuwa ciwon daji na prostate a 2008. Waɗannan binciken sun gano SNPs masu dacewa da yawa. Misali, mutanen da ke da nau'in TT allele a SNP rs10993994 an ba da rahoton cewa suna cikin haɗarin sau 1.6 mafi girma fiye da waɗanda ke da nau'in CC allele. Wannan SNP yana bayyana wani ɓangare na ƙarin haɗarin da Amirkawa-Amurka ke fuskanta. C allele ya fi yawa a cikin na ƙarshe; wannan SNP yana cikin yankin mai gabatarwa na kwayar halittar MSMB, don haka yana rinjayar adadin furotin MSMB da aka haɗa da ɓoye ta ƙwayoyin epithelial na prostate.
Yayin da aka gudanar da ƙananan binciken da aka yi la'akari da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankarar prostate mai tsanani, wani binciken haɗin gwiwar genome-wide (GWAS) na 12,518 ciwon daji na prostate ya gano loci biyu da ke hade da babban Gleason jimlar, SNP rs78943174 mafi kusa da gene NAALADL2 da SNP. rs35148638 kusa da RASA1 Abincin abinci An gano cin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ba su da fa'ida kaɗan. Wasu nazarin sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan cin nama yana da alaƙa da haɗari mafi girma. Shan madara na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da kansar prostate. Wani bita na tsari na 2020 ya gano sakamakon kan shan madara da cutar kansar prostate bai cika ba amma ya bayyana cewa mutanen da ke da haɗari mafi girma na iya rage ko kawar da madara. Wani bayyani na shekarar 2019 ya bayyana cewa shaidar da ta danganta madara da yawan ciwon daji na prostate bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba. Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2021 daga Japan yana duban maza 26,464 ya gano cewa shan madara ya kara barazanar kamuwa da cutar sankara ta prostate da kashi 37%.
Ƙananan matakan bitamin D na iya ƙara haɗari. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken bai sami wani tasiri na kariyar folic acid akan haɗari ba.
Bayyanar magani An kafa wasu hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ciwon daji na prostate da magunguna, hanyoyin likita, da yanayin likita. Statins na iya rage haɗari.
Kamuwa da cuta Prostatitis kamuwa da cuta ko kumburi na iya ƙara haɗari. Musamman, kamuwa da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i Chlamydia, gonorrhea, ko syphilis yana da alama yana ƙara haɗari. An ba da shawarar kwayar cutar papilloma don samun rawar da za ta taka, amma tun daga 2015, shaidar ba ta cika ba; kamar na 2018, an yi muhawara game da haɗarin haɗari.
Muhalli Tsohon sojan Amurka wadanda aka fallasa ga Agent Orange sun sami karuwar 48% na haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar prostate bayan tiyata.
Jima'i Ko da yake wasu shaidu daga binciken ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa na nuna cewa yawan maniyyi na iya rage haɗarin ciwon gurguwar prostate, ba wani gwajin da aka sarrafa ba ya ruwaito wannan fa'ida. An sami wata ƙungiya tsakanin vasectomy da ciwon gurguwar prostate, amma ba'a kafa dalili ba.
Pathophysiology Prostate wani bangare ne na tsarin haihuwa na namiji wanda ke taimakawa wajen yin da kuma adana ruwan sha A cikin manya maza, prostate na yau da kullun yana kusan 3 cm tsayi kuma yayi kimanin 20 g. Yana cikin ƙashin ƙugu, ƙarƙashin mafitsara na fitsari da kuma gaban dubura Prostate yana kewaye wani yanki na urethra, bututun da ke ɗaukar fitsari daga mafitsara yayin fitsari da maniyyi yayin fitar maniyyi Prostate yana ƙunshe da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa waɗanda ke yin kusan kashi 20% na ruwan da ya zama maniyyi Fiye da haka, gindin prostate yana haɗuwa tare da hanyar mafitsara. A mafi ƙanƙanta, koli na prostate yana kaiwa zuwa ga diaphragm na urogenital, wanda aka nuna a baya-ƙananan. Za a iya raba prostate zuwa wurare huɗu na jiki: na gefe, na tsakiya, na tsaka-tsaki, da kuma fibromuscular stroma na gaba. Wurin da ke gefen ya ƙunshi ɓangarori na baya da na gefe na prostate, da kuma ƙananan sassan prostate. Wurin tsakiya ya ƙunshi mafi girman ɓangaren prostate ciki har da mafi kusancin bangarorin urethra da wuyan mafitsara. Wurin juzu'i yana gaban tsakiyar sararin samaniya kuma ya haɗa da nisa daga urethra zuwa tsakiyar urethra. Hanyar daurewar jijiyoyin jini tare da saman prostate na baya kuma yana shiga cikin capsule na prostatic a can kuma.
Yawancin nau'in glandular ana samun su a cikin yankuna na tsakiya da na tsakiya (yankin gefe: 70-80% na nama na glandular; yankin tsakiya: 20% na nama na glandular). Ana samun wasu a cikin sararin tsaka-tsaki (5% na nama na glandular). Don haka, yawancin ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga nama na glandular ana samun su a wurare na gefe da na tsakiya, yayin da kusan kashi 5% ana samun su a sararin tsaka-tsakin. Babu wani abu da aka samo a cikin fibromuscular stroma na baya tun da babu glandan da ke cikin wannan sararin samaniya.
Glandar prostate suna buƙatar hormones na maza, wanda aka sani da androgens, don yin aiki da kyau. Androgens sun hada da testosterone, wanda aka yi a cikin gwaje- gwaje dehydroepiandrosterone, sanya a cikin adrenal gland da dihydrotestosterone, wanda aka canza daga testosterone a cikin prostate kanta. Androgens kuma suna da alhakin halayen halayen jima'i na biyu kamar gashin fuska da ƙara yawan ƙwayar tsoka.
Saboda wurin wurin prostate, cututtukan prostate sukan shafi fitsari, fitar maniyyi, da kuma rashin bayan gida A cikin ciwon daji na prostate, ƙwayoyin waɗannan gland suna canzawa zuwa ƙwayoyin kansa.
Yawancin ciwon daji na prostate ana rarraba su a matsayin adenocarcinomas, ko ciwon daji na glandular, wanda ke farawa lokacin da kwayoyin glandular masu ɓoye maniyyi suka canza zuwa kwayoyin cutar kansa. Yankin glandan prostate inda adenocarcinoma ya fi kowa shine yankin na gefe. Da farko, ƙananan ƙumburi na ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna kasancewa a cikin in ba haka ba glandan prostate na yau da kullun, yanayin da aka sani da carcinoma a wurin ko prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Kodayake babu wata hujja da ta tabbatar da cewa PIN shine farkon ciwon daji, yana da alaƙa da kansa sosai. Bayan lokaci, waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna haɓaka kuma suna bazuwa zuwa ƙwayoyin prostate da ke kewaye stroma suna samar da ƙari A ƙarshe, ƙwayar cuta na iya girma girma isa ya mamaye gabobin da ke kusa da su kamar ƙwayoyin jini na jini ko dubura, ko ƙwayoyin tumo na iya haɓaka ikon yin tafiya a cikin jini da tsarin lymphatic Ana ɗaukar ciwon daji na prostate a matsayin mummunan ƙari saboda yana iya mamaye wasu sassan jiki. Ana kiran wannan mamayewar metastasis Ciwon daji na prostate ya fi ƙaura zuwa ƙasusuwa da nodes na lymph, kuma yana iya mamaye dubura, mafitsara, da ƙananan ureters bayan ci gaban gida. Ana tunanin hanyar metastasis zuwa kashi venous ne, kamar yadda prostatic venous plexus yana zubar da prostate yana haɗuwa da veins na kashin baya.
Prostate wata kwayar halitta ce mai tara zinc, mai samar da citrate Sufurin gina jiki ZIP1 ne ke da alhakin jigilar zinc cikin ƙwayoyin prostate. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyuka na zinc shine canza canjin tantanin halitta don samar da citrate, muhimmin bangaren maniyyi. Tsarin tarawa na zinc, sauye-sauye na metabolism, da samar da citrate ba makamashi ba ne, kuma kwayoyin prostate suna buƙatar makamashi mai yawa ATP don cim ma wannan aikin. Kwayoyin cutar kansar prostate gabaɗaya ba su da zinc. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na Prostate suna adana kuzari ta hanyar rashin yin citrate, kuma suna amfani da makamashin da aka adana don girma, haifuwa da yadawa.
Ana tunanin rashin zinc yana faruwa ta hanyar yin shiru da kwayar halittar da ke samar da ZIP1. Ana kiransa samfurin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta don kwayar halitta SLC39A1 Ba a san dalilin yin shiru na epigenetic ba. Dabarun da ke jigilar zinc zuwa ƙwayoyin prostate da suka canza yadda ya kamata suna kawar da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin dabbobi. Zinc yana hana hanyoyin B, yana hana haɓakawa, kuma yana haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da kyau. Abin baƙin ciki shine, shigar da baki na zinc ba shi da tasiri tun da yawan adadin zinc a cikin ƙwayoyin prostate ba zai yiwu ba sai da ZIP1. Asarar kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji, da farko a cikin carcinogenesis na prostate, an sanya su zuwa chromosomes 8p, 10q, 13q, da 16q Maye gurbi na P53 a cikin ciwon daji na prostate na farko yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi kuma ana yawan gani akai-akai a cikin saitunan metastatic, saboda haka, maye gurbi na p53 wani lamari ne na marigayi a cikin ilimin cututtuka. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da ke hana ciwace-ciwace da ake tunanin za su taka rawa sun hada da PTEN da KAI1 "Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na maza masu fama da cutar kansar prostate sun rasa kwafin kwayar halittar PTEN guda daya a lokacin da aka gano cutar." An kuma lura da mitar asarar E-cadherin da CD44 Asarar furotin na retinoblastoma (RB) yana haifar da raguwar masu karɓar mai karɓa na androgen a cikin ciwon gurguwar ƙwayar cuta mai jurewa ta hanyar rage furucin E2F1 Abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban cuta da tsinkayen asibiti sun kasance a ɗan fahimta kaɗan kawai amma an gano nau'ikan abubuwan tantance ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda da alama suna da hannu. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan na iya zama tyrosine phosphatase ACP1 wanda furucin zai iya fin karfin tsarin Gleason don tsinkayar cutar. Sauran kwayoyin da aka gano sun haɗa da nau'in rubutun RUNX2 wanda zai iya hana kwayoyin cutar kansa daga yin apoptosis, PI3k/Akt mai siginar sigina tare da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar beta SMAD siginar cascade wanda kuma yana kare kariya daga apoptosis. An inganta Pim-1 a cikin ciwon daji na prostate. X-linked inhibitor na apoptosis XIAP an yi la'akari da shi don inganta rayuwa da ci gaban ciwon daji, cytokine-1 (MIC-1) mai hanawa Macrophage wanda ke ƙarfafa hanyar adhesion kinase (FAK) mai mahimmanci. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a faɗi cewa abubuwan da ke tabbatar da dalilin da yasa wasu marasa lafiya ke fama da rashin lafiya yayin da sauran tsinkayen nunin sun kasance a ɓoye.
Mai karɓar androgen yana taimakawa ƙwayoyin kansa don tsira. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) yana ƙarfafa ci gaban kansa ta hanyar haɓaka matakan folate, yana taimakawa ƙwayoyin kansa su rayu da girma; yana ƙara yawan folates don amfani ta hanyar hydrolyzing folates glutamated.
Bincike Matsayin Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka game da gano wuri ta gwajin PSA shine:Har yanzu bincike bai tabbatar da cewa yuwuwar amfanin gwaji ya fi illar gwaji da magani ba. Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata a gwada maza ba tare da koyo game da abin da muka sani ba kuma ba mu sani ba game da haɗari da yiwuwar amfani da gwaji da magani. Tun yana da shekaru 50, (45 idan Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka ko ɗan'uwa ko uba ya sha wahala daga yanayin kafin shekaru 65) yi magana da likitan ku game da ribobi da fursunoni na gwaji don ku iya yanke shawara idan gwajin shine zaɓin da ya dace a gare ku.Ana iya amfani da wasu gwaje-gwaje da yawa don tattara bayanai game da prostate da kuma urinary fili. Binciken duburar dijital na iya ƙyale likita ya gano rashin daidaituwa na prostate. Cystoscopy yana nuna hanyar fitsari daga cikin mafitsara, ta yin amfani da siriri, bututun kyamara mai sassauƙa da aka saka a cikin urethra Ultrasonography na transrectal yana haifar da hoto na prostate ta amfani da raƙuman sauti daga bincike a cikin dubura, amma kawai gwajin da zai iya tabbatar da cikakken ganewar ciwon daji na prostate shine biopsy, cire ƙananan ƙwayar prostate don nazarin microscopic.
Hoto Duban dan tayi da magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) su ne manyan hanyoyin hoto guda biyu da ake amfani da su don gano kansar prostate.
MRI
Bayyanar prostate akan MRI A kan MRI, yankuna na tsakiya da na tsaka-tsaki duka suna da ƙananan siginar T2 fiye da yanki na gefe. Tun da yankunan tsakiya da na tsaka-tsaki ba za a iya bambanta da juna ba, za a iya kwatanta su da kyau a matsayin ƙwayar tsakiya a kan MRI. Don haka, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta tana da sigina mafi girma akan T2WI fiye da gland na tsakiya. A cikin gland shine ciwon daji na prostate yana bayyana azaman rauni mai rauni Duk da haka, a cikin ƙananan ƙwayar cuta, ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba za a iya bambanta su da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayar cuta ba. Ƙuntatawar yaduwa yana da kayan aiki don ganowa da kuma kwatanta raunuka na tsakiya. Haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-nauyin (DW) hoto da ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka-madaidaicin MRI don bambance m daga raunin prostate mara kyau za a iya amfani da su. Hotunan da aka haɗe, na DW da MRI tare da haɓaka bambanci mai ƙarfi, na iya hango wuraren da ke da ƙananan sigina da tasirin wankewa da sauri halayyar carcinomas. Ana iya ganin Lymphadenopathy mafi kyau akan postcontrast, T1WI mai kitse. Ana iya kwatanta wasu yankuna akan MRI. Ƙwararrun fibromuscular na baya da ƙwayar prostate tare da prostate na baya da na gefe suna da ƙananan siginar T2WI, sabanin siginar haske na yanki na gefe. Za'a iya ganin tsawaitawar prostatic tare da rushewar ingancin capsule.
MRI don gano ciwon daji na prostate Tun daga shekara ta 2011, an yi amfani da MRI don gano maƙasudi don biopsy na prostate ta amfani da MRI fusion tare da duban dan tayi (US) ko Jagorar MRI kadai. MRI kadai zai gano daidai kashi 91 cikin dari na maza masu fama da cutar sankarar prostate a asibiti amma zai yi kuskuren rarraba kashi 63 cikin dari na maza masu hadarin kamuwa da ciwon gurguwar prostate kamar ciwon daji na prostate. Wani biopsy da aka yi niyya na MRI zai gano daidai kashi 80 cikin 100 na maza masu ciwon prostate. Koyaya, zai rarraba kashi 6% na maza masu haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar prostate a matsayin suna da cutar kansar prostate a asibiti. An nuna alamun ciwon daji maras muhimmanci a asibiti lokacin da aka haɗu da kwayar cutar ta MRI tare da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta ga maza tare da sakamako mai kyau akan MRI, idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun hanyar biopsy.
Bayan MRI, yankuna masu sha'awa a cikin binciken wanda zai iya zama ciwon daji ana yawan ƙididdige su akan ma'auni tsakanin 1 da 5. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ma'auni shine prostate Hoto-reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) ma'auni wanda ke bayyana ma'auni na sabis na asibiti don multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), ciki har da ƙirƙirar hoto da rahoto. Maki na PI-RADS sigar 2 ya nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙima da azanci na 73% da 95%, bi da bi, don gano kansar prostate.
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da MRI don yanke shawarar ko za a yi biopsy a cikin maza da suka rigaya sun rigaya, yana da 5% mafi kusantar yin ganewar asali fiye da daidaitattun kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da 12% mafi kusantar zama daidai ga maza waɗanda zasu iya ko. maiyuwa ba a sami riga-kafin biopsy ba. A cikin mazan da suka sami biopsy mara kyau, wannan haɗin yana da 44% mafi kusantar haifar da ganewar asali.
Manazarta Translated from MDWiki
Cutar |
19828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C6%99ago | Saƙago | Saƙaƙo ko Mutum-mutumi inji ne wanda zai iya motsawa kuma ya yi wasu ayyuka.
Butun-butumi na aiki da kwamfuta da lantarki. Mutane na iya sarrafa su kai tsaye. Wataƙila an tsara su don su yi kama da mutane, a cikin yanayin halayen su na iya ba da shawarar hankali ko tunani amma ba su da ji. Yawancin saƙaƙo suna yin takamaiman aiki, kuma ba koyaushe suke zama kamar mutane ba. Suna iya zuwa ta siffofi da yawa. A cikin almara, duk da haka, mutummutumi galibi suna kama da mutane, kuma suna da rayukansu. Akwai littattafai da yawa, fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo tare da mutummutumi a cikinsu. Ishaku Asimov 's I, Robot shine watakila mafi shahara.
Tarihi Mutane suna sha'awar yin injunan ƙera don yi mana aiki na dogon lokaci. Amma ana ɗaukan lokaci da kuɗi don ƙirƙirar inji ɗaya kawai, don haka dabarun farko ba a gina su ba. Leonardo da Vinci ya ƙera wani inji mai kama da mutum a cikin 1464. Zai sarrafa ta da igiyoyi da ƙafafu. Sauran injiniyoyi da masu mafarki sun zana maza masu kanikanci. A cikin 1920, Karel Čapek ya rubuta labari game da su, kuma ya yi amfani da kalma daga Czech wanda ke da alaƙa da 'aiki': robot. Mutum-mutumi da akayi nasarar sarrafawa a ƙarni na 20 yayi kama da mutane. George Devol ne ya fara yin waɗannan, na ƙarshe, a cikin 1954, da hannu ɗaya. Janar Motors ya saye shi a cikin 1960. Shekarar da ta gabata, ta fara aiki a wata masana'anta a cikin New Jersey, tana ɗagawa tana kuma ɗorawa ƙaramin ƙarfe wanda ya yi zafi da mutane ba za su taɓa shi ba. Injiniyoyin na iya tsara shi, kuma su sake tsara shi idan ya zama dole.
Mutum-mutumin zamani Mutum-mutumin suna da amfani da yawa. Masana'antu da yawa suna amfani da mutummutumi don yin aiki tuƙuru da sauri kuma ba tare da kurakurai da yawa ba. Ba su yi kama da mutane ba, saboda an sa su su yi abubuwa. Waɗannan su ne injunan inji na 'masana'antu'. Wasu mutummutumi suna ganowa da kawar da bama-bamai. Idan wani ya yi kuskure, mutum-mutumi ya lalace ko ya lalace, wanda ya fi a kashe mutum. Hakanan akwai mutummutumi wanda yake taimakawa a gida, don tsaftacewa ko gudanar da mashin lawn, misali. Irin waɗannan mutum-mutumin dole ne su koya game da yankin aiki.
Wasu kaɗan daga mutum-mutumin suna yin tiyata a wasu sassa a cikin jikin ɗan adam inda hannun ɗan adam bazai iya shiga ba. Planet rovers sune mutummutumi don binciko taurari masu nisa. Domin yakan ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya aika siginar rediyo daga Duniya zuwa wata duniyar, su mutum-mutumin suna yin mafi yawan aikinsu su kadai, ba tare da umarni daga Duniya ba.
Mutane har yanzu suna tunanin mutummutumi kamar suna da sura kamar mutum-ƙafafu biyu, hannu biyu, da kai. ASIMO wani mutum-mutumi ne wanda yake taimaka wa masana kimiyya sanin yadda ake tsarawa da kuma tsara abubuwa. Zai iya tafiya, wanda ba shi da sauƙi don shiryawa.
Ra'ayoyin gabas da yamma
Tunani na gabas akan mutummutumi Kusan rabin mutum-mutumi a duniya suna Asiya, 32% a Turai, da 16% a Arewacin Amurka, 1% a Australasia da 1% a Afirka 30% na dukkan mutummutumi a duniya suna cikin Japan Japan na da mafi yawan mutummutumi na kowace ƙasa a duniya, kuma ita ce jagora a masana'antar fasahar mutum-mutumi ta duniya. Haƙiƙa an ce Japan babban birni ne na duniya. A Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, ra'ayoyin mutummutumi na nan gaba sun kasance masu kyau. Kyakkyawan karɓar mutummutumi a can na iya zama wani ɓangare saboda sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya, 'Astroboy'. Ƙasar Sin ta bayyana ra'ayoyi game da fasahar ƙere-ƙere waɗanda suka yi kama da na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, amma China na bayan Amurka da Turai a ci gaban mutumtaka. Ra'ayin Gabas ta Tsakiya shine cewa mutummutumi ya zama daidai da mutane. Suna jin mutummutumi zai iya kula da tsofaffi, ya koyar da yara, ko ya zama mataimaka. Shahararren ra'ayi game da Gabashin Asiya shi ne cewa zai yi kyau mutummutumi ya zama mafi shahara da ci gaba. Wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Yammacin duniya.
"Wannan ita ce buɗe wani zamani da ɗan Adam da mutum-mutumi za su iya rayuwa tare," in ji kamfanin Jits na kasar Japan Mitsubishi game da daya daga cikin mutum-mutumin da ke kama da mutane a Japan. Ma’aikatar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Koriya ta Kudu ta yi hasashen cewa kowane gidan Koriya ta Kudu zai mallaki mutum-mutumi kafin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020.
Tunanin yamma game da mutummutumi Ƙunungiyoyin Yammacin sun fi fuskantar adawa, ko ma tsoron ci gaban mutum-mutumi. Finafinan almara na kimiyya da sauran labarai galibi suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan tawaye masu haɗari ga bil'adama.
Yammacin duniya suna ɗaukar mutummutumi a matsayin 'barazana' ga rayuwar mutane, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne saboda tasirin addini na addinan Ibrahimiyya, wanda ƙirƙirar injuna waɗanda zasu iya yin tunani kansu zasu kusan wasa da Allah Babu shakka, waɗannan iyakokin basu bayyana ba, amma akwai gagarumin bambanci tsakanin aƙidun biyu.
Dokokin Mutum-mutumi Marubuci Isaac Asimov ya ba da labarai da yawa game da mutum-mutumin da ke da dokoki uku na mutum-mutumi don kiyaye lafiyar mutane daga gare su.
Roba ba zai iya cutar da ɗan adam ba ko kuma, ta hanyar rashin aiki, ƙyale ɗan adam ya zo ya cutar da shi.
Dole ne mutum-mutum-mutumi yayi biyayya ga umarnin da dan adam ya bashi, saidai inda irin wannan umarnin zai sabawa Dokar Farko.
Dole ne mutum-mutumi ya kiyaye wanzuwar sa matukar dai irin wannan kariyar bata yi karo da ta farko ko ta biyu ba.
Ba a amfani da waɗannan a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da ya ƙirƙira su. Koyaya, a cikin duniyar yau mutummutumi ya fi rikitarwa, kuma wata rana ana iya buƙatar ƙa'idodi na ainihi, kamar na dokoki uku na Isaac Asimov.
Koriya ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ke da dokoki game da mutum-mutumi.
Sauran yanar gizo Ƙungiyoyin bincike
IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) da wiki Archived Gidauniyar International of Robotics Research (IFRR)
http://robots.net Labaran yau da kullun game da mutummutumi, robotics, da AI
Takaitaccen tarihin kayan Archived A giant jerin aka sani mutummutumi Archived NASA da mutummutumi NASA Robotics Division Federationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Robotics
Shin ya kamata mu damu da tashin mutummutumi? Archived Podcast 'Talking Robots' hirarraki tare da manyan ƙwararrun masana a cikin Robotics da Artificial Intelligence Archived Frenchaunar roban faransanci na Faransa
Gabatarwa ga Robotics Archived HUAR
Labaran Duniya na Robot
Labaran Robot, koyarwar mutum-mutumi, bidiyon bidiyo na mutum-mutumi da kuma akwatin hira
Labaran Robot, ka'idar Robotik
List of mutummutumi Archived Encyclopaedias
Encyclopædia Britannica
Robotics -Citizendium
Pages with unreviewed translations
|
23812 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20V%C3%A1zquez | Lucas Vázquez | Lucas Vázquez Iglesias Spanish pronunciation: Lukaz ɣlesjas] [lower-greek 1] an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1991) ne Spanish sana'ar shi Itace kwallon kafa wanda ke taka leda a Real Madrid da kuma Spain tawagar kasar a matsayin bangaren dama winger ko dama-baya Fara wasansa a Real Madrid, ya fara buga wa kungiyarsa ta farko a shekara ta 2015 bayan kakar wasa a matsayin aro a Espanyol Ya fara buga gasar La Liga ta farko tare da na karshen. Tun bayan komawarsa Real Madrid a shekarar ta 2015 ya bayyana a wasanni sama da 200 a kungiyar kuma ya lashe manyan kofuna 12 ciki har da gasar zakarun Turai uku da kofin La Liga biyu.
Vázquez ya wakilci Spain a gasar Euro na shekarar 2016 da gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 Club career
Real Madrid Born in Curtis, Galicia, Vázquez arrived at Real Madrid's youth system in 2007, aged 16. He made his senior debuts in the 2010–11 season with the C-team and, the following campaign, scored four goals in 23 games to help the reserves return to the second division after a five-year absence; his first came on 25 February 2012 in a 2–2 home draw against La Roda CF.
Vázquez made his first appearance in the second level on 17 August 2012, playing six minutes in a 1–2 away loss against Villarreal CF. He scored his first professional goal on 15 October, netting the winner in a 3–2 home success over UD Las Palmas.
Espanyol On 19 August 2014, Vázquez was loaned to La Liga's RCD Espanyol, in a season-long deal. He made his debut in the competition on 30 August, coming on as a second-half substitute for Salva Sevilla in a 1–2 home loss against Sevilla FC.
Vázquez scored his first goal in the Spanish top flight on 5 October 2014, netting the first in a 2–0 home success over Real Sociedad. On 3 June of the following year, he signed a four-year permanent deal with the Pericos, for a €2 million fee.
Return to Real Madrid On 30 June 2015, Real Madrid exercised their buyback clause and Vázquez returned to the club. He made his debut on 12 September in a 6–0 away win over his former team Espanyol, and his first start came a week later, in a 1–0 home defeat of Granada CF.
Vázquez scored his first competitive goal on 30 December 2015, replacing Karim Benzema for the final 15 minutes of the league fixture against Real Sociedad and netting in a 3–1 success at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. He contributed with seven appearances in the season's UEFA Champions League, as the tournament ended in a win; in the final against Atlético Madrid, he again came on for the Frenchman late into the second half of a 1–1 draw, and converted his attempt in the penalty shootout triumph.
Vázquez started the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against fellow Spaniards Sevilla FC, providing an assist to Sergio Ramos in injury time to take the game to extra time, where Real Madrid eventually won 3–2. He signed a new contract on 26 October 2016, running until 2021.
Vázquez appeared 33 times during 2016–17 and scored twice, helping Real Madrid to its first league in five years. He added ten matches in the campaign's Champions League, scoring once in the group stage as his team also conquered the latter tournament.
Vázquez ya buga wasanni goma a lokacin Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2017–18 kuma ya kara kwallo daya, lokacin da Madrid ta ci nasara a karo na uku a jere da taken 13th gaba daya a gasar. In November 2019 he broke his toe after dropping a weight on it. After returning, he made 18 appearances during the league season, as Real Madrid won the 2019–20 La Liga.
Being a regular started during the 2020–21 season, he injured himself on 10 April 2021, in a 2–1 El Clásico win over FC Barcelona and was ruled out for the remainder of the season with a Posterior cruciate ligament injury in his left knee. On 3 June 2021, he signed a new three-year contract, which keeps him until 2024 at Madrid.
Aikin duniya Vázquez did not represent Spain at any youth level. On 17 May 2016 he, Saúl Ñíguez and Sergio Rico were the three uncapped players named in Vicente del Bosque's provisional squad for UEFA Euro 2016 in France, and he also made it to the final list of 23. He made his debut on 7 June, starting and playing 61 minutes in a 0–1 friendly loss to Georgia at the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez.He appeared once in the tournament, replacing Álvaro Morata in the 70th minute of a 0–2 round-of-16 defeat against Italy at the Stade de France. He was then included in the final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. making his debut in the competition on 15 June when he replaced David Silva for the final four minutes of the 3–3 group stage draw to Portugal.
Career statistics
Club
International
Daraja Real Madrid Castilla Segunda Rarraba B 2011–12
La Liga 2016-17, 2019–20 Supercopa de España 2017, 2019–20 Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
UEFA Super Cup 2016, 2017
FIFA Club World Cup 2016, 2017, 2018
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Bayanan martabar Real Madrid
Lucas Vázquez Lucas Vázquez Pages with unreviewed |
33309 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenis%20Willmott | Glenis Willmott | Dame Glenis Willmott, DBE née Scott an haife ta 4 ga watan Maris 1951) yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Labour na Burtaniya mai ritaya ne wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai (EPLP) kuma memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na Gabashin Midlands.
Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Willmott a ƙauyen ma'adinai na Horden, County Durham, amma ya ƙaura zuwa Mansfield tare da danginta yana ɗan shekara 10. Ta yi karatu a Mansfield da Trent Polytechnic inda ta sami HNC a kimiyyar likitanci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin masaniyar kimiyyar likitanci a Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa a King's Mill da Asibitocin Mansfield daga 1969 zuwa 1990. Ta kasance shugabar Jam'iyyar Labour na mazabar Mansfield kuma memba na Majalisar gundumar Nottinghamshire na yankin Leeming da Forest Town daga 1989 zuwa 1993. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Alan Meale Memba na Majalisar Mansfield daga 1987 zuwa 1990. A cikin 1990, ta zama jami'ar siyasa ta ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta GMB ta yankin Midland da yankin Gabashi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Labour na yankin Gabas Midlands kuma ta kasance ta biyu a cikin jerin 'yan takara na jam'iyyar Labour a yankin Gabashin Midlands a zaben 2004 na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai. Willmott memba ce na Abokan Labour na Isra'ila kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kungiyar.
Yar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 2006, ta maye gurbin Phillip Whitehead a matsayin memba na Majalisar Turai na Gabashin Midlands bayan mutuwarsa. Tare da sauran MEPs na Labour, ta kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Ci gaba na Socialists da Democrats a Majalisar Turai.
A watan Yulin 2006, an zabe ta a matsayin babban mai shari'a na MEPs na Labour, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa watan Janairun 2009, lokacin da aka zabe ta a matsayin shugabar jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai (EPLP), ta maye gurbin Gary Titley wanda ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Ita ce shugaba mafi dadewa a cikin EPLP, wadda ta zarce Barbara Castle da Gary Titley.
A cikin Satumba 2014, an nada ta mai ba da rahoto don canje-canje ga dokokin na'urorin likitanci da farko ta haifar da badakalar da ta shafi PIP dasan nono da 'karfe-akan-karfe' maye gurbin hip A watan Oktoba na 2014, wanda ba ya bayyana kyautar da aka bayar na jagoranci daga kungiyar kwararrun likitocin Cibiyar Cibiyar Cibiyar Asibitin Clinical don ayyukanta a kan shari'ar asibiti. Ta kuma shirya taron S&D a "Espace Léopold" na maida hankali kan ingantacciyar alamar abubuwan sha.
Membobin kwamitoci da wakilai Bayan zaben 2014, Willmott ta zauna (ko kuma ta kasance a madadin) a kan kwamitoci da wakilai masu zuwa: Memba na Kwamitin Muhalli, Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaron Abinci.
Memba na Wakilai don dangantaka da Kanada.
Madadin Kwamitin Ayyuka da Harkokin Jama'a.
Madadin Wakilin don dangantaka da Switzerland, Norway da Iceland.
Yakin neman zaben 2014 A watan Mayun 2014, Willmott ta kaddamar da yakin neman zabenta na Gabashin Midlands na zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 a Derby "ta yi alkawarin taimakawa mutanen da ke fama da tsadar rayuwa". Ta ce masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna son taimakawa kamfanonin makamashi da masu banki. "Kusan ayyuka 340,000 na Gabashin Midland sun dogara da ci gaba da kasancewa memba amma Tories ba su fadi wani bangare na membobin EU da suke son sake tattaunawa ba ko kuma lokacin da za su yi. Kuri'ar raba gardama ta EU za ta zama ruguza kawai lokacin da Birtaniyya ke kokarin inganta tattalin arzikinta." Ta kuma yi ikirarin manufar UKIP na "yanke jan tef" da gaske ne game da "yanke hakkin mutane a wurin aiki". A yankin Gabashin Midland inda aka fafata da kujeru biyar, Labour ta ci gaba da rike kujerar Willmott tare da kara kaso 8% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ta yi rashin samun kujera na biyu a yankin.
Raba gardaman EU 2016 Ko da yake ta yi adawa da shawarar David Cameron na kiran kuri'ar raba gardama kan zama mamban Birtaniya a kungiyar EU, Willmott ya taka rawa sosai a kungiyar Labour In for Britain, yakin neman zaben Birtaniya na ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin EU. Ta yi suka ga sauye-sauyen da Cameron ya gabatar ga EU, gami da sauye-sauyen dokoki kan haƙƙin ma'aikata, ƙa'idodin samfura da kare muhalli. Ta bayar da hujjar cewa muhimman batutuwa guda biyar na ci gaba da zama memba a kungiyar EU sun hada da kare ayyukan yi da samar da ayyukan yi, haƙƙin samar da aikin yi, ba da kariya ga masu amfani da su, tsaron kan iyaka da ƙarin tasiri a fagen duniya. Bayan kuri'ar Birtaniya ta ficewa daga EU, Willmott ta yi jayayya cewa idan yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a lokacin tattaunawar Brexit ta haifar da raguwa mai yawa da raunana hakkokin zamantakewa da ma'aikata, to Labour ya kamata ya yi adawa da shi. Bayan sakamakon zaben raba gardama, ta rubuta wasiƙa a madadin EPLP ga Jeremy Corbyn tana kira da ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour bayan da takardar bayanin jam'iyyar ta bayyana don inganta ayyukan Kate Hoey da Gisela Stuart, manyan 'yan majalisa biyu a abokin hamayya. Yakin neman izinin aiki Ritaya Willmott ta sanar a cikin Yuli 2017 cewa za ta tsaya a watan Oktoba kuma an maye gurbin ta a matsayin MEP na Gabas ta Tsakiya ta hannun dan majalisar birnin Leicester Rory Palmer a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. Abokin aikinta Richard Corbett ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Jagoran EPLP. An karrama ta da liyafar cin abincin godiya a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 2017 wadda ta yi bikin gudanar da ayyukanta da gudummawar da ta samu a jam'iyyar Labour da kuma siyasar Turai liyafar cin abincin ta samu halartar Jeremy Corbyn shugaban jam'iyyar Labour da kuma tsohon shugaba Ed Miliband Rayuwa ta sirri Willmott na zaune a Leicestershire tare da mijinta Ted. An nada ta Dame Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (DBE) a cikin 2015 Dissolution Honors a kan 27 Agusta 2015.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai
Rayayyun mutane
Mata yan siyasa
Haihuwan 1951
Mutane daga Mansfield
Mutane daga Leicestershire
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine%20Bertereau | Martine Bertereau | Martine de Bertereau, wanda kuma aka sani da Baroness de Beausoleil, (c. 1600 bayan 1642) ita ce mace ta farko da aka yi rikodin ma'aikacin ma'adinai da injiniyan ma'adinai tare da mijinta, Jean de Chastelet. Ta zagaya ko'ina a Turai don neman ma'adanan ma'adinai da ruwa mai dadi a karkashin ayyukan manyan mutane da sarakuna daban-daban. A lokacin mulkin Sarkin Faransa, Luis XIII, Martine da mijinta sun yi nazari a kan wuraren da ake iya samun ma'adinai a Faransa. A lokacin wani balaguron hakar ma'adinan da suka yi ana zargin Martine da danginta da maita kuma suka gudu zuwa Hungary. Daga baya, an kama Martine, mijinta da babbar ’yarta kuma a ƙarshe sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta 1642. A lokacin rayuwarta, ta samar da littattafai da yawa waɗanda aka samo asali daga littafin injiniyan Roman Vitruvius akan gine-gine, De architectura. Rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana yadda ake amfani da sandunan duba, kama da sadaka, da kuma wasu sanannun ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Martine de Bertereau ba ta fito ba game da yadda ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyin kimiyya daban-daban, kuma ta fi son jama'a su yarda cewa tana amfani da sihiri, ko kuma sanannun tsoffin ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Nasarar da ta samu ya samo asali ne daga ci gabanta a cikin fahimtar yanayin duniyar da ke kewaye da ita. Babu tabbas dalilinta na yanke shawarar yin karya game da ainihin hanyar samun nasara. Littattafanta sun ba da haske na musamman game da fasaha da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don hakowa a ƙarni na sha bakwai.
Rayuwa Martine Bertereau ta fito daga dangin Faransanci masu daraja a cikin Touraine. A cikin shekara ta alif 1610 ta auri Jean de Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil et d'Auffenbach wanda kwararre ne a ma'adinai. Sun haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. 'Yarsu ta fari, wacce ta mutu a gidan yari tare da mahaifiyarta, da kuma babban ɗansu Hercule, wanda ke fassara zuwa Hercules, su ne kawai biyu da ke da bayanai. Daga shekara ta alif 1610 zuwa shekara ta alif 1626 sun yi zamansu a kasashen waje. A lokacin da suke kasashen waje sun tsallaka Tekun Atlantika zuwa Potosi, Bolivia don ziyartar ma'adinai.
Sarkin Roma mai tsarki, Rudolph, ya nada Jean babban kwamishina na ma’adanai na kasar Hungary. A cikin wannan damar sun yi balaguro da yawa suna ziyartar ma'adinai a cikin Turai, da yiwuwar Kudancin Amurka na tsawon shekaru 16 don neman arzikin ma'adinai. A shekara ta alif 1626 an sake kiran su zuwa Faransa don fara aikin maido da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Faransa. A cikin shekara ta alif 1627, Hercule ya kamu da rashin lafiya na "zafi mai zafi a cikin hanji" kuma ya murmure bayan 'yan makonni a Garin Chateau Thierry. A wannan lokacin, Martine ya gano wani marmaro na halitta kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da ikon warkarwa. Ta sanar da likitan na gida kuma an tabbatar da gaskiya. Garin ya zama abin sha'awa wanda marasa lafiya da masu hannu da shuni suka ziyarci. A yau, ƙwararriyar tarihin ƙasa Martina Kölbl-Ebert ta tabbatar da cewa wannan wani tsari ne na zamba na kimiyya da aka daɗe. Ba a san dalilin da ya sa ake ƙoƙarin shawo kan mutane ba game da iyawarsu na sufanci da sa'arsu ta zahiri, ko da yake yana iya kasancewa wata hanya ce da suka yi imani cewa abokan ciniki masu wadata za su fi sha'awar. Yayin da suke Chateau Thierry, likitan yankin ya yi shakku game da tunaninta, kuma bai yarda cewa ta sami ruwan bazara ta hanyar amfani da sandar ruwa ba. An yi imanin sandunan duba, wanda kuma aka sani da sihirin ruwa, na taimaka wa mutum gano ruwa a karkashin kasa. Sandunan ƙarfe ne guda biyu lanƙwasa, kuma mai amfani da su. Akwai ƙaramin hujjar kimiyya a bayan hanyar, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ra'ayin kimiyya na zamani, kamar allon Ouija, kuma mai amfani ne ke sarrafa shi. Maimakon haka, likitan ya iya gane cewa ta sami ruwan ma'adinan ta hanyar bin jajayen jajayen ƙarfe a cikin dutsen dutse zuwa tushen ruwa. Wannan fahimtar da likitan ya yi ya fara rugujewar sana'o'insu. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari ne mutane suka fara shakku kan hanyoyinsu kuma ayyukansu ya jawo shakku ga malaman lardin. Duk da yake a ma'adinai tushe a Morlaix a Brittany cewa biyu ci gaba, wani firist, da Prevot lardin mai suna, Touche-Grippé da ma'aikacin kotu search su châteaux neman incriminating abu. Bayan gano bincikensu, sigogi, da sauran kayan aikin limaman sun ɗauka cewa hanyoyinsu sun haɗa da sihiri, kuma sun zargi Martine da mijinta da maita. Ba a tuhume su ba amma an tilasta wa ma'auratan barin Faransa suka gudu zuwa Jamus daga shekara ta alif 1628 zuwa shekara ta alif 1629 sannan Hungary. Bayan sun kasa yanke asara, sai suka koma Faransa.
Da zarar sun koma Faransa, sai ta rubuta wa Luis na XII da fatan samun izinin tono ma’adinan da ta samu kafin ta gudu. A cikin wasiƙar ta, ta ba da shawarar tsarin kasuwanci wanda za su iya samun ƙarin kayan aiki masu daraja. A cikin rubuce-rubucen ta ta yi magana game da amfani da hanyoyi masu ban mamaki waɗanda ita da mijinta a zahiri ba su yi amfani da su ba. Hanyoyin bogi da aka tattauna, da zarar an cire su daga shawararta, sun bar takardar tare da ingantacciyar hanya mai kyau don neman ma'adinan ma'adinai. Bayan da Sarkin bai ba da amsa ba, Martine ta rubuta wa sakataren sarki Richelieu kuma bai sake samun amsa ba. Shekaru biyu bayan wasiƙar ta zuwa ga Richelieu, an kama ta tare da mijinta da babbar ’yarta. An tsare Martine a gidan yari a Chateau de Vincennes, yayin da aka aika Baron zuwa Bastille, da 'yarsu a Vincennes. An kama su saboda karatun dabino, horoscope, da ilimin taurari. Ko da yake ba su shiga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ba, har yanzu sun mutu a kurkuku. Duk da tatsuniyar Martine da Baron sun ci gaba da wanzuwa, ba su shiga cikin wani abu na tatsuniya ba, amma kawai suna da kyakkyawar fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar asali, ilimin farko a cikin fassarar duwatsu, da ƙasar da ke kewaye da su. Sun shawo kan mutane cewa suna shiga cikin ayyukan tatsuniyoyi, alhalin kawai aikin kimiyya ne kawai.
Ba a san ainihin ranar mutuwar ba, ko da yake Martine da babbar 'yarta sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta alif 1642.
Ayyuka Baroness ta rubuta rahotanni guda biyu akan aikinta tare da mijinta. Na farko, mai suna Véritable déclaration de la découverte des mines et minières an buga shi a cikin shekara ta alif 1632 kuma an jera ma'adinan Faransa 150 da ma'auratan suka gano. Buga na farko ya kuma bayyana ma'adinan ma'adinai a Faransa da kuma yadda ake amfani da 'esoteric' na amfani da sanduna don gano ruwa. Har ila yau, wannan takarda ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani da kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke ba mu damar fahimtar yanayin yanayin ruwa na ƙarni na 17.
Na biyu ya kasance a cikin nau'i na waƙa, wanda aka yi wa Cardinal de Richelieu La restitution de pluton, (1640) wanda da gaske ne roƙo ga ma'auratan, musamman don a biya Martine kuɗin aikin da suka yi wa sarki.
A ciki ta nemi kare matsayinta da ba a saba gani ba a matsayinta na mace a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai.
"Amma yaya game da abin da wasu ke cewa game da macen da ta dauki nauyin tono ramuka kuma ta huda tsaunuka: wannan yana da ƙarfin hali, kuma ya zarce karfi da masana'antar wannan jima'i, kuma watakila, akwai karin kalmomi da banza a cikin irin waɗannan alkawuran. (waɗanda ake yawan ambaton ƴaƴan gudun hijira) fiye da bayyanar gaskiya, zan mayar da wannan kafiri, da duk waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da su da makamantansu, zuwa ga tatsuniyoyi na ƙazanta, inda za su tarar cewa, a da, akwai. sun kasance mata waɗanda ba kawai ƙwararrun makamai ba ne, har ma da ƙari, ƙwararrun fasaha da kimiyar hasashe, waɗanda Helenawa suka yi ikirari kamar na Romawa.”
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki Wonderful history in modern times, Louis Figuier, Hachette, Paris, 1860
The Veterans mineralogists of the kingdom of France, Nicolas Godet, Ruault, Paris, 1779
Biography universal ancient and modern, Michaud, Paris, |
33429 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Editocin%20Najeriya | Kungiyar Editocin Najeriya | Ƙungiyar Editocin Najeriya (NGE) cibiyar sadarwa ce ta kwararrun ‘yan jarida wadanda suka kai matsayin editoci. Ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa don haɓaka ƙarfin ɗan adam, ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, kariya da jin daɗin membobinta. Hukumar ta NGE tare da hadin gwiwar sauran kungiyoyin ‘yan jarida a fadin duniya suna aiki don kiyaye al’adu da ka’idojin aikin jarida da kuma bin ka’idar da’a ta sana’a a Najeriya NGE masu ba da goyon baya ga 'Yancin Jarida da kuma ci gaban aikin dimokuradiyya ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki a kan manufofin jama'a da kuma jin dadin 'yan jarida. Don taimaka wa masu aikin watsa labarai na Najeriya su kiyaye ka'idoji da ka'idojin aikin jarida, NGE ta haɓaka, bugawa da rarraba taƙaitaccen jagorar edita ga 'yan jarida tare da shirya shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan hulɗa na gida da na waje don haɓaka ƙwarewar membobinta.
Takaitaccen tarihin An kafa ƙungiyar ta NGE ne a ranar 20 ga Mayun shekara ta, 1961 a tsohuwar ƙungiyar 'yan jarida ta ƙasa da ke Abibu Oki a jihar Legas ta Alhaji Lateef Jakande (1929-2021) na Nigerian Tribune shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya kafa kuma irin su Babatunde Jose (1925- 2008) na Daily Times a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, Abiodun Aloba (1921-2001) na Morning Post a matsayin sakatare, da Nelson Ottah na Drum a matsayin mataimakin sakatare. An kafa kungiyar ne domin ciyar da muradun wannan sana’a, da zurfafa alakar editoci da jama’arsu daban-daban tun daga kafafen yada labarai da kanta, zuwa gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin kwararru da na kasuwanci da sauran kungiyoyin da suka kunshi jama’a. Da farko an sanya mata suna Guild of Newspaper Editors of Nigeria, wanda aka ƙera don zama ƙungiyar kwararrun manajojin labarai na musamman inda editoci a matsayin manyan masu tsaron ƙofa a kan abubuwan da suka shafi kafofin watsa labarai za su iya haduwa a kowane lokaci don yin tambayoyi game da al'amuran ƙwararrun kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da lamuran aiki. An kuma kafa kungiyar ta Guild ne domin samar da taron gangami ga shugabannin editoci a cikin aikin jarida na Najeriya domin su samu hanyar kwarewa ta bunkasa masana'antar. A lokacin kafuwar Najeriya dai ta fito daga kangin mulkin mallaka kuma kasar na bukatar goyon bayan shugabanni a sana’o’i daban-daban domin bunkasa. Sai dai juyin mulkin 1966 ya shafa NGE. Rikicin 1966 ya rikide zuwa yakin basasa wanda ya dauki tsawon watanni 30 ana aiwatar da ka'idar aikin jarida ta gaskiya ta hanyar farfagandar yaki. A shekarar 1977 ne gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Olusegun Obasanjo ta sanya wa kasar dokar Majalisar ‘Yan Jarida wadda kafafen yada labarai karkashin jagorancin NGE suka yi watsi da ita. A shekarar 1982, kungiyar Guild ta yi taronta a Minna, Jihar Neja. A shekarar 1982, Alhaji Umaru Dikko, Ministan Sufuri na NPN ya yi kokarin karbe ikon kungiyar ta hanyar daukar nauyin yakin neman zaben Alhaji Ibrahim, Darakta Janar na NTA wanda ya zama mamban kungiyar a wannan taron, amma ‘yan kungiyar suka bijire masa. na NGE.
Hukumar ta NGE ta yi shekaru 10 ba ta aiki har sai da Mista Onyema Ugochukwu da wasu ‘yan editoci suka sake farfado da ita a shekarar 1992. Tare da dimbin goyon bayan da kungiyar ‘yan jaridu ta kasa (NPAN) da kungiyoyin farar hula suka samu, NGE ta samu nasarar shiga mulkin kama-karya da mulkin soja na tsawon shekaru a Najeriya. Tun dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1999, NGE na fuskantar kalubale; kwace jaridun da aka buga, kamawa da tsare ’yan jarida da lalata kyamarori masu daukar hoto
Memba Ƙungiyar Editocin Najeriya na editoci ne a cikin bugu da kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki a Najeriya. Membobi ne ke kayyade shugabancin kungiyar ba tare da tsangwama daga wasu kasashen waje ba.
Abubuwan da aka bayar na NGE Mallam Mustapha Isah wanda ya gaji Funke Egbemode ya sake zama shugaban kungiyar Editocin Najeriya a taron Biennial Convention na 2021 a Kano An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban NGE a ranar Juma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba, 2019 a gidan Editoci, Ikeja. Lagos, Nigeria. Malam Ali M. Ali (Mataimakin shugaban NGE) Kila Habibu Nuhu (Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Arewa).
Samuel Egbala (Mataimakin Shugaban Gabas)
Mobolaji Adebiyi (Mataimakin Shugaban Yamma)
Mr. Iyobosa Uwugiaren (Babban Sakatare)
Austeen Elewodalu (Mataimakin Babban Sakatare)
Tsoffin Shugabannin NGE Funke Egbemoda (2016-2019) Garba-deen Muhammad (2015-2016) Femi Adesina (2013-2015) Gbenga Adefaye (2008-2013) Baba Dantiye (2003-2008)
Oluremi Oyo (1998-2003)
Garba Shehu (1994-1997)
Biodun Oduwole (1992-1994)
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54457 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%20Stallone | Sylvester Stallone | Sylvester Stallone an haifi Yuli 6, 1946) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan fim ɗan Amurka. Bayan farawarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan gwagwarmaya na tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan ya isa birnin New York a 1969 kuma daga baya Hollywood a 1974, ya sami babban yabo na farko a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo saboda rawar da ya taka a matsayin Stanley Rosiello a cikin The Lords of Flatbush. Daga baya Stallone ya sami aiki a hankali a matsayin ƙarin ko kuma halayen gefe a cikin fina-finai tare da kasafin kuɗi mai yawa har sai ya sami babban nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da marubucin allo, wanda ya fara a 1976 tare da matsayinsa na ɗan dambe Rocky Balboa, a cikin fim ɗin farko na nasara. Rocky Series (1976-present), wanda shi ma ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo.[5] A cikin fina-finan, an bayyana Rocky a matsayin dan damben boksin da ke yakar abokan hamayya da dama, kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun ajin masu nauyi na duniya sau biyu. A cikin 1977, Stallone shine ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na uku a cikin silima da aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Academy guda biyu don Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na asali da Mafi kyawun Actor. An shigar da fim ɗin Stallone Rocky a cikin Rijistar Fina-Finai ta ƙasa, kuma an sanya kayan sa a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian. Amfani da Stallone na gaban ƙofar gidan kayan tarihi na Philadelphia a cikin jerin Rocky ya jagoranci yankin da ake yi wa lakabi da Rocky Steps. Philadelphia yana da wani mutum-mutumi na Rocky hali wanda aka sanya shi na dindindin a kusa da gidan kayan gargajiya, kuma an zabe shi a cikin Zauren dambe na Duniya.
Har zuwa 1982, fina-finan Stallone ba manyan nasarorin akwatin ofishin ba ne sai dai idan sun kasance jerin Rocky, kuma babu wanda ya sami babban yabo da aka samu tare da Rocky na farko. Wannan ya canza tare da nasarar aikin fim na Farko na Jini wanda a ciki ya nuna sojan da ke fama da PTSD John Rambo. Stallone zai taka rawa a cikin jimlar fina-finan Rambo guda biyar (1982–2019). Daga tsakiyar 1980s har zuwa ƙarshen 1990s, Stallone zai ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan Hollywood mafi girma da ake biyan kuɗi na wancan lokacin ta hanyar fitowa a cikin ɗimbin fina-finai na cin nasara na kasuwanci waɗanda duk da haka gabaɗaya masu suka suka mamaye su. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Cobra, Tango da Cash, Cliffhanger, mutumin da ya fi karɓar Rushewa, da ƙwararren.
Stallone ya ga raguwar shahararsa a farkon 2000s amma ya sake komawa yin fice a cikin 2006 tare da kashi na shida a cikin jerin Rocky da 2008 tare da na huɗu a cikin jerin Rambo. A cikin 2010s, Stallone ya ƙaddamar da jerin fina-finai na Expendables (2010-present), wanda a ciki ya buga jagora a matsayin Barney Ross. A cikin 2013, ya yi tauraro a cikin Tsarin Tserewa mai nasara, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin abubuwan da ya biyo baya. A cikin 2015, Stallone ya koma cikin jerin Rocky tare da Creed, waɗanda ke aiki azaman fina-finai masu jujjuyawar da ke mai da hankali kan Adonis "Donnie" Creed wanda Michael B. Jordan ya buga, ɗan ɗan damben boksin Apollo Creed, wanda ya daɗe ya yi ritaya. Rocky jagora ne. Sakamakon rawar da ya taka ya kawo yabo ga Stallone, da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe na farko na Creed na farko, da kuma nadin Oscar na uku, wanda aka fara zabar shi don irin wannan rawar shekaru 40 da suka wuce. Tun daga 2022, ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin talabijin na Tulsa King don Paramount Stallone shi ne dan wasa daya tilo a tarihin sinimar Amurka da ya yi tauraro a wani fim mai lamba daya a cikin shekaru shida a jere.
FARKON RAYUWA An haifi Sylvester Stallone a unguwar Wuta ta Kitchen na Manhattan, Birnin New York[8] a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1946, [9] babban ɗan Francesco "Frank" Stallone Sr. (1919-2011), mai gyaran gashi da ƙawa, kuma Jacqueline "Jackie" Stallone (née Labofish; 1921-2020), masanin taurari, dan rawa, kuma mai tallata kokawa na mata. An haifi mahaifinsa dan Italiya a Gioia del Colle, Apulia, Italiya kuma ya koma Amurka a cikin 1930s, [10] [11] yayin da mahaifiyarsa Ba'amurke 'yar Faransa ce (Breton) da Ashkenazi Bayahude.[12][13] 14][15][16] Kanensa dan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mawaki Frank Stallone.
Yawancin tarihin Stallone na nuna cewa sunan haihuwarsa Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone. Mahaifiyar Stallone ta bayyana a wata hira da ta yi da cewa asalin ta ta sa masa suna Tyrone ne saboda tana sha'awar jarumin Tyrone Power, amma mahaifin Stallone ya canza ta zuwa Sylvester. Laƙabin sa tun yana yaro shine "Binky", amma bayan abokan makaranta sun fara kiransa "Stinky", Stallone ya zaɓi ya bi sunan laƙabi na Mike/Michael.[2][3][4] Sunansa na tsakiya "Gardenzio" shine canjin sunan da aka ba Italiyanci "Gaudenzio"; Stallone yakan rage shi zuwa "Enzio".[1]
Matsalolin da ke faruwa a lokacin naƙuda sun tilasta wa masu kula da mahaifar mahaifiyarsa yin amfani da ƙarfi biyu a lokacin haihuwarsa, wanda ba da gangan ba ya yanke jijiyoyi a cikin aikin.[17][18]. Wannan ya haifar da gurguwar gefen hagu na fuskar Stallone na ƙasa (ciki har da sassan leɓɓansa, da harshensa, da kuma haƙarsa), wanda hakan ya ba shi sa hannun sa na zazzage kallo da ɓacin rai.[18][19] A sakamakon haka, an zalunce shi tun yana yaro, kuma ya jimre da gina jiki da kuma yin aiki[20].
Stallone ya ciyar da wani ɓangare na ƙuruciyarsa a cikin kulawa da kulawa, yana sake komawa tare da su zuwa Maryland lokacin yana ɗan shekara biyar. Stallone ya fara zama tare da mahaifinsa bayan rabuwar iyayensa a 1957, amma yana da shekaru 15 ya shiga mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure a Philadelphia. [21]
Ya yi baftisma na Katolika.[22] Mahaifinsa ya ƙaura dangin zuwa Washington, D.C., a farkon shekarun 1950 don buɗe makarantar kyakkyawa. A cikin 1954, mahaifiyarsa ta buɗe wurin motsa jiki na mata mai suna Barbella.[23][24]
==RAYUWAR ILIMIN SHI==
Stallone ya halarci Notre Dame Academy da Abraham Lincoln High School a Philadelphia, [25] da Charlotte Hall Military Academy a Charlotte Hall, Maryland, kafin halartar Kwalejin Miami Dade.[26]
Ya yi shekaru biyu, daga Satumba 1965 zuwa Yuni 1967, a American College of Switzerland. Ya koma Amurka don yin karatu a matsayin babban wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Miami, daga 1967 zuwa 1969.[27].
Bayan bukatar Stallone na a yarda da ayyukansa da abubuwan rayuwa don musanya sauran abubuwan da ya rage na kwalejin da ake bukata don kammala karatunsa, Jami'ar Miami ta ba shi digiri na farko na Fine Arts (BFA) a cikin 1998.[28][29].
RAWAR DAYA TAKA A FIM Matsayin farko don ci gaba: 1968-1976
Har zuwa 1969, ya bayyana a kan mataki a karkashin sunan Mike Stallone; a 1970, ya fara amfani da sunan mataki Sylvester E. Stallone. Yayin da yake halartar Jami'ar Miami, Stallone yana da rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Wannan Nice Boy (aka The Square Root), wanda aka yi fim a 1968.[30][31][32]
Stallone yana da rawar tauraro ta farko a cikin fim ɗin fasalin batsa mai laushi The Party at Kitty and Stud's (1970). An biya shi dalar Amurka 200 na aikin kwana biyu.[33] Daga baya Stallone ya bayyana cewa ya yi fim din ne saboda bege bayan da aka kore shi daga gidansa kuma ya samu kansa a cikin kwanaki da yawa. Ya kuma ce ya yi kwana uku a tashar Bus ta tashar jiragen ruwa da ke birnin New York kafin ya ga sanarwar jefa fim din. A cikin kalaman mai wasan kwaikwayo, "ko dai ya yi fim ɗin ne ko kuma ya yi wa wani fashi, domin ni a ƙarshe na ƙarshe na igiya"[34]. An fitar da fim din shekaru da yawa a matsayin Italiyanci Stallion, don samun kuɗi a kan sabon shaharar Stallone (an ɗauki sabon taken daga sunan laƙabin Stallone tun Rocky). Har ila yau Stallone ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na batsa na Off-Broadway Score wanda ya gudana don wasanni 23 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Martinique daga Oktoba 28 zuwa Nuwamba 15, 1971, kuma daga baya Radley Metzger ya sanya shi cikin fim din 1974 Score.[35]
Bayan ya koma birnin New York, Stallone ya raba wani gida tare da budurwarsa, Sasha Czack, ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo wadda ta tallafa musu ta yin aiki a matsayin mai hidima.[36] Stallone ya ɗauki ayyuka marasa kyau a wannan lokacin, ciki har da kasancewa mai tsabta a gidan zoo, da mai kula da wasan kwaikwayo; an kore shi daga na karshe saboda tikitin fatarar kudi. Ya ci gaba da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubucensa ta hanyar zuwa ɗakin karatu na gida, kuma ya zama mai sha'awar ayyukan Edgar Allan Poe.[37]
A cikin 1972, Stallone yana kan gab da daina samun aikin ƙwaƙƙwa; a cikin abin da daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin ɗan ƙaramin abu, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kasa samun aiki a matsayin kari a cikin Ubangida[38][39]. Madadin haka, an sake mayar da shi zuwa matsayin baya a cikin wani wasan Hollywood, Me ke faruwa, Doc?, tare da Barbra Streisand. Stallone ba a iya ganinsa a cikin bayyanuwansa biyu Stallone ya kasance yana yin wasan kwaikwayo wanda abokinsa ya gayyace shi ya ci, kuma wakilin da ke halarta ya yi tunanin cewa Stallone ya dace da matsayin Stanley, babban jigo a cikin The Lords of Flatbush, wanda ke da jadawalin farawa daga 1972 zuwa 1972. 1974 akan batutuwan kasafin kuɗi.[40] Stallone, a kusa da tsakiyar 1973, ya sami matsayinsa na farko da ya dace na tauraro, a cikin fim mai zaman kansa No Place to Hide, yana wasa da wani mutum wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar ta'addancin birni na New York, tare da mai siyar da kayan ado a matsayin sha'awar soyayya. An sake yanke fim ɗin kuma aka sanya masa suna Rebel shekaru bayan haka, wannan sigar ta biyu wacce ke nuna Stallone a matsayin tauraro. A cikin 1990, an sake gyara wannan fim ɗin tare da fitowa daga ainihin fim ɗin da sabon fim ɗin da ya dace, sannan aka sake sake shi a cikin salon Woody Allen's What's Up, Tiger Lily? cikin wani parody na kanta mai suna Wani Mutum Da Ake Kiran... Rainbo.
Sauran ƴan wasan fim na farko na Stallone sun kasance ƙanana, kuma sun haɗa da taƙaitaccen fitowar da ba a tantance ba a cikin MASH (1970), a matsayin soja na zaune a kan teburi; Tattabara (1970), a matsayin baqon biki; Ayaba ta Woody Allen (1971), a matsayin dan barandar jirgin karkashin kasa; a cikin mai ban sha'awa na tunani Klute (1971), azaman karin rawa a cikin kulob; kuma a cikin fim ɗin Jack Lemmon The Fursunonin Hanya na Biyu (1975), yana matashi. A cikin fim ɗin na ƙarshe, halin Jack Lemmon ya kori, tackles, da mugs Stallone, yana tunanin cewa halin Stallone ɗan aljihu ne. Ya yi rawar tauraro ta biyu a cikin 1974, a cikin The Lords of Flatbush.[18] A cikin 1975, ya taka rawar tallafi a cikin Farewell, My Lovely; Capone; da Mutuwar Race 2000. Ya yi baƙon baƙo a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Labarin 'Yan Sanda da Kojak. Ana kuma zaton yana Mandingo. Sau da yawa ana cewa an goge wurinsa[41].
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33219 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Aja | Mutanen Aja | Aja kuma sun rubuta Adja ƙabila ce daga kudu maso yammacin Benin da kuma kudu maso gabashin Togo. Bisa ga al'adar baka, Aja sun yi hijira zuwa kudancin Benin a karni na 12 ko na 13 daga Tado a kan kogin Mono, kuma c. 1600, 'yan'uwa uku, Kokpon, Do-Aklin, da Te-Agbanlin, sun raba mulkin yankin sa'an nan Aja suka mamaye a tsakaninsu: Kokpon ya dauki babban birnin Great Ardra, yana sarauta a kan masarautar Allada; Do-Aklin ya kafa Abomey, wanda zai zama babban birnin Masarautar Dahomey; da Te-Agbanlin ya kafa Little Ardra, wanda aka fi sani da Ajatche, daga baya ana kiransa Porto Novo (a zahiri, "New Port") ta 'yan kasuwan Portugal da babban birnin Benin na yanzu.
Tarihi Waɗanda Aja da ke zaune a Abomey sun yi cudanya da jama’ar yankin, ta haka suka haifar da sabuwar al’umma da aka fi sani da Fon, ko kuma “Dahomey” ƙabilar. Yanzu wannan kungiya ita ce mafi girma a kasar Benin. Wata majiya ta ce Aja sune sarakunan Dahomey (Benin) har zuwa 1893, lokacin da Faransawa suka ci su. A halin yanzu, akwai kimanin Ajas 500,000 a wani yanki da ke kan iyaka tsakanin Benin da Togo, mai tsawon kilomita 50 (mil 30) da faɗinsa kilomita 30.
Aja na magana da yaren da aka sani da Aja-Gbe, ko kuma kawai 'Aja'; kashi 1-5% ne kawai suka iya karatu a yarensu na asali. A cewar wata majiya, voodoo ta samo asali ne daga Aja. Yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Gbe musamman Ewe da Fon sun samo asali ne daga Adja Tado (wanda aka fi sani da Azame) kuma suna ɗaukar Adja a matsayin ƙabilar mahaifiyarsu. Mutanen Gbe sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun haɗu da Alu, Za tare da wasu ɗorewa masu launin fata masu madaidaiciya gashi watakila pygmies ko ragowar daji (San) a kusa da su daga kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ta Ketou. Karancin albarkatun kasa, yawan jama'a da rigingimun sarauta sun ba da gudummawa ga rarrabuwar kawuna da tarwatsa Ewe da kuma Fon daga Adja. Awormezi (babban kujera) na Anlo a yankin Volta na Ghana ana kyautata zaton shine asalin stool na Adja Tado kuma Torgbui Sri (basarake) ya tafi da shi zuwa Notsie lokacin da rikici ya taso tsakanin masu da'awar kujerar bayan mutuwar wanda ke zaune. Barkewar cutar sankarau ta halaka mutanen Adja a zamanin dā, kuma hakan ya rage yawansu idan aka kwatanta da zuriyar Ewe ko Fon. Akwai yaruka uku: Tàgóbé (a Togo kaɗai), Dògóbè (a Benin kaɗai), da Hwègbè (a ƙasashen biyu). Yawancin harsuna uku ne, kuma suna jin Faransanci da Fongbe, yare na kudancin Benin, yayin da Aja da ke zaune a Togo da Ghana ke magana a matsayin yare na biyu.
Saboda tsananin karancin filaye a yankin iyakar Togo da Beninois mai yawan jama'a da aka ambata a sama, Aja da yawa sun yi hijira a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, suna neman filayen noma don noma ko aiki a cikin birane. Akwai adadi mai yawa na Aja da ke zaune a cikin yankunan bakin teku na Benin da Togo, kudancin Najeriya da Gabon. Cibiyoyin biranen Cotonou, Lome, Legas da Libreville duk suna da yawan ƙaura na Aja.
Aja, Fon, Ewe, Ga-Adangbe sun dauki yawancin mutanen da aka kwashe zuwa Amurka daga Bight of Benin, Togo da Ghana a cinikin bayi na transatlantic kafin karshen karni na sha takwas (lokacin da Yarabawa suka zama fursunoni na yau da kullum daga yankin).
Etymology
Yaren Yarbanci- Ata: ado: mi Yanzu ƙauyen zai girma kuma ya ci gaba
Asalin Adja Tado ana kiransa da Azame. A zamanin da, an sami bullar cutar sankarau mai rauni a Adja Tado wanda ya yi sanadin asarar rayuka da dama. Wani limamin gargajiya na kabilar Yarabawa ya tsarkake garin tare da dakile yaduwar cutar.
Ya tabbatar wa waɗanda suka tsira a ƙasarsa ta Yarbawa da waɗannan kalaman kuma da shigewar lokaci, Azame ya zama mai suna Atado.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu In the context of slavery: Fighting the slave trade: West African strategies. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1517-4.
Kabilu a Togo
Kabilu a |
53247 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emha%20Ainun%20Nadjib | Emha Ainun Nadjib | Articles with hCards
Muhammad Ainun Nadjib (an haife shi 27 ga Mayu 1953), wanda aka fi sani da Emha Ainun Nadjib ko Cak Nun Mbah Nun, mawaƙi ne na Indonesiya, marubuci kuma ɗan adam. An haife shi a Jombang, Gabashin Java, Nadjib ya fara rubuta waƙa yayin da yake zaune a Yogyakarta, yana buga tarinsa na farko a shekarar 1976. Ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan birnin a karshen shekarun 1980, sannan kuma ya fara rubuta kasidu. Shi ne shugaban kungiyar Kiai Kanjeng, mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kade-kade a kan batutuwan addini.
Waqoqin farko na Nadjib suna da abubuwa na sukar zamantakewa. Koyaya, mafi shaharar dabi'un Musulunci ne, wanda aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin santri ko Sufi Shi ma Musulunci abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin rubutunsa. Rubuce-rubucensa sun dau salo iri-iri, wadanda suka hada da wakoki, kasidu, litattafai, da gajerun labarai.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Nadjib Muhammad Ainun Nadjib a Jombang, Gabashin Java a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1953. Na hudu cikin yara goma sha biyar, ya fara karatunsa a Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, pesantren (makarantar allo ta Islama) a Ponorogo A cikin shekara ta uku, an kori Nadjib saboda jagorantar zanga-zangar adawa da tsaron makaranta. Daga baya ya koma Yogyakarta, inda ya yi karatu a Muhammadiyyah I Senior High School. Ya halarci shirin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada amma bai kammala karatunsa ba, ya tafi bayan semester daya.
Sana'a Nadjib ya rayu a Yogyakarta shekaru da yawa, yana aiki a matsayin editan mujallar Masa Kini tsakanin 1973 da 1976. A cikin 1976 ya buga tarin waƙarsa na farko, "M" Frustrasi dan Sajak Sajak Cinta Kundin wakokinsa na 1978 Sajak-Sajak Sepanjang Jalan ya lashe gasar rubutun wakoki ta Tifa Sastra Ya fi mayar da hankali kan wakokinsa a wannan lokacin, inda ya yi karatu daga mawaƙin Sufanci Umbu Landu Paranggi, kodayake ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo Teater Dinasti. A ƙarshen 1980s, Nadjib, tare da Iman Budhi Santosa, an ɗauke shi ɗayan manyan mawaƙa na Yogyakarta. Kamar yadda ayyukansa, gami da kasidunsa, wani lokaci suka yi wa tsarin mulkin Suharto, a ƙarshe ya buƙaci tawagar tsaro. Shekaru biyu, daga 1984 zuwa 1986, Nadjib ya zauna a Amsterdam da Hague, Netherlands, inda ya shafe shekaru biyu yana taimakawa da bita kan addini, al'adu da ci gaba. Daga baya ya bayyana abin da ya faru a matsayin wani muhimmin lokaci a rayuwarsa. Nadjib ya koma Indonesia, kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 1988, Lautan Jilbab Tekun Labura ya karya rikodin Indonesiya don girman masu sauraro; Aprinus Salam na Jami'ar Gadjah Mada ya rubuta cewa ana iya danganta hakan ga yadda jama'a ke kara sha'awar kayan addini. A cikin 1991, Nadjib ya haifar da tashin hankali lokacin da ya bar kungiyar Indonesiya ta Indonesiya na Ingantattun Hankali, yana mai nuni da bambancin hangen nesa da kungiyar da kuma sha'awar zama "mai zaman kansa". A cikin 1998 Nadjib yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman musulmi waɗanda suka yi magana da Soeharto kafin ya yi murabus Nadjib yana jagorantar ƙungiyar Kiai Kanjeng, wacce ke tsara wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗe-kaɗe a kan jigogi na bambancin addini A cikin 2001 ƙungiyar, wacce aka fi sani da Kiai Kanjeng Sepuh, ta fitar da rikodin kiɗan Islama da waƙoƙi mai suna Bermusik kepada Allah, untuk Indonesia, Maiyah, Tanah Air Ƙungiyar ta zagaya cikin Indonesia, da kuma na duniya zuwa irin waɗannan ƙasashe kamar Finland, Italiya da Jamus a 2006, da kuma Netherlands a 2008. Nadjib ya dauki kungiyar a matsayin mai samar da zaman lafiya, saboda rangadin da ta yi a kasashen duniya ya biyo bayan cece-kucen zane-zane na <i id="mwTw">Jyllands-Posten</i> Muhammad na 2005 da kuma cece-kuce kan fim din Fitna na Geert Wilders na 2008, bi da bi. Nadjib ya sha tafiya cikin kasar Indonesiya don yin magana game da dabi'un Musulunci da ruhi, inda ya jawo dubban mutane daga addinai daban-daban. A cikin 2012 yana karbar bakuncin tattaunawa na wata-wata guda biyar: Padhang Mbulan (a Jombang), Mocopat Syafaat (a Yogyakarta), Kenduri Cinta (a Jakarta Gambang Syafaat (a Semarang da Obor Ilahi (a Malang A 2005 Nadjib ya sami lambar yabo ta Muslim News Award of Islamic Excellence. A cikin 2006 an ba shi suna Seputar Indonesiya Mutum na Shekara a fagen al'adu. A cikin 2010 Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon shakatawa ta Indonesia ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Satyalencana Kebudayaan. Nadjib, wanda aka fi sani da lakabin Cak Nun, yana zaune ne a yankin Kadipiro na Yogyakarta. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Novia Kolopaking. Yana da 'ya'ya hudu: Sabrang, Hayya, Jembar, da Rampak. Sabrang, wanda aka sani da sunan mataki Noe, shine mawaƙin ƙungiyar Indonesiya Letto, Jembar (Senior 2017-2018) da Rampak (Junior 2018-2019) shine Shugaban Majalisar Dalibai ta Makarantar Makarantar Islamiyya ta Cahaya Rancamaya.
Salo da ra'ayoyi Kamar sauran marubutan Yogyakarta irin su Kuntowijoyo da Mustofa W. Hasyim, wakokin Nadjib suna da tasiri sosai daga addinin Musulunci. An fi bayyana tasirinsa na Musulunci a matsayin santri ko orthodox, ko da yake Salam ya nuna cewa akwai tasirin Sufanci kuma. Nadjib ya siffanta wakarsa da cewa "mai zurfin addini da falsafa amma kyakkyawa". Ra'ayin Nadjib game da Musulunci ra'ayi ne na hakuri. Ya yi Allah wadai da fatawar Majalisar Malamai ta Indonesiya ta 2007 wadda ta haramta jam'in addini, da kuma dokokin shari'ar matakin yanki. Ya goyi bayan haƙƙin Ahmadis na yin aiki a Indonesiya, kuma ya inganta tattaunawa da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a matsayin hanyar rage tasirinsu. Yawancin ayyukan Nadjib na farko sun shafi sukar zamantakewa Zaɓaɓɓen littafin littafi A shekara ta 2004 Nadjib ya buga tarin wakoki 25. Wannan zaɓaɓɓen littafin tarihin ya dogara ne akan waɗanda Rampan (2000 da Nadjib (2012 Tarin wakoki
Kasidu da aka tattara
Nassoshi
Ayyukan da aka ambata
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20925 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiluddin%20Aali | Jamiluddin Aali | Nawabzada Mirza, Jamiluddin Ahmed Khan PP, HI (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1925 ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2015), an fi sanin sa da suna Jamiluddin Aali ko Aaliji, ya kasance mawaƙin Pakistan, mai sukar ra'ayi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo,kuma malami.
Tarihin Rayuwa da Aiki
Nawabzada Mirza Jamiluddin Ahmad Khan an haife shi ne daga dangin adabi a Delhi, Kasar Indiya a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1925. Mahaifinsa Amiruddin Ahmed Khan shine Nawab na Loharu sannan mahaifiyarsa Syeda Jamila Baigum ta fito daga zuriyar Khwaja Mir Dard kuma ita ce matar Amiruddin Khan ta huɗu. Aali ya sami digiri na BA a Tattalin Arziki daga Kwalejin Larabci ta Anglo,Delhi a shekara ta 1944. A cikin shekara ta 1947 bayan raba Indiya, Aali ya yi ƙaura zuwa Karachi, Pakistan a ranar 13 ga Agusta shekarar 1947 tare da danginsa kuma ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mataimaki a Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci A shekara ta 1951, ya ci jarrabawar CSS (aikin gwamnati na Pakistan kuma ya shiga hidimar Harajin Pakistan. Ya kuma kasance Jami'i a kan Ayyuka na Musamman a Gidan Shugaban Kasa daga shekara ta 1959 zuwa shekara ta 1963. Aali ya shiga Babban Bankin na Pakistan a shekara ta 1967 kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban har sai ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1988. A shekara ta 1971, ya sami digiri na FEL da LLB (law) daga Jami'ar Karachi Jamiluddin Aali shi ma tsohon memba ne na Jam’iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party kuma an tilasta shi ya tsaya zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a shekara ta 1977 daga NA-191, amma ya sha kashi a hannun Munawwar Hasan na Jamaat-e-Islami A shekara ta 1997, an zabi Aali a matsayin dan majalisar dattijai na wa'adin shekaru shida tare da goyon bayan kungiyar Muttahida Qaumi Movement Jamiluddin Aali bai kasance mai cikakken haske ko kwanciyar hankali ba tare da amsa tambayar dalilin da yasa ya ɗan ɓata hanya zuwa siyasa. Shin hakan ya faru ne saboda halayen sa na rashin yarda don shahara da sananne? Yawancin lokaci zai guje wa wannan tambayar. Aali ya fara tsara waka tun yana karami kuma ya rubuta litattafai da dama da wakoki. Ya rubuta wakar "Jeevay Jeevay Pakistan" a lokacin yakin Indo-Pak na shekara ta 1965 wanda ya shahara sosai. Shahnaz Begum ne ya rera wakar tare da kidan da Sohail Rana ya shirya kuma asalin ta fito ne a ranar 14 ga Agustan shekara ta 1971 ta PTV A lokacin Shekarar Mata ta Duniya (1976), Aali ya rubuta wakar "Hum Maain, Hum Behnain, Hum Baitiyan". Ya rubuta wakar "Jo Nam Wohi Pehchan, Pakistan" bisa bukatar tsohon shugaban Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq Khan a shekara ta 1986. Ya kuma rubuta wakar "Mera Inam Pakistan" ta Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Rayuwar Iyali Jamiluddin Aali yayi aure a shekara ta 1944 tare da Tayyba Bano. Yana da 'ya'ya maza uku da mata biyu.
Mutuwa Aali na fama da cutar sikari da rashin lafiyar numfashi kuma an kwantar da shi a asibiti a Birnin Karachi Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2015 a Karachi. An gudanar da nasa Namaz-I-Janazah a cikin masallacin "Tooba" a cikin DHA, Karachi An binne shi a makabartar sojoji ta layin Bizerta, Karachi a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2015.
Ayyukan Adabi da Ayyuka Jamiluddin Aali ya karɓi matsayin sakataren girmamawa na Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu (forungiyar Inganta Harshen Urdu) a shekara ta 1962 bayan mutuwar Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a can har tsawon shekaru, tare tare da Farman Fatehpuri, don tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar ta wanzu kuma ta girma. Hakanan za a iya ba Aali daraja don taka rawa a Hukumar Urdu Lughat (Hukumar Kamus Urdu) lokacin da ake haɓaka wannan ƙamus ɗin na Urdu mai girma 22 a Kasar Pakistan. Ballads tarin
Aye Mere Dasht-e-Sukhan
Ghazlain Dohay Geet (bugu shida)
Jeeway Jeeway Pakistan (bugu biyar)
La Hasil (bugu uku)
Nai Kiran
Tarin Ma'aurata
Dohay (bugu uku a cikin yaren Urdu da kuma ɗaya a cikin Devnagari)
Aali ya nuna real m da kerawa a cikin dohas. Adabin tafiya
Duniya Mere Aagye
Tamasha Mere Aagye
Iceland (balaguron balagaggen Iceland) Hurfay (littattafai huɗu)
Wakoki "Aye Watan Ke Sajelay Jawanoo" (wanda Noor Jehan ya rera shi tun asali a lokacin yakin shekara ta 1965 tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan "Jeevay Jeevay Pakistan" (wanda Shahnaz Begum ya rera asalinta a shekara ta 1968, wanda PTV ta sake shi a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1971) "Hum Mustafavi Mustafavi Hain" (waƙar hukuma na taron taron Musulunci na 1974 a Lahore Pakistan (1974).
"Mein Chota Sa Ek Larka Hoon"
"Mera Paigham Pakistan" wacce Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ta rera) (1996) "Ab Yeh Andaz-e-Anjuman Hoga"
"Hum Maain, Hum Behnain, Hum Baitiyan" (1976) "Jo Naam Wahi Pehchan, Pakistan Pakistan" (1986).
"Aye Des Ki Hawaao, Kushboo Mein Bas Ke Jao" (1972) "Itne Bare Jewan Sagar Mein, Tu Ne Pakistan Diya" (wanda ya rera wakar Allan Faqir Yeh Kavita Hai Pakistani Hai.
Kyaututtuka Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Crescent of Excellence) Award (2004) da shugaban Pakistan yayi Girman kai na Ayyuka (1991) da Shugaban Pakistan ya yi Adamjee lambar yabo (1960)
Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Dawood (1963)
Bankasar Bankin Adabi ta United (1965)
Kyautar Adabin Bankin Habib (1965)
Kwalejin Kwalejin Urdu ta Kanada (1988)
Kyautar Sant Kabeer Taron Urdu Delhi (1989)
Urdu Markaz New York "Nishan-e-Urdu" Award, a cikin Taron Urdu na Duniya na Farko a UNO a ranar 24 ga Yunin shekara ta 2000.
Manazarta
Mahaɗa Tsarin Aali Jee na eticira Farfesa Dr. Saadat Saeed, Shugaban Urdu, Jami'ar Ankara, Turkiyya
Mujallar Mutane
Marubata
Mutane daga Dhelhi
Pakistani novelists
Mawaka
Pages with unreviewed |
26020 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Somaliya | Sinima a Somaliya | Sinima a Somaliya yana nufin masana'antar fim a Somaliya. Siffofin farko na nuna fim ɗin jama'a a cikin ƙasar sune labaran Italiya na manyan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1937 an samar da fim ɗin Sentinels na Bronze (wanda aka bayar a Fim ɗin Fim na Venice a Ogaden Somalia, tare da kusan dukkan 'yan wasan Somaliya. Girma daga cikin Somali mutane 's arziki Thomason, da farko' yan alama-tsawon Somali fina-finai da kuma cinematic bukukuwa fito a cikin farkon shekarun 1960s, nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. Bayan kirkirar hukumar da ke kula da Hukumar Fina -Finan Somaliya (SFA) a 1975, yanayin fina -finan cikin gida ya fara fadada cikin sauri. A shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, shahararrun kide -kide da aka fi sani da riwaayado sune babban abin tafiya a bayan masana'antar fina -finan Somaliya. Fina-finan almara da na zamani gami da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashen duniya sun bi sahu, wanda aka samu sauƙaƙe ta hanyar haɓaka fasahar bidiyo da hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin na ƙasa. A cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, wani sabon fim na ƙarin fina-finan da suka shafi nishaɗi ya fito. An kira shi Somaliwood, wannan matakin farko, motsi na fina-finai na matasa ya ƙarfafa masana'antar fina-finan Somaliya kuma a cikin aiwatar da gabatar da sabbin labaran labarai, dabarun talla da dabarun samarwa.
Tarihi
Shekarun 1910 zuwa 1950 Bayar da labari wata tsohuwar al'ada ce a al'adun Somaliya Ƙaunar sinima a Somaliya kawai zamani ne, na gani na jiki da ci gaba da wannan ingantacciyar al'ada ta baka.
Siffofin farko na baje kolin fina -finan jama'a a Somaliya sun kasance labaran Italiya na manyan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkin mallaka a cikin Italiyanci Somaliland Misalan irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da Somalia: Gheledi (1913), Somalia italiana (1913), Somalia: Le bellezze del fiume Nebi (1913), Sotto la Croce del Sud Somalia Italiana (1926), Visioni della Somalia italiana (1929) da Viaggio di SM il Re a Somalia (novembre-dicembre 1934) (1934).
A cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, farkon ƴan wasan Somaliya da masu fasahar fim sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ma'aikatan Italiya don samar da fina-finan Fascist a cikin gida. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka samar na ƙarshe sun haɗa da Dub'aad da Sentinels na Bronze An ba da fim ɗin Sentinels na Tagulla Sentinelle di bronzo a cikin Festival di Venezia na 1937 a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin mulkin mallaka na Italiya", inda ya lashe Kofin Italiya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 akwai ɗan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cinecitta na Rome da daraktocin farko na Somaliya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1963 Hajji Cagakombe Miyi Iyo Magaalo ("The Countryside and the City" ko "Town Village"), haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar Somaliya-Italiyanci, shine fim ɗin farko na cikakken fasali na ƙasar.
1960 zuwa 1970 Bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960, yawan kamfanoni masu samarwa da rarrabawa masu zaman kansu gami da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gaske sun taso. A cikin 1961, ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan fasalin ƙasar Somaliya na farko da aka fito da shi shi ne Ƙauna Ba ta Sanin Matsaloli daga Hussein Mabrouk. A cikin wannan shekarar, haɗin gwiwar Somaliya da China The Horn of Africa ya sami lambar yabo mafi girma a bikin Fina-finan Afirka na 4 na kasa da ƙasa da ake gudanarwa duk shekara a Mogadishu, babban birnin kasar. Daraktan Somaliya Hadj Mohamed Giumale ("Hajji Cagakombe") zai shirya shahararren fim ɗin Miyo Iyo Magaalo ("Gari da ƙauye") bayan 'yan shekaru. A shekarar 1966, shi da sauran masu shirya fina-finan Somaliya sun kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa kafa Fédération Pan-Africaine des Cinéastes (FEPACI). A shekarar 1969, wani darekta mai dogon zango mai suna Pastoral and Urban Life ya fito daga darakta Mohammed Goma Ali. A cikin 1973, Idriss Hassan Dirie ya ba da umarnin Dan Iyo Xarrago ("Reality Myth"). Fim mai cikakken tsayi na farko, an sarrafa shi a cikin ɗakunan Technicolor a Rome Bayan wani juyin mulki na zubar da jini a 1969, da samar, rarraba da kuma shigo da fina-finai a kasar da aka nationalized da sabon kafa Koli Revolutionary Council Daga baya an maye gurbin gidajen sinima masu zaman kansu da gidajen fina-finan da gwamnati ke sarrafawa, kuma ana hasashen kusan fina-finai 500 a shekara. A shekarar 1975, an kafa Hukumar Fina -Finan Somaliya (SFA), hukumar da ke kula da fina -finan kasar. Ƙari ne ga Ma'aikatar Yada Labarai ta Tarayya da Jagorancin Ƙasa, ta taso daga hannun kayan aikin gani na Ma'aikatar. Ayyukan SFA sun haɗa da kula da shigowa, rarrabawa da tace fina -finai a cikin ƙasar. Daga baya kuma ya kula da samar da dogayen fina -finai da gajeru. Galibin fina -finan da aka shigo da su daga Masar, Italiya, Tarayyar Soviet da Jamus ta Gabas aka shigo da su. Don sauƙaƙe aiki da samarwa, SFA kuma ta ƙirƙiri haɗin gwiwar aiki tare da British Films LTD, wani kamfanin fim na Biritaniya. Daga 1979 zuwa 1983, furodusan fina -finan Somaliya kuma darakta Ali Said Hassan ya kasance wakilin SFA a Rome.
Wani sabon ƙarni na daraktocin fina -finai, masu sarrafa kyamara, masu shirya fina -finai da injiniyan sauti daga baya suka fito, yawancinsu an horar da su a Masar, Italiya, Tarayyar Sobiyat, Jamus ta Yamma, Jamus ta Gabas, Indiya da Ingila Daga cikin 'yan fim ɗin na ƙarshe akwai Abdi Ali Geedi, Hassan Mohamed Osman, Ibrahim Awad, Ibrahim "Cunshur", Fuad Abdulaziz, Cumar Cabdalla, Mohamed Fiqi da Muxiyadiin Qaliif. Tsakanin 1970 da 1982, an yi fina-finai sama da talatin, jaridu da labarai. Ana samarwa a kowane mako da kowane wata, galibi ana sarrafa su a Masar kuma ana kiran su Somaaliya oo Sawir'ah ("Somalia a hoto"). An baje kolin waɗannan gajerun shirye -shiryen fina -finai a ɗakunan silima 120 a duk faɗin ƙasar kafin a tsara babban abin jan hankali.
Shekarun 1980 A shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, shahararrun kiɗ-kiɗe da ake kira riwaayado sune babban abin motsawa a bayan masana'antar fina -finan Somaliya.
A cikin 1983, an fito da fim mai tsawon-lokaci A Somali Dervish. Yana mai da hankali kan Jihar Dervish mai juyi da babban malamin jagoran Diiriye Guure Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ("Mad Mullah").
A cikin 1984, masanin ilimin Somaliya Charles Geshekter ya samar da fim The Parching Winds of Somalia. Fim akan wurin a Somalia, fim ɗin yayi nazarin yadda mazaunan ƙauyukan ƙasar suka sami nasarar jure wa mummunan yanayin muhallin hamada da kutsawar sojojin daular ta hanyar haɗa ilimin abubuwan da suka gabata, ayyukan musulmai, da dabarun gudanar da kiwo cikin nasara cikin haɗaɗɗen al'adun gargajiya. dabi'u tare da dabarun zamani. A cikin 1984-1985, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Somaliya kuma mai shirya fim Said Salah Ahmed ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko, The Darwish of Somaliya (alt. The Somalia Dervishes tare da Amar Sneh a matsayin mai samarwa. Tare da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 1.8, almara ta 4-hour-da-40 an sadaukar da ita ga Jihar Dervish. An yi shi da harsuna bakwai, wato Somali, Larabci, Italiyanci, Ingilishi, da yaruka uku na yanki. Fim ɗin ya haɗa da ainihin zuriyar Mohammed Abdullah Hassan a matsayin tauraron ta, kuma ya ƙunshi ɗaruruwan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ƙari. A cikin 1986, an fito da fim ɗin ɗan gajeren fim na gida da za a haska akan bidiyo Mai taken Ciyaar Mood ("Ba wasa bane"), mai shirya fim Abdurrahman Yusuf Cartan ne ya bada umarni. Muxiyadiin Qaliif Cabdi da wasu manyan daraktocin Somaliya daban -daban daga baya wasu manyan mashahuran shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1987, daraktan fina -finan Somaliya Abdulkadir Ahmed Said ya fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna Geedka rayuwa ko Itacen Rayuwa, wanda a shekara mai zuwa ya sami lambar yabo ta birnin Torino a cikin Mafi kyawun Fim Bangaren Gasar Fina -Finan Ƙasa ta Duniya a Torino International Festival of Matashi Cinema. A waccan shekarar, an gudanar da Babban Taron Fina-Finan Afirka na Afirka da Larabawa (Mogpaafis), wanda ya haɗu da jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai da masana fim daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da sauran sassan arewa maso gabashin Afirka da kasashen Larabawa, da Asiya da Turai. Ana gudanar da shi duk shekara a Mogadishu, hukumar shirya fina -finai ta Somaliya ce ta shirya bikin fim. Kafa cibiyoyin talabijin na ƙasa a wannan lokacin ya kara rura wutar ci gaban shirye -shiryen Somaliya masu zaman kansu, galibi ana yin su a bidiyo. Kasancewar yanzu sun sami ƙarin shiga cikin kasuwar cikin gida, daga nan an mayar da hankali daga filayen fina-finai na gargajiya a gidajen sinima zuwa tsinkayen masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, an shigo da ƙarancin fina -finan ƙasashen waje cikin ƙasar.
Shekarun 1990-yanzu A cikin 1992, Abdulkadir Ahmed Said ya saki haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar Somaliya da Italiya La Conchiglia Aleel Wani ɗan gajeren fim ɗin da ke kula da muhalli, ya yi hasashen mummunan tasirin da zubar da guba ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen waje zai yi kan rayuwar ruwa na cikin gida da masunta da suka dogara da shi. A cikin 2008, masaniyar muhalli ta Somalia Fatima Jibrell ta rubuta tare tare da shirya ɗan gajeren fim ɗin Traffic Traffic, wanda ɗan fim Nathan Collett ya jagoranta. An harbi wuri a Somaliya, yana amfani da labaran almara don ilimantar da jama'a game da lalacewar muhalli da samar da gawayi zai iya haifar. A cikin 2011, bikin Fim na Abu Dhabi ya kuma ƙaddamar da asusun ci gaban SANAD da ci gaba da samarwa don fina-finai daga ƙasashen Larabawa. Tare da burin ƙarfafa silima mai zaman kanta da marubuci, masu shirya fina-finan Somaliya yanzu suna samun damar tallafin kuɗi, rubutun allo da bita, da tarurruka na sirri tare da masu ba da shawara da masana. Haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan kasuwa na Audiovisual' Yan kasuwa (EAVE), ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan kasuwa, sadarwa da ƙungiyar haɓaka ayyukan, Dubai International Film Festival kuma tana ba wa masu shirya fina-finai na Somaliya ƙungiyar musanya da haɓakawa da taron bitar haɗin gwiwa da aka ware don daraktoci, marubutan allo da masu samarwa daga manyan Larabawa. yanki.
Somaliwood Wani sabon ƙarni na ƙarin fina-finan da suka shafi nishaɗi da ke fitowa daga masana'antar shirya fina-finan Somaliya ya yi farin jini a tsakanin 'yan Somaliya duka a cikin Somaliya da kuma cikin ƙasashen waje. An kira shi da suna Somaliwood, wannan ƙungiya ta fim ɗin da ke sama ta ƙarfafa yanayin fim ɗin cikin gida, a cikin aiwatar da gabatar da sabbin labaran labarai, dabarun samarwa da dabarun talla. A ƙarshen haɗa da giciye-kafofin watsa labarai marketing, tare da taye-a film Soundtracks featuring shahararren Somali music artists. Popular fina-finai daga Somaliwood hada da Somali harshen slasher mai ban sha'awa Xaaskayga Araweelo, da mataki comedy Rajo, kuma Warmooge, na farko Somali rai film Matasa daraktoci Abdisalam Aato na Olol Films da Abdi Malik Isak sune kan gaba a wannan juyi na shiru. A cikin 2010, daraktan Somaliya Mo Ali shi ma ya saki Shank, fim ɗin sa na farko da aka shirya a cikin London mai zuwa.
Bukukuwa Taron Fina-Finan Afirka da Larabawa (Mogpaafis)
Bikin Fina -Finan Afirka na Duniya
Fitattun fina -finai Sentinels of Bronze (1937)
Love Does Not Know Obstacles (1961)
The Horn of Africa (1961)
Miyo Iyo Magaalo (1968)
Dan Iyo Xarrago (1973)
A Somali Dervish (1983)
The Somali Darwish (1984)
The Parching Winds of Somalia (1984)
Somalia Dervishes (1985)
Ciyaar Mood (1986)
Geedka nolosha (1987)
La Conchiglia (1992)
Rajo (2003)
Xaaskayga Araweelo (2006)
Carara (2009)
Ambad (2011)
Judaan (2016)
Sanannun alkaluma
Daraktoci
Jarumai
Manazarta Somaliya
Tarihin Somaliya
Sinima a |
54952 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Deputat | Andrei Deputat | Andrei Dmitriyevich Deputat An haife shi 20 Disamba 1992) ɗan wasan skater ne ɗan Ukrainian-Rasha waɗanda ke wakiltar Rasha a duniya tun 2012. Tare da tsohon abokin tarayya Vasilisa Davankova, shi ne 2012 na Duniya Junior lambar tagulla, 2012–13 JGP lambar azurfa ta ƙarshe, kuma zakaran Junior na Rasha na 2012 Daga baya ya yi takara da Vera Bazarova Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Deputat a ranar 20 ga Disamba 1992 a Kyiv, Ukraine. Ya koma Moscow, Rasha, a farkon 2010. Ya auri dan wasan kankara na Rasha Ekaterina Bobrova a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2016 a Moscow.
Farkon aiki Mahaifiyar Deputat, ’yar wasan sket ɗin nishaɗi, ta gabatar da shi ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara biyu da wata takwas. Ya sauya daga 'yan wasa zuwa wasan tsere a lokacin yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya yi gasa na yanayi biyu tare da Vladyslava Rybka. Sun wakilci Ukraine kuma Galina Kukhar ne ya horar da su a Kyiv A lokacin rani na 2009, sun shafe wani lokaci horo a Ashburn, Virginia tare da Rashid Kadyrkaev kuma sun fafata a gasar Summer Summer Competition a Aston, Pennsylvania inda suka lashe lambar azurfa. Ba su cancanci shiga jerin 2009-10 ISU Junior Grand Prix ba saboda Rybka ya juya 12 a ƙarshen Yuli 2009 kuma sun rabu ba da daɗewa ba. Ba zai iya samun abokin tarayya mai dacewa a Ukraine ba, Kukhar ya ba da shawarar cewa Deputat ya koma Moscow Lokacin da ya isa Rasha a farkon 2010, Deputat ya shiga ƙungiyar Sergei Dobroskokov kuma yana da ɗan gajeren haɗin gwiwa tare da Polina Safronova.
Haɗin gwiwa tare da Davankova Deputat da Vasilisa Davankova sun yi wasa a rukuni ɗaya kafin su haɗu a watan Mayu 2011.
2011-12 kakar A watan Disamba 2011 Davankova Deputat gasar a kan babban matakin a gasar cin kofin Rasha 2012 Sun kasance na bakwai a cikin gajeren shirin amma sun gama na biyar gabaɗaya, suna karɓar mafi girman TES a cikin skate kyauta a gaban masu cin lambar zinare Vera Bazarova Yuri Larionov A watan Fabrairun 2012, sun lashe lambar zinare a gasar Junior Championship na 2012 na Rasha bayan sun zama na farko a cikin gajere da na kyauta. Ukraine ta saki Deputat don wakiltar Rasha. Davankova/Deputat sun lashe lambar tagulla a wasansu na farko na kasa da kasa a Gasar Kananan Yara ta Duniya na 2012 2012-13 kakar Davankova/Deputat sun ci azurfa a taronsu na farko na JGP a Lake Placid, New York A taronsu na biyu, a Zagreb, Croatia, sun dauki tagulla kuma sun cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na JGP a Sochi, Rasha, inda suka lashe lambar azurfa a bayan Lina Fedorova Maxim Miroshkin A lokacin, Davankova ya girma zuwa 1.55 m. Davankova/Deputat sun gama matsayi na bakwai a bayyanarsu ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Rasha ta 2013 A cikin Janairu 2013, Davankova ya ji rauni a kafarta a wani zaman horo, wanda ya sa ma'auratan su janye daga gasar 2013 na Rasha Junior Championship Ta yi sati biyu a kan gungumen azaba. A ƙarshen Maris, Deputat ya ji rauni a ƙafarsa ta dama kuma ya yanke shawarar yin aikin meniscus. Davankova/Deputat sun fara kakar su ta hanyar lashe tagulla a 2013 JGP Belarus Medal azurfa a JGP Estonia ta 2013 ta ba su damar zuwa Gasar Karshe ta JGP a Fukuoka, Japan A karshe, Davankova/Deputat ya sanya na biyar a duka sassa da kuma gaba ɗaya. A Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha, ma'aurata sun gama matsayi na biyar a matakin babba sannan kuma suka sami lambar tagulla a matakin ƙarami. An sanya Davankova Deputat zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 2014 a Sofia, Bulgaria, inda suka gama na hudu bayan sun sanya na uku a cikin gajeren shirin kuma na biyar a cikin skate kyauta. Haɗin gwiwar su ya ƙare saboda Deputat yana fama da abubuwa yayin da Davankova ya girma.
Haɗin gwiwa tare da Bazarova A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2014, kafofin watsa labaru na Rasha sun ruwaito cewa Deputat da Vera Bazarova za su yi wasa tare, wanda Oleg Vasiliev ya horar da su. A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, Deputat ya ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Rasha ta amince da haɗin gwiwa a hukumance kuma za su fara horo a Saint Petersburg a ƙarƙashin Vasiliev. A watan Mayu, Vasiliev ya ce za su ƙaura zuwa Moscow da Saransk saboda samun ingantattun kudade.
2014-15 kakar An baiwa Bazarova/Deputat lambar tagulla a gasar CS Lombardia Trophy da azurfa a gasar cin kofin Nice ta kasa da kasa ta 2014. Sun karɓi ayyukan Grand Prix guda biyu, gasar cin kofin China na 2014 da Kofin NHK na 2014, kuma sun sanya 4th a duka biyun. Biyu sun ƙare a matsayi na 5 a gasar cin kofin Rasha ta 2015 2015-16 kakar Gasa a cikin jerin Grand Prix na 2015–16, Bazarova/Deputat sun gama 5th a 2015 Skate Canada International ta ƙare 5th da 4th a 2015 NHK Trophy A cikin Disamba 2015, biyu sun sanya 6th a gasar cin kofin Rasha ta 2016 A cikin Maris 2016, sun lashe zinare a gasar cin kofin Tyrol na farko a Innsbruck, Austria.
2016-17 kakar Bazarova/Deputat sun janye daga aikinsu na Grand Prix na 2016–17, Skate Canada International na 2016 A ranar 17 Nuwamba 2016, kocin su ya sanar da cewa haɗin gwiwar ya ƙare kuma Deputat yana yin gwaji tare da skaters daban-daban, ciki har da Alexandra Proklova Shirye-shirye Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1992
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Binagwaho | Agnes Binagwaho | Articles with hCards
Agnes Binagwaho likitan yara ce ƴar kasar Rwanda kuma wanda ta kafa kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Lafiya ta Duniya (2017-2022). A shekarar 1996, ta koma ƙasar Rwanda inda ta ba da kulawar asibiti a bangaren gwamnati sannan ta rike mukamai da dama da suka haɗa da mukamin babban sakatare na ma'aikatar lafiya ta Rwanda daga Oktoba 2008 zuwa Mayu 2011 da kuma ministar lafiya daga Mayu 2011 har zuwa Yuli. 2016. Ta kasance farfesa a aikin isar da lafiya ta duniya tun daga 2016 kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara tun 2017 a Jami'ar Global Health Equity. Tana zaune a Kigali Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi inagwaho a Nyamagabe, lardin Kudancin kasar Rwanda. Lokacin da ta kai shekara uku, ita da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Belgium inda mahaifinta ke kammala digirinsa na likita. Ta kammala digirin ta na likitanci (MD) a fannin likitanci gabaɗaya a Université libre de Bruxelles daga 1976 zuwa 1984 sannan ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimin yara (MA) a Université de Bretagne Occidentale daga 1989 zuwa 1993. A 2010, an ba ta Likitan girmamawa. na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Dartmouth a Amurka.[1] A cikin 2014, ta zama mutum na farko da aka ba wa lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) daga Kwalejin Magunguna da Kimiyyar Lafiya a Jami'ar Rwanda.[2] Kundin karatunta na PhD mai suna, “Hakkin Yara na Lafiya a Fannin Cutar Kanjamau: Al’amarin Ruwanda”[3].a Binagwaho ya sami Certificate of Tropical Medicine daga Cibiyar Magungunan Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium, tsakanin 1984 zuwa 1985. A Université de Bretagne Occidentale, ta kammala uku takaddun shaida: Certificate in Axiology (General Emergency) (1991-1992); Takaddun u a cikin Gaggawa na Yara (1992-1993); da Takaddun shaida a cikin Kulawa da Jiyya na Marasa lafiya na HIV (1994-1995). Ta koma Rwanda a watan Yulin 1996, shekaru biyu bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi a 1994. Daga Yuli zuwa Agusta 1997, ta kammala shirin horarwa kan rigakafin cutar kanjamau da binciken sa ido a Kigali ta gidauniyar AIDS ta Duniya, wacce Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar New Mexico ta shirya. Daga Nuwamba 2009 zuwa Afrilu 2010, ta kammala takaddun shaida a Lafiya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam Girma da Dabaru tare da InWent Capacity Building International (Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH) An kuma ba ta takardar shedar binciken binciken zamantakewa da halayyar halayya ta Amurka. Ƙungiya ta Citi Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative.
Sana'a Binagwaho ta fara aikinta na asibiti a Belgium da Faransa, inda ta kammala karatun likitancinta. Ta kware a fannin ilimin yara, bayan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin yara, ta kware a fannin likitancin gaggawa ga manya da yara, da kuma maganin cutar kanjamau da yara da manya. Ta yi aiki tuƙuru a fannin ilimin ɗan adam kuma, lokacin da ta koma Rwanda a 1996, ta yi aikin asibiti a asibitocin gwamnati.
Binagwaho ta kasance memba ta Asusun Global Fund's Rwanda Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) daga 2002 zuwa 2008. Daga 2006 zuwa 2009, ta jagoranci jagorancin Haɗin gwiwa Learning Initiative akan Yara da HIV/AIDS (JLICA), ƙawance mai zaman kanta na masu bincike, masu aiwatarwa, masu tsara manufofi, masu fafutuka, da mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin aiwatar da babban matakin aiwatar da manufofin agaji na Rwanda daga 2006 zuwa 2008. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na Shirin Tallafawa Ƙasashe da yawa akan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na SSR/HIV/AIDS da Ƙungiyar Shawarwari na Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Royal Tropical a Amsterdam, Netherlands, daga 2004 zuwa 2009. Daga 2001 har zuwa 2005, Binagwaho ya kuma rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Task Force of Millennium Development Goals Project for HIV/AIDS and Samun Mahimman Magunguna, karkashin jagorancin Jeffrey Sachs na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya J
A cikin 2004, ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Lafiya don Mujallar Time Ta zauna a kan allon edita na Public Library of Science Ta kuma yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Kula da Bibiyar Ƙidaya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da haɗin gwiwar Margaret Biggs (CIDA) da Margaret Chan (WHO) da kuma bayar da rahoto ga Babban Darakta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sakatare-Janar Ban Ki-moon Haka kuma ta kasance memba na Shirin Haɗin kai don Lafiyar Mata da Yara a wannan shekarar a matsayinta na Memba na Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Innovation.
Binagwaho ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ruwanda daga Oktoba 2008 zuwa Mayu 2011 da kuma matsayin Babban Sakatare na Hukumar Kula da Cutar Kanjamau ta Ruwanda daga 2002 zuwa 2008. A lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Zartaswa na Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Ruwanda daga 2002 zuwa 2008, ta kuma kasance shugabar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ruwanda na Shirin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Shugabancin Amirka na Taimakawa Kanjamau (PEPFAR). Bugu da kari, ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan Bankin Duniya na MAP a Ruwanda. Binagwaho ya rike mukamin ministan lafiya na kasar Rwanda daga watan Mayun 2011 zuwa Yuli 2016. A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2016, bayan shafe shekaru biyar tana aiki, shugaban Rwanda Paul Kagame ya sauke ta daga ayyukanta. Daga 2013 zuwa 2015, ta kasance memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya don Lancet Global Health Journal. Ta kasance memban Kwamitin Kafa na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ci Gaba a Afirka, da ke Kisumu, Kenya. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Abokan Asusun Duniya na Afirka, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Ƙaddamar da rigakafin cutar AIDS ta duniya. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Dabarun Duniya don Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Lafiya ta Duniya a Kwalejin Imperial ta London Bugu da ƙari, ta yi hidima ga Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na 3 DCP3 Prof. Binagwaho shi ne tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Lafiya ta Duniya (2017-2022).
Daga baya aiki
Koyarwa Tun daga 2008, Binagwaho ta kasance babban malami a Sashen Lafiya na Duniya da Magungunan Jama'a a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard. Ita kuma farfesa ce a aikin isar da lafiya a duniya kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara a Jami'ar Global Health Equity a Ruwanda sannan kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin likitancin yara a Makarantar Magunguna ta Geisel da ke Dartmouth. A halin yanzu, Farfesa Binagwaho yana aiki a matsayin malami mai alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Harvard Sauran ayyukan A cikin 2019, Binagwaho ya shiga kwamitin amintattu na Gidauniyar Rockefeller kuma ya zama memba a hukumar ba da shawara ga Wellcome Trust Global Monitor. A cikin 2022, ta zama memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya don Tasirin Tasirin Tattalin Arziki akan Amincewa da Bincike na Kimiyya, memba na al'ummar amintattu na Gidauniyar Cummings kuma memba na kwamitin Cibiyar Bincike kan Mata ta Duniya.
Tun daga shekarar 2010, Binagwaho ya kasance memba na kungiyar Task Force ta Duniya kan Fadada Samun Kula da Ciwon daji da Kula da Ciwon daji a kasashe masu tasowa. Binagwaho memba ne na kwamitin kimiyya na haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwa don shirye-shiryen rigakafin annoba/Ma'aikatar kimiyya da fasaha ta kasar Sin. Binagwaho memba ce a Kungiyar Dabarun Turai kan Lafiya ta Afirka kuma tana aiki a Cibiyar Shugabancin Mata a Gidauniyar Turai ta Afirka.
Ita mamba ce a Dandalin Innovation na Kimiyya na Ruwanda. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun hanyoyi na Commonwealth. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Shirin Bincike a bayyane. Tun daga shekarar 2021, tana aiki a matsayin shugabar taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Afirka. Har ila yau, kwanan nan ta shiga kwamitin Kimiyya da ke shirya 5th Edition na Forum Galien Afrique.
Binagwaho kuma yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya da Dabarun (SSAC) don Ƙungiyar Binciken Bayanai na COVID-19 na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Task Force na COVID-19 na T20. Tun daga shekarar 2021, ita mamba ce a Kwamitin Afirka kan COVID-19 na Tarayyar Afirka Kwanan nan, Farfesa Binagwaho ya shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Gudanar da Bincike na Stanford don Tallafawa Canjin Yanayi da Al'umma na Ayyukan Lafiya.
Binagwaho memba ne na kwamitin edita na Lafiya da Ƴancin Dan Adam da Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanar da Lafiya Har ila yau, tana aiki a ƙungiyar edita na Annals of Global Health da kuma a kan kwamitin edita na International Journal of Health Policy and Management Tun daga 2017, Binagwaho ya kasance a cikin kwamitin edita na mujallar binciken kiwon lafiya ta Gabashin Afirka kuma memba na kwamitin edita na Bulletin na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya Binagwaho ɗan'uwa ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Afirka, Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta ƙasa a Amurka. Kwanan nan, a karkashin inuwar Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Magunguna da Injiniya ta kasa ta zama mamba a dandalin Duniya kan Ƙirƙirar Ilimin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Lafiya. Hakanan ta kasance ɗan'uwa ga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya (TWAS) don Ci gaban Kimiyya a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ci gaban Manufofin TWAS da Ayyukan Gaba (PDFA) na shekara ta 2021-2022.
Bincike da gwagwarmaya Nazari da wallafe-wallafen Binagwaho na nufin inganta hanyoyin rigakafi, kulawa da maganin cutar kanjamau da sauran cututtuka. Binagwaho ta yi ta magana akai-akai game da gagarumin rawar da bincike ya taka wajen inganta lafiya a kasarta. Dissertation dinta na PhD ya mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin damar da aka rasa ga yaran da ke fama da cutar kanjamau don cika hakkinsu na kiwon lafiya. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin ministar lafiya, Binagwaho ta kaddamar da tattaunawa ta yanar gizo ta hanyar Twitter kan batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya da kuma bangaren kiwon lafiyar kasar Rwanda. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin minista, masu amfani da shafin Twitter daga sassa daban-daban na kasar Rwanda da ma duniya baki daya sun bi ta a tattaunawar mako biyu ta hanyar amfani da #MinisterLitinin. A watan Disambar 2011, ta yi haɗin gwiwa da wani kamfanin ICT na Ruwanda-Amurka mai suna Nyaruka don baiwa 'yan Rwanda da ba su da damar shiga Intanet damar ba da gudummawar tambayoyinsu da tsokaci ga tattaunawar #MinisterLitinin ta hanyar SMS. A cikin 2013, Binagwaho ya gabatar da jerin laccoci na Jami'ar College London Lancet.A cikin 2015, ita ce mai girma David E. Barmes Global Health Lecturer ta hanyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da lacca, "David E. Barmes Lecture Global Health Lecture: Medical Research and Capacity Building for Development: The Kwarewar Ruwanda." A cikin 2015, ta sami lambobin yabo guda biyu: Kyautar 2015 Roux ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya (IHME) don amfani da bayanan Nazarin Burden Cututtuka na Duniya don rage mace-macen jarirai a Rwanda, da Ronald McDonald. Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Yara. An nada ta a cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Matan Afirka na 2020 da na 2021. Kwanan nan, ta sami lambar yabo ta L'ORÉAL-UNESCO ga mata a fannin kimiyyar kasa da kasa a matsayin babbar gudummawar da ta bayar wajen inganta tsarin kiwon lafiyar Ruwanda. A matsayinta na shugabar taron farko kan lafiyar jama'a a Afirka, an ba ta lambar yabo da nasarar "Jagorancin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya". Kwanan nan, an zabe ta a cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Ilimin Apolitical a cikin Gwamnati a cikin yankin manufofin "Fara daga Covid-19 Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya" kuma an san ta a cikin "Muryar Murya a Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'ar Afirka" a gare ta. bayar da shawarwari don daidaiton lafiyar duniya da adalci na zamantakewa Labarai Binagwaho ya wallafa labarai sama da 240 da surori na littattafai da aka bita.
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29292 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablade%20Glover | Ablade Glover | Ablade Glover (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934) ɗan Ghana ne mai fasaha kuma malami. Ya baje ko'ina, yana gina suna a duniya cikin shekaru da dama, da kuma daukarsa a matsayin wani babban jigo a fagen fasahar yammacin Afirka. Ana gudanar da aikinsa a cikin manyan tarin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, waɗanda suka haɗa da Fadar Imperial na Japan, hedkwatar UNESCO a Paris da Filin Jirgin Sama na O'Hare na Chicago. Ya sami lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, gami da Order of Volta a Ghana, kuma abokin rayuwa ne na Royal Society of Arts, London. Ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa, Shugaban Sashen Ilimin Fasaha kuma Shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah har zuwa 1994.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a yankin La na Accra a lokacin Gold Coast (Ghana ta yanzu), Emmanuel Ablade Glover ya yi karatun farko a makarantun mishan na Presbyterian. Ya yi karatun horar da malamansa a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, Kumasi (1957-58), kafin ya samu gurbin karatu don karantar zanen yadi a Makarantar Tsakiyar Fasaha da Zane ta London (1959-62).
Glover ya koma Ghana don koyarwa na ɗan lokaci, kafin wani tallafin karatu, wanda Kwame Nkrumah ya ba shi, ya ba Glover damar yin karatun ilimin fasaha a Jami'ar Newcastle a kan Tyne (1964-65), inda ya fara amfani da kayan aikin da ya siffata dabararsa lokacin malaminsa ya ba da shawarar wukar palette don shafa fenti, maimakon gogewa. Glover ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Amurka, na farko a Jami'ar Jihar Kent, inda ya sami digiri na biyu, sannan a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio inda aka ba shi digiri na uku a 1974.
Aiki
Ilimi Da ya koma Ghana bayan ya sami digiri na uku, Glover ya koyar da shekaru ashirin masu zuwa a Kwalejin Fasaha a Jami'ar Kumasi, ya zama Shugaban Sashen da Kwalejin Kwalejin. Ya kai matsayin abokin farfesa a cikin wannan lokacin.
Artists Alliance Gallery Ya kafa Gallery na Artists Alliance Gallery na tushen Accra, wanda ke da tushe a cikin hoton da ya kafa a cikin 1960s kuma a cikin sabon shigar da Kofi Annan ya buɗe a cikin 2008. Kazalika kasancewar mashigar aikin Glover, wannan hoton yana nuna ayyukan wasu manyan masu fasaha irin su Owusu-Ankomah da George O. Hughes, tare da tarin kayan tarihi na gida.
Salo An kwatanta salon Glover a matsayin "matsala tsakanin tsatsauran ra'ayi da gaskiya", kuma batun batunsa ya fi son manyan shimfidar wurare na birane, wuraren shakatawa, wuraren zama, manyan kasuwanni da kuma nazarin matan Ghana. Da aka tambaye shi kan tasirinsa, sai ya ce: “...idan ka lura za ka ga mata da yawa a cikin aikina kuma mutane suna tambayata, me ya sa kake yawan fentin mata? Ban yi tunani ba, sai kawai na bude baki na ce saboda sun fi maza kyau, wannan ba wata babbar amsa ba ce, daga baya ina tunanin hakan ya ba ni karfin gwiwa. wasu jarumtaka sai su nuna, idan sun yi tafiya a titi sai su kasance masu kyau, masu jarumtaka, masu jaruntaka, idan za su yi tafiya sai su nuna, maza ba sa yin haka?.
Daraja da karramawa A cikin 1998, Glover ya sami lambar yabo ta Flagstar ta ACRAG (Ƙungiyar Masu Zartarwa da Masu Bita na Gana), kuma an karrama shi da fitaccen lambar yabo ta tsofaffin ɗalibai daga Cibiyar Ba-Amurke da ke birnin New York. Ya sami lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, gami da Order of Volta a Ghana a cikin 2007, lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award a 2010 kuma abokin rayuwa ne na Royal Society of Arts, London. Har ila yau, ɗan'uwa ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana.
Nunin da aka zaɓa Ablade Glover: 80th Anniversary, October Gallery, London (3 Yuli-2 Agusta 2014)
Transmission Part 2, Tasneem Gallery, Barcelona, Spain (15 Nuwamba 2012 30 Maris 2013)
I See You, Tasneem Gallery (6 Yuli-17 Nuwamba 2010)
Ablade Glover: 75 Year Anniversary, October Gallery, London (2 Yuli 1 ga Agusta 2009)
Visions Dreams, Tasneem Gallery (13 Maris-31 Mayu 2008)
Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
15310 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Obianuju%20Acholonu | Catherine Obianuju Acholonu | Catherine Obianuju Acholonu (an haifeta a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 1951 ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2014) marubuciya ce 'yar Nijeriya, mai bincike kuma mai rajin siyasa.
Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mashawarciya ta Musamman (SSA) ga Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo kan Fasaha da Al'adu, kuma ta kasance mamba ce ta kungiyar Marubutan Najeriya "Association of Nigerian Authors" (ANA).
Kuruciya, Ilimi da aure An haifi Catherine daga dangin kiristoci Catholica Inyamurai, mahaifanta sune Chief Lazarus Emejuru Olumba da kuma Josephine Olumba da ke rayuwa a kauyen Umuokwara, birnin Orlu. Itace babba diya acikin 'ya'ya hudu.
Ta kammala karatun ta na firamare da sakandare a makarantan "Holy Rosary School", kana daga bisani kuma akai mata aure da Brendan Douglas Acholonu wanda ya kasance likita ne dake aiki a kasar Germany a wancan lokacin.
Catherine daga bisani ta fara karantu a jami'ar University of Düsseldorf a matsayin dalibar Turanci, daga bisani ta karanta American literature da kuma Germanic linguistics a shekara ta (1974) inda tayi digiri dinta na biyu a shekara ta alif(1977). A cikin shekara ta alif(1982) ta kammala digirinta na uka a fannin yaren Igbo (Igbo Studies), a yayinda ta zama mace ta farko 'yar Afurka da ta fara kammala karatun Masters' da PhD a jami'ar Dusseldorf dake Germany. Ta halarci taronta na farko a Ibadan a shekara ta gaba akan "Pan Africanism", inda ta gabatar da takaddu hudu akan darasin.
Aiki
Malantaka Catherine ta koyar da turanci a kwalejin Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, dake birnin Owerri tun daga shekara ta (1978) sannan ta wallafa littattafai fiye da goma sha shida.
Ta kirkiri AFA A journal of Creative Writing a shekara ta(1982) wanda shine mujalla na farko dangane da adabin harsunan Afurka. A shekara ta (1986) itace kadai 'yar Najeriya kuma su biyu 'yan Afurka da suka samu halartar shirin "United Nations Expert Group Meeting on 'Women, Population and Sustainable Development: the Road to Rio, Cairo and Beijing'. Gwamnatin Amurka ta zabe ta a matsayin Fulbright Scholar a shekara ta (1990) a bisa aikin da tayi wajen tattara bayanai akan tushen Inyamurai dangane da Olaudah Equiano, wani shahararren mai haramtawa kuma masukin cinikayyar bayi) wanda ya zamo abun darasi ga sauran kwalejoji. An kaddamar da shirin African American Studies dangane da kokarinta.
Kuma tana cikin wadanda suka samar da "Acholonu Research Center" don bin diddigin tarihin Nahiyar Afurka, wanda ya zamo bincike na farko da aka sanya wa sunan mace a Najeriya.
Siyasa Catherine ta fito takarar shugaban kasan Najeriya a zaben shekara ta (1992) a karkashin jam'iyyar National Republican Convention inda daga bisani bataci nasara ba. A wannan lokaci kuma mijinta shine mataimakin gwmanan jihar Imo daga jam'iyya daya.
Ayyuka da Karramawa
Rubutu Catherine tayi fice a fannin salon magana a Najeriya, daga cikin ayyukanta sun hada da Heinemann Book of African Female Writers da dai sauransu. Ana la'akari da littafin Afro-Surrealist matuka.
Littafin "Western and Indigenous Traditions in Modern Igbo Literature" Littafi ne da aka gyara daga binciken da tayi a yayin karatun digirin ta na uku wanda Dusseldorf University Press suka wallafa, wanda ya wanzu a jami'oin kasar Germany. Chidi T. Maduka, ya suki aikin da cewa bai da inganci sosai saboda baiyi wani gamsasshen bayani akan rubuce-rubucen Igbo ba, don haka aka soke aikin da cewa ya rasa cikakken bayanai. Har wayau, an sama karancin bayani kan malamai da kuma munanan tawaya.
The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano Littafin ta na farko da tayi bayanin asalin harshen Igbo dangane da tarihin Olaudah Equiano a Isseke, Ihiala. Har wayau, masana tarihi sun soki aikin sosai musamman ta fuskan salon tarihin da ta ayyana a kundin.
A wani nazarin, an soki labarin a matsayin tarihin gizo, da karerayi dangane da tarihin iyalan Equiano. A wani nazari na Research in African Literatures, Paul Edwards yayi watsi da aikin gaba daya inda yayi ikirarin cewa bai kai ingancin binciken karatun jami'a ba. Ode Ogede shima ya soki aikin sosai inda ya bayyana cewa wanna daya daga cikin misalan yadda ake canza asalin tarihi don cimma wani buri na daban, ba tare da wani sila na binciken ilimi ba kuma ya nemeta da tayi watsi da sabbin bayanin kan asalin Olaudah Equiano.
Christopher Fyfe yayin nazari akan International Journal of African Historical Studies, ya nuna cewa aikinta gudunmawa ne sosai akan ainihin tarihin mutanen Afurka amma duk da haka ya jawo hankali kan suka Edward yayi wa aikin. Erving Beauregard daga jami'ar University of Dayton, ya nuna cewa aiki ne mai kayatarwa sannan ya jinjina mata akan tarihin musamman na kusan shekaru 200 da suka shude.
Duk da haka, Catherine tayi watsi da soke-soken inda ta nuna cewa kawai suka ne na adawa.
Littafin Motherism The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism Aiki ne da ya samo asali daga binciken ta na jami'a wanda ya zamo fitaccen aiki akan nazarin jinsi a Afurka. Kuma ya jawo cigaba a fannin ilimin haihuwa a kasashen Turawa.
Sauran ayyuka Abotan ta da Al Gore ne yasa har ta rubuta littafi The Earth Unchained: A Quantum Leap in Consciousness: don maida martani ga Al Gore akan sake binciko tarihin asalin Afurka da ya bace da kuma danganta shi wajen magance matsalolin duniya. Catherine tayi ikirarin cewa ta sama bayanai ta hanyar wahayi daga ubangiji, kuma ta kwashe tsawon kwanaki 14 tana rubutawa.
Littafin ta na They Lived Before Adam: Pre-Historic Origins of the Igbo ya lashe lambar yabo na "Flora Nwapa Award for Literary Excellence" da kuma "Philis Wheatley Book Award" a taron Harlem Book Fair, na shekara ta 2009.
Littafin The Gram Code of African Adam: Stone Books and Cave Libraries, Reconstructing 450,000 Years of Africa's Lost Civilizations wanda yayi bayani kan tsaffin duwatsun Ikom monoliths, wanda tayi ikirarin cewa yayi sanadiyar salon rubuta a zamunan Afurka na baya. Sannan kuma malamai kadan suka duba littafin ba kafin a wallafa shi.
Kuma sannan ba'a san ayyukan ba sosai a kasashen waje.
Ra'ayi Catherine tana da ra'ayin zamantakewa na dawainiya da juna kuma tana adawa da ra'ayin 'yancin mata (feminism). Bata yarda da ra'ayin makarantun Alice Walker, Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa da sauran makarantun da suke da ra'ayi akan 'yancin mata, tare da sukan su da bata tarbiya ta hanya halarta madugo da sauran al'adu wanda basu da alaka da ainihin al'adun matan Afurka. Ta nuna cewa tattalin arziki bane ke jawo martaba a Afurka amma ba jinsi ba. Haka zailka ra'ayinta na uwantaka "mothernism", na haihuwa da raino na jawo hankali akan haihuwa da raino da mata ke yi, kuma yana bunkasa biyayya ga maza ba wai gaba da gaba da maza ba da sunan taimakekeniya tsakanin maza da mata ba. Wannan ra'ayi nata ya samu murtani daga kungiyar matan feminism na zamani.
Catherine ta nuna kawo addinin musulunci a matsayin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya jawo watsewar tsarukan mulkin Afurka kuma ya rage armashin rayuwa ga mata.
Mutuwa Catherine ta mutu a ranar( 18 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (2014) daga cutar koda a lokacin tana da shekaru (62).
Martaba National Council of Women Societies (NCWS) ta lissafo ta acikin matan Najeriya da suka sama daukaka a shekara ta (2017). An zabi littattafan ta a wajen karatun makarantun sakandare da jami'oi na Najeriya, da kuma wajen nazarin al'adun Afurka a sassan jami'oin kasashen Amurka da kuma Turai.
Bibilyo
Wakoki
"Going Home"
"Spring's Last Drop"
"Dissidents"
"Harvest of War"
"Other Forms of Slaughter"
Collections
The Spring's Last Drop, 1985
Nigeria in the Year 1999, 1985
Recite and Learn Poems for Junior Primary Schools, 1986
Recite and Learn Poems for Senior Primary Schools, 1986
Wasanni da Drama
Trial of the Beautiful Ones: a play in one act, Owerri, Nigeria: Totan, 1985—based on the Igbo ogbanje myth.
The Deal and Who is the Head of State, Owerri, Nigeria: Totan, 1986
Into the Heart of Biafra: a play in three acts, Owerri, Nigeria: C. Acholonu, 1970
Kasidu da kuma Labaran Gaskia
Western and Indigenous Traditions in Modern Igbo Literature 1985.
Motherism, The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism, 1995.
The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano, 1995, revised 2007.
The Earth Unchained: A Quantum Leap in Consciousness: a reply to Al Gore, 1995
Africa the New Frontier Towards a Truly Global Literary Theory for the 21st Century. Lecture Delivered to the Association of Nigerian Authors annual Convention, 2002.
The Gram Code of African Adam: Stone Books and Cave Libraries, Reconstructing 450,000 Years of Africa's Lost Civilizations, 2005
They Lived Before Adam: Pre-Historic Origins of the Igbo The Never-Been-Ruled (Ndi Igbo since 1.6 million B.C.), 2009. Winner of the USA-based International Book Awards (2009) in the Multi-cultural non-fiction category.
The Lost Testament of the Ancestors of Adam: Unearthing Heliopolis/Igbo Ukwu The Celestial City of the Gods of Egypt and India, 2010
Eden in Sumer on the Niger: Archaeological, Linguistic, and Genetic Evidence of 450,000 Years of Atlantis, Eden and Sumer in West Africa, 2014
Littattafai da ta wallafa
The Igbo Roots of Olaudah Equiano: An Anthropological Research Jan 1, 1989
The Deal and Who is the Head of State
The Spring's Last Drop
Nigeria in the year 1999 (TOT Series)
Into the Heart of Biafra (TOP Series)
Trial of the Beautiful Ones
Babin Mukalai
(with Joyce Ann Penfield), "Linguistic Processes of Lexical Innovation in Igbo." Anthropological Linguistics. 22 (1980). 118–130.
"The Role of Nigerian Dancers in Drama." Nigeria Magazine. 53.1 (1985). 33–39.
"The Home of Olaudah Equiano A Linguistic and Anthropological Research", The Journal of Commonwealth Literature. 22.1 (1987). 5–16.
"L'Igbo Langue Litteraire: Le Cas du Nigeria." [Literary Igbo Language: The Case of Nigeria.] Notre Librairie: Revue du Livre: Afrique, Caraibes, Ocean Indien. 98 (Jul–Sept 1989). 26–30.
"Mother was a Great Man." In The Heinemann Book of African Women's Writing. Ed. Charlotte H. Bruner. London: Heinemann, 1993. 7–14.
"Motherism: The Afrocentric Alternative to Feminism." Ishmael Reed's Konch Magazine. (March–April 2002).
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32749 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunji%20Olurin | Tunji Olurin | Adetunji Idowu Ishola Olurin mni Yoruba 3 Disamba 1944 20 Agusta 2021) tauraro ɗaya ne na Najeriya Janar a cikin sojojin ƙasa, wanda ya yi gwamnan soja na jihar Oyo da kuma filin kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG a Laberiya daga 1992 zuwa 1993 lokacin yakin basasa na farko na Laberiya Olurin ya yi ritaya daga aiki a shekarar 1993 kuma ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a Najeriya Ya yi mulki a jihar Ekiti daga ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2006 zuwa 27 ga Afrilu 2007.
Haihuwa da ilimi An haifi Tunji Olurin a Ilaro ga Babban MAO Olurin, Agoron Ilaro, da Madam Abigail Fola Olurin. Ya yi karatu a Egbado College (yanzu Yewa College), kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ibadan (yanzu Ibadan Polytechnic) a shekarar 1966. Ya zama mai horaswa a jaridar Times Press da ke Apapa, Legas A shekarar 1967 ya shiga makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya (NDA), Kaduna, inda ya samu shaidar karatunsa na NDA. Ya halarci kwasa-kwasan sana'a da dama a lokacin aikinsa na soja. Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Makarantar Sojoji, Quetta, Pakistan, Kwalejin Command and Staff College Jaji Kaduna da Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta ƙasa, Kuru, Jos Aikin soja Olurin ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1967 a matsayin jami’in horo na musamman na 3rd Regular Course inda ya samu NDAACE (Nigerian Defence Academic of Education) sannan kuma ya samu muƙamin Laftanar na biyu a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a watan Maris 1970. Ya zama kwamandan Battalion Brigade a Kainji a cikin 1973 kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Quartermaster Janar na Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kaduna.
Ya kasance mataimakin mai baiwa hukumar Najeriya shawara a ƙasar Indiya (1975-1978) mai muƙamin manjo. Bayan ya halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikata a 1978, an tura shi zuwa aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Lebanon, inda ya jagoranci sojojin Najeriya a cikin Rundunar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Lebanon (UNIFIL). An jibge bataliyarsa tsakanin sojojin Falasɗinawa da na Isra'ila. A cikin 1981, a matsayin Janar na Hafsan Sojoji a hedkwatar Sojoji, ya tara rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta OAU a Chadi Wannan runduna ta haɗa da sojojin Najeriya da Senegal da Kenya da kuma Zaire Haka kuma a shekarar 1981, ya gudanar da ayyuka a Kano domin murƙushe ƴan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin masu ra’ayin addini. A lokacin juyin mulkin Agusta 1985, lokacin da aka hamɓarar da Manjo Janar Muhammadu Buhari aka maye gurbin sa da Manjo Janar Ibrahim Babangida, Laftanar Kanal. Tunji Olurin ya kasance Kwamandan Runduna ta 1st Mechanized Brigade, Minna Ya kasance "sane" amma ba "aiki" a juyin mulkin ba. Bayan juyin mulkin, an nada shi Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Oyo (1985-1988). A lokacin da yake gwamna, ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ta kasa. A 1987 ya kafa kwamiti wanda a 1988 ya ba da shawarar kafa abin da ya zama Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola A shekarar 1990, Olurin ya zama babban hafsan soji na 3 da ke Jos kuma memba a Majalisar Mulki ta Sojoji Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG a Laberiya daga Disamba 1992 zuwa Satumba 1993, lokacin da Birgediya Janar John Nanzip Shagaya ya sauke shi. Ya yi amfani da amintacciyar dangantakarsa da shugaban Najeriya Janar Ibrahim Babangida wajen samun karin sojoji domin gudanar da aikin, kuma ya zuwa watan Janairun 1993 yana da dakaru 16,000 a ƙarƙashin sa wanda 12,000 'yan Najeriya ne. Olurin ya ƙuduri aniyar tilastawa Charles Taylor shiga tsaron. Dabarunsa na ta'addanci sun yi nasara ta hanyar soji, wanda ya tilasta wa NPFL bude tattaunawa a watan Yulin 1993, ko da yake an zarge shi da nuna fifiko ga wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasar Laberiya.
Daga baya aiki A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2002, an zaɓi Tunji Olurin a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Yewa (YG), wanda aka kafa don bunƙasa Yewaland a jihar Ogun A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2006 Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ekiti ta tsige gwamna, Ayodele Fayose da mataimakinsa Abiodun Christine Olujimi, bisa zargin aikata mugun aiki. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2006, shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya ayyana dokar ta-baci a jihar Ekiti tare da dakatar da gwamna, mataimakin gwamna da majalisar dokokin jihar. Ya naɗa Tunji Olurin, a matsayin “Sole Administrator” a jihar Ekiti. Majalisar dokokin kasar ta amince da dokar ta-baci a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba. Jim kadan bayan nada Olurin ya rusa kananan hukumomin da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC ke bincike a kan zargin karkatar da kimanin naira biliyan 7.3. A watan Maris na 2007, Tunji Olurin ya umarci gidajen rediyo da talabijin na jihar Ekiti da kada su watsa shirye-shiryen ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar na jam'iyyar Action Congress (AC), Kayode Fayemi, yayin da ya ba da damar yaɗa labarai daga PDP. Olurin ya ci gaba da rike mukamin har sai da Tope Ademiluyi ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2007. Tuni dai ya ci gaba da mantawa da siyasa bayan ya sha kaye a zaben gwamnan jihar Ogun a shekarar 2011.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Olurin ya gabatar da jawabai kan wanzar da zaman lafiya a Kwalejin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, Kwalejin Yaki ta Ƙasa, da taron karawa juna sani na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Ghana, Najeriya, da Senegal. A shekarar 2006, Gwamna Gbenga Daniel na Jihar Ogun ya naɗa shi Chancellor na Jami’ar Ilimi ta Farko a Najeriya, TASUED. Olurin ya kasance wanda ya samu lambobin yabo da dama da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma Kwamandan Rundunar Humane Order of African Redemption (KCHOAR), lambar yabo mafi girma na ƙasar Laberiya. Ya kasance babban sarki mai daraja na Jamhuriyar Laberiya.
Manazarta Gwamnonin jihar Oyo
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31355 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartarwar%20Majalisar%20dinkin%20duniya%20akan%20hakkin%20kananan%20manoma | Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma | Zartarwa akan Haƙƙin manoma (UNDROP a hukumance sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce game da haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, wani ƙuduri ne na UNGA kan haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da "fahimtar duniya", Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya shi cikin tsarin ta a shekara ta 2018.
Tarihi
Asali A cikin shekara ta 2008, La Via Campesina ne ya ƙaddamar da sanarwar 'yancin manoma Mata da maza wanda, tare da goyon baya daga sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sashin Yancin Dan Adam.
Daga nan ne aka yi amfani da wannan rubutaccen tsarin a matsayin tushe tsakanin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2019 don tattaunawa da rubutun sanarwar UNDROP ta ƙarshe. Tattaunawar ta sami goyon bayan kungiyoyin al'ummomi irin su La Via Campesina, FIAN International, ko kuma Europe–Third World Centre (CETIM), har ma da kungiyoyin masana kimiyya irin su Ƙungiyar kananan manoma na Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, da Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman da dama.
Hakkokin manoma Manufar haƙƙin ƙauye ya ginu akan haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da aka amince da su, da dai sauransu, a cikin Yarjejeniyar kuma Shuka ta FAO da kuma Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu.
Tattaunawar rubutu
Kafin a fara tattaunawar
Kaddamar Tattaunawar, wadda Bolivia ta jagoranta da farko, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya kaddamar da shi kuma a karshe Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi.
Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2018, an gabatar da daftarin kuduri A/HRC/39/L.16 ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kare hakkin dan adama, wanda Algeria, Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Masar, Haiti, Kenya, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines suka goyi bayan, Afirka ta Kudu, Togo, Venezuela da kuma kasar Falasdinu.
Daga baya an amince da shi tare da kuri'u 33 na amincewa, kasashe 11 kuma suka ki amincewa Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, Jamus, Iceland, Japan, Jamhuriyar Koriya, Slovakia, Slovenia da Spain) da 3 da (Australia, Hungary da Ingila) a matsayin kudurin HRC. 39/12.
Kwamitin Na Uku Majalisar A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da wani taron hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin kasashen waje, don tattauna daftarin UNDROP, inda wakilan Bolivia, Indonesia, Tarayyar Turai, Cuba da Afirka ta Kudu suka yi tsokaci. An gabatar da daftarin kuduri (A/C.3/73/L.30) ga kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba ta hanyar wakilin Bolivia tare da mai ba da gudummawa daga Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Portugal, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Venezuela A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, daftarin ya sami goyon baya daga Benin, Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Masar, Eritrea, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Laberiya, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Pakistan, Saint Kitts da Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saliyo, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe Daga baya aka gabatar da shi don kada kuri'a, wanda sakamakon ya kasance mai inganci: tare da kuri'u 119 da suka amince, kuri'u 7 suka nuna adawa (Australia, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States of America) da 49 suka ki.
Babban majalisi Na tsarin na 73 A babban taronta karo na 55 a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 2018, zama na saba'in da uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da kuduri mai lamba 73/165, mai kunshe da UNDROP a matsayin kari, wanda gabatarwa ke karantawa:Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,
Da yake maraba da amincewar da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta yi, a cikin kudurinta mai lamba 39/12 na 28 ga Satumba 2018,1 na sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara.
Ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin makala ga wannan kuduri;
Yana gayyatar gwamnatoci, hukumomi da kungiyoyi na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati don yada sanarwar da kuma inganta girmamawa da fahimtar duniya;
Ya bukaci Sakatare-Janar ya hada da rubutun sanarwar a cikin bugu na gaba na Hakkokin Dan Adam: Tarin Kayayyakin Duniya.Kafin amincewa da hakan, wakilin Switzerland (daya daga cikin ƴan ƙasashen da ba su ci gaba ba) ya bayyana game da UNDROP cewa "yana neman taƙaita haƙƙin manoma a cikin takarda guda don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da halin da suke ciki. Alamar siyasa ce mai matukar muhimmanci.” Kasashen da suka kada kuri'ar amincewa sun hada da Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua da Barbuda, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Central Central Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Kongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Koriya ta Arewa, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Djibouti, Dominika, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Ecuador, Masar, El Salvador, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Moldova, Rwanda, Saint Kitts da Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent da Gre nadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Saliyo, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Tanzania, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia da Zimbabwe Musamman, kasar Austiraliya, Guatemala, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, Burtaniya da Amurka sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar Kasashen da suka nuna rashin amincewa a zaben su ne Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Faransa, Jojiya, Jamus, Girka, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Italiya, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Palau, Poland, Koriya ta Kudu, Romania, Rasha, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Arewacin Macedonia, Turkiyya, Tuvalu, Ukraine, da Vanuatu.
Abubuwan da ke ciki
Tsokaci Gabatarwar tana tunawa da jerin kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman:
Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata Alkawari akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Baƙi abubuwan da suka dace na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Sanarwa kan Haƙƙin Ci Gaba Sanarwa kan Haqqoqin ‘Yan Qasa Har ila yau, gabatarwar ta ambaci ajanda na 2030 don ci gaba mai dorewa, da kuma dokokin duniya masu dacewa, kamar:
Yarjejeniyar Shuka (ITPGRFA),
Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu
da Yarjejeniyar "Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Use" da suka taso daga Amfani da su Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO game da Alhaki na Gudanar da Mulkin Filaye, Kamun Kifi da Dazuzzuka a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa,
Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Samar da Dorewa Kananan Kamun Kifi a cikin Tsarin Abinci da Kawar da Talauci.
Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Tallafawa Ci gaban Ci gaban Haƙƙin Samun Isasshen Abinci a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa Mukalai na 1, 2, 27 da 28: tanadi na gaba ɗaya Mukalai na 1 ya bayyana mahimman ra'ayoyi, Labari na 2 da 28 sun mayar da hankali kan babban wajibcin ƙasashe, sashe na 27 kuma ya lissafa nauyin da ke kan tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci Mukala na 3: daidaito Mukala na 3 ya gabatar da manufar daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci tsakanin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara.
Mukala na 4: mata Mataki na 4 na tunawa da babbar rawar da mata ke takawa a yankunan karkara, kuma ya yi kira da a daina nuna wariya ga mata, daidaita daidaiton jinsi, da shigar mata da shigar da su a kowane mataki.
Mukala na 5 da 18: hakkin yanayi Mataki na 5 ya mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin manoma na samun albarkatun kasa, ciki har da albarkatun halittu, da kuma jin dadin hanyoyin ci gaba, musamman ma ci gaba mai dorewa Mataki na 18 ya cika ta ta hanyar ba da takamaiman haƙƙoƙin zuwa tsaftataccen muhalli, aminci da lafiya ga duk mutanen da ke aiki da rayuwa a yankunan karkara.
Mukala na 6, 7, 8 da 9: 'yanci da 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa Wannan bangare na sanarwar yana magana ne akan yancin rayuwa, tsaron mutane da kuma 'yancin walwala, 'yancin tunani, ra'ayi da bayyana ra'ayi, da kuma 'yancin ƙungiyoyi
Mukala na 10, 11 da 12: Adalci Mataki na 10, 11 da 12 sun mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin shiga, 'yancin samun bayanai, da 'yancin yin shari'a, ciki har da samun adalci, cudanya cikin aminci, da kuma hakkin yin magani da ramuwa idan aka keta haƙƙin manoma. Mukala na 13, 14 da 16: hakkokin aiki Waɗannan matakai biyu suna magana game da haƙƙin yin aiki da haƙƙin yin aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya, tare da yanayin aiki da ya dace. Mataki na 16 ya kasance mai dacewa, kuma yana mai da hankali kan 'yancin samun kudin shiga mai kyau, 'yancin zabar da kula da rayuwar mutum, da hanyoyin samar da abin da aka zaba.
Mukala na 15: ikon mallakar abinci Mataki na 15 ya binciko ɗaya daga cikin manyan buƙatun ƙungiyoyin manoma a cikin shekaru: yancin abinci, amincin abinci da ikon mallakar abinci Mukala na 17: hakkin sauka
Mukala na 19: hakkin iri/shuka
Mukala na ashirin da 20: haƙƙin rayayyun halittu
Mukala na ashirin da daya: hakkin ruwa da tsaftataccen tsarin ruwa
Mukala na 22 da 23: 'yancin samun lafiya da tsaro Wannan sashin yana ginawa akan haƙƙin kowa don jin daɗin mafi girman ma'auni na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali haƙƙin lafiya kuma ya haɗa da takamaiman abubuwa kamar batun maganin gargajiya Mataki na ashirin da hudu: hakkin gidaje
Mukala na ashirin da biyar: haƙƙin ilimi
Mukala na ashirin da shida: 'yancin al'adu, ilimin gargajiya da maganganun gargajiya Wannan sashin yana mai da hankali kan al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu, musamman ilimin gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya Duba kuma
Hanyoyin haɗin ciki Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar
Haƙƙin abinci
Yarjejeniyar Shuka ta FAO (ITPGRFA)
Motsin manoma
Ta hanyar Campesina
Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara kamar yadda babban taron ya amince da shi, 17 Disamba 2019 a cikin kuduri mai lamba 73/165.
Sigar da aka kwatanta ta Via Campesina ta buga
Bayyana Haƙƙin Ƙauye Mata da Maza. Mazaunan Duniya suna buƙatar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Makiyaya ta Duniya shawara ta farko ta Via Campesina
Bayanan kula da manazarta Amintattun halaye na duniya
Kundin shekara ta 2018
Harkokin 'yancin dan adam
Tarihin 'yancin dan adam
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35236 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairmore%20SDA%2C%20Saskatoon | Blairmore SDA, Saskatoon | Blairmore Suburban Development Area SDA yanki ne a cikin Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Kanada Wani yanki ne na al'ummar gefen yamma na Saskatoon. Ya ta'allaka ne (gaba daya) arewa da bayan birnin da kuma gundumar karkara na Corman Park No. 344, yamma da cikin gari Saskatoon, da Core Neighborhoods SDA, kudu da Arewacin Yammacin Masana'antar SDA, da yamma na Confederation SDA Yawancin Blairmore SDA sun ƙunshi ƙasar da ba ta bunƙasa ba wacce birni ya haɗe a tsakiyar shekarata 2000s. Ƙirar ƙauyuka tara, na farko na zama a cikin yanayi, an shirya su don SDA. Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2019, biyu suna kan aiwatar da haɓakawa: kasuwanci/mazauni Blairmore Suburban Center da mazaunin mazaunin Kensington Wurin zama na uku, Elk Point, shima yana cikin matakin farko.
Unguwannin Blairmore Suburban Center
Kensington, al'ummar zama nan da nan a arewacin Cibiyar Suburban, an amince da ita a cikin shekarar 2011, tare da gina ginin a cikin shekarar 2013. Elk Point, mazaunin yankin arewa maso gabas na Kensington, an tsara shi a cikin 2013, kodayake tsarawa ga al'umma yana kan matakin farko. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, aƙalla ƙarin ƙauyuka shida an tsara su don SDA. Ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2019, har yanzu ba a gama tantance sunayensu da tsarin su ba.
Kayayyakin Nishaɗi Cibiyar Jama'a ta Blairmore wacce aka keɓance azaman waƙar Cibiyar Shaw ta buɗe a cikin Faɗuwar 2008. An buɗe wuraren ninkaya a faɗuwar 2009. Suna karbar bakuncin wurin ninkaya mai girman Olympics, wurin shakatawa na iyali tare da zabtarewar ruwa, wuraren zafi guda biyu da dandamalin ruwa.
Siyayya Kimanin na dillali da za a gina a Blairmore SDA Babban Cibiyar Wal-Mart ta buɗe Janairu 2010 akan titin Betts kuma tun daga wannan lokacin an buɗe lamba "babban akwati" da masu siyar da kantin sayar da kayayyaki a ɓangarorin Betts Avenue. Wani yanki na kasuwanci, gami da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na farko na Ajiye-On, ana kan ci gaba a gefen arewa na titin 22nd tare da Kensington Boulevard.
Ilimi Cibiyar Blairmore ta ƙunshi wata makarantar sakandare ta Bethlehem da Tommy Douglas Collegiate na jama'a da cibiyar jama'a da ake kira Cibiyar Shaw. Blairmore SDA gida ce ga makarantu masu zuwa:
Sabuwar Tommy Douglas Collegiate, ilimin sakandare na jama'a ya buɗe a cikin faɗuwar 2008 Sabuwar Makarantar Katolika ta Baitalami, Katolika ko ilimin sakandare daban, an buɗe a cikin faɗuwar 2008 Tun daga 2017 babu makarantun firamare da ke kusa da Kensington ko Elk Point, kodayake an keɓe ƙasa a cikin al'ummomin biyu don makarantun jama'a da na Katolika na gaba.
Bugu da kari, SDA da farko sun hada da gonar Matasa ta Yarrow, wurin gyara lardi na matasa masu hadarin gaske. Ko da yake da farko ana sa ran ci gaba da aiki duk da haɗawa da ci gaban mazaunan Kensington a ɓangarori uku, gwamnatin Saskatchewan daga baya ta rufe ginin mai girman eka 40 a kan titin Neault, arewa da tsohon jeri na 33rd Street, tana tura shirye-shiryenta zuwa wani wurin. Saskatoon, kuma ya sanya ƙasar sayarwa a cikin 2015.
Sauran ayyuka An shirya "Cibiyar Gundumomi" a Unguwana 6 da 7 SDA ta ƙunshi makabartar Smithville, wacce ta fara zuwa 1901 kuma birni ya mamaye shi tare da sauran yankin SDA. Tana kan titin 22nd (Highway 14), yamma da Range Road 3063.
Sufuri Titin 22nd Hanya 14 babbar hanya ce ta hanyar Saskatoon Highway 14 tana haɗuwa da Asquith, Biggar Wilkie, Unity, da Macklin akan hanyar Alberta Hakanan ana samun yankin ta hanyar Highway 7, wanda ke haɗa Saskatoon zuwa Calgary, Alberta da bakin tekun yamma, da Babbar Hanya 684, wacce kuma aka sani da Titin Dalmeny amma a hukumance aka sake masa suna Neault Road a cikin 2012, wanda birni ya hade kuma yana ba da alaƙa Hanyar Yellowhead 16 da garin Dalmeny Babban titin 7 an daidaita shi don haɗawa da Babbar Hanya 14/22nd Street/Highway 684 a tsakar darasi wanda a ƙarshe za'a maye gurbinsu da musanyawa. Tsawon shekaru da yawa Babbar Hanya 7 ta shiga yankin ta hanyar Betts Avenue a cikin yankin Blairmore Suburban Center, amma yanzu an cire wannan hanyar; Daidaiton ainihin hanyar inda ya shiga titin 22nd kafin tsakiyar 2000 an maye gurbinsa da ci gaban mazaunin da cibiyar shakatawa da manyan makarantu.
Wata babbar hanya daya tilo da ke ba da sabis na SDA a halin yanzu ita ce ƙafar yamma na Titin 33rd West, wanda bisa ga Taswirar Ci gaban Birni na Oktoba 2008 da aka tsara za a maye gurbinsu ta ƙarshe ta hanyar tsawaita titin Claypool Drive; asalin titin gabas-yamma, tun daga 2012 an daidaita hanyar don ba da damar haɓakar Kensington. Iyakar yammacin SDA tana da alamar hanyar sufuri/mai amfani da ke kusa da iyakar birnin yamma na yanzu, wanda aka keɓe don gina babbar hanya ta gaba.
Tafiya ta gari Cibiyar Blairmore Suburban tana aiki ta Hanyar Hanya 23 akan mafi yawan lokutan mako da rana. Za a yi tsammanin za a faɗaɗa sabis yayin da aka haɓaka SDA.
Wuri
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Birnin Saskatoon Sassan Sabis na kayan more rayuwa. Majalissar Mai Rahoto Mai Haɓaka Gagarawa A KAN DOKAR MANYAN BOX SUN DAMU MASU KASUWANCI. SHIN DUNIYA ZAI ZAMA RAMI A CIKIN DONUT KARNI NA SASKATOON? da Jeremy Warren
SASKATCHEWAN YA JINBATAR DA $30 MILYAN A MAKARANTAR SASKATOON City ta ci gaba a kan Blairmore Site
Koyo #06-415 SASKATCHEWAN YA JININ $30 MILYAN A CIKIN SABABBIN <span title="Dead link tagged July 2017">matacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta dindindin</span> Birnin Saskatoon Birnin Saskatoon Sassan Ayyukan Al'umma Tsare-tsaren Gari Taswirorin ZAM
Yawan Jama'a |
25363 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ske | Ske | Ske wata ƙungiya ce ta Icelandic wacce za a iya samo da asalin ta zuwa shekarar ta 1992, a lokacin da Eiríkur Þorleifsson, Frank Hall da Guðmundur Steingrímsson suka kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Skárren ekkert, kuma Hrannar Ingimarsson ya haɗu a shekarar ta 1998.
Tarihi A cikin shekarar ta 1999, sun rubuta kiɗan don NPK, rawar ta Kamfanin Icelandic Dance Company. A shekara mai zuwa Eiríkur, Frank da Guðmundur, tare da Guðmundur Hafsteinsson, sun rubuta da yin kida don Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream a Icelandic National Theatre's Þjóðleikhúsið wasan kwaikwayon a cikin shekaru 50. Hrannar ya tafi New York tare da Ice -rap rap-band Quarashi, wanda ya yi aiki da yawa a matsayin injiniya/mahaɗa da mawaƙa tun a shekarar ta 1996.
A cikin shekarar ta 2002 kundi Rayuwa, Mutuwa, Farin Ciki da Abubuwa sun kasance a shirye, tare da ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo daga Kjartan Guðnason akan ganguna, Una Sveinbjarnardóttir akan violin da mawaƙa Jón Oddur Guðmundsson, Juri Hashimoto, Julie Coadou da Daníel Ágúst Haraldsson. Kundin ya kasance abin bautar gumaka, waƙoƙin Julietta 2 da Stuff hukumomin talla ne suka ɗauke su don kamfen ɗin talabijin na ƙasa don Babban Bankin Iceland da Icelandair An kuma zabi album ɗin a matsayin Album na Shekara kuma an zaɓi 'Julietta 2' don Song of the Year kuma ya ci nasara.
A cikin shekarar ta 2003 ƙungiyar, yanzu ta ƙunshi Eiríkur Þorleifsson, Frank Hall, Guðmundur Steingrímsson, Hrannar Ingimarsson, Jón Oddur Guðmundsson, Kjartan Guðnason da Ragnheiður Gröndal, waɗanda suka fara yin waka tare da ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shekarar ta 2002, sun fara aiki akan sabbin waƙoƙi azaman kwanakin wasa a Scandinavia da Burtaniya, gami da bikin Roskilde acikin shekarar ta 2003. A cikin faɗuwar shekarar ta 2003, Ske ya ƙirƙira kiɗa don rawar rawa da Lonneke Van Leth ya rubuta, Kamfanin Icelandic Dance Company ya yi.
A cikin shekarar ta 2004, Ske ya ci gaba da aiki akan sabon faifan, tare da kunna wasu kwanakin a Burtaniya. Jin daɗi yana da kyau, kundi na biyu na Ske, Smekkleysa ne ya fitar da shi a Iceland a watan Oktoba acikin shekarar ta 2004.
A cikin shekarar ta 2005 Ske ya buga Austin, Texas SXSW da bikin SPOT na Denmark, gami da buɗewa ga tsohon Led Zeppelin 's Robert Plant a Reykjavík Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir maye gurbin Ragnheiður Gröndal ga waɗanda kwanakin kazalika ga wani TV bayyanar a kan Icelandic National Television RÚV shirin Hljómsveit kvöldsins, ya shirya da Margrét Kristin Blöndal, kuma Ske ta hudu Icelandic Hanyoyin Iska bayyanar.
A watan Agustan acikin shekarar ta 2006 Hössi Ólafsson, tsohon jagoran muryar Quarashi, ya shiga Ske a matsayin babban mawakin su.
A watan Disamba acikin shekarar ta 2008 Ske ya gama yin rikodi da haɗa album ɗin studio na uku wanda za'a fito a watan Janairu/Fabrairu acikin shekarar ta2009. An yi rikodin kundin a cikin ɗakunan studio daban-daban a kusa da Reykjavík kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 12 na asali waɗanda membobin ƙungiyar suka rubuta tare a cikin shekarar ta 2007zuwa shekarar ta 2008. Dan wasan yana buga ganguna akan yawancin waƙoƙin amma Orri Páll Dýrason daga ƙungiyar Sigur Rós yana buga ganguna akan aƙalla waƙoƙi 3. Har ila yau, a cikin raunin akwai Kjartan Guðnason, tsohon mawaƙin Ske kuma a halin yanzu mai bugun ƙungiya ta Icelandic Menn ársins kuma mai raira waƙa ga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Iceland Symphony Orchestra An sake sakin "My Lo" a Iceland a 2008.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Tashar yanar |
29759 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laifukan%20muhalli | Laifukan muhalli | Laifin muhalli haramun ne wanda ke cutar da muhalli kai tsaye. Wadannan haramtattun ayyuka sun hada da muhalli, namun daji, bambancin halittu da albarkatun kasa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar, G8, Intafol, Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shirin Muhalli, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Intergional Crime da Justice Research Institute, sun gane wadannan laifukan muhalli:
Laifin namun daji Ba bisa ka'ida ba, cinikin namun daji a cikin nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Nauyin Fauna da Flora (CITES);
Haƙar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba Fasakar da abubuwan da ke lalata ozone (ODS) wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 akan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozon Layer Laifukan gurbacewar yanayi Jibgewa da cinikin haramtacciyar shara a cikin sharar gida wanda ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Basel ta 1989 kan Kula da Matsala Tsakanin Sharar da Sharar gida da sauran sharar gida da zubar da su;
Kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba: kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya saba wa ka'idojin da kungiyoyin kula da kamun kifi daban-daban na yanki suka sanya;
Satar katako ba bisa ka'ida ba Yin saren itace ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma cinikin katakon da aka sace ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya saba wa dokokin kasa.
Farashin Kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna cin gajiyar satar albarkatun kasa kuma wadannan ribar ba bisa ka'ida ba na karuwa. Ta'addanci har ma da yakin basasa sakamakon laifukan muhalli ne. A cewar UNEP da Intafol, a cikin watan Yunin 2016, yawan laifukan muhalli ya kai kashi 26 bisa 100 fiye da kimar da aka yi a baya, a dalar Amurka biliyan 91-258, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka biliyan 70-213 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya zarce cinikin kananan makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba Fiye da rabin wannan adadin ana iya danganta su da sare itatuwa da sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba tuhumar ICC A watan Satumba na 2016 an sanar da cewa kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa da ke birnin The Hague za ta gurfanar da gwamnati da daidaikun mutane kan laifukan da suka shafi muhalli. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Zaɓin Harka da aka sanar a cikin Takardar Manufofin kan Zaɓin Harka da fifiko ta ICC a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2016, Ofishin zai ba da la'akari na musamman don gabatar da laifuffukan Dokar Rome da aka aikata ta hanyar, ko kuma hakan ya haifar da, "inter alia, the lalata muhalli, cin dukiyar kasa ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma kwace filaye ba bisa ka'ida ba".
Laifukan muhalli ta ƙasa
Amurka Wuraren da aka yashe ko kaɗan da aka yi amfani da su sune wuraren zubar da ruwa na gama gari a Amurka -musamman titin jirgin ƙasa. Ana amfani da sama da dala miliyan 10 a shekara don kawar da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba daga garuruwa da muhalli. Wata karamar kungiya, CSXT reshen laifukan muhalli na yan sanda, an fara dakatar da zubar da titin jirgin kasa musamman.
Tun lokacin da aka kafa Ofishin Tilasta Laifuka na Hukumar Kare Muhalli a 1982, ana samun ci gaba da samun karuwar laifukan muhalli da ake tuhuma. Hakan ya hada da gurfanar da kamfanonin da suka yi jibge ko haddasa malalar mai ba bisa ka'ida ba. A matakin tarayya, yayin da EPA ke kula da binciken, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ce ke gabatar da kararrakin, ta hanyar Sashin Laifukan Muhalli, da/ko ta daya daga cikin Ofishin Lauyan Amurka 94 a duk fadin kasar.
A cikin binciken shari'ar 2004, ana iya siyan silinda mai nauyin kilo 30 na CFC-12 a China akan dalar Amurka 40 kuma ana siyar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Amurka akan dalar Amurka 600. A shekara ta 2000, an yanke masa hukumcin daurin watanni 6 a gidan yari, maginin gidaje Eric Diesel, kuma ya biya tarar dalar Amurka 300,000 saboda ba da lambar yabo ta haramtacciyar hanya a tsaunukan Santa Cruz.
Italiya Misali na Ecomafia shine sarrafa sharar Naples inda aka yi zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 1980s.
Najeriya A Najeriya, an fara kafa hukumomin kula da muhalli ne tun a shekarar 1988 bayan wani lamari na zubar da kayan dafi a cikin kasar da masu sharar sharar duniya suka yi (mummunan lamarin Koko A halin yanzu, hukumomi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa (Nigeria) dokokin Najeriya sun ba su damar daidaita yanayin muhalli. Ita dai wannan hukuma tana aiki da sauran sassan gwamnati kamar su kwastam, ‘yan sanda, leken asirin soji da dai sauransu, kuma ta yi nasarar kame namun daji da aka yi safararsu ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da gurfanar da wasu da dama ciki har da wadanda ba ‘yan kasar ba.
Singapore A matsayin cibiyar ciniki, Singapore tana da saurin kamuwa da haramtattun kayayyaki da ba a san su ba. Charles W. Schmidt ya bayyana yadda China ke siyar da CFC-12 ga Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar Singapore saboda rashin bincike da kuma sirrin kasuwancin masu zaman kansu a Singapore.
Rasha Cin zarafin dokokin kare muhalli na kasar Rasha ya janyo asarar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 187 a shekarar 2018. Daga cikin laifukan muhalli kusan dubu 23.9 da aka yiwa rajista a Rasha a cikin 2018, mafi rinjayen suna da alaƙa da; yankan dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya kai kimanin shari'o'i dubu 13.8, da kuma farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, inda aka samu fiye da dubu 1.9.
tilastawa Ingantacciyar aiwatar da dokokin muhalli yana da mahimmanci ga kowane tsarin kariya da aka tsara don kare muhalli. A farkon dokokin muhalli, cin zarafi ya ɗauki tara mafi ƙarancin ƙima da hukunci. Dokokin farko da ƙa'idodin muhalli ba su da ɗan tasiri ko hanawa kan hukumomi, daidaikun mutane, ko gwamnatoci don bin dokokin muhalli. Lallai, babban tushen gazawar dokokin kare muhalli na Amurka shine halayen farar hula na ayyukan tilastawa tarayya. Babban hukuncin da aka yanke musu shi ne tara, wanda kamfanoni da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin tsadar kasuwanci. Dokar laifuka ta muhalli ta ƙunshi ƙasa mai kunkuntar. Jigon sa ya ƙunshi tanadin laifuka na dokokin tarayya takwas da aka zartar a cikin 1970s kuma aka gyara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. A lokuta da yawa, musamman kamfanoni sun ga ya fi dacewa don ci gaba da gurɓata fiye da yadda doka ta yarda da kuma biyan duk wani tarar abokan hulɗa idan da gaske an sami kamfani kuma an same shi da laifin keta dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi. Kevin Tomkins ya yi imanin kamfanoni suna da rashin jin daɗi don bin dokokin muhalli ko ƙa'idodi kamar yadda bin ka'ida ya haɓaka farashin aikin su gabaɗaya. An fassara wannan kamar yadda kamfanoni da yawa ke yin biyayya ga dokokin muhalli, ko saboda ma'anar aikin doka ko wajibcin jama'a, sun kasance marasa lahani kuma sun yi hasarar gasa kuma saboda haka sun sha wahala a kasuwa ga masu fafatawa waɗanda suka yi watsi da dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. Sakamakon raunin dokokin muhalli da kuma ci gaba da ra'ayin jama'a game da kula da muhalli, gwamnatoci da yawa sun kafa gwamnatocin tilasta muhalli daban-daban waɗanda suka haɓaka ikon doka na masu binciken muhalli. Haɗin takunkumin laifuka, ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin tara tare da yuwuwar ɗaure jami'an kamfanoni a kurkuku ya canza fuskar tilasta bin doka da oda. Misali, tsakanin 1983 da 1990 Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta sami $57,358,404.00 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka tare da samun hukuncin dauri a kan kashi 55% na wadanda ake tuhuma da ake tuhuma da laifukan muhalli. Yawancin hukumomin muhalli suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage lalacewar muhalli da kare muhalli ta hanyar dokokin muhalli da ka'idoji. Wadannan hukumomi suna aiki ne a matakai daban-daban tun daga kasa da kasa, yanki, kasa, jiha zuwa kananan hukumomi, suna sanya hukuma guda tana aiki a mataki daya. Waɗannan hukumomin suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na tilastawa don ba da garantin bin dokokin muhalli da ƙa'idodi. A wasu lokuta hukumomin tilastawa suna amfani da abin da ake kira "Umurni da Sarrafa" waɗanda ke bin tsarin tsarin gargajiya. A wasu lokuta, suna iya amfani da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi da hanyoyin tushen matasan, waɗanda akwai guda biyu. Bugu da kari, ya kara bukatar hadin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin 'yan sanda daban-daban. Hukumomin tilasta bin doka da muhalli da ayyukan 'yan sanda ba sa aiki a cikin sarari; kayan aikin doka da tsarin siyasa ke aiwatarwa suna tafiyar da ayyukansu da ayyukansu a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, a bayyane, kayan aikin doka da gwamnatoci ke aiwatarwa ne ke ƙayyade yawancin dabarun da ayyukan 'yan sanda ke amfani da su wajen kare muhalli. Gabaɗaya waɗannan kayan aikin na ƙasa da ƙasa, na yanki, na ƙasa da na Jiha an ƙirƙira su ne don tabbatar da masana'antu, daidaikun mutane, da gwamnatoci sun bi wasu wajibai daban-daban na muhalli waɗanda ke cikin ƙa'idodi da dokoki na ƙasa. Har ila yau, akwai ka'idoji da yarjejeniyoyin doka na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda su ma suka shafi yadda ƙasashe masu iko ke tinkarar matsalolin muhalli Laifukan muhalli Laifukan muhalli yana nazarin ra'ayoyin laifuffuka, laifuka da munanan halaye a kan muhalli kuma ya fara nazarin rawar da al'ummomi ciki har da hukumomi, gwamnatoci da al'ummomi ke takawa wajen haifar da illar muhalli Likitocin laifuka a yanzu sun fara gane tasirin mutane kan muhalli da yadda hukumomin tilasta bin doka da shari'a ke auna cutar da muhalli da kuma danganta takunkumi ga masu laifi. Laifukan muhalli ba wai kawai ya shafi ƙasa, ruwa, iska ba, yana shafar lafiyar yara kuma. A cewar wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Halayen Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin 2016, “Juyin halitta da fadada kariyar lafiyar yara a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata ya kasance abin ban mamaki. A US EPA, an yi ƙoƙari sosai don magance rashin lafiyar yara na musamman, kuma aikinmu yana ci gaba da magance matsalolin muhalli da ke tasowa don tabbatar da cewa muhallin yara ba su da haɗari da kuma tallafawa ci gaba mai kyau."
manazarta Banks, D., Davies, C., Gosling, J., Newman, J., Rice, M., Wadley, J., Walravens, F. (2008) Environmental Crime. A threat to our future. Environmental Investigation Agency pdf
[unep.org]
Interpol (2009) Environmental crime online Archived 2006-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
Solheim, E., Need for global action, in: D+C 9 (2016), S. 46. [1]
EPA Basic Information on criminal enforcement
Environmental crimes: profiting at earth's expense
Big Fine In Hillside Erosion $300,000 fine over road's |
28361 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C9%97a%C9%97%C9%97en%20Birnin%20Aleppo | Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo | Tsohon Birnin Aleppo (Larabci: romanized: Madīnat Halab al-Qadīma) birni ne mai tarihi na Aleppo, Siriya. Kafin yakin basasar Siriya, yawancin gundumomi na tsohon birnin sun kasance da gaske ba su canza ba tun lokacin da aka gina shi a cikin karni na 12 zuwa na 16. Kasancewar ana ci gaba da kai hare-hare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, an tilasta wa mazauna birnin gina rukunin gidaje da gundumomi masu zaman kansu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kowace gunduma tana da halaye na addini da kabilanci na mazaunanta.
Tsohon birnin Aleppo wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon birni a cikin ganuwar da kuma tsohon yanki mai kama da tantanin halitta a wajen bangon yana da kusan yanki mai girman hekta 350 (acres 860; 3.5 km2), yana da gidaje fiye da 120,000.
An siffanta shi da manyan gidajenta, kunkuntar lunguna, rufaffiyar souqs da tsohowar ayari, Tsohuwar birnin Aleppo ta zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO a cikin shekara ta alif 1986.
An ruguje da rugujewa ko kona bangarori da dama a Al-Madina Souq da wasu gine-gine na zamanin da na tsohon birnin, sakamakon arangamar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Larabawa na Siriya da dakarun 'yan tawaye na Jabhat al-Nusra, a wani abin da ake kira yakin Aleppo. da 'yan adawar JN suka kaddamar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2012. A cikin watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2014, kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Islamic Front sun dauki alhakin lalata wasu manyan gine-ginen tarihi da sojojin Siriya ke amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin kagara a tsohon birnin ciki har da adalci. fadar, otal din Carlton da tsohon ginin majalisar birnin. An lalata kashi 30% na tsohon birnin Aleppo a fadan.
Asalin da kafuwar Kwance yake a gefen hagu na Kogin Queiq tsohon birnin yana kewaye da da'irar tsaunuka takwas da ke kewaye da wani fitaccen tsauni na tsakiya wanda aka gina katangar (asali haikalin da ya yi daidai da karni na 2 BC) a cikin siffar acropolis. Rajin da'irar yana da kusan kilomita 10 (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmin (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. Tare da kusan kadada 160 (kadada 400; 1.6 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 5 (3 mi) a zagaye wanda Mamlukes suka sake ginawa a ƙarshe. Katangar ta bace tun daga lokacin. Tana da kofofi tara (5 daga cikinsu an kiyaye su sosai) kuma an kewaye shi da wani babban rami mai zurfi.
A farkon karni na 15 Kiristoci ne suka fara gina sabon rukunin Jdeydeh na tsohon birnin a yankin arewacin tsohon birnin, bayan janyewar Mongol daga Aleppo. Jdeydeh yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan kwata kamar tantanin halitta a Aleppo. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arziki, an kafa wasu sassa da yawa a wajen bangon tsohon birnin a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16.
Tsarin lokaci na tarihi A cikin tarihinta, Aleppo na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:
*ca. 2400 BC tsakiyar karni na 23 BC, Masarautar Armi
tsakiyar. Karni na 23 BC tsakiyar karni na 22 BC, Daular Akkadiya
Karni na 21 BC-karni na 19 BC, Masarautar Eblaite
ca. 1800 BC-1595 BC, Masarautar Amorite ta Yamhad
1595 BC–ca. 1500 BC, Tsohon Mulkin Hittiyawa
ca. 1500 BC-ca. 1450 BC, Mitanni
ca. 1450 BC–ca. 1350 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Masar
ca. 1350 BC- farkon karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Hittiyawa
Karni na 11 BC, Masarautar Syro-Hitti ta Palistin
karni na 10 BC, daular Syro-hitti ta Bit Agusi
Karni na 9 BC-karni na 7 BC, Daular Neo-Assyrian
farkon karni na 6 BC tsakiyar karni na 6 BC, Daular Neo-Babila
ca. 550 BC–ca. 350 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa
333 BC-312 BC, Daular Makidoniya
312 BC-88 BC, Daular Seleucid
88 BC-64 BC, Daular Armeniya
64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum
27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum
476–608, Daular Byzantine
608-622, Sassanid Farisa
622–637, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa)
637–661, Rashidun Caliphate
661–750, Umayyad Khalifanci*750–878, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa
878-905, Tulunids
905-941, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (maidowa)
941–944, Daular Ikhshidid
944–1003, Daular Hamdanid
1003-1038, Fatimid Khalifan
1038-1080, Daular Mirdasid
1080–1086, Daular Uqaylid
1086-1118, Daular Seljuq
1118-1128, Artuqids
1128-1183, daular Zengid
1183-1260, Daular Ayyubid
1260 Maris-Oktoba, Mongol Empire
1260–1400, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira)
1400 Daular Timurid
1400–1516, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira) (an maidowa)
1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya
1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria
1920-1924, Jihar Aleppo karkashin wajabcin Faransa
1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon
1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963)
1958-1960, United Arab Republic
1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya
Prehistoric da pre-classical zamanin Da kyar masu binciken kayan tarihi suka taba Aleppo, tun da birni na zamani ya mamaye tsohon wurinsa.
Shekarun Farkon Bronze Aleppo ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin muhimmin birni da ya wuce Damascus. Rikodin farko na Aleppo na iya kasancewa daga karni na uku BC idan an bayyana Aleppo a matsayin Armi, jihar birni mai alaƙa da Ebla daidai. An kuma gano Armi da Tell Bazi na zamani. Giovanni Pettinato ya kwatanta Armi a matsayin canjin Ebla. Naram-Sin na Akkad (ko kakansa Sargon) ya halaka Ebla da Arman a karni na 23 BC.
Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya A zamanin tsohuwar Babila, sunan Aleppo ya bayyana a matsayin Halab (Halab) a karon farko. Aleppo ita ce babban birnin daular Amoriyawa ta Yamhad. Masarautar Yamhad (kimanin 1800-1600 BC), wanda aka fi sani da 'ƙasar Halab,' ita ce mafi ƙarfi a Gabas Kusa da ita a lokacin.
Hittiyawa a karkashin Mursilis I sun halaka Yamhad a karni na 16 BC. Sai dai kuma nan ba da jimawa ba Aleppo ya koma kan gaba a kasar Siriya lokacin da ikon Hittiyawa a yankin ya ragu saboda rikicin cikin gida.
Zamanin Bronze na karshe Da yake cin gajiyar rashin iko a yankin, Parshatatar, sarkin daular Hurrian ta Mitanni, ya ci Aleppo a karni na 15 BC. Bayan haka, Aleppo ya sami kansa a fagen daga a gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin Mitanni da Hittiyawa da Masar.
Hittiyawa Suppiluliumas I sun ci Mitanni na dindindin kuma sun ci Aleppo a karni na 14 BC. Aleppo yana da mahimmancin al'ada ga Hittiyawa don kasancewa cibiyar bautar guguwa-Allah.
Zaman ayan Lokacin da mulkin Hittiyawa ya ruguje a karni na 12 BC, Aleppo ya zama wani yanki na masarautar Syro-Hitti na Palistin, sannan masarautar Aramaean Syro-Hittite ta Bit Agusi (wanda ke da babban birninta a Arpad), ta kasance wani yanki na wannan masarauta har sai da aka ci nasara. ta Assuriyawa A karni na 9 BC, kuma ya zama wani yanki na Daular Neo-Assuriyawa har zuwa karshen karni na 7 BC, kafin ya wuce ta hannun Babila Babila da Farisa Achamenid.
Na gargajiya tsoho Alexander the Great ya mallaki birnin a shekara ta 333 BC. Seleucus Nicator ya kafa wurin zama na Hellenic a cikin rukunin tsakanin 301-286 BC. Ya kira ta Beroea bayan Beroea ta Makidoniya.
Arewacin Siriya ya kasance cibiyar nauyi na ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Hellenistic, don haka al'adun Hellenistic a cikin Daular Seleucid. Kamar yadda sauran garuruwan Hellenized na mulkin Seleucid suka yi, wataƙila Beroa ta ji daɗin ɗan ƴancin yankin, tare da taron jama'a na gida ko boulē wanda ya ƙunshi Hellenes 'yanci.
Biriya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Seleucid kusan shekaru 300 har zuwa lokacin da aka mika hannun Pompey na ƙarshe na daular Seleucid a shekara ta 64 BC, lokacin da suka zama lardin Romawa. Kasancewar Roma ya ba da kwanciyar hankali a arewacin Siriya sama da ƙarni uku. Ko da yake wani ɗan majalisa ne daga Roma ne ke gudanar da lardin, Roma ba ta tilasta wa rukunin masu mulki da ke jin Hellenanci ba.
An ambaci Beroea a cikin 2 Macc. 13:3.
Zamanin daular da kuma fadada garin Sarkin Sassanid Khosrow na I ya washe kuma ya kona Aleppo a shekara ta 540 AZ. Daga baya, Farisawa Sassanid sun mamaye Siriya a takaice a farkon karni na 7. Jim kadan bayan Aleppo ta fada hannun Larabawa karkashin Khalid bn al-Walid a shekara ta 637 miladiyya. A shekara ta 944 AZ, ta zama wurin zama na Masarautar mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin yarima Hamdanid Sayf al-Daula, kuma ta sami ci gaba mai girma.
A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1138 bayan haihuwar Yesu, wata girgizar ƙasa mai kisa ta abkawa birnin da kewaye. Ko da yake alkaluma daga wannan lokaci ba su da tabbas, amma an yi imanin cewa mutane 230,000 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama girgizar kasa ta biyar mafi muni a tarihi.
Bayan da Tamerlane ya mamaye Aleppo a shekara ta 1400 kuma ya lalata shi, Kiristoci sun yi hijira daga ganuwar birnin suka kafa nasu cell a shekara ta 1420, a yankunan arewa maso yammacin birnin, ta haka ne suka kafa sassan Jdeydeh. Mazaunan Jdeydeh sun kasance dillalai ne da ke saukaka kasuwanci tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje da 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida. An gina wasu gundumomi da yawa a wajen bangon tarihi a ƙarni na 15 da 16.
An ambaci birnin, ta ɗaya daga cikin mayu, a cikin William Shakespeare's Macbeth, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 1603 AZ da 1607 AZ.
Babban abubuwan gani Aleppo tana da nau'ikan gine-gine masu gauraye, waɗanda aka yi musu mulkin, a tsakanin sauran, ta Rumawa, Rumawa, Seljuqs, Mamluk da Ottomans.
Gine-gine iri-iri na ƙarni na 13 da na 14, kamar su ayari, caeriya, makarantun kur’ani, hammams da gine-ginen addini ana samun su a tsohon birni. Yankunan gundumar Jdeydeh gida ne ga gidaje masu yawa na ƙarni na 16 da na 17 na Aleppin bourgeoisie, waɗanda ke ɗauke da zanen dutse.
Souqs da Khans Matsayin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci na birnin ya jawo hankalin mazauna kowane jinsi da imani waɗanda suke son cin gajiyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da suka hadu a Aleppo daga China da Mesofotamiya zuwa gabas, Turai zuwa yamma, da Crescent mai albarka da Masar a kudu. Mafi girman kasuwar souq-kasuwa a duniya yana cikin Aleppo, tare da kimanin tsawon kilomita 13 (mil 8.1).
Al-Madina Souq, kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida, cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci da ake shigowa da ita daga waje, kamar danyen siliki daga Iran, kayan yaji da rini daga Indiya, da kofi daga Damascus. Souq al-Madina kuma gida ne da kayayyakin gida kamar su ulu, kayan noma da sabulu. Yawancin sukuwan sun samo asali ne tun a karni na 14 kuma ana kiran su da sana’o’i da sana’o’i daban-daban, don haka sukuwar ulu, da tagulla, da sauransu. Banda fatauci, sukuwa ya ba 'yan kasuwa da kayansu a cikin khans (wasu caravanserais) suka watse a cikin souq. Sauran nau'ikan ƙananan wuraren kasuwa ana kiran su caeserias Caeserias sun fi khans girma a girmansu kuma suna aiki azaman bita na masu sana'a. Yawancin khans sun ɗauki sunayensu bayan wurin da suke a cikin souq da aiki, kuma an siffanta su da kyawawan kayan ado da ƙofar shiga tare da katangar kofofin katako.
Manyan khans a ciki da wajen yankin Souq al-Madina da aka rufe sune: Khan al-Qadi daga 1450, Khan al-Saboun daga farkon karni na 16, Khan al-Nahhaseen na 1539, Khan al-Shouneh daga 1546, Khan al Jumrok daga 1574, Souq Khan al-Wazir daga 1682, Souq al-Farrayin, Souq al-Dira, Souq al-Hiraj, Souq al-Attarine, Souq az-Zirb, Souq Marcopoli, Souq as-Siyyagh, The Venetian' Khan,*Souq Khan al-Harir daga rabin na biyu na karni na 16, Suweiqa, da sauransu.
Sauran souqs na gargajiya da khans a cikin kwata na Jdeydeh (a wajen birni mai katanga):
Souq al-Hokedun or "Khan al-Quds". Hokedun yana nufin "gidan ruhaniya" a cikin Armeniya, kamar yadda aka gina shi don zama wurin zama ga mahajjatan Armeniya akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Urushalima. Tsohon ɓangaren Hokedun ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen 15th da farkon ƙarni na 16 yayin da aka gina sabon ɓangaren a cikin karni na 17. A zamanin yau, an mayar da ita wani katon souq mai tarin shaguna masu sana’ar sayar da tufafi.
Souq as-Souf ko kasuwar ulu, dake kan titin Salibeh, kewaye da tsoffin majami'u na kwata.
Bawabet al-Qasab, cibiyar kasuwancin kayayyakin katako.
Gine-ginen tarihi Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na tsohon birnin sun hada da:
Babban Masallacin Aleppo
Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Larabci: Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) shi ne mafi girma kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a birnin Aleppo na kasar Siriya. Yana cikin gundumar al-Jalloum na tsohon birnin Aleppo, wurin tarihi na duniya, kusa da kofar shiga Al-Madina Souq. An yi zargin cewa masallacin gida ne ga gawar Zakariyya, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma, wadanda dukkansu abin girmamawa ne a Musulunci da Kiristanci. An gina shi a farkon karni na 8 AZ. Duk da haka, ginin na yanzu ya koma ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14. An gina minaret a cikin masallacin a shekara ta 1090, kuma an lalata shi a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya a watan Afrilun 2013.
Citadel, wani katon kagara da aka gina a saman wani katon tudun wucin gadi wanda ya tashi sama da mita 50 (164 ft) sama da birnin, ya samo asali ne tun karni na farko BC. Hane-hane na baya-bayan nan ya gano wani haikali da mutum-mutumi 25 tun daga karni na farko BC. Yawancin tsarin da ake ciki yanzu sun kasance daga karni na 13. Girgizar kasa ta lalata Citadel sosai, musamman a cikin 1822.
Al-Matbakh al-Ajami, wani gidan sarauta na farko na ƙarni na 12 da ke kusa da kagara, wanda sarkin Zengid Majd ad-Din bin ad-Daya ya gina. An gyara ginin a ƙarni na 15. Gidan Tarihi na Mashahuri ne tsakanin 1967-1975.
Cocin Al-Shibani-Makarantar karni na 12, tsohuwar coci ce kuma makarantar Franciscan Mishan na Maryamu dake cikin tsohon birni, a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar al'adu.
Khanqah al-Farafira, gidan sufi na ƙarni na 13 wanda Dayfa Khatun ya gina a 1237.
Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, mafaka ya yi aiki daga 1354 har zuwa farkon karni na 20.
Dar Rajab Pasha, wani katon gidan da aka gina a karni na 16 kusa da titin al-Khandaq. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, an gyara gidan tare da mayar da shi wata muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adu tare da babban dakin wasan kwaikwayo na kusa.
Fadar Junblatt, wacce sarkin Kurdawa a Aleppo kuma wanda ya kafa dangin Janpolad (Jumblatt) ya gina a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16; Janpolad bek bin Qasim.
Beit Marrash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine dake cikin kwata na al-Farafira, wanda dangin Marrash suka gina a ƙarshen karni na 18.
Hasumiyar agogon Bab al-Faraj, wanda 1898-1899 mai zanen Austriya na Chartier ya gina.
Grand Serail d'Alep, tsohon wurin zama na gwamnan Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1920s kuma ya buɗe a cikin 1933.
National Library na Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1930s kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1945.
Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na Jdeydeh Kirista kwata sun hada da:
Beit Wakil, wani katafaren gidan Aleppin da aka gina a shekara ta 1603, tare da kayan ado na musamman na katako. An kai ɗaya daga cikin kayan adonsa zuwa Berlin kuma an nuna shi a gidan kayan tarihi na Pergamon, wanda aka sani da ɗakin Aleppo.
Beit Ghazaleh, wani tsohon katafaren gida na ƙarni na 17 mai cike da kyawawan kayan adon, wanda ɗan ƙasar Armeniya Khachadur Bali ya sassaƙa a 1691. An yi amfani da shi azaman makarantar firamare ta Armeniya a ƙarni na 20.
Dar Zamaria, wanda aka gina a ƙarshen karni na 17 kuma mallakar dangin Zamaria ne tun farkon ƙarni na 18. A zamanin yau, an mayar da gidan ya zama otal boutique.
Beit Achiqbash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine da aka gina a shekara ta 1757. Ginin yana gida ne ga Shahararriyar Al'adun Gargajiya tun 1975, yana nuna kyawawan kayan adon fasahar Aleppin.
Dar Basile, gidan Aleppine na ƙarni na 18, yana aiki a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kansa tun 2001.
Beit Dallal ko Dallal House, wanda aka gina a cikin 1826 akan wurin tsohuwar coci da gidan zuhudu, a zamanin yau yana aiki azaman otal otal.
Madrasa Madrasa Al-Halawiyyah, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1124 a wurin babban cocin Byzantine na Saint Helena na Aleppo na karni na 5, inda, bisa ga al'ada, haikalin Roman ya taɓa tsayawa. Saint Helena, mahaifiyar Constantine Mai Girma, ta gina babban babban cocin Byzantine a nan. A lokacin da 'yan Salibiyya suke wawushe yankunan karkara, babban alkalin birnin ya mai da babban cocin cocin masallaci. A shekara ta 1149, Nur al-Din ya mayar da ita madrasah; mazhabar Musulunci-addini. A zamanin yau, ana iya ganin ginshiƙan Byzantine na tsohon babban coci na karni na 6 a cikin zauren.
Madrasa Al-Muqaddamiyah, wacce ke cikin layin Khan al-Tutun, asalin coci ce kafin 1123. Alkalin Aleppo Ibn-Khashab ya mayar da ita masallaci, sannan ta zama madrasah a shekara ta 1168 na Izz Eddin Abdal Malek al-Muqadam. a zamanin Nurul Din. Ita ce madrasah mafi tsufa a Aleppo.
Madrasa Al-Shadbakhtiyah, ɗaya daga cikin madrasa na farko na Ayyubid, wanda Jamal al-Din Shadbakht ya gina a shekara ta 1193, wani ƴantaccen bawa na sarkin Zengid Nur al-Din.
Madrasa Al-Zahiriyah, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 1217 a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudancin Bab al-Maqam, na Az-Zahir Ghazi.
Madrasa Al-Sultaniyah, wanda gwamnan Aleppo Az-Zahir Ghazi ya fara kuma ya kammala tsakanin 1223-1225 da dansa Malek al-Aziz Mohammed ya kammala. Ginin ya fi shahara da mirgine dakin sallah. Yana dauke da kabarin sultan Malik al-Zaher dan Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.
Madrasa Al-Firdaws, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi kyawun masallatan Aleppo". An gina ta a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudu maso yammacin kofar Bab al-Maqam, ta Dayfa Khatun; Matar gwamna Az-Zahir Ghazi a shekara ta 1235-1236, sannan kuma mai jiran gadon sarautar Ayyubid An-Nasir Yusuf. An san shi da babban iwan tsakar gida) tare da tafki a tsakiya kewaye da arches da ginshiƙai na daɗaɗɗen, manyan wasanni tare da tsarin saƙar zuma. Irin wannan salo ne ke siffanta kufaifan dakin sallah. An yi mihrab ɗin da farin marmara mai jijiyar jijiya, jan porphyry da koren diorite.
Madrasa Al-Kamiliyah, wacce Fatima Khatun diyar Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil ta gina tsakanin 1230-37 a wajen katangar garin.
Madrasa Al-Sharafiyah, dake arewa maso gabashin babban masallacin, wanda Abd al-Rahim bn al-'Ajami da dansa Sharaf al-Din 'Abdul Rahman suka assasa a shekara ta 1242.
Madrasa Al-Turantaiyah, wacce ke wajen katangar birnin zuwa gabashin Bab al-Nairab, wanda masanin tarihin Aleppine Ibn al-Udaym ya gina tsakanin 1241-51.
Madrasa Al-Ahmadiyah, wacce aka bude a shekara ta 1724 a gundumar al-Jalloum. Yana da tsarin gine-gine na tsarin Tekyes.
Madrasa Al-Uthmaniyah, da ke kusa da Bab al-Nasr, wanda Ottoman pasha Al-Duraki ya kafa a 1730, kuma asalin sunansa Madrasa Ridaiya.
Wuraren ibada Masallacin Al-Shuaibiyah, wanda kuma aka fi sani da al-Omari, al-Tuteh da kuma al-Atras masallacin, shi ne masallaci mafi dadewa a Aleppo, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 637. Ya mamaye tsohuwar tarihi na nasara na Romawa, wanda ya taba nuna farkon decumanus. An sake gyara ginin gaba ɗaya a cikin 1146 da 1401. An san shi da rubutun kufic na ƙarni na 12 da kayan ado.
Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), wanda aka kafa c. 715 na Umayyad halifa Walid I kuma mai yiwuwa magajinsa Sulaiman ya kammala. Ginin ya ƙunshi kabari mai alaƙa da Zachary, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma. An fara gina ginin na yanzu na Nur al-Din a shekara ta 1158. Duk da haka, ya lalace a lokacin mamayar Mongol na 1260, kuma an sake gina shi. Hasumiyar tsayin mita 45 (148 ft) (wanda aka kwatanta da "babban abin tunawa na Siriya ta tsakiya") an gina shi a cikin 1090-1092 a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Seljuk na farko, Tutush I. Yana da facade huɗu masu salo daban-daban.
Masallacin Al-Qaikan ("Masallacin Crow") na karni na 12, wanda aka yi masa ado da tsoffin ginshiƙai guda biyu a cikin basalt a ƙofar. A jikin bangon masallacin, ana iya ganin wani katafaren dutse da ke dauke da rubuce-rubucen hiroglyph na Anadolu.
Masallacin Altun Bogha na zamanin Mamluk, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1318.
Masallacin Al-Sahibiyah na 1350, wanda aka gina kusa da Khan al-Wazir.
Masallacin Al-Tawashi da aka gina a shekara ta 1398 kuma an sake gyara shi a shekara ta 1537. Yana da katafaren facade da aka yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya.
Masallacin Al-Otrush, wanda aka gina a 1398 a cikin salon Mamluk. Ya shahara da kawata fuskar bangon waya da kuma kofar shiga wanda aka lullube da muqarnai na Musulunci na gargajiya. An dawo da shi a cikin 1922.
Masallacin Al-Saffahiyah, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1425 kuma an sake gyara wani sashi a 1925. Ya shahara da kyan ganimar da aka yi masa ado.
Masallacin Khusruwiyah da aka kammala a shekara ta 1547, wanda shahararren masanin Ottoman Mimar Sinan ya tsara.
Masallacin Al-Adiliyah, wanda gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Aleppo Muhammed Pasha ya gina a shekarar 1557. Yana da zauren addu'o'in da ke gabansa da arcade, mai dome, mihrab mai tile faience na gida.
Arba'in Shahidai Armeniya Apostolic Cathedral na 1429, dake cikin kwata na Jdeydeh.
Cocin Mar Assia al-Hakim Cocin Katolika na Syria na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
Dormition of Our Lady Greek Orthodox Church na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
Cocin Jdeydeh Kirista kwata kamar Maronite Saint Elias Cathedral, Armeniya Katolika Cathedral na Uwar Mu Reliefs da Melkite Greek Katolika Cathedral na Budurwa Mary.
Majami'ar tsakiyar birnin Aleppo ko majami'ar al-Bandara, an kammala tun farkon karni na 9 ta kokarin al'ummar Yahudawa. An lalata majami'ar sau da yawa har zuwa 1428 lokacin da aka maido da shi. Kwanan nan, an gyara ginin da kokarin Yahudawa masu hijira na Aleppin a Amurka.
Kofofi An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 5 (mile 3.1), wanda kofofin tarihi tara suka huda (yawancinsu suna da kyau) na tsohon garin. Waɗannan su ne, a gefen agogo daga arewa-maso-gabas na kagara:
Bab al-Hadid (Kofar Ayan)
Bab al-Ahmar (Kofar Jar, ta lalace gaba daya)
Bab al-Nairab (Kofar Nairab, ta lalace gaba daya)
Bab al-Maqam (Kofar Shrine)
Bab Qinnasrin (Kofar Qinnasrin)
Bab Antakeya (Ƙofar Antakiya)
Bāb Jnēn (Ƙofar Lambuna, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
Bab al-Nasr (Kofar Nasara, wani bangare ya lalace)
Hammams Aleppo ya kasance gida ga hammams 177 a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, har zuwa mamayewar Mongol lokacin da aka lalata wasu muhimman gine-gine a birnin. A halin yanzu, kusan 18 hammams suna aiki a tsohon birni.
Hammam al-Sultan wanda Az-Zahir Ghazi ya gina a 1211.
Hammam al-Nahhasin ya gina a karni na 12 kusa da Khan al-Nahhasin.
Hammam Bab al-Ahmar da Ottoman suka gina.
Hammam al-Bayadah na zamanin Mamluk wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1450.
Hammam Yalbugha ya gina a cikin 1491 da Sarkin Aleppo Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri.
Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, da dai sauransu.
Gundumomi da yankuna Tsofaffin wuraren da ke kewaye da kagara a cikin ganuwar tsohon birni:
Gundumar Al-A'jam tare da unguwar ad-Dahdileh Gundumar Altunbogha tare da unguwannin Oghlubek da Sahet al-Milh Gundumar Aqabeh tare da unguwannin Bahsita Khan al-Harir al-Masaben da Jebb Asad Allah Gundumar Bayadah tare da unguwannin Jbeileh Keltawiyeh da kuma Mustadamiyeh Gundumar Farafira tare da unguwannin Bandara Qastal Hajjarin ad-Dabbagha al-Atiqa Suweiqat Ali da Suweiqat Hatem Gundumar Jalloum mai makwabtaka da Saffahiyeh Khan al-Wazir da kuma Souq al-Madina Gundumar Qal'at al-Sharif tare da unguwar Tallet Alsauda Gundumar Al-Qasileh tare da unguwar al-Hawraneh Gundumar Sahet Bizzeh tare da unguwar Magazleh Tsofaffin wurare a wajen bangon tsohon birni:
Gundumar Abraj tare da unguwannin Haret al-Pasha da Shaker Agha Gundumar Agyol tare da unguwar Shmesatiyeh Almaji tare da unguwannin Qastal Harami Wakiliyeh da kuma Shara'sous Gundumar Bab al-Maqam tare da unguwannin al-Maghayer da kuma Maqamat Ballat tare da unguwannin Qattaneh da Sahet Hamad Gundumar Ad-Dallalin Ad-Dudu tare da unguwannin Safsafeh Jubb al-Qubbeh Jubb Qaraman da Barriyet al-Maslakh Fardos gundumar.
Hazzazeh tare da unguwannin at-Tadribeh da Zuqaq al-Arba'in Gundumar Ibn Ya'qoub tare da unguwannin Banqusa da Mushatiyeh Gundumar Beit Meheb ko Jdeideh kwata tare da unguwannin Sissi Salibeh Bawabet al-Qasab Basatneh al-Muballet al-Muballet het-at) da kuma Sa'a. Tananir Gundumar Kalaseh Gundumar Muhammad Bek tare da unguwannin Badenjk Baggara da Sakhaneh Gundumar Qadi Askar tare da unguwar Hamza Bek Qarleq gundumar.
Gundumar Qastal al-Mosht tare da unguwannin al-Aryan Trab al-Ghuraba da kuma Mawardi Gundumar Sajlikhan tare da unguwar Aghajek Gundumar As-Salheen Gundumar Tatarlar Kiyaye tsohon birni A matsayin tsohuwar cibiyar ciniki, manyan souqs na Aleppo, khans, hammams, madrasas, masallatai da majami'u duk suna buƙatar ƙarin aikin kulawa da kiyayewa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an sake fasalin birnin sosai; a cikin 1954 Masanin ginin Faransa André Gutton ya yanke sabbin tituna da yawa a cikin birni don ba da damar sauƙi don zirga-zirgar zamani. Tsakanin 1954-1983 gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsohon birnin an ruguje don ba da damar gina rukunin gidaje na zamani, musamman a yankunan arewa maso yamma (Bab al-Faraj da Bab al-Jinan). Yayin da wayar da kan jama'a game da buƙatar kiyaye wannan al'adu na musamman ya karu, a ƙarshe an yi watsi da babban tsarin Gutton a cikin 1979 don maye gurbinsa da sabon tsarin da masanin Swiss kuma mai tsara birane Stefano Bianca ya gabatar, wanda ya karbi ra'ayin "kiyaye tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na gargajiya. na Tsohuwar Aleppo" wanda ya share fage ga fitattun masu fafutuka na cikin gida, ciki har da Adli Qudsi, don shawo kan UNESCO ta ayyana Tsohon Birnin Aleppo' a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya a shekarar 1986.
Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun hada kai da hukumomin gida da kungiyar Archaeological Society na Aleppo, don gyara tsohon birnin ta hanyar daidaita rayuwar zamani tare da kiyaye tsohon. Hakimi da gundumar suna aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da aka tsara don haɓaka tsohon birni da kwata na Jdeydeh.
Haɗin gwiwar fasaha na Jamus (GTZ) da Gidauniyar Aga Khan (a cikin firam ɗin Shirin Garuruwan Tarihi na Aga Khan) sun ba da gudummawa sosai a cikin tsarin adana tsohon birni. Wakilin gida na Aga Khan Trust for Culture daga 1999 har zuwa 2008 shi ne masanin gine-gine Adli Qudsi, wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen kare tsohon birni daga rugujewar sojojin da ke fadada birane.
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34217 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudupu | Kudupu | Kudupu, Wanda aka fi sani da Kudpi birni ne, da ke a cikin jihar Karnataka ta Indiya, kusan 10. km daga tsakiyar birnin Mangalore, akan hanyar Mangalore Moodabidri Karkala (NH#13).
Tarihi
Kudupu ya samo sunansa ne daga kalmar Tulu ‘Kudupu’ ma’ana kwando da aka yi da busasshen mazubin daji wanda ake amfani da shi wajen zubar da ruwa bayan tafasa shinkafar. 'Yan asali zuwa yankin Karnataka na bakin teku.
Kudupu sananne ne don haikalin maciji Sri Ananta Padmanabha Temple, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun naga-kshetras a yankin.
Temple yana ƙarƙashin gyare-gyare daga 2016 har zuwa Fabrairu 2018. Brahmakalashotsava, bikin da ke nuna alamar kammala gyaran haikalin an gudanar da shi daga 18 25 ga Fabrairu 2018. An kira wannan Brahmakalashotsava a matsayin bikin karni a tarihin haikalin, kamar yadda gyaran haikalin yakan faru sau ɗaya cikin shekaru ɗari.
Kudupu Sri Ananthapadmanabha Temple Kamar yadda sunan haikalin ya nuna manyan alloli sune Ananthapadmanabha, Subrahmanya da Vasuki Nagaraja (Allah Maciji). Ƙungiyoyin vasishnava, mabiyin Madhvacharya ne suke bauta masa
Biki Ga wasu daga cikin manyan bukukuwan da ake yi a haikalin
Subrahmanya Shashthi A cikin watan Nuwamba/Disamba. Champa Shashthi. Kiru Shashthi A cikin watan Disamba/Janairu. Ranar 6 ga Pushya Shuddha. Nagara Panchami A cikin watan Yuli/Agusta. Shravana Shuddha Nagara Panchami. Bikin Shekara-shekara A cikin watan Disamba/Janairu. Daga Margashira Shuddha Padya zuwa Margashira Shuddha Shashti.
Brahmakalashotsava 18 Fabrairu 2018 har zuwa 25 Fabrairu 2018.
Tsarin Haikali Babban abin bautawa Ubangiji Anantha Padmanabha a cikin babban tsarki, yana fuskantar yamma. Naga Bana (wurin allahntakar maciji) ko da yake yana gabashin ɓangaren haikalin yana fuskantar yamma. Sama da Gumakan Maciji dari uku ne a wannan Naga Bana. Tafki mai tsarki Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha yana gefen hagu na haikalin. A gaban haikalin akwai ƙaramin wurin ibada guda ɗaya da aka keɓe ga Sub-Allahu Jarandaya. A bayan babban tsattsarkan wurin akwai Sub-deity Shree Devi da Lord Mahaganapathi a yankin kudu. Wani tsattsarka mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana cikin haikalin kusa da akwai gunkin dutse na Ubangiji Subramanya kuma ko wane gefen babban tsarki akwai gumaka na dutse da aka keɓe ga Jaya da Vijaya (mutumin masu gadi na Allah). A gefe a gaban haikalin akwai Valmika Mantapa ɗaya a kowane gefen wanda akwai wuraren ibada na Ayyappan da Navagriha.
Abubuwan Bautawa da Ƙarfafan Bautawa na Haikali Ananta Padmanabha Devaru Naga Devaru Subrhmanya Devaru Shree Devi Ammanavaru Maha Ganapati Devaru Jarandaya Daiva Ayyppa Swamy Navagriha Poojas na Musamman da Biki a cikin Haikali Ashada Hunime (full moon day in Ashada Masa)
Gokulashtami (Ranar Haihuwar Ubangiji Krishna)
Gouri Tritiya Dina Navnana (Podwar)
Vinayaka Chowthi
Soura Righupakarma
Anantha Chathurdhashi
Navarathri
Deepavali (Shiga daga Bali)
Tulasi pooja har zuwa Karthika Masa Uttana Dwadhashi da Ksheerabdhi a ranar Dwadhashi.
Kartika Hunime Deepotsava
Maha Shivarathri Deepotsava
Vishu Sankramana
Vrishabha Masa Hunime (Setting in of Bali)
Bikin kwana hudu daga Dhanurmasa Shuddha Chathurdhashi.
Jarandaya Nema Dompada Bali Nema Beshada Bandi Nema Abubuwan Kyauta a Haikali Jerin sevas da aka yi a haikalin
Naga Tambila Panchamritha Abhisheka Ashlesha Bali Ratriya Hoovina Pooje Madyahnada Hoovina Pooje Pancha Kajjaya Karthika Pooje Shashwatha Seve Shashwatha Annadana Seve Sarpa Sanskara Naga Pratishte Ashlesha Bali Udyapane Ksheerabhisheka Sahasra Namarchane Halu Payasa Purusha Sookta Abhisheka Amruthapadi Nandadeepa Appa Kajjaya Pavamana Abhisheka Ondu Dinada Mahapooje Ayyppa SAmy Pooje Navagriha Pooje Navagriha Japan Ashtotthara Archane Ashlesha Bali Ashlesha Bali yana daya daga cikin mahimman Seva a cikin haikalin. Sai dai ranakun Ekadashi da bikin shekara-shekara a duk sauran kwanaki ana iya yin wannan seva. Wannan seva yana farawa da yamma karfe 5 na yamma kuma yana ƙarewa da misalin karfe 6:30 na yamma Tunda za'a yi gudun hijira mai nauyi don seva a ranar Ashlesha Nakshatra seva zai ci gaba har zuwa karfe 11:00 na dare. A ranar ne kawai za a ba da abincin dare ga masu ibada da mahalarta. Bayar da kulawar mutum ɗaya ga mahalarta wannan seva shine ƙwarewar wannan Kshetra.
Tatsuniyoyi Da zarar an sami wani malami Brahmin Vedic da ake kira 'Kedar' wanda ya kasance mai bin addini sosai, mai kirki kuma mai bin addini. Amma ya damu matuka da rashin haihuwa. Tunanin cewa albarkar Waliyi ita ce makoma ta ƙarshe don samun ɗa da ya yi yawo a ko'ina yana neman wani irin wannan waliyi. A ƙarshe bincikensa ya ci tura lokacin da ya sadu da wani mai tsarki mai suna 'Shringa Muni' kusa da wani ƙaramin kogi 'Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha' a tsakiyar wani babban daji. Ya yi sujada ga wani waliyyi ya sanya dalilinsa na damuwa. Jin haka sai wani waliyyi ya ce masa ka tsaya a can ka fara tuba game da Ubangiji Subramanya wanda zai cika burinka. Saint ya kuma yi masa cikakken bayani game da tsarkin wurin da kogin.
Kedar ya karɓi nasihar waliyyi ya tsaya a can ya fara tuba mai ƙarfi game da Ubangiji Subramanya tare da himma da sadaukarwa. Cikin tuba ya mance komai na kewaye da shi da kansa. Ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru. Yayin da tubansa ya yi tsanani sai ya haifar da wani irin zafi mai zafi a kewaye kuma ya bazu ko'ina har zuwa sama. Devatas, mutane, dabbobi sun sami wahalar ci gaba. Kowa ya fara damuwa game da makomar gaba idan ta ci gaba a haka. Damuwa game da tubansa Devatas ya tafi Satyaloka don ganin Ubangiji Brahma ya gaya masa halin da ake ciki. Tunanin cewa Ubangiji Mahavishnu ne kawai zai iya gyara matsalar Ubangiji Brahma tare da Devatas ya sadu da shi kuma ya yi cikakken bayani game da halin da ake ciki. Jin wannan Ubangiji Mahavishnu ya ce Kedar yana yin bimbini game da Ubangiji Subramanya kuma shi kaɗai ne zai iya ba da maganin wannan matsalar. Ubangiji Mahavishnu ya yi wa Brahma da Devatas alkawari cewa zai sadu da Subramanya kuma saboda haka ya sadu da shi kuma ya gaya masa cewa Kedar yana yin zuzzurfan tunani a kansa tare da sha'awar samun ɗa guda ɗaya wanda zai iya cika shi kawai. Ya kuma roki Lord Subramanya ya bayyana gaban Kedar ya albarkace shi da yaro. Amma Ubangiji Subramanya ya gaya cewa babu wani yaro a cikin makomar Kedar kuma ya cancanci ceto kawai. Amma bisa roƙon Ubangiji Mahavishnu, Subramanya ya bayyana a gaban Kedar ya albarkace shi da yara. Kedar ya yi farin ciki sosai kuma yana tsammanin yaron da ya zauna kusa da kogin Bhadra Thirtha da kansa yana bimbini da bauta wa Ubangiji Subramanya.
Bayan wata rana matar Kedar ta ga maciji yana kwance ƙwai, ta yi tunanin ko macizai suna da sa'a na haihuwa kuma sun damu sosai game da makomarta idan aka kwatanta da macijin. Shekara ta wuce kuma matar Kedar ta yi ciki kuma ma'aurata sun yi farin ciki da tsammanin haihuwa. Amma bayan wata tara sai ga su da kowa sun yi mamaki matar Kedar ta kawo kwai uku wanda ya fi kama da kwayan maciji. Devatas ya yi tunanin waɗannan ƙwai ba kome ba ne face cikin jiki na Ubangiji Mahavishnu, Ubangiji Mahashesha da Ubangiji Subramanya kuma ya yi farin ciki sosai.
Amma Kedar bai ji dadi ba. Ko bayan tsantsar tuba idan Allah ya albarkace shi da wadannan qwai tun yana yara ba komai bane illa kaddara kuma sakamakon ayyukan da suka gabata. A wannan lokacin sai ya ji wata murya ta Ubangiji tana fitowa daga ether tana cewa wadannan ƙwai ba komai ba ne, sai dai halittar Ubangiji Mahavishnu, da Ubangiji Mahashesha da Ubangiji Subramanya domin ci gaban duniya. Har ila yau, ta gane cewa ba shi da ƙarin ’ya’ya kuma ta shawarce shi da ya kafa qwai a asirce a wurin da ya tuba ga Ubangiji Subramanya. Ya albarkaci wuri da kogi a matsayin wuri mai tsarki kuma duk wanda ya yi wanka a cikin kogin za a albarkace shi da 'ya'ya kuma ya kuɓuta daga kowace cuta da zunubi. Muryar Allah ta kuma ba shi shawarar ya zauna a wannan wuri mai tsarki yana bauta wa Ubangiji Anantha Padmanabha (wani sunan Ubangiji Mahavishnu) kuma ya albarkace shi da ceto a ƙarshen rayuwarsa.
Jin wannan muryar sai Kedar ya yi farin ciki sosai, ya ajiye waɗannan ƙwai a cikin kwandon da aka saƙa da raƙuman daji mai suna Kudupu a cikin harshen gida kuma ya ɓoye a asirce a wurin da yake yin tunani a kan Ubangiji Subramanya. Ya shafe sauran rayuwarsa yana bimbini ga Ubangiji Anantha Padmanabha kuma ya sami ceto a ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Yanzu a wannan wurin an shuka tururuwa kuma ana kiran wurin da sunan Shree Kshetra Kudupu. Wani ƙaramin kogi mai suna Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha yana zaune kusa da haikalin kansa.
Labari game da gina haikalin Wani Sarki mai suna Shurasena ya yi wani abu da bai dace ba sai zunubin da wannan aika-aikar ya yi masa ya wulakanta shi sosai har ya rasa natsuwa. Ya tambayi malaman Vedic daban-daban, firistoci don maganin yadda za a fita daga wannan zunubi. Amma malaman Brahmin Vedic sun ce masa ya sare hannuwansa da kansa, domin ainihin dalilin zunubin hannunsa ne kawai kuma suka shawarce shi da ya bauta wa Ubangiji Mahavishnu. Sarki ya yarda da shawarar kuma ya yi haka. Ya yi hannaye guda biyu na zinariya ya yi musu ado a madadin hannayensa da suka ɓace. Amma duk da kaffararsa ya damu sosai da bacewar hannayensa.
Wata rana yayin da yake dabbar farauta a cikin daji tare da sojojinsa, ya isa wurin mai tsarki da kwanciyar hankali na Bhadra Saraswathi Thirtha. Yanayin kwanciyar hankali na kewayen Bhadra Thirtha ya burge shi sosai. Ya yi mamakin ganin kayan aikin pooja da aka yi a kusa da Thirtha. A halin yanzu ya tuna da shawarar da Malaman Brahmin Vedic suka bayar game da bautar da za a yi wa Ubangiji Mahavishnu. Sa'an nan ya zauna a can ya fara bauta wa Ubangiji Mahavishnu. Yayin da yake bauta mai tsanani, Ubangiji Mahavishnu ya bayyana a gabansa ya yi tambaya game da bukatunsa. Sarki ya nemi a maido masa da hannunsa da ya bata. Da jin haka Ubangiji Mahavishnu ya gaya masa ya gina haikali ɗaya a cikin yini ɗaya kuma za a maye gurbin hannunsa a matsayin ɗa yayin da aka kammala ginin haikalin.
Sarki Shurasena ya yi farin ciki sosai kuma ya shirya don gina haikali a cikin yini ɗaya. Dukan sculptors, gine-gine sun samu aikin gini. An ci gaba da aikin har cikin dare kuma gari ya waye yana kusantowa yayin da haikalin yake kusan gamawa sai babban yanki na ado na Wuri Mai Tsarki. Da sanyin safiya wata muryar allahntaka ta zo daga sama tana ba da shawara a dakatar da aikin gini da kuma inda yake. Sarki ya kalli kafadarsa sai kash!! hannunsa ya zama, kamar yadda ya kasance a baya ga cikakken maidowa. Sarki ya zauna a can ya yi sauran rayuwarsa yana bauta wa Ubangiji Mahavishnu. Ko a yau haikalin ba shi da 'Muguli' kayan ado na sama a kan tsattsarkan wuri).
Wuraren sha'awa Ajjina Saana, Kudupu Kudupu Katte St. Joseph the Worker Church, Vamanjoor Kudupu Vividodesha Sahakari Sangha Mitra Mandali, Kudupu Pilikula Nisargadhama Shri Amrutheshwara Temple, Kettikal.
Wuraren Kusa Vamanjoor (wanda aka fi so)
Kula shekara Mudushedde Polali Gurupura Cibiyoyin Ilimi Government Primary School Kudupu St. Joseph The Worker Primary School Vamanjoor St. Raymond's High School Vamanjoor Cibiyar Ilimi ta St. Raymond, Vamanjoor
Mangala Jyothi Dharma Jyothi
St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor
Karavali College of Pharmacy
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in/temples/shreeananthapadmanabatemple/IndexK.htm
www.kuduputemple.com
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24714 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobeda%20Ali | Jobeda Ali | Jobeda Begum Ali Bengali; An Haife shi ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1975 ya mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2020), ya kasan ce kuma ya ciyo lambar yabo na zamantakewa kasuwa, shirin gaskiya filmmaker da kuma shugaban zartarwa na Uku Sisters Care.
Rayuwar farko Ali da 'yan uwanta sun girma a Tower Hamlets, London, Ingila. Iyayen ta sun fito ne daga gundumar Meherpur, sashin Khulna, Bangladesh.
Ali ya sami maki uku Kamar yadda yake a A-matakan a Kwalejin Tower Hamlets A cikin shekara ta 1996, Ali ya kammala karatunsa tare da 2: 1 BA Hons a tarihin Indiya da Afirka daga Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge. A cikin shekara ta 2000, ta kammala MA a tarihi, kuma a shekarar 2004, ta kammala MA a cikin kasuwancin duniya da haɓakawa: ƙa'ida da alhakin a Jami'ar Cambridge.
Aikin fim Ali dan fim ne mai zaman kansa. A cikin shekara ta 2003, ta yi shirin gaskiya a Bangladesh Matchmaker don Channel 4 A cikin shekarar 2004, ta yi fina-finai biyu game da ci gaban Tsarin Mulki don TV na yanzu. Ta yi jerin shirye -shirye guda biyu game da matan Musulmai a duk faɗin duniya, ɗayan da Cibiyar Tattaunawar Dabarun ta ba da ɗayan kuma ta Eris Foundation.
Ali shi ne wanda ya kafa tsarin Cineforum, bikin fim/taro wanda ke nuna fina -finai daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Daya daga cikin Cineforums mafi tasiri an kira mata Musulmai: Ganuwa da Jagoranci. A cikin shekara ta 2009, Hanyar zuwa Ecotopia Cineform ta ƙare a cikin fim ɗin, Hanyar zuwa Ecotopia kuma sun sayi ƙwararrun ɗalibai 150 don tsara samfuri don kyakkyawar al'umma mai zuwa.
Sana'ar kasuwanci A cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007, Ali ya kafa Fair Knowledge, kamfanin watsa labarai. Bayan shekaru huɗu, a kan lokaci Ali da sauran abokan hulɗa biyu sun yi sabani kan shugabancin kamfanin. Bayan sauran abokan hulda biyu sun tafi, Ali ya rusa kamfanin a watan Disamba na shekarar 2012.
A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2012, ta kafa hadin gwiwar Three Sisters Care, kamfanin kulawa da ke ba da kulawa a gida ga tsofaffi da nakasassu, tare da daraktoci guda uku masu rike hannun jari; kanta da kannenta biyu; ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya da mai fafutukar neman al'umma Rahena Begum, da mai kula da yara Jaida Begum. Hukumar kula da gida tana aiki a duk faɗin London da kewayen birni, galibi tare da tsofaffi, amma kuma tare da samari masu nakasa. A cikin shekarar 2014, ta ci lambar yabo ta Kasuwancin Zamani na Kyauta a Kyautar Kyauta don sanin ayyukan kasuwancin ta na zamantakewa.
Gudummawar kafofin watsa labarai A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2009, Ali ya ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawar mata a gidan rediyon BBC 4 wanda Bettany Hughes ta shirya. Tana cikin Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kasuwancin Guardian. kuma a watan Mayu na shekarar 2010, ta ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan yadda mata za su iya kuma yakamata su kasance suna taka rawa mafi girma a cikin harkar zamantakewa. A watan Maris na shekarar 2015, ya yi magana game da sabon tsarin da'a na ba da kulawa a Rediyon BBC 4.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da yin magana a taron KPMG na farko na TEDx a Indiya.
Ali ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun zuwa The Guardian Social Care Blog kuma ya yi rubutu game da aikin ɗabi'a da albashin rayuwa a sashin kulawa.
Sauran aiki Ali ya yi aiki ga gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ɓangarorin watsa labarai, da sassa masu zaman kansu a cikin ilimi, jagoranci da bambancin. Ita ce manajan Rukunin don Karfafa Masu Neman Masu Rarraba Ƙabilanci (GEEMA) a Jami'ar Cambridge. Ta kasance manajan shirye -shirye don ci gaba da ilimi mai zurfi a cikin gwamnati, ta kasance memba na kwamitin Ilmi da Kwarewa, manajan bambancin kasuwanci a Hukumar Ci gaban London, memba na hukumar Healthwatch Tower Hamlets. kuma memba na kwamitin Ci gaban Biranen Duniya.
Ta kasance abokiyar Makarantar 'Yan Kasuwancin Zamani kuma ta rubuta manhajar kasuwanci ga jami'o'i.
Ta kuma gudanar da Kimiyyar London da Geek Chic Socials, ƙungiyar abubuwan da suka shafi mayar da hankali kan abubuwan kimiyya ga mutane marasa aure a London.
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ali yana ɗaya daga cikin mata 20 daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda Dandalin Mata don Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma suka zaɓa a matsayin "Rising Talent". A watan Agusta na shekarar 2010, ta ci lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a lambar yabo ta Shugabancin Zamantakewar Mata na Ogunte. A cikin shekarar 2015, an sanya ta cikin jerin 'yan takarar da za a ba su lambar yabo ta Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shekara a Gasar Ladies Women in Business Awards.
Rayuwar mutum Ali musulmi ne kuma ta kira kanta a matsayin mace
Duba kuma Bangladesh Bangladesh
Jerin mutanen Bangladesh Bangladesh
Hanyoyin waje Woman’s Social Leadership Award Winner. i-genius
A, Deepa. Giving a Voice to Marginalized Communities. OnIslam. 8 June 2009
Manazarta Haifaffun 1975
Mutuwan 2020
Pages with unreviewed |
50999 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortense%20Calisher | Hortense Calisher | Hortense Calisher, an haife ta a ashirin ga Disamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha daya a New York kuma ta mutu sha uku ga junairu shekara ta dubu biyu da tara a Manhattan, marubucinyaralmara Ba'amurke Tarihin Rayuwar ta Hortense Calisher ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Hunter a 1928, sannan daga Kwalejin Barnard a 1932 Ita ce 'yar wata matashiyar 'yar gudun hijira Bajamushe-Yahudu kuma wani uba Bayahude dan kadan daga Virginia Da'irar iyali ta bayyana a matsayin duka "mai aman wuta da tunani, wanda aka ƙaddara don samar da mai al'umma da lokaci" A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da biyu ta shiga cikin yakin kare hakkin zubar da ciki na mujallar Ms. Masu fafutuka suna kira da a kawo karshen "dokokin archaic" da ke iyakance 'yancin haihuwa ko a'a, kuma suna ƙarfafa mata su ba da labarinsu Hortense Calisher ta mutu a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2009, tana da shekaru 97, a Manhattan. Mijinta, Curtis Harnack, da danta, Peter Heffelfinger, sun rasu daga aurenta na farko zuwa Heaton Bennet Heffelfinger
Aikin adabi Hortense Calisher yana fuskantar halayenta tare da rikitarwa da ilimin halin dan Adam, wanda ke manne da gaskiyar hanyoyin da ta bayyana. Ta yi cikakken bincike sosai kafin lokacin rubutu. Don haka mai karatu ya shiga cikin hadaddun bincike da dabaru, inda aka rubuta jujjuyawar yanayi cikin basira Marubucin ya yi amfani da yare mai ban sha'awa da raɗaɗi, tare da tsayayyen murya mai ƙarfi, wani lokacin idan aka kwatanta da Eudora Welty, Charles Dickens, Jane Austen da Henry James Masu sukar lokacin sun ɗauki Hortense Calisher a matsayin ɗan kuma sun la'anci ko yaba ta, saboda zurfin binciken da ta yi game da haruffa da zamantakewa Rubuce-rubucensa sun yi hannun riga da mafi girman yanayin rubutu na almara a cikin 1970s da shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin, wanda daga nan ya yi amfani da salon salo mai ban sha'awa ba tare da bayyana ra'ayi ba. Kasawa da warewa su ne manyan jigogin marubucin, wanda littafinsa ya ƙunshi litattafai kusan 23 da tarin gajerun labarai ToHortense Calisher ta buga tarin gajerun labarai na farko, A cikin Rashin Mala'iku a 1951, da littafinta na farko na Shigar Qarya, a cikin 1961 Aikin ƙarshe na marubucin, Tattoo for a Slave (shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu), ta bibiyi tarihin dangin mahaifinta tun kafin yakin basasa zuwa rayuwarta
Yabo Hortense Calisher ta zama shugabar mata ta biyu na Kwalejin Fasaha da Wasika ta Amurka a 1987 Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai ta zama shugabar kungiyar marubutan Amurka ta PEN America Ta sami Guggenheim Fellowships guda biyu a cikin 1952 da 1955 Marubucin shine wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta kasa Ta lashe lambar yabo ta O. Henry na The Night Club a cikin Woods da Gajerun Labarai. A cikin 1986, ta ci lambar yabo ta Janet Heidinger Kafka don The Bobby Soxer Littafi Mai Tsarki
Almara Daga jerin marasa ƙoshi In the Absence of Angels, Little Brown Co., 1951, (ISBN 1135369879)
False Entry, Weidenfeld Nicolson, 1961, (ISBN 1555841961)
Tale for the Mirror: A Novella and Other Stories, Little, Brown, 1962
Textures of Life, Little Brown Co, 1963, (ISBN 1531821049)
Extreme Magic, Little Brown Co, 1964
Journal from Ellipsia, Little Brown Co, 1965
The Railway Police and The Last Trolley Ride, 1966, Open Road Media, réédition 2013, (ISBN 1480437417)
The New Yorkers, Little Brown Co, 1969
Queenie, Arbor House, 1971, (ISBN 1480438952)
Standard Dreaming, Arbor House, 1972, (ISBN 0877950431)
Eagle Eye, Arbor House, 1973, (ISBN 0877950628)
The Collected Stories of Hortense Calisher, Arbor House, 1975, (ISBN 0877951152)
On Keeping Women, Arbor House, 1977, (ISBN 9780877951698)
Mysteries of Motion, Doubleday Publishing, 1983, (ISBN 9780385184069)
Saratoga, Hot, Doubleday, 1985, (ISBN 0385199759)
The Bobby-Soxer, Open Road Media, 1986, (ISBN 1480439002)
Age, Thorndike Press, 1987, (ISBN 0896211274)
The Small Bang, publié sous le pseudonyme de Jack Fenno, Random House, 1992, (ISBN 0679413650)
In the Palace of the Movie King, Random House, 1993, (ISBN 0679415742)
In the Slammer with Carol Smith, 1987, (ISBN 0714530204)
The Novellas of Hortense Calisher, Modern Library, 1997, (ISBN 0679602496)
Sunday Jews, Mariner Books, 2003, (ISBN |
11611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka%20Suka%20Dimka | Buka Suka Dimka | Laftanar Kanal Bukar Suka Dimka (Mutuwa 15 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida (1976A.c) ya kasance hafsan Sojan Najeriya ne wanda ya taka rawan gani a juyin mulkin soja na 13 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekarar alif 1976 da aka hankadar da gwamnatin Janar Murtala Ramat Mohammed. Har ila yau, Dimka ya taka rawan gani a cikin Kwamitin Tsararrakin Najeriya na shekarar alif 1966 wanda ya hambarar da gwamnatin Janar Aguiyi Ironsi Ilimi An nada Bukar Suka Dimka a matsayin Laftanan na biyu daga Jami'an Sojojin Australia na Cadet, Portsea, a cikin Sojojin Najeriya a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, shekarar alif 1963. Shi da wani jami'in (Laftanar Boniface Ikejiofor) su ne hafsoshin Sojojin Najeriya biyu na farko da suka fara samun horo a Ostiraliya kuma sun sami nasarar kammala karatun watanni guda 12 a makarantar tare da shahararru daga Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Philippines da tsibirin Pacific.
Kasancewar shi a cikin juyin mulkin Najeriya na watan Yulin shekarar 1966 Dimka, a lokacin shine mukaddashi kuma kwamandan Kwalejin horar da Sojojin Najeriya dake Kaduna, yana daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin 'yan asalin arewacin Najeriya (da suka hada da Lt. Colonel Murtala Muhammed (jagoran juyin mulki wanda Dimka yayi masa kulli da kashe shi bayan shekaru goma), Laftanar Kanar Sani Abacha, Laftanar Muhammadu Buhari, Laftanar Ibrahim Bako, Laftanar Ibrahim Babangida, da Manyan Theophilus Danjuma a tsakanin su) wadanda suka aiwatar da abin da ya zama sanata a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Najeriya a shekarar alif 1966 saboda takaicin da suka ji game da tafiyar da gwamnatin Janar Aguiyi Ironsi wanda ya kawo karshen juyin mulki na 15 ga watan Janairu, shekarar alif 1966. Dimka tare da Lieutenant Dambo ana zargin sun kashe Lieutenant Colonel Michael Okoro, Kwamandan runduna ta 3 yayin kisan kare dangi na Yuli. Wani aikin sananne daga kisan kare dangi na Yuli shine kokarin Dimka da kuma niyyar kashe Birgediya Manjo Samuel Ogbemudia Kafin kisan, Manjo Ogbemudia ya tsare Dimka saboda keta umurnin hana rundunar sojojin da ba su da izini a kansu. A karkashin tambayoyi daga Ogbemudia, Dimka ya koka da cin zarafin kabilanci sannan daga baya Ogbemudia ya sake shi. tsare shi din da sukayi, Ogbemudia suka yi masa, Dimka ya yi tsari da makircin kashe Manjo Ogbemudia. Abin farin ciki, Manjo Abba Kyari da Kanar Hassan Katsina ne sune suka bama Ogbemudia dauki da bindiga kirar SMG suka nuna masa hanyan guduwa. Dimka ya tara wasu hazikan gungun sojojin arewa wadanda suka rinka bin Ogbemudia (suna harbi) tun daga Kaduna har zuwa Owo, jihar Ondo inda Ogbemudia yayi watsi da motar sa kirar Landrover (wanda ya gaza a dalilin mai) ya kuma katange shinge 6 na shiga cikin daji mai yawa don tserewa Dimka da sojojinsa.
Sa hannunsa a juyin mulki na watan Fabrairu 13, 1976 Janar Mohammed da aka kashe tare da mataimaki-de-sansanin Lieutenant Akintunde Akinsehinwa lõkacin da Mercedes-Benz aka kwanton bauna da wani rukuni na kashe kunshi Laftanar Kanar Dimka, Major Rabo, Captain Parwang da Lieutenant Seri a Ikoyi, Lagos Sannan a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen ga al'umma, Laftanar Kanal Dimka ya ambaci rashawa, cin hanci, kama shi da tsare shi ba tare da fitina ba, rauni a kan Shugaban Kasa da zalunci a gaba a matsayin dalilan kifar da gwamnati. Sojojin da ke biyayya ga gwamnati sun murkushe juyin mulkin da 'yan sa'o'i kadan sannan Dimka suka tsere zuwa harabar Rediyon Najeriya a Ikoyi inda ya ba da labari ga jama'ar kasar. A ƙarshe an kama shi tare da kamfanin karuwai a gabashin Najeriya Bayan sammacin kotu, Lieutenant Colonel Dimka da kuma wasu sojoji 38 da sojoji suka kashe ta hanyar harbi. Tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Janar Yakubu Gowon (wanda Janar Mohammed ya hambarar da shi a watan Yuli na alif 1975), ya kasance a cikin juyin mulkin (ta hanyar Dimka). Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ki tura Gowon. Shekaru bayan faruwar hakan shugaban farar hula Shehu Shagari ya ba wa Gowon afuwa na hukuma tare da muƙaminsa (Janar) da sauran fa'idodi gabaɗaya a shekarar alif 1987 daga Janar Ibrahim Babangida. Janar Murtala Mohammed ya mutu mataimakinsa ne ya maye gurbin sa wato Laftanar Janar Olusegun Obasanjo.
Mutuwa An kashe Laftanar Kanar Dimka a bainar jama'a a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1976 a gidan kurkukun tsaro mafi tsaro na Kirikiri da ke Legas.
Diddigin bayanai
Sources Temptoƙarin 'Dimka' Coup ƙoƙarin ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 1976 {{DEFAULTSORT:Dimka, Buka Suka]]
Sojojin |
8344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo%20Picasso | Pablo Picasso | Pablo Picasso mai fenti ne. Picasso an haife shi a Malaga (yanzu Hispania) a shekara ta 1881, ya mutu a Mougins (Faransa) a shekara ta 1973. Ya kasance mai zane dan kasar Sipaniya, mai sassake-sassake, masanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kwashe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a kasar Faransa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu zane da suka shahara a karni na 20. Yayi fice na musamman ta salon zanensa da ya kirkiri na “Cubism”, salon “constructed sculpture”, da kuma salon zane na “Collage”, da dai sauran salon zane da ya taimaka wajen bunkasawa. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai Zanen Proto-Cubism, Zanen Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, da zanen anti-war da dai sauransu.
Picasso ya nuna bajinta da kwarewa a harkokin zane da dama a lokacin kuruciyarsa, inda yake zane acikin salo na musamman tun yana ƙarami har zuwa tsufansa. A farkon shekaru goma na karni na 20, salonsa sun canza yayinda ya kirkiri kuma ya gwada sabbin dabaru da salo. Bayan shekarun 1906, dabarun tsohon mai zane Henri Matisse sun karawa Picasso karfin gwiwa sake nemo sabbin dabaru, wanda hakan ya janyo adawa a tsakanin masu zanen guda biyu, wadanda masu binciken zane suke alakantasu a matsayin jagororin masu zane na zamani.
An rarraba ayyukan Pissaco zuwa lokuta daban daban. Yayinda har yanzu ana jayayya akan sunayen mafi akasarin ayyukansa. Lokutan ayyukansa da suka fi fice sune kamar haka: Lokacin Bula na Picasso (1901–1904), Lokacin Rose Picasso (1904–1906), Lokacin Zanen Afurkawa (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), da kuma Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919) wanda kuma ake kira da Crystal Cubism. Mafi akasarin ayyukan Picasso a tsakanin shekarun 1910s da farkon shekarun 1920s sun kasance acikin salo irin na neoclassical sannan ayyukansa a tsakiyan shekarun 1920s suna da alaka da Surrealism. Ayyukansa na baya-baya suna da alaka da salonsa na tun yana karami.
Ya samar da zane da dama na musamman a daukakin rayuwarsa, Picasso ya samu shahara a duniya kuma ya tara dukiya mai yawa a dalilin nasarorinsa a zane kuma ya zamo daya daga cikin masu zane na musamman na karni na 20.
Yarintarsa An haifi Picasso da misalin karfe 23:15 na ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1881, a birnin Malaga, Andalusiya, na Kudancin Sipaniya. Ya kasance ɗa na fari ga mahaifinsa José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) da mahaifiyarsa Picasso y López. Iyayen Picasso sun kasance masu matsakaicin karfi. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai zane wanda ya kware a zanen tsuntsaye da kuma wasanni. Mahaifinsa Ruiz ya kasance farfesa na fasaha a Makarantar Fikira kuma mai kula da wata tsohuwar gidan ajiyan kayan tarihi. Kakannin Ruiz sun kasance kananun masu sarauta.
Shaidar haihuwar Picasso da baptizanshj na dauke da sunaye masu tsawo, wanda ya hada da malaman kirista da danginsa. Ruiz y Picasso sune sunayen kakanninsa na wurin uwa da na wurin uba bi da bi, dangane da al’adar mutanen Sipaniya. Sunan mahaifinsa “Picasso” ya samo asaline daga garin Liguria, wani yankin gabar teku da ke arewa-maso-yammacin Italy. Kakan kakan pablo na wurin uwa Tommaso Picasso ya komo garin Sipaniya a shekarar 1807.
Sana’a
Kafin 1900 Picasso ya fara samun horo daga wurin mahaifinsa a shekarar 1890. Ana iya samun tarin ayyukansa na farko-farko a gidan kayan tarihin Museu Picasso da ke Barcelona. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1893, kwarewarsa na dan koyo ya fara karfi sannan ya zuwa shekara ta 1894 ya zama cikakken mai zane. Ana iya ganin salon mmakarantar realism a zanensa na tsakiyar 1890s a zanensa na The First Communion (1896), wani babban zanen kanwansa mai suna Lola. Har ila yau, acikin wannan shekara ne yayi zanen Portrait of Aunt Pepa, wani zane na musamman dake dauke da fuskar Juan-Eduardo Cirlot, wana ake dauka a matsayin "daya daga cikin zanen da sukafi shahara a tarihin Sipaniya".
Lokacin Bula 1901–1904 Lokacin ayyukan Picasso na Blue Period (1901–1904), lokaci ne na zanensa da ke da alaka da kalar bula da kuma bula-da-kore kadai, sai dai akan dan kara wasu kaloli a wasu lokutan, wanda ya soma ko dai a kasar Sipaniya a 1901 ko kuma a kasar Farisa a tsakiyar shekarar. Mafiya yawancin zanunkansa na uwaye da 'ya'yansu wato gaunt mothers with children ya samo asali ne daga lokacin zanukansa na bula, a wannan lokacin ne rayuwar Picasso ta rabu a tsakanin kasar Barcelona da kuma Farisa. Acikin wani yanayi da yake amfani da kaloli a wajen nuna abu mara sha'awa karuwa da masu bara ne muhimman al'amari. Ayyukan Picasso sun samo tushe daga tafiyarsa a cikin kasar Sipaniya da kuma kisan kan abokinsa Carles Casagemas. A farkon kakar 1901, yayi zanukan fuskar Casagema wanda ya samar da salon zane na La Vie (1903), yana nan yanzu a gidan tarihi na Cleveland Museum of Art.
Wannan yanayi ne ya kara janyo habakar salon zanen The Frugal Repast (1904), wanda ke nuna wani mutum makaho da kuma mata mai gani, wadanda gabaki dayansu sun galabaita, suna zaune a wani dan teburi. Makanta ya kasance muhimmin take a zanen Picasso na wannan lokaci, kamar acikin zanen The Blindman's Meal (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) da kuma zanen fuskar Celestina (1903). Ayyukansa na wannan Lokaci na Bula sun hada da Zanen Fuskar Soler da kuma Zanen Fuskar Suzanne Bloch.
Lokacin Rose: 1904–1906 Lokacin Rose (1904–1906) na da alaka da kalar fata mai haske ta hanyar amfani da kalar lemu da kalar pink wanda ya kunshi 'yan wasa da dai sauransu.
Lokacin Zanen Afurkawa: 1907–1909 Lokacin zanen Picasso da ya samu tasiri daga mutanen Afurka (1907–1909) ya fara ne da zanensa na farko na Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.
Analytic cubism: 1909–1912 Ccubism (1909–1912) wani salo ne na zane da Picasso ya kirkira tare da [Georges Braque]] hanyar amfani da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da sauran kaloli daban daban. Wadannan masu zane guda biyu suna daukan abubuwa su zana su dangane da ainihin sifarsu. Zanen Picasso da na Braque na wannan lokacin suna da kamiceceniya sosai.
Synthetic cubism: 1912–1919 Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) cigaba ne a salon zane na cubism, inda ake jera yankakken takarda mafi yawanci bangon littafi ko kuma wani shashe na jarida ana jera su don bada wata sifa, wanda ya janyo mafarin salon zanen collage a kimiyar zane.
A tsakanin 1915 zuwa 1917, Picasso ya fara wani sabon salon zane wanda ke nuna abubuwa daban daban, wanda ya kunshi jita, ko gilashi, da wani kamaiceceniya irinta collage.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1881
Mutuwan 1973
Mai zane-zanen |
10211 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Duniya%20na%20I | Yaƙin Duniya na I | Yaƙin Duniya na I da turanci World War I (ana kintse sunan WWI ko WW1), kuma ana ƙiran shi da First World War da turanci wato Yaƙin Duniya na Farko kuma Great War wato Babban Yaƙi, wani yaƙin Duniya ne da ya faro daga nahiyar Turai wanda aka fara tun daga 28 ga watan Juli na shekara ta alif ɗari 1914 har zuwa 11 ga watan Nuwanban shekarar 1918. Wanda ayanzu ake dangata shi da suna "the war to end all wars" wato Yaƙin da zai tsaida Yaƙoƙi, ya kai ga hada fiye da miliyan 70 million na ma'aikatan soja, da miliyan 60 na Turawa, wanda yasa yazama ɗaya daga cikin babban yaƙi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙin da aka rasa rayuka da dama a tarihi, an ƙiyasta kusan mutane miliyan 9 Mayaƙa aka rasa da miliyan 7 na farin hula wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar yaƙin, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi da kuma cutar da kuma rasa rayukan Mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a duniya baki ɗaya.
A 28 ga Yunin shekarar 1914, Gavrilo Princip, wani ɗan ƙasar Yugoslavia, ya kashr Archduke Franz Ferdinand wanda shine magajin Archduke Franz Ferdinand a garin Sarajevo, hakan ya haifar da rikkicin watan Yuli. akan mayar da martani, a 23 Yuli Wanda amsar da ƙasar Serbia ta bayar bai gamsar da Austriya ba, yasa suka shiga yaƙi tsakanin su.
Haɗakar ƙawance ya faɗaɗa rikicin akan wani ɗan tattaunawa tsakanin mutum biyu a Balkans zuwa ga babban rikici da ya game yawancin nahiyar Turai. A July na shekarar 1914, great powers dake Turai sun rabu zuwa haɗaka daban-daban: akwai Triple Entente—wanda ta haɗa da France, Russia da Britain aciki— da kuma Triple Alliance na Germany, Austria-Hungary da kuma Italy (wanda Triple Alliance sun kasance masu kariya ne, sun bar ƙasar Italiya ta fita daga yaƙin a shekara ta 1914). Rasha ta kasa abunda yakama ce ta na kare Serbia da, bayan Austria-Hungary shelled the babban birnin Serbiya Belgrade a 28th, an yarda da haɗaka. Babban haɗakar da Rasha tayi ta bayyana shi ne a yammacin 30 July; a 31st, Austria-Hungary da Germany suma suka yi haka, sai ita kuma Germany ta nema Rasha data rushe haɗakarta acikin awanni goma sha biyu (12 hours). batan Russia taƙi bi, sai Germany ta ƙaddamar da yaƙi a farkon (1) watan Augusta domin taimakon Austria-Hungary, a tareda Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; sai ƙasar Faransa ta umurce cikakkiyar haɗaka domin taimakawa Russia a 2 August.
Dabarun ƙasar Jamus na gabza yaƙi akan Faransa da Rasha shine ta tattara sojoji a yamma waɗanda zasu yi galaba akan France cikin makonni huɗu, sannan kuma ta aika da sojojin Gabas dan gabzawa da Rasha kafin ta gama shiryawa; wanan dabarar ce akasa was suna Schlieffen Plan. A 2 ga watan August, Germany ta nemi hanya da zata riƙa wucewa ta kasar Belgium, itace muhimmin samun nasara akan Faransa. bayan kin hakan, sai domin Jamus ta farwa kasar Belgium da safiyar 3 Augusta kuma suka kaddamar da yaki a Faransa a wannan rana; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Alliance, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917 (the Eastern Front, by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a front in the Alps. The Kingdom of Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915 and the Kingdom of Greece joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the war in the Balkans. The United States initially remained neutral, though it was an important supplier of war material to the Allies. However, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but ultimately the American Expeditionary Force would reach some two million troops.
Though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in 1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the German March 1918 Offensive. This offensive was initially successful, but the Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their Hundred Days Offensive. Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros. On 4 November, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti. With its allies defeated, revolution at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918.
World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The Big Four (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the most well known being the German peace treaty—the Treaty of Versailles. Ultimately, as a result of the war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the League of Nations during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a Second World War would follow just over twenty years later.
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23760 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Kasar%20Sin | Tarihin Kasar Sin | Tarihin Kasar Sin ya kunshi dubban shekaru Aru Aru. Litattafan farko sun kasance daga kusan shekaru 1250 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa amma an san wasu abubuwa game da lokutan baya. Tarihin kasar Sin ya kunshi lokuta da dauloli da dama. Ana iya raba shi zuwa sassa masu kamar haka:
Tarihi Tarihi yana nufin tarihin wani lokaci kafin kowane rubutaccen rikodin. A irin wannan yanayi, yana da matukar wahala a faɗi wani abu tabbatacce game da tarihin China ko wata ƙasa. Ko da a lokacin, masana tarihi sun yi imani da wasu bayanai game da China na wancan lokacin. Kimanin shekaru miliyan da suka wuce Homo erectus, wani nau'in ɗan Adam na farko, ya rayu a China. Daga baya, kimanin shekaru 65,000 da suka gabata, 'yan Adam na zamani Homo sapiens sun isa China daga Afirka. Don neman abinci, suna farautar namun daji. Sun kuma fara karba da tattara 'ya'yan itatuwa, wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da koyon Sinanci don yin noma a shekara ta 5000 K.Z. Sun fara noman shinkafa da wataƙila wasu nau'ukan hatsi. A shekara ta 2500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, zamanin Tagulla ya zo China. Ajin masu mulki tare da sarakuna sun shigo cikin al'umma.
Tsohon Tarihi
Daular Xia Wasu masana suna tunanin cewa kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata, daular Xia ta yi mulkin ƙasar Sin. Yu (Da Yu) shi ne farkon mai mulkin wannan daular. Akwai wasu sahihan labarai masu aminci game da Yu (wanda zai iya zama almara), lokacin sa, da sauran sarakunan daular Xia.
Daular Shang Daga lokacin daular Shang, akwai wasu rubutattun tarihi. An yi rubuce-rubuce a kan Ƙasoshin Oracle. An samu irin wannan kasusuwa da harsashi da yawa. Masana sun kuma yi imanin cewa a yau Henan shi ne babban birni na tara kuma na ƙarshe na sarakunan daular Shang.
Yawancin masana tarihi na ƙasar Sin na wancan lokacin suna tunanin cewa daulolin daya na bin daya ce. Amma kuma yana iya yiwuwa dauloli biyu suna mulki a sassa daban -daban na ƙasar Sin a lokaci guda. Don haka, wasu masana suna tunanin cewa daular Xia da daular Shang na iya yin mulki a lokaci guda, amma a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Sin.
Daular Zhou Game da shekara ta 1046 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, daular Zhou ta ci sarkin ƙarshe na daular Shang da yaki kuma ta hau mulki. Sun canza babban birnin daga Henan zuwa wani wuri kusa da Xi'an na yanzu, kusa da Kogin Yellow. Daular Zhou kuma ta kawo sabuwar ka'ida ga kasar Sin (duba Dokar Sama). Kusan dukkan daulolin sarakunan China sun ci gaba da maimaita wannan ka'idar. Sarakunan wannan daular sun ci sabbin yankuna da yawa. A karon farko a tarihin kasar Sin, adadi mai yawa na mutane kuma sun tashi daga wannan yanki zuwa wani yanki don yin sulhu.
Lokacin bazara da kaka Lokacin bazara da kaka ya kusan ƙarni na 8 BC. Daular Zhou ta cigaba, amma karfin ta ya ragu yayinda ubangiji ya samu filaye da mabiya. Sarakuna da yawa sun yi mulki a sassa daban-daban na kasar Sin. China ta zama jahohi masu rarrabuwar kawuna, kowanne sarki daban ke mulkin sa. A wasu lokuta, wani Sarki yana mulkin ƙauyen da ke da ƙaramin sansanin soja.
A wannan lokacin na China, sabbin layin tunani da yawa sun tashi. Wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu suna cigaba da zama masu mahimmanci. Su ne Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism da Mohism Lokacin jahohi Lokacin bazara da kaka ya cigaba kusan shekaru 300. Ya zuwa ƙarni na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sauran manyan china guda bakwai ne suka rage. Sun kwace dukkan ƙananan wurare. Wadannan jihohi sun cigaba da yakar juna. Masana tarihi sun kira wannan lokacin lokacin Yaƙin Jihohi saboda yaƙe -yaƙe da faɗa tsakanin waɗannan jihohin. A shekara ta 221BC, Ying Zheng, Sarkin jihar Qin, ya haɗe dukkanin jihohi bakwai. Ya mai da kansa Sarkin China kuma ya kafa daular Qin.
Masarautar China
Daular Qin Daular Qin sarauta ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a tarihin ƙasar Sin. Sun bi falsafar Legalism. Babban birninsu yana Xianyang. A karkashin Sarkin wannan daular, China ta zama kasa mai ƙarfi. An yi sabbin abubuwa da yawa a karon farko. An bi tsarin doka mai tsauri. An bunƙasa harshe da aka rubuta. An yi amfani da kuɗin gama gari. An fara gina babbar ganuwar China.
Daular Han Liu Bang ne ya kafa daular Han bayan daular Qin ta kare. A lokacin daular Han, yankin ƙasar Sin ya fadada, kuma an samu cigaba da yawa a fannin kimiyya da fasaha. An ɗauke shi a zaman zinare a tarihin ƙasar Sin.
Masarautu Uku Lokacin Masarautu Uku (Sinawa na gargajiya: Sinawa da aka sauƙaƙe: pinyin: Sānguó) lokaci ne na tarihi inda aka raba China zuwa jihohin Cao Wei, Shu Han, da Wu Wu ta Gabas. Daular Han ta Gabas ta rasa duk wani iko. Daga ƙarshe, sarkin daular Han ya yi murabus.
Daular Jin
Daular Sui Daular Sui Suí cháo; 581-618) Sarkin Wen, ko Yang Jian ne ya kafa shi. Babban birninta shi ne Chang'an Xi'an na yanzu Daular tana da mahimmanci saboda ta sake haɗa kan Kudanci da Arewacin China kuma an gina Babban Canal a wancan lokacin.
Daular Tang Gidan Li ne ya kafa daular Tang, wanda ya hau mulki a lokacin faɗuwar Daular Sui. A zamanin daular aka katse wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da biyu Zhou daular (16 Oktoba 690-3 Maris 705) a lokacin da Empress Wu Zetian ke gudanar da da'awar da kursiyin, zama na farko da kawai Sin Empress Babban birnin Tang, Chang'an (Xi'an na yau), shi ne birni mafi girma a duniya a lokacin. Yawancin masana tarihi suna ganin daular Tang a matsayin babban matsayi a cikin wayewar ƙasar Sin kuma a matsayin zamanin zinare na al'adun duniya.
Dauloli Biyar da Masarautu Goma
Daular Song
Daular Yuan Daular Yuan ta fara mulkin Genghis Khan, shugaban Mongoliya wanda ya karɓe iko daga daular Song. An dauke shi bare ne ba wayewa ba. Jikansa, Kublai Khan, na ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran sarakunan daular Yuan. Ya buɗe ƙasar Sin ga sauran al'adu da yawa kuma ya kyautata rayuwar Sinawa sosai.
Daular Ming A shekara ta 1368, tawayen da Zhu Yuanzhang ke jagoranta ya ɓarke a Kudancin kasar Sin, daga karshe ya kifar da daular Yuan. Daga nan Zhu Yuanzhang ya kafa daular Ming a Nanjing, babban birninta har sai da Sarki Yongle ya canza babban birnin zuwa Beijing. A karni na 15, wani mutum mai suna Zheng He ya dauki mafi yawan sojojin ruwa na Ming ya kuma bincika tekun Indiya, ya kawo dukiya da iko ga Daular Ming. Masarautar ta sami lokacin wadata har zuwa 1449, lokacin da Yakin Tumu ya ɓarke. A cikin yaƙin 'yan kabilar Mongol na Yuan sun kame Sarkin kuma sun kewaye babban birnin. Bayan yakin da Mongols, Ming ya fara raguwa. A wannan lokacin, daular ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe biyu tare da Jafananci (na farko kan masu fashin teku na Japan ya faru a Kudu Maso Gabashin China; na biyu a kan sojojin Toyotomi Hideyoshi wadanda suka mamaye Koriya), da yaki kaya tare da Fotigal na Macao. Wadannan yaƙe -yaƙe a ƙarshe sun raunana daular da ke raguwa. A cikin 1616, tawaye ya ɓarke a Manchuria da Shanxi. Shekaru ashirin da takwas bayan haka, Manchus ya ƙetare Babban Ganuwar, ya mamaye babban birnin, ya lalata 'yan tawayen Shanxi.
Daular Qing
Zamani
Jamhuriyar China
Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Mao Zedong shi ne shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin daga 1949 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1976.
A ƙarni na 21 ƙasar Sin ta zama ƙasa mafi arziki a duniya ta fuskar GDP Hotuna
Sauran shafukan yanar gizo Tarihin China: Teburin Abun ciki Ƙungiyar Hargitsi a Jami'ar Maryland
Database na kasar Sin ta Academia Sinica
Rubuce -rubucen Rubuce -rubuce da Database na Academia Sinica
China Chronology Duniya Tarihi Database Archived Archived Tsohon Duniyar Asiya ta Asiya Tarihi, al'adu da ilimin kimiya na tsohuwar nahiyar Asiya. Labarai da hotuna da yawa
Jagorar duniya don nazarin China Archived Dandalin Tarihin Kasar Sin Tarihi Forum Tattauna tarihin kasar Sin a tarihi Forum ta Asian Tarihi sashe
Sin Siege Yin yãƙi Mechanical harbi da Siege Makamai tsufa An kwatanta Tarihi sayi zuwa gare ku daga Tarihi Forum
Tarihin Saukaka na China
Yin Yu Tang: Gidan Sinawa Ya bincika abubuwan da ke cikin kayan gine -gine na cikin gida a lokacin daular Qing da kuma alaƙar sa da al'adun gargajiyar Sinawa da al'adun tarihi.
Farkon na da China Archived jarida ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga malanta na ilimi wanda ya shafi lokacin kusan tsakanin ƙarshen Han da farkon zamanin Tang.
Hoton Fagen Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu
Kasar Sin ta sake gano Tarihin da ta mallaka na tsawon minti 100 kan tarihin kasar Sin wanda mashahurin masani/marubuci Yu Ying-shih, Farfesa Emeritus na Nazarin Asiya ta Gabas da Tarihi a Jami'ar Princeton ya bayar.
Abubuwan albarkatu ga ɗaliban Makarantar Tsakiya Ana iya karanta albarkatun da ake iya karantawa ga ɗalibai a aji 5-9 fiye da hanyoyin haɗi 250.
China, tarihi -Citizendium
Sin
Pages with unreviewed |
52077 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Raya%20Ruwanda | Bankin Raya Ruwanda | Bankin Ci Gaban Rwanda, wanda aka fi sani da sunan Faransanci Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD), bankin ci gaba ne a Rwanda Yana daya daga cikin bankunan da Bankin Kasa na Rwanda ya ba da lasisi, mai kula da banki na kasa.
Bayani na gaba ɗaya Bankin ya fara aiki a shekarar 1967, a matsayin mai ba da sabis na kudi na dogon lokaci, tare da kudade da aka tsara don ayyukan ci gaban kasa. watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, jimlar darajar kadarorin bankin ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 122 (RWF: biliyan 72), tare da masu hannun jari kusan dala miliyan 42.3 (RW F biliyan 255).
Yankunan shiga tsakani Yankunan shiga tsakani sun hada da:
Aikin noma;
Fitarwa da Masana'antu;
Kudin dalibai;
Makamashi;
Gidaje da Infrastructure;
Tattalin Arziki na Dijital;
Cibiyoyin Jama'a
Ayyuka na Musamman Bankin Ci Gaban Rwanda yana ba da manyan kayayyaki ga abokan cinikinsa. Waɗannan su ne:
Ayyuka na Musamman
Samun damar samun tallafin kudi
Jya Primero
Cana Uhendukiwe
Tsabtace Abincin
Gira Iwawe
Asusun Ci gaban Kasuwanci
Hatana
Kayayyakin Lendari
Kudin saka hannun jari;
Kasuwancin Kasuwanci;
Layin bashi;
Samfurori masu dacewa
Kudin Tabbacin;
Ginin iyawa;
Ayyukan Ba da Shawara
Tarihi Bankin Ci Gaban Rwanda (BRD), Kamfanin Jama'a ne wanda aka iyakance ta Shares, tare da babban hannun jari na RWF 57,808,931,000, wanda aka yi rajista a Jami'in Janar, wanda lambar kamfanin ta 100003547.
An kafa Bankin ne a ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1967; duk da haka, an bayar da takardar shaidarsa a ranar 7/7/2011 yayin da Bankin Kasa na Rwanda ya ba da lasisin banki na 003 a ranar 11 ga Agusta.
Fiye da shekaru arba'in, BRD ita ce kawai mai ba da kuɗi na dogon lokaci kuma ta sauƙaƙa fitowar kamfanoni daban-daban masu samarwa a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
2000-2009: Ci gaba da Sabuntawa
Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan bukatar Bankin ya ba da gudummawa ga sake fasalin kuɗi da kuma samar da kuɗi a yankunan karkara, a cikin karuwar fitarwa game da ƙalubalen Tattalin Arziki na Rwanda wanda ya haifar da bukatun ci gaba mai sauri da na dogon lokaci don yaki da talauci. A zahiri fiye da kashi 90% na yawan jama'a suna zaune a yankunan karkara kuma galibi a kan noma.
Don inganta aikin Bankin ci gaba, a cikin 2005 Gwamnatin Rwanda ta ba da umarnin BRD tare da manufa don zama "Mai ba da kuɗi" na ci gaban Rwanda. Tun daga wannan lokacin BRD tana canza kanta don samun damar taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban Rwanda. BRD 2005-2009 Strategic Operating Plan ya fassara aikin BRD da hangen nesa don zama bankin da ya fi samun riba a hidimar rage talauci.
Bayan kisan kiyashi: Bayan kisan kare dangi na 1994 a kan Tutsi, akwai mummunan sakamako da ya biyo baya kuma bankin ya ci gaba da ɗaukar nauyin sama da kashi 50% na fayil dinsa wanda ya zama rance da ba a yi ba daga kisan kiyashin 1994 Adadin rance wanda ya kai Rwf6.8 biliyan, ayyukan 115; Rwf 6.7 biliyan a cikin layin bashi 112; Rwf156.4 miliyan a cikin hannun jari a cikin kamfanoni 3 masu samarwa. An ba da rancen galibi a cikin sabuntawa da sake farfado da kamfanoni zuwa Rwf13.4 biliyan, samar da aikin aiki na mutane 8,923 da kuma ƙarin darajar tattalin arzikin kusan Rwf8 biliyan.
Yaƙin ya gurgunta yankunan karkara da sake farfado da ayyukan bayan 1994 da aka mayar da hankali a babban birnin galibi a bangarorin sakandare da na uku. Wannan lokacin ya kasance sake tsarawa da karfafawa.
1988-1994: Matakin balaga
A wannan lokacin, Bankin ya ba da rance jimillar: Rwf4. biliyan 6 a cikin layi 873 na bashi; Rwf84.5 miliyan a cikin hannun jari a cikin kamfanoni 7. Ya samar da yawan saka hannun jari na Rwf15.7 biliyan tare da kirkirar aiki ga mutane 9,094 da darajar da aka kara ga tattalin arzikin Rwf8, biliyan 5.
Yankunan da suka fi dacewa don rance sun kasance masana'antun noma galibi bangarorin shayi da masana'antu, waɗanda aka ba da damar ta hanyar albarkatun kuɗi masu ƙarancin kuɗi ga ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici a cikin kasuwancin gona; masu sana'a da ƙananan ayyukan
1968-1987: Kafawa da ci gaba
A cikin shekarun 1968 zuwa 1970, ana kafa Bankin kuma ba a ba da kuɗin ayyukan ba.
A cikin shekaru hudu da suka biyo baya, Bankin ya rubuta manyan rance a kan motoci (karɓar) da kuma niƙa. Kudin motocin ya kai ga duk faɗin ƙasar kuma ya nuna muhimmiyar mataki don inganta samun damar kayayyaki a cikin ƙasar.
Tun daga shekara ta 1974, bankin ya fara ba da kuɗi ga bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arziki.
An ba da rance mai yawa wanda ya kai Rwf6.6 biliyan tun daga lokacin zuwa ayyukan 501, Rwf317 miliyan sun saka hannun jari a hannun jari tare da kamfanoni 23, da kuma Rwf 6.3 biliyan a rance ga masu ba da bashi 478. Wannan yana nufin tasirin saka hannun jari na kusan Rwf12.6 biliyan tare da ƙirƙirar damar aiki ga mutane 8,400 da ƙididdigar ƙimar Rwf25.2 biliyan.
Bankin ya ba da kuɗi game da kashi 80% na matsakaici da na dogon lokaci na ƙasar a cikin kamfanoni masu samarwa.
Samun MARCH 2011: Haɗuwa da BAS da BDF
Tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, kamfanonin BRD Advisory Services (BAS Ltd) da BRD Development Fund (BDF Ltd) sun haɗu don kafa sabon kamfani da ake kira BDF Ltd. Tsoffin kamfanoni biyu sun kasance rassa na BRD da ke da alhakin samar da ayyuka da samfuran da ke bunkasa ci gaban SME a Rwanda. Sabon kamfanin ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga BRD kuma ya daidaita aikin da ya gabata.
Taron Kwamitin Daraktocin BRD ne ya yanke shawarar haɗuwa da aka gudanar a ranar 17 ga Maris 2011 tare da manufar inganta ingancin ayyukan, inganci, kewayon ayyuka da samfuran da sabon kamfanin, BDF Ltd zai samar.
26-APRIL-2011: Samun BHR
A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2011, BRD ta sami Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda (BHR) a hukumance a wani bikin da Ministan Kudi da Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki, Mista John RWANGOMBWA ya shirya. Manufar wannan saye ita ce cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar sanya BRD banki mai ƙarfi da matsayi mafi kyau wanda ya ba da rance na dogon lokaci, rance na gidaje, sake ba da kuɗi da sauran ayyukan kuɗi da nufin inganta damar samun kuɗi a Rwanda. Samun BHR ya ba BRD dukiyar sama da Rwf biliyan 72 (Rwf58 biliyan na BRD da Rwwf biliyon 14 daga BHR).
Rukunin reshe Bankin yana da rassa guda biyu, mallakar 100%, wato:
Asusun Ci Gaban BRD Asusun Ci gaba
Bankin Gidaje na Rwanda Bankin Ci Gaban Rwanda ya karɓi cikakken iko a watan Afrilun 2011
Mallaka Kasuwancin bankin mallakar masu mulki da kamfanoni masu zuwa ne:
Rassa Bankin yana da wuri ɗaya a hedikwatar su:
Hedikwatar Kigali
Gudanarwa the following constitute the Board of Directors of the bank:
Bobby Pittman Shugaban Kwamitin
Callixte Nyikindekwe Daraktan
Alice Rwema Daraktan
Stella Nteziryayo Daraktan
Angelique Karekezi Daraktan
Joseph M. Mudenge Darakta
Ghislain Nkeramugaba Darakta
Wadannan mambobi ne na Kwamitin Zartarwa a Bankin Ci Gaban Rwanda, tun daga Nuwamba 2019.
Kampeta Sayinzoga Babban Jami'in
Vincent Ngirikiringo Babban Jami'in Kudi
Sakataren Kamfanin Gloria Tengera da Babban Lauyan
Blaise Pascal Gasabira Shugaban Binciken Dabarun M&E da Tattalin Arziki
Ngabe Rutagarama Shugaban IT da Innovation na dijital
Nadine Teta Mbabazi Shugaban Babban Birnin Dan Adam da Ayyukan Kamfanoni
Jean Claude Iliboneye Shugaban Ci gaban Kasuwanci
Liliane Igihozo Uwera Shugaban SPIU
Martin Ndagijimana Shugaban Mai Bincike na Cikin Gida
Wilson Rurangwa Shugaban Gudanar da Ilimi
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizon Bankin Ci Gaban Rwanda
Bankin Ci Gaban Rwanda Ya Sayi Bankin Gidaje na Rwanda
Bankuna a Afrika
Bankuna
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93atar%20kogin%20Hudson | Gurɓatar kogin Hudson | Tsakanin shekarar 1947 zuwa 1977, General Electric ya gurɓata kogin Hudson ta hanyar fitar da polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) yana haifar da lahani iri-iri ga namun daji da mutanen da ke cin kifi daga kogin.
Sauran nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi da suka hada da gurbacewar Mercury da kuma garuruwan da ke fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, sun haifar da matsala a kogin.
Dangane da wannan gurbatar yanayi, masu fafutuka sun yi zanga-zangar ta hanyoyi daban-daban; misali, mawaki Pete Seeger ya kafa Hudson River Sloop Clearwater da Clearwater Festival don jawo hankali ga matsalar. Ƙarfafawar muhalli a duk faɗin ƙasar ya haifar da ƙaddamar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya a cikin shekarata 1972 da Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba na 1976. Gwamnatin tarayya ta ayyana gurɓataccen yanki na kogin, tsawo, azaman wurin Superfund a cikin shekarar 1984. An fara aiwatar da ayyukan gyare-gyare masu yawa a kan kogin a cikin shekarun 1970 tare da aiwatar da izinin zubar da ruwa da kuma rage yawan zubar da ruwa, da ayyukan kawar da ruwa, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 21.
Shawarwari na cin kifi sun kasance suna aiki.
Nau'in gurbatar yanayi da sauran tasirin muhalli Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Jihar New York (NYSDEC) ta jera sassa daban-daban na Hudson a matsayin rashin ingancin ruwa saboda PCBs, cadmium, da sauran mahadi masu guba Rarraba Kogin Hudson tare da rashin ingancin ruwa (ba lallai ba ne gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar babban tushe na Hudson) sune Kogin Mohawk, Dwaas Kill, Schuyler Creek, Saw Mill River, Esopus Creek, Hoosic River, Quaker Creek, da Batten Kill Hakanan an jera tafkuna da yawa a cikin kwandon ruwa na Hudson. Sauran wasu matsalolin gurbatar yanayi da ke shafar kogin sun hada da: zubar da ruwa na bazata, zubar da ruwa a birane, karafa masu nauyi, furuns, dioxin, magungunan kashe qwari, da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Ma'aikatu da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa yin layi a kogin Hudson sun zubar da shara da sharar masana'antu kai tsaye cikin kogin. Waɗannan masana'antun sun samar da masu canza wuta, capacitors, da injunan lantarki, waɗanda suka yi amfani da PCBs azaman dielectric da ruwa mai sanyaya. Ba a tantance wannan ƙazantar ba sai a shekarun 1970. A lokacin, manyan masana'antun da suka rage a yankin mallakar General Electric ne, wanda ya zama babban alhakin tsaftace kogin Hudson. Tsakanin kusan shekarata 1947 da 1977, GE ta saki na PCBs a cikin kogin. PCBs sun fito ne daga masana'antar masana'anta guda biyu na kamfanin a Hudson Falls da Fort Edward, New York Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta hana kera PCBs a shekarata 1979. Yawancin PCBs da ke cikin kogin Monsanto Co. ne ya kera su a ƙarƙashin alamar suna Aroclor 1242 da Aroclor 1016. Ana samun mafi girman taro na PCBs a cikin Thompson Island Pool. Wani sanannen mai gurɓatawa shine General Motors, wanda ke gudanar da Majalisar Tarrytown ta Arewa a Arewacin Tarrytown, New York (yanzu da ake kira Sleepy Hollow). yana aiki daga shekarar 1896 zuwa 1996. Kamfanin ya yi amfani da kusan galan miliyan 1 na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda aka mayar da shi cikin kogin a matsayin sharar gida. Sharar masana'antar shuka (musamman chromate na gubar da sauran zane-zane, tsaftacewa, da sinadarai na siyarwa) za a kwashe kai tsaye zuwa cikin kogin. Za a sarrafa sharar gida ta hanyar sarrafa najasa na ƙauyen. A kusa da shekarata 1971, mai kula da magudanar ruwa da na ƙauyen ya ba da tabbacin cewa an wuce gona da iri, kuma shi da sauran mazauna yankin za su yi iyo a bakin rairayin bakin teku, duk da haka Dominick Pirone, masanin ilimin halittu kuma tsohon darektan kungiyar masunta na Kogin Hudson (yanzu kogin ya kasance. An nakalto yana cewa: "Kuna iya sanin irin kalar motocin da suke zana a ranar da aka ba su da irin kalar kogin." Wani bincike na shekarar 2008 ya nuna cewa Mercury a cikin kifi na Hudson River na kowa, ciki har da bass bass, yellow perch, bigmouth bass, smallmouth bass da carp, sun ƙi sosai a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. An fitar da sakamakon ne daga babban bayanan bincike na mercury na kifin kifin da NYSDEC ta tara kuma aka tattara a tsawon tsawon Hudson, daga ruwan birnin New York zuwa magudanar ruwa na Adirondack. Binciken ya nuna cewa yanayin ya yi daidai da farfadowar da kogin Hudson ya samu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, a matsayin martani ga kokarin kungiyoyin fafutuka, jami'an gwamnati da masana'antu ta hanyar hada kai don taimakawa wajen tsaftace tsarin kogin. A shekara ta 1991, ɗanyen zebra, nau'in cin zarafi, ya fara bayyana a cikin kogin Hudson, wanda ya haifar da kusan bacewa na 'ya'yan itacen pearly na asali. A cikin shekarata 2010, NYSDEC ta ƙaddara cewa Cibiyar Makamashi ta Indiya, cibiyar makamashin nukiliya a Buchanan, ta keta Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta saboda yawan janyewar ruwa daga Hudson, wanda ke kashe miliyoyin kifaye da sauran kwayoyin ruwa a kowace shekara. Jihar ta bukaci Entergy, ma'aikacin shuka, ya maye gurbin fuskar kifin ta da hasumiya mai sanyaya don rage tasirin muhalli. A cikin shekarata 2017 Jihar New York da Entergy sun cimma yarjejeniya cewa tashar Indiya za ta rufe a shekarata 2021. Kamfanin ya daina samar da makamashi na dindindin a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, shekarar 2021.
Tasiri PCBs sun haifar da gurɓataccen kifaye mai yawa a cikin kogin kuma a fili sun haifar da canjin juyin halitta cikin sauri a cikin tomcod na Atlantic, wanda bayan kimanin shekaru 50 na fallasa ya haifar da canjin amino acid guda biyu a cikin kwayar halittar AHR2, wanda ya sa mai karɓa ya ɗaure da rauni tare da PCBs. fiye da al'ada. Maye gurbin baya hana tomcods tara PCBs a jikinsu da wuce su zuwa bass mai ratsin da duk abin da ke cinye su. Wannan tsarin watsa gurɓata zuwa ga manyan halittu kuma ana kiransa da biomagnification Kuma Suma sinadarai masu guba sun taru a cikin magudanar ruwa da suka sauka zuwa gindin kogin. A cikin shekarata 1976 NYSDEC ta haramta duk wani kamun kifi a Upper Hudson saboda matsalolin lafiya da PCBs. Hakanan ya ba da shawarwari masu taƙaita cin kifin da aka kama tsakanin dogon yanki na Kogin Hudson daga Hudson Falls zuwa Troy Shawarwarin Kifin da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar New York (DOH) ta bayar na ci gaba da aiki har zuwa Janairu 2021. DOH ya ba da shawarar cin kifin da aka kama daga Dam ɗin Kudancin Glens zuwa Dam ɗin Tarayya a Troy. Mata ‘yan kasa da shekara 50 da yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 ba a ba su shawarar su ci duk wani kifin da aka kama a kudu da Dam din Palmer Falls da ke Koranti, yayin da wasu kuma ake shawartar su ci a ko’ina daga abinci daya zuwa hudu a kowane wata na kifin Hudson River, dangane da nau’in da wurin da aka kama. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ambaci mercury, PCBs, dioxin, da cadmium a matsayin sinadarai da ke tasiri kifaye a waɗannan wuraren. Ana tunanin PCBs ne ke da alhakin matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka haɗa da cututtuka na jijiyoyin jini, ƙananan IQ da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci (ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya), rushewar hormonal, tsarin garkuwar jiki, ciwon daji, ciwon fata, cutar Parkinson, ADHD, cututtukan zuciya, da ciwon sukari. Gurɓatar PCB a cikin mutane na iya fitowa daga shan gurɓataccen ruwa, sha ta cikin fata, cin gurɓataccen rayuwar ruwa, da/ko shakar PCBs marasa ƙarfi. Cutar da PCB yana da haɗari musamman ga mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa. Kuma Lalacewar na iya kaiwa tayin kuma yana iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa. Cutar da nono kuma na iya yin illa ga yaro a kaikaice.
Tsaftacewa A cikin shekarata 1966, Pete Seeger da Toshi Seeger sun kafa Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, ƙungiyar ilimin muhalli da kuma ainihin jirgin ruwa sloop wanda ke inganta fahimtar kogin da tarihinsa. Clearwater ya sami karbuwa na ƙasa don gwagwarmayar da ta fara a cikin shekarar 1970s don tilasta tsabtace gurɓataccen PCB na Hudson wanda GE da sauran kamfanoni suka haifar. Sauran takamaiman matsalolin ruwan ruwa na Hudson waɗanda Clearwater ke damun su shine matsin lamba na ci gaba a cikin rabin rabin kwarin Hudson, ruwan kwarin kwari, gefen ruwa na Manhattan yamma, injinan nukiliya na Indiya, da New York New Jersey Harbor dredge zubar zubar. A cikin shekarata 1972 Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa kuma ta kafa tsarin ba da izinin fitarwa na ƙasa baki ɗaya don duk ruwan saman. Ana buƙatar duk masu sallamar majiyar kogin Hudson don samun izini daga NYSDEC. Hane-hane a cikin waɗannan izini ya haifar da raguwa gaba ɗaya a cikin lodin gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa kogin, yayin da masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki da ƙananan hukumomi suka girka ko inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwan sha ko kuma yin wasu gyare-gyaren shuka don rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa. Daga cikin fitattun masana'antar gyaran magudanar ruwa har da kammala aikin kula da ruwan sha ta Arewa da ke Manhattan, inda ake fitar da galan miliyan 150 a kowace rana na najasar da ba a kula da su ba zuwa kogin har sai da shukar ta bude a shekarar 1986. Koyaya, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar PCBs da karafa masu nauyi, waɗanda aka fitar kafin aiwatar da sabbin buƙatun izini, sun kasance a cikin ruwan kogin. A cikin shekarata 1980, Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) ya amince ya watsar da yakinsa na shekaru 17 don gina kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki a kan Storm King Mountain, bayan ƙalubalen doka ta ƙungiyar muhalli mai zaman kanta Scenic Hudson Ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ƴan ƙasa waɗanda suka haifar da shawarar Con Ed sun haifar da ƙirƙirar Riverkeeper, ƙungiyar kare muhalli mai zaman kanta wacce ta girma a cikin ƙungiyar laima ta duniya, Ƙungiyar Waterkeeper Alliance Daga cikin yunƙurin farko na tsaftace kogin Hudson na sama shine cirewa a cikin 1977-78 na na gurbataccen ruwan kogin kusa da Fort Edward. A cikin 1984, EPA ta ayyana shimfidar kogin, daga Hudson Falls zuwa Birnin New York, don zama wurin Superfund da ke buƙatar tsaftacewa. Ana ɗaukar wannan wuri mai haɗari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin al'umma. Yawancin shirye-shirye suna nufin rage gurɓatar PCB. A cikin 1991, an sami ƙarin gurɓatar PCB a Bakers Falls, kusa da tsohuwar masana'antar GE Hudson Falls, kuma an fara shirin gyarawa. A cikin Agusta Na shekarar 1995, mai isar Hudson na sama an sake buɗe shi don kamun kifi, amma akan kama-da-saki kawai. An kammala cire gurɓataccen ƙasa daga tsibirin Rogers a cikin Disamba shekarata 1999. A cikin shekarata 2001, bayan nazarin shekaru goma na gurɓatar PCB a cikin Kogin Hudson, EPA ta ba da shawarar wani shiri don tsabtace kogin ta hanyar zurfafa sama da na PCB. Mafi munin wuraren PCB ana niyya don gyarawa ta hanyar cirewa da zubar da fiye da yadi cubic miliyan 2.6 na gurɓataccen ruwa. Aikin hako shi ne mafi tsananin yunƙurin muhalli da aka taɓa kawowa don tsaftace kogi, kuma zai ci GE kusan dala 460,000,000. General Electric ya ɗauki matsayin cewa yaƙe kogin zai haifar da PCBs. A cikin 2002, EPA ta umurci GE don tsaftace shimfidar kogin Hudson da ya gurbace. EPA ta kuma sanar da cewa ƙarin na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin Hudson na sama za a cire. GE ya fara ayyukan zubar da ruwa don tsaftace PCBs a ranar 15 ga Mayu, a shekarata 2009. An kammala wannan matakin (Mataki na ɗaya) na tsaftacewa a cikin Oktoba a shekarata 2009, kuma yana da alhakin cire kusan na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya fi adadin da aka yi niyya. Fiye da jiragen ruwa 620 da ke cike da ruwa an kwashe su zuwa wurin sarrafawa da ke kan tashar Champlain, kuma sama da motocin dogo 80 ne suka yi jigilar daskararru zuwa wani wurin sharar gida a Andrews, Texas. Haƙiƙanin iyaka na Mataki na ɗaya ya kasance kusan fiye da yadda aka tsara, kuma za a faɗaɗa mataki na biyu a sakamakon haka. Mataki na biyu na aikin tsaftacewa, wanda GE ke jagoranta kuma EPA ke sa ido, ya fara ne a watan Yuni Shekarata 2011, wanda aka yi niyya kusan na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwan PCB daga wani yanki mai nisan mil arba'in na Kogin Upper Hudson. Mataki na biyu na tsaftacewa zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru 5 zuwa 7 don kammalawa. A cikin shekarata 2010, General Electric ya yarda ya ba da kuɗi da gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu a Kogin Upper Hudson tsakanin Fort Edward da Troy. EPA ne ke kula da waɗannan ayyukan. Duk da cewa an yi tafiyar hawainiya, kungiyoyin fafutukar kare muhalli sun tuntubi jama'a kan yanayin gurbatar kogin. Scenic Hudson, Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Hudson Riverkeeper, da Hukumar Tsaro ta Albarkatun Kasa sun ci gaba da matsawa don ƙarin aiki daga General Electric. Bayan mutuwar Seeger a shekara ta 2014, mai kula da yankin EPA Judith A. Enck ya bayyana cewa "aikin ban mamaki" na Seeger da kungiyar Clearwater sun taimaka wajen tsaftace kogin Hudson.
Inganta ingancin ruwa A cikin shekarata 2016, an hango wani kifin kifin kifi yana ninkaya a kogin Hudson a yammacin titin 63rd a Manhattan. Daga baya Whales sun zama abin gani gama gari a cikin kogin. Bayyanar karuwar ziyarar whale yana da alaƙa da wasu haɗe-haɗe na tsaftacewa da kuma kiyaye namun daji waɗanda ke haifar da masaukin baki ga whale. Kuma An hango Whales har zuwa gadar George Washington. Jami’ai daga hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi sun gargadi masu amfani da jiragen ruwa da su nisanta kafa 100 (m 30) daga whale don gujewa rauni ko haifar da damuwa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site EPA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21528 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Kwalejin%20Roosevelt | Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt | Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt (UCR), wacce a da ake kira Roosevelt Academy RA ƙarama ce, ta girmama kwalejin ilimin kere-kere na kwaleji da kimiyya da ke Middelburg a Netherlands da kuma babbar jami'a a Zeeland Yana ba da saitin zama, kuma kwalejin girmamawa ce ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht. An kuna kira shi ne don girmama dangin Roosevelt, wanda ya samo asalinsa zuwa lardin Zeeland.
Tarihi Akadeiyar Roosevelt, kamar yadda ake kiranta a wancan lokacin, an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2004 saboda ƙoƙarin da Hans Adriaansens ya jagoranta, Shugabanta na Foundaddamarwa. Farfesa Adriaansens ya fara samun gogewa ne game da ka'idodin ilimin zane-zane a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacinsa a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Smith, Amurka, a cikin shekarar karatu ta shekarun 1980-1981. Ya fara inganta tunanin karamin kwaleji da kwalejin karatun digiri a cikin Netherlands, wanda ya jagoranci Adriaansens zuwa kafuwar Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht a shekara ta alif 1998, kwaleji ta farko ta zane-zane a kasar. Bayan nasarar kirkiror Kwalejin Jami'a ta farko a Utrecht, Adriaansens ta fara shirye-shiryen kwalejin 'yar'uwa a garinsu, Middelburg Middelburg da gaba ki daya Zeeland ba su da jami'ar bincike har yanzu, kodayake William na Orange ya ɗauki Middelburg a matsayin wuri mai yiyuwa lokacin da ya kafa jami'ar farko a Netherlands a 1575, kafin daga bisani ya daidaita zuwa Leiden An kafa shi ne a cikin Middelburg tsohon Gothic City Hall, wannan kwaleji ta farko a Zeeland ta kasance tana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya na ilimin zane-zane kamar takwaran Utrecht. An sanya masa suna ne bayan dangin Roosevelt, musamman Franklin, Eleanor da Theodore, saboda asalinsu wanda ya samo asali daga lardin Zeeland na Dutch.
An kafa Kwalejin Roosevelt a hukumance a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2004 kuma ɗaliban farko da suka yi rajista a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, bayan Sarauniya Beatrix ta yi buɗewar jami'a a hukumance. Ita ce Kwalejin Jami'a ta uku da aka kafa a cikin Netherlands, bayan Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht A cikin fewan shekarun ta na farko, Roosevelt Academy ya kasance yana da matsayi mafi girma a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'a: mujallar <i id="mwNA">Elsevier ta</i> kasance RA a matsayin babbar kwalejin zane-zane a cikin Netherlands har sau uku a farkon shekaru huɗu na farko, kuma a cikin 2011 kuma Keuzengids Onderwijs suma sun kasance masu daraja. shi a matsayin lamba ɗaya ta Jami'ar Kwaleji a cikin Netherlands. Hans Adriaansens ya yi ritaya a matsayin shugaban makaranta a watan Nuwamba na 2011, kuma an maye gurbinsa da Prof. Barbara Oomen a watan Afrilu 2012. A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2013, Roosevelt Academy ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Roosevelt, don guje wa shubuha game da yanayin ma'aikata da gabatar da kanta a bayyane a matsayin kwalejin jami'a. UCR ya ci gaba da haɓaka yayin da ya shiga shekaru goma na biyu. Babban mahimmin ci gaba shi ne buɗe gidan na Common Elliott, ajujuwan gina gidaje, ɗakin cin abinci na ɗalibai da kuma gidan ƙasa. Bayan abubuwa masu yawa, gami da juriya daga mazauna wurin, Elliott ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga ƙungiyar farko a ranar 28 Nuwamba 2013 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Afrilu 2014. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa Cibiyar Koyarwa da Koyo don ƙwarewa a ilimi kuma Sarauniya Máxima ta buɗe a hukumance. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Prof. Bert van der Brink ya zama sabon shugaban UCR. A karkashin Farfesa van der Brink, UCR ta fadada tsarin karatun ta ta hanyar kafa sabon Sashen Injiniya, wanda aka gwada shi daga 2019 kuma aka fara shi a hukumance a shekarar 2020. Wannan ya haifar da sabbin fadada harabar: an sami sabon gini don zama sabon sashin, kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Hadin Gwiwa (JRI) ta haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar HZ University of Applied Sciences and Scalda. An tsara shi don buɗewa a 2021, JRI za ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwajen da za a yi amfani da su a fagen aikin injiniya, kimiyyar bayanai, ilmin sunadarai da ilimin halittu.
Masu matsayin Dean Hans Adriaansens (2004–2011)
Willem Hendrik Gispen (Shugaban rikon kwarya, 2011-2012)
Barbara Oomen (2012-2016)
Bert van der Brink (2016-gabatarwa)
Ilimi UCR tana ba da karatu me zurfi kan shirye-shiryen Liberal Arts & Sciences tare da tushe a cikin ƙwarewar ilimi. Aliban suna da 'yanci su tsara tsarin karatun su a cikin wasu buƙatu; ana ƙarfafa su kuma har zuwa abin da ake buƙata su bi ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban. Darussan suna da diban dalibai kasa da dalibai 25, don haka azuzuwan ƙanana ne kuma ana ƙarfafa hulɗa. Bayan shekara ta farko, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su bayyana babban sakamako a ɗayan daga daya dagan cikin sassa huɗu: Arts & Humanities, Kimiyyar Zamani, Kimiyya ko (tun daga 2019) Injiniya Babban mahimmin yanki, haɗuwa da ƙarin ɓangarori biyu na mai yiwuwa kuma yana yiwuwa. A cikin wannan tsarin karatun, UCR kuma yana ba da shirye-shirye na musamman guda biyu: Ayyuka na Kiɗa, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da karatun ilimi tare da kwasa-kwasan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kiɗa, da shirin Pre-Medical, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da kwasa-kwasan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da na rayuwa, yana ba su damar. don ci gaba da karatunsu a karatun Jagora na likita a Netherlands. Bayan shekaru uku na ci gaba da karatu cikin nasara a UCR, ana ba ɗalibai lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Utrecht ta Digiri na farko na Kwalejin Fasaha ko Digiri na Kimiyya, dangane da mahimman zaɓaɓɓen su.
Shiga Jami'ar Jami'ar na karɓar ɗalibai guda 170 kowace shekara ta ilimi daga aikace-aikace kusan 350 da aka karɓa. Kimanin rabin ɗaliban sun fito ne daga Netherlands yayin da sauran suka fito daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An saita kuɗin koyarwa kaɗan fiye da na jami'o'in jama'a na yau da kullun a cikin Netherlands.
Martaba da Matakai NVAO (Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organisation) tana girmama UCR tun kafuwarta. A shekara ta 2004, an bashi matsayin "sakamako mafi kyawo", an tabbatar dashi tare da sake duba bayanan a shekarar 2008 da 2013. A cikin 2019, a maimakon haka, an ba shi cikakken bayani game da "kyakkyawa". Baya ga cancanta ta yau da kullun, NVAO ya ba UCR lambar lakabin ta "ƙarami da ƙarfi"
A cikin 2011, Keuzegids Onderwijs sun zaɓi jamiar UCR a matsayin lamba ɗaya a Kwalejin Jami'a a Netherlands tare da 84. A cikin 2012 duk da haka, ya faɗi a matsayi na biyu, tare da 78, tare da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht a farkon tare da 86. Kamar yadda aka sami karin Kwalejojin Jami'a a kasar, sai UCR ya nitse a cikin jadawalin, ya kai karshe a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'oi 10 a shekarar 2017. Koyaya, shekara mai zuwa ya sake tashi, yana matsayi na 7 cikin 10 a cikin 2018 tare da 74.
Shirye-shiryen musayar Dalibai na iya yin karatu a ƙasashen waje yayin smestan karatun su na huɗu ko na biyar. Studentsalibai na iya samun kuɗi zuwa ga digiri na UCR yayin da suke a jami'o'i iri-iri a duniya. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da wurare ta hanyar hanyar musayar Jami'ar Utrecht, amma UCR kuma tana da yarjejeniyar musayar kai tsaye tare da Shirin girmamawa a Jami'ar Nebraska a Kearney, Amurka, Kwalejin Bard a New York, Amurka, da kuma Kwalejin Glendon a Toronto, Kanada.
Mujallar ilimi Kwalejin Jami'a Roosevelt tana wallafa mujallar ilimi ta shekara-shekara, Ad Astra, wacce ke wallafa shahararrun ɗalibai da takardu.
.Kungiya Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt kwaleji ce ta girmamawa ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht UCR cibiyar ilimi ce mai zaman kanta ta hanyar kudi tare da gudanarwarta da kuma kwamitin amintattu, yayin da Jami'ar Utrecht ta tabbatar da kula da inganci, tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin karatun, da bayar da lambobin digiri. Ana daukar ɗaliban UCR ɗaliban Jami'ar Utrecht kuma suna karɓar digiri na UU a ƙarshen karatunsu. Shugaban UCR da cikakken furofesoshi duk furofesoshi ne a Jami'ar Utrecht kuma.
Harabar jami'a
Gine-ginen wurin karatu Kwalejin Jami'ar ta Roosevelt tana kusa da dandalin kasuwa a Middelburg a bayan faɗin garin na da, wanda aka gina a cikin 1452 kuma galibi kwalejin ke amfani da shi don dalilai na bukukuwa. Birnin, wanda ya mallaki ginin, ya fara yin hayar ofisoshin da aka hade zuwa kwalejin jami'a a shekarar 2004 bayan an sauya dukkan ofisoshin birni zuwa sabon zauren birni a Kanaalweg.
An sanya sunayen gine-ginen jamiar ne bayan shahararrun membobin gidan Roosevelt Sabon, ɓangaren da ba gothic na zauren birni an san shi da Franklin, yayin da ake kira sauran gine-ginen Theodore da Eleanor Wadannan gine-ginen guda uku duk suna fuskantar wani fili da ake kira Helm da gidajen ajujuwa da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta, da kuma malamai da ofisoshin gudanarwa.
Wani sabon gini mai suna Anne kwanan nan UCR ta saya kuma zai sanya sashin injiniyanta. Ana kiran annan ginin bayan Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, shugaban Cibiyar Roosevelt kuma jikan Franklin D. Roosevelt da Eleanor Roosevelt. Kusa da waɗannan, Elliott, wanda ke cikin tsohon gidan waya na Middelburg, gini ne wanda ya ƙunshi ajujuwa, yankin karatu, mashaya tare da wurin hutawa da kuma ginshiki na ƙasa don bukukuwa ko taroa. Elliott ɗalibai ne ke sarrafa shi gaba ɗaya, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin Gidauniyar Common House Elliott.
Wani ɗakin ajiyar waje, wanda aka sani da Metamorfose Lokaal, yana kan Helm. Tare da Hadin gwiwar UCR da karamar hukumar Middelburg, an buɗe ta a cikin 2017 a yayin bikin cika shekara 400 da haihuwar a Middelburg na Jan Goedart, shahararren masanin ilimin ƙirar ƙabilar Holland kuma mai zane. Azuzuwan UCR a kai a kai ana yin su ne a cikin wannan aji, kazalika da sauran laccoci da aka bude wa jama'a.
Gidajen zama Kusan duka daliban suna zaune a daya daga cikin wuraren zama na makrantan. Wato Bagijinhof da Roggeveenhoor, Koesttrast koBachtensteene. Almost all students live in one of the residential halls, Bagijnhof, Roggeveenhof, Koestraat or Bachtensteene, all within Middelburg. These halls house between 100 and 200 students each and are spread throughout the city. Others live on small campus locations housing between 1 and 16 students at Zusterstraat, Hof van Sint Pieter or Zuidsingel.
Laburare Dalibai suna da cikakkiyar dama ga ɗakin karatu na Zeeland, babban ɗakin karatu a cikin lardin, kuma suna iya amfani da laburaren zamani na Jami'ar Utrecht Rayuwar dalibi
Kungiyoyin dalibai Ksungiyar Dalibai ta Roosevelt (RASA) ƙungiya ce ta ɗalibai da aka buɗe wa ɗalibai duka a UCR. Matsayin RASA shine sanya "UCR al'umma mai motsawa da isar da saƙo, ta hanyar haɓaka alaƙar tsakanin mambobi, wakiltar bukatunsu, kiyaye mahimman al'adu da samar da tsarin da manufofin membobinta da bambancinsu zasu iya bunƙasa". RASA ita ce ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, duk ɗalibai ne suka tsara su duka, yana ba su damar biyan buƙatu iri-iri da tsara abubuwa daban-daban. Hukumar RASA ta ƙunshi mambobi shida waɗanda ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke zaɓa kowace shekara.
Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Ilimin (AAC) ita ce ke da alhakin kula da korafe-korafen dalibai, sa ido kan ka'idojin ilimi, wakiltar ɗalibai a matsayin ɓangare mai rikitarwa na UCR, da taimaka wa ɗalibai zuwa cikakken iliminsu na ilimi. Yana aiki a cikin wasu manyan hukumomin yanke shawara na jami'a, don tabbatar da shigar da ɗalibai akan matakan daban. Hakanan AAC ita ce ke da alhakin wakiltar UCR a matakin ƙasa, a UCSRN (Wakilan Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'ar Netherlands) da ISO (Interstedelijk Studenten Overleg). Wannan kwamiti ya ƙunshi kujera, mataimakin kujera, mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai, jami'in cikin gida da jami'in waje.
Majalisar Harkokin Gidaje (HAC) tana da ayyuka da yawa: HAC tana wakiltar bukatun gidaje da ɗalibai kuma tana aiki don tabbatar da mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa a harabar don farashi mai sauƙi. Hukumar ta kunshi kujera, sakatare, ma'aji da dattawan harabar guda hudu.
Wasannin motsa jiki Kwamitin Wasannin RASA, wanda ake kira SportsCo, yana shirya wasanni iri-iri don ɗaliban jamiari. Ana karɓar horo na yau da kullun da abubuwan da suka faru a wurare daban-daban na wasanni a Middelburg. Ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin kungiyoyi tare da sauran Makarantun Jami'oi a cikin Netherlands.
MSRA Odin, owungiyar kungiyar Ruwa Daliban Middelburg, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai haɗuwa da UCR kuma buɗe wa ɗaliban Hogeschool Zeeland. Masu tseren Roosevelt (RR) sune kulob din ɗalibin UCR da ke gudana. A cikin shekarar masu gudun, Roosevelt una shiga cikin gasa ta duniya kamar Batavierenrace, jinsi na ƙasa kamar CPC Loop Den Haag da jinsi na larduna a kewayen Zeeland. Hakanan suna shiga cikin gudummawar sadaka ta gida.
Mawaka Mawakan Roosevelt College sun hada da hukumar wake-waken makaranta wanda ke dauka akalla mutum 29. Wanda kowane memba akalla yakai sjhekara daya a jamiar. Akwai kwas kuma na karatun waka wanda zasu riqa rera wake. Cis UCR's official choir, consisting of about 20 students. All members are in the choir at least one academic year, during which they follow the Choir Course. The Choir Course is required for those students following the music performing programme. The ensemble enhances academic events and performs during church services and independent concerts throughout the year.
Al'adu Yayin bikin karatuttukan ilimi na hukuma, jerin gwanon mashahurai da furofesoshi cikin tufafin ilimi suna tafiya daga Hall na gari zuwa Sabon Cocin Middelburg (Dutch: Nieuwe Kerk wani ɓangare na hadadden Middelburg Abbey, inda ake gudanar da shagulgulan. A taro faruwa a New Church a farkon kowane ilimi shekara, yayin da bikin, a lokacin da yanayin izni, da aka gudanar a cikin m Abbey Square. Bikin kafuwar kwalejin, wanda aka fi sani da Dies Natalis, ana yin sa ne duk bayan shekaru biyar.
A farkon kowane zangon karatu, ana shirya taron IntRoweek don tarbar sababbin ɗalibai.
Gasar tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara da aka sani da "King of Channel na ganin ɗaliban UCR a cikin gasa tare da ɗaliban Jami'ar HZ na Kimiyyar Aiyuka da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a yankin. Gasar tana gudana akan Canal ta hanyar Walcheren, shimfidar ruwa tsakanin Middelburg da Vlissingen, inda HZ take.
Kungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai Gidauniyar Aurora Alumni ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban UCR. Tare da UCR da 'Abokan UCR', sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsoffin Daliban Roosevelt, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye dangantakar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta hanyar ba da dama don hulɗar zamantakewa, sadarwar da ayyuka daban-daban. Akwai tsofaffin ɗalibai 1900.
Duba kuma Jami'ar Utrecht
Jami'ar Jami'ar Utrecht
Makarantun Jami'a a cikin Netherlands
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizon Jami'ar Roosevelt
Bayani kan Kuɗi da Makaranta
Bayani kan Tsarin Ilimi
Kungiyoyin daliban Roosevelt
Tashar Yanar Gizo ta Roosevelt's All Student Association
Middleburg, Zeeland
Ilimi a Zeeland
Gine-Ginen shekarata 2004 a Netherlands
Gine-gine wuraren karatu a Netherlands
Liberal arts a kwalejin jamiar dake Netherlands
Manazarta Jami'ar Utrecht
Tsumomi a Wikidata
Pages with unreviewed |
16234 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Kashmir%20Mazauna%20Punjab | Mutanen Kashmir Mazauna Punjab | Kashmiris na Punjab ƙabilun Kashmir ne waɗanda a tarihi suka yi ƙaura daga zuwa Tsaunukan Kashmir suka zauna a yankin Punjab. Yawancin Musulman Kashmiri daga Tsaunukan Kashmir sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin Punjab a lokacin mulkin Dogra da Sikh Tarihi
Kafin samun ƴanci Haraji mai nauyi a ƙarƙashin dokar Sikh ya sa yawancin mutanen Kashmiri ƙaura zuwa filayen Punjab. Waɗannan iƙirarin, waɗanda aka yi a cikin tarihin Kashmiri, sun sami tabbaci daga matafiya na Turai. Lokacin da daya daga cikin irin wadannan matafiya na Turai, Moorcroft, ya bar Kwarin a 1823, kimanin bakin haure 500 ne suka raka shi ta hanyar Pir Panjal Pass. Yunwar 1833 ta haifar da mutane da yawa barin kwarin Kashmir kuma suka yi ƙaura zuwa Punjab, tare da yawancin masaku suka bar Kashmir. Masu saƙa sun zauna don tsararraki a cikin biranen Punjab kamar Jammu da Nurpur. Yunwar 1833 ta haifar da kwararar Kashmiris cikin Amritsar. Kashmir ta musulmi musamman ya sha wahala kuma ya bar Kashmir a manyan lambobi, yayin da 'yan Hindu da aka ba yawa shafa. Hijira zuwa lokacin mulkin Sikh ya haifar da Kashmiris ya haɓaka al'adu da abinci na Amritsar, Lahore da Rawalpindi. Mulkin Sikh a Kashmir ya ƙare a shekara ta 1846 kuma ya biyo bayan dokar Dogra Hindu maharajahs waɗanda ke mulkin Kashmir a matsayin wani ɓangare na babbar jiharsu ta Jammu da Kashmir Musulmai sun gamu da tsananin zalunci a karkashin mulkin Hindu. Adadin Musulman Kashmiris da yawa sun yi kaura daga Kashmir Valley zuwa Punjab saboda yanayin da ke cikin sarauta kamar yunwa, tsananin talauci da mummunar azaba ga Musulman Kashmiri da gwamnatin Dogra Hindu ta yi. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 1911 akwai Musulman Kashmiri 177,549 a cikin Punjab. Tare da shigar da matsugunan Kashmiri a cikin NWFP wannan adadi ya tashi zuwa 206,180. Malama Ayesha Jalal ta bayyana cewa Kashmiris ya fuskanci nuna wariya a cikin Punjab shima. Kashmiris ya zauna tun tsararraki a cikin Punjab sun kasa mallakar fili, gami da dangin Muhammad Iqbal Malami Chitralekha Zutshi ya bayyana cewa Musulman Kashmiri da suka zauna a yankin na Punjab sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin dangantaka ta dangi da dangi zuwa Kashmir kuma suna jin ya zama wajibi su yi gwagwarmayar kwatar 'yan uwansu da ke Kwarin. Sunayen sanannen sunaye da aka samo tsakanin musulman Kashmiri da suka yi ƙaura daga kwari zuwa Punjab sun haɗa da Butt, Dar, Lone, Wain (Wani), Mir, Maimakon haka, Malik, Shaikh.
Wasu Kashmiris na gaba suma sun fara amfani da Khawaja (Urdu Persian don Jagora yana bayanin asalin Brahmin) amma bawai suna bane kuma kawai taken da musulmai suka karba ne.
Bayan 'yanci Musulman Kashmiri sun kasance muhimmin bangare na biranen Punjabi da yawa kamar Sialkot, Lahore, Amritsar da Ludhiana Bayan raba kasar Indiya a 1947 da kuma rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya a fadin Punjab, Musulmin Kashmiris da ke zaune a Gabashin Punjab ya yi hijira gaba daya zuwa Yammacin Punjab Bakin hauren Kashmiri daga Amritsar sun sami babban tasiri a kan abincin Lahore da al'adun zamani. Kashmiris na Amritsar sun fi Kashmiris na Lahore tsattsauran ra'ayi. Kashmiris na asali daga Amritsar suma sun yi ƙaura zuwa adadi mai yawa zuwa Rawalpindi, inda Kashmiris ya riga ya gabatar da al'adunsu na abinci a lokacin Raj na Burtaniya. Wani bincike na musamman da Jang Group da Geo Television Network suka gudanar ya nuna cewa al'ummar Kashmiri suna da hannu wajen jagorantar siyasar iko ta gundumar Lahore tun daga 1947. Diasporaasar Kashmiri da ke cikin Punjab ita ma ta yi tasiri a siyasa a cikin gundumomin Gujranwala, Gujrat da Sialkot.
Sannanun mutanen Kashmiri Mazauna Punjab One of the most highly educated and prominent Kashmiris in Punjab was Muhammad Iqbal, whose poetry displayed a keen sense of belonging to Kashmir Valley. Another member of the Kashmiri diaspora in Punjab was the famous storywriter Saadat Hasan Manto who was proud of his Kashmiri ancestry. Notable members of the Kashmiri diaspora in Pakistan also include the former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (paternal ancestry from Anantnag), Finance Minister Ishaq Dar, and politician Khawaja Asif. The following is a list of notable Kashmiris in Punjab, Pakistan:
Maulana Sanaullah Amritsari
Javid Iqbal Shehbaz Sharif Babban Ministan Punjab
Hamza Shahbaz Sharif Khawaja Saad Rafique Abbas Sharif Salmaan Taseer wanda ya kafa jaridar Daily Times
Mir Khalil ur Rehman wanda ya kafa kungiyar Jang
Saifuddin Kitchlew
Ali Azmat
Ismat Beg
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11216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Chukwueze | Samuel Chukwueze | Samuel Chimerenka Chukwueze (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1999) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Villarreal na Sipaniya da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya a matsayin bangaren dama.
Rayuwar farko da neman ilimi An haifi Chukwueze a Umuahia, jihar Abia. Shi dan kabilar Ibo ne kuma ya taso a gidan Kirista tare da kaninsa da kanwarsa. Ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia da Makarantar Sakandare ta Evangel. Ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara 8 kuma yana sha'awar kwallon Jay-Jay Okocha yayinda gunkin ƙwallon ƙafa ya girma. An yi masa nasiha daga Hon. Victor Apugo wanda ya gani a matsayin uba, kamar yadda ya bayyana a hirarsa ta farko.
Aikin kulob/Aiki An haife shi a Amaokwe Ugba Ibeku, Umuahia, Jihar Abia, Chukwueze ya koma Villarreal CF 's a bangaren ƙwararrun matasa saitin a 2017, daga gida Diamond Football Academy. Bayan da aka fara sanya shi cikin tawagar Juvenil A na kulob din, ya yi babban wasansa na farko tare da ajiyar a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2018, ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na biyu Sergio Lozano a 1-1 Segunda División B da suka tashi da CE Sabadell FC.
Chukwueze ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a babbar kwallo a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2018, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Bilbao Athletic da ci 3–1. Ya ba da gudummawar da kwallaye biyu a cikin 11 bayyanuwa a lokacin farkon kakar wasa, kamar yadda gefensa ya rasa gabatarwa a cikin play-offs Chukwueze ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 20 ga Satumba 2018, inda ya maye gurbin Nicola Sansone a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a gida da Rangers, don gasar 2018-19 UEFA Europa League Ya kuma buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2018, yana buga cikakken wasa na mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da Levante, don gasar La Liga ta 2018–19.
A watan Afrilun 2019, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon matashin dan wasa na shekara ta 2018 na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2022, a wasa na biyu na 2021-22 UEFA Champions League quarter final suka yi waje da Bayern Munich, Chukwueze ya zura kwallon da ci 1-1 a minti na 88, wanda ya taimaka wa Villarreal ta tsallake zuwa matakin kusa da na karshe na gasar.
Ayyukan kasa Bayan ya bugawa Najeriya wasa a matakin kasa da shekaru 17, ya samu kiransa na farko zuwa babban kungiyar a watan Oktoba 2018. Ya buga wasansa na farko a babbar tawagar Najeriya a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2018 a matsayin dan wasa a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 0-0 da Uganda A watan Mayun 2019, an gayyaci Chukwueze ya wakilci babbar tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Afrika da kuma tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20. Duk da haka, Villarreal ya ce zai iya buga wasa a daya daga cikin gasa. A karshe ya yanke shawarar shiga tawagar manyan ‘yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika da aka karbi bakunci a Masar ya kuma ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Afirka ta Kudu da ci 2-1 a wasan daf da na kusa da karshe.
Salon wasansa Ana kwatanta shi da Arjen Robben saboda gwanintarsa.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallon Chukwueze.
Girmamawa Villareal
UEFA Europa League 2020-21
Ƙasashen Duniya Najeriya U17
FIFA U-17 gasar cin kofin duniya 2015
Mutum FIFA U-17 World Cup: Bronze Boot: 2015
DFA Most Influential Player of the Year: 2016
MCL Cup Most Valuable Player: 2016
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Samu Chukwueze at BDFutbol
Samu Chukwueze at LaPreferente.com (in Spanish)
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun |
29614 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz-Art | Wiz-Art | LISFF Wiz-Art biki ne na gajerun fina-finai na kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara, wanda ke gudana a Lviv, Ukraine a ƙarshen watan Yuli. An fara bikin ne ta hanyar fasahar al'adun Wiz-Art, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2008. Bikin yana nuna sabbin gajerun fina-finai sama da 100 duk shekara. Wiz-Art wani dandamali ne mai ƙarfi na al'adu da ilimantarwa wanda zae haɗa jaruman fina-finan na ƙasa Ukrain da na waje da gabatar da su ga masu sauraron Ukrain ƙwararrun jarumai. Har ila yau, bikin ya ƙaddamar da fina-finan da aka nuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bikin Gajerun Fim na Brussels, baya ga haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran shirye-shiryen bikin.
Shirin gasa Ana sanya gajerun fina-finai daga ko'ina cikin duniya a bikin. Mahalarta daga kowace ƙasa na iya aika fam ɗin neman aiki. Bikin yana nuna sabbin gajerun fina-finai sama da 100 duk shekara. Fina-finan da aka zaɓa a kowane fanni sun cancanci samun lambobin yabo da yawa. Hakanan, masu kallo suna iya kallon fina-finai daga shirin ba gasa ba. Kowace shekara, ƙungiyar bikin suna zaɓar wani jigon da ya dace da zamantakewa wanda suke amfani da shi azaman tushen zane na gani a taron.
Kyautuka GRAND PRIX OF LISFF Wiz-Art (a cikin gasa biyu)
gasar kasa da kasa:
KYAUTA DARAKTA
KYAUTATA MASU SAURARO
gasar kasa:
KYAUTA FILM
KYAUTATA MASU SAURARO
Alƙalai Hukumar gudanar da bikin ne ke zaben alkalan na gasar. Yawancin lokaci akwai baƙi na kasashen waje da yawa a cikin juri kuma dole ne wakilin Ukrainian cinema. Mahalarta juri ɗin ƙwararrun daraktoci ne, masu yin fim da furodusa. Domin shekaru takwas na bikin zama wakilan juri kasance: Ruth Paxton Scotland David Lindner Jamus Vincent Moon Faransa Igor Podolchak Ukrain Achiktan Ozan Turkiya Anna Klara Ellen Aahrén Sweden Katarzyna Gondek Poland Christoph Schwarz Austria Gunhild Enger Norway Szymon Stemplewski Poland Philip Ilson UK da sauransu.
Tarihin bikin
2008 20-22 na Nuwamba shekara ta 2008 I International Festival of Visual Art Wiz-Art. Akwai nunin fina-finai na Sean Conway Birtaniya Boris Kazakov Rasha Milos Tomich Serbiya Volker Schreiner Jamus fina-finai da kuma nunin baya-bayan nan na ayyukan shahararriyar avant-gardist Maya Deren Amurka An nuna fina-finai 50, 10 daga cikinsu gajerun fina-finai ne na matasa 'yan fim na Ukraine.
Shekara ta 2009 23 zuwa 25 na Mayu 2009 Bikin Duniya II na Bikin shirye-shiryen telijin naWiz-Art. Baƙi na musamman sun haɗa da mai shirya fina-finai na Burtaniya kuma mawaki Julian Gende, darektan Jamus Martin Sulzer (Landjugend) da Kevin Kirhenbaver, furodusa kuma malamin Rasha Vladimir Smorodin. Akwai wasan kwaikwayo na VJs Shifted Vision da band (2sleepy). Akwai nunin baya na ayyukan Scott Pagano da David Orayli da mafi kyawun fina-finai na Makarantar Fim a Zlín (Jamhuriyar Czech), Stockholm (Sweden), da Hamburg (Jamus). Golden Apricot Yerevan International Film Festival da Slovak Festival Early Melons (Bratislava) sun gabatar da shirye-shiryen su. Gabaɗaya, an nuna gajerun fina-finai 100.
2010 20 zuwa 23 Mayu 2010 Bikin Gajerun Fina-Finai na Duniya na III Wiz-Art na shekara ta 2010. Baki na musamman da mambobin alkalan sun hada da daraktan Turkiyya Ozan Achiktan, mai fasahar yada labaran Slovakia Anton Cerny, mai shirya fina-finan Sweden Anna Klara Oren, da furodusa dan kasar Ukraine Alexander Debych. Bikin ya samu halartar daraktoci daga Ireland (Tony Donoh'yu), Spain (Fernando Uson), Portugal (Ana Mendes), Poland (Tomasz Jurkiewicz), Ukraine (Anna Smoliy, Gregory wani Dmitry Red, Mrs. Ermin). Akwai nunin faifai na gajerun fina-finai na Finland da Asiya. An gabatar da mafi kyawun fina-finai na bukukuwa a Italiya (A Corto di Donne) da Rasha (Farko). Grand Prix ya sami fim ɗin "Ranar Rayuwa" (wanda Joon Kwok ya jagoranta, Hong Kong). Fina-finai 105 daga kasashe 30 ne suka halarci gasar da kuma shirye-shiryen da ba na gasa ba.
2011 26 zuwa 29 Mayu 2011 IV Gajeran Fina-Finai na Duniya na huɗu na Wiz-Art 2011. Baƙi na musamman da membobin alkalan sun haɗa da mai shirya fina-finan Scotland Ruth Paxton, ɗan ƙasar Jamus David Lindner da daraktan Ukrainian Igor Podolchak. Tommy Mustniyemi (mai wasan kwaikwayo na bidiyo, Finland), Mike Mudgee (mai shirya fina-finai, Jamus), Emil Stang Lund (darektan, Norway), Morten Halvorsen (darakta, Denmark), Armin Dirolf (darektan, Jamus) da sauransu sun ziyarci bikin. Akwai nunin gajerun fina-finai na baya-bayan nan na sashin Faransanci na Kanada, wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci da shirin musamman na gajerun fina-finai na Ukraine. An nuna fina-finai 98 a cikin shirye-shiryen gasa da ba gasa ba. Grand Prix ya sami fim mai rai The Little Quentin (Albert 'T Hooft Paco Vink Netherlands 2010).
2012 26 zuwa 29 Yuli 2012 V International Bikin Gajerun Fina-finai kari na biyar Wiz-Art 2012. Baƙi na musamman da membobin alkalan sun kasance ɗan fim na Faransa kuma matafiyi Vincent Moon, ɗan fim ɗin Icelandic Isolde Uhadotir, mai gudanarwa na Molodist na kasa da kasa Ilko Gladstein (Ukraine), ɗan fim ɗan Irish Paul Odonahyu, wanda aka fi sani da Ocusonic, darektan Kanada da furodusa Felix Dufour-Laperyer. (Félix Dufour-Laperrière). Bikin ya samu halartar daraktan kasar Hungary da mai shirya bikin BUSHO Tamas Habelli da daraktan Ukraine Alexander Yudin da Max Afanasyev da Larisa Artyuhina. Akwai retrospective shows na Hungarian da Italiyanci short fina-finan, kazalika da nuna na matasa Ukrainian fina-finan "Cry, amma harbi" (quote na Alexander Dovzhenko) shafe darektoci. A matsayin ɓangare na Wiz-Art 2012 masu sauraro sun sami damar ziyartar Wiz-Art Lab makarantar fina-finai tare da laccoci da manyan azuzuwan da mahalarta da baƙi na bikin suka bayar. An nuna fina-finai 98 daga kasashe 38 a cikin shirye-shiryen gasa da kuma wadanda ba na gasa ba. Grand Prix ya karɓi fim ɗin Fungus (Charlotte Miller, Sweden, 2011).
2013 24 zuwa 29 na watan Yulin 2013 VI Taron Bikin Gajerun Fina-finai Duniya na Wiz-Art karo na shida a shekara ta 2013. Baƙi na musamman su ne Philip Illson, darektan London Short Film Festival, Maria Sigrist, mai shirya fina-finai na Austrian, Dmytro Sukholitkiy-Sobchuk, mai shirya fina-finai na Ukraine, Florian Pochlatko, mai shirya fina-finai na Austrian, da kuma Romas Zabarauskas, darektan fina-finan Lithuania. Grand Prix ya karɓi fim ɗin Maybes (Florian Pochlatko, Ostiriya, 2012) labari na kud da kud tare da manyan batutuwan da suka shafi lokacin da muke rayuwa a ciki. Sauran masu nasara na Wiz-Art 2013 sune: Babban Darakta Tarquin Netherway don fim ɗin The River (Australia, 2012), Mafi kyawun Rubutun Prematur (Gunhild Enger, Norway, 2012), ambaton Musamman Jamon (Iria Lopez, United Kingdom, 2012), Kyautar Masu Sauraro Taɓa kuma Duba (Taras Dron, Ukraine, 2013).
2014 24-27 na Yuli 2014 VII Bikin Taron Gajerun Fina-finai Duniya na Wiz-Art karo na bakwai, shekara ta 2013. Baƙi na musamman da membobin juri sune: Gunhild Enger, darektan fim ɗin Norwegian, Kateryna Gornostai, darektan fim ɗin Ukrainian, Szymon Stemplewski, darekta na Short Waves Festival Poland Mykyta Lyskov, Ukrainian director-animator, Volodymyr Tykhyy, darektan fasaha na aikin Babila'13, Olha Makarchuk, darakta-animator na Ukrainian, Lisa Weber, mai shirya fina-finan Austriya, da Ismael Nava Alejos, darektan fina-finan Mexico. Shirin gasar ya kunshi gajerun fina-finai 15 daga sassan duniya. Shirin gasar kasa yana da guntun wando na Ukrainian guda 11. Har ila yau, Wiz-Art 2014 yana gabatar da shirin shirin na musamman wanda aka sadaukar don gajeren fina-finai game da Euromaidan da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na mafi kyawun gajeren fim na Ukrainian na karni na XX. Makarantar Fim ta Wiz-Art, shingen ilimi, ya ƙunshi laccoci, zaman tambayoyi da amsa, tarurruka da tarurrukan bita tare da baƙi bikin.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Bikin Gajerun Fina-finai duniya
Bikin fina-finai
Bikin shekara shekara
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51328 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam%20Ben | Miriam Ben | Myriam Ben, an haifi Marylise Ben Haim a goma ga Maris shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da takwas a Aljeriya kuma ya mutua cikin Vesoul, marubuci ne na Aljeriya, mawaƙi, malami, mai zane, mai fafutukar gurguzu kuma mai adawa da mulkin mallaka Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a kungiyar Marubuta Aljeriya, kungiyar tsoffin Mujahidai ta kasa da kungiyar Matan Aljeriya.
Tarihin Rayuwar ta Myriam Ben ta fito ne daga kabilar Maghrebim na chaouia na ben Moshi ta mahaifinta kuma al'adar baka ta dangin mahaifiyarta Sultana Stora ta sa ta zuriya daga dangin mawakan Megorachim daga Andalusia wanda kakansa zai kasance Moussa ben Maimoun Maimonides) Dokar Crémieux ta soke matsayin Yahudawa 'yan asalin kasar ta hanyar ba su zama dan kasar Faransa, wani bangare na Ben Moshi ya musulunta Iyalin Myriam Ben ta zama Faransanci sun ƙi rasa Aljeriya.
Don haka lokacin da aka haifi Marylise, kakarta ta so ta dauki sunan Meriem ko Louisa. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ƙi kuma ta lalata komai a cikin hanyar Marylise. Duk da haka, duk da cewa yaren Faransanci yarenta ne, za ta zama mai jin Larabci Mahaifinta Moïse Ben-Haim, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Faransa a Rasha a lokacin juyin juya halin Oktoba na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha bakwai dan gurguzu ne, mai kishin addini kuma mai adawa da sahyoniya Zai sanya wadannan dabi'u a cikin 'yarsa ban da al'adun Faransanci, a cewar Jessica Hammerman. Sai da ta kai shekara 7 sannan ta fahimci yahudanta, ana zaginta da cewa “Yahudawa kazanta” a makaranta. Ta dauki wannan lokacin a matsayin lokacin da ta rasa A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, ta kasance daliba a Lycée Fromentin a Algiers An kore ta daga cikinta ta hanyar adadin clausus da aka yi amfani da shi ga Yahudawa ta dokokin gwamnatin Vichy A wannan lokacin ne ta shiga cikin Matasan Kwaminisanci na Clandestine na Algiers, wanda ɗan'uwanta ya kasance sakatare. Tana da shekaru sha huɗu ta kasance shugabar harkar Har ila yau, a cikin wannan lokacin, wata rana bayan an kore ta daga makarantar sakandare, ta yi karatu a makarantar Maimonides, wanda al'ummar Yahudawa na Aljeriya suka kirkiro saboda ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga Wani abokinsa ya gaya masa cewa Yahudawan Aljeriya sun shirya yin aliya Dangane da mayar da martani, mahaifinta ya janye ta daga makaranta, saboda ba ya son a cusa ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya a cikin 'yarsa. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu ta koma makarantar sakandare bayan saukar da Amurkawa wanda ya faru a Algiers a takwas ga Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu Daga nan ta ci gaba da horar da malamai yayin da ta ci gaba da karatun falsafa a Jami'ar Algiers Koyaya, ra'ayin Myriam Ben ya canza bayan shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku. Ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar. Yayin da abokanta maza da danginta suka shiga cikin sojojin Faransa, Myriam Ben ya zabi zama a Aljeriya A matsayin wani bangare na gwagwarmayarta a cikin Harkar Mata ta Aljeriya, Ben ta zama malami a yankunan karkarar Miliana, ta himmatu wajen koyar da dalibai musulmi a cikin al'ummar da yara ba sa zuwa makaranta, musamman saboda 'yan asalin ba su da takalma. Sakamakon haka, Myriam Ben ta taimaka wa ɗalibanta matalauta su sami takalma da tufafi don su iya zuwa aji, a cikin wata hira da aka buga a farkon shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin, ta bayyana ma'anar ilimi a Aljeriya: "A zamaninmu na matasa malamai, aikinmu ya kasance. wanda ba ya rabuwa da gwagwarmayar da al'ummar Aljeriya suke yi na yaki da zalunci". Ita da takwarorinta sun kafa wa kansu manufar wayar da kan dalibansu musulmi sanin wayewarsu ta siyasa tare da karfafa musu gwiwa su fahimci tarihinsu, sabanin wani “version” da mulkin mallaka ya dora musu Tun farkon yakin Aljeriya, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da hudu da shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da biyar ta hada kai da jaridar Alger Republican Ta shiga yakin 'yantar da Aljeriya ta zama jami'in hulda a cikin maquis na Ouarsenis da aka fi sani da Maquis Rouge Yansanda ne suka nema ta, ta shiga buya. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas, kotun soji ta Algiers ta yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru ashirin na aiki mai wuyar gaske Iyalinsa, waɗanda aka azabtar da su, sun bar Algeria zuwa Marseilles A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da biyu, sabuwar gwamnati ta nada ta malamin aikace-aikace, sannan mai ba da shawara kan ilimi a École Normale. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu, saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wanda ya tilasta mata ta daina aiki, ta tafi don neman magani a Faransa. Lokacin da Houari Boumediene ya karbi mulki a shekara ta 1965, ya murkushe 'yan gurguzu na Aljeriya Duk wadanda suka sami kansu, irinta, a wajen kasar, ba za su iya komawa ba. Myriam Ben ya yi amfani da wannan tilastawa gudun hijira don ci gaba da karatu a Sorbonne Ta koyi harshen Rashanci, tana kare kasida a tarihin zamani, yin fenti da rubutu. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin Yahudawan da ba kasafai ba na Aljeriya don samun takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da bakwaia rubuta wasan kwaikwayo, Leïla, wanda Mohamed Boudia da 'yan wasansa suka yi a Théâtre national de l'Ouest a Paris. A Algeria ne, duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara, wasansa Nora ya karanta a karon farko ta Action Culturelle des Travailleurs, ƙungiyar Kateb Yacine Labarin suna daya da kwanan watan Maris shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai kuma an buga shi a El-Djazaïria A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu, Mujallar Parisian Les Temps Modernes ta buga ɗaya daga cikin gajerun labaransa L'enfant à la flûte Sa'an nan kuma zai zama littafin tattaunawa da masanin kimiyya Christiane Achour, tarin wakoki A kan tafarkin matakanmu da kuma wani labari, Sabrina, sun sace rayuwar ku daga gare ku A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu ta koma ƙasar Aljeriya har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da ɗaya bayan haka ta zaɓi zama a Faransa saboda yakin basasa A shekara ta dubu biyu, ta buga abubuwan tarihinta, Lokacin da aka yaudare katunan, kuma ta sake nunawa a Marseille, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Art ashirin da biyar ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu biyu da daya A lokacin zaman karshe tare da abokai a Vesoul, dole ne a kwantar da ita a asibiti cikin gaggawa kuma a asibitin birni ne ta mutu.sha tara ga Nuwamba a shekara ta dubu biyu da daya Kamar yadda ta so, ta.
Adabi Littafinsa mafi tsayi, Sabrina, sun sace rayuwarki (shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida) labarin soyayyar musulmi biyu da suka taso a Faransa da kuma wahalar da suka sha wajen daidaitawa da sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya. Marubuci Albert Bensoussan, kuma Bayahude daga Aljeriya ya yi imanin cewa Ben ta bayyana nasa ƙaura ta hanyar halayensa, kamar yadda al'adun Faransanci yanzu ana ganin baƙon waje a Algeria mai zaman kanta Duk da yake Ben ba ta taɓa musun gadonsa na Yahudanci ba, gwagwarmayarsa ta siyasa ta kasance cikin ra'ayinsa da ainihinsa. Bayahudenta na daga cikin zuriyar da ta sa ta zama ita. Tafiya ta Ben zuwa gwagwarmaya ta kasance ta hanyar tsanantawa a matsayinta na Bayahude, amma ta shigar da Yahudanci a cikin gwagwarmayar ɗan adam, wanda aka yi masa wahayi ta hanyar warewarta a lokacin Vichy. Ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Faransanci, ba tare da tambayar kasancewarta na Aljeriya ba, ko wurinta a matsayin alamar al'adu a can. Ta kasance, duk da rubuce-rubucen da ta yi da Faransanci ba cikin Larabci ba, an yaba mata sosai a Aljeriya a shekarun dubu da dari tara da saba'in da dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin a matsayin marubuciya, mai zane da mawaƙi Littattafan L'Harmattan sun buga ayyukan adabinsa a Faransa.
Aikin Fenti ta Tare da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce, Myriam Ben ta kasance mai zane-zane kuma ta ninka nune-nunen nune-nune a Aljeriya da kuma kasashen waje. Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida, Cibiyar Al'adu ta Willaya na Algiers ta baje kolin ayyukansa akai-akai. Har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu, ta baje kolin kowace shekara tare da wasu mata masu zane don tunawa da ranar mata ta duniya, bikin.takwasgga Maris Yayin da National Museum of Fine Arts a Algiers ya samu da dama daga cikin zane-zanenta, ta nuna a birnin Paris da kuma a kasashen Turai da dama Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30467 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saran%20gandun%20daji%20a%20Borneo | Saran gandun daji a Borneo | An yi saran gandun daji a Borneo bisa ma'aunin masana'antu tun a shekarun alif 1960. Borneo, tsibiri na uku mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka raba tsakanin ƙasashen Indonesia, Malaysia da Brunei, ya taɓa rufe dazuzzuka dawurare masu zafi da na wurare na muhalli.
A cikin shekarun ta alif1980 zuwa 1990, dazuzzukan na Borneo sun yi daidai da irin wani yanayi wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a tarihin dan Adam, an kone su, an yi amfani da su da kuma share su, sannan aka maye gurbinsu da noma. An c gaba da saran gandun daji tun cikin shekarun 2000 a hankali, tare da fadada gonakin dabino Rabin sayan katako na wurare masu zafi na duniya na shekara-shekara daga Borneo ne. Manoman dabino suna cigaba da mamaye ragowar dajin na farko. Yawancin share gandun daji haramun ne.
Asusun namun daji na duniya ya raba Borneo zuwa yankuna daban-daban ciki har da dazuzzukan dajin Borneo lowland wanda ya mamaye mafi yawan tsibirin, yana da fadin dazuzzukan fadama na Borneo, dazuzzukan Heath na Kerangas ko Sundaland, dazuzzukan fadama na kudu maso yammacin Borneo, da kuma Mangroves na Sunda Shelf Dazuzzukan tsaunin Borneo yana kwance a tsakiyar tsaunukan tsibirin, sama da girma. Waɗannan yankuna suna wakiltar mazaunin ga yawancin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari alal misali, orangutans, giwaye da ƙananan cututtuka irin su civet na Hose Orangutan na Bornean ya kasance nau'in nau'in da ke cikin haɗari tun daga shekarata 2016.
Kazalika mahimmancin Borneo wajen kiyaye rayayyun halittu da kuma matsayin iskar carbon, sannan dazuzzukan suna da ma'ana ga tsaron ruwa da ikon abinci ga al'ummomin yankunan ƴan asalin.
Malesiya Borneo Jihohin Malaysia na Sarawak da Sabah Malaysia Gabas a arewa, sun mamaye kusan kashi 26% na tsibirin. Yankin dazuzzukan a nan ya ragu da sauri saboda yawan saren katako na masana'antar plywood ta Malaysia. Masu binciken gandun daji guda biyu na Cibiyar Bincike na Sepilok, Sandakan, Sabah a farkon shekarata 1980s sun gano bishiyoyi masu girma guda hudu da sauri da kuma ci gaba a kan tarin iri da kuma kula da Acacia mangium da Gmelina arborea, an dasa bishiyoyi masu saurin girma na wurare masu zafi a kan babban yanki.kuma yankunan da aka yi amfani da su a baya da kuma sare dazuzzuka musamman a arewacin tsibirin Borneo.
’Yan asalin ƙasar Malesiya sun sami tasiri ta hanyar yin katako ba tare da izininsu na kyauta, kafin da kuma sanar da su ba a cikin dazuzzukan kakanninsu Sun yi amfani da zanga-zangar lumana da shawarwarin kafofin watsa labarun don wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙinsu na daji, tare da samun nasara. Sannan kuma Tambayoyi game da yadda kuma me yasa aka ba da lasisin shiga ba tare da yardar al'umma ba har yanzu ba a magance su ba. An kuma lalata dajin sosai daga gobarar dajin na shekarata 1997 zuwa 1998, wanda mazauna wurin suka fara share dazuzzukan don amfanin gona da kuma dawwamar da dazuzzuka na musamman a lokacin El Niño A lokacin babbar gobara, ana iya ganin wurare masu zafi a kan hotunan tauraron dan adam kuma hazo ya shafi kasashen da ke kewaye da Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia da Singapore A cikin Fabrairu shekarar 2008, gwamnatin Malaysia ta sanar da Sarawak Corridor na Renewable Energy shirin don girbi budurwoyi yankunan arewacin Borneo. Ana sa ran za a ci gaba da saran bishiyoyi da lalata halittun da suka hada da noman noma, da hukumar kula da itatuwa, madatsun ruwa, da sauran ma'adanai da albarkatu.
Indonesiya Borneo Kimanin kashi 73% na tsibirin yanki ne na Indonesiya; sunan Indonesiya na tsibirin, Kalimantan, Kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi don nufin yankin da Indonesiya ke sarrafawa.
Don yaƙar yawan jama'a a Java, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta fara ƙaura mai yawa transmigrasi na manoma matalauta da manoma marasa ƙasa zuwa Borneo a cikin shekarata 1970s da 1980s, don yin noma a wuraren da aka yi amfani da su, duk da cewa ba a sami nasara ba yayin da aka kawar da haifuwar ƙasar tare da shi. Bishiyun da abin da ya rage ana wanke su a cikin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi.
An fara aikin Mega Shinkafa shekarata a 1996 a sassan kudancin Kalimantan. Manufar ita ce a mayar da hekta miliyan daya na "marasa amfanin gona" da kuma dajin fadamar da ba ta da yawan jama'a zuwa dajin shinkafa a wani yunƙuri na rage ƙarancin abinci a Indonesiya. Gwamnati ta ba da babban jari wajen gina magudanan ruwa da kawar da bishiyoyi. Aikin bai yi nasara ba, sannan kuma daga karshe an yi watsi da shi bayan ya yi barna mai yawa ga muhalli.
Peat yaci daji na yamma a Kudancin Kalibantan wani sabon halin halitta ne wanda yake gida ga mutane da yawa na musamman kamar na Orangutans, har ma da rage-bushe da bishiyoyi masu mahimmanci. Kuma Dajin fadamar peat yanayi ne guda biyu, tare da itatuwan wurare masu zafi daban-daban suna tsaye akan 10 zuwa 12. m Layer na peat wani juzu'in ruɓe da kayan shuka mai cike da ruwa wanda hakanan ya rufe ƙasa maras haihuwa. Peat shine babban kantin sayar da carbon. Idan aka rushe kuma aka kone shi yana taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar CO <sub id="mwdA">2</sub>, ana la'akari da tushen dumamar yanayi Tashoshin ruwa, da tituna da layin dogo da aka gina don gandun daji na doka, sun buɗe yankin zuwa gandun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin yankin MRP, murfin gandun daji ya ragu daga 64.8% a cikin shekarata 1991 zuwa 45.7% a cikin shekarata 2000, kuma an ci gaba da sharewa tun daga lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa a yanzu an kawar da kusan dukkanin itatuwan da ake iya sayar da su daga yankunan da jam'iyyar MRP ta rufe.
Ya bayyana cewa tashoshi sun kwashe dazuzzukan peat maimakon ban ruwa. Inda dazuzzukan suka yi ta ambaliya har zuwa zurfin mita 2 a lokacin damina, a yanzu samansu ya bushe a kowane lokaci na shekara. Shiyasa Don haka gwamnati ta yi watsi da MRP, amma bushewar peat yana da rauni ga gobarar da ke ci gaba da tashi a kan gwargwado. Bayan magudanar ruwa, gobara ta mamaye yankin, inda ta lalata sauran gandun daji da namun daji tare da sabbin noma, tare da cika iskar da ke sama da Borneo da bayanta da hayaki mai yawa da hazo tare da sakin CO 2 mai yawan gaske a sararin samaniya. Barnar ta yi mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar mutanen yankin. Ya haifar da manyan matsalolin kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa da hayaki a tsakanin mutane rabin miliyan, Kuma waɗanda ke fama da matsalolin numfashi. Lalacewar gandun daji na haifar da gurɓacewar sulfuric acid na koguna. A cikin lokutan damina, magudanan ruwa suna fitar da ruwan acidic tare da babban rabo na pyritic sulfate cikin koguna har zuwa 150. km sama daga bakin kogin. Wannan yana iya zama abin da ke ba da gudummawa ga raguwar kama kifi. Wani bincike na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Burtaniya da Indonesiya na masana'antar katako a Indonesia gaba daya a cikin 1998 ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 40% na kayan aikin katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma wanda darajarsa ta haura dala miliyan 365. Ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan, kwatanta girbi na doka da sanannen amfani na cikin gida tare da fitar da kaya zuwa ketare, ya nuna cewa kashi 88% na saren itace a ƙasar haramun ne ta wata hanya. Malesiya ita ce mabuɗin ƙasar da ke jigilar kayayyakin itace daga Indonesia ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.
Shiga Sake sare dazuzzuka a Borneo a tarihi ya yi kasa saboda kasa marar haihuwa, yanayi mara kyau, da kuma kamuwa da cututtuka. An fara sare itatuwa da gaske a tsakiyar karni na ashirin. Sashen gandun daji ya karu a shekarun 1970 yayin da Malaysia ta lalata dazuzzukanta, kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Indonesiya Suharto ya raba manyan gandun daji domin kulla alakar siyasa da hafsoshin sojojin kasar. Don haka, yin katako ya fadada sosai a cikin shekarun 1980, tare da hanyoyin sare-tsare da ke ba da damar shiga filaye masu nisa ga mazauna da masu ci gaba. Shiga Borneo a cikin shekarata 1980s da 1990s na daga cikin mafi girman da duniya ta taɓa gani, inda ake girbe itacen kubik 60 240 a kowace kadada fiye da mita 23 a kowace hekta a cikin Amazon Misali a Kalimantan, kusan kashi 80% na }asashen da ke cikin }asa, sun je wurin baje kolin katako, gami da kusan duk dazuzzukan mangrove. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, ya bayyana a fili cewa Indonesiya da Malesiya na fuskantar matsalar tabarbarewar katako saboda yawan sare itatuwa. Bukatar masana'antar katako ta yi nisa da samar da katako a cikin Malaysia da Indonesia.
Gobara Yawancin gobara a Borneo an saita su ne don dalilai na share fage. Yayin da gwamnatin Indonesiya a tarihi ta zargi kananan masu noma da laifin gobara, asusun namun daji na duniya ya lura cewa taswirar tauraron dan adam ya bayyana cewa ci gaban kasuwanci don jujjuya filaye mai girma musamman ma gonakin dabino shi ne mafi girman sanadin bala'in shekarata 1997- 1998 gobara. A yau ana ci gaba da samun gobara a duk shekara don share filaye a yankunan noma da dazuzzukan da suka lalace. Lokacin da yanayi ya bushe, waɗannan gobara na iya bazuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa ƙasar dazuzzuka da ke kusa kuma ta ƙone ba tare da kulawa ba. Ana ci gaba da samun yawaitar tashin gobara da tabarbarewar harkokin siyasa a yankin. Kasashen dake makwabtaka da kasar musamman Malaysia da Singapore na zargin Indonesia da kasa shawo kan gobarar. Bi da bi, ƙasar Indonesia na zargin kamfanonin Malaysia da fara da yawa daga cikin gobarar don aikin share filaye. Akwai bukatar a samar da dawwamammen kula da albarkatun dazuzzukan, Kuma musamman a fannin sare itatuwa. To Amma domin hakan ya tabbata, akwai bukatar a gane cewa kariya da kiyaye gandun daji ba su ke hannun Indonesia da/ko Malaysia kadai ba. Ba daidai ba ne a ɗauka cewa ƴan ƙasashen da ke fama da lamuni masu yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da mafi yawan sauran dazuzzukan ruwan sama ya kamata su ɗauki alhakin samar da wannan abin dogaro ga al'umma da hannu ɗaya. Wani yunƙuri ne na duniya don kare gandun daji wanda hakan zai taimaka wajen magance matsalolin ci gaban Indonesiya da Malaysia dangane da dajin Borneo.
Dake dazuzzuka Kwanan nan wani aikin sake dazuzzuka a Gabashin Kalimantan ya ba da rahoton wasu nasarori. Gidauniyar Tsira ta Borneo Orangutan (BOS), wanda Dr Willie Smits ya kafa, ta sayi kusan hekta 2,000 na barnatar dazuzzuka a Gabashin Kalimantan da ta sha fama da saren katako, fari da gobara mai tsanani kuma an rufe ta da ciyawa alang-alang Imperata cylindrica Sannna kuma Manufar ita ce a maido da dazuzzukan da kuma samar da mafaka ga 'yan Orangutan da aka gyara yayin da a lokaci guda samar da hanyar samun kudin shiga ga mutanen yankin. An ba wa aikin suna Samboja Lestari, wanda a zahiri ke fassara a matsayin "ma'auni na har abada na Samboja". Gyaran gandun daji da gyare-gyare shine jigon aikin, tare da dasa ɗaruruwan nau'ikan 'yan asali. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2006 an shuka nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban sama da 740. A cikin dajin na Lamandau, gidauniyar Orangutan ta dasa itatuwa sama da 60,000 a matsayin wani bangare na Shirin Maido da Daji. An dasa wadannan tsire-tsire ne domin sake dazuka da sake farfado da wuraren da gobara ta lalata.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje mongabay.com Kalimantan a Mararraba: Dipterocarp Forests da makomar Indonesiya Borneo
WWF Namun daji na Borneo na fuskantar barazana ta haramtacciyar fatauci da sare dazuka
"Lokacin Gaskiya na Borneo" National Geographic
Maganar TED.com TED: "Willie Smits ya dawo da dajin ruwan sama" Mongabay: Borneo
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
8920 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh | Riyadh | Riyadh da ar-Riyāḍ, <small>Najdi itace babban birnin kasar Saudiya kuma garin dakeda mafi yawan al'ummah, fadin Kasar yakai kimanin kilomita 790 km (491 mi), tana nan ne a arewa maso gabashin Makkah. Kuma harwayau itace babban birnin Riyadh Province kuma tana cikin garuruwan tarihin Najd da Al-Yamama. taba nan ne a tsakiyar Arabian Peninsula akan wani babban plateau, yawan al'umman garin sunfi miliyan shida (6,000,000).
Ankasa birnin zuwa gundumomi 15, wanda shugaban birnin ke kula dasu, wato shugaban Riyadh da kuma hukumar cigaban birnin Riyadh, wanda gwamnan shine Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. Shugaban ta na yanzu shine Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan. Riyadh itama tana daga cikin biranen Duniya kyawawa.
Tarihi
Farkon Tarihi
Lokacin zamanin Jahiliyya birnin dayake a waccan lokaci a inda ake kira Riyadh ayanzu itace Hajr kuma an ruwaito cewar kabilar Banu Hanifa ne suka kafa ta. Hajr itace babban birnin yankin Al-Yamamah Wanda gwamnoninta sukeda hurimin gudanar da yawaicin tsakiya da gabashin Arabia Lokacin zamanin Umayyad da Abbasid. Al-Yamamah ta balle daga cikin Daular Abbasid a 866 sannan garin yafada ƙarƙashin mulkin Ukhaydhirites, Wanda suka canja birnin daga Hajr zuwa kusan da Al-Kharj. Daga nan garin yashiga cibaya na tsawon lokaci. A karni na 14th, matafiyin nan na Arewacin Afirka Ibn Battuta yayi rubutu akan ziyararsa zuwa Hajr, inda kuma ya bayyana ta da "Babban birnin Al-Yamamah, kuma sunan ta itace Hajr". Ibn Battuta ya cigaba da bayyana garin a matsayin birnin canals da itatuwa Wanda yawan al'ummah ta ke daga cikin Bani Hanifa, yace yacigaba da tafiya da Shugaban su har zuwa Makkah da yin aikin Hajji.
Daga baya, garin Hajr ya balle zuwa kananan gidaje da unguwanni, daga cikin shahararrunsu akwai Migrin (ko Muqrin) da Mi'kal, dukda sunan Hajr an cigaba da amfani dashi acikin wakokin mawakan garin. Abinda aka dogara dashi dangane da sunan Riyadh na farko yazone da jerin bukukuwa da aka ruwaito tun a karni na 17th a shekarar 1590. A 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, Dan gudun hijira dake unguwan Manfuha, ya karbe ikon gudanarwar Riyadh. Ibn Dawwas ya Gina Katanga daya data zagaye the various oasis town in the area, Wanda tazamar dasu cikekken gari dunkulalliya. Sunan "Riyadh," dake nufin "gardens" refers to these earlier oasis towns.
Kasar Saudiya ta Uku
A 1744, Muhammad ibn Abdel Wahhab yayi hadaka da Muhammad ibn Saud, Shugaban garin dake kusa Diriyah. Ibn Saud ya shirya kwace sauran yankin da burin shigo da ita karkashin mulkin kasar musulunci daya. Ibn Dawwas na Riyadh led the most determined resistance, da hadin gwiwa da mayaka daga Al Kharj, Al Ahsa, da kuma Banu Yam clan of Najran. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudiya a 1774, Wanda yakawo karshen dogon Lokacin da akai tayi, kuma yakaiga kaddamar da First Saudi State, tareda Diriyah a matsayin babban birni.
First Saudi State an lalata ta daga sojojin da Muhammad Ali of Egypt ya turo, kuma sunyi hakan ne karkashin Ottoman Empire. Mayakan Ottoman razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818. They had maintained a garrison at Najd. This marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad became the first Amir of the Second Saudi State; the cousin of Saud bin Saud, he ruled for 19 years till 1834, leading to the consolidation of the area though they were notionally under the control of the Muhammad Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14) In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital. Following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin and took control, and refused to be controlled by the Viceroy of Egypt. Najd was then invaded and Faisal taken captive and held in Cairo. However, as Egypt became independent of the Ottoman Empire, Faisal escaped after five years of incarceration, returned to Najd and resumed his reign, ruled till 1865, and consolidated the reign of House of Saud.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14)
Following the death of Faisal, there was rivalry among his sons which situation was exploited by Muhammad bin Rashid who took most of Najd, signed a treaty with the Ottomans and also captured Hasa in 1871. In 1889, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, whereafter the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=14)
Internecine struggles between Turki's grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival Al Rashid clan, which ruled from the northern city of Ha'il. The al-Masmak fort dates from that period.
Abdul Rahman bin Faisal al-Saud had sought refuge among a tribal community on the outskirts of Najd and then went to Kuwait with his family and stayed in exile. However, his son Abdul Aziz retrieved his ancestral kingdom of Najd in 1902 and consolidated his rule by 1926, and further expanded his kingdom to cover "most of the Arabian Peninsula."(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) He named his kingdom as Saudi Arabia in September 1932(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15) with Riyadh as the capital.(sfn|Facey|1992|p=271) King Abdul Aziz died in 1953 and his son Saud took control as per the established succession rule of father to son from the time Muhammad bin Saud had established the Saud rule in 1744. However, this established line of succession was broken when King Saud was succeeded by his brother King Faisal in 1964. In 1975, Faisal was succeeded by his brother King Khalid. In 1982, King Fahd took the reins from his brother. This new line of succession is among the sons of King Abdul Aziz who has 35 sons; this large family of Ibn Saud hold all key positions in the large kingdom.(sfn|Farsy|1990|p=15)
Tarihi na Zamani
daga 1940s, Riyadh "mushroomed" daga wani karamin gari da aka wasar dashi zuwa wani ishashen metropolis. sanda sarkin Shah Saud ya hau mulki, ya mayar da kudurinsa canja fasalin Riyadh zuwa tazamani, kuma yafara cigaban Annasriyyah, cibiyar fadar sarautar garin, a 1950. biyo bayan misalai kamar birnin American, sabbin garuruwan dake dukkanin unguwan nin anyi sune samfarin grid-like squares of a chess board kuma aka sadar dasu da manyan hanyoyi da suka shiga zuwa cikin garin. Samfarin na grid pattern a birnin an shigo dashi a 1953. Karin yawan al'ummah garin yacigaba da karuwa daga 1974-1992 averaged 8.2 percent a duk shekara.
Tun a 1990s, ansamu jerin terrorist attacks akan YAN garin da baki da kuma samun zanga-zanga akan gidan masarautar garin. A 13 November 1995, wani bam a mota daya tashi a wajen wani aji na Saudi National Guard yakashe mutane shida, tareda jikkata mutum sama da 60. A 12 May 2003, mutum 34 sun mutu a series of suicide attacks harin da akakai kan YAN Amurika. A 8 November 2003, a suicide truck bomb attack in the Muhiya residential area with Saudis and Arab foreigners was responsible for killing 18 and injuring 122 people. Al-Qaeda has claimed responsibility for the attacks. On 23 June 2006, Saudi security forces stormed a suspected hideout of al-Qaeda in the neighborhood of al-Nakhil; a bloody battle ensued during which six extremists and a policeman were killed. The current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al Sultan, an experienced transport official. He was appointed mayor in 2015.
Riyadh has the largest all-female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University.
Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country establish either sole headquarters or a large office in the city. For this reason, there has been a significant growth in high rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is King Abdullah Financial District which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city.
According to the Global Financial Centres Index, Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016-2017. Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid what the World Bank called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state benefits.
Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen. In March 2018, one person died as a result of a missile attack. The number of missiles which targeted Riyadh are a small portion of the dozens of missiles fired from Yemen at Saudi Arabia due to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In April 2018, heavy gunfire was heard in Khozama; this led to rumors of a coup attempt.
Anazarci Biranen |
22600 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Foden | Phil Foden | Philip Walter Foden (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar dubu biyu(2000)), ne a England sana'arsa kwallon kafa yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Premier League a kulob din Manchester City da Ingila tawagar kasarsa.
Foden ya sami nasarar shiga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017),lokacin da ya ci kyautar( FIFA U-17), World Cup Golden Ball bayan nasarar da Ingila ta samu a gasar yan kasa da shekara( 17) na Kofin Duniya. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a City a wannan shekarar kuma a watan Disamba ne aka zabi gwarzon dan wasa na BBC na Shekarar.
Tun daga lokacin da Foden ya buga wasanni sama da( 100), a kungiyar, inda ya samu nasarar girmamawa har sau takwas ciki har da zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu lambar yabo ta Premier. A cikin shekara ta 2019, ya ci Firimiya karo na biyu kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kuma shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a Ingila da ya fara wasa da zira kwallaye a wasannin zagayen gaba na gasar. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an lasafta shi a matsayin Premier Player of the Young of the Season da kuma PFA Young Player of the Year Foden ya wakilci Ingila a matakan matasa da yawa, inda ya ci kwallaye (19), a wasanni( 51 na matasa. An fara kiran sa zuwa babbar kungiyar a ranar (25), watan Agustan shekara ta (2020), kuma ya buga wasan farko da Iceland (5 Satumbar a shekara ta 2020), a nasarar da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a UEFA Nations League.
Klub din
Manchester City
Farkon aiki An Haife shi a Stockport, Greater Manchester, Foden ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƙuruciya ga Manchester City. Ya shiga kulob din yana da shekara hudu kuma ya sanya hannu a kan karatunsa na Kwalejin a watan Yulin shekara ta (2016), Yayi karatun kansa a Kwalejin St Bede, tare da biyan kuɗin karatunsa daga Manchester City. A ranar 6, ga watan Disambar shekara ta (2016), babban kocin City Pep Guardiola ya sanya Foden a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Celtic ya kasance ba a maye gurbinsa ba a cikin wasan gidan( 1-1).
Lokacin 2017-18 A watan Yulin shekara ta (2017), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar Manchester City don ziyarar kulob din a shirye shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta Amurka, inda ya yi rawar gani a rashin nasarar( 0-2) da suka samu a hannun Manchester United sannan kuma ya fara wasan da ci (4-1 a kan Real. Madrid Bayan da ya buga wasanni da yawa a kan benci a farkon kakar wasannin( 2017zuwa2018), Foden ya fara buga wa Manchester City wasa a ranar (21 )ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2017) a wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Feyenoord, yana zuwa a minti na (75) don Yaya Touré Ya zama ɗan saurayi ɗan Ingila na huɗu don ya bayyana a Gasar Zakarun Turai (shekaru 17 177). A ranar (6 )ga watan Disamba a shekara ta( 2017), Foden ya karya rikodin da Josh McEachran ya yi a baya don zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan Ingila, yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 192, don farawa a wasan UEFA Champions League, yana yin hakan a cikin rashin nasara( 2-1 ga Shakhtar Donetsk Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta (2000 ),don fara wasa a gasar. Ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier a matsayin canji a wasan da suka ci (4-1 ),a kan Tottenham Hotspur a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2017), ya bayyana a minti na 83rd don İlkay Gündoğan. Foden ya fito a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sergio Agüero a gasar cin kofin EFL na Karshe a ranar (25 )ga watan Fabrairu shekara a shekara ta( 2018), yana taimaka wa City tabbatar da nasarar( 3-0 )a kan Arsenal a Wembley Stadium Wadannan watan, sai ya gutsuttsura Kieran Richardson 's rikodin zama ƙarami English player don fara a wani knockout-wasa a gasar zakarun Turai, yin haka yana da shekaru (17) shekaru da( 283 )kwana a wani( 4-0 )nasara a kan Basel A ranar( 13) ga watan Mayu, ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙarancin ɗan wasa don karɓar lambar yabo ta Premier. Guinness World Records ta amince da shi saboda wannan bajinta a cikin fitowar littafin su na( 2020).
2018–19 kakar Foden yana cikin sahun farko na City don Gasar FA Community Shield a ranar( 5 )ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018), yana buga duka minti( 75) tare da taimakawa kwallon farko ta Agüero a wasan da suka doke Chelsea da ci (2-0), a filin wasa na Wembley, wanda ya nuna na uku na Foden lambobin yabo na shekarar kalanda. A ranar (25) ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2018), ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez sannan daga baya ya ci babban burinsa na farko a cikin raunin rauni don tabbatar da nasarar City da ci (3-0) ba tare da Oxford United ba a zagaye na uku na EFL Cup Foden ne ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gida a filin wasa na Etihad, wanda ya ci wa City kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Rotherham United da ci! 7-0) a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA a ranar( 6 )ga watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Kwana uku bayan haka, Foden ya sake kasancewa a kan takarda yayin da yake taimaka wa City doke Burton Albion da ci( 9-0 ),a wasan farko na wasan kusa da na karshe na EFL Cup. A ranar (12) ga watan Maris shekara ta 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai yayin wasa na biyu na zagayen kungiyoyi( 16) da Schalke, yayin da City ta ci( 7-0 )(10-2 a jumulce). A yin haka, ya taimaka wa kulob din daidaita da rikodin don mafi girman rata a cikin matakin buga gasar. Burin nasa ya kuma gan shi ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa Man City kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai da kuma karamin dan wasan da ya ci wa Ingila kwallaye a wasannin fitar da gwani na gasar, yana da shekara (18) da kwana( 288), A farkon watan gobe, ya fara wasan farko a kungiyar a karawar da suka doke Cardiff City da ci (2-0), ya zama dan wasan Ingila mafi karancin shekaru da ya yi hakan tun daga Daniel Sturridge a shekara ta 2008). Bayan kammala wasan, manajan City Pep Guardiola ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana sa ran Foden ya zama muhimmin dan wasan Manchester City "har shekaru goma masu zuwa". Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ranar( 20 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2019), a wasan da suka doke Tottenham( 1-0), Bayan yin hakan, ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallo a Premier League, bayan Micah Richards da Sturridge. Man City ta kammala kaka a lokacin kammala dukkanin kofunan gida tare da Foden wanda ke da babban matsayi a cikin kungiyar.
Lokacin 2019-20 Foden ya fara kakar wasannin (2019zuwa2020), ne tare da karrama shi na( 7), inda ya ci Gasar FA Community Shield a kan Liverpool a Wembley Stadium a ranar (4) ga watan Agusta shekara ta( 2019), ya zira kwallaye a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya yanke hukuncin wadanda suka yi nasara. Kwana shida bayan haka ya buga wasan farko a gasar Firimiya a bana yayin da Manchester City ta doke West Ham United da ci (5-0), a filin wasa na London. A ranar (1 ),ga watan Oktoba shekara ta( 2019), Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, inda ya ci kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Dinamo Zagreb da ci( 2-0 a ranar wasan( 2 na rukuni. Foden ya samar da babbar dama ta biyu (6) a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, sai a bayan Lionel Messi (7). Foden ya fara wasan Firimiya na farko a kakar bana, a ranar( 15 )ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2019), inda ya dauki wani taimako a kan Arsenal a filin wasa na Emirates a wasan da ci( 3-0) ga ‘yan kasar. A ranar (1 ga watan Maris shekara ta (2020), Foden ya fara a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin EFL kuma ya nemi babbar girmamawa ta 6th da kuma kofi na 8th na aiki yayin da Man City ta ci (2-1 a kan Aston Villa An kuma kira shi mutumin wasan, don haka ya zama mafi ƙarancin karɓar kyautar Alan Hardaker kwaf A ranar (17 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2020), kwallon kafa na Firimiya ya dawo bayan annobar( COVID-19 ),ta sanya lokacin ci gaba. Foden yana kan raga yayin da City ta doke Arsenal da ci uku da nema a filin wasa na Etihad. Wasan da ya biyo baya Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Premier kuma ya ci kwallaye a jere a jere a karo na farko a matsayin Manchester City ta ci( 5-0 a kan Burnley A ranar( 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta (2020), Manchester City ta yi maraba da sabon zakara Liverpool a Etihad. Foden ya ci kwallo kuma ya taimaka a wasan yayin da City ta ci( 4-0) Gasar Premier ta shekara ta (2019zuwa20 20), ta kare a ranar (26 ga watan Yuli, tare da Foden da aka fara a wasan da ci (5-0 a kan Norwich, yana ganin Manchester City ta kammala kakar a matsayi na( 2), Lokacin, duk da haka, an yi alama tare da tashi daga gunkin Foden David Silva, bayan shekaru (10 tare da kulob din. A cikin shekara ta 2017), Foden ya bayyana "Horarwa ta fi sauri kuma tana da kyau tare da Silva, shi ne abin bautata da gaske. Ina kokarin kallon abin da yake yi kuma na koya daga gare shi kuma na yi kokarin aikata abubuwa iri daya An bai wa Foden damar maye gurbin Silva tare da Pep Guardiola yana cewa Manchester City "ta aminta" Phil Foden ya maye gurbinsa. Foden ya fara buga wasan zagaye na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar( 7) ga watan Agusta shekara ta (2020), a kan Real Madrid, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara kan (1-1 )(jimillar jimillar 4-2) da kuma ci gaba zuwa zagayen kwata fainal, inda Man City za ta rusuna daga gasar. Ya ƙare kakar tare da wasa (38) da aka buga, rijistar kwallaye (8), da ƙwallaye( 9) a duk gasa.
Lokacin 2020-21 Foden ya bude asusun ajiyarsa na kakar wasa a kan Wolves a ranar wasan( 1), na gasar Premier, inda ya ci nasara a kan nasarar (3-1), a ranar( 21) ga watan Satumba ta (2020), Ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar (2020 zuwa20 21), a kan West Ham United a wasan da suka tashi (1-1 a filin wasa na London, a ranar (24), ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2020), Ya rama daidai minti shida bayan da ya maye gurbin Sergio Aguero a rabin lokaci, ya juya da wayo don sauya giciye daga abokin wasansa João Cancelo Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar( 2020 zuwa 2021), a Girka akan Olympiacos, a ranar (25 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta 2020), kammala wayayyen daga cikin akwatin bayan raheem Sterling mai raɗaɗi. Wannan nasarar a gasar zakarun Turai ta tabbatar da ci gaban City har zuwa zagaye na kungiyoyi ?(16 a karo na( 8 )a jere. A ranar! 7 ga watan Fabrairun a shekara ta (2021), ya ci kwallo kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Liverpool da ci( 4-1 ),a waje, don zama nasarar farko da tawagarsa ta samu a Anfield tun shkara ta( 2003). Foden ya sake zira kwallaye a Merseyside, yayin da Manchester City ta ci( 3-1), a waje a Goodison Park a ranar (17 ga watan Fabrairu, inda ta kara jagora a saman teburin kuma hakan ya sa ta yi nasara sau( 17), a jere a dukkan wasannin. Foden ya kasance a kan dukkanin kwallaye biyu a karawar da City ta doke Borussia Dortmund a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, don tabbatar da ci gaban zuwa zagaye na hudu na gasar. A ranar (21), ga watan Afrilu shekara ta( 2021), Foden ya karbi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa kuma ya zira kwallaye a ragar Aston Villa a Villa Park, wanda ya ba Man City nasara( 2-1), kuma daga baya ta tsawaita jagorancin ta, a saman teburin, da maki( 11). Wannan shi ne burin Foden na( 14), a dukkan gasa, a kakar shekara ta( 2020 zuwa20 21), kuma na(7), a Premier. Bayan kwana hudu kawai, Foden ya ci kofi na( 9), tare da Manchester City yayin da suka doke Tottenham da ci( 1 da 0 )a wasan karshe na cin Kofin EFL, inda Foden ya buga cikakkun mintuna( 90), Foden ya sake kafa tarihi tare da City, yayin da suka isa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a karon farko bayan doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 4-1 jimillar kwallaye biyu, Foden ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez a wasa na biyu. A ranar( 12), ga watan Mayu Foden ya tabbatar da lashe gasar firimiya karo na uku a cikin shekaru hudu yayin da Leicester ta doke Manchester United da ci (2-1), Foden ya fara wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a tarihin kulob din. Man City ta yi rashin nasara a wasan da aka buga da ci (1 0) rashin Foden na farko a wasan karshe a lokacin yana kan karagar aiki. An lasafta shi a cikin UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar kuma ya lashe Premier League Young Player of the Season yayin da aka zaba shi duka PFA Player of the Year da PFA Young Player of the Year, ya lashe kyautar ta ƙarshe.
Ayyukan duniya
Matasa A watan Mayu shekara ta (2017), Foden ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekara !17 na Uefa yayin da' yan wasan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru (17) suka sha kashi a fanareti a hannun Spain A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Foden ya sami karbuwa sosai daga 'yan jarida bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na Kofin Duniya na( FIFA FIFA U-17 ),na shekara ta 2017), shi ma a kan Spain, yayin da Ingila ta ci gasar. An kira shi a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan. Ya lashe kyautar( FIFA U-17 World Cup na Kwallon Kwallon Kafa a cikin shekara ta (2017), inda ya kuma sami wadatar 'yan jarida da yawa da kuma mahimman labarai. A ranar (27), ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2019), Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa( 23), na Ingila don gasar shekar ta (2019), UEFA European (Under-21), Championship kuma ya zira kwallaye mai ban sha'awa na farko ga U21s a wasan farko da ci( 2-1) a hannun Faransa a Cesena Babban Team
Farko da Euro 2020 A( 25), ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2020), Gareth Southgate mai suna Foden a Ingila m tawagar a karon farko. Ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa da Iceland a ranar( 5), ga watan Satumbar a shekara (2020), a wasan da aka tashi( 1-0 ),a waje a gasar UEFA Nations League A ranar (7), ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta( 2020), Foden, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Mason Greenwood, an cire shi daga tawagar Ingila saboda karya ka'idojin keɓewar ƙungiyar ta hanyar kawo aƙalla baƙo ɗaya zuwa otal ɗin otal ɗin su a Iceland. Manchester City ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan Foden. Foden ya ci wa Ingila kwallayensa na farko da na biyu a lokacin wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland a Wembley Stadium a ranar( 18 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta (2020). A ranar( 1), ga watan Yuni a shekara ta (2021), Foden ya kasance cikin sunayen mutane (26), don sabon sake tsarawa UEFA Euro (2020 Ya shiga cikin tawagar a wani lokaci daga baya saboda kasancewarsa a waccan shekarar UEFA Champions League Final A ranar( 8 ga watan Yuni, Foden ya bayyana cewa ya shafa gashin kansa gashi yana kwatanta kwatankwacin tsohon dan wasan Ingila Paul Gascoigne wanda shima yayi irin wannan askin na Euro (96 Foden ya fada a wani taron manema labarai a wannan rana cewa "Cikakken al'ummar kasar sun san abin da yake nufi ga kasar da kuma abin da ya aikata, don haka ba zai zama mara kyau ba idan na yi kokarin kawo kadan daga cikin Gazza zuwa filin wasa."
Salon wasa, ci gaba da kwatancen Foden yana da kafar-hagu, kuma yana iya taka leda a bayan-baya, ko kuma dan gefe a gefen dama, duk da cewa Pep Guardiola ya bayyana shi da cewa "ya fi dacewa da dan wasan tsakiya". A shekara ta (2017), Guardiola ya bayyana shi a matsayin "dan wasa na musamman", yana mai cewa: "Yana da hadari idan aka ce kyawawan abubuwa game da matasa 'yan wasa saboda har yanzu suna kanana, kuma dole ne su ci gaba kuma dole ne su koyi abubuwa da yawa. Amma muna da karfin gwiwa da za mu taimaka masa, saboda mun yi imanin cewa shi saurayi ne wanda yake da kwazo, ko da kuwa ba shi da karfi, ba shi da tsayi. A cikin shekara ta (2017), Louise Taylor na jaridar The Guardian ta bayyana Foden a matsayin "mai alfahari da takamaimai, mai mannewa kuma ya sami albarka tare da ƙwarewar ɓatattun abokan hamayya na baya". A cikin shekara ta 2018), gogaggen marubucin wasan kwallon kafa Brian Glanville ya bayyana shi a matsayin "matashi mai hazaka da kwarewa", ya kara da cewa: "Matasan 'yan wasa masu kwarewa da kwarewar kirkira suna da bakin ciki a kasa."
Rayuwar mutum Foden yana cikin dangantaka da Rebecca Cooke kuma yana da ɗa, Ronnie, an haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta( 2019), Ma'auratan suna tsammanin ɗansu na biyu, 'ya mace wacce za ta zo ƙarshen lokacin bazara ko farkon kaka a shekara ta (2021).
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Kamar yadda aka buga wasa( 7) watan Yuli a shekarar 2021). Ingancin Ingila da aka jera a farko, shafi mai maki yana nuna ƙwallaye bayan kowace ƙwallon Foden.
Daraja Manchester City
Firimiya Lig a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2020zuwa2021) Kofin FA a shekara ta (2018zuwa2019) Kofin EFL a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2019zuwa2020, 2020zuwa2021) Garkuwan Community FA :a shekara ta 2018zuwa 2019) Gasar UEFA Champions League ta biyu: a shekara ta (2020zuwa2021) Ingila U17
FIFA U-17 World Cup a shekara ta (2017) Uefa European European Under-(17) Championship wacce ta zo ta biyu:a shekara ta( 2017) Ingila
UEFA ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun Turai :a shekara ta( 2020) Kowane mutum
Europeanungiyar UEFA ta Under (17) na Turai na Gasar:a shekara ta 2017) FIFA U-17 Kofin Duniya na Zinare :a shekara ta 2017) Gwarzon Wasannin Matasan BBC na Shekara a shekara ta (2017) Alan Hardaker kwaf :a shekara ta 2020) UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar: (2020zuwa2021) Matashin Firimiya na Premier na kakar (2020zuwa2021) PFA Matashin Dan Wasa na Shekara:( 2020zuwa2021)
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC
Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
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61185 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Imoudu | Michael Imoudu | Michael Athokhamien Omnibus Imoudu shugaban kungiyar kwadagon Najeriya ne.[2]
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Imoudu a shekarar 1902, a yankin Afemai na jihar Edo. Mahaifinsa soja ne a rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya yi aiki a gabashin Afirka da kuma Gambia. Bayan rasuwar iyayensa a shekarar 1922, Imoudu ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki da wani dan uwansa wanda ke aikin layin dogo. Saboda aikin dan uwansa, ya yi balaguro zuwa garuruwa daban-daban na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas, a lokacin da yake bakuwa, ya koyi harshen Igbo. Ya halarci makarantu da dama sannan ya kammala karatunsa na firamare a makarantar gwamnati ta Agbor a shekarar 1927. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Legas a 1928 kuma ya sami aiki bayan shekara guda a matsayin ma'aikacin yau da kullun, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin layi a Sashen Post da Telegraph kafin ya shiga layin dogo a matsayin mai koyo.
Sana'a a Matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata Imoudu ya fara ayyukan kungiyar kwadago ne a matsayin memba na kungiyar ma’aikatan jirgin kasa (RWU), kungiyar ta zama daya daga cikin kungiyoyin masu fafutuka a kasar nan a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1931 a lokacin da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da yawa suka yi kama da ayyukan zamantakewa fiye da motsi na masana'antu. A shekarar 1939, Imoudu ya zama shugaban kungiyar, a cikin wannan shekarar ne kungiyar ta yi rajista a karkashin dokar kungiyar kwadago wadda ta baiwa kungiyoyin kwadago damar neman hadin kai da ma’aikatansu. RWU ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da aka yi rajista a ƙarƙashin dokar. A karkashin jagorancin Imoudu, kungiyar ta sake sabunta bukatarsu ta neman karin albashi, rage karbar kudi da kuma inganta yanayin aiki. Ya fara fitowa fili ne a cikin 1941 lokacin da ya nemi izinin gwamnati da na hukumar kula da jiragen kasa don inganta yanayin ma'aikatan fasaha. canje-canje. Bayan wani lokaci, hukumar ta saki rangwamen ta ga ma'aikatan da ba su ji daɗi ba kuma an ci gaba da tattaunawa da yawa tsakanin Yuli zuwa Satumba 1941. A ranar 30 ga Satumba 1941, ma'aikatan injiniyoyi sun gano kofofin su a kulle bisa umarnin Manajan Ayyuka. Daga nan ne Imoudu ya jagoranci tattaki zuwa kujerar gwamnati a Legas Island yana ihun korar manajan ayyuka. Zanga-zangar ta dauki hankulan gwamnati inda ta dauki matakin magance korafe-korafen ma'aikatan. Duk da cewa wannan muzaharar ta yi nasara, amma daga baya Imoudu ya ci karo da rigima da shugabannin Turawa, ance dalilin rikicin shi ne rashin jituwar da ya yi da irin fifikon da ake yi wa jami’an Turawa. A tsakanin 1941 zuwa 1943, an yi masa tambayoyi da yawa kuma an kore shi a watan Janairu 1943.
A watan Yulin 1941, an gudanar da taron wakilan wasu zababbun kungiyoyin kwadago a Najeriya a Legas. Taron ya kai ga kafa kungiyar ma'aikatan fasaha ta Afirka don kare muradun ma'aikatan fasaha na Afirka. An zabi Imoudu, mai wakiltar kungiyar jiragen kasa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Sabuwar ƙungiyar ta fara tayar da hankali don ba da tallafin tsadar rayuwa ko kuma kari na yaƙi.[11] A cikin 1942, Imoudu ya kasance mai sasantawa da ma'aikata a tattaunawa da gwamnati don ba wa ma'aikata kyautar Kuɗin Rayuwa (COLA) don rage tasirin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki a sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu. Gwamnati ta yi wasu rangwame na COLA a cikin 1942 karkashin jagorancin Bernard Bourdillon, duk da haka, wasu daga cikin wadanda aka amince da su Arthur Richards ya soke.
A 1943, bayan korar sa Imoudu aka tsare amma daga baya aka canza tsare shi zuwa dokar hana zirga-zirga a karkashin dokar tsaro ta Najeriya ta 1941 wadda ke da alaka ta kut-da-kut da dokar kare yakin duniya na biyu na Burtaniya. An sake shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1945 bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin. Duk da haka, a ranar 2 ga Yuni 1945, an yi babban taro don maraba da shi zuwa Legas. A cikin wannan shekarar, ƙungiyar ma'aikata da aka tsara tana yin shawarwari don inganta sharuɗɗan COLA. Ana tsammanin sakin nasa shine don tausasa tasirin rikicin ma'aikata. Sai dai a ranakun 21 da 22 ga watan Yunin 1945, Imoudu ya jagoranci wata kungiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta kungiyar domin shirya yajin aikin gama-gari.
A shekarar 1946, Imoudu ya shiga jam’iyyar NCNC aka zabe shi a majalisar zartarwa ta jam’iyyar. Tare da Nnamdi Azikiwe da Herbert Macaulay, ya kasance memba na tawagar NCNC zuwa London don nuna rashin amincewa da 1946, Richards constitution..
Daga 1947 zuwa 1958 Imoudu ya kasance shugaban kungiyoyin kwadago daban-daban. Ya kasance shugaban kasa da gogo Chu Nzeribe, mataimakinsa na kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya; kokarin hada kan kungiyoyin kwadago daban-daban a kasar. Hukumar ta samu nasarar farko, inda ta hada 45 daga cikin 57 da aka yiwa rajista a lokacin. Koyaya, rikici ya taso tsakanin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu fafutuka na tsaka-tsaki, ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe ta fi son kiyaye aiki daga ayyukan siyasa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da gurguzu da kuma shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci ta Duniya. An dakatar da Imoudu a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1960 bayan ya ziyarci Tarayyar Soviet da China, kuma ya jagoranci baraka wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Najeriya, sannan ya koma jam'iyyar Labour Unity Front.
A shekarar 1986, an karrama Imoudu da wata cibiyar ƙwadago, Michael Imodu National Institute for Labor Studies (MINILS), wanda aka kafa bayansa. Cibiyar, kasancewarta daya daga cikin irinta a daukacin yammacin Afirka, tana gina kwazon ma'aikata, ma'aikata da jami'an gwamnati.
Jamhuriya ta Biyu Imodu ya koma jam’iyyar Aminu Kanos People’s Redemption Party a matsayin mataimakin shugabanta na kasa. A shekarar 1981 rikicin siyasa a cikin jam’iyyar ya haifar da wargajewar jam’iyyar sannan aka kafa jam’iyyar Imodu ta PRP inda Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi ya zama sakatarensa da Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila a matsayin sakataren jihar Kano.
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32943 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Asiri | Kungiyar Asiri | Ƙungiyar Asiri ƙungiya ce ko haɗaka wadda ayyukanta, abubuwan da suka faru, ayyuka na ciki,ko membobinta ke ɓoye sirrinta. Al'umma na ta yin yunƙurin ɓoye wanzuwarta. Kalmar yawanci tana cire ƙungiyoyin ɓoye, kamar hukumomin leƙen asiri ko tashe- tashen hankula na yaƙi, waɗanda ke ɓoye ayyukansu da membobinsu amma suna kiyaye gaban jama'a.
Ma'anoni Ana jayayya game da ainihin cancantar yiwa ƙungiyar lakabin ƙungiyar asiri, amma ma'anar gabaɗaya sun dogara ne akan matakin da ƙungiyar ta dage akan sirri, kuma yana iya haɗawa da riƙewa da watsa ilimin sirri, ƙin kasancewa memba ko ilimin ƙungiyar, samar da alaka ta sirri tsakanin mambobin kungiyar, da yin amfani da ibadodi ko al'adu na sirri da ke karfafa 'ya'yan kungiyar A tarihin ɗan adam da tarihi, ƙungiyoyin asiri sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ra'ayi na Männerbund, duka-maza "warrior-band" ko "jarumin al'umma" na al'adun zamani (duba H. Schurtz, Alterklassen und Männerbünde, Berlin, 1902). A. Van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, Chicago, 1960).
An gabatar da wani abin da ake kira "bishiyar iyali na ƙungiyoyin asiri", kodayake ba ta cika ba. Alan Axelrod, marubucin International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders, ya bayyana wata ƙungiya ta sirri a matsayin ƙungiya cewa:
keɓantacce
yayi ikirarin mallakar sirri na musamman
yana nuna ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar fifita membobinsa.
Masanin tarihi Richard B. Spence na Jami'ar Idaho ya ba da irin wannan ma'anar ta uku:
Kasancewar kungiyar ba a asirce ba ne, amma wasu akida ko ayyuka suna boye ga jama'a kuma suna bukatar rantsuwar sirri da aminci don koyo.
Ƙungiyar ta yi alƙawarin matsayi mafi girma ko ilimi ga membobin.
Kasancewar ƙungiyar ta wata hanya tana takurawa, kamar ta launin fata, jima'i, addini, ko gayyata kawai.
Spence kuma ya ba da shawarar wani yanki na "Elite Secret Societies" (wanda ya ƙunshi manyan masu samun kuɗi ko kuma masu tasiri a cikin al'umma), kuma ya lura cewa ƙungiyoyin asiri suna da yawa idan ba duniya ba game da bangaranci, fadace-fadace da kuma da'awar asalin tsofaffi fiye da yadda za a iya dogara da su a rubuce. Ma'anar Spence ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin da ake tunanin al'ada a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri Freemasons da Rosicrucians da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba a kayyade su a al'ada ba kamar wasu ƙungiyoyin laifuka Mafia kungiyoyin addini Order of Assassins da Thelema da ƙungiyoyin siyasa Bolsheviks da Black Dragon Al'umma David V. Barrett, marubucin Ƙungiyoyin Asirin: Daga Tsohon ilimin sirri zuwa na Zamani da Clandestine, ya yi amfani da wasu kalmomi don bayyana abin da ya cancanci ƙungiyar asiri. Ya siffanta ta da cewa duk wata kungiya ce da ta mallaki wadannan siffofi:
Ya na da "a tsanaki da ci gaban koyarwa".
Koyarwar tana "samuwa ga mutane da aka zaɓa kawai".
Koyarwa tana kaiwa ga "boyayyun (da 'na musamman') gaskiya".
Gaskiya suna kawo "fa'idodin sirri fiye da abin da ake iya kaiwa har ma da fahimtar wanda ba a sani ba."
Barrett ya ci gaba da cewa "wani wata sifa da aka saba da ita ga mafi yawansu ita ce ayyukan al'adu wadanda ba 'yan kungiyar ba ne ba a ba su izinin kiyaye su ba, ko ma sanin wanzuwarsu." Ma'anar Barrett zai kawar da ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ake kira ƙungiyoyin asiri; Koyarwar da aka yi maki yawanci ba ta cikin ƴan uwan kwaleji na Amurka, Carbonari, ko Ƙarni na 19 Ban San Komai ba Masanin tarihi Jasper Ridley yayi jayayya cewa Freemasonry shine, "Ƙungiyar asiri mafi ƙarfi a duniya." Ƙungiyar Opus Dei Latin Latin don "Aikin Allah") an kwatanta shi a matsayin "tsarin al'umma" na Cocin Katolika Masu suka irin su Jesuit Wladimir Ledóchowski wani lokaci suna nufin Opus Dei a matsayin Katolika (ko Kirista ko "farar fata") na Freemasonry Sauran masu sukar suna yiwa Opus Dei lakabin "Mafia Mai Tsarki" ko "Santa Mafia" kamar yadda ƙungiyar ke da alaƙa da ayyuka daban-daban da ake tambaya ciki har da tsananin kwakwalwa na membobinta don cin gajiyar ƙarfin aiki da kuma kai tsaye. shigar da membobin cikin manyan laifuka kamar fataucin jarirai a Spain a karkashin mulkin kama- karya Francisco Franco Sarauta
Siyasa Domin wasu kungiyoyin asiri suna da manufar siyasa, sun sabawa doka a kasashe da dama. Italiya Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya, Sashe na 2, Articles 13-28 da Poland, alal misali, sun haramta jam'iyyun siyasa na asiri da kungiyoyin siyasa a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su.
Kwalejoji da jami'o'i Yawancin kungiyoyin dalibai da aka kafa a cibiyoyin jami'o'i a Amurka an dauki su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin asiri. Wataƙila ɗayan shahararrun ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar sirri shine Kwanyar Kai da Kasusuwa a Jami'ar Yale Tasirin ƙungiyoyin sirri na karatun digiri na biyu a kwalejoji kamar Harvard College, Jami'ar Cornell, Kwalejin Dartmouth, Jami'ar Emory, Jami'ar Chicago, Jami'ar Virginia, Jami'ar Georgetown, Jami'ar New York, da Kwalejin Wellesley sun kasance. an yarda da shi a bainar jama'a, idan ba a san su ba kuma ba tare da bin doka ba, tun daga karni na 19. Jami'o'in Biritaniya, suma, suna da dogon tarihi na ƙungiyoyin sirri ko ƙungiyoyin sirri, irin su The Pitt Club a Jami'ar Cambridge, Bullingdon Club a Jami'ar Oxford, da 16' Club a St David's Kwalejin Wata ƙungiyar asiri ta Biritaniya ita ce Cambridge Apostles waɗanda aka kafa a matsayin maƙala da al'umma ta muhawara a cikin 1820. Ba duk Jami'o'in Biritaniya ba ne ke karɓar ƙungiyoyin Asiri ba. the night climbers of Cambridge da climbers ofOxford suna buƙatar duka masu tunani da ƙwaƙwalwa.
A Faransa, Vandermonde ita ce ƙungiyar asiri ta Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers Fitattun misalai a Kanada sun haɗa da Episkopon a Kwalejin Trinity na Jami'ar Toronto, da Society of Thoth a Jami'ar British Columbia An hana ƙungiyoyin sirri a cikin ƴan kwalejoji. Cibiyar Soja ta Virginia tana da ka'idoji waɗanda babu wani ɗan takara da zai iya shiga ƙungiyar asiri, kuma an dakatar da ƙungiyoyin asiri a Kwalejin Oberlin daga 1847 zuwa yanzu, kuma a Jami'ar Princeton tun farkon karni na 20. Confraternities a Najeriya ƙungiyoyin asiri ne kamar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a cikin manyan makarantu. Ba a dai san takamaiman adadin mutanen da suka mutu na ayyukan haɗin gwiwa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin kiyasin a cikin 2002 shine cewa an kashe mutane 250 a cikin kashe-kashen da ke da alaka da kungiyoyin asiri a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yayin da ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta Exam Ethics Project ta kiyasta cewa an kashe ɗalibai da malamai 115 tsakanin 1993 da 2003. Ana tsammanin kungiyar Mandatory Monday Association is thought tayi aiki daga cikin jami'o'in Australiya iri-iri ciki har da Kwalejin Sojan Tsaro ta Australiya Ƙungiyar tana da surori da yawa waɗanda ke haɗuwa kawai a ranar Litinin don tattauna kasuwanci da aiwatar da ayyukan al'ada. Ƙungiyoyin sirri guda ɗaya da aka soke sannan kuma aka halatta ita ce ta The Philomaths, a zamanin yau wata ƙungiya ce ta halal ta ilimi da aka kafa akan tsauraran zaɓi na membobinta.
Yanar Gizo-gizo Yayin da ake hasashen wanzuwar su tsawon shekaru, ƙungiyoyin sirri na yanar Gizo sun fara sanin jama'a a cikin 2012 lokacin da ƙungiyar asirin da aka fi sani da Cicada 3301 ta fara daukar ma'aikata daga jama'a ta hanyar wasanin gwada ilimi na tushen yanar Gizo Burin al'umma ya kasance ba a sani ba, amma an yi imanin cewa suna da hannu a cikin cryptography A wurare
Asiya China
Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)
Red Spear Society
Tiandihui, Society of the Heaven and the Earth (Tong organization)
Yellow Sand Society
White lotus
Philippines La Liga Filipina
KKK
Japan
Black Dragon Society
Double Leaf society
Gen'yosha
Green Dragon (oda)
Kenkokukai
Sakurakai
Singapore
Afirka Najeriya
Abakuá
Ekpe
Nze na Ozo
Ogboni
Afirka ta Kudu
Afrikaner Broederbond
Afirka ta Yamma
Crocodile Society
Leopard Society
Poro, a secret men's society
Sande society, the female counterpart to the Poro society
Simo (society
Zimbabwe
Nyau
Turai Jamus
Illuminati
Oder of newTemplars
Ordo Templi Orientis
Ireland
Irish Republican Brotherhood
The Defenders
Italiya
propaganda due
Serbia
Balack hand
Ƙasar Ingila
Bullingdon Club
Hermetic Order na Golden Dawn
club16'
5 Titin Hertford
Pan-Turai
Freemasonry
Rosicrucianism
Amirka ta Arewa Collegiate secret societies in North America
Amurka
Bohemian club
International Debutante Ball
Knights of the Golden Circle
Order of the Star Spangled Banner
Skull and Bones
Kudancin Amurka Brazil
Shindo Renmei
Adawa Yawancin Cocin Kirista sun hana membobinsu shiga ƙungiyoyin asiri. Misali, sakin layi na 41 na Dokokin Gabaɗaya da ke ƙunshe cikin Ladabi na Haɗin Methodist Allegheny Wesleyan yana koyarwa:
Dubna kuma Fraternal order
Magical organization
Ci gaba da karatu Harwood, W. S. "Secret Societies in America," The North American Review, Vol. 164, No. 486, May 1897.
Jeffers, H. Paul. Freemasons: A History and Exploration of the World's Oldest Secret Society. (Citadel Press, 2005).
Jeffers, H. Paul. The Freemasons in America: Inside the Secret Society (2006) excerpt
Stephen Klimczuk, Gerald Warner (2009). Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies, New York: Sterling Publishing Company.
Ƙungiyoyin Asirin: ɗan gajeren tarihi Takardun Freemasons, Jesuits, Illuminati, Carbonari, Burschenschaften da sauran kungiyoyi
Stevens, The cyclopædia of fraternities (2nd ed. Binciken kwanan wata game da batun.
Ƙungiyoyin Asirin a Ostiraliya da Ingilishi Freemasonry
Kungiyar asiri
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24284 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajeeb%20Daastaans | Ajeeb Daastaans | Gajerun fina -finan guda hudu sune kamar haka:
Majnu transl. Lover wanda Shashank Khaitan ya jagoranta
Khilauna transl. Toy wanda Raj Mehta ya jagoranta
Geeli Pucchi transl. Sloppy Kisses wanda Neeraj Ghaywan ya jagoranta
Ankahi transl. Ba a magana Kayoze Irani ne ya jagoranta
Makirci
Majnu Makale cikin aure marar ƙauna tare da Babloo, Lipakshi koyaushe yana neman soyayya a cikin sauran maza. Lokacin da dama ta isa a matsayin ɗan direban su Raj Kumar, tana ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ita sosai. Raj, ƙwararren mai karatun digiri a Kudi, ya ba da damar aiki a London don yin aiki don Babloo don abin da farko ya zama kamar ƙarin kuɗi. Yana samun riba ga Babloo kuma yana buga Lipakshi cikin dabara ba tare da sanin Babloo ba. Duk da cewa Babloo baya kaunar Lipakshi, amma baya barin masoyan ta saboda martabar dangin sa. Lipakshi yana ci gaba da motsawa a Raj, wanda a ƙarshe ya bayar a cikin dare ɗaya lokacin da Babloo ya tafi. Wannan shine farkon fara soyayya, soyayya tsakanin Raj da Lipakshi. Har ma suna shirin yin taɗi tare dare ɗaya bayan soyayya. A daidai wannan daren, Babloo ya karɓi hotunan Lipakshi tare da Gopal, amintaccen mai taimaka masa. Ya kira Raj, wanda ke shirin barin, kuma ya bayyana cewa ya ƙaunace shi kuma yana son kasancewa tare da shi har abada. Yana nuna hotunan ga Raj. Raj, dan abin ya ba shi mamaki, ya gaya masa ya rike Gopal yayin da zai tafi Lipakshi. Raj ya hau bas, kuma muna ganin Lipakshi ta tafi da jakunkunanta. Yayin da yake bugun Gopal, Babloo ya ga bidiyon Raj yana sumbatar Lipakshi kuma ya cika da mamaki. A cikin wannan bidiyon, Raj ya bayyana cewa Gopal ba shi da laifi, kuma shi ne ya kasance Lipakshi masoyinsa gaba ɗaya. Ya bayyana cewa tun lokacin da Babloo ya karye ƙafar mahaifinsa saboda bugun mota a cikin mai shuka, duk abin da Raj ke so fansa ne. Don haka ya saci kuɗi mai yawa na Babro coma goma 10 yayin da yake yi masa aiki ya bar ƙasar tare da iyayensa. Bayan bayyanar, Lipakshi yana jira a tashar jirgin ƙasa don Raj, wanda bai isa ba. Madadin haka, Babloo ya same ta. Ta bayyana tana da juna biyu, kuma dukkansu suna riƙe hannu biyu, suna kuka da daurewa kan so da cin amanar da mutum ɗaya ya yi musu.
Khilauna Labarin ya fara da Meenal ta rasa wutar lantarki a gidanta.
Meenal 'yar aikin gida ce mai wayo a titi wanda ke zaune a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu tare da kanwarta Binny. Tana ta faman neman abin dogaro da kai tare da tura ƙanwarta makaranta. Tana aiki a cikin yanki mai wadata ga wata baiwar da ke fafutukar samun juna biyu. An nuna cewa Meenal tana riƙe da raini ga attajiran da take yi wa aiki. Lokacin da aka gaya mata matsalar wutan lantarki, mai aikin ta ta ambaci cewa za ta iya neman taimako daga Vinod Agarwal, sabon sakataren yankin. A cikin wannan yanki akwai Sushil, wanda ya mallaki ƙaramin kantin wanki. Yayin da yake cikin yankin, ana ganin Sushil yana tauna Meenal da 'yar uwarsa, amma a bayan kowa, masoya ne. Labarin yana ci gaba da juyawa da juyawa tsakanin halin yanzu, inda aka nuna Meenal tana ofishin 'yan sanda tare da' yar sanda tana yi mata tambayoyi game da 'abin da ya faru' kuma ta gaya mata cewa babu ruwanta da hakan. An nuna cewa Vinod Agarwal yana da mata mai ciki kuma yana da hots na Meenal. Ya same ta a rumfar Sushil kuma ya nemi ta yi aiki a wurinsa don taimakawa matarsa. Meenal cikin farin ciki ta yarda, tana fatan samun magana da shi game da wutar lantarki a wurinta. Meenal ta bar mai aikinta na baya zuwa Vinod Agarwal, kuma an nuna tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da matar mai ciki. Lokacin da matar ba ta gida, Vinod ya matsa zuwa Meenal, yana roƙon ta da ta yi lalata da shi idan tana buƙatar wutar lantarki ta dawo. Binny ya shaida hakan. Meenal ta fita tana kuka ta nufi rumfar Sushil. Ya damu kuma ya tambaye ta abin da ya faru. Daga baya, Vinod Agarwal shima ya isa rumfar Sushil kuma ya fara buga masa saboda yin kwarkwasa da mata da rashin girman kai. Masu wucewa sun dakatar da wannan fadan, kuma sakataren ya nemi afuwar laifin da ya aikata. Vinod kuma yana gayyatar Meenal, Sushil, da Binny zuwa wani biki da shi da matarsa ke shirya don murnar haihuwar ɗansu. Muna canzawa zuwa yanzu, kuma muna ganin 'yan sanda suna kawo Sushil a tashar suna yi masa duka. An gargadi Meenal cewa idan ba ta bayyana abin da ta yi ba, zai zama kukan Binny da za ta ji a gaba. Sushil ya roki 'yan sanda da su daina bugunsa kuma ya gaya masa cewa bai yi komai ba sai ya fasa tiransifomar kuma Vinod Agarwal ya yi motsi a kan Meenal. Meenal ta ɗauki sunan wanda ta ɗauke ta aiki a baya, inda ta ce ta yi hakan ne saboda tana kishin cewa ba ta haihuwa. An dawo da mu wurin biki inda muke ganin Meenal, Binny, Abha (tsohon ma'aikacin) suna juyawa tare da jariri. Sushil yana isowa kuma an nuna yana fushi sosai. Ya saci wasu barasa ya fice daga jam'iyyar, ya bugu, ya fasa transformer, wanda ya kai ga yanke wutar lantarki a cikin jam'iyyar. Vinod Agarwal da matarsa sun sami wasu fitilun hasken wuta kuma sun gane jaririn ya ɓace. Suna neman sa, kuma Vinod ya je kicin don ganin mai dafa abinci yana sakin jini maimakon ruwa. Abha ya isa ofishin ‘yan sanda ya ce wa‘ yan sanda wani abu. Daga nan 'yan sandan suka binciki jakar Binny suka gano abin wasan jaririn a ciki. Lokacin da aka tambaye ta ko ta karba daga jaririn, Binny ta amsa cewa ta yi hakan ne saboda jaririn abin wasa ne kawai.
Geeli Pucchi Bharti Mandal ma'aikaci ne a wata masana'anta. Tana da ilimi sosai kuma tana da ƙwarewa kuma tana neman samun babban aikin mai sarrafa bayanai a cikin ma'aikata ɗaya. Mafarkinta ya lalace tare da isowar Priya Sharma, wacce aka baiwa mukamin ba saboda tana da ƙwarewar fasaha don aikin ba amma saboda tana da madaidaitan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Bharti tana da ɗaci kuma wani abokin aikinta ya gaya mata cewa ba ta sami aikin ba saboda ƙabilar ta.
Priya ta isa gidan cin abinci don cin abincin rana kuma tana ƙoƙarin fara tattaunawa da Bharti, wanda baya ramawa. Bharti ya samu sabani da abokin aikin sa namiji kuma ya ji rauni. Priya tana kula da raunukanta kuma tana gaya mata cewa tana tunatar da ita abokiyar ƙuruciyarta Kavita. Lokacin da aka tambaye ta cikakken sunanta, Bharti ta yi karya cewa ita Bharti Banerjee ce. Matan biyu za su fita tare washegari lokacin da Priya ta bayyana wa Bharti cewa ba ta san wasu dabarun fasaha da ake buƙata don aikin ba amma an ɗauke ta aiki kawai saboda ƙwarewar karatun dabino. Wannan yana cutar da Bharti sosai, kuma tana kuka yayin da Priya ta rungume ta. Sannu a hankali, suna fara haɓaka haɗin gwiwa. Priya ta bayyana wa Bharti cewa kawarta Kavita ba ta ƙara magana da ita kuma ta yi aure kuma ba ta son abin da zai yi da ita saboda tana jin daɗi. Wata rana, Priya ta ziyarci Bharti, kuma suna da ɗan lokaci. A bayyane Priya ta ɓaci kuma ta nemi gafara. Daga baya, Priya ta gayyaci Bharti zuwa wurin bikin ranar haihuwarta, inda take zaune tare da mijinta da surukanta. Priya tana jin motsin rai yayin bikin, kuma lokacin da Bharti da Priya su kaɗai, ta bayyana cewa ba ta jin ƙaunarta ga mijinta duk da cewa yana da ɗaki da kyau. Ta kuma gaya mata cewa mijinta yana son jariri, kuma ba ta jin daɗin hakan. Bharti ya gaya mata cewa ba aibi ba ce kuma hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce karɓar gaskiya. Daga nan sai ta bayyana wa Priya cewa ita Bharti Mandal ce kuma iyalinta na cikin ƙananan kabilun Dalit waɗanda matansu a al'adance suke sana'ar ungozoma. Wannan yana haifar da canjin halin Priya.
Sannan ana jefawa Priya wani bikin murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwa a ofis tare da manyan jami'anta. Ba a yarda da Bharti ba kuma ana kiran shi ne kawai don yiwa kowa hidima. Bharti ya yi kuka, kuma lokacin da Priya ta zo wurinta, ta gaya mata cewa hanya mafi kyau don magance rikicin cikin gida ita ce ta haifi jariri kuma ta zama uwa kamar Kavita. Daga nan ta ci gaba da taimaka wa Priya yin ciki yayin da take gudanar da aikin Priya. Priya mai juna biyu a yanzu tana tafiya hutun haihuwa, inda ta shawarci Bharti da ya karɓi nauyin ta. Bayan haihuwa, Bharti ya ziyarci Priya. Mijin Priya ya ambaci cewa za ta dawo bakin aiki nan ba da daɗewa ba, amma surukar Priya ta ƙi hakan. Ta tambayi Bharti ra'ayinta tunda ta fito daga gidan ungozoma. Bharti ya ba da shawarar hana komawa bakin aiki. Bharti ya tafi aiki kuma an gaya masa cewa Priya ta daina aiki kuma yanzu Bharti zai iya ɗaukar aikin gaba ɗaya.
Ankahi Natasha da Rohan iyaye ne ga Samaira, wacce ke gab da kurame. Duk da yake Natasha uwa ce mai ƙauna da taimako, Rohan uba ne mai nisa, ya nutse cikin aiki kuma ba ya son koyan yaren kurame don sadarwa da 'yarsa. Bayan sabani da Rohan, Natasha ta ziyarci gidan hoton inda ta sadu da Kabir, mai ɗaukar hoto. Suna haɗawa kuma suna fara ratayewa sau da yawa. Wata rana, Natasha ta ziyarci gidan Kabir, su biyun suna da ɗan lokaci. Natasha ta fashe, ganin cewa ba daidai bane, kuma ta fita don nemo sako daga Rohan yana cewa ya nutse cikin aiki kuma zai bar Samaira wurin mahaifiyarsa. Wannan yana sa Natasha komawa Kabir, kuma suna yin soyayya. Washe gari, Kabir yana son bayyana soyayyar da yake mata amma yana jin tsoro. Natasha tayi ado kuma ta bar gidan ta. Kabir na biye da ita a baya, cikin karfin hali ya bayyana mata yadda yake ji. Natasha ta isa gida kuma ta yi farin cikin ganin cewa Rohan yana magana da Samaira, kuma dukkansu suna haɗewa, suna yin barkwanci, suna dariya. Ta yi farin cikin wannan canjin kuma ta juya ta rufe ƙofar kawai don ganin Kabir cikin hawaye. Ba ta san abin da za ta yi ba ta rufe kofa tana ba da hakuri tana kuka. Samaira, wacce ta shaida duk wannan, ta tambayi mahaifiyarta ko Kabir yana son ta.
Jefa
Majnu Fatima Sana Shaikh as Lipakshi Jaideep Ahlawat as Babloo
Abhay Joshi as Mishra
Armaan Ralhan as Raj
Tawhid Rike Zaman as Farhan
Arvind Pandey a matsayin Gopal
Khilauna Nushrat Bharucha azaman Meenal
Abhishek Banerjee a matsayin Sushil
Inayat Verma a matsayin Binny
Maneesh Verma a matsayin Vinod Agarwal
Sreedhar Dubey a matsayin Sufeto ɗan sanda Jairam Srivastav
Geeli Pucchi Konkona Sen Sharma a matsayin Bharti Mandal
Aditi Rao Hydari a matsayin Priya Sharma
Gyan Prakash a matsayin shugaban Bharti
Bachan Pachehra as Dashrat
Sreedhar Dubey a matsayin Shiv Sharma, mijin Priya
Ankahi Shefali Shah as Natasha
Manav Kaul a matsayin Kabir
Tota Roy Chowdhury a matsayin Rohan
Sara Arjun as Samaira
Saki An saki fim ɗin akan Netflix ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2021.
Karɓar baki On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews only as positive or negative, 100% of 12 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.30/10.
Anupama Chopra na Abokin Fim ya rubuta, "Kamar gajeriyar Zoya Akhtar a cikin Lust Stories ko Dibakar Banerjee a cikin Labarun fatalwa ko Avinash Arun a cikin Marasa Lafiya. A cikin Ajeeb Daastaans, wannan fim ɗin shine Geeli Pucchi na Neeraj Ghaywan. Kodayake gajeriyar ba ta yi daidai da ƙyalli na waɗancan na farkon ba, shine babban mai nasara a cikin wannan tarin fina-finai huɗu. Avinash Lohana na Pinkvilla ya rubuta a cikin bita cewa fim ɗin "hawan motsin rai ne amma ba tare da ɓarna ba". Ya sake nazarin Geeli Pucchi a matsayin mafi kyawun duka kuma ya yaba da ayyukan Konkana Sen Sharma da Aditi Rao Hydari. Rohan Nahar na Hindustan Times ya rubuta cewa fim ɗin bai dace ba kuma ba daidai ba ne. Ya kira sashin Neeraj Ghaywan mai ceto kuma ya yaba da fim ɗin Kayoz Irani saboda ƙwaƙƙwaran rawar da Shefali Shah da Manav Kaul suka yi.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin |
40179 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic%20Poetry | Epic Poetry | Waƙar almara, ko kuma kawai almara, waƙa ce mai tsawo ta ba da labari game da ayyuka na ban mamaki na mutane masu ban mamaki waɗanda, a cikin mu'amala da alloli ko wasu sojojin da suka fi ƙarfin ɗan adam, sun ba da siffar duniya mai mutuwa ga zuriyarsu.
Etymology Kalmar epic ta Ingilishi ta fito ne daga Latin epicus, wanda kanta ya fito daga tsohuwar sifa ta Girka (epikos), daga (epos), "kalmomi, labari, waka." A ancient ta Hellenanci, 'epic' na iya nufin duk waƙar dactylic hexameter (epea), wanda ya haɗa ba kawai Homer ba har ma da waƙar hikima na Hesiod, maganganun Delphic, da kuma ayoyin tauhidi masu ban mamaki da aka danganta ga Orpheus. Al'adar baya, duk da haka, ta taƙaita kalmar 'epic' zuwa almara na jaruntaka, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.
Overview An samo asali kafin ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce, firamare na farko, irin su na Homer, sun haɗa da bard waɗanda suka yi amfani da ma'auni mai mahimmanci da ma'auni wanda za su iya haddace almara kamar yadda aka karɓa a cikin al'ada kuma su kara da almara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Daga baya marubuta kamar Virgil, Apollonius na Rhodes, Dante, Camões, da Milton sun karɓa kuma sun daidaita salon Homer da batun batun, amma sun yi amfani da na'urorin da ke samuwa kawai ga waɗanda suka rubuta.
Mafi tsufa almara da aka gane shine Almara na Gilgamesh wanda aka rubuta a zamanin Sumer lokacin daular Neo-Sumerian. Waƙar ta ba da cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da Gilgamesh, sarkin Uruk ya yi. Ko da yake an san shi a matsayin ɗan tarihi, Gilgamesh, kamar yadda aka wakilta a cikin almara, babban almara ne ko tatsuniya. Mafi tsayin almara da aka rubuta shi ne tsohuwar Indiya Mahabharata (c. karni na 3 BC–karni na 3 AD), wanda ya ƙunshi ślokas 100,000 ko sama da layin aya 200,000 (kowane shloka ma'aurata ne), da kuma dogon nassosi na rubutu, don haka. Cewa a 1.8 kalmomi kusan ninki biyu na tsawon Shahnameh, ninki huɗu na tsawon Ramayaṇa, kuma kusan ninki goma na Iliad da Odyssey a hade. Shahararrun misalan wakokin almara sun haɗa da Epic na Sumerian na Gilgamesh, tsohuwar Indiya Mahabharata da Rāmāyaṇa a Sanskrit da Silappatikaram da Manimekalai a Tamil, Shahnameh na Farisa, Odyssey na tsohuwar Girka da Iliad, Virgil 's Aeneid, Tsohon Turanci Betewu. s Divine Comedy, the Finnish Kalevala, the Estoniya Kalevipoeg, the German Nibelungenlied, the French Song of Roland, the Spanish Cantar de mio Cid, the Portuguese Os Lusíadas, the Armenian Daredevils of Sassoun, John Milton 's Paradise Lost, da Malian Sundiata. Wakokin almara na wannan zamani sun haɗa da Derek Walcott 's Omeros, Mircea Cărtărescu 's <i id="mwkA">The Levant</i> da Adam Mickiewicz 's Pan Tadeusz. Paterson na William Carlos Williams, wanda aka buga a cikin littattafai biyar daga 1946 zuwa 1958, an yi wahayi zuwa wani ɓangare na wani almara na zamani, The Cantos by Ezra Pound.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19912 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar%20Jirgin%20Kasa%20Mai%20Saurin%20Tafiya%20ta%20Haramain | Hanyar Jirgin Kasa Mai Saurin Tafiya ta Haramain | Hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin tafiya ta Haramain (Haramain tana nufin Makka da biranen tsarkakakken Addinin Musulunci wanda kuma aka fi sani da layin dogo na Yammacin Turai ko kuma layin dogo mai saurin zuwa Makka-Madina, yana da layin dogo mai saurin tafiya a Saudi Arabia Yana haɗar da tsarkakakkun garuruwan Musulmai na Madina da Makka ta hanyar Sarki Abdullah King City, yana amfani da na babban layi da haɗin reshe zuwa Filin jirgin saman Kingla Abdulaziz na Kasa da Kasa (KAIA), a Jeddah An tsara layin don saurin Gina kan aikin ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, an buɗe shi a hukumance a 25 Satumba 2018, kuma an buɗe shi ga jama'a a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018. Ana sa ran hanyar jirgin zata dauki fasinjoji miliyan 60 a shekara, gami da kimanin mahajjata miliyan 3 da rabi na aikin hajji da Umrah, wanda zai taimaka wajen rage cunkoson ababen hawa a kan hanyoyin. Bai haɗu da Jirgin Makka ba A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2021 aka fara tafiya ta farko zuwa Madina kuma ayyukan da ke tsakanin Makka da Madina za su ci gaba bayan an dage su daga ranar 20 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2020 saboda annobar COVID-19.
Tarihi
Lokaci Na
Kunshin 1 Riyal biliyan 6.79 (dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8) ne aka tsara da kuma kwangilar gine-gine don Kashi Na 1 Ayyukan Jama'a don aikin an bayar da shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 ga Al Rajhi Alliance, wanda ya hada da China Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC), Al Arrab Contracting Kamfanin Ltd, Kamfanin Al Suwailem da kamfanin gine-ginen Faransa na Bouygues Yana yin aiki tare da mai ba da shawara na Kamfanin Ingantaccen Masarautar Saudiyya Khatib da Alami Wilsonungiyar Scott Wilson za ta ba da tallafin gudanar da aikin. In February 2011 the station construction contracts were awarded to Joint Venture between Saudi Oger Ltd El Seif Engineering for (KAEC (Rabigh) Jeddah Stations), Saudi Bin laden (Mecca Station) and a Turkish Company "Yapi Merkezi" for Medina Station.
Kunshin 2 Kashi Na 1 Na 1 ya rufe gina tashoshi huɗu daga cikin tashoshi biyar. A Afrilu 2009, 38 miliyoyin kwangilar zane na tashoshin tashoshin a Makka, Madina, Jeddah da KAIA an bayar da su ga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Foster Abokan Hulɗa da Buro Happold. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011 an bayar da kwangilar gina tashar ga Kamfanin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Saudi Oger Ltd El Seif Engineering na (KAEC (Rabigh) Jeddah Stations), Saudi Bin laden (tashar Mecca) da wani Kamfanin Turkiyya "Yapi Merkezi" na tashar Madina.
Lokaci na II Lokaci na 2 na aikin ya haɗa da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba a haɗa su a cikin Phase-1 ba: waƙa, sigina, sadarwa, wutar lantarki, wutan lantarki, da sauransu. Hakanan ya hada da sayan kayan jujjuya da ayyuka da kuma kulawa na tsawon shekaru 12 bayan kammalawa. Kngiyoyin da aka ƙayyade don HHR Phase 2 sun haɗa da Saudi Binladin Group, Badr Consortium, China South Locomotive Rolling Stock, Al-Shoula Group da Al-Rajhi Alliance. A ranar 26 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2011, a Kungiyar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Saudi Arabiya ta sanar da cewa hadaddiyar kungiyar Saudiyya da Sipaniya Al-Shoula Group, wacce ta hada da Talgo, Renfe, Adif, Copasa, Imathia, Consultrans, Ineco, Cobra, Indra, Dimetronic, Inabensa, OHL, AL- Shoula da Al-Rosan, an zaba don kwantiragin. Talgo zai samar da jiragen kasa 35 na Talgo 350 kwatankwacin jerin 102/112 da aka yi amfani da su a layukan masu saurin gudu na Sifen don biliyan 1,257 (1,600 tare da kulawa) kuma zaɓi don ƙarin 23 don miliyan 800. Sun bambanta daga jerin 112 tare da motoci guda 13 zuwa kujeru gida 417 Renfe da Adif za su yi aiki da jiragen kuma za su gudanar da layin tsawon shekaru 12. An tsara shirin ne a farkon a buɗe a cikin shekara ta 2012, yana ɗaukar shekaru shida don kammalawa fiye da yadda aka zata. Jimlar darajar kwangila ita ce biliyan 6,736 (kusan dalar Amurka 9.4 biliyan).
Wuta A ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2019, kasa da shekara guda bayan buɗe layin, wata babbar wuta ta tashi a tashar Jeddah. Bangon rufin, wanda aka yi da filastik da aka ƙarfafa fiber, ya kama wuta saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba. 'Yan kwana-kwana sun bukaci awanni 12 don shawo kan wutar. Mutane da yawa sun ji rauni sakamakon gobarar, wacce ta lalata tashar Jeddah baki daya. Don ba da damar hidimar jirgin ƙasa tsakanin Makka da Madina don ci gaba, an gina hanyar kilomita 1,5 kewaye da tashar tashar.
Zane Layin waƙa sau biyu lantarki ne kuma saurin ƙirar shi ne Jiragen kasa suna aiki a da kuma tafiyar tsakanin Jeddah da Makkah yana ɗaukar mintuna 43, yayin da tsakanin Makka da Madina yana ɗaukar awanni 2. An tsara waƙa, kayan juji da tashoshi don ɗaukar yanayin zafi wanda ya fara daga zuwa Ana sa ran cewa tsarin zai yi jigilar fasinjoji miliyan 60 a shekara a kan jiragen kasa guda 35, tare da damar zama na 417 a kowace jirgin kasa.
Injiniya Kungiyar Railways ta Saudi Arabia ta ba da umarnin Dar Al-handasah don shirya ƙirar ƙira da takaddun takaddama na aikin Haramain High Speed Rail (HHSR). Hakanan an sanya Dar Al-handasah zuwa kulawar gini da gudanar da ayyukan HHSR. Ayyukan Dar Al-handasah a kan HHSR sun haɗa da rami ɗaya da-murfi, da gadoji na dogo guda 46, da gadoji guda 9, da gadar ƙasa guda 5, da ƙananan motoci guda 53, da ƙananan motoci 30, da ƙetare raƙuma 12, da tashoshi 5, da kuma ɗoki uku don ba da damar layin dogo don biyan bukatun masu amfani da shi.
Jiragen kasa An ba da odar jiragen kasa guda 36 na Spanish Talgo 350 SRO, ɗayan waɗannan ana tsammanin zai haɗa da mai horar da Dual (matasan) har zuwa VIP 20 ko 30; za su gudu a 300 km h. An yi motsawar da bogi a masana'antar Bombardier a Spain The propulsion and bogies were made at Bombardier factories in Spain.
Gidaje Akwai tashoshi biyar akan layi sune kamar haka:
Tashar Madina (Titin Sarki Abdulaziz-Gabas)
Tashar Tattalin Arziki ta Sarki Abdullah a Rabigh
Filin jirgin saman Kasa da Kasa na Sarki Abdulaziz an buɗe 11 Disamba 2019 Tashar Jeddah (Naseem) Ba ta aiki
Tashar Makka (Rusaiyfah) Babban Filin Makkah yana kusa da Hanyar Zoben ta Uku, a Gundumar Rusaiyfah kusa da wurin shakatawa na Rusaiyfah kuma ya hau zuwa Babban Masallacin Tashar Jeddah ta Tsakiya tana kan titin Haramain, a Gundumar Al-Naseem. Hanyar daidaita layin dogo tana kan tsakiyar hanyar Haramain. Madina tana da tashar fasinja. Tashar da aka haɗa ta layin reshe, an gina ta a cikin sabon Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Abdulaziz A cewar Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Saudiyyar tashoshin suna "kyawawa" gine-gine masu kayatarwa wadanda ke da la akari da al'adun gine-ginen Islama. Za su sami shaguna, gidajen abinci, masallatai, filin ajiye motoci, helipad da VIP wuraren zama. Buro Happold da Foster Partners ne suka tsara tashoshi.
Duba kuma Kungiyar Railways ta Saudi Arabia (SRO)
Kamfanin Railway na Saudi (SAR)
Sufuri a Saudi Arabia
Railway Hejaz
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar Yanar Gizo
Railungiyar Jirgin Ruwa ta Saudiyya
Haramain Saudi-Spanish Alliance Haramain Babban Jirgin Ruwa Mai Tsayi bidiyo
Makarantar Babban Filin Makkah bidiyo
Tashar jirgijin kasa
Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Saudi Arebiyya
Pages with unreviewed |
19766 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia%20Murad | Nadia Murad | Nadia Murad Basee Taha (Larabci An haife ta a shekarar 1993) mutuniyar Iraqi mabiyan Yazidi mai rajin kare hakkin Yan Adam, wanda take zaune a Jamus A shekarar 2014, an sace ta daga garinsu na Kocho Iraƙi, kuma ƙungiyar IS ta riƙe ta tsawon watanni uku. Murad itace wadda ta ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar na Nadia, ƙungiyar da ta himmatu wajen "taimakawa mata da yara ƙanana waɗanda aka yiwa kisan ƙare dangi, cin zarafin jama'a, da fataucin mutane domin samar masu da waraka da sake gina rayuwarsu da al'ummominsu". A shekarar 2018, ita da Denis Mukwege an ba su kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya saboda "ƙoƙarin da suka yi na kawo ƙarshen amfani da lalata da juna a matsayin makamin yaƙi da rikici Ita ce 'yar Iraƙi ta farko mabiyar addinin Yazidi da aka bawa kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel. A halin yanzu, ita mai bayar da shawara ce kan Manufofin Cigaba Mai Dorewa na Majalissar dinkin duniya wanda Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nada.
Farkon rayuwa da kamawar Kungiyar ISIS An haifi Murad a ƙauyen Kocho da ke gundumar Sinjar, Iraki Iyayenta, na yan kabilar Yazidi, manoma ne. a da shekara 19, Murad dalibi ne da ke zaune a ƙauyen Kocho a Sinjar, arewacin Iraki lokacin da mayaƙan Daular Islama suka kewaye garin Yazidi da ke ƙauyen, inda suka kashe mutane 600 ciki har da 'yan uwan Nadia shida da' yan'uwan miji da ɗaukar ƙaramin mata da 'yan mata cikin bautar. A waccan shekarar, Murad na ɗaya daga cikin mata da 'yan matan Yazidi sama da 6,700 wadandada Stateungiyar Islama a Iraki ta kama a fursuna. An kama ta a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014. An rike ta a matsayin bayi a garin Mosul, inda aka buge ta, aka kona ta da sigari, sannan aka yi mata fyade akai-akai. Ta samu nasarar tserewa bayan wanda ya kama ta ya bar gidan a kulle. Iyalan da ke makwabtaka da ita ne suka dauki Murad din, wadanda suka iya fitar da ita daga yankin daular Islama da ke karkashinta, wanda ya ba ta damar zuwa sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Duhok, Yankin Kurdistan Ta kasance daga cikin ISISsis a farkon Satumba ko a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2014. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2015, ta ba da shaidar ta ta farko ga manema labarai na jaridar Landan ta yau da kullun La Libre Belgique yayin da ta ke zaune a sansanin Rwanga, da ke zaune a cikin wani kwantena da aka sauya. A shekarar 2015, tana daya daga cikin mata da yara kanana dubu daya da suka ci gajiyar shirin 'yan gudun hijira na Gwamnatin Baden-Württemberg, Jamus, wanda ya zama sabon gidanta.
Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya A ranar 16 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2015, Murad ya yi magana da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da fataucin mutane da rikice-rikice. Wannan shine karo na farko da aka taba yiwa Majalisar bayani kan safarar mutane. A matsayinta na wani matsayinta na jakadiya, Murad zata shiga cikin shawarwari na duniya da na gida don ba da sanarwa game da fataucin mutane da 'yan gudun hijira. Murad ya isa ga 'yan gudun hijirar da al'ummomin da suka tsira, yana sauraron shaidu na waɗanda ke fataucin mutane da kisan kare dangi A watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, Lauya Amal Clooney ta yi magana a gaban Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka (UNODC) don tattauna shawarar da ta yanke a watan Yunin shekarar 2016 don wakiltar Murad a matsayin abokin harka a shari’a kan kwamandojin ISIL. Clooney ya bayyana kisan kare dangi, fyade, da fataucin da ISIL ta yi a matsayin "aikin hukuma na sharri a kan sikeli na masana'antu", yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin kasuwar bayi da ke kan layi, a Facebook da kuma a Mideast da ke aiki har yanzu. Murad ta sami mummunar barazana ga amincinta sakamakon aikinta. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2016, Murad ya ba da sanarwar Injiniyar Nadia a taron da Tina Brown ta shirya a Birnin New York. Shirin yana da niyyar bayar da shawarwari da taimako ga wadanda aka yi wa kisan kare dangi. A waccan watan ne, aka sanya mata sunan Ambasada ta farko mai martaba don mutuncin wadanda suka tsira daga fataucin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNODC A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Murad ya sadu da Paparoma Francis da Akbishop Gallagher a cikin Vatican City A yayin ganawar, ta "nemi taimako ga Yazidis wadanda har yanzu ke hannun ISIS, ta amince da goyon bayan Vatican ga tsiraru, tattauna batun ikon mallakar yankuna marasa rinjaye a Iraki, ta nuna halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma kalubalen da tsirarun addinai ke fuskanta a Iraki da Syria musamman wadanda abin ya shafa da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu da kuma bakin haure Tarihin Murad, Yarinyar Lastarshe: Labarina na ofaure, da Yaki Na da Stateasar Islama ƙungiyar Crown Publishing Group ce ta buga shi a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, wanda wani littafin tarihin rayuwa ne wanda ta bayyana kamawa da bautar da Daular Islama. A cikin shekarar 2018, darekta Alexandria Bombach ta samar da wani fim mai suna A kan Kafadunta wanda ke dauke da tarihin rayuwar Murad da gwagwarmaya. A cikin shekarar 2019, Murad ta gabatar da a karo na biyu na Minista na shekara-shekara don ci gaban 'Yancin Addini inda ta yi magana game da labarinta da kuma kalubalen da ke gaban Yazidis da ke fuskanta kusan shekaru biyar bayan hare-haren 3 ga watan Agustan na shekarar 2014 kuma ta gabatar da "tsari mai matakai biyar" don magance kalubalen da suke fuskanta a Iraki. Murad ya kasance cikin tawagar waɗanda suka tsira daga zalunci na addini daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda aka ba da labarinsu a taron. A matsayin daya daga cikin wakilan, a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin na shekarar 2019, Murad ya sadu da Shugaba Donald Trump a Ofishin Oval wanda ta ba ta labarin ta na sirri na rashin dangin ta, ciki har da mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta shida, kuma ta roƙe shi ya yi wani abu.
Rayuwar mutum A watan Agusta na shekarar 2018, Murad ya shiga tsakani da takwaransa Yazidi mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam Abid Shamdeen. Sun riga sun yi aure.
Kyauta da girmamawa 2016: Da farko lumanar jakadan ga Mutuncin na tsira daga fataucin Human na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2016: Majalisar Tarayyar Turai Václav Havel Award for Human Rights 2016: Kyautar Glamour don Matan da suka Tsaya wa ISISsis
2016: Sakharov Kyauta don 'Yancin Tunani (tare da Lamiya Haji Bashar 2018: Nobel Peace Prize (tare da Denis Mukwege 2019: Bambi Award 2019: Kyautar Filayen Zinare na Kwalejin Nasarorin Amurka
Bibiyar Tarihi Nadia Murad: Yarinya Ta :arshe: Labarina na tivityaure, da Yaki Na da Islamicasar Islama (Virago eBook, 7 Nuwamba 2017), (Turanci)
Nadia Murad: Ich bin eure Stimme: Das Mädchen, das dem Islamischen Staat entkam und gegen Gewalt und Versklavung kämpft (Knaur eBook, 31 Oktoba 2017), (Jamusanci)
Finafinai Akan Kafadunta
Shafuka, wanda kamfanin Garai Gold Production ke samarwa a Maroko
Kisan kare dangin Yazidis daga ISIL
Jerin sace-sacen mutane
Jerin maganganun mutum da aka rasa
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
39239 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harin%20cocin%20Owo | Harin cocin Owo | A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2022, wani harin bam da aka kai a cocin Katolika da ke garin Owo a jihar Ondo a Najeriya. Akalla mutane 40 ne aka kashe,bayan faruwar harin anyi ƙiyasin kusan sun kai 80 waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu. Wasu daga cikin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya na zargin ƙungiyar IS da ke yammacin Afirka da aikata kisan kiyashi.
Bayan fage
Jihar Ondo jiha ce mai zaman lafiya a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Yawancin sassann ƙasar nan suna fama da rikice-rikice marasa ƙarfi, ciki har da tada kayar bayan Boko Haramm mafi yawa a arewa maso gabas, da kuma rikici da 'yan fashi a arewa maso yamma, dukansu sun cigaba fiye da shekaru goma. A shekarar 2021 ne aka fara wani tashin hankali na daban a yankin kudu maso gabas ƙarƙashinn jagorancin masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. An samu ƙaruwar tashe-tashen hankula aa tsakanin manoma da makiyaya a Ondo kafin kisan kiyashin, kuma a kwanakin baya gwamnatin jihar ta sanya dokar hana kiwo.
Harin
An kai harin ne a cocinn St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church da ke karamar hukumar Owo kuma an fara kai harin ne da misalinn karfe 11:30 na safe (GMT+1) a daidai lokacin da masu ibada a cikin cocin ke halartar Masallatai da bukukuwan Fentikos. Wasu gungunn ‘yan bindiga ne suka shiga cocin a cikin kamannin ’yan taro, ɗauke da jakunkuna daa ke ɗauke da bindigogi. Wasu gungun ƴan bindigar sun tsayaa a wajen cocin. An tayar da wasu bama-bamai a wajen cocin inda ƙungiyoyin biyu suka fara harbe-harbe kann masu ibada. Waɗanda ke wajen cocin suna ta harbi kai tsaye a cikin cocin yayin da saurann gungun yan bindigar na cikin cocin suma sukai ta harbi daga ciki, inda suka harbe wani yaro da ke sayar da alewa a kofar shiga da masu ibadar da ke ƙoƙarin isa kofofi biyu na cocin dake buɗe. An kulle babbar hanyar shiga kuma 'yan bindigar da ke ciki suna harbin duk wanda ya motsa. Hotunan bidiyo naa cikin cocin sun nuna gawarwakin wadanda abin ya shafa kwance cikin jini male-male a ƙasa. Bayan harin 'yan bindigar sun gudu cikin motaa kirar Nissan Sunny da suka sata.
Wani limamin cocin da ya tsallakee rijiya da baya ya ce an kai harin ne a lokacin da cocin ke shirin rufe hidimar. Har na nemi mutane su fara tafiya, a haka ne muka fara jin karar harbe-harbe ta ɓangarori daban-daban. Mun ɓoye a cikin cocin amma wasu mutane sun fita lokacin da harin ya faru. Mun kulle kanmu a cikin coci na minti 20. Da muka ji sun tafi, sai muka buɗe coci muka garzaya da waɗanda abin ya shafa asibiti.” Fr Andrew Adeniyi Abayomi ya ce ya yi ƙoƙarin karee Ikklesiya, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin sashe na ibada. Na kasa tserewa kamar yadda yara ke kewaye da ni, wasu manya kuma suka manne da ni, wasu ma a ciki na. Na yi musu garkuwa kamar yadda kaza ke kare kajin ta. “Wani limamin cocin da ya bar ginin na ɗan lokaci kafin harin ya ce yana komawa cocin ne wasu da suka tsere a waje suka tare shi suka shaida abinda ke faruwa.
Wani ganau ya ce ya ga ‘yan bindiga biyar da suka kai harin. An kashe ‘yan sanda biyu.
Abubuwan da suka faru
Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Kasa (Nigeria) NEMA ta ce a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni a kalla gawarwakin mutane 22 daga harin na cikin ɗakin ajiye gawa na asibitin yankin, ciki har da yara biyu kuma akalla 58 sun samu raunuka. Yawancin gawarwakin da aka ɗauke a cocin ‘yan uwansu ne suka kai su domin a binne, lamarin da ke nuna adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya ƙaru. A ranar 9 ga Yuni gwamnati ta sake duba adadin waɗanda suka mutu zuwa akallaa 40, tana mai cewa waɗanda suka tsira da rayukansu 61 har yanzu suna asibiti. Wani wanda aka jikkata ya mutu sakamakon raunin da ya samu daga baya. An tabbatar da kashe akalla yara biyar. Shaidu da hukumomin yada labarai sun bayyana adadin mutanen da aka kashe sama da 50. Wani ɗan siyasar yankin Adelegbe Timileyin ya ce an samu asarar rayuka sama da 50 da suka haɗa da kananan yara, yayin da wasu majiyoyi suka kiyasta adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya fi yawa. Wani likita ya ce an gano akalla gawarwaki 50. Timileyin ya kuma ce an yi garkuwa da limamin cocin, abin da ƙungiyar Roman Katolika ta Ondo ta musanta. Mai martaba Diocese ya fayyace cewa limamin cocin da sauran limaman cocin suna cikin koshin lafiya. Shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dokokin jihar Ondo Oluwole Ogunmolasuyi ya ziyarci wurin da aka kai harin inda ya kirga a kalla mutane 20, inda ya yi kiyasin adadin waɗanda suka mutu sun kai 70 zuwa 100. Likitoci sunn shaidawa manema labarai cewa harin ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama kuma asibitocin yankin sun cika makil da waɗanda abin ya shafa. kafar yaɗa labarai ta ABC News ta ambato wata majiya da ba a bayyana sunanta ba wacce ta ruwaito cewa akwai gawarwakin mutane 82 da aka ajiye a ɗakin ajiyar gawa a cikin gida yayin da wata majiya ta yi karin bayani kan ƙididdigar leken asirin Amurka na baya-bayan nan da aka yi kiyasin mutuwar sama da 80.
Bayan haka
Gwamnan jihar Ondo, Rotimi Akeredolu, ya soke tafiyarsa a Abuja inda ya ziyarci inda aka kai harin; ya bayyana harin da "mummunan abu", da kuma "baƙar Lahadi a Owo". Akeredolu ya sha alwashin "ba da duk abinda ake buƙata don farautar waɗannan maharan". Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya yi Allah-wadai da kisan kiyashin da aka yi yana mai cewa "mummunan hari ne kan masu ibada". Paparoma Francis ya yi addu'a ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da "suka ji raɗaɗi a lokacin bikin". Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra mai fafutukar ganin an dawo da 'yan awaren ƙabilar Igbo na ƙasar Biafra, ta kira harin a matsayin matakin da ba za a amince da shi ba, kuma harin ta'addanci ne na Musulunci, inda ta ce ya kamata kiristoci su daina dogaro da gwamnatin Najeriya wajen tabbatar da tsaron rayuwa. da kaddarorin su. Mulkin da ake da shi a yanzu yana da maslaha guda ɗaya kawai, ita ce maslahar Fulani.” Kungiyar IPOB ta ce ya kamata ƙungiyoyin ‘yan awaren Biafra su kare majami’u a Kudancin Najeriya.
Kisan gillar ya sa matukar kaɗuwa daga zukatan al'ummar Najeriya. An soki martanin da shugaba Buhari da jam'iyyar sa ta All Progressives Congress suka mayar da cewa bai isa ba, kuma Buhari ya haifar da cece-kuce bayan da aka kama shi yana karbar bakuncin wasu 'yan jam'iyyar APC sa'o'i bayan harin. Hukumar ta Amotekun ta sanar da tura dakarun ta domin kare majami'u da masallatai a jihar a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni. Dattawan yankin da suka haɗa da Sarkin Owo Ajibade Gbadegesin Ogunoye III, sun yi yunƙurin kwantar da hankulan mazauna yankin bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi domin hana kai hare-haren ramuwar gayya.
Harin dai ya ɗauki hankula a duk fadin duniya, inda ƙungiyar agajin Katolika ta Aid to the Church in Need ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da cewa: ACN ta yi Allah wadai da wannan tashin hankalin, da wani harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Najeriya, daya daga cikin jerin laifuffukan da suka shafi Kiristoci. Kasar gaba daya ta yi fama da tashe-tashen hankula, ‘yan fashi da garkuwa da mutane, waɗanda duk da cewa sun shafi dukkanin ƙabilu da addinai na kasar, sun kai ga jerin manyan hare-hare kan al’ummar Kirista a cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata ACN tana kira ga ɗaukacin shugabannin siyasa da na addini a duniya da su yi kakkausan lafazi da yin Allah wadai da wannan ta’addancin da aka kai a cocin St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, Owo, Jihar Ondo, a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, a lokacin bukukuwan ranar Lahadi na Fentikos.”
Hukumomin Najeriya ne suka shirya jana’izar waɗanda aka kashe a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni. Yayin da ake gudanar da jana’izar, Akeredolu ya yi alkawarin inganta harkokin tsaro a jihar, ya kuma yarda cewa shi ne ya ɗauki nauyin gazawa wajen samar da tsaro. Bishop Jude Arogundade na cocin Roman Katolika na Ondo ya soki gwamnatin Buhari da alkawurran banza game da tabbatar da tsaro da kuma hana ta'addanci, yana gaya wa masu halartar jana'izar cewa suna buƙatar "kwato kasar nan daga masu lalata ta." Bishop Emmanuel Badejo, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin limaman cocin da suka gudanar da jana’izar, ya bukaci gwamnati da ta “tashi, ta tashi tsaye, ta ɗauki matakin tabbatar da kare rayuka da dukiyoyi jama'a a faɗin Najeriya”.
Alhakin kai harin
Har yanzu dai babu wata kungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin, yayin da da yawa daga cikin 'yan ƙabilar Owo daga kabilar Yarbawa ke zargin 'yan kungiyar makiyayan Hausawa da Fulani da hada baki. Ƴan sanda sun gano wasu bama-bamai guda uku da ba su tashi ba a wurin da lamarin ya faru, da kuma harsasan bindiga ƙirar AK-47 da dama.
Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta ce ƙungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta IS-West Africa Province (ISWAP) ce ta kai harin na ranar 9 ga watan Yuni. Ministan harkokin cikin gida, Rauf Aregbesola, ya ce ‘yan sanda suna bin waɗanda suka aikata laifin. Akeredolu ya ce zargin da gwamnati ke yi ya yi gaggawar wuce gona da iri tunda ISWAP na ɗaukar alhakin kai hare-haren ta.
Rundunar Amotekun a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni ta sanar da cewa ta kama wasu daga cikin waɗanda ake zargin tare da kama wasu makamai da motoci na shaida. A watan Agustan shekarar 2022, rundunar sojin Najeriya ta sanar da kama wasu mutane su shida da ake zargi, sannan ta ƙara da cewa ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar ISWAP da ke shirin kai wasu hare-hare. Akeredolu ya kuma sanar da kama mutumin da ake zargi da samar da gidaje ga waɗanda ake zargin kafin a kai harin.
Duba kuma
Jerin kisan kiyashi a Najeriya
Rikicin addini a Najeriya
Rikicin Boko Haram
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 2022 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Hari bam
Tarihin Jihar |
50010 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire%20%28kudi%29 | Zaire (kudi) | Zaire Faransanci zaïre, lambar ZRZ, ZRN ita ce rukunin kuɗin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo sannan na Jamhuriyar Zaire daga 1967 har zuwa 1997. Sai dai guda shida daga cikin jerin takardun banki 79 da aka fitar suna ɗauke da hoton Mobutu Sese Seko daban-daban kudade sun wanzu: The zaire (1967-1993, ZRZ da nouveau zaïre (1993-1998, ZRN Tarihi
Zaire (1967-1993) Zaire alama: "Z", ko kuma wani lokacin "Ƶ", an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1967, wanda ya maye gurbin Franc na Kongo a farashin canji na 1 zaire 1000 francs. An raba Zaire zuwa makuta 100 (mai yawa: likuta, alama: "K"), kowanne daga cikin sengi 100 (alama: "s"). Duk da haka, sengi yana da daraja sosai kuma kawai tsabar kudin sengi guda 10 da aka fitar a 1967. Ba kamar kowane kuɗi ba, al'ada ce ta gama gari don rubuta adadin kuɗi tare da sifili uku bayan wurin goma, koda bayan hauhawar farashin kaya ya rage darajar kuɗin sosai. A karshe hauhawar farashin kaya ya sa aka fitar da takardun kudi har 5,000,000 na zaire, bayan da aka gabatar da sabon zaire Tarihi An gabatar da Zaire a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1967, akan kudi zaire ɗaya 1000 Kongo francs 100 Belgium francs Wannan yana ba da fayyace farashin musaya na dalar Amurka 2 kowace zaire.
Tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1976, Zaire ya kasance yana daidaita da dalar Amurka tare da canjin Z0.50 zuwa dalar Amurka 1.
12 Maris 1976 zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1978: Zaire ta yi daidai da haƙƙin zane na musamman 1 Nuwamba 1978: Zaire ya rage darajar zuwa 0.95 SDRs (-5%).
6 Nuwamba 1978: Rage darajar zuwa 0.81 SDRs (-14.7%).
27 Nuwamba 1978: Rage darajar zuwa 0.7614 SDRs (-6%).
1 Janairu 1979: Rage darajar zuwa 0.5 SDRs (-34.3%).
24 ga Agusta 1979: Rage darajar zuwa 0.375 SDRs (-25%). An yi wani kwace a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1979.
22 ga Fabrairu 1980: Rage darajar zuwa 0.2625 SDRs (-30%).
19 ga Yuni 1981: Rage darajar zuwa 0.1575 SDRs (-40%).
A ranar 9 ga Satumbar 1983, an rage darajar zaire zuwa kusan zaires 28 a kowane SDR (Z1 0.035425 SDRs). Bayan haka, kudin ya sha ruwa. Kudin ya ci gaba da rasa ƙima, tare da farashin musaya na dalar Amurka ɗaya da aka nuna a ƙasa a wasu lokuta: 1985: 50 zaires
1986: 60 zaires
1987: 112 shekaru
1988: 187 shekaru
1989: 381 shekaru
1990: 719 shekaru
1991: 15,300 zaires
Farkon 1992: 114,291 zaires
Disamba 1992: 1,990,000 zaires
Maris 1993: 2,529,000 zaires
Oktoba 1993: 8,000,000 zaires (3 sabon zaires)
Disamba 1993: 110,000,000 zaires (37 sabon zaires)
Tsabar kudi A cikin 1967, Bankin Kongo ya ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyin sengi 10, 1 likuta da makuta 5, tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu na aluminum kuma mafi girma a cikin cupro-nickel. A shekarar 1973, an fara fitar da sulallai na farko da Bankin Zaire ya fitar, wato cupro-nickel 5, 10 and 20 makuta. A cikin 1987, an ƙaddamar da sabon tsabar kudin, wanda ya ƙunshi tagulla 1, 5 da kuma zaires 10 a cikin 1988.
Bayanan banki A cikin 1967, Babban Bankin Kongo ya gabatar da bayanin kula don 10, 20 da 50 makuta, 1 da 5 zaires (wanda kuma aka nuna a matsayin 100 da 500 makuta). A cikin 1971, an gabatar da bayanan zaire guda 10. A shekarar 1972, Bankin Zaire ya fara fitar da bayanan kudi na zaires 1, 5 da 10, sai kuma makuta 50 a shekarar 1973., Zaires 5000 a 1988, zaires 10,000 a 1989, 2000, 20,000 da 50,000 zaires a 1991 kuma, a ƙarshe, 100,000, 200,000, 500,000, 0,000, 000, 000, 000, 9,000
Takardar kudin zaire 5,000,000, wacce ta fara yaduwa a karshen shekarar 1992, ba a yarda da ita a matsayin takardar kudi na tsawon makonni da dama ba a wasu sassan kasar nan (musamman a arewa maso gabas), kuma a wasu sassan kasar an karbe ta ne kawai a wani bangare na kasar. darajarsa. Ɗayan dalili na wannan rashin yarda shine kuskuren nahawu a lambar Faransanci akan bayanin kula, wanda ya karanta "cinq miliyoyin zaïres" maimakon "cinq millions de zaïres".
New Zaire (1993-1998) Sabuwar Zaire alamar "NZ", ISO 4217 code ZRN, ya maye gurbin zaire na farko a 1993 a kan canjin canjin sabon zaire 1 3,000,000 tsohon zaire. An raba shi zuwa sabon makuta 100 (alama: "NK"). An fitar da wannan kudin ne kawai a cikin takardar kudi kuma an yi fama da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki sosai zuwa wanda ya gabace shi har zuwa shekarar 1997.
A ƙasa akwai jerin rahotannin farashin musaya ta Baitul malin Amurka (sabbin zaires akan dalar Amurka):
Maris 1994: 115
Yuni 1994: 450
Satumba 1994: 1,650 zuwa 2,450
Maris 1995: 2,850
Yuni 1995: 4,900
Satumba 1995: 6,153.85
Disamba 1995: 15,550
Maris 1996: 23,368
Yuni 1996: 33,367
Satumba 1996: 54,306
Disamba 1996: 93,076
Maris 1997: 142,560
Yuni 1997: 125,000
Satumba 1997: 115,000
Disamba 1997: 116,000
Maris 1998: 125,000
Yuni 1998: 133,000
Satumba 1998: 150,000 (1.50 CDF)
Disamba 1998: 240,000 (2.40 CDF)
An sake maye gurbin sabon zaire da Franc na Kongo a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1998, a kan canjin 1 franc 100,000 sabon zaires jim kadan bayan Jamhuriyar Zaire ta zama Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo sau ɗaya, a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1997.
Takardun kuɗi A cikin 1993, Bankin Zaire ya ba da bayanin kula a cikin 1, 5, 10 da 50 sabon makuta, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 da 100 sabbin zaires. An bi waɗannan, a cikin 1994, ta bayanin kula don sabbin zaires 200 da 500. A cikin 1995, 1000, 5000 da 10,000 an gabatar da sabbin bayanan zaire, yayin da a cikin 1996, an ƙara sabbin bayanan zaire 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 da 1,000,000. Duk sabbin bayanan zaire sun ƙunshi hoton Mobutu Sésé Seko sanye da riga mai hula.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan banki na Zaire
Zaire Kudi
Kudade
Kudi
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
8875 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Ibn%20Hanbal | Ahmad Ibn Hanbal | Aḥmad dan Muḥammad dan Ḥanbal Abū Abdullāh Ash-Shaybānī 780– 855 CE/164–241 AH), Akan kirasa da Aḥmad dan Ḥanbal ko dan Ḥanbal ko dan Hambal ko Ahmad dan Hambal ko kawai Imam Aḥmad wadanda yan' Sunnah ke kiransa, yakasance balarabe ne Malamin Faqīhun musulunci jurists, theologian, ascetic, da hadisi da kuma sunnar Manzon Allah tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata agare shi. Shahararren Malamin addinin musulunci a zamaninsa, sai da Imam dan Hanbal yakai ga a duk lokacin sa babu Wanda yakai ga matsayin sa kuma Malamin da ake girmamawa wurin bin Sunnah Wanda yasa har ake masa lakabi da asalin shehin Sunna a Islama, True Shaykh of Islam, Proof of the Faith, and Seal of the Mujtahid Imams.
Akan masa lakabi da sunaye kamar su; Tābi‘ al-Tābi‘un;Jurist, Malamin Tauhidi, Masanin Hadisi, Defender of Orthodoxy, True Shaykh of Islam, Proof of the Faith, Seal of the Mujtahid Imams, Reinforcer of the Religion, One who Gathered the Knowledge of the First and the Last, Guardian of the Prophet's Traditions,Confirmer of Relics Makabartar da aka birneshi itace ake kira da kabarin Imam Aḥmad, dake birnin Baghdad a Iraq.
Shi ne Malamin da ake ganin yabi Sunnah, kuma daya daga cikin manyan Malaman ta," da irin karfin fasahar ilimin da Allah yayi masa yataba ko ina daga cikin bangaren karatun addinin Musulunci musamman barayin qurani da sunnah. One of the foremost classical proponents of the importance of using hadith literature to govern Islamic law and life, Ibn Hanbal is famous for compiling one of the most important Sunni hadith collections, the celebrated Musnad, an enormous compendium of prophetic traditions that has continued to wield considerable influence in the field of hadisi studies har izuwa a yau. harwayau, Ibn Hanbal shine wanda sanadiyar karantarwarsa ake wa makarsntarsa ta zama daya daga cikin manyan mazhabobi hudu da muke dasu, wato mazhabar Hanbaliyya a karantarwar Sunnar Manzon Allah tsira da aminci sun tabbata agare shi, na dokokin addinin musulunci.
Ya karanta fiqhu da hadisi karkashin malamai daban-daban lokacin yana matashinsa. Ibn Hanbal ya shahara a karshe karshen rayuwarsa sanadiyar gagarumin taimakon sa akan Mihna, wanda daular Abbasiyya da al-Ma'mun ta kindaya a kusan karshen mulkin sa, Wanda shugaban yanada goyon baya ga Mu'utazila Masu cewar alqur'ani halitta ne, Wanda hakan yasaba wa karantarwar qur'anin itakanta da take nuna ita maganar Allah madaukakin Sarki ne. wannan yasa aka fara azabtar da malamin Dan yakibin wannan koyarwar, sai dai Imam Ibn Hanbal yacigaba ne kawai da samun daukaka a wurin al'ummar sa." in the annals of Islamic history.
Throughout Islamic history, Ibn Hanbal was venerated as an exemplary figure in all the traditional schools of Sunni thought, both by the exoteric ulema and by the mystics, with the latter often designating him as a saint in their hagiographies. The fourteenth-century hadith master al-Dhahabi referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true Shaykh of Islām and leader of the Muslims in his time, the ḥadīth master and Proof of the Religion."
A zamanin nan, sunan Imam Ibn Hanbal yazama wani abun cece kuce kasantuwar ganin cewa zuwa karantarwar Wahhabiyawa a yanzu, suna ikirarin shine jagoransu ko kuma dai karantarwar sa suke bi ko ace shine magabacinsu, tare da danganta Kansu kuma da shahararren Malamin nan daya sake jaddada karantarwar Hanbaliyya a Karni na goma sha uku wato Shaykh Ibn Taymiyyah. Kodai da yake ansha hayaniya akan haka ga wasu manyan Malamai masu cewar karantarwar Ibn Hanbal baida wani tasiri ko alaka da ta wahhabiyawa," duk da akwai hujjoji, inji wasu malaman masu ganin tsohon karantarwar Hanbaliya sunada banbancin akida sosai dana Wahhabiyawan," rich as medieval Hanbali literature is in references to saints, grave visitation, miracles, and relics. akan wannan karantarwa ne yasa malamai dauko maganar Ibn Hanbal akan yin amfani da support for the use of relics as simply one of several important points upon which the theologian's opinions diverged from those of Wahhabism.
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43162 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Ondoro | Dominic Ondoro | Dominic Ondoro (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris shekarar 1988, kuma an san shi da Pius Dominic Ondoro ɗan tseren gudu ne na ƙasar Kenya wanda aka fi sani da riƙon kwas a Marathon Grandma na Minnesota da Marathon Twin Cities Ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaki na Houston na shekarar 2017 a Texas kuma ya lashe wasu manyan wasannin marathon da yawa, wasu lokuta da dama (ya lashe gasar Twin Cities Marathon guda huɗu a Minneapolis-St. Paul, kuma shi ne wanda ya lashe tseren Marathon na Melbourne sau biyu a ƙasar Ostiraliya Sana'ar Gudu A gasar Marathon Houston mai laƙabin IAAF a shekarar 2017, Ondoro ya gudanar da mafi yawan tseren tare da babban rukuni da suka haɗa da 'yan wasan Olympics na Habasha Yitayal Atnafu da Abayneh Ayele Ƙasar Habasha ce ta lashe gasar a cikin shekaru takwas da suka gabata, amma Ondoro ya yi gudun hijira a cikin mil biyu na ƙarshe inda ya lashe gasar a cikin 2:12:05. Ondoro ya zo na biyu a gasar Marathon na Stockholm a shekarar 2011 da misalin 2:14:23. A wannan shekarar, ya ci tseren Marathon na birnin Helsinki yana da shekaru 23. Ya gama da misalin ƙarfe 2:23:24. A shekarar 2012, ya ƙare a matsayi na tara a gasar Marathon Mumbai da ƙarfe 2:14:56. Daga baya a cikin shekarar 2012, Ondoro ya yi tseren Great Bristol Half Marathon, inda ya lashe tseren gasa a 1:02:51. Mafi kyawun lokacinsa a cikin tseren marathon shi ne a Marathon na Tiberias a cikin shekarar 2013. Ana yin tseren ne a kusa da Tekun Galili a Isra’ila. An naɗa Ondoro ne a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bayan ya kammala daƙiƙa kaɗan a gaban Deribe Melka da Francis Kibiwott Larabal kuma ya tsallake zagayen ƙarshe da misalin ƙarfe 2:08:00. A cikin shekarar 2013, a Lille Half Marathon a Lille, Faransa, Ondoro ya zo na shida a tseren gudun fanfalaki mafi kyawun tarihi, inda ya zo a 1:01:32, ƴan daƙiƙai a bayan Abraham Cheroben A cikin shekarar 2014, ya zama sabon mai riƙe rikodin kwas a Marathon Grandma, wanda ke gudana daga Harbor biyu zuwa Duluth, Minnesota, ta hanyar yin nasara a lokacin 2:09:06. Dick Beardsley (tsohon wanda ya yi nasara a gasar Marathon ta London ya yi rikodin shekaru 33. "An karrama ni na rike tarihin na tsawon wannan lokaci, amma yanzu lokaci ya yi da zan mika shi," in ji Beardsley bayan kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka taya Ondoro murnar nasarar da ya samu. Ya dawo a shekarar 2015 kuma ya ƙare a 2:11:17. Ya isa matsayi na biyu, a bayan abokin aikinsa Elisha Barno, wanda ya ci nasara a 2:10:38. Ondoro ya lashe gasar Marathon Melbourne a shekarun baya-baya: shekarar 2013 da kuma 2014. A cikin shekarar 2015, ya doke sauran 40,000 masu gudu don lashe gasar Cooper River Bridge Run, 10K gudu a South Carolina wanda shi ne tseren hanya mafi girma na biyar a Amurka. Tare da iska mai ƙarfi, ya gama farko a cikin 29:22. A shekarar 2016, a kan fafatawa 36,000, ya sake yin nasara, inda ya ƙare da 29:00. Kyautar kowace shekara ita ce 10,000. A cikin shekarar 2016 da ta 2017, shi ne zakaran baya-baya na Azalea Trail Run a Mobile, Alabama (wani gudu na 10K tare da lokutan 28:25 da 28:04, bi da bi.
A watan Mayun 2016, Ondoro ya zo na uku a Marathon na Ottawa a cikin 2:11:39 bayan Habasha Dino Sefir da Shura Kitata Ondoro ya karya wani tarihin kwas na dogon lokaci a cikin shekarar 2016 a Marathon Twin Cities Phil Coppess ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1985, lokacin da ya yi tseren a cikin 2:10:05, daya daga cikin mafi saurin gudun fanfalaki na Amurka. Rikodin ya kasance shekaru 31. Amma da yammacin watan Oktoba, Ondoro ya wuce gasarsa kuma ya kammala da karfe 2:08:51, inda ya karbo dala 35,000. Shi ne gudun marathon mafi sauri da aka taɓa yi a Minnesota. Shi da wanda ya lashe matsayi na biyu Elisha Barno sun yi gudu da sauri fiye da lokacin nasara a Marathon Chicago na shekarar 2016.
Shekarar da aka yi rikodin ba ita ce ta farko ko ta ƙarshe ba da zai karya kaset a tseren Midwest. Ondoro ya lashe gasar Twin Cities, wanda ke gudana daga Minneapolis, Minnesota, zuwa St. Paul, sau huɗu: 2015, 2016, 2017, da 2019. Bai yi takara ba a 2018. Ya lashe tseren Marathon na Grandma na shekarar 2022 a kusa da lokacin rikodi. A ranar 20 ga Nuwambar 2022, a cikin sanyi da iska, ya ci gasar Marathon ta Philadelphia Ya fara a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar cin nasarar Marathon na Houston Rayuwar farko da ta sirri An haifi Ondoro a ƙasar Kenya kuma yana zaune a gundumar Uasin Gishu, inda jiga-jigan 'yan gudun hijira da dama ke atisayen. Shi da Elisha Barno, wani fitaccen ɗan tseren gudun fanfalaki, sun yi horo tare a Eldoret, Kenya, da Santa Fe, New Mexico Yobes Ondieki wanda ya ci lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Kenya ne ya horar da su. A cikin 2016, wakilin Scott Robinson ya wakilce su. Barno da Ondoro abokai ne nagari kuma dukkansu suna da kamfanonin gine-gine a Kenya. Ondoro yana da ɗa wanda aka haifa a shekarar 2015.
Nasarorin da aka samu
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dominic Ondoro at World Athletics
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1988
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25180 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh%20al-Isl%C4%81m | Shaykh al-Islām | Shaykh al-Islām (Larabci: romanized: Šayḫ al-Islām; Ottoman Turkish: romanized: Şhaykḫu-l-İslām ko Sheiklı ul-Islam) an yi amfani da shi a zamanin gargajiya azaman daraja ga fitattun malaman ilimin addinin Musulunci. Ya fara fitowa ne a Khurasan har zuwa karshen karni na 4 na Musulunci. A cikin kasashen tsakiya da yammacin Musulunci, lakabi ne na yau da kullun da aka bai wa masanan shari'a wadanda fatawoyinsu ke da tasiri musamman, yayin da a gabas ya zama masu mulki ne ke ba da shi. ga malaman da suka taka mukamai daban -daban amma ba galibi muftis ba. Wani lokaci, kamar yadda aka yi a kan Ibn Taimiyya, amfani da take yana da sabani. A cikin Daular Usmaniyya, tun daga farkon zamanin zamani, taken ya zo ne don nada babban mufti, wanda ke kula da matsayin manyan malamai da gwamnati ta nada. Daular Usmaniyya Sheikh al-Islam (haruffan Faransanci: cheikh-ul-islam) ya yi ayyuka da dama, ciki har da bai wa sarkin shawara kan al'amuran addini, halatta manufofin gwamnati, da nada alkalai.
Tare da soke Khalifanci a 1924, an kawar da ofishin Ottoman na Shaykh al-Islām, wanda tuni ya lalace. Zamani ya ga rawar da babban mufti ke aiwatarwa ta manyan muftis waɗanda aka naɗa ko zaɓaɓɓu ta hanyoyi daban -daban.
Amfani na gargajiya Kamar sauran laƙabi masu daraja da aka fara da kalmar sheik, kalmar shaykh al-islam tana cikin zamanin da aka keɓe ga malamai da sufi. Ya fara bayyana a Khurasan a karni na 10 (karni na 4 bayan hijira). A cikin manyan biranen Khurasan da alama yana da ƙarin takamaiman ma'anoni, tunda mutum ɗaya ne kawai ke riƙe taken a wani lokaci da wuri. Masu rike da mukamin a Khurasan suna daga cikin manyan malamai, amma babu wata shaida da suka bayar da fatawa. A karkashin Ilkhans, Delhi Sultanate da Timurids an ba da taken, galibi daga mai mulki, ga manyan ulama waɗanda suka yi ayyuka daban-daban amma ba gabaɗaya muftis ba.
A cikin Siriya da Masar an ba da taken ga mashahuran masanan shari'a kuma yana da daraja maimakon matsayin hukuma. A shekara ta 700/1300 a tsakiya da yammacin Islama kalmar ta haɗu da bayar da fatawa. Magoya bayansa sun ba Ibn Taimiyya taken amma abokan hamayyarsa sun kalubalanci wannan amfani. Misali, malamin Hanafi 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari ya fitar da fatawa yana mai cewa duk wanda ya kira Ibnu Taimiyya "Shaikhul islam" ya aikata kafirci (kufr). Akwai rashin jituwa kan ko taken ya kasance abin girmamawa ko sanya muftin gida a Seljuq da farkon Ottoman Anatolia.
A Daular Usmaniyya A Daular Usmaniyya, wacce ta mamaye yawancin duniyar Islama ta Sunni daga karni na 14 zuwa na 20, an ba Babban Mufti lakabin Sheikh ul-islam (Ottoman Turkish: Şeyḫülislām). Daular Usmaniyya tana da tsayayyen matsayi na malamai, inda Sheikh ul-Islam ke da matsayi mafi girma. Wakilin masarautar ya zabi Sheikh ul-Islam a cikin kaddarorin manyan biranen. Sheikh ul-Islam yana da ikon tabbatar da sabbin sarakuna; amma da zarar an tabbatar da sarkin, sarkin ya ci gaba da rike madafun iko fiye da Sheik ul-Islam. Sheikh ul-Islam ya bayar da fatawoyi, wadanda aka rubuta tafsirin Alqur'ani mai iko akan al'umma. Sheikh ul-Islam ya wakilci dokar shariah kuma a karni na 16 mahimmancinsa ya tashi wanda ya haifar da ƙara ƙarfi. Sultan Murad IV ya nada Sufi, Yahya, a matsayin Sheik ul-Islam a wannan lokacin wanda ya haifar da rashin yarda. Kin amincewa da wannan nadin ya bayyana karara karfin ikon da Sheikh ul-Islam yake da shi, tun da mutane suna tsoron zai canza hadisai da ka'idojin da suke rayuwa a ciki ta hanyar fitar da sabbin fatawoyi.
An soke ofishin Sheikh ul-islam a 1924, a daidai lokacin da Khalifancin Daular Usmaniyya. Bayan da aka kafa Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya a 1920, an sanya ofishin Sheikh ul-Islam a ma'aikatar Shar'iyya wa Awqaf. A cikin 1924, an soke ofishin Sheikh ul-Islam a daidai lokacin da Khalifancin Daular Usmaniyya. Fadar Shugaban Addinai ta maye gurbin. A matsayin magajin ofishin Sheikh ul-Islam, Shugaban Harkokin Addini shine mafi iko a Turkiyya dangane da Musulunci na Sunni.
Masu karramawa masu daraja Malaman Musulunci masu zuwa an ba su laƙabi mai daraja "shaikh al-islam":
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal (b. 164 AH)
Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (b. 231 AH)
Ibn Surayj (b. 249 AH)
Al-Daraqutni (b. 306 AH)
Al-Bayhaqi (b. 384 AH)
Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (b. 393 AH)
Abu Talib al-Makki (b. 386 AH)
Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (b. 481 AH)
Al-Juwayni (b. 419 AH)
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (b. 544 AH)
Ibn al-Jawzi (b. 509/510 AH)
Al-'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam (b. 577 AH)
Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (b. 625 AH)
Al-Nawawi (b. 631 AH)
Taqi al-Din al-Subki(b. 683 AH)
Taj al-Din al-Subki (b. 727 AH)
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (b. 773 AH)
Zakariyya al-Ansari (b. 823 AH)
Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (b. 909 AH)
Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (b. 724 AH)
Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (b. 1231 or 1232 AH)
Hussain Ahmed Madani (b. 1296)
Majd al-Din Ishāq
Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani (b. 1357 AH)
Shah Ahmad Shafi (b. 1334-35 AH)
Mūsā Jār ul-Lāh Bigiev (b. 1295 AH)
Ibrahim Niass
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32478 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa | Safa | Safa wani yanki ne na tufa da ake sawa a ƙafafu kuma galibi ana rufe idon sawu ko wani sashe na maraƙi. Wasu nau'ikan takalmi ko rufaffen takalmi yawanci ana sanya su akan safa. A zamanin da, ana yin safa da fata ko gashin dabba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, an fara samar da safa masu saƙa da injin. Har zuwa shekarun 1800, ana ƙera safa na mutum da na inji, amma fasaha ta ƙarshe ta zama ruwan dare a ƙarni na 19.
Ayyuka Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan safa shine shaƙar gumi. Kamar yadda ƙafar ke cikin mafi yawan masu samar da gumi a cikin jiki, tana iya samar da fiye da gumi a kowace rana; Safa na taimakawa wajen shanye wannan gumin da kuma jawo shi zuwa wuraren da iska ke kawar da gumi. A cikin yanayin sanyi, safa da aka yi daga auduga ko ulu na taimakawa wajen ɗumama ƙafafu masu sanyi wanda hakan ke taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da sanyi An fi sa safa masu bakin ciki a cikin watannin bazara don sanya ƙafafu su yi sanyi. Yawancin safa masu launin haske ana sawa da takalman wasanni da safa masu launin duhu tare da takalman riguna (sau da yawa baƙar fata ko safa na blue). Bugu da ƙari, safa masu launin duhu suna ɗaukar zafi wanda hakan zai taimaka wajen sa ƙafar ta zama ɗumi yayin da safa masu launin haske ke nuna zafi wanda hakan yana taimakawa ƙafafu su yi sanyi.
Etymology Kalmar safa ta zamani ta Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Ingilishi socc, ma'ana "Slippa mai haske". Wannan ya fito ne daga kalmar soccus na Latin, kalmar don kwatanta "haske, takalma maras nauyi" wanda ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman ke sawa, kuma ya samo asali daga kalmar Helenanci sykchos.
Tarihi Safa sun samo asali a cikin ƙarni daga farkon samfura, waɗanda aka yi daga fatun dabbobi da aka tattara kuma an ɗaure su a kusa da idon sawu. Saboda ƙera safa ya kasance yana ɗaukar lokaci a lokacin masana'antu kafin masana'antu, masu arziki ne kawai ke amfani da su. Talakawa sun sa rigar ƙafafu, tufafi masu sauƙi a nannaɗe a ƙafafu. Ana amfani da waɗannan a cikin sojojin Gabashin Turai har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20.
A cewar mawaƙin Hesiod na Girka, a cikin ƙarni na 8 BC, Helenawa na dā sun sa safa da ake kira "piloi", wanda aka yi daga gashin dabbar da aka yi. Romawa kuma suna naɗe ƙafafunsu da fata ko saƙa. A kusan ƙarni na 2 AD, Romawa sun fara ɗinka yadudduka tare suna yin safa-safa da ake kira "udones". A ƙarni na 5 AD, safa da ake kira putees mutane masu tsarki a Turai suke sawa don nuna alamar tsarki.
A lokacin tsakiyar, an tsawaita tsawon wando kuma safa ya zama, zane mai launi wanda ya rufe ƙananan ƙafa. Tun da safa ba ta da bandeji na roba, an sanya garters a saman safa don hana su faɗuwa. Lokacin da breeches ya zama guntu, safa ya fara yin tsayi (kuma mafi tsada). A shekara ta 1000 AD, safa ya zama alamar wadata a tsakanin manyan mutane. Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an kira wani zane na ado a kan idon sawu ko gefen safa da agogo. Ƙirƙirar injin ɗin da aka yi a shekara ta 1589 yana nufin cewa ana iya saƙa safa da sauri sau shida fiye da hannu. Duk da haka, injunan saƙawa da masu saƙa hannu sun yi aiki tare da gefe har zuwa 1800.
Juyi na gaba a cikin samar da safa shine ƙaddamar da nailan a cikin 1938. Har zuwa lokacin ana yawan yin safa daga siliki, auduga da ulu Naylon shine farkon haɗa yadudduka biyu ko fiye a cikin samar da safa, tsarin da ke ci gaba a yau.
Ƙera Ana iya ƙirƙirar safa daga nau'ikan kayan aiki iri-iri, irin su auduga, ulu, nailan, acrylic, polyester, olefins (irin su polypropylene Don samun ƙarar matakin laushi sauran kayan da za a iya amfani da su yayin aikin na iya zama siliki, bamboo, lilin, cashmere, ko mohair Bambance-bambancen launi na zaɓin safa na iya zama kowane launi da masu zanen kaya suka yi niyya don yin safa akan halittar sa. Safa 'launi' na iya zuwa cikin launuka masu yawa. Wani lokaci kuma ana sanya zane-zane akan safa don ƙara kamannin su. Safa masu launi na iya zama maɓalli mai mahimmanci na riguna don wasanni, yana ba da damar ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa su bambanta lokacin da ƙafafunsu kawai ke bayyane.
Ana ɗaukar Fort Payne, Alabama a matsayin "Babban birnin Sock na duniya" saboda kusan rabin safa da aka ƙera a farkon ƙarni na 21st aka yi a nan. Masana'antar sock ta Fort Payne ta ɗauki ma'aikata kusan 7000 aiki a ƙololuwarta a kusan 2000. Fort Payne, yayin da har yanzu ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da safa kawai ke samar da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na safa, saboda ya rasa wannan take ga Datang.
Gundumar Datang da ke birnin Zhuji na lardin Zhejiang na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, ta zama birni mai suna Sock City A halin yanzu garin yana samar da safa biliyan 8 a kowace shekara, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na samar da safa a duniya, yadda ya kamata ya samar da safa guda biyu ga kowane mutum a duniya a cikin 2011.
Salo Ana ƙera safa da tsayi iri-iri. Babu nuni, ƙananan yanke, da safa na ƙafar ƙafa ko ƙasa kuma galibi ana sawa a hankali ko don amfanin motsa jiki. Babu nuni da ko ƙananan safa da aka ƙera don ƙirƙirar kamannin ƙafar ƙafa lokacin da aka sawa da takalma (sock ba a gani). Wani lokaci ana danganta safa mai tsayin guiwa da riguna na yau da kullun ko kuma kasancewar wani ɓangare na uniform, kamar a wasanni (kamar ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon baseball) ko kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin suturar makaranta ko rigar ƙungiyar matasa. Safa-safa ko safa da suka shimfiɗa sama (safa masu girman cinya) wani lokaci ana kiransu da tufafin mata a zamanin gama gari. Yara maza da mata ne suka fi sanya su a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20; ko da yake, shahararsa ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da manyan mata ke sawa, safa mai tsayin gwiwa ko cinya na iya zama abin sha'awa da sha'awar jima'i daga wasu mazan. Safa na lilin safa ne waɗanda ake sawa ƙarƙashin wani safa da nufin hana ƙura.
Safa na yatsan yatsa ya ƙunshi kowane yatsan yatsa daban-daban kamar yadda yatsa yake a cikin safar hannu, yayin da sauran safa suna da ɗaki ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa kuma ɗaya don sauran, kamar mitten musamman abin da Jafananci ke kira tabi yayin da sauran sassan duniya ke kiranta da tabi Duk waɗannan biyun suna ba mutum damar saka flops tare da safa. Ƙafafun ƙafa, waɗanda ba yawanci safa ba, za a iya maye gurbinsu da safa a cikin yanayin sanyi kuma suna kama da leggings saboda gaskiyar cewa yawanci kawai suna kiyaye ƙafafunku ɗumi a cikin yanayin sanyi amma ba duka ƙafar ƙafa ba.
Safa na kasuwanci ko safa na sutura kalma ce ta safa mai launin duhu (yawanci baƙi ko shuɗi na ruwa) don na yau da kullun da/ko takalma na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana kiransa safa da safa na aiki ko safa na yau da kullun don lokuta na yau da kullun, misali bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bikin kammala digiri, prom, coci, ko aiki.
Safa na ma'aikata gajeru ne kuma masu kauri ko siraran safa na yau da kullum. Waɗannan safa galibi suna ribbed a saman idon sawu Ana iya amfani da su ta hanyar da za a ɗumi ƙafafu idan an ja su har zuwa sama. Farkon sananniyar al'adar ma'aikatan safa ya kasance a cikin 1948. Safa na ma'aikata yawanci unisex ne. Ƙananan safa wani nau'i ne na safa wanda ke kwatanta hanyar da za a yanke a ƙasa da idon sawun Ana yin ƙananan safa da aka yanke don rufe kwandon ƙafafun mutum. Ko da yake ƙananan safa na unisex ne, amma mata da 'yan mata suna amfani da su. Ƙananan safa da aka yanke yawanci ana sawa da takalma irin su takalman jirgin ruwa, Oxfords, moccasins da loafers Salon safa na d a na Masar gaura ya ne tsakanin safa na yamma na zamani da tabi na Jafananci, dukansu ya riga ya wuce. Kamar tabi, safa na Masar suna da ɗaki ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa, ɗayan kuma ga sauran, suna ba da izinin amfani da takalma; kamar safa na yamma, suna dacewa da ƙafa sosai kuma basa amfani da fasteners kamar tabi.
Girman girma Ko da yake gaba ɗaya yana riƙe da tsari na rarraba zuwa ƙananan-matsakaici-manyan girma, da dai sauransu, wane nau'in girman takalmin waɗannan girman safa yayi daidai da ɗauka a cikin kasuwanni daban-daban. Wasu ma'auni masu girma suna daidaitawa ta daidaitattun ƙungiyoyi amma wasu sun taso daga al'ada. Tsawon safa ya bambanta, daga ƙafar ƙafa zuwa matakin cinya.
Wasanni Yawancin wasanni suna buƙatar wani irin safa, yawanci tsawon gwiwa ko safa na tsakiyar maraƙi don kare ƙafafu daga gogewa yayin shiga ayyukan wasanni. A cikin kwando, ana amfani da safa na bututu, kuma a cikin lacrosse, ana buƙatar safa na tsakiyar maraƙi. ƙafa, ana amfani da safa na gwiwa. Yawancin su ne don hana ciyawa ƙonewa.
Sauran amfani da kalmar Layer na fata ko wasu kayan da ke rufe kwandon takalma kuma ana kiransa safa. Lokacin da kawai wani ɓangare na insole ya rufe, yana barin gaban gaba, ana kiran wannan da rabin safa.
Rubutun ƙafa Ƙafafun ƙafa, ɗigon tufafin da aka nannaɗe a cikin ƙafafu, an sa su da takalma kafin safa ya zama ko'ina. Sojojin sun kasance suna amfani da su a Gabashin Turai har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21.
Thermal safa Don amfani a cikin yanayin sanyi, safa masu zafi sun fi kauri. An saba amfani da su don wasan ski, skating, da sauran wasannin hunturu. Suna samar da ba kawai rufi ba, amma har ma mafi girma padding saboda kauri.
Safa masu ciwon sukari wani nau'in safa ne na zafi wanda aka yi daga acrylic, auduga, nailan, da na roba. Ana yin waɗannan don inganta ta'aziyya yayin da a lokaci guda kiyaye ƙafafun sanyi da bushewa. Duk da haka, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa suna taimakawa.
Abubuwan hutu Hakanan ana amfani da safa azaman abin hutu lokacin Kirsimeti Yara suna rataye babban safa na bikin da ake kira safa na Kirsimeti da ƙusa ko ƙugiya a jajibirin Kirsimeti, sannan iyayensu suna cika shi da ƙananan kyaututtuka yayin da masu karɓa ke barci. Bisa ga al'ada, Santa Claus yana kawo waɗannan kyaututtuka ga yara masu kyau, yayin da yara masu lalata a maimakon haka suna karɓar gawayi.
Addini A cikin Musulmai, safa sun fara tattaunawa game da rikitattun alwala, wankin da ake yi kafin sallah. Wasu limaman musulmi, da suke lura da yuwuwar wahala a tsakanin musulmi a cikin yanayi mara kyau, sun fitar da hukunce-hukuncen musulmi da ke ba musulmi damar shafa ruwa a kan safa ko yayyafa wa safa. Wannan zai ba da damar yin salla a inda babu wurin zama, ko kuma idan akwai layi. Wannan shi ne ra'ayi na musamman na Malikiyya Ahlus- Sunnah Duba kuma Beoseon (safa na gargajiya na Koriya)
yakin basasa sock
Dumin kafa
Leggings
Bace safa
Puttee
Hannun jari
Tights
Yar tsana
Safa da sandal
Safa mai ƙamshi
Tabi
Manazarta Safa
Kayan rufe ƙafa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
60565 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Mohammed%20Hassan | Ahmed Mohammed Hassan | Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan FRCP FTWAS 10 Afrilu 1930 10 Nuwamba 2022) farfesa ne a Sudan ta Kudu An haifi El Hassan kuma an girma a Sudan Ya sami mafi yawan horon aikin likitanci a Jami'ar Khartoum kafin ya kammala digiri na uku a Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 1965. Bayan ya dawo Sudan, ya jagoranci Sashen Nazarin Ilimin Halittu (1966-1969) da Faculty of Medicine (1969-1971) kafin ya jagoranci a takaice. (1971-1972). Ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Bincike na Likita (1972-1977), yayin da yake taimakawa wajen kafa Sashen Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Jami'ar King Faisal, Saudi Arabia da Cibiyar Fasahar Laboratory Medical, Sudan. Bugu da kari, El Hassan shi ne Daraktan Kafa na Cibiyar Cututtukan Cutar (1993-2000), Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Sudan (SNAS) (2005-2011) da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Sudan (2008-2009).
El Hassan ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin cututtuka da kuma rigakafi na cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da cututtuka. A sakamakon haka, Sudan ta ba shi umarni mafi girma na cancanta, kuma an sanya sunan cibiyar kula da magungunan zafi na kasar Sudan ta Al Qadarif Bugu da kari, ya samu lambar yabo ta Shousha ta WHO ta 1987, lambar yabo ta RSTMH ta Donald Mackay ta 1996, da lambar yabo ta 2017–2018 Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum Rayuwa da aiki
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi El Hassan a Berber, Sudan, ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1930. Kamar da yawa a lokacin, ya fara karatunsa a makarantar Al-Qur'ani Khalwa kafin ya shiga makarantar Berber Intermediate School. Daga baya ya koma Khartoum don shiga makarantar sakandare ta Omdurman a 1945. El Hassan ya halarci Makarantar Magunguna ta Kitchener (yanzu Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum). Ya sauke karatu tare da bambanci a cikin Magunguna da Tiyata a cikin 1955 yayin da ya ci kyautar Kitchener Memorial don mafi kyawun digiri. Ya shiga ma’aikatar lafiya ta Sudan don horar da shi, tun daga shekarar 1955 zuwa 1957, sannan kuma ya zama jami’in lafiya daga 1957 zuwa 1958 a wurare daban-daban a Khartoum, Omdurman da Jihar Arewa Daga nan sai ya koma Sashen Nazarin Pathology, Jami'ar Khartoum a matsayin mataimaki na bincike. El Hassan ya ci gaba da horar da shi a Jami'ar London kuma ya sami Diploma a Clinical Pathology (DCP) a 1961. Ya koma Jami'ar Khartoum na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci (1962-1963) a matsayin malami kafin ya fara digirin ilimin falsafa a jami'ar Edinburgh, wanda ya kammala a 1965.
Sana'a El Hassan ya koma Sashen Nazarin Ilimin Halittu, Jami'ar Khartoum a matsayin babban malami kafin ya zama farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a 1966. A cikin 1969, an nada El Hassan a matsayin shugaban sashen likitanci da mataimakin shugaban jami'a. El Hassan shi ne wanda ya kafa ministan ilimi mai zurfi da bincike na kimiyya, Sudan, tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1972, bayan haka ya zama shugaban kwamitin binciken likitoci (1972-1977). Daga nan sai El Hassan ya shiga Jami’ar King Faisal ta kasar Saudiyya, a matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1977 kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa sashen kula da cututtuka kafin ya tafi a 1979, ya dawo a 1981 a matsayin darektan bincike har zuwa 1987. Tsakanin 1979-1980, El Hassan ya kasance a Sudan a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka masu zafi, kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Fasahar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Likita. Bayan ya dawo daga kasar Saudiyya a shekarar 1988, ya ci gaba da aiki a sashen koyar da ilmin halitta, Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum. El Hassan shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Yaki da Cututtuka tsakanin 1993 zuwa 2000, kuma ya ci gaba da alakarsa da Cibiyar a matsayin Farfesa Farfesa Pathology har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2022. El Hassan shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Sudan (SNAS) a 2005, kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar Cancer ta Sudan tsakanin 2008 da 2009. El Hassan farfesa ce mai ziyara a Jami'ar London, Jami'ar Copenhagen, Jami'ar Mata ta Ahfad, da Jami'ar Oktoba 6 Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Bincike na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kimiyya da Fasaha na Binciken Cututtuka na wurare masu zafi, WHO.
Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa El Hassan ya auri Amal Galal Mohamed a shekara ta 1959 kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya mata hudu. Yana da sha'awar daukar hoto da kiɗa. Ya kafa sashen daukar hoto da hoto na farko na likitanci a Sudan. Ya koyi wasan oud kuma ya buga littafinsa Rubuce-rubuce akan Magunguna, Kiɗa da Adabi a cikin 2017 El Hassan ya mutu ne a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2022 a gidansa da ke Al Riyadh, Khartoum saboda dalilai na halitta.
Bincike El Hassan ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin cututtuka da rigakafi na cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da cututtuka, musamman leishmaniasis da mycetoma, ciki har da ganewar asali, magani, da alluran rigakafi. Har ila yau, bincikensa ya bincika kuturta da zazzabin cizon sauro, kuma bayan 2005, ya mayar da hankalinsa ga ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal Ya sami tallafin bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtukan wurare masu zafi na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Wellcome Trust, Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish, da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya Kyaututtuka da karramawa Gwamnatin Sudan ta ba El Hassan lambar yabo ta Zinariya don Bincike da Kimiyya a 1977, El Neelain Order (Ajin Farko) a cikin shekarar 1979, da Order of Merit (Ajin Farko) a cikin shekarar 1995. Ya sami digirin girmamawa na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Mata ta Ahfad a shekarar 2006. Farfesa Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan wurare masu zafi a Doka, Jihar Al Qadarif, da Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Wuta ta EL Hassan da aka yi watsi da su a Soba, Khartoum an sanya musu suna a cikin 2010 da 2016. bi da bi.
An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow na Royal College of Pathologists, London (FRCPath) a 1964, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London (FRCP) a cikin shekarar 1974, da Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) a shekarar 1996. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Shousha daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a cikin 1987, Medal Donald Mackay daga Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene a shekarar 1996, da Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum Award don ilimin likitanci a 2017 2018.
wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Zijlstra, EE; Musa, AM; Khalil, A. G.; Hassan, IM El; El-Hassan, AM (2003-02). Postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis Cututtukan Lancet 3 (2): 87-98. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6 PMID 12560194 Ghalib, HW; Piuvezam, MR; Skeiky, YA; Siddik, M.; Hashim, FA; El-Hassan, AM; Rasha, DM; Reed, SG (1993-07). Samuwar Interleukin 10 tana da alaƙa da ilimin cututtuka a cikin cututtukan Leishmania donovani ɗan adam Jaridar Binciken Bincike 92 (1): 324-329. doi: 10.1172/JCI116570 ISSN 0021-9738 Farashin 8326000 Zijlstra, EE; El-Hassan, AM (2001-04). Leishmaniasis a Sudan. 3. visceral leishmaniasis Ma'amaloli na Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene S27-S58. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4 Zijlstra, EE; El-Hassan, AM; Isma'il, A; Ghalib, HW (1994-12). Endemic kala-azar a gabashin Sudan: nazari na dogon lokaci kan abin da ya faru na asibiti da kamuwa da cuta da kuma bayan-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis Mujallar Amurkawa na magungunan wurare masu zafi da tsafta 51 (6): 826-836. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826 ISSN 1476-1645 Farashin 7810819 Manazarta
Kara karantawa Ahmad El-Safi. Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Mahimmanci a cikin cututtuka na wurare masu zafi, ilimin cututtuka, bincike na ciwon daji ilimin likita, Sudan Medical Heritage Foundation Publications (2008), Hanyoyin haɗi na waje A cikin bayanin: Prof. Ahmad M. El-Hassan YouTube (Hausa)
Daren Aminci da Godiya ga Marigayi Prof. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Hassan YouTube (Larabci)
Mutuwan 2022
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
36832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humaira%20Begum | Humaira Begum | Humaira Begum Persian An haifeta a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli shekarata alif dari tara da Sha takwas 1918 tarasu ranar 26 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2002) ta kasance matar kuma kanwar ta farko ga Sarki Mohammed Zahir Shah kuma uwargidan sarauniya ta karshe ta Afghanistan.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Gimbiya Bilqis Begum (an haifi ta a ranar 17 ga Watan Afrilu shekarar Alif dari tara da talatin da biyu 1932).
Prince Muhammed Akbar Khan an haife shi a ranar (4 ga watan Agustan shekarar shekarar alif dari tara da talatin da uku 1933 ya rasu a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da biyu 1942).
Yarima mai jiran gado Ahmad Shah (an haife shi 23 watan Satumba Shekara ta alif 1934).
Gimbiya Maryam Begum (2 ga watan Nuwamba 1936 25 Disamba shekarar 2021).
Prince Muhammed Nadir Khan (21 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1941 3 Afrilu shekarar 2022).
Yarima Shah Mahmoud Khan (15 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1946 -zuwa 7 ga watan Disamba shekarar ta 2002).
Prince Muhammed Daoud Pashtunyar Khan (an haife shi 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1949).
Prince Mir Wais Khan (an haife shi 7 Janairu shekaran 1957).
Sarauniyar Afghanistan A ranar 8 gawatan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1933 bayan kisan da aka yi wa surukanta Mohammed Nadir Shah an nada mijinta Sarki kuma Humaira ta zama Sarauniyar Afganistan A zamanin mulkin mijinta na farko, Sarauniya Humaira ba ta taka rawar gani a fili ba. An tsige Sarki Amanullah Khan ne a shekara ta 1929 saboda rashin gamsuwa da wani bangare na misalin Sarauniya Soraya Tarzi, wacce ta bayyana a bainar jama'a tare da bayyana mijinta, kuma magajinsa ya maido da lullubi da keɓancewar jinsi tare da haifar da koma baya ga 'yancin mata. A cikin shekarun 1930, matan sarautar sun ci gaba da yin ado da kayan gargajiya na yammacin Turai a cikin gidan sarautar Kabul da ke kewaye, amma sun koma lullube kansu a cikin lullubin gargajiya lokacin da suka bar gidan sarauta, kuma sun daina nuna kansu a bainar jama'a.
Wannan ya canza bayan yakin duniya na biyu, lokacin da gwamnati ta ga sauye-sauye na zamani ya zama dole, ciki har da gyare-gyare a matsayin mata. A cikin Shwkara ta1946, Sarauniya Humaira ta zama mai ba da kariya ga sabuwar ƙungiyar jin daɗin mata da aka kafa, wacce ita ce cibiyar mata ta farko a Afghanistan, kuma ta nuna sake dawo da ƙungiyoyin mata. Lokacin da Mohammed Daoud Khan ya zama firaminista a shekarar 1953, ci gaban 'yantar da mata ya fara tafiya cikin sauri, kuma matan gidan sarauta, tare da Sarauniya a matsayin babban jigo, an ba su wani muhimmin aiki a matsayin abin koyi a cikin wannan tsari. Sun fara halartar ayyukan jama'a, a farkon lullube.
A cikin shekara ta alif 1959, ta goyi bayan kiran da Firayim Minista Mohammed Daoud Khan ya yi na mata da su cire mayafin da kansu ta hanyar cire nata. Wannan wani babban al'amari ne a tarihin mata a kasar Afganistan, sannan kuma wani bangare ne da gangan a cikin manufofin 'yantar da mata na gwamnatin Daoud a wancan lokaci. An shirya matakin a tsanake ta hanyar gabatar da mata ma'aikata a gidan rediyon Kabul a shekarar 1957, inda aka tura mata wakilai zuwa taron matan Asiya a birnin Kairo, da kuma daukar 'yan mata arba'in aiki a masana'antar tukwane ta gwamnati a shekarar 1958. Lokacin da wannan ba a gamu da tarzoma ba, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa lokaci ya yi da za a kaddamar da matakin mai cike da cece-kuce. A cikin watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1959, a rana ta biyu na bikin Jeshyn, Sarauniya Humaira da Gimbiya Bilqis sun bayyana a cikin akwatin sarauta a faretin soja da aka gabatar, tare da matar Firayim Minista, Zamina Begum. Wannan mataki da ya janyo cece-kuce ya fuskanci fushin malaman addinin Islama, inda wasu gungun malamai suka aikewa firaministan wasikar nuna rashin amincewarsu da neman a mutunta kalaman shari'a. Firayim Minista ya amsa ta hanyar gayyatar su zuwa babban birnin kasar kuma ya ba shi tabbacin cewa nassi mai tsarki ya bukaci chadri Lokacin da malamai suka kasa samun irin wannan nassi, Firayim Minista ya bayyana cewa 'yan uwa mata na gidan sarauta ba za su sake sanya mayafi ba, saboda shari'ar Musulunci ba ta bukaci hakan ba. Yayin da ba a taba dakatar da chadri ba, misali Sarauniya da uwargidan Firayim Minista sun yi koyi da matan da 'ya'yan jami'an gwamnati da kuma wasu matan birane na manya da matsakaita, inda aka san Kubra Noorzai da Masuma Esmati-Wardak. a matsayin majagaba na farko a tsakanin talakawan kasa. Bayan wannan taron, Sarauniya Humaira ta shiga cikin ayyukan wakilci na sarauta kuma ta halarci ayyukan jama'a da aka gabatar. Ta shiga cikin ayyukan agaji kuma ta ziyarci asibitoci da abubuwan da suka shafi jama'a.
Ƙaura A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1973, yayin da mijinta ke Italiya ana yi masa tiyatar ido da kuma maganin lumbago, dan uwansa kuma tsohon Firayim Minista Mohammed Daoud Khan, wanda Zahir Shah ya tsige daga mukaminsa shekaru goma da suka gabata, ya yi juyin mulki. kuma ya kafa gwamnatin jamhuriya. A cikin watan Agustan da ya biyo bayan wannan juyin mulkin, Zahir Shah ya yi murabus maimakon hadarin yakin basasa. Sarauniya Humaira ta kasance a Afghanistan lokacin da mijinta ya tafi Italiya don yi masa tiyata, kuma ta kasance a Afghanistan a lokacin juyin mulkin. Ba a cutar da ita ba, amma an tsare ta a gidanta a gidanta, kamar sauran membobin gidan sarauta, har sai da aka ba su izinin tafiya tare da Zahir Shah a Italiya.
Humaira da Zahir Shah sun shafe shekaru ashirin da tara suna gudun hijira a Italiya suna zaune a wani katafaren gida mai dakuna hudu a cikin al'ummar Olgiata masu wadata a kan Via Cassia, arewacin birnin Rum. Sarkin bai taba saka kudi a asusun banki na kasashen waje ba, don haka ya dogara da karimcin abokai.
Girmamawa
Girmama kasa Knight Grand Cordon na Order of the Supreme Sun
Karramawar kasashen waje
Aure Humaira Begum diyar Sardar Ahmad Shah Khan ce, dan uwa ga uwargidan sarauta Mah Parwar Begum kuma ministar kotun masarautar, da matarsa ta farko Zarin Begum, wacce kani ne ga Sarki Amanullah Khan kuma babbar diyar Janar HE Loinab Khush Dil Khan., Gwamnan Kabul da Kandahar. Ta auri dan uwanta na farko, Yarima mai jiran gado na Afghanistan Mohammed Zahir a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1931 a Kabul. Mohammed Zahir Shah da Humaira Begum sun haifi 'ya'ya maza shida da mata biyu.
Mutuwa Makonni kaɗan kafin ta koma Afganistan ta sake haduwa da mijinta da ya dawo kwanan nan, Begum ta kwantar da ita a asibiti tana fama da matsalar numfashi da ciwon zuciya kuma ta rasu bayan kwana biyu. An mayar da gawarta zuwa Afganistan kuma jami'an tsaron soji, da wakilan kabilu sanye da rigunan gargajiya, da ministocin gwamnatin Hamid Karzai suka tarbe ta a filin jirgin saman. An kuma gudanar da taron tunawa da jana'izar ta a wasu masallatan Kabul guda biyu. An binne gawarwakinta ne a dakin kabari na sarauta da ke birnin Kabul.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21548 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren%20Adamawa | Yaren Adamawa | A Adamawa harsuna ne a putative iyali na 80-90 harsuna warwatse ko'ina cikin Adamawa Filato a tsakiyar Afirka, a Najeriya, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya, da kuma Chadi, magana gaba ɗaya da ɗaya kawai, kuma a rabin miliyan (kamar na shekarar 1996). Joseph Greenberg ya sanya su a matsayin reshe daya na dangin Adamawa Ubangi na harsunan Nijar Congo Suna kuma daga cikin ƙananan yaruka da ake nazari a cikinsu a Afirka, kuma sun haɗa da yarukan da ke cikin haɗari kusan mafi girma shine Mumuye, tare da masu magana da shi mutane a kalla guda 400,000. Wasu harsunan da ba a rarraba su ba musamman Laal da Jalaa an samo su a gefen yankin Adamawa.
A yanayin ƙasa, yaren Adamawa suna kwance kusa da inda aka sanya Niger-Congo Tsakiyar Sudan ta Tsakiya wanda wataƙila ya haifar da dangin Atlantic-Congo, don haka yana iya wakiltar tsakiyar hasken gidan. Rarrabuwa Joseph Greenberg ya buga yarukan Adamawa a matsayin wani yanki na Adamawa Ubangian (wanda ake kira da Adamawa Gabas), kuma ya kuma raba su zuwa kungiyoyi 14 masu lamba. Rukunin G3, Daka (ko Dakoid), yanzu an san shi reshe ne na Benuwe-Congo Dangantakar sauran rassa ta sami babban kwaskwarima.
Greenberg (1963) Kungiyoyin Adamawa guda 14 na lambobin Greenberg sune kamar haka:
Boyd (1989) Boyd a shekara ta (1989) ya ƙara harshen Rana kuma ya rarraba su kamar haka:
Leko Nimbari (ko Chamba Mumuye).
Duru G4
Leko G2
Mumuye Yendang G5
Nimbari G12
Mbum-Day
Bua G13
Kim G14
Mbum G6
Rana
Waja Jen
Bikwin Jen (ko Jen): G9
Tula Wiyaa (ko Waja): G1
Bəna Mboi (ko Yungur): G7
Baa (aka Kwa)
Longuda G10
Nyimwom (ko Kam: G8)
Ya cire harsunan Fali (G11).
Güldemann (2018) Güldemann (2018) ya amince da "ɗumbin asali" guda 14 na Adamawa, amma yana da masaniya game da matsayin su a cikin Nijar-Congo sune kamar haka. Tula-Waja
Longuda
Bena-Mboi
Bikwin-Jen
Samba-Duru
Mumuyic
Maya (Yendangic)
Kebi-Benue (Mbumic)
Kimic
Buaic
Rana
Baa Kwa
Nyingwom Kam
Fali
Kleinewillinghöfer (2019) Kleinewillinghöfer (2019), a cikin Gidan yanar gizon Project Harsuna na Adamawa, ya amince da rukunoni guda 17 masu zuwa a matsayin yarukan Adamawa sune kamar haka.
Tula-Waja Waja G1
Bikwin-Jen (Burak, Jen): G9
Kam (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom) G8
Longuda (Nʋngʋra tari): G10
Baa (Kwa)
Mumuye G5
Yandang (Yendang): G5
Samba Duru (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4
Ɓəna-Mboi (Yungur): G7
Kebi-Benue Mbum G6
Kim G14
Rana
Bua G13
Nimbari (Baari, Bari) G12 [ya bace]
Duli Gewe (Gey, Gueve) [dadaddun]
Fali G11
Chamba-Daka Daka G3
Kungiyoyin Tula-Waja, Longuda, Ɓəna-Mboi, Samba Duru, da Bua ne kawai ke da darajojin suna Sauran rukunin suna nuni ne kawai da tsarin tsoffin sunaye.
Blench (2012, 2020) Roger Blench (2012) kammala da cewa harsunan Adamawa rukuni ne na yanki, ba dangin yare ba, kuma ya rabu da rassa daban-daban a cikin dangin Savannas da yake nema. Ya sanya wasu daga cikin yarukan yammacin Adamawa kusa da na yaren Gur fiye da sauran dangin Adamawa. Fali an kaɗance daga Savannas gaba ɗaya. Blench (2020) yana riƙe da haɗi tsakanin Mumuye da Yendang, amma ya fasa Samba-Duru na Kleinewillinghöfer.
Languagesananan harsunan adamawa Harshen Oblo na Kamaru an haɗa shi a cikin juzu'i da yawa na ƙungiyar Adamawa, amma matsayinta a ciki ba shi da tabbas.
An yi ta rade-radin cewa harshen Laal da ba a rarrabawa na Chadi na iya zama Adamawa; yaren Jalaa na Najeriya tabbas ba adamawa bane, amma yana nuna tasirin Adamawa sosai. Koyaya, duka ɗayansu yanzu ana ɗauke dasu a matsayin keɓe harshe Kwatanta ƙamus Samfurin asali ƙamus na Adamawa harsuna daga Kleinewillinghöfer ta Adamawa Harsuna Project website da kuma daban-daban da sauran kafofin sune kamar haka:
Lura A cikin sassan tebur tare da yankin, ana ba da muɗaɗɗen sifa kafin laushi, yayin da sigar jam'in ke biyo bayan slash.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ayyukan Harshen Adamawa Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg Mainz AdaGram CNRS INALCO Binciken arzikin harsunan Najeriya: nazarin nahawu da takaddun yare na harsunan Adamawa.
Jerin yarukan Adamawa Blench
Harsunan Tula-Wiyaa Blench
Kungiyar Leeko Blench
Harshen Perema (Wom) na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya: rarrabuwa, salon magana da kuma sunan surar (PDF) na Roger M. Blench, 2000. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge.
Gaggawa game da binciken Gbete (PDF) na Jason Diller Kari Jordan-Diller, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-050.
Binciken zamantakewar al'umma na harshen Mambay na Chadi da Kamaru (PDF) na Cameron Hamm, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-039.
Bincike mai sauri da bincike na lexicostatistical na Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai da Oblo (PDF) na Michael Charlene Ayotte, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-048.
Karang SIL-Kamaru
Littafin SIL-Kamaru
Ocamus na kwatancen kayan ƙa'idodi aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun, Tourneaux
Idiatov, Dmitry. 2017-08-29. Sakamakon binciken AdaGram na farko a jihohin Adamawa da Taraba, Nigeria (tare da Mark Van de Velde, Tope Olagunju da Bitrus Andrew). 47th Colloquium akan Harsunan Afirka da Harsunan Afirka (KIRA) (Leiden, Netherlands).
Manazarta Harsunan Adamawa
Jihar Adamawa
Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka
Kabila
Pages with unreviewed |
60637 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyyar%20yanayi | Kimiyyar yanayi | Kimiyyar yanayi ita ce nazarin yanayin duniya da tsarin tafiyar da aikinta iri-iri. Ilimin yanayi ya haɗa da sinadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi tare da mai da hankali kan hasashen yanayi. Climatology shine nazarin sauye-sauyen yanayi (dukansu na dogon lokaci da gajere) waɗanda ke ayyana matsakaicin yanayi da canjinsu akan lokaci, saboda yanayin yanayin yanayi da yanayin ɗan adam. Aeronomy shine nazarin saman saman sararin samaniya, inda rabuwa da ionization ke da mahimmanci. An fadada kimiyyar yanayi zuwa fannin kimiyyar taurari da nazarin yanayin sararin samaniya da tauraron dan adam na tsarin hasken rana.
Na'urorin gwaji da ake amfani da su a kimiyyar yanayi sun haɗa da tauraron dan adam, rocketsondes, radiosondes, balloons weather, radars, da lasers.
Kalmar aerology (daga Girkanci aēr, "iska"; da -logia wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman madadin ma'anar nazarin yanayin duniya; a cikin wasu ma'anoni, ilimin sararin samaniya yana iyakance ga yanayin kyauta, yankin da ke saman iyakar iyakar duniya.
Majagaba na farko a fagen sun haɗa da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann.
Kimiyyar yanayi Sinadarin yanayi wani reshe ne na kimiyyar yanayi wanda a cikinsa ake yin nazari kan sinadarai na yanayin duniya da na sauran duniyoyi. Wani fanni ne na bincike da yawa kuma ya zana kan sinadarai na muhalli, kimiyyar lissafi, yanayin yanayi, ƙirar kwamfuta, ilimin teku, ilimin ƙasa da ilimin volcano da sauran fannoni. Bincike yana ƙara haɗawa da sauran wuraren karatu kamar climatology. Abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na yanayi suna da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa, amma da farko saboda mu'amala tsakanin yanayi da rayayyun halittu. Halin yanayin duniya ya canza ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan canje-canjen suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, amfanin gona da kuma yanayin muhalli. Misalan matsalolin da kimiyyar yanayi ta magance su sun haɗa da ruwan sama na acid, hayaƙin photochemical da ɗumamar yanayi. Kimiyyar sinadarai na yanayi na neman fahimtar musabbabin wadannan matsalolin, kuma ta hanyar samun fahimtar fahimtar su, a ba da damar a gwada hanyoyin da za a iya magance su da kuma tantance tasirin sauye-sauye a manufofin gwamnati.
Halin yanayi Halin yanayi shine nazarin tsarin motsi na mahimmancin yanayi, haɗa abubuwan lura a wurare da yawa da lokuta da ka'idoji. Batutuwan gama gari da aka yi nazari sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar su tsawa, mahaukaciyar guguwa, raƙuman nauyi, cyclones na wurare masu zafi, cyclones na wurare masu zafi, rafukan jet, da zagayawa na duniya. Makasudin karatu mai kuzari shine don bayyana wuraren da aka lura bisa tushen tushe daga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Makasudin irin waɗannan karatun sun haɗa da haɓaka hasashen yanayi, haɓaka hanyoyin yin hasashen yanayi sauyin yanayi na yanayi da na shekara-shekara, da fahimtar abubuwan da ɗan adam ke haifarwa (misali, ƙara yawan adadin carbon dioxide ko raguwar sararin sararin samaniya) akan yanayin duniya.
Kimiyyar yanayi Atmospheric physics shine aikace-aikacen kimiyyar lissafi don nazarin yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi suna ƙoƙari su tsara yanayin duniya da yanayin sauran taurari ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin ma'aunin ruwa, ƙirar sinadarai, daidaitawar radiation, da hanyoyin canja wurin makamashi a cikin sararin samaniya da ƙasan tekuna da ƙasa. Domin yin samfurin tsarin yanayi, masana kimiyyar yanayi suna amfani da abubuwa na ka'idar watsawa, nau'ikan yaɗa igiyoyin ruwa, ilimin kimiyyar girgije, injiniyoyi na ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga na sararin samaniya, kowannensu ya haɗa da manyan matakan lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Ilimin kimiyyar yanayi yana da kusancin kusanci da yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi sannan kuma ya shafi ƙira da gina kayan aikin nazarin yanayi da fassarar bayanan da suke bayarwa, gami da na'urorin gano nesa.
A Birtaniya, Ofishin Kula da Yanayi ne ke jagorantar nazarin yanayin yanayi. Sassan Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Amurka (NOAA) suna sa ido kan ayyukan bincike da ƙirar yanayi da suka haɗa da kimiyyar yanayi. Cibiyar ilmin taurari ta Amurka da Cibiyar Ionosphere ita ma tana gudanar da nazarin yanayi mai girma.
Filin maganadisu na duniya da iskar hasken rana suna hulɗa tare da yanayi, suna ƙirƙirar ionosphere, bel na radiation Van Allen, igiyoyin magana, da makamashi mai haske.
Climatology Ya bambanta da yanayin yanayi, wanda ke nazarin tsarin yanayin gajeren lokaci wanda zai kasance har zuwa 'yan makonni, climatology yana nazarin mita da yanayin waɗannan tsarin. Yana nazarin yanayin abubuwan da suka faru na lokaci-lokaci tsawon shekaru zuwa millennia, da kuma canje-canje a cikin matsakaicin yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci, dangane da yanayin yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi, waɗanda ke yin aikin climatology, suna nazarin yanayin yanayin yanayi -gida, yanki ko na duniya da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi ko kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi. Climatology yayi la'akari da baya kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen hango canjin yanayi na gaba.
Abubuwan al'ajabi na sha'awar climatological sun haɗa da Layer iyaka na yanayi, tsarin wurare dabam dabam, canja wurin zafi radiative, convective da latent hulɗar tsakanin yanayi da tekuna da saman ƙasa (musamman ciyayi, amfani da ƙasa da topography da sinadaran da abun da ke ciki na jiki. yanayi. Dabarun da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da ilmin taurari, kimiyyar yanayi, sunadarai, ilmin halitta, yanayin ƙasa, geology, geophysics, glaciology, ilimin ruwa, oceanography, da volcanology.
Ilimin sararin samaniya Aeronomy shine binciken kimiyya na sararin sama na Duniya yadudduka na yanayi sama da stratopause da kuma yankuna masu dacewa na sauran taurari, inda dukkanin yanayin zai iya dacewa da yanayin saman duniya ko wani yanki nasa. Wani reshe na nau'ikan sinadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya, ilimin sararin samaniya ya bambanta da yanayin yanayi, wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadudduka na yanayin da ke ƙasa da stratopause. A cikin yankunan yanayi da masanan sararin samaniya suka yi nazari, rarrabuwar sinadarai da ionization sune muhimman abubuwan mamaki.
Yanayi akan sauran jikunan sama Duk taurarin tsarin Rana suna da yanayi. Wannan saboda nauyinsu yana da ƙarfi sosai don kiyaye barbashi na gas kusa da saman. Manya-manyan kattai na iskar gas suna da yawa don kiyaye iskar gas mai yawa hydrogen da helium kusa da su, yayin da ƙananan taurari ke rasa waɗannan iskar zuwa sararin samaniya. Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin duniya ya bambanta da sauran taurari saboda tsarin rayuwa daban-daban da suka faru a duniyar tamu sun gabatar da iskar oxygen kyauta. Mafi yawan yanayin Mercury iskar hasken rana ta buge ta. Wata daya tilo da ta kiyaye yanayi mai yawa shine Titan Akwai yanayi na bakin ciki akan Triton, da kuma alamar yanayi akan wata Yanayin sararin samaniya yana shafar nau'ikan makamashi daban-daban da aka karɓa daga ko dai Rana ko cikin su, wanda ke haifar da samuwar tsarin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar guguwa (a duniya), guguwar ƙura mai faɗin duniya a duniyar Mars anticyclone mai girman duniya. akan Jupiter (wanda ake kira Great Red Spot da ramukan sararin samaniya (a kan Neptune). Aƙalla duniyar da ta wuce hasken rana, HD 189733 b, an yi iƙirarin mallaki irin wannan tsarin yanayi, mai kama da Great Red Spot amma girman ninki biyu. An nuna cewa Jupiters masu zafi suna rasa yanayin su zuwa sararin samaniya saboda hasken taurari, kamar wutsiyar tauraro mai wutsiya.Wadannan duniyoyin na iya samun bambance-bambance masu yawa a yanayin zafi tsakanin bangarorinsu na rana da dare wanda ke samar da iskoki masu karfin gaske, duk da cewa bangarorin dare da rana na HD 189733b suna da yanayin zafi iri daya, wanda ke nuni da cewa yanayin duniyar yana sake rarraba makamashin tauraro a duniya.
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49363 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20northern%20nigeria | Politics of northern nigeria | Siyasar Arewacin Najeriya Gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ta kasance abin koyi da tsarin Westminster. Firimiya yana aiki a matsayin shugaban gwamnati kuma yana jagorantar al'amuran yau da kullun na gwamnati, yayin da gwamna ke aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa kuma babban kwamandan ofishin jakadancin.
Majalisar da ake kira majalisar wakilai, ta kunshi zababbun wakilai daga larduna daban-daban na kasar. Majalisar dattawan da ake kira House of Chiefs, tana kama da na Burtaniya. Ta ƙunshi sarakunan da ba zaɓaɓɓu ba na Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa daban-daban na lardunan ƙasar. Kafin shekarar 1963, Sarauniyar Ingila ta yi sarautar Arewacin Najeriya.
Tushen siyasa Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, siyasar Najeriya ta dauki sabon salo. A shekarar 1946 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta gabatar da tsarin mulkin Richards wanda ya raba Najeriya zuwa yankuna uku Arewa, Yamma da Gabas. An gabatar da wakilcin siyasar Nijeriya a matakin tarayya da na shiyya, kuma an ba da dama ga jam’iyyun siyasar Nijeriya. Jam’iyyar siyasa da ke da rinjaye a Arewacin Najeriya ita ce jam’iyyar People’s Congress (Northern People’s Congress), wadda jiga-jigan siyasar Musulunci a Arewa suka mamaye kuma ake kyautata zaton jam’iyyar Musulmi ce. Ga al'ummomin Kirista kamar Bachama's da sauran su a ko'ina cikin Middle Belt an dauki Congress People's Congress a matsayin babban abokan gaba na siyasa, kuma an kafa jam'iyyun Kirista masu rinjaye a Middle Belt, musamman Middle Zone League da United Middle Belt Congress wadanda aka tallafa. da mafi yawan Bachama. A wajen kiristocin arewacin Najeriya babban burin siyasar wannan lokacin shi ne gujewa mamayar musulmi da kuma bijirewa abin da suke gani a matsayin mulkin daular Ingila da ta dade tana yi da Fulani musulmi a arewacin Najeriya.
Gado kafin mulkin mallaka Tsarin gwamnatocin Arewacin Najeriya ya dunkule ne cikin tsarin tafiyar da mulkin daular Sakkwato, a shekarar 1903, gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya, Lord Lugard, ya ba da tabbacin tsarin tafiyar da yankin a lokacin da ya yanke shawarar kiyaye tsarin masarautu na halifanci; Daga baya aka gyara masarautun a hankali a hankali zuwa larduna, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da masarautu da yawa.
Arewacin Najeriya Sabanin kishin kasa na Nijeriya, Arewacin Nijeriya bai taba fuskantar wani yanayi na kishin kasa ba wanda ya saba kafin samun ‘yancin kai na yawancin kasashen Afirka, Arewacin Nijeriya a daya bangaren kuma ya karkata ne ga yadda ake ganin rinjaye da tasirin Kudancin Najeriya[8]. A cikin shekarun 1940 wakilan Arewacin Najeriya sun zabi tabbatar da tsarin tarayyar Najeriya sannan suka kada kuri'ar kin yancin kai. A shekarar 1952 wani ƙin ’yancin kai da Arewa ta yi ya haifar da kai hari a kan Tawagar Arewa zuwa taron Legas; Labarin hare-haren ya haifar da tarzomar Kano a 1953 da kuma shahararriyar jawabin "kuskure na 1914" da sardauna ya gabatar.
A cikin shekarun 1970 tsarin fafutuka na Arewacin Najeriya sannu a hankali ya haifar da bullar kungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki a arewa, duk da haka wadannan kungiyoyin sun yi matukar kaduwa sakamakon nasarar da Shehu 'Yar'adua Peoples Democratic Movement ya yi a 1993. Tun daga 1999, Arewacin Najeriya ya ci gaba da shan wahala. koma bayan zabe.
Tsarin mulki da na siyasa
MASARAUTU Sarakunan Arewacin Najeriya ne ke shugabantar masarautun kasar da dama; A hankali adadinsu ya karu tun bayan kafa masarautu masu daraja a jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku da ta hudu. Duk da cewa tsarin mulki na suna tun daga jamhuriya ta farko, sun ci gaba da kasancewa tushen iko da tasiri a duk Arewacin Najeriya.[9] A shekarar 2014, zaben Sanusi Lamido Sanusi a matsayin Sarkin Kano ya haifar da cece-ku-ce na kwanaki hudu da ake zargin shugaban ne ya haddasa shi, wanda ya ji tsoron tasirin da Sunusi zai samu daga ofishin.
KANANAN HUKUMOMI DA NA JAHOHI Siyasar kananan hukumomi a Arewacin Najeriya na fama da kungiyoyi masu ra'ayin rikau tun bayan faduwar gwamnatin Arewa ta tsakiya. Ƙungiyoyin kleptocracies masu tsari a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin siyasa na iyali yawanci suna mulkin tushen ciyawa na Arewacin Najeriya. Wasu dai na hasashen cewa tasirin al'adun Kudancin Najeriya zai iya haifar da matsalar cin hanci da rashawa da ta addabi siyasar Arewacin Najeriya.
Nassoshi "Northern Nigeria from Independence (1960) to 1979", Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Post-Colonial Northern Nigeria, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, "Building New Bridges of Relationships in Postcolonial Northern Nigeria and the Evolution of a New Northern Nigeria", Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Post-Colonial Northern Nigeria, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, Bello, Ahmadu. "Sarduana of Sokoto. His take on Igbo People and why there is no such thing as "One Nigeria"". youtube.com. youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
{{cite book}}: |last= has generic name |
21025 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Hyam | Harshen Hyam | Hyam dangunan yaruka ne da ke da mahimmanci ga harsunan yankin Filato a Najeriya. Hyam na Nok yare ne mai daraja (Blench a shekarar 2008). Rubuta ilimin zamantakewar al'umma na Hyam, Blench ya kula da Sait, da Dzar a matsayin nau'ikan daban, kuma ya lura cewa ana iya kallon Yat da Ankung a matsayin yarurruka daban daban, duk da haka, Hayab (2016) ya gabatar da ra'ayi mabanbanta yana jayayya cewa Ankung ne, yare ne da ake kira Iduya, Hyam ba zai iya fahimtar hakan ba. A halin da ake ciki, Hyam, wanda mutanen Ham na Najeriya ke amfani da shi, wanda aka fi sani da 'Jaba' a cikin wani binciken kwanan nan da Philip Hayab, dan asalin yankin kuma masanin harshe wanda ya gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a cikin harshen, ya bayyana cewa Jaba yana da asalin asalin Hausa kuma yana da wulakanci kuma ya kamata a jefar dashi (John 2017).
Rarrabawa Masu magana da Hyam na asali ana samun su galibi a Jaba, Kachia da Kagarko Ana kuma samun su a ƙananan hukumomin Jema'a da ke kudancin jihar Kaduna da kuma a ƙaramar hukumar Keffi ta jihar Nasarawa ta Najeriya Yaruka James (1998) ya rarraba yaruka na Hyam bisa ga ƙananan rukunonin da ya sanya ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Ham ko Arewacin ofungiyar Proto-Plateau Ethno-Linguistic Cluster:
Ham Kpop (Jaban Kwoi)
Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari)
Ham Shambang (Samban)
Ham Duhyah (ko Idun (Jaban Lungu)
Ham Kworri Chori Ham Det (Faik Kenyi)
Ham Netkun Netwho (Gbaham)
Ham Nyakpah (ko Nyankpa (Yeskwa)
Ham Kong Rhuini (Kamantan)
A cewar Hayab (2016: 5-11), duk da haka, mutanen Ham, ban da ƙaura na ƙaura, batun da ke buƙatar cikakken nazari, za a iya cewa ya yi magana mai zuwa:
Hyam Taa Ham 'Hyam ya bazu a yankin Ham' gami da Nok, Ghikyaar, Kuscum, Har Dzyee, Shong, da sauransu.
Kwyeny daidai yake da James's Hyam Kpop (ana magana da shi a Har Kwain ko Kwoi Kyoli yaren Kworri Kwori (wanda aka fi sani da Chori Saik
Shamang kamar Shambang
Hayab (2016: 6) ya ƙara á da cewa wasu nau'ikan na iya hada da:
Dùya Idúyà daidai yake da Idun
Gwora Gora
Yat
Zhire Kenyi.
Bugu da ari, Hayab (2016: 8) ya rarraba waɗannan yarukan zuwa gungu huɗu, AD, gwargwadon matakan fahimtarsu.
Cluster A. Hyam Taa, Kwyeny, kuma Saik (duk da ba kasa da 90% phonological homogeneity a ƙamus
Cungiya B. Kyoli da Shamang (suna da kusan 50% fahimta)
Cluster C. Yat da Zhire (na iya kasancewa tare da A da B. Ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu)
Rubuce-rubucen D. Idúyà [ko Idun da Gwora (suna tsaye a cikin wani yanki mai zaman kansa)
Sake lura cewa Hyam shine yaren da mutanen Ham ke magana dashi.
Jerin Blench (2019): Kwyeny
Yaat
Saik
Dzar
Hyam na Nok
Fasaha Kwamitin Hyam na Karatu da rubutu ya gano waɗancan alamomin na asali 41/42 a cikin rubutun rubutun.
a bcd dz e fg gb gh h hw hyw i jk kh kp lmn ng ny oprs sh t thtn ts uvwy yw z zh
Wasula (Wasali) Monophthongs
Gajerun Wasali kuup)
a e i ou
Wasali Dogo ceri)
aa ee ii oo uu
Diphthongs (Khwikhwir Vawel)
ai au u ou
Baƙi (Konsonan) bcd dh dz fg gy gb gh ghy h hw hwy hyw jk ky kh khy kp lmn nh ng ny prs sh t thth tsnw vwy yw z zh
Lambobi Hayab (2016: 66) misalai, yana mai cewa "wadatar data samu a Hyam ta Koelle (1854: rataye, 2-188) da Meek (1931: 120) sun nuna cewa gasar Ham ɗin ta kusan wata hanyar da ba ta dace ba daga abin da aka samu a yau." Ya kara da cewa a bayyane yake cewa an sauya tsohon tsarin kirgawa da wanda aka yiwa salo na Hausa, sannan ya sake cewa "a halin yanzu, tsohon salon da goma (wanda ya kasance kop yanzu a matsayin shwak Lamarin da ya nuna kop (goma) ya nuna ba cikakke ba ne wanda ke lura da shaidar cewa mbwan shwak (11) ya nuna cewa mun kasance ba mu da yawa daga shwak (sha biyu). Sannan ya ƙara da cewa "wannan saboda kalmar mbwan a zahiri tana nuna bwat gajere ko 'saura'.
Abin da ke sama za a iya cewa gaskiya ne, idan aka yi la’akari da batun Tyap, wani yare da ya danganta shi, inda kalmar ta yanzu ta goma ta yi yawa, yayin da kalmar “kop kwop” ta kusan ƙarewa, kamar yadda yake a Hyam, kuma ana amfani da ita ne don ƙidaya a dubbai. Kalmar "dubu" a cikin Tyap ita ce cyi kop kwop, ma'ana (idan akayi la'akari da tsohuwar amfani da kalmar kop kwop sau dari goma ko 100 X 10 Wadannan, a cewar Hayab (2016: 66-67) lambobi ne da aka yi amfani dasu akalla shekaru 200 da suka gabata don ƙirgawa a Hyam.
Manazarta Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Manuscript.
John, P. H. (2017). Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: a discourse analysis investigation. PhD Dissertation submitted to the University of Stellenbosch, Unpublished
Narratives of identity and sociocultural worldview in song texts of the Ham of Nigeria: A discourse analysis investigation
Roger Blench: Hyamic page
Harsunan Nijeriya
Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Najeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
23941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LU%20ZISHEN | LU ZISHEN | Labarin ya nuna Lu Da wanda daga baya ya zama sufiri mai suna Zhishen, kamar yana da fuska mai zagaye, manyan kunnuwa, hanci madaidaiciya, bakin mazugi da gemu wanda kusan ya rufe fuskarsa. Ya fara aiki a matsayin babban sansanin sojoji a Weizhou kusa da Pingliang, Gansu na yau Wata rana Lu ya sadu kuma ya yi abota da Shi Jin da Li Zhong lokacin da ba ya aiki. Yayin da su ukun ke shaye -shaye a cikin masauki, sai suka ji mawaƙin Jin Cuilian yana kuka game da bala'inta. Wani attajirin mahauci, da aka fi sani da Butcher Zheng, ya jawo hankalin Jin, wanda ke makale a Weizhou tare da mahaifinta tsoho, don ya zama ƙwarƙwararsa a musayar kuɗi don binne mahaifiyarta, wacce ta mutu sakamakon rashin lafiya. Amma a gaskiya ba a mika kudi ba. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta shiga gidan Zheng, matar mahauta, ta yi kishin ƙuruciyarta, ta kore ta. Koyaya, Zheng ya dage cewa dole ne Jin da mahaifinta su biya shi kuɗin, wanda ya tara manyan sha'awa. Ba a ba su izinin barin Weizhou ba har sai an warware "bashin". Bayan jin labarin, Lu Da ya ba wa uba da 'yar kuɗi kuma ya tabbatar sun bar Weizhou lafiya. Daga nan sai ya tafi rumfar Zheng da nufin koyar da chap darasi. Yana tsokani Zheng ta hanyar ba shi umarni ya yanyanka nama zuwa yanki mai kyau. Zheng ya rasa haƙuri kuma ya kai masa farmaki. Lu Da sauƙaƙe ya durƙusa shi kuma da ƙarfi uku a fuskarsa ya kashe shi ba da gangan ba. Da ya fahimci cewa mahauci ya mutu, Lu Da ya gudu daga Weizhou.
Yayin da yake gudu, Lu Da ba zato ba tsammani ya sadu da mahaifin Jin Cuilian, wanda ya zauna a gundumar Yanmen yayin da 'yarsa ta auri wani ɗan gida mai suna Zhao. Mafakar ta mafaka Lu a cikin gidansa amma wurin ba shi da cikakken tsaro. Zhao yana ba da shawarar Lu ya ɓoye asalinsa ta hanyar zama masanin addinin Buddha a gidan sufi na Manjusri a Dutsen Wutai kusa. Abban a gidan sufi ya karɓi Lu kuma ya ba shi suna "Zhishen", wanda ke nufin "sagacious". Daga yanzu ana kiran Lu Da da suna Lu Zhishen. Yana kuma samun laƙabin "Flowery Monk" saboda jikinsa yana yin tattoo da furanni.
Ganin rayuwar monastic dreary, rana daya Lu Zhishen ya sayi kuma ya hade duka giyan da mai saida giya ya tsallake tsauni. lokacin da ya dawo mashayar monastery, malamin bauta ya tsayar dashi daga shiga kofa. ya shiga da karfi kuma ya duke su. Ya dawo cikin Hankalinshi lokacin da masu lura suka bashi dogayen kaya. Ya samu dama ta biyu. Ba da daɗewa ba, saboda sake jin gajiya, Lu Zhishen ya sauka zuwa garin da ke kusa. Akwai ya tambaye wani maƙeri yi shi a m da ma'aikatan yin la'akari 62 jin da takobi. Daga nan ya ziyarci masauki inda yake cin abinci da sha ba tare da takurawa ba, ya yi watsi da haramcin Buddha. Lokacin da sufaye a Dutsen Wutai suka ga Lu Zhishen ya dawo cikin maye, nan take suka rufe masa ƙofar. Amma Lu ya fasa mutum -mutumi biyu masu tsayi jingang da ke gefen ƙofar, ya shiga cikin gidan sufi, ya bugi sufaye kuma ya lalata ɗakin tunani. A wannan karon, abban ya yanke shawarar tura shi zuwa Haikalin Babban Ministan a Dongjing babban birni.
Arangama da Zhou Tong da Li Zhong A tafiyarsa zuwa Dongjing, Lu Zhishen ya wuce ta ƙauyen Plum Blossom kuma an mai tayin ko kuma an ba shi masauki kyauta na dare a gidan Squire Liu. Ya ji dangin suna kuka kuma ya gano cewa Zhou Tong, jagoran 'yan fashi daga Dutsen Plum Blossom da ke kusa, yana zuwa cikin wannan daren don auri' yar Squire Liu da karfi. Lu Zhishen ya yi ƙarya ga maƙarƙashiyar cewa zai iya nisantar da ɗan fashi da iya maganarsa. Zhou Tong ya juya a cikin kayan ado na ango ya tafi dakin aure inda ya ji hanyar zuwa gado cikin duhu. Lu, wanda ke kwance a kan gado, ya yi tsalle zuwa gare shi kuma ya ba shi kyakkyawar fa'ida. Zhou Tong ya tsere ya nemi Li Zhong, sarkin Dutsen Plum Blossom, da ya koma wurin Lu. Li Zhong ya yi mamakin ganin cewa sufi Lu Lu ne.
Li Zhong ya gabatar da shi ga malamin, Zhou Tong ya kadu kuma ya yi alwashin ba zai sake damun Lius ba. Lu Zhishen ya ci gaba da tafiya. Ya sadu da Shi Jin, wanda ya zama ɗan fashin babbar hanya don samun kuɗi don tafiyarsa gida. Theungiyoyin biyu sun yi nasara don kashe da kashe wani malami da firist wanda ke bautar da sufaye na gidan sufi kuma ya riƙe mace a matsayin bawa.
Ganawa Lin Chong A Haikalin Babban Ministan a Dongjing, Lu Zhishen an sanya shi don kula da kayan lambu. A can ya rinjayi gungun masu satar kayan lambu. Ƙungiyar ta firgita da ƙarfinsa na zahiri da ƙwarewar yaƙi har suka yi masa hidima da son rai. Sun fi yi masa kauna yayin da ya ɗago wata itacen willow mai tushe mai ƙarfi tare da tsananin ƙarfi.
Wata rana Lin Chong, malamin gadin masarautar, ya gamu da Lu yana aiki tare da manyan ma'aikatansa kuma yana mamakin ƙwarewar sa ta yaƙi. Sun zama 'yan'uwa masu rantsuwa Lokacin da aka yi wa Lin Chong gudun hijira zuwa Cangzhou bayan Grand Marshal Gao Qiu ya tsara shi, wanda dan allahnsa ke kwadayin matar malamin, Lu a asirce shi da abokan rakiyarsa biyu. Ya ceci Lin lokacin da 'yan sandan biyu, da Gao ya ba su cin hanci, ke shirin kashe shi a dajin daji. An hana shi kashe mutanen biyu ta hanyar Lin, wanda ya ce su ƙananan ƙanana ne kawai ke aiwatar da oda. Lu yana tare da Lin har zuwa Cangzhou. Kafin ya bar Lin, ya farfasa wata bishiya tare da yajin aiki guda ɗaya don faɗakar da masu rakiya kada su yi wani abin ɓarna. Daga nan ya dawo Dongjing.
Zama haramun Lu Zhishen dole ne ya tsere daga Dongjing lokacin da aka gano cewa shi ne sufaye wanda ya lalata shirin Gao Qiu na kashe Lin Chong. Ya zo ta wani masauki a Cross Slope, inda ake shan miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma mai gidan sun Sun Erniang, wanda ke yin burodi da naman ɗan adam. Mijin Sun Zhang Qing ya cece shi cikin lokaci. Zhang ya ba da shawarar cewa ya shiga cikin haramtacciyar dokar Deng Long a kan Dutsen Dodanni biyu a Qingzhou Amma Deng yana ɗaukar shi a matsayin barazana kuma yana shinge hanyar kawai zuwa tudun. Lu ya tsere zuwa Yang Zhi, wanda shi ma ya zo don shiga Dutsen Twin Dragons. Yang ya ɗauki Lu zuwa Cao Zheng, mahauci wanda ya koyi fasahar yaƙi daga Lin Chong. Cao da Yang sun yi kamar an yi wa Lu magani kuma sun ɗauke shi zuwa Dutsen Dabo biyu don gabatar da shi ga Deng Long. Ba tare da zargin komai ba, Deng ya ba su damar shiga. Lu ya yi wa Deng kisan gilla yayin da ya gan shi kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban birni.
Bayan shan kayen da 'yan bindigar Liangshan Marsh suka yi, babban sarki Huyan Zhuo ya tsere zuwa Qingzhou (a Shandong na yanzu da fatan zai fanshi kansa ta hanyar shafe' yan fashin a wurin. Ofaya daga cikin garuruwa masu ƙarfi shine Mount Twin Dragons, wanda, samun Huyan abokin hamayya mai ƙarfi, ya nemi taimako daga Liangshan. Song Jiang, babban kwamandan Liangshan a lokacin, ya zo Qingzhou da karfi ya kwace Huyan. 'Yan ta'adda na Dutsen Twin Dragons, wanda Lu Zhishen ke jagoranta, sun mamaye Liangshan.
Rayuwa a Liangshan Lu Zhishen ya tafi gundumar Huayin don gayyatar Shi Jin da ƙungiyarsa a Dutsen Shaohua don shiga Liangshan. A Dutsen Shaohua, an gaya masa cewa Prefect He na Huazhou ne ya kama Shi lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin ceton wata mata da jami'in ya yi garkuwa da ita don burin sanya ta ƙwarƙwararsa. Lu ya je Huazhou shi kaɗai don ceton Shi, amma shi ya ganshi yana yin baƙon abu a cikin taron jama'a lokacin da yake tunanin kashe jami'in yayin da ya shiga cikin tawagarsa. Prefect Ya ja shi zuwa ofishinsa inda aka yi masa kwanton bauna aka kuma kama shi. Dutsen Shaohua ya juya zuwa Liangshan don neman taimako. Lauyoyin Liangshan sun garzaya zuwa Huazhou, suna jan hankalin Prefect He daga garin su kashe shi. Sun shiga Huazhou kuma suka ceto Lu Zhishen and Shi Jin.
Mutuwa An nada Lu Zhishen a matsayin daya daga cikin jagororin sojojin Liangshan bayan Tauraruwar kaddara ta 108 sun hadu a cikin abin da ake kira Babban Taro. Yana daya daga cikin jarumai kalilan da ke adawa da neman Song Jiang na neman afuwa daga Sarki Huizong. Duk da haka yana cikin kamfen na yaƙi da mamayar Liao da sojojin 'yan tawaye a yankin Song bayan Liangshan ya sami afuwa. Ya ci nasara sosai lokacin da ya kama shugaban 'yan tawayen Fang La Lokacin da kamfen ɗin ya ƙare bayan tawayen Fang La ya ƙare, Lu Zhishen ya dage kan ci gaba da kasancewa a Liuhe Pagoda a Hangzhou maimakon komawa Dongjing da kuri'a. A daren kafin sauran su tashi zuwa babban birnin, Lu ya farka daga baccin sautin tsawar da igiyar ruwa ta yi a cikin Kogin Qiantang da ke kusa yayin da ta yi karo da igiyar ruwa a bayan bankin. A wannan lokacin, ya fahimci saƙon annabci da aka ɓoye a cikin ayar da abban Dutsen Wutai ya ba shi Ayar tana cewa:
A farko biyu Lines fa Lu ta kama daga Fang La kuma Fang ta dama hannunka mutumin Xiahou Cheng yayin da wadannan biyu koma zuwa Qiantang River ta tidal huda, wanda "da aminci ya isa" a kowace shekara a kan 18th ranar 8th Lunar watan. Sufaye na Liuhe Pagoda suna gaya wa Lu Zhishen cewa a cikin kalmomin kalmomin Buddha yuanji wanda ya ƙunshi haruffan yuan "kammala da'irar") da ji "shiga shiru") yana nufin mutuwa. Ganin cewa lokaci yayi da zai mutu, Lu Zhishen yayi wanka ya kunna wasu turare masu ƙamshi. Daga nan sai ya tsara wani ode kuma ya nemi Song Jiang ya zo ya gan shi. Amma ya riga ya wuce ya zauna akan kafafu akan zafu kafin Song ya iso. Waƙar tana karanta ode:
Da yake furtawa a cikin ode cewa bai taɓa karanta nassosi a matsayin sufi ba kuma a maimakon haka ya yi kisa, Lu Zhishen ya nuna ya sami wayewar Buddha tare da fahimtar cewa komai yana da dalili ko kuma sanadi na karmic. An yi masa jana'izar da ta dace da ta babban firist.
Duba kuma Lissafin Ƙananan haruffan haruffa#Labarin Lu Zhishen don jerin goyan bayan ƙananan haruffa daga labarin Lu Zhishen.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
46504 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Malu | Victor Malu | Victor Samuel Leonard Malu (15 Janairu 1947 9 Oktoba 2017) DSS mni fwc psc ya kasance babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya (COAS) daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa 2001 kuma ya rike matsayin kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG a Laberiya daga 1996 zuwa 1998.
Rayuwar farko da Ilimi An haifi Malu ne a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1947 a Katsina-Ala, Jihar Binuwai ta Jihar Tiv. Ya shiga makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya dake Kaduna a shekarar 1967 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwas na yau da kullun na 3 kuma an ba shi muƙamin Laftana na biyu da ya kammala karatunsa a 1970. Sauran jami’an da ke cikin kwas na 3 na NDA sun haɗa da Sanata da Brig-Gen. David Mark, Gen. Tunde Ogbeha, Gen. Raji Rasaki, Gen. Chris Garuba, Gen. Abdulkareem Adisa, Brig-Gen. Halilu Akilu, Adm. Mike Akhigbe and Gen. Tunji Olurin.
Daga baya ya halarci kwalejin Command and Staff College, Jaji da Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta ƙasa, Kuru, Jos.
Aikin soja A lokacin juyin mulkin na watan Fabrairun 1976 lokacin da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya karbi mulki, Malu ya kasance babban malami a Makarantar Sojan Najeriya, Zariya. Bayan juyin mulkin, an yi wa Malu tambayoyi har tsawon mako biyu amma aka sake shi.
Malu ya zama babban hafsa horo, hedkwatar sojoji kuma kwamanda, 7 Mechanized Brigade. Ya jagoranci kotun da ta gurfanar da Janar Oladipo Diya da wasu jami’ai da laifin yunƙurin kifar da gwamnatin Sani Abacha a 1997. Malu ya kasance kwamandan rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta kungiyar ECOWAS ta ECOWAS daga Disamba 1996 zuwa Afrilu 1998 lokacin yakin basasa na farko na Laberiya.
Malu ya burge ƴan ƙasar Laberiya da masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa saboda irin cigaban da suka biyo bayan karbar ragamar mulkin sa.
A watan Maris na 1997 ya iya yin iƙirarin cewa an kawar da Laberiya gaba ɗaya daga nakiyoyin ƙasa. Ya yi kaca-kaca da shugaban ƙasar Laberiya Charles Taylor, wanda a watan Afrilun 1998 ya zarge shi da ƙoƙarin tafiyar da gwamnati mai kama da juna. A dalilin wannan ɓaraka ne aka maye gurbin Malu a matsayin kwamanda.
A cikin wani littafi da ya rubuta daga baya, wanda aka buga a shari’ar Taylor a Hague, an ruwaito Malu ya yi iƙirarin cewa a shekarar 1997 Taylor ya yi safarar makamai da alburusai daga Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar Monrovia a asirce ba tare da sanar da dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na ECOMOG ba.
Babban hafsan soji
An naɗa Malu babban hafsan soji ne a watan Mayun 1999 a farkon gwamnatin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo kuma an kore shi a watan Afrilun 2001. Daga baya, Malu ya ce ya gargadi shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo da ya kiyayi tsoma bakin Amurka a cikin al’amuran ƙasar, yana mai cewa burinsu kawai su cimma muradunsu ne. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa saboda rashin son Amurkawa ne ya sa Obasanjo ya kore shi daga aiki kafin a rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Najeriya da Amurka.
Kyauta da Lambar yabo
An ba shi lambar yabo ta, Force Service Star (FSS) Award, Kyautar Meritorious Service Star (MSS), da Kyautar Distinguished Service Star (DSS).
Bayan aikin soja A watan Oktoban 2001 an yi zanga-zangar da 'yan ƙabilar Tiv suka yi a Zaki Biam, karamar hukumar Katsina-Ala, jihar Benue. An kashe sojoji 19 da aka tura domin samar da zaman lafiya. A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, an yi zargin cewa sojojin sun kashe mutane 100. Malu ya ce wasu ƴan bindiga ɗauke da makamai sun kutsa cikin gidansa inda suka kashe mutanen gidansa huɗu kafin su ka ƙona gidajen makwabta.
A watan Yuli 2005 Malu ya koka da cewa gwamnati na tsananta masa. Ya ce jami’an tsaron ƙasar sun kwace fasfo ɗinsa ne saboda ya riƙa zuwa birnin Paris akai-akai kuma yana ganawa da mutanen da ba su da wata manufa ga ƙasar. Ya kuma ce an bayyana batan bayanansa na aikin soja kuma ba ya samun adalci kan kudin fansho.
Cece-ku-ce
A watan Janairun 2006 ya haifar da cece-kuce a lokacin da ya yi jawabi a taron kungiyar tuntuba ta Arewa a Kaduna, inda ya ce ya yi nadamar rashin hambarar da gwamnatin Obasanjo a lokacin yana COAS. Mai taimakawa shugaban ƙasa kan hulda da jama’a, Femi Fani-Kayode, ya ce furucin Malu cin amanar ƙasa ne.
Rashin lafiya da Mutuwa
A watan Satumbar 2008 Malu, mai ciwon suga, ya suma, an garzaya da shi asibitin koyarwa na Jami’ar Legas inda aka kwantar da shi a sashin kula da lafiya. Daga baya aka mayar da shi asibiti a Landan, kuma bayan jinyar bugun jini an sallame shi daga asibitin zuwa gidansa na London ta Tsakiya, a cikin watan Afrilu shekara ta 2009.
Malu ya rasu ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2017 yana da shekaru 70 a duniya.
Duba kuma Kotun Soja ta Victor Malu
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1947
Mutuwan 2017
Mutane daga Jihar |
28519 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Prempeh | Kwalejin Prempeh | Kwalejin Prempeh makarantar kwana ce ta jama'a ga yara maza da ke Kumasi, babban birnin yankin Ashanti, Ghana. An kafa makarantar a cikin 1949 ta ikon gargajiya na Asanteman, Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka ta Burtaniya, Cocin Methodist Ghana da Cocin Presbyterian na Ghana. Sunan makarantar ne bayan Sarkin Ashanti, (Asantehene) Sir Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II, wanda ya ba da kyautar filin da aka gina makarantar. kuma an tsara shi akan Kwalejin Eton a Ingila. Makarantar ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah a 2004 tare da dalibai 441 da kuma a 2012, tare da dalibai 296 daga kwalejin, kuma ana daukar su daya daga cikin mafi kyawun makarantun sakandare a Ghana. Makarantar ta lashe Gasar Robotics ta Kasa sau biyar a tsakanin 2013 da 2021. A shekarar 2016 Kwalejin Prempeh ta lashe lambar yabo ta Toyota Innovation Award a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Robofest na duniya da aka gudanar a Michigan, Amurka.
Tarihi A farkon shekarun 1940, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta gayyaci Cocin Presbyterian da Methodist, wadanda suka riga sun kafa cibiyoyi irin su Wesley Girls High School da Presbyterian Boys Secondary School a Krobo Odumase bisa la'akari da kwarewarsu, don taimakawa wajen kafa makaranta a tsakiya. bel na Ghana don yi wa sashen arewacin kasar hidima. Ko da yake an sami wasu jinkiri saboda yakin duniya na biyu, a cikin 1948 Kwalejin Prempeh sanannen masanin zamani na Burtaniya Maxwell Fry da matarsa Jane Drew ne suka tsara su.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ayyukan da Jane Drew ta yi a yankin Ashanti, an tsara harabar Kwalejin Prempeh don haɗa gyare-gyaren zamani kamar yadda Lain Jackson da Jessica Holland suka bayyana a cikin littafinsu mai suna "The Architecture of Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew: Twentieth Century Pioneer Modernism and the tropics". A cewar jaridar Ashanti Pioneer Newspaper, an gudanar da bikin bude kwalejin Prempeh ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 1949. Major COButler, babban kwamishinan Ashanti ya yi jawabi mai zuwa a wurin bikin-
Akwai matukar bukatar horar da mazaje don daukar nauyin aiki ba wai kawai magatakarda a ofisoshi ba amma a fannin Ilimin Noma, Ma'adinai, Daji, Gine-gine, Injiniya da Ginawa a cikin sauran mukaman fasaha da yawa kan cikar wadanda 'yan Afirka suka yi. Ci gaban Ashanti da Kogin Zinariya gabaɗaya ya dogara da… Mu Biritaniya daga ketare muna nan don taimaka muku a ƙarshe don gudanar da ƙasar ku… albarkatun kasar ku. A taƙaice ana sa ran kwalejin za ta samar da masana kimiyya da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda za su iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arziƙin Gold Coast. A daidai wannan bukin buɗewa, Prempeh II ya bayyana fatansa na Kwalejin Prempeh: 'fatan ɗaliban Kwalejin za su haskaka. ba wai kawai a fagen ilimi ba har ma a sararin sama'.
Tun daga 2012, shugaban makarantar shine E. K. Yeboah, memba na CHASS.
Inifam Inifam ɗin makarantar ya haɗa da koren riga mai ƙyalli na kwaleji. Dalibai suna sanya wannan zuwa aji a kullun. Don dalilai na biki ɗalibai suna sanye da koren jaket tare da zanen ƙirar kwaleji. An fara amfani da rigar koleji ne tun daga farkon shekarar 1949, an yi watsi da ita a shekarun 1980, sannan ta farfado a shekarar 2003. Dalibai suna sanya rigar kwalejin ne domin bukukuwa, kamar ranakun magana da bikin yaye dalibai.
Mujallar makaranta Mujallar Kwalejin Prempeh ta dade ana kiranta da Stool. Daftari ce mai shafi 100 wacce ke ba da rahoton shekara-shekara na makarantar. Tare da majiɓinci, hukumar edita da SRC, suna ba wa ɗaliban ƙungiyar mujallu mai girma. Abin da a koyaushe ake nunawa, alal misali, hasashe ne game da makaranta a waje, gajerun saƙonni daga ɗaliban kwaleji zuwa wasu makarantu, hira da tsofaffin ɗalibai da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa.
Nasarorin da aka samu Kwalejin Prempeh ita ce makaranta ta farko da ta ci nasarar kacici-kacici na Kimiyya da Lissafi na Kasa a cikin 1994 da 1996. Kwalejin ta kuma lashe bugu na 2015 ,2017 da 2021 na National Science and Maths Quiz na Ghana wanda ya sa su zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantu masu nasara a gasar tafsirin kimiyya da lissafi ta ƙasa. Kwalejin Prempeh kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun muhawara ta kasa ta Ghana rikodin sau biyu a cikin 1997 da kuma a cikin 2004. Kwalejin Prempeh ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Ghana da Afirka da ta lashe gasar Robofest 2016 ko World Robotics, inda ta doke jiga-jigan China, Japan da sauran kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu. Sun sami lambar yabo ta Toyota Innovation Award a waccan shekarar kuma ita ce makaranta daya tilo daga Afirka da ta ci ta. Kulob din Prempeh na Robotics Club ya kuma ci lambar yabo da dama na wasu lambobin yabo na robotics a tsawon shekaru, wasu nasarorin da suka samu sun hada da: 2016 Ashanti Regional Robotics Champions, Robofest Toyota Innovation Award Champions 2016, Robofest National Champions 2016, National Robotics 2015, National Robotics Champions 2014, Gasar Robotics na Yanki 2013, masu cin nasara na Gasar Robotics na Yanki 2012, Nasara a Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen a Gasar Ilimin Ilimin Ilimin Robotics Inspired 2011, 2016 National Robofest Qualifiers, Presec-Legon, Gasar Ghana. Makarantar ta wakilci Ghana a gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta duniya a New Delhi India Makarantar kuma ta wakilci Ghana a gasar Robotics kan layi ta Duniya inda makarantar ta tattara jimillar kofuna 22. Kimanin kungiyoyi 3 ne makarantar ta gabatar da kungiyoyi na 1, 3 da 5 a gasar. Makarantar ta zama ta farko da ta taba lashe gasar a karo na biyu a jere bayan ta lashe gasar da ta gabata a Michigan. Koyaya an gudanar da bugu na 2020 akan layi saboda tasirin Covid-19 akan tafiye-tafiye.
Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai Mohammed Abdul-Saaka, mataimakin minista a jamhuriya ta biyu
Sam Adjei, likita
Samuel Yaw Adusei, tsohon mataimakin ministan yankin Ashanti
Jot Agyeman, marubuci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai gudanarwa na watsa labarai
Kwesi Ahwoi, tsohon ministan harkokin cikin gida na Ghana.
Francis Amanfoh, jami'in diflomasiyya
Abednego Feehi Okoe Amartey, Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararru
Joseph Amoah, dan tseren da ke wakiltar Ghana a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya na shekarar 2019 kuma mai rikodin kasa a tseren mita 200 na maza
Richard Twum Aninakwah, Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Ghana (2004-2008)
Edmund Owusu Ansah, dan kwallon kafa
Yaw Appau, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Ghana (2015-)
Kwame Baah, sojan Ghana kuma dan siyasa; tsohon ministan kasa da albarkatun ma'adinai, ministan harkokin waje, kuma ministan tsare-tsare tattalin arziki a lokacin mulkin Acheampong.
Hon Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu, Dan Siyasar Ghana, Tsohon Ministan Ilimi
Fritz Baffour, mai shirya talabijin kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai shine manajan darakta na Tropical Visionstorm Limited
Baffour Adjei Bawuah, jami'in diflomasiyya
Kofi Boahene, likita
Nana Osei Bonsu II, sarkin gargajiya na Ashanti Mampong
Yussif Chibsah, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Dr. Kwabena Duffuor, tsohon gwamnan bankin Ghana, ministan kudi, wanda ya kafa UniBank Ghana
Maxwell Kofi Jumah tsohon magajin garin Kumasi
Sadat Karim, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
John Kufuor, tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana
Osagyefo Kuntunkununku II- Okyenhene
Joakim Lartey, mawaƙa
Kwadwo Mpiani, tsohon shugaban ma'aikata kuma ministan harkokin shugaban kasa
Martin Osei Nyarko, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Dominic Oduro, dan kwallon kafa
Farfesa Kwadwo Asenso Okyere, tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Ghana, Legon, tsohon shugaban abinci da noma, UNO
Dr. Matthew Opoku Prempeh, dan majalisa mai wakiltar Manhyia ta Kudu da kuma ministan makamashi na Ghana
Kwadwo Afoakwa Sarpong, tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar Ghana
Kwabena Sarpong-Anane, Darakta Janar na Gidan Watsa Labarai na Ghana (2010-2011)
Tonyi Senayah, Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Takalmin Doki
Kwaku Sintim-Misa ɗan wasan Ghana, darekta, satirist, mai gabatar da jawabi, kuma marubuci.
Godfred Akoto Boafo, ɗan jarida kuma mai kula da wasanni
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30154 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimakon%20Shari%27a | Taimakon Shari'a | Taimakon shari'a, shine bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba su da Iƙon samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu. Ana kallon taimakon shari'a a matsayin jigon samar da damar yin adalci ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin bayar da shawara da, 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya. Wannan labarin ya bayyana ci gaban taimakon shari'a da ka'idodinsa, da farko kamar yadda aka sani a Turai, Commonwealth of Nations da kuma a Amurka.
Taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton samun adalci ga kowa, kamar yadda sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tanada game da shari'ar laifuka. Musamman ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba su da isassun hanyoyin kuɗi, ba da tallafin doka ga abokan ciniki da gwamnatoci ke ƙara yuwuwa, a cikin shari'ar.
Yawancin nau'ikan isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito, gami da lauyoyi masu aiki, asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, da biyan lauyoyi don tunkarar shari'o'i ga mutanen da suka cancanci taimakon shari'a. Hakanan za'a iya bayar da ƙarin nasiha da shawarwari na doka na yau da kullun ko na gaba ɗaya kyauta ko a farashi mai rahusa ta hanyoyin kamar cibiyoyin doka (Birtaniya), cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma (Ostiraliya) ko wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan taimakon doka a ciki da waje. na kotu.
Tarihi Taimakon shari'a yana da alaƙa da ƙasan jindaɗi, kuma ba da taimakon shari'a ta wata jiha yana da tasiri akan halayen walwala. Taimakon shari'a wani tanadi ne na jindadi da gwamnati ke yi ga mutanen da ba za su iya ba da shawara daga tsarin shari'a ba. Taimakon shari'a yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da tanadin jin daɗi ta hanyar samar wa mutanen da ke da haƙƙin samar da jin daɗi, kamar gidajen jama'a, samun shawarwarin doka da kuma kotuna.
A tarihi, taimakon shari'a ya taka rawa sosai wajen tabbatar da mutunta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro na zamantakewa, gidaje, kula da zamantakewa, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya da ilimi, waɗanda za a iya ba da su a bainar jama'a ko a ɓoye, da kuma dokar aiki da dokar hana wariya. Masana shari'a irin su Mauro Cappelletti suna jayayya cewa taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci wajen samarwa mutane damar samun adalci, ta hanyar ba da damar tilasta wa kowane mutum tilasta doka ta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Ra'ayinsa ya ci gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20, lokacin da dimokiradiyya tare da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja suka kafa jihohi masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga mutum. Jihohi sun yi aiki a matsayin 'yan kwangila da masu ba da sabis a cikin falsafar tushen kasuwa wacce ta jaddada ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mabukaci Wannan ya haifar da mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cimma haƙƙin kowa.
Kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wallafe-wallafe kan taimakon shari'a sun jaddada aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu tare Kamar yadda aka gina jihohin jindaɗi na gargajiya a cikin shekara ta 1940s da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin gama kai na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu; kuma jihar ta dauki alhakin wadanda ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ta hanyar rashin lafiya da rashin aikin yi ba. Aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne a haɗa kai, ta hanyar manufofi maimakon matakin shari'a na mutum ɗaya. An kafa dokoki don tallafawa tanadin jin daɗi, koda yake ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na masu tsarawa, ba lauyoyi ba. A cikin 1950s da 1960s, aikin jindadin jama'a ya canza, kuma ba a ɗauka cewa burin zamantakewar jama'a shine burin gama-gari. Mutane suna da 'yanci don cimma burinsu. Ƙasar jindaɗi a wannan lokacin ta faɗaɗa, tare da tanadin taimakon doka, yayin da damuwa ta bayyana kan ƙarfin masu ba da jin daɗi da ƙwararru. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da 1970s, buƙatu ya tashi na haƙƙin daidaikun mutane don aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka da tanadin jindadin da suka dace da su. Hanyoyi sun bayyana ta hanyar da 'yan ƙasa za su iya tilasta musu haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka, kuma lauyoyin jin daɗi sun yi amfani da taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga masu karamin karfi lokacin da suke mu'amala da jami'an jihohi. An ba da taimakon shari'a daga dokar iyali zuwa nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ba a sake ganin rawar da jihar jindadin ta ke takawa a matsayin mai inganci ba, kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ƙara samar da jin daɗi. Ana ƙara ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar masu zaman kansu, amma sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan ba da taimako a shari'ar kotu. An ƙara ɗaukar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin masu amfani, waɗanda yakamata su iya zaɓar tsakanin sabis. Inda ba zai yiwu a samar da irin wannan zaɓin ba, an bai wa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin bayyana rashin jin daɗinsu ta hanyar tsarin korafe-korafen gudanarwa. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali, saboda ba a tsara taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga waɗanda ke neman gyara ta hanyoyin tafiyar da korafe-korafe ba. Har ila yau, tashin hankali ya fara bayyana a matsayin jihohin da suka jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon aiwatar da aiki tare ta hanyar manufofi, rage kuɗin tallafin doka a matsayin tanadin jihar jindaɗi. Aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a na haƙƙin jin daɗi na buƙatar nau'in tallafin doka na jihohin da ke jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ayyukan gama gari.
Ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a Taimakon shari'a a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga yancin ba da shawara da 'yancin gudanar da shari'a ta gaskiya na kasashen nahiyar Turai na karni na 19. Dokokin talaka sun yi watsi da kudaden kotu ga talakawa tare da nada lauyoyi ga wadanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba Da farko abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa lauyoyin da ke aiki za su yi aiki bisa ga fa'ida. A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin ƙasashen Turai ba su da hanyar da za ta bi don ba da agajin shari'a, kuma talakawa sun dogara ga taimakon lauyoyi. Yawancin ƙasashe sun ci gaba da kafa dokoki waɗanda suka tanadi biyan matsakaicin kuɗi ga lauyoyin aiki. Don hana buƙatar, taimakon shari'a an iyakance shi ga farashin lauyoyi a cikin shari'ar da ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashe da ke da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula da tsarin shari'a na gama gari suna ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban ga yancin ba da shawara a cikin shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka Ƙasashen dokokin farar hula sun fi jaddada yancin yin shawara a cikin shari'ar jama'a, don haka ba da taimakon shari'a inda ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashen dokokin gama gari sun jaddada yancin yin shawara da ba da agajin shari'a musamman dangane da shari'ar laifuka. Dangane da saurin haɓaka masana'antu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 na Turai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fito waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnatoci. Sun sami ra'ayi na doka don baiwa ma'aikata haƙƙin doka a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari, a ƙoƙarin hana ayyukan masana'antu daga ma'aikatan masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fara ba wa ma'aikata shawarwarin doka game da sababbin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Bukatar waɗannan ayyuka ya yi yawa kuma a ƙoƙarin samarwa ma'aikata shawarwarin da ba na bangaranci ba, gwamnatoci da yawa sun fara ba da taimakon doka tun farkon ƙarni na 20.
Kwanan nan A cikin ƙarni na 20, taimakon doka ya haɓaka tare da ƙa'idodin ci gaba; sau da yawa ana samun goyon bayan waɗancan ma’aikatan lauyoyi waɗanda suke ganin alhakinsu ne su kula da waɗanda ba su da kuɗi. Taimakon shari'a ya zama abin da lauyoyi za su iya bayarwa don biyan "bukatun shari'a" na waɗanda suka gano a matsayin matalauta, wariya. A cewar Francis Regan a cikin 1999, ba da agajin doka yana haifar da wadata, ba buƙatu ba ne, yana haifar da faffadan gibi tsakanin tanadin da ya dace da buƙatu da kuma ainihin buƙata. Shirye-shiryen sabis na doka, kamar sasanci na unguwanni da sabis na doka, akai-akai suna rufewa saboda rashin buƙata, yayin da wasu ke cika da abokan ciniki.
Ta ƙasa
Asiya Yawancin ayyukan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta ƙungiyoyin asali, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (NGOs), ko kuma wasu gwamnatocin Asiya sun tsara su bisa dokokin tsarin mulki.
Hong Kong Hukunce-hukuncen yanki, Hong Kong yana ba da taimakon doka ta hanyar Sashen Ba da Agaji na Shari'a, wanda Majalisar Sabis na Ba da Agajin Shari'a ke kula da ita.
A Gudanarwa Sashen Ba da Agajin Shari'a yana ƙarƙashin sashin gudanarwa na Ofishin Babban Sakatare A cikin shekara ta 2007 an koma da shi zuwa Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida, wanda ke kula da al'amuran al'adu da gudanarwa na gida. Wannan dai ya sha suka sosai daga sansanin masu rajin kare dimokuradiyyar 'yan adawa saboda yin illa ga tsaka-tsaki na samar da agajin doka. Sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da duk ƙunshi sake tsara ofisoshin tsare-tsare, wanda canjin Sashen Taimakon Shari'a ya kasance ɓangare kamar haka:
Indiya Mataki na ashirin da 39A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, ya tanadi adalci dai-dai da taimakon doka kyauta kamar haka:Gwamnati za ta tabbatar da cewa gudanar da tsarin shari'a yana inganta adalci, bisa ga dama iri ɗaya, kuma za ta ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta, ta hanyar doka ko tsare-tsare ko ta kowace hanya, don tabbatar da adalci. ba a hana kowane ɗan ƙasa ta dalilin tattalin arziki ko nakasa. Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewa sabis na shari'a abu ne da ba za a iya raba shi ba na 'ma'ana, adalci da adalci', domin idan ba tare da shi ba za a hana mutumin da ke fama da nakasa tattalin arziki ko wasu nakasu damar samun adalci. A cikin farar hula, Order XXXIII. R.18 na Code of Civil Procedure 1908 da sharadin cewa jihohi da gwamnatocin tsakiya na iya yin ƙarin tanadi kamar yadda suke ganin ya dace don ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda aka ba su izinin kai kara a matsayin matalauta. Dokar Hukumomin Ayyukan Shari'a,</blockquote>
Philippines Taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ko taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, kamar yadda ake kira shi sau da yawa a cikin Philippines, ya yi nisa tun lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Marcos A lokacin dokar soja, uban kare hakkin dan Adam Sen. An aika Jose W. Diokno gidan yari sa’ad da Ferdinand Marcos ya kama duk ’yan adawar siyasa. Da zarar an saki Diokno kwanaki 718 bayan haka, lauya kuma tsohon dan majalisar dattawa ya kafa kungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Kyauta, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma ga kare hakkin dan adam tun 1974. Ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin amfani da FLAG na taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, wanda ya haɗa da sabis na shari'a na bono da kuma ba da alawus kyauta ga abokan cinikin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi, sabis na shari'a na kyauta ya zama daidaitaccen aiki a ƙasar. Daga baya, an bullo da dokokin da za su buƙaci sabbin lauyoyi masu lasisi su ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta na ƙayyadaddun lokaci da ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Shahararriyar doka akan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana kiranta Dokar Sabis na Taimakon Shari'a (CLAS). Dokar CLAS ta shafi lauyoyin da ke cikin shekarar farko ta aikinsu. Yawancin ayyukan shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta yawancin kamfanonin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai a Philippines.
A cikin shekara ta 2020, Duterte ya ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar doka da ake kira Dokar Yaki da Ta'addanci, wacce za ta kama duk wani mai adawa saboda rashin ma'anoni a cikin dokar kan wanda za a iya yiwa alama "'yan ta'adda". Hakan ya tunzura jama'a da kuma shugaban FLAG Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno FLAG, tare da takwarorinsu ƴan jarida, ƴan jahohi, da ƴan siyasa da ake tsare da su sun mayar da martani tare da fitar da ƙalubalen doka mai lamba GR No. 252741 akan Sakataren Zartarwa na Duterte Salvador Medialdea bisa dalilai da ma'anar dokar. Daga cikin tanade-tanaden da ake tantamawa har da sashe na 29 na tsarewa ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba, inda za a iya kama wanda ake tuhuma ko da ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba kuma a tsare shi har na tsawon kwanaki.
Turai Mataki na 47 na kundin dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya tanadi cewa za a ba da agajin shari'a ga wadanda ba su da isassun kayan aiki, muddin irin wannan taimako ya zama dole don tabbatar da samun adalci.
Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da kuma Rasha A cewar PILnet: Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Dokar Sha'awar Jama'a, tana da Wasu abubuwa kamar haka:Sama da shekaru goma kasashen tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma Rasha ke ci gaba da yin garambawul da sake fasalin tsarinsu na doka Yayin da aka gudanar da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a fannin shari'a a ko'ina cikin yankin, hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan shari'a da taimako galibi ba su da inganci kuma ba su da inganci. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa—musamman waɗanda matalauta ne ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi—an bar su ba tare da samun ainihin lauyoyin ba a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi laifuffuka da waɗanda ba na laifi ba.A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, mutanen da suka cancanta (yawanci waɗanda ke nuna rashin isashen kuɗi) na iya neman kotuna ko Ƙungiyar lauyoyin Czech don a naɗa musu lauya.
Denmark A Denmark, masu nema dole ne su cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa don karɓar taimakon doka don shari'ar jama'a: Mai nema ba zai sami fiye da kr. ba. 289,000 50,000) a shekara kuma da'awar jam'iyyar dole ne ya zama dai-dai. Game da shari'o'in laifuka, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin.
Jamus A cikin shari'o'in jama'a da suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, tsarin mulki da shari'o'in zamantakewa, ana ba da taimako a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a (a cikin hanyar shawara kuma, inda ya cancanta, wakilci). A cikin shari'o'in da ake tuhuma, wanda ake tuhuma yana da haƙƙin ya ba da shawara, kuma a wasu lokuta idan hukuncin ya kai akalla shekara guda na tsare, ana iya ba wanda ake tuhuma shawara ko da ba ya so ba.
Italiya Wanda aka sani da Patrocinio a spese dello Stato, ana ba da taimakon doka ta Dokar Italiyanci DPR n. 115/2002 Labarai. 74-141. An yi niyya don aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da 24 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga haƙƙin tsaro (a cikin shari'o'in farar hula, gudanarwa da na laifuka) ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun sabis na lauya da kansu ba saboda rashin iya biyan su daga gare su. kudin shiga (kasa da €10,776.33 ga kowane mutum).
Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Italiya, Sashe na 24 ya ce Abubuwa kamar haka:ɗaukarkowa damar daukar matakin shari'a don kare hakkinta da halalcin bukatunsa. Tsaro hakki ne da ba za a tauye shi ba a kowane mataki na shari'ar. Hanyoyin aiki da tsaro a gaban dukkan Kotuna suna da garantin ga marasa galihu ta cibiyoyin gwamnati. Doka ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin shari'a don magance rashin adalci.Taimakon shari'a a Italiya sabis ne don ba da izini ga kowa ya taimaka wa lauya ko kuma mashaidi ƙwararre ba tare da kowane kuɗaɗen doka ko farashi ba a cikin duk wani laifi, farar hula, gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi ko aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi da kuma "hukuncin son rai" kuma a duk lokacin da kasancewar doka ta buƙaci lauya ko ƙwararren shaida. Ana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk maki ko matakan gwaji, gami da duk wasu abubuwan da suka faru na haɗari da na ɗan lokaci. Ana ba da ita a gaban Kotuna, Kotunan ɗaukaka kara, Kotun Koli, kotunan sa ido da alkalai, Kotunan Gudanarwa na Yanki, Kwamitocin Bitar Shari'a, Hukumomin Kuɗi na Lardi da Yanki da Kotun Audit na Jiha.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ingila da Wales Dokar Taimakon Shari'a da Shawara ta 1949 ta samo asali ne ta hanyar taimakon doka. A cikin shekara ta 2009, taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales sun kashe mai biyan haraji 2bn a shekara wanda ya fi kowane mutum kashewa fiye da ko'ina a duniya kuma yana samuwa ga kusan kashi 29% na manya. Koyaya, samuwa da matakin samar da taimakon shari'a ya ragu sosai tun 2012 sakamakon matakan tsuke bakin aljihu a cikin Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Legal (har zuwa 31 ga Maris na shekara ta 2013 ta Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a tana ba da taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales, kuma ana samunta don yawancin shari'o'in laifuka, da nau'ikan shari'o'in farar hula. Keɓancewa sun haɗa da cin zarafi, mafi yawan shari'o'in rauni na mutum (waɗanda ake magance su a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kuɗaɗen Sharadi, nau'in kuɗin da ake buƙata da shari'o'in kamfanoni. Har ila yau, wasu lokuta ana rufe shari'ar iyali. Dangane da nau'in shari'ar, taimakon shari'a na iya ko a'a yana nufin gwadawa kuma a wasu lokuta taimakon shari'a na iya zama 'yanci ga waɗanda ke da fa'idodi, marasa aiki kuma ba su da tanadi ko kadara.
Gaba ɗaya ana ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na lauyoyi a cikin ayyukan sirri. Ƙayyadadden adadin masu kare jama'a ana ɗaukar su kai tsaye ta Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Shari'a a ofisoshin Sabis na Tsaron Jama'a suna ba da shawarwari a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da bayar da shawarwari a majistare da kotunan rawani. Ana ba da taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar lauyoyi a cikin aiki na sirri amma kuma ta lauyoyin da ke aiki a Cibiyoyin Shari'a da hukumomin shawarwari masu zaman kansu.
LASPO Bayar da taimakon shari'a yana ƙarƙashin Dokar Samun Shari'a ta 1999 da ƙarin dokoki, kwanan nan Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO), wacce ta fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 2013. LASPO ta haifar da raguwar kashi 46 cikin 100 na adadin shari'o'in da aka ba da taimakon shari'a, daga 925,000 a shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 497,000 kawai a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO) ta dakatar da taimako ga wuraren doka da suka haɗa da iyali, jin daɗi, gidaje da bashi. Akwai korafe-korafen da ke cewa rage tallafin lauyoyi daga LASPO ya hana talakawa samun adalci. LASPO ta kuma yi tasiri a kan masu ba da agajin doka, waɗanda suka ce suna "damuwa da... irin wannan zurfin yanke hukunci" ga taimakon doka. Akwai masu ba da agaji 37 da suka ruguje tun Afrilu 2020, wanda ya fi ofisoshi 70. Wannan ya sa lauyoyin da ke ba da agajin shari'a jin cewa aikinsu ya "gure" saboda asarar aiki. Misali, a cikin Exeter yanzu babu masu ba da agajin doka don ƙaura ko mafaka, tare da mai ba da mafi kusa shine nesa Plymouth daga tsakiyar gari. An bayyana cewa waɗannan masu samarwa suna karɓar matsakaicin matsakaiciyar kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara na 27,000, wanda bai kai albashin farawa ga manajan da ya kammala karatun digiri a Aldi ba. Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a sanya wannan matakin na albashi mafi kyau. Yayin da lauyoyin da ke ba da tallafin shari'a suna samun tallafi daga hukumar ba da agajin shari'a, wani lokaci yana iya ɗaukar shekaru kafin biyan su. Wannan shi ne saboda matsalolin tsabar kuɗi tare da hukumar ba da agaji ta doka, wani abu da Ƙungiyar n Ƙwararwa na Ƙarfafawa suna ɗauka don jagoranci da bayani daga.
Scotland Tsarin ba da agajin doka a New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da ikon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi Ana gwada taimakon shari'a. A aikace yana samuwa ga ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a. Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Scotland ce ke gudanar da ita. Hakanan ana samun Taimakon Shari'a a Scotland a cikin Laifukan Laifuka, inda sama da 90% na aikace-aikacen Takaitawa ake ba da su. Ana amfani da jarrabawar Interests of Justice, da kuma gwajin ma'ana. A cikin shari'a mai tsanani (Jury Trials) Kotu tana tantance Taimakon Shari'a.
Afirka
Afirka ta Kudu Afirka ta Kudu ƙasa ce da ta sake gina tsarinta na shari'a a wani yunƙuri na yin koyi da ƙasashen yammacin turai, tare da samar da tsarin adalci da adalci. Afirka ta Kudu tana da tsarin shari'a na kasa da kuma, a wasu yankuna, tsarin gudanar da shari'a na kabilanci. Ana bayyana wannan a matsayin jam'i na shari'a “Dokokin cikin gida” na yau da kullun sun sha bamban sosai da sauran dokoki da al'adun ƙasar, suna hana ba da shawarar doka. Koyaya, tsarin shari'a na 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu baya buƙatar wakilci, don haka da gaske yana kawar da buƙatar taimakon doka. A kwaikwayi tsarin shari'a na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da lauyoyi, wadanda ke aiki a manyan kotuna, da lauyoyi, wadanda ke ba da shawarwari ba tare da kotu ba kuma suna aiki a kananan kotuna. A shekara ta 1969 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da bukatar taimakon shari'a, kuma ta mayar da martani ta hanyar samar da hukumar ba da agajin shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1971 kuma a yanzu tana ba da mafi yawan taimakon shari'a a duk fadin kasar. Hukumar tana da 'yancin kai kuma tana da 'yancin kai daga gwamnati wajen yanke shawara, kuma tana da hurumin yanke shawarar ba da taimakon doka. Hukumar tana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk "masu cancanta" masu samun kudin shiga na R600.00 ko ƙasa da haka. Idan mutane ba su cika wannan cancantar ba ana ba su wasu hanyoyin samun lauya, kamar ɗaukar ɗaya ko, idan wannan bai dace da su ba, nemo wanda zai yi aiki pro bono A wani misali na tarihin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kusan kashi 85% na dukkan lauyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu farar fata ne. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa bambancin launin fata a fannin shari'a shine fifiko kuma akwai "cibiyoyin kula da lafiya" masu balaguro don taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi a kan dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a duk fadin kasar, da nufin yada ilimi a duk faɗin mai yiwuwa, ko da yake musamman a yankunan da ke fama da talauci. Fiye da kashi 80% na kuɗaɗen Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ana ba da umarni ne ga samar da masu ba da kariya a cikin lamuran aikata laifuka. An bayyana wannan gabaɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin sakamakon dalilai guda biyu: galibin laifukan da matalauta ke aikatawa, da kuma samar da tsaro a cikin laifukan da ke zama fifiko idan aka kwatanta da ƙararrakin farar hula. Kafin aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, kashi 80% na duk mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari a matsayin masu aikata laifuka ba su da wakilci, saboda babu haƙƙin tsaro kuma babu wani wajibci ga gwamnati na samar da wannan kariya. Bayan amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta wajaba a samar da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Legal don taimakawa wajen samun damar samun taimakon doka. Ga waɗanda ke neman taimako kuma suna sane da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin shari'a, ana samun taimakon doka a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar abubuwa kamar haka:
Mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa wanda ba a biya shi ba pro bono work)
Lauyoyin 'yan takara a kamfanonin lauyoyi na karkara da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi
Lauyan mai zaman kansa wanda gwamnati (ma'aikatar shari'a) ke ba da tallafi
Dakunan shan magani na jami'a masu zaman kansu
Dakunan shan magani na jiha
Cibiyoyin adalci na jiha (cibiyoyin bayar da agajin shari’a)
ƙwararrun kamfanoni na doka
Ofisoshin shawarwari na Paralegal
Tsarin inshora na doka
Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna wanzu kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar tallafi da ƙarfafawa. Duk da haka, waɗannan ayyuka sun kasance a buɗe ga zargi, wasu na cewa waɗannan ayyuka masu yawa da suka bambanta da Afirka ta Kudu ba su da mahimmanci idan babu isasshen ilimi da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan suna samuwa ga mutane. Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta karfafawa makarantun shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu kwarin gwiwar fadada isarsu tare da kafa "dakunan shan magani" masu balaguro da karfafawa makarantu gwiwa da su kara manhajar karatu ta doka" don yaɗa ilimin wannan fanni.
Amirka ta Arewa
Kanada A Kanada, tsarin taimakon shari'a na zamani ya samo asali ne bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa tsarin raba farashi tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na larduna a farkon shekara ta 1970. An saita gudunmawar kuɗin tarayya a asali a kashi 50% na farashin tsarin ba da agajin doka, amma matakin kuɗin ya canza a cikin shekaru. Ainihin isar da taimakon shari'a na matakin gwamnati na lardi ne, a matsayin wani yanki na hukumcin lardi kan gudanar da shari'a. Misali, Legal Aid Ontario yana ba da sabis na shari'a ga mazauna Ontario, Legal Services Society yana ba da shi ga mazaunan British Columbia,
Amurka Taimakon shari'a a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka haƙƙi ne na duniya wanda Kwaskwarima na Shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya lamunce. Yawancin samfuran isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito a cikin Amurka. An ba Hukumar Ayyukan Shari'a izini a matakin tarayya don kulawa da waɗannan shirye-shiryen. A cikin tsarin "lauyoyin ma'aikata", lauyoyi suna aiki da matakan gwamnati akan albashi kawai don ba da taimakon shari'a ga abokan ciniki masu ƙaramin karfi, kama da likitocin ma'aikata a asibitin gwamnati. A cikin tsarin "judicare", ana biyan lauyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin lauyoyi don kula da shari'o'i daga abokan cinikin da suka cancanta tare da shari'o'in abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ake biyan likitoci don kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare a ƙasar Amurka Tsarin asibitin shari'a na al'umma model. ya ƙunshi ɗakunan shan magani masu zaman kansu da ke yiwa wata al'umma hidima ta hanyar hidimomin shari'a da yawa (misali wakilci, ilimi, sake fasalin doka) da lauyoyi da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba ne suka bayar, kama da asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma.
Waɗanda ake tuhumar da ake tuhuma a karkashin laifuffukan da ba za su iya ba da damar ɗaukar lauya ba kawai an ba su tabbacin taimakon shari'a da ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen, amma an ba su tabbacin wakilci na shari'a, ko dai ta hanyar masu kare jama'a, ko kuma in babu tanadi na irin wannan ko kuma saboda yawan lokuta. lauyan da kotu ta nada Tattaunawar da ta shafi taimakon shari'a da kuma wanda ke da gata a irin wannan sabis ɗin ya sha suka daga masana ilimin shari'a waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke mamaye da kuma rubuta labaran mutanen da ke neman taimakon shari'a mutane ne da ke cin gajiyar labarin abokin ciniki na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin talauci da rashin tabbas. na mutum. Sharhi sun tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar waɗannan bayanan abokin ciniki na asymmetrically, na tsari na shirye-shiryen taimakon shari'a a cikin tsarin jari hujja na Amurka a matsayin kayan aiki don yin kira ga masu ba da gudummawa da sauran hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Wadannan wakilci da tantance waɗanda ke neman kuma suka cancanci taimakon shari'a ana bayar da hujjar bayar da gudummawa ga al'adar zargi waɗanda ke fama da talauci, kamar yadda labaran ba su da rawar da jihar da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki ke takawa wajen samar da waɗannan yanayi na abokan ciniki. Duk da haka, ba a bayar da taimakon shari'a a cikin ƙararrakin farar hula, ko hanyoyin kora, saboda waɗannan ba shari'ar laifi ba ne.
Oceania
Ostiraliya Ostiraliya tana da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi ikon tarayya, jiha da yanki. Ostiraliya (Commonwealth) da gwamnatocin jahohi da yanki kowanne suna da alhakin samar da taimakon doka don abubuwan da suka taso a ƙarƙashin dokokinsu. Bugu da ƙari akwai hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta Kusan guda 200, ba don riba ba, cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma Taimakon shari'a na al'amuran Commonwealth da na jihohi ana ba da su ne ta hanyar hukumomin ba da agajin shari'a na jiha da ƙasa (LACs), waɗanda hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da tallafin doka don dangin Commonwealth, shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya da gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙasa da LACs. Yawancin al'amuran Commonwealth sun shiga cikin Iƙon dokar iyali.
Kwamitocin ba da agajin doka suna amfani da gauraya samfurin don sadar da ayyukan wakilcin doka. Ana iya ba da gudummawar taimakon wakilcin doka ga ko dai lauyan cikin gida mai albashi ko kuma a tura shi ga wani mai zaman kansa. Haɗaɗɗen ƙirar yana da fa'ida musamman don samar da sabis ga abokan ciniki a yankunan yanki kuma a lokuta inda rikici na sha'awa yana nufin lauya ɗaya ba zai iya wakiltar ɓangarorin biyu ba.
Ta hanyar tarihi, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Ofishin Sabis na Shari'a a cikin shekara ta 1942 don haɓaka tsarin ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1973 Babban Mai Shari'a a cikin gwamnatin Labour ta Whitlam, Lionel Murphy, ya kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya. Murphy ya fahimci buƙatar gaggawar taimakon doka domin adalci ya kasance dai-dai da kowa ga kowa. Murphy ya gane cewa: "Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton 'yan ƙasa a gaban dokoki shine rashin isassun shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka cikakke a cikin Ostiraliya. Babban abin da gwamnati ta sa a gaba shi ne cewa taimakon shari'a ya kasance cikin sauƙi kuma dai-dai da samuwa ga 'yan ƙasa a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya kuma a ba da tallafin don shawarwari da taimakon ƙararraki da kuma shari'a a duk nau'ikan shari'a da kuma a duk kotuna." (Sanata Honarabul Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) Kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya a shekara ta 1973 ya biyo bayan kafa kwamitocin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi. Waɗannan ofisoshin yanzu suna ba da mafi yawan tallafin shari'a kyauta ko kuma mai rahusa ga mabukata. A cikin shekara ta 1977, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Dokar Taimakon Shari'a ta Commonwealth 1977 (LAC Act), wacce ta kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, waɗanda za a ba da taimakon doka ta kwamitocin ba da agajin doka masu zaman kansu da za a kafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. da dokokin yanki. Tsarin kafa LACs ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1976 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a na Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1978 Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Victoria (LACV), kuma ta ƙare a 1990 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Tasmania Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar da aka kafa ta Dokar LAC ta samar da yarjejeniyar ba da tallafin doka ta Commonwealth da jiha da ƙasa,
A cikin Yulin shekara ta 1997, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta canza shirye-shiryenta don ba da kuɗi kai tsaye sabis na taimakon doka don al'amuran dokar Commonwealth. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsari, jihohi da yankuna suna ba da tallafi ga nasu dokokin. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an jinkirta shari'ar kisan kai a Kotun Koli ta Victoria saboda ba a samun taimakon doka. An ambaci wannan a matsayin sakamakon raguwar tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ba da agajin doka a Ostiraliya kuma ya haifar da karuwar shahara ga albarkatun taimakon shari'a na kan layi kamar Littafin Jagoran Shari'a An tattauna taimakon shari'a a Ostiraliya a cikin batun <i id="mwAZ0">Dietrich v The Sarauniya</i> (1992) An gano cewa, duk da cewa babu cikakkiyar dama ta samun lauya a bainar jama'a, a mafi yawan lokuta alƙali ya kamata ya ba da duk wata bukata ta a dage shari'a ko kuma a tsaya a lokacin da wanda ake tuhuma ba ya wakilci.
New Zealand Tsarin ba da agajin doka a ƙasar New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da Iƙon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi Duba kuma Samun damar Shirye-shiryen Adalci
Avocats Sans Frontières
Asusun warware rikicin muhalli
Sanin doka
Asibitin shari'a
Pro Bono Net
Mai kare jama'a
Dokar Muhalli ta Yamma
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taimakon shari'a a Scotland (www.mygov.scot)
Shirin Taimakon Shari'a Ontario
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50547 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanonin%20mallakar%20gwamnati%20na%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati na Afirka ta Kudu | A Afirka ta Kudu Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Jama'a ita ce wakilin masu hannun jari na Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tare da alhakin sa ido kan kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati a muhimman sassa. Wasu kamfanoni ba Sashen Kamfanonin Gwamnati ne ke sarrafa su kai tsaye ba, sai dai wasu sassa daban-daban. Bugu da ari, ba duk mallakar jihar ba ne ake yiwa rijista a matsayin kamfanoni.
Kamfanonin mallakar gwamnati suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu A muhimman sassa kamar wutar lantarki, sufuri (iska, jirgin kasa, sufurin jiragen sama, da bututun mai), da kuma sadarwa, SOEs na taka rawar gani, wanda a lokuta da yawa doka ta bayyana, duk da cewa an ba da damar yin gasa mai iyaka a wasu sassa (watau sadarwa da iska). Sha'awar gwamnati a cikin wadannan sassa sau da yawa yana yin takara da kuma hana saka hannun jari na kasashen waje. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a ta fito fili ta bayyana cewa ya kamata kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu su inganta sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki, masana'antu da kuma maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki. DPE yana da alhakin kulawa gaba ɗaya ko a wani ɓangare na shida daga cikin kusan 700 SOEs waɗanda ke wanzu a matakan ƙasa, larduna, da ƙananan hukumomi: Alexkor (lu'u-lu'u), Denel (kayan aikin soja), Eskom (ƙararr wutar lantarki), Transnet (shirar jirgin ƙasa da pipelines) South African Express, Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gandun daji (SAFCOL) gandun daji), Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Afirka ta Kudu Waɗannan SOE ɗin guda bakwai suna ɗaukar aiki kusan mutane 105,000. Kashi 21% na jarin da aka zuba jarin jahohin ya kai kashi 63% (kashe kashi 16 cikin dari na kudaden da gwamnati ta kashe). IMF ta yi kiyasin cewa bashin na SOEs zai kara kashi 13.5% ga bashin kasa baki daya.
Tarihi An kafa kamfanoni da dama mallakin gwamnati a zamanin mulkin wariyar launin fata domin dakile tasirin takunkumin kasa da kasa kan kasar. Da farko dai gwamnatin ANC ta sayar da hannayen jari a kamfanonin, kuma ta rage harajin shigo da kayayyaki daga kasashen waje. An sauya matakan ne bayan adawar COSATU da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Afirka ta Kudu A shekara ta 2007, kawancen kungiyoyi da masu ra'ayin gurguzu a cikin jam'iyyar ANC sun tsige shugaba Thabo Mbeki, inda suka maye gurbinsa da Jacob Zuma Sabuwar manufar ta ANC na da nufin fadada rawar da kungiyar SOE ke takawa a fannin tattalin arziki, bisa koyi da kasar Sin. Duk da cewa a shekarar 2015 da 2016, manyan shugabannin gwamnati sun tattauna batun ba wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu damar saka hannun jari a wasu kamfanoni sama da 700 na gwamnati, kuma a kwanan baya sun fitar da rahoton kwamitin da shugaban kasa ya kafa kan SOE, wanda ya yi kira da a mayar da kungiyar ta SOE zuwa kasa, amma babu wani takamaimi da aka dauka. an dauki kan batun tukuna.
Matsalolin kudi da rashawa Ya zuwa karshen gwamnatin Zuma a shekarar 2018 cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin wasu kamfanoni mallakin gwamnatin kasar Afirka ta Kudu da wasu mutane masu alaka da gwamnati irinsu iyalan Gupta da ke da cece-kuce ya janyo wa kamfanoni da dama fuskantar matsalar kudi. Zurfafa al'amurran kudi, rashin gudanar da mulki, rashin gudanar da mulki da kuma bailouts na gwamnati na kamfanoni irin su Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu, South African Airways, Eskom, Denel, PRASA, da kuma Transnet sun haifar da karuwar yawan jama'a. A karshen shekarar 2015-2016 hade da lamunin gwamnati kan basussukan da kamfanoni mallakar gwamnati ke bi ya kai R467 biliyan (kwatankwacin dalar Amurka biliyan 33.1) kuma ana sa ran ya kai R500 biliyan nan da shekarar 2020 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 10 na GDP na Afirka ta Kudu. An yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki a Eskom a matsayin mai tsanani har ya jagoranci jaridar kasuwanci ta Afirka ta Kudu don yin hasashen cewa zai iya haifar da rikicin banki na kasa A cikin 2021 Baitul-mali na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da rahoton cewa Jirgin saman Afirka ta Kudu ya tara jimillar asara tsakanin 2008 da 2020 na R32 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 2.1) kuma ya sami jimillar R60 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 4) a cikin garantin gwamnati Lissafin tebur Dokar Gudanar da Kudi ta Jama'a ta bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan ƙungiyoyin jama'a guda uku. Jadawalin kungiyoyi 1 sun yi sulhu da Cibiyoyin Tsarin Mulki da suka hada da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta da Mai Kare Jama'a da sauransu. Jadawalin ɓangarorin 2 an jera su a matsayin Manyan Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a kuma suna da ikon yancin kai fiye da Jigila 3. Jadawalin ɓangarorin 2 an jera su a ƙasa. Jadawalin ɓangarorin 3 an raba su zuwa:
Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a na Ƙasa waɗanda gabaɗaya suna aiki a matsayin hukumomi na musamman ko ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu irin su Kamfanoni da Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Hankali, Majalisar Binciken Kimiyyar Dan Adam da Asusun Hatsarin Hanya Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Gwamnati na Ƙasa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin kasuwancin neman riba ciki har da Majalisar Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu, Hukumar Railway Fasinja ta Afirka ta Kudu da Rand Water Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a na Lardi waɗanda ke da mai da hankali kan lardi da aiki a matsayin hukumomin lardi kamar Hukumar Gudanar da Gautrain da sauran lardunan caca da allunan giya;
Kamfanonin Kasuwancin Gwamnatin Lardi waɗanda kasuwancin ne na neman riba wanda gwamnatin lardi ke sarrafawa kuma sun haɗa da Yankin Raya Masana'antu na Richards Bay da Yankin Gabashin Masana'antu na London Cikakken jeri A halin yanzu akwai Kamfanoni na Jihohi 108 a Afirka ta Kudu Accounting Standards Board
Agricultural Research Council (ARC)
Air Traffic and Navigation Services Company
Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)
Alexkor Limited
Armaments Corporation of South Africa (ARMSCOR)
Blind SA
Brand South Africa
Breede-Gouritz CMA
Broadband Infraco
Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa (BCCSA)
Cape Town International Airport
Central Energy Fund (CEF)
Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
Commission for Employment Equity
Companies and Intellectual Property Commission (CIPC)
Compensation Fund
Competition Commission (The)
Competition Tribunal
Council for Geoscience
Council for Medical Schemes
Council on Higher Education
Denel (Pty) Ltd
Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA)
Eskom
Estate Agency Affairs Board (The)
Export Credit Insurance Corporation of South Africa (Ltd.)
Film and Publication Board (FPB)
Financial Sector Conduct Authority (FSCA)
Free State Development Corporation Freedom Park
Government Employees Medical Scheme (GEMS)
Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF)
Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority (HWSETA)
Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA)
Housing Development Agency (HDA)
Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)
Independent Development Trust
Industrial Development Corporation [Ltd] (IDC)
Ingonyama Trust Board
Institute of People Management (IPM)
Ithala Development Finance Corporation (Ltd)
Khula Enterprise Finance (Ltd)
King Shaka International Airport
Land Bank and Agriculture Bank of South Africa Land Bank Legal Aid South Africa
Limpopo Economic Development Enterprise
Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA)
Mhlathuze Water
Mining Qualification Authority
Mintek (Council for Mineral Technology)
National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI)
National Agricultural Marketing Council
National Archives of South Africa (NASA)
National Arts Council of South Africa (NACSA)
National Consumer Commission (The) (NCC)
National Credit Regulator (NCR)
National Development Agency (NDA)
National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC)
National Electronic Media of South Africa (NEMISA)
National Empowerment Fund
National Energy Regulator (NERSA)
National Film and Video Foundation
National Gambling Board of South Africa
National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC)
National House of Traditional Leaders National Housing Finance Corporation (NHFC)
National Lotteries Commission
National Nuclear Regulator (NNR)
National Peace Accord Trust (NPAT)
National Ports Authority (NPA)
National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS)
National Youth Development Agency (NYDA)
Nelson Mandela Museum
North West Development Corporation
OR Tambo International Airport
Passenger Rail Agency of South African (PRASA)
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Limited (PBMR)
Perishable Products Export Control Board
PetroSA (Pty) Ltd
Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA)
Public Investment Corporation (PIC)
Rand Water
Refugee Appeal Board
Road Accident Fund (RAF)
Road Traffic Infringement Agency (RTIA)
Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC)
Robben Island Museum
Safety and Security, Sector Education Training Authority (SASSETA)
Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA)
Small Enterprise Finance Agency (SEFA)
South African Agency For Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA)
South African Airways (SAA)
South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
South African Bureau of Standards (SABS)
South African Civil Aviation Authority
South African Council for Educators (SACE)
South African Council for Social Service Professions (SACSSP)
South African Diamond and Precious Metals Regulator
South African Express
South African Forestry Company (Ltd) (SAFCOL)
South African Heritage Resources Agency
South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport
South African Library for the Blind
South African Local Government Association (SALGA) South African National Accreditation System
South African National Council for the Blind
South African National Parks (SANParks)
South African National Road Agency
South African Nuclear Energy Corporation SOC Ltd (NECSA)
South African Post Office (SAPO)
South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA)
South African Reserve Bank (SARB)
South African Social Security Agency (SASSA)
South African Special Risk Insurance Association (SASRIA)
South African State Theatre Pretoria
South African Tourism
South African Veterinary Council
South African Weather Service (SAWS)
Special Investigating Unit (SIU)
State Information Technology Agency (SITA)
Tax Ombud: South Africa
Technology Innovation Agency
Telkom SA (Ltd)
Transnet (Ltd) Universal Service Agency and Access of South Africa
Water Research Commission (WRC)
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29963 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C9%97e%20jama%27a | Buɗe jama'a | Bude jama'a kalma ce da masanin falsafa ɗan ƙasar Faransa Henri Bergson ya ƙirƙira a cikin shekarata 1932 kuma ya bayyana wani tsari mai ƙarfi wanda ya karkata zuwa ga ɗabi'a na duniya Bergson ya bambanta al'umma mai buɗe ido da abin da ya kira rufaffiyar al'umma, rufaffiyar tsarin doka, ɗabi'a ko addini. Yana tsaye, kamar rufaffen hankali Bergson ya ba da shawarar cewa idan duk alamun wayewa za su ɓace, illolin rufaffiyar al'umma don haɗawa ko ware wasu za su kasance. Tunanin bude al'umma ya kara bunkasa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da wani masanin falsafa dan kasar Birtaniya Karl Popper haifaffen Austriya. Popper ya gan shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba na tarihi da ke zuwa daga kwayoyin halitta, kabilanci, sannan ko rufaffiyar al'umma, ta hanyar bude al'umma (alama ta hanyar halayen halayen al'ada) zuwa ga al'ummar da ba ta dace ba ko kuma ta rasa duk wani hulɗar hulɗar fuska da fuska <ref>K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One''' (1945), 1 and 174–75.</ref>
Tarihi Popper ya ga Hellenawa na gargajiya suna fara jinkirin sauyi daga kabilanci zuwa ga jama'a masu fa'ida, kuma a karon farko suna fuskantar matsalolin da 'yan uwantaka da ke tattare da ita. Ganin cewa al'ummomin kabilanci da na gama gari ba sa banbance tsakanin dokokin dabi'a da al'adar zamantakewa, ta yadda da wuya daidaikun mutane su kalubalanci al'adun da suka yi imani da cewa suna da tushe mai tsarki ko na sihiri, to amma Kuma farkon budaddiyar al'umma ana nuna bambanci tsakanin dabi'a da na mutum. doka, da karuwa a cikin alhakin kai da kuma lissafin zaɓen ɗabi'a (bai dace da imani na addini ba). Popper ya bayar da hujjar cewa ba za a iya murƙushe ra'ayoyin ɗaiɗaiku, zargi, da jin kai ba da zarar mutane sun san su, sabili da haka ba shi yiwuwa a koma cikin rufaffiyar al'umma, amma a lokaci guda sun gane ci gaba da ja-in-ja. abin da ya kira "ruhun ruhin ruhin kabilanci", kamar yadda ya bayyana alal misali a cikin mulkin kama -karya na karni na 20. Duk da yake lokacin tun lokacin da binciken Popper ya kasance babu shakka an nuna shi ta hanyar yaduwar jama'a, ana iya danganta wannan ga ƙarancin shawarwarin Popper da ƙari ga rawar ci gaban tattalin arziki na ƙarshen zamani Ƙungiyoyin masana'antu na tushen ci gaba suna buƙatar karatu, rashin sanin suna da motsin zamantakewa daga membobinsu abubuwan da ba su dace da ɗabi'a na tushen al'ada ba amma suna buƙatar ci gaba da yaɗuwar dangantakar zamantakewar Georg Simmel da ya gani a matsayin ma'anar ma'anar tunani na manyan birni. Ma'anarsa Karl Popper ya ayyana budaddiyar al'umma a matsayin "wanda mutum ke fuskantar yanke shawara na kansa" sabanin al'ummar sihiri ko kabilanci ko na gama gari." Ya yi la’akari da cewa dimokuradiyya ce kadai ke samar da hanyar da hukumomi za su bi domin kawo sauyi da sauya shugabanci ba tare da bukatar zubar da jini, juyin juya hali ko juyin mulki ba. Masu ba da shawara na zamani na jama'a na fili suna ba da shawarar cewa al'umma ba za ta ɓoye wani sirri daga kanta a cikin jama'a ba, kamar yadda kowa ya amince da sanin kowa. To Amman 'Yancin siyasa da 'yancin ɗan adam ana da'awar su ne ginshiƙin buɗe al'umma. Ilimi mai mahimmanci Ma'anar Popper game da jama'a na buɗaɗɗen al'umma shine ilimin ilmantarwa maimakon siyasa. Lokacin da Popper ya rubuta The Open Society and Its Enies, ya yi imani cewa ilimin zamantakewa ya kasa fahimtar mahimmanci da yanayin farkisanci da kwaminisanci saboda waɗannan ilimomin sun dogara ne akan abin da ya gani kuskure ne. Kame-kame ya tilasta ilimi ya zama siyasa wanda ya sa tunani mai zurfi ba zai yiwu ba kuma ya kai ga lalata ilimi a kasashe masu ra'ayin kama-karya. Ka'idar Popper na cewa ilimi na ɗan lokaci ne kuma mai kuskure yana nuna cewa dole ne al'umma ta kasance a buɗe ga madadin ra'ayi. Budaddiyar al'umma tana da alaƙa da yawan al'adu da addini a koyaushe yana buɗe don ingantawa saboda ilimi ba ya ƙarewa amma koyaushe yana ci gaba: "idan muna son zama ɗan adam, to amman akwai hanya ɗaya kawai, hanyar shiga cikin al'umma mai buɗewa zuwa ga wanda ba a sani ba, rashin tabbas da rashin tsaro". A cikin rufaffiyar al'umma, da'awar wasu ilimi da gaskiya na ƙarshe suna haifar da ƙoƙarin shigar da sigar gaskiya ɗaya. Irin wannan al'umma a rufe take ga 'yancin tunani. Sabanin haka, a cikin al'umma mai buɗewa kowane ɗan ƙasa yana buƙatar shiga cikin tunani mai mahimmanci, wanda ke buƙatar 'yancin tunani da faɗar albarkatu da cibiyoyin al'adu da shari'a waɗanda za su iya sauƙaƙe wannan. Ƙarin halaye Humanitarianism, daidaito da kuma 'yancin siyasa su ne ainihin asali halaye na bude al'umma. Pericles, ɗan jam'iyyar dimokuradiyyar Athens, ya gane wannan a cikin jawabinsa na jana'izar: "ci gaba a rayuwar jama'a ya zama suna don iya aiki, ba a yarda da la'akari da matsayi don tsoma baki tare da cancanta ba; kuma talauci ba ya sake hana hanya, idan mutum yana iya yi wa kasa hidima, ba ya hana shi da duhun yanayin da yake ciki. Sannan ‘Yancin da muke samu a gwamnatinmu ya kai ga rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun.” Babu shakka duk da haka shi ne tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummar gargajiya da kuma sabon, ƙarin sarari na sararin samaniyar da ke fitowa wanda ya fi dacewa da Athens na gargajiya, kuma Popper ya kasance da masaniya game da ci gaba da roƙon abin da ya kira "holism kewa ga rasa haɗin kai na rayuwar kabilanci" zuwa duniyar zamani da ya zo.
Caveats Mai saka hannun jari kuma mai ba da agaji George Soros, mabiyin Karl Popper da ya bayyana kansa, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙwaƙƙwaran amfani da dabaru masu ƙarfi na yaudarar yaudara da aka aro daga tallan zamani da kimiyyar fahimi ta ’yan siyasa masu ra’ayin mazan jiya irin su Frank Luntz da Karl Rove suna jefa shakku kan Popper. ra'ayi na bude jama'a. Domin ana iya yin amfani da fahimtar al’umma cikin sauƙaƙan fahimtar gaskiya, ba lallai ba ne zance na siyasa na dimokraɗiyya ya kai ga fahimtar gaskiya. Soros yayi jayayya cewa baya ga buƙatar rabuwa da iko, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da zaɓe na 'yanci, ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa na neman gaskiya yana da mahimmanci. 'Yan siyasa za su mutunta gaskiya, maimakon yin magudin zabe kawai idan jama'a sun damu da gaskiya kuma su hukunta 'yan siyasa idan ta kama su da yaudara da gangan." Duk da haka, Popper bai bayyana buɗaɗɗen al'umma ba ko dai tare da dimokuradiyya ko tare da jari-hujja ko kuma tattalin arziki na laissez-faire, amma tare da mahimmancin tunani a kan wani ɓangare na mutum, ta fuskar ƙungiyoyin jama'a suna tunanin kowane irin. Wani muhimmin al'amari a cikin tunanin Popper shine ra'ayin cewa gaskiya za a iya rasa. Hali mai mahimmanci ba yana nufin an sami gaskiya bane.
Duba wasu abubuwan Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu RB Levinson, A Tsaron Plato (1953)
Liberalism a matsayin barazana ga bude jama'a: Charles Arthur Willard Liberalism da Matsalolin Ilimi: Sabuwar Magana don Dimokuradiyya na Zamani'', Jami'ar Chicago Press, 1996.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19903 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20rai | Hakkin rai | Hakkin rai, shine imani cewa mutum yana da ikon rayuwa kuma, musamman, bai kamata a kashe shi ta wata ƙungiya ciki har da gwamnati ba. Manufar 'yancin rayuwa ta taso ne a cikin muhawara kan batutuwan hukuncin kisa, yaki, zubar da ciki, euthanasia, cin zarafin' yan sanda, kisan kai mai adalci, da kuma hakkin dabbobi. Mutane da yawa na iya yin sabani kan waɗanne fannoni wannan ƙa'idar ta shafi, gami da irin waɗannan batutuwa da aka ambata a baya.
Zubar da ciki Ana amfani da kalmar "haƙƙin rai" a cikin mahawarar zubar da ciki daga waɗanda suke son kawo ƙarshen al'adar zubar da ciki, ko aƙalla rage yawan aikin, kuma a cikin yanayin ciki, Paparoma Pius XII ne ya gabatar da kalmar zuwa rayuwa yayin wani papal na 1951:
Kowane ɗan adam, ko da ɗan cikin da yake ciki, yana da 'yancin rayuwa kai tsaye daga Allah ba daga iyayensa ba, ba daga wata al'umma ko hukuma ba. Saboda haka, babu wani mutum, babu al'umma, babu ikon ɗan adam, babu kimiyya, babu "nuni" kwata-kwata ko kuma likita, eugenic, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko ɗabi'a wanda zai iya bayarwa ko bayar da take mai inganci don yanke hukunci da gangan kai tsaye na rayuwar mutum mara laifi… Paparoma Pius XII, Adireshi ga ungozoma game da yanayin sana'arsu Papal Encyclical, Oktoba 29, 1951.
A shekarar 1966 taron kasa na Bishop Bishop din Katolika (NCCB) ya tambayi Fr. James T. McHugh don fara lura da yanayin sauye-sauyen zubar da ciki a Amurka. An kafa kungiyar ‘Yancin Rayuwa ta Kasa (NRLC) a shekarar 1967 a matsayin Kungiyar‘ Yancin Rayuwa don daidaita kamfen din ta na jihohi a karkashin kungiyar National Bishops ta Katolika. Don yin kira ga wani yanki mai tushe, ƙungiyar mara motsi, manyan shugabannin Minnesota sun gabatar da samfurin tsari wanda zai raba NRLC daga sa ido kai tsaye na Taron ofasa na Bishop Bishop din Katolika da farkon 1973 NRLC Director Fr. James T. McHugh da babban mai taimaka masa, Michael Taylor, sun gabatar da wani shiri na daban, saukakawa NRLC zuwa ga samun ‘yancinta daga Cocin Roman Katolika.
Da'a da hakkin rayuwa Wasu masu bin ka'idoji masu amfani suna da'awar cewa "'yancin rayuwa", inda ya wanzu, ya dogara ne da yanayi ban da kasancewa cikin jinsin mutane. Falsafa Peter Singer sanannen mashahuri ne na wannan jayayya. Ga Singer, haƙƙin rayuwa yana cikin ikon tsarawa da kuma tunanin makomar mutum. Wannan ya fadada batun ga dabbobin da ba mutane ba, kamar sauran birrai, amma tunda wadanda ba a haifa ba, jarirai da nakasassun mutane ba su da wannan, ya bayyana cewa zubar da ciki, kashe jarirai mara zafi da kuma euthanasia na iya zama barata (amma ba farilla ba) a wasu yanayi na musamman, misali a batun jariri nakasasshe wanda rayuwarsa zata kasance cikin wahala, ko kuma idan iyayensa ba sa so su goya shi kuma ba wanda yake son ɗauke shi.
Masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam masu alaƙa da haƙƙin nakasa da al'ummomin nazarin nakasa sun yi jayayya cewa ilimin ilimin Singer ya dogara ne da fahimtar iyawar nakasa.
Hukuncin kisa Ka'idodin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Kasa da Kasa na Doka ya kirkiro da tsarin da za a gane cewa dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta rataya a kan dukkan masu fada a ji na jihohi, kuma ya ce dole ne masu wasan kwaikwayo na jihohi su sani kuma su kasance masu iya aiwatar da mizanan kasa da kasa na 'yancin dan adam. Hakkin rayuwa shine mafi yawanci haƙƙin karewa ne wanda aka baiwa kowane ɗan adam a doron ƙasa, duk da haka, akwai wasu yanayi waɗanda ake buƙatar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa da su ɗauki tsauraran matakai, wanda ka iya haifar da kisan fararen hula da jami'an tsaro suka yi.
Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar, a cikin 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, da 2016 kudurori marasa kan gado da ke neman a dakatar da zartar da hukuncin kisa a duniya, da nufin sokewa daga karshe.
Kashe jami’an tsaro Ka'idodin 'Yancin Dan Adam na Doka sun tsara lokutan da suka dace na kisan kai ta hanyar tilasta doka. Duk wani mataki na kisa da jami'an tsaro suka dauka dole ne a bi shi bayan wasu ka'idoji da aka shimfida a cikin 'Amfani da Karfi' na littafin Aljihu kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ga Yan Sanda. Babban mahimmancin Littafin Aljihu da ke tattare da amfani da ƙarfi mai kisa shi ne cewa duk sauran hanyoyin da ba na tashin hankali ba ya kamata a fara aiki da farko, sannan a yi amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado. Yin amfani da karfi daidai gwargwado zai iya, kuma a wasu yanayi, ya koma ga na kisa idan jami'in tilasta doka ya yi imani da gaske cewa ƙare rayuwar farar hula ɗaya zai haifar da kiyaye ransa, ko rayukan 'yan uwansa farar hula, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin 'halalta yanayi na amfani da bindigogi' na littafin Aljihu. Littafin Aljihu Har ila yau, ya bayyana a cikin 'Bayani game da amfani da karfi da bindigogi' cewa akwai tsauraran matakai na lissafin kudi a wurin don kiyaye mutunci tsakanin hukumomin tilasta bin doka game da 'yancinsu na amfani da karfi.
Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa sun fayyace lokacin da inda jami'an tilasta yin doka zasu samu karfin iko a hannunsu. Knungiyar shugabannin 'yan sanda ta Duniya suna da' Manufofin wanda ya haɗa da wasu bayanai daga manyan kafofin. Daya daga cikin waɗannan manufofin ƙirar suna faɗin cewa jami'an tilasta yin doka za su yi aiki da ƙarfin da ya dace don kawo kyakkyawan yanayin zuwa ƙarshe, ba da takamaiman tunani ga lafiyar kansu da sauran fararen hula. An ba wa jami'an tilasta bin doka da oda shiga cikin hanyoyin da aka amince da sashe don kawo karshen lamarin cikin aminci sannan kuma an ba su ikon amfani da kayan aikin da aka bayar don magance matsaloli a yanayin da ake bukatar su kare kansu ko wasu daga lalacewa, kawo mutane masu juriya cikin iko, ko don gama abubuwan da suka saba wa doka. Babu ambaton abin da "ya cancanta" ya kamata a fassara shi da ma'ana, amma akwai isharar da aka yi wa mutum mai hankali hanyar tantance yadda ya kamata mutum ya kusanci yanayi. Koyaya, an ba da haske ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru kamar kisan Michael Brown da Darren Wilson ya yi a Ferguson, Missouri, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankalin jama'a, cewa akwai rudani da muhawara game da amfani da bindigogi da ƙarfi mai kisa. 'Hanyar amfani da bindigogi' ta samar da tsari ta yadda dole jami'an tsaro su ci gaba yayin amfani da bindigogi. Ya bayyana cewa dole ne su bayyana kansu a matsayin jami'in tilasta bin doka, su ba da gargadi bayyananne, kuma su ba da isasshen lokaci don amsawa (bayar da cewa lokacin ba zai haifar da cutar da wakili ko wasu farar hula ba) kafin karfi mai iko amfani dashi a cikin iyakokin dokokin duniya.
Yayinda Littafin Aljihu kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ga' Yan sanda ya bayyana yanayin ilimin da jami'an tsaro za su iya amfani da karfi na kisa, al'amuran zahiri da aka yi kisan 'yan sanda su ma sun dace. Rosenfeld ya faɗi cewa akwai manyan littattafai waɗanda ke ba da dalili don yarda cewa yanayin zamantakewar suna da rawar da za su taka a yadda za a iya aiwatar da kashe doka. Rosenfeld ya ce akwai karatun da yawa da aka gudanar wanda ya danganta yadda jami'an tsaro ke amfani da karfin tuwo zuwa yawan aikata laifuka na yanki, girman yawan mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ba da kuma yanayin zamantakewar tattalin arzikin al'ummar da abin ya shafa. Aiwatar da bayanin bargo na yadda kisan 'yan sanda zai iya faruwa a duk fadin lamarin yana da wahala saboda lamuran da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma daga jiha zuwa jiha.
Perry, Hall da Hall sun tattauna abubuwan da suka faru a duk fadin Amurka wanda ya zama wanda ake zargi sosai kuma aka yada shi sosai a ƙarshen 2014, yana magana ne akan amfani da ƙarfi daga jami'an 'yan sanda farar fata akan fararen farar farar hula maza marasa makami. Babu wata doka wacce ta ba jami'an tsaro damar yin amfani da karfi ta hanyar kisan mutum dangane da jinsin mutumin da suke mu'amala da shi, kawai akwai wata doka da za ta tilasta yin amfani da karfi idan har akwai tsoron da ya dace da rayuwarka ko rayuwar wasu. Koyaya, nazarin Propublica na bayanan tarayya game da harbe-harben policean sanda mai kisa tsakanin 2010 da 2012, ya nuna cewa samari baƙar fata fararen hula sun fi yuwuwar kashe toan sanda sau 21 fiye da fararen samari fararen hula. Amfani da karfi mai kisa daga jami'an tilasta yin doka a Amurka ya haifar da jin dadi tsakanin 'yan Amurka cewa' yan sanda ba su kariya. Tsarin shari'ar galibi ya gano cewa wadannan wakilai sun yi aiki a cikin iyakokin doka saboda abubuwan da mutanen da aka harba suka yanke hukunci ya isa a tuhume su da halayyar dan sanda don tsoron rayukansu ko na wasu. Coppolo ya binciki dokar Connecticut kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa yin amfani da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi dole ne a bi shi da rahoto wanda ke tabbatar ko ƙarfin kashe wakilin na doka ya kasance daidai gwargwadon hali. Coppolo ya kuma bayyana cewa dole ne a mayar da martani mai ma'ana yayin da akwai kyakkyawan imani cewa hujjojin da aka gabatar muku da su na iya haifar da haɗarin mutuwa ko cutarwa ta jiki.
A cikin Graham v. Connor, wani mai ciwon sukari da ke fama da cutar sikari-jini ya kama wani jami'in da ya ga yanayin da ya sa shi shakkar Graham, tsarewar Graham ya haifar da raunuka da dama ga Graham, wanda daga nan ya ci gaba da kai karar ’yan sanda don amfani da karfi fiye da kima. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ba ta sami labarin ciwon sukari a cikin kanta wanda zai iya zama barazana ga wakilin tilasta yin doka. Kotun Koli ta gano cewa dole ne a yi la’akari da cikakken yanayi a lokacin da abin ya faru yayin yanke hukunci ga jami’in maimakon yin la’akari da abin da ya faru tare da yin la’akari da hankali, wanda a game da batun Graham an yanke shawarar cewa halayyar da ke haifar da ciwon sikari a fuskarta za a iya ɗauka a matsayin barazana ga jami'in tilasta doka ko wasu farar hula. Wannan yana da wahala ga gano abin da ya dace da kwatankwacin kyakkyawan yanayin wanda wakilin doka zai iya amfani da ƙarfi. A cikin Tennessee v. Garner jami’i Elton Hymon ya amsa kiran sata; lokacin da ya shiga bayan gida a cikin abin da ake magana, Hymon ya ga wani yana gudu kuma ya umarci wanda ake zargin, wanda daga baya aka gano shi yaro ne dan shekara 15 mai suna Edward Garner, da ya tsaya. Garner ya fara hawa shinge, kuma Hymon ya ci gaba da harbe shi har lahira a bayan kansa. Kotun kolin ta ce bisa ga abin da aka yi wa kwaskwarima na huɗu, jami'in tilasta bin doka da ke bin wani ba zai iya amfani da ƙarfi ba don kammala abin sai dai idan jami'in ya yi imanin da gaske cewa mutumin na da babbar barazanar cutarwa ga jami'in ko wasu A Amurka inda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na biyu ya ba farar hula 'yancin ɗaukar makamai, duk wani mutum na iya yin barazana ga rayuwar dan sanda ko wasu farar hula, kamar yadda mai yiwuwa ne, duk wani mutum na iya boye bindiga.
A cikin New Zealand, Rahoton Gudanar da Yan Sanda na shekara-shekara ya gano cewa sama da shekaru goma 'yan sanda sun harbe har lahira mutane bakwai, daya daga cikinsu ba shi da laifi kuma dukkanin shari'un da aka gano' yan sanda suna aiki a kan hakkinsu na doka. New Zealand tana da tsayayyar tsari ta yadda duk wani dan kasa da yake son amfani da makami ta hanyar doka dole ne ya bi ta; wannan yana haifar da yanayi wanda ta yadda farar hula ba zai iya zama wata barazana ga rayukan jami'an tsaro ko na wasu ba.
Matsayin da dokar kasa da kasa ke fata jihohi suyi aiki iri daya ne a duk fadin hukumar, dole ne sai jami'an tsaro sun yi amfani da karfi na kisa lokacin da ake fuskantar barazanar cutarwa ga wadancan jami'an tsaro ko sauran farar hula. Gaskiyar ita ce, kowace jiha ta kasance ta musamman a cikin abin da ya dace da halin da ya dace ga jami'an tilasta yin doka don mayar da martani da ƙarfi saboda jihohin da ke duk duniya suna da nasu mahalli na musamman, doka, al'adu da yawan jama'a.
Euthanasia Waɗanda suka yi imani da mutum ya kamata su iya yanke shawarar kashe rayuwarsu ta hanyar euthanasia suna amfani da hujjar cewa mutane suna da 'yancin zaɓa, yayin da waɗanda ke adawa da halatta euthanasia ke jayayya saboda dalilan cewa duka mutane na da haƙƙin rayuwa. Ana kiransu da yawa azaman masu ɗaukar hoto.
Bayanin shari'a A cikin 1444, Dokar Poljica ta ayyana haƙƙin rayuwa "-ba komai ya wanzu har abada".
A shekarar 1776, Sanarwar Samun 'Yancin kai ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa "dukkan mutane an halicce su daidai, cewa mahaliccinsu ya basu wasu hakkoki da ba za a iya kwacewa ba, daga cikinsu akwai Rayuwa, 'Yanci da kuma neman Farin Ciki".
A cikin 1948, Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi ya bayyana a cikin labarin na uku:
A cikin 1950, Majalisar Turai ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, tana mai bayyana kare hakkin dan Adam na rayuwa a Mataki na 2. Akwai keɓaɓɓu don zartar da hukuncin kisa da kare kai, kame wanda ake zargi da gudu, da murƙushe tarzoma da tawaye. Tun daga wannan yarjejeniya ta 6 na Yarjejeniyar ta yi kira ga ƙasashe da su haramta hukuncin kisa sai dai lokacin yaƙi ko gaggawa ta ƙasa, kuma a halin yanzu wannan ya shafi duk ƙasashe na Majalisar. Yarjejeniya ta 13 ta ba da cikakken soke hukuncin kisa, kuma an aiwatar da shi a yawancin ƙasashe membobin Majalisar.
A shekarar 1966, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa.
A shekara ta 1969, ƙasashe da yawa a Yammacin Hemisphere suka amince da Yarjejeniyar Amincewa da 'Yancin Adam a San José, Costa Rica. Yana aiki cikin ƙasashe 23.
A cikin 1982, Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada ta sanya hakan
Kowane mutum na da hakkin rayuwa, da zamantowa cikin yanci da samun a kiyaye halittarsa kuma ya kasance yana da hakkin a ba shi kariya gwargwadon yadda ya kamata.
--Sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada
A cikin 1989, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin yara (CRC).
Dokar Asali ga Tarayyar Jamus tana riƙe da ƙa'idar ƙimar ɗan adam a gaba, har ma sama da haƙƙin rai.
Cocin Katolika ta fitar da Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Iyali inda a ciki ta bayyana cewa haƙƙin rayuwa kai tsaye yana nuna darajar mutum.
Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, 1950, ya ba da tabbaci game da haƙƙin rai ga dukkan mutane a cikin yankin Indiya kuma ya ce: "Ba za a hana wani mutum 'yancinsa na rayuwa da' yanci na kansa ba sai yadda doka ta tanada." Mataki na 21 ya ba kowane mutum hakki na asali na rayuwa da 'yancin kansa wanda ya zama tushen sauran haƙƙoƙin da ba za a iya karewa ba.
Duba kuma Dokar zubar da ciki
Hakkokin zubar da ciki
Anti-zubar da ciki
Mata masu adawa da zubar da ciki
Hujja daga shari'o'in da suka shafi shafi
Baby K
Bioethics
Biocentrism (ethics)
Tsarin rayuwa mai ɗorewa
Al'adar rayuwa
[[Bayanin haƙƙin ɗan adam da na ]an ƙasa]]
Deontology
Mutuncin mutum
Rayuwa, 'Yanci da bin Farin Ciki
Rayuwa ba ta cancanci rayuwa ba
Hukumar kula da tarbiyya
Hakkokin ralabi'a
Sha'awar ɗabi'a* Kwamitin Hakkin Rai na Kasa
Haleigh Poutre
Yanayi
Girmama Rai
Hakkoki
Ingancin rayuwa
Tsarkakkiyar rayuwa
Senti
Tsarin halittu
Terri Schiavo
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16498 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad | Trinidad | Trinidad ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin manyan tsibirai biyu na Trinidad da Tobago. Tsibirin yana kwance daga gefen gabashin arewa maso gabashin Venezuela kuma ya zauna akan yankin na Kudancin Amurka. Ana kiran shi sau da yawa a matsayin tsibirin kudu mafi tsayi a cikin Karibiyan. Tare da yanki na kuma shine na biyar mafi girma a cikin West Indies Suna Asalin sunan tsibirin a yaren Arawaks shine Iëre wanda ke nufin 'Ƙasar Hummingbird'. Christopher Columbus ya sake masa suna zuwa La Isla de la Trinidad ('Tsibirin Triniti ya cika alwashin da ya yi kafin ya fara tafiyarsa ta uku. Wannan an taƙaita shi zuwa Trinidad Tarihi Caribs da Arawaks sun zauna a Trinidad tun kafin Christopher Columbus ya gamu da tsibirin a tafiyarsa ta uku a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 1498. Tsibirin ya kasance na Sifen har ya zuwa 1797, amma turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga Caribbean na Faransa, musamman Martinique sun daidaita shi sosai. A cikin 1889 tsibiran biyu sun zama masarauta ɗaya ta Mulkin Burtaniya. Trinidad da Tobago sun sami mulkin kansu a 1958 da samun ƴancin kai daga Kasar Ingila a shekarar 1962.
Labarin kasa Manyan hanyoyin ƙasa sun haɗa da tsaunukan Arewacin, Tsakiya da Kudancin Ranges (jeren wuraren Dinah), da Caroni, Nariva da Oropouche Swamps, da Caroni da filamare Plains. Manyan tsarin kogin sun hada da Caroni, Arewa da Kudancin Oropouche da Ortoire Ribers Akwai sauran fasalin ƙasa da yawa kamar rairayin bakin teku da ruwa. Trinidad tana da yanayi biyu a shekara ta kalanda: lokacin damina da lokacin rani. El Cerro del Aripo, a mita 940 (3,084 ft), shine wuri mafi girma a Trinidad. Wani bangare ne na Aripo Massif kuma yana yankin Arewacin Range a tsibirin, arewa maso gabashin garin Arima Yawan jama'a Alƙaluman ƙasa na Trinidad da Tobago suna nuna bambancin wannan ƙasa mafi kudu a Yammacin Indiyawan. Wani lokacin ana kiranta da "Ƙasar Bakan Gizo" ko fiye da haka cikin farin ciki "a callaloo (yare na gida don abinci mai daɗi wanda aka shirya ta hanyar haɗa abubuwa da yawa) Akwai bambancin kabilu, addinai, da al'adu.
Ya zuwa ƙidayar Trinidad da Tobago na 2011, yawan jama'a ya kasance 35.43% Indian ta Gabas, 34.22% na Afirka, 7.66% gauraye na Afirka da Indiyawan Gabas, da 15.16% sauran gauraye Venezuela ya kuma yi wani babban tasiri a kan Trinidad ta al'ada, kamar gabatar da music style parang zuwa tsibirin. Groupsungiyoyi da yawa sun haɗu. Misali, Dougla wani mutum ne daga asalin Afirka da Gabashin Indiya wanda zai iya bayyana kasancewarsa kowane bangare. Addini a Trinidad da Tobago ya ƙunshi ɗariku daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da Roman Katolika, Anglican, da sauran ɗariku na Kirista, da kuma addinin Hindu da na Musulmi Akwai 'yan tsirarun mutane waɗanda ke bin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, addinan Afro-Amurka, Orisha Yarabawa addinan Amerindian, Yahudanci, Sikh, Jainanci, addinin jama'ar China Confucianism da Taoism Buddha, Cocin Jesus Christ na Waliyai na terarshe da Bangaskiyar í. Katolika shine babbar ƙungiyar addini a ƙasar. Da yawa daga cikin dariku sun bi wannan tsarin shekaru da yawa: Furotesta 32.1% (Pentikostal Evangelical Full Gospel 12%, Baptist 6.9%, Anglican 5.7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4.1%, Presbyterian Congregational 2.5%, wasu Furotesta 0.9%), Roman Katolika 21.6%, Hindu 18.2%, Musulmi 5%, Shaidun Jehovah 1.5%, wasu 8.4%, babu 2.2%, ba a tantance 11.1% ba.
Al'adu Akwai bukukuwa da yawa da ke nuna al'adun Karibiyan da ƙarfe, wanda ya samo asali daga Trinidad kuma shi ne kayan aikin ƙasar. Wadannan bukukuwa sun hada da mashahurin Carnival, J'ouvert, da Panorama, gasar gasar kwanon rufin karfe na kasa. Har ila yau, Trinidad tana da ranakun hutu da yawa na jama'a, kamar Ranar Zuwan Indiya, Ranar 'Yanci, Ranar' Yanci, Ranar Jamhuriya, Ranar Aiki, Ranar Dambe, Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, Divali, Phagwah, Eid al-Fitr, Corpus Christi, Juma'a mai kyau, Ista, Ista Litinin, Kirsimeti, da Ranar Ruhaniya Baptist Shouter Liberation Day. Wuraren mahimmancin al'adu sun haɗa da Mount Saint Benedict da Haikali a cikin Teku.
Gandun daji Tsibirin Trinidad yana da albarkatun halittu da yawa. Fauna yana da yawa daga asalin Kudancin Amurka. Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa kusan 100 da suka hada da biri na Guyanese red howler, da peccary wanda aka hada shi, da jan buhun dawa, da olot da kuma kusan jemage 70. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400 ciki har da pipin Trinidad piping-guan. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da wakilci sosai, tare da kusan nau'ikan 92 da aka rubuta ciki har da mafi yawan nau'in maciji a duniya, koren anaconda, caiman mai kyan gani, da ɗayan manyan ƙadangare a cikin Amurka, kore iguana. Trinidad kuma ita ce mafi girman wurin da ake yin tururuwa mai juya fata a yammacin duniya kunkuru mai fata suna gida a bakin gabas da arewacin Trinidad. Akwai nau'ikan kwaɗi guda 37 da aka tattara, gami da ƙaramin iccen zinariyar El Tucuche na zinariya, da kuma babbar yaduwar sandar kara Kusan nau'ikan kifayen kifi 43 an san su daga Trinidad, gami da sananniyar guppy An kiyasta cewa akwai akalla arthropods 80,000, da kuma aƙalla nau'in 600 na malam buɗe ido Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Trinidad da Tobago ya banbanta, ya dogara da yawa akan mai, gas, masana'antu da noma. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin fitar da iskar gas a duniya kuma daga cikin manyan masu fitar da gas na gas da kuma mafi girman rijiyar iskar gas da aka gano kwanan nan a kudancin Trinidad. Wannan ya ba Trinidad damar cin gajiyar manyan ma'adanai a cikin yankunanta. Ƙasa ce mai arziƙin man fetur kuma tana da ƙarfin tattalin arziki.
Ilimin kasa da kasa Ƙasar Venezuela zurfi Basin ne subsidence tasa kafa tsakanin Caribbean da Kudancin Amirka faranti, kuma aka daure a kan arewa da tekun jeri na Venezuela da kuma Northern Range na Trinidad, kuma a daure a kan kudu ta Guayana Shield Wannan Guayana garkuwa kawota lafiya-grained clastic sediments, wanda tare da subsidence, kafa wani yankin korau nauyi anomaly da kuma ci gaban da zunubansu Man fetur da kuma iskar gas binciken daga Pliocene Moruga Group hada Teak (1968), Samaan (1971), Poui (1972) da kuma Galeota. Waɗannan filayen galibi lalatattun tarko ne waɗanda ke samarwa daga zurfin subsea, tare da Teak wanda ya mallaki layin hydrocarbon kusan mai kauri Yankin Arewacin Yankin Jurassic ne na Lowerananan Cananan ousananan duwatsu masu kama da duwatsu waɗanda suka buge gabas da kuma tsallaka kudu. Yankin kudu na kewayon yana da alamar kuskure daga Tsarin El Pilar Fault a Venezuela. Kudancin wannan kuskuren shine Basin na Arewa, ko Caroni Syncline, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan duwatsu masu ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ba zai yiwu ba ya mamaye Jurassic da Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Kudancin wannan kwarin shine Yankin Tsakiya, wanda ya kunshi manyan tsaffin tsaunuka na kwance wadanda basu da daidaituwa akan dutsen Lower Eocene da Paleocene Kudancin wannan zangon shi ne filin fili na Naparima, bel na Oligocene da gadajen Terananan Tertiary Hanyoyin Hydrocarbon masu dauke da layukan sun hada da wadanda ke hade da Pitch Lake, Reserve Reserve, Point Fortin, Penal, Barrackpore, da Balata Fields. The Los Bajos Laifi ne a tsananin baƙin ciki Laifi, tare da Lower Pliocene hijirar na 6,51 mil, kẽwayesu a kan arewa da Siparia syncline, da kuma a kan kudu da Erin syncline. Aƙarshe, Yankin Kudancin ya kunshi dunƙulen dawakai, ciki har da Rock Dome-Herrera anticline da filin Moruga-West. Gabas wannan Rock Dome ne en echelon folds dauke da lizard Springs Field. Kudancin waɗannan lamuran wani salon juzu'i ne mai ɗauke da Yankin Moruga-Gabas, Guayaguayare, Ruwa, da Galeota Filin. Kudancin filin Morne Diablo-Quinam Erin Field yamma shine babban layin da aka narkar da shi wanda ke hade da diapirism na shale, wanda ya fadada yamma kudu maso yamma zuwa Filin Pedernales a kudu maso gabashin Venezuela. Yankin arewa maso gabas na Kudancin Range ya rabu zuwa yanayin arewacin wanda ke dauke da Lizard Springs, Navette, da kuma Yankin Mayaro, yayin da yanayin kudancin ya ƙunshi Filin Ruwa. 5-9
Nishaɗi Trinidad ana ɗauka ɗayan daga mafi kyaun wurare a duniya don ɗaukar tarfin Atlantic Sake duba
Trinidad da Tobago
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Hanyoyin haɗin waje Gotrinidadandtobago.com: Tashar Trinidad da Tobago
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8761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potiskum | Potiskum | Potiskum karamar hukuma ce a jihar Yobe, Najeriya, tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a
Tarihi Garin Potiskum mazauni ne ga tsarin tsarin gargajiya da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Fika. A tarihi, abin da aka fi sani da Masarautar Fika mai hedikwata a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Ingila wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da Kare-Kare, Ngizim, Ngamo, Bolewa, Fulani da Hausawa suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya
Sarkin Potiskum Sarkin Potiskum Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya
Tattalin Arziki Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci a jihar Yobe saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da ruhi da al'adu. Mutanen da suka fito daga jihohin Borno da Jigawa da Kano da Bauchi da Gombe da wasu da dama daga kasashen Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Benin da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, wadda ke garin Potiskum. Kuma suna da ɗayan manyan wuraren gyarawa a Najeriya.
Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka;
Kasuwar Shanu Potiskum Potiskum dai shi ne birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da habakar kasuwanci a yankin. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirka kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirka. Yawancin shanun ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar.
Tsarin ƙasa Tana da
Yawan jama'a
Fitattun mutane Lamba Shua'ibu
Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai
Alhaji Baba Adi
Alhaji Baba Gimba
Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri
Alhaji Adamu Chiroma
Filin jirgin saman Potiskum Filin jirgin saman Potiskum yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar Kano. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin sama, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar Afirka kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko Jamus ta mamaye kasar kafin Ingila ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin.
Boko Haram sun kai hari A watan Yulin 2009, 'yan Boko Haram sun kona ofishin 'yan sanda a lokacin da suke tayar da zaune tsaye. Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun 2012 a kasuwar shanu ya kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin wasu masu laifi ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. A ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci.
A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na mabiya mazhabar Shi'a a makarantar Faydia. Gwamnan jihar Yobe, Ibrahim Gaidam, ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zai bukaci cikakken bincike kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. (Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 aƙalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani ɗan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron ɗalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati." A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. Hakazalika wani harin bam da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake.
Alkaluma An yi hasashen cewa Potiksum zai kasance birni na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a nahiyar Afirka tsakanin 2020 da 2025, tare da haɓaka 5.65%.
Fitattun mutane Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji
Manazarta "Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics Dailytrust" Daily Trust Retrieved 2022-05-08.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53287 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saifuddin%20Abdullahi | Saifuddin Abdullahi | Dato' Sri Saifuddin bin Abdullah Jawi an haife shi 27 Janairun shekarar 1961) ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisa (MP) na Indera Mahkota tun watan Mayu 2018. Ya taba zama Ministan Harkokin Waje a karo na biyu a gwamnatin Barisan Nasional (PN) a karkashin tsohon Firayim Minista Ismail Sabri Yaakob daga Agusta 2021 zuwa rugujewar gwamnatin BN a watan Nuwamba 2022 da kuma wa'adin farko a Pakatan Harapan (PH). gwamnatin karkashin tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad daga Yuli 2018 zuwa rugujewar gwamnatin PN a Fabrairu 2020, Ministan Sadarwa da Multimedia a gwamnatin Perikatan Nasional (PN) karkashin tsohon Firayim Minista Muhyiddin Yassin daga Maris 2020 zuwa rugujewar PN. gwamnatin a watan Agustan shekarata 2021, mataimakin ministan ilimi mai zurfi na II da mataimakin ministan kasuwanci da ci gaban hadin gwiwa a gwamnatin BN a karkashin tsohon Firayim Minista Abdullah Ahmad Badawi da Najib Razak da kuma tsoffin ministoci Noh Omar da Mohamed Khaled Nordin daga Maris 2008 zuwa Mayu 2013 da MP na Temerloh daga Maris 2008 zuwa Mayu 2013. Shi ma memba ne na jam'iyyar Malaysia United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), jam'iyyar jam'iyyar PN coalition, ya kasance memba na People's Justice Party (PKR), jam'iyyar PH coalition kuma ya kasance memba na United Malays National Organisation. (UMNO), jam'iyyar da ta hada da hadin gwiwar BN. Sannan kuma shi ne Shugaban BERSATU na Jiha kuma PN na Pahang Rayuwa ta sirri Saifuddin an haife shi ga mahaifin ustaz kuma mahaifiyar malamar makaranta a Temerloh kusa da Mentakab, Pahang.
Ilimi Saifuddin ya yi karatu a Sekolah Kebangsaan Abu Bakar Mentakab (1968–73), Malay College Kuala Kangsar MCKK (1974–80), samu BA Honors daga Jami'ar Malaya (1984), Diploma in Translation daga Malaysian Translator Association Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (1985) kuma biye da Babban Darasi a Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard (1995).
Harkar siyasa An zabi Saifuddin zuwa Majalisa a zaben 2008, kuma nan da nan aka nada shi a matsayin mataimakin minista, ana ambatonsa a matsayin minista na gaba. Ya taba zama babban sakataren majalisar matasan Malaysia. Bayan zaben an nada shi mataimakin minista, kuma shi ne mataimakin ministan ilimi mai zurfi a wa'adin farko na Najib Razak a matsayin Firayim Minista A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin minista, Saifuddin ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi da sassaucin ra'ayi a gwamnatin Najib. Ya soki yadda gwamnatinsa ta gudanar da zanga-zangar Bersih 2.0 a shekarar 2011, inda aka kama masu zanga-zanga sama da 1,600 a kan titunan Kuala Lumpur A farkon shekarar 2013, ya kuma tsaya tsayin daka wajen neman wani dalibi da wani dan majalisa mai alaka da gwamnati ya wulakanta shi a wurin taron dalibai a jami'ar Utara Malaysia (UUM). Saifuddin ya rage wa'adin minista a zaben 2013, lokacin da ya rasa kujerarsa ta 'yan majalisa a hannun dan takarar jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Pan-Malaysia (PAS) da kuri'u 1,070.
Saifuddin ya rubuta littafai guda hudu kan siyasar Malaysia. Bayan ya bar majalisar ya shiga jami'ar Malaya a matsayin jami'in bincike, amma a shekara ta 2014, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa don nuna rashin amincewarsa lokacin da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Malaysia ta tilasta wa wani farfesa da ake girmamawa a jami'ar yin murabus, sakamakon binciken da aka yi na sukar gwamnati. A cikin 2015, Saifuddin ya bar UMNO ya koma jam'iyyar People's Justice Party (PKR) saboda rashin jituwa da yadda gwamnati ke tafiyar da badakalar 1Malaysia Development Berhad A watan Fabrairun 2020 rikicin siyasa da aka yi wa lakabi da "Sheraton Move", Saifuddin ya bar PKR tare da mataimakin shugaban kasa Azmin Ali da wasu 'yan majalisa 9 don kafa shingen majalisa mai zaman kansa.
Lafiya A cikin Afrilu 2021, an gwada shi yana da COVID-19 kuma an kwantar da shi a Asibitin Sungai Buloh An sallame shi daga asibiti bayan ya warke sarai na tsawon kwanaki 16 yana jinya.
Sakamakon zabe
Girmamawa Knight Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (DPMP) Dato' (2002)
Knight Companion of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (DSAP) Dato' (2009)
Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) Dato' Sri (2021)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Saifuddin Abdullah on Facebook
Manazarta Haihuwan 1961
Rayayyun |
31858 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha%20Ishak%20Boushaki | Mustapha Ishak Boushaki | Mustapha Ishak Boushaki (Thenia,an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif dari da sittin da bakwai 1967) digiri ne na Ph.D. Aljeriya a ilmin taurari da fadada sararin samaniya. Boushaki kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya ne.
Ilimi An haifi Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki a kasar Aljeriya inda ya girma kuma ya kammala karatunsa na share fagen shiga jami'a a birnin Bouira. Ya koma Montreal a shekara ta 1987. A 1994, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Computer Science a Jami'ar Quebec da ke Montreal sannan ya yi ƙarin digiri a fannin Physics daga Jami'ar Montreal a 1998. Daga nan ya halarci Jami'ar Queen's a Kingston inda a shekara ta 2003 ya kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a cikin Gabaɗaya Dangantaka (ka'idar nauyi na Einstein) da ka'idar cosmology.
Ayyukansa na digiri sun haɗa da yin nazari a kan abubuwan da ba su dace ba, wormholes, Madaidaicin mafita a gabaɗayan dangantakar abubuwa (kamar taurarin neutron), da kuma wata hanya ta dabam ga daidaitattun Einstein.
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu, Ishak-Boushaki ya fara aiki a matsayin abokin bincike a Jami'ar Princeton har zuwa daga baya ya shiga farfesa a Jami'ar Texas a Dallas a shekara ta 2005. Yayin da yake Jami'ar Texas a Dallas, ya kafa wata ƙungiya mai aiki. Masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya da masana ilmin taurari, kuma an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon Malami a cikin shekarun 2007 da 2018.
Shi memba ne mai aiki na Haɗin gwiwar Kimiyyar Makamashi mai duhu: haɗin gwiwar Legacy Survey of Space da Time, kazalika da Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, duka biyu sadaukar don takura kaddarorin cosmic hanzari da duhu makamashi, kazalika da gwada da yanayin nauyi a ma'aunin sararin samaniya.
Bincike da aiki Aikin Mustapha Ishak-Boushaki ya ƙunshi bincike a cikin batutuwa na asali da kuma sanadin haɓakar sararin samaniya da duhun kuzarin da ke tattare da shi, gwada dangantaka ta gabaɗaya a ma'aunin sararin samaniya, aikace-aikacen lensing na gravitational zuwa ilmin sararin samaniya, daidaitawar galaxies, da ƙirar sararin samaniya marasa daidaituwa.
A cikin shekara ta 2005, Ishak-Boushaki da masu haɗin gwiwa sun ba da shawarar wata hanya don bambance tsakanin makamashi mai duhu da gyare-gyare zuwa alaƙar gabaɗaya a ma'aunin sararin samaniya a matsayin sanadin haɓakar sararin samaniya. Ra'ayin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa haɓakawar sararin samaniya yana shafar duka haɓaka haɓaka da haɓakar manyan sifofi a cikin sararin samaniya.
Dole ne waɗannan tasirin guda biyu su yi daidai da juna tun da sun dogara da ka'idar nauyi iri ɗaya. Littafin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya bambanta makamashi mai duhu da gyare-gyaren nauyi a matsayin sanadin haɓakar sararin samaniya, da kuma amfani da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin sigogin sararin samaniya don gwada ka'idar nauyi a ma'aunin sararin samaniya. Shi da masu haɗin gwiwa sun rubuta sai da jerin wallafe-wallafen kan gwajin alaƙa na gabaɗaya a ma'aunin sararin samaniya kuma aikin da ya yi kan batun ya sami karɓuwa ta hanyar gayyatar da aka yi masa don rubuta a cikin shekara ta 2018 labarin bita kan halin da ake ciki na bincike a fagen gwajin alaƙa gabaɗaya a cikin mujallar. Sharhin Rayuwa a Dangantaka.
Ishak-Boushaki da masu haɗin gwiwa sun fara gano babban jeri na zahiri na nau'in galaxies na nau'in "ƙara mai ƙarfi --ɗaukar nauyi" ta amfani da samfurin galaxy spectroscopic daga Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Shi da masu haɗin gwiwa sun kuma fara gano waɗannan gyare-gyare na asali ta hanyar yin amfani da hanyar daidaita kansu a cikin samfurin galaxy photometric a cikin Binciken Digiri na Kilo.
Boushaki da mai haɗin gwiwa sun rubuta labarin bita kan daidaitawar taurarin taurari da tasirinsa akan raƙuman ruwan tabarau na nauyi. Ishak-Boushaki da mai haɗin gwiwa sun ba da shawarar sabon ma'aunin lissafi na rashin daidaituwa tsakanin bayanan sararin samaniya da ake kira Index of Inconsistency (IOI) da kuma wani sabon fassarar Bayesian na matakin mahimmancin irin waɗannan matakan.
Kyauta da karramawa 2021 An Zaɓe shi azaman Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
2021 Kyautar Kyautar Ma'aikatar Makamashi don DESI (Instrument Spectroscopic Makamashi) Haɗin gwiwa.
2021 Nagartar Shugaban Ƙasa a Kyautar Koyarwa a Jami'ar Texas a Dallas.
2020 Amincewa da Matsayin Maginin Gine-gine don Binciken Legacy na Sarari da Lokaci (LSST) Haɗin gwiwar Kimiyyar Makamashi Mai Duhu (DESC) (mambobi 26 sun san membobi sama da 1005 a cikin Yuli 2020).
2018 Kyautar Gwarzon Malami na Shekara daga Makarantar Kimiyyar Halitta da Lissafi. Jami'ar Texas a Dallas.
2013 Kyautar Bincike na Robert S. Hyer daga Sashen Texas na Ƙungiyar Physics ta Amurka.
2013 Takardar jarida da aka haskaka a Haruffa na Nazari na Jiki azaman shawarar Editoci kuma aka zaɓa don taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin Haskaka Bincike na Musamman a Gidan Yanar Gizon Physics na Ƙungiyar Jiki ta Amurka. "Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙuntatawa daga Ci gaban Babban Tsarin Tsarin Gaggawa akan Bayyanar Haɗawa a cikin Samfuran Ƙwayoyin Halitta", Mustapha Ishak, Austin Peel, da M. A. Troxel. Physi. Rev. Lett. 111, 251302 (2013).
2007 Kyautar Gwarzon Malami na Shekara daga Makarantar Kimiyyar Halitta da Lissafi. Jami'ar Texas a Dallas.
2008 Takardar jarida da Babban Editan Gerardus 't Hooft (Laureate Nobel a Physics 1999) ya zaɓa don bayyana a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na 2008 na Gidauniyar Physics Journal. Taken labarin: Bayani akan ƙirƙira na tambayoyin makamashi na yau da kullun duhu. Mustapha Ishak. Mujallar ilimin lissafi, 37:1470-1498, 2007.
2002 Takardar Jarida ta Zabe ta Editorial Board of Classical and Quantum Gravity Journal a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da mujallar ta yi a 2002. Taken labarin: Interactive Geometric Database, Ciki da Daidaitaccen Magani na Einstein's Field Equations, Mustapha Ishak da Kayll Lake, Classical and Quantum Gravity 19, 505 (2002).
Manazarta Mustapha Ishak Boushaki
Haifaffun 1967
Kimiyya
Iyalin Boushaki
Pages with unreviewed |
25465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA | CA | CA ko ca na iya nufin to:
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Air China (lambar jirgin saman IATA CA)
CA Technologies, kamfanin software na Amurka
Cayman Airways, kamfanin jirgin saman tsibirin Cayman
Channel America, gidan talabijin na Amurka da ya lalace
Classic Army, wani ɗan asalin Hong Kong wanda ke kera samfuran airsoft
Kamfanin jiragen sama na Continental, jirgin saman Amurka ne
Majalisar Halitta, mai haɓaka wasan PC
Crédit Agricole, babban bankin Faransa
Gwamnati da siyasa Ofishin Ofishin Jakadancin, sashin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Canadian Alliance, tsohon jam'iyyar siyasa ta Kanada
Center Alliance, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Australiya da aka fi sani da Team Nick Xenophon
Ƙungiyar Jama'a, wata ƙungiya ta siyasa a Trinidad da Tobago
Haɗin iko, ƙaramar hukuma a cikin Burtaniya
Kwamitin alƙawura, ƙungiya ce ta Majalisar Philippines
Conservatives waje, reshen ketare na Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Burtaniya
Ƙungiyar Ƙasar, ƙungiyar siyasa ta Biritaniya
Kotun daukaka kara
Hukumar Kwastam, hukuma ce ta Taiwan
Makarantu Kwalejin Kanada, makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa a Kobe, Japan
Cary Academy, makarantar shirya kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Cary, North Carolina, Amurka
Claiborne Academy, makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, Amurka
Clarksville Academy, makarantar shirye-shiryen kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Clarksville, Tennessee, Amurka
Colorado Academy, makarantar shirye-shiryen kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Lakewood, Colorado, Amurka
Concord Academy, makarantar shirya kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Concord, Massachusetts, Amurka
Kwalejin Connections, makarantar kan layi da ke Baltimore, Maryland, Amurka
Culver Academies, makarantar kwana da shirin sansanin bazara a Culver, Indiana, Amurka
A wasanni California Angels, tsohon sunan ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwallon baseball a halin yanzu da aka sani da Mala'iku Los Angeles
Club Africain, kulob ne na wasanni da yawa daga Tunis, Tunisia
Cricket Australia, hukumar gudanarwa don ƙwararru da wasan cricket mai son zama a Ostiraliya
Cruising Association, ƙungiyar membobin Burtaniya don matuƙan jirgin ruwa
Cycling Australia, hukumar gudanarwa ta kasa don tseren keke a Australia
Sauran ƙungiyoyi Caterers 'Association, tsohon ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Burtaniya
Cocaine Anonymous, shirin matakai goma sha biyu
Hadin Halitta, wani bangare na Ƙirƙirar (addini), ƙungiya mai farin jini
A ilimin harsuna Ça, wakilin nuna Faransa
Ca (Indic), glyph a cikin dangin Brahmic na rubutun
Ca (Javanese), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese
Yaren Katalan (ISO 639 alpha-2 code language)
ca, yankin yanki na Wikipedia na Catalan
Bambanci daban -daban, nazarin tsari na harsuna biyu
Lissafi, kimiyya, da fasaha
Biology da magani <i id="mwaw">CA</i> (mujallar), mujallar likita
<i id="mwbg">Ca</i> (asu), dangin goro
Ca., taƙaitawa ga Candidatus, don sunayen masu biyan haraji waɗanda ba a bayyana su gaba ɗaya ba
Ciwon daji
Carbonic anhydrase, dangin enzymes
Carcinoma, wani nau'in ciwon daji
Kamun zuciya
Kimiyya Calcium (Ca)
Catecholamine, sinadarin Organic
Cellulose acetate, wani nau'in filastik
Abstracts Chemical, littafin Sabis na Abstracts Chemical
Cyanoacrylate, sinadaran sinadarai
Lissafi da aiki da na'ura mai kwakwalwa Cell automaton, ƙirar lissafi mai ma'ana
Ikon takardar shaida, wani yanki da ke ba da takaddun dijital don sadarwa mai aminci
Binciken daidaituwa, dabarun ƙididdiga iri -iri
Algorithm na al'adu, nau'in lissafin juyin halitta a kimiyyar kwamfuta
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Centiampere (cA), siginar SI na wutar lantarki
Hukumar Takaddun Shaida (CA), mahaɗan da ke ba da takaddun dijital
<i id="mwmg">CA</i> -class submarine, yakin duniya na biyu na jirgin ruwan tsakiyar tsakiyar Italiya
Injin Nissan CA, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan motocin Nissan
Aberration na chromatic, murdiya a cikin ruwan tabarau na gani
Samun damar sharaɗi, a cikin injiniyan watsa shirye -shirye
Noma na kiyayewa, tsarin abinci
Tattaunawar Tattaunawa, nazarin magana cikin mu'amala
Wurare Kogin Cả, a Laos da Vietnam
Lardin Cádiz, Spain
California, jihar Amurka ta gajartar gidan waya
Kanada, ta lambar ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
.ca, lambar ƙasar Intanet ta Kanada
Birnin Carlisle, United Kingdom, ta lambar akwatin gidan waya
Lardin Catamarca, Argentina
Amurka ta tsakiya
Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, ramin gada a fadin yankin Tokyo Bay a Japan, wanda aka ƙidaya a matsayin CA
Sauran amfani CA-, ƙirar hanya don manyan hanyoyin ɓangaren babbar hanyar sadarwa ta Tsakiyar Amurka
Ca Mè Mallorquí, wani jinsin kare ne da ya fito daga kasar Andalus
centiare, 1 murabba'in mita
Akawun Akawu
Al'amuran jama'a, kalmar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da cibiyoyin sojoji ke amfani da ita
Fasahar sadarwa (disambiguation)
Yarjejeniyar sirri
Asusun na yanzu (disambiguation), a cikin tattalin arziƙi
Duba kuma Darasi na A |
33535 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adefemi%20Kila | Adefemi Kila | Adefemi Kila (an haife shi 14 Disamba 1945) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma injiniya wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawa, mai wakiltar Ekiti ta Tsakiya a cikin Afrilu 2007 bayan ya yi aiki da Julius Berger Nigerian Plc na tsawon shekaru 30 a matsayin injiniyan farar hula kuma a matsayin manajan fasaha (hukuma) shekaru 18. A halin yanzu mamba ne na council member of Standards Organisation of Nigeria SON.. Shi Kirista ne mai sadaukarwa na cocin Anglican na Najeriya.
Tarihin Rayuwarsa Ya halarci Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Wales (yanzu Jami'ar Cardiff a cikin 1970, kuma ya sami digirin digirgir a aikin injiniya na jama'a kuma an ba shi digiri na girmamawa (PhD a harkokin kasuwanci) na Jami'ar Bradley. Lacey, Washington, DC, Amurka, Afrilu 2002. Ya fara aikinsa na injiniya tare da kamfanin injiniyoyin gine-gine Andrew Scott a cikin 1974 da kamfanin injiniyoyi masu ba da shawara LH. Dobbie da abokan hulda a 1975 kafin ya shiga Julius Berger Nigeria Plc a 1976 zuwa 2007 kuma an kara masa girma zuwa matsayin manajan fasaha a 1986, mukamin da ya rike tsawon shekaru 18 kafin ya yi ritaya.
Ya zama mamba a hukumar kula da ayyukan yi ta kasa (NDE) a shekarar 1987. Shi dan majalisar zartarwa ne na kungiyar Injiniya ta Najeriya (NSE); Ya wakilci NSE a 2014 CONFAB. Daga nan ya zama darakta, National Road Federation (NRF) da kuma babban kwamitin gudanarwa na hukumar kula da hanyoyin kasa da kasa (IRF), Washington, DC, Amurka, mai wakiltar Nigerian Road Federation (NRF) da gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Har ila yau, mamba ne a kwamitin amintattu na gidauniyar ‘yan Nijeriya da Amurka, dake Miami, Florida, Amurka.
Shi ne shugaban kungiyar masana'antar gine-gine (FOCI) http://www.foci.org.ng/about/ (Tsohon Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Nijeriya. (FOBACEC) Mayu 1996 2001. Ya kuma zama mataimakin shugaban COREN (Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria http://www.coren.gov.ng/ Ya kasance shugabana na farko, Senior Staff Consultative Association of Nigeria (SESCAN) a yanzu Trade Union Congress (TUC). A halin yanzu shi memba ne na Majalisar Save Democracy Africa (SDA).
Majalisar dattawa An zabi Adefemi Kila dan majalisar dattijai mai wakiltar mazabar Ekiti ta tsakiya kuma ya kasance memba na manyan kwamitoci a lokacin da ya samu gagarumar nasara a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ayyuka na majalisar dattawa; a wannan lokacin ya taimaka wajen ganin an kammala aikin gadar Sango Ota da aka dade ana watsi da ita; Haka kuma titin ita-awure efon iwaraja har yanzu an yi watsi da shi sama da shekaru 30. Ya kuma taka rawa wajen daidaita rigingimun filaye da dama a babban birnin tarayya a lokacin da yake zama dan kwamitin ayyuka na majalisar dattawa. Ya kuma kasance shugaban kwamitin ayyuka a shiyyar Arewa ta tsakiya da kuma Kudu-maso-Yamma.
Mukaman da ya rike a majalisar dattawa Mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ayyuka na majalisar dattawa. Sakamakon haka, shugaban kwamitin kula da kula da tituna na tarayya (FERMA) Memba, Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi.
Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Harkar Ma'adinai
Wakilin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa a FCT
Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Man Fetur na Sama
Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai mai kula da kwayoyi, kwayoyi da yaki da rashawa
Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Samar da Sirri
Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan katin shaida da yawan jama'a na kasa Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Bitar Tsarin Mulki
Ayyukansa a zauren Majalisar Dattawa Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai don binciken Bayar da Filayen FCT da koke 1999-2007.
Kwamitin majalisar dattawa don tantance shugaban hukumar EFCC.
Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai don tantance Cif EF Shonekan da wasu mambobi 6 na Hukumar Samar da kayayyakin more rayuwa (ICRC) Tawagar majalisar dattijai zuwa yankin Bakassi kafin mikawa Kamaru.
Memba, Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Bitar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1999
Karramawa da lambar yabo yayin da yake Majalisar Dattawa Wasu daga cikin lambobin yabo da aka samu sakamakon irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban kasa a lokacin da yake majalisar dattawa sun hada da:
Kwarewarsa A fagen ƙwararru, Kila ɗan'uwan cibiyoyi ne daban-daban, gami da:
Ayyukan Daya jagoranta Kila ya fara aikin injiniyan Najeriya ne a Julius Berger Nigeria Plc a cikin 1976 a Ofishin Zane-zane, yana zayyana tsarin kiyaye ruwa, manyan tushe, musamman na Apapa Wharf Extension da ayyukan gada. A shekarar 1977, ya koma I zuwa Titin Inner Ring Road na Legas, daga baya aka tura shi gadar Marina, inda shi ne ke kula da aikin tun daga gabar arewa har zuwa karshen Apongbon, Legas. Duk da haka, a karshen aikin an kara masa girma zuwa cikakken injiniyan farar hula.
A cikin 1979, an tura shi zuwa gadar Carter kuma an sanya shi mai kula da duk sassan da aka riga aka tsara da gadar tafiya ta gadar Carter. A karshen aikin, an kara masa girma zuwa babban injiniya.
A cikin 1980-1982, Kila ya kasance mai kula da gadoji na Inner Ring Road kuma yana kula da wasu gine-ginen masana'antu da hanyoyi a cikin Karamar Hukumar Legas. Bayan kammala ayyukan cikin nasara, an kara masa girma zuwa babban injiniya.
A ci gaba da aikinsa a shekarar 1982, an dora Kila a matsayin mai kula da gina gine-ginen masana'antu a fadin kasar. Saboda ayyukan da ya yi a aikin da kuma haɗe da ikonsa na gudanarwa, an ƙara masa girma zuwa mukamin manajan fasaha (hukuma) a 1986. Daga baya aka koma hedikwatarsa, inda ya dauki cikakken alhakin ayyukan gudanar da mulki, wanda ya hada da bunkasa albarkatun jama'a, horar da ma'aikata, da wakilcin kamfanoni a dukkan matakai na gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙwararru da hukumomin duniya.
Ayyukan kungiyar kwadago Kila ɗan ƙungiyar ƙwadago ne kuma ya jagoranci shawarwarin ƙungiyar ƙwadago da yawa masu nasara a lokacin aikinsa.
Ya kasance shugaban kamfanin Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. Ƙungiyar Manyan Ma'aikata na shekaru 7, 1979-1986.
Daga baya ya zama shugaban kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan gine-gine da injiniyoyi na kasa, 1982 1990, kuma ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen fafutukar ganin an aiwatar da manufar gina kasa ta Gwamnatin Tarayya.
Kila shi ne Babban shugaban Consultative Association of Nigeria (SESCAN) (now Trade Union Congress (TUC), 1985–1991). Senior Staff Consultative Association of Nigeria (SESCAN) (yanzu Trade Union Congress (TUC), 1985-1991.
Gudanarwa Kila hazikin manajane na kudi da kayan aiki, kuma ya samu mukamai da dama kamar:
Council Member Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON)
Member of the executive board of Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE)
Council Member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) and represented NSE at the 2014 CONFAB
Board member of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in 1987–1988
Director, Nigerian Road Federation (NRF)
President, Federation of Construction Industry (FOCI), (formerly Federation of Building and Civil Engineering Contractors in Nigeria (FOBACEC) May 1996 2001
Vice- President of COREN (Council for Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria)
Pioneer President General, Senior Staff Consultative Association of Nigeria (SESCAN) now Trade Union Congress (TUC)
Member, Executive board of directors of International Road Federation (IRF), Washington DC, USA., representing Nigerian Road Federation (NRF) and the Federal Government of Nigeria. April 1994.
Member, Board of trustees, Nigerian-American Foundation, Miami, Fl. USA.
iyar Najeriya-Amurka, Miami, Fl. Amurka
Addininsa Sanata Kila mamba ne na cocin Anglican Church of Nigeria. Shi mamba ne a Cocin St. Matthew's Anglican Church Maitama, Abuja inda ya zama shugaban kwamitin tara kudade na gina coci a Mabuchi. Ya kasance memba na Cocin Saint Paul's Ishagatedo Legas kuma ya kasance a
member of FOH39Ng a society in the church. His activities in the Church made the Bishop (ADEBIYI) gave him an award of
kyakkyawan aiki ga manyan ayyukansa a cikin coci. Shi memba ne a cocin Saint Mathews Maitama, Abuja inda ake yin wasan kwaikwayo
ya samu lambar yabo ta gwaninta. Shi memba ne na Cocin Saint Paul Efon Alaaye.
immense activities rewarded him as the 'baba ijo' of the church- being his home town Church.
Controversies In October 2008 he defended the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency in Benue State, blaming problems on poor funding. In May 2008, he was among four senators on the screening committee who appeared to be delaying the assumption of office by the nominated chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Mrs. Farida Mzamber Waziri. He later lost his seat in the senate at the court of appeal to Festus Olabode Ola in 2009 after previously winning the case at the Tribunal.
Haifaffun 1945
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
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40326 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Nwaoboshi | Peter Nwaoboshi | Peter Onyeluka Nwaoboshi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958 a jihar Delta, Najeriya ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne Shi ne sanata mai wakiltar yankin Delta ta Arewa a majalisar dattawan Najeriya. Dan majalisar dattawa ne na majalisar wakilai ta 8 da ta 9. An sauke shi ne jim kadan bayan da wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta sanar da zama zababben Sanata a zaɓen 2019 a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata bisa zargin cewa jam’iyyarsa ta siyasa ba ta zaɓe shi ba. Kotun daukaka kara da ke Abuja ta soke hukuncin a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2019. Alkalin kotun ya ce babbar kotun tarayya da ta soke zaɓensa ba ta da hurumin shari’ar.
Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi An haifi Peter Nwaoboshi a shekarar 1958 a jihar Delta ta Najeriya Kwalejin Malamai ta St.Thomas inda ya samu takardar shedar Makaranta ta Yammacin Afirka a 1976. 1986, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Benin inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Har ila yau yana da digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Jihar Delta Sana'a Nwaoboshi ya fara aikinsa ne a shekarar 1979 a matsayin mataimaki ga Samuel Ogbemudia, gwamnan rusasshiyar jihar Bendel Bayan haka, an naɗa shi Shugaban Kamfanin Jiragen Ruwa na Najeriya A 1999, ya kasance mai ba Gwamna James Ibori shawara kan harkokin siyasa. A shekarar 2000 aka naɗa shi kwamishinan noma da ayyuka na musamman a jihar Delta inda ya rike mukamin har zuwa 2006. A shekarar 2008, an nada shi shugaban jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party a jihar Delta Ya yi wa’adi na biyu a matsayin shugaban jiha a shekarar 2012 sannan a shekarar 2014 ya yi murabus ya tsaya takarar majalisar dattawa. A shekarar 2015, an zaɓe shi a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Delta ta Arewa a majalisar dattawa Daga nan aka naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan yankin Neja Delta. A 2019, an sake zabe shi a majalisar dattawa a karkashin jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, 2021, jam'iyyar PDP ta jihar Delta ta dakatar da Nwaoboshi saboda "ayyukan cin mutuncin jam'iyya bayan wata takun saka tsakanin Nwaoboshi da Gwamna Ifeanyi Okowa Nwaoboshi ya kira dakatarwar “abin dariya ne” kuma “ba bisa ka’ida ba” kafin ya fice daga PDP bayan kwanaki biyu ya koma APC a wata ganawa da shugaba Buhari da Sanatan Delta ta tsakiya Ovie Omo-Agege Jaridar Punch ta ruwaito cewa Nwaoboshi ya sauya sheka ne a shirye-shiryen tsayawa takarar mataimakin gwamnan jihar Delta.
Rikicin zabe A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2019 wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta kori Nwaoboshi a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Delta ta Arewa bisa hujjar cewa ba shi da inganci a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar da jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party ta gudanar a jihar Delta Haka kuma mai shari’a Ahmed Mohammed ya umarce shi da ya daina bayyana kansa a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata. A cewar sammacin da abokin hamayyar sa a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar Prince Nwoko ya aike masa ya bayyana cewa ba bisa ka’ida ba jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party ta sanar da shi wanda ya lashe zaɓen bayan da ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani, an kuma yi zargin cewa Nwoboshi ya dauki ƴan baranda ne domin ya haifar da firgici. ya fashe a lokacin da ya sami labarin shan kayen da ya sha. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2019, Nwaoboshi ya daukaka kara kan hukuncin tsige shi a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen Sanata. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2019, wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta ki amincewa da karar Nwaoboshi na bayar da umarnin dakatar da hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta kasa cewa ba ta da hurumin ta domin kotun daukaka kara ta riga ta yanke hukunci kan karar, saboda haka mai shari’a Mahmud Mohammed ya ba da umarnin cewa Yakamata hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta janye takardar shaidar cin zabe da aka baiwa Nwaoboshi sannan ta sake baiwa Prince Ned Nwoko sabon satifiket. Ko da yake yanzu shi ne Sanatan Delta ta Arewa A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2019, Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ta janye takardar shaidar cin zaɓe da ta ba Nwaoboshi. An dawo da takardar shaidar lokacin da aka soke hukuncin kotu.
Kudi ya dauki nauyin A cikin 2016, Peter Nwaoboshi ya ɗauki nauyin lissafin Dokar da'a ta Cap C15 LFN 2004 (gyara) Bill, 2016 (SB 248) Kudirin ya tsallake karatu na farko amma ba a taba sanya hannu ba ko aiwatar da shi ya zama doka.
Zargin cin hanci da rashawa A watan Afrilun 2018, Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati ta gurfanar da Nwaoboshi a gaban kuliya bisa zargin zamba da karkatar da kudade. Masu gabatar da kara sun ce kamfanonin Nwaoboshi sun sayi wani gini a Legas a kan kudi Naira miliyan 805 a shekarar 2014 tare da sanin cewa za a yi amfani da miliyan 322 na kudin da aka biya ba bisa ka'ida ba; Nwaoboshi ya musanta zargin kuma ya shigar da karar ba da laifi ba. A watan Yunin 2021, an wanke Nwaoboshi daga tuhume-tuhume na zamba da kuma karkatar da kudade bayan da alkalin kotun mai shari’a Chukwujekwu Aneke ya ce EFCC ta gaza tabbatar da tuhumar da ake yi mata, kuma ta dogara ne da jita-jita. Hukumar EFCC ta ce za ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin.
Bayanin Kadari na Ƙarya A watan Afrilun 2016, labarin da Sahara Reporters ya wallafa ya zargi Nwaoboshi da samunsa a cikin yanayi na tuhuma sannan kuma ya kasa bayyana wata kadara ta Legas da ya mallaka. Gidan mallakin gwamnatin jihar Delta ne kafin a sayar wa Nwaoboshi kan farashi mai rahusa kuma Nwaoboshi bai bayyana mallakar sa ba kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Rahoton ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da Nwaoboshi ya dauki nauyin gyara da nufin raunana dokokin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma labarin ya yi ikirarin cewa goyon bayansa na iya kasancewa a yunkurin hana hukumar da'ar ma'aikata ta yi masa shari'a. A watan Yunin 2019, an gurfanar da Nwaoboshi bisa laifin kin bayyana hakikanin kadarorinsa bayan wani bincike da kwamitin binciken shugaban kasa na musamman kan kwato dukiyar jama’a (SPIP) ya yi wanda ya zargi Nwaoboshi da kin bayyana mallakin asusun bankin Sterling guda uku. A watan Yulin 2018, SPIP ta rufe wasu kadarorin Nwaoboshi na wani dan lokaci da suka hada har zuwa kadarori 14 da asusun banki 22.
Badakalar kwangilar NDDC A watan Yunin 2020, Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta ta zargi Nwaoboshi da yin amfani da wasu kamfanoni 11 na gaba wajen damfarar Hukumar daga cikin kwangilolin da suka kai Naira biliyan 3.6 a watan Satumban 2016. Zargin ya zo ne ba da dadewa ba Nwaoboshi ya zargi ministan Neja Delta Godswill Akpabio da laifin samun kudaden ayyukan da bai dace ba a lokacin da Akpabio ke shugaban marasa rinjaye na majalisar dattawa. Yayin da zargin wani bangare ne na takun saka tsakanin Akpabio da majalisar dokokin kasar, zargin da ake yi wa Nwaoboshi an kira shi da "babban shari'a guda daya na wawure dukiyar hukumar" da kakakin NDDC, Charles Odili ya yi.
Hukunci Kotun daukaka kara a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2022, ta samu Nwaoboshi da laifin karkatar da kudade sannan ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari tare da wasu kamfanonin sa guda biyu Golden Touch Construction Project Ltd da Suiming Electrical Ltd. Hukuncin ya biyo bayan daukaka karar hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke a baya na yin watsi da karar da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta yi Kotun daukaka kara ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai cancanta a shigar da hukumar EFCC kuma Nwaoboshi ya kasa gamsar da kotun cewa bai aikata laifin ba.
Manazarta Haihuwan 1958
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59123 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya%20300 | Duniya 300 | Duniya 300 kungiya ce da ke da burin yin wahayi da tallafawa binciken binciken teku da wayar da kan jama'a game da rikicin yanayi.Ya fitar da ƙirar hasashe don jirgin bincike na kimiyya wanda,idan aka gina shi, zai zama mafi girma,m(980 tsawo.Yana da niyyar karbar bakuncin masana a fannoni daban-daban,yana bada damar bincike tsakanin fannoni game da canjin yanayi,ilimin teku,da batutuwan dorewa.Bayyanar jirgin na musamman kuma tana da niyyar jawo hankali ga lafiyar yanayi da teku.Duniya 300 ta tara mutane daga bangarori daban-daban kuma ta kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni don samar da fannoni daban-daban na fasahar jirgin.Kungiyar tana da niyyar kaddamar da jirgin a cikin 2025.
Buri da manufa Duniya 300 shine ra'ayin Aaron Olivera.Olivera a baya ta shirya kudi don jirgin ruwa na Royal Falcon One wanda aka tsara na Porsche.An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don ya sami kungiyar bayan ya ga murjani yana mutuwa daga yaduwar teku yayin tafiya zuwa Maldives. Olivera ya bayyana burin a matsayin"don gina fitilar Olympics ta kimiyya ta duniya:"jirgin ruwa wanda ƙirar sa za ta kama hankalin mutane amma kuma zukatan su da tunanin su"kuma ta mayar da hankali ga matsalar canjin yanayi.
Ivan Salas Jefferson ne ya kera jirgin wanda kamfanin Iddes Yachts ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin gine-ginen sojojin ruwa na Poland NED.An yi niyya ne don tallafawa binciken kimiyya game da sauyin yanayi na duniya da sauran manyan kalubale tare da wayar da kan jama'a. Ƙirar tana ba da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kan jirgin guda 22 da na'urar kwamfuta ta farko da ke tafiya cikin teku. Bugu da ƙari kuma yana ƙarfafa jama'a,ƙirar zamani an yi niyya don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido da za su ba da tallafi ga tafiye-tafiye,ba da damar masana kimiyya da ɗalibai su yi balaguro kyauta.Za a samar da dakunan alfarma guda goma ga waɗannan fasinjoji,da ƙarin ɗakuna goma ga mutanen da gwanintarsu ko gogewarsu za su taimaka wa balaguron amma waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin tafiyar ba. Olivera ya bayyana cewa binciken da aka gudanar akan Duniya 300 zai zama tushen bude ido,wanda aka raba shi a ainihin lokacin tare da sauran al'ummomin kimiyya.
Ƙirar ƙira ATsarin na jirgin ruwa ne tsawo da babba. Idan aka gina shi, zai zama babban jirgin ruwa mafi girma zuwa yau. Zane-zane sun haɗa da helipad da bene mai lura da cantilevered. An yi niyya don ɗaukar mutane fiye da 400, ciki har da masana kimiyya 160, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mazauna 20, da ma'aikatan jirgin 165. Zane-zanen ya sanya dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar jirgin ruwa a cikin Fannin Kimiyya, wani tsari mai tsayin bene mai hawa goma sha uku wanda duniya ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.
Ƙarfafawa An yi niyya ne a ƙarshe za a tuka jirgin ta hanyar ɗorewar tsarin motsa jiki tare da fitar da sifili. Zane ya ba da shawarar cewa za a yi amfani da shi ta hanyar narkakken gishirin reactor, irin nau'in makamashin nukiliyar fission reactor wanda ke aiki kusa da yanayin yanayi maimakon matsa lamba na injin sanyaya ruwa. Jirgin bincike na Duniya 300 zai kasance jirgi na farko da zai yi amfani da wannan nau'in reactor. Yarda da reactor zai ɗauki shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai, don haka masu zanen kaya suna neman tsarin motsa jiki bisa koren mai don amfani da shi na wucin gadi.
Abokan hulɗa da ma'aikata Abokan hulɗar Duniya 300 sun haɗa da Iddes Yachts, NED, Triton Submarines, da kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Italiya RINA. Kamfanin fasaha na IBM ya shiga cikin yunƙurin samar da babban aikin kwamfuta. Duniya 300 tana da ƙungiyar shawara wacce ta haɗa da Michael J. Silah, wanda tsohon jami'in hukumar kula da yanayin ruwa ta ƙasa ne da kuma mai shirya fina-finai Mario Kassar. Olivera, wanda yanzu shine Shugaba na Duniya 300, yayi hasashen cewa jirgin zai karbi bakuncin masana kimiyya daga ruwa-, duniya da kimiyyar yanayi da kuma kwararru daga wasu fannonin da suka hada da tattalin arziki, fasaha da injiniya.
Gine-gine Kungiyar ta yi kiyasin cewa ginin zai lakume dala miliyan 700 kuma ta yi la'akari da filayen jiragen ruwa a Turai da Koriya ta Kudu. Ana sa ran kaddamar da jirgin a shekarar 2025.
Martani da ɗaukar hoto Aikin ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labaru daga wallafe-wallafen da suka hada da BBC Science Focus, Forbes, da kuma Bloomberg News Simon Redfern, shugaban kwalejin kimiyya a jami'ar fasaha ta Nanyang, ya bayyana a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa" tsammanin cewa duniya 300 za ta cike giɓi a cikin ilimin ɗan adam game da teku. Martin Yates, wani CTO a Dell Technologies, yana goyon bayan aikin kuma ya bayyana fatan cewa jirgin zai kasance kamar "tashar sararin samaniya a duniya" sanye take da mafi yawan fasahar sarrafa kwamfuta.
Dawn Stover, rubutawa ga Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, ya kira aikin a matsayin "overhyped". Stover ya lura duka narkakkar makamashin nukiliya da na'urar kwamfutocin da Earth 300 ta yi nuni da cewa ba a gina su ba. Stover ya yi magana game da baƙi Olivera da aka nufa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Elon Musk da Michelle Obama, da kuma babban aikin a matsayin"[...] mafi buri fiye da na gaske.
Duba kuma SeaOrbiter
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Prop
The Earth 300 Impact Talks: how Multidisciplinary Initiatives impact Sustainability and Climate Change, Summer 2021, YouTube
Climate change
Proposed ships
Maoto yachts
Nuclear power |
21454 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashoshin%20Jiragen%20%C6%98asa%20a%20Ghana | Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Ghana | Tashar jiragen ƙasa a Ghana suna amfani da hanyar sadarwar jirgin ƙasa da ke tattare da kudancin ƙasar.
Taswirori UNHCR Atlas Taswirar Ghana yana nuna kuma Yanayin kasa.
UN Map Ghana yana nuna Larduna
Taswirar GhanaNet
Garuruwan da jirgin ƙasa ke aiki
Na yanzu Garuruwa masu zuwa ko ƙauyuka a halin yanzu suna da sabis na jirgin ƙasa a Ghana; 1,067mm ma'auni sai dai in ba haka ba an lura Gabas Accra (E) tashar jirgin ruwa, babban birni: Babban tashar Accra
Baatsona
Asoprochona tashar ƙauyuka
Koforidua (E)
Pokoasi (E C) mahada
Shai Hills (E)
Tema (E) tashar jirgin ruwa a gabas an bada shawarar ƙarar da kewayen birni shekara ta 2008 Nsawam (E)
Koforidua (E)
Nkawkaw (E)
Ejisu (E)
Nsuta
Juaso (C)
Konongo, Ghana (E)
Boankra (E) tashar jirgin ruwa
Kumasi (E W) mahada Nsuta (E)
Bososo (E)
Anyinam
Yamma Sekondi (W) tsoffin tashar jirgin ruwa da kuma bita
Tarkwa (W) mahada
Takoradi (W) sabon tashar jirgin ruwa
Kwarin Huni (W C) mahada akan layin yamma don layin tsallaka zuwa layin gabas; kankare mai bacci inji
Dunkwa (W) Juyawa ga Awaso
Obuasi (W) 85.5km
Bekwai (W)
Kumasi (W E) mahada 0.0km
Tarkwa (W) mahada
Prestea ƙarshen reshe (W)
Dunkwa (W) Juyawa ga Awaso
Awaso (W) tashar reshe Bauxite mine
Cibiyar Kwarin Huni (W C) mahada
Twifu Praso
Foso (C)
Achissi (C) mahada
Akim Oda (C) Kade (C) ƙarshen reshe (o o u)
Akoroso (C)
Pokoasi
Kotoku (E C) mahada
Iyakar Gabas 1,000 mm
Wanda aka gabatar Wannan jerin sunayen sun hada da tashoshin da aka dawo dasu.
Layin Arewacin Far (Yamma) (layin yamma mai nisa) Takoradi tashar jiragen ruwa fashewar ma'auni 1,067 mm 1,435 mm Manso
Tarkwa mahadar arewa maso yamma
Kwarin Huni
Dunkwa
Awaso
Nyinahim
Sunyani (babban birnin yankin Brong-Ahafo Techiman mahada
Bole
Salwa
Wa (babban yankin yankin Upper West Region Hamile tashar arewa maso yamma 1,435 mm Iyaka Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou mahada
Layin Arewacin Far (Gabas) 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) under construction 2020
Tema Port
Akosombo
Ho (regional capital Volta Region)
Hohoe
Bimbila
Yendi
Tamale (regional capital Northern Region)
Bolgatanga (regional capital Upper East Region)
Paga (0km)
Border (Ghana-Burkina Faso) Dakola
Po
Bagre
Ouagadougou junction national capital (166km) (1000km from Tema)
Nsuta
(Kewayen birni)
Dansoman
La, Ghana
Teshie, Ghana
Layin bakin teku na ECOWAS (gabatar da 2010) Aflao kusa da kan iyaka a gabas da Togo, da babban birnin Lomé Togo-Ghana iyakar
Tema
Accra babban birnin ƙasar
Winneba
Cape Coast (babban yankin yanki Central, Ghana Takoradi (babban yankin yanki Yankin Yammacin, Ghana Omanpe
Iyakokin Ghana-Côte d'Ivoire
Wanda aka amince Kumasi (W E) mahaɗan (2010)
Bolgatanga
Navrongo
Paga kusa da Burkina Faso Takoradi
Manso
Kwarin Huni
Tarkwa
Dunkwa Awaso
Nyinahin
Sunyani
Techiman
Bole
Salwa
Wa
Hamile
(layin gabas mai nisa)
Ejisu
Mampong
Nkoranza
Tamale mahada
Bolgatanga
Paga kusa da Burkina Faso
Tamale
Yendi
Shieni tama
Buipe arewa da tabki
Tafkin Volta
Kewayen birni (Layin bayan gari)
Accra
Sakumono
Asoprochona
Tema babbar tashar jirgin ruwa zuwa gabashin Accra Kasoa
Winneba ɓata garin Accra a bakin teku.
Madina
Yankin Lake Volta zuwa gabas:
Achimota (E) mahada
Tema (E) babbar tashar jirgin ruwa Sugbaniate (E)
Shai Hills (E)
Akosombo (E) tashar jirgin ruwa mai nisa
Rehab 2008 Kumasi zuwa Paga
Yendi reshe.
Takoradi ta hanyar Kumasi
Reshen Awaso
Bosusi
Kibi ajiya bauxite
Baatsonaa da Nungua gada sun kammala
Sauran Kumasi, tashar jirgin ruwa ta Boankra, Kumasi-Paga ta Buipe, don haɗa tafkin Volta, tashar Achimota Tema Tamale Yendi don haɗa ajiyar baƙin ƙarfe na Shieni (227m), Bosusi Kibi don haɗa ajiyar bauxite a Kibi da layin reshe da ke haɗa garuruwan da aka gano wasu wuraren ajiyar ma'adinai.
Takoradi ta hanyar Manso, Tarkwa, kwarin Huni, Dunkwa Awaso, Nyinahin, Sunyani, Techiman, Bole, Sawla, Wa har zuwa Hamile a yankin Upper West na Ghana. Hukumar Raya layin dogo ta Ghana ta gayyaci masu neman sauya 950 hanyar sadarwar kilomita daga 1,067 mm matsataccen ma'auni zuwa ma'auni na yau da kullun, yana ba da izini mai nauyin tan 25 da haɓaka gudu daga 56 zuwa 160 km h. A cikin tsawon lokaci, yiwuwa karatu zai kalle ta gabatar da wani kewayen birni dogo sabis daga Accra zuwa Kasoa, Winneba da Madina, kazalika da miƙawa da jirgin zuwa arewa da kuma a haɗa tare da samarwa ECOWAS dogo layi a faɗin Afirka ta Yamma.
An rufe Kade
Lokaci
2020 83.5km Kumasi-Paja zane Accra-Kumasi
2019 Ghana Burkino Faso Layin yamma
201? Accra
Avenor, Ghana
Nsawam
Kumasi
Ejisu
Tamale
Paga
Yendi
2010 Ghana ta gabatar da wani bangare na layin dogo na gabar tekun ECOWAS da zai haɗa Aflao Tema Accra, Winneba, Cape Coast, Takoradi da Omape Gwamnatin Ghana da kamfanin shigo da fitarwa da mashin na ƙasar Sin (CMC) sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar kwangilar dala biliyan 6.050 don gina hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa daga Nsawam kusa da Accra ta Kumasi zuwa Paga da ke kan iyakar Burkina Faso, da kuma reshe daga wannan a Tamale zuwa Yendi 2009 Hukumar Raya layin dogo ta Ghana ta gayyaci masu son sauya 950 hanyar sadarwar km zuwa ma'aunin misali Ghana na shirin yin babbar gyaran layin dogo
Matsayi Haɗaɗɗu AAR
Birki Iska
Manazarta Tattalin arziki
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24850 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Davies%20%28footballer%29 | Andrew Davies (footballer) | Andrew John Davies (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da hudu1984) miladiyya. ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingilishi wanda ke taka leda a tsakiya, kuma a halin yanzu wakili ne na kyauta.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Davies ya fara rattaba hannu tare da Middlesbrough tun yana dan shekara 13, Davies ya taka leda a kungiyoyi 11 a matakai daban-daban. An ba da shi aro ga Queens Park Rangers, Derby County da Southampton, inda ya sanya hannu tare da na karshen bayan barin Middlesbrough. Daga baya Davies ya buga wa Stoke City, Preston North End, Sheffield United, Walsall, Middlesbrough a karo na biyu, Crystal Palace da Bradford City A cikin shekarar 2015, ya koma Scotland, ya rattaba hannu tare da Ross County. Davies ya taimaki County ta lashe Kofin League na Scottish na shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016, amma ya bar kulob din bayan an sake su a shekarar 2018.
Davies ya wakilci Ingila a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na kasa da kasa, kuma kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 ta taka mata leda sau daya.
Aikin kulob
Middlesbrough An haifi Davies a Stockton-on-Tees kuma ya halarci Makarantar Northfield a Billingham, kusa da Middlesbrough Ya shiga Middlesbrough tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha uku, yana haɓaka matsayin kulob a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar ajiyar. Davies ya zama ƙwararre a cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2002 bayan ya burge a cikin 'yan ƙasa da 19s kuma a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar ajiyar. Ya fara buga wasa na farko a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2002, a wasan cin Kofin League da Ipswich Town Wasansa na farko na Premier ya zo watanni uku bayan haka, a cikin rashin nasara 5-2 a gidan Aston Villa Ya sake fitowa sau tara a kakar 2003 zuwa 2004 kafin ya samu rauni a kafarsa a wasan da aka ajiye a watan Maris na shekarar 2004. Duk da wannan, an kira Davies 2003 zuwa 2004 Middlesbrough 'Yan wasan Matasa na Shekara. Ya sa kungiyarsa ta farko ta dawo daga raunin da ta yi da Coventry City a gasar League Cup a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2004. Ya buga wasanni biyu a farkon rabin kakar 2004 zuwa 2005 kafin ya koma Queens Park Rangers a farkon aro na wata daya a watan Janairu don samun wasu kwarewar kungiyar ta farko, a karshe ya kasance a can na tsawon watanni uku. Davies da farko ya ki komawa kulob din na dindindin. Bayan rikicin rauni, Middlesbrough ya tuno da shi a watan Afrilu shekarar 2005. A watan Yuli shekara 2005, an sake ba da rancen Davies, zuwa Derby County har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2005 zuwa 2006 tare da yarjejeniyar gami da sashin da ya ba da damar sake tunawa da shi daga ƙungiyar iyayen sa a watan Janairu. Wannan ya kasance na farko na tsawon watanni shida, kodayake daga baya an kara shi zuwa cikakken lamunin aro. Davies ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Derby County a wasan farko na kakar, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90, a wasan 1-1 da Brighton & Hove Albion Burinsa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2005, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Southampton. Bayan watanni uku a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2005, Davies ya zira kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci Norwich City 2-0. A watan Janairun shekarar 2006, rikicin rauni a Middlesbrough ya sa su tuna Davies, wanda ya burge a duk lokacin da yake Derby, duk da an kore shi sau uku. Da dawowarsa filin wasan Riverside, Davies ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tafiyar Middlesbrough zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin FA da na karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA Tare da Gareth Southgate ya sadaukar da kansa ga matasa a cikin 2006 zuwa 2007, Davies ya sami hanyar shiga ƙungiyar farko kuma ya buga wasanni 23 gaba ɗaya.
Southampton Davies ya rattaba hannu ga Southampton a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007, a kan rancen watanni uku na farko tare da niyyar canja wuri na dindindin a watan Janairu. Ya ɗauki har zuwa 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007 don Davies ya fara wasansa na farko na Southampton, yana zuwa a madadin Grégory Vignal a cikin minti na 72, a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 da Charlton Athletic A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, sanya hannu ya kasance na dindindin, don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, yi imanin 1 miliyan. Ya rasa wasannin da suka gabata na kakar 2007 zuwa 2008 sakamakon raunin da ya samu na kunci a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2008. Duk da wasa na rabin kakar wasa kawai, an zabe shi Saints Player of the Season. Gaban kakar 2008 zuwa 2009, Davies ya ce yana gab da dawowa cikakken horo na ƙungiyar farko kuma yana sa ran dawowa cikin makonni uku zuwa huɗu.
Stoke City A watan Agusta shekara ta 2008, Davies ya koma Stoke City kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. An ba da rahoton canja wurin kuɗin da aka biya Southampton a matsayin fam miliyan 1.3. Farawar Davies a Stoke bai tafi yadda aka tsara ba bayan da ya samu rauni a gwiwa a horo, wanda hakan ya sa ya bukaci tiyata. A ƙarshen Nuwamba, yana gab da dawo da ƙungiyar farko kuma yayi wasa a gefen ajiyar. Bai buga wa tawagar farko ba har zuwa farkon watan Disamba shekarar 2008, lokacin da ya yi wasanni da yawa a kan benci tare da wasansa na farko a waje da Newcastle United. Davies ya fara wasansa na farko da Stoke da Manchester United, inda ya maye gurbin Rory Delap a minti na 72 a ranar damben shekarar 2008, yana wasa a dama ta baya bayan da aka bai wa Andy Wilkinson katin gargadi na biyu. Ya sake yin wani canji a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2008, a kan West Ham. Davies ya fara wasan farko da Hartlepool United a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA wanda ya kare da ci 2-0 mai ban mamaki ga kungiyar League One A lokacin wasan, ya samu rauni a cikin minti na 71 lokacin da ya fada cikin ramin Hartlepool. Daga nan Davies bai sake taka rawar gani ba a yakin Stoke na 2008 zuwa 2009.
Lamuni yana motsawa A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2009, Davies ya rattaba hannu kan Preston North End akan rancen gaggawa na wata ɗaya. Ya fara halarta na farko washegari, yana wasa mintuna 90, a wasan da suka ci Norwich City 1-0. Bayan bayyanar Preston sau biyar, Davies ya koma kulob din mahaifan sa.
Da ya kasa yin benci ga Stoke a farkon kakar 2009 zuwa 2010, Davies ya koma Sheffield United a matsayin aro na wata uku a watan Satumba na shekarar 2009. A wannan ranar, ya fara wasansa na farko, a wasan tsere na Steel City, yana wasa mintuna 90, a wasan da suka ci Sheffield Laraba 3-2. Da rancensa na karewa a watan Disamba, Davies ya koma Stoke bayan ya buga wasanni takwas don "The Blades". Bayan an cire shi daga cikin 'yan wasa 25 na Stoke don kakar 2010 zuwa 2011, Davies ya shiga Walsall don rancen wata na farko a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2010. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Walsall kwanaki uku bayan rattaba hannu a kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Exeter City da ci 2-1. Koyaya, Davies ya sami rauni a cinya yayin wasan da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers kuma ya yi zaman aro tare da Walsall, wanda da farko zai ƙare ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2010. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, ya sake komawa Middlesbrough a matsayin aro don sauran kakar 2010 zuwa 2011 kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka ci 3-2 a Millwall a ranar. Bayan buga wasanni shida a kungiyar, an bashi damar komawa Stoke bayan yayi fama da rauni. A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, Davies ya koma Crystal Palace kan yarjejeniyar aro na wata daya. Ya fara buga wa Crystal Palace wasa na farko a wasan farko na kakar, a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 da Peterborough United kuma ya sake fitowa a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin burin Wilfried Zaha. a ci 2-0 a kan Crawley Town Waɗannan su ne kawai bayyanar sa ga Eagles kuma ya koma Stoke City a ƙarshen watan Agusta. Davies ya rattaba hannu ga Bradford City akan rancen watanni uku a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2011. A watan Oktoba shekara ta 2011, an kore shi a wasanni a jere, a kan Torquay United da Swindon Town Bayan da aka dakatar da wasanni uku na jan kati na farko, ya sami dakatarwar wasanni hudu saboda jan katin da aka yi da Swindon, saboda kasancewarsa ta biyu a kakar. A watan Disamba na shekara 2011, Davies ya amince da tsawaita lamuninsa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kungiyar tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara 2012, a wasan da aka tashi 1-1 a gidan Burton Albion Ya bayyana ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a kulob din da Bristol Rovers duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba da burin ga abokin wasan David Syers. Burinsa na biyu na shekarar 2012 ya zo ne a cikin minti na 5 na lokacin rauni da Port Vale a wasan 1-1 ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu. An kori Davies a karo na uku a kakar 2011 zuwa 2012 bayan rigimar bayan wasan da Crawley Town kuma ya sami haramcin wasa biyar.
Birnin Bradford A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, Bradford City ta ba da sanarwar cewa Davies ya amince da kwangilar dindindin kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko tun lokacin da ya koma kulob din dindindin a ranar 18 ga Agusta, a kan Gillingham Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 25 ga Agusta, a wasan da suka ci Wimbledon 5-1, inda ya ci kai tsaye daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar wasa yayin cin 3-0 a gida da Barnet Mako guda bayan haka ya ci ƙwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buɗe ƙwallo a wasan da suka doke Oxford United da ci 2-0. Koyaya, Davies daga baya ya sami rauni a gwiwa, a wasan Burton Albion kuma ya yi jinyar watanni huɗu. Bayan ya murmure daga raunin, ya sa kungiyarsa ta farko ta dawo, inda ya fara farawa tun watan Oktoba, a cikin nasarar 3-0 akan Wycombe Wanderers a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2013. Kwana goma sha biyu daga baya a wasan karshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon kafa, an sanya Davies a kan benci na maye gurbin kuma ya zo bayan mintuna 46 don Curtis Good, yayin da Bradford City ta ci gaba da rashin nasara a wasan da ci 5-0 da Swansea City Daga nan Davies ya zira kwallon sa ta hudu a kakar a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2013, a wasan da suka ci Bristol Rovers 4 1 Bayan an ba shi jan kati a wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Cheltenham Town, Davies ya ci gaba da fitowa a cikin wasanni biyu cikin uku na buga wasa, ciki har da wasan karshe, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90, kamar yadda Bradford City ta ci nasara. 3 0 a kan Northampton Town, don cin nasara zuwa League One. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 2013, Davies ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Bradford tare da zabin shekara ta uku. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rukunin farko na wasanni goma na farko kafin a ba da sanarwar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2013, cewa zai yi jinyar har zuwa watanni hudu, bayan an yi masa tiyata a gwiwa. Daga nan Davies ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2014, inda ya fara wasan farko, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Preston North End. Koyaya, Davies ya sami matsalar maraƙi yayin wasan da suka yi da Stevenage a ranar 1 ga Maris 2014 kuma an maye gurbinsa bayan mintuna 36, kodayake manaja Phil Parkinson ya yi imanin raunin bai yi muni ba. Duk da cewa Davies da farko ana sa ran zai dawo da Brentford a watan Maris na 2015, ba a saka shi cikin tawagar ba, tare da Parkinson ya baiyana dacewarsa a matsayin dalili. Davies a ƙarshe ya dawo ƙungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 11 ga Maris 2014, a wasan da suka ci Colchester United 2-0. Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 22 ga Maris 2014, ya ci ƙwallayen sa na farko na kakar, a cikin rashin nasara da 2-1 a kan Shrewsbury Town Daga baya Davies ya taimaka wa kulob din ya tsira daga League One a kakar wasan su ta farko, inda ya kare matsayi na goma sha daya.
A cikin kakar shekara 2014 15, Davies ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, inda ya bayyana a wasanni huɗu na farko, duk da haka, ya ji rauni a hannu yayin wasan da suka yi da Peterborough United kuma dole ne a maye gurbinsa a cikin minti na 55. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa zai yi jinyar watanni biyu bayan tiyata. Davies ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2014, a wasan da suka doke Crewe da ci 2-0. Davies shima yana cikin 'yan wasan lokacin da Bradford ya tashi daga wasan da ci 2-0 da ci 4-2 a waje da Chelsea a zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA. A duk lokacin 2014 15, Davies ya ci gaba da fama da rauni. Duk da wannan, ya ci gaba da yin wasanni ashirin da takwas a kakar 2014-15.
Gundumar Ross A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa Davies ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Ross Premiership ta Scott County kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Davies ya ƙi damar zama a Bradford kafin ya shiga yankin Ross. Bayan shiga kulob din, an ba Davies kyaftin din kulob din bayan tafiyar Richard Brittain. A wasansa na farko a matsayin kyaftin, Davies ya fara wasansa na Ross County, a wasan farko na kakar, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a raunin 2-0 da Celtic A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2016, Davies ya jagoranci kyaftin din Ross County zuwa manyan kayan azurfa na farko tare da nasarar 2-1 akan Hibernian a gasar League ta Scotland Kafin lokacin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2017, Paul Quinn ya maye gurbin Davies a matsayin kaftin na County County, bayan ya gaya wa kulob din cewa yana son komawa Ingila, tare da matarsa ta kasa zama a Scotland. Bayan tattaunawa da danginsa da kulob din, daga nan ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a sauran kwantiraginsa. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din na tsawon shekaru biyu, har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 2019. Davies ya jawo takaddama a lokacin da ya karbi jan kati don buga wa kyaftin din Celtic Scott Brown a lokacin rashin nasara 3-0 a Celtic Park a watan Maris shekarar 2018. An fitar da County daga Premiership a shekarar 2018, kuma kulob din ya sake Davies a watan Yuni shekara ta 2018. Davies ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da kulob din Dundee na Scottish Premiership a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2019. Kwana hudu bayan rattaba hannu don Dundee, ya karya metatarsal yayin wasan horo tare da St Johnstone A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, saboda har yanzu bai buga wa kulob din ba, ya sake karya kafar kuma an cire shi daga sauran kakar. Davies ya bar kulob din da yardar juna a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019, bai taba buga wa kulob din wasa sau daya ba.
Aikin duniya Davies ya cancanci buga wa Wales ko Ingila wasa, saboda yana da rajista biyu. A ƙarshe, Davies ya zaɓi ya buga wa Ingila wasa. Kasancewar Ingila U19 da Ingila U20 sun kira shi a baya, Davies ya karɓi kofi ɗaya a matakin U21 na Ingila da Turkiya U21 ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2003.
Rayuwar mutum Babban ɗan'uwansa, Mark, ɗan wasan cricketer ne tare da Kent Davies ya bayyana cewa idan ba ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ba ne, da ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya yi wasa yayin da ya girma, ya tsaya a shekara goma sha shida sakamakon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Middlesbrough. Davies ya ce gwarzon kuruciyarsa Franco Baresi Ƙididdigar sana'a
Daraja
Kulob Gundumar Ross
Kofin League na Scotland 2015–16
Na ɗaya PFA Scotland Team na Shekara 2015–16
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1984 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Pages with unreviewed |
15892 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ%20Cuppy | DJ Cuppy | Florence Ifeoluwa Otedola (an haife ta ne a ranar 11 ga Watan Nuwamba shekarar, 1992)ta kuma kasan ce, wacce aka fi sani da Cuppy, ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya furodusa kuma mawakiya ce. Ita ‘yar hamshakin dan kasuwar nan na Najeriya ne Femi Otedola Ta girma ne a Legas ta koma Landan tana karatu
Ilimi Cuppy ta zauna a Ilupeju tsawon shekaru shida 6 kafin ta koma Ikeja inda ta halarci makarantar Grange, Ikeja Daga nan ta sake komawa Landan don GCSEs da A-Levels. Ta kammala karatu a King's College London a watan Yunin shekarar 2014, tare da digiri a fannin kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. Ta kuma sami digiri na biyu a harkar waka daga jami’ar New York a shekarar 2015.
Ayyuka A cikin 2014 Cuppy itace mazaunin DJ a MTV Africa Music Awards a Durban Daga nan ta yi wasa a Tatler da Christie's Art Ball a London, da kuma a Taron Kasuwanci na Lokacin Lafiya a cikin Garin Mexico A watan Yunin shekarar 2014, ta fito da House of Cuppy a matsayin farkon hada kayanta a London da Lagos, kafin ta fara shi a New York a ranar 2 ga Watan Satumba, shekarar 2014. Tare da House of Cuppy, ta samar da remixes na waƙoƙin EDM-esque ta manyan masanan afropop.
A waccan shekarar, Cuppy ta kuma ƙaddamar da kasuwancin kiɗa na London da kasuwancin samar da abun ciki, Vungiyar Kiɗa ta Red Velvet. A cikin Watan Janairu shekarar 2015, Cuppy ta kasance a bangon mujallar Guardian Life Murfin ta yi bikin sabon ƙarni na matan Afirka. A watan Maris na shekarar 2015, Cuppy an sanya shi sunan DJ na hukuma don shekarar 2015 Char Baron Charity a Dubai, kuma ta zama aikin Afirka na farko da ta yi a taron. An gabatar da ita a cikin fitowar 2015 Afrilu zuwa Mayu na Forbes Woman Africa A watan Yunin sheakarar 2015, Cuppy ta fito da House of Cuppy II A watan Agusta shekarar 2015, Cuppy ta fara rangadin DJ na farko zuwa birane 8 a Afirka, mai taken "Cuppy Takes Africa". Ta ziyarci Najeriya, Senegal, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda da Afirka ta Kudu Yawon shakatawa na “Cuppy Takes Africa” ya hada da wasannin kwaikwayo, manyan hadin gwiwar masu zane-zane, da kuma ayyukan sadaka da Bankin GTB da Gidauniyar Dangote ke tallafawa Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta fara aiki a Jay-Z 's Roc Nation A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, "Cuppy Take Africa" an watsa shirye-shiryenta ne a gidan talabijin na Fox Life Africa a matsayin silsiloli daki-daki 8. A cikin shekarar 2016, Cuppy mazaunin DJ ne na MTV2's Uncommon Sense tare da Charlamagne Tha God Ta samar da wakoki biyu, "Vibe" da "Yadda Nake", wanda ya fito a fim din "Afrobeats" EP na Young Paris wanda aka fitar a ranar 24 ga Watan Maris,shekarar 2017 A ranar 13 ga Oktoba,shekarar 2017, ta fito da "Green Light", wakarta na farko a hukumance. Wakar ta kunshi baƙo daga mawakin Nijeriya kuma furodusa Tekno A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2018, ta fito da "Vybe", wajan waƙoƙin ta na biyu. Wakar ta kunshi baƙo daga mawakin Ghana Sarkodie. A ranar 24 ga Watan Agusta, shekarar 2018, ta saki Kuɗi, na uku a hukumance wanda yake nuna LAX
A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba,shekarar 2018, ta fito da Werk, ta huɗu da ta fito tare da Skuki.
A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019, ta yi aiki tare da Kwesi Arthur don Abena na biyar A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2019, ta saki Gelato, a nan na shida tare da Zlatan A cikin shekarar 2020, Cuppy an saka ta a cikin mujallar Forbes ta 30 a ƙarƙashin aji 30. A ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, ta zama mai daukar nauyin 'Africa Now Radio' a Apple Music Beats 1 A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin, shekarar 2020, ta fito da Jollof On The Jet, karo na bakwai da ta fito tare da Rema Rayvanny.
A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2020, Ta bayyanar da kundi na farko Original Copy.
Zane A cikin hira da mujallar Tush, Cuppy ta bayyana sautinta kamar "Neo-Afrobeats", wanda shine haɗakar gidan Electro da Afrobeats Rayuwar mutum DJ Cuppy ta kasance a bude kan magana game da dangantakarta da rayuwarta. Ta haɗu da manyan mashahurai a cikin nishaɗin Najeriya da wasanni. Tana da dangantaka da dan kwallon Najeriya Victor Anichebe amma sun rabu a shekarar 2017. Wani mawaƙi dan Najeriya Sean Tizzle ya fito fili ya yarda cewa yana cikin dangantaka da Cuppy lokacin da ya sanya hoton Cuppy tare da cike da kauna cike da soyayya “Allah ya albarkaci Kabecina na Ifeoluwa aka Cuppy… Kamar Jay Z da Beyonce… Kawai Ni n Ne na Gaba Abiamo #MyAbiamoKindaGirl #Kissuna Zamu iya jin kauna! A cikin 2018, Cuppy ya ƙare dangantaka da Shugaba na Stargaze nishaɗin Asa Asika, ma'auratan sun san juna tun kafin ta zama DJ. A Afrilu 14, 2020, DJ Cuppy ta bayyana a shafin Twitter cewa ita maras cin nama ce.
Kyauta A watan Yunin shekarar 2018, Cuppy ta ƙaddamar da Gidauniyar Cuppy. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, gidauniyar ta shirya Gadar Gala kuma ta tara sama da N5bn don shirin Save the Children. Businessan kasuwar Najeriya Dangote da mahaifinta sun ba da gudummawa ga harkar.
Ambasada A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2014, Ministan yawon bude ido, al'adu da wayar da kan kasa (Edem Duke) ya nada Cuppy a matsayin jakadan yawon bude ido na kamfen din "Fascinating Nigeria" na kasar. Cuppy ya zama daya daga cikin jakadun Pepsi na DJ tare da wasu 3 a Najeriya A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2018, Cuppy an sanar da ita a matsayin Jakadiyar DJ na Farko na Pepsi Ta fito a cikin fim din "#NaijaAllTheWay" na Pepsi duk tauraruwar kasuwanci gabanin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2018, Cuppy ta sanar a matsayin Ambasadan Ilimin enan Kasa na Duniya. A ranar 28 ga Watan nuwamba, shekarar 2018, Cuppy aka sanar a matsayin Ambasada For Save The Children UK
Mara aure
Duba kuma Jerin sunayen DJ na Najeriya
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Manazarta Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Mawakan Najeriya Mata
Haifaffun |
31387 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Robobi | Gurbacewar Robobi | Gurbacewar Ledoji shine tarin abubuwa na filastik da ɓarɓashi (misali kwalabe na filastik, jakunkuna da microbeads a cikin muhallin duniya wanda ke cutar da mutane, namun daji da wuraren zama. Filastik da ke aiki azaman gurɓataccen abu ana rarraba su ta hanyar girma zuwa tarkace micro-, meso-, ko macro. Filastik ba su da tsada kuma masu ɗorewa suna sa su dace sosai don amfani daban-daban; Sakamakon haka masana'antun sun zaɓi yin amfani da filastik akan sauran kayan. Duk da haka, tsarin sinadarai na yawancin robobi yana sa su jure wa yawancin matakai na lalacewa kuma a sakamakon haka suna jinkirin raguwa. Tare, waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu suna ba da damar manyan ɗimbin robobi su shiga cikin muhalli a matsayin sharar da ba a sarrafa ba kuma don ta dawwama a cikin yanayin.
Gurɓacewar filastik na iya addabar ƙasa, magudanar ruwa da kuma tekuna. An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 1.1 zuwa 8.8 na sharar robobi na shiga cikin teku daga al'ummomin da ke gabar teku a kowace shekara. An kiyasta cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86 a cikin tekun duniya ya zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2013, tare da hasashen cewa kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950 zuwa 2013 sun shiga cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. Wasu masu bincike sun nuna cewa nan da shekara ta 2050 za a iya samun robobi fiye da kifin da ke cikin teku da nauyi. Za a iya cutar da halittu masu rai, musamman dabbobin ruwa, ko dai ta hanyar injuna kamar cuku-cuwa a cikin abubuwan robobi, matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da sharar robobi, ko kuma ta hanyar fallasa sinadarai a cikin robobi waɗanda ke kawo cikas ga ilimin halittarsu Lalacewar sharar filastik na iya shafar mutane kai tsaye ta hanyar amfani da su kai tsaye (watau a cikin ruwan famfo), cinyewa kai tsaye (ta hanyar cin dabbobi), da kuma rushewar hanyoyin hormonal daban-daban.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, ana samar da tan miliyan 368 na Robobi a kowacce shekara, kashi 51% a Asiya, ƙasar Sin itace a gaba wajen samarwa Daga shekarun 1950 har zuwa 2018, anyi ƙiyasta cewa an samar da tan biliyan 6.3 na Robobi a fadin duniya. Inda aka ƙiyasta cewa ƙashi 9% ne kaɗai ake sake sabunta yayin da kashi 12% kuma yake yashe a bila. Wannan adadi na yasassun Robobi yana lalata muhalli yana kawo matsaloli. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, yawan robobin da aka samar a duniya ya zarce ƙimar halittun dabbobin ƙasa da na ruwa a haɗe. Canje-canje a cikin watan Mayu na 2019 ga Yarjejeniyar Basel ta tsara fitarwa shigo da sharar robobi, wanda aka yi niyya don hana jigilar datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa Kusan duk ƙasashe sun shiga wannan yarjejeniya. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 2022 a Nairobi, kasashe 175 sun yi alkawarin samar da wata yarjejeniya ta doka nan da ƙarshen shekarar 2024 da nufin kawo ƙarshen gurɓatar filastik.
Adadin sharar filastik da aka samar ya karu yayin COVID-19 saboda ƙaruwar buƙatun kayan kariya da kayan marufi. Yawan robobi ya ƙare a cikin teku, musamman filastik daga sharar magani da abin rufe fuska. Rahotannin labarai da yawa suna nuni ga masana'antar filastik da ke ƙoƙarin yin amfani da abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya da sha'awar abin rufe fuska da marufi don haɓaka samar da robobin amfani guda ɗaya.
Dalilai Akwai ƙididdiga daban-daban na yawan sharar robobi da aka yi a ƙarni na baya. A wani kiyasi, ton biliyan daya na sharar robobi an yi watsi da su tun shekarun 1950. Wasu kuma sun yi ƙiyasin cewa yawan amfanin ɗan adam ya kai tan biliyan 8.3 na robobi, wanda ton biliyan 6.3 daga ciki ya zama almubazzaranci, inda kashi 9 cikin ɗari ne kawai aka sake yin amfani da su.
An kiyasta cewa wannan sharar ta ƙunshi 81% Ledoji masu laushi, 13% polymer fibers da 32% additives. A cikin 2018 an samar da fiye da tan miliyan 343 na sharar robobi, kashi 90% na abin da ya ƙunshi sharar robobi bayan masu amfani da ita (sharar masana'antu, aikin gona, kasuwanci da kuma sharar filastik na birni). Sauran sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da su sun kasance daga samar da guduro da kera samfuran robobi (misali kayan da aka ƙi saboda launin da bai dace ba, taurin, ko halayen sarrafawa). Babban kaso na sharar filastik bayan mai amfani ya ƙunshi marufi na filastik. A cikin fakitin filastik na Amurka an ƙiyasta zuwa kashi 5% na MSW. Wannan marufi ya haɗa da kwalabe na filastik, tukwane, tubs da trays, jakunan cinikin fina-finai na filastik, jakunkuna na shara, kumfa mai kumfa, da filastik ko shimfidawa da kumfa na filastik misali fadada polystyrene (EPS). Ana haifar da sharar robobi a sassa da suka haɗa da aikin gona (misali bututun ban ruwa, murfin greenhouse, shinge, pellets, ciyawa; gini (misali bututu, fenti, bene da rufi, masu ƙorafi da ƙulli); sufuri (misali tayoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba, saman titi da alamar hanya) Kayan lantarki da lantarki (e-sharar gida); da magunguna da kiwon lafiya. Ba a da tabbas game da jimillar sharar robobi da waɗannan sassan ke samarwa. Nazarin da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙididdige ɗigon robobi a cikin yanayi a matakan ƙasa da na duniya waɗanda suka nuna wahalar tantance tushe da adadin duk leak ɗin filastik. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a duniya ya yi ƙiyasin cewa tsakanin tan miliyan 60 zuwa 99 na sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, an samar da su a shekarar 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 ta ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23 na sharar filastik sun shiga cikin yanayin ruwa a cikin 2016. yayin da Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) suka ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 9-14 na sharar filastik ta ƙare a cikin teku a wannan shekarar.
Duk da ƙoƙarin da duniya ke yi na rage samar da gurbataccen robobi, ana hasashen hasarar muhalli za ta karu. Samfuran ya nuna cewa, ba tare da manyan ayyuka ba, tsakanin tan miliyan 23 zuwa 37 a kowace shekara na sharar robobi na iya shiga cikin tekunan nan da shekarar 2040 kuma tsakanin tan miliyan 155 zuwa 265 a kowace shekara za a iya fitar da su cikin muhalli nan da shekarar 2060. A ƙarƙashin yanayin kasuwanci kamar yadda aka saba, irin wannan haɓakar na iya zama mai yiwuwa ga ci gaba da haɓaka samar da samfuran robobi, wanda buƙatun mabukaci ke haifar da shi, tare da rashin isasshen ci gaba a sarrafa sharar gida. Kamar yadda sharar robobi da aka saki a cikin muhalli ya riga ya yi tasiri sosai a kan yanayin halittu, haɓakar wannan girman na iya haifar da sakamako mai ban mamaki. An gano cinikin dattin filastik a matsayin "babban laifi" na sharar ruwa. Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibi ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharuɗɗa.
Nau'in tarkacen filastik Akwai manyan nau'ikan filastik guda uku waɗanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen filastik: micro-, macro-, da mega-robobi. Mega- da ƙananan robobi sun taru a cikin mafi girma a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, sun tattara kewaye da cibiyoyin birane da wuraren ruwa. Ana iya samun robobi a gabar tekun wasu tsibiran saboda igiyar ruwa da ke ɗauke da tarkacen. Ana samun duka mega- da macro-robobi a cikin marufi, takalmi, da sauran kayan gida waɗanda aka wanke daga cikin jiragen ruwa ko kuma aka jefar da su a cikin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa An fi samun abubuwan da suka danganci kamun kifi a kusa da tsibirai masu nisa. Ana iya kiran waɗannan kuma a matsayin micro-, meso-, da macro tarkace.
An rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin na farko ko na sakandare. Robobi na farko suna cikin sigar su ta asali idan aka tattara su. Misalan waɗannan za su kasance kwalabe, bututun sigari, da microbeads. A gefe guda kuma, robobi na biyu, suna lissafin ƙananan robobi waɗanda suka haifar da lalacewa ta farko.
Microdebris Microdebris yanki ne na filastik tsakanin 2 mm da 5 mm a girman. tarkacen filastik da ke farawa a matsayin meso- ko macrodebris na iya zama microdebris ta hanyar lalacewa da haɗuwa da ke rushe shi zuwa ƙananan ƙananan. Microdebris an fi kira da nordles Ana sake yin amfani da nono don yin sabbin abubuwa na robobi, amma cikin sauƙi suna ƙarewa a cikin muhalli yayin samarwa saboda ƙananan girmansu. Sau da yawa sukan ƙare a cikin ruwan teku ta koguna da koguna. Microdebris da ke fitowa daga tsaftacewa da kayan kwalliya kuma ana kiran su masu gogewa. Saboda microdebris da scrubbers suna da ƙanƙanta a girman, ƙwayoyin ciyar da tacewa sukan cinye su. Nurdles suna shiga cikin teku ta hanyar zubewa yayin sufuri ko daga tushen ƙasa. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. An kiyasta cewa kashi 10 cikin 100 na robobin da ke cikin tekun na noma ne, wanda hakan ya sa su zama daya daga cikin nau’ukan gurbatar muhalli da aka fi sani da su, tare da buhunan robobi da na abinci. Waɗannan micro-robobi na iya taruwa a cikin tekuna kuma suna ba da izinin tara abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta irin su bisphenol A, polystyrene, DDT, da PCB waɗanda ke da hydrophobic a yanayi kuma suna iya haifar da illa ga lafiya.
Adadi, wurare, bin diddigi da alaƙar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta Wani bincike na 2004 na Richard Thompson daga Jami'ar Plymouth, Birtaniya, ya sami adadi mai yawa na microdebris a kan rairayin bakin teku masu da ruwa a Turai, Amurka, Australia, Afirka, da Antarctica. Thompson da abokansa sun gano cewa ana ruguza pellet ɗin robobi daga gida da masana'antu zuwa ƙananan robobi, wasu suna da diamita fiye da gashin ɗan adam. Idan ba a sha ba, wannan microdebris yana yawo a maimakon a nutse a cikin yanayin ruwa. Thompson ya yi hasashen cewa za a iya samun abubuwa na robobi 300,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na saman teku da kuma ɓarɓashi na robobi 100,000 a kowace murabba'in kilomita na gadon teku International Pellet Watch ta tattara samfuran pellets na polyethylene daga rairayin bakin teku 30 a cikin ƙasashe 17 waɗanda aka bincika don ƙananan gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta. An gano cewa pellets da aka samu a rairayin bakin teku a Amurka, Vietnam da kuma kudancin Afirka sun ƙunshi mahadi daga magungunan kashe qwari da ke nuna yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a yankunan. A cikin 2020 masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiri abin da zai iya zama ƙiyasin kimiyya na farko na nawa microplastic a halin yanzu ke zama a cikin tekun duniya, bayan binciken yankuna shida na ~3 km zurfin 300 km daga gabar tekun Ostireliya. Sun sami ƙididdige ƙididdiga na microplastic mai saurin canzawa ya yi daidai da filastik a saman da kusurwar gangaren teku. Ta hanyar ma'auni na microplastic mass da cm 3, sun kiyasta cewa tekun tekun duniya ya ƙunshi 14 ton miliyan na microplastic game da ninki biyu na adadin da suka kiyasta dangane da bayanai daga binciken da aka yi a baya duk da kiran duka kiyasin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya" kamar yadda yankunan bakin teku sun san cewa suna dauke da yawa. fiye da microplastic. Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun kai kusan sau ɗaya zuwa biyu adadin tunanin filastik na Jambeck et al., 2015 don shiga cikin teku a halin yanzu kowace shekara.
Macrodebris Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Ana rarraba tarkacen filastik a matsayin macrodebris lokacin da ya fi 20 girma mm. Waɗannan sun haɗa da abubuwa kamar buhunan kayan abinci na filastik. Ana samun macrodebris sau da yawa a cikin ruwan teku, kuma yana iya yin tasiri mai tsanani a kan kwayoyin halitta. Tarun kamun kifi sun kasance manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Ko bayan an yi watsi da su, suna ci gaba da kama ƙwayoyin halittun ruwa da sauran tarkacen filastik. A ƙarshe, waɗannan tarunan da aka watsar sun zama masu wuyar cirewa daga ruwa saboda suna da nauyi sosai, suna girma har zuwa ton 6.
Samar da Filastik An yi ƙiyasin tan biliyan 9.2 na robobi tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2017. Fiye da rabin wannan filastik da aka samar tun 2004. A cikin dukkan robobin da aka jefar ya zuwa yanzu, an kona kashi 14% kuma an sake yin amfani da kasa da kashi 10 cikin ɗari.
Rushewar robobi Roba da kansu suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 10% na sharar da aka zubar. Yawancin nau'ikan robobi sun wanzu dangane da magabatan su da kuma hanyar yin polymerization Dangane da abun da ke tattare da sinadaran su, robobi da resins suna da kaddarorin mabanbanta da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da haɓakawa Lalacewar polymer yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo a sakamakon yanayin saline da kuma sanyaya tasirin teku. Waɗannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawar dagewar tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa robobin da ke cikin teku suna rubewa da sauri fiye da yadda ake zato, sakamakon kamuwa da rana, ruwan sama, da sauran yanayin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da sakin sinadarai masu guba irin su bisphenol A. Duk da haka, saboda ƙaruwar adadin robobi a cikin teku, bazuwar ya ragu. Hukumar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservancy ta yi hasashen adadin ruɓewar samfuran filastik da yawa. An kiyasta cewa kofin kumfa mai kumfa zai ɗauki shekaru 50, mai robobin abin sha zai ɗauki shekaru 400, nap ɗin da za a iya zubar zai ɗauki shekaru 450, kuma layin kamun kifi zai ɗauki shekaru 600 yana raguwa.
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32063 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain%20Sa%C3%AFss | Romain Saïss | Romain Ghanem Paul Saïs an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ko ɗan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar Premier League ta Wolverhampton Wanderers kuma kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Maroko.
Saïss ya fara aikinsa da Valence, sannan ya buga wasa a Le Havre da Clermont na Ligue 2, da kuma Angers na Ligue 1 kafin ya koma Wolverhampton Wanderers a 2016.
Cikakken kasa da kasa tun daga shekarar 2012, Saïss ya samu wasanni sama da 50 a Morocco. Ya wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka guda uku, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki Saïss ya fara babban aikinsa ne tare da Olympique de Valence a cikin kulob ɗin Championnat de France Amateur 2 (a mataki na biyar), kuma ya kara masa albashin Yuro 500 na wata-wata tare da wanke-wanke a gidan abincin iyayensa. A 21, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa na farko na ƙwararru tare da Clermont Foot a Ligue 2. A watan Yunin 2013, Saïss ya koma Le Havre AC a yarjejeniyar shekara biyu. Lokacin da ya kare, ya koma kungiyar Angers ta Ligue 1 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu.
Wolverhampton Wanderers A ranar 30 Agusta 2016, Saïss ya koma Ingila, ya shiga kulob din Championship Wolverhampton Wanderers a kudin da ba a bayyana ba akan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 17 ga Satumba a ci 2-0 a Newcastle United. A wasan, ya fuskanci cin zarafi na wariyar launin fata daga abokin hamayyarsa Jonjo Shelvey, wanda Hukumar FA ta dakatar da shi na wasanni biyar da tarar fan 100,000 a watan Disamba. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 30 ga Satumba 2017 a nasarar da ta yi da Burton Albion da ci 4–0. Bayan haɓakar Wolves zuwa Premier League a cikin shekarar 2018, Saïss ya fara fitowa gasar Premier a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi 1–1 da Manchester United a Old Trafford a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2018. A gasar Premier ya zo ne da ci 1-2 a wajen Cardiff City a filin wasa na Cardiff City ranar 30 ga Nuwamba. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Fulham a Craven Cottage a ranar 26 ga Disamba 2018. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2019 ya amince da sabon kwantiragi har zuwa lokacin rani na 2021. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli 2019 Saïss ya fara bayyanarsa a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da Wolves ta ci 2 0 a gida da Crusaders a 2019–20 UEFA Europa League Second Qualifying Round kuma a ranar 24 ga Oktoba ya zira kwallonsa ta farko. Kwallaye a cikin irin wannan gasar lokacin da ya zira kwallon farko na cin nasara 2-1 a waje a Slovan Bratislava a matakin rukuni na UEFA Europa League na 2019-20. A ranar 18 ga Maris 2021 aka sanar da cewa Saïss ya tsawaita shekara guda ta atomatik zuwa kwantiraginsa na yanzu tare da Wolves ta hanyar farawa sau 20 a gasar Premier a lokacin kakar 2020-21 kuma saboda haka zai ci gaba da kasancewa tare da kulob din har zuwa Yuni 2022. A ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2021 Saïss an bayyana shi a matsayin Maldini dan Morocco ta babban kocin Bruno Lage, bayan nuna shi a wasan da suka buga da Brighton & Hove Albion, inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da ake nema na nasara (Wolves's first-ever) nasara a Brighton a cikin babban ƙoƙarinss bakwai tun daga 1979). Ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Premier a wasan da suka doke Tottenham da ci 2-0 a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 2022. Fitowarsa na 200th a duk gasa ga Wolves ya kasance a ranar 5 ga Maris 2022 a wasan gida da Crystal Palace.
Ayyukan kasa Saïss, wanda aka haifa kuma ya girma a Faransa mahaifinsa ɗan Moroccan da mahaifiyarsa 'yar Faransa, ya zaɓi ya wakilci tawagar ƙasar Maroko. Ya buga wasansa na farko a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Togo a watan Nuwamba 2012. Saïss yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Morocco da suka kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2017 a Gabon. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci 3-1 a rukuninsu. A cikin watan Yuni 2018, an sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na Morocco a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha, kuma ya buga wasan rukuni da Iran da Spain.
Bayan gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2019, wanda Morocco ta yi wasan karshe na 16, Saïss ya zama kyaftin na Atlas Lions.
Rayuwa ta sirri Saïss musulmi ne kuma yana azumi a watan Ramadan Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Morocco ta ci.
Girmamawa
Kulob Wolverhampton Wanderers
Gasar EFL 2017-18
Mutum Angers Player of the Season: 2015–16
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanin Romain Saïss a foot-national.com
Romain Saïss Romain Saïss Romain Saïss Rayayyun mutane
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22780 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%20Greenwood | Mason Greenwood | Mason Will John Greenwood (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2001) ne English sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin gaba na Premier League kulob din Manchester United da Ingila tawagar kasar Ya zo ne ta hanyar tsarin matasa, Greenwood ya fara wasansa na farko a Manchester United a wasan UEFA Europa League da Astana a watan Satumba na shekarar, 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Turai yana da shekara 17 shekara, 353 kwanaki. Babban wasansa na farko a Ingila ya zo ne a watan Satumbar shekarar, 2020, a wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland.
Klub din
Manchester United
Farkon aiki Greenwood ya koma Manchester United yana da shekara shida, yana wasa a makarantar ci gaban kulob din a Halifax Bayan ya ci gaba ta hanyar karatun jami'a, ya hade da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 a kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018, duk da cewa ya cancanci shiga' yan kasa da shekaru 16, kuma ya kammala a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Premier ta U18 ta Arewa da kwallaye 17 a wasanni 21. A watan Mayu shekarar, 2018, Greenwood ya zama Gwarzon Wasannin yayin da bangaren matasa suka ci Kofin ICGT a Netherlands. A watan Yulin shekarar, 2018, Greenwood ya yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar farko a yawon shakatawa na farkon Amurka. A ranar 20 ga watan yuli, ya buga wasan farko na rashin gasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 76 don Luke Shaw a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Club America Ya kuma bayyana a wasan 0-0 tare da San Jose Earthquakes bayan kwana uku. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba, Greenwood ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa na kwararru na farko da kulob din. A watan Disamba, José Mourinho ya zaɓe shi don ya yi horo tare da ƙungiyar farko kafin wasan su na UEFA Champions League da Valencia. A ranar 6 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2019, a karkashin jagorancin Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Greenwood ya fara buga gasa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 87 don Ashley Young a wasan da suka doke Paris Saint Germain da ci 3-1 a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 156, ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ya wakilci kulob ɗin a gasar Turai (a bayan Norman Whiteside kawai) kuma ƙarami a kowane lokaci a Gasar Zakarun Turai. Kwana hudu bayan haka, ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier daga benci a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Arsenal daci 2 da 0 don zama daya daga cikin matasan yan wasan kungiyar da suka fara buga wasa. A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, Greenwood ya zama Gwarzon Premier na 2 na Watan Afrilu. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Greenwood ya karɓi kyautar Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year, wanda ake bayarwa kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙungiyar. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2029 Greenwood ya fara buga wasan farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Cardiff City da ci 2 da 0.
Lokacin 2019–20: Farkon nasarar kungiyar A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, Greenwood ya zira kwallon farko ta farko a Manchester United a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a wasan farko da Leeds United, kuma ya bi shi da na biyu a wasan sada zumunci da United ta buga da Inter Milan. Ya fara kakar wasannin ne lokacin da yake buga wasa a kowane wasa na farko na farko a United, kafin su fara bude gasar Europa League da kungiyar Astana ta Kazakhstani a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba; ya zira kwallon daya tilo a wasan don zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da yaci kwallaye a gasar Turai yana da shekaru 17 shekara, 353 kwanaki. Sannan ya ci kwallo mako guda daga baya a karawar da United ta yi da Rochdale a League Cup. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye a ragar Manchester United a karkashin 21 a wasan EFL Trophy da Doncaster Rovers. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye kuma ya taimaka wa Martial, a wasan da United ta doke Partizan Belgrade da ci 3-0, wanda ya ba su damar tsallakewa zuwa gasar. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, Greenwood ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Sheffield United. A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye biyu ya kuma ci fanareti a wasan karshe na rukuni na gasar Europa League da AZ Alkmaar. Manchester United ta lashe wasan da ci 4 da nema kuma ta kare a saman rukuninta. Ya zira kwallon da ta zura a ragar Everton ranar 15 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2020, bayan kasa cin kwallaye a wasanni 3 a jere, Greenwood ya zira kwallaye daya a cikin rushewar Norwich City da ci 4-0. Bayan kwana goma sha biyar, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Kofin FA yayin da United ta tafi da Tranmere Rovers da ci 6-0. Greenwood ya sake zira kwallaye makonni huɗu bayan haka, a wasan da suka doke Watford da ci 3-0. A ranar 12 ga watan Maris, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyar a Turai yayin fafatawar 5-0 a kan LASK ta Austria; ya zama saurayi na farko da ya ci ƙalla kwallaye 5 a kakar wasa ɗaya ta Turai dan United. Bayan dakatarwar da aka yi na tsawon watanni uku na kwallon kafa sanadiyyar cutar ta COVID-19, Greenwood ya buga dukkan wasannin shida na United har zuwa 9 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2020. Ya kasa zira kwallaye a farkon ukun farko, amma ya gabatar da jimillar kwallaye hudu a cikin ukun na gaba, gami da zira kwallo a wasan da ci 5-2 a kan Bournemouth a ranar 4 ga watan Yuli. Bayan haka, ya ci kwallo a ragar Aston Villa; sanya shi dan wasa na hudu kawai tsakanin shekaru 19 ya zira kwallaye a wasanni uku a jere a gasar Premier kuma na farko tun bayan da Francis Jeffers ya yi wa Everton haka a shekarar, 1999.
Lokacin 2020-21 A ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba shekarar, 2020, Greenwood ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke RB Leipzig da ci 5-0; burin ya fito ne daga karo na farko da ya taba bugawa a gasar. A ranar 5 ga watan Disambar shekarar, 2020, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan da suka doke West Ham United da ci 3-1. A ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2021, Greenwood ya buga cikakken minti 90 a wasan Manchester United na Premier-wanda ya yi daidai da ci 9-0 a gidan Southampton A ranar 11 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2021, Greenwood ya ci kwallo a wasan Premier da suka fafata da Leicester City, wanda Amad Diallo ya taimaka, a wasan da aka tashi 2-1; burin shi ne karo na farko a cikin shekaru 15 matashi ya taimaka wani don burin Premier.
Ayyukan duniya Greenwood ya wakilci ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Ingila da ta buga wasanni shida a cikin shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018 kuma ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar a Gasar Algarve a Fotigal. A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2019, Greenwood ya kasance cikin tawagar Ingila ta ‘yan kasa da shekaru 21 a karo na farko kuma ya fara zama na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 59th yayin wasan da suka doke Turkey da ci 3-2 a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar 2019 don cancantar shiga Turai ta 2021 Gasar matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 A ranar 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba shekarar 2019, Greenwood ya ci kwallon farko ta U21s; Daidaita wasan da Netherlands a wasan wanda daga karshe Ingila tayi rashin nasara daci 2-1. A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta 2020, an saka Greenwood a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Ingila a karon farko. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 5 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Iceland a waje a wasan da suka buga a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA da suka buga a shekarar 2020–21, suna zuwa ne a madadin minti na 78. A ranar 7 ga watan Satumba Satumba 2020, Greenwood, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Phil Foden, an cire su daga tawagar Ingila bayan karya ka'idojin keɓewar maganin coronavirus a Iceland.
Salon wasa Greenwood ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya amma sannu a hankali ya zama na ci gaba Sau da yawa yana wasa a gefen dama na Manchester United, tare da matsawa gaba don zama a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu lokacin da aka ciyar da kwallon cikin yankin bugun fanareti. Yayin aikinsa na farko, da yawa daga cikin kwallayen sa sun gan shi yana faduwa kafada ko saran kwallon don sanya shi a ƙafarsa ta hagu kafin ya zira kwallaye. Hakanan galibi yakan juyar da harbinsa ta hanyar neman ƙananan matsayi kusa daga hannun daman akwatin. A watan Mayu na shekarar, 2018, tsohon dan wasan Manchester United Clayton Blackmore ya ce: "Yana da kyau a kan kwallon kuma yana da kyau sosai da kafa biyu. Shine mutum na farko da na gani wanda yake ɗaukar fanareti da bugun-kai-tsaye da ƙafarsa mara kyau. Ban taba cin karo da irin wannan ba! A watan Maris na shekarar, 2019, tsohon kocin makarantar Mark Senior ya ce: "Mutane na cewa shi kamar sabon Robin van Persie ne amma ban sani ba. Ina ji shi nasa mutum ne. Ban ga wani dan wasa kamarsa ba. Salon sa yana nufin saurin sa yaudara ne saboda ya kasance mai saurin gudu. A watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, manajan Manchester United Ole Gunnar Solskjær ya yaba wa Greenwood a lokacin rangadinsu na fara kakar bana, yana mai cewa: "Zai iya buga dukkan mukaman gaba-da-gaba, ko kuma gaba da hudu, saboda yana iya buga lamba 10, lamba bakwai, lamba 11 kuma lamba tara. Aan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ɗabi'a tare da ƙafarsa ta hagu, yana shigowa, amma yana da ƙafa biyu kuma yana iya yin wasa ko'ina a gaba. Yana kawai na halitta. Lokacin da ya dauki fanareti da damansa, sai ya dauki fanti da hagunsa, free-kicks da hagunsa, free-kicks da damansa. Shi kusan abin da za ku kira 50:50, wataƙila 51:49 mai ƙafafun hagu. Rayuwar mutum An haifi Greenwood a Bradford, West Yorkshire kuma ya girma a yankin Wibsey na garin. Shi dan asalin Jamaica ne Iyalinsa suna da asali a wasanni; 'yar uwarsa, Ashton,' yar tsere ce.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Daraja Manchester United
UEFA Europa League wacce ta zo ta biyu: Kowane mutum
Firimiya Lig na 2 na Watan: Afrilu 2019 Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year 2018–19
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester United FC
Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 2001
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42736 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasanni%20a%20%C6%98asar%20Rwanda | Wasanni a Ƙasar Rwanda | A Ruwanda, manufar ci gaban wasanni na gwamnati na watan Oktobar 2012 ne ke tallafawa wasanni. Wannan ya nuna cewa wasanni na da fa'idodi da dama, da suka hada da hada kan jama'a, inganta kimar kasa da hadin kai, da inganta lafiya. Manufar ita ce ta bayyana kalubalen da ke fuskantar ci gaban wasanni a kasar, da suka hada da karancin ababen more rayuwa da karfin kuɗi. Ya tsara "manufa mai ban sha'awa" cewa, nan da shekarar 2020, Rwanda za ta sami "kashi mafi girma na yawan jama'a na wasanni fiye da kowace al'ummar Afirka" kuma ta kasance cikin jerin ƙasashen Afirka uku na farko a wasan ƙwallon kwando, wasan ƙwallon raga, kekuna, wasanni da wasanni na nakasassu., da kuma manyan goma a fagen ƙwallon kafa. Har ila yau, yana da nufin "ƙarfafa haɓakar jama'a a cikin wasanni na gargajiya". Bisa ga binciken da Cibiyar Harkokin Kimiya da Ci Gaba ta Jami'ar Western Cape ta buga, wasannin da suka fi shahara a Ruwanda sun hada da kwallon kafa, wasan ƙwallon raga, ƙwallon kwando, wasannin motsa jiki da na naƙasassu Dubawa Farkon bayyanar Ruwanda a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1984, kuma ta farko a gasar wasannin naƙasassu a shekarar 2004. Ƙasar ta aika da masu fafatawa bakwai zuwa gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012 a Landan, suna wakiltarta a wasannin motsa jiki, ninkaya, hawan dutse da judo, da masu fafatawa 15 zuwa wasannin naƙasassu na lokacin bazara na London don yin gasa a wasannin motsa jiki, motsa jiki da kuma zama wasan kwallon raga Kasar Rwanda ta shiga gasar Commonwealth a karon farko a gasar ta shekarar 2010 da aka yi a birnin Delhi na kasar Indiya, bayan shiga kungiyar Commonwealth a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu fafatawa a Ruwanda sun halarci wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, da dambe, da hawan keke da kuma ninkaya. Rwanda ta tura 'yan wasa zuwa gasar ta shekarar 2014 don fafatawa a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle da tsalle-tsalle da kekuna da ninkaya da kuma daukar nauyi Tawagar Rwanda a gasar matasa ta Afirka ta shekarar 2014 ta kasance mafi yawan kaso mafi tsoka na 'yan wasa mata (29 daga cikin 49 'yan wasa) na kowace kasa da ta shiga.
Kwallon kwando Hukumar kwallon kwando ta kasar Rwanda ta kasance memba a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta duniya tun shekarar 1977. Kafin shekarar 2000, kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasar Rwanda ba a san ta ba a wajen kasar, amma tun tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ta yi fice a fagen Afirka. Tawagar maza ta tsallake zuwa matakin karshe na gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka sau hudu a jere tun daga shekarar 2007. Kasar ta yi yunkurin karbar bakuncin gasar kwallon Kwando ta Afirka ta shekarar 2013, amma an baiwa Ivory Coast hakkin karbar bakuncin gasar. An baiwa Kigali kyautar AfroBasket 2021 A gida, Rwanda ta doke Angola, wadda ta lashe bugu 10 na AfroBasket tsakanin shekarun 1989 da 2013. Dan kasar Rwanda Alex Mpyoyo ya ce:“Yana da kyau mu ga an yaba wa aikinmu na wakilcin kasarmu sosai. A gaskiya, ba zan iya gode wa dubban magoya bayan da suka zo don taya mu murna, tare da waƙoƙi da raye-rayen su a duk lokacin wasan ba, har ma a lokacin da muke a baya. Taimakon da suke yi ba tare da wani sharadi ba ya kasance babban tushen kuzari gare mu.”
Ƙwallon ƙafa Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Rwanda (FERWAFA) ce ke tafiyar da harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar Rwanda, wadda aka kafa a 1972 kuma ta shigar da ita FIFA a shekarar 1978. FERWAFA kuma tana da alaƙa da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka (CAF) da Hukumar Kula da Kwallon Kafa ta Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka (CECAFA). Tawagar kasarta ta fara buga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekara ta 2004 Tawagar Rwanda B ta lashe kofin CECAFA a shekarar 1999, lokacin da kasar ta karbi bakuncin gasar. Tun shekarar 2002 ne dai ake kiran gasar cin kofin kungiyoyin na CECAFA da sunan Kagame Interclub Cup, lokacin da shugaban kasar Rwanda Kagame ya fara daukar nauyin gasar. Har yanzu tawagar kasar ba ta kai ga shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ba Gasar kwallon kafa mafi girma a cikin gida a Rwanda ita ce Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ruwanda Ƙwallon Raga na bakin teku Rwanda tana da kungiyoyin wasan kwallon raga na bakin teku na maza da mata. A watan Yuni 2021, babban kocin kungiyoyin biyu shine Jean Paul Mana, wanda ya jagorance su ta zaman horo a Tekun Kivu da ke gundumar Rubavu A gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta CAVB ta bakin teku ta 2018–2020 Ruwanda ta samu wakilcin kungiyoyi biyu a bangaren mata wadanda suka hada da Charlotte Nzayisenga da Valentine Munezero, da Benitha Mukandayisenga da Seraphine Mukantabana. 'Yan wasan mazan sun hada da Olivier Ntagengwa, Patrick Kavalo Akumuntu, Venuste Gatsinze da Fils Habanzintwari.
Wasan Kurket An bayyana wasan cricket a matsayin daya daga cikin wasanni masu tasowa cikin sauri a Ruwanda. Wasan dai ya fara samun karbuwa a kasar yayin da 'yan gudun hijira suka dawo daga Kenya, inda suka koyi wasan. An kafa Ƙungiyar Cricket ta Rwanda (RCA) a cikin 1999 kuma Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya ta amince da ita a shekarar 2003. Ci gaban wasanni a cikin ƙasa ya sami goyon bayan ƙungiyar agaji ta Cricket Ba tare da iyaka ba, wanda ke da nufin inganta wayar da kan HIV AIDS ta hanyar wasan, da kuma Marylebone Cricket Club Foundation. Wannan na baya-bayan nan yana goyon bayan aikin gina filin wasan kurket na ƙasa a wajen Kigali. An yaba da kasancewar Rwanda a cikin kungiyar Commonwealth da taimakawa wajen yada wasan kurket a cikin ƙasar, inda maza da mata ke buga wasan a gidajen marayu, makarantu, jami’o’i da kungiyoyin wasan kurket.
Yin keke A al'adance ana kallon hawan keke a matsayin hanyar zirga-zirga a Rwanda, amma a 'yan kwanakin nan an samu karuwar wasannin motsa jiki a kasar. Adrien Niyonshuti mai keken tsaunuka kuma ɗan tseren hanya ya zama ɗan ƙasar Rwanda na farko da ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, ya shiga MTN Qhubeka a shekarar 2009. An kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa, Team Rwanda, a cikin shekarar 2007 ta Amurkawa Jock Boyer, tsohon ƙwararren mai yin keke, da Tom Ritchey, ɗan kasuwan keke. Tawagar Rwanda ta kasance batun wani littafi, Land of Chances II: The Impossible Rise of Ruwanda's Cycling Team and film, Rising from Toka An fara gudanar da rangadin Rwanda ne a shekarar 1988. Kafin shekarar 2009, mahayan gida da masu keke daga kasashe makwabta ne suka fafata da shi, amma a karshen shekarar 2008 kungiyar Union Cycste Internationale ta sanya mata takunkumi kuma tun daga shekarar 2009 aka sanya ta a cikin yawon shakatawa na UCI na Afirka Matsayin zamantakewa na wasanni Wasu suna kallon wasanni a matsayin hanyar cimma sulhu bayan rikici a Ruwanda, da kungiyoyi da dama suna da hannu wajen amfani da wasanni don inganta sulhu. Manufar bunƙasa wasanni ta kasar ta hada da daga cikin manufofinta na inganta "amfani da wasanni a matsayin hanya mai karfi na ci gaba da samar da zaman lafiya", kuma gwamnati ta yi alkawarin inganta amfani da wasanni don wasu manufofi na ci gaba, ciki har da. ilimi.
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