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21270

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilal%20El-Helwe

Hilal El-Helwe

Hilal Bassam El-Helwe Larabcin Lebanon: l m ħɪlwe] an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Labanon wanda ke taka leda a gaba ga ƙungiyar Al-Faisaly ta Jordan da ƙungiyar ƙasar Lebanon. Gaban gaba, zai iya taka leda a tsakiya kuma a matsayin dan wasan gefe a kowane bangare. Bayan yayi wasa na tsawon shekaru biyar a Germany na, TSV Havelse, VfL Wolfsburg II, and Hallescher FC, El-Helwe ya koma Greece a cikin shekarar 2018 zuwa Apollon Smyrnis. A cikin shekarar 2019, ya koma kasar Germany, ya sa hannu ma SV Meppen, kafin ya shiga Al-Faisaly a cikin Jordan a shekarar 2021. A Lebanon, El-Helwe scored a brace against North Korea in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, helping Lebanon win their first ever game in the competition and becoming their top scorer in the competition to date. Klub din Da yake zuwa ta tsarin matasa, El-Helwe ya fara yin fito na fito da babban jami'in TSV Havelse a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2013 yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Eintracht Braunschweig II da ci 3-2. Burinsa na farko a cikin Yankin Nordalliga Nord ya zo ne a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, inda ya zura kwallo daya a ragar SV Wilhelmshaven a minti na 14. Ya kuma kawo karshen kakarsa ta farko a kungiyar da kwallaye shida a wasanni 26 da ya buga. In his second season, El-Helwe scored his first domestic brace on 10 October 2014 against Schwarz-Weiß Rehden. He improved on his previous tally scoring 10 goals in 33 appearances for the club, earning him a move to VfL Wolfsburg II the following season. VfL Wolfsburg II A ranar 5 ga Watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, El-Helwe ya fara buga wasa don VfL Wolfsburg II akan tsohuwar kungiyarsa TSV Havelse a wasan da suka samu nasara da ci 6-1, yana zuwa a madadin a minti na 65. A ranar 1 Nuwamban shekarar 2015, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kan Borussia Hildesheim a wasan da aka tashi 1-5. El-Helwe ya buga duka wasannin lig 22 a gefe, ya zira kwallaye bakwai ya taimaka bakwai a ci gaba. Ya taimakawa Wolfsburg lashe Regionalliga Nord, kuma ya buga wasannin share fagen shiga biyu da Jahn Regensburg, inda aka tashi 2-1 a jimillar. Hallescher FC A ranar 22 ga Yuni shekarar 2016, 3. Kungiyar Hallescher FC ta Laliga ta sanar da sayen El-Helwe daga VfL Wolfsburg II kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2016, ya buga wasansa na farko a gida tare da Chemnitzer FC a wasan da aka tashi 1-1, yana zuwa maimakon Sascha Pfeffer a minti na 78. Kwallayen farko da El-Helwe ya ci wa kulob din ya zo ne ta hanyar kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi a DFB Pokal da 1. FC Kaiserslautern a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2016, inda ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin mintina hudu a wasan da ci 4-3. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017 a wasan farko na kakar, inda ya ci kwallo a minti na 73 da SC Paderborn bayan ya fito daga benci a wasan da aka tashi 4-4. El-Helwe ya ci kwallaye jimillar kwallaye hudu a ragar Halle, duk a lokacin kaka ta 2017-18. Apollon Smyrnis Tare da kwantiraginsa ya kare, El-Helwe ya koma kungiyar Apollon Smyrnis ta Super League ta Girka a kan musayar kyauta na kakar 2018-19. Burin El-Helwe na farko ga kungiyar, wanda ya zo a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2018, shi ne kuma na farko da Apollon Smyrnis ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zira kwallon ta’aziya a kan PAS Giannina a wasan da aka ci su 2-1. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun 2019, El-Helwe ya zira kwallaye a ragar AEK mai rike da kambun, kuma wasan ya ƙare 2-1 ga ƙungiyar da ke hamayya. Duk da kammalawa ta karshe a gasar, El-Helwe shi ne dan wasan Apollon Smyrnis da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a kakar 2018–19 da kwallaye uku da daya a raga a wasanni 21. SV Meppen A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, 3. Kungiyar SV Meppen da ke Laliga ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da El-Helwe a kan kyauta, tare da kwantiraginsa na aiki har zuwa 2021. Burin sa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye a ragar Bayern Munich II a wasan da suka doke gida da ci 5-3 A ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2020, El-Helwe ya zira kwallaye a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa Hallescher FC yana zuwa a madadin. Duk da cewa ya daidaita sakamakon 1-1, wasan ya ƙare a rashin 2-3. A wasannin karshe biyu na kakar 2019-20, a ranakun 1 da 4 na Yulin 2020, El-Helwe ya ci kwallaye biyu kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallo daya. Ya zira kwallo a ragar Preußen Münster a wasan da suka tashi 3-0 a waje, kuma ya ci kuma ya taimaka aka ci daya a kan Eintracht Braunschewig, inda ya taimakawa kungiyarsa ta samu nasara da ci 4 da 3. El-Helwe ya kammala kakar wasa ta bana da kwallaye biyar kuma ya taimaka sau uku a wasanni 27, matsakaita gudummawa a kowane minti 144; SV Meppen ya gama a wuri na 7 daga cikin 20. El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar 2020 zuwa 21 a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1 a gidan Verl. Ya amince da dakatar da kwantiraginsa da SV Meppen a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2021. Al-Faisaly A ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, El-Helwe ya koma kungiyar Al-Faisaly ta kasar Jordan. Ya fara wasansa na farko ne a ranar 4 ga Maris, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti 75 a wasan Kofin Gasar Kofin Jordan da Al-Ramtha wanda ya tashi kunnen doki da ci 2-2. Wasan El-Helwe na farko a gasar ya zo ne a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Sahab Ayyukan duniya Tun da iyayensa duka 'yan Lebanon ne, El-Helwe ya cancanci wakiltar Lebanon a duniya. A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 15, 2015, El-Helwe ya fara buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lebanon, farawa a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da ci 2-0 da Myanmar. Ya kasance cikin sahun farawa kuma ya buga wasa har sai maye gurbinsa bayan minti 56 daga farawa. Koyaya, bai sami ikon shigar da takardar ba. El-Helwe ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 29 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2016 a wasan da Lebanon ta yi da Myanmar a lokacin wasannin neman cancantar zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya na 2018, ya samu nasarar yin kunnen doki 1-1 ga tawagarsa a minti na 88 na wasan. A watan Disamba shekarar 2018, an kira shi don 2019 AFC Asian Cup team, kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin matakin rukuni uku. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, a lokacin wasan karshe da Koriya ta Arewa, ya ci kwallon a minti na 65 saboda goron da Mohamad Haidar ya yi don sanya Lebanon a gaba. A minti na bakwai na karin lokaci, ya zira kwallaye na biyu da ya kawo karshen karawar a wasan da ci 4-1 kuma hakan ya ba Lebanon nasara ta farko a tarihin Kofin Asiya. Tare da kwallon da ya bugawa Koriya ta Arewa, El-Helwe ya zama dan wasan Labanan na farko da ya ci kwallaye sama da daya a gasar cin Kofin Asiya ta AFC. Salon wasa El-Helwe dan wasan gaba ne wanda kuma zai iya buga wasa a gefe biyu. Duk da tsayinsa na wanda ya sa ya zama mai kyau a riƙe wasa, shi ɗan wasa ne mai sauri wanda ke gudu a bayan tsaro. El-Helwe shima kyakkyawan kammalawa ne a cikin akwatin. Kididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen Labanon da farko, rukunin maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin El-Helwe. Daraja VfL Wolfsburg II Regionalliga Nord: 2015-16 Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon da aka haifa a wajen Lebanon Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hilal El-Helwe at FA Lebanon Hilal El-Helwe at DFB (also available in German) Hilal El-Helwe at kicker (in German) Hilal El-Helwe at Goalzz.com (available in Arabic at Kooora.com) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Pages with unreviewed

50798

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Bianchini

Angela Bianchini

Angela Bianchini Italian pronunciation: andʒela ni] ;ishirin da Daya ga watan Afrilu shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ishirin da daya -zuwa ishirin da bakwai ga watan Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha takwas) marubuciya Yar ƙasar Italiya ne kuma mai sukar wallafe-wallafen zuriyar Yahudawa Ta girma a Italiya kuma ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1941, bayan da Mussolini ya fito fili ya fito da dokokin launin fata na kyamar Yahudawa Ilimi da farkon aiki Bianchini ta shafe shekaru tana jira (don yin amfani da maganganun Giovanni Macchia a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins inda ta kammala digiri na uku. a cikin Harshen Faransanci ƙarƙashin jagora da kulawa na Leo Spitzer Kasancewa da laccoci na ƙungiyar ƴan gudun hijirar Mutanen Espanya (daga cikinsu Pedro Salinas da Jorge Guillén sun ƙaddara wasu manyan abubuwan da take so a fagen wallafe-wallafen Mutanen Espanya: musamman ma babban waƙa na karni na ishirin da kuma littafin karni na goma Sha tara. Bayan ta koma Roma bayan yakin, Bianchini tayi sha'awar duniyar sadarwa kuma ya haɗu ba kawai tare da irin waɗannan manyan labaran lokaci ba kamar Il Mondo na Mario Pannunzio, har ma tare da RAI (Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Italiyanci). Don RAI ta rubuta shirye-shiryen al'adu da yawa, wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da shirye-shiryen rediyo da TV na asali. Ta na da karatun adabi da yawa da ya kai ta. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar adabi na farko da suka yi nazarin litattafai na serial a La luce a gas e il feuilleton: saboda invenzioni dell'Ottocento (Liguori, 1969, da aka sake bugawa a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara). Ta fassara Litattafan Faransanci na Medieval Romanzi medievali d'amore e d'avventura, Grandi Libri Garzanti, yanzu an sake bugawa kuma a cikin CD-ROM kuma ta gyara wasiƙar Renaissance (Lettere della fiorentina Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi, Garzanti, 1989). A cikin littafinta Voce donna (Frassinelli, 1979, wanda aka sake bugawa a 1996) ta haɗu da nazarin mata tare da sha'awarta game da tarihin rayuwa da fasaha na labari. A cikin shekaru talatin na ƙarshe na rayuwarta ta ba da gudummawa ga La Stampa (Turin) da kuma sashin nazarin littafin Tuttolibri, musamman a kan jigogi na Mutanen Espanya. Bianchini ta mutu saboda dalilai na halitta a Rome a kan ishirin da bakwai ga watan Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha takwas tana da shekaru casa'in da bakwai. Ayyuka Bianchini ta fara aikinta cikin almara tare da gajerun labarai na Lungo equinozio (Lerici Ed., 1962; Sanata Borletti Prize for a First Work, 1962), wanda ke magana da rayuwar matan da ke zaune a Italiya da Amurka. Anan a karon farko ta binciko jigon ta na tashi da shigowa. Giorgio Caproni, a cikin bita na littafi, yayi sharhi da ƙwazo a kan fasahar Bianchini da kuma rubutun labarunta, wanda ya ƙunshi jimloli na yau da kullum da kuma abubuwan da suka watse a kan waɗanda suka fito da manyan mutane da kuma lokuta na musamman na tarihi. Carlo Bo, a halin yanzu, ya yaba da sanin Bianchini game da zuciyar ɗan adam da gaskiyarta da amincinta na adabi. Bianchini ta ba da gudummawar ɗan gajeren labari "Alta estate notturna" ga tarihin marubutan mata Il pozzo segreto (ed. MR Cutrufelli, R. Guacci, M. Rusconi, Giunti, 1993) da ɗan gajeren labari "Anni dopo" ("Shekaru Daga baya") zuwa tarihin anthology Nella città proibita (ed. MR Cutrufelli, Tropea, 1997. A cikin Haramtacciyar Jami'ar Birnin Chicago Press, 2000). Littattafai Bianchini kuma ta rubuta litattafai da dama. Mutuwan

23122

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Okagbue

Chris Okagbue

Chris Okagbue (an haife shi Okechukwu Christopher Ofala Okechukwu Okagbue, 23 ga Yuni 1987) abin koyi ne na Najeriya, ɗan wasa, mai shirya fina-finai, kuma tauraron talabijin na gaske. Shi ne wanda ya yi nasara a lokacin nunin gaskiya na Gulder Ultimate Search zango na 8. Shi ɗan kabilar Igbo ne kuma ɗan tsohon Obi na Onitsha ne Tarihi da ilimi Okagbue ɗan Onitsha ne a jihar Anambra Tagwaye ne. An haife shi a cikin gidan sarauta na tsohon Obi na Onitsha, marigayi HRH Obi Ofala Okechukwu Okagbue da Ogechukwu Clara Okagbue, a ranar 23 ga Yuni 1987. Iyayensa suna da ƴaƴan shida, wato ƙanwarsa Sandra Okagbue wacce tsohuwar abar nuni ce kuma sarauniya kyau, ɗan'uwansa tagwaye Christian, da kanne mata uku, Jane, Christabel da Bella. Ya yi digiri a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Legas. Sana'a Farkon fara kasuwancinsa a matsayin abin koyi a 2004, lokacin da ya fito a cikin tallace-tallace na kamfanoni kamar Cadbury Plc, MTN, Nigerian Breweries, Coca-Cola da Airtel yana da shekaru 17. Ya koma wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 lokacin da aka ba shi sashi bayan ya raka abokansa zuwa wani taron kallo kuma ya yanke shawarar gwada shi. Sannan ya bayyana a matsayin Preye Pepple a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV The Station Achor Yusuf ne ya jagoranci shirin wanda kuma ya ba shi rawar wasan kwaikwayo na biyu a matsayin Lucky Edeghor a cikin shirin TV The Maze Okagbue ya huta daga wasan kwaikwayo na wani lokaci har sai da ya sami aikin da ya yi sha'awar, yana gabatar da talabijin. Ya ɗan ɗan yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Koga Studios kuma a lokacin ya rufe raye-rayen jan kafet na manyan abubuwan da suka faru kamar ƙaddamar da kundi na farko na Wizkid, Superstar, Yemi Sax's Sax Appeal concert da DJ Jimmy Jatt 's Jumpoff concert. Ya koma yin aiki ba da daɗewa ba a matsayin Victor a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV Asirin da Scandals Hutu ta zo ne lokacin da aka ba shi matsayin Emil Haruna a cikin shirin M-NET TV na Tinsel Ya fara fitowa a fim din sinima tare da karamin rawa a cikin fim din A Wish, sannan fim din Playing Safe, wanda Elvis Chuks ya jagoranta. Babban aikinsa shi ne a matsayin jagora a cikin manyan yabo fim Lotanna Ya taka rawar Lotanna a cikin fim din da ta fito da jarumar 'yar Ghana Ama K. Abebrese, Jide Kosoko, Bimbo Manuel, Victor Olaotan da Liz Benson Ya fara fitowa a dandalin wasan barkwanci mai suna Zazzabin Zabe wanda ya nuna gwamnatin Najeriya da tsarin zabenta. Bolanle Austen-Peters ne ya jagoranci wasan, kuma Gidauniyar Ford Foundation, British Council da kuma bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Legas ne suka dauki nauyin wasan. Okagbue ya fito a fina-finai tare da Joke Silva, Fella Makafui, Tonto Dike, Ini Edo, Ama K. Abebrese, Jide Kosoko, Martha Ankomah, Bimbo Manuel, Ngozi Ezeonu, Victor Olaotan da Liz Benson da dai sauransu, kuma ya yi aiki da daraktoci kamar su. Obi Emelonye, Elvis Chuks, Toka Mcbaror, Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, Achor Yusuf, James Omokwe and Moses Inwang. A cikin 2012, Okagbue ya zama jakadan alama na Passion Energy Drink, ta Orange Drugs Limited. Ya bayyana a duka TV da buga tallace-tallace don alamar. A cikin 2018, an sanar da Okagbue a matsayin jakadan bikin na hukuma ta Nollywood Travel Film Festival don bugu na 2018 na bikin Gulder Ultimate Search 8 mai nasara Okagbue ya ci nasara a kakar wasa ta 8 na nunin gaskiya Gulder Ultimate Search a cikin 2011. An gudanar da bikin ne a tsaunin Kukuruku da ke Egbetua quarters, Akoko-Edo na jihar Edo kuma mai taken "Gasar Zakarun Turai". Aikin shine nemo kwalkwali na biyu da aka rasa na Janar Maximilian Daga cikin masu fafatawa 30 na farko, an zabo zakara goma don bayyana a wasan. Okagbue ya fito a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara. Kyaututtukan da ya samu a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar sun hada da naira miliyan bakwai na Najeriya, SUV da alawus ₦500,000 na tsawon shekara guda. Sakamakon zaben da aka yi masa na daya daga cikin manyan ukun da suka yi nasara a wasan, ya koma Gulder Ultimate Search Season 9 mai taken "Masu Tsaron Gate" inda aka tuhume shi da rawar da ya taka ta musamman na Mai tsaron Kofa. Rayuwa ta sirri Okagbue yana da ƙauna marar iyaka ga birnin Paris da kuma Faransawa gaba ɗaya. Ya bayyana a wata hira da jaridar The Punch game da abin da ya faru a lokacin hutu na iyali zuwa Faransa cewa ya yi imanin cewa Paris ana kiranta "Birnin Soyayya" saboda mutanen Faransa suna abokantaka da soyayya. A halin yanzu bai yi aure ba. Filmography Fim Talabijin Kyaututtuka da zaɓe A matsayin abin koyi Jerin lambobin yabo da nadinsa na yin tallan kayan kawa da na zamani sun haɗa da: Kyautar 9ja Top Model Awards 2008 Kyautar Kyautar Nasarar Samfuran Najeriya: Model Na Shekarar 2009 Samfurin Kyauta na Peak Na Shekarar 2010 Samfurin Kyauta mafi Girma na Shekarar 2012 Kyautar Kyautar Nasarar Nasarar Nasarar Naijeriya: Jarumin Jarumin Samar Da Sauri 2014 Lagos Fashion Awards 2015: Gano Musamman Ga Mafi Kyawun Halin Talabijan Na Shekara Kyaututtukan Kyauta na Icon na Najeriya: Alamar Keɓaɓɓen Hali na Shekarar 2015 Kyaututtukan Events na Green Oktoba: Mafi kyawun Shahararrun Mazaje Na 2017 A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo Kyautar Kyautar Links Achievers: Jaruma mai tasowa mai sauri 2015 Kyautar Fim na Zinare: Jarumin Jarumi (Wasan kwaikwayo) 2017 wanda aka zaɓa City People Movie Awards Mafi Kyawun Jarumin Jarumi Na Shekara (Turanci) 2017 An zaɓi Nigeria Achievers Awards: Na gaba Wanda Aka Zabi Jarumin Shekarar 2017 Wanda Aka Zaba Zulu African Film Academy Awards Mafi kyawun sabon shiga don fim ɗin Lotanna 2018 MoreKlue Duk Kyautar Matasa Na Afirka Don Salo: Mai Tasirin Shekarar 2018 Kyaututtukan Labarin Nishaɗi na Afirka: Kyaututtuka na Musamman don Nasarorin Nishaɗi Kyaututtukan Masu Zane na Najeriya: Mai Tasirin Kafofin Sadarwar Sadarwa 2018 Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan Najeriya Jerin masu shirya fina-finan Najeriya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1987 Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23039

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Daidaiton%20Labarin%20Kasa

Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa

Tsarin daidaiton yanayin kasa GCS tsarine wanda yake kunshe da ainihin wurare a Duniya matsayin wuri GCS na iya ba da matsayi: azaman tsarin daidaitawa mai amfani ta hanyar amfani da latitud, longitude, da kuma bisa kamar yadda taswirar taswirar da aka tsara akan jirgin, mai yiwuwa gami da tsayi; kamar yadda yake a duniya, mai daidaita duniya ECEF haɗin haɗin Cartesian a cikin 3-sarari azaman saitin lambobi, haruffa ko alamomi din n samar da geocode A geodetic da daidaito da kuma lambobin taswira tsarin daidato yana hawa kuka sai ya hade. and map coordinates, the coordinate tuple is decomposed such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two of the numbers represent a horizontal position. A sabuwar dabara na wani yanayin daidaita tsarin da aka kullum yaba wa Eratosthenes na Bakurane, waɗanda suka haɗa da yanzu-rasa yanayin kasa a Library of Alexandria a cikin karni 3rd BC. Aarni ɗaya bayan haka, Hipparchus na Nicaea ya inganta akan wannan tsarin ta hanyar tantance latitude daga ma'aunin taurari maimakon tsawan rana da kuma ƙayyade tsawo ta hanyar lokutan fitowar wata, maimakon lissafin mutu'a A cikin karni na 1 ko na 2, Marinus na Taya ya kirkiro babban gazetteer da taswirar duniya ta hanyar lissafi ta hanyar amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin da aka auna daga gabas daga Firayim Minista a yankin da aka fi sani da yamma, wanda aka sanya tsibirin Fortunate, kusa da gabar yammacin Afirka kusa da Canary ko Cape Tsibirin Verde, kuma ya auna arewa ko kudu na tsibirin Rhodes daga Asiya orarama Ptolemy ya yaba masa da cikakkiyar tallafi na latitude da latitud, maimakon auna latitude dangane da tsawon ranar tsakiyar lokacin bazara. Ptota 2nd-karni <i id="mwTA">yanayin kasa</i> amfani da wannan Firayim Meridian amma auna latitud daga mazauna maimakon. Bayan an fassara aikinsu zuwa larabci a karni na 9, littafin Al-Khwārizmī na bayanin Duniya ya gyara kurakuran Marinus da Ptolemy dangane da tsawon Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda ya haifar da zanen larabawa na zamani don amfani da Firayim Meridian kusa da 10 gabashin layin Ptolemy. Taswirar ilimin lissafi ta ci gaba a cikin Turai bayan Maximus Planudes 'dawo da rubutun Ptolemy kaɗan kafin 1300; an fassara rubutun zuwa Latin a Florence ta Jacobus Angelus a wajajen 1407. A shekarar 1884, Amurka ta dauki bakuncin taron Meridian na Duniya, wanda ya samu halartar wakilai daga kasashe ashirin da biyar. Ashirin da biyu daga cikinsu sun amince da ɗaukar doguwar Royal Observatory a Greenwich, Ingila a matsayin layin nuna sifili. Jamhuriyar Dominica ta kada kuri’ar kin amincewa da kudirin, yayin da Faransa da Brazil suka kaurace. Faransa ta karɓi Lokacin Ma'anar Greenwich a maimakon ƙayyadaddun gida ta hanyar Paris Observatory a cikin 1911. Datums na iya zama na duniya, ma'ana cewa suna wakiltar duk Duniya, ko kuma suna iya zama na gari, ma'ana cewa suna wakiltar ellipsoid mafi dacewa don kawai ɓangaren Duniya. Mahimman bayanai akan doron duniya suna dangi da juna saboda motsin farantin nahiyoyi, rashi, da kuma ambaton girgizar duniya wanda wata da Rana suka haifar. Wannan motsi na yau da kullun na iya zama kamar mita. Yunkurin ƙasa na iya zuwa 10 cm a shekara, ko 10 m a cikin ƙarni. Yankin yanayin yanayin matsin lamba na iya haifar da nitsewa na 5 mm Scandinavia tana hawa da 1 cm a shekara sakamakon narkewar kankara na zamanin dusar kankara na karshe, amma makwabtan Scotland yana tashi da 0.2 cm kawai. Waɗannan canje-canje ba su da mahimmanci idan aka yi amfani da datum na gida, amma suna da ƙididdiga idan aka yi amfani da datum na duniya. Datididdigar cikin gida da ƙungiyar zane-zanen ƙasa suka zaɓa sun haɗa da Datum ta Arewacin Amurka, Turai ta Turai50, da Burtaniya OSGB36 Bada wuri, datum din yana bada damar da kuma longitude A cikin Burtaniya akwai latitude, Longitude, da Tsarin tsayi guda uku da ake amfani da su. WGS84 ya banbanta a Greenwich da wanda akayi amfani dashi akan taswirar da aka buga OSGB36 da kimanin 112m. Tsarin soja na ED50 wanda NATO ke amfani da shi, ya bambanta da kusan 120m zuwa 180m. Latitude da longitude a kan taswirar da aka yi wa datti na gida bazai zama iri ɗaya da wanda aka samo daga mai karɓar GPS ba. Canza tsarawa daga wannan datum zuwa wani yana bukatar canjin datti kamar sauyawar Helmert, kodayake a wasu yanayi fassarar mai sauki na isa. A cikin mashahurin software na GIS, bayanan da aka tsara a cikin latitud longitude galibi ana wakiltar su azaman Tsarin Tsarin Geoasa Misali, bayanai a cikin latitude longitude idan datum din shine Datum ta Arewacin Amurka na 1983 yana nuna ta 'GCS North American 1983'. "Latitude" (gajerun kalmomi: Lat., ko phi) na aya a saman duniya shine kusurwa tsakanin jirgin sama mai daidaitawa da layin da yake wucewa ta wannan wurin zuwa kuma (ko kusa da) tsakiyar duniya. Lines masu haɗuwa da wuraren da'irar alamun latitude a saman Duniya ana kiransu masu kamanceceniya, kamar yadda suke daidai da Equator da juna. Pole ta Arewa 90 ne N; Pole ta Kudu yana 90 S. Zangon 0 na latitude an ayyana shi ne Equator, babban jirgi ne na dukkanin tsarin daidaita yanayin ƙasa. Equator ya raba duniya zuwa Yankin Arewa da na Kudu "Longitude" (taƙaitawa: Long., ko lambda) na aya a saman duniya shine kusurwar gabas ko yamma na meridian da aka ambata zuwa wani meridian da ya ratsa ta wannan wurin. Duk 'yan meridians rabi ne na manyan ƙusoshin hannu (wanda ake kira manyan da'ira waɗanda ke haɗuwa a Poles na Arewa da Kudu. Meridian na British Royal Observatory a Greenwich, a kudu maso gabashin London, Ingila, shi ne Firayim Minista na duniya, kodayake wasu ƙungiyoyi-irin su French Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière ci gaba da amfani da wasu meridians don dalilai na ciki. Firayim Minista yana ƙayyade Hemispheres na Gabas da Yammacin da suka dace, kodayake taswira galibi suna rarraba waɗannan sassan zuwa yamma don kiyaye Tsohuwar Duniya a gefe ɗaya. Meridian antipodal na Greenwich duka 180 W da 180 E. Wannan ba za a haɗa shi da Layin Kwanan Duniya ba, wanda ya karkata daga gare shi a wurare da yawa saboda dalilai na siyasa da sauƙi, gami da tsakanin gabashin gabashin Rasha da tsibirin Aleutian da ke yamma mai nisa. Haɗuwa da waɗannan abubuwan biyu ya bayyana matsayin kowane wuri a saman Duniya, ba tare da la'akari da tsawo ko zurfin ba. Grid din da aka kirkira ta layin latitude da longitude ana kiransa "kyauta". Tushen sifili na wannan tsarin yana cikin Tekun Guinea na kusan kudu da Tema, Ghana A kan GRS80 ko WGS84 spheroid a matakin teku a Equator, daya sakandare na biyu yakai mita 30.715, minti daya na latitudinal yakai mita 1843 kuma digirin latitudinal daya shine 110.6 kilomita. Da'irorin Longitude, meridians, sun haɗu a sandunan ƙasa, tare da faɗin yamma zuwa gabas na sakan na ɗabi'a yana raguwa yayin da latitude ke ƙaruwa. A kan Equator a matakin teku, dakika biyu a tsaye zaikai 30.92 mita, tsayin mintuna shine 1855 mita kuma digiri na biyu shine 111.3 kilomita. A 30 na biyu a tsaye shine 26.76 mita, a Greenwich (51 28′38 N) 19.22 mita, kuma a 60 yana da mita 15.42. A kan WGS84 spheroid, tsayin a mitoci na digiri na latitude a latitude (ma'ana, adadin mitoci da za ku yi tafiya tare da layin arewa zuwa kudu don matsar da digiri 1 a latitude, lokacin da ke latitude shine game da Mita da aka dawo na mitoci a kowane matakin latitude ya sha bamban tare da latitude. Hakanan, ana iya lasafta tsayin a cikin mitoci na digiri na tsawo kamar yadda (Waɗannan ma'aunin za a iya inganta su, amma yayin da suke tsaye nisan da suka bayar daidai ne a cikin santimita. Dabarun sun dawo da raka'a mita na digiri. Wata hanya ta daban don kimanta tsawon karatun digiri a latitud shine ɗaukar Duniyar da ke kewaye (don samun faɗi a minti ɗaya da na biyu, raba ta 60 da 3600, bi da bi): inda duniya ke matsakaiciyar radius ne 6,367,449 m Tunda Duniya ƙasa ce mai fa'ida, ba mai zagaye ba, wannan sakamakon yana iya kashe da kashi goma cikin ɗari na ɗari; mafi kyaun kusanci na dogon lokaci a latitud shine inda radius na kasa da kasa yayi daidai da 6,378,137 m kuma ga GRS80 da WGS84 spheroids, b a lissafin ya zama 0.99664719. an san shi da ƙarancin latitude (ko ma'auni Baya ga zagayawa, wannan ita ce madaidaiciyar tazara tare da daidaiton latitude; samun nesa tare da gajeriyar hanya zai zama aiki mai yawa, amma waɗannan nisan biyu koyaushe suna cikin mita 0.6 na juna idan maki biyun suna mataki ɗaya na nesa da juna. Grid tsarawa Don kafa matsayin wuri na wuri a kan taswira, ana amfani da tsinkayar taswira don sauya haɗin haɗin yanayin zuwa haɗin jirgin sama akan taswira; yana aiwatar da daidaitattun bayanan ellipsoidal da tsayi zuwa saman shimfidar taswira. Datum ɗin, tare da taswirar taswira da aka yi amfani da shi a layin wuraren bincike, ya kafa tsarin layin wutar lantarki don tsara wurare. Taswirar taswira ta gama gari a cikin amfani na yanzu sun hada da Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), Tsarin Grid Reference Reference System (MGRS), United States National Grid (USNG), Global Reference System (GARS) da World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF) Abubuwan haɗin kai akan taswira galibi suna cikin lamuran ƙa'idodi na N da kuma biyan harajin E dangane da asalin asali. Ka'idodin taswirar taswira sun dogara da joometry na tsinkayar da kuma sigogin da suka dogara da takamaiman wurin da aka tsara taswirar. Saitin sigogi na iya bambanta dangane da nau'in aikin da taron da aka zaba don tsinkayen. Don tsinkayen Mercator wanda aka yi amfani dashi a cikin UTM, sigogin da ke hade sune latitude da longitude na asalin halitta, al'adun karya da gabas ta karya, da kuma ma'aunin sikeli gaba daya. Idan aka ba da sigogi da ke alaƙa da wani wuri ko murmushi, abubuwan da ake tsammani don ƙetare Mercator haɗuwa ce ta aikin algebraic da trigonometric. UTM da UPS tsarin Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) da Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) suna daidaita tsarin dukansu suna amfani da layin Cartesi wanda aka shimfida akan waniy ma'auni wanda aka tsara shi don gano matsayin a saman Duniya. Tsarin UTM ba taswirar taswira guda bane amma jerin sittin, kowannensu yana dauke da makada mai digiri 6 na tsawo. Ana amfani da tsarin UPS don yankuna na polar, waɗanda tsarin UTM bai rufe su ba. Tsarin daidaita yanayin sitiriyo A lokacin zamanin da, ana amfani da tsarin daidaita yanayin sitiriyo don dalilai na kewayawa. An tsara tsarin daidaita yanayin sitiriyo ta tsarin latitude-latitud. Kodayake ba a amfani da su a cikin kewayawa, ana amfani da tsarin daidaitaccen yanayin a cikin zamani don bayyana kwatancen kristal a fagen kristallography, ma'adinai da kimiyyar kayan. Daidaito na tsaye Duk ma'anar da aka bayyana a cikin haɗin gwiwar ellipsoidal za'a iya bayyana ta azaman x y z Cartesian daidaitawa. Ididdigar Cartesian ta sauƙaƙe lissafin lissafi da yawa. Tsarin Cartesian na ɗakunan ajiya daban-daban basu dace ba. -Asa-tsakiya, -aukakken duniya -Asar da aka kafa ta duniya (wanda aka fi sani da ECEF, ECF, ko tsarin daidaita yanayin duniya) yana juyawa tare da Duniya kuma yana da asalinsa a tsakiyar Duniya. Tsarin daidaitawa na hannun dama na dama yana sanya: Asali a tsakiyar duniyan,ma'ana kusa da cibiyar adadi na duniya Z layin Z akan layin da ke tsakanin Poles ta Arewa da ta Kudu, tare da kyawawan dabi'u da ke kara arewa (amma bai yi daidai da tsarin juyawar Duniya ba) X da Y axes a cikin jirgin sama na Equator Yanayin X yana wucewa ta hanyar fadadab daga digiri 180 a Equator (mara kyau) zuwa digiri na biyu digiri na farko firam meridian a Equator (tabbatacce) Yankin Y yana wucewa ta hanyar fadada daga digiri 90 zuwa yamma a Equator (mara kyau) zuwa digiri 90 a gabashin gabas a Equator (tabbatacce) Misali shine bayanan NGS don faifan tagulla kusa da taron Donner, a California. Ganin girman ellipsoid, jujjuyawar daga lat lon tsawo-sama-ellipsoid zuwa XYZ kai tsaye ne a kirga XYZ don lat-lon da aka bayar akan farfajiyar ellipsoid kuma ƙara vetocin XYZ wanda yake daidai da ellipsoid a can kuma yana da tsayi daidai da tsayin wurin sama da ellipsoid. Juyin juya baya ya fi wuya: idan aka ba XYZ nan da nan za mu iya samun tsawo, amma babu wata hanyar rufewa da kewayawa da tsawo. Duba "Tsarin yanayi Ta amfani da dabara ta Bowring a cikin 1976 Survey Review na farko iteration bada latitude daidai tsakanin 10 digiri muddin zance yana tsakanin mita 10,000 sama ko 5,000 mita kasa da ellipsoid. Ana iya bayyana jirgin saman tangal na gida dangane da matakan tsaye da kwance Haɗin tsaye yana iya nunawa ko sama ko ƙasa. Akwai tarurruka iri biyu don hotunan: Gabas, Arewa, sama (ENU), ana amfani dashi a cikin labarin kasa Arewa, Gabas, ƙasa (NED), ana amfani dashi musamman a sararin samaniya A cikin yawancin aikace-aikacen nema da bin diddigin tsarin daidaitaccen tsarin ENU Cartesian ya fi hankali da amfani fiye da ECEF ko haɗin gwiwar ƙasa. A gida ENU tsarawa an kafa daga wani jirgin saman tangent ga Duniya ta surface gyarawa zuwa wani takamaiman wuri kuma inganta shi ne, wani lokacin sani a matsayin mai gida tangent ko gida geodetic jirgin sama. Ta hanyar taron an sanya alamar gabas arewa da kuma sama A cikin jirgin sama, yawancin abubuwan sha'awa suna ƙasa da jirgin sama, saboda haka yana da kyau a ayyana a matsayin lamba mai kyau. Nungiyoyin NED sun ba da izinin wannan azaman madadin ENU. Ta hanyar yarjejeniya, ana yiwa arewa alama gabas da kasa Don kaucewa rikicewa tsakanin kuma da dai sauransu a cikin wannan labarin za mu ƙayyade tsarin haɗin gida zuwa ENU. Duba kuma Decimal degrees Geographical distance Geographic information system Geo URI scheme ISO 6709, daidaitaccen wakilcin wurin wuri ta hanyar tsarawa Linear referencing Primary direction Tsarin daidaita tsarin Tsarin daidaitawa na Selenographic Spatial reference system Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jujjuyi Geofmdesy Labarin kasa Zanen duniya Labarin daidaiton

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi%20Okonjo-Iweala

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (An haife ta a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da huɗu 1954)ta Miladiyya. ta kasance 'ƴar siyasar Nijeriya ce. An Kuma haife ta a garin Ogwashi Ukwu a cikin Karamar Hukumar Aniocha ta Kudu, a jihar Delta, Nijeriya. Ngozi Okonjo-IweaMa Ministar Tattalin Arziki da Kasafin kuɗi ce daga watan Agustan shekarar 2011 zuwa Mayun shekarar ta 2015, bayan Olusegun Olutoyin Aganga (Tattalin Arziki) da Adamu Ciroma (Kasafin). A baya, Okonjo-Iweala ta shafe tsawon shekaru 25 a Bankin Duniya a matsayin masaniyar tattalin arziki da cigaba, tare da kuma samun mukamai har zuwa matsayin Darakta mai lamba ta 2 na Daraktan Gudanarwa, A shekara ta (2007-2011).Ta kuma yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Najeriya shekara ta (2003-2006, 2011-2015) a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo da Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan daki-daki.. Rayuwa da ilimi An haife Okonjo-Iweala a Ogwashi-Ukwu a, jihar Delta, Najeriya inda mahaifinta Farfesa ne mai suna Chukwuka Okonjo. Shi ne Eze (Sarki) daga gidan sarautar Obahai na Ogwashi-Ukwu. Okonjo-Iweala ta halarci makarantar "Queen's School, Enugu" da "St. Anne's School, Molete, Ibadan" da kuma "International School Ibadan". ta kuma ketara zuwa Amurka (USA) a shekarar 1973 tana matashiyarta don karatu a "Harvard University", ta kammala karatun da sakamakon AB a Economics a shekarar 1976. a shekarar 1981 kuma, ta samu shedar digiri na 3 wato Ph.D a kan Ilimin tattalin arziqi na yanki da cigaba (regional economics and development) daga "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)" da kundin bincike wanda ta gabatar mai taken "Credit policy, rural financial markets, and Nigeria's agricultural development" Ta amshi lambar girma ta "International Fellowship" daga ""American Association of University Women (AAUW)", wadda kungiya ce da ta tallafa wa rubutun nazarin da ta yi a lokacin digirin ta na 3. Ta yi aure da Dr. Ikemba Iweala, wanda likita ne na "neurosurgeon" Suna da 'ya' ya 4 a tsakaninsu Mace daya: Onyinye Iweala (AB,MD,PhD,Harvard) da kuma Maza 3: Uzodinma Iweala (AB, Harvard, MD, Columbia), Okechukwu Iweala (AB, Harvard) da kuma Uchechi Iweala (AB, MD, MBA, Harvard). Aiki Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 25 a Bankin Duniya a Washington DC a matsayin masaniyar tattalin arziƙi na cigaba, wanda ta hau matsayin lamba 2 na Daraktan Gudanarwa. A matsayinta na Darakta, ta kasance tana lura da nauyin dala biliyan 81 na bankin duniya a Afirka, Kudancin Asia, Turai da tsakiyar Asiya. Okonjo-Iweala ta shugabanci wasu shirye-shirye na Bankin Duniya don taimaka wa kasashe masu karamin karfi a tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009, rikicin abinci, daga baya kuma lokacin rikicin kudi. A shekara ta 2010, ta kuma kasance shugabar bankin IDA, nasarar da bankin duniya ya tara dala biliyan 49.3 na bayar da tallafi da karancin ba shi ga kasashe mafi talauci a duniya. A cikin lokacinta a Bankin Duniya, tana kuma memba a cikin Kungiyar Haɗin Kai da Haɓakawa tare da Afirka, wanda Firayim Minista Anders Fogh Rasmussen na Denmark ya kafa, kuma ya gudanar da tarurruka tsakanin watan Afrilu da watan Oktoba shekarar 2008. Aiki da gwamnati Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Najeriya, sannan kuma a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta rike mukamai biyu. A lokacin mulkinta na farko a matsayinta na Ministan Kudi a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon Shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, ta jagoranci tattaunawar da kungiyar Paris Club wacce ta kai ga dakatar da bashin dalar Amurka biliyan 30 na Najeriya, gami da sokewar dala biliyan 18 na Amurka. A shekarar 2003 ta jagoranci kokarin inganta tattalin arzikin Najeriya wanda ya hada da aiwatar da dokar kasa-da-kasa a inda aka samu kudaden da suka tara son asusun ajiya watau “Excess Crude Account” wanda ya taimaka wajen rage tasirin tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, ta gabatar da al'adar wallafa tallafin kowane wata daga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya a cikin jaridu. Wannan aikin ya yi babban amfani wajen kara nuna gaskiya a cikin shugabanci. Taimakon tallafin bankin duniya da IMF ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, ta taimaka wajen gina wani tsarin hada-hadar kudi na lantarki tsarin hada-hadar kudi da bayanai (GIFMIS), gami da asusun hada-hadar kudi (TSA) da kuma Hadin Albashi da Tsarin Bayanai na Jama'a (IPPIS), suna taimakawa a rage cin hanci da rashawa a tsarin. Kamar yadda a ranar 31 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2014, IPPIS dandamali ya cire ma'aikatan bogi 62,893 daga tsarin kuma ya ceci gwamnatin Najeriya kusan 1.25 biliyan a cikin aikin. Bayan ajalinta na farko a matsayin Ministan Kudi, ta koma Bankin Duniya a matsayin Manajan Darakta a watan Disamba shekarar ta 2007. A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba Jonathan ya sake nada Okonjo-Iweala a matsayin Ministan Kudi a Najeriya tare da fadada jadawalin Ministan Mai Kula da Tattalin Arziki na Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan Kyaututtukan ta sun hada da karfafa tsarin hada-hadar kudade na Najeriya da kuma karfafa bangaren gidaje tare da kafa Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Gida na Najeriya (NMRC). Har ila yau, ta ba da iko ga mata da matasa na Najeriya tare da Kungiyar Inganta Mata da Matasa a cikin Shirin GWIN; Tsarin kasafin kudi da zai amsa jinsi, da kuma Babban Kamfanin Matasa da aka yaba da tsarin Innovation (YouWIN) don tallafawa 'yan kasuwa, wannan shi ne ya samar da dubban ayyukan yi. Bankin Duniya ya kimanta wannan shirin a matsayin daya daga cikin ingantattun shirye-shirye irin nasa a duniya. Karkashin jagorancin nata, ofishin kididdiga na kasa ya aiwatar da aikin sake yin amfani da Gross Domestic Product (GDP); na farko cikin shekaru 24, wanda ya sa Najeriya ta fito a matsayin mafi girman tattalin arzikin Afirka. Ta dauki zafi mai yawa don cire tallafin mai daga gwamnatin Najeriya, matakin da ya haifar da zanga-zanga a watan Janairu shekarar 2012. A watan Mayun shekarar 2016, sabuwar gwamnatin Najeriya daga karshe ta cire tallafin mai bayan da ta fito fili cewa ba za a iya jurewa masa ba kuma ba ba ya yin aiki. Daga bisani Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ce shugabar Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na tattalin arziki da kuma sauyin yanayin (Climate) tare da Nicholas Stern da Paul Polman. A baya, ta kasance shugabar Mata ta Kungiyar Kawancen Duniya don Karfafa Haɗin Kai. A da, Okonjo-Iweala shi ma memba ne a Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Ba da Haɓaka Ilimi a Duniya a shekarar (2015-2016), wanda Gordon Brown ke jagoranta; Hukumar da ke kan Sabon "Climate Economy" (wanda Paul Polman da Lord Nicholas Stern suka yi aiki tare); Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin matasa ta Duniya; Babban Kwamitin Babban Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsarin Bunkasa Ci gaba da Shekarar 2015 (2012-2013); da kuma Mashahurin Hukumar Cigaban (2006-2009), wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Prize Farfesa Michael Spence Okonjo-Iweala ita ce wadda ta kafu da kungiyar masu binciken jin ra'ayin jama'a na asalin Najeriya, watau NOI-Polls. Ta kuma kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Cigaban tattalin arzikin Afirka (C-SEA), wata matattara mai zurfin bincike a Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya kuma ita ce ke Ganawa da Cibiyar Cigaban Duniya da kungiyar Brookings. A shekarar 2012, Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance yar takarar Shugaban Bankin Duniya, wanda ta fafata da Shugaban Kwalejin Dartmouth Jim Yong Kim idan an zabe ta, za ta kasance shugabar mata ta farko ta kungiyar. Tun daga shekarar 2019, Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance memba a Hukumar UNESCO ta Duniya kan makomar Ilimi, wadda Sahle-Work Zewde ke jagoranta A shekarar 2020, Manajan Daraktan Asusun bada lamuni na duniya Kristalina Georgieva ya nada ta ga wata kungiyar masu ba da shawara ta waje don samar da bayanai kan kalubalen manufofin. Haka nan a shekarar 2020, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta nada ta a matsayin Manzon musamman don neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don taimaka wa nahiyar wajen magance tasirin tattalin arziki na cutar kwalara ta shekara ta 2019 zuwa 20 Wasu aikace-aikacenta Tun daga shekarar 2019, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta kasance memba a Hukumar UNESCO ta Duniya kan makomar Ilimi, wadda Sahle-Work Zewde ke jagoranta A shekarar 2020, Manajan Daraktan Asusun bada lamuni na duniya Kristalina Georgieva ya nada ta ga wata kungiyar masu ba da shawara ta waje don samar da bayanai kan kalubalen manufofin. Haka nan a shekarar 2020, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta nada ta a matsayin Manzon musamman don neman goyon bayan kasa da kasa don taimakawa nahiyar wajen magance tasirin tattalin arziki na cutar kwalara ta shekara ta 2019 zuwa 20 aiki Hukumar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ta Japan (JICA), ita mamba ce a kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Member International Advisory Panel (since 2016) GAVI, Chair of the Board (since 2016) African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2003-2006, 2011-2015) International Monetary Fund (IMF), Member of the International Monetary and Finance Committee (2003-2006, 2011-2015) Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee, Chair (2004) Kwamitin tattaunawa Twitter, Board of Directors (since 2018) Standard Chartered, Independent Non-executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2017) Lazard, Senior Advisor (since 2015) Kungiyoyin sa kai Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2019) Bloomberg New Economy Forum, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2018) Results for Development (R4D), Member of the Board of Directors (since 2014) Women's World Banking, Member of the Africa Advisory Council (since 2014) The B Team, Member (since 2013) Friends of the Global Fund Africa, Member of the Board (since 2007) Global Financial Integrity (GFI), Member of the Advisory Board (since 2007) African Risk Capacity, Chair of the Board African University of Science and Technology, Chair of the Board Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security, Member of the Advisory Board Global Business Coalition for Education, Member of the Advisory Board Mandela Institute for Development Studies (MINDS), Member of the Advisory Board Mercy Corps, Member of the Global Leadership Council Rockefeller Foundation, Member of the Global Development Network Nelson Mandela Institution, Chair of the Board One Campaign, Member of the Board Oxford Martin School, Member of the Advisory Council Vital Voices, Member of the Global Advisory Council Lamban girma Okonjo-Iweala ta samu yabo da yawa. An lissafta ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan Shugabannin Duniya 50 na duniya (Fortune, 2015), Manyan 100an 100 da suka fi Tasiri a Duniya KWANKWASO, 2014), Manya 100 na Duniya (kasashen waje, 2011 da 2012), Manyan Mata 100 da suka fi Karfi a Duniya Forbes, 2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014), Manyan Mata 3 da suka fi Karfi a Afirka (Forbes, 2012), Manyan Mata 10 da sukafi Tasiri a Afirka Forbes, 2011), Manyan Mata 100 a Duniya The Guardian, 2011), Manyan Mata 150 a Duniya (Newsweek, 2011), Manyan mata 100 da suka fi kowa kwarjini a Duniya na Bayar da Girlsan mata da (an mata (Bayar da Matar, 2011). An sa ta cikin jerin ''kwararrun'' masu tasiri na kasuwanci a duniya ta Condé Nast International. A shekara ta 2019, an zabi Okonjo-Iweala ga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Amurka Har ila yau, an ba ta girmamawa ga manyan masu martaba na kasa daga Jamhuriyar Cote d'Ivoire da Jamhuriyar Laberiya. Ita ce kuma ta karɓi Kwamandan Rundunar Tarayyar Najeriya (CFR). Sauran girmamawa sun hada da: jadawali 2017 Vanguard Award, Howard University 2017 Women’s Economic Empowerment Award, WEConnect International 2017 Madeleine K. Albright Global Development Award, Aspen Institute 2016 Power with Purpose Award, Devex Development Communications Network 2016 Global Fairness Award, Global Fairness Initiative 2014 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award 2011 President of the Italian Republic Gold Medal, Pia Manzu Centre 2011 Global Leadership Award, Chicago Council on Global Affairs 2010 Global Leadership Award, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs 2010 Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award 2004 TIME’s European Heroes Award 2004 Finance Minister of the Year, Africa Investor Magazine 2004 Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, The Banker 2005 Global Finance Minister of the Year, Euromoney 2005 Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, Emerging Markets Magazine Digirin girmamawa Okonjo-Iweala ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga jami'o'i 14 a duniya, ciki har da wasu daga manyan kwalejoji masu daraja: Jami'ar Pennsylvania (2013), Jami'ar Yale (2015), Amherst College (2009) Trinity College, Dublin (2007) Jami'ar Brown (2006), Kwalejin Colby (2007), da Jami'ar Caribbean ta Arewa, Jamaica. Ta kuma samu digiri daga wasu jami’o’in Najeriya da suka hada da Jami’ar Jihar Abia, Jami’ar Delta State, Abraka, Jami’ar Oduduwa, Jami’ar Babcock, da Jami’ar Fatakwal, Calabar, da Ife (Obafemi Awolowo). A shekarar 2019, an ba Okonjo Iweala lambar girmamawa daga jami’ar Tel Aviv. Aikinta Yaki da rashawa yana da Hadari Labarin a kan kanun labarai Labari na gaba daga tsohuwar ministar kudi ta Najeriya, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, kan yadda ake yaki da rashawa da darussan da aka koya don gudanar da mulki da ci gaban kasa. An buga ta MIT Press, (2018). Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. Canza marasa daidaituwa darussa daga Najeriya (MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. LCCN 2012008453 OCLC 878501895 OL 25238823M Haske da Haske kan Takaitattun bayanai kasida kan hadahadar kudade ga Manoma kananan Ma'aikata na Afirka, wanda Ministan Harkokin Wajen waje ya wallafa, (2015), tare da Janeen Madan suka yi rubutu. Taimaka wa SDGs: Takaddar lasisi da Izinin Tallafi daga Developasashe Masu tasowa, wanda mujallar Horizons ta wallafa, (2016) Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). Chinua Achebe, malamin haske tarihin rayuwa Trenton, NJ: Labaran Duniya na Afirka. ISBN Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). Sallah, Tijan M.; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). LCCN 2002152037 OCLC 50919841 OL 3576773M Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). Tarkon bashi a Najeriya zuwa dabarar ci bashi mai dorewa Trenton, NJ: Labaran Duniya na Afirka. ISBN Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). LCCN 2002007778 OCLC 49875048 OL 12376413M Kuna son Taimakawa Afirka? Yi Kasuwanci Anan Ted Talk ya ba da Maris 2007 Taimakawa Kasuwancin Taimakon Ted Ted ya ba da Yuni 2007 Kada Trivialize Cin Hanci da Rashawa, magance Yana A Tedx Euston Talk tsĩrar Janairu 2013. Hotunan Ingozi Manazarta Ƴan siyasan

22189

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20Lambert

Joyce Lambert

Joyce Mildred Lambert (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1916 -ta mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005) masaniyar ilimin tsirrai CE ta kasar Burtaniya. An yaba mata tare da tabbatar da cewa Norfolk Broads mutane ne da aka kirkira.. Rayuwar farko An haifi Joyce Lambert a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1916 a 50 Oakbank Grove, Herne Hill, London Ta kasance 'yar Loftus Sidney Lambert, magatakarda na kamfanin samar da lantarki, kuma daga baya wakilin dillalai, da matarsa, Mildred Emma, née Barker. Ta girma a Brundall, Norfolk, kuma ta yi karatu a Norwich High School for Girls A cikin shekara ta 1939, Lambert ya kammala karatun ilimin tsirrai daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Wales, Aberystwyth. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Norwich sai aka naɗa ta a matsayin malama a ilimin tsirrai a Kwalejin Westfield, London. Masanin kimiyyar Norfolk AE (Ted) Ellis da masanin tsirrai na AR Clapham (sannan a Oxford) waɗanda suka ƙarfafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1940s don nazarin ilimin halittun da ke makwabtaka da Kogin Yare a yankin Surlingham Rockland St Mary na Norfolk. Gano Kimiyyar Ta tabbatar da ka'idar Clifford Smith cewa Norfolk Broads na asalin mutum ne, sakamakon yawan hako gwal, kuma ba wata halitta ba kamar yadda masanin ilimin halayyar halittu Joseph Newell Jennings ya kammala kwanan nan. A cikin shekara ta 1952, littafin JN Jennings, The Origin Of The Broads, ƙungiyar Royal Geographical Society ce ta buga shi. Jennings ya kammala da cewa yawancin, idan ba duka ba, wadancan tabkunan an kirkiresu ne ta hanyar tsari na halitta. A ta nazari Lambert amfani da wani stratigraphical dabara: cire core samfurori da peat da borer. Lambert ya yi amfani da bura mai kunkuntar diamita kuma ya ɗauki samfuran da yawa, yana mai bayyana cewa gefen tafkunan sun kusan a tsaye kuma saboda haka mutum ya yi su. Bincike ya nuna cewa Ikklesiyoyin gida sun mallaki "haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙasa" don haƙa peat a yankunansu, wanda, Joyce ya kafa, ya yi daidai da jeri na iyakokin Ikklesiya a cikin manyan hanyoyin. An kuma kammala shi cewa kusan dukkanin hakar an yi watsi da ita a ƙarshen ƙarni na 14th sakamakon ƙaruwa da suka yi da ambaliyar. Wannan ya faru ne sanadiyyar lalacewa a cikin yanayin Gabashin Anglian Gabas, kuma wani ɓangare ta haɓakar matakin teku. Inda a da can ake haƙo peat, yanzu akwai mahimmancin kamun kifi. Ta haɗu tare da Jennings da Smith a kan ƙarin nazarin Broads; an buga sakamakon su a cikin shekara ta 1960 kamar yadda ake yin Broads: sake yin la'akari da asalin su ta fuskar sabuwar shaida A shekara ta 1950 Lambert aka nada malami a fannin ilimin tsirrai a Jami'ar Southampton. A Southampton, Lambert ya ba da gudummawa ta farko ga yin amfani da kwamfutoci a kimiyyar ilimin tsirrai a cikin haɗin gwiwar da ta yi da shugabar sashenta, Bill Williams, kan yawan nazarin al'ummomin tsirrai. Norfolk Record Office yana riƙe da tarin takaddun Dr Lambert daga shekara ta 1920 zuwa shekara ta 2005, wanda ya haɗa da zane, taswira, hotuna da rubuce rubuce. Rayuwar mutum Ta kasance mai goyon bayan rayuwar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Norwich City Bayan ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1980 sai ta koma gidan da ke Brundall wanda kakanta ya gina a cikin shekara ta 1920s. A cikin shekaru ukun ƙarshe na rayuwarta ta koma gidan kula da tsofaffi, gidan Oakwood, Old Watton Road, Colney, Norfolk. Ta mutu a can a ranar 4 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2005 na cutar sankarau. Ba ta yi aure ba. Littattafai JN Jennings, JM Lambert (1951). Tsarin alluvial da kuma maye ciyayi a yankin na Bure wide broads. Jaridar Lafiyar Qasa 39 (1): 116-148. JM Lambert, JN Jennings, CT Smith, Charles Green, JN Hutchinson (1960). Yin Broads: sake tunani game da asalin su dangane da sabbin hujjoji London: Kamfanin Royal Geographical Society; J. Murray. Manazarta Muhalli Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed

35532

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Lew%2C%20West%20Virginia

Jane Lew, West Virginia

Jane Lew birni ne, da ke a gundumar Lewis, a yammacin Virginia, a ƙasar Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 409 a lokacin ƙidayar 2020. Tarihi An ba wa al'ummar sunan Jane Lew, mahaifiyar asalin mai gidan. Geography Jane Lew yana a (39.109203, -80.407624), tare da Hackers Creek a arewacin Lewis County. Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da jimlar yanki na wanda ƙasa ce kuma ruwa ne. Alkaluma ƙidayar 2010 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 409, gidaje 195, da iyalai 111 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan jama'a ya kasance Akwai rukunin gidaje 213 a matsakaicin yawa na Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.8% Fari, 0.2% Ba'amurke, 0.2% Asiya, da 0.7% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.2% na yawan jama'a. Magidanta 195 ne, kashi 24.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 42.6% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.8% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 3.6% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 43.1% ba dangi bane. Kashi 38.5% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 19% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.10 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.72. Tsakanin shekarun garin ya kasance shekaru 41.8. 19.3% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 8.2% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.5% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 30.5% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 17.6% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na garin ya kasance 47.4% na maza da 52.6% mata. Ƙididdigar 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 406, gidaje 209, da iyalai 117 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 1,635.2 a kowace murabba'in mil 627.0 /km2). Akwai rukunin gidaje 220 a matsakaicin yawa na 886.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (339.8/km 2 Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.03% Fari, 0.25% Ba'amurke, da 1.72% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.23% na yawan jama'a. Akwai gidaje 209, daga cikinsu kashi 17.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 40.7% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 11.0% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 44.0% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 40.7% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 18.7% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 1.94 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.58. A cikin garin, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 15.0% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 7.9% daga 18 zuwa 24, 28.8% daga 25 zuwa 44, 24.6% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 23.6% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 44. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 84.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 79.7. Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $23,571, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $30,000. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $29,464 sabanin $16,667 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $16,540. Kusan 5.3% na iyalai da 7.9% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 2.9% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 11.5% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Fitattun mutane May H. Gilruth, mai zane kuma mai zane Patrick S. Martin, memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta West Virginia Joseph Marcellus McWhorter, lauya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa William Neely, actor kuma marubuci Chub Watson, dan wasan kwando na Kwalejin Davis &amp; Elkins da Jami'ar Marshall Yanayi Yanayin da ke wannan yanki yana da yanayin zafi da yawa da kuma hazo daidai gwargwado a duk shekara. Bisa ga tsarin Köppen Climate Classification, Jane Lew yana da yanayin yanayi mai zafi, wanda aka rage "Cfa" akan taswirar yanayi. Ilimi Jane Lew Elementary School. Jane Lew ta kasance tana da makarantar sakandare tana aiki Makarantar Jane Lew daga 1912 har zuwa 1966, lokacin da ta haɗu tare da wasu makarantu biyu na gida don yin Makarantar Sakandare ta Lewis County. Jane Lew High kuma ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta maza a cikin 1922. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57716

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20de%20Thomassin%20de%20Peynier

Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier

A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1792,Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier ya kasance mataimakin Admiral.A cikin bazara mai zuwa, ya karɓi umurnin Brest Squadron na Sojan Ruwa na Faransa,amma bayan ya sake tunani,ya ƙi shawarar Ministan Bertrand-Molleville. Ya yi murabus daga dukkan mukaman da yake rike da su,kuma ya yi ritaya bayan ya shafe shekaru 48 yana aikin sojan ruwa na Royal.Ya nemi fansho na rayuwa 4,300,wanda bai samu ba. Bayan faduwar Masarautar da shelar Jamhuriyar a ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1792,Peynier ya yi rantsuwa a gaban jami'in gundumar Orthez,Dutilh,"ya kasance da aminci ga al'umma da kiyaye 'yanci da daidaito ko mutu ta hanyar kare shi".A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1793,ya mayar da Grand Cross of Commander a cikin Order of Saint Louis.Duk da haka, tsakanin ƙarshen 1793 zuwa 1794,an kama shi a gida a Château Orthez.A cikin shaidarsa ga kwamitin juyin juya hali na gundumar Orthez,a cikin wata wasika mai lamba 31 Pluviose An III(9 ga Fabrairu 1795),ya bayyana cewa wannan kama ya samo asali ne daga"matakan zalunci da na gama-gari". A cikin Disamba 1794,wata daya mahaifinsa ya rasu,Peynier ya koma Aix inda yake fatan dawo da lafiyarsa.A wannan lokacin,ya rasa ganinsa saboda tsohon raunin kansa. Peynier ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1809 a Arance(yanzu Mont,Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Asalin da iyali Antoine de Thomassin ya fito ne daga gidan Thomassin dangi mai daraja daga Burgundy,wanda aka sani daga karni na 15 kuma yana tushen Provence.Wannan iyali sun kafa rassa da yawa,babban ɗaya shine na Marquis de Saint-Paul.Takwas daga cikin mambobinta sun zama Kansiloli a Majalisar Aix-en-Provence, kuma daya ya zama Shugaban kasa. Wasu biyu kuma sun zama kansiloli a Kotun Auditors na Provence,kuma hudu sun zama babban lauya. An haifi Antoine de Thomassin a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1731 a Aix-en-Provence Shi ɗan Louis de Thomassin Peynier ne (1705-1794),Marquis de Peynier,sau biyu a cikin Karamar Antilles tsakanin 1763 da 1783, da Anne. Dupuy de la Moutte(1705-1785).Iyayensa sun yi aure a ranar 19 ga Maris 1726 a Aix-en-Provence.'Ya'yansu sune: Jean-Luc de Thomassin de Peynier (1727-1807), mashawarci, sannan shugaban majalisar Aix-en-Provence (1748), baron na Trets Marie Anne Thérèse, an haife shi a 1729 a Peynier Alexandre Henry (1729-1736) Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier Marie Gabrielle de Thomassin de Peynier (1733-1772), abbess na Hyères a 1769 Jacques-Louis-Auguste de Thomassin de Peynier (1734-1815), canon-count of Saint-Victor de Marseille, abbé na Aiguebelle, memba na Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Letres na Marseille Michel Marie Sextius de Thomassin de Peynier (1736-1765), jarumi, jami'in jiragen ruwa na sarki. Madeleine de Thomassin de Peynier (1737-1815), Benedictine nun Marie Henriette de Thomassin de Peynier (1739-1800), wanda ya yi aure a 1757 a Aix zuwa Jacques-Henri de Lieuron, squire na Saint-Chamas Angélique Thérèse de Thomassin de Peynier (1744-1810), wanda ya yi aure a 1770 a Aix zuwa Étienne-François Baudil Senchon de Bournissac (an haife shi 1729, guillotined a 1792). Bayanan kula ambato

53659

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne

Chayanne

Elmer Figueroa Arce (an haife shi a watan Yuni 28, 1968), wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Chayanne, mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican Latin A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa na solo, Chayanne ya fitar da kundi guda 21 kuma ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 50 a duk duniya, ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗan Latin mafi siyar. Chayanne ya halarci telenovelas na Puerto Rican guda biyu da tashar talabijin ta WAPA-TV ta watsa a cikin 80s. Waɗannan su ne Sombras del Pasado tare da Daniel Lugo da Alba Nydia Díaz, da Tormento tare da Daniel Lugo da Yazmin Pereira. Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko Mahaifin Figueroa Arce shine Quintino Figueroa, manajan tallace-tallace, mahaifiyarsa ita ce Irma Luz Arce, malami, wanda ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2014, bayan dogon yaki da ciwon daji. Shine na uku cikin ‘yan’uwa biyar. Sunansa "Chayanne" mahaifiyarsa ta ba shi, don girmama ƙaunarsa ga jerin talabijin na Amurka na 1950, Cheyenne Sana'a tare da Los Chicos A cikin marigayi 1970s, ya saurari Menudo, amma masu samarwa sun gaya masa cewa ya kasance matashi don kasancewa a cikin kungiyar. Ya shiga wani rukuni, Los Chicos, kuma sun samar da faifan bidiyo da yawa, ciki har da "Puerto Rico Son Los Chicos" da "Ave Maria". Los Chicos ya zagaya ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka kuma ya zama babban abokin hamayya ga Menudo lokacin da Chayanne ya kasance memba. Solo artist Bayan Los Chicos ya rabu a cikin 1984, Chayanne ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fasaha na solo. Ya sanya hannu tare da RCA Víctor kuma ya fitar da kundin sa na farko, Chayanne es mi Nombre, a waccan shekarar. Kundin sa na biyu tare da RCA Víctor, Sangre Latina an sake shi a cikin 1986. Bayan shekaru uku tare da RCA Víctor, Chayanne ya canza lakabi zuwa Sony Music kuma ya barke da kundi na farko mai taken kansa a 1987. Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ballads da waƙoƙin raye-raye, tsarin da Chayanne zai shahara. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi biyu da aka buga, ballad "Peligro de Amor" wanda Michael Sullivan da Paulo Massadas suka rubuta da kuma waƙar da za ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai yin gabaɗaya, waƙar rawa mai kyau "Fiesta en América" wanda Honorio Herrero ya rubuta. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1988, Chayanne ya fito da kundi na biyu mai suna, Chayanne Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi da yawa da suka buga, ciki har da Honorio Herrero's "Tu Pirata Soy Yo", José María Cano's "Fuiste un Trozo de Hielo en la Escarcha", da "Este Ritmo Se Baila Así", wanda Pierre-Edouard Decimus, Jacob Desvarieux ya ƙunshi, duka mambobi ne na ƙungiyar Caribbean ta Faransa, da Roberto Li Kassav'vi A lokaci guda kuma, Chayanne ya zama mai magana da yawun Pepsi, tare da isar da wurin talla na farko na Mutanen Espanya wanda aka watsa a bakin tekun talabijin na kasa zuwa bakin teku a lokacin 1989 Grammy Awards telecast. A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1990, ya fito da kundi na Tiempo de Vals, wanda ke nuna wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun siyar da shi; kamar waƙar take, wanda José María Cano ya haɗa; "Completamente Enamorados", wanda Piero Cassano ya rubuta, Adelio Cogliati, da Eros Ramazzotti da "Daría Cualquier Cosa", wanda Luis Gómez Escolar da Julio Seijas suka haɗa. Ya bi ta tare da kundin waƙar wanda waƙar takensa za ta zama waƙar sa hannun Chayanne, Provócame (1992). Wancan kundi kuma ya fito da buga wasan "El Centro de mi Corazón" (#1 US Hot Latin, 1992), kuma an zaba shi don Pop Song of the Year a Lo Nuestro Awards na 1993, yayin da Chayanne aka jera don Male Pop Artist. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya fito da kundi na Influencias (1994), wanda ya kasance abin girmamawa ga wasu tasirin kiɗansa. A cikin 1996, ya saki Volver a Nacer A cikin 1998, ya sami lambar yabo na Grammy na biyu tare da kundin Atado a Tu Amor, wanda ya nuna lambarsa ta farko-daya tun 1992, "Dejaria Todo" da kuma dogon lokaci mai tsayi a cikin waƙar take. Zafin zafi ya ci gaba a cikin 2000 lokacin da Chayanne ya fito da Simplemente tare da manyan goma da suka buga "Candela" da lambar-daya ta buga "Yo Te Amo". A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2002, ya fito da Grandes Exitos, kundi mafi girma tare da wasu sabbin waƙoƙi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan sababbin waƙoƙin, "Y Tu Te Vas", ita ce waƙa ta ɗaya ta rani a 2002, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa jigon waƙa don telenovela Todo sobre Camila na Venezuelan wanda Venevisión ya samar. A shekara ta gaba, Chayanne ya fito da Sincero wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin lamba guda biyu, "Un Siglo Sin Ti" da "Cuidarte el Alma". A cikin 2005, ya yi yawon shakatawa tare da Alejandro Fernández da Marc Anthony A wannan shekarar, ya saki albam guda biyu. Na farko, kundi mafi girma na biyu, Desde Siempre tare da sabuwar waƙar "Contra Vientos y Mareas", sannan Cautivo tare da hits kamar "No Se Por Que", "Te Echo de Menos" da "Babu Te Preocupes Por Mí". An fitar da kundi na 13 na Chayanne Mi Tiempo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2007. Kundin da aka yi muhawara a lamba biyu akan babban ginshiƙi na Album ɗin Latin yana siyar da kwafi 17,000 a cikin makon farko na fitowa. Daya daga cikin kundi na farko, Si Nos Quedara Poco Tiempo ya kai lamba daya akan ginshikin Waƙoƙin Latin. Bayan fitowar kundin, Chayanne ya fara balaguron kasa da kasa don inganta Mi Tiempo Daga cikin wuraren da aka ziyarta a farkon rangadin akwai Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, da Amurka. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2008, ya fara jerin gabatarwa a Spain. Lokacin da aka yi hira da shi ya lura cewa wasan kwaikwayon zai kasance mai ruwa "kamar kiɗa", kuma "mafi Latin" fiye da abubuwan da ya gabatar a baya, wanda ya ƙunshi "mafi yawan pop, Brazilian, Caribbean da reggae rhythms" wanda zai yi amfani da shi don "raye-raye akai-akai". Ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman a Miss Universe 2003 pageant. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2009, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai suna "Me Enamoré de Ti", yana hidima a matsayin waƙar jigo don wasan opera sabulu na 2009 Corazon Salvaje An nuna wannan guda ɗaya a cikin sakin Chayanne na 2010, Babu Hay Imposibles A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2015, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai taken, "Tu respiración", wanda ke zama jigon jigo na wasan opera na sabulu na 2015 Lo imperdonable Aiki sana'a A cikin 1980s, Chayanne ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu da yawa kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Generaciones tare da Luis Antonio Rivera A cikin 1994 ya buga kansa a cikin Volver a empezar tare da Yuri A wannan shekarar, ya kuma yi tauraro a Linda Sara gaban tsohon Miss Universe, Dayanara Torres Shahararren mai shirya fina-finan Puerto Rican Jacobo Morales ne ya rubuta fim din kuma ya ba da umarni. A cikin 1998, ya yi tauraro a matsayinsa na farko na Hollywood, yana wasa da ɗan wasan Cuban tare da Vanessa L. Williams a cikin Dance tare da Ni Ya kuma yi bayyanar baƙo akan Ally McBeal A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa ya yi aiki a wasu ayyuka kamar wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na Argentine Provócame, wanda ya yi sautin sauti na wannan sunan. A cikin 2008, Chayanne ya taka rawar rawa (na vampire) akan jerin talabijin Gabriel: Amor Inmortal Don fahimtar kansa da ra'ayi ya ɗauki tsarin yau da kullum daban-daban, barci da rana da aiki da dare. Ya lura cewa samarwa yana son "sa abubuwa suyi kama da gaske kamar yadda zai yiwu", amma tsarin daidaitawa yana da wahala. Jerin da aka yi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2008, akan Mega TV Filmography Fina-finai Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1968 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29828

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhallin%20Ruwan%20Sulfur

Muhallin Ruwan Sulfur

Ruwan ,sulfur (ko ruwan sulfur wani yanayi ne inda ruwa ke fallasa ga iskar hydrogen sulfide, yana ba da wari na "ruɓaɓɓen kwai". Wannan yanayin yana da dalilai daban-daban a al'ada wanda ya bambanta ga, lafiya da kuma tasiri ga aikin famfo. Abubuwan sinadaran Ana yin ruwan sulfur ne daga narkar da ma'adanai waɗanda ke ɗauke da sulfate. Waɗannan sun haɗa da baryte (BaSO 4 epsomite (MgSO 4 7H 2 O) da gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2 0). An ba da rahoton cewa ana samun gagarumin canji na ɗanɗanon ruwa daban da nau'in sulfate da ke shafar ruwa. Don sodium sulfate, kimanin 250 zuwa 500 mg/lita, tare da calcium sulfate a 250 zuwa 1000 MG lita da magnesium sulfate a 400 zuwa 600 mg/lita. Wani bincike da Zoeteman ya yi ya gano cewa samun 270 MG na calcium sulfate da 90 MG na magnesium sulfate a zahiri ya inganta dandano na ruwa. Lafiya Yin wanka a cikin ruwa mai yawan sulfur ko wasu ma'adanai don amfanin lafiyar da ake tsammani ana kiransa da balneotherapy Wadannan an ce suna ba wa mutum wanka a cikin ruwa "kyakkyawan da ba ya tsufa" da kuma rage radadi. Duk da yake mutane sun sami damar daidaitawa zuwa matakan da suka fi girma tare da lokaci, wasu kuma tasirin shan ruwa na sulfur sun gano cewa suna da tasirin tasiri akan mutanen da ke cinye ruwa tare da adadin sulfate na 600. mg/lita bisa ga wani bincike daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Amurka a shekarata 1962. Wasu illolin da aka samu sun haɗa da rashin ruwa, tare da yawan adadin sodium ko magnesium sulfate a cikin abincin mutane bisa ga wani bincike a shekarata 1980, tare da wasu mutane, kamar yara da tsofaffi, ana ganin su a matsayin haɗari mafi girma a rayuwarsu. An gudanar da bincike a Arewacin Dakota Amurka don gano ko akwai dalilin da zai haifar da lahani kai tsaye daga samun sulfur a cikin ruwan sha. Daga wannan bayanan, an tabbatar da cewa ruwa ya ƙunshi fiye da 750 MG na sulfate a kowace lita ya kasance saboda tasirin laxative, kuma ƙasa da 600 bai kasance ba. Damuwa A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka (CDC), shan ruwa tare da yawan sinadarin sulfate na iya haifar da gudawa, musamman ga jarirai. Abubuwan al'adu Noma A Jami'ar Wyoming a Amurka, an yi nazarin ruwa na sulfur don ganin tasirin da zai iya haifar da aikin tuƙi da ke kan ab abinci. Saboda sulfur kasancewar abin da ake bukata ga abubuwa masu rai, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi muhimman amino acid waɗanda ake amfani da su don ƙirƙirar sunadaran, ruwan sulfur, wanda galibi ana samunsa a Yammacin Amurka, shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sulfur a cikin abincin garke. Duk da haka, tare da garke shan ruwa mai yawa na sulfur, ruminants na iya yin kwangilar sulfur induced polioencephalomalacia (sPEM), wanda ke da ciwon jijiya. Saboda wannan binciken, binciken yayi ƙoƙarin cimma burin nemo wani ƙarin abinci wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don magance mummunan tasirin lafiya akan tuƙi. Don rage yawan sulfur a cikin abincin da ake ci, ƙwayoyin cuta na ruminal suna rushe abin da ya wuce, wanda ya haifar da Hydrogen Sulfide, wanda ke narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma yayin da zafin jiki ya karu, solubility yana raguwa, wanda zai haifar da iskar hydrogen sulfide da dabba ta sake dawowa. haifar da sulfur induced polioencephalomalacia. Binciken ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware wannan batu ta hanyar gabatar da clinoptilolite zuwa abincin garke, amma ya sami shaidar da ba ta dace ba wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin nazarin tasirin clinoptilolite akan methanogenesis da biohydrogenation. Sulfur Springs Mineral Spring Hakanan an yi imanin cewa akwai fa'idodi masu yawa na kiwon lafiya a cikin ruwan sulfur, tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na sulfur abu ne na gama gari a cikin al'adu da yawa. Ana iya samun irin waɗannan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a ƙasashe da yawa kamar New Zealand, Japan da Girka. Waɗannan maɓuɓɓugan sulfur galibi ana ƙirƙira su ne saboda ayyukan volcanic na gida wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga dumama tsarin ruwa na kusa. Hakan ya faru ne saboda aman wuta da ke fitar da tururin ruwa da ke lullube cikin karafa, tare da sulfur dioxide daya daga cikinsu. A cikin New Zealand, Tsibirin Arewa ya shahara a cikin shekarata 1800s, tare da dumama baho daga wani dutse mai aman wuta kusa da garin Rotorua Akwai wuraren tafki masu zafi guda kimanin 28 waɗanda baƙi za su iya jiƙa da kansu tare da baho na sulfur. Wani sanannen marmaro shi ne maɓuɓɓugan ruwa a ƙasar Girka, Thermopylae, wanda ke nufin maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi" Dalili da magani Yanayin yana nuna babban matakin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage sulfate a cikin ruwa. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda amfani da ruwan rijiyar, ruwan birni mara kyau, ko gurɓatar ruwan dumama. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don magance sulfur a cikin ruwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da Tace ruwa ta amfani da matatar carbon (mai amfani ga ƙaramin adadin hydrogen sulfide) Tace ruwan ta cikin gwangwani na manganese oxide mai rufi kore Aeration na ruwa Chlorination na ruwa (ana iya amfani dashi don magance yawan adadin hydrogen sulfide) Matakan sulfur a cikin ruwa a duniya Tsarin Kula da Muhalli na Duniya don Ruwan Ruwa (GEMS/Ruwa) ya ce ruwan da aka saba da shi yana ɗaukar kusan 20. MG lita na sulfur, kuma zai iya bambanta daga 0 zuwa 630 MG lita a cikin koguna, 2 zuwa 250 MG lita a cikin tabkuna da 0 zuwa 230 mg/lita a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa An gano ruwan sama na Kanada yana da adadin sulfate na 1.0 da 3.8 mg/L a cikin shekarata 1980, wanda aka samo a cikin binciken da Franklin ya buga a 1985. Yammacin Kanada a cikin koguna sun kasance daga 1 zuwa 3040 MG/lita, tare da mafi yawan taro kasa da 580 mg/lita bisa ga sakamakon muhallin Kanada a shekarata 1984. Kanada ta Tsakiya tana da matakan da suma sun yi girma a Saskatchewan, akwai matsakaicin matakan 368 mg/lita a cikin ruwan sha daga kayan ruwa na ƙasa, da 97 MG/lita a cikin kayan ruwa na saman, tare da kewayon 32170 mg/lita. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Kanada ya gano cewa a zahiri maganin rage sulfur a cikin ruwan sha ya karu. An gudanar da wannan a cikin Ontario, wanda ke da ma'anar sulfur matakin 12.5 MG lita lokacin da ba a kula da shi ba, kuma 22.5 mg lita bayan magani. Netherlands tana da ƙasa da 150 MG/lita yawan ruwa na sulfur a cikin samar da ruwa na karkashin kasa. Kashi 65% na masana'antar sarrafa ruwa sun ruwaito cewa matakin sulfur na ruwan sha ya kasance ƙasa da 25 mg/lita, kamar yadda aka samo a cikin binciken Dijk-Looijaard Fonds a shekarata 1985. Amurka tana da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a cikin shekarata 1970 don auna matakan sulfate a tushen ruwan sha a yankuna daban-daban guda tara. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan kayayyakin ruwan saman sama 106 da aka zayyana suna da sulfate, da kuma 645 daga cikin 658 da aka yi gwajin. Matakan sulfur da aka samo sun kasance daga ƙasa da 1 MG lita zuwa 770. Muhalli Saboda sulfates da ake amfani da su a cikin samfuran masana'antu, galibi ana fitar da su cikin ruwa a cikin muhalli. Wannan ya haɗa da ma'adinai, masana'anta da sauran hanyoyin masana'antu waɗanda suka haɗa da amfani da sulfates. Sulfates, irin su magnesium, potassium da sodium duk suna narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, wanda shine abin da ke haifar da ruwan sulfur, yayin da sauran sulfates waɗanda suke da ƙarfe, kamar calcium da barium ba su da narkewa. Sulfur dioxide na yanayi, kuma yana iya cutar da ruwa mai zurfi, kuma sulfur trioxide zai iya haɗuwa da tururin ruwa a cikin iska, kuma ya haifar fa irin wannan Ruwan Na sufates, ko abin da ake kira ruwan sama na acid. Manazarta Hydrogen sulfide a cikin ruwan sha Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, Ofishin Ruwan Sha da Ruwan Qasa, Tasirin Lafiya Daga Bayyanawa zuwa Manyan Sulfate a Nazarin Ruwan Sha, Janairu 1999 Ruwa Magani Muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

60668

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20McKenzie

Amanda McKenzie

Amanda McKenzie mai sharhi ce ta jama'a kan rikicin yanayi a Ostiraliya. Ita ce Shugaba kuma mai haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Climate, babbar ƙungiyar sadarwar kimiyyar yanayi ta Ostiraliya. A baya can, McKenzie ya kafa haɗin gwiwar Youth Climate Coalition na Australiya, kuma ya kasance Daraktanta na kasa tsawon shekaru Huɗu. Ta kuma yi aiki akan Sabbin ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Makamashi don gwamnatocin Queensland da Northern Territory. McKenzie shi ne shugaban cibiyar Cibiyar Ci gaban Ostiraliya, kuma tsohon Darakta ne a Plan International Australia da Cibiyar Whitlam. Ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da an gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 100 na Tasirin Westpac, kuma tazo ta ƙarshe a cikin lambar yabo ta Matasan Kasuwancin Matasa ta Telstra. Articles with hCards Rayuwar farko da aiki An girma McKenzie acikin unguwannin Melbourne. Ta sami digiri na fasaha a Jami'ar Melbourne, sannan ta sami digiri na shari'a (girmama) a Jami'ar Monash. Da farko tayi shirin zama lauya mai kare hakkin dan Adam, har sai da ta samu labarin sauyin yanayi, wanda ta ce ta gane zai zama 'masifar dan Adam kamar bala'in muhalli'. Acikin 2006 McKenzie ya kafa Ƙungiyar Matasan Yanayi ta Australiya, wacce ta zama "ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kan sauyin yanayi a Australia, tare da mambobi sama da 100,000". Tana cikin kwamitin Cibiyar Ci gaban Ostiraliya da kuma kan hukumar Plan International Australia. Acikin 2011 McKenzie ya shiga Hukumar Kula da Yanayi a matsayin babban mai bada shawara kan harkokin sadarwa. Gwamnatin Abbott ta rusa Hukumar Kula da Yanayi acikin 2013, sannan McKenzie ya haɗu kuma ya jagoranci yaƙin neman tallafi mafi girma a Ostiraliya a lokacin. Da ta ji labarin cewa za a rushe Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, ta ce wa Tim Flannery, "Ya za'a yi idan muka mai da wannan cibiyar ta jama'a kuma jama'a ta dauki nauyinta a matsayin ba don riba ba?" Tim kawai ya shafa hannayensa ya ce, "Wannan babban ra'ayi ne." Wannan ya sa aka samu dala miliyan 1 na kudade a cikin ‘yan kwanakin farko, dala miliyan 1.3 a cikin kudade a cikin kwanaki 10 daga tarin mutane 16,000. Wannan tallafin ya ba wa hukumar damar sake buɗewa a matsayin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, ba ƙungiyar riba ba. Canjin yanayi da shawarwari masu sabuntawa McKenzie shine Shugaba na Majalisar Kula da Yanayi, wata ƙungiyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta ta Ostiraliya, wacce ta kunshi wasu manyan masana kimiyyar yanayi na kasar, kiwon lafiya, sabunta makamashi da masana manufofi. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin McKenzie, Majalisar Kula da Yanayi ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake fasalin tattaunawar jama'a game da sauyin yanayi a Ostiraliya, ta motsa muhawarar jama'a zuwa tattaunawa game da mafita, kamar makamashi mai sabuntawa; canza fahimtar jama'a game da matsanancin yanayi da sauyin yanayi tare da jefa kuri'a na jama'a yana nuna cewa ƙara yawan jama'a yana danganta biyu; da kuma daukaka makamashin da ake sabuntawa zuwa wani babban batu na siyasa. McKenzie yana da sha'awar samun aiki mai ma'ana kan sauyin yanayi kuma baya jin tsoron kiran shugabanninmu lokacin da ba su yi isa ba don kare Australiya daga mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi da kuma rungumar fasahohi masu tsabta da muke da su a hannu. Acikin 2019 ta bayyana cewa iƙirarin Morrison na cewa "Ostiraliya na yin isasshe kan sauyin yanayi babban bijimai ne t." Ta kuma ba da rahoto a cikin 2019 cewa 'yan Australiya za su yi mamakin abin da Gwamnatin Tarayya keyi. Rahoton Majalisar Climate "Climate Cuts, Cover Ups and Censorship" ya bada shaida cewa gwamnatin tarayya ta Ostiraliya ta rage yawan kudade na sauyin yanayi, 'raunanniyar iyakoki ta hanyar yanke ayyuka a CSIRO '."Ina tsammanin yawancin 'yan Australia za su fusata idan sun san cikakken labarin," in ji McKenzie. "Gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta rage kudaden tallafin kimiyyar yanayi, ta tantance muhimman bayanai da kuma yin ikirarin karya akai-akai." Mai jarida McKenzie mai sharhi ne a kafafen yada labarai akai-akai kan batutuwan yanayi da makamashi. McKenzie yayi magana acikin kafofin watsa labarai kan batutuwa irin su Tsabtace Tsabtace Ayyukan Ayyuka na Majalisar, da ke danganta wutar daji ta bazara da canjin yanayi, da muhawarar makamashi a Ostiraliya. Misali, SBS ta tabo rahoton Hukumar Kula da Yanayi a makonnin da suka gabata gabanin zaben tarayya na 2019. "Rashin zafi yayi zafi kuma ya dade yana dadewa, yayin da fari, tsananin ruwan sama da yanayin gobarar daji suka kara tsananta," in ji McKenzie."Yayin da 'yan Australiya ke fuskantar sakamako mai tsanani a nan gaba, mai yiwuwa su kalli wannan lokacin da aka rasa damar da aka rasa da kuma gazawar jagoranci cikin tsananin damuwa." Ta kuma yi rubuce-rubuce kan lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ta fitar da alkalumansu na fitar da iskar Carbon, a lokacin Kirsimeti lokacin da jama'a ke shagala, da yadda hayakin Carbon na Australia ya tashi a cikin shekarun 2014-2019. Ayyukanta game da canjin yanayi da makamashi mai sabuntawa, Huffington Post, ABC, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai A cikin 2019 ta kasance mai magana ga Smart Energy da Climate. Webinar gaggawa. Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2020 Gayyatar Muhimmiyar Bikin Murnar Mata acikin Ƙarfafawa. 2017 Gayyatar Keynote MLC mace mai tasiri. 2014 Binciken Kuɗi na Australiya (AFR) mace mai tasiri. 2011 TEDx Melbourne mai magana. 2010 Manyan Tsofaffin Daliban Jami'ar Monash. 2010 halarci Zagaye na Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi na Jam'iyyu da yawa. Ya jagoranci tawagar matasan Australiya zuwa taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi a Bali, Poznan da Copenhagen. 2009 Matashin masanin muhalli na shekara. 2009 Rotary Young Achiever of the year. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizon Majalisar Yanayi Channel na YouTube Channel Climate Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

24341

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Asafu-Adjaye

Edward Asafu-Adjaye

Sir Edward Okyere Asafu-Adjaye (1903–1976) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne, lauya kuma jami’in diflomasiyya. Shi ne lauyan Ashanti na farko kuma Babban Kwamishinan Ghana na farko a Burtaniya tare da ba da izini ga Faransa a lokaci guda. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1903 a Calabar, Najeriya, inda mahaifinsa ke aiki a matsayin mashahurin ɗan kasuwa. Bayan ya gaji da kasuwancinsa a Calabar, mahaifinsa; Opanyin Asafu Adjaye ya kawo shi Kumasi inda ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Samari ta Kumasi. Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Adisadel, Cape Coast inda ya samu takardar shedar cambridge. Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Jami'ar London. A can ya ci lambar yabo ta "Profumo Prize" saboda kasancewar sa ƙwararren masanin shari'a, sakamakon rawar da ya taka a jarrabawar ƙarshe ta Jami'ar (LLB). Aiki An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na ciki, United Kingdom a 1927, a cikin wannan shekarar ya koma Kogin Zinariya don yin aikin doka. Ya shiga ɗakin Sir Henley Kobina Coussey don hidimar ɗalibin lauya, kafin ya fara aikin sa na kansa. Ya kafa dakunansa: E.O.Asafu Adjaye Co a Accra a 1927. Dakunan suna da hedikwata a Kumasi daga 1934 zuwa 1951. Ya yi aiki a wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu; ya yi aiki a matsayin darakta na Bankin Barclay (Ghana) Ltd, Mobil Oil (Ghana Ltd), Consolidated African Selection Trust Ltd., Shugaban Majalisar Masu sassaucin ra'ayi na Afirka, memba na Majalisar zartarwa na Gwamna na Kwalejin Adisadel da sauran kwamitoci da kungiyoyi da yawa. ciki har da Jami'ar Ghana. Siyasa Bayan ɗan lokaci a cikin aikin sirri ya shiga siyasar Kogin Zinariya. Ya fara aiki a matsayin babban memba na Ashanti Kotoko Society da Ashanti Confederacy Council (yanzu Asanteman Council) a 1934. Ya kasance memba na tawagar Kogin Zinariya da ta sadu da Sakataren Gwamnatin Burtaniya na yankuna don yin zanga -zangar adawa da Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa da Dokar Sedition. Shi, tare da Dr J. B. Danquah, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cimma haɗin gwiwar Ashanti Colony Collaboration wanda ya haifar da Tsarin Mulki na 1946. An nada shi a matsayin memba na majalisar dokoki a 1946 kuma a cikin 1951, an zabi shi a matsayin wakilin Asanteman. A wannan shekarar kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar ministocin farko ta Dr.Kwame Nkrumah ta 195PP CPP. A shekarar 1954 aka nada shi ministan kasuwanci da kwadago. Alƙawura da alƙawura na duniya Bangaren kasa da kasa, an aiko shi ya wakilci kasar a lokacin Sarautar Sarki George VI a 1937 da Sarauniyar Ingila ta yanzu; Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu a shekarar 1953. Ya yi aiki a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hanyoyin zaman lafiya. Ya kuma yi hidima a kan th Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Ghana a 1957 an nada shi Babban Kwamishina na farko a Burtaniya tare da amincewa da Faransa a lokaci guda Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Abubuwan da suka yi nuni da zamansa a wannan ofishin sun haɗa da farmakin da aka kai masa wanda ya yi kanun labarai na duniya wanda aka yi ayyuka masu yawa na ilimi; a cikin Janairu 1959, Patrice Lumumba, Firayim Minista na Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo, ya zauna a The Ritz Hotel, London kuma ya sadu da Adjaye da wasu a cikin gidan abincin. 'Yan kabilar Mosley ne wadanda suka damu da al'amuran haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kongo a lokacin, suka yi zanga -zanga a wajen otal ɗin, tare da nuna tutoci kamar "YAN FYADEN YARA TAFI GIDA" tare da fitar da fatar launin fata. An kai wa Adjaye hari ne lokacin da yake barin otal din, duk da cewa ana hasashen cewa ya yi kuskure da Lumumba. Mai Martaba Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta karrama shi a yayin da ya amince da nasarorin da ya samu a cikin gida da na duniya. A cikin 1962 ya kasance memba na mutum uku (wanda ya haɗa da Sir Henry Wynn Parry da Adalci Gopal Das Khosla na Indiya) kwamitin da aka sani da Wynn-Parry Commission of Enquiry da aka kafa a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1962 don bincika musabbabin tashin hankalin siyasa. a Guyana wanda ya faru a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1962, wanda aka fi sani da tarihin Guyana da "Black Friday". Hakanan yana ɗaya daga cikin membobi huɗu waɗanda suka haɗa da Alva Myrdal na Sweden (Shugaban,) Josip Djerdja na Yugoslavia (wanda ya yi murabus daga Kungiyar a watan Maris 1964), Ahmed Ould Sidi Baba na Morocco da Sir. Hugh Foot na Burtaniya, wanda babban sakataren Majalisar Uinkin Duniya U Thant ya nada don bincika matsalar fashewar manufofin ƙabilun Afirka ta Kudu daidai da ƙudurin Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 4 ga Disamba 1963. Mutuwa Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1976.

30481

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20Ghana

Sare dazuzzuka a Ghana

Dazuzzuka sun mamaye kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ɗaukacin ƙasar Ghana, tare da gandun daji na kasuwanci a kudancin Ghana. Tarihi Bangaren gandun daji na Ghana ya kai kashi 4.2 na GDP a shekarar 1990; katako ya kasance kasa ta uku wajen samun kudin waje. Tun daga shekarata 1983 gandun daji ya ci moriyar fiye da dalar Amurka miliyan 120 a cikin saka hannun jari kuma ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa, wanda ya haifar da riba biyu tsakanin shekarun 1985 da 1990. A cikin 1993 kayan katako da kayan itace sun kai dalar Amurka miliyan 140 akan matakin da aka yi niyya na dalar Amurka miliyan 130. Tsakanin Janairu zuwa Nuwamba 1994, fitar da kayayyaki ya kai ton 919,000 kuma ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 212. Har zuwa shekarun 1980, noman gandun daji ya sha wahala saboda cedi mai kima da tabarbarewar kayayyakin sufuri. Samar da gandun daji ya ragu da kashi 66 cikin 100 a tsakanin shekarun 1970-81 da katakon katako da kashi 47 cikin dari. Fitar da kayayyaki ya ragu daga dalar Amurka miliyan 130 a shekarar 1973 zuwa dalar Amurka miliyan 15 a shekarar 1983, kuma kamfanoni hudu da ke cikin kasa sun yi fatara a wannan lokacin. An ba fannin gandun daji girma a cikin shekarata 1986, tare da dala miliyan 24 na gyaran katako, wanda ke ba da kuɗin shigo da kayan aikin katako. Sakamakon haka, samar da katako ya karu da kashi 65 cikin 100 a 1984-87, kuma kudaden shiga na fitar da kayayyaki ya karu da kashi 665 cikin shekarun 1983-88. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rushe tsohuwar Hukumar Tallace-tallacen katako ta Ghana kuma an maye gurbinsu da wasu hukumomi biyu, Hukumar Bunkasa Fitar da katako—mai alhakin tallace-tallace da farashi, da kuma Hukumar Binciken Kayayyakin Gandun Daji—wanda ke da alhakin lura da kwangiloli, kula da inganci, samfuran ƙima, da kuma yin aiki kamar yadda ya kamata. mai sa ido kan hada-hadar haram. Wasu daga cikin kuɗaɗen waje sun sami waɗannan sauye-sauyen cibiyoyi, yayin da yawancin sauran sun ba da kuɗin sarrafa gandun daji da bincike gami da kayan aikin katako, niƙa, da masana'antu. Sashin dai ya fuskanci matsaloli da dama. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne sare itatuwa mai tsanani Karni da suka wuce, gandun dajin Ghana na dazuzzukan dazuzzukan ya fara ne daga kusan tsakiyar kasar zuwa kudu zuwa teku. Haka kuma, kusan rabin kasar na cike da dazuzzuka, wadanda suka hada da nau'in itatuwa 680 da nau'in mahoganies da dama. Yawancin wannan itacen an yanke shi. A farkon shekarun 1990, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar ne har yanzu ake dazuzzuka, sannan kuma ba duk wannan yana da darajar kasuwanci ba. Wannan lamarin ya tilastawa gwamnati yin zaɓe mai wahala tsakanin samun kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake buƙata da kuma kiyayewa. Aikin kula da albarkatun gandun daji, wani bangare na shirin farfado da tattalin arziki (ERP), an fara shi ne a shekarar 1988, kuma a shekarar 1989 gwamnati ta hana fitar da nau'in katako na nau'i goma sha takwas zuwa kasashen waje. Sannan Daga baya gwamnati ta tsawaita jerin sunayen kuma ta sanya manyan ayyuka a kan sauran nau'ikan, tana shirin kawar da fitar da katako da busassun katako gaba daya nan da shekarata 1994. Maimakon haka, gwamnati ta yi fatan ƙara yawan sayar da kayan itace don maye gurbin abin da ake samu daga gundumomi. Kuma Alkaluman gwamnati sun nuna cewa tsayin daka mai kubik daya na katako da katako sun ninka adadin katakon katako sau biyu; veneers da aka samu sau biyar; da sauran kayayyakin, kamar kayan daki da benaye, sun sami sau shida farashin kwatankwacin adadin katako. Ingantattun masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki ya sa kayayyakin itace (ban da katako) ya kai kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na abin da ake samu na fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a shekarar 1991, wanda ya kai kashi 6.9 na yawan fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje. Ta hanyar kwatanta, samfuran itace suna wakiltar kashi 11 cikin ɗari na samun kuɗi da kashi 5.5 na ƙara a cikin shakarar 1985. Faduwar adadin tallace-tallacen da aka ƙididdige ta rajistan ayyukan ya kasance tare da faɗuwar ban mamaki a cikin rabon da suke samu, daga kashi 50-60 cikin ɗari a tsakiyar shekarata 1980 zuwa kashi 23 cikin ɗari a 1990. Bayanin A farkon shekarun 1990, akwai kusan na'urorin sarrafa katako 220 a Ghana, amma masana'antar tana aiki a ƙarƙashin wasu matsaloli. Yawancin buƙatun ƙetare shine busasshen kayayyakin kiln, kuma masana'antun Ghana ba su da isassun kiln ɗin da za su iya biyan wannan bukata. Hanyar sarrafa busasshen iska mai arha ba ta gamsar ba saboda busasshen itacen da iska yakan haifar da lalacewa cikin lokaci. Ƙwararrun saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ba su da kyau sosai a wannan fannin kamar yadda a wasu, misali, hakar ma'adinai Bugu da ƙari, ababen more rayuwa a Yankin Yamma inda ake sarrafa katako na cigaba da yin watsi da su idan aka kwatanta da yankunan haƙar ma'adinai da koko Sauran matsalolin sun haɗa da rashin ƙwarewa a matakan fasaha da gudanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1986 aka samu rahoton badakalar a masana'antar gandun daji ta Ghana, kuma ta sake barkewa a farkon shekarar 1992. Shahararriyar al'amarin ya shafi katako na Afirka da Plywood, wanda ya kasance mafi yawan masu fitar da gundumomi a Ghana. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara aikin farfado da dalar Amurka miliyan 36 domin bunkasa noman kamfanin. Kuma A shekara ta 1992 an yi zargin an sace kudi dalar Amurka miliyan 2.3 daga aikin ta hanyar munanan ayyuka, kuma an kama wasu jami’ai., ƙungiyar kare muhalli, Abokan Duniya, sun yi zargin cewa an sami ƙarin sata daga kamfanoni na waje wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 50 a cikin tsabar kudi a cikin 1980s. A shekarar 1992 gwamnati ta fara bincike kan ayyukan daruruwan kamfanoni, na kasashen waje da na cikin gida, wadanda ake zargi da yin mu’amalar da ba bisa ka’ida ba da suka hada da fasa- kwauri, da zamba, da karya ka’idojin kudin gida, cin hanci da rashawa, cin hanci da kuma rashin biyan kudaden masarautu Sai dai kuma cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu, ta yadda za a duba ko hukumomin Ghana za su daina aikata laifukan da suka shafi katako nan ba da jimawa ba. Duba kuma Noma a Indiya Tattalin arzikin Ghana Magana Hanyoyin haɗi na

21657

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl%20Bangoura

Ismaël Bangoura

Ismaël Bangoura (an haife shi ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 1985). ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Guinea da ke bugawa kungiyar Al-Taraji wasa. Koda yake matsayinsa na farko shi ne dan wasan gaba, Bangoura shi ma ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe da kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare-haren neman zira kwallo a raga. Kulub Fara Kwallo Bangoura ya fara aikin sa ne a Athlético Coléah na cikin gida, kafin yan wasan faransa Gazélec Ajaccio suka hango shi. Ya shiga cikin Harshen Kosikan gefe, ya jefa kwallaye 15 a wasanni 44 ga sabon kulob din, kafin ya koma Faransa Ligue 1 gefen Le Mans a shekara ta 2005. Ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2005 a karawar da suka yi da Marseille ta Faransa, inda ya fara wasansa na farko da kwallaye a ragar abokan karawarsa da ci 3-0. Ya kammala kakarsa ta farko bayan ya buga wasanni 23, inda ya ci kwallaye shida. Shine ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a Le Mans a kakar shekarun 2006 2007, inda ya ci kwallaye 12 cikin wasanni 33 sannan kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar Lig 1. Dynamo Kyiv A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2007, Bangoura ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da Dynamo Kyiv An kiyasta kudin canja wurin kusan 5 miliyan. Bangoura da sauri ya zama mai son masoya, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai burin zira kwallaye. An san shi da yin biki tare da takwaransa kuma mai tsaron baya na kasar Senegal Pape Diakhaté, kama da rawar Afirka. Yin wasa a Kyiv ya ba Bangoura damar nuna kwarewarsa a gasar Turai, tare da ƙungiyar da ke wasa a kakar shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2008 Dan wasan gaban ya yi amfani da damar sosai, inda ya ci kwallaye uku a wasanni uku ga Yukren, ciki har da bugun yadi 25 a kan Manchester United a karawar da suka sha kashi 4-2 a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007. Bangoura ya kuma zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Shakhtar Donetsk a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007, wanda ya kare da ci 2-1. Bangoura ya ci kwallo a karawa ta biyu a gasar cin kofin UEFA a karawar da suka doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 3 da nema, inda ya aika Dynamo Kyiv zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, inda Shakhtar Donetsk ta buge ta bayan ta sha kashi ci 2-3 a jumulla. Stade Rennais A ranar 2 ga watan yulin shekarar 2009, Bangoura ya sanya hannu tare da Rennes kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu daga Dynamo Kyiv akan Yuro miliyan 11. Bangoura ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2009, inda ya zira kwallaye a raga a wasan da suka doke Boulogne da ci 3 da 0. Al Nasr SC A ranar 2 watan Satumba shekarar 2010, Bangoura ya sanya hannu kan Al Nasr SC Dubai akan kwangilar shekaru huɗu akan ƙididdigar kuɗin da aka yi imanin be 8 miliyan. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 16 ga Satumbar 2010 a wasan da suka doke Al-Ahli Dubai da ci 3-1. A lokacin kakar 2010–11, ya zura kwallaye 10 daga wasanni 17 a gasar laliga kuma Al Nasr da sauran kulaflikan Emirati sun yaba masa. A farkon kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2011 zuwa shekara ta 12, ya yanke shawarar barin kungiyar na wani dan lokaci domin buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, wanda hakan zai sa bai samu kusan watanni biyu ba. Al Nasr ya yarda da shawarar sa, amma bai jira shi ba. Bangoura ya maye gurbinsa da wasu yan wasan Brazil Careca da dan Ivory Coast Amara Diané. Manajan kungiyar Khalid Obaid ya bayyana cewa an yanke shawarar zai dade ba ya nan kuma wannan ba zai amfani kungiyar ba. Nantes Bangoura ya koma FC Nantes a gasar Lig 2 ta Faransa a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2012 kan yarjejeniyar shekara biyu da rabi. Al Nasr SC daga baya ya tuhumi Bangoura saboda keta yarjejeniyar kwangila. Kwamitin sasanta rikicin FIFA ya tabbatar da ikirarin daga kungiyar ta UAE tare da umartar Bangoura da Nantes da su hada baki su biya fan miliyan 4.5 a matsayin diyya. An kuma dakatar da Bangoura na tsawon watanni huɗu kuma an hana Nantes yin canjin a cikin tagogin sau biyu a jere (bazara da hunturu ko kuma kaka ɗaya). Duk bangarorin biyu sun daukaka kara zuwa Kotun sasanta rikicin wasanni. Kafin FIFA DRC ta kammala, a ranar 10 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2012, Bangoura ta bi Ummu Salal a kungiyar Qatar Stars League kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na wani lokaci. Yayi aiki da hanin tare da Qatar na kimanin watanni 2. Ayyukan duniya Rayuwar mutum A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018 kotun Faransa ta same shi da laifin zamba tare da cin tarar sa 130,000; an kuma kwace gidansa. A karshen watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020 Ismaël ya yi hira ta musamman da kamfanin dillacin labarai na kwallon kafa na Ukraine "FootballHub" tare da yabo na yabo ga 'yan wasan Yukren da dama da kuma Dynamo Kyiv gaba daya. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed

30105

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20kare%20muhalli%20da%20dokokin%20kare%20halittu

Dokar kare muhalli da dokokin kare halittu

Dokar kare Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Halittu 1999 (Dokar EPBC), doguwar taken Dokar da ke da alaƙa da kariyar muhalli da kiyaye rayayyun halittu, da dalilai masu alaƙa, Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya ce da ke ba da tsari don kariyar yanayin Ostiraliya, gami da bambancin halittunsa da muhimman wurare na halitta da na al'ada. An kafa shi a ranar 17 ga Yuli shekarata 2000, ya kafa matakai daban-daban don taimakawa karewa da inganta farfadowar jinsunan da ke barazana da al'ummomin muhalli, da kiyaye manyan wurare daga raguwa. Dokar EPBC ta kasance Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Ruwa da Muhalli ke gudanarwa. Lissafin nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka yi barazanar an zana su a ƙarƙashin Dokar, kuma waɗannan jerin sunayen, na farko game da nau'in barazana a Ostiraliya, suna samuwa a kan layi ta hanyar Bayanan Bayanan Bayani da Barazana SPRAT A matsayinta na Dokar Majalisar Australiya, ta dogara da ingancinta na tsarin mulki bisa ikon ikon majalisar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya ya bayar, kuma manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun fi dogara ne akan wasu yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a ko na ƙasashen biyu. Yawan bita-da-kulli, bincike da tantancewa na Dokar sun gano cewa dokar tana da kurakurai sosai don haka ba ta samar da isasshen kariya ga muhalli ba. Dokar tana yin bitar doka mai zaman kanta karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Graeme Samuel AC Kuma Bayan fitar da rahoton wucin gadi a watan Yuli, Ministar Muhalli Sussan Ley ta gabatar da kudurin dokar gyara EPBC a majalisar a ranar 27 ga Agusta shekarata 2020. Tarihi Dokar Kare Muhalli da Tsarin Halitta na shekarata 1999 (dogon lakabi Dokar da ta shafi kare muhalli da kiyaye nau'ikan halittu, da dalilai masu alaƙa wanda kuma aka sani da Dokar EPBC, ta maye gurbin dokar kiyaye gandun daji ta ƙasa da namun daji. Shekarar 1975, bayan an soke wannan doka ta Dokar Gyaran Muhalli (Sharuɗɗa masu tasiri) a shekarata 1999 Dokar sake fasalin muhalli ta kuma soke wasu ayyuka hudu: Dokar Kare Muhalli (Tasirin Shawarwari) Dokar a shekarata 1974 Dokar Kare Irin Haɗari a shekarata 1992 Dokar Kare Kayayyakin Tarihi ta Duniya 1983 da Dokar Kariyar Whale 1980 Wannan Dokar kuma ta yi canje-canje masu mahimmanci ga wasu dokoki, da shirye-shiryen gudanarwa daban-daban, wanda sabon tsarin da Dokar EPBC ta gabatar. Dokar EPBC ta sami izinin sarauta a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1999 kuma ta fara ranar 16 ga Yuli shekarata 2000. Dokokin Kare Muhalli da Ka'idodin Kare Halittu na 2000 kuma sun fara a ranar 16 ga Yuli shekarar 2000, (tare da gyare-gyare 21 har zuwa na ƙarshe akan 17 Disamba na shekarata 2018 Manufar ƙa'idodin shine don ba da tasiri ga tanadin Dokar EPBC Dokar EPBC ta yi gyare-gyare da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. Manyan gyare-gyare sun haɗa da: An kafa jerin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa ta hanyar gyara a cikin Satumba shekarar 2003. gyare-gyaren da aka yi a watan Fabrairun 2007 da nufin tabbatar da Dokar "mafi inganci da inganci ta hanyar amfani da, a wani bangare, dabarun dabarun magance matsalolin muhalli, rage lokaci da farashin sarrafawa, da kuma samar da karfi na tilastawa". Gaggarumin gyare-gyare ga dokar EPBC ya zama doka a ranar 22 ga Yuni shekarata 2013, wanda aka fi sani da "Water trigger", wanda ya sanya albarkatun ruwa wani lamari mai mahimmancin muhalli na kasa, dangane da iskar gas din kwal da manyan ci gaban hakar kwal "Kantin tasha daya" A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarata 2013 Ministan Muhalli ya sanar da cewa gwamnati ta amince da wani tsari na "shago daya tilo" tsarin amincewa da muhalli don ba da izinin tsarin tsare-tsare na jihohi a karkashin dokar muhalli ta kasa, "don samar da tsarin tantance muhalli guda daya da kuma amincewa ga al'amuran da ke kare kasa. A ranar 16 ga Yuni shekarata 2014 gyare-gyaren da aka tsara sun wuce Majalisar Wakilai, duk da adawa daga masu fafutukar kare muhalli da manyan masu sharhi kan shari'a wadanda suka soki Dokar kuma sun nuna damuwa game da tawagar ikon amincewa da muhalli na Commonwealth. Nau'o'i daban-daban na yarjejeniyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu ("ƙima" da "yarda") tare da kowace jiha da ƙasa da aka tanadar don aiwatar da amincewa, dangane da buƙatu daban-daban, don haifar da ko dai yanke shawarar amincewa biyu da sharuɗɗa biyu, ko yanke shawara ɗaya kawai, wanda ya haɗa da sharuɗɗa (idan ya dace), yin. Bayani Dokar EPBC ta kafa amfani da Dokokin Kare Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Halittu, waɗanda suka ba da izinin ba da izini da izini don ayyuka da yawa kan ƙasa da ƙasar Commonwealth da ke shafar Commonwealth. Misali, Kuma ana yin kayyade da zabar furannin daji na kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin Dokar EPBC, kuma ba za a iya aiwatar da shi ba tare da izini da ya dace ba. Rashin bin dokar zai iya haifar da hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da gyara lalacewa, umarnin kotu, da laifuka da hukunce-hukuncen farar hula. Dokar EPBC ta kasance Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona, Ruwa da Muhalli ke gudanarwa. Batutuwan Muhimman Muhalli na Kasa the Act identifies nine Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES): Abubuwan Al'adun Duniya Wuraren gado na ƙasa gami da wuraren tarihi masu mahimmanci na ketare Tsirrai masu mahimmanci na duniya Ramsar wetlands) Nau'in da ke fuskantar barazanar ƙasa da al'ummomin muhalli nau'in ƙaura Yankunan ruwan Commonwealth Babban Barrier Reef Marine Park Ayyukan nukiliya (ciki har da hakar uranium da gina ma'ajin sharar nukiliya Albarkatun ruwa, dangane da haɓakar iskar gas ɗin kwal da manyan haƙar ma'adinai Dole ne a sake duba jerin duk bayan shekaru biyar, kuma gwamnati na iya ƙara sabbin al'amura a cikin wannan jerin ta ƙa'ida. Sannan "Idan matakin da aka tsara zai iya yin tasiri sosai a kowane fanni, yana iya buƙatar amincewar Commonwealth kafin a fara. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a dauki irin wannan matakin ba tare da amincewar Commonwealth ba." Batutuwan Muhimman Muhalli na Ƙasa: Muhimman ƙa'idodin tasiri 1.1 "ba da cikakken jagora game da tantance ko wani mataki na iya yin tasiri sosai a kan al'amarin da aka kiyaye a ƙarƙashin dokar muhalli ta ƙasa". Nau'in barazanar Jerin nau'ikan da aka yi barazanar, kamar dabbobin da aka yi barazanar, an zana su a ƙarƙashin Dokar kuma waɗannan jerin sunayen sune farkon magana game da nau'in barazanar a ƙasar Ostiraliya kuma ana samun su akan layi ta hanyar Bayanan Bayanin Species and Threats Database (SPRAT). Yarjejeniyoyi A matsayin Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya, ta dogara da ingancinta na Kundin Tsarin Mulki akan ikon ikon majalisar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ostiraliya ya bayar, Kuma wanda baya nuni ga muhalli. Don haka, mahimman tanadi na Dokar EPBC sun dogara ne akan yawancin yarjejeniyoyin da suka haɗa da: Yarjejeniyar Ramsar Yarjejeniyar Kan Dausayi na Muhimmancin Ƙasashen Duniya musamman a matsayin mazaunin ruwa na Waterfowl, 2 Fabrairu shekarata 1971 Yarjejeniyar Kayayyakin Tarihi ta Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kare Al'adu da Halitta ta Duniya, 23 Nuwamba shekarata 1972 Yarjejeniya kan Ciniki na Ƙasashen Duniya a cikin Nau'o'in Dabbobin daji da Flora CITES Washington DC, 3 Maris 1973 (an tilasta 1 Yuli 1975) Yarjejeniya kan Kiyaye nau'ikan ƙaura na Dabbobin daji (Taron Bonn), 23 Yuni shekarata 1979 Yarjejeniya kan Bambancin Halittu Rio de Janeiro, 5 ga Yuni 1992 Yarjejeniya ta biyu dangane da kiyaye tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura sun haɗa da: Yarjejeniyar Tsakanin Gwamnatin Japan da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya don Kare Tsuntsaye masu Hijira da Tsuntsaye cikin Haɗarin Kashewa da Muhallinsu JAMBA shekarar 1974 Yarjejeniyar tsakanin gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin don kare tsuntsaye masu hijira da muhallinsu CAMBA shekarar 1986 Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da Gwamnatin Koriya ta Koriya kan Kariyar Tsuntsaye masu Hijira ROKAMBA shekarar 2006. Mahimman gyare-gyare Canjin Kare Muhalli da Tsarin Halittu (Kwamitin Masana Kimiyya mai zaman kansa akan Gas Gas da Manyan Haƙar Ma'adinai) Dokar a shekarata 2012, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin Oktoba shekarata 2012, ta gyara dokar don buƙatar cewa "Dole ne Ministan ya sami shawara daga Kwamitin Kimiyya mai zaman kansa akan Coal. Seam Gas da Babban Ci gaban Ma'adinan Coal". The "water trigger" Mahimman tasiri akan kima na MNES a ƙarƙashin Dokar EPBC An ƙara sabon ƙaddamar da ƙima ga Dokar EPBC a tsakiyar shekarar 2013, ta hanyar Kariyar Muhalli da Dokar Kare Halitta ta shekarata 2013 Gyaran yana da alaƙa da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan albarkatun ruwa, misali inda ayyuka ta hanyar haɓakar haƙar ma'adinan kwal, musamman iskar gas na iya yin illa ga ruwan ƙasa a yankin. Tony Windsor ne ya gabatar da gyaran, sannan dan majalisar mai zaman kansa. Wannan ya zama sananne da "water trigger". the Australian Conservation Foundation is taking the Morrison government to court for failing to apply the water trigger when it assessed Adani's North Galilee Water Scheme, part of its essential infrastructure for the proposed Carmichael coal mine. Kudirin Gyaran EPBC na 2020 A ranar 27 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Ministar Muhalli, Sussan Ley, ta gabatar da Dokar Kare Muhalli da Amincewa da Halittu (Yawaita Amincewa da Muhalli) Bill a shekarata 2020 (Cth) (Kudirin Gyaran EPBC), wanda galibi yana nuna garambawul ga yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna. tanadin da aka fara gabatarwa a cikin shekarar 2014. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar za su sauƙaƙa kafa yarjejeniyoyin amincewa tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na jahohi, da kuma ƙara yin wahalar ƙalubalantar tsarin raba mulki a ƙarƙashin doka (ta hanyar fayyace cewa ba za a iya mayar da wani mataki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 7 na Dokar EPBC ba idan ya kasance. Yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna ta rufe. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da ƙyale ƙananan canje-canje ga tsarin tantance jihohi da yanki ba tare da yin tasiri ga yarjejeniyar tsakanin bangarorin biyu ba, kuma za a cire haramcin da ya shafi abubuwan da suka shafi "ruwan ruwa", ta yadda jihohi za su iya yanke shawarar kansu yayin tantance aikace-aikacen ta hanyar manyan kwal. ayyukan ma'adinai da kwal din gas wanda zai iya tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa. Canje-canjen da ake samarwa ba su haɗa da ƙa'idodin ƙasa waɗanda aka yi alkawarinsu ba. Bita, dubawa kimantawa Yawancin nazari, bincike, bita da kuma tambayoyin majalisa sun yi nazarin bangarori daban-daban na dokar a tsawon shekaru. Sashe na 522A na Dokar EPBC yana buƙatar gudanar da bita mai zaman kanta a kowace shekara 10, don bincika aikinta da kuma iyakar abin da aka sadu da shi. Wani bincike na shekarar 2005 ya duba musamman ga farfadowar jinsunan da ke barazana. A cikin shekarata 2006 Chris McGrath yayi nazarin ingancin tsarin mulki na Dokar EPBC da tasirinta wajen daidaita rashin bin doka bayan wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan guda biyu sun yi kira ga manyan canje-canje, inda ya kammala cewa yana da inganci bisa tsarin mulki kuma yana ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga Ostiraliya. dokar muhalli, da ribar da ta samu ya kamata a ci gaba da kasancewa idan da kuma lokacin da aka yi wasu gyare-gyare. 2007 dubawa Ofishin Bincike na Ƙasar Australiya (ANAO) ne ya buga bitar dokar da ayyukan da aka yi a ƙarƙashin Dokar a cikin Maris Na shekarar 2007, mai taken "Kiyaye da Kariya na Barazana na Ƙasa da Ƙungiyoyin Muhalli". Binciken ya caccaki Sashen Muhalli da Ruwan Ruwa bisa rashin aiki da hukumar EPBC; Abubuwan da aka gano na binciken sun haɗa da: cewa Sashen ya kasa kiyaye jerin nau'ikan da aka yi barazanar cikawa har zuwa yau kuma ya kasa shirya shirye-shiryen farfadowa; cewa har yanzu akwai sabani tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi da na yankuna na barazanar jinsuna; cewa saboda wani ɓangare ko na bayanan da ba daidai ba akwai haɗarin cewa za a iya yanke shawarar da ba daidai ba game da kiyayewa; kuma cewa an hana ma’aikatar kudaden da suka dace don biyan bukatunsu a karkashin dokar da Gwamnati ta yi har sau hudu. Shugaban kungiyar Greens ta Australiya Bob Brown ya ce binciken ya nuna cewa gwamnati ba ta samar da isassun kudade don kare yadda ya dace da nau'in flora, fauna da al'ummomin muhalli na Australia da ke cikin hadari Kuma Ya ce babu wani shiri na ceto uku daga cikin hudun da ake yi wa barazana. 2008-2009 nazari mai zaman kansa A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, shekarata 2008, Ministan Muhalli, Al'adu da Fasaha ya ba da umarnin sake duba dokar ta EPBC na shekaru 10 na farko. Dokta Allan Hawke ne ya jagoranci bita, wanda wani ƙwararrun kwamitin ya goyi bayan. Manufar rahoton ita ce sake duba aikin dokar kuma, daidai da manufar kare muhalli da bambancin halittu da kuma kula da tsarin muhalli, don ba da shawarar sake fasalin da: inganta dorewar ci gaban tattalin arzikin Ostiraliya rage da sauƙaƙe nauyin tsari tabbatar da ayyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar suna wakiltar mafi inganci kuma *hanyoyi masu inganci don cimma sakamakon muhalli da ake so sun dogara ne akan ingantaccen tsarin tarayya. An isar da "Rahoton Karshe" ga Ministan a ranar 30 ga Oktoba shekarata 2009 kuma an fitar da shi a bainar jama'a a ranar 21 ga Disamba shekarata 2009. A taƙaice dai, ta ce maganganun da jama'a suka yi na nuna goyon baya sosai ga dokar, kuma dokar ta kawo sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, kuma ta fuskoki da dama har yanzu ana kallon ta a matsayin jagora a duniya. Duk da haka ya haɗa da shawarwari guda 71, "an taƙaita cikin kunshin gyaran fuska wanda ke jujjuya tsari mai maki tara": sake gyara dokar don nuna kyakykyawan rawar da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta taka, da daidaita shirye-shiryenta da kuma sake mata suna da Dokar Muhalli ta Australiya kafa Hukumar Muhalli mai zaman kanta don ba da shawara ga gwamnati game da amincewar ayyukan, kimanta dabaru, tsare-tsaren bioregional da sauran hukunce-hukuncen doka; saka hannun jari a cikin ginshiƙan ingantaccen tsarin tsari kamar asusun muhalli na ƙasa, haɓaka ƙwarewa, jagorar manufofi, da samun mahimman bayanan sararin samaniya; daidaita yarda ta hanyar tsoma baki a cikin tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare da samar da ingantaccen amfani da dogaro ga kimanta dabarun, tsare-tsare na halittu da yarda da yarjejeniyoyin kasashen biyu; kafa Asusun Tallafawa Muhalli da tsarin 'biobanking' na kasa; samar da bincike na ayyukan muhalli da bincike; haifar da wani sabon al'amari na mahimmancin muhalli na ƙasa don 'tsarin muhalli mai mahimmanci na ƙasa' da kuma gabatar da wani yanayi na wucin gadi na greenhouse; inganta gaskiya wajen yanke shawara da samar da damar shiga kotuna don kararrakin maslahar jama'a; kuma wajabcin samar da rahotannin hangen nesa don taimakawa gwamnati ta shawo kan barazanar muhalli da ke kunno kai. 2018 invertebrate karatu A cikin shekarar 2018, bincike guda biyu sun kalli wakilcin nau'ikan da aka jera, da sauran kwari da invertebrates masu alaƙa, suna ba da shawarar sabon tsarin dabarun ƙasa don kiyaye waɗannan dabbobi. Rahoton Guardian 2018 A The Guardian ya ruwaito a cikin Maris Na shekarar 2018 cewa Ostiraliya ba ta lissafta kowane yanki mai mahimmanci a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, kuma yankuna biyar ne kawai aka yi rajista tun lokacin da aka gabatar da Dokar EPBC, kodayake fiye da nau'ikan 1,800 da al'ummomin muhalli sun kasance a matsayin barazana. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Ostiraliya na shirin share daga cikin gandun daji nan da shekarar 2030, yawancinsa a Queensland Ɗayan rauni na mahimmancin rijistar wurin zama shine cewa tanade-tanaden laifin sa ba ya shafi ƙasa ko ƙasa mai zaman kansa, kawai ga ƙasar Commonwealth Wannan yana da babban tasiri akan ikon sanya sunan wurin zama mai mahimmanci don possum Leadbeater mai hatsari, wanda mazauninsa ya kasance akan ƙasa mai mallakar gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. 2019 kima An buga wani binciken Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Kimiya a Makarantar a Jami'ar Queensland a watan Satumba na shekarata 2019 a matsayin "kimanin kima kan ingancin Dokar EPBC wajen daidaita asarar mazaunin ga nau'ikan barazanar ƙasa, barazanar al'ummomin muhalli, ko kuma nau'in ƙaura na ƙasa", kamar yadda ba a yi ɗan ƙididdigewa ba a wannan yanki. Ya duba ko Dokar EPBC kamar yadda aka aiwatar tana cimma manufarta na kiyaye rayayyun halittu na Ostiraliya dangane da daidaita asarar muhalli ga nau'ikan da ke barazana da al'ummomin muhalli tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2017. Ya nuna cewa tun lokacin da dokar EPBC ta fara aiki a shekara ta shekarar 2000, an share sama da na wuraren zama da al'ummomi. Daga cikin wannan bayanin, sama da 93% ba a tura su ga Gwamnatin Tarayya don tantancewa, ma'ana ba a bincika asarar a ƙarƙashin Dokar EPBC ba Yayin da nau'in 1,390 (84%) suka yi hasara, Dutsen Cooper mai tsiri skink, Keighery's macarthuria, da Finch mai baƙar fata na Kudancin sun rasa 25, 23, da 10% na wuraren zama, bi da bi. Alamomin Ostiraliya irin su koala, sun kuma yi asarar kusan (2.3%) na yuwuwar wurin zama. Wannan bincike ya nuna cewa dokar ta EPBC ba ta da tasiri wajen kare yuwuwar wurin zama ga nau'in bala'i na duniya, nau'in ƙaura na ƙasa, ko barazanar al'ummomin muhalli. Yuni 2020 tantancewa Binciken na shekarar 2020 shine duba na shida na masu ba da shawara, kimantawa da yarda a ƙarƙashin Dokar. An buga shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a ranar 25 ga Yuni shekarar 2020, rahoton ya gano cewa gudanar da masu ba da shawara, kimantawa da kuma amincewa da ayyukan sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin Dokar ta Ma'aikatar Noma, Ruwa da Muhalli (DAWE) ba ta da tasiri, rashin daidaituwa ga muhalli. hadarin, kurakurai sun faru, ba a bi ka'idodin tsari ba, kuma Sashen "ba shi da matsayi mai kyau don auna gudunmawarsa ga manufofin Dokar EPBC Babban mai binciken kudi ya bayar da shawarwari guda takwas ga Sashen. ANAO ta gano cewa Ma'aikatar ba ta da isassun matakan aiki a wurin; ba a gudanar da mulkin ba da kyau kuma ba a gudanar da rikice-rikice na bukatun da kyau. DAWE ta mayar da martani ga binciken, inda ta amince da duk shawarwarin guda takwas. Sakataren DAWE, Andrew Metcalfe, ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, Dokar EPBC ta kasance a lokacin da ake gudanar da nazarin doka mai zaman kanta wanda Farfesa Graeme Samuel AC ya jagoranta, wanda zai iya haifar da canje-canjen majalisa ga Dokar. James Tresize na gidauniyar kiyayewa ta Australiya yayi tsokaci cewa dokar ta kasance "karya ta asali" kuma ba ta da kayan aiki don magance "kashewa da rikice-rikicen yanayi", yana mai cewa Ostiraliya na buƙatar doka mai ƙarfi da mai daidaitawa. Ya kuma yi nuni da cewa "a cikin shekaru 20 da aka kwashe ana aiwatar da dokokin, Kuma an shigar da kuma share wuraren zama na jinsuna masu girma fiye da Tasmania". 2019-2020 nazari mai zaman kansa Wani bita mai zaman kansa na doka wanda Farfesa Graeme Samuel AC ya jagoranta kuma kwamitin kwararru ya goyi bayan ya fara a ranar 29 ga Oktoba shekarata 2019 kuma zai yi aiki na shekara guda. An rufe abubuwan da aka gabatar daga jama'a a watan Afrilu shekarata 2020. Ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ta ƙunshi Bruce Martin, Erika Smyth da Wendy Craik Rahoton na wucin gadi, wanda aka fitar a watan Yuli shekarar 2020, ya kammala da cewa dokokin da aka kirkira don kare nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da wuraren zama ba su da tasiri, kuma "hanyoyin muhalli na yanzu ba shi da dorewa". Sukar dokar sun haɗa da cewa an mai da hankali sosai kan aiwatarwa maimakon a kan tabbataccen sakamako, kuma cewa tsarin sa na yanzu, "aiki-da-aiki" ba ya magance cutarwa mai tarin yawa. Sannan A lokacin da yake aiki, "jerin jinsuna da al'ummomin da aka yi barazanar ya karu a tsawon lokaci kuma akwai 'yan nau'in jinsuna da suka murmure har ta kai ga cire su daga jerin". Daga cikin sauye-sauyen da rahoton ya gabatar akwai wani tsari na ka'idojin muhalli na kasa da aka kafa tare da ka'idojin da za a iya aiwatar da su bisa doka, wadanda za su karfafa dukkan ikon da aka baiwa jihohi da yankuna. Yana ba da shawarar kafa wata hukuma mai zaman kanta "don sa ido da tilasta bin dokokin muhalli". Rahoton ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata gwamnatin tarayya ta fara samar da wani tsari na wucin gadi tun da farko, tare da tuntubar gwamnatocin jihohi da duk sauran masu ruwa da tsaki, da kuma tsarin da sanin al'adun gargajiya na kasar ta 'yan asalin Ostireliya za su iya shiga cikin yanke shawara. Ministar Muhalli, Sussan Ley, ta ce nan take gwamnati za ta himmatu wajen bunkasa matakan kasa. Ta kuma yi nuni da cewa, za ta fara wani tsari da za a mika alhakin amincewa da muhalli ga gwamnatocin jihohi, da nufin gabatar da yarjejeniyoyin a gaban majalisar a karshen watan Agustan shekarar 2020, kafin fitar da rahoton karshe, wanda zai kare a watan Oktoba. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli sun ce zai fi kyau a jira rahoton ƙarshe kafin ƙaddamar da matakan amincewa. Ley ya ce gwamnati za ta inganta kariya ga al’adun gargajiya, inda za ta fara da tsarin tuntubar juna wanda zai hada da ‘yan asalin jihar da ministocin muhalli. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, a shekarata 2020, Andrew Barr, Babban Ministan ACT, ya ce ana buƙatar sabunta dokar don magance sauyin yanayi, wanda ba a ma ambata a cikin dokar ta yanzu. Kudirin Gyaran EPBC na 2020 A ranar 27 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Ministan Muhalli (Ley) ya gabatar da Dokar Kare Muhalli da Kare Muhalli (Yawan Amincewa da Muhalli) Bill 2020 (Cth) Kudirin Gyaran EPBC wanda galibi yana nuna sauye-sauye ga tanadin yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna. na farko da aka gabatar a cikin shekarar 2014. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar za su sauƙaƙa kafa yarjejeniyoyin amincewa tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na jahohi, da kuma ƙara yin wahalar ƙalubalantar tsarin raba mulki a ƙarƙashin doka (ta hanyar fayyace cewa ba za a iya mayar da wani mataki a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 7 na Dokar EPBC ba idan ya kasance. an rufe shi da yarjejeniyar amincewa da juna). Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da ƙyale ƙananan canje-canje ga tsarin tantance jihohi da yanki ba tare da yin tasiri ga yarjejeniyar tsakanin bangarorin biyu ba, kuma za a cire haramcin da ya shafi abubuwan da suka shafi "ruwan ruwa", ta yadda jihohi za su iya yanke shawarar kansu yayin tantance aikace-aikacen ta hanyar manyan kwal. ayyukan ma'adinai da kwal din gas wanda zai iya tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa. Canje-canjen da ake samarwa ba su haɗa da ƙa'idodin ƙasa waɗanda aka yi alkawarinsu ba. Ayyuka masu alaƙa Dokokin Dokokin Ostiraliya ta Halitta ta 1997, wacce ta kafa Dogara ta Natural Heritage Trust kuma ta ci gaba da ba da kudade don shirye-shiryen muhalli ta hanyar Shirin Kula da ƙasa na ƙasa. Ayyukan Jiha Dokar Kare Diversity 2016 (NSW), New South Wales Dokar Kare Diversity 2016 (WA), Yammacin Ostiraliya Dokar Garanti na Flora da Fauna 1988 (Dokar FFG), Victoria Dokokin Parks da Namun daji 1972, Kudancin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare yanayi 2014, Babban Birnin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare Yanayin 1992, Queensland Yankunan Parks da Dokar Kare namun daji 1976 (TPWCA), Yankin Arewa Dokar Kimanin Muhalli 1982, Yankin Arewa Dokar Kariya na Barazana ta 1995 (Dokar TSP), Tasmania Duba wasu abubuwan Daraktan wuraren shakatawa na kasa Jerin rukunin yanar gizon Ramsar a Ostiraliya (alamar ruwa) Amincewar Halitta ta Halitta Yarjejeniyar gandun daji na Yanki Barazana fauna na Ostiraliya Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje CC BY 4.0 jinsi da al'ummomin muhalli da aka jera a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Muhalli da Dokokin Kare Halittu 1999 Lissafin Dokar EPBC Lissafin da aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Laberiya

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Laberiya

Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Laberiya, tana wakiltar Laberiya a wasan kwallon kafa na mata na kasa da kasa Hukumar kula da wasan kwallon kafa ta Laberiya ce ke tafiyar da ita Ya buga wasanni biyar da FIFA ta amince da ita. Tarihi Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar ya takaita ne yayin da masu mulkin mallaka a yankin suka yi kokarin daukar tunanin iyayen kasa da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida wadanda suke da irin wannan tunani a cikin su. Rashin samun ci gaba daga baya na ƙungiyar ƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na alamomin dukkan ƙungiyoyin Afirka ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al'umma wanda ke ba da izini lokaci-lokaci. ga takamaiman mata na take hakkin ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gabaɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nan gaba, nasarar wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne da ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa wadannan wuraren. Kokarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a fadin nahiyar. An kafa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Laberiya a shekara ta 1936. Ya zama alaƙar FIFA a cikin shekarar 1962. Kwallon kafa ta mata tana wakilci a cikin kwamitin ta takamaiman umarnin tsarin mulki. A cikin shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar ba ta da wasu ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci da aka keɓe musamman don taimakawa mata ƙwallon ƙafa. Kit ɗinsu ya haɗa da jajayen riga, farar wando da jajayen safa. Wasan kwallon kafa shi ne wasan da mata suka fi shahara a kasar. Hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta kasa ce ta fara shirya wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 2000, akwai mata su 264 da suka yi rajista a ƙasar. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai 'yan wasa 277. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mata kawai waɗanda mata za su yi wasa a ciki yayin da akwai ƙungiyoyi 43 na maza da za su yi wasa. A shekara ta 2009, an kafa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata na yanki da na ƙasa, amma ba a shirya gasa ga UL ko makarantu ba. Ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Afirka ce ta saye haƙƙoƙin watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na shekarar 2011 a ƙasar. Jamesetta Howard] ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na kasar. Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa Izetta Sombo Wesley Shugabar kasar ita ce Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf Dukkansu mata ne kuma duk sun goyi bayan tawagar mata ta kasa. A cikin shekarar 2007, an nada Izetta Wesley mamba a kwamitin kula da kwallon kafa na mata na FIFA da kuma na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA, inda wa'adinta ya fara a shekarar 2008. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishiniyar Match na CAF da FIFA, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta yammacin Afirka (WAFU). Tawagar A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ciki har da Laberiya waɗanda ba su buga wasan farko da FIFA ta amince da su ba har sai Satan Fabrairu Na shekarar 2007 ko da yake ƙungiyar ta buga wasanni uku ba tare da amincewa ba a shekarar 2006. An buga wasannin tawagar kasar a filin wasa na Antoinette Tubman A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2007 a wasan da aka buga a Monrovia, Laberiya ta sha kashi a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Habasha da ci 0-3 bayan da aka tashi 0-1. A ranar 10 ga Satan Maris a wani wasa a Addis Abeba, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Habasha da ci 0-2 bayan da aka tashi 0-1. A shekarar 2010, kasar ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka. Kasar dai ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ta Afirka ta 2011. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairun 2011 a Monrovia, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana da ci 0-4. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan da aka buga a Accra, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana da ci 0-7. Matsayin duniya na Laberiya ya inganta a ƙarshen 2000 kafin ya faɗi a farkon 2010s: a cikin 2007, tana matsayi na 144; a cikin 2008, 117; a shekarar 2009, 92; a cikin 2010, 128; a shekarar 2011, 136; kuma a cikin 2012, 130, yayin da yake riƙe matsayi na 35 a Afirka. Hoton kungiya Sauran kungiyoyin kasa Tawagar U17 A cikin 2006, babu wata ƙungiyar matasa ta FIFA da ta amince da ita. Sun halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta Mata U-17 a shekarar 2008. A zagayen farko dai ya kamata su buga da Benin amma Benin ta fice daga gasar. A zagayen farko ya kamata su buga da Najeriya amma sun fice daga gasar. U19/U20 tawagar A cikin 2006, babu wata ƙungiyar matasa ta FIFA da ta amince da ita. Tsakanin 2002-2010 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata U19/U20, taron U19 har zuwa 2006 lokacin da ya zama U20, kasar ta shiga gasar neman cancantar. Kasar ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na Afirka a shekarar 2006. Ya kamata su kara da Guinea a zagaye na farko amma Guinea ta fice daga gasar. A zagaye na biyu, sun buga wasansu na farko a Algeria, inda suka ci 3-2. Algeria dai ta fice daga gasar kafin ta buga wasan na biyu a Laberiya. Sun kara da Najeriya a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a wasa daya, kafin a tashi wasa 1-9 a karo na biyu. Tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya marasa gida A shekara ta 2008, tawagar kasar ta wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin duniya na marasa gida A zagayen farko na zagaye na biyu inda ta zo na biyu, ta doke Kamaru da ci 16-1, ta doke Colombia da ci 8-5, ta sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 1-4, ta doke Paraguay da ci 4-1, ta doke Uganda da ci 7-2, ta doke Kyrgyzstan da ci 7-3, da kuma ta doke Australia da ci 14-3. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, sun yi kunnen doki ne da Colombia da ci 1-1, kuma ta ci 1-0 a bugun fenariti. Sun sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 1-7 a wasan karshe. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Amputee Tawagar mata daga kasar ta fafata a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2011 na kwallon kafa. A waccan shekarar sun buga wasan sada zumunci da Ghana a Monrovia na kasar Laberiya a kan gaba a gasar. Sakamako da gyare-gyare Mai zuwa shine jerin sakamakon wasa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wasu wasannin gaba da aka tsara. An yi zane na farko a cikin 2014. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba na FIFA Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

4127

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Adamson

Chris Adamson

Chris Adamson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila ne. Christopher Adamson (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1978) tsohon golan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ingila wanda ya taka leda a ƙungiyoyi 13 a cikin shekaru 13 yana aiki. Adamson a halin yanzu shine kocin mai tsaron gida a Mansfield Town, haka kuma koci a kungiyar Bustleholme da ba ta buga ba. Sana'a Adamson ya koma West Bromwich Albion a matsayin koyo a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1995, ya zama kwararre a watan Yuli shekara ta 1997; Ya buga wasansa na Albion a Stockport County a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1998. Ya kasance yana da wuya a shiga cikin ƙungiyar farko ta Albion, kuma ya kasance dalibi ga masu kula da kwarewa kamar Alan Miller, Brian Jensen da Russell Hoult Adamson ya shafe lokaci a kan aro a kungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da IK Brage a Sweden, Mansfield Town, Halifax Town, Plymouth Argyle da Halesowen Town Adamson sannan ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar League of Ireland ta St Patrick's Athletic A cikin shekara ta 2003, an zabe shi don 'Goalkeeper of the Year' League of Ireland. Sheffield Laraba A lokacin da ya dawo daga Ireland, Adamson ya ɗan ɗan yi ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙungiyar Premier League ta Kudancin Solihull Borough, kafin ya koma Sheffield Laraba a cikin Watan Janairu shekara ta 2005. Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyu da kociyan kungiyar Paul Sturrock ya rattaba hannu a kai, bayan da ya taka leda a karkashinsa a lokacin aro a Plymouth. Adamson ya fara buga wasansa na Sheffield Laraba a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin minti na 8 a ranar 12 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2005 a gida da Blackpool a gasar Kwallon kafa ta daya, yana taimakawa wajen samun nasara da ci 3–2. An sake shi a kan canja wuri kyauta sakamakon haɓakar Owls zuwa Gasar Championship a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Duk da haka, Sturrock bai yi nasara ba wajen neman mai tsaron gida mai maye gurbin zuwa zabi na farko David Lucas da Adamson sun sake sanya hannu a ranar Laraba a kan 11 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2005. Adamson ya buga wa Owls wasanni biyar a kakar wasa ta 2005 06, inda ya ci gaba da zama mai tsafta da Crystal Palace a Hillsborough da kuma ci gaba da zira kwallaye a karawar da suka yi a Karfe City bayan raunin da David Lucas ya samu na dogon lokaci. Ya rasa matsayinsa a gefe bayan zuwan golan Ingila U21 Scott Carson a aro daga Liverpool Duk da haka Chris ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar Sheffield Laraba zuwa taken a Pontins Central Reserve League. Adamson ya dumama benci na Laraba na wani lokaci bayan da tsohon kocin Owls Paul Sturrock ya sami sabis na Brad Jones dan Australia daga Middlesbrough akan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta watanni uku a farkon kakar 2006-07 Chris ya yi bayyanarsa ta farko a kakar wasa a gasar cin kofin League zagaye na farko a Hillsborough da Wrexham na League Two, Owls sun sha kashi da ci 4-1. Ya yi rashin sa'a ya zura kwallo a raga ba tare da ya taba kwallo ba a wasan da suka yi da Leeds United; ya zo ne a madadin lokacin da aka bai wa Jones jan kati kai tsaye kuma nan da nan ya fuskanci hukunci wanda David Healy ya ci Adamson zai jira har zuwa wasanni biyu na karshe na kakar wasa kafin ya sake samun kansa a kungiyar. Yana taka rawar gani bayan karshen Iain Turner aro na Everton An saki Adamson ranar Laraba a watan Mayu shekara ta 2007 a karo na biyu, bayan buga wasanni 12 na kungiyar farko a cikin shekaru. Stockport County Ilkeston Town A ranar 20 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2007, Adamson ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da gundumar Stockport Ya buga wasanni biyu ne kacal a kungiyar, duka a gasar cin kofin FA da Staines Town. Ya shiga Northwich Victoria a kan lamunin gaggawa na tsawon mako guda, ko da yake bai fito ba. Stockport ya saki Adamson a watan Yuni shekara ta 2008. Adamson ya koma kulob din Ilkeston Town na Premier League a watan Agusta a shekara ta 2008. Hereford United Bayan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban Ilkeston zuwa Taron Arewa, Adamson ya shiga Hereford United a watan Yuli shekara ta 2009 akan kwangilar watanni 12 a matsayin kocin mai tsaron gida. Ya ciyar da mafi yawan kakar a matsayin baya-up zuwa na farko zabi stopper Adam Bartlett Adamson ya yi bayyanar sau ɗaya ne kawai don The Bulls kuma wannan ya kasance a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2010 a wasan League Biyu da Notts County, inda ya fara wasan gaban Bartlett. Wannan wasan duk da haka ba zai zama wasa mai nasara ga Adamson ba saboda bayan da ya ci kwallaye biyu daga Craig Westcarr, sai ya zura wa Westcarr a bugun fanareti kuma daga baya aka kore shi a minti na 71 na wasan. Bartlett, wanda shi ne mai tsaron ragar, ya zo domin Leon Constantine ya ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da sauran kwallaye biyu, duka biyun Luka Rodgers ya ci. County Notts ta lashe wasan da ci 5-0. Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar

14960

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Muir

David Muir

David Jason Muir (An haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, 1973). ɗan jaridar Ba'amurke ne kuma mai gudaner da shiri ABC World News na dare kuma mai haɗin gwiwa ne na mujallar ABC News 20/20, wani ɓangare na sashen labarai na gidan talabijin na watsa labarai na ABC, wanda ke Birnin New York. Muir a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gudanar da shiri karshen mako kuma bangare na farko a gidan Talabijin na ABC na Dare tare da Diane Sawyer, wanda ya gaje ta a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2014. A ABC News, Muir ya lashe lambar yabo Emmy da Edward R. Murrow da yawa saboda aikin jarida da na duniya. Dangane da Rahoton Tyndall, rahoton Muir ya sami mafi yawan loka shekarar in iska a cikin shekarar 2012 da shekara ta 2013, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗayan fitattun 'yan jarida a Amurka. Labaran Duniya a Dare tare da David Muir ya zama gidan labarai da aka fi kallo a Amurka. A shekarar 2013, shirin telebijin na mako yazo na "12 da ake kalla a cikin Labaran Talabijin". Muir da aka jera a matsayin daya daga cikin wonda ya fi daukan sha´awa a shekarar 2014. Tarihin Rayuwar sa David Muir an haife shi ne darikar Roman Katolika a garin Syracuse, New York, ya girma ne a tsaunin Onondaga, kuma yana da iya magana da harshen Sifen. Muir yana da kani daya da kannai guda biyu na yayan bappanunsa, da kuma kane shida da kanne guda uku na yayan kawu nen sa. Yayinda yake yaro, yana kallon shirin flagship ABC News kowane dare tare da danginsa kuma ya ba da kyauta mai tsawo ga Peter Jennings a matsayin babbar tasirin aikin jarida. Ya kammmala karatu daga Onondaga Central Junior-Senior High School a watan Mayu a shekarar 1991 kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Ithaca ta gida, ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na farko a fannin aikin jarida a watan Mayu shekarar 1995. Yayin da yake kwaleji, wani farfesa ne ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Muir wanda ya gaya masa cewa yana da “zai iya labaran Jaridar na TV.” Ya yi wani zangon karatu a Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Jarida ta Siyasa a Asusun Nazarin Amurka a Jami'ar Georgetown da kuma wani zangon karatu a ƙasashen waje a Jami'ar Salamanca ta Spain tare da Cibiyar Ilimin na dalibai Ayyuka Daga shekarar 1994 zuwa shekara ta 2000, Muir yayi aiki a matsayin gudanar wa kuma mai rahoto a WTVH-TV a Syracuse, New York. kuma maikawo rohhoto daga Kudus, Tel Aviv, Isra’ila, da Zirin Gaza biyo bayan kisan gillan Firayim Ministan Isra’ila Yitzhak Rabin na shekarar 1995 ya ba shi babbar girmamawa daga Kungiyar Daraktocin Labaran Rediyo-Talabijin Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya karrama Muir don Rahoton Kasuwanci mafi Kyawu da Mafi Kyawun Hirar Gidan Talabijin. Pressungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Syracuse ta amince da Muir a matsayin mai gudanar wa na "Mafi kyawun Labarai na Gida", kuma an zaɓi shi ɗaya daga cikin "mai gudanar da Labaran Cikin Gida Mafi Kyau" a cikin Syracuse. WCVB talabijin Daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2003, Muir mai gudanar wa ne kuma mai ba da rahoto ne ga gidan talabijin na WCVB a Boston, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta Edward R. Murrow na yankin saboda rahoton bincike da lambar yabo ta National Headliner da Associated Press saboda aikinsa na bin hanyar maharan da lamarin ya shafa a cikin harin 11 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2001 Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press kuma ya fahimci tatsuniyoyinsa da bayar da rahoto. Labaran ABC A watan Agusta shekarar 2003, Muir ya shiga ABC News a matsayin mai gudanar wa na shirin labaran yanzu dare News World Now Ya kuma zama mai gudanar war labarai na ABC News da sanyin safiyar Labaran Duniya na Safiyar yau Amurka A Safiyar yau Farawa a watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Muir shine mai gudanar da Labaran Duniya a kowonne Asabar A cikin shekarar 2006, da kuma wasu lokuta daga baya, ya haɗu da majallar labarai ta Primetime A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2012, Muir ya zama mai gudanar da labaran karshen mako, kuma aka sanya sunan watsa labaran <i id="mwag">Labaran Duniya</i> tare da David Muir An yaba wa Muir da shiru a cikin kimantawar watsa shirye-shiryen ƙarshen mako. A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, Muir ya sami ci gaba zuwa haɗin gwiwa tare da ABC's 20/20 tare da Elizabeth Vargas A watan Satumbar shekarar 2005, Muir yana cikin New Orleans Superdome yayin da mahaukaciyar guguwar Katrina ta buga, kuma ya zauna a New Orleans don ba da rahoto game da matsalar jin kai da ke faruwa. Rahotannin Muir sun bayyana kuma sun nuna yanayin lalacewar da ke cikin Cibiyar Taro da Asibitin Sadaka, yayin da Muir da mai daukar hotonsa suka bi ta cikin wata ruwa mai zurfin har kirji mai hana gano marasa lafiyar da ke cikin asibitin. Muir ya ruwaito daga iyakar Isra’ila da Labanon a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2006 kan yakin Isra’ila da kungiyar Hizbullah. Muir ya kasance a Gaza a cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2007 don ba da rahoto game da juyin mulkin Hamas, yana ba da rahoto daga cikin Zirin na Gaza A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2007, an tura Muir zuwa Peru bayan mummunar girgizar da ta auka wa kasar a cikin shekaru fiye da 20. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2008, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga Ukraine, fiye da shekaru 20 bayan hatsarin nukiliya na Chernobyl A cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2009, David Muir da Diane Sawyer sun ba da rahoton awanni a awa 20/20 game da bindigogi a Amurka suna samun “sakamako mai tayar da hankali” kamar yadda New York Daily News ta bayyana A watan Mayu shekarar 2009, rahoton Muir a ranar 20/20 ya nuna ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin yara marasa muhalli a Amurka. Muir ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa Tekun Mexico don bincika malalar man BP A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2011, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga Haiti bayan mahaukaciyar guguwar kuma ya dawo ya ba da rahoto game da hare-haren da ake kaiwa mata. A watan Yunin shekarar 2011, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga dandalin Tahrir yayin juyin juya halin siyasa a Masar, da kuma daga Fukushima, Japan sakamakon mummunan tsunami da tashar makamashin nukiliya. Muir yayi rubuta game da rahotonsa daga Mogadishu, Somalia, da kuma dawowarsa mai zuwa, "Cikin Cutar Cutar Cutar Somaliya", don Daily Beast. Muir ya kuma kafa wasu awanni na bala'in a Newtown yayin da yake faruwa, sannan ya ba da rahoto daga wurin yayin da Shugaba Obama ya ziyarci garin. Muir ya kuma ba da rahoto daga harbe-harben taron silima a Aurora, Colorado; daga Joplin, Missouri bayan afkuwar guguwa mai halakarwa; kuma daga Tucson, Arizona bayan harbin ‘yar majalisa Gabrielle Giffords wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar wasu shida. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2012, Muir ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu aiko da rahotanni ga zaben Shugaban Kasar Amurka na shekarar 2012 Ganawar da Muir ya yi da dan takarar Republican Mitt Romney wonda ya haifar da manyan labarai na kasa kan batutuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki da manufofin bakin haure a Amurka. zaben Muir Emmy- ya sa Amurka jerin a kan Amirka, tattalin arziki ne a ci gaba da alama a kan ya watsa shirye-shirye Muir ya kawo jerin shirye-shiryen zuwa wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin, gami da ABC's The View, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin baƙon maƙon. A watan Janairun shekarar 2013, Muir ya ba da rahoto daga cikin Iran, har ya zuwa tattaunawar nukiliyar. Muir shine dan jaridar Yammacin Turai na farko da ya kawo rahoto daga Mogadishu, Somalia game da yunwa. Muir da tawagarsa sun sha suka yayin da suke ba da rahoto daga Mogadishu. A cikin shekarar 2013, ya karɓi kyautar Edward R. Murrow don rahotonsa. A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2014, ABC News ta sanar da cewa Muir zai gaji Diane Sawyer a matsayin mai gudanerwa da kuma editan ABC World News Muir ya fara watsa shirye-shiryensa na farko a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2014. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2015, "Labaran Duniya na Daren kowonne rana tare da David Muir" ya zama labaran da aka fi kallo a kasar da yamma, wanda ya wuce NBC Nightly News a karon farko tun daga 7 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2009. A watan Maris na shekarar 2016, Muir ya fitar da rahoto na tsawon shekara game da rikicin jaruntaka a Amurka, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta CINE Golden Eagle saboda rahotonsa. Rayuwar sa da alumma Muir ya gabatar da jawabin farawa ne a Kwalejin Ithaca da ke New York a watan Mayu na shekarar 2011, a lokacin ya bukaci wadanda suka kammala karatun su yi amfani da muryoyin su. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2015, Muir ya karɓi digirin girmamawa na Doctor na Haruffa da kuma Jessica Savitch Award na Bambancin forwarewa a Fannin Aikin Jarida daga Kwalejin Ithaca. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2015, Muir ya gabatar da jawabin farawa a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas da ke Massachusetts. A yayin bikin, an ba shi digirin girmamawa na Doctor na Media. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2018, Muir ya gabatar da adireshin farawa a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da ke Madison, Wisconsin. Duba kuma New Yorkers a cikin aikin jarida Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

26917

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojojin%20Saudi%20Arebiya

Sojojin Saudi Arebiya

Royal Saudi Land Forces Al-Quwwat al-Bariyah al-Malakiyah as-Sa'udiyah reshe ne na sojojin yaƙin ƙasa na Saudiyya. Yana daga cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta (Saudiyya), wanda daya 1 ne daga cikin sassa biyu 2 na soja na gwamnatin Saudiyya, tare da ma'aikatar tsaro na kasar. Tarihi Sojojin Saudiyya na zamani sun samo asali ne daga kasar Saudiyya, wacce ta faro tun a shekarar alif 1744, kuma ana daukarta a matsayin shekarar da aka kafa sojojin Saudiyya. Tun daga shekarar 1901 an sake kafa runduna ta ƙasa a matsayin wani reshe na daban na sojojin ƙasar tare da kafa kasar Saudiyya ta zamani. kuma ana daukarta a matsayin mafi dadewa a bangaren sojojin Saudiyya. Tilasta shiga aikin soja ya wanzu har zuwa lokacin da yakin Kansila ya kare. A tarihance, an kirkiri MoW ne domin hada kan sojojin kasa a karkashin ikon soja daya. Wow ya wanzu har zuwa shekarar 1933, lokacin da aka sake masa suna "Agency of Defence" a karkashin gwamnatin Ministan Kudi a matsayin wakili. A shekara ta 1944, an haɓaka Hukumar (MoD) kuma an shigar da ita cikin Sashin Bincike na Sojojin Saudiyya. Sauran abubuwan da suka haifar da fadada sojojin Saudiyya sun hada da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, faduwar Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi a juyin juya halin Iran a shekara ta 1979 da kuma fargabar yiwuwar ayyukan abokan gaba, da kuma yakin Gulf a cikin shekara ta 1990. A shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta kashe biliyoyin daloli don fadada sojojin Saudiyya ciki har da sojoji. A halin yanzu ministan tsaro ne Prince Mohammad bin Salman, wanda aka naɗa a ranar 23 watan Janairun shekara ta 2015. Yaƙe-yaƙe sun haɗa da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Najed (1744-1788) Yaƙin Mamluk (1790-1811) Yakin Ottoman-Saudi (1811-18) Yaƙin basasar Saudiyya (1865-1875) Yakin Ottoman II (1870-1871) Yakin Arwa (1883) Yaƙin Mulayda (1891) Yakin Riyad III Yaƙin Dilam (1903) Yaƙin Saudi–Rashidi (1903–07) Yakin Hadiya (1910) Yakin al-Kut (1913) Yaƙin Jarrab (1915) Yaƙin Kinzaan (1915) Yaƙin Saudi-Hashemite (1918-1919) Yaƙin Kuwait-Saudi (1919–20) Yaƙin Hail (1921) Yaƙin Saudi-Transjordan (1922) Yaƙin Hejaz II (1924-25) Tawayen Ikhwan (1927–30) Yaƙin Mutawakkili (1934) 1948 Yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila fiye da sojojin Saudiyya 3,000 ne suka shiga yaki da Isra'ila 1967 RSLF ta tura sojoji sama da 20,000 a Jordan. 1969 Al-Wadiah War Dakarun Yaman ta Kudu sun mamaye garin Al-Wadiah na Saudiyya, amma daga baya sojojin Saudiyya suka fatattake su. 1973 lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, Saudi Arabia ta kai bataliyar Panhard AML-90s masu sulke da sojoji 3,000 jirgin sama zuwa Syria kwanaki hudu bayan rikicin. Dakarun na Saudiyya sun shiga cikin wasu kananan fadace-fadace da IDF tsakanin ranakun 16-19 ga watan Oktoba, akasari a cikin hadin gwiwa da Brigade 40 na Armored na Jordan. 1979 Kamuwar Masallacin Harami Sojojin Saudiyya da SANG tare da kwamandojin Pakistan da Faransa sun kwato masallacin daga hannun 'yan ta'adda. Yaƙin Gulf (1990-91) Tare da sojojin ƙawance, sojojin Saudiyya da SANG sun taka rawa sosai a yakin Khafji da yantar da Kuwait 2007–10 Rikicin Houthi 'Yan Houthi na Yaman sun kai hari a kudancin Saudiyya inda sojojin Saudiyya suka fatattake su. 2015 Saudiyya karkashin jagorancin Saudiyya a Yemen bisa bukatar shugaban kasar Yemen na fatattakar 'yan tawayen Houthi da ke kawance da hambararren Ali Abdullah Saleh, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin basasar Yemen (2015-present) Tsarin Ƙarfi yaƙin na Sojojin Saudiyya ya ƙunshi Birged 4 Masu sulke, Mechanized 5, Infantry 2 (Rundunar Tsaro 1, Sojoji na Musamman 1). Sojojin kasar Saudiyya sun jibge Brigadi na 12 masu sulke da kuma na 6 Mechanized Brigade a garin Sarki Faisal da ke yankin Tabuka. Ta kai Brigade na 4 Armored Brigade, da kuma na 11 Mechanized Brigade a garin Sarki Abdul Aziz na Soja a yankin Khamis Mushat. Ta tura Brigade na 20 Mechanized Brigade da 8th Mechanized Brigade a garin King Khalid dake kusa da Hafr al Batin. Rundunar Mechanized Brigade ta 10 tana aiki ne a Sharawrah da ke kusa da kan iyaka da Yaman kuma mai tazarar kilomita 150 daga Zamak. Duk da ƙarin raka'a da yawa da haɓaka motsi da aka samu a cikin shekara ta 1970 da shekara ta 1980, haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan sojojin ya ƙaru kaɗan kawai tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da babban gini a ƙarshen shekara ta 1960s. Sojojin sun kasance marasa ƙarfi na tsawon lokaci, a yanayin wasu rukunin da aka kiyasta kashi 30 zuwa 50 cikin ɗari. Waɗannan ƙarancin sun ta'azzara ta hanyar sassaucin manufofin da ke ba da izinin rashin zuwa da kuma babbar matsala ta riƙe ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun jami'ai (NCOs). Ci gaba da kasancewar wani jami'in tsaron kasa na daban ya kuma takaita yawan wadanda za'a dauka aikin soja. 4th (King Khaled) Brigade masu sulke 6th (Sarki Fah'd) Brigade masu sulke 7th (Prince Sultan) Brigade sulke 8th (Sarki Fah'd) Brigade masu sulke 10 (Sarki Faisal) Brigadi masu sulke Na 12 (Khalid bn al-Walid) Brigadi masu sulke Rundunar sojojin Saudiyya da aka saba tana da kamfanin leken asiri masu sulke, da bataliyoyin tanka guda uku da tankokin yaki 35 kowacce, bataliyar sojan kanikanci mai dauke da AIFVs/APC, da kuma bataliyar bindigogi masu sarrafa kanta guda 18. Har ila yau, yana da kamfanin jirgin sama na soja, kamfanin injiniya, bataliyar kayan aiki, filin bita, da kamfanin likitanci. Mechanized 11th Mechanized Brigade 12th Mechanized Brigade 13th Mechanized Brigade 14th Mechanized Brigade 20th Mechanized Brigade Rundunar sojan Saudiyya da aka saba tanada na’urar leken asiri, bataliyar tanka daya mai tankokin yaƙi guda 40, bataliyoyin sojan kanikanci uku tare da AIFVs/APC, da kuma bataliyar bindigu mai sarrafa kanta guda 18. Har ila yau, yana da kamfanin jirgin sama na soja, kamfanin injiniya, bataliyar kayan aiki, filin bita, da kamfanin likitanci. Tana da harba makamai masu linzami guda 24 da kuma sassan turmi guda huɗu tare da jimillar turmi. Sojojin sama 16th (Sarki Saudat) Brigade na Ingantattun Motoci 17th (Abu Bakr Assiddeeq) Brigade na Ingantattun Motoci 18th (Sarki Abdullah) Brigade na Ingantattun Motoci Na 19 (Umar bn Al-Khattab) Brigade na sojojin kasa mai haske Kowace rundunonin sojoji ta ƙunshi bataliyoyin mota guda uku, bataliyar bindigu, da bataliyar tallafi. Bai kamata brigads na soji su rude da brigade na National Guard na Saudiyya ba Sassan Jirgin Sama da Jami'an Tsaro na Musamman Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta 1 Bataliya ta 4 ta Airborne Bataliya ta 5 ta Airborne 64th Special Forces Brigade Bataliya ta musamman ta 85 An tura Brigade na Airborne a kusa da Tabuk. Rundunar Sojan Sama tana da bataliyoyin parachute guda biyu da na Sojoji na musamman guda uku. Saudiyya na ƙara faɗaɗa Dakarunta na Musamman da kuma inganta kayan aiki da horas da su don taimakawa wajen tunkarar barazanar ta'addanci. An mai da rundunonin soji na musamman zuwa runfunan yaki masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen tunkarar ‘yan ta’adda, kuma su kai rahoto ga Yarima Sultan. Bataliyoyin Makamai bataliyoyin bindigu biyar FA ta 14 (Towed, 155) Battalion FA ta 15 MLRS bataliya Bataliya ta 18 Makami mai linzami MLRS). Jirgin sama Rukunin Jirgin Sama na 1 Rukunin Jiragen Sama na 2 Rukunin Jiragen Sama na 3 Rukunin Jiragen Sama na 4 Rukunin Tsaron Sarauta daban ya ƙunshi bataliyoyin sojoji masu haske huɗu. Matsayi Ma'aikacin RSLF Kayan aiki Duba kuma Sojojin Saudiyya Royal Saudi Navy Royal Saudi Air Force Manazarta Sojoji Sojojin Iran Sojojin Saudiyya Tsaro Saudiyya Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

60924

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Said

Nicholas Said

Nicholas Said (an haife Mohammed Ali ben Sa'id, 1836–1882) matafiyi ne, mai fassara, soja, kuma marubuci. Rayuwa An haife shi a Kukawa, daular Bornu, Said ya fada cikin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara. Mahaifinsa, Barça Gana, ya kasance sanannen janar kuma ƙwarewarsa na koyon harsuna, duk da haka, ya kai ga ɗaukaka matsayinsa na zamantakewa. Bayan ya koyi harshen Larabci a lokacin kuruciyarsa a Afirka ta Tsakiya, cikin sauri ya koyi harshen Turkawa na Ottoman na bayinsa. Da yake nuna ƙwarewa a cikin harshen Rashanci, ya zama bawan Rasha Yarima Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, wanda ya ba shi koyar dashi da Faransanci bayan ya gane ƙwarewarsa na musamman na harshe. A lokacin tarihin tarihinsa na 1872, ya ba da rahoton sanin yaren Kanuri, Mandara, Larabci, Baturke, Rashanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci da Faransanci, da kuma ɗan gogewa da yaren Armeniya. Sa'id ya yi balaguro da yawa a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Daular Rasha, daga baya ya tashi zuwa Caribbean, Kudancin Amurka, Kanada, da Amurka. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa da tafiye-tafiyensa, Sa'id ya yi tir da irin zaluncin da Usman dan Fodio ya yi wa kasarsa, ya bayyana hajjinsa zuwa Makka, ya tuna da wata dama da ya samu da Sarkin Musulmi, sannan ya yi tunani a kan musuluntarsa zuwa Kiristanci a Riga. Daga shekarun 1863 zuwa 1865, Sa'id yayi aiki a cikin Sojan Tarayyar Turai lokacin yakin basasar Amurka. Ba kamar yawancin Ba’amurke Ba-Amurke waɗanda suka yi aiki a Sojojin Amurka a lokacin yaƙin, Said ko kakanninsa ba su taɓa bautar da su a Amurka ba. Maimakon haka, Said da son rai ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka sannan ya ba da kansa don yin yaƙi. Kusan ƙarshen yaƙin, ya nemi a haɗa shi da Sashen Asibiti domin ya sami damar yin karatun likitanci. Wani rahoto na dan jarida na 1867 ya nuna cewa, bayan yakin, Said ya ƙaunaci wata Ba'amurkiya kuma ya aure ta. An ba da rahoton cewa sun zauna a St. Stephens, Alabama, inda Said ya rubuta abubuwan tunawa. Rayuwar Said daga baya ba ta da tabbas, amma wani asusun ya mutu yana mutuwa a Brownsville, Tennessee. Domin yana zaune a Kudu-zaman sake ginawa, bai bayyana hidimarsa a cikin Sojojin Amurka ba a cikin tarihinsa. Hoton ganima na Said yana fitowa sanye da kakin sojan Amurka, a lokacin da ake makala shi da Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta 55, ya tsira. Iyali a Borno Said ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan Kanouri wanda aka haifa a "Kouka" (yanzu Kukawa), kusa da tafkin Chadi, ɗan Janar (Katzalla) Barca Gana da wata mata Mandara mai suna Dalia. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta girma Said. A cewar Said, mahaifinsa yana da mata hudu, kuma yana da "babba, dogo, kuma daidai gwargwado; yana kama da kato fiye da na talaka." "Mahaifina ya bambamta kansa sosai a karkashin Sarkinmu Mohammed El Amin Ben Mohammed El Kanemy, Washington na Bornou. Shi ne ta'addancin... makiya kasarmu, kuma duk inda ya bayyana makiya sun gudu. Wani matafiyi dan kasar Ingila ne ya bayyana bajintar sojan mahaifin Said wanda ya samu damar shaidawa Barca Gana a fada. Dixon Denham ya raka wani balaguron soji inda sojojin Bornu karkashin Barca Gana suka hadu da na Larabawa masu kai hari bayi da na Sarkin Musulmin Mandara. A wajen yakar sojojin Daular Sakkwato, Denham ya ruwaito cewa, “Wani Basarake Fellatah da hannunsa ya kakkabe mayakan Bornu guda hudu, a lokacin da Barca Gana, wanda karfinsa yake da girma, ya jefi mashi daga tazarar yadi talatin da biyar, ya shimfida arna low. Rahoton Denham ya kara da jarumtar Barca Gana, "Janar na Bornu ya kashe dawakai uku a karkashinsa ta hanyar kibau masu guba." Yayin da Denham ya danganta rayuwar sa ga bajintar Barca Gana a fagen fama, ya kuma lura cewa dole ne a hana Barca Gana barin mutumin da ya ji rauni a baya, saboda Janar din ba ya son karkatar da albarkatun soji don adana dan kasada wanda ko da ba haka ba ne. musulmi. Shawarar daya daga cikin jam'iyyarsa cewa Allah yana so a kiyaye Denham, Barca Gana ya ba Denham kariya. Ba a haifi Nicholas Said ba sai bayan shekaru bayan yakin da mahaifinsa ya yi da Daular Sokoto, wanda Denham ya tuna. (Jules Verne daga baya zai sake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa na tsawon makonni biyar a cikin Balloon, amma ya jefa Denham a matsayin jarumi maimakon Barca Gana, duk da cewa Denham ya tsira ne kawai saboda mayakan Fulani sun so su kama tufafinsa don amfani da "shaida" cewa Kiristoci sun kasance. ana amfani da su wajen yaki a cikin sojojin Bornu-Mandara Said ya ba da rahoton haduwarsa ta farko da wani bature, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin mai bincike na Jamus Heinrich Barth: “Lokacin da nake dan shekara goma sha biyu, sai ga wani katon ayari ya zo daga Fezzan, sai aka ce wani Sarra ne (bare) na cikin jam’iyyar. Wannan ya ba da farin ciki sosai, musamman a tsakaninmu yara, domin mun ji labarai masu ban mamaki game da su. Misali, an gaya mana cewa turawan ’yan cin nama ne, kuma duk bayin da suka saya ba don wani abu ba ne sai kayan abinci. Tabbas, wani bature ya iso, sai Sarki ya ba shi masauki a Gabashin Kouka. Na fara ganinsa wata rana yana cikin kasuwa, wajen Kouka, sai na gudu daga gare shi.”

20466

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Esan

Mutanen Esan

Mutanen Esan Esan bhò sán ƙabilu ne na kudancin Najeriya da ke magana da harshen Esan Esan a al'adance masanan noma ne, ƙwararrun likitocin gargajiya, mayaƙa kuma mafarauta. Suna noman itacen dabino, barkono mai ƙararrawa (akoh) kwakwa, kola gyaɗa, baƙar tuffa, pear avocado, doya, koko, rogo, masara, shinkafa, wake, gyada, ayaba, lemu, ayaba, kanwa, tumatir, dankalin turawa, kuɓewaabarba, cinya, da kuma kayan lambu iri-iri. Ƙasar Esan ta zamani an yi amannar cewa an tsara ta ne a cikin ƙarni na 15, lokacin da 'yan ƙasa, galibinsu sarakuna da sarakuna, suka bar maƙwabtaka da Daular Benin zuwa arewa maso gabas; a can suka kafa al'ummomi da masarautu waɗanda ake kira daga cikin asalin asalin da suka haɗu a can. Akwai dukkanin masarautu 35 da aka kafa a Esanland, da suka hada da Amahor, Ebelle, Egoro, Ewohimi, Ekekhenlen, Ekpoma, Ekpon, Emu, Ewu, Ewatto, Ewossa, Idoa, Ifeku, Igueben, Ilushi, Inyelen, Irrua, Ogwa, Ohordua, Okalo, Okhuesan, Onogholo, Opoji, Oria, Orowa, Uromi, Udo, Ugbegun, Ugboha, Ubiaja, Urhohi, Ugun, Ujiogba, Ukhun, and Uzea. Masarautun Esan galibi suna yaƙi tsakanin juna. Duk da yaƙe-yaƙe, Mutanen Evan suna da al'adun kama da juna waɗanda masarautar Benin ta rinjayi ta. Koyaya, waɗannan masarautun sun mallake su, tare da daular Benin, da daular Birtaniyya a watan Satumban shekarar 1897, kawai suka sami ƴancin kai shekaru 63 bayan haka a shekarata 1960 lokacin da Najeriya ta sami independentancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Bayan samun 'yanci, jama'ar Esan sun sha wahala daga yaƙin basasa, talauci, da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Esan suna magana da harshen Esan, harshen Edoid da ya danganci Edo, Urhobo, Yaren Owan Isoko, Anioma da Etsako. Ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai mahimmin yanki a Nijeriya, kuma ana koyar da shi a makarantun firamare ban da watsa shirye-shirye ta rediyo da talabijin. Har ila yau, an san harshen Esan a cikin ƙididdigar Masarautar Ingila. An ƙiyasta cewa mutanen Esan da ke zaune a ƙasar Esan sun kai kimanin onean ƙasa miliyan ɗaya zuwa miliyan ɗaya da rabi a Nijeriya, kuma akwai diasporaan Esan da yawa. Ainahin Suna Kalmar Esan an yi amfani da ita ga mutanen Esan shekaru dubbai, kuma ana amfani da ita kafin tuntuɓar Turawa. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imani da cewa sunan 'Esan' (asali, 'E san fia') bashi ne daga Bini (ma'ana, 'sun gudu' ko 'sun yi tsalle'). 'Ishan' wani nau'i ne na 'Esan' wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin Angilika sakamakon mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya wanda ya kasa bayyana sunan wannan ƙabilar. An yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashawa ta shafi sunayen Esan kamar ubhhhhhh (yanzu itace 'obeche'), uloko (yanzu itace 'iroko'), Abhuluimɛn (yanzu 'Aburime') Duk da haka an yi ƙoƙari don komawa matsayin yanzu. Don manufar ilimi, Esan yana nufin ƙabilar da ke zaune a tsakiyar Jihar Edo; jam'i bai canza ba) mutum ko mutane gabaɗaya daga wannan ƙabilar; yaren waɗannan mutanen wanda, a yaren harshe, na ofan asalin Kwa ne na dangin harsunan Nijar-Congo; wani abu, mai dangantaka, ko samun asalin Esan misali uro Esan Yaren Esan), otọ Esan Esan land), ọghhedẹ Esan Esan banana). A zamanin jahiliyya, Esan suna ɗauke da tabon ƙabilar hankaka ƙasan idanunsu. Tarihi Tarihin farko/na gargajiya zamani Dangane da shaidar binciken tarihi da harshe, mutane suna zaune a cikin savannah-forest ecotone a Esanland aƙalla shekaru 3000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila waɗannan mutanen suna da alaƙa da mutanen Nok kuma sun fito daga savannahs na arewa zuwa gandun daji na kudu. Har wa yau, yaren Esan na arewa sun fi dacewa da yaren Arewacin Edo kamar Etsako da Owan fiye da yarukan Esan na kudu, waɗanda suke da kusancin kusanci da Edo. Waɗannan mutanen "proto-Edoid" sun yi noman yam, dabinon mai da kayan lambu, amma kuma sun yi farauta kuma sun tattara. Farawa daga 500 AD zuwa 750 AD, waɗannan maharba masu farauta sun fara mulkin mallaka da tsarin halittar dazuzzuka na ƙasar Esan da kuma gandun daji na Daular Benin. Sun kirkiro pre-Esan, pre-Edo wacce ta gina ingantattun sifofi kamar moats da bango kewaye da dukiyar dangi. Waɗannan shinge sun kasance, aƙalla, kilomita uku zuwa biyar a diamita, sannan kuma an keɓance wuraren zama da na noma. Waɗannan kaddarorin sun faɗaɗa sun zama ƙauyuka, kuma kafin shekara ta 800 AD, waɗannan ƙauyukan sun haɗu don kafa masarautu tare da tsarin sarauta. Gwanon zamani a yankin ya gano cewa waɗannan ganuwar suna cikin gabashin Benin Empire da arewacin Esanland. Mazaunan sun kasance kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na dindindin a arewacin yankin, amma ba kusa da maɓuɓɓugan rijiyoyi. Al'adar, harshe da bunƙasar ƙasar Esan sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar yawan fitarwa zuwa yankin Esan daga dukkan maɓuɓɓuka kusa da kusa Al’ummomin da ke gefen kudu da gabashin Esanland (Ewohimi, Ewatto, Ekpon, Amahor) ya kasance yawan mutanen Ibo da Igala (zuwa Uroh) Daga arewa Emawa suka shigo Ukhun, da Idoa, da Amahor, da Etsako zuwa Irrua); kuma daga kudu akwai Itsekiri (zuwa Ekpon) da Urhobo (zuwa Ujiogba). Babban tasirin Esanland ya fito ne daga Edo, waɗanda suka kafa daular Benin. A shekarar 1460, Oba Ewuare ya zartar da dokokin zaman makoki da suka hana jima’i, wanka, kada ganga, rawa da dafa abinci. Waɗannan dokokin sun nuna ƙuntatawa ga yawancin 'yan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan' yan ƙasa sun gudu daga mulkin zuwa Esanland. Wannan fitowar ta fito da tsarin Esanland na al'ada kuma ya haifar da kalmar "Esan," ko "'yan gudun hijira." Al'adar baka ta goyi bayan wannan ka'idar sosai. Fitaccen masanin tarihin Esan da Edo sun tattara labarai game da wannan ƙaura. Tsarin mulkin mallaka Masarautun Esan suna da matakai daban-daban na cin gashin kai, amma daga karshe masarautar Benin ta mallake su. Oba ya amince da na Esanland, kuma masarautun Esan sun yaba wa Benin. Duk da haka, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Oba, a lokacin da ya hau gadon sarauta, yana aika fararen alli zuwa Esans azaman lokacin aminci. Idan an ƙi alli, to Oba zai yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Esanland. Bambancin rikice-rikicen siyasa na Benin da masarautun Esan shima ya haifar da yaƙi. Irin wannan yaƙin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don haka babu tarihin zaman lafiya tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Ƙasar Esan ta tsunduma cikin kasuwancin duniya sosai. Masarautar Benin kan Esanland ta ba ta damar aika 'yan kasuwa masu nisa, ko Ekhen ya sayi zane, hauren giwa, barkono, da bayi ga fatake Turawa a ƙasashen Yarbawa, Ƙasar Esan, da Afenmai A lokacin karni na 16, Yakin Uzea ya faru. Wannan yakin ya kasance tsakanin Masarautar Uromi da ta Benin. Yakin ya kasance daga shekarar 1502 zuwa 1503, kuma ya samo asali ne daga kin abokantaka daga Oba Ozolua na Benin da Onojie Agba na Uromi. Yaƙin ya ƙare a garin Uzea, lokacin da aka kashe shugabannin biyu. Koyaya, a lokutan zaman lafiya masarautun Esan zasu baiwa sojoji bashi zuwa masarautar Benin, kamar lokacin yakin Idah na 1515-1516, da korar Akure a 1823. mutanen Nupe Musulma sun ci gaba da kai hari da kora daga arewacin Esanland a cikin farautar bayi da wadanda suka musulunta, tun da sun mallaki kasashen mutanen Kukuruku Masarautun Esan da yawa daga kudu sun taimaka a cikin yaƙin don kawar da Nupes. Yaƙe-yaƙe ya shigo cikin yardarwar Esans; an kawo jarumai da yawa na Nupe da Etsako cikin biranen Esan inda zuriyarsu ke zaune a yau. Karnin na sha tara ya kawo ƙaruwar tasirin Turai akan Ƙasar Esan kamar yadda Ingilishi ya buƙaci samin kayan dabino. Yaƙin Esan da mulkin mallaka A cikin shekara ta 1897, Birtaniyya ta kori Daular Benin, ta yadda ya bar Esans daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A cikin 1899, Turawan ingila suka jagoranci mamayewa zuwa masarautun Esan wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru bakwai. Esanland ta fi wahalar cin nasara fiye da Mulkin Benin saboda ikon cin gashin kanta: Masarautu sun zaɓi ci gaba da yaƙin Burtaniya koda kuwa maƙwabta sun faɗi. Manyan shugabannin Benin kamar Ologbosere da Ebohon har yanzu suna adawa da mulkin Burtaniya ba tare da gangan ba sun kiyaye kasar Esan daga yamma, ta hanyar kafa sansanonin soja da toshe hanyoyi. Wannan ya kasance daga 1897 zuwa Afrilu 22. 1899, inda Ologbosere ya mika wuya a ƙauyen kan iyakar Okemue. Masarauta ta farko da Turawan ingila suka kaiwa hari ita ce daular Ekpon. Ekpon ya ƙaddamar da adawa mai ƙarfi don mamayewar Birtaniyya a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, wanda ya kusan lalata mulkin. Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Esans a Ekpon, masarautar Ekpon ta jagoranci kwantan bauna a sansanin Birtaniyya da ke Okueme, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu. Wannan ya sa sojojin Biritaniya suka ja da baya, suka ƙarfafa ikonsu, kuma suka kashe Ologbosere a watan Mayu. Attemptsoƙarin da Ingilishi ya biyo baya kuma bai yi nasara ba: yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Irrua, alal misali, ya haifar da karɓar dabarun yaƙin ɓarnata tare da koma baya; wannan hanyar tayi nasara sosai har wasu masarautun Esan suka karbe ta kuma turawan ingila basu mamaye Esanland ba sai a shekarar 1901. Ranar 16 ga Maris din shekarata 1901, Masarautar Uromi, wacce tsohon, amma mai hankali Onojie Okolo ke shugabanta, Turawan Ingila suka kai mata hari. Rashin jituwa na Uromi, karkashin jagorancin Prince Okojie, ya kasance mai sauri kuma ya yi amfani da yaƙin 'yan daba. Bayan wani dan lokaci, sai sojojin Burtaniya suka fatattaki kauyen Amedeokhian, inda Okolo yake, suka kashe shi. Wannan ya fusata Yarima Okojie sosai har ya kashe Kaftin din sojojin Burtaniya kafin a kawo masu karfi. Daga nan sai Turawan Ingilishi suka fahimci cewa Uromi ya kusa kusan kasa hanawa ba tare da taimakon na asali ba, kuma ya tuntubi masu tausaya na cikin gida kamar Onokpogua, Ezomo na Uromi. Wannan ya yi nasarar dusar da Yarima Okojie daga cikin dajin kuma aka tura shi ofisoshin Burtaniya da ke Calabar. Wannan aikin an sake shi a yawancin daulolin da sukayi yaki da Birtaniyya: Esan sunyi amfani da yakin guerilla ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, wanda hakan ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na yaki duk da karancin makamai, da kuma karfafawa daga garin Benin na Birtaniyya. Ko da lokacin da aka ci kauyuka, juriya ta ciki ta kasance mai tsanani: ci gaba da yakin 'yan daba a Uromi ya tilasta Turawan Ingila su saki Yarima Okojie. Koyaya, mummunan zalunci daga ɓangaren Birtaniyya ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa kuma ya raba mutane da yawa da muhallinsu. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1906, Ƙasar Esan ya miƙa wuya ga masarautar Burtaniya, kuma masarautu talatin da huɗu sun zama ƙungiyar Ishan. Yin zane kiɗa Rawar Esan ta mamaye Igbabonelimhin, raye-rayen wasan acrobatic da galibi samari ke yi. Igbabonelimhin ya haɗa da juyawa da juyawa zuwa buga lokaci. Wannan rawa an fi yin ta a Sabuwar Shekara. A yau, ana ɗaukar rawa a matsayin alama ta musamman ga Esans ko'ina. Fitattun Mutanen Esan a Najeriya Anɗanny Enahoro, dan jarida, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Kwamishina na Tarayya, tsohon Shugaban Hukumar NADECO, ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya a shekarar 1953 yana da shekara 30 Augustus Aikhomu, Navy Admiral da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Najeriya na mulkin soja Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, farfesa a fannin magani, Gwamnan Jihar Bendel kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Jihar Bendel, daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Ambrose Alli University Anthony Anenih, jami'in dan sanda, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaban Social Democratic Party, tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na PDP, da tsohon Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje Ehia Olu. Akhabue (Kwararren Kwararren ICT da ke Amurka) Tom Ikimi, mai tsara gine-gine, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaba, Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje Festus Iyayi, marubuci Stella Obasanjo Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga 1999 har zuwa mutuwarta Anthony Olubunmi Okogie, Cardinal kuma tsohon Archbishop na Legas Sonny Okosun, mawaƙi Chris Oyakhilome, mai bishara kuma shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Christ Fidelis Oyakhilome, tsohon kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na jihar Legas kuma tsohon Gwamnan jihar Ribas Mai shari’a Braimah Omosun, tsohuwar Babban Alkalin Gambiya Amb. (Dr.) Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi tsohon shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Victor Ehikhamenor, mai fasaha, marubuci, kuma mai daukar hoto. Ikhide R. Ikheloa, mai sukar zamantakewa da adabi kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikata a Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Montgomery County da ke Rockville, Maryland, (MCPS) USA. Peter Enahoro, dan jarida, marubuci, marubuci, kuma marubucin littafin, Yadda ake zama dan Najeriya. Addini da almara Esan tatsuniyoyi da almara, kamar igbabonablimhin da akhuɛ, suna matsayin nau'ikan ilmantarwa da nishaɗi. Esan suna da mashahuran masarautun gargajiya waɗanda ke kiyaye tsari a cikin al'umma inda kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ke haɗe da juna. Duk da tasirin Kiristanci na dogon lokaci, Esan galibi na gargajiya ne kuma yawancin suna yin imani da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar bautar ruhohin kakanni da sauran alloli. Yawancin Esan Kiristoci ne, galibi Katolika da kwanan nan na wasu ɗariku. Esan tana da yarurruka daban-daban dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga Bini kuma har yanzu akwai kusancin kusanci tsakanin Esan da Bini, wanda ke haifar da karin magana "Esan ii gbi dodo" ma'ana, Esan ba ya cutar da dodo (watau Bini) Akwai sauran fassarar wannan maganar, Esan gbe Edo wanda ke nufin Esan ya ci Bini. Addinin Esan na gargajiya yana da kamanceceniya da addinin Edo na gargajiya, saboda ƙaurawar Esan zuwa arewa maso gabas yayin karni na 15 daga Daular Benin Akwai gumakan Esan da yawa: Osanobua, babban allahn Edo-Esan. Wannan sunan don Allah an kawo shi zuwa Kristanci da mishaneri, kuma saboda haka fassarar Allah a Esanland shine Osanobua Olokun Esu, allahn Esan yaudara. An raba wannan allahn tare da labarin Yarbawa da Edo. Sunan Esu yayi amfani da shi azaman fassara ga Shaidan ta mishaneri na Kirista. Osun, allahn Esan na magani. Daga nan ne sunan mahaifi Okosun, ko ɗan magani, ya samo asali daga. Ƙananan hukumomin Esan a jihar Edo Dangi masarauta masu cin gashin kansu a cikin yankin Esan a halin yanzu an tsara su cikin tsari kamar haka a karkashin kananan hukumomi biyar na yanzu: Esan-North-East LGA, Uromi: Uromi da Uzea Esan Central LGA, Irrua: Irrua, Ugbegun, Opoji, Ewu, Ebudin Esan West LGA, Ekpoma Ekpoma, Iruekpen, Idoa, Ogwa, Urohi, Ukhun, Egoro da Ujiogba Esan kudu maso gabas LGA, Ubiaja: Ubiaja, Ewohimi, Emu, Ohordua, watwatto, Okhuesan, Orowa, Ugboha, Oria, Illushi, Onogholo, Inyenlen Igueben LGA, Igueben: Igueben, Ebelle, Amaho, wowossa, Udo, Ekpon, Ugun, Okalo, Mahada Gerontocracy of Esan people Kara karanta General http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00075002/00001/1j Mythology Art

50054

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim%20Ahmad%20Shuja

Hakim Ahmad Shuja

Hakim Ahmad Shuja MBE wani lokaci ana rubuta shi da ‘Hakeem Ahmed Shuja’ da ‘Hakim Ahmad Shuja Pasha’ (4 Nuwamban shekarar 1893 –4 January 1969),shahararren mawakiyar Urdu ne kuma Farisa,marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo,marubuci, marubuciyar fina-finai da mawaka, masaniya kuma mai sufi,daga tsohon dan Birtaniya.Indiya,daga baya Pakistan. Fage An haifi Hakim Ahmad Shuja a cikin wani tsoho kuma fitaccen gidan sufaye da malaman addinin Musulunci,wadanda suka yi hijira daga Larabawa. Afganistan da Turkiyya zuwa Indiya tsakanin karni na 10-12 miladiyya. Daga bangaren ubanta,zuriyarsa ce kai tsaye na Abdulqadir Gilani,Abu Ayyub al-Ansari da Abdul Wahid bin Zaid,kuma daga wajen uwayenta,na kabilar Sadozai wadda a wani lokaci ta yi mulkin Afganistan.; Har ila yau,Lazard, a sama</ref> A zamanin Sultans na Delhi,iyali sun zama sananne a matsayin alloli na addini da kuma Hakims watau masu aikin Hikmat na gargajiya Unini, ko tsarin Girkanci na magani) kuma a lokacin.na Sarkin Mughal Akbar Mai Girma (c.1542-1605)an kafa su a matsayin Likitocin Kotu a Lahore,a yankin Ƙofar Bhati na Tsohon Gari.Daga baya,'yan uwa sun yi aiki a matsayin Cif Qazis (ko Qadis a Lahore da Kashmir a ƙarƙashin mulkin Afghanistan Durrani ),kuma reshe sun kasance ministoci a lokacin mulkin Sikh na Ranjit Singh.Iyalan Hakim, ko 'Hakim-Khana' na Old Lahore galibinsu Musulmai Sunni ne,amma a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th wani reshe 'Fakir-Khana' ya zama Shi'a Mahaifin Ahmad Shuja,Hakim Shuja-ed-din, shi ne Sufaye sufi na tsarin Chishtiya kuma daya daga cikin farkon majagaba na wallafe-wallafen Urdu a Lahore, ya fitar da sanannen mujallar Shor-i-Mahshar kuma yana shiga cikin aikin kungiyoyin Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam da Anjuman i Punjab Rayuwar farko da aiki Hakim Ahmad Shuja shi ne da ne tilo a wajen iyayensa, wadanda su biyun suka rasu tun yana karami, aik kuma wani dattijo dan uwansu, aiHakim Amin-ed-din, barrister ne ya rene shi.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin harshen Larabci da na Al-Qur'ani a gida,sannan ya samu horon Sufaye a karkashin malaman sufaye daban-daban a cikin al'adun Chishti da Qadiri,sannan ya sami gurbin karatun 'Turanci' a tsohuwar makarantar Model ta Tsakiya,Lahore,daga baya kuma ya tafi shahararriyar Aligarh.Jami'ar Musulunci,daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa da girmamawa. Daga nan sai Ahmad Shuja ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a jami'ar Osmania da ke jihar Hyderabad (Deccan) amma bai ji dadi ba ya koma Lahore don neman aiki a can.Bayan ayyukan jarida da na ilimi da yawa,ciki har da kasancewa editan mujallar adabi ta Urdu Hazar Dastaan a cikin 1922-23, a ƙarshe ya zauna ya yi hidima na yau da kullun a sakatariyar Majalisar Dokokin Punjab,a ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Punjab a cikin shekarun 1950. Rubuce-rubuce Hakim Ahmad Shuja ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci kuma ƙwararren marubuci, haƙiƙa, Rubuce-rubuce ya samar da tarin wakoki na Urdu da Farisa,kasidu marasa adadi da kasidu da aka buga a jaridu da mujallu a duk faɗin Indiya (da kuma Pakistan daga baya),ɗaya daga cikin farkon fassarar Alqur'ani a Punjabi. Harshe,ayyuka masu ban mamaki da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Imtiaz Ali Taj, Agha Hashar Kashmiri da sauran masu shirya wasan kwaikwayo,kuma, daga baya,wasan kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi na farkon cinema na Indo-Pakistan.Duk da haka,shahararsa a yau ta dogara ne akan waɗannan ayyukan da aka sani: "Lahore ka Chelsea" (1967; 1989 sake bugawa),tarin abubuwan tunawa na Old Lahore; "Khoon-Baha" (1962),wasu daga cikin sauran abubuwan tarihinsa; "Gard-i-Karvan" (1950s; sake buga 1960),tarin wakoki da kasidu don yabon Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da 'Ahl i Bait' ('yan gidan Annabi) a matsayin abin koyi na 'Mai kyau' halayen musulmi. da wakokinsa masu kayatarwa,wakoki,wadanda daga baya aka samu nasarar daidaita wasu daga cikin wakokin fim. Wadannan ayyukan suna nuna kyakkyawan ra'ayinsa da mutuntaka da bangaskiya mai zurfi da kuma Romanticism wanda ke nuna al'adun gargajiya na Urdu da Farisa,da kuma tasirin marubutan Yammacin Turai kamar Shelley, Thomas Carlyle, Goethe da Victor Hugo.. Daga baya rayuwa da gado Hakim Ahmad Shuja continued to write even until the time of his death in 1969. Between the 1950s and 1960s, he became especially interested in the potentialities of film-making and cinema. Perhaps because of the involvement of his son Anwar Kamal Pasha, one of South Asia's early and most renowned film directors, in this genre. Many well-known lyrics and songs of his popular films, such as Tu Laakh Challay Ri Gori and Ham Bhi Parrhay Hain Rahon Mein, were in fact written originally as poems by Shuja and later adapted by him and his team of assistants for film. Some of these songs/lyrics are at times wrongly ascribed to some of these assistants, such as poet Qateel Shifai. However, that Shuja had already been involved to a lesser extent in writing songs/lyrics and also stories for Urdu/Hindi cinema even earlier, is borne by his early lyrics for the song "Hairaat-e-Nazzaraa Aakir", sung by the Kundan Lal Saigal, and also his writing of the storylines of the Indian Bollywood films like Behram Khan, Sheesh Mahal and Shahida, the early Pakistani film from 1949. In many ways, thus, he had a direct influence and bearing upon the development of both early Indian and Pakistani literature and cinema. In addition, he also made a significant contribution to the early development of Urdu language, linguistics and etymology as permanent secretary and one of the main compilers/editors of Pakistan's Official Language Committee, 1949, responsible for the standardization of official and court terms, from English to Urdu. Shuja ya kasance mai zamani da alaƙa da mutane kamar Agha Hashar Kashmiri, Imtiaz Ali Taj, Abul Kalam Azad,Allama Iqbal,Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Sohrab Modi,da Muhammad Ali Jauhar Duba kuma Ghaus-e-Azam Khwaja Abdullahi Ansari Adabin Urdu Anwar Kamal Pasha Riffat Hassan Yawar Hayat

35765

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle%2C%20Arkansas

Carlisle, Arkansas

Carlisle birni ne, da ke a gundumar Lonoke, Arkansas, a ƙasar Amurka. Ita ce gundumar gabas ta gabas a cikin Little Rock North Little Rock Yankin Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Conway An haɗa Carlisle a cikin 1878. Dangane da ƙidayar 2010 tana da yawan jama'a 2,214. Geography Carlisle yana a gabashin Lonoke County a (34.786109, -91.744835). Interstate 40 ta wuce ta gefen arewacin birnin, tare da samun dama daga Fita 183 (Hanya 13). I-40 yana kaiwa gabas zuwa Forrest City da yamma zuwa North Little Rock Hanyar US 70 ta wuce tsakiyar Carlisle azaman titin Park kuma tana aiki azaman babbar hanyar gida mai layi ɗaya da I-40. US-70 yana kaiwa gabas zuwa Hazen da yamma nisa iri ɗaya zuwa Lonoke, kujerar gundumar Babban titin Arkansas 13 ya wuce ta yammacin Carlisle kuma yana jagorantar arewa zuwa Hickory Plains da kudu zuwa Humnoke A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, Carlisle yana da yawan yanki na wanda daga ciki ƙasa ne kuma ko 0.48%, ruwa ne. Bayou Two Prairie, kudu maso gabas mai gudana na Bayou Meto, ya taɓa kusurwar kudu maso yamma na iyakar birnin. Alkaluma ƙidayar 2020 Dangane da ƙidayar Amurka ta 2020, akwai mutane 2,033, gidaje 896, da iyalai 637 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Ƙididdigar 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 2,304, gidaje 955, da iyalai 645 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance Akwai rukunin gidaje 1,029 a matsakaicin yawa na Tsarin launin fata na birnin ya kasance 86.28% Fari, 12.46% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 0.52% Ba'amurke, 0.22% Asiya, da 0.52% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. 0.56% na yawan jama'ar Hispanic ne ko Latino na kowace kabila. Akwai gidaje 954, daga cikinsu kashi 27.5% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 52.9% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 11.3% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 32.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 29.9% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance na mutane ne, kuma 15.9% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko fiye. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.32 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.87. A cikin birni, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 22.9% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 7.5% daga 18 zuwa 24, 24.5% daga 25 zuwa 44, 24.8% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 20.3% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 41. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 88.9. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 80.8. Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali a cikin birni shine $30,086, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na iyali shine $39,853. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $30,292 sabanin $20,563 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na birni shine $15,725. Kusan 10.5% na iyalai da 15.5% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 16.3% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 26.7% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Ilimi Ana ba da ilimin jama'a don yara ƙanana, firamare da sakandare daga: Gundumar Makarantar Carlisle (firamare), wanda ke kaiwa ga kammala karatun sakandare daga Carlisle High School Des Arc School District, wanda ke kaiwa ga kammala karatun sakandare daga Des Arc High School Fitattun mutane Johnny Adams, kocin jockey da tseren tsere; an haife shi a Carlisle, wanda aka girma a Iola, Kansas Maurice Britt, Medal of Honor mai karɓar daga yakin duniya na biyu Laftanar gwamnan Arkansas na farko na Republican tun lokacin da aka sake ginawa An haife shi a Carlisle kuma ya girma a Lonoke Mitch Petrus, tsohon dan wasan NFL na New York Giants Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Carlisle (Lonoke County), Encyclopedia of Arkansas History

31631

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar%20Nurmagomedov

Abubakar Nurmagomedov

Abubakar Nurmagomedov (An haife shi 13 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara (1989) Miladiyya. ɗan ƙasar Rasha ne sannan kuma ɗan wasan yaƙi ne, wanda a halin yanzu yake fafatawa a rukunin Welterweight na Gasar kwararrun yaki. Shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Tagulla sau uku a gasar combat sambo ta duniya kuma zakaran sambo na kasar Rasha. Fage An haifi Abubakar Nurmagomedov a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1989 a ƙauyen Goksuv a gundumar Khasavyurtovsky, Dagestan A makarantar firamare Abubakar ya fara horar da wasan kokawa, kuma bayan kammala sakandare ya shiga Combat Sambo karkashin Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov A cikin shekarar 2014 ya lashe lambar yabo ta tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya na Combat Sambo. Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha Farkon aiki Nurmagomedov ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar MMA a watan Oktoban 2011 da Ibrahim Dzhantukhanov na Rasha, kuma ya yi nasara a zagayen farko ta Mikawuya (armbar). A gasar tauraruwar Sochi ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Magomed Mustafaev da bugun fasaha a zagayen farko. Gasar Combat Sambo ta Duniya Abubakar ya zo a matsayi na uku a gasar sambo ta duniya daban-daban, da zakarun duniya da dama kamar Yaroslav Amosov da Pavel Kusch, da Eldar Eldarov a gasar da ya fafata a gasar. Jerin Yakin Duniya A watan Maris Nurmagomedov ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da WSOF. A cikin WSOF na farko, Nurmagomedov ya ci Jorge Moreno na Amurka a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2015 a WSOF 22 ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. Bayan halarta na farko ya doke abokin gaba na gaba daga Las Vegas, Nevada Danny Davis Jr. a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2015 a WSOF 26 ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci Matthew Frincu a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2016 a WSOF 30. Ya ci nasara ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na biyu. Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci John Howard a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2016 a WSOF 33 Ya ci nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya. Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci Matt Secor a ranar 18 ga Maris 2017 a WSOF 35. Ya ci nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya. Ƙwararrun Mayakan League Nurmagomedov ya yi takara a PFL welterweight Grand-Prix. Ya fuskanci Pavel Kusch a zagaye na farko a PFL 3 a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2018. Ya yi rashin nasara a fafatawar ta baya-tsirara shake sallama a zagaye na biyu. Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci Jonatan Westin a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2018 a PFL 6 Ya ci nasara a yaƙin da yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2018, an sanar da cewa Nurmagomedov zai maye gurbin João Zeferino a gasar Welterweight a PFL 10 a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2018. Ya fuskanci Bojan Veličković a zagaye na kusa da na karshe. Fafatawar dai ta kare ne da ci daya mai ban haushi inda Nurmagomedov ya tsallake rijiya da baya sakamakon lashe zagayen farko. Duk da haka, Nurmagomedov bai tsallake zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe ba saboda rauni a hannu kuma Veličković ya maye gurbinsa. Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe Nurmagomedov ya fara halartan sa na gabatarwa a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2019 a UFC Fight Night 163 da David Zawada Ya yi rashin nasara ta hanyar mika wuya a zagaye na daya. Nurmagomedov ya fuskanci Jared Gooden a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021 a UFC 260 Ya ci nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya. An shirya Nurmagomedov zai fuskanci Daniel Rodriguez a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2021 a UFC akan ESPN 26 Duk da haka, an tilasta Nurmagomedov ya janye daga taron, saboda rauni. Gasa da nasarori Sambo Ƙungiyar Sambo ta Duniya Yaƙi Sambona duniya s-Moscow, Rasha Yaƙi Sambo World Championships-Moscow, Rasha Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Yaƙin Sambo Daga cikin Ƙwararru-Gaspra, Mai ba da lambar yabo ta Crimea Rigingimu UFC 229 Nurmagomedov-McGregor ya faru bayan yakin A UFC 229, Khabib Nurmagomedov ya tsallake kejin bayan nasarar da ya samu kuma aka caje shi zuwa Dillon Danis na kusurwar Conor McGregor Ba da jimawa ba McGregor da Abubakar sun yi yunkurin fita daga cikin dodon doki, amma rikici ya barke a tsakaninsu bayan McGregor ya kai wa Abubakar hari. Daga nan sai biyu daga cikin mutanen kusurwa Khabib, Zubaira Tukhugov da Esed Emiragaev suka kai wa McGregor hari. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2019, NSAC ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da Nurmagomedov na shekara guda, (wanda zai koma Oktoba 6, 2018) da tarar $25,000. Ya cancanci sake yin takara a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2019. Bayanan gaurayayyun masu fasahar yaki |Win |align=center|16–3–1 |Jared Gooden |Decision (unanimous) |UFC 260 |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |Loss |align=center|15–3–1 |David Zawada |Submission (triangle choke) |UFC Fight Night: Magomedsharipov vs. Kattar |align=center|1 |align=center|2:50 |Moscow, Russia |Draw |align=center| |Bojan Veličković |Draw (unanimous) |PFL 10 |align=center| 2 |align=center| 5:00 |Washington, D.C., United States |Win |align=center|15–2 |Jonatan Westin |Decision (unanimous) |PFL 6 |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |Loss |align=center|14–2 |Pavel Kusch |Submission (rear-naked choke) |PFL 3 |align=center|2 |align=center|1:23 |Washington, D.C., United States |Win |align=center|14–1 |Matt Secor |Decision (unanimous) |WSOF 35 |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Verona, New York, United States |Win |align=center|13–1 |John Howard |Decision (unanimous) |WSOF 33 |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |Kansas City, Missouri, United States Win align=center|12–1 Matthew Frincu TKO (punches) WSOF 30 align=center| 2 align=center| 3:05 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Win align=center| 11–1 Danny Davis Jr. Decision (unanimous) WSOF 26 align=center| 3 align=center| 5:00 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Win align=center| 10–1 Jorge Moreno Decision (unanimous) WSOF 22 align=center| 3 align=center| 5:00 Las Vegas, Nevada, United States Win align=center| 9–1 Vladimir Gunzu TKO (punches) Sochi Star Club: Sochi Star Tournament 3 align=center| 1 align=center| N/A Sochi, Russia Loss align=center| 8–1 Magomed Mustafaev TKO (doctor stoppage) rowspan=2|Sochi Star Club: Sochi Star Tournament 1 rowspan=2| align=center| 2 align=center| 4:11 rowspan=2|Sochi, Russia Win align=center| 8–0 Richard Totrav TKO (punches) align=center| 1 align=center| 4:27 Win align=center| 7–0 Dmitry Capmari TKO (punches) Union of Veterans of Sport: Champion Cup align=center| 1 align=center| 3:36 Novosibirsk, Russia Win align=center| 6–0 Magomed Shakhbanov TKO (punches) Liga Kavkaz: Grand Umakhan Battle align=center| 1 align=center| 2:46 Khunzakh, Russia Win align=center| 5–0 Yuri Grigoryan Submission (kimura) Russian MMA Union: St. Petersburg MMA Championship 1 align=center| 1 align=center| 1:40 Saint Petersburg, Russia Win align=center| 4–0 Sergei Akinin TKO (punches) rowspan=2|OctagonMMA Warriors: Nurmagomedov vs. Akinin rowspan=2| align=center| 1 align=center| 4:10 rowspan=2|Zhukovsky, Russia Win align=center| 3–0 Adilbek Zhaldoshov TKO (punches) align=center| 1 align=center| 3:40 Win align=center| 2–0 Anatoly Safronov Submission (triangle choke) Liga Kavkaz 2012 align=center| 1 align=center| 2:30 Khasavyurt, Russia Win align=center| 1–0 Ibrahim Dzhantukhanov Submission (armbar) ProFC: Battle in the Caucasus align=center| 1 align=center| 1:32 Khasavyurt, Russia Duba kuma Jerin mayakan WSOF na yanzu Jerin mazaje gauraye masu fasahar yaƙi Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51380

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma%20James

Selma James

Articles with hCards Selma James (an haife shi Selma Deitch;tsohon Weinstein;Agusta 15,1930) marubuciya Ba'amurke ce,kuma mai fafutukar mata kuma mai fafutukar zaman jama'a wacce ta kasance marubucin littafin motsin mata The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (tare da Mariarosa Dalla Costa).),co-wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mata na Duniya. Rayuwar farko da gwagwarmaya Deitch an haife shi a unguwar Brownsville na Brooklyn,New York,a cikin 1930. Mahaifinta direban babbar mota ne,kuma mahaifiyarta ma'aikaciyar masana'anta ce kafin ta haifi 'ya'ya. Lokacin da take matashiya,Selma ta yi aiki a masana'antu,sannan a matsayinta na cikakken macen gida da uwa ga ɗanta. Samwanda mahaifinsa,abokin aikin masana'anta,ta kasance cikin ɗan gajeren aure. A lokacin da take da shekaru 15,ta shiga cikin Johnson-Forest Tendency,daya daga cikin shugabanninsa uku shine CLR James,kuma ta fara halartar karatunsa akan bautar da yakin basasa na Amurka. 1950s da 60s A cikin 1952,ta rubuta littafin Wurin Mace, an fara buga shi azaman shafi a cikin Sadarwa, jaridar mako-mako da masu karatu suka rubuta kuma suka shirya tare da masu sauraron galibin masu aiki. Ba a saba ba a lokacin,jaridar tana da shafukan da aka sadaukar don baiwa mata, matasa da kuma baƙar fata murya mai cin gashin kanta. Ta kasance mawallafi na yau da kullum kuma ta gyara Shafin Mata.A cikin 1955,ta zo Ingila don auren CLR James,wanda aka kora daga Amurka a lokacin McCarthy.Sun kasance tare tsawon shekaru 25,kuma sun kasance abokan aikin siyasa na kud da kud. Daga 1958 zuwa 1962,ta zauna a Trinidad da Tobago,inda,tare da mijinta,ta kasance mai himma a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin kai da tarayya ta yammacin Indiya. Dawowa Biritaniya bayan samun 'yancin kai,ta zama sakatariyar shirya gangamin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata na farko a 1965,kuma mamba ce ta kafa ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta Yanki kuma editan mujallarta a 1969. Ladan aikin gida A cikin Janairu 1971,James ya watsa shirye-shiryen gidan rediyon BBC a cikin jerin mutane don gobe-ta yin amfani da kwarewarta na yin aiki a cikin ƙananan ayyuka da kasancewa uwa da uwar gida,da kuma hira da matan gida na cikakken lokaci,da sauran mata masu aiki a waje.gida yayin da yake ci gaba da yin mafi yawan ayyukan gida-don gano yadda ake cin zarafin mata a cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya. A cikin 1972,littafin The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (wanda aka rubuta tare da Mariarosa Dalla Costa) ya ƙaddamar da "muhawarar aikin cikin gida" ta hanyar zayyana yadda aikin gida da sauran ayyukan kulawa da mata suke yi a waje da kasuwa yana samar da dukan ma'aikata.don haka tattalin arzikin kasuwa,bisa wadancan ma’aikata, ya ginu ne a kan aikin mata marasa aikin yi. A wannan shekarar,James ya kafa kamfen na International Wages for Housework (WFH),wanda ke neman kuɗi daga Jiha don ayyukan da ba a yi ba a cikin gida da kuma cikin al'umma. Muhawara ta biyo baya game da ko kula da cikakken lokaci shine "aiki" ko "rawar" -kuma ko ya kamata a biya shi tare da albashi.An gabatar da takardar James ta 1972 Mata,Ƙungiyoyi da Aiki a Taron Mata na Ƙasa a kan Maris 25–26,1972. A cikin wata hira da ta yi da BBC News 24 a shekara ta 2002 ta bayyana cewa aikin gida yana kirga don "aiki na asali a cikin al'umma",cewa mata suna da hakkin samun albashi, kuma ta ce: "Muna kuma son amincewa daga al'umma cewa aikin da muke yi yana da mahimmanci kuma mai mahimmanci.." Ta kara da cewa aikin gida ana kirga don "aiki na asali a cikin al'umma". James shine mai magana da yawun kungiyar Karuwai na Ingilishi na farko, wanda ke fafutukar yanke hukunci da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya bi na tattalin arziki ga karuwanci. Buga na 1983 na James's Marx da Feminism ya karya tare da kafaffen ka'idar Marxist ta hanyar samar da karatun Marx 's Capital daga mahangar mata da aikin rashin aiki. Tun daga shekara ta 1985,ta haɗu da Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Mata ta Duniya,wadda ta yi nasara a kan shawarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya inda gwamnatoci suka amince su auna da darajar aikin da ba a biya ba a cikin kididdiga na kasa. Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da doka a kan wannan a Trinidad da Tobago da Spain,kuma ana ci gaba da yin amfani da lokaci da sauran bincike a ƙasashe da yawa.A Venezuela,Mataki na ashirin da 88 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya amince da aiki a cikin gida a matsayin aikin tattalin arziki wanda ke haifar da ƙarin ƙima da kuma samar da dukiya da jin dadin jama'a,kuma ya ba wa matan aure damar samun zaman lafiya. Ayyukan kwanan nan James ya gabatar da laccoci a cikin Burtani,Amurka, da sauran ƙasashe kan batutuwa da dama,waɗanda suka haɗa da "Jima'i,Race,& Class", "Abin da masu Marxists ba su taɓa gaya mana game da Marx","Al'adar Yahudawa ta Duniya","Sake gano Nyerere ta Tanzania","CLR James a matsayin mai shirya siyasa",da "Jean Rhys:Tsalle zuwa Tia". Ƙaunar mata Tun daga shekara ta2000,James ya kasance mai gudanarwa na kasa da kasa na Yajin Mata na Duniya,cibiyar sadarwa na mata masu tushe,tare da hada ayyuka da tsare-tsare a kasashe da dama.Yajin aikin dai ya bukaci al’umma su sanya hannun jari wajen kula da ba kisa ba,sannan a mayar wa al’umma kasafin kudin sojoji da aka fara da mata. Ta kasance tana aiki tare da juyin juya halin Venezuelan tun 2002. Ita ce wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Mata ta Crossroads,wacce aka fara a ƙarƙashin WFH a cikin 1975 a cikin gundumar haske mai haske kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Euston na London kuma yanzu tana cikin Garin Kentish, kuma ita ce gama gari.editan Littattafan Crossroads. Ƙaunar gurguzu A cikin Afrilu 20,James ya ziyarci Edinburgh (tare da ma'aurata na Edinburgh Ralph da Noreen Ibbott, dukansu membobi na Burtaniya Tanzaniya Society a cikin 1960s) a ranar tunawa da Tanzaniya Muungano Day,wanda ya zo a ranar 26 ga Afrilu.James ya ba da jawabi a wani zama da kungiyar Edinburgh Community Association (TzECA) ta shirya kan Julius Nyerere 's Ujamaa (zamantakewar Afirka) a cikin 1960s a Tanzaniya dangane da batun Ruvuma Development Association (RDA), da Sanarwar Arusha Tanzaniya.RDA ta samo asali ne daga asali na Ruvuma Development Association (RDA),wanda aka yi rajista a farkon 1960s,lokacin da Julius Nyerere shugaban Tanzaniya na farko ya ƙarfafa shi,bayan samun 'yancin kai,ƙauyuka da dama sun haɗu tare da tsara kansu cikin abin da aka sani da suna.kauyukan Ujamaa.Wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar shine Ntimbanjayo Millinga,wanda shi ne sakataren reshen karamar hukumar ta kungiyar matasan Afirka ta Tanzaniya,kuma Ralph Ibbott,wani mai bincike na Ingilishi ya tallafa masa,wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma ya amince ya zauna da aiki.tare da iyalansa a kauyen Litowa.An gudanar da zaman a "Waverley Care Solas"Abbey Mount. A cikin Yuli 2015,James ya amince da yakin neman zaben Jeremy Corbyn a zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour. Ƙaunar Anti-Zionist James memba ne na Ƙungiyar Yahudawa Anti-Zionist Network kuma,a cikin Mayu 2008,ya sanya hannu kan WasiƙaYahudawan Birtaniya a ranar cika shekaru 60 na Isra'ila da aka buga a cikin The Guardian,yana bayyana dalilin da yasa ba za ta yi bikin cika shekaru 60 na Isra'ila ba A watan Agustan 2015,ta kasance mai sa hannu kan wasiƙar da ke sukar rahoton The Jewish Chronicle's da ƙungiyar Jeremy Corbyn tare da zargin antisemites. Sanannen ayyuka In popular culture Duba kuma Rayayyun

21204

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarukan%20Chadi

Yarukan Chadi

Yarukan Chadi suna kafa reshe na dangin yare na Afroasiatic Ana magana da su a sassan Sahel. Sun haɗa da harsuna 150 da ake magana da su a arewacin Nijeriya, da kudancin Nijar, da kudancin Chadi, da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da arewacin Kamaru. Harshe Chadic wanda akafi magana da shi shine harshen Hausa, babban harshen tarayyar al'umma na da yawa daga mutanen gabashi da Yammacin Afrika Abinda ke ciki Newman shekarar (1977) ya rarraba harsunan zuwa rukunoni huɗu waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin dukkan wallafe-wallafe masu zuwa. Subarin ƙaddamar da yanki, duk da haka, bai kasance mai ƙarfi ba; Blench (2006), misali, kawai yana karɓar rabe-raben A B na Gabashin Chadi. An kara Kujargé daga Blench (2008), wanda ke ba da shawarar Kujargé na iya rabuwa kafin ɓarnatar da Proto-Chadic sannan daga baya ya sami tasiri daga Gabashin Chadi. Aiki na gaba da Lovestrand yayi jayayya da ƙarfi cewa Kujarge memba ne na Gabashin Chadi. Sanya Luri a matsayin farkon raba yankin Yammacin Chadi kuskure ne. Caron (2004) ya nuna cewa wannan yaren shi ne a Kudancin Bauchi kuma da wani ɓangare ne na tarin Polci. Yammacin Chadi Rassa biyu, wadanda suka hada da (A) harsunan Hausa, Ron, Bole, da Angas kuma (B) harsunan Bade, Warji, da Zaar. Biu Mandara (Chadi ta Tsakiya) sassa uku, waɗanda suka haɗa da (A) yaren Bura, Kamwe, da Bata, a tsakanin sauran rukunoni; (B) yaren Buduma da Musgu; kuma (C) Gidar Gabashin Chadi sassa biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da (A) harsunan Tumak, Nancere, da Kera kuma (B) harsunan Dangaléat, Mukulu, da Sokoro Masa Kujargé Asali Nazarin kwayar halittar zamani na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru masu magana da harshen Chadi sun lura da yawan mitar Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b a cikin waɗannan yawan jama'ar (nau'ikan R1b-V88 Wannan alamar ta uba ta zama gama gari a sassan Yammacin Eurasia, amma in ba haka ba ba safai a Afirka ba. Cruciani et al. (2010) don haka aka gabatar da cewa masu magana da yaren Proto-Chadic a lokacin tsakiyar Holocene shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata) sun yi ƙaura daga Levant zuwa Sahara ta Tsakiya, kuma daga can suka zauna a Tafkin Chadi Koyaya, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2018 ya gano cewa haplogroup R1b-V88 ya shiga Chadi sosai kwanan nan yayin "Baggarization" (hijirar Larabawan Baggara zuwa Sahel a cikin ƙarni na 17 AD), ba tare da samun wata hujja ta tsoffin ƙwayar Eurasia ba. Kalmomin aro Harsunan Chadi suna ƙunshe da kalmomin aro na Nilo-Sahara da yawa daga ɗayan rassan Songhay ko Maban, suna nuna alaƙar farko tsakanin masu yaren Cadi da Nilo-Saharan yayin da Chadic ke yin ƙaura zuwa yamma. Kodayake ana magana da harsunan Adamawa kusa da harsunan Chadic, hulɗa tsakanin Chadi da Adamawa tana da iyaka. Karin magana Karin magana a cikin Proto-Chadic, idan aka kwatanta da karin magana a cikin harsunan Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen Dimmendaal 2020: 351): Kwatanta ƙamus Samfurin kalmomin asali a cikin rassa daban daban na Chadi da aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas, tare da sake gina wasu rassa na Afroasiatic kuma an basu don kwatancen: Kalmomin Proto-Chadic Kalmomin Proto-Chadic: Kalmomin Proto-Ron Kalmomin Proto-Ron: Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi Kalmomin Proto-North Bauchi: Kalmomin Proto-Masa Kalmomin Proto-Masa: Bibiyar Tarihi Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Najeriya. A cikin: Pascal Boyeldieu Pierre Nougayrol (eds. Langues et Al'adu: Terrains d'Afrique. Gidaje a Faransa Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Langage 7). 193-201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters. Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'Halin ilimin harshe a yankin Tafkin Chadi a Afirka ta Tsakiya.' Afirka, 9, 332 349. Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937; Newman, Paul da Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Kwatancen Cadiic: salon magana da kalmomi.' Jaridar Harsunan Afirka, 5, 218 251. Newman, Paul (1977) 'Tsarin Chadi da sake ginawa.' Harsunan Afroasiatic 5, 1, 1 42. Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic' adieu sabbin tunani kan rabe-raben harshen Chadi', a Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed. Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Jami'ar di Firenze, 389 397. Newman, Paul (1980) Theididdigar Chadic a cikin Afroasiatic. Leiden: Jami'ar Pers Leiden. Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Tushen lafazin Chadic. Reimer, Berlin 1981. Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Tushen lafazin Chadic. 2 kundin. Reimer, Berlin 1994 Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Tsinkayen Chadic', a cikin M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, da David L. Appleyard (eds. Zaba Comparative-Historical Afrasian ilimin harsuna Nazarin a Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55 60. Bayanin bayanai Robert Forkel, Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank kraftchadic: Chadic Wordlists (Shafin v3.0) [Saitin bayanai]. Zenodo. Manazarta Harsunan Chadic Harsunan Nijeriya

5310

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmin%20duwatsu

Ilmin duwatsu

Ilmin duwatsu da kimiyya da abun da ke ciki, tsari da kuma alamu na ci gaba da Duniya da kuma sauran taurari, a cikin hasken rana tsarin da na halitta da tauraron dan adam. Akwai uku main yankunan da ma'aunan kasa bincike: siffatawa, tsauri da kuma tarihi ilmin duwatsu. Kowane shugabanci na da ka'idodi da kuma hanyoyin da bincike. Siffatawa ilmin duwatsu da aka nazarin rarraba da abun da ke ciki na ma'aunan kasa jikin, ciki har da suke siffar, girman, dangantaka, da jerin faru, da kuma wani bayanin daban-daban ma'adanai da kuma kankara. Tsauri ilmin duwatsu na bincika juyin halittar ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai, kamar su lalata duwatsu, dauke da iska, glaciers, surface ko ruwan karkashin kasa, laka jari (external zuwa ga duniya a ɓawon burodi) ko motsi na duniya ta ɓawon burodi, girgizar asa, volcanic eruptions (ciki). Tarihi ilmin duwatsu da aka nazarin jerin ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai da suka gabata. Silar sunan Asali kalmar "ilmin duwatsu" shi ne gaban da kalmar "tauhidin". Da kimiyya da rai na ruhaniya contrasted kimiyya na dokoki da dokokin rayuwa a duniya. A cikin wannan mahallin, kalmar da ake amfani, Bishop A. de binne a cikin littafinsa «Philobiblon» («love littattafai"), wanda aka buga a 1473 a Cologne. Kalmar zo daga Girkanci ma'ana "duniya"da kuma ma'ana "koyarwa". Masana binciken halitta disciplines aiki a duk yankunan uku a fannin binciken kasa da kuma daidai rabo a cikin kungiyoyin ba ya wanzu. New disciplines fito fili a mahada a fannin binciken kasa tare da wasu yankunan na ilmi. A TSB bayar da wadannan rarrabuwa: da kimiyya na duniya ta ɓawon burodi, da kimiyya na zamani ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai, da kimiyya na tarihi jerin ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai amfani disciplines, da kuma yankin ilmin duwatsu. Da kimiyya na duniya ta ɓawon burodi: Mineralogy ilmin duwatsu sashe nazarin ma'adanai, tambayoyi da suka Farawa, cancantar. Nazarin duwatsu kafa a tafiyar matakai dangantaka da yanayi, biosphere da hydrosphere, ke hulda lithology. Wadannan duwatsu ma ba daidai ko da ake kira sedimentary duwatsu. Permafrost duwatsu saya da dama halayyar Properties da fasaloli, wanda ke hulda da nazarin Geocryology. Petrography sashe a fannin binciken kasa, nazarin igneous da metamorphic duwatsu, yafi siffatawa gefe su Farawa, abun da ke ciki, textural da tsarin fasali, da rarrabuwa. Tsarin ilmin duwatsu ilmin duwatsu sashe, ke nazarin da siffofin ya faru na take hakki da kuma ilmin tarihin kasa jikin na duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Crystallography asali daya daga cikin yankunan da mineralogy, yanzu mafi jiki horo. Da kimiyya na zamani ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai (tsauri ilmin duwatsu): Tectonics sashe ilmin duwatsu cewa ke nazarin motsi na duniya ta ɓawon burodi (Geotektonika, neotectonic da gwaji tectonics). Volcanology Sashe a fannin binciken kasa da ke nazarin da volcanism. Seismology da sashe a fannin binciken kasa, nazarin ilmin tarihin kasa tafiyar matakai a lokacin girgizar asa, na girgizar kasa rabawa cikin sassa. Geocryology sashe a fannin binciken kasa, nazarin permafrost. Petrology sashe ilmin duwatsu cewa ke nazarin da Farawa kuma yanayin asalin magmatic da metamorphic duwatsu. Da kimiyya na tarihi jerin ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai (tarihi ilmin duwatsu): Tarihin ilmin duwatsu reshe a fannin binciken kasa da ke nazarin da jerin bayanan mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin duniya. Duk ma'aunan kasa kimiyyar a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri, na da tarihi hali, idan akai la'akari da data kasance ilimi a tarihi hangen zaman gaba da tsunduma da farko bayyanãwa tarihin samuwar zamani Tsarin. Tarihin duniya ne zuwa kashi biyu manyan matakai eon, daga bayyanar kwayoyin da wuya sassa, da barin burbushi a sediments da kuma barin bisa binciken burbushin halittu hali tabbatar da dalilin da dangi ma'aunan kasa da shekaru.Da zuwan ma'adanai a duniya ya fara Phanerozoic wani bude rayuwa, da kuma kafin wannan shi kriptozoy ko Precambrian lokaci boye rayuwa. Ilmin duwatsu tsaye a waje musamman horo, kamar yadda aka nazarin musamman, sau da yawa mai tsanani da kuma akai-akai metamorphosed gidaje, kuma yana da musamman hanyoyin da bincike. Binciken burbushin halittu da ake nazarin zamanin d siffofin na rayuwa da kuma bayanin burbushin kuma gano burbushin na kwayoyin. Stratigraphy da kimiyya na kayyade wa ma'abũcin zumunta ma'aunan kasa da shekaru sedimentary duwatsu, dismemberment da kuma hulda da dutsen duwatsu daban-daban tsarin ilmin tarihin kasa. Daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin samun bayanai domin sanin ko stratigraphy ne binciken burbushin halittu. Da aka jera a kasa su ne sauran sassan ilmin duwatsu, yafi tsaye a tsaka-tsaki tare da wasu kimiyyar: Geochemistry sashe ilmin duwatsu cewa ke nazarin da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na duniya a tafiyar matakai, mayar da hankali da kuma dispersing sinadaran abubuwa daban-daban wurare na duniya. Geophysics sashe ilmin duwatsu cewa ke nazarin jiki Properties na Duniya, wanda ya hada da hada da hadaddun bincike hanyoyin: gravimetric, na girgizar kasa, Magnetic, lantarki bincike daban-daban gyare-gyare da sauransu. Geothermobarometry da kimiyya da nazarin da hadaddun hanyoyin domin kayyade da matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki na samuwar ma'adanai da kuma kankara. Microstructural ilmin duwatsu da sashe a fannin binciken kasa, dutse nakasawa karatu a micro matakin, a kan wani sikelin na hatsi na ma'adanai da kuma aggregates. Geodynamics da kimiyya da nazarin da tafiyar matakai na planetary sikelin a sakamakon juyin halittar duniya. Shi ke nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin tafiyar matakai a cikin zuciyar, alkyabban da ɓawon burodi. Geochronology sashe a fannin binciken kasa, domin sanin da shekaru duwatsu da kuma ma'adanai. Lithology (petrography na sedimentary duwatsu) sashe a fannin binciken kasa da ke nazarin sedimentary duwatsu. Tarihin ilmin duwatsu sashe tarihin ilmin tarihin kasa ilmi da karafa. Agrogeologiya ilmin duwatsu sashe game da gano agroores samar da amfani a aikin noma, kazalika da mineralogical abun da ke ciki na aikin gona kasa. Nazarin da hasken rana da tsarin tsunduma a cikin wadannan sassan ilmin duwatsu: cosmochemistry, cosmology, ilmin duwatsu da kuma planetology

8462

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan

Ramadan

Ramadan (Larabci Watan Musulunci ne na tara, kuma a cikin sa ne aka saukar da Alqur'ani ga Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w). Azumin Musulunci a watan Ramadan na daya daga cikin shika shikan Musulunci guda biyar. Musulmi kan azumci watan iyakar tsayin sa kullum tun daga fitowar alfijir har ya zuwa faduwar rana. Musulmi sunyi imani da fadin an saukar da Alkur'ani ne a watan na ramadan wanda ake yin wahayin sa a hankali a hankali daga Allah zuwa ga Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ta hannun dan aiken Allah Mala'ika Jibrilu. Annabi ya fada ma musulmai "Ana bude dukkannin kofofin Aljannah kuma ana kulle kofofin Jahannama tare da daure shaidanu a watan na Ramadan". Daga karshen watan ana gabatar da bikin karamar sallah.kuma wata ne da ake gabatar da sallah asham, raka goma. Ana yawaita sadaka da ayyukan alheri musamman musulmai masu neman rabauta da Duniya da lahira. Lokuta Lokuta a watan Ramadan. Watannin Musulunci A kowani goma karshen watan Ramadan Ana saran samun rana daya wanda ake kira da lailai tolkadari a larabce. Wannan rana alqur'an mai girma yayi bayanin cewa wannan ranar ko kuma dAren yafi rana ko dare dubu. Domin kuwa duk wanda yayi sa'ar wannan dAren lailai duk Addu'ar da yayi ta amsu Asali Kalmar Ramadan ta samo asali ne daga tushen Larabci RM-Ḍ "zafi mai zafi", wanda shine kalmar fi'ili na Larabci ramiɗa ma'ana "zama zafi sosai zama mai konewa; zama mai zafi; ku kasance kuna haskakawa; mai haske" Wasu suna ganin watan Ramadan a matsayin daya daga cikin sunayen Allah a Musulunci, don haka ya zo a cikin hadisai da dama cewa an hana fadin “Ramadan” kawai dangane da watan kalandar kuma ya wajaba a ce “wata”. na Ramadan", kamar yadda aka ruwaito a Sunna, Shi’a da Zaidi kafofin. Duk da haka, an yiwa rahoton daraja (an ƙirƙira) kuma ba shi da inganci A cikin harshen Farisa, harafin Larabci Ḍād ana kiransa da /z/. Al'ummar Musulmi a wasu kasashe masu tasirin Farisa na tarihi, irin su Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Indiya, Pakistan da Turkiyya, suna amfani da kalmar Ramazan ko Ramzan Ana amfani da kalmar Romzan a Bangladesh Tarihi Musulmai sun yarda cewa an saukar da dukkan nassosi a cikin watan Ramadan, littattafan Ibrahim, Attaura, Zabura, Injila, da Alqur'ani an saukar da su a na farko, na shida, da sha biyu, da na goma sha uku (a wasu kafofin, na sha takwas) da ashirin da hudu. Ramadan, bi da bi. An ce Muhammad ya samu wahayinsa na farko kur'ani a ranar Lailatul Kadr, daya daga cikin darare biyar da suke fadowa a cikin kwanaki goma na karshen watan Ramadan. Duk da cewa an fara umurtar musulmi da yin azumi a shekara ta biyu ta Hijira (624 Miladiyya), sun yi imanin cewa yin azumi a haqiqanin gaskiya ba bidi'a ce ta tauhidi ba sai dai ya zama wajibi ga muminai su samu takawa Tsoron Allah [Quran 2:183 Suna nuni da cewa maguzawan Makka kafin musulunci sun yi azumi a ranar goma ga watan Muharram don kankare zunubi da gujewa fari Philip Jenkins ya bayar da hujjar cewa kiyaye azumin Ramadan ya girma ne daga "tsattsarin horo na Lenten na Ikklisiya na Siriya sakon da wasu malamai suka tabbatar, ciki har da masanin tauhidi Paul-Gordon Chandler, amma jayayya da wasu malaman musulmi. Dangantaka da Yahudawa da Yom Kippur Kamar yadda Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito, Muhmmad da farko ya zabi ranar azumi ne a matsayin ranar Ashura (ranar 10 ga wata na daya), watakila Yom Kippur na Yahudawa ne. Daga baya an maye gurbin wannan azumi da azumin watan 9 (Ramadan). Muhimman kwanaki Kwanakin farko da na karshen watan ramadan ana kayyade su ne bisa kalandar Musulunci ta wata. Saboda jinjirin wata na Hilāl, ko kuma jinjirin wata, yana faruwa kusan kwana ɗaya bayan jinjirin wata, yawanci Musulmai na iya ƙididdige farkon watan Ramadan; duk da haka, da yawa ya fi son tabbatar da buxewar watan Ramadan ta hanyar kallon jinjirin watan. Daren Lailatul kadari Daren lailatul kadari ana daukar dare mafi tsarki na shekara. An yi imani da cewa ya faru ne a wani dare mai adadi a cikin goman karshe na Ramadan; Dawud Bohra sun yi imanin cewa Lailatul Kadr ita ce dare na ashirin da uku na Ramadan. Hukuncin Eid al-Fitr (Larabci: wanda ke nuna karshen watan Ramadan da farkon Shawwal, wata mai zuwa, ana ayyana shi ne bayan an ga jinjirin wata ko kuma bayan cika kwanaki talatin. na azumi idan ba a ga wata ba. Idi na murnar dawowar dabi'ar dabi'a fitra na ci, sha, da kusancin aure Ayyukan addini Al'adar gama gari ita ce yin azumi daga fitowar alfijir zuwa faduwar rana. Ana kiran abincin da ake yin sahur kafin azumin suhur, yayin da ake kiran abincin da ke karya azumi a lokacin faduwar rana Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their self-discipline, motivated by hadith: "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains." Azumi Ramadan lokaci ne na tunani na ruhaniya, inganta kai, da daukaka ibada da ibada. Ana sa ran Musulmi za su kara himma wajen bin koyarwar Musulunci Azumi sawm yana farawa ne da alfijir kuma yana ƙarewa da faduwar rana. Baya ga nisantar ci da sha a wannan lokaci, musulmi kan kaurace wa jima'i da maganganun zunubai da dabi'u a cikin azumi ko wata na Ramadan. An ce aikin azumi yana nisantar da zuciya daga ayyukan duniya, manufarsa ita ce tsarkake ruhi ta hanyar 'yantar da ita daga kazanta. Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Ramadan yana koya musu horon kai, kamun kai, sadaukarwa, da tausaya wa wadanda ba su da wadata, don haka yana karfafa ayyukan karimci da zakka Musulmai kuma sun yi imanin cewa azumi yana taimakawa wajen haifar da tausayi ga matalauta da ba su da abinci.

49363

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20northern%20nigeria

Politics of northern nigeria

Siyasar Arewacin Najeriya Gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ta kasance abin koyi da tsarin Westminster. Firimiya yana aiki a matsayin shugaban gwamnati kuma yana jagorantar al'amuran yau da kullun na gwamnati, yayin da gwamna ke aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa kuma babban kwamandan ofishin jakadancin. Majalisar da ake kira majalisar wakilai, ta kunshi zababbun wakilai daga larduna daban-daban na kasar. Majalisar dattawan da ake kira House of Chiefs, tana kama da na Burtaniya. Ta ƙunshi sarakunan da ba zaɓaɓɓu ba na Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa daban-daban na lardunan ƙasar. Kafin shekarar 1963, Sarauniyar Ingila ta yi sarautar Arewacin Najeriya. Tushen siyasa Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, siyasar Najeriya ta dauki sabon salo. A shekarar 1946 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta gabatar da tsarin mulkin Richards wanda ya raba Najeriya zuwa yankuna uku Arewa, Yamma da Gabas. An gabatar da wakilcin siyasar Nijeriya a matakin tarayya da na shiyya, kuma an ba da dama ga jam’iyyun siyasar Nijeriya. Jam’iyyar siyasa da ke da rinjaye a Arewacin Najeriya ita ce jam’iyyar People’s Congress (Northern People’s Congress), wadda jiga-jigan siyasar Musulunci a Arewa suka mamaye kuma ake kyautata zaton jam’iyyar Musulmi ce. Ga al'ummomin Kirista kamar Bachama's da sauran su a ko'ina cikin Middle Belt an dauki Congress People's Congress a matsayin babban abokan gaba na siyasa, kuma an kafa jam'iyyun Kirista masu rinjaye a Middle Belt, musamman Middle Zone League da United Middle Belt Congress wadanda aka tallafa. da mafi yawan Bachama. A wajen kiristocin arewacin Najeriya babban burin siyasar wannan lokacin shi ne gujewa mamayar musulmi da kuma bijirewa abin da suke gani a matsayin mulkin daular Ingila da ta dade tana yi da Fulani musulmi a arewacin Najeriya. Gado kafin mulkin mallaka Tsarin gwamnatocin Arewacin Najeriya ya dunkule ne cikin tsarin tafiyar da mulkin daular Sakkwato, a shekarar 1903, gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya, Lord Lugard, ya ba da tabbacin tsarin tafiyar da yankin a lokacin da ya yanke shawarar kiyaye tsarin masarautu na halifanci; Daga baya aka gyara masarautun a hankali a hankali zuwa larduna, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da masarautu da yawa. Arewacin Najeriya Sabanin kishin kasa na Nijeriya, Arewacin Nijeriya bai taba fuskantar wani yanayi na kishin kasa ba wanda ya saba kafin samun ‘yancin kai na yawancin kasashen Afirka, Arewacin Nijeriya a daya bangaren kuma ya karkata ne ga yadda ake ganin rinjaye da tasirin Kudancin Najeriya[8]. A cikin shekarun 1940 wakilan Arewacin Najeriya sun zabi tabbatar da tsarin tarayyar Najeriya sannan suka kada kuri'ar kin yancin kai. A shekarar 1952 wani ƙin ’yancin kai da Arewa ta yi ya haifar da kai hari a kan Tawagar Arewa zuwa taron Legas; Labarin hare-haren ya haifar da tarzomar Kano a 1953 da kuma shahararriyar jawabin "kuskure na 1914" da sardauna ya gabatar. A cikin shekarun 1970 tsarin fafutuka na Arewacin Najeriya sannu a hankali ya haifar da bullar kungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki a arewa, duk da haka wadannan kungiyoyin sun yi matukar kaduwa sakamakon nasarar da Shehu 'Yar'adua Peoples Democratic Movement ya yi a 1993. Tun daga 1999, Arewacin Najeriya ya ci gaba da shan wahala. koma bayan zabe. Tsarin mulki da na siyasa MASARAUTU Sarakunan Arewacin Najeriya ne ke shugabantar masarautun kasar da dama; A hankali adadinsu ya karu tun bayan kafa masarautu masu daraja a jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku da ta hudu. Duk da cewa tsarin mulki na suna tun daga jamhuriya ta farko, sun ci gaba da kasancewa tushen iko da tasiri a duk Arewacin Najeriya.[9] A shekarar 2014, zaben Sanusi Lamido Sanusi a matsayin Sarkin Kano ya haifar da cece-ku-ce na kwanaki hudu da ake zargin shugaban ne ya haddasa shi, wanda ya ji tsoron tasirin da Sunusi zai samu daga ofishin. KANANAN HUKUMOMI DA NA JAHOHI Siyasar kananan hukumomi a Arewacin Najeriya na fama da kungiyoyi masu ra'ayin rikau tun bayan faduwar gwamnatin Arewa ta tsakiya. Ƙungiyoyin kleptocracies masu tsari a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin siyasa na iyali yawanci suna mulkin tushen ciyawa na Arewacin Najeriya. Wasu dai na hasashen cewa tasirin al'adun Kudancin Najeriya zai iya haifar da matsalar cin hanci da rashawa da ta addabi siyasar Arewacin Najeriya. Nassoshi "Northern Nigeria from Independence (1960) to 1979", Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Post-Colonial Northern Nigeria, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, "Building New Bridges of Relationships in Postcolonial Northern Nigeria and the Evolution of a New Northern Nigeria", Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Post-Colonial Northern Nigeria, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, Bello, Ahmadu. "Sarduana of Sokoto. His take on Igbo People and why there is no such thing as "One Nigeria"". youtube.com. youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-01-07. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name

25600

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRRecords

RRRecords

RRRecords alama ce mai rikodin kuma ana amfani da ita da sabon shagon rikodin da ke cikin Lowell, Massachusetts RRRecords an rarrabe shi azaman lakabin rikodin Amurka na farko don buga kiɗan amo na ƙasa a farkon shekara ta 1980 kuma ya buga vinyl na Amurka na farko ta Merzbow, Masonna, The Hanatarash, Violent Onsen Geisha, da sauran masu fasaha da yawa waɗanda daga baya suka zama sanannu a cikin duniyar kiɗan hayaniya. A cikin shekaru 20 na farko, RRR ya ba da daruruwan fitarwa. Maigidan lakabin, Ron Lessard, ba mai gajiyawa bane ga sabbin masu fasaha, kuma ya ƙirƙiri ƙaramin lakabi da jerin don nuna mawaƙan da ba a sani ba da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. RRR Sub-labels da jerin Ofaya daga cikin shahararrun alamun RRR shine jerin Mawakan Recycled, wanda ya ƙunshi faifan kaset ɗin da aka yi amfani da su na kiɗan pop da rock wanda aka ɗora su tare da sabon kiɗa ta ƙungiyar amo. Ana yi wa kaset ɗin RR da aka sake amfani da su alama tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin tef ɗin m tare da kashin bayan abin da aka saka sunan mai zane a ciki. Wani ɓangare na fara'a na sakewa da aka sake yin amfani da shi shine cewa kowane tef ɗin na musamman ne, kuma, a wasu lokuta, har yanzu ana sauraren sauti na asali. Sun sayar da tarihi a kan 4 kowannensu, don ƙarfafa masu sauraro masu son sani don su sami dama a kan ƙungiyar da ba su taɓa ji ba. Sauran ƙananan lakabin sun haɗa da bayanan Lowell, wanda kawai ya buga dutsen gida, punk, da makamin ƙarfe daga Lowell, Massachusetts; Takardun Dokoki, waɗanda suka sake fitar da kiɗan asali da Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Kinky ta buga, GROSS, Takardun ZSF, da Tafiyar Beast 666; Tsarkake, jerin faya-fayan CD masu rahusa ta sabbin sabbin kafaffun haruffa, kuma don ƙarfafa masu sauraro don samun dama kan abin da zai iya zama sabon suna; RRReport, mujallar da saitin CD wanda ya wanzu don batutuwa biyu; Ciki Ache, alamar haɗin gwiwa ta Lessard da sauran mahalarta da ba a san su ba waɗanda suka buga waƙoƙin vinyl masu rahusa na asali. Stomach Ache Records ya lissafa adireshin imel na Meziko kawai, kuma an ba shi kyauta ga mutumin almara mai suna Charlie Ward, domin duk wani alhakin da za a iya kawar da shi. RRR kuma ya haɗu tare da wasu alamomi don samar da sautin akwatin LP da yawa dangane da takamaiman yankuna na Amurka. Har zuwa yau waɗannan sun haɗa da New England, California, Texas, Michigan, da Portland. Tsarin kunshin A cikin shekara ta 1980 da farkon shekara ta 1990 an san RRRecords don fakitin fakitin bayanansa. "Filatin Karfe" shine vinyl mai ninki 10 "wanda Chop Shop ya kafa, wanda ya zo a rufe tsakanin faranti karfe 10 10" x 10 Hadin gwiwar LP ta SBOTHI, Merzbow, da P16. D4 ya zo a kunshe a tsakanin zanen gilashin siliki biyu na gilashin plexi. "Allah ya albarkaci Amurka" wani akwati ne na 3xLP wanda ya haɗa kidan gwaji na Amurka wanda ya zo a nade cikin tutar Amurka da aka ƙera. Wasan kwaikwayo a RRR Tsawon 'yan shekaru a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990 RRRecords zai ɗauki bakuncin kide -kide na yammacin Asabar a shagon, wanda ake kira "2 O'Clock Matinee". Ba a taɓa yin tallan ko tallata kide -kide ba, amma Ron Lessard ne ya rubuta kowannensu kuma kowanne ƙungiya ana biyanta 20. Kofunan Xeroxed na Lessard na jerin umarnin wasiƙa da aka ƙara zuwa 'zines na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ke yawo a tsakiyar tsakiyar-ƙarshen shekata ta 1980 yana da tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin hayaniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, yana haɓaka sha'awar kiɗan ta hanyar ƙaramin talla, baƙar fata da fari. Katalogi ba su haɗa da kwatancen makada ko rikodin ba, don haka ana sa ran sabon mai karatu ya riga ya san abin da suke samu, ko kuma ya sayi abubuwa bazuwar. Yawancin masu fasahar amo na yau sun koya game da salo ta wani bangare ta hanyar fallasa kundin kundin RRRecords. Ba a samun kundin littafin bugawa, amma gidan yanar gizo ya maye gurbin sa. Sashi na RRR na Bangare a cikin wani tsari na musamman A matsayin lakabi, RRR yana da fa'ida sosai. An sake fitar da wasu waƙoƙin tare da Troniks, Freak Animal, Rage Fault Recordings, SSS, Satutory Tape, Nurse With Wound 'lakabin United Dairies da ƙari. Sanannun fitowar sun haɗa da: Cassettes kiɗa da aka sake amfani da su daga mafi yawan masu fasahar amo. Emil Beaulieau Zipper Spy KK Null Japan 2000 Merzbow Batsa 1 kg (saitin kaset 5) Ba zai iya ba Sabon Sirri Jason Lescalleet Kiɗa na lantarki Motar Dirt na Yaro Hunturu Hanatarash Hanatarash 3 Ƙunƙwasa Tauraron Ƙarfafawa Bari Mu Yi Wasan Daji Kamar Dabbobin daji Skullflower Obsidian girgiza Codex Dan Adam Kazanta ne Yana lalata CD Emil Beaulieau Ciwo Fuck Your Punk Rock Ichorous Mai rai Merzbow Batztoutai Tare da Kayan Tunawa Karlheinz Fuska Shagon Chop "Filatin Karfe" blackhouse "Yakin Mai Tsarki" P16. D4 "Ayyuka Uku" K2 Macronympha "Biometrics" Anenzephalia "Gutsuttsuran Ragewa" Mai tashin hankali Onsen Geisha "Mai Cacar Midnight" Emil Beaulieau "Wannan Fuskar Taɓa" Ramleh "Mun ƙirƙira shi, bari mu ɗauki 1-3" Jariri Kwatsam "Solothurn" Ƙananan Jam'iyyar Zalunci Shagon Shaƙa "Raba" masu fasaha daban-daban- New England {akwatin 5 LP da aka yi da kayan aikin hannu} Dangantakar Bawan Jagora Wannan Soyayya Mai Sauki Duba kuma Jerin alamun rikodin Hanyoyin waje RRRecords gidan yanar gizo Shigar da RRRecords Discogs.com Rahoton RRR

59754

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh%20Muhammad%20Sani%20Umar%20Rijiyar%20lemu

Sheikh Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar lemu

Muhammad Sani bn Umar bn Musa Rijiyar Lemo, (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan yuli a shekarar 1970) malamin addinin musulunci ne daga Kano, Najeriya. Farkon rayuwa da Ilimi An haife shi a 1 ga watan yuli a shekarar 1970, a birnin Makka na kasar Saudiyya.daga bisani kuma suka dawo gida Najeriya inda malam yayi kuruciyarsa, ya taso a unguwar Rijiyar Lemo da ke birnin Kano, Najeriya. Karatu Malam ya yi Firamarinsa a makarantar Khairul Bariyya Islamic Primary School da ke Kano a shekarar 1978 zuwa 1983. Sannan ya ci gaba da karamar sakandire (H.I.S) a sakandiren Shahuci Kano (1987), kuma ya wuce Makarantar Ilimi mai zurfi ta addinin Musulunci, Gwale, in da ya kammala babbar sakandiren (Senior Islamic Studies) da daraja ta farko (Distinction) a shekarar 1989. Karatun gaba da sakanderi Dr. Muhammad Sani ya samu gurbin karatu a tsangayar ilmin hadisi ta jamiar musulunci ta Madina in da ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin ilimin hadisi da nazarin addinin Musulunci (B.A. in Hadith Science and Islamic Studies,1994) malam ya ci gaba da digirinsa na biyu a fannin ilimin hadisi da nazarin addinin Musulunci (M.A.in Hadith Science and Islamic Studies, 2000) dukkanninsu ya fita da daraja mafi girma (First Class da Distinction). Bisa sha’awarsa ta ilmi mai zurfi da bincike, malam ya zarce da karatun digirinsa na uku (PhD) a jamiar musulunci ta madina wanda Allah ya ba shi damar kammalawa a shekarar 2005, da daraja mafi girma (Distinction) Malamai malam yayi karatuttuka da dama daga nan gida Najeriya har zuwa kasar Saudiyya Gida Najeriya Malam Hamza Adakawa (Akhdari, Arbauna hadisan, Ishriniya, Hamziyya da sauransu) Mal. Sani Inuwa (Nahwu da Sarfu) Mal.Mahbub Abdulkadir Sumaly (Balaga ta Tarjamar) Dr. Bashir Hasan (Adabin Larabci da Tarjama) Mal.Aminu Mahe (Tarihi) Kasar Saudiyya Sheikh Abdulmuhsin Al-Abbad (Tauhid) Sheikh Ali Abdurrahman Alhuzaifi limamin Madina (Tauhid) Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Abdullatif (Jarh Wattaadil) Sheikh Muhammad Matar (Tadwin and Ruwat) Sheikh Dr. Hafiz Alhakami (Musdalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr.Muhammad Nur Saif (Musdalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr.Abdussamad Abid (Musdalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr. Umar Hawiyya (Tafsir) Sheikh Dr. Faihan Almudairi (Fiqh) Dalibai a Najeriya Malam ya fara harkokin koyarwa tun shekarar 1405 A.H/1985 da darasin littafin Fathul Majid sharhin Kitabut-Tauhid na Abdurrahman ibn Hassan Aali Sheikh. ga taran dalibai da littafin Bugulugul Maram a Unguwar Rijiyar Lemo har Allah ya yi masa tafiya izuwa Jami’ar Musulunci ta Madina. Dalibai a saudiyya malam ya koyar da darusa da dama a kasar saudiyya. Kamar takaitaccen littafin Minhajjus Sunnah da littafin Risaala na Imam al-Shafi' da kuma littafin bulugul maram. Daga cikin daliban Sheikh Nasir Yahaya Jihar Malami a Aminu Kano School for Shari’a and legal Studies Sheikh Dr. Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu Federal University Dutse Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Muslim Ibrahim Jihar Associate Professor Al-Qalam University Katsina Sheikh Alhassan Sa’id Jos Sheikh Muhammad Sani Bala Jos Sheikh Dr. Munir Abdallah Jos Professor AbdulRashid Abdulqaniy Gombe State University Sheikh Rashid Jos Sheikh Shaakir Jos Sheikh Dr. Abdallah Getso Kano Sa’adatu Rimi Collage of Education Kano Sheikh Abubakar Abbas Kano Sheikh Muhammad Rabi’u Umar Rijiyar Lemo Kano Collage of Education Gumel Sheikh Dr. Ibrahim Abdullahi Sani Rijiyar Lemo Bayero University Kano Sheikh Dr. Abdallah Usman Kano School of Continue Education, Bayero University Kano Sheikh Dr. Umar Garba Dokaji Gombe Sheikh Dr. Ibrahim Disina Bauchi MD Sunnah TV Sheikh Yahaya Rabi’u Kura Sheikh Murtala Da’a Sokoto Sheikh Muhammad Kabiru Maru Zamfara Director Ibn Uthaimin Islamic Centre Zamfara Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Kabiru Goje Kebbi Sheikh Muhammad Kabiru Salis Katsina Sheikh Muhammad Basiru Kano Sheikh Dr. Shuaibu Jibril Jos Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen malam Dhawabit al-Jarh wat Ta'dil inda Al-Hafiz Az-Zahabi, (M.A thesis, an wallafa a kasar London, U.K 1995) Bita da tahkikin Littafin Al-Ighrab na Al-Imam An-Nasa'i, wanda aka wallafa a Al-Ma'athir, Madina, K.S.A. a shekarar 1995. Bita da tahkikin Littafin At-Tamyiz Fi Talkhis Takhrij Ahdith Sharh Al-Wajeez, na Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-Athqalaani, wanda aka wallafa by Adhwa' As-Salaf, Riyadh, K.S.A a shekarar 2005. Makarantar Hadith a garin Makkah da Madinah a karni na farko da na biyu da kuma tasirinta a kan ilimin hadisi. (Wanda aka wallafa cikin harshen larabci) (An buga a Darul Minhaj, Riyadh a shekarar 2005) Ra’ayoyi biyu masu hannun riga, na Abul Hasan Ali An-Nadwy (an rubuta da harshen Hausa). (Kano, Nigeria 1999). An sa ke bugashi a shekarar 2022 Mahimmancin Sunnah a yaren Hausa. (An rubuta a harshen larabci) (An Wallafa a King Fahd Qur'an Complex, K.S.A. a shekarar 2004. Littafin Ayyami Ma’a Daa’iyatil Jeel, An Wallafa a kasar Masar a shekarar 2011. Ya kunshi bayanin rayuwarsa tare da marigayi Sheikh Jafar Mahmud Adam Littafin Bughyatul Mushtaq Fi Sharhi Risalati Shaikhil Islam Ibn Taimiyya Ila Ahlil Iraq, wanda aka wallafa a kasar Masar skekarar 2013. Littafin Nabiyyur-Rahmah, (Sirar Annabi Muhammad S.A.W) (a Wallafa a kasar Masar a shekarar, 2012, 2013 da kuma 2014). Littafin At-Tabseer Li Majaalisit Tafseer, (Masar, 2012, 2013). Littafin Asheikh Usman bn Fodiye: Qiraa'tun Fee Turathihil Elmi an buga a kasar Masar a shekarar 2015. Littafin Tamamu Attahfiq Fi Siratus Saddiq, (Tarihin Sayyadina Abubakar AS-Siddiq R.A (An buga a Kasar Masar, 2015) Littafin Al Al-maniyyah wa Atharuha fil Mujtama’atul Islamiyya (An buga a kasar Masar a shekarar, 2015). Littafin Al Bina’ Al- Ilmi Liddaa’iya (An Buga a kasar Masar a shekarar 2015). Ithafus Sami' Wal Qari' Fi Khatm Saheehul Bukhari, (An wallafa a Nigeria a shekarar 2018). Littafin Bughyatul Muhtaj Fee Khatmi Saheehi Muslim bn Al-Haj, (An wallafa a Nigeria a shekarar 2019). Fayyataccen Bayani Na Ma'anoni Da Shiriyar Al'Kur'ani, (Tafsirin AlQur’ani a harshen Hausa (An Buga a Bairut Lebanon 2020). Littaffin Fatawoyin Rahama (Wanda aka buga a Nigeria a Shekarar 2021 Littafin Ramadaniyyat (Takaitattun rubuce-rubuce da ake gabatarwa a kowace rana a Watan Ramadan wanda aka wallafa a Nigeria a Shekarar 2021 Littafin Addibajah Fi hukmi Ta’adudil Masaajid min gairi haajah Littafin dake jan hankali kan yawaitar Masallatan Juma’a ba tare ta bukata ba (Ba a kai ga buga shi ba zuwa yanzu) Da'awa Babban Malami a sashen addinin musulunci na Jami’ar musulunci ta Alkalam dake Katsina daga shekarar 2006 zuwa shekarar 2012 Babban Malami a sashen addinin musulunci na Jami’ar Bayero dake Kano daga shekarar 2013 zuwa yanzu Shugaban kwamitin daukar sababbin mambobi na hadaddiyar kungiyar malamai ta Afrika Karantarwa a daurar da jami’ar madina take gabatarwa ga malaman Arabiya da darusan addinin Musulunci. (Maiduguri, Kano da Bauchi) Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Fassara da Bincike ta Imamul Bukhari, (Al-Imamul Bukhari Centre For Research and Translation) Kano Limamin Babban Masallacin Juma'a na Dorayi, Kano Shugaban Cibiyar Tattara Karatuttukan Sheikh Ja'afar (Sheikh Ja'afar Islamic Documentation Centre (SJIDC)) Shugaban Cibiyar Tarihin Cigaban addinin Musulunci da kuma tattaunawa tsakanin addinai dake Jami’ar Bayero, Kano (Centre For Islamic Civilization and Interfaith Dialogue (CICID)) Darusan da malam ke gabatarwa Darasin Tafsirin Al-Qur’ani a Masallacin Usman Bin Affan, Kano Darusan Tafsirin Al-Qur’ani a watan Ramadan a Masallacin Gwallaga na Jahar Bauchi Darasin Adda'u Waddawa' a Masallacin Modibbo Jihar Katsina Darasin sharhin littafin Kalimatul Ikhlas a masallacin Kerau dake Jihar Katsina Sharhin Takaitaccen Littafin Sahihul Bukhari duk ranar Asabar a Masallacin Usman bin Affan Gadon Kaya Darasin Littafin Akida duk ranar Litinin a Masallacin Usman Bin Affan Gadon Kaya Darasin sharhin Manzumar Imam Suyudi ta Ilimin Hadisi a Jihar Bauchi Shirin Fatawoyin a gidan Talabijin da Rediyo a Jihohin Kano (Rahama Radio), Kaduna (DITV) da Jigawa (Radio Jigawa) Wasu daga cikin tarukan da malam ya halarta International Conference on Sunnah and Sirah, organized by the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, K.S.A. presented a topic titled (The Importance attached to Sunnah In Hausa Literature) Madinah, 2004). International Conference on Supporting the Holy Prophet (S.A.W), organized by the International University Of Khartum, and Al-Muntada Organization, Al-Khartum, Sudan, presented a topic titled (The Position of the holy Prophet within his companions and the rest of Ummah. (Sudan, 2007). Bamako Conference For The Importance of the media in Da’awah, which took place on 20th 24th July, 2010 presented a paper titled (Media participation: Its importance and Criteria). The regional Conference on Da'awa in Sudan under the theme of "Adda'iya Al-Mutamayyiz" Khartum, 19th 23rdOctober 2014, presented a topic titled: "Al-Bina'ul Ilmi Lidda'iya" (i.e. making a solid Academic background for Islamic Preacher". International Islamic Conference of Security Stability in the Face of Contemporary Challenges organized by Muslim World League with Cooperation of J.I.B.W.I.S Nigeria Held in Abuja Between 16th to 19th March 2016, Presented Paper Titled (Al-Ghuluw: Asbabuhu wa Ilajuhu “Extremism: Factors and Wayout”). Conference on leadership organized by Al-Muntada Al-Islamiy, Held in Khartoum Sudan between 10th to 14thApril 2016, (At-Taurisul Qiyadiy fi Garb Ifriqiyyah: Tajarub wa Tahadiyyat “The Leadership in west Africa: Examples and Challenges”). The Conference on the Protection of Societies organized the International Union of Muslim Preachers held in Doha Qatar between 2nd to 4th March 2016, Presented Paper Titled (Tahsinul Mujtama’ Minal Makhadir Al-Aqadiyya: At-Tashayyu’ Fi Nigeria The Protection of the Society from the Dread Beliefs: Shi’a in Nigeria”). International Conference on Islamic and Challenges of Development in the 21st Century Organized by Departmrnt of Islamic Studies and Sharian in Collaboration with Centre for Qur’anic Studies Bayero University Kano Nigeria, Presented Paper Titled (Al Al-maniyyah wa Atharuha fil Mujtama’atul Islamiyya “Secularism and its Impact on the Muslim Societies”). International Conference on Islam in Africa: Combating Extremism and Terrorism organized by International Moderation Forum in Hashimite kingdom of Jordan, in Cooperation with the Islamic peace Society and the Nigerian Centre for Arabic Research, Paper Presented Titled: “Advancing peace by establishing the Al-Wasatiyya and avoiding the extremism”, Held between 8th to 9thAugust 2015. Rayuwar sa Iyali malam yana da mata 4 da yaya 19 Abun da yafi ma malam dadi Hadisan da suke siffanta halayyar Manzon Allah( SAW) da ɗabi'unsa ne suka fi masa daɗi. Sannan wani babban abin farin cikin da ba zai manta ba shi ne lokacin da aka ce an ɗauke shi zai je ya yi karatu a garin Madina da haɗuwa da manyan malamai. Samun wannan damar da bai taɓa kawo ta a ransa ba ita ta fi komai faranta masa rai. Abun da yafi bashi wahala a bangaren ilimi babban abin da ya fi ba shi wahala a fannin ilimi shi ne maganar saki uku a kalma ɗaya. Dr Rijiyar Lemo ya ce, ''Wannan mas'ala ce mai zurfin gaske.'' Ya ci gaba da cewa abu na biyu da ke ba shi wahala a fannin ilimi bai wuce masa'alar mace mai idda kan batun yin wanka ne kammala iddarta ko zuwan jini. ''Har zuwa yanzu wannan na da wahala don maganganun malamai a fannin na da faɗi,'' in ji malam. Sannan malamin wanda ya yi haddarsa ta Al-Ƙur'ani a ƙasa mai tsarki ya ce Suratu An'am da Suratu Nahl da Suratu Isra ne suka fi ba shi

49831

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele%20Momodu

Dele Momodu

Cif Dele Momodu (an haife shi Ayòbámidélé Àbáyòmí Ojútelégàn Àjàní Momodu; 16 ga Mayu 1960) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne mawallafi, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai magana mai ƙarfafawa. Shi ne shugaba kuma mawallafin mujallar Ovation International, mujallar da ta ba da sanarwar jama'a daga ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Afirka. A cikin 2015, ya ƙaddamar da Ovation TV a hukumance kuma daga baya ya ƙaddamar da wata jarida ta kan layi mai suna The Boss Newspapers. Momodu ya samu lambobin yabo da karramawa a kan ayyukan da ya yi a fagen kasuwanci, siyasa, adabi, masana’antar waka da kuma sana’ar kayan sawa. Yakan rubuta wani shafi na mako-mako mai suna "Pendulum", wanda ake bugawa kowace Asabar a shafi na baya na jaridar Thisday An yaba wa kasidun don bayyana batutuwan da ke faruwa a Najeriya, da kuma tattauna batutuwan da suka shahara, al’amuran yau da kullum da kuma fitattun mutane, galibi a cikin salon magana. Rayuwar farko An haifi Dele Momodu a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1960. Sunansa Ayòbámidélé ma'ana 'farin ciki ya biyo ni gida', Shi ne na ƙarshe cikin 'yan'uwa uku. Ya rasa mahaifinsa yana ɗan shekara 13, bayan haka ya dogara ga mahaifiyarsa da danginsa don samun tallafi. Marigayi mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya wa Dele, wacce ta mutu a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2007, kada ya yanke kauna ko da lokacin da ake da wahala. An misalta hakan ta yadda ta ci gaba da ba shi goyon baya ko da wasu sun rubuta masa. Ta bashi dama har karo na uku na cin jarabawar WAEC (senior secondary exam). Duk da cewa mahaifiyarsa tana samun kudin shiga ne daga kananan sana’o’i, kuma tana da ’ya’ya biyu manya Dokta Oladele B. Ajayi da Debbie Ajayi da suke kula da su, ta yi aiki tukuru wajen ciyar da iyalinta, kuma a cewar Momodu, “ba ta yi ba. ka daina min." Ilimi da aiki Ya kammala karatunsa na Jami'ar Ife, (yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife) 1982, Momodu ya yi digiri a harshen Yarbanci da digiri na biyu a Adabin Turanci (1988). Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jihar Oyo da ke Ile-Ife, tsakanin 1982 zuwa 1983 yayin da yake hidimar kasa. A tsakanin 1983 zuwa 1985, ya kasance sakataren sirri na tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo, Cif Akin Omoboriowo A cikin 1986, Momodu ya yi hidima ga Ooni of Ife, Oba Okunade Sijuwade Olubuse II, mai kula da Motel Royal Limited mallakin sarki. Bayan murabus din Momodu daga Motel Royal, ya ci gaba da karatun digirinsa na biyu a fannin adabin turanci. Ya kasance a wannan lokacin yana ba da gudummawar labarai ga irin su The Guardian, Sunday Tribune da sauran wallafe-wallafen da ke tushen Najeriya. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2016, an ba Dele lambar girmamawa ta digirin digirgir (PhD) daga Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun, Accra, Ghana, inda ya ba shi lakabi Doctor of Humane Letters A watan Mayun 1988, Dele Momodu ya samu aikin sa na farko a matsayin ma’aikacin marubuci a mujallar African Concord, mallakar Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola Bayan shekara guda, an mayar da Momodu zuwa Weekend Concord a matsayin ma’aikacin majagaba. Ya rubuta labarin murfin farko na takarda a cikin Maris 1989. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga wasu littattafai kamar National Concord, Sunday Concord, Business Concord da jaridar Yoruba Isokan A watan Mayu 1989, ya zama Editan Adabi, a cikin watanni shida ya zama Editan Labarai na Concord na karshen mako A tsakanin Mayu 1990 da Satumba 1991 ya gyara May Ellen Ezekiel's Classique, wata shahararriyar mujalla, alƙawarin da ya ba shi edita mafi girma a Najeriya. Ya yi murabus kuma ya gwada hannun sa wajen yin kasuwanci a matsayin mai raba biredi ga ubangidansa Moshood Abiola, wanda ya mallaki “Wonderloaf”. Bayan haka ne Momodu ya fara wata kamfani mai hulda da jama’a mai suna Celebrities-Goodwill Limited wacce ke kula da asusun Moshood Abiola, Mike Adenuga, da Hakeem Belo-Osagie. Ƙaura A shekarar 1993, Momodu ya yi murabus ya shiga kungiyar yakin neman zaben Moshood Abiola. An kama Momodu tare da tsare shi a Alagbon Close a Legas, bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa da Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya yi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni. Mulkin kama-karya ne ya hukunta shi saboda ra'ayinsa na ra'ayin dimokuradiyya amma bai yi nasara ba. Za a kama shi ne a shekarar 1995 kuma gwamnatin Sani Abacha, a lokacin mai mulkin kama karya ta tuhume shi da laifin cin amanar kasa. An zargi Momodu da kasancewa daya daga cikin masu rajin kafa gidan rediyon ‘yan fashin teku, wato Radio Freedom (daga baya Rediyon Kudirat), bayan kashe Alhaja Kudirat Abiola. Momodu ya yi nasarar tserewa ta hanyar yin kamfen a matsayin manomi ta kan iyakar Seme zuwa Cotonou, a jamhuriyar Benin, daga nan ya gudu zuwa Togo, Ghana daga karshe ya koma Birtaniya. Tsawon shekaru uku masu zafi ya kasa shiga kasarsa ta haihuwa Najeriya. Tuni dai aka wanke shi daga dukkan zarge-zargen da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi, wadanda ake kyautata zaton gwamnatin Abacha mai adawa da dimokuradiyya Momodu ne ya kitsa shi tare da goyon bayan yakin neman zaben MKO Abiola. Ovation International Cif Momodu ya fara Ovation International ne a shekarar 1996 a lokacin da yake gudun hijira. Bayan mutuwar Abiola a gidan yari, da kuma mutuwar wanda ya tsananta masa, Sani Abacha, Momodu ya kawo karshen zaman gudun hijira. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya fadada Ovation International, kuma a yanzu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mujallu na Afirka. Ovation International kuma ana kyautata zaton ita ce kawai mujalla mai harsuna biyu a Afirka, inda aka buga bugu a cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci. Ovation Red Carol Momodu ya gudanar da taron shekara-shekara tun daga 2008, wanda aka sani da Ovation Red Carol (daga baya ya canza zuwa Ovation Carol da Awards). Ana gudanar da bikin Red Carol ne a duk watan Disamba, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi shahara a Afirka ta Yamma na shekara-shekara na Kirsimeti, wanda galibi ya haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, nunin kayan ado da kuma gabatar da lambobin yabo don dalilai na agaji daban-daban. Daga 2008 zuwa 2012 an gudanar da shi a Legas, Najeriya, amma an gudanar da shi a Accra, Ghana, a cikin Disamba 2013. A cikin 2013, tsohon shugaban Ghana JJ Rawlings ya halarci, tare da Wyclef Jean a matsayin babban kanun labarai, tare da sauran ’yan wasa da dama na duniya, ciki har da MI, Ice Prince da Burna Boy daga Najeriya. A shekarar 2015, an gudanar da wasanni biyu a karon farko daya a Legas na Najeriya, daya kuma a birnin Accra, inda dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya Wizkid ya ba da labari kan abubuwan biyu, da mawaƙin Ba’amurke Evelyn "Champagne" King na wasan kwaikwayo na Legas. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon na 2016 a Legas a Eko Hotel Suites, tare da mai gabatar da shirin Ovation Daala Oruwari da jarumi Richard Mofe Damijo a matsayin wadanda suka dauki nauyin shiryawa. Korede Bello, Flavour N'abania, Reekado Banks, King Sunny Ade da Simi duk sun taka rawar gani a wajen taron da Globacom ta dauki nauyi, kuma ya samu halartar shugaban kasar Ghana John Dramani Mahama An gudanar da karramawar bidiyo ga marigayi furodusa OJB Jezreel a gaban iyalinsa. Nunin na 2017 ya ƙunshi wasanni daga Tiwa Savage, 2baba, Davido, Sinach, Sammie Okposo, D'banj, DJ Cuppy, Banky W, Sir Shina Peters da Ebenezer Obey, kuma ya samu halartar baƙi ciki har da Femi Otedola da Aliko Dangote Buga na 2018, wanda Gidauniyar Esther Ajayi ta dauki nauyin shiryawa, ya fito da manyan jarumai da suka hada da Burna Boy, Adekunle Gold, Mr Eazi, Falz, DJ Cuppy, Teni, Mayorkun, Yinka Ayefele, Sinach, Sammie Okposo da sauransu. Sana'ar siyasa Dele Momodu a hukumance ya nuna sha’awarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin jamhuriyyar tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin jam’iyyar Labour, a lokacin zabukan shugaban kasa na 2011 a watan Satumba na 2010. Duk da haka, jam'iyyar Labour za ta fice daga takarar shugaban kasa kuma zai tsaya takara a karkashin jam'iyyar National Conscience Party, ya sha kasa a hannun Goodluck Jonathan a babban zabe. Daga baya zai bayyana wannan takara ta shugaban kasa da cewa ta tashi ne saboda takaici. A watan Fabrairun 2022, Momodu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin Najeriya, a kan dandalin babbar jam’iyyar adawa ta People’s Democratic Party. Iyali da rayuwar sirri A ranar 19 ga Disamba 1992, Dele ya auri matarsa Mobolaji Abiodun Momodu. Suna da 'ya'ya hudu: Pekan (an haife shi 1994), Yole (an haife shi 1996), Eniafe (an haife shi 1997) da Korewa (an haife shi 2004). Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje goontop.com Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

40486

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Steinberg

Benjamin Steinberg

Benjamin Steinberg (An haifeshi ranar 15 ga watan Maris din shekarar 1915 29 ga Janairu 1974) ya kasance ɗan wasan violin na kide-kide na Amurka, jagora, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, wanda aka fi tunawa da shi a matsayin babban darektan fasaha na Symphony of the New World, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko mai haɗakar wariyar launin fata a Amurka. Waƙar ta farko ta kasance a Hall Carnegie ta New York a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1965. Kiɗa Violinist Gyara Steinberg ya kasance tushe a cikin violin a sashin farko na violin na NBC Symphony Orchestra, yana kuma wasa akan watsa shirye-shiryensu na rediyo a cikin 1943 a ƙarƙashin sandar madugu Arturo Toscanini. Daga baya ya zama ɗan wasan violin na farko tare da Symphony na Pittsburgh wanda Fritz Reiner ya jagoranta, wanda shi ma ya yi karatun gudanarwa. Sauran shugabannin da Steinberg ya yi a karkashin su sune Otto Klemperer da Leopold Stokowski. darektan kiɗa Gyara Steinberg ya fara gudanarwa a cikin 1941 tare da National Youth Administration (NYA) Symphony, bayan ya yi karatu a karkashin Pierre Monteux. Ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon Amurka mai duhu, wanda marubucin Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka William Grant Still ya rubuta a cikin 1924. An watsa wasan kwaikwayon a gidan rediyon WNYC (AM) a birnin New York a ranar 16 ga Afrilun shekarata 1941. A cikin bayanan shirin mawaƙin, Har yanzu ya rubuta cewa yanki "wakilin Negro ne na Amurka. An gabatar da gefensa mai tsanani kuma an yi niyya don ba da shawarar cin nasara ga mutane a kan bacin rai da addu'a mai tsauri... da addu'ar ruhi, maimakon ruhohi masu bacin rai. Benjamin Steinberg ya fara aiki tare da baƙaƙen madugu Dean Dixon da Everett Lee don kafa ƙungiyar kade-kade ta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa ta farko a cikin U.S.A, Amurka Zai ɗauki wasu shekaru ashirin kafin a cimma, duk da haka. Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya Yayin da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a na shekarun 1960 suka sami ƙarfi a cikin Amurka, Steinberg ya kafa kwamiti don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙwararrun mawaƙa da masu gudanarwa, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba. Bayanin manufa na Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya an rubuta watanni biyu kafin a sanya hannu kan Dokar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta shekarata 1964 ta zama doka. Steinberg ya karɓi mukamin darektan kiɗa kuma ya sami kuɗi don kakar farko ta ƙungiyar makaɗa. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko a cikin Amurka a Carnegie Hall a ranar Mayu 6, 1965, watanni biyu kafin Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe ta 1965 ta zama doka. Steinberg ya ce game da kokarin, "Muna da basira da yawa a wannan birni, kuma dole ne mu samar da damar da za mu gabatar da shi ga jama'a". Masu tallafawa sun haɗa da Samuel Barber, Leonard Bernstein, Ruby Dee, Langston Hughes, William Warfield, Aaron Copland, Duke Ellington, da Zero Mostel. Yayin da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta haɓaka, Marian Anderson da Leontyne Price sun shiga Hukumar Gudanarwa, kuma James DePriest ya zama Babban Jagoran Baƙi. Wani fitaccen shugabar bako shine Everett Lee. Mawakan kade-kade sun kasance wadanda suka sauke karatu daga makarantun kade-kade kamar Juilliard (Elayne Jones), Makarantar Kida ta Eastman, Makarantar Kida ta Manhattan, da New England Conservatory. An watsa shirye-shiryensa a gidan rediyon Muryar Amurka da na Sojoji ga masu sauraro a duk duniya. Mujallar Ebony ta furta ta, "saboda fasaha da dalilai na zamantakewa, wani babban ci gaba a tarihin kiɗa na Amurka". Bayan watan Agustan shekarar 1969, wasan kwaikwayo na Symphony na interracial, Asbury Park Press (NJ) ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a cikin yabon Steinberg a matsayin "hasken jagora" na kungiyar makada a cikin imani cewa "wariya ba ta da wuri a cikin duniyar mawaƙa." Mai sukar Charles Hill ya yaba da yadda yake gudanar da aikinsa saboda "kyakkyawan nagarta". Yayin da darektan kiɗa na Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya, Steinberg ya haɗu tare da mawaƙin Pulitzer wanda ya lashe kyautar George Walker a farkon Address na Orchestra na Walker, wanda Symphony of the New World ya yi a 1968. A cikin 1970, Steinberg ya gudanar da Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya a Cibiyar Lincoln, New York, a cikin wasan kwaikwayon I Have a Dream, girmamawa ga Martin Luther King Jr. Pulitzer mai sukar kiɗan da ya lashe lambar yabo Donal Henahan ya ce na daya- Symphony na baƙar fata na uku na Sabuwar Duniya a cikin 1970, "yana nuna a kai a kai yana nuna ingancin matsayinsa a cikin mafi yawan lili-fararen symphonic duniya". Steinberg ya ci gaba da zama darektan kiɗa na Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya har zuwa Oktoba 1971, lokacin da ya yi murabus bayan takaddamar manufofin siyasa tare da kwamitin ƙungiyar makaɗa. A lokacin da ya yi murabus, kungiyar tana da mawaka 80.Takardun Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya suna zaune a Cibiyar Bincike ta Schomburg a cikin Al'adun Baƙar fata. The Ballet Tsakanin shekarata 1945-1947, Steinberg shine Mataimakin Jagora na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ballet na Amurka. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1947, ya gudanar da farkon jigo da Bambance-bambance, wanda George Balanchine ya rubuta don prima ballerina assoluta Alicia Alonso da Igor Youskevitch. Steinberg ya kuma yi yawon shakatawa na Kudancin Amirka tare da Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo tare da Alonso da Youskevitch a ƙarshen 1940s, da kuma tare da Melissa Hayden da Barbara Fallis, dukansu sun shiga kamfanin ballet na Alonso a Cuba a 1959. A cikin 1959, Steinberg ya zama darektan kiɗa na farko kuma madugu na Ballet na Cuban National Ballet, kamfanin ballet wanda Alonso ke gudanarwa, wanda aka sake masa suna lokacin da Fidel Castro ya hau mulki a waccan shekarar. Steinberg ya kasance a wannan mukamin har zuwa 1963, lokacin da ya koma Amurka bayan wani rangadin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin jagoran kungiyar kade-kade ta Ballet Symphony na Kuba. mutuwa Benjamin Steinberg ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1974, daga pancreatic (ciwon daji) =Manazarta Haifaffun 1915 Mutuwan

21859

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughbrough%20University%20of%20technology

Loughbrough University of technology

Jami'ar Loughborough (wacce aka taƙaita da Lough ko Lboro don masu gabatarwa) wata jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a a garin kasuwar Loughborough, Leicestershire, a Gabas Midlands na Ingila. Ya kasance jami'a ce tun daga 1966, amma makarantar ta faro ne zuwa 1909, lokacin da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Loughborough ta fara tare da mai da hankali kan ƙwarewa da ilimi wanda zai dace kai tsaye a cikin duniya. A watan Maris na 2013, jami'ar ta sanar da cewa ta sami tsohon cibiyar watsa shirye-shirye a filin Sarauniya Elizabeth Olympic Park wanda aka bude a matsayin zangon karatu na biyu a 2015. Ya kasance memba na Groupungiyar 1994 ta ƙananan ƙwararrun jami'o'i masu zurfin bincike har zuwa lokacin da aka rushe rukunin a cikin Nuwamba 2013. Kudaden shigar shekara-shekara na makarantar na shekara ta 2017-18 sun kasance 300.8 miliyan wanda 41.9 miliyan ya kasance daga tallafin bincike da kwangila, tare kashe kudi 295.5 miliyan. Loughborough shine saman 7 a cikin kowane teburin wasannin jami'a a Burtaniya, kuma mafi girma a yankinsa. An ba shi suna Jami'ar shekara a cikin 2019 ta Times da Lahadi Times. Ita ce jami'a ta farko da ta sami wannan lambar yabo sau biyu. A cikin 2020 an ba ta kyautar Jami'ar shekara ta Kyautar Zaɓin Studentaliban WhatUni (WUSCAs). An yanke taken ne ta hanyar nazarin ɗalibai sama da 41,000 daga cibiyoyin ilimi sama da 150 don tantance ko wace jami'a ce ta ba da mafi kyawun gogewa. Gabaɗaya, ya sami cikakken kimantawa na 4.58 5, ƙididdigar rikodin ga WUSCAs a cikin shekaru bakwai da aka yi. Tarihi Jami'ar ta gano tushenta zuwa 1909 lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar Fasaha a cikin garin. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani lokaci na fadada cikin sauri yayin da aka sauya wa makarantar suna Loughborough College kuma ci gaban kwalejin yanzu ya fara. A farkon shekarun, an yi ƙoƙari don yin kwaikwayon yanayin kwalejin Oxbridge (misali buƙatar ɗalibai su sanya riguna zuwa laccoci) yayin da suke ci gaba da aiki mai ƙarfi don daidaita karatun ilimi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, makarantar ta zama 'masana'antar koyarwa', masu ba da horo ga masana'antar kera makamai. Kolejojin Loughborough Bayan yakin, makarantar ta kasu kashi hudu: Kwalejin Koyon Loughborough (horon malamai) Kwalejin Loughborough na Art (zane da zane) Kwalejin Loughborough na Ilimin Ilimi (fasaha da sana'a) Kwalejin Fasaha ta Loughborough (fasaha da kimiyya) Na ƙarshe shine ya zama asalin jami'ar yanzu. Saurin fadadarsa daga karamar karamar kwaleji zuwa jami'ar fasaha ta farko ta Burtaniya ya samo asali ne saboda kokarin shugabanninta, Herbert Schofield wanda ya jagorance ta daga 1915 zuwa 1950 da Herbert Haslegrave wanda ke kula da fadada shi daga 1953 zuwa 1967, kuma ya ci gaba da ci gabanta. na farko zuwa kwalejin ci gaban fasaha sannan jami'a. A cikin 1966, Kwalejin Ilimin Fasaha kamar yadda ta zama, ta sami matsayin jami'a. A cikin 1977, jami'a ta fadada yawan karatun ta ta hanyar haɗuwa da Loughborough College of Education (tsohon kwalejin Horo). Kwanan nan kwanan nan, a watan Agusta 1998, jami'ar ta haɗu da Loughborough College of Art and Design (LCAD). Kwalejin Loughborough har yanzu kwaleji ce ta ƙarin ilimi. Tasirin Herbert Schofield Herbert Schofield ya zama shugaba a 1915 kuma ya ci gaba da jagorantar Kwalejin Fasaha har zuwa 1950. A tsawon shekarun da ya yi yana shugaban makaranta, Kwalejin ya canza kusan yadda ba za a san shi ba. Ya sayi filin Burleigh Hall a gefen yamma na garin, wanda ya zama asalin harabar harabar 438-acre (1.77 km2) ta yanzu. Ya kuma lura da ginin ainihin zauren Hazlerigg da Rutland, wadanda yanzu haka gidajen gwamnatin jami'a ne da ofisoshin Mataimakin Shugaban. Daga kwaleji zuwa jami'a Wani gogaggen masanin ilmi, Herbert Haslegrave ya hau kujerar shugaban kwaleji a 1953, kuma ta hanyar kara girma da fadila, ya samu matsayin Kwaleji na Fasahar Fasaha a 1958. Ya kara shawo kan Ma'aikatar Ilimi da ta kara sayen fili kuma ya fara shirin gini. A cikin 1963, Rahoton Robbins akan ilimi mafi girma ya ba da shawarar cewa duk kwalejojin ingantaccen fasaha ya kamata a ba su matsayin jami'o'i. Sakamakon haka, an ba Kwalejin Fasaha ta Loughborough wata Yarjejeniya ta Sarauta a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 1966 kuma ta zama Jami'ar Fasaha ta Loughborough (LUT), tare da Haslegrave a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabanta na farko. [13] Sannu a hankali ya sake fasalin kansa a cikin sifar jami'o'in gilashin farantin wannan lokacin, wanda kuma aka ƙirƙira shi a ƙarƙashin Robbins. Tarihin baya A cikin 1977, Kwalejin Horar da Loughborough (wacce a yanzu ake kira da Loughborough College of Education) ta shiga cikin jami'a. Kwalejin Fasaha kuma an haɗa ta da jami'a a cikin 1998. Waɗannan abubuwan da aka tara sun gurɓata dandano na fasaha na ma'aikatar, wanda ya haifar da ita ta zama kamar wata jami'ar gargajiya tare da cakuɗar ɗabi'un mutane, fasaha da kimiyya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1996, jami'ar ta watsar da Fasaha 'daga taken ta, ta zama' Jami'ar Loughborough. Sunan da aka taqaitaccen 'Lboro' ko 'Luff' yawancin ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke amfani da shi, ƙungiyar tsofaffin] aliban da sauransu. Harabar jami'a Bastard Gates Wated lambu Babban harabar Jami'ar yana cikin garin Leicestershire na Loughborough. Kwalejin Loughborough (da zarar mallakar Hall Burleigh) ya mamaye yanki na kadada 438 (1.77 km2), kuma ya haɗa da sassan ilimi, dakunan zama, theungiyar Studentsalibai, dakunan motsa jiki biyu, lambuna da filayen wasa. Babban abin sha'awa shine lambun katanga, 'lambun tunawa', da harabar Hazlerigg-Rutland Hall-tsakar gida da kuma Bastard Gates. A cikin tsakiyar murabba'in harabar akwai sanannen itacen al'ul, wanda galibi ya zama alama ga jami'a. Abun takaici shine zubar dusar kankara mai yawa a watan Disambar 1990 ya haifar da rushewar rufin sama wanda ya baiwa bishiyar siffar ta daban. Laburare Laburaren Pilkington An buɗe Laburaren Pilkington a cikin 1980. Tana rufe da murabba'in mita 9,161 a kan hawa huɗu tare da wuraren karatu 1375 (tun daga 780 kafin gyara a ƙarshen 2013). Laburaren yana da tarihin gudanar da bincike a fannin laburare da aikin fadakarwa. Akwai wurin buɗe hanya inda ake ba ɗalibai damar cin abinci mai sanyi da abin sha gami da shiga tattaunawar ƙungiya. Cibiyar Taron Kotun Burleigh da Otal Cibiyar Taron Kotun Burleigh da Otal babban otal ne mai tauraro huɗu da cibiyar taro a harabar jami'a wanda ke da dakuna 225 kuma ya haɗa da Burleigh Springs Leisure da Therapy Center, wurin shakatawa da hutu. Cibiyar Taro ta Holywell Park Holywell Park Conference Center wani taro ne da filin taro wanda yake a harabar jami'ar. An yi amfani da shi azaman kayan maye don forungiyar GB kafin wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 2012. Elite Athlete Center da Otal Elite Athlete Center da Hotel tushe ne na horo da otal don fitattun 'yan wasa da aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba 2018 Filin Wasa Filin wasa na Jami'ar a cikin 2018 Filin wasa na fan miliyan 4 don rukunin rugby na jami'a da kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na farko an bude shi a shekara ta 2012 kuma yana da damar 3,000. Gida ne ga Loughborough University FC waɗanda suke ɗayan sidesan bangarorin jami'a da suka taka rawa a tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingilishi, a halin yanzu suna fafatawa a Unitedungiyar tiesungiyoyin tiesasashe. Filin wasan yana da fasali da yawa waɗanda ba a saba samu a wannan matakin ƙwallon ƙafa da suka haɗa da tebur na dijital, wuraren taro da kuma ɗakunan canza 14. A cikin 2018 ta dauki bakuncin wasanni hudu a matakin rukuni na Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Turai na 'Yan Kasa da shekaru 17 .Ungiya Ginin Brockington gida ne na Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Zamani Jami'ar Loughborough tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar kuma an tsara ta cikin makarantu goma: Makarantar Aeronautical, Automotive, Chemical and Materials Engineering (wanda ya haɗa da sassan Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Materials) Makarantar Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki Makarantar Gine-gine, Gine-gine da Injin Injiniya Makarantar Loughborough Design Makarantar Injin Injin Wolfson, Injin Wutar Lantarki da Masana'antu Makarantar Kimiyya (wanda ya hada da sassan Chemistry, Kimiyyar Kwamfuta, Jiki da Kimiyyar Lissafi) Makarantar Kimiyyar Zamani (wanda ya ƙunshi sassan Sadarwa da Media, Geography, PHIR da Nazarin Zamani da Manufofin) Makarantar Wasanni, Motsa jiki da Kimiyyar Lafiya Makarantar Arts, Turanci da Wasan kwaikwayo (wanda ya hada da Makarantar Arts da kuma Sashen Ingilishi da Wasan kwaikwayo) Jami'ar Loughborough London (wanda ya hada da Cibiyar Innovation Design, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasahar kere-kere, Kwalejin diflomasiyya da Shugabancin Kasa da Kasa, Glendonbrook Institute for Development Development, Cibiyar Gudanar da Kasa da Kasa, Cibiyar Media da Masana'antu Masu Fasahar, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Sport) Kowane ɗayan waɗannan makarantun 10 suna da manyan ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa (Makarantar SMTs) waɗanda suka haɗa da Deans, Mataimakin Deans don Koyarwa, Bincike da Kasuwanci, da Manajan Ayyuka. Tare da wannan canjin kungiyar a cikin jami'ar sabuwar Kungiyar Shugabannin Ilimin (ALT), wanda ya kunshi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a, Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar, Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Ayyuka, Daraktan Kudi, da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugabannin na Bincike, Koyarwa da Kasuwanci, da sabbin Deans 10, sun maye gurbin Kungiyar Shugabancin Zartarwa (ELT) da ta gabata. Sashen Siyasa, Tarihi da Alakar Kasa da Kasa Wannan sashin yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙididdiga don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ƙididdiga zuwa amintattun kafofin. Mayila a ƙalubalanci kayan kuma a cire su. Nemo tushe: "Jami'ar Loughborough" labarai jaridu littattafai masanin JSTOR (Janairu 2020) (Koyi yadda da yaushe za a cire wannan saƙon samfuri) Ma'aikatar Siyasa, Tarihi da Harkokin Duniya (PHIR) wani sashe ne na Jami'ar Loughborough da ke Leicestershire. PHIR ta samo asali ne daga Sashen Nazarin Nazarin Turai, wanda aka kafa a 1972. A 2001 a cikin Darajar Nazarin Bincike PHIR an ba ta maki na 5B kuma a cikin shekarar ta ci 23/24 a cikin Nazarin Nazarin Waje. Sai a shekarar 2003 ne Sashen ya yanke shawarar saka hannun jari a cikin nazarin Siyasa da alakar kasa da kasa sannan ta fara bayar da digirin farko a fannin hulda da kasashen duniya. Bayan wannan ne Sashen ya sami canjin suna kuma ya zama Sashen Siyasa, Alakar Kasa da Kasa da Nazarin Turai. A cikin 2005 Ma'aikatar ta fadada girma sosai kuma ta kara wasu mambobi uku na ma'aikata. Ya kara da karin malamai uku a lambarsa a 2007. Kamar na 2009 PHIR yanzu yana ba da Tarihi a matsayin rabin rabin zaɓin darajojin haɗin gwiwa. Kamar yadda Tarihi ya zama babban sashin sashen sai aka sake masa suna don nuna wannan gaskiyar. Nazarin Turai an cire shi daga sunan kuma an maye gurbinsa da Tarihi, Sashen Siyasa, Alaƙar ƙasa da Nazarin Turai (PIRES) ya zama Sashin Siyasa, Tarihi da Harkokin Internationalasashen Duniya ko 'PHIR'. Ma'aikatar a halin yanzu tana ba da kwasa-kwasan karatun digiri bakwai, kwasa-kwasai uku na Masters kuma suna ba da damar bincike (tare da ESRC ta san Sashen). PHIR ita ce cibiyar Shirin Tsarin Harsuna a Jami'ar. Wannan shirin yana ba da dama don haɗawa da Faransanci, Jamusanci ko Mutanen Espanya a matsayin ɓangare na digiri na farko. Hakanan ana samun karatun awanni a matsayin ɓangare na Languagearin Tsarin Harshen Tsarin Harshe. Harsunan da aka bayar tun daga 2007 sun hada da: Larabci, Sinanci, Czech, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci, Jafananci, Spanish da Rasha. Ginin Schofield a harabar yana da Cibiyar Ilimin Lissafi. Anan ɗalibai za su iya samun tallafi da jagoranci game da ilimin lissafi. Musamman maaikata suna da zurfin ilimin lissafi da kuma tsarin binciken ƙididdigar SPSS.Ma'aikatar PHIR tana mai da hankali kan binciken ta da farko kan manyan fannoni guda uku: Siyasa da Manufofin Jama'a (yankin da Jami'ar ta ci kyautar shekara ta Sarauniya a shekara ta 2005), Alakar Kasa da Kasa da Nazarin Turai. A tsakanin waɗannan fannoni fannoni na abubuwan sha'awa sun haɗa da Manufofin Kasashen waje da Tsaro na EU; Tarayyar Turai da Asiya; tunani da akidar siyasa; karatun tsaro; karatun hankali; siyasar jima’i; 'yancin ɗan adam. PHIR ta sami girmamawa ga mutane da yawa saboda manyan darajojin ta na koyarwa da kuma al'adarta na kyakkyawan bincike. Ya sami kashi 23/24 don Ingancin Koyarwa daga Hukumar Kula da Ingancin Inganci ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya. Darasi na Nazarin Bincike ya sami maki 5/5 don ƙimar bincikensa.Dalibai sun ba PIRES 82% don gamsar da ɗalibai. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ce ta ayyana PIRES a matsayin Cibiyar kyakkyawa ta Jean Monnet. Ya zuwa 2007 akwai malamai 21, koyarwa 9 da ma'aikatan tallafi 6 duk suna aiki a cikin sashin PHIR. Musamman, Ruth Kinna ita ce farfesa a Ka'idar Siyasa. Tsoffin tsoffin ɗalibai sun haɗa da Paula Radcliffe, Tanni Gray-Thompson da James Gibson. Wasanni Loughborough Loughborough Sport shine asalin alama don ayyukan wasanni da kayan aiki a Jami'ar. Jami'ar ta kasance mai karbar bakuncin wasu hukumomin gudanarwar wasanni. Hadisai Launin hukuma na jami'a shine violet na Afirka. Rigar makamai ta ƙunshi alamomi da yawa waɗanda suka dace da tarihin yankin Loughborough, gami da Offa na gicciyen Mercia (alama ce ta tsohuwar masarautar Mercia, wacce ke kan iyakokinta yanzu garin ya kasance) da kuma bishiyar ɓoyayyen daga hannun Shugabannin Rutland Taken jami'ar shine tabbatar da ilimin kimiyya ("da gaskiya, hikima da aiki", ko kuma, a madadin, "tare da gaskiya, ilimi da aiki", ya dogara da fassarar). Jami'ar jami'a tana da kyakkyawar al'ada a duka injiniyanci da wasanni. Daga karfaffen aikin injiniya da fasaha yanzu ya fadada, ya zama cibiyar ƙwarewa a fagen wasanni da kimiyyar wasanni. Dangane da wannan al'adar, ɗaliban Loughborough sun sami nasarar lashe Gasar Jami'o'in Birtaniyya da Kwalejin Koleji (BUCS) kowace shekara tsawon shekaru arba'in. Jami'ar jami'a ce gidan Kwalejin Nationalasa ta Englandasar ta Ingila da Wales, wacce aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba 2003. [ana buƙatar faɗi] Ana amfani da rubutun kalmomin "Lufbra" a wasu lokuta tsakanin ɗalibai, masu digiri, da kuma a cikin Unionungiyar Studentsalibai, kuma ana taƙaita sunan ga "lboro" duka biyun da kuma cikin mahimman tsari ilimi, wanda ya samo asali daga URL na jami'a na "www.lboro.ac.uk". Akwai hutun sati guda tsakanin semester daya da semester two. Kullum kadan ne babu jarabawa ake shiryawa a wannan makon saboda haka ana gabatar da ɗalibai mako guda daga karatu. Wannan makon ana kiran shi Mako mai maimaitawa ta yawancin ɗalibai. Jami'ar (da Kwalejin Loughborough da ke gabanta) sau ɗaya tana da "mascot" wanda ya ƙunshi hular kwano mai girman kai tare da saukar visor, wanda ake kira "Thor". Wannan ɗaliban Hazlerigg-Rutland zauren ne suka gina shi a cikin 1958 a cikin shagon walda na kwaleji. A ƙarshen 1980s an nuna Thor a cikin faɗin Unionungiyar Studentsalibai, amma tun daga nan ya ɓace. Akwai jita-jita da yawa game da inda yake yanzu. Bayanin ilimi Jami'ar tana da sassan ilimi na 20 da ƙungiyoyin bincike sama da 100, cibiyoyi da cibiyoyi da aka raba tsakanin makarantu goma tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da sabon tsarin makarantar jami'a don shekarar karatu ta 2011/12. A gabanin wannan, sassan da cibiyoyin bincike sun kasu kashi tsakanin fannoni guda uku: Kimiyya, Injiniya da Kimiyyar Zamani Ilimin bil'adama.Tana da ɗalibai 18,295; 13,885 daga cikinsu masu karatun digiri ne kuma 4,410 suna bin kwasa-kwasan digiri na biyu da ko bincike (gwargwadon alkaluman 2019/20).Shugabanta na yanzu shine Lord Sebastian Coe, (shugaban da ya gabata, Sir Nigel Rudd ya yi ritaya daga matsayin a bazarar 2015, bayan ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru biyar), kuma Mataimakin Shugabanta shi ne Robert Allison, wanda zai bar mukaminsa a karshen 2020/21 shekarar karatu, don maye gurbinsu Nick Jennings CB Jami’ar ta ci kyaututtuka bakwai na Sarauniyar Sarauniya don Ci gaba da Ilimi don aiki tare da masana'antar kera jiragen sama da kera motoci (1994); tallafi ga kasashe masu tasowa (1998); don rawar farko a cikin ci gaban aikace-aikace na zamani kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta fasahar (2000); don matsayin ta na duniya a cikin binciken wasanni, ilimi da ci gaba (2002); don rawar da take takawa a duniya a cikin manufofin zamantakewar al'umma saboda girmamawa ga kyakkyawan aikin da ake girmamawa wajen kimantawa da taimakawa ci gaba da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi manufofin zamantakewa, kamar waɗanda ke kula da yara, manufofin tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma, rigakafin aikata laifuka, manufofin ilimi da matasa masu kulawa (2005) don sanin motarta, hanya da kuma binciken lafiyar direbobi (2007); kuma don tasirinta ta hanyar bincike da haɓaka ƙwarewa a ƙirar Babban ƙira don ƙirƙirar ci gaban tattalin arziki (2013). Jami'ar na da babbar shirin ba da tallafin karatu a Burtaniya tare da a halin yanzu sama da 'yan wasa na duniya 250 da ke karatu da horo Shiga ciki Dangane da matsakaicin maki na UCAS na masu shiga, Loughborough ya sami 30th a Biritaniya a 2014. Dangane da littafin 2017 Times da Sunday Times mai Kyakkyawan Jagora, kusan kashi 17% na ɗaliban Loughborough sun fito ne daga makarantu masu zaman kansu. A cikin shekarar karatu ta 2016-17, jami'ar ta sami lalacewar gida na 79: 5: 16 na Burtaniya: EU: ɗaliban da ba EU ba bi da bi tare da mace zuwa ragin maza na 39: 6 Matsayi da daraja Loughborough an lakafta shi jami'ar Shekarar 2019 a cikin The Times da Jagorar Jami'ar Kyakkyawan Jami'ar Lahadi. Loughborough ita ce kawai jami'a da ta ci taken sau biyu. Loughborough kuma ya ci gaba zuwa na 5 gabaɗaya a cikin Kyakkyawan Jagorar Jami'ar.Loughborough an kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Jami’ar shekara a Kyautukan Zaɓen Studentaliban na Whatuni 2018. A cikin shekara ta 2018 Loughborough an lasafta shi mafi kyau a cikin Burtaniya don ƙwarewar ɗalibai a cikin Nazarin Ilimin Studentaliban Ilimi mafi girma na Times karo na biyar tun 2009. Jami'ar Loughborough ta kasance ta 4 a cikin teburin League na Jami'ar Guardian na 2019. Loughborough ta riƙe matsayinta na mafi kyawun jami'a a duniya don nazarin batutuwan da suka shafi wasanni a cikin teburin gasar ƙwararrun makarantu na duniya na 2018 QS.A cikin 2017 Loughborough ta sami tauraruwa biyar tare da ƙimantawa a cikin ƙimar Jami'ar QS Stars.Cibiyar Fasahar Sabunta Tsarin Fasahar Sadarwa, ko CREST, ita ce ke jagorantar shirin masarauta da duniya ta amince da shi cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa. Sashen Siyasa, Tarihi da Alakar Kasa da Kasa, ko kuma PHIR kamar yadda aka fi sani, gida ne ga masu bincike a siyasar Turai da alakar kasashen duniya. Cibiyar Bincike a cikin Manufofin Tattalin Arziki cibiya ce ta bincike mai zaman kanta wacce take a tsakanin Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Zamani. Tana da alhakin lissafin Standardididdigar comearancin Kuɗi a cikin forasar Ingila don Gidauniyar Joseph Rowntree. Wasanni Cibiyar Kwarewa ta Jami'ar Kwalejin (UCCE) filin wasan kurket Makarantar Kwalejin Kasa ta Ingila da Wales Loughborough sananne ne a cikin Burtaniya saboda kayan wasanni.Loughborough gida ne ga babbar ƙungiyar binciken fasahar wasanni ta jami'a a duniya, wanda wani ɓangare ne na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Wasanni. SportPark, wanda yake a jami'ar ya samar da gida ga kungiyoyin wasanni na kasa da suka hada da Matasa Sport Trust, British Swimming da wasu kungiyoyin gwamnatocin kasashe da dama. Studentsaliban Loughborough sun yi rawar gani a cikin Gasar BUCS Gabaɗaya fiye da shekaru arba'in, suna lashe kofina duka tsawon shekaru 40 masu zuwa. ECB National Academy wacce kuma aka fi sani da National Cricket Performance Center an kafa ta ne a Loughborough tun 2003 kuma tana ba da wuraren horo na cikin gida da na waje don masu wasan kurket. Olympicungiyar wasannin Olympic ta Burtaniya ce ta zaɓi Loughborough a matsayin cibiyar horarwa da Preungiyar Shiri ta hukuma don GBungiyar GB a shirye-shiryen gasar London 2012. Dalibai da wadanda suka kammala karatu a Loughborough sun ci lambobin tagulla hudu da na nakasassu shida (zinare daya, azurfa uku da tagulla biyu) a Gasar Olympics ta Zamani ta 2012. A Wasannin Commonwealth na 2014 a Glasgow, sama da 'yan wasa 120 daga Loughborough sun wakilci ƙungiyoyi 8, a cikin wasanni 10. Gabaɗaya, 'yan wasa suka ci lambobin yabo 35 tare da haɗin Loughborough; Tagulla 13, azurfa 13 da lambar zinariya tara. Idan Loughborough ya kasance ƙasa, da jami'a ta gama ta 11 a kan teburin lambar yabo a Wasannin 2014. A cikin 2016 sama da ɗalibai 80, masu karatun digiri da kuma athletesan wasa masu alaƙa da Loughborough sun yi tafiya zuwa Rio don shiga duka wasannin Olympic da na Paralympic. A gasar wasannin Olympics 'yan wasansu sun samu lambobin yabo 12, gami da zinare 5. Masu horar da mahaɗan Loughborough suma sun taka rawar gani a Wasannin, tare da tsofaffin ɗalibai suna jagorantar Team GB, Canada da Fiji zuwa lambobin zinare. A yayin gasar nakasassu ta 'yan wasa masu alaƙar Loughborough sun sami ƙarin lambobin yabo 22. Rayuwar dalibi Studentsungiyar Studentsalibai Babban labarin: ughungiyar Daliban Loughborough Ginin Union yana zaune a kusurwar arewa maso gabas na harabar, kuma yana ba da kayan aiki da yawa don kulake da al'ummu, kantuna, nishaɗi da sauran ayyukan. Unionungiyar tana da dakuna biyar, kowannensu yana da taken kansa. Studentsungiyar Daliban Loughborough (LSU), an ba ta Experiwarewar Internationalasa ta Duniya ta 2011 ta Unionungiyar Studentsalibai ta (asa (NUS). Hakanan wakiltar ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Unionungiyar Union da kuma ba da tallafin ilimi ta hanyar Muryar Studentsaliban Loughborough, Unionungiyar tana da manyan sassa biyar don ɗalibai don shiga ciki.; kungiyar 'yan wasa tana ba da kulaflikan wasanni daban-daban na 56, Soungiyar Jama'a ta ƙunshi sama da al'ummomin 80, Action ita ce sashin sa kai wanda ke ba da dama ga ɗalibai. Akwai ayyuka na yau da kullun guda 45 waɗanda ke aiki tare da matasa, tsofaffi, buƙatu na musamman, marasa gida ko muhalli. Ragin ughaliban Loughborough ƙungiya ce ta tara kuɗi. A shekaru takwas da suka gabata sun tara sama da 1M a kowace shekara don agaji na gida, na ƙasa da na duniya. Adadin da aka tara tunda aka fara rikodin yanzu ya wuce 16M Loughborough yana da cibiyar watsa labarai ta kansa wacce ke ba da damar yin shirye-shiryen TV tare da LSUTV, da nunin rediyon naku tare da LCR, rubuta don mujallar ɗaliban Label ko inganta hoto tare da Lens. Makarantar Fasaha da Ingilishi da Wasan kwaikwayo ke gudanar da Jaridar Lamplight, kamfanin Buga na farko da Burtaniya ta jagoranta. Zauren ɗalibai Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, akwai dakunan zama 17, da yawa daga cikinsu an laƙaba su da shahararrun masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi. Gidajen sune kamar haka: Daga cikin wadannan, Hazlerigg Rutland, John Phillips, Elvyn Richards da Telford suna da sunaye waɗanda a da ake amfani dasu don dakunan zama waɗanda tun daga yanzu aka sake maimaita su, aka sauya musu suna ko kuma haɗe su da sauran zauren. A cikin 2015 Jami'ar Loughborough ta zaba 1st a cikin Burtaniya don masauki a kan dandalin nazarin Jami'ar StudentCrowd. Kayan motsa jik Jami'ar Loughborough tana da manyan motsa jiki biyu, wato Powerbase da Holywell. Shugabancin jami'a Harabar Jami'ar Loughborough daga hasumiyar garin Carillon ta garin. Kujerun Gwamnoni A. A. Bumpus (1909–1925) B. B. Barrow (1925–1934) William Bastard (1934–1936) W. H. Wright (1936–1940) Sir Robert Martin (1940–1952) Sir Harold West (1952–1957) Sir Edward Herbert (1957–1963) Sir Herbert Manzoni (1963–1966) Sir B. R. Dean (1992–2015) Shugabancin jami'a Harabar Jami'ar Loughborough daga hasumiyar garin Carillon ta garin. Kujerun Gwamnoni A. A. Bumpus (1909–1925) B. B. Barrow (1925–1934) William Bastard (1934–1936) W. H. Wright (1936–1940) Sir Robert Martin (1940–1952) Sir Harold West (1952–1957) Sir Edward Herbert (1957–1963) Sir Herbert Manzoni (1963–1966) Sir B. R. Dean (1992–2015) Shugabanni Dokokin S. C. (1909-1915) Herbert Schofield (1915–1950) Manjo-Janar W. F. Hasted (1951–1952) H.E Falkner, J. W. Bridgeman da C. D. Bentley (na wucin gadi 'triumvirate' Janairu Satumba 1952) Wing Commander H. E. Falkner (1952–1953) (aiki) Herbert Haslegrave (1953-1966) Mataimakin Shugaban Kansiloli Herbert Haslegrave (1966-1967) Elfyn J. Richards (1967-1975) Sir Clifford Butler (1975-1985) John G. Phillips (1986–1987) Sir David Davies (1988–1993) Sir David Wallace (1994–2005) Shirley Pearce (2006–2012) Robert Allison (2012–2021) Nick Jennings (2021 yanzu) Shirye-shiryen duniya Jami'ar Loughborough da shirin karantarwar Bolashak na Kazakhstan sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa a shekarar 2018. Yarjejeniyar ta ba da damar koyar da daliban masters da na PhD yin karatu a cibiyoyin jami’ar biyu da ke gabashin Midlands da London. Tsoffin tsoffin ɗalibai Duba kuma: Rukuni: Tsoffin Daliban Jami'ar Loughborough Derek Abbott Masanin ilimin lissafi da injiniyan lantarki Rob Smedley Daraktan Tsarin Bayanai a Tsarin 1 Laurent Mekies Daraktan Wasanni a Scuderia Ferrari Neil Oatley Daraktan Zane da Ci gaba a cikin ƙungiyoyin Formula 1 Steve Hallam Injiniyan Formula 1, shugaban kungiyar tseren kungiyar McLaren Mercedes Steve Matchett tsohon makaniki F1, marubuci kuma mai gabatar da TV Malcolm Sayer Jaguar Motocin kere-kere da injiniya Adrian Bailey dan siyasa dan kungiyar kwadago, dan majalisa (MP) Adnan al-Janabi ɗan siyasan Iraki Steve Backley– mai jefa mashi Daniel Bennett Dan kwallon Singapore Nick Knight tsohon dan wasan kurket na kasar Ingila Sam Billings Ingila da Chennai Super King dan wasan kurket Sir Peter Bonfield tsohon babban jami'in ICL da BT Group Adam Bishop wanda ya lashe gasar Ingilishi mafi karfi ta 2020 Robbie Brightwell dan wasa, Bature yadi zakaran zakarun yadi 1962 Victoria Clarke, masaniyar halayyar dan Adam Sebastian Coe Dan wasan Olympics, dan siyasa kuma daga baya Shugaban Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Landan don Wasannin Olympics David Collier mai kula da wasan kurket kuma dan kasuwa, shugaban zartarwa na Hukumar Cricket ta Ingila da Wales (ECB) John Cooper Wanda ya ci lambar azurfa a wasannin Olympic a farfajiyar yadi 440 a Tokyo 1964, ya mutu a cikin hatsarin jirgin saman Paris na 1974 Fran Cotton dan wasan kwallon rugby Robin Daniels injiniya kuma ɗan kasuwa. Mashawarcin kwamitin da kuma mai saka hannun jari na fasaha. James Dasaolu dan tseren tsere Gerald Davies Wales da dan wasan kungiyar kwallon rugby ta Burtaniya, dan jaridar Times, kuma manajan kungiyar Lions ta Burtaniya da Irish a Afirka ta Kudu 2009 John Dawes Wales da dan wasan Rugby na Lions na Burtaniya, kyaftin Lions a Afirka ta Kudu 1971 Tobias Ellwood Wakilin 'yan mazan jiya Ozak Esu Injiniyan lantarki Diane Farr 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Numb3rs Lorna Fitzsimmons tsohuwar shugabar NUS kuma ‘yar majalisar wakilai ta jam’iyyar Labour James Gibson mai ninkaya Rosalind Gill Farfesa na Nazarin Zamantakewa da Al'adu, Kwalejin King, London Lisa Goldman darektan wasan kwaikwayo da marubuta Tanni Gray-Thompson dan wasa Emma Hatton Jaruma, jagora a cikin Muguwar 2016 Liam Hennessy masanin kimiyyar lissafi, karfi da horar da kwalliya, kuma tsohon dan wasan duniya Maddie Hinch Dan wasan kwallon hockey Johnnie Johnson yana jagorantar Spitfire ace na Yaƙin Duniya na II, lokacin da yake Kwalejin Loughborough Ben Kay Gwarzon dan wasan kwallon rugby na Ingila gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta 2003 Donna Kellogg dan wasan badminton Andy Kent PDC Darts Player Jeanette Kwakye 'yar wasa Shin Lenney YouTuber Steve Ley masanin sunadarai Lisa Lynch yar jarida Rahul Mandal Injiniyan Bincike kuma Babban Gasar Gasa Burtaniya. John Mantle unionungiyar wasan rugby ta Wales da kuma ɗan wasan wasan kwallon rugby na Burtaniya Murray McArthur Game da karagai da Doctor Wane an wasa Colin McFadyean Dan wasan kwallon rugby na Ingila da Lions na Ingila Colin McFarlane The Dark Knight (fim) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo David Moorcroft mai tsere Nicholas Osipczak ƙwararren mai haɗaɗɗen mai fasahar yaƙi; memberan wasa ofan wasan SpikeTV na Thearshen Farshe: United States da United Kingdom Monty Panesar Kirikitik Gwajin Ingila Paula Radcliffe 'yar wasa Chris Read Ingila mai buga wricetric Mark Richardson 'Yar tseren mita 400 Bridget Riley mai fasaha Andy Robinson dan wasan kwallon rugby koci Lisa Rogers mai gabatar da talabijin Lawrie Sanchez manajan kwallon kafa Peter Scott masanin ilmin sunadarai Robbie Simpson Huddersfield Town FC dan wasan kwallon kafa da ke wasa a League One Steve Speirs Stella (jerin talabijin na Burtaniya) ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo ne a karkashin sunan haihuwa Steven Roberts Brian Stubbs dan kwallon kafa Jodie Swallow babba Michael Swift Kwararren dan wasan rugby union kuma mai rikodin rikodi don fitowa a cikin Pro12 John Taylor Dan wasan kungiyar kwallon rugby ta Wales ya ki yawon shakatawa tare da Lions na Burtaniya a Afirka ta Kudu don adawa da wariyar launin fata Gwajin Zack dan wasan ƙungiyar rugby Paul Thomas AM wanda ya kafa Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Jami'ar Sunshine Coast Hugo Turner da Ross Turner (The Turner Twins) masu kasada Andrew Wilson Babban Jami'in Watsa Labarai, Accenture Bob Wilson tsohon golan Arsenal Sir Clive Woodward kocin kungiyar kwallon rugby ta Ingila Roger Wrightson wasan kurket Ross Edgley ɗan kasada na Burtaniya, mai wasan ninkaya mai tsalle-tsalle kuma

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinx%3A%20The%20Time%20Sweeper

Blinx: The Time Sweeper

An tallata shi azaman "Wasan Farko na Farko na 4D na Duniya", Blinx: The Time Sweeper yana mai da hankali ne kan halin ɗabi'a, cat ɗin anthropomorphic da ake kira Blinx, wanda ke kan manufa don hana ƙarshen B1Q64 na duniya da ceto gimbiya ta daga mugun Tom-Tom Gang. Blinx an sanye shi da TS-1000 Vacuum Cleaner, wanda zai iya yin amfani da iko akan lokaci da kansa ta musamman "Sarrafa Lokaci" guda biyar: rage jinkiri, saurin sauri, yin rikodin ɗan lokaci cikin lokaci, juyawa lokaci, da dakatar da lokaci gaba ɗaya. Makirci Lokacin da gungun mugayen aladu da aka sani da Tom-Tom Gang suka fara sata lokaci daga B1Q64 na Duniya, zai zama mara kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci har zuwa lokacin da Masu Siyarwa na Zamani suka yanke shawarar cewa ya fi aminci ga duk duniyoyin idan an dakatar da samar da lokaci zuwa Duniya B1Q64, dakatar da ita da mazaunanta har abada. Lokacin da Blinx ya karɓi saƙo daga wata gimbiya ƙarama da ta makale a cikin halaka, Blinx ya shiga ɗakin da aka ajiye ƙofar da ke jagorantar Duniya B1Q64. Ko da yake sauran ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Lokaci suna adawa da shi, Blinx yana nutsewa cikin lokacin ƙofar kafin ya rufe. Daga nan ya yi balaguro zuwa sassa da yawa na duniya, yana yaƙar dodanni na lokaci, da kuma dawo da kristal ɗin da aka haifar a cikin matsananciyar yunƙurin ceton Duniya B1Q64. Bayan tafiya mai nisa, ya sami damar cim ma Tom-Toms da gimbiya a Momentopolis. Yana bin su zuwa filin wasan, wanda ke kewaye da manyan lu'ulu'u na lokaci. Ba zato ba tsammani, haske ya fito a tsakiyar dandalin filin wasan, wanda ya sa Tom-Tom Gang da Gimbiya suka daskare, kuma suka zagaye hasken, tare da sauran lu'ulu'u na lokacin. Haɗin lu'ulu'u na lokaci, Gimbiya, da Tom-Toms suna haifar da dodo na ƙarshe: Chronohorn, wanda kuma zai iya amfani da Sarrafa Lokacin. Kafin Blinx ya iya yaƙi da shi, Chronohorn yana jujjuya lokaci, kuma yana tilasta Blinx yaƙi shugabannin huɗu da suka gabata (duk waɗannan sune ingantattun sigogin waɗanda kuke faɗa a cikin zagaye na 1, 2, 3 da 5). Bayan ya sake cin su duka, ya yi yaƙi da Chronohorn, ya ci nasara ya ceci gimbiya mai barci yayin barin Tom-Toms ya tsere. Tare da Tom-Toms ya tafi, kuma lokaci ya sake farawa a cikin B1Q64 na Duniya, Blinx ya gamsu da cewa aikinsa ya cika. Yayin da gimbiya ta tashi daga kan bencin da aka dora ta, Blinx ba tare da son rai ba ta yi bankwana ta tafi. Gimbiya ta yi ƙoƙari ta bi shi, amma ya yi tsalle zuwa cikin wata ƙofar tashar kuma ya dawo cikin masana'antar Lokaci don yin maraba da tafi daga sauran Time Sweepers. Sanarwa daga Uwar Kwamfuta ta yi bayanin cewa ba za a yanke B1Q64 na Duniya daga masana'antar Lokaci ba, kuma Blinx yana taya Shugaban Kamfanin, Mai Aiki da Mai Gudanarwa na Uku na Ma'aikatar Lokaci. Bayan jujjuyawar kuɗi, ɗan wasan yana ganin saƙon da gimbiya ta rubuta (an bayyana sunanta na ainihi, Gimbiya Lena a wannan lokacin). Sakon ya ce Lena tana da lu'ulu'u na lokacin da Blinx ya tattara, kuma za ta yi amfani da su don mafi mahimmancin komai. Ta yin amfani da lu'ulu'u na lokacin, tana mayar da lokacin zuwa lokacin da Blinx ke shirin tafiya. Kafin ya sake shiga cikin tashar, ta farka, ta rungumi Blinx, ta gode masa. Ci gaba Illolin Naoto Ohshima don Blinx ya fito ne daga tatsuniyar Puss in Boots Lokacin da Ohshima ya fara zana Blinx, dabbar tana da fur fur. Blinx a matsayin mascot GameSpy da shawarar cewa Blinx aka gabatar a matsayin yiwu mascot ga Xbox tsarin, rivaling Nintendo 's Mario, Sega s Sonic bushiya, kuma tun da babban harafin da halo: Yaki samo asali Master Chief aka dauke ma m kuma ba su da asali a bayan mai gani), kuma jami'ai suna son "abokantaka, fushin fuska" don jagorantar tallace -tallace tsakanin ƙaramin abokan ciniki. Saboda rashin son wasan, bai taɓa cimma burin da aka ba da shawarar ba kuma ana ganin Jagora Chief ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin mascot, kodayake a zahiri an ba da shawarar Blinx a matsayin mascot na Xbox a Japan na ɗan lokaci. Karfin baya Tuni akwai ta hanyar jituwa ta baya akan Xbox 360, Microsoft ya tabbatar da cewa ana tallafawa jituwa ta baya don Blinx: The Sweeper Time on Xbox One a watan Afrilu shekara ta guda 2018. Ana iya kunna faifai na jiki akan tsarin, yayin da ake samun su akan Xbox Live Store azaman zazzagewa na dijital. Karɓar baki An sadu da Blinx tare da kyakkyawar tarba mai daɗi yayin sakin, kamar yadda GameRankings ya ba shi maki 73.09%, yayin da Metacritic ya ba shi guda 71 cikin guda Dari 100. GameSpy ya haɗa wasan a cikin "Mafi yawan Wasannin da Aka Ci Gaba". Kodayake ana yaba wa zane -zanen gabaɗaya, kisan wasan, musamman hanyar sarrafawa, an ɗauka cewa ya haifar da wasan yana da wahala. Saleswise, ta 2003, an sayar da kwafi 156,000. A cikin shekara ta shekara 2003, Blinx kuma ya shiga cikin kewayon Platinum Hits (a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dit na Iyalin Platinum na kowane zamani). Editan GameSpot Greg Kasavin ya ba shi maki 6.3 daga cikin guda 10, lura da cewa 'yan wasa suna samun natsuwa daga kammala matakin, maimakon jin daɗi ko gamsuwa. Shi ne mai mai gudu-up for gameSpot shekara-shekara "Mafi m Game a kan Xbox" lambar yabo, wanda ya tafi zuwa ToeJam &amp; Earl III. Wasan Wasan Lantarki na wata -wata ya ba shi 7.5/5.5/8: mai bita na biyu ya ga wasan ya kasance mai gajiya da maimaitawa, amma na ukun ya yi imanin cewa "batutuwa a gefe, salo na musamman da makanikai suna sa [ya] yi fice". A Japan, Famitsu ya ba shi maki kwara talatin da daya 31 daga cikin guda arbain 40. Hanyoyin waje Blinx: The Time Sweeper at MobyGames

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Pere%20Ajuwa

Christopher Pere Ajuwa

Christopher 'Pere' Ajuwa (23 ga Nuwamba 1941 31 ga Janairu 2017) shi ne mutum na farko daga yankin Neja Delta na Najeriya da ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗan kasuwa mai basira a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, kuma an fi saninsa da taimakon jin kai. Bayani na gaba ɗaya An haifi Christopher 'Pere' Ajuwa a jihar Bayelsa, da ke Kudancin Najeriya, a yankunan Neja Delta. Ya kasance dan kasuwa mai cin nasara, mai ba da agaji, kuma ɗan siyasa. A ƙarshen 80s, Pere shine Deltan na farko na Nijar a tarihin ƙasar Najeriya na zamani don yin tsayayya da ruwan siyasa mai haɗari na ƙasar Najeriya. Ya yi kamfen kuma ya ba da shawara ba tare da tsoro ba a duk faɗin Najeriya yana ba da shawara game da bukatar mutanen yankin, Ijaws. Ya ji cewa mutane sun fito ne daga yankin Neja Delta, wanda ke samar da kudaden shiga masu yawa waɗanda ke kula da lafiyar jihar Najeriya, ya kamata su faɗi kuma su amfana da yawa daga albarkatun da yankin su ke bayarwa. Cif Pere Ajuwa ya goyi bayan duk wani yunkuri na gaske na mutanen Ijaw don a gane su yadda ya kamata kuma a ba su girman kai na matsayi a siyasa, tattalin arziki, da kuma wasu fannoni na kokarin ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun kansa don yin yaƙi don samun 'yancin siyasa da tattalin arziki na' yan tsiraru na Kudu-Kudancin, musamman ma kabilunsa da mata, waɗanda suka sha wahala shekaru na watsi da hana su ayyukan kamfanonin mai. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1993 Pere ya shiga zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa da Alhaji Bashir Tofa a ƙarƙashin dandalin jam'iyyar National Republican Convention (NRC). Daga baya, a cikin 2003 da 2007, ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya a kan Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari (2015-2019) a karkashin jam'iyyar jam'iyyar All Nigeria People Party (ANPP). Kodayake Pere bai lashe kowanne daga cikin zaɓen ba, himma da ruhunsa na dogmatic sun shirya hanya ga matasa 'yan siyasa da yawa daga yankin Neja Delta don neman ofishin Shugaban Najeriya. Ya kasance mutum ne mai wadata, kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga rayuka da yawa daga Neja Delta da bayan. A duk rayuwarsa, Pere ya manne wa al'ada da al'adun danginsa na Izon. Cif Dr. Christopher Pere Ajuwa ya mutu a shekarar 2017 a Port Harcourt yana da shekaru 76. Iyali da ƙuruciya Shekaru na farko An haifi Christopher Pere Ajuwa a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1941 ga iyalan Babban Cif Pa Ogongolo Vurudu Ajuwa na Egbesubiri Quarter, da Cif Ma Mrs. Rachael Diriayefa Ajuwa da Erubiri Quarter na masarautar Gbaranraun, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Ijaw da ke cikin Jihar Bayelsa. Masarautar Gbaranraun tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masarauta tsakanin mutanen Ijaw a cikin Neja Delta, Kudancin Najeriya kuma babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arzikin ƙasar. Mutanen yankin suna ɗaukar haihuwar Pere a matsayin alamar mu'ujiza kuma an yi magana game da ita kamar an rufe ta da asiri. An ruwaito, cewa mahaifiyar Pere ta fada cikin aikin haihuwa yayin kamun kifi, kuma ba tare da mai juna biyu ba ta haife shi a cikin jirgin ruwa. Dangane da haka, a wannan rana mai ban mamaki Rachael Diriayefa Ajuwa ta kama kifinta mafi girma kuma ta kira ɗanta 'Pere' wanda aka fassara a zahiri yana nufin "Dukiya" a Turanci. Ilimi Pere ya halarci Ade Oshodi, makarantar firamare a Yammacin Najeriya, daga 1954 zuwa 1960 kuma ya sami takardar shaidar barin makarantar farko. Daga 1961 zuwa 1964, ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Stella Maris, Okitipupa, a yankin karamar hukumar Ondo na Jihar Ondo. Abin takaici, saboda rashin kuɗi, Pere bai iya kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Stella Maris ba mai yiwuwa. Binciken da ya yi na ilmantarwa bai tsaya ba, ya sami hanyar halartar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati Ijebu-Ode, Cibiyar Ciniki ta Yaba, Legas kuma ya sami City da Guide Intermediate a shekarar 1968. Daga nan sai ya bar Najeriya kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba a Jami'ar Glasgow, Scotland inda ya sami takardar shaidar Advanced Technological a 1975. Bayan haka, a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s, Pere ya kasance a Jami'ar Worcester, Ingila yana karatun Injiniyanci da sauran darussan injiniya kuma ya zama Injiniyan Fasaha na Burtaniya a farkon 1980. Sa'an nan a shekara ta 2006, Pere ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci a Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti Wasanni A lokacin da yake makaranta, an dauki Pere a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ban sha'awa. A farkon shekarun 1970s ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Yammacin Jihar da Cibiyar Bincike ta Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya duka a Ibadan Yammacin Najeriya. An kira Pere a matsayin mai kunnawa a filin kwallon kafa kuma an dauke shi babban dan wasa. Ya ci gaba da lashe laurels tare da waɗancan kungiyoyi. A duk rayuwarsa, ya ci gaba da jin daɗin rayuwa mai aiki na wasan tennis, yin iyo da tseren jirgin ruwa. Aure da yara Kafin ya yi aure, Pere mutum ne a sassa da yawa. Ya haifi 'ya'ya bakwai ba tare da aure ba. Koyaya, a cikin 1972, yayin da yake halartar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba, Pere ya sadu da Helen Kemi Olayiwola, 'yar Akandi Olayiwola. Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1974. Ya haifi 'ya'ya goma sha uku tare da Helen Kemi Olayiwola kuma ya yi aure da farin ciki tare da Helen har zuwa mutuwarsa. A matsayinsa na uba, a bayyane yake yana da karfi a horo kuma ya sha a cikin 'ya'yansa masu aiki tuƙuru da biyayya ga ikon da aka kafa. Bangaskiya Yayinda yake yaro, an yi wa Pere baftisma a Cocin Katolika. Daga baya ya tuba zuwa bangaskiyar Pentecostal kuma ya zama memba na Ikilisiyar Manzanni ta Kristi. A farkon shekarun 1980 ya halarci Ikilisiyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta Deeper Life a garin Rumuodara, Jihar Rivers. Sa'an nan a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya zama memba na tushe na Ma'aikatar Ceto kuma ya bauta a can har zuwa mutuwarsa. Pere ya yi la'akari da ayyukan jin kai don ya dace da bangaskiyarsa ta Kirista. Pere ya sadaukar da kansa kuma yana son ba da yabo da bautar. Mutuwa A cikin fall of 2016 Pere ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya shiga asibiti. An gano shi da ciwon daji na prostate. Ya koma gidansa amma ya janye daga ayyukan jama'a da na jama'a. Ya mutu a ranar Litinin, 31 ga Janairun 2017 a gidansa a Port Harcourt Kalmominsa na ƙarshe sun kasance "Yesu ya yi mini jinƙai". Ya wuce cikin barcinsa daga rikitarwa saboda ciwon daji na Prostate. Gwamna Seriake Henry Dickson ya bayyana mutuwar Pere a matsayin bakin ciki, abin mamaki da kuma asarar gaske ga Gwamnati da mutanen Jihar Bayelsa. Da yake magana a wani jana'izar da aka gudanar a Cif DSP Alamieyeseigha Banquet Hall a Yenagoa, don girmama marigayin, Dickson ya ce za a tuna da gudummawar Pere ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa na jihar Bayelsa da Najeriya har abada. Don gudummawar Pere da yawa da kuma fitaccen gudummawa, gwamnan ya sanar da sake sunan sanannen hanyar Azikoro bayan shi wanda ya ce ya zama al'adun gwamnatinsa don girmama kowane ɗan gaskiya da 'yar jihar wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a wurare daban-daban. A cikin godiya, 'yar farko ta Pere da kwamishinan jihar na Yawon Bude Ido, Ci gaba, da Mrs Ebiere Irene Ajuwa-Musa sun gode wa Gwamna Dickson da mutanen jihar saboda rawar da suka taka wajen girmama mahaifinta. Ayyukan jana'izar sun jawo hankalin 'yan siyasa, sarakunan gargajiya, kyaftinonin masana'antu, shugabannin ra'ayi, mata da matasa daga ciki da waje na jihar. Mutane sun yi layi a kan tituna cikin baƙin ciki kuma suna ba da ta'aziyya ga iyali. Tun bayan mutuwarsa, mutane suna magana game da lokacin da yake da rai a matsayin "ranar Pere Ajuwa". Marigayi Cif Pere Ajuwa an kwantar da shi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2017 a gidansa a cikin ɗakin sujada na Ayibawari Villa Ayyuka Farkon aiki A shekara ta 1969, Pere ya fara aiki a matsayin mai fasaha tare da Kamfanin Ruwa na Yammacin Jihar Ibadan Daga nan sai ya bar Kamfanin Ruwa na Yammacin Jihar kuma ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Cocoa ta Najeriya kuma a Ibadan (CRIN) a matsayin ƙwararren Injiniya wanda ke kula da Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Cibiyar a cikin 1970; ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu. Pere daga baya ya kira shi ya bar a Cibiyar Nazarin Cocoa ta Najeriya don ci gaban ilimi a Jami'ar Glasgow a Ingila a ƙarshen 1970s. Da ya dawo Najeriya, Pere ya zama Babban Injiniya mai ba da shawara, SP Group Engineers a shekarar 1977. Ya shiga cikin kasuwanci mai zaman kansa a matsayin mai kwangila da kuma sayar da man fetur a farkon shekarun 1980. Ya ci gaba da zama Babban Injiniya tare da Prefab Overseas Limited A shekara ta 1993, ya taimaka wajen ganowa da gudanar da Pere Roberto Nigeria Limited a matsayin Sakataren Kamfanin sannan kuma manajan darektan. A wannan lokacin, ya aiwatar da wasu ayyukan tarihi waɗanda suka haɗa da gina Helipad a Bonny Camp, Victoria Island, Legas da wasu gine-gine a Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur a Warri (yanzu Jami'ar Man Fetur) da sauran ayyukan da yawa a cikin Neja Delta. Rayuwar siyasa A shekara ta 1986, Pere ya shiga cikin nasara a birnin Port Harcourt kuma ya gudu ya lashe Shugaban Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Port Harcoort. Ya kawo wasu sababbin abubuwa masu kyau a cikin ƙungiyar. A karkashin jagorancinsa an shirya baje kolin kasuwanci na Port Harcourt na farko. Nasarar Pere a harkokin kasuwanci ba ta rufe ƙaunar da yake yi wa Najeriya da kuma sha'awarsa ta inganta wahalar da ake fama da ita da kuma mutanen da aka ware a yankin Neja Delta ba. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Port Harcourt a ƙarshen shekarun 1980; ya kaddamar da kansa cikin yanayin siyasa na Najeriya lokacin da damar ta zo don tsara sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki ga Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya don sanar da ƙarshen mulkin Soja. Koyaya, a cikin 1989 ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar mazabar Tarayya ta Yenagoa a cikin majalisa ta lokacin. Pere ya bayyana matsayi mai karfi kamar haƙƙin 'yan tsiraru, soke dokar amfani da ƙasa, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Abubuwan da Pere ya yi a cikin majalisa na 1989 sun sa ya ƙaunaci manyan 'yan siyasa a kasar kuma lokacin da aka kafa jam'iyyun siyasa, ya zama memba na kafa Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Najeriya (NNC). A wannan lokacin, daya daga cikin sanannun mutane da suka karfafa matashin siyasa na Pere a cikin yanayin siyasa mai duhu shine Cif Gina Yeseibo A shekara ta 1992, an sake fasalin tsarin siyasa a Najeriya wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa (NRC) da Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP). Pere daga ƙarshe ya zama memba mai kafa NRC kuma ya goyi bayan Cif Rufus Ada George don fitowa a matsayin Gwamna (Janairu 1992 zuwa Nuwamba 1993) na tsohuwar Jihar Rivers. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Port Harcourt a ƙarshen shekarun 1980; ya kaddamar da kansa cikin yanayin siyasa na Najeriya lokacin da damar ta zo don tsara sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki ga Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya don sanar da ƙarshen mulkin Soja. Cif Pere Ajuwa ya kasance misali na tsayin daka da juriya a yaƙi don adalci. Pere ya zama shugaban 'yan tsiraru na farko na Nijar Delta wanda ya yi ƙarfin hali ga dabarun siyasa na yawancin kabilun a kasar. Muradinsa na yin takara a matsayin dan takara na kujerar shugaban kasa ya bayyana a shekarar 1992 lokacin da Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa a Yarjejeniyar Kasa a Port Harcourt Pere ya kasance mai neman zama shugaban kasa a dandalin tsohuwar Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican (NRC), a cikin shirin sauyawa na tsohon shugaban kasar Ibrahim Babangida ya kuma kalubalanci matsayin gwamnan jihar Rivers kafin kirkirar jihar Bayelsa. An tilasta wa Pere ya sauka don Alhaji Bashiru Torfa wanda daga baya ya zama Mai ɗaukar tutar NRC tare da dan takarar shugaban kasa na Social Democratic Party -SDP Alhaji MKO Abiola ya gudu a zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga Yuni, 1993 wanda aka soke. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1993, ita ce ranar taron kasa don tseren shugaban kasa. NRC ta sanar da Port Harcourt, garin Pere, a matsayin wurin taron tare da wakilai sama da dubu biyar ga kowane taron. Pere ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a taron, kuma ya biya mafi yawan lissafin don Yarjejeniyar Port Harcourt. Taron Port Harcourt ya halarci manyan shugabannin jam'iyyar ciki har da Alhaji Bamanga Tukur, Alhaji Ibrahim Mantu da Alhagi Ibrahim Shinkafi A taron, Alhaji Ahmed Kusamotu ya kayar da Sanata Lawrence Adekunle Agunbiade wanda aka fi sani da LAKO don fitowa a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Sanata Agunbiade ya fito ne daga Ise a jihar Ekiti ta yanzu yayin da Dokta Kusamotu ya fito ne na dangin sarauta a Ikirun a jihar Osun ta yanzu. A shekara ta 1994 ya fara sabon yaƙi don tayar da hankali ga al'ummar Izon don rungumar hadin kan manufa a cikin bin burinmu da burinmu. A yau, al'ummar Izon musamman da dukan yankin Neja Delta sun fi kyau a gare ta. A karkashin jagorancin Ijaw National Congress (INC) da Ijaw Youth Council (IYC a duk duniya), ya zama wanda ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba yayin da sha'awar siyasa ke girma kowace rana. Kira na siyasa ya sake dawowa a cikin 1998 kuma Pere ya zama memba mai kafa jam'iyyar All People Party (APP) wanda daga baya ya canza zuwa All Nigerian Peoples Party (ANPP). Shekaru bayan haka, burinsa na shugaban kasa ya sake farfadowa kuma ya yi takara a zaben fidda gwani da shugaban kasar Mohammadu Buhari na yanzu kuma ya fadi a 2003 da 2007 bi da bi. Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa a zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2003 da 2007 a kan dandalin jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party of Nigeria (LDPN) da Alliance for Democracy (AD) bi da bi. A shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ya bayyana cewa APP wanda ya canza zuwa ANPP, an tilasta masa ya sauka a cikin All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) lokacin da Janar Mohammadu Buhari, wanda aka zaba a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa, ya sa Pere ya bar jam'iyyar. Tun da ANPP ba za ta ba shi tikitin shugaban kasa ba, sai ya sauya bangarorin zuwa Jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party of Nigeria (LDPN kuma ya fito da dan takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2003. A cikin shirin zaben 2007, ya koma ANPP kuma an tilasta masa ya sauka don Janar Mohammadu Buhari Daga baya Alliance for Democracy ta karbe shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa bayan mutuwar kwatsam na dan takarar Shugaban kasa na lokacin, Cif Adebayo Adefarati A shekara ta 2011, ya yi takara don cika kujerar Sanata ta Tsakiya ta Bayelsa a dandalin ANPP kuma ya rasa dan takarar PDP mai mulki. Mai ba da shawara Duk a lokacin aikinsa, an san Pere a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga mutane da yawa. A cikin girmamawa, tsoffin 'yan majalisa a majalisar dattijai, John Brambaifa, Inatimi Rufus-Spiff, Kakakin Majalisar Jiha, Rt. Hon. Konbowei Benson da Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gwamnatin, Rt. Hon. Talford Ongolo duk ya yaba da marigayi Cif Ajuwa, yana ambaton shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara. Mai fafutuka Wani babban masanin masana'antu wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan miliyoyin daga zuriyar Ijaw, Ajuwa ya yi yaƙi da Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Shell (SDPC) yana neman inganta rayuwar mutanen da ke dauke da man fetur. Yunkurinsa ya zo ne a shekara ta 2006 lokacin da Ajuwa ya jagoranci al'ummomin Ijaw 145 a karkashin jagorancin Aborigines na Ijaw kuma ya ja Shell kafin zaman hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dokoki. Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta baiwa al'ummomin dala biliyan 1.5 a matsayin diyya ga lalacewar muhalli da kamfanin ya haifar tun lokacin da ya fara binciken mai a shekarar 1956. Kyaututtuka da girmamawa A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1995, don nuna godiya ga kokarin da ya yi a ci gaban ilimi, Jami'ar Calabar ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) Degree (Honoris causa) a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci. Ayyukansa na taimakon jama'a sun yanke a kan iyakokin kabilanci lokacin da mutanen Enugu Uku suka fitar da karawa don murna lokacin da suka ba shi IKEMBA na ENUGU UKU. Pere ya kawo babban ci gaban ilimi da al'umma ga Gbanraun saboda haka babban mai mulki a cikin majalisa, Sarki E.G Ojogbo da duk masu ruwa da tsaki sun ba shi daya daga cikin manyan lakabi a masarautar; Egbesu XVI na Egbesubiri a 1986. Darajar da aka samu bayan mutuwarsa ta hada da Gwamna Seriake Henry Dickson na Jihar Bayelsa wanda ya girmama Pere ta hanyar sake sunan babbar hanya bayan shi. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50348

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete%20Prytz%20Kittelsen

Grete Prytz Kittelsen

Grete Prytz Kittelsen (an haife ta Adelgunde Margrethe Prytz, Yuni 28, 1917, Oslo,ta mutu Satumba 25, 2010, Oslo maƙeriyar zinare ce Norway,mai zanen enamel, kuma Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan Norwegians a cikin ƙungiyar ƙirar Scandinavian, kuma ana kiranta da "Sarauniyar Zane ta Scandinavian". Ta hanyar aikinta ta ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka duniya,ƙirƙira da bincike na kimiyya.Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasar Norway waɗanda suka tsara salon ƙirar Scandinavian a zamanin bayan yaƙi kuma ita ce mafi shaharar ma'aikaciyar Norwegian na lokutan. Manufar Kittelsen ita ke samar da kyawawan abubuwan yau da kullun masu amfani ga kowa.Ta na da yalwa da iri iri.Tare da abubuwan da aka sanya mata da kayan ado ta kasance majagaba a cikin ƙira a zamanin yaƙi da kuma abin ƙira ga tsararru gaba. A yau ɓangarorin nata sun zama gumaka masu ƙira kuma ana neman abin tattarawa. Articles with hCards Kuruciya An haifi Kittelsen a cikin 1917 a Kristiania zuwa Ingerid Juel da Jakob Prytz,wanda ta kasance maƙeriyar zinare,kuma rector na Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Yaren mutanen Norway (madaidaicin taken: Kwalejin Kasa ta Kasa, Crafts da Design,yanzu Oslo National Academy of da Arts Ita ce 'yar'uwar Torolf Prytz jr. kuma ta zama ƙarni na biyar na kamfanin maƙeran zinare J. Tostrup Iyalin sun kasance masu daidaitawa na duniya,kuma kamfanin tana nan tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1832 tana da bayanan duniya. Wanda ta kafa kamfanin, Jacob Ulrich Holfeldt Tostrup,ta yi karatu a Copenhagen da St. Petersburg. Ɗansa Oluf Tostrup ta yi aiki don haɗin kai mai ma'ana tsakanin fasaha,sana'a da masana'antu, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan motsa jiki lokacin da aka kafa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha a Oslo a 1876. Mahaifinta Yakubu Prytz shi ne darektan kamfanin iyali, wanda ya kafa Foreningen Brukskunst The Applied Art Association da kuma babban jigo na sabunta fasahar Norwegian da zane a zamanin tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe.Gidan Prytz' da Juel sau da yawa ta kasance gida ga ɗalibai da malamai na ƙasashen waje na makarantar, ciki har da Alvar Aalto da Gregor Paulsson. Paulsson ta tsara kalmar "vackrare vardagsvara", wanda ke fassara kai tsaye zuwa "mafi kyawun samfuran yau da kullun". Maganar ta zama taken ga ƙungiyoyin Nordic masu amfani da fasaha. Bayan samun examen artium a 1935, Kittelsen ta fara karatun maƙeriyar zinare a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa,Crafts da Zane.Ta sami difloma a 1941,bayan haka ta yi aiki da J. Tostrup l. A cikin Afrilun 1945 ta auri Arne Korsmo, m kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Norwegian. Sun rabu bayan shekaru 15. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu dole ne ta gudu zuwa Stockholm saboda aikinta na karkashin kasa.A wurin ita da mijinta, Arne Korsmo, sun saba da gine-ginen Danish Jørn da Lis Utzon, kuma sun kulla abota na tsawon rayuwa. Shekaru bayan yakin Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Kittelsen ta koma Oslo kuma ta yi aiki da kasuwancin iyali.Ta tsara ayyuka da yawa na azurfa, enamel vitreous da robobi,wani lokaci tare da mijinta,Arne Korsmo. Kittelsen ta fara yin amfani da manyan hanyoyin masana'antu da masu zanen masana'antu ke amfani da su. A matsayin mai karɓar kyautar Fulbright, Kittelsen ta zauna a Amurka a cikin 1949 da 1950,inda ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Zane ta IIT. Kittelsen da mijinta,Arne Korsmo,sun yi tafiya a cikin Amurka da Mexico kuma sun sadu da wasu masu zane-zane,irin su Frank Lloyd Wright, Ray da Charles Eames, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, James Prestini,da Edgar Kaufmann Jr., wanda shi ne darektan Sashen Zane-zane na Masana'antu a Gidan Tarihi na Art Modern (MOMA) a Birnin New York.Edgar Kaufmann Jr. ta ziyarci Norway shekara guda kafin tafiye-tafiyen Kittelson a Amurka, sannan Kittelsen ta nuna masa faranti. LDaga baya an nuna farantin a MoMA.Ta hanyar tafiye-tafiyensu, Kittelsen da mijinta sun sami hanyar sadarwa wanda ya ƙunshi manyan mashahuran lokacin. Wannan ya ba da damar nuna baje kolin Form na Amurka da kuma shirya taron karawa juna sani a zane-zane na masana'antu a Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha, Sana'a da Zane ta Kasa tare da malamai daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois.Taron karawa juna sani ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don sabunta abubuwan da ke ciki da hanyoyin ilmantarwa na makarantar. Daga 1954 zuwa 1957 ta shiga cikin nunin "Design in Scandinavia", wanda aka nuna a wurare da dama a Amurka da Kanada. Kusa da ƙarshen 50s, samfuranta, waɗanda Hadeland Glassverk da Cathrineholm suka ƙera, galibi ana samun su a gidajen Norwegian. "Sensasjonskasserollen" (lit. The sensation casserole ta samu nasara musamman, tare da sayar da raka'a 150,000 a cikin 1964. Yawancin zane-zanen nata sun sami wahayi ne daga fasahar Amurkawa, masu bayyanannun launuka masu haske da siffofi masu sauƙi. Kittelsen kuma ta ƙera kayan ado na yau da kullun, marasa tsada waɗanda aka yi da azurfa da enamel mai ɗanɗano. Ziyarar da ta kai kasashen waje bayan ta yi balaguro a Amurka tana da nasaba da halartar nune-nune da taruka,galibi suna da alaka da shigarta a Majalisar Sana'a ta Duniya (WCC), wacce ta kasance mamba ce ta kafa kuma memba. A 1971 ta auri Sverre (Loe) Kittelsen wanda ya mutu a 2002. Grete Prytz Kittelsen ta mutu tana da shekaru 93 a Oslo 25 Satumba 2010. Ayyuka Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Grete Prytz Kittelsen an ba da izini don sabunta kayayyaki iri-iri a cikin kamfanin iyali Tostrup, wanda ta yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Arne Korsmo.Sun ƙirƙiri sabbin abubuwa da yawa don amfani a cikin gida waɗanda suka dace da sabbin hanyoyin samarwa da salon rayuwa na yau da kullun.Misali shine kayan yankan Korsmo daga 1954,wanda ya ƙunshi ƴan sassa kaɗan, kuma tana da sauƙin samarwa ta taimakon ƴan kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙirƙira kayan ado da aka yi wahayi ta hanyar zane-zane na zamani guda. Yawancin su an ƙera su ta hanya mai ma'ana ta musamman. A cikin 1957-1958 tare da haɗin gwiwar Paolo Venini, mai shi kuma darekta na Venini Glassworks a Murano ta haɓaka kayan ado a cikin gilashi da azurfa waɗanda ake la'akari da su a cikin manyan ayyukanta. Daga karshen shekarun 1950 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen masana'antar Cathrineholm a Halden.Sun gina tarin abubuwa a cikin ƙarfe wanda ya shahara sosai. Bugu da ƙari, Prytz Kittelsen ta kasance mai aiki a cikin binciken kimiyya.A cikin 1950 ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cibiyar Bincike ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Oslo da Hadeland Glasswork don haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan enamel masu araha.Gwaje-gwajenta a cikin tsari, fasaha da kayan aiki sun zama nau'in bincike na fasaha da aiki. Tasiri da girmamawa Grete Prytz Kittelsen ta girma tare da manufofin motsin ƙirar zamani,inda ta kamata a samar da abubuwa masu sauƙi da kyau na yau da kullum ga kowa da kowa. Wannan,tare da ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar fasaha da fasaha mai amfani,ta zama mahimmancin aikinta. Dukansu na fasaha da kuma a hukumance an siffanta su da iya gwaji da zamani wanda ta sanya su asali har ma a yanayin duniya. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na ƙungiyar ƙira ta Scandinavian, Kittelsen ta sami kyautuka da yawa a cikin 1950s,gami da Kyautar Lunning a cikin 1952.A yunƙurin Grete Prytz Kittelsen Norway an wakilta a karon farko a cikin Trendsetting Triennale di Milano a 1954.Anan aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Prix a kan babban tire na azurfa. Daga baya ta sami lambar yabo da yawa a Triennale. An yi Kittelsen a Knight, First Class, na Royal Norwegian Order na St. Olav a 1986. A cikin 2008 an girmama ta tare da babban nuni a cikin National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, tana nuna 360 na ayyukanta, tare da wani littafi,Grete Prytz Kittelsen: Emalje og zane,wanda Gyldendal ya buga. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Yarima Eugen a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2018 da yawa gine-gine da wuraren taro a Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet) an ba su sababbin sunaye. OsloMet na da al'adar sanyawa gine-ginen sunayen mutanen tarihi,kuma da farko matan da suka yi tasiri a daya ko fiye na fannonin karatu a OsloMet.An ba wa ɗayan ɗakin taro a harabar Kjeller suna "Grete Prytz Kittelsens hall", wanda ke a gidan Karethe Johnsen. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batutuwan%20muhalli%20a%20Uruguay

Batutuwan muhalli a Uruguay

Wannan shafin yana Magana akan batutuwan muhalli a Uruguay Bayanin Ƙasar savanna ta Uruguay ta kasance tana lulluɓe da filayen ciyawa, dabino, da gandun daji na gallery tare da kogin Uruguay, Negro, Yaguarí, Queguay da Tacuarembó Abin takaici, noma da kiwo sun yi matukar canza waɗannan al'ummomi. Savannas suna cikin haɗari sosai saboda akwai ƴan guraben wuraren zama marasa kyau. Gaba dayan yankin ya sami sauyi mai tsanani ta hanyar kiwo, daya daga cikin manyan ginshikan tattalin arzikin kasa a Uruguay Ana amfani da kusan kashi 80% na yankin Uruguay don kiwo a kan savannas na halitta da na wucin gadi. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu Gurbatar Ruwan Sha Kogin Santa Lucia, zai iya zama jikin ruwa wanda ke ba da sama da 60% na Uruguay tare da ruwan famfo, ya sami raguwar inganci tun a Shekarar 2014. Ƙara yawan zubar da ruwa daga kamfanonin noma a cikin tsarin tsafta ya haifar da adadin masu guba a cikin ruwa, kuma raguwar ruwan sama ba ya ba da damar narkewar wannan sharar ta faru. Yawan yawan takin zamani, zubar da sharar gida da kuma masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da ke aiki da rabin karfinsu su ma manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa a cikin wannan kwandon. Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin ruwa yana da yawa don cinyewa ta hanyar phytoplankton (waɗanda ke kiyaye yanayin muhalli daidaitacce), don haka ya ƙare ya lalata ruwa kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka cyanobacterias, wanda ke lalata ruwan sha. Sannan kuma Yawancin sharar da ake zubarwa a cikin kwanduna na taimakawa wajen samar da wannan wuce gona da iri na phosphorus. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa yaran da ke da tace ruwa a gidajensu, suna samun sakamako mai kyau a makaranta, ba tare da la’akari da yanayin zamantakewar su ba. Sannan Kashi 30% na yara a Uruguay suna da yawan gubar dalma a tsarinsu, saboda kasancewarsu a cikin ruwan famfo. Bayyanar gubar Mafi yawan bayyanar da gubar a cikin ƙasar ya ta'allaka ne a Montevideo inda yawancin masana'antu masu amfani da gubar suka tattara. Misali, masana'antar batir ta Radesca SA a Montevideo na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin tushen gubar dalma a ƙasar, Kuma a wani ɓangare saboda rashin zubar da ciki. Musamman ma, gano cutar gubar a cikin unguwar La Teja daga gurɓataccen masana'antu, yana haifar da haifar da motsi na adalci na muhalli a cikin unguwar, sannan wanda aka tsara a karkashin ƙungiyar al'umma Comisión Vivir Sin Plomo (Hukumar Rayuwa ba tare da Jagoranci ba). Wani malami dan kasar Uruguay dan kasar Amurka Daniel Renfrew ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'ummar sun ƙirƙiri motsin adalci na muhalli na farko a ƙasar. ]Bayan La Teja, an kafa kwamitocin gwamnati sannan kuma saka hannun jarin jama'a ya kai ga duka biyun nazari da daidaita gubar a yawancin masana'antu da aka yi. An kafa wani asibiti a asibitin Pereira Rossell a Montevideo, wanda ake kira The Health Clinic for Environmental Chemical Contaminants, wanda ya zama cibiyar kula da gubar. Likitan da ya kafa, Elena Queirolo, Kuma zai cigaba da samun babban adadin gubar a cikin kasar. Dabbobi da tasirinsa akan ruwa A duk duniya, noman Dabbobi na ɗaya daga cikin masana'antar noma mafi girma cikin sauri. Uruguay yana da dogon tarihi tare da samar da dabbobi, tare da 70-80% na ƙasar da aka keɓe ga makiyaya, na halitta da kuma noma; kuma tun a shekarata 1960, samar ya ninka sau biyu. Wannan yana ƙara matsa lamba akan filayen ciyawa, kuma tare da raguwar ingancin ƙasa, kuma ana buƙatar amfani da takin mai magani don yaƙar wannan fanko. To Amma wannan yana da sakamako; karuwar noman na iya sa amfanin gona ya katse ruwan da ake samu a cikin gida, saboda ana bukatarsa don noman ruwa wanda hakan ke sa sauran tsirorin ke da wuya su yi girma. Baya ga haka, an kawar da manyan dazuzzukan don samar da sabbin filayen noma, don noman abinci don ciyar da adadin shanun da ke karuwa. Yin amfani da taki da yawa na iya haifar da lalatar halittun ruwa, yayin da aka wanke takin da ya wuce gona da iri a cikin rafuka ko tafkuna, kuma yana haifar da fashewar algae, wanda a cikin kowane ruwa maras nauyi na iya haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen kuma ya sa ruwan ya zama ba za a iya rayuwa ba ga yawancin halittu. sare itatuwa Gandun daji na daya daga cikin manyan masana'antu da ake nomawa a kasar, wanda ya yi illa ga ci gaban dajin Uruguay. Sama da kashi 10% na gandun dajin Uruguay an lalata su, amma duk da haka tare da aiwatar da dokar gandun daji a shekarar 1988 an sami wasu hani kan yadda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke iya gudanar da ayyukansu, ta hanyar hana su sare bishiyu. Uruguay had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.61/10, ranking it 147th globally out of 172 countries. Pulp Mills An kafa Botnia a Fray Bentos a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya cika duk buƙatun muhalli da IFC da MIGA suka gabatar. An kuma nuna yadda Botnia a haƙiƙa za ta taimaka wa tsarin tsaftar muhalli na birnin Fray Bentos ta hanyar sanya sharar su ta cikin matatun Botnia. An sayar da Botnia zuwa UPM a cikin shekarar 2009, kuma yanzu sun dauki samar da makamashin halittu a cikin kayayyakinsu. Gandun daji Uruguay ƙasa ce da ta ƙunshi galibin filayen gonaki, tare da kashi 3.6% kawai na gandun daji. Dashen daji shine lokacin da ake dasa bishiyoyi don ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren daji. To Amma babbar matsalar ita ce bullo da sabbin nau’o’in da ba na asali ba a cikin wannan tsari, wadanda a wasu wuraren, suna yin takara da na gida. An mayar da manya-manyan yankunan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan noma, sannan ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da ciyayi masu tarin yawa domin kiyaye bishiyar daga qwari da ciyawa, kuma idan an girbe waxannan itatuwa sai qasar ta zama babu kowa. wanda ke haifar da hadarin gobara. An kara habaka noman dazuzzuka sakamakon bukatar itacen da masana’antun ke yi, kuma wanda ya kara barna. Gabatar da sabbin gandun daji na iya wargaza dazuzzukan na asali, don haka ya shafi bambancin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar rabuwar allopatric Gurbacewar Karfe mai nauyi Ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin Uruguay ana iya kwatanta shi ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Montevideo, wani yanki na Montevideo Bay, wanda ke rufe wani yanki na kusa da 12 km2, da kuma wani yanki na Rìo de la Plata estuary. Bay yana da matsakaicin zurfin mita 5 da mahalli mai raɗaɗi, tare da iskar da ke sarrafa yanayin ruwa Sharar da ba a kula da su ba daga kananan hukumomi a sama; da kuma fitar da masana'antu daga masana'antar petrochemical, da kuma wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki ta kwarara zuwa cikin bay. Har ila yau, shi ne mai karɓar ruwan Pantanoso da Miguelete, koguna biyu tare da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu a cikin su. Sannna Kuma Fitowar da ba a kayyade ba ya haifar da yawan karafa masu nauyi (Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ag da Hg) da kuma hydrocarbons da ke taruwa a cikin ruwa, kuma wadannan manyan matakan na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga muhalli, da kuma cutar da mutane. Karafa masu nauyi yawanci suna ƙarewa a ƙasa tare da laka, ko kuma ɗaukar kwayoyin ruwa. Sannan Kodayake kwayoyin halittun ruwa suna buƙatar gano adadin ion ƙarfe mai nauyi don aikin jikinsu na yau da kullun, yawan adadin karafa masu nauyi da aka samu a cikin bay da kewayen Rìo de la Plata estuary, ya haifar da haɓakar tattarawarsu a cikin tsoka, da kyallen hanta na kifi. Daga nan sai gurbatar yanayi ke tafiya sama da sarkar abinci, daga wannan kwayar halitta zuwa wata, ta haka tana shafar nau'ikan halittu masu yawa, kuma tana kara yawa sosai tare da kowane matakin trophic, a cikin tsarin da ake kira biomagnification. ’Yan Adam, ta dalilin kasancewar su na cikin sarkar abinci, za su iya samu a cikin abincinsu, Kuma yawan tarin karafa masu nauyi, ya zarce buqatarsu na dabi’a, ta hanyar girma da girma da ke haifar da kewayon tasirin bio-toxic a jiki. Duk da cewa gwamnatin kasar Uruguay ta dauki wasu matakai, domin tantance ma'aunin karafa da ke cikin ruwa; Kuma An yi watsi da tasirin tasirinsa akan kifi da sauran membobin marine biota da yawa. Makamashi Makamashin Iska Kashi 22% na makamashin lantarki ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar iska. A shekara ta 2017, sun yi imanin cewa adadin zai karu zuwa 38%, wanda ke nufin na biyu a duniya zuwa Denmark kawai. A cikin shekaru 10 kacal, Uruguay ta sami damar haɓaka wutar lantarki ta hanyar taimakawa yanayin makamashin ruwa wanda ya ga kansa a koyaushe yana raguwa saboda karuwar fari a yankin. A shekara ta 2005, Uruguay ba ta da wutar lantarki da iska ke samarwa, a shekarar 2015 yawan abin da ya samar ya kai megawatt 580, kuma an yi hasashen kasar za ta samar da megawatt sama da shekara 2000, inda ta zama kan gaba a duniya a fannin makamashin iska. Saboda shimfidar wuri mai faɗi sosai, Uruguay tana da ƙarfin iska mai tsayi da tsayi. Energyarfin iska na Uruguay yana samarwa daga kashi 40% zuwa 50% na cikakken iya aiki, wato idan injin turbin ya kasance koyaushe yana motsawa cikin cikakken iko. Kuma A gefe guda kuma, makamashin iska na Amurka yana samar da kashi 34% na cikakken ƙarfinsa. Dukkanin aikin samar da makamashin iskar an shirya kashe dala biliyan 3. Makamashin Solar Uruguay na da burin bunkasa makamashin hasken rana nan gaba kadan. Wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna Tecnova Renovables tana da tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana wanda a yanzu ke samar da kwatankwacin wutar lantarki na gidaje 100. Sannan Haka kuma gwamnati na samar da tsare-tsare na amfani da hasken rana. Kasancewar ba a iya hasashen shi ne dalilin da ya sa gwamnati ke ci gaba da zargin zuba makudan kudade a wannan makamashin. Hydro Energy An yi amfani da makamashin lantarki don samar da sama da rabin makamashi mai dorewa ga Uruguay. Kuma Manyan madatsun ruwa suna kan kogin Uruguay, mafi girma shine Dam din Salto Grande Za a sake gina wasu madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Uruguay, ba tare da motsin kowane gida ko yawan jama'a ba. Duk da cewa ana gina wadannan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, kasar na da niyyar kawar da wutar lantarki saboda sauyin yanayi. Sannan kuma Fari da ake fama da shi yana shafar yankin da kuma dogaro da wadannan madatsun ruwa ya tilastawa kasar Uruguay sayen dimbin albarkatun mai daga wasu kasashe domin samar da wutar lantarki. Biomass Energy Uruguay tana da ci gaban gandun daji, shanu da masana'antar noma. Daga kasancewa a zahiri babu shi a cikin shekarata 2004, kawai samar da 1% na makamashin lantarki na ƙasar Kudancin Amurka, ya kai kowane lokaci a cikin shekarata 2014, yana samun 13%. Manyan hukumomi guda biyu da suka kirkiro wannan hanyar samar da makamashi sune UPM da Montes del Plata, masana'antun sarrafa kayan marmari guda biyu waɗanda ke ba da himma sosai wajen kula da muhalli. Hukumomi Babban hukumar jihar da ke kula da muhalli ita ce National Directorate for Environment Spanish DINAMA) wanda ke cikin ma'aikatar gidaje, tsare-tsare da muhalli Green jam'iyyun Siyasa kore ba ta kafa tushe a Uruguay na dogon lokaci ba. A zaben 1989 jam'iyyar Green Eto-Ecologist Party ta samu kashi 0.5% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada; gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin muhalli suna da ƙarancin mahimmancin siyasa, galibi a matsayin ɓangare na sauran manyan jam'iyyu. A cikin zaɓe na shekarata2014 wata sabuwar ƙungiyar siyasa tana shiga, Jam'iyyar Ecologist Radical Intransigent Party Cesar Vega ne ke jagoranta, suna wa'azi game da adana albarkatun ƙasa kuma suna adawa da hakar ma'adinai na buɗaɗɗiya Duba wasu abubuwan Rikicin mirgine kogin Uruguay Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21619

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20military%20college

Nigerian military college

Nigerian military college An kafa NDA a watan Fabrairun a alif1964 a matsayin sake fasalin Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Soja ta Ingila (RMFTC), wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Najeriya (NMTC) kan ’yancin kai. Cibiyar soja tana horas da hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya, Navy da Air Force. Tarihi Ajin farko yana da ɗalibai 62 ne kawai, kuma masu horarwa galibi jami'ai ne a cikin Sojojin Indiya. Makarantar Kwalejin Tsaro ta kasa (NDA) ta bi tsarin kwatankwacin NDA a Khadakwasla, Pune, Indiya. Babban kwamandan NDA shi ne Birgediya M.R Verma na Sojan Indiya. NDA ta haɓaka zuwa ɗayan ma'aikatan horar da 'yan Najeriya kawai a cikin 1978.A cikin 1981 kanta ta fara horar da bangarorin biyu na sojojin kasashen waje. Matakin karatu A cikin 1985 makarantar ta fara ba da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko ga Jami'an Sojoji A cikin Horarwa kuma yanzu haka a halin yanzu ana ba da karatun digiri na biyu don Msc da Ph.D ga duka sojoji da ɗaliban farar hula iri ɗaya. Babban aikin ya kasance horar da matasa jami'ai a cikin shekaru 5 na "Regular Combatant Course" wanda a ke horar da 'yan boko a fannin Soja, Ilimi da Hali don karantar da da'a da dabarun jagoranci bisa dacewa da kyawawan halaye na duniya, wanda ya kai ga samun lambar yabo ta digiri digiri da aikin shugaban kasa zuwa mukamin na laftan na biyu na rundunar sojan kasa ko makamancin haka a cikin Sojojin Ruwa da na Sojan Sama na daban. Har zuwa shekarar 2011 wannan kwas ɗin ya kasance na maza ne kawai, rukunin farko na mata ya fara horo a watan Satumban 2011. Zuwa shekarar 2019, jimlar ɗaliban ɗalibanta sun kai kimanin 2500. Babban kwamandan na yanzu shi ne Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro. Kafin nadin nasa, Yaro shi ne babban manajan darakta, Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Sojojin Nijeriya ta Guarantee (NAWLG) Jerin Kwamandojin NDA Birgediya M.R. Varma 1964–1969 (dan kasar Indiya kuma Kwamanda na NDA na 1) Manjo Janar David Ejoor 1969–1971 (Kwamandan Nijeriya na 1) Manjo Janar Adeyinka Adebayo 1971 Manjo Janar E.O. Ekpo Maris 1971 Fabrairu 1975 Brigadier Illiya Bisalla Fabrairu 1975 Agusta 1975 Brigadier Gibson Jalo Agusta 1975 Janairu 1978 Birgediya E.S Armah Janairu 1978 Yuli 1978 Birgediya Joseph Garba Yuli 1978 Yuli 1979 Birgediya Zamani Lekwot Yuli 1979 1982 Birgediya Abdullahi Shelleng 1982– Manjo Janar Paul Tarfa 1984–1985 Manjo Janar Peter Adomokai 1986 1988 Laftanar Janar Salihu Ibrahim 1988–1990 Laftanar Janar Garba Duba 1990–1992 Laftanar Janar Aliyu Mohammed Gusau 1992–1993 Laftanar Janar Mohammed Balarabe Haladu 1993 1994 Air Marshal Al-Amin Daggash 1994 1998 Manjo Janar Bashir Salihi Magashi 1998–1999 Manjo Janar TL Ashei 2000-2002 Manjo Janar Okon Edet Okon (2002-2003) Manjo Janar Akpa (2004) Laftanar-Janar Abel Akale (2004-2006) Manjo Janar Harris Dzarma (2006–2008) Manjo Janar Mamuda Yerima (2008–2010) Manjo Janar Emeka Onwuamaegbu (2010–2013) [4] Manjo Janar Muhammad Inuwa Idris (Disamba 2013 Agusta 2015) Manjo Janar M.T. Ibrahim (Agusta 2015 Oktoba 2017) Manjo Janar A Oyebade (Oktoba 2017 Nuwamba 2019) Manjo Janar Jamilu Sarham (Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019 Maris 2021) Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro (Maris 2021 Yanzu) Tsoffin Dalibai Wasu sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai sun haɗa da; Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau, tsohon Shugaban hafsan sojan kasa Alexander Ogomudia, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja Sani Abacha, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja a Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari, shugaban kasar Najeriya kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa na mulkin soja Azubuike Ihejirika, tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa Dangiwa Umar, tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kaduna Gideon Orkar, Afrilu 1990 shugaban juyin mulkin Tukur Yusuf Buratai, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojan ruwa, Navy Kayode Are, tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro kuma Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha Maxwell Khobe, tsohon kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro, Saliyo Emeka Onwuamaegbu Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA Muhammad Inuwa Idris, Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA Oladipo Diya, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro Owoye Andrew Azazi, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar, Sultan of Sokoto Sambo Dasuki, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na kasa Tunji Olurin, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Oyo Victor Malu,tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa John Michael Ogidi, tsohon jami'in ECOMOG kuma Kwamandan Corps of Signals Hedkwatar Legas Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Https:www.nigeriandefenceacademy.edu.ng (2008), an isa ga 2009-04-20 Manazarta Ahmadu-Suka, Maryam. "Janar Jamilu ya karbi matsayin Kwamandan NDA na 29". Aminiya. Aminiya. Owolabi, Femi (11 ga Maris, 2021). "Sojoji sun nada Sagir Yaro a matsayin kwamandan NES". www.the cable.ng. "Girgiza a cikin soja". Kasar. An dawo da 19 ga Yuli,

59504

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20Shrinagesh

SM Shrinagesh

Janar Satyawant Mallanna Shrinagesh (wanda kuma aka sani da Satyavant Shrinagule Mallannah) (11 ga Mayu 1903 27 Disamba 1977) wani jami'in sojan Indiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Hafsan Sojan Indiya na 3 na Sojojin Indiya daga ranar 14 ga watan Mayun 1955 har zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Mayun 1957. Bayan ya yi ritaya ya zama Gwamnan Assam daga ranar 14 ga watan Oktoban 1959 zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Nuwambar 1960 da kuma daga ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1961 zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar 1962. Ya kasance Gwamnan Andhra Pradesh daga ranar 8 ga watan Satumbar 1962 zuwa ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1964 kuma Gwamnan Mysore daga ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1964 zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Afrilun 1965. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Indiya a Hyderabad, Jihar Hyderabad daga shekarar 1957 zuwa ta 1959. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Shrinagesh an haife shi a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, babban ɗan Dr. Shrinagesh Mallannah, a cikin dangin Kannada mai magana da Lingyat wanda Brahma Samaj ya rinjayi. Mahaifinsa shi ne likita na sirri ga HEH Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Asaf Jah VII, Nizam na Hyderabad Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Ahalyabai, 'yar Krishnaji Kelavkar. An haife shi a shekarar 1903 a Kolhapur, Maharashtra ya tafi makarantar West Buckland a Ingila kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1921. Ya kasance daga cikin rukunin farko na Indiyawan da aka zaɓa don Kwalejin Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, a Ingila. Ya lashe Kofin Quetta don mafi kyawun mutum a cikin makamai shiga Sojojin Indiya a shekarar 1923. Aikin soja har zuwa 1939 Daga Sandhurst daga baya an ba shi mukamin laftanar na biyu a cikin jerin waɗanda ba a haɗa su ba don sojojin Indiya a ranar 29 ga Agustan 1923. Bayan wajabta wajabcin shekara guda da aka makala ga rundunar Birtaniyya a Indiya, a cikin yanayinsa na 1st Battalion of the North Staffordshire Regiment, an shigar da shi cikin Sojojin Indiya kuma aka tura shi zuwa Bataliya ta 2 na Majagaba na 1st Madras (wanda ya kasance Majagaba na 64 akan 14. Oktoba 1924, wanda ya yi aiki galibi a Burma har sai da ta wargaje. A cikin shekarar 1933, ya shiga bataliyar 4th bataliyar 19th Hyderabad Regiment kuma yayi aiki a Singapore a matsayin mataimakinta daga Disambar 1935 zuwa Disambar 1939. A cikin Disamba 1939, an sanya shi a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Soja ta Indiya, Dehra Dun Aikin baya-baya A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daga 17 ga Disamba 1942 zuwa 28 ga Agusta 1945, Shrinagesh shi ne Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na 6/19th Hyderabad Regiment (yanzu 6th Kumaon). Daga nan ya zama Kwamandan Brigade na Birgediya ta 64 ta Indiyawan Indiya (Dagger) Division na 19 a Burma daga Agusta 1945. An zabe shi don zuwa Jamus a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya a cikin Nuwamba 1945. A cikin wannan damar, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki Consul yana kula da bukatun 'yan Indiya a Jamus da gano fursunonin Yaƙi (POWs) da suka ɓace. Daga nan aka nada shi kwamandan Indiya na farko na Cibiyar Rejimentar Kumaon a Agra a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1946 kuma ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa 12 Disamba 1946. Daga nan aka zabe shi don ya jagoranci Rundunar Sojojin Burtaniya ta 268th Infantry Brigade (BCOF) a bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II Japan kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1947. Ya kuma kasance Kwamandan Brigade na shahararriyar Brigade Lushai a Burma a shekarar 1947. Bayan ya dawo daga Japan, an kara masa girma zuwa mukaddashin Manjo-Janar a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1947 kuma an nada shi Babban Jami'in Kwamandan Yankin Madras. Daga Janairu 1948, an nada shi Adjutant General a hedkwatar sojoji kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa watan Agusta na wannan shekarar. An inganta shi zuwa mukaddashin Laftanar-Janar, ya kuma ba da umarni na 5th Corps (daga baya aka sanya shi a matsayin 15th Corps). An nada shi babban kwamandan sojojin a Jammu Kashmir a lokacin Yaƙin Indo-Pak na 1947-48 kuma ya gudanar da wannan umarni har zuwa tsagaita wuta a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1949. An zabe shi a matsayin GOC-in-C Western Command a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1949 kuma aka kara masa girma zuwa babban matsayi na Laftanar Janar a 1950. Daga nan aka nada shi GOC-in-C na Kudancin Kudu kuma ya rike wannan mukamin, har zuwa lokacin da ya karbi mukamin Hafsan Soja a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1955. An yi masa ado da Legion of Merit na Amurka a cikin Satumba 1955. Janar Shrinagesh ya yi ritaya a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1957, yana cika shekaru 34 na fitaccen aikin soja. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya yi gwamnan Assam daga 1959 zuwa 1962, sannan ya zama gwamnan Andhra Pradesh daga 1962 zuwa 1964 sannan kuma a matsayin gwamnan Mysore (yanzu Karnataka) daga 1964 zuwa 1965. Daga 1957 zuwa 1959, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin Gudanarwa na Ma'aikata a Hyderabad. Rayuwa ta sirri A cikin 1934, Shrinagesh ya auri Rajkumari Kochhar (14 Afrilu 1915-24 Janairu 2017), tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mata biyu. Wani dansa, Satish, shi ma ya shiga aikin sojan Indiya, ya yi ritaya a matsayin manjo. An gano shi da cutar Parkinson a ƙarshen 1950s, Shrinagesh ya kamu da cutar da safiyar 27 ga Disamba 1977 a Asibitin Soja na Delhi Cantonment. Matarsa da ’ya’yansa suka tsira, an kona shi da cikakken girmamawar soja a New Delhi washegari, tare da halartar jana’izarsa da manyan hafsoshin soja ciki har da babban hafsan soji Tapishwar Narain Raina suka halarta. Kara karantawa Issar, Satish K. (2009). Janar SM Srinagesh, New Delhi: Littattafan hangen nesa, Hanyoyin haɗi na waje a bharat-rakshak.com Archived Manazarta Haifaffun

60328

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarraba%20Hanyoyin%20Tattalin%20Arzikin%20Jama%27a

Rarraba Hanyoyin Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a

Rarraba Hanyoyin Tattalin Arziki (SSPs) yanayi ne na sauye-sauyen zamantakewar tattalin arzikin duniya har zuwa 2100. Ana amfani da su don samun yanayin fitar da iskar gas tareda manufofin yanayi daban-daban. Abubuwan da ke faruwa sune: SSP1: Dorewa (Daukar Green Road) SSP2: Tsakiyar Hanya SSP3: Kishiyantar Yanki (Hanyar Rocky) SSP4: Rashin daidaito (A Rarraba Hanya) SSP5: Ci gaban Burbushin mai (Dauke Babbar Hanya) Anyi amfani dasu don taimakawa wajen samar da Rahoton Ƙididdigar IPCC na shida game da sauyin yanayi, wanda aka buga a ranar 9 ga Agusta 2021. SSPs suna bada labari da ke bayyana madadin cigaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Waɗannan layukan tatsuniyoyin ƙididdiga ne na ƙayyadaddun dabaru masu alaƙa da abubuwan bada labari ga junansu.Dangane da abubuwan ƙididdigewa, suna bada bayanan da ke rakiyar al'amuran al'umma na ƙasa, birane da GDP (kowace mutum).Ana iya ƙididdige SSPs tareda Samfuran Haɗaɗɗen Haɗe-haɗe (IAMs), don bincika hanyoyin da za' a aiya zuwa nan gaba duka dangane da hanyoyin tattalin arziki dayna. Bayanin SSPs SSP1: Dorewa (Dauke Titin Koren) "Duniya tana motsawa sannu a hankali, amma a ko'ina, zuwa ga hanya mai dorewa, tana mai da hankali kan ci gaba mai ma'ana wanda ke mutunta iyakokin muhalli da aka annabta.Gudanar da ayyukan gama gari na duniya sannu a hankali yana haɓakawa, saka hannun jari na ilimi da kiwon lafiya yana haɓaka canjin alƙaluma, kuma fifikon haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana karkata zuwa babban fifiko kan jin daɗin ɗan adam. Sakamakon karuwar himma don cimma burin cigaba, an rage rashin daidaito a ko'ina cikin kasashe. An karkatar da amfani zuwa ƙananan haɓakar kayan abu da ƙananan albarkatu da ƙarfin kuzari. SSP2: Tsakiyar hanya "Duniya na bin hanyar da al'amuran zamantakewa, tattalin arziki,da fasaha ba su sauya ba sosai daga tsarin tarihi.Cigaba da haɓɓakar kuɗin shiga na tafiya ba daidai ba, yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke samun cigaba mai kyau yayin da wasu suka gaza cika tsammanin. Cibiyoyin duniya da na ƙasa suna aiki tuƙuru amma suna samun sannu a hankali wajen cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa. Tsarin muhalli yana fuskantar lalacewa, kodayake akwai wasu haɓakawa kuma gabaɗayan ƙarfin albarkatu da amfani da makamashi yana raguwa. Girman yawan jama'a a duniya yana da matsakaici kuma yana raguwa a rabin na biyu na karni.Rashin daidaiton kudin shiga yana ci gaba ko inganta sannu a hankali kuma ƙalubalen rage rauni ga canje-canjen al'umma da muhalli sun kasance." SSP3: Kishiya ta yanki (A Rocky Road) "Kishin kasa mai tasowa, damuwa game da gasa da tsaro, da rikice-rikicen yanki sun tura kasashe su kara mayar da hankali kan batutuwan cikin gida ko, a mafi yawansu, na yanki. Manufofin suna canzawa cikin lokaci don su zama masu karkata zuwa ga al'amuran tsaro na ƙasa da na yanki. Kasashe suna mai da hankali kan cimma burin samar da makamashi da samar da abinci a yankunan su ta hanyar samar da cigaba mai fa'ida. Zuba jari a ilimi da cigaban fasaha ya ragu. Cigaban tattalin arziƙin yana jinkirin, cin abinci yana da ƙarfi da kayan aiki, kuma rashin daidaituwa ya cigaba ko ƙara tsananta akan lokaci. Girman yawan jama'a yana da ƙasa a masana'antu kuma yana da yawa a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ƙananan fifiko na kasa da kasa don magance matsalolin muhalli yana haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli a wasu yankuna. SSP4: Rashin dai-daito (A Rarraba Hanya) "Sakamakon saka hannun jarin da bai dace ba acikin jarin dan Adam, haɗeda karuwar rarrabuwar kawuna a damar tattalin arziki da karfin siyasa,yana haifar da karuwar rashin dai-daito da rarrabuwar kawuna a faɗin ƙasa da ƙasa.A tsawon lokaci, gibi yana fadada tsakanin al'ummar da ke da alaƙa da ƙasashen duniya waɗanda ke bada gudummawa ga ilimi da jari-hujja na tattalin arzikin duniya, da kuma tarin rarrabuwar kawuna na ƙananan kudaden shiga, marasa ilimi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin tattalin arziƙin ƙwadago, ƙarancin fasaha.Haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma yana ƙasƙantar da kai kuma rikice-rikice da tashin hankali sun zama ruwan dare gama gari.Cigaban fasaha yana da yawa acikin manyan tattalin arziki da sassa.Bangaren makamashin da ke da alaƙa a duniya ya bambanta, tare da saka hannun jari acikin abubuwan da ke da ƙarfin carbon kamar kwal da mai da ba na al'ada ba,amma har ma da ƙarancin makamashin carbon.Manufofin muhalli sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan al'amuran gida a kusa da yankunan tsakiya da masu samun kudin shiga. SSP5: Ci gaban Burbushin Fueled (Dauke Babbar Hanya) "Wannan duniyar ta bada ƙarin imani ga kasuwanni masu fafatawa, kirkire-kirkire da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa don samar da ci gaban fasaha cikin sauri da bunƙasa jarin ɗan adam a matsayin hanyar samun cigaba mai dorewa. Kasuwannin duniya suna ƙara haɗawa. Akwai kuma zuba jari mai karfi a fannin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da cibiyoyi don bunkasa jarin dan Adam da zamantakewa.A sa'i ɗaya kuma, yunƙurin samar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma yana tareda yin amfani da dumbin albarkatun man fetur da kuma amfani da albarkatu da ingantaccen salon rayuwa a duniya.Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna haifar da haɓakar tattalin arzikin duniya cikin sauri, yayin da yawan al'ummar duniya ke ƙaruwa da raguwa a cikin ƙarni na 21st.Anyi nasarar sarrafa matsalolin muhalli na gida kamar gurɓataccen iska. Akwai bangaskiya cikin ikon sarrafa tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli yadda ya kamata, gami da injiniyan ƙasa idan ya cancanta. Hasashen zafin SSP daga Rahoton Ƙimar IPCC na Shida Rahoton kimantawa na shida na IPCC ya tantance sakamakon zafin da aka yi hasashe na saiti na yanayi biyar waɗanda suka dogara da tsarin SSPs. Sunayen waɗannan al'amuran sun ƙunshi SSP wanda aka kafa su (SSP1-SSP5), haɗe da matakin da ake tsammani na tilasta radiyo acikin shekara ta 2100 (1.9 zuwa 8.5 W/m2). Wannan yana haifar da sunaye na labari SSPx-yz kamar yadda aka jera a ƙasa. The IPCC Sixth report did not estimate the likelihoods of the scenarios: SPM-12 but a 2020 commentary described SSP5–8.5 as highly unlikely, SSP3–7.0 as unlikely, and SSP2–4.5 as likely. However, a report citing the above commentary shows that RCP8.5 is the best match to the cumulative emissions from 2005 to 2020. Duba kuma Rahoto na Musamman akan Al'amuran Fitowa Tafarkin Tattaunawa Mai Wakilci Haɗin Model Intercomparison Project Manazarta Sources Riahi et al., The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. Global Environmental Change, 42,

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis wani wakili ne mai yaduwa daga wuri na farko ko na farko zuwa wani wuri daban ko na biyu a cikin jikin mai gida; yawanci ana amfani da kalmar lokacin da ake magana akan metastasis ta hanyar ciwon daji. Sabbin wuraren cututtukan cututtuka, to, sune metastases mets Gabaɗaya an bambanta shi daga mamayewar kansa, wanda shine haɓaka kai tsaye da shigar da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa zuwa kyallen maƙwabta. Ciwon daji yana faruwa ne bayan sel sun canza ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta don yaduwa cikin sauri kuma har abada. Wannan yaduwar rashin kulawa ta hanyar mitosis yana haifar da ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Kwayoyin da ke haifar da ƙari daga ƙarshe suna yin metaplasia, sannan dysplasia sannan anaplasia, wanda ke haifar da mummunan phenotype. Wannan malignancy yana ba da damar mamayewa a cikin wurare dabam dabam, sannan kuma mamayewa zuwa wuri na biyu don tumorigenesis Wasu ƙwayoyin cutar kansa da aka sani da ƙwayoyin tumor masu yaduwa suna samun damar shiga bangon lymphatic ko tasoshin jini, bayan haka za su iya yaduwa ta cikin jini zuwa wasu shafuka da kyallen takarda a cikin jiki. An san wannan tsari (bi da bi) azaman yaduwar lymphatic ko hematogenous Bayan sel masu ciwon sun zo hutawa a wani wuri, sai su sake shiga cikin jirgin ruwa ko bangon kuma su ci gaba da karuwa, daga bisani su haifar da wani ciwon daji da za a iya ganowa a asibiti. sabon ƙwayar cuta a matsayin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (ko sakandare Metastasis yana daya daga cikin alamun ciwon daji, wanda ke bambanta shi da ciwace-ciwacen daji. Yawancin ciwon daji na iya daidaitawa, kodayake a cikin nau'i daban-daban. Basal cell carcinoma misali da wuya metastasizes. Lokacin da ƙwayoyin ƙari suka ƙaru, ana kiran sabon ƙwayar cuta ta sakandare ko ƙwayar cuta, kuma ƙwayoyinsa suna kama da waɗanda ke cikin ƙwayar asali ko na farko. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan ciwon nono ya koma cikin huhu, ƙwayar cuta ta biyu ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin nono marasa kyau, ba na ƙwayoyin huhu ba. Ciwon daji da ke cikin huhu ana kiransa da kansar nono metastatic, ba ciwon huhu ba Metastasis shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin sarrafa kansa kamar tsarin tsarin TNM inda yake wakiltar "M". A cikin rukuni na gaba ɗaya, metastasis yana sanya kansa a cikin Stage IV. Yiwuwar maganin warkewa suna raguwa sosai, ko galibi ana cire su gaba ɗaya lokacin da ciwon daji ya ƙaru. Alamomi da alamomi Da farko, ana bugun nodes na lymph na kusa da wuri. <ref name="nci">National Cancer Institute: Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers Retrieved on<rc-c2d-number> 2008-11-01</rc-c2d-number></ref> Huhu, hanta, kwakwalwa, da kasusuwa sune wuraren da aka fi sani da metastasis daga ciwace-ciwace. A cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph metastasis, alamar ta kowa shine lymphadenopathy Metastasis na huhu: tari, hemoptysis da dyspnea (ƙancewar numfashi) Metastasis na hanta: hepatomegaly (ƙaramar hanta tashin zuciya da jaundice Metastasis na kashi: ciwon kashi, karaya na kasusuwan da aka shafa Kwakwalwa metastasis bayyanar cututtuka na jijiya kamar ciwon kai, seizures, da vertigo Kodayake ciwon daji na ci gaba na iya haifar da ciwo, yawanci ba shine alamar farko ba. Wasu marasa lafiya, duk da haka, ba su nuna alamun ba. Lokacin da gabobin jiki ya kamu da cutar metastatic takan fara raguwa har sai kumburin lymph ya fashe, ko kuma ya sami lysis Pathophysiology Ciwon daji na metastatic ya zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen matakan ciwon daji. Yaduwar metastasis na iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko lymphatics ko ta hanyoyi biyu. Wuraren da aka fi sani da metastases sune huhu, hanta, kwakwalwa, da kasusuwa. A halin yanzu, an gabatar da manyan ra'ayoyi guda uku don bayyana hanyar metastatic na ciwon daji: canjin epithelial-mesenchymal (EMT) da kuma mesenchymal-epithelial (MET) hasashe (1), hasashewar kwayar cutar kansa (2), da macrophage- Hasashen haɗakar ƙwayoyin kansar ƙwayar cuta (3). An kuma ba da shawarar wasu sabbin hasashe, watau, ƙarƙashin tasirin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da/ko damuwa ta jiki, ƙwayoyin kansa za su iya fuskantar korar makaman nukiliya tare da ɓarna macrophage da haɗuwa na gaba, tare da samuwar ƙwayoyin haɗakar cutar kansa (CFCs). Abubuwan da suka shafi Metastasis yana ƙunshe da jerin matakai masu rikitarwa waɗanda ƙwayoyin kansa ke barin asalin asalin ƙwayar cuta kuma suyi ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan jiki ta hanyar jini, ta hanyar tsarin lymphatic, ko ta tsawaita kai tsaye. Don yin haka, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna rabu da ƙwayar cuta ta farko kuma suna haɗawa da kuma lalata sunadaran da ke tattare da matrix na waje (ECM), wanda ke raba ƙwayar cuta daga ƙwayoyin da ke kusa. Ta hanyar wulakanta waɗannan sunadaran, ƙwayoyin kansa suna iya keta ECM kuma su tsere. Wurin metastases ba koyaushe bane bazuwar, tare da nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban waɗanda ke yaduwa zuwa ga wasu gabobin jiki da kyallen takarda a ƙimar da ya fi yadda ake tsammani ta hanyar ƙididdiga kawai. Ciwon daji na nono, alal misali, yana yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasusuwa da huhu. Wannan ƙayyadaddun da alama ana yin sulhu ta hanyar ƙwayoyin sigina masu narkewa kamar chemokines da canza yanayin haɓakar beta Jiki yana tsayayya da metastasis ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar ayyukan wani nau'in sunadaran da aka sani da masu hana metastasis, wanda kusan dozin an san su. Kwayoyin ɗan adam suna nuna nau'ikan motsi daban-daban: motsi na gama gari, motsi -nau'in mesenchymal, da motsin amoeboid Kwayoyin cutar kansa galibi suna canzawa tsakanin nau'ikan motsi daban-daban da dacewa. Wasu masu binciken cutar kansa suna fatan samun magungunan da za su iya dakatarwa ko aƙalla rage yaduwar cutar kansa ta ko ta yaya toshe wani matakin da ya dace a cikin nau'ikan motsi ɗaya ko fiye. Duk matakan ɓacin rai na metastatic sun ƙunshi matakai na zahiri da yawa. Shigewar tantanin halitta yana buƙatar samar da ƙarfi, kuma lokacin da ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ke yaduwa ta hanyar vasculature, wannan yana buƙatar gibin jiki a cikin tasoshin jini don ƙirƙirar. Bayan runduna, ƙa'idar nau'ikan nau'ikan tantanin halitta da adhesions na sel-matrix na da mahimmanci yayin metastasis. Matakan metastatic ana tsara su sosai ta nau'ikan tantanin halitta daban-daban, gami da sel na jini (kwayoyin endothelial), ƙwayoyin rigakafi ko ƙwayoyin stromal. Ci gaban sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin jini, wanda ake kira tumor angiogenesis, alama ce mai mahimmanci ta kansa. Don haka an ba da shawarar cewa masu hana angiogenesis zasu hana haɓakar metastases. An nuna ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta da angiogenesis. Kwayoyin mahaifa na endothelial suna da mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban ƙwayar cuta, angiogenesis da metastasis, kuma ana iya yin alama ta amfani da Inhibitor na DNA Binding 1 (ID1). Wannan labari ne da ake nema yana nufin cewa masu binciken sun sami ikon waƙa da sel na progogelalial daga cikin ƙwayar ƙasa zuwa jini ga ƙwayar cuta ga ƙwayar cuta zuwa kumburi. Kwayoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayar cuta suna nuna cewa wannan nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin haɓakar jini-jini yana da mahimmanci a cikin saitin ƙari da metastasis. Bugu da ƙari kuma, zubar da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙashi na iya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin ci gaban ƙwayar cuta da ci gaban vasculature. Don haka, sel masu tasowa na endothelial suna da mahimmanci a cikin ilimin halittar tumo kuma suna gabatar da sabbin dabarun warkewa. Tsarin garkuwar jiki yawanci ana soke shi a cikin ciwon daji kuma yana shafar matakai da yawa na ci gaban ƙari, gami da metastasis. Tsarin Epigenetic kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta da aka yaɗa. Metastases suna nuna sauye-sauye a cikin gyare-gyare na tarihi, irin su H3K4-methylation da H3K9-methylation, idan aka kwatanta da ma'auni na farko. Wadannan gyare-gyare na epigenetic a cikin metastases na iya ba da damar yaduwa da rayuwa na ƙwayoyin tumor da aka yada a cikin gabobin nesa. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa PKC-iota yana inganta mamayewar kwayar cutar melanoma ta hanyar kunna Vimentin yayin EMT. PKC-iota hanawa ko ƙwanƙwasa ya haifar da karuwa a cikin matakan E-cadherin da RhoA yayin da aka rage jimlar Vimentin, phosphorylated Vimentin (S39) da Par6 a cikin ƙwayoyin melanoma na metastatic. Waɗannan sakamakon sun ba da shawarar cewa yana da hannu a cikin hanyoyin sigina waɗanda ke daidaita EMT a cikin melanoma ta haka kai tsaye yana haɓaka metastasis. Kwanan nan, jerin manyan gwaje-gwajen da aka yi suna nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar tattaunawa ta tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki ta hanyar exosome vesicles wani muhimmin abu ne da ke cikin dukkan matakai na mamayewa-metastasis cascade. Hanyoyi Metastasis yana faruwa ta hanyoyi huɗu masu zuwa: Transcoelomic Yaduwar malignancy zuwa cikin cavities na jiki na iya faruwa ta hanyar shiga saman peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, ko subarachnoid sarari. Misali, ciwace-ciwacen ovarian na iya yaduwa ta hanyar transperitoneally zuwa saman hanta. Lymphatic yaduwa Yaduwar ƙwayar cuta yana ba da damar jigilar ƙwayoyin tumo zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki kusa da ƙwayar cuta ta farko kuma a ƙarshe, zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Ana kiran wannan haɗin gwiwa, nodes masu kyau, ko cutar yanki. "Kyakkyawan nodes" kalma ce da ƙwararrun likita za su yi amfani da ita don kwatanta ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki waɗanda aka gwada tabbatacce don rashin lafiya. Al'adar likita ce ta gama gari don gwada ta hanyar biopsy aƙalla kumburin lymph ɗaya kusa da wani wurin ƙari lokacin yin tiyata don bincika ko cire ƙari. Wannan kumburin lymph ana kiransa saƙon lymph node Yaduwar Lymphatic ita ce hanyar da aka fi sani da metastasis na farko don carcinomas Sabanin haka, ba sabon abu ba ne don sarcoma don daidaitawa ta wannan hanya. Yaduwar da aka keɓe zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki kusa da ƙwayar cuta ta farko ba a ƙidaya shi azaman metastasis ba, kodayake wannan alama ce ta sakamako mafi muni. A ƙarshe tsarin lymphatic yana magudawa daga magudanar thoracic da duct na dama zuwa cikin tsarin jijiyar jini a kusurwar jijiyoyi da kuma cikin veins na brachiocephalic, sabili da haka waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna iya yadawa ta hanyar hematogenous. Hematogenous yadawa Wannan hanya ce ta al'ada ta metastasis don sarcomas, amma kuma ita ce hanyar da aka fi so don wasu nau'in ciwon daji, irin su ciwon daji na renal cell wanda ya samo asali a cikin koda da follicular carcinomas na thyroid. Saboda ƙananan bangon su, jijiyoyi suna mamayewa akai-akai fiye da arteries, kuma metastasis yana kula da bin tsarin jijiyar jini Wato, yaɗuwar hematogenous sau da yawa yakan bi salo daban-daban dangane da wurin da kumburin farko yake. Alal misali, ciwon daji na launin fata yana yaduwa ta farko ta hanyar portal vein zuwa hanta. Canalicular baza Wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, musamman carcinomas na iya daidaitawa tare da filayen canalicular na jiki. Waɗannan wurare sun haɗa da misali bile ducts, tsarin urinary, hanyoyin iska da sararin subarachnoid Tsarin yana kama da na transcoelomic baza. Koyaya, sau da yawa ba a sani ba ko ciwace-ciwacen da aka gano a lokaci guda na tsarin canalicular tsari ne na metastatic ko kuma a zahiri ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da wakili ɗaya ke haifar da shi (ciwon daji na filin Ƙayyadaddun manufa ta gabobin jiki Akwai yuwuwar wasu ciwace-ciwace zuwa iri a wasu gabobin. An fara tattauna wannan a matsayin ka'idar "iri da ƙasa" ta Stephen Paget a cikin 1889. Yunkuri don kwayar metastatic don yaduwa ga wani niyyar da aka harba 'ungiyar unguwa'. Misali, ciwon daji na prostate yakan yi metastasize zuwa kashi. Hakazalika, ciwon daji na hanji yana da hali don daidaita hanta. Ciwon daji na ciki sau da yawa yakan kai ga ovary a cikin mata, lokacin da ake kira ciwon daji na Krukenberg Bisa ga ka'idar "iri da ƙasa", yana da wuya ƙwayoyin ciwon daji su rayu a waje da yankinsu na asali, don haka don daidaitawa dole ne su sami wuri mai irin wannan halaye. Alal misali, ƙwayoyin ciwon nono, waɗanda ke tattara ions calcium daga madarar nono, suna daidaitawa zuwa nama na kashi, inda za su iya tattara ions na calcium daga kashi. Melanoma mai cutarwa ya yadu zuwa kwakwalwa, mai yiwuwa saboda nama na jijiyoyi da melanocytes suna tasowa daga layin tantanin halitta a cikin amfrayo A cikin 1928, James Ewing ya kalubalanci ka'idar "iri da ƙasa" kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa metastasis yana faruwa ne kawai ta hanyoyin jiki da na inji. An yi amfani da wannan hasashe kwanan nan don ba da shawarar hasashe da yawa game da yanayin rayuwar ƙwayoyin tumor ƙwayoyin cuta (CTCs) da kuma sanyawa cewa za a iya fahimtar tsarin yaɗuwar ta hanyar hangen nesa 'tace da kwarara'. Duk da haka, shaidun zamani sun nuna cewa ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko na iya ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin cuta ta organotropic metastases ta hanyar haifar da samuwar pre-metastatic niches a wurare masu nisa, inda ƙwayoyin metastatic masu shigowa zasu iya shiga da kuma yin mulkin mallaka. Musamman, exosome vesicles boye ta ciwace-ciwacen daji an nuna su gida zuwa pre-metastatic sites, inda suke kunna pro-metastatic matakai kamar angiogenesis da kuma gyara na rigakafi mahallin, don inganta m microenvironment ga sakandare ƙari girma. Metastasis da ciwon daji na farko An yi la'akari da cewa metastasis koyaushe yana yin daidai da ciwon daji na farko, kuma, kamar haka, ƙari ne wanda ya fara daga kwayar cutar kansa ko sel a wani sashe na jiki. Koyaya, sama da kashi 10% na marasa lafiya da ke gabatarwa ga sassan oncology za su sami metastases ba tare da samun ci gaba na farko ba. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, likitoci suna kiran ƙwayar cuta ta farko a matsayin "ba a sani ba" ko "fasafi," kuma an ce majiyyaci yana da ciwon daji wanda ba a san asalin asali ba (CUP) ko kuma ba a sani ba (UPT). An kiyasta cewa kashi 3 cikin 100 na dukkan cututtukan daji ba a san asalinsu ba. Nazarin ya nuna cewa, idan tambaya mai sauƙi ba ta bayyana tushen ciwon daji ba (tarin jini "watakila huhu jinin fitsari "wataƙila mafitsara hadaddun hoto ba zai yiwu ba. A wasu daga cikin waɗannan al'amuran ƙwayar cuta ta farko na iya bayyana daga baya. Amfani da immunohistochemistry ya ƙyale masu ilimin cututtuka su ba da ainihi ga yawancin waɗannan metastases. Koyaya, hoton wurin da aka nuna kawai lokaci-lokaci yana bayyana na farko. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba (misali, na melanoma ba a sami ciwace-ciwacen farko ba, ko da a kan gawa Don haka ana tunanin cewa wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace na iya komawa gaba ɗaya, amma suna barin metastases a baya. A wasu lokuta, ƙwayar cutar na iya zama ƙanƙanta da/ko a wani wuri da ba a sani ba don a gano shi. Bincike Kwayoyin da ke cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta suna kama da waɗanda ke cikin ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Da zarar an bincika nama mai ciwon daji a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa don tantance nau'in tantanin halitta, yawanci likita zai iya faɗi ko ana samun irin wannan nau'in tantanin halitta a cikin sassan jikin da aka ɗauko samfurin nama. Misali, kwayoyin cutar kansar nono suna kama da juna ko an same su a cikin nono ko kuma sun yada zuwa wani sashe na jiki. Don haka, idan samfurin nama da aka ɗauka daga ƙari a cikin huhu ya ƙunshi sel masu kama da ƙwayoyin nono, likita ya ƙayyade cewa ƙwayar huhu ita ce ƙari na biyu. Duk da haka, ƙaddamar da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko na iya zama da wahala sau da yawa, kuma likitan ilimin likitanci na iya amfani da wasu fasahohin adjuvant, irin su immunohistochemistry, FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization da sauransu. Duk da amfani da dabaru, a wasu lokuta cutar ta farko ta kasance ba a gano ta ba. Ana iya samun ciwon daji na metastatic a lokaci guda da ƙwayar cuta ta farko, ko watanni ko shekaru bayan haka. Lokacin da aka sami ƙari na biyu a cikin majiyyaci da aka yi wa maganin kansa a baya, ya fi sau da yawa metastasis fiye da wani ciwon daji na farko. A baya an yi tunanin cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin ciwon daji suna da ƙananan yuwuwar metastatic kuma cewa akwai ƙwayoyin da ba kasafai ba waɗanda ke haɓaka ikon haɓaka ta hanyar haɓakar maye gurbin somatic. Bisa ga wannan ka'idar, ganewar asali na ciwon daji na metastatic yana yiwuwa ne kawai bayan abin da ya faru na metastasis. Hannun al'ada na gano cutar kansa (misali biopsy zai bincika ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa kawai kuma ba zai iya yin samfuri daga yawan jama'a tare da yuwuwar metastatic ba. Ba a tabbatar da ka'idar maye gurbin somatic na ci gaban metastasis a cikin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam ba. Maimakon haka, da alama yanayin kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayar cuta ta farko tana nuna ikon wannan ciwon daji don daidaitawa. Bincike da aka kwatanta maganganun kwayoyin halitta tsakanin adenocarcinomas na farko da na metastatic ya gano wani yanki na kwayoyin halitta wanda furcinsu zai iya bambanta ciwace-ciwacen daji daga ciwace-ciwacen daji, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "sa hannu na metastatic." Ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda aka tsara a cikin sa hannu sun haɗa da: SNRPF, HNRPAB, DHPS da securin Actin, myosin da MHC aji II ƙa'ida kuma an haɗa su da sa hannu. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma lura da bayyanar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji na farko, wanda ke nuna cewa ana iya gano ƙwayoyin da ke da yuwuwar metastasize a lokaci guda tare da ganewar ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Ayyukan kwanan nan sun gano wani nau'i na rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwon daji da ake kira rashin zaman lafiya na chromosome (CIN) a matsayin direba na metastasis. A cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa masu ƙarfi, ɓangarori na DNA daga chromosomes marasa ƙarfi suna zubo a cikin cytosol wanda ke haifar da ci gaba da kunna hanyoyin rigakafi na asali, waɗanda ƙwayoyin kansa ke sace su yada zuwa gabobin nesa. Bayanin wannan sa hannu na metastatic an haɗa shi tare da rashin fahimta mara kyau kuma an nuna shi daidai a cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. An nuna hasashen ya zama mafi muni ga mutane waɗanda ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suka bayyana sa hannun metastatic. Bugu da ƙari, an nuna bayanin waɗannan kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da metastatic don amfani da wasu nau'in ciwon daji ban da adenocarcinoma Metastases na ciwon nono, medulloblastoma da ciwon gurguwar prostate duk suna da irin wannan salon magana na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta masu alaƙa da metastasis. Gano wannan sa hannu mai alaƙa da metastasis yana ba da alƙawarin gano ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke da yuwuwar metastatic a cikin ƙwayar cuta ta farko da kuma bege don inganta hasashen waɗannan cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da metastatic. Bugu da ƙari, gano ƙwayoyin halittar da aka canza bayanin su a cikin metastasis yana ba da yuwuwar maƙasudi don hana metastasis. Gudanarwa Ana ƙayyade jiyya da rayuwa, zuwa matuƙar, ta hanyar ko ciwon daji ya kasance a wuri ko yaduwa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Idan ciwon daji ya ƙaru zuwa wasu kyallen takarda ko gabobin yawanci yana ƙaruwa da yuwuwar mutuwa ga majiyyaci. Wasu ciwon daji-kamar wasu nau'in cutar sankarar bargo, ciwon daji na jini, ko kuma rashin lafiya a cikin kwakwalwa na iya kashewa ba tare da yaduwa ba. Da zarar ciwon daji ya ƙaru har yanzu ana iya bi da shi tare da radiosurgery, chemotherapy, radiation far, nazarin halittu, hormone far, tiyata, ko hade da wadannan tsokoki ("multimodal far"). Zaɓin magani ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, ciki har da nau'in ciwon daji na farko, girman da wuri na metastases, shekarun mai haƙuri da lafiyar jiki, da kuma nau'in jiyya da aka yi amfani da su a baya. A cikin marasa lafiya da aka gano tare da CUP sau da yawa har yanzu yana yiwuwa a bi da cutar koda lokacin da ba a iya gano ƙwayar cuta ta farko. Jiyya na yanzu ba kasafai suke iya warkar da ciwon daji ba ko da yake wasu ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, irin su ciwon daji na testicular da kansar thyroid, galibi ana iya warkewa. Kulawa mai laushi, kulawa da nufin inganta rayuwar mutanen da ke da manyan cututtuka, an ba da shawarar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen gudanarwa don metastasis. Sakamako daga nazari na yau da kullun na wallafe-wallafen akan jiyya na radiation don metastases na kwakwalwa sun gano cewa akwai ƙaramin shaida don sanar da tasirin kwatancen da sakamakon da ke da alaƙa da haƙuri akan ingancin rayuwa, matsayin aiki, da tasirin fahimi. Bincike Kodayake metastasis an yarda da shi don zama sakamakon ƙaurawar ƙwayoyin tumo, akwai hasashe da ke cewa wasu metastases sune sakamakon matakan kumburi ta ƙwayoyin rigakafi marasa al'ada. Kasancewar ciwon daji na metastatic a cikin rashin ciwace-ciwacen farko kuma yana nuna cewa metastasis ba koyaushe ke haifar da mugayen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke barin ciwace-ciwacen farko ba. Binciken da ƙungiyar Sarna ta yi ya tabbatar da cewa ƙwayoyin melanoma masu launin launi suna da nauyin matasa kimanin 4.93, yayin da a cikin waɗanda ba su da launi ya kasance 0.98 kawai. A wani gwaji kuma sun gano cewa elasticity na sel melanoma yana da mahimmanci ga metastasis da girma: ciwace-ciwacen da ba su da launi sun fi girma fiye da launi kuma yana da sauƙin yadawa. Sun nuna cewa akwai sel masu launi da marasa launi a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta na melanoma, ta yadda za su iya zama masu jure wa ƙwayoyi da metastatic. Tarihi A cikin Maris 2014 masu bincike sun gano mafi tsufa cikakken misali na ɗan adam da ciwon daji na metastatic. Ciwon daji ya samo asali ne a cikin kwarangwal mai shekaru 3,000 da aka gano a cikin 2013 a wani kabari a Sudan tun daga shekara ta 1200 BC. Anyi nazarin kwarangwal ta hanyar amfani da radiyo da na'urar duban abin gani na lantarki. An buga waɗannan binciken a cikin mujallar Kimiya ta Jama'a. Etymology Metastasis kalmar Helenanci ce ma'ana "maura", daga meta, "na gaba", da stasis, "jeri". Duba kuma Abscopal sakamako Kwakwalwa metastasis Brown-Séquard ciwo (sassan kan rashin lafiya na kogo, germinoma, ciwon renal cell carcinoma da ciwon huhu) Hijira tantanin halitta Tuntuɓar daidaitawa Cutar da aka yada Micrometastasis Mouse model na nono metastasis Positron emission tomography (PET) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tambaya&A: Ciwon daji na Metastatic -daga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32751

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Okello

Allan Okello

Allan Okello (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Uganda wanda ke taka leda a Paradou AC a cikin Aljeriya Ligue Professionnelle 1 da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Uganda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na kai hari. Ya kasance Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Fufa Airtel 2019. KCCA FC A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2017, an bayyana Okello a filin babban birnin Kampala, Lugogo. Okello ya zura kwallo uku a raga sannan kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallo daya a raga a karon farko da Kampala Capital City Authority ta lallasa Onduparaka FC 7-0 a filin wasa na Phillip Omondi a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2017, don haka ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya ci hat-trick/kwallaye uku a gasar Premier Uganda. League 2016-2017 kakar. A cikin Yuli 2017, yawancin ƙwararrun kungiyoyi a duniya kamar Mamelodi Sundowns, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax da kuma Masarautar Al Ahly Sporting Club sun nuna sha'awar Okello. Sai dai wakilinsa Isaac Mwesigwa ya tabbatar da cewa "ba zai bar kasar ba har sai ya kammala karatunsa na A-Level". 2018-19 Uganda Premier League Okello ya buga wasansa na farko na kakar wasa a ranar 28 ga Satumba, da Soana FC a filin wasa na Phillip Omondi StarTimes, Kampala Capital City Authority (ya ci 2–1). Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa da Onduparaka a ranar 19 ga Oktoba a filin wasa na Green Light, Arua OKello ya buga wasansa na karshe na kakar wasa da Maroons FC a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2019, a filin wasa na Phillip Omondi StarTimes. Ya buga wasanni sama da 24 a kakar wasa. Babban birnin Kampala ya zama zakara a gasar. OKello ta kammala gasar Premier ta Uganda ta 2018-2019 da kwallaye shida. Paradou AC A ranar 21 ga Janairu 2020, Okello ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 3 tare da Paradou AC. Tawagar kasa Uganda U20 Okello ya bugawa Uganda wasa acikin 'yan U20 a lokacin gasar COSAFA U-20 da aka gudanar a Zambia a shekarar 2017. Ya buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2017, da Zambia U20 lokacin da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Pius Obuya a filin wasa na Arthur Davis, Kitwe. Uganda U23 Okello ya buga wa Uganda U23 wasa a gasar TOTAL AFCON U-23 Qualifiers. Ya buga wasansa na farko ne a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba 2018, da Sudan ta Kudu U23 a filin wasa na Star Times Lugogo, Uganda U23 ta ci 1-0. tawagar kwallon kafar Uganda A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2019, babban kocin Uganda, Sébastien Desabre, ya gayyaci Okello domin ya kasance cikin tawagar karshe da ke shirin tunkarar wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Afcon na 2019 da Tanzania. Duk da haka ya buga wasansa na farko na babban tawagar kasar da Somaliya. Kwallayensa na kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Uganda. Rayuwa ta sirri An haife shi kuma ya girma a garin Lira da ke arewacin kasar, Okello ya sami hanyarsa ta zuwa Kampala don yin karatu a gidan wasan kwallon kafa na Kibuli SS bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekarar 2012. An haifi Okello ga Patrick Ojom (wanda ya rasu) da Joan Agomu. Girmamawa Lira Destiny Sports Academy Nasara ARS Arewa Region 2014 Kibuli SS Gasar Copa Coca-Cola 2016 Gasar Cin Kofin Firamare ta Ƙasa 2014 KCCA FC Uganda Premier League 2 2016-2017, 2018-2019 Kofin Uganda 2016-2017, 2017-2018 Mutum Kwallon Kafa na 256 na Shekarar 2019. Buzz Teeniez Awards na Mutum na Wasanni na Shekarar 2019 Airtel Rising Stars MVP: 3 2014, 2015, 2016 Copa Coca-Cola MVP: 2016 FUFA Junior League MVP: 2016 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Shekara 2016-2017 Airtel FUFA Best goma sha 2017-2018 Dan wasan da magoya bayan Airtel FUFA suka fi so 2018 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Airtel Fufa 2019. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje newvision.co.ug monitor.co.ug chimpreports.com nimsportug.com airtelfootball.ug nilepost.co.ug Rayayyun

43054

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%98afa%20a%20Ghana

Ƙwallon Ƙafa a Ghana

Ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce wasa mafi shahara a Ghana Tun a shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Ghana ce ke gudanar da wasan. Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, Ghana na wakiltar Black Stars maza da mata Black Queens Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza a cikin gida a Ghana ita ce Gasar Firimiya ta Ghana, kuma babbar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Ghana ita ce Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana Tarihi Ya kasance a rubuce cewa an gabatar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a yankin Gold Coast a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ta hannun 'yan kasuwa daga Turai Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a lokacin hutu suna buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a tsakanin su kuma wani lokaci tare da zaɓi na ƴan asalin ƙasar Shahararriyar wasan ta yadu kamar wutar daji cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci a bakin tekun wanda kuma ya kai ga kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko, Excelsior, a shekara ta 1903 da Mista Biritaniya, ɗan asalin ƙasar Jamaica, wanda a lokacin shi ne Babban Malami na Philip Quaicoe. Makarantar Yaran Gwamnati a Cape Coast Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ta Ghana Tawagar Black Stars na daya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na kasa a Afirka. Ghana ta lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka sau hudu. Sun kuma kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2006 kafin Brazil ta kawar da su A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2010 da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu, ta zama tawaga ta uku a Afirka da ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin duniya. Wasu fitattun 'yan wasan sun hada da Charles Kumi Gyamfi, Abédi Pelé, Abdul Razak, Tony Yeboah, Samuel Kuffour da Michael Essien Ƙungiyoyin matasa ma sun yi nasara. Ƙungiyar ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-17 a kai a kai tana fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-17 kuma ta lashe sau biyu kuma sau biyu ta zo ta biyu. Tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta kasance ta biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20, kuma a shekarar 2009 Black Satellites sun kammala gasar sau biyu ta hanyar lashe gasar zakarun matasan Afirka na shekarar 2009 da kuma lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-20 na shekarar 2009 don haka suka zama dan Afirka na farko. Kasar da za ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta ƴan ƙasa da shekaru-20. A shekarar 1992, tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Olympic ta zama ƙasa ta farko a Afirka da ta samu lambar yabo a gasar wasannin Olympics, kuma a shekarar 2011 Black Meteors ta samu kambin zakaran gasar wasannin Afirka ta 2011 a karon farko. Tsofaffin 'yan wasan kungiyar Black Stars irin su Sulley Muntari, Michael Essien, John Mensah da kyaftin Stephen Appiah duk sun fara farawa a wadannan gasa na matasa. A cikin shekarar 2014, Ghana na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe takwas da suka shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Unity ta farko. Manyan masu zura ƙwallaye Tun daga ranar 26 ga Yuni 2014, 'yan wasan da suka fi cin ƙwallaye ga manyan 'yan wasan kasar Ghana su ne: Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ghana Black Queens sun shiga duk gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA tun 1999. Ƙungiyar ta ƙasa tsallake zagayen farko a kowane lokaci. Har ila yau Ghana ta kasance ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata sau uku a Najeriya ‘Yan Ghana biyu, Alberta Sackey da Adjoa Bayor ne aka zaba a matsayin gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan Afrika. Makarantun Kwallon Kafa Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, ƙungiyoyin Turai da 'yan kasuwa sun fara kafa makarantun koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghana. Daga cikin na farko akwai Ajax, Feyenoord, da Right to Dream Ba kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin matasa a Ghana (kuma aka sani da colts), makarantun kimiyya suna ba da tsarin ilimi tare da horar da ƙwallon ƙafa. A cikin shekarar 2010s, makarantun gida sun fara bunƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. King James Asuming ya kafa Kumasi Sports Academy a Kumasi, wanda ba kamar yawancin makarantun Ghana ba, yana ba da wani shiri ga yara maza da mata. Makarantar Wasannin Wasannin Kumasi ta fara aikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata da yawa, gami da Blessing Shi ne Agbomadzi, mai tsaron baya ga Black Queens Ernest Kufuor ya kafa Kwalejin Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Unistar a garin Kasoa-Ofaakor. Yawancin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa sun fara wasa a Unistar, ciki har da Lumor Agbenyenu, mai tsaron gida na Black Stars Unistar kuma an san shi da tasirinsa na birni. Yawancin mazauna garin sun shaida cewa Unistar ya jawo sabbin maziyartai, kasuwanci da mazauna garin, inganta ababen more rayuwa na garin da walwala baki ɗaya. Mohammed Issa ne ya kafa makarantar horar da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mandela a Accra tare da babban burin yin amfani da buƙatun ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya don haɓaka hangen nesa na matasa da ƙarfafa al'umma. Patmos Arhin, wanda a halin yanzu yana buga wa kulob din Boluspor na Turkiyya wasa, ya yi wasa a Kwalejin Soccer ta Mandela tsawon shekaru. Fitattun 'yan wasa Gwarzon ɗan wasan Afrika da fitattun 'yan wasa A cikin shekarar 1990s, Abédi Pelé da Tony Yeboah sun sami kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Duniya na FIFA goma: shekaru goma masu zuwa Sammy Kuffour da Michael Essien sun sami kyautar Ballon d'Or An jera Abédi Pelé a cikin 2004 FIFA 100 mafi girman 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. A ranar 13 ga Janairun 2007, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa na ta Afirka ta zabi Abédi Pelé, Michael Essien, Tony Yeboah, Karim Abdul Razak da Samuel Kuffour a matsayin membobin CAF 30 mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci. Bugu da kari, Abédi da Yeboah an zabe su a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Afirka na karni a cikin 1999 ta IFFHS Maza Abédi Pelé FIFA 100, WPOY Nom.1991, 9th 1992, 1991, 1992, 1993 APOY Winner, APOY Nom. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 5th Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci Karim Abdul Razak 1978 APOY Winner, 6th 1983, 26th Best African Player of All Time Ibrahim Sunday 1971 APOY Winner Samuel Kuffour Ballon d'Or Nom. 2001, APOY Gunner-up 1999, 2001, 27th Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka na kowane lokaci Tony Yeboah WPOY 9th 1993, Ballon d'Or 23rd 1995, APOY Gunner-up 1993, 3rd 1992, 6th 1991, 10th 1996, 24th Best African Player of All Time Michael Essien Gwarzon Dan Wasan Duniya na FIFA 22nd 2005, 22nd 2006, 15th 2007 Ballon d'Or 24th 2007 27th 2006, 22nd 2005 APOY 2nd 2007, 3rd 2006, 3rd 2005, 11th Mafi kyawun dan wasan Afrika na kowani lokaci Mata Alberta Sackey Nasara AWPOY na 2002 Adjoa Bayor Nasara AWPOY 2003 Duba kuma Football in Africa portal

49294

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Helena%20laban

Saint Helena laban

Fam na Saint Helena kudin tsibiran Atlantika na Saint Helena da hawan hawan Yesu zuwa sama, wadanda ke cikin sassan Biritaniya na ketare na Saint Helena, Hawan Yesu zuwa sama da Tristan da Cunha An daidaita shi daidai da sitiriyo, don haka ana karɓar kuɗin kuɗaɗen duka kuma ana yaduwa a cikin Saint Helena. An raba shi zuwa pence 100 Tristan da Cunha, kashi na uku na yankin, a hukumance ya karɓi Sterling Duk da haka, a wasu lokatai ana haƙa tsabar kuɗi na tunawa don tsibirin. Tarihi Da farko, tsabar kudin Sterling ta yadu a kan Saint Helena, a cikin raka'a na fam zuwa shillings 20, kowanne daga pence 12 Wannan an ƙara shi da al'amuran gida na lokaci-lokaci na kudaden takarda. An buga tsabar kuɗi ɗaya, rabin penny tagulla, a cikin 1821, musamman don amfani da su a cikin tsibiran, kuma an haɗa shi da tsabar kuɗi mai tsada. An ƙididdige takardun kuɗin kuɗin fam da shillings, kuma an kimanta su daidai da Sterling. Kafin Fabrairun 1961, Fam Afirka ta Kudu, wanda a lokacin ya yi daidai da darajar Sterling, an kuma karɓi shi a tsibirin, amma hakan ya ƙare tare da ƙaddamar da sabon Rand na Afirka ta Kudu decimal, inda rand ɗaya ya kai shillings 10 kacal. Har zuwa shekara ta 1976, St. Helena ta yi amfani da kuɗi mai kyau, amma a cikin Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, Gwamnatin St. Helena ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi kuma ta fara ba da sababbin takardun kuɗi na adadi daidai da sitila don amfani a tsibirin. An gabatar da tsabar kudi da aka yi nufin zagayawa akan St. Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama a cikin 1984. An ƙaddamar da amfani da waɗannan tsabar kudi da bayanan kula zuwa Tsibirin Ascension, daga baya kuma zuwa Tristan da Cunha. Ganin cewa ana buga sulalla masu yawo da "Saint Helena Hawan Yesu zuwa sama", takardun banki kawai suna cewa "Gwamnatin St. Helena". Don ƙarin cikakken tarihin kuɗi a yankin Kudancin Atlantic, duba kuɗin Burtaniya a Kudancin Atlantic da Antarctic Tsabar kudi An ba da kuɗin rabin kuɗin tagulla da aka gabatar a cikin 1821 don Saint Helena ta Kamfanin Kasuwancin Indiya ta Gabas, kuma an yi amfani da shi don yawancin lokacin da kamfanin ke shiga cikin yankin. A lokacin, an yi amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin hukunta manyan fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da Napoleon Bonaparte Ba a sake fitar da tsabar kuɗin da aka keɓe don St. Helena ba har tsawon shekaru 163, a cikin 1984. Kafin 1984, duka Saint Helena da Tsibirin Hawan Hawan Hawan Hawan Sama sun ba da tsabar kuɗi marasa zagayawa, amma a hukumance sun yi amfani da daidaitattun tsabar kudi Takardun kuɗin da aka bayar na St. Helena an rarraba su tare da tsabar kudi na Biritaniya da takardun banki. A cikin 1984, an fara gabatar da tsabar kuɗi a cikin sunayen St. Helena da Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 5, 10, da 50 pence da £1. An tsara jerin tsabar kudin ta hanyar zana kuma mai tsara tsabar kudi Michael Hibbit. Duk tsabar tsabar girman girman da abun da ke ciki iri ɗaya ne kamar tsabar tsabar Biritaniya masu dacewa kuma suna da ƙima ɗaya. Kowane tsabar kudin yana kwatanta flora da fauna na musamman ga tsibiran. Ana amfani da tsabar kudi da bayanin kula na St. Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama a tsibirin Tristan Da Cunha, tare da tsabar kudi na Biritaniya da bayanin kula. Tristan da Cunha ba a haɗa shi a cikin jerin sunayen da sunan ba saboda asalin tsibirin ba a haɗa shi da siyasa a cikin St. Helena da Hawan Yesu Colony a lokacin da aka fitar da kuɗin a hukumance. Har yanzu batutuwan da suka biyo baya basu haɗa da sunan Tristan da Cunha a matsayin yankin da aka haɗa ba. Tristan da Cunha har yanzu yana ɗaukar Sterling a matsayin kudin sa na hukuma. Ana ba da abubuwan tunawa da ba a zagaya ba da tsabar kudi na hukuma daban a ƙarƙashin sunan Tristan da Cunha da tsibirin Gough wanda ba a zaune ba, amma ba a san ƙa'idar doka ba. An sake fasalin fasalin Sarauniya Elizabeth akan yawancin darikokin a 1991, sauran kuma a 1998. Hakanan an fara ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi pence 20 mai gefe bakwai a cikin 1998 kuma, a cikin wannan shekarar, tsofaffin tsabar kudi 5- da 10-pence an maye gurbinsu da wasu batutuwa masu raguwa waɗanda ke nuna sabbin ƙirar dabbobi. Duk da haka, tsabar kuɗin pence 50 bai ragu ba har sai 2003. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ainihin, tsabar kudin pence 50 mafi girma ta ci gaba da yaduwa. A cikin 2002, an gabatar da tsabar nickel-brass £1 don maye gurbin bayanin kula, kuma an gabatar da tsabar bimetallic 2 zuwa tsibiran a shekara mai zuwa. Rubutun gefen tsabar tsabar £2 sune (a cikin manyan) "Anniversary 500th" na tsabar kudin 2002, da "Mai aminci da Aminci" na tsabar kudin 2003. All circulating tsabar kudi suna a kan hoto na shugaban Sarauniya Elizabeth II a kan obverse gefen, tare da rubutu: "Sarauniya Elizabeth II", "St. Helena Hawan Yesu zuwa sama" da kuma shekara. Duk da haka, yawancin tsabar kuɗin tunawa a cikin shekaru kawai an rubuta su "St. Helena" ko "Tsibirin Hawan Hawan Sama". Wasu daga cikin ƙirar tsabar kudin sun canza tun 1984. Guda 5-pence da aka bayar kafin 1998 ya nuna Saint Helena plover (wirebird, wanda shine tsuntsu na St Helena na kasa yayin da tsabar kudi pence 10 da aka bayar kafin 1998 ya nuna orchids Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna ƙirar yanzu: Takardun kuɗi Musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankunan Birtaniyya, St. Helena na da dadadden tarihi na fitar da kudadenta, wadanda suka zo kuma suka wuce a lokuta daban-daban na tattalin arziki. Daga 1716, Gwamna da Majalisar na tsibirin St Helena ta ba da bayanin kula don 2/6 da 5/- da £1 da £2, waɗanda aka bayar har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Batu na gaba na bayanin kula ya faru wani lokaci bayan 1917. An samar da shi ta hanyar St Helena Currency Board a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5/-, 20/- da 40/-. A cikin 1976, hukumar kuɗi ta Gwamnatin Saint Helena ta fara ba da bayanan kuɗi £1 da £5, sannan 50p da £10 bayanin kula a 1979. An cire bayanan 50p da £1 kuma an maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi a cikin 1984, kuma an fara gabatar da bayanan £20 a cikin 1986. An gabatar da sake fasalin bayanin kula na £5 a cikin 1988. A cikin 2004, an gabatar da sabon jerin fam 10 da fam 20, wanda De La Rue Banknote da Kamfanin Engraving suka samar, wanda ke nuna sake fasalin da sabbin fasalolin tsaro. Tare da gabatarwar sabon jerin, an dakatar da bayanin 1 kuma an cire shi daga wurare dabam dabam. Kuɗin asusun banki Babban banki akan Saint Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama shine Bankin Saint Helena Duk asusun da ke cikin wannan banki suna amfani da fam a matsayin kuɗi, wanda za a iya la'akari da fam na Saint Helena saboda ana ba da takardun banki na SHP akan cirewa. Dole ne a yi duk canja wuri na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Sterling, Yuro, Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, ko dalar Amurka Amfani da katin kiredit na baƙi a tsibirin zai kasance da kyau a matsayin kuɗi. Wannan yana nufin cewa SHP ba ya wanzu a matsayin kudin canja wuri a wajen tsibiran. Farashin musayar Bankin St Helena tana buga farashin musanya don canjin kuɗin ta. Matsakaicin musaya na laban Saint Helena akan Sterling shine 1:1, kodayake ana iya jawo musanya ko kuɗin canja wuri. Nassoshi Bayanan kula Sources Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan banki na Numismondo St Helena (na tarihi da na yanzu) Kudade Kudi Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

46050

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduka%20Obaigbena

Nduka Obaigbena

Nduka Obaigbena CON, mai muƙamin Duke na daular, Owa Kingdom ne, wanda ya kafa, Chairman Editan-in-Chief na THISDAY Media Group da ARISE News Channel. Farkon rayuwa An haife shi a Ibadan, Kudu maso Yamma, Najeriya a ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, 1959, a cikin gidan sarautar Owa, Jihar Delta. Ilimi Obaigbena ya halarci Kwalejin Edo, Benin City, da Jami'ar Benin. Ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta; Graduate a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, Johannesburg da Tsarin Gudanar da Ci gaba a Jami'ar Cape Town. Sana'a Ya kafa jaridar Thisday ta Najeriya a shekarar 1995. A cikin shekara ta 2000 Obaigbena ya kafa lambar yabo ta Thisday Awards na shekara-shekara wanda ke karrama waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Najeriya a fagen siyasa, kasuwancin duniya, mata masu ban sha'awa, da manyan mutane a fannin ilimin Najeriya. A cikin 2013 ya ƙaddamar da tashar labarai ta TV ta duniya tare da mayar da hankali kan Afirka, Arise News, sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Globecast don watsa tauraron dan adam akan Astra 2G domin watsa shirye-shirye akan dandamali na Sky Sky UK, da kuma Hot Bird, daga biranen London, New York City, Johannesburg, Abuja, da Legas A shekarar 2021, Obaigbena bai cancanci yin aiki a matsayin darektan kamfani a Burtaniya na tsawon shekaru bakwai; alkali Raquel Agnello, yana yanke hukunci game da karar da mai karɓar hukuma ya gabatar, ya gano halinsa a matsayin darekta na Arise TV bai dace ba kuma kamfanin ya ci gaba da kasuwanci duk da "cikakkiyar rashin tabbas" game da kuɗaɗe. Siyasa Obaigbena ya kasance ɗan takarar majalisar dattawa a 1991. An zaɓe shi memba na taron Tsarin Mulki a 1994. Majalisar ƙasa da ƙasa da kwamitoci Obaigbena mai halarta ne akai-akai kuma mai gudanar da zaman taron tattalin arzikin duniya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zaɓe na Shugabannin Matasan Duniya na dandalin Tattalin Arziki na Duniya. Shi ne Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masu Mallakar Jarida ta Najeriya (NPAN) sannan kuma shugaban ƙungiyar ƴan jarida ta Najeriya wanda ya hada da NPAN, kungiyar ƴan jarida ta ƙasa da kuma ƙungiyar editoci ta Najeriya inda abokinsa ne. Refs ThisDay (Jarida) Obaigbena ya fara buga jaridar Thisday Nigerian a shekarar 1995. A shekara ta 2000 ya kafa bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Thisday Awards na shekara-shekara wanda ke karrama waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga al'ummar Najeriya a fagen siyasa, kasuwancin duniya, mata masu ban sha'awa, da kuma manyan masu faɗa a ji a fannin ilimin Najeriya. Arise News (TV station) A cikin 2013 ya ƙaddamar da tashar labarai ta TV ta duniya tare da mayar da hankali kan Afirka, Arise News, ta sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Globecast, don watsa tauraron ɗan adam akan Astra 2G don watsa shirye-shirye akan dandamalin Sky Sky na UK, da kuma Hot Bird don rarraba kebul, mai tushe a London, New York City, Johannesburg, da kuma Legas. Mujallar ARISE da ARISE Fashion Week Ya kuma kafa Mujallar ARISE. An ƙaddamar da mujjalar ne a bikin THISDAY Music Fashion Festival a dakin taro na Royal Albert Hall na Landan a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2008 kuma an yi amfani da makon FASHIN na ARISE (AFRICA) wanda ya fara a biranen Johannesburg da Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, daga baya kuma ya sami gida a Legas. Najeriya bayan nunin da aka yi tare da ’yan wasan Afirka a dakin taro na Royal Albert, London; Kennedy Cibiyar, Washington DC; Lincoln Center, New York. Makon Kaya na ARISE shima ya nuna ƴan shekaru a The New York da Paris Fashion Weeks. Ƙaddamar da Al'adu Obaigbena ya fara bikin kiɗa da kaɗe-kaɗe na THISDAY a cikin 2006. Taron ya ƙunshi mawaƙan kiɗa da yawa kamar Beyonce, Jay Z, Rihanna, John Legend, Lionel Richie, Dianna Ross, Alicia Keys, Mary J Blige, Snoop Dogg, 50 Cent, Busta Rhyme, Black Eyed Peas, Missy Elliott, Usher, Naomi Campbell, Alec Wek, Liya Kedebe, Oluchi, da dai sauransu.Ya kuma ƙirƙiro manufar THISDAY Awards. Rigima Kafin ƙaddamar da tashar Arise News, wasu ma'aikata da masu samar da kayayyaki sun koka game da gazawar Obaigbena na cika wa'adin biya. Obaigbena ya biya dukkan basussukan ma'aikata. Kimanin shekaru uku da ƙaddamar da kafar yaɗa labarai ta Arise News, Obaigbena ya shiga cikin wani bincike da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta Najeriya ta gudanar, wanda ke binciken kashe kuɗin wani asusu kimanin dala biliyan 2.1. Binciken da ya biyo baya ya shafi ayyukan Obaigbena. Game da wannan lokacin, ma'aikatan sun koka kuma sun ɗauki matakin aiki saboda jinkirin biyan kuɗin aikin su. Kyauta A watan Oktoban 2022, Shugaban Ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ba Obaigbena lambar yabo ta ƙasa mai suna Kwamandan Hukumar Neja (CON) ta Najeriya. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin yanar gizo na Thisday Gidan yanar gizon Arise News Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

29738

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Tunani

'Yancin Tunani

Ƴancin tunani (wanda kuma ake kira ƴancin ra'ayi) shine 'yancin mutum wajen amincewa ko kuma yarda da wata ra'ayi, hujja, ko kuma tunani, nasa na kansa ba tare da ra'ayoyin wasu ba. Bayani Kowane mutum na ƙoƙarin samun ƙwarewar fahimta ta hanyar haɓaka ilimi, ra'ayoyi, ƙa'idoji da tantance su dangane da muhallin sa. Wannan ƙwarewar fahimta yana ba da jin daɗi kuma yana maye gurbin jin rashin taimako. Baya ga kawo sauƙi ga kishin mutum, sabon ilimi da tunani kuma suna kawo sa rai a na gaba. 'Yancin ra'ayi shine mafari kuma magabanci don haka yana da alaƙa da wasu 'yanci, game da 'yancin addini, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da 'yancin nuna ra'ayi. Ko da yake 'yancin ra'ayi tsayayye ne dangane da sauran 'yanci da yawa, ba a buƙatar su ta wata hanya don aiki da wanzuwar su. Ka'idar 'yanci ko hakki baya bada damar haɗa shi, halalcinsa, ko kariya ta hanyar faɗakarwa ta falsafa. Haƙƙi ne mai matukar muhimmanci a yammacin duniya kuma kusan dukkanin kundin tsarin mulkin damokuradiyya suna kare wadannan haƙƙoƙi. Misali, Kudirin Haƙƙoƙin ya ƙunshi sanannen dama a cikin Gyara na Farko da akayi mai cewa ba za a sanya dokokin da zasu katsalandan ga addini "ko haramta 'yanci ba." Alkalin Kotun Kolin Amurka Benjamin Cardozo ya yi bayani a Palko v. Connecticut (1937) cewa: 'Yancin ra'ayii shine mafi inganci daga mutane kuma hakki ne wanda ba'a iya kauce masa kuma wani muhimmin sashi ne na dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Ba tare da wani gyaran fuska ba, alamomin da zasu tabbatar da gaskiyan wannan bayani na nan kunshe cikin tarihinmu, tsarin mulkinmu da kuma shari'ar mu. An lissafo 'Yancin tunani a a karkashin Mataki na 18; a wajen Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce ta ke daure bisa ka'ida kan kasashe membobi na yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR) cewa: Kowani mutum yana da 'yancin yin tunani da fadin ra'ayoyinsa da yin addininsa daya hada da 'yancin canja addini yayi hakan shi kadai ko acikin mutane da 'yancin bayyana addininsa da karantarwarsa da bayyana ibadarsa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce wannan, “yana bambanta ‘yancin tunani, addini ko imani da ’yancin bayyana addini ko imani." Ba ya ƙyale kowane iyaka ko mene ne kan yancin tunani da lamiri ko kan ƴancin samun ko ɗaukar addini ko imani na zaɓin da mutum ya zaɓa. Ana kiyaye waɗannan 'yanci ba tare da wani sharadi ba." Hakazalika, Mataki na 19 na UDHR ya ba da tabbacin cewa "Kowanne mutum yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa, wannan hakkin ya hada da 'yancin rike ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba." Tarihin ci gaba da danniya Yana da wuyan gaske a tabbatar da abinda wani mutum yake tunani, hakan na sanya danniya mawuyaci. An bunƙasa manufar a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, a cikin littafin Bulus na Tarsus (misali, “Mai yasa ra'ayin wani zai rika takure nawa ra'ayin sunaideseos 1 Korinthiyawa 10:29). Duk da cewa masana falsafa na Girka Plato da Socrates sun tattauna 'Yancin Tunani a takaice, har wayau dokokin Sarki Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 BC) an kiran dokar na farko da 'Yancin ra'ayi ko tunani. A cikin al'adar Turawa, baya ga dokar yarda da addini ta Constantine I a Milan a shekara ta 313, masana falsafa Themistus, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexandre Vinet, da John Stuart Mill da masana tauhidi Roger Williams da Samuel Rutherford an dauke su manyan magoya bayan ra'ayin 'Yancin Tunani (ko 'yanci na ruhi a cikin kalmomin Roger Williams). Sarauniya Elizabeth ta I ta soke dokar tauye tunani a ƙarshen karni na goma sha shida, domin, a cewar Sir Francis Bacon, ba ta son bada wata kafa a cikin rayukan maza da tunaninsu na sirri. A lokacin mulkinta, masanin falsafa, masanin lissafi, falaki, kuma masanin ilimin taurari "Giordano Bruno" ya sami mafaka a Ingila daga dokar yanke haddi na Italiya, inda ya buga littattafansa da yawa game da sararin samaniya da dama har ma da darussan da Cocin Katolika ta hana. Bayan ya fita daga kariyar Ingila, an ƙone a raye Bruno a Roma a matsayin wanda ya kafurce don ya ƙi yin watsi da ra'ayoyinsa. Don haka ne wasu ke ganin shi a matsayin shahidi na 'yancin tunani ko ra'ayi. Ignaz von Döllinger ya bayyana Oliver Cromwell a matsayin “mutum na farko daga cikin shahararrun mutanen duniya da suka kafa ƙa’idar addini guda ɗaya ta musamman, kuma ya tilasta ta har zuw aiya rayuwar sa: Ka’idar ‘yancin kai da qin tilastawa acikin addini.” Haka zaika, ana iya iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar watsi da ra'ayi, tsare mutum, ko kona littattafai, ko farfaganda, kuma wannan yana hana 'yancin ra'ayi. Misalai masu tasiri na yakar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki su ne yunkurin Soviet na binciken kwayoyin halitta don goyon bayan ka'idar da aka sani da Lysenkoism, wani gangami na kona littafi da mutanen Nazi na Jamus suka yi, da tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka yi a Cambodia a karkashin Pol Pot, iyakacin iyaka akan 'yancin furuci da gwamnatocin gurguzu na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba ko kuma na kama-karya irin na Augusto Pinochet na Chile da Francisco Franco a Spain suka kafa. Hasashen Sapir-Whorf, wanda ya bayyana cewa tunani yana cikin harshe, zai goyi bayan da'awar cewa ƙoƙari na iyakance amfani da kalmomin harshe shine ainihin nau'i na ƙuntata 'yancin tunani.An bincika wannan a cikin littafin George Orwell na 1984, tare da ra'ayin nau'i na yaren Ingilishi da aka yi wanda ake zargi da rashin ikon kwatanta iyakance bayyana ra'ayoyin asali. Haɓaka fasahohin neuroimaging na kwanan nan sun kara tayar da damuwa game da ƙungiyoyin da za su iya karantawa da kuma tauye tunani. Ko da yake batun yana da rikitarwa dangane da lamarin jiki da zuciya, waɗannan damuwowin sun zama sashin bincike da ke tasowa na neuroethics da neuroprivacy. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

48310

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariep%20Dam

Gariep Dam

Dam ɗin Gariep yana cikin Afirka ta Kudu, kusa da garin Norvalspont, yana iyaka da Lardunan Free State da Eastern Cape Babbar manufarsa ita ce ban ruwa, amfanin gida da masana'antu da kuma samar da wutar lantarki. Suna Dam ɗin Gariep, a hukumarsa a shekarar 1971, asalin sunan shi ne madatsar ruwan Hendrik Verwoerd bayan Hendrik Verwoerd, Firayim Minista kafin da kuma bayan ranar 31 ga watan Mayun 1961, lokacin da ƙasar ta sauya daga Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu Koyaya, bayan ƙarshen wariyar launin fata, an ɗauki sunan Verwoerd bai dace ba. An canza sunan bisa hukuma zuwa Gariep Dam a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban 1996. Gariep shi ne Khoekhoe don "kogin", asalin sunan Kogin Orange Wuri Dam ɗin yana kan kogin Orange kimanin arewa maso gabas na Colesberg da kudu da Bloemfontein Yana cikin kwazazzabo a ƙofar kwarin Ruigte kimanin gabas da Norvalspont Tsawon madatsar ruwan ya kai kimanin 1300 m (4250 ft) sama da matakin teku. Girma Bangon yana da 88 m tsayi kuma yana da tsayin ƙura na 914 m kuma ya ƙunshi kusan miliyan 1.73 na siminti. Dam ɗin Gariep shi ne tafki mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu, 'dam' yana nufin duka ga tsari da yawan ruwan da yake riƙe. Gariep Dam yana da jimlar iya ajiya na kusan da fili fiye da idan ya cika. Tashar wutar lantarki ta samar da wutar lantarki megawatt 90. Nau'in ƙira da 'yan kwangila Tsarin ginin dam ɗin da aka gina shi ne. An zaɓi wannan ƙira yayin da kwazazzabin ya yi faɗi da yawa don cikakken baka don haka bangon bango yana samar da abubuwa masu nauyi zuwa tsakiyar baka. Dumez, wani kamfanin gine-gine na ƙasarFaransa ne ya gina shi. Koguna da spruits suna kwarara cikin dam Kogin Orange Kogin Caledon Brakspruit Broekspruit Oudagspruit Palmietspruit Slykspruit Yin amfani da ruwa, fita waje, abubuwan da aka samo asali da kuma karkatar da su Dole ne a kula da shi a hankali ta hanyar daidaita wadata-da buƙatu na wannan amfani da albarkatun ruwa don abubuwan da ake amfani da su na samar da wutar lantarki, ban ruwa (abinci) da ruwan sha na birni. Sashen Ruwa Basin Ruwan Orange Taswira da zane-zane Aikin Kogin Orange-Fish (Tunnel) Taswirar (Tunnel Canals) Misali Ƙarin cikakkun bayanai akan Sashen Ruwa Kifi-Lahadi Babban Kwarin Kifi, sannan ta hanyar Dam din Grassridge, ElandsDrift Wier, Gidan dafa abinci, De MistKraal Weir zuwa Lahadi River Valley Canals and Tunnels Scheme Arewa maso yamma na Port Elizabeth, sannan ta hanyar Darlington Dam, Korhaansdrift Weir, Canal, Scheepersvlakte Balancing Dam, Babban Ruwan Ruwa zuwa Port Elizabeth, Nooitgedracht Aikin Kula da Ruwa, tun 1992 tare da ruwa daga Kwarin Lahadi Eskom Gariep Hydro-Electric shuke-shuken wutar lantarki, wanda ke da nisa daga Gauteng</br> Karin Bayani da Bayani Vanderkloof Dam Garin Garip Aikin Kogin Orange-Fish A Oviston, a gefen kudu na tafki, shine mashigar ruwan Kogin Orange-Fish, wanda ke ba da damar karkatar da ruwa zuwa babban kogin Kifi da galibin sassan yammacin Cape na Gabas Akwai ciniki a cikin amfani da ruwa don wutar lantarki da canja wurin ruwa a wasu yankuna kamar Port Elizabeth</br> Tsarin Canja wurin Tsarin Ramin Kogin Orange-Kifi na 1972 Port Elizabeth akan YouTube Hotuna Duba kuma Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bidiyo Buɗewa Documentaries Gina Bude Ramin Kogin Orange a hukumance a Afirka ta Kudu akan YouTube Takaitaccen Takardun Takaddama kan aikin gina madatsar ruwa da dalilansa (1 cikin 3 da aka tsara na madatsun ruwa) akan YouTube Tarihin Gina Gari akan YouTube Gine-ginen Tsarin Canja wurin Ramin Kogin Orange-Kifi na 1972 Hoton fasaha zane Port Elizabeth akan YouTube Gina Tsarin Canja wurin Ramin Kogin Orange-Kifi Hotuna akan YouTube Tarihin ginin da kuma inda aka fara shi, ruwan sama, zane-zane, ƙari Shirin Canja wurin Kogin Orange zuwa Takardun Takardun Takaddar na Port Elizabeth Nooitgedracht Ruwan Maganin Yana Aiki akan YouTube (Carte Blanche) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57553

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep%20Wrangler

Jeep Wrangler

Jeep Wrangler jeri ne na karami da matsakaicin girman tuki mai kafa hudu daga kan hanya SUVs da Jeep ke kerawa tun 1986, kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin ƙarni na huɗu. Wrangler JL, mafi yawan 'yan kwanan nan, an bayyana shi a ƙarshen 2017 kuma an samar da shi a Jeep's Toledo Complex Wrangler ci gaba ne kai tsaye daga Yaƙin Duniya na II Jeep, ta hanyar CJ (Jeep na farar hula) wanda Willys, Kaiser-Jeep da Kamfanin Motocin Amurka (AMC) suka samar daga tsakiyar 1940s zuwa 1980s. Ko da yake ba AMC ko Chrysler (bayan siyan AMC a 1987) sun yi iƙirarin cewa Wrangler ya kasance zuriyar kai tsaye na samfurin soja na asali duka CJ Jeeps da Wrangler mai ma'ana, tare da tsayayyen axles da buɗe saman, an kira su. Samfurin Jeep a matsayin tsakiya ga ainihin alamar Jeep kamar yadda injin baya 911 yake zuwa Porsche Mai kama da Willys MB da CJ Jeeps a gabansa, duk samfuran Wrangler suna ci gaba da yin amfani da keɓantaccen jiki da firam, tsayayyen rayayyun axles duka gaba da baya, ƙirar hanci mai murzawa tare da fenders, gilashin iska mai ninki biyu, kuma ana iya tukawa. ba kofofi. Har ila yau, tare da ƴan kaɗan, suna da tsarin tafiyar da ƙafar ƙafa huɗu na lokaci-lokaci, tare da zaɓi na babba da ƙananan gearing, kuma ma'auni ne bude jikin jiki tare da wuya-ko mai laushi mai iya cirewa. Koyaya, jerin Wrangler an sake tsara shi musamman don zama mafi aminci da kwanciyar hankali akan hanya, don jawo hankalin ƙarin direbobin yau da kullun, ta haɓaka dakatarwar sa, tuƙi, da ciki, idan aka kwatanta da layin CJ. Dakatar da kan duk Wranglers ya haɗa da sandunan waƙa da sandunan anti-roll, kuma, daga 1997 TJ gaba, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na gaba da na baya maimakon maɓuɓɓugan ganye na baya. Daga 2004 zuwa gaba, Wrangler an cika shi da nau'ikan kafaffen kafa, wanda ake kira Wrangler Unlimited 2004-2006 samfuran sun kasance tsayin juyi tare da kofofin 2. A cikin 2004 kawai nau'ikan "Unlimited" na atomatik watsawa aka sayar. A cikin 2005 duka atomatik da kuma manual 6-gudun (NSG-370) aka miƙa. Tun daga 2007, Wranglers masu tsayin ƙafafu sun kasance samfuran kofa huɗu, suna ba da sama da fiye daki. A tsakiyar 2017 samfuran kofa huɗu sun wakilci kashi uku cikin huɗu na duk sabbin Wranglers a kasuwa. Fage A waje da karfi kama da Jeep CJ-7, na farko Wrangler, wanda aka sanar a hukumance a watan Fabrairu 1986 a 1986 Chicago Auto Show, ya dogara ne akan sabon saiti na ƙira. "Tsarin falsafar samfurin da ke bayan motocin guda biyu" François Castaing (AMC VP na Injiniyan Samfura) ya bayyana, "ya bambanta sosai". Sabuwar motar tana da waƙa mai faɗi, ƙasa kaɗan kaɗan, ƙarin kwanciyar hankali, da ingantaccen kulawa. YJ har yanzu yana da dakatarwar bazara mai kama da ta CJ duk da haka, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa sun fi faɗi, kuma Wrangler na farko ya buga hanyoyin dakatarwar trackbar da sandunan rigakafin yi don ingantacciyar kulawa da aminci, yana sa ya zama ƙasa da sauƙin juyewa ta hanyar rashin horo ko rashin hankali. direbobi. Wrangler ya yi muhawara a cikin 1986 a matsayin sabon samfuri bayan katsewar jerin Jeep CJ. An sake sabunta shi a cikin 1996, kuma an sake fasalin gaba ɗaya a cikin 2006. Baya ga sunan samfurin Wrangler, kowane samfurin ya sami nadi mai dacewa da tsararrakinsa: YJ (1986-1995), TJ (1997-2006), TJU's (wanda aka fi sani da LJs- 2004-2006 Unlimited model, ko YJL, a cikin Littafin mai gidan Masar. JKU (2007-2017 Unlimited model) da JK (2007-2017), da kuma sabuwar JL samfurin, an gabatar da su don shekara ta 2018. Sifofin soja na ƙasashen waje na Wrangler sun ɗauki sunan J8 wanda aka fara yiwa lakabi da TJL lokacin da aka fara samar da shi a masana'antar Masarautar Motar Larabawa ta Amurka. An kera samfuran Jeep YJ tsakanin 1986 da 1995 a Majalisar Brampton, daga baya kuma a Toledo South Assembly shuka. Babban bambanci a cikin ƙirar 1987-1995 sune fitilun fitilun huɗu, waɗanda suka koma masu zagaye a cikin TJ sannan kuma JK versions. A 2006, Wrangler samar da aka koma Toledo Complex Bayan-2006 Wranglers an ware su daga magabata ta kusurwar gasa. A cikin duk samfuran da suka gabata, grille ya kasance lebur har ma tare da shinge na gaba. An gina sabon Wrangler tare da gasa wanda ya karkata daga sama sannan ya ci gaba a madaidaiciyar layi daga tsakiyar hanya, zuwa kasa. Wannan ya rage tsawon kaho yayin da yake ƙara tsayin fenders. A cikin ƙarin samfuran kwanan nan, wannan kusurwa an ƙara saukar da shi zuwa ƙasan gasa. A Masar, an samar da YJ a cikin gajere da nau'ikan tushe mai tsayi. Ƙaƙwalwar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ta riƙe ƙirar kofa 2 kuma an yi mata lakabi da LJ (ko kuma aka yi masa lakabi da YJL a cikin Littafin Mai Mallaki na Masar). Dogon ƙafar ƙafar ya ci gaba yayin da TJL (aka J8) ya yi wahayi zuwa sigar kofa 4 ta JK. Motar ɗaukar hoto ta tushen Wrangler, Gladiator, ta fara samarwa a cikin 2019 don shekarar ƙirar 2020. Ko da yake an gabatar da shi a cikin 1986 (a ƙarƙashin ikon Renault kuma ta 1987 (shekarar samfurin farko) a ƙarƙashin sabon mallakar Chrysler, Wrangler na farko ya haɓaka ta American Motors Corporation (AMC). Ya fito da fitilun fitilun huɗu, wanda ya bambanta da na zagaye na kan magabata, CJ Jeeps. Ko da yake ci gaba da abubuwa da yawa masu mahimmanci, kamar buɗaɗɗen jiki tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare kawai, akan keɓaɓɓen firam, tare da ƙafafu iri ɗaya, 4WD na ɗan lokaci tare da madaidaiciyar axles akan maɓuɓɓugan ganye, duka gaba da baya, kamar CJ-7 da sabon 'Wrangler' sabon ƙira ne tare da faɗuwar waƙa, ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa, ƙarin kwanciyar hankali gami da ingantaccen aminci da kulawa. TJ (1996) An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1996 a matsayin ƙirar 1997, Wrangler na ƙarni na biyu ya sake dawo da fitilun madaukai daga ƙirar Jeep na gargajiya. Babban injin shine AMC 242 4.0 L inline 6. Tun daga Wrangler TJ gaba, duk Wranglers an saka su da coil-spring maimakon dakatarwar bazara-lokacin bazara, an sake mayar da maɓalli ta atomatik zuwa ƙasa. A shekara ta 2004, an gabatar da samfurin "Unlimited" mai tsayi mai tsayi. Bugu da ƙari, tun daga 2006, Isra'ila Automotive Industries Ltd. ya samar da farkon Jeep Wrangler mai kofa biyar, wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin lasisi daga Chrysler, don Rundunar Tsaron Isra'ila, bisa ga wheelbase Wrangler (TJ). Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

41095

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Habasha

Tarihin Habasha

Habasha na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙasashe a Afirka, bayyanar civilization na Habasha ta samo asali ne tun dubban shekaru. Saboda ƙaura da faɗaɗa masarautu, ya ƙaru ya haɗa da yawancin al'ummomin da ke magana da Afro-Asiatic, da suka haɗa da Amhara, Oromos, Somalia, Tigray, Afars, Sidama, Gurage, Agaw da Harari, da sauransu. Daya daga cikin masarautun farko da suka hau mulki a yankin ita ce daular D'mt a karni na 10 BC, wacce ta kafa babban birninta a Yeha. A karni na farko miladiyya Masarautar Aksumite ta hau karagar mulki a yankin Tigray mai hedkwata a Aksum kuma ta zama babbar kasa a Tekun Bahar Maliya, ta mamaye Yemen da Meroe. A farkon ƙarni na huɗu, lokacin mulkin Ezana, an ayyana Kiristanci a matsayin addinin gwamnati. Sarautar Ezana kuma ita ce lokacin da Aksumiyawa suka fara bayyana kansu a matsayin "Habashawa", kuma ba da dadewa ba, Philostorgius ya zama marubuci na farko daga waje da ya kira Aksumites Habashawa. Daular Aksumite ta fada cikin durkushewa tare da bullowar Musulunci a yankin Larabawa, wanda sannu a hankali ya sauya kasuwanci daga Aksum na Kirista.Daga karshe ya zama tattalin arzikinta ya durkushe sannan aka kawo karshen mamayar kasuwancin Aksum na yanki Aksumites sun ba da damar zuwa daular Zagwe, wanda ya kafa sabon babban birni a Lalibela kafin ya ba da damar daular Sulemanu a karni na 13. A lokacin zamanin Sulemanu na farko, Habasha ta yi gyare-gyaren soja da faɗaɗa masarautu wanda ya ba ta damar mamaye Horn of Afirka. Mishan na Portugal sun zo a wannan lokacin. A cikin shekarar 1529, Adal Sultanate yayi ƙoƙari ya ci Abyssinia kuma ya sami nasara ta farko; Daular Ottoman ne suka kawo Adal yayin da Abyssinia ta sami ƙarfafan Portuguese. A shekara ta 1543, Abyssinia ta sake kwace yankunan da aka rasa amma yakin ya raunana bangarorin biyu. Mutanen Oromo sun sami damar faɗaɗa zuwa tsaunukan tsaunuka, inda suka ci duka Adal Sultanate da Abyssinia. Kasancewar Portuguese kuma ya karu, yayin da Ottoman suka fara turawa zuwa cikin kasar Eritrea a yanzu, suna haifar da Habesh Eyale. Turawan Portugal sun kawo makamai na zamani da gine-ginen baroque zuwa Habasha, kuma a shekara ta 1622 sun mayar da sarki Susenyos I zuwa Katolika, wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa wanda ya ƙare a kawar da dukan Katolika daga Habasha. An kafa sabon babban birnin kasar a Gonder a shekara ta 1632, kuma an samu zaman lafiya da ci gaba har sai da kasar ta raba gari da sarakunan yaki a karni na 18 a zamanin Zemene Mesafint. Kasar Habasha ta sake hadewa a shekara ta 1855 karkashin Tewodros II, inda ta fara tarihinta na zamani sannan kuma ya biyo bayan mulkinsa Yohannes IV wanda aka kashe a 1889. A karkashin Menelik na biyu Habasha ta fara sauye-sauye zuwa ingantaccen tsarin ci gaban fasaha da tsarin da kasar ke da shi a yanzu. Habasha ta zaci kan iyaka na zamani zuwa kudu da gabas bayan yaki da maharan da suka fito daga kudu, wanda ya haifar da iyakokin Habasha ta zamani. Habasha ta yi galaba a kan mamayewar Masar a 1876 da kuma mamayar Italiya a 1896 wanda ya kashe Habashawa 17,000, kuma ta zama halastacciyar ƙasa ta turawa. Sabon zamani ya yi sauri a karkashin Menelik II da Haile Selassie. Italiya ta ƙaddamar da mamayewa na biyu a cikin shekarar 1935. Daga 1935 zuwa 1941, Habasha tana karkashin mulkin Italiya a matsayin wani yanki na Italiyan Gabashin Afirka. Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun yi nasarar korar Italiyawa daga ƙasar a shekara ta 1941, kuma Haile Selassie ya koma kan karagar mulki daga shekaru 5 da ya yi gudun hijira a Biritaniya. Habasha da Eritiriya sun haɗu a cikin tarayya, amma lokacin da Haile Selassie ya kawo karshen tarayyar a shekara ta 1961 ya mayar da Eritrea lardin Habasha, shekaru 30 na yakin 'yancin kai na Eritrea ya barke. Eritrea ta sake samun 'yancin kai bayan kuri'ar raba gardama a shekarar 1993. An hambarar da Haile Selassie a shekara ta 1974 kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Derg ta hau kan karagar mulki. A cikin shekarar 1977 Somaliya ta mamaye, tana ƙoƙarin mamaye yankin Ogaden, amma sojojin Habasha, Soviet, da Kuba suka fatattake su. A cikin shekarar 1977 da 1978 gwamnati ta azabtar da ko kashe dubban daruruwan da ake zargin makiya a cikin Red Terror. Kasar Habasha ta fuskanci yunwa a shekarar 1984 da ta kashe mutane miliyan daya da yakin basasa wanda ya yi sanadin faduwar mulkin Dergi a shekarar 1991. Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Tarayya karkashin Meles Zenawi. Kasar Habasha ta kasance tana fama da talauci sosai, duk da cewa tattalin arzikinta ya zama daya daga cikin kasashe masu saurin bunkasa a duniya. Rikicin basasa a kasar, da suka hada da rikicin Metekel da yakin Tigray, na ci gaba da gudana. Tarihi Sai a shekara ta 1963 ne aka gano shaidar kasancewar tsohon hominids a Habasha, shekaru da yawa bayan an yi irin wannan binciken a makwabciyar Kenya da Tanzaniya. Gerrard Dekker, masanin kimiyyar ruwa dan kasar Holland ne ya gano wannan binciken, wanda ya gano kayan aikin dutse na Acheulian da suka wuce shekaru miliyan daya a wurin Kella, kusa da Awash. Tun daga wannan lokaci muhimman abubuwan da aka gano da yawa sun sa Habasha ta zama kan gaba a fannin ilimin burbushin halittu. Hominid mafi tsufa da aka gano har zuwa yau a Habasha shine Ardipithicus ramidus (Ardi) mai shekaru miliyan 4.2 wanda Tim D. White ya samo a 1994. Sanannen binciken hominid shine Lucy, wanda aka samo a kwarin Awash na yankin Afar a cikin shekarar 1974 ta Donald Johanson, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi cika kuma mafi kyawun adanawa, manyan burbushin Australopithecine da aka taɓa ganowa. Sunan taxonomic na Lucy, Australopithecus afarensis, yana nufin 'biri na kudancin Afar', kuma yana nufin yankin Habasha inda aka gano. An kiyasta Lucy ta rayu shekaru miliyan 3.2 da suka wuce. An sami wasu fitattun binciken burbushin halittu da yawa a cikin ƙasar. A cikin Gona kayan aikin dutse an gano a cikin shekarar 1992 waɗanda ke da shekaru miliyan 2.52, irin waɗannan kayan aikin mafi dadewa da aka gano a ko'ina cikin duniya. A cikin shekarar 2010 burbushin kasusuwan dabbobi, waɗanda ke da shekaru miliyan 3.4, an same su da alamun dutse-kayan aikin da aka yi musu a cikin Lower Awash Valley ta wata ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa, karkashin jagorancin Shannon McPherron, wanda shine mafi tsufa shaidar amfani da kayan aikin dutse da aka taɓa samu. a ko'ina a duniya. A cikin shekarar 2004 burbushin da Richard Leakey ya gano kusa da kogin Omo a Kibbish a cikin shekarar 1967 an canza su zuwa shekaru 195,000, mafi tsufa kwanan wata a Gabashin Afirka ga Homo sapiens na zamani. Homo sapiens idaltu, wanda aka samu a tsakiyar Awash a Habasha a 1997, ya rayu kimanin shekaru 160,000 da suka wuce. Wasu daga cikin sanannun shaidun farko na makamai masu linzami na farko (wani kayan aiki na Homo sapiens), ƙwanƙolin dutse na javelins ko jifar mashi, an gano su a cikin shekarar 2013 a wurin Gademotta, kuma kwanan wata zuwa kusan 279,000 shekaru da suka wuce. A cikin shekarar 2019, an sami ƙarin shaida game da haɗaɗɗun makamai masu linzami a Aduma, kuma a cikin Habasha, shekaru 100,000-80,000 da suka gabata, a cikin nau'ikan maki da ake ganin na iya zama na darts da masu jefa mashi suka kawo. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22545

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Tattalin%20Arziki%20Da%20Yancin%20Jama%27a

Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki Da Yancin Jama'a

Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a (CESR) ƙungiya ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya wacce ke aiki da farko azaman bincike da ba da agaji ba game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a. HiCESR tana alfahari da neman "adalci na zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar 'yancin dan adam" ta hanyar gudanar da ayyukan kare hakkin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma tare da hadin gwiwar wasu kungiyoyin kasa da na duniya da kuma masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam na cikin gida da masu fafutuka a kasashen waje. Kungiyar ta mai da hankali kan ayyukanta musamman kan batutuwan ilimi, kiwon lafiya, abinci da ruwa, gidaje, haƙƙoƙi a cikin rikici, talauci, da rashin daidaito. Kungiyar tana aiki a cikin ƙasashe 30 da suka bazu a duk nahiyoyi. Don tabbatar da bin ka'idoji na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, CESR tana amfani da tsarin tsaka-tsakin doka da nazarin tattalin arziki don bayar da shawarwari kan batutuwa da sa ido, tonawa da ɗaukar gwamnatoci game da take hakki baya ga samar da albarkatu da takaddun doka don yin hakan. Manufa ta hukuma ta CESR ita ce "yin aiki don amincewa da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a matsayin kayan aiki mai ƙarfi don inganta adalci da zamantakewar ɗan adam." Tushen Kungiyar CESR tana kula da kwamitin gudanarwa na duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi jagoranci daga Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka, Colombia, Japan, Bangladesh, Sweden, da Ostiraliya Tarihin kungiyar An kafa CESR a cikin shekarata alif 1993, na Roger Normand, Sarah Zaidi da Chris Jochnick. Ita ce kungiya ta farko da aka kirkira don mai da hankali kacokam kan hakkin tattalin arziki, kuma zamantakewa da al'adu. An kafa CESR ne da nufin dawo da al'umman kare hakkin dan adam ga asalin ta a cikin imani da dogaro da dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da aka kafa a cikin sanarwar duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan Adam da aka kafa a shekara ta alif 1948. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a tsakiyar manyan take hakki da ƙin yarda da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma a duniya waɗanda aka ba da kulawa da gaggawa ba kaɗan ba da na haƙƙin jama'a da siyasa Kungiyar ta cigaba da aiwatar da wannan hangen nesan tun lokacin da aka kirkire ta duk da haka ta kirkiro dabarun ta don daidaitawa da haduwa da sauye-sauye iri-iri da juyin halitta a fagen hakkin dan adam da kuma lamurran duniya gaba daya. A cikin shekarun daga 1993 zuwa 1996, CESR ta fi mai da hankali kan bincike da ayyukan bayar da shawarwari don tabbatar da mahimmancin haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma kuma ta shirya jerin tattaunawa da bitoci tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam, cigaba da ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewar jama'a don ƙalubalantar batutuwan da suka shafi batun 'yancin dan adam bai kasance ginshiki da daidaito na tsarin kare hakkin dan adam ba. Kungiyar ta kuma kaddamar da wani aiki kan kiwon lafiya da muhalli a kasar Ekwado. Tsakanin shekara ta alif 1997 da kuma shekara ta 2000, CESR ya kafa da ƙarfafa ayyukan a Amurka, Latin Amurka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wannan ma wani muhimmin lokaci ne na ƙarfafa ƙungiyar kanta ta hanyar sadarwar da ta inna naha, tuntuba da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyi da yawa na cikin gida da manyan ƙungiyoyi kamar Amnesty International, CARE, Oxfam International, da dai sauransu. Daga shekarata alif 1998 zuwa shekarar 2004, CESR ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta da yankunan ayyukan. Haka nan ta fadada ayyukanta ba wai kawai bincike da bayar da shawarwari ba game da hakkokin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma amma har ma da aiwatar da dabarun raba dabaru da shawarwari da ayyukan cigaban hadin kai. Amma duk da haka, wataƙila mafi mahimmancin canjin ƙungiyar ya faru tsakanin shekarar 2004 da shekara ta 2008. A shekara ta 2004, Eitan Felner ya zama sabon babban darakta na CESR kuma ya fara aiwatar da jerin dabarun sa ido kan haƙƙin ƙungiyar don amfani da koya wa wasu don kawo ƙarin canje-canje na ƙwarai. CESR kuma ta taƙaita ayyukanta don mai da hankali kan ƙarin takamaiman ayyukan ƙasar. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008, Eitan Felner ya sauka daga matsayin babban darakta kuma an maye gurbinsa da Ignacio Saiz, babban darakta na yanzu, a shekarar 2009. CESR a halin yanzu tana da hedkwata a cikin New York. 'Yancin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma Dokar Duniya An kafa kuma an amince da shi a shekara ta alif 1948, Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) ta ce "Dukkan 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma suna da mutunci da hakkoki daidai." UDHR, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR) da yarjeniyoyinta biyu na zabi, da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) da kuma hanyoyin ladabtar da ke bijiro da ita sun samar da abin da aka sani da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu an zartar da ita a ranar 16 ga Disamba, a shekarata alif 1966 kuma ta fara aiki a shekara ta alif 1976. Kwamitin Kula da Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (CESCR) ne ke lura da aiwatar da shi da kuma bibiyar sa, kungiyar kwararru ta duniya goma sha takwas da aka kafa a shekara ta alif 1985 kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ko ECOSOC ta tsara Juyin Halitta da Ingancin Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa 'Yancin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a ana daukar su ne na biyu na hakkoki a bayan hakkokin jama'a da siyasa. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da, amma ba a iyakance ga, haƙƙin yin aiki, yanayi mai kyau da dacewa na aiki, da 'yancin kafa da shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, da yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa, da haƙƙin abinci, da isasshen gidaje, lafiya da ilimi. Masana da yawa suna jayayya da cewa haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar asali ya fara samo asali ne daga cikin masana'antar ƙasashe da haɓaka rukunin ma'aikata waɗanda suka fara tattarawa da neman haƙƙin ma'aikaci. Matsalar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a da fitarwa sun cigaba da bunƙasa kuma sun bayyana a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da na II, Yakin Cacar Baki, Babban Tashin Hankali da mahimmancin yau, tare da faɗaɗa jari-hujja da cigaba, galibi na ƙasashe "na uku duniya". Kodayake UDHR na shekara ta alif 1948 ya haɗa da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a a cikin Labarai na 22-27, haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da siyasa shi ne babban abinda aka mayar da hankali ga takaddar. An ba da shawarar cewa wannan rashin wakilcin na asali a cikin UDHR ya samo asali ne daga rashin yarda da juna kan abinda haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a yake, da kasancewar su duniya baki ɗaya da kuma ingancinsu a dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kirkirar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya kuma gamu da suka mai yawa game da aiwatar da wadannan hakkoki a cikin dokokin duniya. Na farko, masu sukar sunyi jayayya, kuma wasu har yanzu suna nan, cewa haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a ba zai iya ba kuma bai kamata a saka su cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ba saboda baza su iya kimantawa da kotu ba. Na biyu, masu sukar sun bayyana cewa haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a yana fama da rashin ikon aiwatarwa kai tsaye. A ƙarshe, masu sukar suna jayayya cewa sabanin haƙƙin jama'a da na siyasa wanda za a iya samar da shi cikin sauƙi, haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a yana buƙatar aiki mai fa'ida sosai tare da albarkatu da lokaci. Duk da haka, kodayake bahasin akan ingancin haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a yana nan, kasancewar da matsayin haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a a cikin dokokin ƙasa an ƙarfafa shi kuma babu shakku. Yanzu an dage sosai a cikin dokar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, kodayake ba koyaushe jihohi ke aiwatar da shi a aikace ba, cewa haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba zai iya rarrabuwa ba daga haƙƙin ɗan adam da na siyasa wanda ba za a iya cin wani haƙƙi ba tare da sauran ba. Mafi mahimmanci, duniya za ta cigaba ne kawai da shiga cikin zamanin dunkulewar duniya da cigaba wanda zai sanya haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a a gaba ga dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Shirye-shirye da ayyuka CESR a halin yanzu tana aiki akan ayyuka da yawa a duk faɗin duniya kuma yana aiki a cikin ƙasashe 30. Guatemala Daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan da CESR ta ɗauka a Latin Amurka shine batun Guatemala Kodayake Guatemala ƙasa ce mai matsakaicin samun kuɗi amma tana da wasu alamomi mafi munin alamomi da rabon arzikin ƙasa a Latin Amurka. Duk da cewa akwai albarkatun kasa sama da sauran kasashen yankin, amma an samu ci gaba ta fuskar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma kuma nasarar da aka samu ba ta da yawa. Ta hanyar bincike da bincike, CESR ta tabbatar da cewa manufofin kasafin kudin jihar ne suka zama sanadiyar tursasawa wajen karyatawa da take hakkokin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a kasar. CESR ta nemi sauƙaƙawa da haɓaka canje-canje a Guatemala ta hanyar fallasa matsaloli tare da manufofin kasafin kuɗin jihar da sanya haƙƙin ɗan Adam wani ɓangare na muhawara da sake fasalin kasafin kuɗi da haraji na ƙasashe. Kamar yadda yake na CESR, ƙungiyar ta haɗu tare da ƙungiyar masu tunani na gida na manufofin kuɗi da aka sani da Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Fiscales da kuma tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin ba da shawarwari na cikin gida na batutuwa daban-daban ciki har da kiwon lafiya, ilimi, haƙƙin ɗan adam, ci gaba, da sauransu. Baya ga kawo 'yancin ɗan adam cikin tattaunawa na kasafin kuɗi da sake fasalin haraji da kuma neman jajircewar gwamnati kan kashe kuɗin zamantakewar jama'a a fannoni kamar kiwon lafiyar mata, rashin abinci mai gina jiki na yara da rashin daidaito tsakanin ƙabilu da ƙauyuka birane, CESR ta kuma bayyana manufofinta na ba da shawara a hukumance kamar haka shiga cikin masu ba da gudummawa inganta ƙimar lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa magance kafofin watsa labaru da maganganun kasuwanci kwadaitarwa da matsin lamba game da bin diddigi a taron kare hakkin dan adam na duniya da dandalin ci gaban CESR gabaɗaya ta iya shafar manufofin kasafin kuɗin a shekarata 2010 na Guatemala ta hanyar dabarunta da ƙoƙarinta kuma ta sami gwamnati da mai ba da gudummawa ga haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a, aiwatarwa da bin wannan alƙawarin zai zama da wahala a nan gaba musamman kamar yadda CESR ta fuskanci iyakoki da yawa ƙalubale sosai a cikin rashin ilimi da damuwa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam daga masu tsara manufofi da ƙalubalen haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi, da sauransu. Bugu da kari, CESR da aka inganta duk da haka bai karfafa ikon sa ido da ikon jihar da sauran kungiyoyi don 'yancin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma ba kuma ya sami damar samun kananan ci gaba ne kawai a kafafen yada labarai da maganganun kasuwanci da kuma matsa lamba don ba da lissafi a cikin bita na duniya. Duniya Ta Project Equality Equality Project ko WEEP ta fara ne daga Sarah Zaidi na CESR tare da haɗin gwiwar Leilani Farha na Center for Equality Rights in Accommodation da Shelagh Day of National Association of Women and the Law kuma yanzu yana cikin ɓangare na kungiyar Mata masu Aiki. Yana neman yin aiki fiye da tsaka tsaki tsakanin jinsi da nazari da kuma fallasa hanyoyin da za a ba mata damar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar su a kujerar baya ga 'yancin jama'a da siyasa. Don yin hakan, fahimtar larurorin farko da mata ke fuskanta na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da haƙƙin al'adu ya buƙaci a kafa don yin aiki don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tabbatacce, ba kawai tsaka tsaki tsakanin maza da mata ba, wanda zai magance ɗumbin rashin daidaito mata da talauci idan aka kwatanta ga maza. Shirin na da nufin mayar da al'amuran mata wani bangare ne na manufofin kasa da na duniya, musamman a zamanin dunkulewar duniya inda aka ce shirin samar da tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki zai haifar da amfani da mata. Kalubalen kungiya Hakkokin Tattalin Arziƙi da na Jama'a sun fi wahalar bayyanawa da tilastawa fiye da haƙƙin jama'a da siyasa kuma CESR ta haɗu da ƙalubale da yawa game da ayyukanta da ko dabarunsu, wasu sun sadu da nasara wasu kuma tare da gazawa. Masu sukar lamiri suna ba da shawarar cewa bai isa ba ga kungiya kawai ta fallasa cin zarafi da kasadar zama wata murya a cikin taron amma ana bukatar karfi da dabaru sosai. Wannan ya hada da ba wai kawai kokarin mai da hankali ba a karshen zangon kallon kamar na gwamnatoci da masu bayar da agaji ba sai dai karin zurfafawa da kuma karin shigar da jama'ar yankin wadanda za su kasance wadanda abin ya fi shafa ta hanyar rabon arzikin da ke tattare da hakkokin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Manufofin jama'a Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Yancin Jama'a na neman tasiri da sauya manufofin jama'a game da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a da dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, gaba ɗaya ta hanyar bincike da bayar da shawarwari. CESR ta ba da labarai da yawa, takaddun gaskiya na ƙasa, wallafe-wallafe kan batun, takamaiman takaddun ƙasar da gabatarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a hukumance. Hakanan sun kirkiro laburare na wallafe-wallafe da albarkatu game da dukkan yankuna na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma sun haɓaka jerin kayan aiki da albarkatu don sa ido kan haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar jama'a da kuma ma'amala da musantawa da take hakki. Baya ga ƙoƙarin da suke yi na ilimantar da jama'a, ƙungiyoy da gwamnatoci, sadarwar su da haɗin gwiwa kamar yadda kuma aka ba CESR damar yin aiki don canza manufofin jama'a ta hanyar matsin lamba na siyasa, da mahimmanci ta hanyar fallasa ƙaryatawa da keta haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma da aiki don ganin an yiwa gwamnatoci da 'yan wasan da ba na jihar adalci game da wadannan hakkokin. Musamman, CESR tayi aiki sosai a cikin Amurka tun daga shekarata alif .1998 don magance adawar Amurka da rashin amincewa da ICESR kuma saboda haka, rashin matuƙar rashin nasara game da haƙƙin tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewar jama'a, ɗayan mafi munin bayanai na duk manyan -kasashe masu shigowa a duniya. CESR, baya ga matakan matsin lamba na siyasa da siyasa, har ma ta bukaci Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ya yi nazari na musamman kan take hakkin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar Amurka gabannin Bita na Zamani na Duniya, tare da kara matsin lambar kasa da kasa akan Jihar. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, CESR shima yayi aiki sosai don canjin manufofin jama'a, musamman manufofin kasafin kudi, a Guatemala kuma ya gamu da nasarori da koma baya. Kamar kasashen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, CESR har yanzu tana aiki don tabbatar da lissafin kuɗi ta jihohi bin bita na ƙasa da ƙasa. Gabaɗaya magana, CESR yana aiki a ƙasashen duniya don matsawa jihohi don cika Muradun Bunkasuwar Millennium tare da nasarori iri-iri da koma baya. Manazarta Sarki, Jeffrey. Littafin Dan gwagwarmaya kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu. Doka da Dogara ta Jama'a: Maris 2003. Kungiya Kalubale Tattalin Arziki Tarihi Majiya Cibiyar yanar gizo don Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a Jerin SourceWatch akan CESR Lissafin ESCR-Net akan CESR Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Dangantakar%20Najeriya%20da%20Amurka

Tarihin Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka

Dangantakar dake tsakanin Tarayyar Najeriya da kasar Amurka ta kasance a hukumance lokacin da Najeriya ta samu ƴancin kai daga ƙasar Birtaniya a shekarar alif 1960. A cikin ƙarni na 21st, sun haifar da ƙawance mai mahimmanci, a wani lokacin kuma basa jin daɗi, bayan wani ɗan lokaci na diflomasiyya da aka bincika. A al'adance Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan huldar Amurka a Afirka, kuma tare da yawan al'ummar ƙasashen sun kai sama da rabin biliyan. Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu ’yancin kanta ne tare da fa’ida, ko da yake ba bisa ka’ida ba, a ra’ayin kasashen yamma, dangantakarta ta farko da Amurka ta yi matukar taɓarɓarewa sakamakon tallafin jin kai da Amurka ke baiwa masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, da kuma yakin cacar baka a wasu wurare a Afirka. A ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford, an tada hankali ne sakamakon goyon bayan da ƙasashen ke baiwa ɓangarorin da ke adawa da juna a yakin basasar Angola, da kuma yadda Amurka ke ci gaba da nuna goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, wadda ta kasance mai ɗaukar hankali a tsawon shekarun 1980. Dangantaka ta inganta sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, saboda tsare-tsaren manufofin harkokin waje na gwamnatin Jimmy Carter da kuma yadda Najeriya ta ƙara yawan man fetur da take fitarwa ga Amurka bayan rikicin OPEC na 1973 Ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a shekarar 1978 ita ce ziyarar aiki ta farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara A cikin shekarun 1980, dangantakar kasuwanci da zuba jari da ke ci gaba da gudana tare da tashe-tashen hankula na diflomasiyya kan gazawar gwamnatin Najeriya wajen dakile laifuffukan kan iyaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi, da kuma ƙarin rahotanni na take hakkin dan Adam a cikin Najeriya. Duk da cewa a baya Amurka ba ta cika nuna adawa da mulkin sojan Najeriya ba, amma haƙurinta ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Janar Sani Abacha wanda ya karbi mulki a lokacin juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1993 Tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa Najeriya na fuskantar ƙarin takunkumai da kuma kusan wargaza huldar diflomasiyya. Sai dai Amurka ta yi gaggawar maraba da komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999. A zamanin mulkin shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo, huldar kasuwanci da taimako ta ƙara haɓɓaka, kuma alaƙar ƙasashen ta dawo da zafi a baya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta ta'allaka ne kan haɗin gwiwar soji, da tsaro, da yaki da ta'addanci a yammacin Afirka, musamman shirye-shiryen da suka shafi ɓangarori daban-daban a mashigin tekun Guinea da ISIS da Boko Haram A yayin gudanar da wadannan tsare-tsare, tashe-tashen hankula da rashin yarda da juna a tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya, wasu lokuta kan shiga cikin rikicin diflomasiyya. Da yake fitowa daga al'adar diflomasiyyar mai tsakanin kasashen biyu a baya, ƙasashen biyu sun bunƙasa cinikin mai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma Amurka ta kasance babbar kasuwa don fitar da ɗanyen man Najeriya zuwa kasashen waje, kusan gaba ɗaya na danyen mai Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ta farko da ke saka hannun jari daga ketare a Najeriya kuma babbar hanyar samun agaji daga ketare. Sama da 'yan Najeriya miliyan ɗaya da Amurkawa 'yan Najeriya suna zaune, karatu, aiki a Amurka. Yayin da sama da Amurkawa 25,000 ke zaune, kuma suna aiki a Najeriya. Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen Nijeriya da dama a ƙasar Amirka, da ke taimaka wa harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin al’ummar Nijeriya, a wajen Nijeriya. Haɓaka waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziƙi na yau da kullun shine adadi mai yawa na kuɗi ga iyalai daga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa mazauna Najeriya Amma duk da haka albarkatun man fetur na Najeriya da muhimmancinsa ga zaman lafiyar yankin sun yi ƙoƙarin dakile duk wani karfi na dogaro ga Amurka, tare da rage karfin da ake samu da kuma kulla alaƙa da mutunta juna da kuma cin moriyar juna. Dangane da kuri'ar 2019 daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka. Tarihi 1960–1966: Farkon dangantakar diflomasiyya An kulla huldar diflomasiyya ta yau da kullum tare da bude ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Legas da na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Washington, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban 1960, a daidai lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Shugaban ƙasar Amirka, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ya wakilce shi a bukukuwan 'yancin kai daga Nelson Rockefeller, Gwamnan New York. A cikin sakonsa ga sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, Eisenhower ya yi wa Najeriya alƙawarin goyon bayan Amurka (Amurka), amma kuma ya yi gargadin game da barazanar da za a iya samu daga wajen iyakokinta wanda aka fahimta a matsayin abin rufe fuska ga Tarayyar Soviet., don haka ne majibincin yanayin yaƙin cacar -baki wanda zai daidaita dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a farkon wannan lokacin. Bayan shigar Najeriya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) daga baya a cikin 1960, Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya sanar da cewa, a fagen siyasa, Najeriya za ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka mai wuyar shiga tsakani na yakin cacar baka, kuma ba za ta sadaukar da ‘yancinta ga Gabas ba. –Kishiyoyin Yamma. Duk da haka, cewa gwamnatin farar hula ta Jamhuriyar Farko ta Najeriya ba ta kasance a hukumance ba, amma ta kasance "a bayyane, ko da yake ba bautar ba, mai goyon bayan Yamma". Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tsarin diflomasiyya da tattalin arziki, sakamakon ci gaba da kusancin Najeriya da Birtaniya, amma kuma ya shafi alakar akida. Kamar yadda Balewa ya nuna a cikin jawabin 1961 ga 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya, "Mun yaba da salon rayuwar Amurka, kuma muna girmama mutanen Amurka saboda son 'yanci". Baya ga ɗaukar yaɗuwar tsarin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet, wani daga cikin manufofin farko na Amurka a Najeriya shi ne ƙarfafa dangantakar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu. Ta nuna sha'awarta ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya kafin 1960, ta ba da taimakon raya kasa ta hanyar Biritaniya, kuma, a shekarar 1958, ta ba da gudummawar dala 700,000 don samar da ayyuka goma a Najeriya, galibi a fannin noma. Jim kadan bayan 'yancin kai na Najeriya, an aika da wata manufa ta musamman ta tattalin arziki mai mutum biyar domin ta yi nazari kan shirin ci gaban Najeriya da kuma neman hanyoyin da za a iya hada kan tattalin arziki. A shawarar manufa, Amurka ta himmatu wajen samar da dala miliyan 225 a cikin taimakon raya ƙasa sama da shekaru biyar, farawa daga 1962 tare da dala miliyan 25 na lamuni da tallafi. A cikin 1964, wata takardar manufofin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana cewa, "Babban sha'awar Amurka a Najeriya ita ce ganin ta girma da ci gaba, a cikin ƴancin Duniya, a matsayin jagora kuma kyakkyawan misali ga sauran kasashen Afirka." Duk da haka, wannan shirin ya wargaje a 1966, lokacin da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki a Najeriya ya kawar da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa. A cikin hargitsin da ya biyo baya, an kori rundunar zaman lafiya ta Amurka gaba daya daga Najeriya. 1967–1970: Yakin Basasa na Najeriya A watan Yulin shekarar 1967, yakin basasa ya barke a Najeriya, sakamakon yunkurin ballewar kasar Biafra. Nan da nan Amurka ta ɗauki "tsakiyar tsaka-tsaki mai ban sha'awa", ko da yake duka 'yan awaren Biafra da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta Janar Jack Gowon sun nemi taimakon sojan Amurka da diflomasiyya. Kwanaki huɗu bayan barkewar rikici, Amurka ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za ta sayar ko ba da makamai ga kowane ɓangare ba, "don kada a zurfafa rikici". A bisa ga al'ada yana mai da hankali ga rawar da tsoffin turawan mulkin mallaka suka taka a Afirka, kuma ya shiga cikin Vietnam sosai, Shugaba Lyndon B. Johnson ya ɗauki yakin a matsayin "al'amarin Biritaniya" wanda ba a keɓance muradun Amurkawa ba. Ko da yake wannan manufar ta fusata jami'an Najeriya, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta yi wata sanarwa ta sasantawa, inda ta sake jaddada matsayinta na rashin hadin kai a yakin cacar-baka tare da bayyana cewa Amurka da Birtaniya "har yanzu sun kasance a matsayin farko na Najeriya. zabi don siyan makamai saboda dalilai da yawa" ko da yake kuma yana gargadin cewa yana sa ran "abokanta, musamman a Yamma" ba za su kawo cikas ga kokarinta na yaki ba. Ba tare da goyon bayan Amurka ba, gwamnatin tarayya ta nema, kuma ta karɓi taimakon sojan Soviet. Duk da haka, Amurka ba ta kallon wannan ƙawance a matsayin mai barazana musamman ga muradunta wani ɓangare saboda kasancewar tarayyar Soviet ta kawar da kasancewar Birtaniyya, kuma wani ɓangare saboda manyan 'yan Najeriya sun nuna ra'ayin mazan jiya: a cikin taƙaitaccen bayanin Oye Ogunbadejo, "Janar Gowon ya kasance. da wuya Bolshevik Wannan kiyasi ya tabbata: ko da a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ba da taimako, kuma ko da yake Najeriya ta ci gaba da ba da taimako da haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tare da Tarayyar Soviet bayan an gama yaƙin, aƙidar Tarayyar Soviet ba ta taɓa mamaye shugabannin Najeriya sosai ba. A lokacin da shugaban kasar Amurka Richard Nixon ya shiga ofis a shekarar 1969, ya goyi bayan shiga tsakani kai tsaye a Najeriya domin tallafawa masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra. Wannan tallafin ya ragu, duk da haka mai yiyuwa ne saboda Henry Kissinger da sauran jami'an Ma'aikatar Jiha sun nuna goyon baya ga gwamnatin tarayya, kuma mai yiyuwa, kamar yadda a cikin tunawa da Kissinger, saboda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Harold Wilson ya karkatar da ra'ayoyin Nixon. Duk da haka, ko da ba tare da tsoma baki kai tsaye ba, Amurka ta gaza a yunƙurinta na kiyaye "ƙananan bayanan martaba". A wani kwarin gwiwa na wata babbar fage mai fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra a Washington, ƙasar Amirka ta ba da taimako mai mahimmanci, wanda aka kiyasta fiye da dala miliyan 9, don magance rikicin bil adama da ya taso daga dogon lokaci na hana Biafra. Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya, ya ce a cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, Amurka na fatan ganin an samu “haɗin kai kuma ba za a raba” Nijeriya ba. Duk da haka, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta yi fushi da goyon bayan Amurka ga Biafra, wanda ya kasance siyasa ba tare da wata shakka ba a kai tsaye ta amince da ikon gwamnatin Biafra. Har ila yau, ta ji haushin Amurka don ba da izini har ma, wasu jami'an Najeriya da ake zargi, da haɗa kai yakin farfagandar Biafra a Yamma. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen ta amince a cikin rahoton 1971 cewa takunkumin makamai da ayyukan agaji na Biafra ya "dagula" dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka. 1970–1977: Sabani akan Kudancin Afirka Lokacin da kasar Biafra ta ruguje a watan Janairun 1970, Nixon na daga cikin shugabannin duniya na farko da suka taya gwamnatin mulkin sojan tarayya murnar nasarar da ta samu. Sakataren harkokin wajen kasar, William Rogers, ya ziyarci Najeriya a ranakun 19 zuwa 20 ga watan Fabrairu, kuma ya mika wata wasika ta sirri daga Nixon, inda ya nuna jin daɗin shugabancin Gowon. Duk da haka, lokacin da Gowon ya ziyarci Amurka na kwanaki biyar a 1973, bai gana da Nixon ba. Gabaɗaya, dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya ta kasance "ta yi kyau sosai" a yawancin shekarun 1970, kuma ta haɗa da lokacin "ɓangarorin" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin shugaban Amurka Gerald Ford (1974-1977). Wannan ya faru ba kawai don bacin rai da ya rage daga yakin basasar Najeriya ba, har ma da karuwar rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin kasashen game da yadda ya kamata a tunkari tashe-tashen hankula a kasashen Kudancin Afirka a karkashin mulkin fararen fata. Duk da cewa Amurka ba ta dauki Najeriya da kanta a matsayin mai rauni ga yaduwar gurguzu ba, manufofinta na kamewa a wasu wurare a Afirka sun haifar da tashin hankali a shekarun 1970, musamman yadda kasancewar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban ke karuwa a Kudancin Afirka, sabuwar kan iyaka da Afirka ta koma mulkin mallaka. Akwai dalilai masu karfi da yawa game da wannan: Juriya da Najeriya ta yi wa mulkin Afirka ta Kudu da dabarun Afirka ta Kudu na neman kafa gwamnatocin abokan ciniki a cikin jihohin da ake kira gaba yunƙurinsa na akida na gaske don kwato Afirka gaba ɗaya daga mulkin mallaka da mulkin farar fata masu rinjaye; da kuma imaninta cewa ya kamata a samu 'yantar da Afirka tare da mutunta diyaucin kasashen Afirka, wanda ke nuna fifiko kan tsarin kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU) da kuma 'yancin cin gashin kai na jihohi don gayyatar taimako daga duk wani kawaye na yunƙurin 'yantar, ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet. Union da Kuba. Taimakon Najeriya ga Angolan a yakin yancin kai na Angolan, sannan ga Movimento Popular da Libertação de Angola (MPLA) a yakin basasar Angolan, ya yi kira ga wannan cakuda na motsa jiki. Matsayin Najeriya gaba daya game da Kudancin Afirka da Angola ya kasance a bayyane, amma a karkashin Janar Murtala Muhammed wanda ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 1975 Najeriya ta kaddamar da farmakin diflomasiyya na goyon bayan MPLA, wanda ya kai ga amincewa da gwamnatin karshen a hannun yawancin kasashe mambobin kungiyar, na OAU. Bugu da ƙari, Nijeriya ta ba da taimako ga ƙungiyoyi masu 'yanci, ta hanyar OAU da kuma taimakon soja da tattalin arziki kai tsaye, wanda aka kiyasta kimanin dala miliyan 5 a kowace shekara a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Wannan agajin ya haɗa da samar da makamai da kuma amfani da jiragen sojin Najeriya, kuma a shekara ta 1977 gwamnati ta sanar da aniyarta ta tura sojojin Najeriya don tallafawa 'yantar da yankin kudancin Afirka, ko da kuwa cikin haɗarin da za a iya fuskanta na ramuwar gayya daga Afirka ta Kudu. A Angola kamar yadda ake yi a wasu lokuta a ƙarni na 20 wannan matsayi ya sa Najeriya ta yi hannun riga da Amurka, saboda manufofin kame na karshen, kusanci da tsoffin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da alaka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin Janairu 1976, Ford ya rubuta wa Muhammad wasika a cikinta ya yi alkawarin karfafa Afirka ta Kudu don kawo karshen shisshigin da take yi a yakin basasar Angola, amma sai idan Muhammad ya gaya wa MPLA ya nemi ficewar sojojin Soviet da Cuban. "Ba za mu iya... tsaya kyam ba idan Tarayyar Soviet da Cuban suka ci gaba da sa baki," Ford ya kammala. An bayar da rahoton cewa ya rubuta irin wannan wasiƙu zuwa ga wasu shugabannin ƙasashen Afirka, yana matsa musu don kada su goyi bayan ko amincewa da MPLA da kuma ba da shawarar cewa 'yancin kai na Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka Namibiya mai mulkin Afirka ta Kudu) zai kasance da sharadi ga janyewar Cuba. daga Angola. Muhammed ya mayar da martani da vitriol, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance yana kwatanta wasikar a matsayin "cin mutunci ga shugabannin Afirka". Ƴan Jaridu da jama'a a Najeriya ma sun fusata sosai: Daily Times (Nigeria) ta gudanar da labarin a karkashin taken "Shut Up", yayin da shafin farko na jaridar Najeriya Nigerian Herald ya rubuta, "To Hell With America", a farkon shafin jaridar. Tuni dai ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya ya bijire wa Amurka a lokacin, musamman saboda shigo da sinadarin chromite daga kasar Rhodesia karkashin mulkin Byrd, wanda ya kaucewa takunkumin da aka kakaba wa Rhodesia. Kuma a cikin Fabrairun 1975, alal misali, sojojin Najeriya sanye da tankokin yaki sun tilasta wa Hukumar Raya Cigaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka daga ofisoshinta a tsibirin Legas. Amma, a watan da ya biyo bayan wasiƙar Ford, a cikin Fabrairu 1976, tashin hankali ya ƙara tsananta lokacin da aka kashe Muhammed a wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi zargin cewa akwai hannun hukumar leƙen asiri ta Amurka. An yi zanga-zangar kyamar Amurkawa da dalibai suka yi a Legas da sauran wurare a Najeriya: masu zanga-zangar sun kona tutocin Amurka, sun kai hari kan ofisoshin diflomasiyya na Amurka, kuma sun bukaci a mayar da man fetur na Gulf na Amurka kasa. Wannan ya haifar da "barkewar dangantakar diflomasiyya" tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. Sau biyu a cikin 1976, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta tarayya ta ki amincewa Sakataren Gwamnati Kissinger ya ziyarci Legas, jaridar (New York Times) sun ruwaito zargin cewa ita ma ta matsa wa Ghana ta soke ziyarar da Kissinger ya shirya zuwa Accra. A cikin Oktoba 1976, Najeriya ta yi watsi da shawarar Anglo-Amurka don sasantawa na Rhodesian, kuma, a cikin Maris 1977, an kama wakilin jaridar New York Times na Afirka ta Yamma, John Darnton a Legas, sannan aka kore shi daga Najeriya. a cikin ci gaba da jin daɗin hukuma da jama'a game da 'yan leƙen asirin Amurka. 1977-1981: Haɗin kai a ƙarƙashin Carter Dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta inganta sosai tun daga shekarar 1977, musamman saboda zaben Jimmy Carter a matsayin shugaban kasar Amurka. Manufofin Carter na waje game da Afirka an kwatanta su da bambanta sosai da na magabata ba wai kawai a cikin mahimmancin Afirka ba, amma har ma da tsayin daka ga yakin cacar baka a Angola. na zamanin Kissinger, wanda, a cikin kalmomin Cyrus. Vance, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Carter, ya ɗauki Afirka "a matsayin filin gwaji na gasar Gabas da Yamma". Maimakon haka, Carter ya nemi ya zayyana hoton 'yancin kai na Amurka a waje, yana mai da hankali kan ka'idodin adalci na duniya da 'yancin ɗan adam; ya kuma yi tir da wariyar launin fata a bainar jama'a, ya kuma soki dabarun gwamnatin Ford a yakin basasar, Bugu da ƙari, Carter ya nada a matsayin jakadan Amurka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wani matashi bakar fata dan majalisa, Andrew Young, wanda ke abota na sirri da Laftanar Janar Olusegun Obasanjo, shugaban Najeriya, da Birgediya Joe Garba, kwamishinan harkokin waje na Najeriya. Gabaɗaya, ƙasar Amirka, da Jakadanta a Nijeriya, Donald B. Easum, sun jaddada aniyar ƙasar Amirka, na tuntubar Nijeriya sosai, game da manufofinta na ƙetare, a wasu wurare a Afrika. Tasirin sauye-sauyen biyu shine "damar sake farawa" a cikin dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka. Bugu da ƙari, yanayi na iya sa shugabannin Najeriya su sake yin la'akari da matsananciyar manufofinsu na ketare: duka tabarbarewar tattalin arzikin Najeriya, da kuma rashin ci gaban yunƙurin 'yantar da Afirka ta Kudu, sun sanya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Amurka ta zama abin sha'awa kuma har ma da mahimmanci. Ƙudurin da Carter ya yi na hana dogaro da shigo da mai daga ƙasashen waje, haɗe da faɗuwar faɗuwar da ake samu a cikin man Nijeriya saboda ƙarancin wadatar da man fetur a duniya, ya sa ya zama mahimmanci don haɓaka dangantakar tattalin arzikin Najeriya da Amurka (Kuma, lalle ne. a 1977, fiye da kashi 80% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka Dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta inganta cikin sauri, kuma shugabannin kasashen sun yi musanyar ziyarar aiki. Obasanjo ya ziyarci Washington a watan Oktoba 1977, kuma Carter ya ziyarci Legas a watan Maris zuwa Afrilu 1978. Ziyarar ta Obasanjo ita ce ta farko da wani shugaban Najeriya ya kai Amurka tun bayan samun 'yancin kai, yayin da Carter's ita ce ziyarar farko da wani shugaban Amurka ya kai wata kasa da ke kudu da hamadar Sahara. alfanun waɗannan ziyarce-ziyarcen ita ce Yarjejeniyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta Najeriya da Amurka, wadda a ƙarƙashinta dubban 'yan Najeriya za su sami horon fasaha a Amurka; da yarjejeniyoyin kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu, game da zuba jari da ciniki, fasaha, noma, da haɓaka karkara da ilimi. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, tawagogin kasuwanci na hukuma sun yi tafiya akai-akai tsakanin kasashen don shawarwari masu girma. Har ila yau, a cikin 1977, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli guda biyu tare da kamfanonin Amurka don tsara sabon babban birninta a Abuja, sanannen ficewa daga al'adar haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Birtaniya kan irin waɗannan batutuwa. Har ila yau, taimakon soja ya karu: yayin da Amurka ta sayar wa Najeriya kayan aikin soja kusan na dala miliyan 12.6 ne kawai tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1976, a 1977 Amurka ta amince da dala miliyan 45.5 a irin wannan siyayyar. A karshe, Carter da Obasanjo sun yi gaggawar cimma matsaya na wani bangare na sabanin da ke tsakanin kasashensu kan Kudancin Afirka. A cikin watan Satumba na 1977, Obasanjo ya fito fili kuma ya amince da sabon shawarwarin Anglo-Amurka na sasantawa a Rhodesia, kuma ya zaburar da su a wani taro a Lusaka tare da shugabannin jihohi. Wannan ya biyo bayan ganawa da matasa da gwamnatin Amurka game da cikakkun bayanai game da shawarwarin, kuma, bayan haka, an shawarci Najeriya sosai game da abubuwan da suka faru bayan da tattaunawar ta rushe a cikin Janairu 1978, Amurka da sauran wakilan yammacin Turai sun tashi zuwa Legas don shawarwari. da gwamnatin Najeriya. Lokacin da Najeriya ta koma kan tsarin dimokuradiyya a karkashin jamhuriya ta biyu, dangantakar diflomasiyya ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Hakika, kundin tsarin mulkin dimokaradiyyar Najeriya na 1979 ya yi sako-sako da tsarin tsarin shugaban kasa na tarayya na Amurka, da 'yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya goma sha shida sun ziyarci majalisar dokokin Amurka domin nazarin yadda tsarin ya gudana a karkashin hadadden al'ada na kabilanci da addini wanda ya haifar da rikici. Amurka da Najeriya sun yi daya. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Walter Mondale ya ziyarci Najeriya a watan Yulin 1980 a wani ɓangare na rangadin Afirka, kuma ya jaddada muradin Amurka na karfafa alaƙar tattalin arziki da Najeriya. Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari ya ziyarci Amurka a watan Oktoba 1980. Koyaya, ra'ayin cikin gida na Najeriya game da haɗin gwiwar Najeriya da Amurka ya bambanta. Wasu mazabu na cikin gida, ciki har da sassan 'yan jaridu, sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaban da aka samu tare da adawa da goyon bayan gwamnati ga shirin Anglo-Amurka a Rhodesia. A matakin hukuma, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance abin da ya dace. Ayyukan gwamnatin Carter na manufofinta na Afirka wani lokaci yana bayyana "rashin kuskure" ga jami'an Najeriya, yana nuna shakku game da gaskiyar alkawurran Amurka na yin adalci da 'yancin kai a Kudancin Afirka. Kwanciyar hankalinta game da faɗaɗa tsarin gurguzu bai kawar da tunanin Amurka ba a idanun 'yan Najeriya don "masu fushi". A ziyarar da Carter ya kai a birnin Legas, Obasanjo ya “ki yarda” gayyatar da Carter ya yi masa na yin Allah wadai da shigar Tarayyar Soviet da Cuba a Afirka. Najeriya ba ta goyi bayan shigar Amurka a Shaba II ko, daga baya, a cikin Horn of Africa, kuma dangantakarta da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta da farin jini musamman. A cikin Oktoba 1977, alal misali, ko da yake Amurka ta goyi bayan takunkumin takunkumin makamai na tsawon watanni shida a Afirka ta Kudu a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kuma shiga cikin Birtaniya da Faransa wajen yin watsi da daftarin kudurin Afro-Asiya wanda ya bukaci takunkumin tattalin arziki da na soja. A ziyarar da Carter ya kai Legas a watan Afrilun 1978, Obasanjo ya fito fili ya caccaki Amurka da kasashen Yamma saboda ra'ayinsu na lumana a kan wariyar launin fata da kuma ci gaba da hadin gwiwa da Pretoria kan harkokin soji da tattalin arziki. Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun ta'azzara a ƙarƙashin magajin Carter, Ronald Reagan, wanda gwamnatinsa ta yi "hankali mai ma'ana" tare da Pretoria tare da yin watsi da kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro kan takunkumi. Mai goyon bayan takunkumin da aka kaƙaba wa Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya ta yi maraba da rashin amincewar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ga Reagan na kin amincewa da dokar hana wariyar launin fata ta 1986. 1981-1993: Rashin jin daɗi A shekarun 1980, yayin da tattalin arzikin cikin gida ya tabarbare, Najeriya ta zama cibiyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ta kan iyaka da kuma zamba, musamman abin da ake kira damfarar yan 419. Ko da yake ba babban mai samar da narcotics ba ne, babban wurin jigilar kayayyaki ne a kan da'irar narcotics na duniya, musamman ga opiates da hodar iblis da ake jigilar su zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai a tsakiyar 1990s, hukumomin tilasta yin amfani da kwayoyi na Amurka, sun kiyasta cewa cibiyoyin sadarwa na Najeriya sun kai fiye da rabin maganin tabar (heroin) da ake samu a Amurka Wannan ya ba da ingiza hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu da kuma tushen tada hankali. A shekarar 1987, kasashen sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta tabbatar da doka da oda, sannan kuma yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta musamman kan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi. Jami'an tsaron Najeriya suma sun sami horon yaki da miyagun kwayoyi na Amurka. Duk da haka, ƙasar Amirka ma ta ƙara jin takaici game da abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin "halayen halattar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi game da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin bin doka". A shekarar 1985 ne Janar Ibrahim Babangida na Najeriya ya karɓi mulki ta hanyar juyin mulki, ya kuma yi alkawarin kyautata alaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, yana mai nuni da irin horon da ya samu a fannin soji a Amurka Hasali ma, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Babangida, an kara nuna damuwa a Amurka game da take hakkin dan Adam da ake tafkawa. gwamnatin soja. A watan Disambar 1989, gwamnatin Amirka ta janye bashin dala miliyan 80.5 daga Nijeriya, duk da cewa an soke ziyarar da Babangida ya shirya zuwa Amirka a wata mai zuwa. 1993–1998: Tsamin dangantakar diflomasiya a mulkin Abacha Martanin diflomasiyya Daga karshen shekarun 1980, kamar yadda Najeriya ke shirin komawa mulkin farar hula a karkashin jamhuriya ta Uku da ake sa ran, Amurka ta goyi bayan wadannan yunƙurin, na kuɗi ta hanyar tallafawa lamuni na Bankin Duniya da kuma diflomasiyya. Ƙasar Amirka ta kasance abokiyar tarayya ga Nijeriya wajen tsara wannan sauyi, saboda tsarin mulkin dimokraɗiyya na ƙarshe na Nijeriya an yi shi ne da kansa, da kuma saboda shugaban Amirka Bill Clinton ya shiga ofis a 1993 da nufin aiwatar da manufofin shiga tsakani a Afirka. da kuma wanda, a cikin yanayin duniya bayan yakin cacar baka, zai inganta kyakkyawan shugabanci da dimokuradiyya. A watan Yuni 1993, duk da haka, an gudanar da zaɓen dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, sannan Janar Babangida ya soke nan da nan. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta soki soke sokewar a matsayin "abin takaici", sannan ta kuma nuna damuwa game da "ci gaba da danniya da 'yan jaridu da dakarun dimokuradiyya" a cikin rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da ya biyo baya. Yayin da yake gargaɗin cewa za ta ɗauki ƙarin matakai idan sojoji ba su mika wuya ga farar hula ba, Amurka ta aiwatar da wasu matakai na farko don "yi rijistar damuwa da rashin jin daɗinta", ciki har da soke tallafin dala miliyan 11 na kasafin kuɗi ga ma'aikatar Najeriya. na Lafiya dakatar da duk wasu taimakon raya kasa, sai dai taimakon jin kai da ake bi ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu; da kuma dakatar da duk wani taimako da horon soji na ƙasashen biyu, sai dai horon da ya shafi yaki da muggan kwayoyi. An janye jami'in dake ba da taimakon tsaro na Amirka daga Najeriya, yayin da jami'in tsaro na Amurika ya dakatar da tafiyarsa zuwa Najeriya, sannan aka buƙaci hadimin sojin Najeriya ya bar birnin Washington. A ƙarshe, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bita-bi-uku, "tare da zato na ƙaryatawa", don duk sabbin takardun lasisi don fitar da tsaro na kasuwanci zuwa Najeriya. Wanda ake kyautata zaton ya lashe zaben watan Yuni, Moshood Abiola, ya je Amurka da Biritaniya domin samun goyon bayan ƙasashen waje kan shugabancinsa. A cikin Nuwamba 1993, amma, aka naɗa Janar Sani Abacha a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a juyin mulkin da ba a zubar da jini ba. A wata mai zuwa, Shugaba Clinton ta fitar da wata shela a karkashin Dokar Shige da Fice da Kasa, inda ta takaita shiga Amurka ga "'yan Najeriya da suka tsara, aiwatarwa, ko kuma amfana daga manufofin da ke hana Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa dimokuradiyya" da kuma ga dangin wadannan mutane. A farkon 1994, an kuma haramta wa Najeriya takardar shedar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakawa Waje ta Amirka saboda gazawa wajen shawo kan fataucin muggan kwayoyi a cikin iyakokinta, tare da yin tasiri mai tsanani ga taimakon ƙasashen waje da za ta iya samu. An ci gaba da aiwatar da ƙarin takunkumi a cikin watanni da shekaru masu zuwa, musamman ma dangane da rahotannin da ake samu na tauye hakkin ɗan adam a cikin Najeriya. Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi Allah-wadai da hukuncin kisa da aka yankewa tsohon shugaban kasa Obasanjo, da wasu, bisa zargin yunkurin juyin mulki. Ta fitar da abin da jami'in diflomasiyyar George E. Moose ya kira "bayyani mai kakkausar murya" inda ya bukaci a yi hakuri, kuma an ce Clinton ta yi waya da Abacha da kansa don ya gargade shi kan aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. Bayan takaita hukuncin kisa na Ken Saro-Wiwa da sauran mutanen Ogoni Nine a watan Nuwamba 1995, an karfafa takunkumi da hana tafiye-tafiye, gami da hana zirga-zirgar jami'an diflomasiyya da jami'an Najeriya da ke ziyartar Amurka. Amurka kuma ta kira Jakadanta a Najeriya. An gabatar da kudurori guda biyu masu ba da izinin ƙarin takunkumi a cikin Majalisar Dattawa da ta Wakilai, amma ba su sami ƙuri'a ba. Ya zuwa farkon shekarar 1996, dangantakar Najeriya da kasashen Yamma ta kasance "mafi ƙarancin lokaci". Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin Donald McHenry, jami'in diflomasiyya da ake mutuntawa sosai a Najeriya, wanda aka naɗa shi a matsayin wakilin Clinton a 1994 kuma wanda ya kai ziyara Najeriya akai-akai don tattaunawa da Abacha ta hanyar tashoshi. Jakadan Amurka mai ci a Najeriya Walter Carrington, ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Abacha, kuma ya zama "virtually persona non grata" a Najeriya. Duk da haka, duk da ci gaba da aikace-aikacenta na "cakudadden diflomasiyya mai natsuwa da kuma takunkumi mai iyaka", masu sharhi sun lura cewa Amurka ba ta son yankewa ko lalata dangantakarta da Najeriya ba tare da gyarawa ba, musamman dangantakar tattalin arziki da tsaro. Ko da yake an yi la'akari da dakatar da kadarorin gwamnatin Najeriya, shawarar ta ci tura lokacin da Najeriya ta yi barazanar mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatarwa ko bata kadarorin Amurka a Najeriya. Watakila mahimmanci, takunkumin Amurka bai kai ga ɓangaren man Najeriya ba. A wani ra'ayi, wannan ya faru ne saboda Amurka ta ƙididdige cewa babu isassun tallafin siyasa musamman a Turai don takunkumin hana mai na bangarori daban-daban, kuma takunkumin bai ɗaya ba zai yi tasiri ba. A wani ra'ayi kuma, ƙasar Amirka ta ci gaba da cinikin man fetur don kare muradunta na ƙasa da na kasuwanci. Kamfanonin mai na Amurika da wasu da ke da manyan jari a Najeriya rahotanni sun nuna cewa, sun yi adawa da tsauraran takunkumai, musamman ma na batun hana man fetur. Martanin jama'a Goyon bayan da jama'a ke baiwa Abacha saniyar ware a duniya ya samo asali ne daga tarin 'yan fafutuka, wadanda a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, suka jagoranci fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyyar Najeriya mai dorewa, daga cikin ƴan Najeriya da yan gudun hijira. Ƙungiyar National Democratic Coalition (Nadeco), ƙungiyar adawa ta Najeriya, ta yi aiki musamman a Amurka, inda da dama daga cikin shugabanninta ke gudun hijira. Amurka ta karɓi irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi tare da "taimako da maraba". A cikin watan Yulin 1997, ‘yan sandan Nijeriya sun bayyana aniyarsu ta yi wa jami’an diflomasiyyar Amurka tambayoyi dangane da wasu hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kai a cikin Nijeriya da ƙungiyar (Nadeco) ke da hannu a ciki. Sauran ƙungiyoyin masu aiki sun haɗa da Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, TransAfrica, wani yanki na Congressional Black Caucus, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi na Najeriya-Amurka, Waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin "siyasa ta adawa", ciki har da samun mashahuran mutane sun amince. A cikin 1997, masu fafutuka sun yi nasarar lallasa majalisar birnin New York don sanya sunan wani kusurwar titin Second Avenue, a wajen ofishin jakadancin Najeriya, bayan Kudirat Abiola, mai fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya wanda aka danganta kisan gillar da gwamnatin Abacha ta yi. (Bayan makonni biyu, Abacha ya mayar da martani ta hanyar canza sunan titin karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas zuwa sunan Louis Farrakhan, sunan wani mai sukar gwamnatin Amurka.), baya ga haka yan siyasar Amerika masu goyan bayan mulkin Abacha, kamar irin su Carol Moseley Braun, ya ce ganganci ne zagin jama'a. 1998-2000s: Taimakawa ga dimokradiyyar Najeriya Bayan mutuwar Abacha a watan Yunin 1998, dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta daidaita cikin sauri. Magajin Abacha, Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar, ya sassauta takunkumin siyasa na cikin gida tare da bayyana kudurinsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Amurka ta bude huldar diflomasiyya da Abubakar da gwamnatin mulkin soja, sannan kuma ta tuntubi Abiola mai fatan shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ya fadi ya mutu yayin ganawarsa da jami’an ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka. kuma ta dage takunkumin hana zirga-zirgar tafiye-tafiyen Najeriya, agaji, kasuwanci, da haɗin gwiwar sojoji. Jim kaɗan bayan Najeriya ta gudanar da zabukan dimokuradiyya a watan Fabrairun 1999, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Clinton ya sanar da cewa za a sake tabbatar da Najeriya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Taimakon Kasashen Waje. Wannan ba domin Najeriya ta samu ci gaba a fannin sarrafa muggan kwayoyi ba, amma saboda “muhimman muradun kasa” na Amurka, ganin cewa, “muhimmancin Najeriya ga zaman lafiyar yankin, da kuma yuwuwar misali na sake fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Afirka, yana ba da muhimmiyar ma'ana ta musamman. zuwa canji a halin yanzu yana gudana". Daga baya a cikin 1999, ƙasar Amirka ta sassauta wani oda, wanda, tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1993, ta haramta duk wani zirga-zirga a tsakanin Amurika zuwa Legas ko legas zuwa Amurika daga filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed saboda rashin tsaro. Lokacin da Obasanjo ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Mayun wannan shekarar, tawagar Amurka ta halarci bikin rantsar da shi. Shugaba Clinton ya ziyarci Najeriya ba da dadewa ba ziyarar farko da wani shugaban kasar Amurka ya kai tun lokacin Carter a 1979, lokacin da, a kwatsam, Obasanjo ya kasance shugaban kasa, duk da cewa ba a zaɓe shi ta hanyar dimokradiyya ba. Dangantaka ta sirri tsakanin Obasanjo da Clinton ta haifar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu, kuma yanayin ya ci gaba a karkashin magajin Clinton, George W. Bush, daga 2001 Obasanjo shi ne shugaban Afrika na farko da Bush ya karɓi bakuncin a Fadar White House, kuma ya ci gaba da yin ziyara bayan haka. Lallai Obasanjo ya ziyarci Amurka sau tara tsakanin 1999 zuwa 2006. Wani muhimmin batu a dangantakar ƙasashen biyu a lokacin Bush da Obasanjo na farko shi ne muradin Najeriya na samun abin da ake kira ("democracy dividend"), ta hanyar taimako da soke bashi ko raguwa. A cikin 2001, da jaridar Los Angeles Times ta tambaye ta yadda Amurka za ta goyi bayan dimokradiyyar Najeriya, Obasanjo ya lura da cewar: “Mun amince da dimokuradiyya ba wai don ainihin kimar dimokuradiyya ba ne, a’a, domin mutanenmu sun yi imanin cewa dimokuradiyya na iya inganta rayuwarsu. Suna tsammanin, daidai, rabon dimokradiyya. Idan hakan bai zo ba, za su ji bacin rai. Amurka za ta iya taimaka mana da hakan.” Obasanjo ya ci gaba da maganganu don a soke basussuka a ganawarsa da gwamnatin Amurka, kuma al'amarin a wasu lokuta ya zama "mai rikitarwa". Clinton ba ta “karɓi” wannan shawara ba, kuma Amurka a ƙarƙashin Bush ta ci gaba da ƙudiri aniyar ba za ta ba da yafe bashi ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran Nijeriya na sake fasalin tattalin arziki ba. A wa'adi na biyu na mulkin Obasanjo, daga 2003, ya ƙara habaka manufofin cikin gida da yunƙurin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ta haka ne ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da Paris Club ta yi na soke bashi mai yawa. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun lura cewa rabe-raben dimokuradiyyar Amurka ga Najeriya ba shi da kyau a cikin 'yan shekarun farko bayan zaɓen 1999 Taimakon da Amurka ke baiwa Najeriya daga ƙasashen waje ya ƙaru tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2001, daga kasa da dala miliyan 7 zuwa dala miliyan 109, amma ya sake raguwa a shekarun baya, kuma a shekarar 2004 an kiyasta ya kai dala miliyan 65. Har ila yau, an ƙara yawan fakitin agaji ta hanyar ƙara kayan agajin jin kai da ake bayarwa, da kuma sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki, gami da mulki, noma, da dimokuradiyya. Bugu da ƙari, kusantar dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka ta gamu da wani gagarumin liyafa a cikin Najeriya. Kamar yadda suka yi a lokacin gwamnatin Carter, masu sukar sun yi zargin sahihancin goyon bayan da Amurka ke ba wa ‘yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya a Afirka, suna zargin cewa hakan ya kasance abin fakewa da muradun ƙasa da ba su dace ba, kuma suna jayayya cewa Nijeriya ta zama wata ƙasa ta Yammacin Turai, ba ta bambanta da ita ba. bin manufofin kasashen waje karkashin jagorancin Afirka da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun baya, Amurka ta kasance a shirye ta ba da tallafi na siyasa don tabbatar da mulkin farar hula na dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Tun bayan zaben Muhammadu Buhari a matsayin shugaban Najeriya a 2015, wannan ya hada da babban goyon baya ga yunƙurin Buhari na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gida cin hanci da rashawa na ɗaya daga cikin ajandar taron da Buhari ya yi a fadar White House da shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, Yuli 2015. Buhari ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta maido da kuɗaɗen almundahana da jami'an gwamnatin Najeriya suka yi, kuma a watan Afrilun 2016 Ibrahim Magu shugaban hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa, ya ziyarci Washington domin mika bukatarsa ga, gwamnatin Amurka don ƙarin taimakon fasaha, horo, da musayar bayanan sirri. 1998-zuwa yau: Alaƙa Haɗin gwiwar tsaro Shugaba Clinton da mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Anthony Lake, sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan magance tashe-tashen hankula a Afirka, kuma suna sane da irin tasirin da Najeriya ke da shi a fannin tsaro. Najeriya ta dade tana zama ɗan wasan tsakiya a cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka, kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci a tare da samar da mafi yawan dakarun ayyukan ECOMOG waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci a farkon yaƙin basasar ƙasar Laberiya da Saliyo a cikin shekarun 1990. Bayan an zabi Obasanjo, ƙasar Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ba Nijeriya damar ci gaba da taka wannan rawar: Ma'aikatar tsaron ƙasar Amirka, ta ƙaddamar da wani shirin horar da bataliyoyin sojan Nijeriya biyar, kan ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya,, kuma a cikin 2000 Amurka ta ba wa Najeriya sama da dala miliyan 10 na taimakon soja da sama da dala miliyan 30 na sayar da makamai. Wani muhimmin abu na hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da Amurka shi ne magance tashe-tashen hankula da aikata laifuka a mashigin tekun Guinea. buƙatun Wannan yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga mai na Amurka: a cikin 2003, alal misali, rikici a yankin Neja Delta ya tilasta wa kamfanin mai na Amurka Chevron, dakatar da yawancin albarkatun da yake haƙowa a Najeriya. Wani muhimmin abu shi ne kokarin yaki da ta'addanci. Bayan harin ta'addanci na ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, Amurka ta kara kaimi wajen yaki da ta'addanci da kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka, tare da ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar tsaro da Najeriya. A cewar wasu rahotanni, goyon bayan da Najeriya ke bawa yakin da Amurka ta yi da ta'addanci musamman bayan da Amurka ta mamaye Afganistan ba ta da farin jini ga wasu sassan cikin gida, wanda yawancinsu musulmi ne; sannan an samu munanan fadan addini a zanga-zangar da aka gudanar a Najeriya domin nuna adawa da hare-haren da Amurka ke kaiwa a Afghanistan. Haka kuma an samu wasu turjiya daga cikin sojojin Najeriya, waɗanda aka ce manyan hafsoshinsu sun gwammace su yi aiki tare da Biritaniya. Victor Malu ya yi iƙirarin cewa Obasanjo ya kore shi a matsayin babban hafsan soji ne saboda kakkausan harshe da adawa da haɗin gwiwar soja da Amurka. Saka Dokar Leahy Tun a farkon shekarun 2010, hadin gwiwar yaki da ta'addanci ya mayar da hankali ne kan hadin gwiwa wajen yaki da ta'addancin Boko Haram da ke addabar Najeriya a yammacin Afirka, musamman bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok da aka yi a shekarar 2014. A ƙarƙashin Amurka. Shugaba Obama, wannan haɗin gwiwar ya iyakance ne ta hanyar zargin cin zarafin bil adama da sojojin Najeriya suka yi, ciki har da kan fararen hula, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Leahy don haka ya iyakance sayar da makamai na Amurka ga Najeriya. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali a Najeriya. Gwamnatin Najeriya da jakadan Amurka a Amurka sun fito fili sun soki shawarar Amurka, a tsakiyar shekarar 2014, don toshe sayar da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu na Cobra da Amurka suka yi zuwa Najeriya daga Isra'ila saboda damuwar da ake yi game da take hakkin Dan-Adam jakadan Najeriya ya zargi Washington da kawo cikas a yaki da ta'addanci. A takaice, jami'an Amurka sun fito fili sun soki mutuncin da karfin sojojin Najeriya yayin sauraron ƙarar majalisar dattijai, sannan jami'in diflomasiyyar Amurka Johnnie Carson ya amince da shi a karshen shekarar 2014 cewa, "Tashin hankali a cikin Amurka Dangantakar Najeriya tabbas suna da mafi girman matakin su a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai babban matakin takaici a ɓangarorin biyu. Ya zuwa watan Agusta na 2015, an ba da rahoton cewa Amurka tana yunƙuri don cire takunkumin Dokar Leahy a Najeriya. Haramcin tafiye-tafiye da saka ido akan 'yancin addini A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta saka Najeriya a cikin jerin gwamnatocin da suka tsunduma ko kuma suka jure "mummunan take hakkin 'yancin addini". An cire shi daga jerin a cikin Nuwamba 2021, kwanaki kafin Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Antony Blinken ya isa Najeriya a wani bangare na rangadinsa na Afirka. Korar da Najeriya ta yi ya saba wa shawarar da Hukumar Yaki da ‘Yancin Addinai ta Amurka ta bayar, inda ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da matakin. A cikin Janairu 2020, makonni kacal bayan sanarwar Special Watch List, an ba da sanarwar cewa Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka ƙara wa dokar hana tafiye-tafiye na Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zartaswa mai lamba 13780. Trump ya bayyana matsalolin tsaro, ciki har da cewa Najeriya "tana gabatar da babban hadari, dangane da sauran kasashen duniya, na balaguron ta'addanci zuwa Amurka", amma majiyoyi sun shaida wa jaridar New York Times cewa gwamnatinsa ta damu da hakan. 'Yan Najeriya da suka tsallaka zuwa can ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan ya tuna da kalaman Trump a wani taro a watan Yunin 2017, inda rahotanni suka ce 'yan Najeriya ba za su taɓa "komawa zuwa gidan su na asali ba" bayan sun ziyarci Amurka. Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, Geoffrey Onyeama, ya ce nasa Sanarwar ta yi watsi da gwamnatin Amurka ta bayar da bizar bakin haure sama da 7,920 ga 'yan Najeriya a cikin kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2018, wanda shi ne na biyu a kowace kasa a Afirka amma tana kokarin magance matsalolin tsaron Amurka. Alaƙar tattalin arziki Wani muhimmin abin da ya shafi dangantakar Amurka da Najeriya shi ne zaman lafiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda akasarin ya yi tsayin daka kan tabarbarewar diflomasiyya da siyasa. Zamanin mafi sanyi na dangantakar diflomasiyya musamman tsakiyar shekarun 1970 da tsakiyar 1990 ba abin mamaki ba ne ya haifar da illa ga dangantakar tattalin arziki, kuma, hakika, jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya fadada a wasu sassa a ƙarƙashin Janar Abacha. Ɗaya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa dangantakar ba ta da zurfin akida ko tushen tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da damar kasashen su gyara rashin jituwa cikin sauri ko kuma su ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa a cikin ƙananan matakan a lokacin manyan matakan diplomasiyya. Saboda haka, kasashen biyu sun ba da fifikon abubuwan da suka shafi zahiri a cikin dangantakarsu, musamman tun daga 1975. Daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun su akwai babbar kasuwan masu amfani da kayayyaki a Najeriya da kuma “yawan albarkatun kasa da karfin tattalin arziki”. Musamman, Nijeriya ta kasance tushen albarkatun man fetur ga Amurka Hakika, masanin kimiyya Peter Lewis ya koka a cikin 2006 cewa, "tsakanin ciniki da zuba jari a bangaren man fetur abu ne da ba za a iya kaucewa ba wanda ya rufe wasu la'akari a Manufofin Amurka, don haka suna tauye tsarin tsarin manufofin." Mai da gas Masu sharhi sun yi la'akari da dangantakar Najeriya da Amurka a matsayin abin da ake kira diflomasiyyar man fetur: an lura da man fetur a matsayin babban abin da Amurka ke da sha'awar dangantakar, tare da Amurka ta kasance babbar mai amfani da man fetur kuma Najeriya ita ce babbar kasa a Afirka. Ƙasashen Amirka da dama, tare da wasu kamfanoni na Yamma, sun mamaye aikin hako mai a yankin Neja-Delta a 2003, kamfanin ChevronTexaco da ExxonMobil Corp tare suna haƙo kusan rabin man da ake haƙowa. Ƙasar Amirka na da sha'awar iskar gas ta Najeriya tun aƙalla 1973, lokacin da Kamfanin Guadalupe Gas Products Corporation na Amurka ya kulla yarjejeniya ta amfani da iskar gas tare da gwamnatin tarayya, ya raba 60-40 a karshen. A cikin 1977, kamfanonin Amirka sun sami izini don gina masana'antar iskar gas a Najeriya, wanda zai iya samar da iskar gas biliyan biyu a kowace rana. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta zama mai samar da mai ga Amurka a cikin shekarun 1970s, sakamakon rashin samun sauyi a Gabas ta Tsakiya musamman kauracewa mai na Larabawa a 1973. Najeriya dai ta ki shiga kauracewa taron, duk da kasancewarta a cikin kungiyar kasashe masu arzikin man fetur ta OPEC. A shekara ta 1980, Najeriya ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi yawan kai man fetur a Amurka, bayan Saudiyya: a waccan shekarar, akalla kashi 46% na man da Najeriya ke fitarwa ya tafi Amurka, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 12% na man dake shiga ƙasar Amurka..Ƙarin mahimmancin Nijeriya ga samar da makamashin Amurka ya ba ta damar inganta matsayi a manufofin harkokin waje na Amurka daga tsakiyar 1970s. Bayan 11 ga Satumba, lokacin da Amurka ta sake samun sha'awar gaggawa ta ficewa daga masu samar da mai na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gwamnatin Bush ta ayyana albarkatun man Najeriya a matsayin "hanyoyi masu mahimmanci", kuma rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya bi sahun manyan ‘yan kasuwan man fetur wajen fafutukar ganin Najeriya ta fice daga ƙungiyar OPEC. Sai dai kuma kasashen biyu sun karkata akalar cinikin man fetur a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. A shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta bai wa Amurka sama da ganga miliyan 24 na danyen mai, kusan kashi 1.1% na man da Amurka ke shigowa da shi da kuma kashi 4.8% na yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda dogaron Amurka kan man Najeriya ya ragu tun shekara ta 1993: Kasuwanci A farkon shekarun bayan Najeriya ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, kason Amurka na kasuwanci da zuba jari a Najeriya kadan ne, wanda Birtaniyya ta yi kasa da shi. A shekara ta 1974, Biritaniya ta kasance babbar abokiyar cinikayyar Najeriya, amma Amurka tana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanninta guda uku na shigo da kaya da fitarwa; da kuma shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya haifar da ruri na kasuwancin mai, Amurka ta mamaye Biritaniya a matsayin babbar kasuwa mafi girma a Najeriya. Har ila yau, cinikin mai ya haifar da gibin ciniki mai ban sha'awa ga Amurka: sama da dala biliyan 6.1 a 1977, kuma aƙalla dala biliyan 9 a 1980 galibi ta hanyar ƙara kayan da take fitarwa zuwa kasuwa mai girma a Najeriya, amma waɗannan yunƙurin sun sami cikas sosai sakamakon sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Najeriya, wanda ya zama dole bayan rikicin tattalin arziki Musamman rashin farin ciki shine dokar hana shigo da alkama da Najeriya ta aiwatar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1993. Amurka, wadda a da ita ce babbar hanyar shigo da alkama a Najeriya, ta dage wajen nuna rashin amincewa da dokar a duk tsawon rayuwarta, tare da daukar matakin a matsayin rashin adalci na kasuwanci da kuma barazanar daukar matakin ramuwar gayya. Jim kadan bayan mulkin dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, a shekara ta 2000, Najeriya da Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da zuba jari, kuma Najeriya ta cancanci cin moriyar ciniki a ƙarƙashin dokar ci gaban Afirka da dama, wadda aka kafa a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2019, Amurka ita ce kasuwa ta uku mafi girma don fitar da Najeriya zuwa waje, bayan China da Indiya, akan darajar shekara ta dala biliyan 4.7 (9.9% na jimillar kayan da Najeriya ke fitarwa). Kamar yadda yake a ƙarni na 20, yawan man da Najeriya ke fitarwa zuwa Amurka ya mamaye fitar da mai, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 97% na abin da ake fitarwa zuwa Amurka a shekarar 2019. wanda ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 3.2, wanda ya maida Najeriya kasa ta biyu wajen fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, kuma ya haifar da gibin cinikayyar Amurka a tarihi na dala biliyan 1.4. Lallai, idan aka ba da rarar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.7 na cinikayyar ayyuka, Amurka ta samu rarar ciniki gaba daya da Najeriya. Zuba jari A tarihi Amurka ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen saka hannun jari kai tsaye daga ketare a Najeriya. A cikin karni na ashirin, jarin da Amurka ta zuba a Najeriya na da yawa kuma sun ta'allaka sosai a fannin mai. A cikin 1972, jarin waje na Amirka ya kai kusan fam miliyan 250, fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimillar jarin waje a Nijeriya da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar jarin masu zaman kansu na Amirka a duk ƙasashen Afirka masu tasowa. Wannan ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 1 a shekarar 1974 da kuma kimanin dala biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 1977. A daidai wannan lokacin ne Najeriya ta ci gaba da bunkasa manufofinta na 'yan asalin kasar, da nufin rage mamayar tattalin arzikinta daga hannun kamfanonin kasashen waje. An ƙaddamar da manufar a cikin 1972 a ƙarƙashin Gowon kuma an tsawaita sosai yayin da shekaru goma ke ci gaba. A shekarar 1976, gwamnati ta sanar da wajabta kaso na 40% zuwa 100% na kuɗaɗen da ake amfani da su a Najeriya. Manufofin sun rage yawan jarin Amurka a Najeriya, kuma wasu kamfanoni na Amurka da suka riga sun yi aiki a Najeriya, musamman Citibank, sun janye daga kasar maimakon bin ka'ida. Wasu sun yarda: misali, Chase Manhattan, First National Bank of Chicago, da Bank of America kowanne ya sayar da kashi 60% na hannun jarin su ga Babban Bankin Najeriya, wanda hakan ya samu hannun jari a kan allunan gida. An yi amfani da manufar musamman ga bankunan Amurka, saboda gwamnatin tarayya ta ji haushin cewa suna aiki a matsayin bankunan kasuwanci amma a ƙarƙashin lasisin ciniki. Duk da haka jarin Amurka a Najeriya ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a tsawon shekarun 1980. Duk da tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa na shekarar 1989 zuwa 1995, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi samun riba ga hannun jarin Amurka a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara a wancan lokacin, wanda ya kai kashi 71.4% na yawan ribar da Amurka ke samu a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Amurka ya ƙaru zuwa dala biliyan 3.9 a shekarar 1995, har yanzu ya fi mayar da hankali kan mai. Bayan kaddamar da jamhuriya ta huɗu a shekarar 1999, Najeriya ta nuna sha'awar fadadawa da rarrabuwar kawuna na babban birnin kasar Amurka, amma ci gaban ya yi tafiyar hawainiya wanda Amurka ta danganta shi da rashin kyakkyawan yanayi don samar da yanayi mai kyau, don zuba jari a Najeriya. A shekarar 2019, hannun jarin Amurka kai tsaye a Najeriya ya kai dala biliyan 5.5, wanda ya ƙaru da kashi 21.5 cikin ɗari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Jari na waje kai tsaye na Najeriya a Amurka ya kai dala miliyan 105. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Kasuwanci ta Amurka, ƙasar Amirka ta kasance mafi yawan masu saka hannun jari a Nijeriya har zuwa 2021, tare da zuba jari kai tsaye a cikin harkokin man fetur, ma'adinai, da cinikayya. Taimakon kasashen waje Najeriya ita ce babbar hanyar samun tallafin Amurka daga ketare a shekarar 2021, an kiyasta cewa Najeriya ta kasance cikin kasashe goma da suka fi samun tallafi bisa ga adadi. Tsakanin 2012 zuwa 2021, wajibcin agaji na shekara-shekara na Amurka a Najeriya ya kai tsakanin dala miliyan 624 da, a shekarar 2020, dala biliyan 1.11. Ana yawan bazuwar agaji a fannin jin kai, da zaman lafiya da tsaro, da kuma fannin kiwon lafiya a cikin na biyu, musamman a ƙarƙashin shirin gaggawa na shugaban ƙasa don magance cutar kanjamau, wanda ya ayyana Nijeriya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kasashe goma sha biyar masu samun fifiko. Alakar al'adu da diflomasiyya Yan Najeriya mazauna Amurka An bambanta Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta hanyar girman alakar yawan jama'arta da Amurka Baya ga yawan ɗimbin ƴan Afirka da suka samo asali daga zuriyarsu zuwa Najeriya, muhimmiyar alaƙar "al'adu da al'umma" ta taso daga babban al'ummar Amurkawa na Najeriya a Amurka, wanda aka sani da kasancewa mai fafutuka na siyasa da al'adu. A cikin 2000, ƙidayar Amurka ta ƙididdige mazauna 87,000 haifaffen Najeriya, waɗanda 'ya'yan da aka haifa a Amurka sun kai ƙarin mazauna 100,000 ko 200,000 kodayake ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ƙima. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin ya kiyasta cewa ’yan Najeriya na aika sama da dala biliyan 1.3 a duk shekara zuwa ga iyalansu a Nijeriya, adadin da ya kawo naƙasun tallafin da ake samu daga kasashen waje. Har ila yau, an daɗe akan hakan musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980 saboda yawancin 'yan Najeriya manema ilimi a ƙasar Amurka. A farkon 2000s, wannan ya haifar da damuwa game da "brain drain" daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka. Ra'ayin al'ummar Najeriya Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa Najeriya kasa ce mai goyon bayan Amurka. A shekarar 2019, shekarar da ta gabata da Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew ta gudanar da zaɓen ɗabi'un ta a duniya, kashi 62% na 'yan Najeriya suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka, tare da 23% suna nuna ra'ayi mara kyau. Ko da yake wannan ya haifar da raguwar fa'ida daga 81% a cikin 2010, shekarar farko da aka gudanar da zaɓen. A cikin 2018, 69% na 'yan Najeriya sun yi imanin cewa Amurka tana mutunta 'yancin jama'arta. Abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, ya ragu zuwa kashi 53 cikin 100 tsakanin 2013 da 2014, ya ƙaru zuwa kashi 73 cikin 100 a shekarar 2015, ya kuma ragu zuwa kashi 63% a ƙarshen shugabancinsa. Bayan zaɓen Donal J. Trump a Amurka, wani bincike da ƙarar yaɗa labarai BBC ta gudanar a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa ra'ayi mai kyau game da Amurka ya ƙaru a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya daga kashi 59% (2014) zuwa kashi 68 cikin dari maimakon raguwa kamar sauran kasashe. Jaridar The Washington Post da The Guardian sun ruwaito wani gagarumin sha'awar jama'ar Najeriya game da shugaba Trump, musamman tsakanin Kiristocin kudu da masu fafutukar ɓallewar daga ƙasar don kafa ƙasar Biafra. Ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun gudanar da faretin nuna goyon baya ga Donald Trump a watan Janairun 2017. A watan Nuwamban 2020, shugaban IPOB Nnamdi Kanu ya amsa gayyatar halartar taron Trump a Iowa a matsayin babban bako na musamman na VIP. A tsawon shugabancinsa, Pew Research ya gano cewa kashi 58-59% na ƴan Najeriya sun amince da Trump don yin abin da ya dace a harkokin duniya, kashi na hudu mafi girma a duniya bayan Isra'ila, Philippines, da kuma Kenya. A cikin 2020 ra'ayin Gallup, kashi 56% na 'yan Najeriya sun amince da shugabancin Amurka fiye da amincewar Turai ga shugabancin Amurka, wanda na Turai ya samu kashi 24%. Ofishin jakadanci Najeriya na da ofishin jakadanci a Washington DC da kuma karamin ofishin jakadanci a New York da Atlanta. Ƙasar Amirka na da ofishin jakadanci a Abuja, babban birnin tarayyar Nijeriya, da kuma wani ofishin jakadancin a birnin Legas. A karshen watan Maris din shekarar 2022, an fara ginin wani sabon harabar ofishin jakadancin da ke Legas, wanda ake sa ran kammala shi a shekarar 2027, kuma zai kasance karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka mafi girma a duniya. Masanin ilimi Peter Lewis ya koka da yadda aka rufe cibiyoyin Amurka a wasu sassan ƙasar, yana mai cewa hakan ya rage ƙarfin leƙen asiri da wakilcin Amurka. An kafa hukumar hadin gwiwa tsakanin Amurka da Najeriya a shekarar 2010 kuma tana haɗuwa akai-akai. Amurka da Najeriya dukkansu membobi ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Bankin Duniya, da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, da sauransu. Najeriya kuma ta kasance mai sanya ido ga Kungiyar Kasashen Amurka. Hadin gwiwar soja Hadin gwiwar sojojin Najeriya da na Amurka ƙarƙashin gwamnatin George W.Bush ya ta'allaka ne kan cibiyar nazarin dabarun Afirka da kuma shirin mayar da martani kan rikicin Afrika. A cikin 2007, gwamnatin Bush ta kafa tashar haɗin gwiwa ta Afirka, wadda ta kasance cibiyar hadin gwiwa don yaki da fashin teku, safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, satar mai, da zamba a kan iyaka a cikin Gulf of Guinea. A halin yanzu, Najeriya memba ce ta Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Duniya don yaƙar ƙungiyar ISIS (D-ISIS), kuma Amurka da Najeriya sun ɗauki nauyin taron D-ISIS a watan Oktoba 2020. Har ila yau, tana karɓar tallafin sojan Amurka a matsayin memba na Shirin Ilimin Soja na Afirka kuma a matsayinta na memba tun 2005 na Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci ta Trans-Sahara; kuma a shekarar 2020 ta sayi kayan tsaro sama da na dalar Amurka miliyan 1.2 daga hannun Amurka. Bugu da kari, wani memba na Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya ya tsaya na dindindin a tashar jirgin saman Kainji da ke Najeriya, domin kula da muhimman ayyukan Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Afirka a can. Sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok A cikin fushin kasa da kasa da ya biyo bayan sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok a arewacin Najeriya a watan Afrilun 2014, Obama a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu cewar; Amurka za ta yi duk abin da za mu iya don ba da taimako ga Najeriya. ƙasar Amirka ta aike da wata tawaga daban-daban don taimakawa sojojin Nijeriya, da farko sun ƙunshi mambobi 38, ciki har da ƙwararrun Jami'an Bincike na Tarayyar Amurika guda biyu da wai ƙwararrun na musamman da sauran wasu da dama. An tura sojojin Amurka 80 jim kadan bayan haka. A farkon aikin, tawagar ƙasar Amirka ta samu hotunan tauraron dan adam na kasuwanci, kuma ta yi ta zirga-zirga da jiragen leken asiri, da kuma bincike a kan Nijeriya. Sai dai jami'an Amurka sun yi ƙorafin cewa Najeriya ta mayar da martani sannu a hankali wajen karɓa tare da aiwatar da tallafin da Amurka ta yi mata, kuma daga baya an ce an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin tawagar Amurka da jami'an Najeriya. Daga cikin tushen waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula, a farkon watannin wannan aiki, akwai ƙin yarda da Amurka ta yi na raba bayanan sirrinta ga sojojin Najeriya, saboda damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma yiwuwar kutsawa cikin sassan Najeriyar na Boko Haram. Foreign Policy ta ruwaito cewa jami’an Amurka ma sun damu da cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan sirrin wajen murkushe farar hular Najeriya, idan aka yi la’akari da abin da wani jami’in Amurka ya kira da hazakar sojojin Najeriya na yin “heavy-handed” da “rashin gaskiya”. Ko da yake an amince da ƙayyadaddun ka'idojin raba bayanan sirri da yawa, Daga baya ma'aikatar Pentagon ta yi korafin cewa Najeriya ta gaza bin mahimman bayanai da ke fitowa daga leken asirin Amurka. Ya zuwa 2021 manufar ceto 'yan matan da aka sace bai yi nasara ba. Matakin Sojoji akan Boko Haram An gudanar da zaman taron farko na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan Boko Haram a watan Nuwambar 2011, bayan harin bam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka kai a Abuja da kuma harin bam da aka kai a hedikwatar 'yan sandan Abuja, da kuma kiran dan majalisa Pat Meehan da 'yar majalisa Jackie Speier. Gwamnatin Obama ta sanya kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci a shekarar 2013. Sai dai kuma tashin hankalin da ya kunno kai a lokacin aikin ceto ƴan matan makarantar Chibok ya ci gaba da kawo cikas ga hadin gwiwa tsakanin sojojin Amurka da na Najeriya. Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito "raguwar amana" a tsakanin su, musamman saboda ci gaba da damuwar Amurika game da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin aminci, da kuma take hakin bil'adama da jami'an Najeriya ke yi, wanda ya sa ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta ƙara ba da haɗin kai ga jami'ai. kasashe makwabta Chadi, Kamaru, da Nijar yayin da suke kaucewa tuntubar 'yan Najeriya. An fusata da ci gaba da kin raba bayanan sirri na Amurka, a cikin Disamba 2014 Najeriya ta soke matakin karshe na wani shiri wanda a ƙarƙashin sa jami'an Amurka suka horar da sojojin Najeriya kan yaki da ta'addanci. A karshen shekarar 2015, Amurka ta tura dakaru zuwa kasar Kamaru domin tallafawa yaki da Boko Haram a kan iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru. Ziyarar jihohi Ga jerin ziyarce-ziyarcen da shugabannin Najeriya suka kai Amurka da kuma ziyarar da shugabannin kasashen Amurkan suka kawo a Najeriya. Duba kuma Foreign relations of Nigeria Foreign relations of the United States List of United States ambassadors to Nigeria Manazarta Bibliography Academic Labarai Official Karin karatu Abegunrin, Olayiwola (2016). Nigeria, Africa, and the United States: Challenges of Governance, Development, and Security. Lexington Books. Bach, Daniel C. (1983). "Nigerian-American Relations: Converging Interests and Power Relations". In Shaw, Timothy M.; Aluko, Olajide (eds.). Nigerian Foreign Policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35–55, Adireshin waje U.S.–Nigeria Trade Council U.S.–Nigeria trade statistics U.S. foreign assistance to Nigeria U.S. defense equipment sales to Nigeria U.S.–Nigeria relations fact sheet Website of the Nigerian Embassy Website of the U.S. Embassy List of Nigerian ambassadors to the

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Film%20and%20Television%20Awards

South African Film and Television Awards

Kyautar Fim da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu 'South Africa' (wani lokaci ana kiranta da Golden Horns ko kuma wata sa'in SAFTAs bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Afirka ta Kudu ne na shekara-shekara wanda Cibiyar Fina-Finai ta Kasa da Gidauniyar Bidiyo (NFVF) ta shirya, don girmama ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin fim ɗin gida. masana'antar talabijin kamar yadda alkalan sa kai suka tantance. Wadanda suka yi nasara a rukuni daban-daban ana ba su kyautar mutum-mutumi, a hukumance da ake kira Golden Horn, da satifiket. Kyautar, wanda aka fara gabatarwa a cikin 2006 a Gallagher Estate, kwamitin da NFVF ke kula da shi. Zaɓuɓɓu, waɗanda aka gabatar, da waɗanda suka yi nasara ana zabar su ta hanyar alƙalai da aka kafa do tantancewa. 'Yan asalin kasar Afirka ta Kudu (South Africa) ne kadai suka cancanci samun wannan kyauta. Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) shine abokin hulɗar watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na hukuma kuma mai ɗaukar nauyi. Kyautar fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 13 (wanda akayi lokacin killacewa saboda Corona Quarantine Edition-ceremony) an gudanar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sun City Metro ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekarar 2021 ta Edem, Henry-Kendall A. Kuma ya tattara sama da masu kallo sama da miliyan 1 a SAFTAs 2021 Zoom Link Asali A taron fim na indaba na farko a watan Agustan shekarata 2005, wakilan masana'antar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da jagora daga gidauniyar fina-finai da bidiyo ta kasa (NFVF), sun shirya bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara. Kyautar za ta zama hanyar girmamawa, murna, da haɓaka ƙwararrun ƙirƙira, da ƙarfafa haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar. Tun bayan bikin kaddamar da kyaututtukan na karkashin kulawar hukumar ta NFVF kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tafiyar da shi. Babban jami'in gudanarwa na NFVF na yanzu shine shugabar, yayin da sauran sassan hukumar ta ƙunshi masu watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na kasa, kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu (SASFED), Guild Writers' na Afirka ta Kudu (WGSA), da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. A wajen bikin karramawar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 6, shugaban NFVF na lokacin kuma shugaban kwamitin SAFTA, Eddie Mbalo, ya sanar da cewa za a gudanar da bincike kan kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin “masu kula da kyaututtukan”. Sanarwar ta biyo bayan murabus din Eddie Mbalo ne, “da fatan” za a kaddamar da makarantar da sabon shugaba. Makwanni kafin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 7 shugabar hukumar ta NFVF na yanzu, Zama Mkosi, ta ba da rahoton cewa wani karamin kwamiti na musamman ya zana daftarin tsarin mulki na Kwalejin. An saki kundin tsarin mulki ga masana'antar don amsawa, ta bayyana cewa "muna iya samun nasara a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa." An tsara shi akan makarantun duniya, kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Hoto na Motsi da Kimiyya da Kwalejin Fina-Finai da Talabijin na Biritaniya NFVF ta ce ba za ta iya ba da cikakken tallafin makarantar ba, yana mai cewa za su "tafiya tare" masana'antar don sanya makarantar ta zama "hankali na kudi". Kyautar Golden Statue Tun lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na farko a cikin shekarar 2006, kowane mai nasara yana karɓar mutum-mutumi mai suna Golden Horn da takardar shedar nasara don karrama ƙwararrun ƙirƙira. Fuskokin da ke jikin mutum-mutumin sun dogara ne akan kayan tarihi daga ko'ina cikin Afirka, wasu tun daga 800 AZ, kuma suna nuni da shugabannin Lydenburg Kawukan mutum uku an sassaka su kamar ƙahonin shanu da kama da sifofin da aka samu akan akwatunan shaƙa na asali. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi sun kasance sananne matsayin memba mai daraja a cikin al'ummar Afirka. Tare da ƙahoni suna magana ne ga harshen wuta kuma, a ƙarshe, fitowar rana a matsayin "tambarin haske, ƙawa da babban ka'ida na yanayi". Ƙirƙirar ra'ayi a bayan kofin an gina shi akan ƙarfin ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amincewa da mutum a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar. Cancantar da shiga Dangane da jagororin kwamitocin bayar da kyaututtuka, ƴan ƙasa da mazaunan dindindin na Afirka ta Kudu ne kawai suka cancanci naɗa; a wasu nau'ikan wannan doka ta shafi shugaban furodusa ne kawai. A cikin nau'ikan lambar yabo ta talabijin, mafi yawan masu ruwa da tsaki na kamfanin dole ne su kasance Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin hali na co-productions tare da kasashen waje kamfanonin, ne kawai m inda wani "muhimmin rabo" na m yanke shawara da aka yi da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu da samar da aka bokan da National Film da Video Foundation. Kwamitin SAFTA yana aika kira don shigarwa, yawanci kusan watan Agusta. Don lambar yabo ta fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu na 10, an ba wa mahalarta damar gabatar da kafofin watsa labaru ta kan layi, kafin a gabatar da fom ɗin shigarwa akan layi kuma a aika da kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar sabis na gidan waya zuwa manyan ofisoshin NFVF a Johannesburg A cikin nau'ikan shirye-shiryen gidajen talabijin da ake nunawa a bainar jama'a a kowace tashoshi na gida tsakanin 1 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Yuli sun cancanci. Dole ne a jera nunin talabijin, tare da aƙalla kakar wasa ɗaya. Kamfanin samar da fina-finai ko mai produsa zai gabatar da mafi kyawun sassa biyu na fim dinshi, tare da jerin takamaiman nau'ikan da suke da su don shiga gasan. A cikin nau'ikan fina-finai, fina-finan da aka baje kolin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu a tsakanin 1 ga Janairu zuwa 31 ga Disamba ne suka cancanci gasar. An rage mafi ƙarancin lokacin shigar da fina-finai do kaddamar da fim a gasar daga mintuna 70 zuwa mintuna 41 don lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu da Talabijin na 10. Ga kowane nau'in 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo an ƙaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na mafi kyawun al'amuransu, don baiwa alkalan kallon kewayon su. Idan an ƙaddamar da shigarwa ba daidai ba, nan da nan an hana shi daga wannan rukunin. Tsarin hukunci Kwamitin SAFTA yana fara kowane tsarin shari'a, ta hanyar zabar alkalai guda uku ko fiye. Waɗannan shugabanni suna kula da matakai biyu, suna ba da katin ƙima kuma suna jagorantar alkalai a kowane rukuni. ’Yan fim da ƙwararrun talbijin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin gogewar shekaru goma, ko waɗanda alkalai suka ɗauka “masu aminci”, na iya ba da kai don zama alkali. A cikin 2011, kwamitin SAFTA ya fara haɗa waɗanda suka yi nasara a baya da waɗanda aka zaɓa a cikin tsarin shari'a don "ƙarfafa fahimtar abokan gaba". Ba a bayyana sunayen alkalan a bainar jama'a, don kare sirrin su da kuma kawar da duk wani tursasa da zai iya yiwuwa a yayin gudanar da aikin. A cikin 2016, akwai kusan alkalai 300 da aka yi amfani da su a duk lokacin aikin. An gudanar da zaman shari'ar ne a manyan biranen Afirka ta Kudu guda uku, Johannesburg, Cape Town da Durban Bayan zargi daga masana'antar talabijin, kwamitin SAFTA sun haɗa gwiwa tare da kwamitin Emmy Awards a shekarar 2015 don dubawa da ba da shawara game da inganta tsarin shari'a. Sakamakon haka, alkalai sun kada kuri'a ne kawai a cikin sana'arsu ba kowane bangare ba yayin matakin farko na yanke hukunci. Mataki na daya Zagayen farko na hukunci, ko lokacin tantancewa, shine lokacin da ake yi la'akari da duk fina-finai da aka shigar. Yawanci yana faruwa sama da makonni shida a cikin Oktoba da Nuwamba shekara kafin bikin. Tsarin tacewa yana rage adadin shigarwar zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta biyar kuma mafi girman ƴan wasan ƙarshe bakwai a kowane rukuni. Idan akwai shigarwar uku ko ƙasa da haka a cikin nau'in, an dakatar da kyautar na shekara. Wannan sau da yawa ya shafi lambobin yabo na fasaha, inda kamar yadda ƙofar shigarwa na iya zama ƙasa don manyan nau'ikan kyauta kamar Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Sabulun TV, Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim da Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim. An raba alkalan zuwa “matakai”, kowane kwamiti ya ƙunshi ƙwararru a rukunin da aka bayar. Misali, alkalan da suke daraktocin talabijin za su yi hukunci ne kawai ga nau'ikan jagorar talabijin (ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba). Dole ne bangarorin su zabi Shugaban Kwamitin da Mataimakin Shugaban, wadanda ke shiga cikin bangarorin biyu na hukunci. Sabon shugaban alkalai da aka nada ne ya ƙirƙiri katin ƙima, bisa ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa a cikin wani nau'i da aka bayar. Wannan ma'auni yawanci yana tsakanin tambayoyi uku ko hudu, tare da kowace tambaya tana samun kima cikin biyar. Wannan shine misalin abin da katin ƙima na jagorar talabijin zai yi kama da: Da zarar an ƙidaya duk katunan maki, manyan ƴan takara bakwai na ƙarshe a kowane rukuni su matsa zuwa mataki na biyu. Mataki na biyu Matakin karshe yana gudana tsakanin Nuwamba da Janairu tare da sabbin alkalai. Waɗannan alkalai ba su da ilimin abunda ya faru a mataki na farko na kashi na farko kuma, an sake raba su zuwa bangarori na musamman. Ana ƙarfafa kowane kwamiti ya sami aƙalla taro ɗaya, ta Skype ko cikin mutum, don tattauna waɗanda za su ƙare a rukuninsu. Wani mai binciken kudi yana halarta yayin tarurrukan don tantance cewa tattaunawa “ta kasance mai ‘yanci da adalci”, kuma ba ra’ayi daya ya mamaye shi ba. Bayan wadannan tattaunawa, alkalan sun mika katin makinsu ga kwamitin SAFTA. Abubuwan samarwa guda uku waɗanda ke karɓar mafi girman maki sun sanya jerin sunayen waɗanda aka zaɓa, waɗanda galibi ana sanar da su a farkon-Fabrairu. Masu binciken, wanda kwamitin SAFTA ya ba su, sun kididdige maki na karshe da aka gabatar kuma su ne kadai suka san wadanda suka yi nasara kafin maraicen karramawar. Bukukuwa An gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa ne a shekarar 2006, an yi bugu 12 a yau. Lokuta tunawa Ƙungiyoyi sun janye gabatarwansu (2008) A cikin 2008, Mfundi Vundla, wanda ya kirkiri shahararren sabulun TV na Generations, ya janye daga lambar yabo ta 3rd na fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar yin watsi da duk zabukan wasan kwaikwayon, daraktoci, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. SABC ce ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen shigarwa, ba tare da tuntuɓar shugaban furodusan ba, Friedrich Stark, wanda sunansa ke cikin aikace-aikacen. Daga nan ne wani ɗan ɗalibi ya sanya hannu, ya saba wa ka'idodin shigar SAFTA. Vundla ya bayyana cewa shigar da Generations a bikin Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu na biyu da lambar yabo ta Talabijin ta SABC "ta tura ta" kuma SAFTA ta amince da su bayan an riga an kammala aikin yanke hukunci. Wannan ya sanya ayar tambaya kan ingancin bikin, Vundla ya bayyana cewa ba za a sake “tilasta shi” shiga ba kuma dole ne a fara samun kyaututtukan na gidansu. Ƙungiyar samar da Generations ba ta halarci bikin ba, kamar yadda Vundla ya bayyana cewa yana so ya guje wa "ƙirƙirar ra'ayi cewa Generations ta kowace hanya tana goyon bayan (SAFTAs)". Shugaban NFVF, Eddie Mbalo, a bainar jama'a ya bayyana "ɓacin ransa" game da shawarar da Vundla ya yanke na janye sunayen 'yan takarar kuma ya yi imanin cewa "an hana ƙungiyar damar amincewa" ta masana'antar. Rukunin lambar yabo Kyaututtuka na musamman Za a iya ba da wasu kyaututtuka na musamman bisa ga shawarar Hukumar Zartarwa da Kwamitocin Shari'a na SAFTA. Duba kuma Jerin lambobin yabo na talabijin Jerin Kyautar Kyautar Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu da Talabijin Cinema na Afirka ta Kudu Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu Jerin fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu Jerin jerin talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu Manazarta Gasar kyauta ta Afirka ta kudu Kyautukan gidajen talebijin Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Huhun%20Daji

Ciwon Huhun Daji

Ciwon huhun daji ciwo ne na qarin huhu ana danganta shi da girmar tantani mara magani na fale-falen nama ta huhu. Idan kuma ba a nemo magani ba, wannan qari zata yaɗu a sassan huhun ta hanyar metastasis zuwa fale-falen nama ko sassan jikin. Yawancin ciwon daji da ke faruwa a huhu ana ce da su ciwon huhun daji na farko, acrcinomas. Ainihin waɗannan ire-ire biyu sune; karamin-tantanin huhun carcinoma (SCLC) da mara-karamin-tantanin huhun carcinoma (NSCLC). Yawan alamomin wannan ciwo sune; tari (da tarin jini), ramewa, kasawar numfashi da ciwon kirji. Kaso bisa darin jama'a tamanin da biyar (85%) na matsalolin ciwon huhun daji ya nuna cewa shan taba na tsawon lokaci na kawo ciwon. Sa'annan 10-15 bisa dari (10-15%) matsalolin wannan ciwo ya samu ne ta rashin shan taba/sigari. Wadannan matsalolin na sa haduwa matsalar kayyade da watsawa zuwa rado gas, asbestos, da wasu hayakin kone-kone da wasu gurbacewar iska. Za a iya ganin ciwon huhun daji kamar ciwon kirji ne idan an yi hoto aka kuma hada duba da na'ura (CT). Gwajin ta bayyanu ta bayosfsi wanda kullum ana yinta bronchoscopy ko na'ura mai kwakwalwwa. Rigakafin shi ne ta kiyaye hazarin kamuwa da ita, tare da shan hayaki da kuma gurvacewar iska. kula da wannan da sakamako na tsawon lokaci ya danganta ga irin ciwon huhun dajin, yanayinta (yadda ya ke yaxuwa), da kuma dukan lafiyar mutumin. 'yawancin matsalolin ba a iya magance su. Maganinsa na yau dakullum ya hada da fixa, da magangunan kimiya, da dauka hoton. Ana iya magance NSCLC da fixa wasu lokuta, sa'annan SCLC kuma qan ji magangunan kimiya da daukan hoton da sauri fiye da fixa. A duniya gaba daya a shekara ta 2012, an same mutum miliyan daya da digo takwas (1.8 million) an gwada su da ciwon huhun daji, sa'annan mutum miliyan daya da digo shida sun mutu ta dalilin ciwon (1.6 million). Wannan ya zamma sanadiyyar mutuwa a maza na ciwon huhun daji gama gari da ya faru da na biyu cikin sanadiyyar mutuwar mata bayan ciwon-nono. 'yan shekaru saba'in ne an fi gwada su da wannan cutar. Mutane kashi sha bakwai da digo hudu cikin dari cikin Qasar Amurka an gwada su da wannan ciwon huhun daji, sun rayu da ciwon na shekaru biyar bayan gwajin, sa'annan sakamakon a Qaddarance a Qasashe masu tasowa. Alamomi Da Alamun Bayyana Cututtuka Alamomi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da zasu iya ba da shawarar ciwon daji na huhu sun haɗa da:[1] Alamun numfashi: tari, tari na jini, shaƙatawa, ko ƙarancin numfashi Alamomin tsarin: asarar nauyi, rauni, zazzabi, ko kullun farce Alamun saboda yawan ciwon daji na latsawa akan sifofin da ke kusa: ciwon kirji, ciwon kashi, toshewar vena cava, ko wahalar haɗiye Idan ciwon daji ya girma a cikin hanyoyin iska, yana iya toshe kwararar iska yana haifar da wahalar numfashi. Haka kuma toshewar na iya haifar da tarin sinadarai a bayan toshewar, da kuma kara hadarin kamuwa da ciwon huhu[1]. Yawancin alamomin ciwon daji na huhu (rashin ci, rage kiba, zazzabi, gajiya) ba su takamaimai ba.[3] A cikin mutane da yawa, ciwon daji ya riga ya yadu fiye da asalin wurin lokacin da suke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da kuma neman magani.[20] Alamomin da ke ba da shawarar kasancewar cutar ƙanƙara sun haɗa da asarar nauyi, ciwon kashi, da alamun jijiya (ciwon kai, suma, jijjiga, ko raunin hannuwa).[1] Wuraren yaɗuwar gama gari sun haɗa da kwakwalwa, ƙashi, glanden adrenal, kishiyar huhu, hanta, pericardium, da koda.[20] Kimanin kashi 10% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon huhu ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka a ganewar asali; Ana samun waɗannan ciwon daji bisa ga radiyon ƙirji na yau da kullun.[15] Dangane da nau'in ƙari, abubuwan ban mamaki na paraneoplastic alamun da ba saboda kasancewar ciwon daji ba na iya fara jawo hankali ga cutar.[21] A cikin ciwon huhu na huhu, waɗannan abubuwan mamaki na iya haɗawa da hypercalcemia, ciwo na hormone antidiuretic da bai dace ba (fitsarin da ba a saba da shi ba da jini mai narkewa), samar da ACTH na ectopic, ko ciwo na Lambert-Eaton myasthenic (rauni na tsoka saboda autoantibodies). Ciwon daji a saman huhu, wanda aka sani da ciwace-ciwacen Pancoast, na iya mamaye yankin yankin na tsarin juyayi mai juyayi, wanda ke haifar da ciwon Horner (faɗin fatar ido da ƙaramin ɗalibi a wancan gefen), da kuma lalata plexus na brachial Dalilai Dalilai Dangantaka tsakanin shan taba sigari kowane mutum (blue) da namijin ciwon huhu na huhu (dark yellow) a Amurka sama da karni Haɗarin mutuwa daga ciwon huhu yana da alaƙa da shan taba. Ciwon daji yana tasowa bayan lalacewar kwayoyin halitta ga DNA da canje-canje na epigenetic. Wadancan canje-canjen suna shafar ayyukan al'ada na tantanin halitta, gami da yaɗuwar tantanin halitta, tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta (apoptosis), da gyaran DNA. Yayin da ƙarin lalacewa ke taruwa, haɗarin ciwon daji yana ƙaruwa.[22]. Shan taba shan taba shine babban abin da ke haifar da cutar kansar huhu.[4] Hayakin taba sigari ya ƙunshi aƙalla sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta na 73, [23] gami da benzo [a] pyrene, [24] NNK, 1,3-butadiene, da isotope na rediyoaktif na polonium polonium-210.[23]. A duk kasashen da suka ci gaba, kashi 90% na mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a maza da kashi 70% na mata a shekarar 2000 ana danganta su da shan taba.[25] Shan taba yana da kusan kashi 85% na cututtukan daji na huhu.[14] Vaping na iya zama abin haɗari ga kansar huhu, amma ƙasa da na sigari, kuma ƙarin bincike ya zama dole saboda tsawon lokacin da zai iya ɗauka don cutar kansar huhu bayan kamuwa da cututtukan carcinogens.[26][27] Shan taba mai wucewa shakar hayaki daga shan taba wani shine sanadin cutar kansar huhu ga masu shan taba. Ana iya bayyana mai shan taba a matsayin wanda ko dai yana zaune ko yana aiki tare da mai shan taba. Nazarin daga Amurka, [28] [29] [30] Birtaniya [31] da sauran ƙasashen Turai[32] sun nuna ci gaba da haɓaka haɗari tsakanin waɗanda ke fuskantar shan taba.[33] Haɗarin kamuwa da kansar huhu yana ƙaruwa da kashi 25-28%.[34] Binciken hayaki na gefe (babban abin da ke haifar da hayaki na biyu; a kusa da 85%) yana nuna cewa yana da haɗari fiye da hayaƙi na yau da kullun.[35] Hayakin marijuana ya ƙunshi yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta iri ɗaya kamar waɗanda aka samu a cikin hayaƙin taba, [36] amma tasirin shan wiwi akan haɗarin kansar huhu bai bayyana ba.[37][38] Binciken 2013 bai sami ƙarin haɗari daga haske zuwa amfani mai matsakaici ba.[39] Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 ya nuna cewa shan wiwi ya ninka haɗarin kansar huhu, kodayake cannabis yana cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka haɗa da taba.] Radon Gas Radon iskar gas ce mara launi da wari da ke haifarwa ta hanyar karyewar radium na rediyoaktif, wanda kuma shine rubewar samfurin uranium, wanda ake samu a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Samfuran ruɓar raɗaɗi suna haɗar da kwayoyin halitta, suna haifar da maye gurbi wanda wani lokaci ya zama cutar kansa. Radon shine na biyu-mafi yawan sanadin cutar kansar huhu a cikin Amurka, [41] yana haifar da mutuwar kusan 21,000 kowace shekara.[42] Haɗarin yana ƙaruwa 8-16% na kowane 100 karuwa a cikin radon maida hankali.[43] Matakan gas na Radon sun bambanta ta wurin zama da kuma abun da ke cikin ƙasa da duwatsu. Kusan ɗaya cikin gidaje 15 a Amurka yana da matakan radon sama da shawarar da aka ba da shawarar na 4 picocuries kowace lita (pCi/l) (148 ).[44] Asbestos Asbestos na iya haifar da cututtukan huhu iri-iri kamar kansar huhu. Shan taba da kuma bayyanar da asbestos tare suna da tasirin haɗin gwiwa akan ci gaban ciwon huhu.[5] A cikin masu shan taba da ke aiki tare da asbestos, haɗarin ciwon daji na huhu yana ƙaruwa sau 45 idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a.[45]. Hakanan asbestos na iya haifar da ciwon daji na pleura, wanda ake kira mesothelioma wanda a zahiri ya bambanta da kansar huhu.[46] Gurbatacciyar Iska Gurbacewar iskar gurbacewar iska a waje, musamman sinadarai da ake fitarwa daga kona man kaburbura, na kara kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu.[4] Fine particulates (PM2.5) da sulfate aerosols, waɗanda za a iya saki a cikin hayaki sharar hanya, suna da alaƙa da ɗan ƙara haɗari.[4][47] Ga nitrogen dioxide, karuwar kashi 10 a kowace biliyan yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar huhu da kashi 14%.[48] An kiyasta gurɓacewar iska a waje yana haifar da kashi 1-2% na cututtukan daji na huhu.[4] Shaida ta asali tana goyan bayan ƙarin haɗarin cutar kansar huhu daga gurɓacewar iska a cikin gida dangane da ƙone itace, gawayi, taki, ko ragowar amfanin gona don dafawa da dumama.[49] Matan da hayaƙin kwal na cikin gida suna da kusan ninki biyu na haɗarin, kuma yawancin abubuwan da ake samu na konewar ƙwayoyin cuta an san su ko kuma waɗanda ake zargi da cutar sankarau.[50] Wannan hadarin ya shafi kusan mutane biliyan 2.4 a duk duniya, [49] kuma an yi imanin yana haifar da kashi 1.5% na mutuwar cutar kansar huhu. Genetics Kimanin kashi 8% na cututtukan daji na huhu suna faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan gado (genetic)[51]. A cikin dangin mutanen da aka gano suna da ciwon huhu na huhu, haɗarin yana ninka sau biyu, mai yiwuwa saboda haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta.[52]. Polymorphisms akan chromosomes 5, 6, da 15 an gano su kuma suna da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar huhu.[53] Single-nucleotide polymorphisms na kwayoyin halittar nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) CHRNA5, CHRNA3, da CHRNB4 suna daga cikin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon huhu na huhu, da RGS17 kwayar halitta mai daidaita siginar G-protein.[53] Sabbin nazarin kwayoyin halitta, sun gano 18 masu rauni loci suna samun ma'anar kwayar halitta. Wadannan loci suna nuna nau'in nau'in nau'i a cikin raunin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'o'in histological subtypes na ciwon huhu, sake gano masu karɓar nicotinic cholinergic, misali. CHRNA2. Sauran Abubuwan Da Ke Haifarwa da wasu abubuwa da yawa, sana'o'i, da bayyanar muhalli an danganta su da cutar kansar huhu. Hukumar Bincike kan Ciwon daji ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa "isasshen shaida" ya kasance don nuna cewa waɗannan suna da ciwon daji a cikin huhu: Wasu karafa (samar da aluminum, cadmium da cadmium mahadi, mahadi chromium (VI), mahadi na beryllium da beryllium mahadi. baƙin ƙarfe da karfe kafa, nickel mahadi, arsenic da inorganic arsenic mahadi, da kuma karkashin kasa hematite ma'adinai) Wasu kayayyakin na konewa (rashin cikakken konewa, kwal (a cikin gida hayaki daga gida kwal kona), kwal gasification, kwal-tar farar, coke samar, soot, da ingin dizal) Ionizing radiation (X-ray da gamma) Wasu gas masu guba (methyl ether (nau'in fasaha), da bis- (chloromethyl) ether, sulfur mustard, MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine cakuda) da hayaki. daga zanen) Samar da roba da ƙurar siliki na crystalline Ana ganin ƙananan haɓakar haɗarin cutar kansar huhu a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar sclerosis. Pathogenesis Pathogenesis Duba kuma: Ciwon daji kamar sauran cututtukan daji, ciwon huhu yana farawa ne ta hanyar kunna ƙwayoyin cuta ko rashin kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙari.[56] Carcinogens yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da haɓakar ciwon daji [57]. Maye gurbi a cikin K-ras proto-oncogene yana ba da gudummawa ga kusan 10-30% na adenocarcinomas na huhu.[58][59] Kusan kashi 4% na cututtukan huhu marasa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da EML4-ALK tyrosine kinase fusion gene.[60] Canje-canje na Epigenetic kamar canjin DNA methylation, gyaran wutsiya na histone, ko tsarin microRNA na iya haifar da rashin kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari.[61] Mahimmanci, ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna haɓaka juriya ga danniya na oxidative, wanda ke ba su damar jurewa da haɓaka yanayin kumburi wanda ke hana ayyukan tsarin rigakafi da ƙari.[62][63]. Mai karɓar haɓakar haɓakar epidermal (EGFR) yana daidaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, apoptosis, angiogenesis, da mamayewa.[58]. Maye gurbi da haɓaka EGFR sun zama ruwan dare a cikin NSCLC, kuma suna ba da tushen jiyya tare da masu hana EGFR. Her2/neu ba shi da yawa sosai.[58] Sauran kwayoyin halittar da ake yawan canzawa ko inganta su sun hada da c-MET, NKX2-1, LKB1, PIK3CA, da BRAF.[58] Ba a cika fahimtar layukan tantanin halitta ba.[1] Na'urar na iya haɗawa da ƙarancin kunna sel masu tushe. A cikin hanyoyin iska na kusa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke bayyana keratin 5 sun fi kamuwa da cutar, yawanci suna haifar da squamous-cell huhu carcinoma. A cikin hanyoyin iska na tsakiya, sel mai tushe sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin kulab da ƙwayoyin neuroepithelial waɗanda ke bayyana furotin sirrin kulab. SCLC na iya samo asali daga waɗannan layin salula [64] ko ƙwayoyin neuroendocrine, [1] kuma yana iya bayyana CD44.[64]. Metastasis na ciwon huhu yana buƙatar canzawa daga epithelial zuwa nau'in cell mesenchymal. Wannan na iya faruwa ta hanyar kunna hanyoyin sigina kamar Akt/GSK3Beta, MEK-ERK, Fas, da Par6 Binciken CT Binciken CT scan yana nuna ciwon daji a cikin huhu na hagu Sarcoma na farko na huhu a cikin wani namiji mai shekaru 72 mai asymptomatic Yin rediyon kirji (x-ray) yana ɗaya daga cikin matakan bincike na farko idan mutum ya ba da rahoton alamun da ke iya zama alamar huhu. ciwon daji. X-ray na iya bayyana wani bayyanannen taro, faɗaɗawar mediastinum (mai ba da shawarar yaduwa zuwa nodes na lymph a can), atelectasis (ruɗuwar huhu), ƙarfafawa ciwon huhu), ko zubar da jini.[14]. Ana yawan amfani da hoton ƙirji na ƙirji (CT) don ganewar asali kuma yana iya bayyana wani ɗimbin ƙirƙira wanda ke da nuni da cutar kansar huhu. Hakanan ana amfani da hoton CT don samar da ƙarin bayani game da nau'in cuta da girman cutar. Bronchoscopic ko CT-guided biopsy ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don yin samfurin ƙwayar cuta don histopathology.[15] Ciwon daji na huhu na iya bayyana sau da yawa azaman nodule na huhu guda ɗaya akan gidan rediyon ƙirji. Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen ganewar asali yana da fadi kuma wasu cututtuka da yawa kuma na iya ba da wannan bayyanar, ciki har da ciwon daji na metastatic, hamartomas, da granuloma masu kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka, histoplasmosis, ko coccidioidomycosis.[66]. Ciwon daji na huhu kuma yana iya zama abin ganowa ba zato ba tsammani, a matsayin nodule na huhu guda ɗaya akan radiyon ƙirji ko CT scan wanda aka yi saboda wani dalili maras alaƙa.[67] Mahimmin ganewar cutar kansar huhu ya dogara ne akan binciken tarihi na naman da ake tuhuma a cikin mahallin sifofin asibiti da na rediyo.[1][3]. Sharuɗɗa na aikin asibiti suna ba da shawarar takamaiman mitoci (tsakanin tazarar lokaci tsakanin gwaje-gwaje) don kula da nodule na huhu.[68] Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da hoton CT na tsawon lokaci ko akai-akai fiye da yadda aka nuna a cikin jagororin asibiti ba, saboda duk wani ƙarin sa ido yana fallasa mutane zuwa ƙarar radiation kuma yana da tsada.[68] Taswirar Rarrabawa Taswirar Rarraba Pie wanda ke nuna abubuwan da suka faru na NSCLCs idan aka kwatanta da SCLCs da aka nuna a dama, tare da ɓangarorin masu shan taba da masu shan taba da aka nuna ga kowane nau'in[69] Daidaita yanayin ciwon huhu ta hanyar nau'in tarihin tarihi 66.9 Adenocarcinoma 22.1 Squamous-cell carcinoma 14.4 Karamin-cell carcinoma 9.8 An rarraba kansar huhu bisa ga nau'in tarihin tarihi.[3] Wannan rarrabuwa yana da mahimmanci don ƙayyade duka gudanarwa da tsinkayar sakamakon cutar. Ciwon daji na huhu shine carcinomas malignancies da ke tasowa daga kwayoyin epithelial. An rarraba carcinomas na huhu ta hanyar girma da bayyanar mugayen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda masanin ilimin tarihi ya gani a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Don dalilai na warkewa, ana rarrabe manyan nau'ikan ma'auni ne da ake rarrabe su: carcinoma (NSCLC). Ciwon huhun da ba ƙaramin tantai ba Manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan NSCLC guda uku sune adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, da carcinoma babba-cell.[1] Nau'ukan da ba safai ba sun haɗa da adenocarcinoma na ciki na huhu.[71] Kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na huhu sune adenocarcinomas, wanda yawanci ke fitowa daga nama na huhu.[3] Kodayake mafi yawan lokuta na adenocarcinoma suna da alaƙa da shan taba, kuma shine mafi yawan nau'in ciwon huhu na huhu a tsakanin mutanen da suka sha taba sigari kasa da 100 a rayuwarsu ("masu taba shan taba") [1] [72] da kuma masu shan taba tare da tsofaffi. tarihin shan taba.[1] Wani nau'i na adenocarcinoma, ciwon daji na bronchioloalveolar, ya fi kowa a cikin mata masu shan taba, kuma yana iya samun rayuwa mafi kyau na dogon lokaci.[73]. Squamous-cell carcinoma yana haifar da kusan kashi 30% na cututtukan huhu. Yawanci suna faruwa kusa da manyan hanyoyin iska. Ramin rami da mutuwar tantanin halitta yawanci ana samun su a tsakiyar ƙwayar cuta.[3] Kusan kashi 10 zuwa 15 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na huhu sune carcinoma babba.[74] Ana kiran waɗannan suna saboda ƙwayoyin kansar suna da girma, tare da cytoplasm mai yawa, manyan tsakiya, da kuma nucleoli na fili.[3] Karamin-cell carcinoma huhu A cikin SCLC, sel sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na neurosecretory (vesicles dauke da hormones na neuroendocrine), waɗanda ke ba da wannan ƙwayar cuta ta endocrin ko ƙungiyar paraneoplastic syndrome.[75]. Yawancin lokuta suna tasowa a cikin manyan hanyoyin iska (na farko da na biyu).[15] Kimanin kashi 60-70% suna da cututtuka masu yawa (waɗanda ba za a iya yin niyya ba a cikin filin jiyya guda ɗaya) a lokacin gabatarwa.[1] Wasu manyan nau'ikan tarihin tarihi guda huɗu an san su, kodayake wasu cututtukan daji na iya ƙunsar haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan cututtukan daji na iya ƙunsar haɗuwa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta daban-daban, [70] kamar carcinoma adenosquamous.[3] Nau'ukan da ba safai ba sun haɗa da ciwace-ciwacen daji, ciwon daji na ƙwayar cuta, da sarcomatoid carcinomas.[3] Metastasis Metastasis Napsin-A da TTF-1 Immunostaining a Primary huhu Carcinoma[1] Nau'in Histological Napsin-A TTF-1 Squamous-cell carcinoma mara kyau Adenocarcinoma Kyawun Kyawun-cell carcinoma mara kyau. ciwace-ciwace daga sauran sassan jiki. Wadannan ciwace-ciwace ana kiransu metastases ko ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace. Mafi yawan bayyanar da x-ray na ƙirji shine kasancewar nodules da yawa a cikin ƙananan lobes.[76] Ciwon daji na huhu na farko kuma yakan yi ƙaura zuwa kwakwalwa, ƙasusuwa, hanta, da glandar adrenal.[3] Immunostination na biopsy yawanci yana taimakawa wajen tantance asalin asalin.[77] Kasancewar Napsin-A, TTF-1, CK7, da CK20 suna taimakawa tabbatar da nau'in ciwon daji na huhu. SCLC wanda ya samo asali daga ƙwayoyin neuroendocrine na iya bayyana CD56, kwayoyin adhesion cell cell, synaptophysin, ko chromogranin.[1]. Staging Matsayin kansar huhu Matsayin kansar huhu shine kimanta girman yaduwar cutar kansa daga asalinsa.[3] Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi duka tsinkaye da yuwuwar maganin kansar huhu.[1][3] Ƙimar matakan NSCLC tana amfani da rarrabuwar TNM (tumor, node, metastasis). Wannan ya dogara ne akan girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko, shigar kumburin lymph, da metastasis mai nisa.[1] Rarraba TNM a cikin ciwon huhu na huhu[78][79] T: Tumor Primary TX Duk wani daga cikin: Tumor na farko ba za a iya tantance ƙwayoyin Tumor da ke cikin sputum ko wankewar buroshi ba, amma ƙari ba a gani tare da hoto ko bronchoscopy T0 Babu wata shaida ta farko Tis Carcinoma a ciki Situ T1 Tumor kasa da ko daidai da 3 cm a fadin, kewaye da huhu ko visceral pleura, ba tare da mamayewa kusa da lobar bronchus T1mi Karamin invasive adenocarcinoma T1a Tumor kasa da ko daidai 1 cm a fadin T1b Tumor Girman fiye da 1 cm amma kasa da ko daidai da 2 cm a fadin T1c Girman Tumor fiye da 2 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 3 cm a fadin T2 Duk wani na: Girman Tumor fiye da 3 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 5 cm a fadin Sa hannun babban bronchus amma a'a. Ciwon huhu na visceral pleura Atelectasis obstructive pneumonitis wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa girman T2a Tumor fiye da 3 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 4 cm a fadin T2b Tumor girma fiye da 4 cm amma kasa ko daidai da 5 cm a fadin T3 Duk wani: Girman Tumor fiye da 5 cm amma kasa da ko daidai da 7 cm a fadin mamayewa a cikin bangon kirji, jijiyar phrenic, ko parietal pericardium Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin lobe guda T4 Duk wani: Girman Tumor fiye da 7 cm mamaye diaphragm, mediastinum, zuciya, manyan tasoshin. trachea, carina, jijiyar laryngeal na yau da kullum, esophagus, ko vertebral jiki Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin wani nau'i daban-daban na huhu guda N: Lymph nodes NX Ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki ba za a iya tantance su ba hilar lymph nodes N1a Metastasis zuwa guda N1 nodal tashar N1b Metastasis zuwa biyu ko fiye N1 nodal tashoshi N2 Metastasis zuwa ipsilateral mediastinal da ko subcarinal lymph nodes N2a1 Metastasis zuwa daya N2 nodal tashar ba tare da shigar da N1 nodes N2a2 Metastasis zuwa N2 nodes daya N2a2. Tasha kuma aƙalla tashar nodal N1 N2b Metastasis zuwa biyu ko fiye N2 nodal tashoshi N3 Kowane na: Metastasis zuwa sikelin ko supraclavicular lymph nodes Metastasis zuwa contralateral hilar o r mediastinal lymph nodes M: Metastasis MX Metastasis mai nisa ba za a iya tantancewa ba M0 Babu metastasis mai nisa M1a Kowanne daga cikin: Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin sauran huhu Tumor tare da pleural ko pericardial nodules M Pleural ko pericardial effusion M1b A guda metastasis wajen kirji M1c Biyu ko fiye. metastases a waje da ƙirji Ta amfani da bayanan TNM, an ba da rukuni, kama daga ciwon daji na asiri, ta matakai 0, IA (daya-A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, da IV (hudu). Wannan rukunin matakin yana taimakawa tare da zaɓin jiyya da ƙiyasin tsinkaya.[80] Rukunin mataki bisa ga TNM Rikakafi Sashin Huhu Na Dan Adam Rigakafi Sashin huhu na ɗan adam: Farin wurin da ke saman lobe shine ciwon daji; wuraren baƙar fata suna canzawa saboda shan taba. Rigakafin shan taba da daina shan sigari hanyoyi ne masu tasiri na rage haɗarin cutar kansar huhu. Haramcin shan taba Haramcin shan taba Yayin da a yawancin ƙasashe an gano cutar sankarau da na cikin gida kuma an hana su, shan taba yana yaɗuwa. Kawar da shan taba sigari shine manufa ta farko a cikin rigakafin cutar kansar huhu, kuma daina shan taba wani muhimmin kayan kariya ne a cikin wannan tsari.[81] Harkokin siyasa don rage shan taba a wuraren jama'a kamar gidajen abinci da wuraren aiki ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin kasashen yammacin Turai.[82]. Bhutan ta sami cikakkiyar dokar hana shan taba tun 2005[83] yayin da Indiya ta gabatar da dokar hana shan taba a bainar jama'a a cikin Oktoba 2008.[84] Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta yi kira ga gwamnatoci da su kafa dokar hana tallar taba domin hana matasa shan taba.[85] Sun kiyasta cewa irin wannan haramcin ya rage shan taba da kashi 16% a inda aka kafa.[85] Bincike Binciken cutar daji na huhu Binciken ciwon daji yana amfani da gwaje-gwajen likita don gano cututtuka a cikin manyan rukunin mutanen da ba su da alamun cutar.[86] Ga mutanen da ke da hatsarin kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu, tantancewar lissafi (CT) na iya gano cutar kansa kuma ya ba mutum zaɓi don amsa ta ta hanyar da za ta tsawaita rayuwa.[68][87] Wannan nau'i na tantancewa yana rage yiwuwar mutuwa daga cutar kansa ta huhu da cikakkiyar adadin 0.3% (kwatankwacin adadin 20%).[88][89]. Mutanen da ke da haɗari su ne masu shekaru 55-74 waɗanda suka sha kwatankwacin adadin sigari kowace rana tsawon shekaru 30 ciki har da lokaci a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.[68] Binciken CT yana da alaƙa da babban adadin gwaje-gwaje na gaskiya na ƙarya, wanda zai iya haifar da jiyya maras buƙata.[90] Ga kowane ingantacciyar siffa mai kyau akwai kusan 19 na binciken karya.[89] Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da hasarar radiation[90] da farashin gwaji tare da bin diddigin.[68] Bincike bai samo wasu gwaje-gwaje guda biyu da ake da su ba sputum cytology ko gwaje-gwajen rediyo na kirji (CXR) don samun fa'ida.[87][91] Sojojin masu kariya na Amurka suna ba da shawarar neman bayan da aka yi ta amfani da low-lokacin da ke da shekara 55 da 80 har zuwa mutum bai yi shan sigari fiye da shekaru 15 ba. 92] Shawarar tasu ta keɓance waɗanda ke da wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda za su yi maganin kansar huhu idan ba a sami zaɓi ba.[92] Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ingila ta kasance a cikin 2014 tana sake nazarin shaidun tantancewar. Sauran Dabarun Rigakafi Sauran dabarun rigakafi Amfani da dogon lokaci na ƙarin bitamin A, [94] bitamin B, [94] bitamin D[94] ko bitamin E[94] baya rage haɗarin ciwon huhu. Kariyar bitamin C na iya rage haɗarin cutar kansar huhu.[95][96] Wasu binciken sun gano bitamin A, B, da E na iya kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu ga waɗanda ke da tarihin shan taba.[94] Wasu nazarin sun ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke cin abinci tare da mafi yawan kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace suna da ƙarancin haɗari, [30][97] amma wannan yana iya zama saboda rikicewa tare da ƙananan haɗari a zahiri saboda haɗin 'ya'yan itace mai girma. da abincin kayan lambu tare da rage shan taba[98]. Yawancin bincike da yawa ba su nuna cikakkiyar alaƙa tsakanin abinci da haɗarin cutar kansar huhu ba, [1] [97] ko da yake meta-bincike wanda ke lissafin matsayin shan taba na iya nuna fa'ida daga abinci mai kyau. Gabatarwa Gudanarwa: Maganin cutar kansar huhu Jiyya ga kansar huhu ya dogara da takamaiman nau'in tantanin halitta na kansa, yadda ya yaɗu, da matsayin aikin mutum. Jiyya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da kulawar jin daɗi, [100] tiyata, chemotherapy, da maganin radiation.[1] Maganin da aka yi niyya na kansar huhu yana girma cikin mahimmanci ga ci gaban kansar huhu.[101] Bugu da kari, ana ba da shawarar daina shan taba da motsa jiki.[102][103] Tiyata Aikin tiyatar ciwon huhu na huhu samfurin pneumonectomy wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ana gani a matsayin wuri mai farin kusa da bronchi Idan bincike ya tabbatar da NSCLC, ana tantance matakin don sanin ko cutar tana cikin gida kuma tana iya yin tiyata ko kuma idan ta yada zuwa ga. wurin da ba a iya warkewa ta hanyar tiyata. Za a iya amfani da CT scan da PET-CT, gwaje-gwajen da ba su da ƙarfi, don taimakawa wajen kawar da malignancy ko shigar da kumburin lymph na mediastinal.[1][104] Idan ana zargin shigar da kumburin lymph na mediastinal ta amfani da PET-CT, ana iya yin samfurin nodes (ta amfani da biopsy) don taimakawa tantancewa, gwajin PET-CT bai isa a yi amfani da shi kadai ba.[104] Dabarun da ake amfani da su don samun samfurin sun haɗa da buƙatun allura na transthoracic, buƙatun allurar transbronchial (tare da ko ba tare da duban dan tayi ba), endoscopic duban dan tayi tare da buƙatun allura, mediastinoscopy, da thoracoscopy.[105]. Ana amfani da gwajin jini da gwajin aikin huhu don tantance ko mutum ya isa aikin tiyata.[15] Idan gwaje-gwajen aikin huhu ya nuna rashin isasshen ajiyar numfashi, tiyata ba zai yiwu ba.[1] A mafi yawan lokuta na matakin farko na NSCLC, kawar da lobe na huhu (lobectomy) shine magani na zabi. A cikin mutanen da ba su dace da cikakken lobectomy ba, za a iya yin ƙaramin ɓarna na sublobar (ƙuƙwalwar fata). Duk da haka, ɓacin rai yana da haɗari mafi girma na sake dawowa fiye da lobectomy. Jiyya na aikin rediyoaktif na iodine a gefen ɓangarorin yanki na iya rage haɗarin sake dawowa. Da wuya, ana cire duk huhu (pneumonectomy) [106]. Bidiyo-taimakawa aikin tiyata na thoracoscopic (VATS) da VATS lobectomy suna amfani da hanya kaɗan ta mamaye aikin tiyatar ciwon huhu.[107] VATS lobectomy daidai yake da tasiri idan aka kwatanta da buɗaɗɗen lobectomy na al'ada, tare da ƙarancin rashin lafiya bayan tiyata.[108] A cikin SCLC, chemotherapy ko radiotherapy yawanci ana amfani da su, ko kuma wani lokacin duka biyu.[109] Koyaya, ana sake yin la'akari da rawar tiyata a cikin SCLC. Tiyata na iya inganta sakamako idan aka ƙara zuwa chemotherapy da radiation a farkon matakin SCLC.[110] Amfanin aikin tiyata na huhu na huhu (resection) ga mutanen da ke da mataki na I-IIA NSCLC ba a bayyana ba, amma shaidu masu rauni sun nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa na maganin ciwon huhu na huhu da kuma cire ƙwayoyin lymph na mediastinal (matsakaicin ƙwayar lymph node) na iya inganta rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da su. resection na huhu da samfurin mediastinal nodes (ba cikakkiyar rarrabawar kumburi ba). Radiotherapy Radiotherapy Brachytherapy (na cikin gida radiotherapy) don ciwon huhu da aka bayar ta hanyar iska Ana ba da Radiotherapy sau da yawa tare da chemotherapy, kuma ana iya amfani da shi da nufin warkarwa a cikin mutanen da ke da NSCLC waɗanda ba su cancanci yin tiyata ba.[112]. Wannan nau'i na babban aikin rediyo mai ƙarfi ana kiransa radical radiotherapy.[45] Gyaran wannan dabarar ita ce ci gaba da haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar rediyo (CHART), wanda ake ba da babban adadin maganin rediyo a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.[113]. Yin aikin rediyo yana nufin dabarar maganin rediyo na ba da madaidaicin adadin maganin rediyo wanda kwamfuta ke jagoranta.[114] Bayan tiyata (adjuvant) thoracic radiotherapy gabaɗaya ba a yi amfani da shi bayan tiyata-nufin tiyata don NSCLC.[115] Wasu mutanen da ke da kumburin kumburin lymph na mediastinal N2 na iya amfana daga aikin rediyo bayan tiyata.[116] Don abubuwan da za a iya warkewa na SCLC da aka yi da tiyata, ana ba da shawarar maganin rediyon ƙirji bayan tiyata.[3] Ba a san lokacin da ya dace na waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ba (mafi kyawun lokacin da za a ba da maganin rediyo da chemotherapy don inganta rayuwa)[117]. Idan ciwon daji ya toshe wani ɗan gajeren sashe na bronchus, ana iya ba da brachytherapy (radiyo na gida) kai tsaye a cikin hanyar iska don buɗe hanyar. Idan aka kwatanta da rediyon katako na waje, brachytherapy yana ba da damar rage lokacin jiyya da rage tasirin radiation ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.[118] Shaida don maganin brachytherapy, duk da haka, bai kai na na waje ba don maganin rediyo na waje.[119] Prophylactic cranial irradiation wani nau'i ne na radiotherapy zuwa kwakwalwa, wanda ake amfani dashi don rage haɗarin metastasis. Ana amfani da PCI a cikin SCLC.[45] A cikin ƙayyadaddun cututtuka, PCI yana ƙaruwa tsawon shekaru uku daga 15% zuwa 20%; A cikin manyan cututtuka, rayuwa na shekara guda yana ƙaruwa daga 13% zuwa 27% [120]. Ga mutanen da ke da NSCLC da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya, ba a bayyana ba idan tiyata ya fi tasiri fiye da aikin rediyo.[114] Ci gaban kwanan nan a cikin niyya da hoto sun haifar da haɓakar stereotactic radiation a cikin maganin ciwon huhu na farko. A cikin wannan nau'i na maganin rediyo, ana isar da allurai masu yawa a kan lokuta da yawa ta amfani da dabaru na niyya. Amfani da shi shine da farko a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba masu neman aikin tiyata ba saboda cututtukan cututtuka.[121] Ga duka NSCLC da marasa lafiya na SCLC, ana iya amfani da ƙananan allurai na radiation zuwa ƙirji don sarrafa alamun (palliative radiotherapy).[122][123] Ba a nuna amfani da mafi girman allurai na rediyo don kula da jin daɗi don tsawaita rayuwa na. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Tsarin chemotherapy ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji.[3] SCLC, ko da ingantacciyar cuta ta farko, ana kula da ita da farko tare da chemotherapy da radiation.[124] A cikin SCLC, an fi amfani da cisplatin da etoposide.[125] Hakanan ana amfani da haɗe-haɗe tare da carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, da irinotecan.[126] [127] A cikin ci gaba na NSCLC, chemotherapy yana inganta rayuwa kuma ana amfani dashi azaman jiyya na farko, muddin mutum ya isa maganin.[128] Yawanci, ana amfani da kwayoyi guda biyu, wanda ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da tushen platinum (ko dai cisplatin ko carboplatin). Sauran magungunan da aka saba amfani da su sune gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, [129][130] pemetrexed, [131] etoposide ko vinorelbine.[130] Magunguna na tushen Platinum da haɗuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da maganin platinum ba su da alama sun fi fa'ida don tsawaita rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran magungunan da ba platinum ba, kuma suna iya haifar da haɗarin haɗari mai haɗari, kamar tashin zuciya, amai, anemia, da thrombocytopenia, 132] musamman a cikin mutanen da suka haura shekaru 70.[133]. Shaidu ba su isa ba don sanin ko wace hanya ce ta chemotherapy ke da alaƙa da mafi ingancin rayuwa.[132] Har ila yau, babu shaidar da za ta iya tantance ko yin magani ga mutanen da ke da NSCLC a karo na biyu lokacin da zagaye na farko na chemotherapy bai yi nasara ba (chemotherapy na biyu) yana haifar da ƙarin fa'ida ko cutarwa.[134] Adjuvant chemotherapy yana nufin yin amfani da chemotherapy bayan aikin tiyata a fili don inganta sakamako. A cikin NSCLC, ana ɗaukar samfurori na nodes na lymph na kusa yayin tiyata don taimakawa tsarawa. Idan an tabbatar da cutar mataki-II ko -III, adjuvant chemotherapy (ciki har da ko a'a hada da radiotherapy bayan tiyata) yana inganta rayuwa da 4% a shekaru biyar.[135][136][137] Haɗin vinorelbine da cisplatin ya fi tasiri fiye da tsofaffin magunguna.[136] Adjuvant chemotherapy ga mutanen da ke da ciwon daji na IB yana da cece-kuce, saboda gwajin asibiti bai nuna fa'idar rayuwa a fili ba.[138] Chemotherapy kafin tiyata a cikin NSCLC wanda za'a iya cirewa ta hanyar tiyata na iya inganta sakamako.[139][140] Za a iya haɗa chemotherapy tare da kulawar jinya a cikin jiyya na NSCLC.[141] A cikin lamuran da suka ci gaba, maganin chemotherapy da ya dace yana inganta matsakaicin rayuwa akan kulawar tallafi kaɗai, da kuma inganta ingancin rayuwa.[141][142] Tare da isassun lafiyar jiki da ke kula da chemotherapy a lokacin maganin ciwon huhu na huhu yana ba da watanni 1.5 zuwa 3 na tsawaita rayuwa, taimako na bayyanar cututtuka, da inganta yanayin rayuwa, tare da kyakkyawan sakamako da aka gani tare da wakilai na zamani.[143][144] Ƙungiyar NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group ta ba da shawarar idan mai karɓa yana so kuma zai iya jure wa jiyya, to ana iya la'akari da chemotherapy a cikin NSCLC mai ci gaba. Niyya Da Rigakafi An yi niyya da rigakafin rigakafi Akwai magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke kaiwa ga hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cutar kansar huhu, musamman don maganin cututtukan da suka ci gaba. Erlotinib, gefitinib, da afatinib sun hana tyrosine kinase a mai karɓar haɓakar girma na epidermal (EGFR). Wadannan masu hana EGFR na iya taimakawa wajen jinkirta yaduwar kwayoyin cutar kansa ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon huhu na EGFR M+ kuma suna iya inganta rayuwar mutum.[146] Ba a nuna masu hana EGFR don taimakawa mutane su rayu tsawon lokaci ba.[146] Ga mutanen da ke da maye gurbi na EGFR, jiyya tare da gefitinib na iya haifar da ingantacciyar rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da jiyya tare da chemotherapy.[147] Denosumab, maganin rigakafi na monoclonal wanda aka yi wa mai karɓar mai kunnawa na kappa-B ligand, na iya zama da amfani wajen maganin metastases na kashi.[148] https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Monoclonal antibodies amfani da maganin NSCLC da tsarin aikin su https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Immunotherapy za a iya amfani da su duka biyu SCLC da NSCLC.[149][150] Kwayoyin NSCLC da ke bayyana tsarin mutuwa-ligand 1 (PD-L1) na iya yin hulɗa tare da shirin mai karɓar mai karɓar mutuwa 1 (PD-1) wanda aka bayyana a saman kwayoyin T, kuma yana haifar da raguwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi.[151]. Atezolizumab shine maganin rigakafi na monoclonal na PD-L1. Nivolumab da Pembrolizumab su ne antibodies na PD-1 monoclonal. Ipilimumab wani maganin rigakafi ne na monoclonal wanda ke da alhakin gina jiki mai haɗin gwiwar Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte 4 (CTLA-4) akan saman ƙwayoyin T. Bevacizumab wani maganin rigakafi ne na monoclonal wanda ke da alhakin haɓakar haɓakar jijiyoyi a cikin wurare dabam dabam, kuma yana aiki azaman mai hana angiogenesis.[151]. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na 3 da ke amfani da immunotherapy a cikin layi na farko don maganin NSCLC an buga su, ciki har da Pembrolizumab a cikin KEYNOTE-024, KEYNOTE-042, KEYNOTE-189 da KEYNOTE-407; Nivolumab da Ipilimumab a cikin CHECKMATE-227 da CHECKMATE 9LA; da Atezolizumab a cikin IMpower110, IMpower130 da IMpower150.[151] https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Babban makamai na magani na lokaci 3 gwaji na asibiti da ke ba da rigakafi a cikin layi na farko ga marasa lafiya tare da NSCLC bazai haifar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga mutanen da ke da matakan I-III NSCLC ba. Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy Ana iya ba da jiyya da yawa ta hanyar bronchoscopy don kula da toshewar iska ko zubar jini. Idan ci gaban ciwon daji ya toshe hanyar iska, zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da m bronchoscopy, balloon bronchoplasty, stenting, da microdebridement.[153] Hoto na Laser ya ƙunshi isar da hasken laser a cikin hanyar iska ta hanyar bronchoscope don cire ƙwayar cuta mai toshewa.[154] Kulawa D Jin Daɗi Kulawar jin daɗi idan aka ƙara zuwa maganin kansa na yau da kullun yana amfanar mutane ko da har yanzu suna samun ilimin chemotherapy.[155] Waɗannan hanyoyin suna ba da damar ƙarin tattaunawa game da zaɓuɓɓukan magani kuma suna ba da damar isa ga yanke shawara da aka yi la'akari sosai[156][157]. Kulawa da jin daɗi na iya guje wa rashin amfani amma kulawa mai tsada ba kawai a ƙarshen rayuwa ba, har ma a duk tsawon lokacin rashin lafiya. Ga mutanen da ke da cututtukan da suka ci gaba, kulawar asibiti kuma na iya dacewa. Hanyoyi Daba Na Cin Zarafi Hanyoyin da ba na cin zarafi Mafi kyawun sa baki don guje wa mutuwa daga cutar kansar huhu shine a daina shan taba; hatta mutanen da suka riga sun kamu da cutar sankara ta huhu ana kwadaitar da su daina shan taba[103]. Babu wata bayyananniyar shaida wacce shirin daina shan taba ya fi tasiri ga mutanen da aka gano suna da ciwon huhu.[103] Wasu rarraunan shaida sun nuna cewa wasu hanyoyin kulawa na tallafi (marasa haɗari) waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan jin daɗin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon huhu na iya inganta ingancin rayuwa.[158] Matsaloli kamar masu bin aikin jinya, ilimin halin ɗan adam, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da shirye-shiryen ilimi na iya zama masu fa'ida, duk da haka, shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi (ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike).[158]. Nasiha na iya taimaka wa mutane su jimre da alamun motsin rai da suka shafi kansar huhu.[158] Reflexology na iya yin tasiri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike.[158] Ba a sami wata shaida da ta nuna cewa ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki ko shirye-shiryen motsa jiki ga mutumin da ke fama da cutar kansar huhu yana haifar da ingantuwar rayuwar da ta dace ko kuma ta daɗe.[158] Horon motsa jiki na iya amfanar mutanen da ke da NSCLC waɗanda ke murmurewa daga tiyatar huhu.[159] Bugu da ƙari, horar da motsa jiki na iya amfanar mutanen da ke da NSCLC waɗanda suka sami maganin rediyo, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, ko kula da jin dadi.[160] Horon motsa jiki kafin tiyatar ciwon huhu na iya inganta sakamako.[102] Ba a sani ba ko horon motsa jiki ko shirye-shiryen motsa jiki suna da amfani ga mutanen da suka sami ci gaba da ciwon huhu.[161][158] Abun da ke tushen gida a cikin keɓaɓɓen shirin gyaran jiki na iya zama da amfani don murmurewa.[160] Ba a sani ba idan gyaran gida (kafin tiyata) yana haifar da ƙarancin abubuwan da ba su da kyau ko lokacin asibiti.[160] Gyaran jiki tare da sashin gida na iya inganta farfadowa bayan jiyya da lafiyar huhu gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon Hasashen Ciwon Daji Na Huhu Sakamakon Hasashen a cikin ciwon daji na huhu bisa ga matakin asibiti[80] Matsayin asibiti Rayuwa na shekaru biyar Carcinoma marasa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta IA 50 38 IB 47 21 IIA 36 38 IIB 26 18 IIIA 19 13 IIIB 9 IV 2 1 Daga cikin duk mutanen da ke da ciwon huhu a Amurka, kusan kashi 17% zuwa 20% suna rayuwa aƙalla shekaru biyar bayan ganewar asali.[162][2][163] A Ingila da Wales, tsakanin 2013 da 2017, an kiyasta tsawon shekaru biyar na rayuwa ga cutar kansar huhu a kashi 13.8%[164]. Sakamakon gabaɗaya ya fi muni a ƙasashe masu tasowa.[19] Sakamakon gano marigayi, matakin ciwon huhu yakan ci gaba a lokacin ganewar asali. A lokacin gabatarwa, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokuta na NSCLC suna da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, kuma 60-70% na SCLC suna da cututtuka masu yawa.[3] Rayuwa don ciwon huhu na huhu yana faɗuwa yayin da matakin gano cutar ya ƙara haɓaka; Bayanan Ingilishi sun nuna cewa kusan kashi 70% na marasa lafiya suna rayuwa aƙalla shekara guda idan aka gano su a farkon matakin, amma wannan ya faɗi zuwa 14% kawai ga waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar mafi girma (mataki IV).[165]. Abubuwan haɓakawa a cikin NSCLC sun haɗa da kasancewar alamun cututtukan huhu, girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai girma 3 cm), nau'in tantanin halitta mara kyau (histology), digiri na yaduwa (mataki) da metastases zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph da yawa, da mamayewar jijiyoyin jini. Ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin aiki, sakamakon ya fi muni a cikin waɗanda ke da rashin aikin yi da asarar nauyi fiye da 10%.[166] Abubuwan da ake iya ganowa a cikin ƙananan ciwon huhu na huhu sun haɗa da matsayi na aiki, jima'i na halitta, mataki na cututtuka, da kuma shiga cikin tsarin kulawa na tsakiya ko hanta a lokacin ganewar asali.[167]. Gabaɗaya rayuwa a cikin marasa lafiya na NSCLC da aka bi da su tare da ka'idoji waɗanda ke haɗa immunotherapy a cikin layin farko don ci gaba ko cuta mai haɓakawa. Nasser NJ, Gorenberg M, Agbarya A. Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13(11), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Ga NSCLC, ana samun mafi kyawun tsinkaya tare da cikakken aikin tiyata na mataki-IA, tare da rayuwa har zuwa 70% na shekaru biyar.[168]. Mutanen da ke da babban matakin SCLC suna da matsakaicin ƙimar rayuwa na shekaru biyar ƙasa da 1%. Matsakaicin lokacin rayuwa don ƙayyadaddun cututtuka shine watanni 20, tare da adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na 20%.[14] Hasashen marasa lafiya tare da NSCLC sun inganta sosai a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe tare da gabatarwar rigakafi.[151] Marasa lafiya tare da ƙari PDL-1 da aka bayyana sama da rabin ko fiye na ƙwayoyin ƙari sun sami matsakaicin rayuwa na tsawon watanni 30 tare da pembrolizumab.[169] An buga gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na lokaci 3 da ke ba da rigakafi a cikin layi na farko ga marasa lafiya da ciwon huhu marasa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.[151] Bisa ga bayanan da Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Ƙasa ta bayar, matsakaicin shekarun da aka gano game da ciwon huhu a Amurka shine shekaru 70, [170] kuma matsakaicin shekarun mutuwa shine shekaru 72.[171]. A Amurka, mutanen da ke da inshorar likita sun fi samun sakamako mai kyau. Epidemiology Epidemiology Trachea, Bronchus, da huhu na ciwon daji na mutuwar mutum miliyan a cikin 2012 0-7 8-12 13-32 33-53 54-81 82-125 126-286 287-398 399-527 528-889 kamuwa da cutar kansa. da kuma tsira, Ingila 1971-2011 A duk duniya, ciwon huhu shine mafi yawan ciwon daji a tsakanin maza don cututtuka da mace-mace, kuma a cikin mata suna da na uku mafi girma (bayan ciwon nono da launin fata) da mace-mace na biyu (bayan ciwon nono). A cikin 2020, an sami sabbin maganganu miliyan 2.2 a duk duniya, kuma miliyan 1.8 sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansar huhu, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 18.0% na duk mutuwar daga cutar kansa. Mafi girman farashi shine a Micronesia, Polynesia, Turai, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Ƙididdiga a Afirka da Amurka ta Tsakiya sun yi ƙasa sosai.[6] Mutanen da ke da tarihin shan taba suna da haɗari mafi girma na kamuwa da cutar sankarar huhu, tare da haɗarin karuwa tare da tsawon lokacin shan taba. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin maza sun tashi har zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, kuma sun ragu tun lokacin. A cikin mata, lamarin ya karu har zuwa karshen shekarun 1990, kuma tun daga lokacin ya tsaya tsayin daka.[3] Ga kowane sigari miliyan 3-4 da aka sha, cutar kansar huhu ɗaya na iya faruwa.[173] Tasirin "Babban Taba" yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shan taba.[174] Matasan da ba sa shan taba suna ganin tallace-tallacen taba sun fi shan taba.[175] Ana ƙara gane rawar da shan taba sigari ke haifarwa a matsayin haɗarin cutar kansar huhu, [33] wanda ke haifar da sa baki na siyasa don rage bayyanar da marasa shan taba ga hayaƙin taba.[176] Daga shekarun 1960, adadin adenocarcinoma na huhu ya fara karuwa dangane da wasu nau'in kansar huhu, wani bangare saboda shigar da sigari mai tacewa. Amfani da tacewa yana cire manyan barbashi daga hayakin taba, don haka rage ajiya a manyan hanyoyin iska. Duk da haka, mai shan sigari dole ne ya zurfafa zurfi don karɓar adadin nicotine iri ɗaya, yana ƙaruwa da ɓarna a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin iska inda adenocarcinoma ke tasowa.[177]. Yawan adenocarcinoma na huhu yana ci gaba da karuwa. Amurka Amurka A cikin Amurka, baƙar fata maza da mata baƙar fata suna da babban abin da ya faru.[179][180] Hadarin rayuwa na kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu shine kashi 8% a cikin maza da kashi 6% a cikin mata.[1] Har ila yau, a cikin Amurka, tsofaffin soja suna da kashi 25-50% mafi girma na ciwon huhu na huhu da farko saboda yawan shan taba.[181] A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da yakin Koriya, asbestos ma ya taka rawa, kuma Agent Orange na iya haifar da wasu matsaloli a lokacin yakin Vietnam.[182] Birtaniya Ciwon daji na huhu na United Kingdom shine ciwon daji na uku mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Burtaniya (47,968 mutane sun kamu da cutar a cikin 2017), [183] kuma shine mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji (kusan mutane 34,600 sun mutu a cikin 2018). Sauran Kasashe Sauran kasashe a halin yanzu adadin kansar huhu ya ragu a kasashe masu tasowa.[185] Tare da karuwar shan taba a kasashe masu tasowa, ana sa ran adadin zai karu a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, musamman a China[186] da Indiya. Tarihi Tarihi Ciwon daji na huhu ya kasance ba a sani ba kafin zuwan shan taba; Ba a ma gane ta a matsayin cuta dabam ba sai 1761.[188] An kara yin bayanin fannoni daban-daban na kansar huhu a cikin 1810.[189]. Ciwon daji na huhu yana da kashi 1 cikin 100 ne kawai na duk cututtukan da aka gani a lokacin autopsy a 1878, amma sun haura zuwa 10-15% a farkon shekarun 1900.[190]. Rahoton shari'a a cikin littattafan likitanci ya ƙidaya 374 kawai a duniya a cikin 1912, [191] amma nazarin binciken gawarwakin ya nuna cewa cutar sankarar huhu ta karu daga 0.3% a cikin 1852 zuwa 5.66% a 1952.[192]. A cikin Jamus a cikin 1929, likita Fritz Lickint ya gane alaƙar da ke tsakanin shan taba da kansar huhu, [190] wanda ya haifar da yaƙin yaƙi da shan taba.[193] Nazarin Likitoci na Biritaniya, wanda aka buga a cikin 1950s, shine tabbataccen shaidar annoba ta farko ta alaƙa tsakanin ciwon huhu da shan taba.[194] Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1964, babban Likitan Amurka ya ba da shawarar masu shan taba su daina shan taba[195]. An fara gane alaƙa da iskar radon tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai a tsaunin Ore kusa da Schneeberg, Saxony. Ana hakar azurfa a can tun shekara ta 1470, kuma wadannan ma'adinan suna da wadatar Uranium, tare da radium da radon gas.[196] Masu hakar ma'adinai sun sami rashin daidaituwar adadin cututtukan huhu, daga ƙarshe an gane su da kansar huhu a cikin 1870s.[197]. Duk da wannan binciken, an ci gaba da hakar ma'adinan har zuwa shekarun 1950, saboda bukatar USSR ta neman uranium.[196] An tabbatar da Radon a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar huhu a cikin shekarun 1960.[198]. An yi nasarar farko na pneumonectomy na ciwon huhu a cikin 1933.[199]. An yi amfani da maganin radiyo mai cutarwa tun daga shekarun 1940.[200]. Radical radiotherapy, da farko da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 1950s, ƙoƙari ne na yin amfani da allurai masu girma na radiation a cikin marasa lafiya masu ciwon huhu na farko, amma waɗanda ba su dace da tiyata ba.[201] A cikin 1997, ana ganin CHART azaman haɓakawa akan tsarin rediyo na al'ada.[202] Tare da SCLC, yunƙurin farko a cikin 1960s a resection [203] da radical radiotherapy [204] ba su yi nasara ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an sami nasarar samar da tsarin maganin chemotherapy. Umarnin Bincike Umarnin bincike Ana ci gaba da neman sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da suka haɗa da aikin rediyo, tiyata, masu hana EGFR, masu hana microtubule da immunotherapy suna gudana a halin yanzu.[206] Umarnin bincike don maganin ciwon huhu na huhu sun haɗa da immunotherapy, [207] [208] wanda ke ƙarfafa tsarin garkuwar jiki don kai hari ga ƙwayoyin tumo, epigenetics, da sabon haɗin chemotherapy da radiotherapy, duka a kan kansu kuma tare. Yawancin waɗannan sabbin jiyya suna aiki ta hanyar toshe wuraren bincike na rigakafi, suna ɓata ikon kansa na guje wa tsarin garkuwar jiki.[207][208] Ipilimumab yana toshe sigina ta hanyar mai karɓa akan ƙwayoyin T da aka sani da CTLA-4, wanda ke lalata tsarin rigakafi. Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta amince da ita don maganin cutar sankarau, kuma tana fuskantar gwaji na asibiti na NSCLC da SCLC.[207] Sauran jiyya na immunotherapy suna tsoma baki tare da ɗaure furotin da aka tsara na mutuwar kwayar halitta 1 (PD-1) tare da ligand PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), kuma an yarda da su azaman jiyya na farko- da na gaba-gaba don ɓangarori daban-daban na cututtukan huhu. [208] Yin sigina ta hanyar PD-1 yana hana ƙwayoyin T. Wasu ƙwayoyin kansa suna bayyana suna amfani da wannan ta hanyar bayyana PD-L1 don kashe ƙwayoyin T waɗanda zasu iya gane su a matsayin barazana. Monoclonal rigakafi da ke niyya duka PD-1 da PD-L1, irin su pembrolizumab, nivolumab, [65] atezolizumab, da durvalumab[208] a halin yanzu suna cikin gwaji na asibiti don maganin ciwon huhu.[207][208] Epigenetics shine nazarin ƙananan gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ko "tags" waɗanda ke ɗaure ga DNA kuma suna canza matakan bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. Yin niyya ga waɗannan alamun da kwayoyi na iya kashe ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Binciken farko-farko a cikin NSCLC ta amfani da kwayoyi da ke nufin gyare-gyaren epigenetic ya nuna cewa toshe fiye da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamun zai iya kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa tare da ƙananan sakamako masu illa.[209] Nazarin ya kuma nuna cewa ba wa mutane waɗannan magungunan kafin daidaitaccen magani na iya inganta tasirinsa. Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don tantance yadda waɗannan magungunan ke kashe ƙwayoyin cutar kansar huhu a cikin mutane.[209] Magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin epigenetic suna cikin haɓakawa. Histone deacetylase inhibitors a cikin ci gaba sun haɗa da valproic acid, vorinostat, belinostat, panobinostat, entinostat, da romidepsin. Masu hana DNA methyltransferase a cikin haɓakawa sun haɗa da decitabine, azacytidine, da hydralazine.[61] Aikin TRACERx yana duban yadda NSCLC ke tasowa da haɓakawa, da kuma yadda waɗannan ciwace-ciwacen suka zama masu jure wa jiyya.[210] Aikin zai duba samfuran ƙari daga mutane 850 masu NSCLC a matakai daban-daban ciki har da ganewar asali, bayan jiyya na farko, bayan magani, da sake dawowa.[211]. Ta hanyar nazarin samfurori a wurare daban-daban na ci gaban ƙwayar cuta, masu binciken suna fatan gano canje-canjen da ke haifar da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta da juriya ga jiyya. Sakamakon wannan aikin zai taimaka wa masana kimiyya da likitoci su sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da NSCLC da yiwuwar haifar da ci gaba da sababbin magungunan cutar.[210]. Don cututtukan daji na huhu waɗanda ke haɓaka juriya ga mai karɓar haɓakar haɓakar epidermal (EGFR) da anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sabbin magunguna suna cikin haɓakawa. Masu hana EGFR sun haɗa da erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib da icotinib (na ƙarshe yana samuwa a China kawai).[146] Madadin hanyar sigina, c-Met, na iya hana tivantinib da onartuzumab. Sabbin masu hana ALK sun haɗa da crizotinib da ceritinib.[212] Idan hanyar MAPK/ERK ta shiga, mai hana BRAF kinase dabrafenib da MAPK/MEK inhibitor trametinib na iya zama da amfani.[213] An bincika hanyar PI3K azaman manufa don maganin ciwon huhu. Mafi kyawun dabarun tunkarar wannan tafarki kamar hanawa ɗaya ko fiye da membobi na aji I PI3Ks ne, tare da hana wannan hanyar tare da wasu kamar MEK[214]. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na huhu galibi suna jure wa na al'ada. Manazarta Kiwon lafiya Cutar

23905

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radin%20Sunayen%20Guguwa

Radin Sunayen Guguwa

Guguwar Tropical da guguwa mai guguwa ana kiran su ta cibiyoyin gargaɗi daban -daban don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin masu hasashe da sauran jama'a game da hasashen, agogo da gargaɗi. sunayen ake nufi don rage rikice a taron na lokaci guda hadari a cikin wannan kwari Da zarar hadari ya haɓaka saurin iska mai ƙarfi sama da galibi ana sanya musu sunaye daga jerin abubuwan da aka ƙaddara, dangane da kwarin da suka samo asali. Wasu ambaliyar ruwa na wurare masu zafi ana kiransu a Yammacin Pacific; yayin da wurare masu zafi cyclones dole ne dauke da wani gagarumin adadin gale -force iskõki, kafin su mai suna a cikin Southern Hemisphere Kafin ya zama aikin yau da kullun don ba da sunaye na farko (na farko) ga guguwa mai zafi, an sanya musu suna bayan wurare, abubuwa, ko ranakun idi na tsarkaka wanda suka faru. Kyauta don fara amfani da sunaye na mutum don tsarin yanayi gaba ɗaya ana ba wa masanin ilimin sararin samaniya na Gwamnatin Queensland Clement Wragge, wanda ya ambaci tsarin tsakanin 1887 zuwa 1907. Lokacin da Wragge ya yi ritaya, aikin ya faɗi cikin rashin amfani na shekaru da yawa har sai an sake farfado da shi a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II don Yammacin Pacific. Daga baya an yi amfani da tsare -tsaren suna da jerin sunayen don manyan guguwa a Gabas, Tsakiya, Yammaci da Kudancin Pacific, da yankin Ostiraliya, Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Indiya Tarihi Kafin fara fara yin suna, galibi guguwa ana kiran su da wurare, abubuwa, ko ranakun idi na tsarkaka da suka faru. Daraja don fara amfani da sunaye na mutum don tsarin yanayi gaba ɗaya ana ba da ita ga masanin yanayi na Gwamnatin Queensland Clement Wragge, wanda ya ambaci tsarin tsakanin 1887 zuwa 1907. Wannan tsarin na sanya tsarin yanayi daga baya ya zama ba a amfani da shi shekaru da yawa bayan Wragge ya yi ritaya har sai an farfado da shi a karshen Yaƙin Duniya na II don Yammacin Pacific. Daga baya an gabatar da tsare -tsaren sunaye na asali don Arewacin Atlantika, Gabas, Tsakiya, Yammaci da Kudancin Pacific da yankin Australia da Tekun Indiya. A halin yanzu, daya daga cikin cibiyoyin gargadi goma sha daya ne ke ba da sunan guguwa mai zafi a hukumance kuma suna riƙe sunayensu a duk tsawon rayuwarsu don sauƙaƙe ingantaccen sadarwa na hasashe da haɗarin hadari ga jama'a. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da guguwa mai yawa ke faruwa lokaci guda a cikin kwarin teku guda. Gaba ɗaya ana ba da suna don tsari daga jerin abubuwan da aka ƙaddara, da zarar sun samar da saurin iska guda ɗaya, uku, ko minti goma fiye da Koyaya, ƙa'idodi sun bambanta daga kwari zuwa kwari, tare da wasu tsarin da aka sanya wa suna a Yammacin Tekun Pasifik lokacin da suka haɓaka cikin matsanancin yanayi ko shiga yankin PAGASA na alhakin. A cikin Southern Hemisphere, tsarin dole ne a halin da wani gagarumin adadin gale -force iskõki faruwa a kusa da cibiyar, kafin su suna. Duk wani memba na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya, guguwar iska da kwamitocin guguwar yanayi na iya neman a yi ritaya ko kuma a janye sunan mahaukaciyar guguwar daga wurare daban-daban. Sunan ya yi ritaya ko janyewa idan yarjejeniya ko akasarin membobi sun yarda cewa tsarin ya sami wani sananne na musamman, kamar haifar da adadi mai yawa na mace -mace da adadi mai yawa, tasiri, ko wasu dalilai na musamman. Bayan haka an miƙa sunan maye gurbin ga kwamitin da abin ya shafa kuma aka zaɓa, amma ana iya ƙin waɗannan sunaye kuma a maye gurbinsu da wani suna saboda dalilai daban-daban: waɗannan dalilan sun haɗa da haruffa da furta sunan, kamanceceniya da sunan guguwa mai zafi na kwanan nan. ko a wani jerin sunaye, da tsawon sunan don tashoshin sadarwa na zamani kamar kafofin sada zumunta. PAGASA kuma ta yi ritaya sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi lokacin da suka haddasa aƙalla lalace ko sun haddasa aƙalla 300 mutuwar. Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa A cikin Arewacin Tekun Atlantika, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasar Amurka (NHC/RSMC Miami) ta kira sunan guguwa mai zafi ko ƙasa mai zafi, lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa suna da isasshen iskar na minti 1 na aƙalla Sunan da aka zaɓa ya fito ne daga ɗaya daga cikin jerin haruffan haruffa guda shida na sunaye ashirin da ɗaya, waɗanda Kwamitin Guguwar RA IV na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya (WMO) RA IV ke kula da su. Waɗannan jerin sun tsallake haruffan Q, U, X, Y da Z, suna juyawa daga shekara zuwa shekara kuma suna canzawa tsakanin sunayen maza da mata. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron na gaba na Kwamitin Guguwar. Har zuwa shekarar 2021, idan an yi amfani da duk sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen na shekara -shekara, za a ba da ƙarin hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi tare da haruffan Helenanci A cikin Maris 2021, WMO ta ba da sanarwar duk wani ƙarin hadari zai karɓi suna daga jerin mataimaka, don guje wa rudani da sunayen haruffan Girka suka haifar. Gabashin Tekun Pasifik A cikin Tekun Pasifik na Gabas, akwai cibiyoyi biyu na gargaɗi waɗanda ke ba da sunayen ga guguwa mai zafi a madadin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa sun ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar akalla Guguwar Tropical da ke kara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin gabar tekun Amurka da 140 W shine Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa (NHC/RSMC Miami) ta kira, yayin da guguwa mai zafi da ke kara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin 140 W zuwa 180 ta tsakiyar Pacific Cibiyar Guguwa (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu). Muhimman guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya sunayensu daga jerin sunayen da sunan wanda aka zaba wanda aka zaɓa a Kwamitin Guguwa na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya mai zuwa. North Pacific (gabas na 140 W) Lokacin da bacin rai na wurare masu zafi ya mamaye cikin guguwa mai zafi zuwa arewacin layin Equator tsakanin gabar tekun Amurka da 140 W, NHC zata sa masa suna. Akwai jerin sunayen guda shida waɗanda ke jujjuyawa kowace shekara shida kuma suna farawa da haruffan A -Z da aka yi amfani da su, tsallake Q da U, tare da kowane suna suna canzawa tsakanin sunan namiji ko na mace. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron na gaba na Kwamitin Guguwar. Idan ana amfani da duk sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen shekara -shekara, duk wani ƙarin hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na ƙasa zai sami suna daga jerin mataimaka. Tsakiyar Tekun Pacific ta Tsakiya (140 W zuwa 180 Lokacin da ɓacin rai na wurare masu zafi ya ƙaru zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi zuwa arewacin layin Equator tsakanin 140 W zuwa 180 CPHC ta sa masa suna. Hudu lists na Hawaiian sunayen suna kiyaye ta duniya meteorological kungiyar ta guguwa kwamitin, juyawa ba tare da game da shekara, tare da na farko sunan ga wani Sabuwar Shekara zama na gaba sunan a jerin cewa ba amfani baya shekara. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron Kwamitin Guguwar na gaba. Yammacin Tekun Pacific (180 100 E) Guguwar Tropical da ke faruwa a Arewacin Hemisphere tsakanin anti-meridian da 100 E Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan ce ta sanya musu suna a hukumance lokacin da suka zama guguwa mai zafi. Ko yaya, PAGASA kuma yana ba da sunayen guguwa masu zafi waɗanda ke faruwa ko haɓaka cikin raunin yanayi a cikin yankin da aka ayyana na kansu tsakanin 5 N-25 N da 115 E-135 E. Wannan yakan haifar da guguwa mai zafi a yankin da ke da sunaye biyu. Sunaye na duniya Guguwar Tropical a cikin Yammacin Pacific an sanya sunayen ƙasashen duniya ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan lokacin da suka zama guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar guguwa na mintuna 10 na aƙalla Ana amfani da sunayen a jere ba tare da la’akari da shekara ba kuma an ɗauko su daga jerin sunayen guda biyar waɗanda Kwamitin Typhoon na ESCAP/WMO ya shirya, bayan kowane memba 14 ya gabatar da sunaye 10 a 1998. An ƙaddara umarnin sunayen da za a yi amfani da su ta hanyar sanya sunan membobin Ingilishi cikin jerin haruffa. An yarda membobin kwamitin su nemi yin ritaya ko maye gurbin sunan tsarin idan ya haifar da rugujewa ko saboda wasu dalilai kamar adadin mace-mace. Kasar Philippines Tun daga shekarar 1963, PAGASA ta gudanar da tsarin kanta na suna don guguwa mai zafi da ke faruwa a cikin Yankin alhakin Filifin da ya bayyana kansa. An ɗauko sunayen daga jerin jeri huɗu daban-daban na sunaye 25 kuma an sanya su lokacin da tsarin ya shiga ko haɓaka cikin matsanancin damuwa a cikin ikon PAGASA. Jerin sunayen guda huɗu ana jujjuya su kowace shekara huɗu, tare da sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi da suka yi ritaya idan sun haddasa aƙalla a cikin lalacewa da/ko aƙalla 300 mutuwa a cikin Philippines; maye gurbin sunayen da suka yi ritaya an ɗauko su daga jerin sunayen hukumar. Idan jerin sunaye na shekara guda sun ƙare, ana ɗaukar sunayen daga jerin mataimaka, goma na farko ana buga su kowace shekara. Tekun Indiya ta Arewa (45 E 100 E) A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Arewa tsakanin 45 E -100 E, Sashen Kula da Yanayin Indiya (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) sun ambaci mahaukaciyar guguwar wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa sun ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai ƙarfi tare da saurin iska na minti 3 na aƙalla Idan guguwar guguwa ta shiga cikin kwarin daga Yammacin Pacific, to za ta riƙe sunan ta na asali. Ko yaya, idan tsarin ya raunana zuwa cikin baƙin ciki mai zurfi kuma daga baya ya sake sabuntawa bayan ƙaura zuwa yankin sannan za a sanya masa sabon suna. A watan Mayun 2020, sunan Cyclone Amphan ya gajeshi asalin jerin sunayen da aka kafa a 2004. An shirya sabon jerin sunayen kuma za a yi amfani da shi cikin jerin haruffa don hadari bayan Amphan. Kudu maso Yammacin Tekun Indiya (Afirka 90 E) A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Kudu maso Yammaci a Kudanci tsakanin Afirka da 90 E, an ambaci wani tashin hankali na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke hukunci cewa ya ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar akalla An bayyana wannan a matsayin kasancewa lokacin da ake lura da raƙuman ruwa ko aka kiyasta yana nan kusa da wani muhimmin sashi na cibiyar. Ana kiran suna tare da Météo-France Reunion ta Météo Madagascar ko Sabis ɗin Yanayi na Mauritius. Idan hargitsi ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin Afirka da 55 E, to Météo Madagascar ya sa masa suna; idan ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin 55 E da 90 E, to Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Mauritius ta sanya mata suna. Ana ɗauke sunayen daga jerin sunayen uku da aka riga aka ƙaddara, waɗanda ke jujjuyawa akan shekaru uku, tare da cire duk wani sunayen da aka yi amfani da su ta atomatik. Daga nan sai a maye gurbin waɗannan sunaye da Kwamitin Guguwar Yankuna na RA I na WMO, tare da sunayen membobin ƙasashe. Yankin Ostiraliya (90 E 160 E) A cikin yankin Australiya a Kudancin tsakanin 90 E 160 E, ana ambaci guguwa mai zafi lokacin da lura ko bincike mai ƙarfi na Dvorak ya nuna cewa tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko iska mai ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar wanda ake hasashen zai cigaba. Meteorologi na Indonesiya Badan, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka tsakanin Equator da 10 S da 90 E da 141 E, yayin da Sabis ɗin Sabis na Yanayin Kasa na Papua New Guinea sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka tsakanin Equator da 10 S da 141 E da 160 E. A waje da waɗannan yankuna, Ofishin Jakadancin Australiya sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka zuwa guguwa mai zafi. Domin baiwa ƙananan hukumomi da alummominsu damar ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin guguwa mai zafi, kowanne daga cikin cibiyoyin faɗakarwa yana da haƙƙin kiran tsarin da wuri idan yana da babban damar da za a ambaci sunansa. Idan an ba da suna ga guguwa mai zafi wanda ke haifar da asarar rai ko babbar asara da rushewar hanyar rayuwar al'umma, to sunan da aka sanya wa wannan guguwar ya yi ritaya daga jerin sunayen yankin. Sannan ana mika sunan maye gurbin zuwa taron Kwamitin Guguwar Guguwar Yanayi na Ƙasashen Duniya na RA V Tropical Cyclone. Indonesia Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator 10 S da 90 E 141 E, Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta). Ana sanya sunayen a jere daga jerin A, yayin da jerin B cikakkun bayanai sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Papua New Guinea Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator 10 S da 141 E 160 E, sannan za a kira ta da Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby). Ana sanya sunaye a jere daga jerin A kuma ana yin ritaya ta atomatik bayan an yi amfani da su ba tare da la'akari da lalacewar da aka haifar ba. Jerin B ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Ostiraliya Lokacin da wani tsari ya taso zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi da ke ƙasa 10 S tsakanin 90 E zuwa 160 E, to Ofishin Meteorology na Australiya (BoM) zai sa masa suna. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da shekara ba. Kudancin Tekun Pacific (160 E 120 W) A cikin kwarin Kudancin Pacific a Kudancin tsakanin 160 E 120 W, ana ambaci guguwa mai zafi lokacin da lura ko bincike mai ƙarfi na Dvorak ya nuna cewa tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko iska mai ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar wanda ake hasashen zai cigaba. Tsarin suna na Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) wanda ke tsakanin Equator da 25 S, yayin da New Zealand MetService tsarin (tare da FMS) waɗanda ke haɓaka zuwa kudu na 25 S. Domin ba wa ƙananan hukumomi da alummominsu damar ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin guguwa mai zafi, FMS tana da haƙƙin kiran tsarin da wuri idan tana da babban damar da za'a ba ta suna. Idan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta haddasa asarar rayuka ko gagarumar barna da rushewar hanyar rayuwar al'umma, to sunan da aka baiwa wannan guguwar ya yi ritaya daga jerin sunayen yankin. Daga nan sai a miƙa sunan maye gurbin zuwa taron Kwamitin Guguwar Ruwa na Ƙasashen Duniya na RA V na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. An ƙaddara sunan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta hanyar amfani da Lists A D a cikin tsari, ba tare da la'akari da shekara kafin a sake farawa da Jerin A. Jerin E ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye akan AD lokacin da ake buƙata. Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Lokacin da hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi ya wanzu a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu, Sabis ɗin Yanayin Ruwa na Ruwa na Ruwa na Brazil yana kiran tsarin ta amfani da jerin sunayen da aka ƙaddara. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da wata shekara ba. wani suna "Kurumí" ya maye gurbin "Kamby" a cikin shekarar 2018 ba tare da amfani da na ƙarshe ba. Duba kuma Tropical cyclone ma'auni Lokacin guguwa na Atlantic Kudancin Tekun Atlantika mai zafi Lokacin guguwa na Pacific Lokacin guguwar Pacific Kudancin Pacific na wurare masu zafi Guguwar ruwan zafi ta Tekun Indiya ta Arewa Kudancin Yammacin Tekun Indiya ruwan zafi mai zafi Sunan guguwa mai tsananin sanyi a Burtaniya da Ireland Guguwar guguwar yankin Australia Cibiyar Tsinkayar Yanayi ta Yanki Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje AskBOM: Ta yaya guguwa mai zafi ke samun sunayensu? Cibiyar Hurricane ta Amurka RSMC Miami Cibiyar Hurricane ta Tsakiyar Amurka RSMC Honolulu Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan RSMC Tokyo Sashen Kula da Yanayi na Indiya RSMC New Delhi Météo-Faransa RSMC La Reunion Indonesia Badan Meteorologi Geofisika TCWC Jakarta Ofishin Jakadancin Australia TCWC Perth, Darwin, Brisbane Sabis na Yanayi na Fiji RSMC Nadi Sabis na Yanayi na New Zealand TCWC Wellington Cibiyar Hydrography ta Sojojin Ruwa ta Brazil Sabis na Yanayin Ruwa Filin Filibi na Philippine, Gudanar da Sababbin Ayyuka da Gudanar da Ayyuka Taron 53rd na Kwamitin Guguwar ESCAP/WMO Jerin sunayen guguwowin Jerin mahaukacyar guguwa Pages with unreviewed

57895

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-Kohen

Bat-Kohen

Kohen bat ko kohen bat ’yar wani firist ce (firist na Yahudawa), wanda ke da matsayi na musamman a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci da nassosin rabbi Tana da haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi da yawa kuma ana ƙarfafa ta ta bi ƙayyadaddun bukatu, alal misali, haƙƙin cinye wasu kyaututtukan firist, da ƙarin ƙimar ketubah Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci A cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki, Yusufu da Musa sun auri ’ya’ya mata na firistoci waɗanda ba Bayahude ba (Masar da Madayanawa). Amma, a cikin littattafan rabbi, kalmar firist jemage tana nufin ’ya’ya mata na firistoci Yahudawa kaɗai, zuriyar Haruna Idan 'yar firist ta yi zina ta haram, sai a ƙone ta. ya bambanta da hukuncin da aka saba da shi wanda ya kasance shaƙuwa. An ƙyale ’ya’ya mata na firistoci su ci tsarkakakkun kyautai ga firistoci terumot hakodashim kamar yadda ’ya’yan firistoci, da firistoci da kansu, aka ƙyale su. Majiyoyin Rabbi sun kwatanta Tamar a matsayin ’yar Shem, kuma sun yi la’akari da cewa Shem ya kasance firist kafin a ba wa Haruna alkawari na firist Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Yahuda ya ba da shawarar a ƙone ta har lahira saboda zarginta da ta yi na jima'i, domin kona wani nau'i ne na hukunci wanda Attaura gabaɗaya ke tanadi ga 'ya'yan firistoci. A cikin adabin rabbi Abubuwan son aure Ko da yake ainihin dokar Attaura ta ba da izinin bawan jemage ya auri wani ɗan ƙawa, mai tuba kuma ya ’yantu bawa (Ibrananci eved me shukhrar Midrash da Talmud sun faɗi ra’ayin Rabbi Yochanan cewa ’yar firist ita ce ta fi dacewa ta auri firist. Rabbi Yochanan ya ci gaba da cewa idan wani malamin jemage ya auri wanda ba Kohen ba, akwai yuwuwar samun sakamakon da ba a so ga ango, kamar talauci ko mutuwar ango. Banda wannan haramun shine idan angon Talmid Chacham ne. Talmud ya ba da labarin yadda Tanna Rabbi Yehoshua ya auri matar da ba ta kohen ba, sannan ya koka da cewa ta raunana shi. Rashi ya bayyana cewa auren lafin jemage da mutumin da ba malami ba, ko Talmid Chacham, ana daukarsa a matsayin zage-zage ne ga darajar Haruna, kuma shi kansa Haruna yana jin haushin rage zuriyarsa, wanda ke haifar da mummunan sakamako. Babban malamin Burtaniya Nathan Marcus Adler ya yi mulki a shekara ta 1863 cewa 'yar Cohen na iya auren wanda ba Cohen ba. Amfani da kyaututtukan firist Nau'in hadayu na firist ɗin ya hada da nono, da cinyar hadaya ta salama, da malmallu huɗu na hadaya ta godiya, da maƙarƙashiyar ragon na Nazirite Bat-kohen na iya ba wa ma'aikatanta damar cin abinci a cikin tarumah A fasaha, za ta iya ƙetare mahaifinta (ko mijinta) kuma da farko ta ba ta zakka da hadayar kullu, amma Menachem Meiri ya hana hakan na damuwa cewa mutum zai iya ba da waɗannan kyaututtukan cikin kuskure ga matar wani Kohen da farko ’yar Ba’isra’ile ce. post dinta, irin wannan bayar da kyaututtuka ga mutumin da ba shi da hakkin samun kyauta. ’Yar firist ma an yarda ta cinye ɗan fari Game da ƙafar ƙafa, kunci da maw, akwai jayayya ta Tannaitic (tsakanin makarantun Rabbi Isma'ilu da Rabbi Eliezer Ben Yakov game da ko Ba'isra'ile yana yin mitzvah ta hanyar ba da su ga bat-kohen. Ketubah Kotun firist (kafin 70 CE) ya kafa cewa budurwa bat-kohen za ta karɓi ketubah na Zuz 400 (maimakon ma'auni na 200 Zuz na budurwa Bayahude). (Duk da haka, Talmud Yerushalmi ya yi nuni da cewa bat-kohen da ya auri wanda ba Kohen ba ya karɓi wannan ma'auni na 200 Zuz, a matsayin hukunci na rashin yin aure a cikin firist. Bat-kohen da ya mutu zai karɓi daidaitaccen Zuz 100 na gwauraye, kodayake a wani lokaci an ƙara wannan adadin zuwa 200 Zuz. Rabbeinu Tam ya fayyace cewa kalmomin da ke cikin Ketuboth "abin da ya dace da ku" (Aramaic d'chazi l'chi shi ne ya nuna cewa yawan adadin ba a matsayin kari ba (Aramaic tosefet kethuba amma ainihin adadin (Aramaic ikkar kethuba Hakanan, Asher ben Jehiel ya bayyana cewa cikakken adadin 400 Zuz yana iya tattarawa ko da a cikin ainihin takaddar ketubah ta ɓace, kuma ko da mafi girman adadin zuz 400 ba a rubuta a ketubah ba, duk wannan tare da niyyar bayyana mahimmancin 'ya'yan Kohanim. Shneur Zalman na Liadi ya bayyana cewa bikin daurin aure da bukin liman jemage ga wanda ba kohen ba ba a daukarsa a matsayin seudat mitzvah, tunda auren na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. An yi ketubah 400-Zuz ketubah a lokacin amoric, amma daga nan gaba, ba a sami adadin adadin da aka samu a tushen rabbin ba. Hujja Jonathan na Lunel ya kwatanta adadin da ya wuce kima da aka bai wa shugaban jemage a matsayin abin da ya dace da ita da danginta don kiyaye dokokin Attaura da hani da suka shafi iyalan firistoci da kuma kiyaye gadon yukhsin na zuriyar firist. Ya ki yarda da ra'ayin cewa irin wannan wuce gona da iri zai haifar da hassada da kishi daga iyalan da ba firistoci ba (waɗanda ba su da haƙƙin haƙƙin wuce gona da iri). Yusuf bn Habib ya kafa hujja da wannan abin da ya wuce gona da iri da cewa babban abin kunya ne ga wani malami idan aka saki ‘yarsa, kuma mafi girman kimar ketubah yana hana mazaje su saki mata ’yan jemage. Sauran Sa’ad da ’yar firist ta yi zina, ba kawai ta fuskanci hukunci na musamman na ƙonawa ba (maimakon shaƙewa), amma an rage wa mahaifinta daraja daga tsarkakar da firistoci suka ba ta Jemage-kohen yana karɓar ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin shirye-shiryenta na nutsewa Ba za a fanshi ɗan fari na 'yar firist ko Balawe a kwana talatin ba. Wani marubuci ya ce ya kamata kohen jemage ya kasance yana da fifiko wajen jagorantar zimmun na mata kamar yadda liman ke yi wa zimmun na maza. A cikin Yahudanci na zamani A zamanin yau, Orthodox da yawancin malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna riƙe da matsayin cewa mutum ne kaɗai zai iya zama liman, kuma an san ɗiyar firist a matsayin kohen jemage ne kawai ta waɗannan ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da aka gano a baya. Saboda haka, a cikin addinin Yahudanci na Orthodox maza ne kawai za su iya yin Albarkar Firist kuma su karɓi aliya ta farko yayin karatun Attaura na jama'a, kuma galibi ba a ba mata izinin yin hidima a bikin Pidyon HaBen ba. Hakazalika, kwamitin halakha mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Isra'ila ya yanke hukuncin cewa mata ba sa karɓar irin wannan aliyot kuma ba za su iya yin irin waɗannan ayyuka daidai ba, kuma yawancin majami'un Conservative na gargajiya sun riƙe matsayin jinsi na gargajiya kuma ba sa barin mata su yi waɗannan ayyukan kwata-kwata. Sauran malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, tare da wasu malamai na Reformist da Reconstructionist, an shirya su ba da matsayin malami daidai ga ɗiyar firist. Ƙungiyar Conservative ta Amurka, wanda ya yi daidai da ra'ayin cewa ba za a maido da sadaukarwa a cikin Haikali ba kuma bisa la'akari da sadaukarwar ikilisiyoyi da yawa game da jinsi (amma ba kabilanci) ba, ta fassara sassan da suka dace na Talmudic don ba da izinin kawar da mafi yawan bambance-bambance tsakanin namiji da mace. kohanim a cikin ikilisiyoyi waɗanda ke riƙe matsayin ƙabilanci yayin da suke canza matsayin jinsi na gargajiya. Sun kafa wannan sassaucin bisa ra'ayin cewa gatan firist ba ya zuwa daga miƙa hadayun Haikali amma kawai daga tsattsarkan layi, kuma bikin kamar Albarkar Firist yakamata ya samo asali daga tushensu na Haikali. (Hujjar shigar mata a cikin Blessing na Firist ya yarda cewa kohanim namiji ne kawai zai iya yin wannan al'ada a zamanin Haikali, amma cewa bikin ba ya da tushe a cikin Haikali; haɗin gwiwa tare da Haikali ta wurin umarnin rabbi; da malamai don haka suna da ikon ba da izinin yin aikin ya samo asali daga tushensa na Haikali). A sakamakon haka, wasu majami'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun ba wa liman jemage damar yin Albarkar Firist da bikin Pidyon HaBen, kuma ya karɓi aliya ta farko yayin karatun Attaura. Yawancin majami'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun soke ayyukan kabilanci na gargajiya kuma ba sa yin bukukuwan da suka shafi malamai (kamar albarkar Firist ko kiran firist zuwa ga aliya ta farko). Yawancin haikalin Reform da Reconstructionist sun ɗauki irin wannan matsayi. Wasu kungiyoyin addu’o’in mata da suke gudanar da ayyukansu karkashin jagorancin halakiyya na malaman addini wadanda ba mabiya addinin Islama ba, wadanda kuma suke gudanar da karatun Attaura ga mata kawai, sun daidaita al’adar kiran lafin jemage ga aliya ta farko, da kuma lefi na biyu. In Kabbalah Isaac Luria ya bayyana mummunan al'amari na kohen bat ba ya auri kohen daga ra'ayin Kabbalistic, ta amfani da gematria cewa tun da haruffan Ibrananci KHN waɗanda ke rubuta "kohen") ba su da daidaito ta amfani da dabarar Ayak Becher, don haka yana da kyau liman ya auri firist. Tsarin, in ji Luria, ya nuna cewa irin wannan aure tsakanin iyalan Kohanic yana aiki da kyau. A cikin adabi Abubuwan da ake tsammani a kan 'yar Kohen a cikin Julian Stryjkowski 's Muryar a cikin Duhu. Duba kuma Bat Lewi Halakha da aka ba Musa a kan Sinai Kara karantawa Bat Kohen Auren Jemage Kohen Zuwa Kohen Igud HaKohanim, Published 2019 Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousmane%20Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9

Ousmane Dembélé

Masour Ousmane Dembélé (Furuci da faransanci: [masuʁ usman dɛmbele]. An haife shi a ranar (15), ga watan Mayu a shekara ta (1997), a Faransa sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin gaba na La Liga kulob din Barcelona da kuma Faransa tawagar kasar. An haife shi a Vernon, Dembélé ya fara aikinsa a Rennes kafin ya koma Dortmund a shekara ta (2016), Ya ci DFB-Pokal tare da mutuwa Borussen a kakar shekarun( 2016Zuwa2017), inda ya ci kwallo a wasan karshe Bayan shekara guda, ya canza sheka zuwa Barcelona akan kudin farko na million (105 miliyan, ya zama lokacin haɗin gwiwa-na biyu mafi ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa mafi tsada tare da ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa Paul Pogba Dembélé daga baya ya lashe La Liga sau biyu da Copa del Rey a cikin raunin rauni a farkon kakar wasa a Spain. Bayan ya lashe kofuna( 20 ),kuma ya zura kwallaye biyar a matakin matasa, Dembélé ya fara bugawa Faransa wasa na farko a cikin shekara ta 2016), Ya kasance memba a cikin tawagar Faransa da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta (2018), wanda kuma ke nunawa a UEFA Euro shekara ta (2020). Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Dembélé a Vernon, Eure, a Normandy. Mahaifiyarsa Yar asalin Faransa ce da Mauritaniya kuma da Senegal, yayin da mahaifinsa ya fito daga Kasar Mauritania. Ya ɗauki matakan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko a nearbyvreux kusa, da farko a ALM Évreux sannan a Évreux FC( 27 tsakanin shekarun (12 zuwa 13). Aikin kulob Rennes Dembélé ya fara buga wasansa na farko na ƙungiyar Rennes a cikin Championnat de France Amateur, a ranar( 6), ga watan Satumba na shekara ta(2014), yana zuwa a matsayin maye gurbin minti na (78), na Zana Allée. Ya kafa Alseny Kourouma da kyau don manufa ta biyu na nasarar gida (2-0), a kan ajiyar abokan hamayyar Breton Guingamp A ranar( 9), ga Nuwamba, ya ci kwallon sa ta farko, ya sake fitowa daga benci a wasa a Stade de la Piverdière, a wannan karon a kan ajiyar Laval. Ya ci kwallaye( 13), cikin wasanni (18) a kakar wasan sa ta farko, gami da hat-trick a ranar (16), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2015) a wasan da suka ci Hérouville( 6-1). A ranar( 6), ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta(2015), Dembélé ya fara zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar Rennes ta farko a Ligue( 1), da Angers, ya maye gurbin Kamil Grosicki na mintuna( 5), na ƙarshe na wasan.A ranar (22 ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Ligue( 1), ga ƙungiyar farko da Bordeaux, inda ya buga kunnen doki( 2 2), a Roazhon Park A ranar (9) ga watan Janairun shekara ta( 2016), Dembélé ya sake samun ragar Les Rouges et Noirs, kamar yadda suka fito daga( 0-), ƙasa don yin( 2-2), akan abokan hamayyar yankin Lorient a gida. A ranar( 6), ga watan Maris, ya zira kwallaye farko da Ligue( 1), kwallaye uku a wani( 4-), nasara a kan Nantes a Derby Breton Daraktan wasanni na Rennes Mikaël Silvestre ya kwatanta Dembélé da Cristiano Ronaldo, wanda ya gani ya isa Manchester United kusan shekara guda. Borussia Dortmund A ranar( 12 ga watan Mayu na shekara ta( 2016), Dembélé ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da kulob din Borussia Dortmund na Jamus, wanda zai fara aiki a ranar (1), ga Yuli. A ranar( 14 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta (2016), ya fara wasansa na farko a wasan da aka doke Bayern Munich da ci (2-0), a DFL-Supercup Ya ci kwallon sa ta farko don mutuwa Borussen a ranar( 20 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta( 2016), a wasan Bundesliga da VfL Wolfsburg, wanda Dortmund ta ci 5-1 a Volkswagen Arena A ranar( 22 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016) ya zira kwallon farko a gasar zakarun Turai a rayuwarsa yayin da kulob din Jamus ya doke Legia Warsaw da ci (8 4) a taron rukuni. A ranar( 26 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017), Dembélé ya taimaka wa burin Aubameyang kuma ya zira ƙwallo a minti na (74 da Bayern Munich a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na DFB-Pokal, wanda ya taimaka wa Dortmund ta kai wasan ƙarshe na kofin. A wasan da aka yanke a ranar (27), ga watan Mayu, ya ci burin farko na cin nasara( 2-1), yayin da Dortmund ta lashe babban taken ta na farko a cikin shekaru biyar ta hanyar lashe Final DFB-Pokal na shekara ta(2017 da Eintracht Frankfurt Dembélé ya kasance mai suna Man of the Match Bayan ƙarshen kakar, Dembélé ya kasance mai suna Bundesliga Team of Season kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ta Rookie na Season Barcelona A ranar( 25), ga watan Agusta shekara ta( 2017) kungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun cimma yarjejeniya don siyan Dembélé akan( 105 miliyan) tare da rahoton( 40 miliyan), add-ons. A ranar( 28), ga watan Agusta, ya yi gwajin lafiyarsa kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, tare da sanya kudin sayan sa a 400 miliyan), Barcelona ta sayar da Neymar ga Paris Saint-Germain akan 222 miliyan), don haka yarjejeniyar tana nufin Dembélé ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi tsada (a cikin Yuro), tare da Paul Pogba. Rennes ta karɓi rahoton( 20 miliyan) daga Borussia Dortmund sakamakon siyarwa, da Évreux( 27), suma sun kasance daga cikin kuɗin. An ba shi riga mai lamba (11 wadda a baya Neymar ke rike da ita. Dembélé ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar( 9 ga Satumba a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Gerard Deulofeu a minti na( 68), a wasan da Derbi barceloní ta doke Espanyol da ci( 5-0), a Camp Nou, inda ya taimaka wa Luis Suárez ya zura kwallon karshe. A gasar farko da ya fara kwanaki takwas daga baya a Getafe, ya ji rauni a cinyarsa kuma ya yi jinyar watanni hudu. An ba shi cikakkiyar lafiya a ranar( 2) ga watan Janairu shekara ta( 2018) amma bayan makwanni biyu, ya sake ji wa kansa rauni a wasan da kungiyar Real Sociedad kuma ya yi jinyar har zuwa makwanni huɗu. A ranar (14), ga watan Maris, shekara ta (2018), Dembélé ya ci wa Barcelona kwallon sa ta farko, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka ci (3-0 a gasar zakarun Turai zagaye na( 16), da Chelsea. A ranar( 17), ga watan Afrilu, ya ci wa Barcelona kwallonta ta farko a La Liga, inda ya zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi( 2-2), da Celta Vigo A ranar (9), ga watan Mayu, Dembélé ya zira kwallaye biyu, wanda ke nuna alamar takalmin farko na wasansa na Blaugrana, a wasan da suka ci Villarreal (5-1), Dembélé ya lashe lambobin yabo na Copa del Rey da La Liga a kakar wasansa ta farko a Spain, inda dan wasan mai shekara (20), ya zura kwallaye hudu cikin wasanni( 24) da ya buga a dukkan gasa. Barcelonam Barcelona Aikin duniya An kira Dembélé zuwa babbar tawagar Faransa a karon farko don fafatawa da Italiya da Belarus a watan Agustan shekara ta( 2016), bayan Alexandre Lacazette da Nabil Fekir sun janye daga rauni. Ya fara wasan farko a ranar( 1), ga watan Satumba a kan a Stadio San Nicola, inda ya maye gurbin Antoine Griezmann na mintuna( 27), na karshe na wasan sada zumunta da ci( 3-1), da Italiya. A ranar (13), ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2017), Dembélé ya ci kwallon farko ta Faransa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Ingila da ci( 3-2). A ranar( 17), ga watan Mayu shekara ta( 2018), an gayyace shi zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Faransa (23), don gasar kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha. A ranar (15), ga watan Yuli, ya kasance wanda ba a canza ba, yayin da Faransa ta doke Croatia( 4-2), a wasan karshe Salon wasa Dembele yana buga wasan gefe wanda zai iya wasa a kan ko dai flank, saboda da ikon amfani Dukan ƙafafunsa, da kuma amfani da wannan fasaha ikon, gudun, da kuma kalmomin sirri domin samun da abokan adawar ko kidan kare a daya-on-daya yanayi. Dembélé kuma na iya yin aiki azaman dan wasan tsakiya na gefen hagu ko na dama a cikin tsari na (4–4–2 ko 3-5–2), Ƙarshe na asibiti da ido don burin shima ya ba shi damar tura shi cikin wani mummunan aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba Dembélé kuma yana da babban inganci dangane da ikon harbi daga nesa. Sau da yawa magoya bayan kulob din suna kwatanta shi da tsohon dan wasan Barcelona Ronaldinho, saboda wasan kwale-kwale da wayo a kan kwallon, da kuma sauye-sauyen da yake yi da kuma amfani da fes-fes. Dembélé ya sami babban yabo daga tsohon kyaftin din ƙungiyar Andrés Iniesta saboda halayensa na canza wasa. Dembélé sananne ne ga iya amfani da ƙafa ɗaya; ƙwararren ɗan wasa, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwarewar sa da ikon yin motsi mai zurfi yana ba shi damar yanke daga hagu ko dama don zira kwallaye ko ƙirƙirar damar ƙira ga abokan wasan sa. A kasar Faransa ne kuma mai kyau crosser na ball. Bugu da ƙari, karawarsa ta musamman ce yayin mallakar ta. Bugu da ƙari, hanzarinsa da kwazonsa na hankali ya sa ya zama babban barazanar barazana yayin kai hare -hare A watan Maris na shekara ta( 2019), shugaban Barcelona Josep Maria Bartomeu ya dage cewa Dembélé, "ya fi Neymar wanda a baya ya buga wa kulob din sa wasa. Rayuwar mutum Dembélé mai goyon bayan kulob din Leeds United ne na gasar Premier A watan Yuli na shekara ta( 2020), Dembélé ya shiga rigimar wariyar launin fata, lokacin da hotunan bidiyo na Dembélé tare da takwaransa Antoine Griezmann suka bazu ta yanar gizo, inda aka gan shi yana yin kalaman wariyar launin fata ga masu fasahar Asiya a ɗakin otel ɗin su. Kamar yadda masu fasaha suka bayyana suna warware matsalar gidan talabijin, Dembélé ya yi tsokaci kan Griezmann cikin Faransanci, yana mai cewa "Duk waɗannan munanan fuskoki, don kawai ku iya wasan PES, ba ku jin kunya?", Ci gaba da "Wane irin harshe na baya ne haka?" kafin zuƙowa yayin da ake dariya akan ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masu fasaha, yana ambaton "Shin kun ci gaba da fasaha a ƙasarku ko?" Ƙididdigar sana'a Kulob Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Kasashen duniya Game da wasan da aka buga 2 Yuni 2021. Dalilai da sakamako sun lissafa yawan ƙwallon da Faransa ta zura a raga, shafin kasa na nuna maki bayan kowane burin Dembélé. Girmamawa Borussia Dortmund DFB-Pokal 2016–17 La Liga 2017–18, 2018–19 Copa del Rey 2017–18, 2020–21 Supercopa de España 2018 Faransa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA 2018 Na kashin kai UNFP Ligue 1 Matashin Gwarzon Shekara 2015–16 UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month Maris 2016 Gasar UEFA Champions League XI: 2016 Rookie na Bundesliga na Lokacin: 2016–17 Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2016–17 Sabon VDV na Lokacin: 2016-17 Umarni Knight na Legion of Honor 2018 Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians%20for%20Human%20Rights

Physicians for Human Rights

Kungiyar Amfani Da Magani Da Kuma Kimiyya (PHR) ce a Amurka tushen ba-ga-riba yan-adam NGO ke amfani da magani da kuma kimiyya zuwa daftarin aiki da kuma nemawa da ta'annati da kuma mai tsanani keta hakkin dan'adam a duniya. Hedikwatar PHR suna cikin Birnin New York, tare da ofisoshi a cikin Boston da Washington, DC An kafa shi ne a shekarata 1986 don amfani da ƙwarewa na musamman da amincin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya don yin shawarwari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka tsananta, hana azabtarwa, tattara bayanai game da ta'addancin da aka aikata, sannan a tuhumi wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam. Tarihi A cikin shekarata 1981, an nemi Dokta Jonathan Fine, babban likita a Boston, da ya tashi zuwa Chile a takaice kuma ya jagoranci wata tawaga da ke neman a saki fitattun likitoci uku ta gwamnatin Janar Augusto Pinochet An saki likitocin uku na kasar Chile makonni biyar bayan ziyarar lafiya. A cikin shekarata 1986, saboda tasirin tasirin likitoci zasu iya yi a fagen haƙƙin ɗan adam, Lafiya ta haɗu da Likitocin kare haƙƙin ɗan'adam tare da Dr. Jane Green Schaller, Dr. Robert Lawrence, Dr. Jack Geiger, da Dr. Carola Eisenberg Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar, kungiyoyin PHR suka fallasa yadda ake amfani da makami mai guba kan fararen hula a Iraki, da binne kaburburan da aka binne a Bosniya da Ruwanda don kotunan kasa da kasa, da kuma bayar da hujjoji na binciken laifuka game da azabtarwa da zartar da hukunci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kasashe kamar Colombia, Honduras, Libya, Mexico, Peru, da Saliyo. A cikin 1997, kungiyar ta raba lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Duniya don nazarin bayanan raunin nakiya da kuma aiki a matsayin jagora a Kamfen Kasa da Kasa na Haramta Nakiyoyi PHR ta kasance a kan gaba wajen bunkasa ka'idoji na takardun cin zarafin bil'adama: mamba ma'aikacin Dr. Vincent Iacopino ya taka rawar gani wajen haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Istanbul, ƙimar da aka sani ta duniya don yin rubutun azabtarwa da rashin lafiya. Hakanan, Daraktan na International Forensics Program yana da hannu a cikin aikin yin kwaskwarima na Yarjejeniyar Minnesota, jagorancin duniya game da binciken yiwuwar mutuwar doka. Gwamnatoci, hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kotunan duniya da na kasa, da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam duk sun nemi kwarewar PHR da kwarewar bincike. Ayyukan kungiyar sun ba da gudummawa ga yanke shawara mai muhimmanci kamar hukuncin 2016 na Radovan Karadžić Shirye-shirye Shirin Bincike na Kwararru Masanan kiwon lafiya a cikin PHR's International Forensics Program (IFP) suna amfani da bincike-bincike na ƙwararru kamar su bincike gawa da kimantawa na likita da na tunani, don sanin yanayin cin zarafin da waɗanda aka ci zarafin suka jure. Waɗannan ƙididdigar na iya ba da gudummawa ga shaida don gurfanarwa ko amfani da su don kawo hankali ga aikata laifuka. IFP ta yi binciken kwakwaf kan gawarwaki irin su Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda Masana a cikin IFP sun kasance daga masu binciken kwakwaf har zuwa masu ilimin sanin halayyar dan adam, da kuma masana kimiyar nazari kamar masu binciken makami. Suna yin bincike na yau da kullun, kimantawa, sa ido, ko sake nazarin aikin wasu bangarorin. Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Shari'a PHR ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Horar da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya (FTI) don ƙarfafa ƙarfin gida don binciken bincike da rubuce-rubuce. Cibiyar tana neman ƙarfafa ikon ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don rubuta azabtarwa, cin zarafin jama'a, cin zarafin mata, da kuma tsananta wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Hakanan yana horar da ƙwararrun masu bin doka da doka waɗanda ke neman sassauci ta hanyoyin adalci na gari, na ƙasa, da na duniya. Shirin FTI na PHR yana da abokan aiki a Afghanistan, Burma, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, Tajikistan, da Amurka Wannan shirin ya taimaka wa likitocin musamman wajen karfafa dabarun yin hira da su, da gwajin jiki, da tattara bayanai, da wuraren da ake aikata laifi, da daukar hoto, da kuma tono gawawwaki. Shirin kan Cin zarafin Jima'i a Yankunan Da Ake Rikici An ƙaddamar da shirin na PHR game da Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici a cikin shekarata 2011. Shirin ya karfafa martani daga sassa daban-daban game da cin zarafin mata a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo da Kenya ta hanyar bita kan kiwon lafiya, tilasta bin doka, da kuma kwararru a fannin shari'a. Yayinda ita kanta PHR ta tsunduma cikin bincike-bincike da yawa da kuma neman shawarwari game da fyade a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai, Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici yana gina ƙwarewar gida don tattara shaidun da kotu za ta yarda da su don tallafawa gabatar da kara game da laifukan cin zarafin mata. Shirin na da ofishi a sanannen likitan mata Dr. Denis Mukwege ’s Panzi Hospital, a Bukavu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo. Shirin kan Rikicin Jima'i a Yankunan Rikici ya haɗu da Asibitin Panzi don horarwa da ba da shawara ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, jami'an 'yan sanda, lauyoyi, da alƙalai a cikin ingantattun takardu da kuma gurfanar da cin zarafin mata. Don taimakawa bayanan rikice-rikicen jima'i, PHR ta haɓaka MediCapt, ƙa'idar da ke ba da damar amintaccen rikodin dijital da watsa shaidun likita. Shirin Bayar Da Mafaka Shirin bayar da mafaka na PHR yana ba da shawarar inganta yanayi a cibiyoyin tsare bakin haure na Amurka da kuma rubuta cin zarafin da masu neman mafakar suka sha a kasashensu da kuma kulawar Amurka. Cibiyar sadarwar ta kunshi daruruwan kwararrun likitocin sa kai wadanda ke ba da kimantawa ta likitanci ga wadanda suka tsira daga take hakkin dan adam, suna karfafa aikace-aikacen su na neman mafaka a Amurka Takaddun PHR na cin zarafin ya shafi bincike kan amfani da keɓewa shi kaɗai a wuraren tsare bakin haure, tsarewa mara iyaka, da keta haƙƙin lafiya a tsare. A cikin shekarata 2010, PHR ta yi aiki tare da Weill Cornell Medicine don ƙirƙirar Weill Cornell Center for Human Rights (WCCHR), ɗalibin likitancin da ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan'adam wanda ke taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa suna neman mafaka a Amurka. Shirin Yaki da Azaba na Amurka An fara shirin yaki da azabtar da mutane na Amurka (PHP) na Amurka (ATP) a shekarata 2003, bayan da aka fara fallasa rahoton azabtarwa da jami'an sojan Amurka suka yi. PHR ta buga jerin rahotannin bincike da ke rubuce kan yadda gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da azabtarwa don cimma burin tsaron kasa. "Break The Down", wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2005, ya sami hujjoji na azabtarwa na hankali da sojoji ke amfani da su. Reportsarin rahotanni sun yi rikodin mummunan lahani na jiki da na hankali da ayyukan tambayoyi da gwajin ɗan adam suka yi a Guantanamo Bay Bincike da Binciken kwakwaf Sashen bincike da bincike a PHR yana tattara bayanan take hakkin dan'adam a duniya. Yankunan binciken su sun hada da hare-hare kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da na kiwon lafiya, munanan ayyukan ta'addanci, azabtarwa, da cin zarafin mata a fadin duniya. Sanannun bincike sun hada da: 1988 Masu binciken PHR suka bankado shaidar gwamnatin Iraqi tana amfani da makamai masu guba akan yan Kurdawan su 1996 Kungiyoyin PHR sun tone kaburbura a cikin yankin Balkans Sun gabatar da shaidar wanke kabilanci ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia (ICTY). Wannan aikin ya ba da gudummawa ga ICTY ta yanke hukunci game da Radovan Karadžić na laifukan yaƙi, kisan kare dangi, da laifuka na cin zarafin bil'adama. 1996 PHR ta aike da tawaga don zakulo manyan kaburbura a Ruwanda kuma daga karshe ta ba da hujja ta musamman ga Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda. 2004 Masu binciken PHR suka binciki kashe-kashen mutane da yawa a Darfur Kungiyar ita ce ta farko da ta kira abubuwan da suka faru kisan kare dangi. 2010 PHR ta fara kamfen din neman nasara a duniya don 'yantar da Dr. Kamiar Alaei da Dr. Arash Alaei yan uwan da aka daure a Iran saboda aikin da suke yi na kula da masu dauke da cutar kanjamau 2011 Masu binciken PHR suka fara rubuta bayanan cin zarafin da aka yiwa ma’aikatan kiwon lafiyar Siriya da kayayyakin more rayuwa, da kirkirar taswirar kai hare-hare tare da bayyana tsarin gwamnatin Siriya da take kaiwa asibitoci da ma’aikatan lafiya. 2015 PHR ta fitar da rahoto kan yanayin kula da lafiya a gabashin garin Aleppo bayan kusan shekaru biyar na rikicin Syria, inda ta bayyana cewa kusan kashi 95% na likitoci sun gudu, an tsare su, ko kuma an kashe su. Rahoton 2019 wanda aka buga, Laifi na kawai shi ne cewa Ni Doctor ne game da harin da Assad ke kaiwa ga ma'aikatan lafiya da fararen hula a Siriya. Shirin Dalibi na Kasa Shirin dalibi na kasa na PHR ya hada da daliban likitanci da matasa masana harkar lafiya a harkar lafiya da hakkin dan adam ta hanyar shirya ayyukan cikin gida kan lamuran kare hakkin dan adam, wayar da kan mutane a cibiyoyin karatun, shirya abubuwan ilimi, da kuma kira ga zababbun jami'ai da su dauki mataki. PHR yana da ɗaliban ɗalibai a duk faɗin Amurka, kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da su ta hanyar asibitocin neman mafaka na jami'ar PHR da kuma taron ɗaliban ƙasa. Shirin ya ƙirƙiri kayan aiki da albarkatu don ɗaliban ɗalibai waɗanda suka shafi batutuwa kamar ƙwarewar likita, kiwon lafiya da ilimin ɗan adam, da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul. Kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel Bayan bincikensu na shekarata 1991 game da tasirin lafiyar ma'adinai a cikin Kambodiya, PHR, tare da haɗin gwiwar Human Rights Watch, sun buga rahoto na farko da ke neman a hana binne nakiya. A cikin shekarata 1992, PHR ta taimaka wajen kafa Kamfen na Kasa da Kasa don Haramta Nakiyoyi, shiga cikin tattaunawar da ta kai ga yarjejeniyar Ottawa Don aikinsu, PHR sun raba kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1997 "saboda aikin da suka yi na hanawa da share ma'adinai masu adawa da ma'aikata." Hanyoyin haɗin waje Likitocin 'Yancin Dan Adam Tsarin Halitta na Rikici: Taswirar Haɓakawa kan Kula da Lafiya a Siriya YouTube, "Likitocin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam: Hoton Ayyukan Mu A Duniya" Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20samun%20%C6%B4ancin%20kafa%20asibiti

Dokar samun ƴancin kafa asibiti

Dokokin samun Shiga da ƙafa asibiti Clinic FACE ko Dokar Samun damar, Pub. L. Lamba 103-259, 108 ƙididdiga. 694) (Mayu 26, 1994, 18 USC 248 wata doka ce ta Amurka wacce Shugaba Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu a watan Mayu shekarata 1994, wacce ta haramta abubuwa uku masu zuwa: (1) amfani da karfin jiki, barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don cutar da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙari na raunata, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da kowane mutumin da ke samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa ko samar da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (wannan ɓangaren doka yawanci yana nufin asibitocin zubar da ciki), (2) amfani da karfin jiki, Kuma barazanar karfin jiki, ko toshewar jiki don raunata da gangan, tsoratarwa, tsoma baki ko ƙoƙarin raunata, Sannna tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da duk wani mutumin da ke aiwatar da ko ƙoƙarin aiwatar da hakkinsu na Farko na 'yancin addini a wurin bautar addini, (3) lalata ko lalata da gangan. na wurin kula da lafiyar haihuwa ko wurin ibada. Fage Tsakanin shekarun 1978 zuwa 1993, yawan laifuffukan tashin hankali da ake aikatawa a kan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar haihuwa da asibitocin zubar da ciki na karuwa akai-akai. Sannan Dangane da kididdigar da National Abortion Federation (NAF), kungiyar masu ba da zubar da ciki ta tattara, tun shekarata 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, an sami akalla kisan kai 9, yunƙurin kisan kai 17, barazanar mutuwa 406, al'amura 179 na hari ko baturi., da kuma yin garkuwa da mutane 5 akan masu zubar da ciki. Bugu da kari, tun a shekarar 1977 a Amurka da Kanada, laifukan kadarori da aka aikata kan masu samar da zubar da ciki sun hada da harin bama-bamai 41, kone-kone 175, yunkurin tayar da bama-bamai ko konewa 96, barazanar bam 692, aukuwar kutsawa cikin shekarata 1993, al’amuran barna 1400, da kuma hare-hare 100 da suka hada da harin bam. butyric acid ("bama-bamai masu wari"). A cikin watan Afrilun shekarar 1992, dubban “jaruman addu’a” da masu zanga-zangar goyon bayan rayuwa sun hadu a mashigar asibitocin Buffalo a zubar da ciki na tsawon wata daya da aka tsara na tsinkewa da toshewa, suna kokarin hana mata kawo karshen ciki. Bayan kwanaki bakwai na zanga-zangar da ta hada da Operation Rescue, an kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 400. Wata kungiya mai yaki da zubar da ciki da aka fi sani da Sojojin Allah ta taka rawar gani musamman wajen aikata wadannan munanan laifuka. Wannan kungiyar ita kadai ce ke da alhakin tayar da bama-bamai tare da kona asibitoci sama da dari kafin shekarata 1994. Sun kuma mamaye asibitoci sama da dari uku tare da lalata sama da dari hudu A cikin 1993, jami’ai sun gano littafin Sojojin Allah, jagorar dabara don kone kone-kone, hare-haren sinadarai, mamayewa da tashin bamabamai, aka binne a bayan gidan Sojoji. gidan dan gwagwarmayar Allah Shelley Shannon Kuma Ba da jimawa ba aka samu Shelley Shannon da laifin yunkurin kisan Dokta George Tiller a wannan shekarar. Baya ga aikata ta'addanci, an san wasu masu fafutukar hana zubar da ciki da bin ma'aikatan lafiya tare da yin amfani da hotunansu a allunan "Ana son Kisa". Wannan tashin hankalin da ke faruwa ya kai kololuwar a cikin Maris a shekarata 1993 lokacin da Dr. David Gunn, likita wanda aikin likitancinsa ya haɗa da hanyoyin zubar da ciki, Michael F. Griffin ya harbe shi kuma ya kashe shi a wajen asibitin mata na Pensacola da ke Pensacola, Florida Wannan karuwar tashe-tashen hankula ya zama nauyi sosai ga jami'an tsaro na cikin gida, kuma a cewar wasu, aikin 'yan sanda na cikin gida ya kasance mai sauki. Wasu 'yan majalisar dattawa da wakilai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan haramtacciyar hanya tana yin katsalandan ga 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba mata na samun sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa (musamman zubar da ciki), wanda aka ba da tabbacin tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin Roe v. Wade a shekarar 1973. Tarihin majalisa An zartar da dokar ne ta hanyar mayar da martani kai tsaye ga karuwar dabarun tashin hankali da masu fafutukar zubar da ciki suka yi amfani da su wanda ya kai ga "Spring of Life" a Buffalo Abortion Clinics, a cikin Afrilu shekarata 1992 da kuma kisan Dr. Gunn a cikin Maris shekarar 1993. An fara gabatar da Dokar FACE a cikin Janairu shekarata 1993 kuma Babban Wakilin Chuck Schumer (D--NY) ya dauki nauyinsa, tare da Wakilin Constance Morella (R--MD) a matsayin babban mai ba da tallafi. An gabatar da sigar lissafin a Majalisar Dattawa a watan Maris shekarar 1993, wannan wanda Sanata Edward Kennedy (D-MA) ya dauki nauyinsa. Majalisa da Majalisar Dattawa duka sun amince da kudirin a watan Nuwamba shekarata 1993. Majalisar ta zartar da dokar ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, kuma majalisar dattijai ta zartar da shi 69-30, tare da fitattun 'yan Republican 17 sun kada kuri'a don kudirin. Wani kwamitin hadin gwiwa tsakanin majalisar dattijai ya hada kudirin biyu jim kadan, sannan kuma shugaban kasa Bill Clinton ya sanya hannu kan kudurin dokar da ta fara aiki a watan Mayun shekarata 1994. Tanadi Ma'anoni Yawancin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rubutun hukuma na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic suna ƙarƙashin fassarori daban-daban. Don haka ne Sashen Haƙƙin Bil Adama na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da ma'anoni na yau da kullun ga waɗannan sharuɗɗan: Facility Kalmar “kayan aiki” ta haɗa da asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa, kuma ya haɗa da gini ko tsarin da wurin yake. Tsangwama tare da Kalmar "shisshigi da" yana nufin tauye 'yancin motsin mutum. Tsoro Kalmar "tsoratarwa" tana nufin sanya mutum cikin fargabar cutarwar jiki gare shi- ko kanta ko ga wani. Toshewar jiki Kalmar toshewar jiki na nufin ba da izinin shiga ko fita daga wurin da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa ko zuwa ko daga wurin ibadar addini, ko yin hanyar zuwa ko daga irin wannan wurin ko wurin ibadar addini mai wuyar gaske ba tare da dalili ba. ko mai haɗari. Sabis na kiwon lafiya na haihuwa Kalmar "sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa" yana nufin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar haihuwa da aka bayar a asibiti, asibiti, ofishin likita, ko wani wurin aiki, kuma ya haɗa da aikin likita, tiyata, shawarwari ko shawarwari da suka shafi tsarin haihuwa na mutum, ciki har da ayyuka da suka shafi. ciki ko ƙarewar ciki. An haramta 248. 'Yancin samun damar shiga asibitin: (a) Ayyukan da aka haramta. Duk wanda (1) ta hanyar karfi ko barazanar karfi ko ta hanyar toshe jiki, da gangan ya ji rauni, tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki ko yunkurin cutar da wani mutum, ko tsoratarwa ko tsoma baki tare da wani mutum saboda wannan mutumin yana ko ya kasance, ko don tsoratarwa. Kuma irin wannan mutum ko wani mutum ko kowane nau'in mutane daga, samun ko ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar haihuwa Wadannan halaye suna da alaƙa musamman da asibitocin kula da lafiyar haihuwa amma kuma ana iya amfani da su a wuraren ibada: Katange hanyar mutum zuwa ƙofar wurin aiki Rage motoci daga shiga da/ko fita wurin aiki Tsayar da mutane a jiki yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tafiya zuwa ƙofar shiga ko ta wurin ajiye motoci Yin wahala ko haɗari shiga da/ko fita daga wurin aiki Ketare iyaka kan kadarorin kayan aiki Aikata duk wani aikin tashin hankali akan ma'aikacin asibiti, mai rakiya ko mara lafiya Barna Barazanar tashin hankali Yin magana da ma'aikacin asibiti ko mai kula da lafiyar haihuwa Konewa ko barazanar konewa Bama -bamai ko barazanar bam Tsoro Ba a haramta ba Ba a haramta waɗannan halaye masu zuwa ba saboda suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin yancin faɗar albarkacin baki: Zanga- zangar a wajen asibitoci Rarraba adabi Dauke alamomi Ihu (idan dai ba a yi barazanar ba) Waƙar yabo Nasiha Hukunce-hukuncen cin zarafi Hukunce-hukuncen masu laifi na keta FACE sun bambanta dangane da girman laifin da wanda ake tuhuma a baya na laifin cin zarafi iri ɗaya. Ana iya yanke wa mai laifin farko hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 100,000. Don cin zarafi na biyu, ana iya daure mai laifin har na tsawon shekaru uku a ci tararsa a kalla $250,000. Duk da haka, babban laifin da ba na tashin hankali ba yana da hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 10,000 na laifin farko, da kuma daurin watanni 18 a gidan yari da kuma tarar dala 25,000 na laifukan da suka biyo baya. Idan laifin ya jawo wa mutum rauni, hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 ne, ba tare da la’akari da laifin farko ko a’a ba, kuma duk laifin da ya kai ga kisa yana da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai. Waɗannan su ne matsakaicin jimloli; ƙananan hukunce-hukuncen suna halatta bisa ga shawarar alkali. Tasiri Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Ciki ta Kasa (NAF) ta tattara, al'amuran da suka fi muni na tashe-tashen hankula (kamar kisan kai, yunƙurin kisan kai, tashin bama-bamai da konewa) sun ragu sosai tun daga shekarata 1994, shekarar da Dokar 'Yancin Samun Shiga Clinical ta kasance. zartarwa. Gwamnatin Clinton ta gurfanar da mutane 17 da ake tuhuma bisa laifin keta dokar FACE a 1997 kadai kuma ta gurfanar da kusan mutane 10 da ake tuhuma a duk shekara tun lokacin da aka kafa dokar. Gwamnatin George W. Bush, duk da haka, tana tuhumar mutane kusan biyu ne kawai a kowace shekara saboda keta dokar FACE. A cewar Cathleen Mahoney, Mataimakiyar Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Zubar da Zubar da Zubar da Ciki ta Kasa kuma tsohon lauya na Ma’aikatar Shari’a, “Yawancin ayyukan [tashin hankali] ya ragu sosai bayan an aiwatar da FACE kuma an fara aiwatar da shi”. Binciken shari'a A cikin shekarar 1995, Ƙungiyar Rayuwa ta Amirka ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar Dokar FACE a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Gabashin Virginia a cikin shari'ar da ake kira American Life League, Inc. v. Reno Ƙungiyar Life League ta Amirka ta yi muhawarar cewa Dokar ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, domin dokar ba ta hana yin addu’a ko wani ibada ba, sai dai toshewa, barazana, da Kuma tashin hankali. Masu shigar da karar sun kuma bayar da hujja guda uku inda suka ce dokar ta FACE ta keta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Na farko shi ne dokar ta haramta cutar da mata da masu bayarwa, wanda zai iya haɗa da cutar da hankali. Domin 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu na iya haifar da illa ga tunani, masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa dokar ta FACE ta keta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sai dai kotun ta yi watsi da hakan, inda ta ce illar da kawai aka haramta ta haifar da tashe-tashen hankula, da barazanar tashin hankali, da kuma toshe asibitoci. Hujja ta biyu ta masu shigar da kara ita ce, dokar ba ta da tushe balle makama, wanda kotun kuma ta yi watsi da shi saboda akwai misalai da dama na ayyukan kundin tsarin mulkin da ke da irin yare. Kuma A karshe dai masu shigar da kara sun ce dokar ta shafi masu zanga-zangar hana zubar da ciki ne musamman kuma ba ta tsaka-tsaki, inda kotun ta ce za a yi amfani da dokar kan duk wanda ya karya ta, don haka ta kasance tsaka tsaki. Don haka, kotu ta amince da dokar FACE. Bayan an zartar da dokar 'Yancin Samun shiga Clinic, jihohi da yawa sun zartar da wasu dokoki. Dokar Massachusetts ita ce Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Haihuwa, wadda aka ƙalubalanci a Kotun Tarayya kuma a ƙarshe ta rushe a McCullen v. Coakley Duk da haka, an tsara shawarar da ƙwaƙƙwaran don kada a yi watsi da dokar FACE da sauran dokokin matakin jiha. Duba wasu abubuwan Kariyar doka ta samun damar zubar da ciki Tsarin lokaci na dokokin haƙƙin haifuwa Manazartaa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cikakkun rubutu na 'Yancin Samun shiga Dokar Shiga Clinic Shafin Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka Rijistar Rikicin Ciwon Ciki Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

60616

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigar%20Shah

Jigar Shah

Jigar Shah (an haife shi a watan Agusta 30, 1974) shine darektan Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Lamuni a Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka. Shah ya sami shahara a matsayin ɗan kasuwa mai tsabta na Amurka, marubuci kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen podcast. Shah an san shi da aiki don ƙirƙira da bayar da shawarwari don mafita ta kasuwa don canjin yanayi. Ya rubuta littafin Ƙirƙirar Climate Wealth: Unlocking the Impact Economy, wanda aka buga acikin 2013. Articles with hCards Shah ya cigaba da cewa ana samar da arzikin yanayi ne lokacin da manyan masu saka hannun jari suka haɗa gwiwa tare da 'yan kasuwa, kamfanoni, babban jari, da gwamnatoci a sikeli don magance manyan matsalolin zamaninmu, yayin da ake samar da kwarin gwiwa na dawo da kuɗi -ba rangwame ba. Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Indiya, Shah yayi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, tareda iyalin sa lokacin yana ɗan shekara ɗaya. Shah ya koma Sterling, Illinois lokacin yana ɗan shekara takwas. Shah ya halarci makarantar gwamnati tun daga firamare ta hanyar Masters. Shah yana da BS a Injiniya daga Jami'ar Illinois iko, Champaign-Urbana, da MBA daga Jami'ar Maryland. Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci Shah shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Generate Capital. Shah ya kafa SunEdison a shekara ta 2003, inda ya yi majagaba "babu kudi a hasken rana" kuma ya buɗe kasuwar hasken rana ta biliyoyin daloli, ƙirƙirar abin da ya kasance babban kamfanin sabis na hasken rana a duniya. Kamfanin ya sauƙaƙe hasken rana a matsayin sabis ta hanyar aiwatar da tsarin kasuwanci na yarjejeniyar siyan wutar lantarki (PPA). Wannan samfurin ya canza halin da ake ciki, yana bawa ƙungiyoyi damar siyan sabis na makamashin hasken rana a ƙarƙashin kwangiloli masu ƙima na dogon lokaci da kuma guje wa manyan kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen mallaka da sarrafa tsarin makamashin hasken rana. Shah ya sayar da SunEdison acikin 2008. Shah shine marubucin Ƙirƙirar Arzikin Yanayi: Buɗe Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Littafin ya yi magana game da fitacciyar rawar ƙirƙira ƙirar kasuwanci, fiye da sababbin fasaha, wajen jawo babban babban jari da buɗe canjin canji. Acikin littafin, marubucin ya yi hoton yana kaiwa ga burin mu na canjin yanayi na 2020 a matsayin hanyar samar da tattalin arziki na gaba tare da kwatankwacin kamfanoni 100,000 a duk duniya, kowanne yana samar da dala miliyan 100 na tallace-tallace. Shah ya bayar da hujjar cewa, yayin da sabbin fasahohin fasaha ke da kima, tura fasahohin da ake da su su ne mabuɗin isa ga maƙasudan yanayin mu na kusa. Ya haɗu da Dakin Yaƙin Carbon tare da Richard Branson da Virgin United, ƙungiyar da ta yi aiki don yin amfani da ƙarfin kasuwancin don tura fasahar mafita a sikelin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba daga 2009 zuwa 2012. Shah a baya ya yi aiki a dabarun BP Solar kuma a matsayin ɗan kwangila na Ma'aikatar Makamashi akan madadin motocin da shirye-shiryen ƙwayoyin mai. Shah yayi kira da a kawo karshen duk wani tallafin makamashi, gami da na makamashi mai sabuntawa, don "ƙirƙirar filin wasa." Ya bada gudummawa akai-akai ga Climate Hawks Vote Political Action Super PAC tun daga 2016 a kowane rikodin FEC. Kungiyar Energy Gang Shah ya kasance abokin hadin gwiwar kafa kungiyar The Energy Gang, wani faifan bidiyo da aka sadaukar don bincika fasahar kere-kere, siyasa da karfin kasuwa da ke motsa makamashi da al'amuran muhalli. Acikin wani shiri na 2017, Shah ya gabatar da Dokar Jigar Shah "kasashe bai kamata su kasance da manufofin wauta ba". Kamar yadda mai masaukin baki Stephen Lacey ya lura, an cire sabon hukuncin kai tsaye daga littafin Jigar Shah Playbook, wanda ke nuna cewa dole ne ku sami zaɓuɓɓuka masu fa'ida kamar rage yawan adadin kuzari da kuɗin fito, da kuma yadda aka tsara waɗannan shekaru bakwai zuwa takwas da suka gabata. ba aiki. Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Lamuni Sakatariyar makamashi Jennifer Granholm ta nada Shah don jagorantar Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Lamuni na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (LPO) acikin Maris 2021. Ofishin yana ba da dala biliyan 40 a matsayin ikon lamuni ga kamfanonin makamashi na farko da fasahar yanayi. A ƙarƙashin Shah, LPO ya ninka ma'aikatansa fiye da ninki biyu kuma ya sake nazarin aikace-aikace fiye da 100 daga kamfanonin fasahar yanayi da ke neman lamuni da ya haura dala biliyan 100. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jigar Shah Ma'aikatar Makamashi Ƙirƙirar Arzikin Yanayi Amazon Haihuwan 1974 Rayayyun

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Muhalli%20ta%20%C6%98asa%20da%20%C6%98asa

Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa

Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa ko wani lokacin ƙa'idar muhalli, wani nau'in yarjejeniya ce da ke daure a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ba su damar cimma burin muhalli A wasu kalmomi, "takardar gwamnati ce da aka yi niyya a matsayin doka ta doka tare da manufar da aka bayyana ta farko ta hana ko sarrafa tasirin ɗan adam akan albarkatun ƙasa." Yarjejeniyar tsakanin al'ummomi biyu ana kiranta da yarjejeniyar muhalli ta biyu Idan an yi yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙasashe uku ko fiye, ana kiranta yarjejeniyar muhalli ta multilateral (MEA). Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin, waɗanda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ke samarwa da farko, sun ƙunshi batutuwa kamar manufofin yanayi, manufofin ruwa, sharar gida da manufofin abubuwa, muhallin ruwa, manufofin kiyaye yanayi, gurɓataccen hayaniya da amincin nukiliya. Tarihi da amfani An fara amfani da yarjejeniyoyin mahalli da yawa a cikin shekara ta 1857, lokacin da yarjejeniyar ƙasar Jamus ta tsara kwararar ruwa daga tafkin Constance zuwa Austria da Switzerland Ka'idojin muhalli na kasa da kasa sun bayyana a cikin mulkin muhalli bayan matsalolin muhalli masu iyaka da iyaka sun zama sananne a cikin shekara ta 1960s. Tsakanin 1857 da 2012, an kulla jimillar yarjejeniyoyin muhalli guda 747 na muhalli. Bayan taron gwamnatocin Stockholm a shekara ta 1972, ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ƙaru. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da MEAs, yawancin MEAs an aiwatar da su tun daga 1972 a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli na Dan Adam (wanda aka fi sani da taron Stockholm). Dukkanin ƙasashe guda 113 da suka halarci taron ne suka amince da sanarwar Stockholm, kuma ita ce takarda ta farko da ke da muhimmanci kan batun muhalli. Ana buƙatar tsarin sadarwar hadaddun don tsarin MEA mai aiki. Matakan gwamnati a cikin al'umma na iya kawo cikas ga juna game da sauyin yanayi (misali) saboda ra'ayoyi ko jam'iyyu masu adawa da juna, yin aiwatar da mafi wahala da tasiri ga dangantakar waje. Manufofin da ke kewaye da MEA ana ƙaddamar da su ta hanyar ƙasashe masu shiga. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya sune manyan kungiyoyi tsakanin gwamnatoci don ƙirƙira da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. An sami karuwar amfani da tanade-tanaden muhalli a cikin yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na ƙasashen biyu da kuma cikin yarjejeniyoyin saka hannun jari na ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar yarjejeniyar muhalli ta kasashen biyu. Tasiri Ka'idoji na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi masu sassauƙa don haɓaka tasiri. Misali daya shine amfani da takunkumi: karkashin yarjejeniyar Montreal, an hana masu sanya hannu don siyan chlorofluorocarbons daga wadanda ba su sanya hannu ba, don hana duk wani fa'idar iska. An kuma yi amfani da kudade don shawo kan rikicin Arewa-Kudanci: mambobin yarjejeniyar Montreal sun kirkiro wani asusu na dala miliyan 240 don sake rarraba kudaden mika mulki. Har ila yau, tana da shekaru goma daban-daban na alheri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Hakanan ana ganin wajibai daban-daban a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kyoto kuma suna iya ƙarfafa fa'ida sosai, inda kowace ƙasa ke da manufa daban-daban dangane da ci gabanta. While protocols appear to be the ultimate top-down mode of governance, having "scant provisions for public participation," it is widely thought that the influence of transnational networks has been growing Public opinion is relevant, as concern must exist to prompt action and dedication of government resources. It kept growing more and more since the young activist Greta Thunberg started Fridays for Future. Non-governmental organizations also fulfill certain roles, from gathering information and devising policies to mobilizing support. Science plays an important part, although Susskind asserts that sometimes this role is diminished by uncertainty, disagreement, and the rise of "adversary science." Yadda muke kallon tasirin ladabi ya dogara da abin da muke tsammani daga gare su. Tare da ƙaramin ƙarfi na gudanarwa ko ainihin iko, ƙa'idodi suna yin nasara wajen haɓaka damuwar gwamnati, haɓaka yanayin kwangila, da haɓaka ƙarfin ta hanyar musayar kadarori. Amma duk da haka muddin ikon mulki ya tabbata, ka'idojin muhalli ba za su shafi canje-canje a fuskar jaha ko jama'a ba, ba da garantin aiwatar da aikin ƙasa, ko kuma zama cikin dare ɗaya. Ci gaban dokar muhalli ta duniya na iya zama, kamar yadda Wiener ya nuna, kamar kunkuru, a hankali amma a tsaye. Shingaye da suka Tsarin siyasar duniya da ake da su, bambance-bambance da rikice-rikice suna haifar da shinge ga ƙirƙirar ka'idojin muhalli. Na farko, tabbatar da mulkin mallaka na nufin babu wata kasa da za a tilastawa shiga, sai dai a yi kira da a yi hakan. Saboda haka, kamar yadda Faransa ta fada, "Dokar kasa da ƙasa tana da ƙarfin halin kirki, amma 'yan hakora na gaske." Na biyu, rikicin Arewa da Kudu na iya toshe hadin gwiwa da haifar da rikici. Kasashen da ke Kudancin Duniya, suna kallon matalauta, gaba ɗaya suna ganin kasashen Arewa, masu arziki, suna bukatar daukar nauyin gurbatar muhalli da kuma kawo sauyi mai ma'ana a rayuwarsu, wanda Arewa ba ta ganin cewa ya dace. Kudanci dai na ganin cewa Arewa ta riga ta samu damar bunkasa kuma ta riga ta gurbata da yawa a yayin bunƙasa masana’antu. A ƙarshe, ƙasashe na iya rasa kwarin gwiwa don canza manufofinsu na muhalli saboda rikici da wasu muradu, musamman wadatar tattalin arziki. Idan ka'idojin muhalli za su haifar da matsalolin tattalin arziki ko cutar da wata ƙasa, hakan na iya ɓata ka'idojin yayin da wasu ƙasashe ke manne da su, wanda ke haifar da matsala ta masu 'yanci Bugu da ƙari, ana iya soki ƙa'idodin muhalli don rashin tabbas na kimiyya, ko aƙalla rashin haɗin bayanan kimiyya, waɗanda ƙila a yi amfani da su don "toshe abubuwan buƙatu da yin ɓarna." Game da matsaloli kamar gurɓata yanayi da sauyin yanayi, juriya yawanci ya samo asali ne na ƙirƙira injiniya Saboda waɗannan shingaye, ƙa'idodin muhalli sun zama manufa a bayyane ga zargi da yawa, kamar jinkirin haifar da tasirin da ake so (saboda tsarin aiwatar da yarjejeniya-yarjejeniya), kula da mafi ƙasƙanci gama gari, da rashin kulawa da aiwatarwa. Hakanan ana iya sukar su don ɗaukar matakan haɓaka inda ka'idodin ci gaba mai dorewa ke ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a kula da yanayin muhalli. Shiga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya tana shiga cikin MEAs a duk duniya akan batutuwa da yawa, gami da bambancin halittu, sinadarai da sharar gida, da yanayi da yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin misalin zai zama Yarjejeniyar Vienna don Kariya na Ozone Layer, wanda aka haɗa tare don magance mummunar tasirin Chlorofluorocarbons a kan yanayi. Tashar Watsa Labarai ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (InforMEA) ta tattara MEAs ta hanyar girbi yanke shawara da shawarwari na COP, labarai, abubuwan da suka faru, membobin MEA, wuraren da suka shafi ƙasa, rahotanni na ƙasa da tsare-tsaren aiwatarwa daga sakatarorin MEA kuma suna tsara wannan bayanin a kusa da saitin sharuɗɗan da aka yarda, don amfanin Jam’iyyu da al’ummar muhalli baki daya Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta shiga cikin shawarwarin MEA saboda tasirin kasuwancin da yarjejeniyar ke da shi. Ƙungiyar tana da manufofin kasuwanci da muhalli waɗanda ke inganta kariya da kiyaye muhalli. Manufarta ita ce rage shingen kasuwanci da daidaita matakan da suka shafi kasuwanci tare da manufofin muhalli Tun da MEAs suna karewa da kiyaye muhalli, zasu iya taimakawa sauƙaƙe ƙuntatawa akan kasuwanci. ƙa'idojin WTO sun dogara ne kan rashin nuna bambanci, ciniki cikin 'yanci ta hanyar rage shingen ciniki da gasa ta gaskiya, an kuma yi watsi da MEA saboda rashin bin ka'idojin kungiyar. WTO tana aiki tare da aiwatar da ayyukan MEA sama da 350 a duk duniya. ƙunshi manyan ƙasashe biyar waɗanda suka himmatu wajen inganta muhalli da ciniki cikin 'yanci. Membobin WTO bisa doka sun daure su mutunta yarjejeniyar rage shingen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, rikici ya taso saboda takunkumin kasuwanci. Manyan mahalarta MEA Ostiraliya Ana lura da Ostiraliya don nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi da yanayi daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da rairayin bakin teku, hamada da tsaunuka, kuma canjin yanayi babban damuwa ne. Ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin rami mafi girma a duniya. tare da tasirin muhalli. Kusancin Ostiraliya da Antarctica yana haifar da damuwa game da hawan teku da kuma sauye-sauyen raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke tasiri ga yanayi. Kanada Yarjejeniyar muhalli ta Kanada da yawa sun haɗa da iska, nau'ikan halittu da yanayin muhalli, sinadarai da sharar gida, canjin yanayi, haɗin gwiwar muhalli, ruwa da tekuna, da yanayi Kanada ta ɗauki wani yunƙuri saboda albarkatun ƙasa iri-iri, yanayi da kuma wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa, duk waɗannan na iya ba da gudummawa ga matsalolin muhalli. Abubuwan da suka dace sun haɗa da Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals, wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da hukuncin wata karamar kotu tare da tuhumar wani kamfanin Kanada, Teck Resources, da laifin gurɓata kogin Columbia a Amurka. Teck Resources smelter a Trail, British Columbia yana saman iyakar Amurka. Amurka {Asar Amirka ta dage kan Yarjejeniyar Montreal kan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozone Layer, da tattaunawar duniya kan Mercury Adadin MEAs da Amurka ke ciki ya yi ƙasa da na Kanada, duk da yawan yawan jama'arta da girman sawun carbon da tattalin arzikinta. Duba kuma Dokar muhalli Dokokin kasa da kasa Jerin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Mitchell, RB, Andonova, LB, Axelrod, M., Balsiger, J., Bernauer, T., Green, JF, Hollway, J., Kim, RE, da Morin, JF 2020. Abin da Muka Sani (kuma Zamu Iya Sani) game da Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Duniya Siyasar Muhalli ta Duniya, 20: 103-121. 978-982-04-0475-5 Alam, Shawkat et al. Dokar Muhalli ta Duniya da Kudancin Duniya. Jami'ar Cambridge Press: New York, 2015. Borsky, Stefan, A. Raschky, Paul. "Haɗin kai tsakanin gwamnatoci a cikin Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Duniya". A cikin Jaridar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru 2, Lamba 2. Yuni 2015. M.McEvoya, David da McGintyb, Matthew "Tattaunawa kan harajin fitar da hayaki a cikin yarjejeniyar muhalli ta duniya". A cikin Jaridar Muhalli na Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa Volume 90, 217-231. 2018 Tulkens, Henry da Guesnerie, R. Zane na Manufofin Yanayi. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 2008. Victor, David G. et al. Aiwatar da Tasirin Ayyukan Muhalli na Duniya Ka'idar da Aiki. MIT Press: Laxenburg, Austria, 1998. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Littafin Jagoran Yarjejeniyar Muhalli na Muhalli da yawa Muhalli Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema

Tema

Tema birni ne, da ke a yankin Bight of Benin, da kuma Tekun Atlantika na ƙasar Ghana. Tana da nisan kilomita 25 (16 mi) gabas da babban birni; Accra, a cikin yankin Greater Accra, kuma shine babban birnin Tema. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2013, Tema ita ce ta goma sha ɗaya mafi yawan matsuguni a ƙasar Ghana, tare da mutane kusan 161,612 raguwar da aka samu daga adadin ta na 2005 wanda ya kai 209,000. Greenwich Meridian (Longitude 00) ya wuce kai tsaye ta cikin gari. Ana yiwa garin Tema lakabi da "Garin tashar jirgin ruwa" saboda matsayinta na babbar tashar jirgin ruwan Ghana. Ya ƙunshi al'ummomi daban-daban 25 waɗanda aka ƙidaya daidai da kowane ɗayansu yana da sauƙin isa ga abubuwan more rayuwa. Tema birni ne da aka gina a kan ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi. Shugaban kasar Ghana na farko, Kwame Nkrumah ne ya ba Tema aiki, kuma ya bunkasa cikin sauri bayan gina babbar tashar jirgin ruwa a 1961. Garin Tema an tsara shi, an tsara shi kuma an haɓaka shi ta hanyar mai ba da kyautar birni mai tsarawa kuma masanin gine-ginen ƙasar Ghana na farko, Theodore S. Clerk. Yanzu ta kasance babbar cibiyar kasuwanci, gida ga matatar mai da masana'antu da yawa, kuma tana da hanyar Accra da babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Tema na daya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa biyu na kasar ta Ghana, dayan kuma ita ce Sekondi-Takoradi. Tema ya zama Kwamiti mai cin gashin kansa a cikin 1974 kuma an daukaka shi zuwa matsayin Majalisar Babban Birni a cikin Disamba 1990. Tema babban birni ne na Metananan biranen goma sha shida, Mananan hukumomi da Gundumomi a cikin yankin Greater Accra. Lardin Metropolitan ya raba iyaka da Ashaiman Municipal, Adenta Municipal District, da Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District zuwa yamma bi da bi, ta gabas da Gundumar Kpone Katamanso, zuwa Arewa tare da Yankin Dangme West da kuma Kudu tare da Gulf of Guinea. Tarihi An gina Tema ne a wurin wani ƙaramin ƙauyen kamun kifi da ake kira Torman, wanda aka sa wa suna na yankin na tsiron calabash, Tor, wanda aka noma a can. "Tema" ya samo asali ne daga lalacin "Torman". Gwamnati ta gano wurin kafin samun 'yanci, kuma a cikin 1952 ta sayi murabba'in kilomita 166 (64 sq mi) na arewacin arewacin tashar, wanda aka damka wa Kamfanin Bunkasa Tema don sabon ci gaban masana'antu da na zama. Mazauna garin Torman sun yi kaura zuwa wani sabon wurin kamun kifi mai nisan kilomita 3 (kilomita 1.9) daga nesa, wanda suka kira Newtown. An gina Babban Garin Tema, kuma tashar Tema ta buɗe a hukumance, a cikin 1962. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Tema ya zama cibiyar masana'antu ta Ghana, tare da ingantaccen tsarin shimfidawa wanda ke dauke da shimfidar wuri da fitilun kan titi. Tana alfahari da cibiyoyin nishaɗin zamani da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ba safai a cikin biranen Afirka ba a lokacin. Shugaba Nkrumah ya nada Theophilus Asiaw Mills a matsayin Kwamishina na Gundumar na farko. Mahimmancin Tema a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa da masana'antar masana'antu ya bayyana ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa Ofishin 'yan sanda na Ghana yana kula da yanki na musamman na' yan sanda wanda aka keɓe ga birnin gaba ɗaya. Yawan kwararar jama'a ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1960 saboda damar samun aikin yi a garin, amma Kamfanin Raya Tema ya kasa gina gidaje da samar da wasu ayyuka don biyan bukatun baƙin haure. Girman gundumar Tema Newtown ya cika da hauhawar yawan jama'a, kuma ya zama ɗan uwan talaka na Tema Township, ba tare da karɓar ɗayan ingantattun gidajen ba, hanyoyin da aka shimfida, ko abubuwan more rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ba a yi amfani da kuɗin da kamfanonin Tema Newtown suka biya don korar ƙauyukan ba saboda wani rikicin shugabanci. Saboda haka ba a yi cikakken amfani da damar kamun kifi a yankin ba. Yanayi Tema yana da yanayin mai zafi mai ƙarancin yanayi a ƙarƙashin ƙirar yanayi na Köppen (ƙirar yanayi na Köppen: BSh). Tana cikin yanki mafi bushewa na kudancin Ghana, ana samun ruwan sama kusan shekara daya kimanin milimita 750 (30 a cikin). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi yana da girma duk shekara, galibi yana wuce 30° Celsius. Manyan kayayyakin masana'antu na garin sun hada da alminiyon, karafa, kifin da aka sarrafa, matatun mai, yadi, sinadarai, kayayyakin abinci, da siminti. Manyan kamfanoni dake aiki a Tema sun hada da Volta Aluminium (VALCO), matatar mai ta Tema (TOR), Nestlé Ghana Ltd., Wahome Karfe Ltd, Tema Shipyard. Hakanan akwai yankin yanki kyauta a Tema. Tashar jiragen ruwa Tashar Tema, wacce aka bude a 1962, ita ce mafi girma daga tashoshin jiragen ruwa guda biyu a Ghana. Tana da yanki mai kewaye da ruwa na murabba'in kilomita 1.7 (0.66 sq mi) da kuma cikakken fili na murabba'in kilomita 3.9 (1.5 sq mi). Baya ga shigo da kayan da Ghana ke fitarwa da kuma fitar da su, hanya ce da ake hada-hadar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, wacce ke hada-hadar jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasashen Burkina Faso, Mali da Nijar. Tashar Tema tana daukar kashi 80% na kayan shigowa da shigo da kaya na Ghana, gami da babban kamfanin fitarwa na kasar, koko Tashar tana da kilomita 5 (mil 3.1) na ruwa, da ruwa masu zurfin ruwa 12, da tashar tankar mai ta wuce gona da iri, da shinge, da wuraren adana kaya, da kuma wuraren da ake wucewa. Tashar tana da wuraren da aka rufe da kuma rufe wuraren adana kaya, gami da yankin da aka shimfida 77,200-m2 (hekta 7.72) don adana kwantena, kayayyakin karafa da sauran kayan na yau da kullun. Filin yadi na tashar yana iya ɗaukar sama da 8,000 TEUs a kowane lokaci. Rufe wurin da aka rufe, wanda ya kai kimanin 25,049 m2 (hekta 2.51) a yankin, ya kunshi sheda shida tare da jimlar damar daukar tan dubu 50 na kaya. Har ila yau, tashar jirgin ruwan ta hada da tashar busassun tashar jirgin ruwa da hanya mai sanyuwa ta 100,000. Ana gudanar da tashar jirgin ne ta Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa na Ghana. Tashar kamun kifi Ghana ta dade tana da kamun kifi. Tashar kamun kifi ta Tema tana gefen gabashin tashar jirgin ruwan garin. Ya ƙunshi tashar jirgin ruwa na cikin gida, da mashigar ruwa, da tashar jirgin ruwa na waje, da kuma yankin kasuwanci tare da tallace-tallace da wuraren adana sanyi. An gina tashar jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi tare da babbar tashar Tema a shekarar 1962 don samar da kayan sarrafawa ga jiragen ruwa na masarufi da masana'antu, da kuma karfafa ci gaban masana'antar kamun kifi na gida. A cikin 1965, an gina tashar jirgin ruwa na waje don manyan jiragen ruwa na masana'antu kamar trawlers, jiragen ruwa na tuna, da masu jigilar ruwa. Jiragen ruwan da ke aiki a yankin suna da tsawon mita 30-45 kuma suna iya sayan tan 55-65 na kifi (galibi kifin kifi da sandar kifi da sckere mackerel) a kowace tafiya kamun kifi. Jirgin ruwan tuna yana daga kananun jiragen ruwa kimanin 45-50 m a tsayi, iya saukar da tan 200-250 na kama, zuwa manyan sigar da tsawon 50-65 m da ikon sauka zuwa tan 650 a kowace tafiya kamun kifi. Mafi yawan jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi, masu jigilar ruwa mai zurfin (tare da tsayin 90-105 m), galibi jiragen ruwa ne da aka yi haya. Tun daga 1984, kamun ƙasa ya ƙaddara kimanin tan 200,000 zuwa 300,000 metric tonnes a shekara. Kamawar Tuna a Ghana ya ci gaba da samun daidaito na tan 30,000 a kowace shekara tun daga 1981. Kogin Canoe yana kula da masunta. Kullum kwandon jirgin ruwa kusan 400 ne ke zaune. Waɗannan galibi nau'uka biyu ne: jiragen ruwa na katako, waɗanda ake kira da suna "Legelege", da kuma ƙarfe. Kwalejojin katako suna da tsayi a kan duka (LOA) tsakanin 30 zuwa 70 m, galibi mallakin byan asalin Ghanaan Ghana ne. Ayyukansu sun ƙaru a cikin watannin Yuni Satumba. Sana'ar kamun kifin gwangwani na da alhakin kusan kashi 70% na kamun. Ilimi Kwalejin SOS-Hermann Gmeiner International (SOS-HGIC), wata makarantar haɗin kai mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da maki 10 zuwa 13, tana Tema. A baya ta yi amfani da Takaddar Shaida ta Babban Sakandare ta Duniya (IGCSE) don maki 10 da 11 da kuma International Baccalaureate (IB) na aji 12 da 13 amma a yanzu haka tana gudanar da cikakken shirin IB Diploma na dukkan maki hudu. Margaret Nkrumah ce ke jagorantar makarantar sama da shekaru 15, kuma yanzu haka Mista Israel Titi Ofei da Nii Amaa Akita ke shugabanta. Tema kuma tana da makarantar duniya, Tema International School (TIS), wacce ke ta biyu ga HGIC, da kuma babbar makarantar sakandare, Tema Secondary School (TSS ko Temasco), wanda aka gina a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1961. Tema tana da manyan makarantun sikandire na gwamnati kamar su Chemu Senior High School a Community 4, Tema Methodist Day School, Mahean Senior High School, Our Lady of Merior Senior High School da Tema Technical Institute. Makarantun Shirye-shirye masu zaman kansu kamar Creator Schools, St Paul Methodist Primary and JHS, Marbs Preparatory School, Datus Complex, Deks Educational Institute, Naylor SDA School, Tema Christian Centre, Tema Parents Association, First Baptist School, Tema Regular Baptist School, Queen Esther School, Dorsons School, Adwenie Memorial, Creator School, New Covenant School, St Alban's School, Lorenz Wolf School, Bexhill School Complex, Life International School, Mazon Grace Academy, Santabarbera School, Angels Specialist School, First Star Academy, Pentecost School, Star School Complex, Tema Ridge, St John Bosco School da Rosharon Montessori School. Firamare na jama'a da na makarantun sakandare suna cikin Tema. Twedaase Primary School, Star School, Aggrey Road School, Republic Road School, Padmore School, Mante Din Drive, Amen Basic, Manhean SDA, School, Bethel Methodist School da sauransu. Biranin Tagwaye

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20V

George V

George V (an haifeshi ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 1865 20 Janairu 1936) shi ne Sarkin Burtaniya da Masarautar Burtaniya, kuma Sarkin Indiya, daga 6 ga watan Mayu 1910 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1936. Tarihin rayuwar An haife shi a lokacin mulkin Kakarsa Sarauniya Victoria, George shine ɗa na biyu na Albert Edward, Yariman Wales, kuma shine na uku a jerin magajin masarautar Burtaniya a bayan mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa, Prince Albert Victor Daga shekarar 1877 zuwa shekarar 1892, George ya yi aiki a cikin Royal Navy, har zuwa mutuwar ɗan'uwansa ba zato ba tsammani a farkon 1892 ya sa shi kai tsaye a kan gadon sarauta. George ya auri budurwar ɗan'uwansa, Gimbiya Victoria Mary of Teck, a shekara mai zuwa, kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya shida. Bayan mutuwar Sarauniya Victoria a shekarar 1901, mahaifin George ya hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin Edward VII, kuma an halicci George Yariman Wales Ya zama sarki-sarki a lokacin mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1910. George ya sha fama da matsalolin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da shan taba a duk tsawon mulkinsa. Mutuwarsa ta faru ne a watan Janairu shekarar 1936, babban ɗansa, Edward VIII ya gaje shi. Edward ya yi murabus a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar kuma ƙanensa Albert, wanda ya ɗauki sunan sarauta George VI ya gaje shi. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi George a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 1865, a Gidan Marlborough, London. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na Albert Edward, Yariman Wales, da Alexandra, Gimbiya Wales Mahaifinsa shine ɗan fari ga Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert, kuma mahaifiyarsa ita ce babbar 'yar Sarki Christian IX da Sarauniya Louise ta Denmark An yi masa baftisma a Windsor Castle a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1865 ta Archbishop na Canterbury, Charles Longley A matsayin ɗan ƙarami na Yariman Kasar Wales, ba a yi tsammanin George zai zama sarki ba. Ya kasance na uku a kan karagar mulki, bayan mahaifinsa, kuma ɗan'uwansa, Prince Albert Victor. George yana da shekaru 17 kawai watanni kasa da Albert Victor, kuma sarakunan biyu sun sami ilimi tare. An nada John Neale Dalton a matsayin mai koyarwa a 1871. Albert Victor ko George ba su yi fice a hankali ba. Kamar yadda mahaifinsu yayi tunanin cewa sojojin ruwa shine "mafi kyawun horo ga kowane yaro", a cikin Satumba 1877, lokacin George yana ɗan shekara 12. shekaru, 'yan'uwa biyu sun shiga jirgin HMS <i id="mwVA">Britannia</i> na horo a Dartmouth, Devon Shekaru uku daga shekarar 1879, sarakunan sun yi hidima a HMS Bacchante, tare da Dalton. Sun zagaya yankunan daular Biritaniya a cikin Caribbean, Afirka ta Kudu da Kasar Ostiraliya, kuma sun ziyarci Norfolk, Virginia, da Kudancin Amurka, Bahar Rum, Masar, da Gabashin Asiya. A shekarar 1881 a ziyarar da ya kai Japan, George yana da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na gida tattoo blue da ja dragon a hannunsa, kuma Sarkin sarakuna Meiji ya karɓe shi a cikin masu sauraro; George da ɗan’uwansa sun ba Empress Haruko da wallabies biyu daga Ostiraliya. Dalton ya rubuta labarin tafiyarsu mai suna The Cruise of HMS Bacchante Tsakanin Melbourne da Sydney, Dalton ya rubuta wani gani na Flying Dutchman, wani jirgin ruwa na almara. Lokacin da suka koma Biritaniya, Sarauniyar ta yi korafin cewa jikokinta ba za su iya magana da Faransanci ko Jamusanci ba, don haka suka shafe watanni shida a Lausanne a wani yunƙuri na koyon wani yare da bai yi nasara ba. Bayan Lausanne, ’yan’uwa sun rabu; Albert Victor ya halarci Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, yayin da George ya ci gaba a cikin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa Ya zagaya duniya, inda ya ziyarci yankuna da dama na Daular Burtaniya. A lokacin aikinsa na sojan ruwa ya umarci Torpedo Boat 79 a cikin ruwa na gida, sannan HMS Thrush akan Arewacin Amurka da Tashar Indies ta Yamma Sabis ɗin aikinsa na ƙarshe shine umarnin HMS <i id="mweQ">Melampus</i> a shekarar 1891-1892. Tun daga nan, matsayinsa na sojan ruwa ya kasance mai daraja sosai. Aure A matsayin saurayi da aka ƙaddara don yin hidima a sojan ruwa, Yarima George ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a ƙarƙashin umarnin kawunsa Prince Alfred, Duke na Edinburgh, wanda ke zaune a Malta A can baya, ya girma kusa kuma ya ƙaunaci ɗan uwansa Gimbiya Marie na Edinburgh Kakarsa, mahaifinsa da kawu duk sun amince da wasan, amma mahaifiyarsa da mahaifiyar Marie sun yi adawa da shi. Gimbiya Wales ta yi tunanin dangin sun kasance masu goyon bayan Jamusawa, kuma Duchess na Edinburgh ba ya son Ingila. Duchess, 'yar Alexander II na Rasha, ta ji haushin gaskiyar cewa, a matsayinta na matar wani ƙaramin ɗan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, dole ne ta ba da fifiko ga mahaifiyar George, Gimbiya Wales, wanda mahaifinsa ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin Jamus. Yarima kafin a kira shi ba zato ba tsammani a kan karagar Denmark. Mahaifiyarta ta jagorance ta, Marie ta ƙi George lokacin da ya nemi ta. Ta auri Ferdinand, sarkin Romania na gaba, a shekarar 1893. A watan Nuwamba shekaran 1891, ɗan'uwan George, Albert Victor, ya shiga cikin ɗan uwansa na biyu da zarar an cire Gimbiya Victoria Mary na Teck, wanda aka sani da "Mayu" a cikin iyali. Iyayenta su ne Francis, Duke na Teck (wani memba na morganatic, reshen cadet na House of Württemberg da Gimbiya Mary Adelaide ta Cambridge, jikanyar George III da ɗan uwan farko na Sarauniya Victoria. Duke of York Mutuwar ƙanensa ta kawo ƙarshen aikin sojan ruwa na George, domin a yanzu shi ne na biyu a kan karagar mulki, bayan mahaifinsa. An kirkiri gunkn George Duke na York, Earl of Inverness, da Baron Killarney ta Sarauniya Victoria a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu 1892, kuma ya sami darussa a tarihin tsarin mulki daga JR Tanner Duke da Duchess na York suna da 'ya'ya maza biyar da mace guda Randolph Churchill ya yi iƙirarin cewa George babban uba ne, har ’ya’yansa suna firgita da shi, kuma George ya faɗa wa Earl na Derby “Mahaifina ya tsoratar da mahaifiyarsa, na tsorata mahaifina, ni kuma na ji tsoro. Ni wallahi zan ga yarana sun tsorata dani." A hakikanin gaskiya, babu wata madogara ta kai tsaye ga zancen kuma mai yiyuwa ne salon tarbiyyar George bai bambanta da wanda yawancin mutane suka dauka a lokacin ba. Ko abin ya kasance ko a'a, 'ya'yansa sun yi fushi da halinsa mai tsanani, dansa Yarima Henry ya kai ga kwatanta shi a matsayin "mummunan uba" a shekarun baya. A watan Oktoba shekara ta 1894, kawun mahaifiyar George, Alexander III na Rasha, ya mutu. A bukatar mahaifinsa, "saboda girmamawa ga matalauta masoyi Uncle Sasha ta memory", George ya shiga iyayensa a Saint Petersburg don jana'izar. Shi da iyayensa sun kasance a Rasha don bikin aure bayan mako guda na sabon Sarkin Rasha, dan uwansa na farko na mahaifiyarsa Nicholas II, zuwa daya daga cikin 'yan uwan farko na mahaifin George, Gimbiya Alix na Hesse da Rhine, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai yiwuwa. amarya ga babban wa George. Zama a matsayin Yariman Wales A matsayin Duke na York, George ya aiwatar da ayyuka iri-iri ga jama'a. A mutuwar Sarauniya Victoria a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1901, mahaifin George ya hau kan karagar mulki a matsayin Sarki Edward VII George ya gaji sunan Duke na Cornwall, kuma ga yawancin sauran wannan shekarar, an san shi da Duke na Cornwall da York. A shekarar 1901, Duke da Duchess sun zagaya daular Burtaniya Ziyarar tasu ta hada da Gibraltar, Malta, Port Said, Aden, Ceylon, Singapore, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Mauritius, Afirka ta Kudu, Kanada, da Colony na Newfoundland Sakataren mulkin mallaka Joseph Chamberlain ne ya tsara wannan rangadin tare da goyon bayan Firayim Minista Lord Salisbury don ba da lada ga Masarautar don shiga cikin yakin Afirka ta Kudu na 1899-1902. George ya ba da dubunnan lambobin yabo na musamman na yakin Afirka ta Kudu ga sojojin mulkin mallaka. A Afirka ta Kudu, jam'iyyar sarauta ta gana da shugabannin jama'a, shugabannin Afirka, da fursunoni na Boer, kuma an tarbe su da kayan ado, kyaututtuka masu tsada, da wasan wuta. Duk da haka, ba duka mazauna yankin ne suka amsa wannan rangadin ba. Yawancin fararen fata na Cape Afrikan sun nuna rashin jin daɗi da nunawa da kuma kashe kuɗi, yakin ya raunana karfinsu don daidaita al'adun Afirkaner-Dutch tare da matsayinsu na Birtaniya. Masu suka a cikin jaridu na Turanci sun yi tir da tsadar da aka kashe a daidai lokacin da iyalai suka fuskanci wahala mai tsanani. A Ostiraliya, George ya buɗe taron farko na Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya bayan ƙirƙirar Commonwealth of Australia A kasar New Zealand, ya yaba da kimar soja, jarumtaka, aminci, da biyayya ga aikin ‘yan New Zealand, kuma ziyarar ta bai wa New Zealand damar nuna ci gaban da ta samu, musamman wajen daukar matakan zamani na Birtaniyya a fannin sadarwa. da kuma masana'antun sarrafa kayayyaki. Babban manufar ita ce tallata sha'awar New Zealand ga 'yan yawon bude ido da kuma bakin haure, tare da guje wa labarai na karuwar tashin hankali na zamantakewa, ta hanyar mai da hankali ga 'yan jaridu na Birtaniya a kan ƙasar da 'yan kaɗan suka sani. A lokacin da ya koma Biritaniya, a cikin wani jawabi a Guildhall, London, George ya yi gargaɗi game da “ra’ayin da ya yi kama da ya mamaye ’yan’uwan [mu] da ke ƙetare teku, cewa Tsohuwar Ƙasar dole ne ta farka idan ta yi niyyar ci gaba da riƙe tsohon matsayinta na farko. -ta yi fice a cinikinta na mulkin mallaka da masu fafatawa a kasashen waje." A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1901, an halicci George Prince of Wales da Earl na Chester Sarki Edward ya yi fatan shirya dansa don matsayinsa na sarki a nan gaba. Sabanin Edward da kansa, wanda Sarauniya Victoria ta cire shi da gangan daga harkokin jihar, mahaifinsa ya ba George damar samun dama ga takardun jihar. Shi kuma George ya ba wa matarsa damar samun takardunsa, yayin da yake daraja shawararta kuma ta kan taimaka wajen rubuta maganganun mijinta. A matsayinsa na Yariman Wales, ya goyi bayan garambawul a horar da sojojin ruwa, gami da daliban da aka yi rajista a shekaru goma sha biyu da goma sha uku, kuma suna samun ilimi iri daya, komai ajin su da kuma ayyukan da aka ba su. An aiwatar da gyare-gyaren ta hannun Ubangiji na biyu (daga baya na farko) Sea Lord, Sir John Fisher Daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1905 zuwa watan Maris 1906, George da May sun zagaya Birtaniya Indiya, inda ya ji kyama da wariyar launin fata kuma ya yi yakin neman shigar Indiyawa cikin gwamnatin kasar. A yawon shakatawa da aka kusan nan da nan ya biyo bayan wani tafiya zuwa Spain domin bikin aure na Sarki Alfonso XIII zuwa Victoria Eugenie na Battenberg, a farko dan uwan George, a abin da amarya da ango kunkuntar kauce wa kisa Mako guda bayan sun koma Biritaniya, George da Mayu sun yi tafiya zuwa Norway don nadin sarautar Sarki Haakon VII, ɗan uwan George kuma surukin George, da Sarauniya Maud, 'yar'uwar George. Mulki A 6 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1910, Edward VII ya mutu, kuma George ya zama sarki. Ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na sirri. Siyasar kasa Nadin soja 18 July 1900: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) 1 January 1901: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Marine Forces 25 February 1901: Personal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the King 29 November 1901: Honorary Colonel of the 4th County of London Yeomanry Regiment (King's Colonials) 21 December 1901: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers 12 November 1902: Colonel-in-Chief of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders 8 March 1912: Colonel-in-Chief of the 3rd (Auckland) Mounted Rifles 8 March 1912: Colonel-in-Chief of the 1st (Canterbury) Regiment April 1917: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Flying Corps (Naval and Military Wings) Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%20hanci%20da%20rashawa%20a%20Najeriya

Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya

Tarihi da lokuta Haɓaka ayyukan gwamnati da gano man fetur da iskar gas wasu manyan al'amura biyu ne da ake kyautata zaton sun haifar da ci gaba da yawaitar ayyukan rashawa a ƙasar. Gwamnati ta yi kokarin rage cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar kafa dokoki da tabbatar da gaskiya amma ba a samu nasara ba. An yi imanin cewa zari,salon raini,al'adu,da halayen mutane sun haifar da cin hanci da rashawa.Wani tushe kuma shine kabilanci. Abokai da ’yan uwa masu neman tagomashi daga jami’ai na iya sanya wa jami’an tarnaki tuwo a kwarya domin wadannan ’yan uwa suna ganin jami’an gwamnati suna rike da hanyoyin tsira da kuma ribarsu. Kafin samun yancin kai da jamhuriya ta farko Cin hanci da rashawa, ko da yake ya zama ruwan dare,an kiyaye shi a matakan da za a iya sarrafawa a lokacin Jamhuriyya ta farko. Sai dai a wasu lokuta ana tafka kura-kurai da cin hanci da rashawa a lokacin. Azikiwe shine babban jigo na siyasa na farko da aka bincika don ayyukan da ba su da tabbas.A cikin 1944,wani kamfani na Azikiwe da iyali ya sayi banki a Legas.An sayo bankin ne don karfafa ikon cikin gida na masana'antar hada-hadar kudi.Ko da yake,wani rahoto kan hada-hadar da bankin ya gudanar ya nuna cewa Azikiwe ya ajiye mukaminsa na shugaban bankin,shugaban na yanzu wakilin sa ne.Rahoton ya rubuta cewa akasarin kudaden da aka biya na Babban Bankin Nahiyar Afrika sun fito ne daga Hukumar hada-hadar kudi ta yankin Gabas. A yammacin Najeriya an binciki dan siyasa Adegoke Adelabu sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa da 'yan adawa suka yi masa. A yankin Arewa,bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi wa wasu jami’an ‘yan asalin jihar Borno .Gwamnatin Arewa ta sanya dokar hana fita ta kwastam domin dakile duk wani saba doka. Daga baya,gwamnatin Burtaniya ce aka zarge ta da aikata almundahana a sakamakon zabe wanda ya dora shugabancin siyasar Fulani a Kano,daga baya an gano wasu rahotannin da ke alakanta hukumomin Burtaniya da kura-kurai a zaben. Gwamnatin Gowon (Agusta 1966 Yuli 1975) Cin hanci da rashawa mafi akasarin gwamnatin Yakubu Gowon an nisantar da jama’a har zuwa 1975.Sai dai jami'an da aka sanar sun bayyana damuwarsu.Masu sukar sun ce Gwamnonin Gowon sun yi kamar iyayengiji ne da ke kula da rayuwar su.Ana kallonsa a matsayin mai kunya, kuma ya fuskanci gurbatattun abubuwa a gwamnatinsa. A shekarar 1975,cin hanci da rashawa wata badakala ce da ta shafi shigo da siminti ta mamaye yawancin jami’an ma’aikatar tsaro da babban bankin Najeriya.Daga baya an tuhumi jami’an da yin karya a cikin bayanan jiragen ruwa da kuma kara yawan siminti da za a saya. A lokacin gwamnatin Gowon,an zargi wasu mutane biyu daga tsakiyar kasar da cin hanci da rashawa.Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ke rike da jaridun,don haka jaridun Daily Times da New Nigerian sun yi ta yada kalaman gwamnatin Gomwalk,da kwamishinan gwamnatin tarayya Joseph Tarka da masu suka biyu suka yi.Halin da zai iya nuna dalilin da ya sa aka yi watsi da ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa. Gwamnatin Murtala (1975 Fabrairu 1976) A shekarar 1975 gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed ta yi sauye-sauye na kawo sauyi.Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a kan karagar mulki, sabuwar gwamnatin ta kori dimbin jami’an gwamnati da ma’aikatan gwamnati da dama, wadanda akasarinsu aka sha suka kan yadda suka yi amfani da karfin ikon da suka yi amfani da su a karkashin sojojin Gowon wadanda ba su da ilimi. Gwamnatin Obasanjo (Fabrairu 1976 Satumba 1979) Gwamnatin farko ta Olusegun Obasanjo ci gaba ce ta gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed kuma ta mayar da hankali wajen kammala shirin mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya, tare da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ci gaban kasa. Manyan ayyuka da suka hada da gina sabbin matatun mai,bututun mai, fadada jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen sama na kasa da kuma daukar nauyin FESTAC an yi su ne a lokacin wannan gwamnati.Yawancin waɗannan ayyuka na ƙasa sune hanyoyin rarraba abubuwan jin daɗi da wadatar 'yan siyasa masu alaƙa. Shahararren mawakin nan na Afrobeat,Fela Kuti, ya rera wakoki daban-daban kan manyan badakala da suka shafi kamfanin sadarwa na kasa da kasa ITT karkashin jagorancin Cif MKO Abiola a Najeriya,wanda aka alakanta shi da shugaban kasa na lokacin,Janar Olusegun Obasanjo. Baya ga wannan,shirin na Operation Feed the Nation Program,da kuma kwace filaye a karkashin dokar amfani da filaye da shugaban kasa a wancan lokaci ya aiwatar,an yi amfani da shi ne domin ba wa ‘yan baranda kyauta,kuma ana kyautata zaton shahararren Otta Farm Nigeria (OFN) ne.aikin da aka samu daga wannan badakala. Gwamnatin Shagari (Oktoba 1979 Disamba 1983) Ana ganin cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a zamanin gwamnatin Shehu Shagari Wasu ƴan gine-ginen gwamnatin tarayya sun kama wuta bayan da masu bincike suka fara binciken kuɗin jami'an da ke aiki a gine-ginen. A karshen shekarar 1985,binciken da aka yi kan rusasshiyar bankin Johnson Mathey na Landan ya yi karin haske kan wasu cin zarafi da aka yi a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu.Bankin ya yi aiki ne a matsayin hanyar canja wurin kudi mai wuya ga wasu mambobin jam’iyyar a Najeriya.Wasu ‘yan manyan jami’ai da ‘yan siyasa sun tara makudan kudade.Sun nemi fitar da kudaden ne daga kasar tare da taimakon masu shigo da kayayyaki daga Asiya ta hanyar ba da lasisin shigo da kaya. A shekarar 1981,karancin shinkafa ya haifar da zargin almundahana da gwamnatin NPN.Karanci da zarge-zargen da suka biyo baya sun haifar da karewa.Bayan zabenta,gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar kare manoman shinkafa na gida daga kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje.An kirkiro tsarin ba da lasisi don iyakance shigo da shinkafa.Sai dai kuma an yi zargin nuna son kai da kuma jita-jita da gwamnati ke marawa baya ga jami'ai da dama. Gwamnatin Buhari (Disamba 1983 Agusta 1985) A shekarar 1985, an samu wasu gungun ‘yan siyasa da laifin cin hanci da rashawa a karkashin gwamnatin Janar Muhammadu Buhari,amma ita kanta gwamnatin ta shiga cikin wasu ‘yan lokuta na rashin adalci.Wasu sun bayar da misali da badakalar akwatunan wanda kuma a daidai lokacin da shugaban hukumar kwastam, Atiku Abubakar,ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa a shekarar 1999,kuma aka tuhume shi da aikata laifuka daban-daban. “Batun akwatuna 53 sun taso ne a shekarar 1984 a lokacin da gwamnatin Buhari ta bayar da umarnin a binciki duk wata shari’a da ta isa kasar nan ba tare da la’akari da matsayin wanda ke da hannu a irin wannan ba. Sai dai an bi da akwatunan guda 53 ta filin jirgin Murtala Muhammed ba tare da tantance jami’an kwastam da sojoji suka yi ba bisa umarnin Manjo Mustapha Jokolo,mai taimaka wa Gen.Buhari. Atiku a lokacin shi ne Kwanturolan Hukumar Kwastam mai kula da filin jirgin Murtala Muhammed.” Gwamnatin Babangida (Agusta 1985 Agusta 1993) Ana kallon gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ko IBB a matsayin hukumar da ta halasta cin hanci da rashawa.Gwamnatinsa ta ki bayar da wani bayyani game da guguwar yakin Gulf,wanda aka kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 12.4.Ya yi magudin zabe daya tilo da ya yi nasara a tarihin Najeriya a ranar 12 ga Yuni,1993.Yana zaune a wani katafaren gida mai kayatarwa a jiharsa ta Nijar. Zaman Janar Ibrahim Babangida,cin hanci da rashawa ya zama siyasar jihar. Ya kan raba motoci da kyaututtukan kudi ga mutane don samun aminci,kuma tarbiyyar rundunar soji ta lalace.Kalmar"IBB Boys" ta fito, ma'ana gaba ga shugaban kasa a fagen kasuwanci, wanda zai yi mu'amala da kazanta daga mu'amalar miyagun kwayoyi da safarar kudade. Duba kuma Brown ambulan aikin jarida, Najeriya Innoson Group vs GTBank shari'ar zamba Jerin sunayen gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya da aka tsige Gabaɗaya: Laifuka a Najeriya Cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa Kwalejin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta kasa da kasa Kungiyar Kasashe Masu Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa Ranar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta duniya ISO 37001 Tsarin Gudanar da Cin Hanci Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa OECD Yarjejeniyar Yaƙin Cin Hanci da Rashawa Transparency International Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23915

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwo%20Odukoya

Taiwo Odukoya

Taiwo Odukoya wani fasto ne na Pentecostal na Najeriya Babban fasto ne na Cocin Gidauniyar rayuwa ofe, Ilupeju, Legas, tare da ƙarfin membobi sama da mutane 8,000. Rayuwar farko An haifi Taiwo Odukoya a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1956 a garin Kaduna, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, inda shi ma ya tashi. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Makarantar Firamare ta Baptist, Kigo Road, Kaduna da Kwalejin St. Paul (wanda yanzu ake kira Kufena College, Wusasa) Zaria bi da bi, kafin ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar Ibadan a 1976 inda ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan man fetur. a shekarar 1981. A matsayin injiniyan mai, ya fara aiki a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) a watan Afrilu na 1982 bayan shirin tilas na National Youth Service Corp (NYSC), kuma ya yi aiki a can har ya yi ritaya da son rai a cikin Janairu 1994 bayan kiran sa zuwa hidima. Iyali A cikin 1980, Odukoya ya sadu da Bimbo Williams a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma su biyun sun kulla alaƙar da ta kai su ga aure a 1984. Auren ya haifar da yara uku, Toluwani, Oluwajimi, da Oluwatobi. A ranar 10 ga Disamba 2005, Bimbo Odukoya, tare da wasu mutane 102, sun mutu a hadarin Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 Sakonnin Bimbo Odukoya sun yi kyau kuma mutane da yawa sun karbe shi. A ranar 5 ga Janairun 2010, bayan shekaru biyar, tare da ƙauna da tallafi daga dangi da abokai, Taiwo Odukoya ya sake yin aure da Rosemary Simangele Zulu daga Afirka ta Kudu Suna da yara maza biyu, Timilehin da Jomiloju. Timilehin da Jomiloju Odukoya musamman, suna mafarkin taka leda a Manchester United Cocin Fountain of Life Church Taiwo da Bimbo Odukoya sun haɗu da Cocin Fountain of Life a 1992 tare da bayyana hangen nesa "don koya wa maza da mata fasahar gina dangantaka mai nasara da ƙa'idodin jagoranci don su zama duk abin da aka halitta su zama. "Cocin yana da ayyuka da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu, Ingila, Amurka, Switzerland, Kenya, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Jamhuriyar Benin da Togo. Bayarwa Odukoya proclaims a firm belief in the role of the church in the community and expresses it through several outreach projects including a hospital, an orphanage, a school for destitute children, a farm, a water project which provides boreholes at strategic locations for people who have no access to clean and portable water and a skill acquisition and entrepreneurial institute for the less privileged. On April 19, 1997, Taiwo Odukoya set up Discovery for Men and Discovery for Women, non-denominational outreaches to men and women designed to help them maximize their potential. These outreaches reach out to hundreds of thousands of men and women annually through quarterly rallies, mentorship programs and a vocational center to equip them with technical and practical life skills. Odokoya ya yarda cewa coci yanada mahimmanci a cikin al'umma Kuma ya bayyana haka cikin ayyukan sa. Wanda suka asubitoci, makarantu, gona, da ayyukan ruwa Wanda suka bada borehole. Rigima A shekarar 2014, shekaru tara bayan rasuwar tsohuwar matarsa, Fasto Bimbo Odukoya, ya yi bincike kan musabbabin hadarin jirgin wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar tsohuwar matar tasa don haka ya ce babu laifi fastoci su mallaki Jets masu zaman kansu saboda shi yana inganta aikin su, yana mai cewa matarsa za ta kasance da rai idan tana da jirgin sama mai zaman kansa. Nassoshi Rayayyun

42879

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Earth%20is%20Blue%20as%20an%20Orange%20%28fim%29

The Earth is Blue as an Orange (fim)

The Earth Is Blue as an Orange shirin wassan kwaikwayo ne na labarin gaskiya na shekarar 2020, wanda Iryna Tsilyk ya jagoranta kuma ya rubuta, shirin ya lashe lambar yabo na Umurni na Musamman wato Directing Award a jerin "Wasannin gaskiya na Cinema ta Duniya" bikin shirye- shirye na Sundance na 2020. Takaitaccen bayani Bazawara mahaifiyar Hanna da ’ya’yanta huɗu suna rayuwa a yankin yaƙi na gaba na Donbas, Ukraine. Yayin da duniyar waje ke kunshe da tashin bama-bamai da hargitsi, iyalin suna kula da kiyaye gidansu a matsayin mafaka, mai cike da rayuwa da haske. Kowane daya daga cikin dan iyalin yana da sha'awar kallon fina-finai, wanda hakan ya kara masu karfin gwiwar shirya wasan kwaikwayo dangane da labarin rayuwarsu a lokacin yake-yaken. Abun tambayar anan shine, wani rawa gidajen sinima ke takawa a lokutan yakii? Ga Hanna da 'ya'yanta, mayar da rauni zuwa aikin fasaha ita ce babbar hanyar zama cikakken ɗan adam. Shiryawa An shirya fim din Anna Kapustina ("Albatros Communicos", Ukraine) da Giedrė Žickytė ("Moonmakers", Lithuania) tare da goyon bayan Hukumar Fim ta Jihar Ukraine, Cibiyar Fim ta Lithuania, IDFA Bertha Fund (Netherlands). Watsa shirin An zaɓe shi a matsayin shiri na hukumar 2020 Berlin International Film Festival (Generation 14+), 2020 International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (Best Fests), Zaɓabben Documentary ta Kwalejin Fina-Finan Turai ta 2020,2020 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, 2020 Copenhagen International Documentary Film Festival Documentary Festival, 2020 Adelaide Film Festival da sauran sauran bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya guda 100. Fim rarraba shirin a Ukraine, Lithuania, Faransa, Italiya. 'Yan wasa Myroslava Trofymchuk Hanna Glada Stanislav Gladky Anastasia Trofymchuk Vladyslav Trofymchuk liyafa Guy Lodge, yayin rubuta a jaridar Variety, ya rubuta, "Abun burgewa ne na shirin gaskiya ya kunshi yan wasan kwaikwayo na ainihin wadanda suka ga abin a zahiri". Kyaututtuka da zaɓe WINNER: Kyautar Jagora: Takardun Cinema na Duniya na Bikin Fim na Sundance na 2020, Amurka 2020 WINNER: Mafi kyawun kyautar Cinematography na 2020 International Documentary Association Awards, Amurka WINNER: Kyautar Hasken Idon Cinema, Amurka 2021 NASARA: Gasar Documentary Gasar Jury Prize na Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Seattle, Amurka 2021 WINNER: Babbar lambar yabo ta Zinebi Bilbao International Documentary and Short Film Festival, Spain 2020 WINNER: Grand Prix na Millennium Docs Against Gravity Film Festival, Poland 2020 WINNER: DOCU/ Kyautar Duniya ta Docudays UA International Documentary Film Festival, Ukraine 2020 WINNER: Kyautar DOCU/Ukraine na Docudays UA International Documentary Film Festival, Ukraine 2020 WINNER: Kyauta don Mafi kyawun Cinematography na Dokokin Millennium Against Gravity Film Festival, Poland 2020 MAI NASARA: Kyauta ta Musamman na Jury of Artdocfest /Riga, Latvia 2021 WINNER: Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim na Kyautar Fina-finan Yukren "Kinokolo", Ukraine 2020 WINNER: Mafi Kyawun halarta (Premia Hera "Nuovi Talenti") na Bikin Biography, Italiya 2020 MAI NASARA: Mafi kyawun Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Dokufest, Kosovo 2020 WINNER: Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Document na Bikin Fim ɗin Five Lakes, Jamus 2020 WINNER: Kyautar Jury don Mafi kyawun fim na Al Este Festival de Cine Peru, 2020 WINNER: Kyautar Jury na Latsa don Mafi kyawun fim na Al Este Festival de Cine Peru, 2020 WINNER: Kyautar DoXX na Tallgrass Film Festival, Amurka 2020 MAI NASARA: Bydgoszcz ART. Kyautar DOC, Poland 2020 WINNER: "Fina-finan da ke da mahimmanci" kyauta ta musamman na ZagrebDox, Croatia 2021 WINNER: "Mafi kyawun fim ɗin Documentary" na lambobin yabo na Golden Dzyga, Ukraine 2021 WINNER: "Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Takardu" na MajorDocs, Spain 2021 WINNER: "Mafi kyawun fim ɗin haɗin gwiwa na shekara" na lambar yabo ta Lithuania National Film Award "Sidabrinė gervė", 2022 WINNER: Kyauta ta Musamman na Jury na bikin Fim na Ânûû-rû Âboro, 2022 Ambaton Musamman: Gasar kasa da kasa ta Underhill Fest, Montenegro 2020 Ambaton Jury na Musamman: na CineDOC Tbilisi, Jojiya 2020 Ambaton Musamman: Daban-daban na Gobe a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Reykjavik, Iceland 2020 Ambaton Jury na Musamman: Bikin Fim na Zurich, Switzerland 2020 Bayani na Musamman: Kyautar Fina-finan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Bikin Fim na Verzio, Hungary 2020 Bayani na Musamman: Minsk IFF Listapad, Belarus 2020 Ambaton Jury na Musamman: Shirye-shiryen Premiers Bikin Fim na Angers, Faransa 2021 Sharhi Duniya Yana Shudi A Matsayin Bita na Orange Doc na dabara yana ba da labarin yakin dangin Ukrainian. Phil Hoad, The Guardian Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange: Sharhin Fim. Guy Lodge, daban-daban Duniya Shudi Ne A Matsayin Orange: CPH: DOX bita. Amber Wilkinson, Screen International Bita: Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange (2020), na Iryna Tsilyk. Marko Stojiljković, Ubiquarian Bita: Duniya Shuɗi ce a matsayin Lemu. Teresa Vena, Cineuropa Orange shine Sabuwar Blue: Sharhin Fim. Zoe Aiano, EEFB Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange: Sharhin Fim, Jamusanci. Lida Bach, Filmbreak Ikon warkarwa na cinema: Sharhin Fim. Lauren Wissot, Binciken Zamani na Zamani Duniya Shuɗi Ne A Matsayin Orange: Sharhin Fim. Davide Abbatescianni, Filmexplorer Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

60872

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Jimmy%20Neutron%2C%20Boy%20Genius

The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius

The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius Tashar talabijin din yara ce a Amurka. John A. Davis ne ya ƙirƙire ta, wadda kuma ke watsa shirye-shiryenta a tashar talabijin ta Nickelodeon. Ƴan wasa Debi Derryberry a matsayin Jimmy Neutron Rob Paulsen a matsayin Carl Wheezer da Principal Willoughby Jeffrey Garcia a matsayin Sheen Estevez Carolyn Lawrence a matsayin Cindy Vortex Crystal Scales a matsayin Libby Folfax Frank Welker a matsayin Goddard Mark DeCarlo a matsayin Hugh Neutron Megan Cavanagh a matsayin Judy Neutron Andrea Martin a matsayin Ms. Winfred Fowl Tim Curry a matsayin Professor Finbarr Calamitous Phil LaMarr a matsayin Bolbi Stroganovsky Episodes Pilot (1998) Runaway Rocketboy! Yanayi 1 (2002–03) When Pants Attack Normal Boy Birth of a Salesman Brobot The Big Pinch Granny Baby Time is Money Raise the Oozy Scab I Dream of Jimmy Jimmy on Ice Battle of the Band See Jimmy Run Trading Faces The Phantom of Retroland My Son, the Hamster Hall Monster Hypno Birthday to You Krunch Time Substitute Creature Safety First Crime Sheen Investigation Journey to the Center of Carl Aaughh!! Wilderness!! Party at Neutron's Ultra Sheen Broadcast Blues Professor Calamitous, I Presume The Eggpire Strikes Back Maximum Hugh Sleepless in Retroville Make Room for Daddy-O A Beautiful Mine Sorry, Wrong Era Yanayi 2 (2003–04) Beach Party Mummy The Retroville 9 Grumpy Young Men Operation: Rescue Jet Fusion Nightmare in Retroville Monster Hunt Jimmy for President Return of the Nanobots Holly Jolly Jimmy Love Potion #976/J Sheen's Brain MaternoTron Knows Best Send in the Clones The Great Egg Heist The Feud Out, Darn Spotlight The Junkman Cometh Foul Bull The Science Fair Affair Men at Work The Mighty Wheezers Billion Dollar Boy Win, Lose and Kaboom! Yanayi 3 (2004–06) Attack of the Twonkies The N-Men Lights! Camera! Danger! Fundemonium Stranded Jimmy Goes to College The Tomorrow Boys The League of Villains Who's Your Mommy? Clash of the Cousins My Big Fat Spy Wedding Crouching Jimmy, Hidden Sheen The Incredible Shrinking Town One of Us Vanishing Act The Trouble with Clones The Evil Beneath Carl Wheezer: Boy Genius Who Framed Jimmy Neutron? Flippy How to Sink a Sub Lady Sings the News King of Mars El Magnifico Best in Show Musamman (2004–06) The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide! The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3: The Jerkinators! Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

53730

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasumi%20Arimura

Kasumi Arimura

Kasumi Arimura Arimura Kasumi, born February 13, 1993) is a Japanese actress. Her television roles have included the young Haruko Amano in the 2013 NHK asadora Amachan and the lead role in the 2017 asadora Hiyokko. She has also appeared in several films, including Flying Colors, for which she won a 39th Japan Academy Film Prize for Newcomer of the Year, and We Made A Beautiful Bouquet, for which she won the 45th Japan Academy Film Prize for Best Actress. Rayuwar farko An haifi Arimura a ranar 13 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1993, a gundumar Hyōgo, Japan. Tana kuma da kanwa babba, Airi Arimura, wacce ita ma ta zama ‘yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma abin koyi. Sana'a A cikin Disamban shekara ta 2009, yayin da yake halartar makarantar sakandare ta Hyogo Prefectural Itami Nishi, Arimura ya nemi FlaMme kuma ya wuce. A cikin Mayu 2010, ta yi fitowar jerin shirye-shiryenta na farko a Hagane no Onna Arimura ya samu karbuwa ta hanyar fitowa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na safe Amachan a shekarar 2013. Daga nan sai Arimura ta fito a matsayin jagorar jarumar fim din Flying Colours inda aka jefa ta a matsayin matashiya mai cike da damuwa wacce ke zuwa makarantar boko bisa umarnin mahaifiyarta don samun shiga Jami’a. Fim ɗin ya kasance babban nasara a ofishin akwatin kuma shine fim na 8th mafi girma a Japan a cikin 2015. An zabi Arimura a matsayin Babban Fitacciyar Wakar Da Wata Jaruma Ta Yi A Matsayin Jagora A Matsayin Jagora da Sabbin Kyau Na Shekara a Kyautar Fina-Fina ta 39th Japan Academy Prize saboda rawar da ta taka a fim. An ba ta kyautar Gwarzon Sabuwar Shekara. An zabi Arimura a matsayin jagorar yar wasan Asadora Hiyokko a shekarar 2017. Don rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo, an zabe ta a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin Talabijin na 94th (2017), lambar yabo da wata shahararriyar mujallar Jafananci, The Television ta bayar a kowane wata, kuma an dogara ne akan haɗakar sakamakon kuri'u daga masu karanta mujallu, juri, da 'yan jaridar TV a Japan. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin manyan wasannin kwaikwayo na talabijin da fina-finai kamar Chūgakusei Nikki, Ni Jarumi ne, Cafe Funiculi Funicula da Sekigahara A cikin fim din Sekigahara, Arimura ya taka rawar wani ninja mai suna Hatsume wanda fitaccen jarumi samurai Ishida Mitsunari ya dauka. An zabi fim din don lambar yabo ta Hotuna na shekara a lambar yabo ta 41st Japan Academy Film Prize Arimura ya kuma ɗauki matsayin aiki a cikin ayyukan da ake ɗauka a matsayin rigima a yanayi. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo Chūgakusei Nikki, Arimura ta ɗauki nauyin ƙalubale na wata matashiyar malamin da ta ƙare soyayya da ɗalibarta mai shekaru 15. Duk da yanayin sa na cece-kuce, an sanya wa wasan kwaikwayon sunan Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo a cikin lambar yabo ta 99th Japan Television Drama Academy Awards. Shekarar 2021 ta zama shekarar nasara sosai ga Arimura. Ta fito a cikin fim din Mun Yi Kyawun Bouquet, wanda shine fim na 8 mafi girma na 2021 a Japan. An ba Arimura lambar yabo ta Best Actress a lambar yabo ta 45th Japan Academy Film Prize saboda rawar da ta taka a fim. Haka kuma Arimura ya fito a cikin fina-finan da suka yi fice a fina-finan Rurouni Kenshin: The Final and Rurouni Kenshin: The Beginning, fina-finai 2 na karshe na fitaccen fim din Rurouni Kenshin wanda ya kunshi fina-finai da aka saba da su daga jerin shirye-shiryen Rurouni Kenshin Dukkan fina-finan biyu sun sami gagarumar nasara a ofishin akwatin a shekarar 2021 a Japan, inda suka samu sama da yen biliyan 6.5. Arimura ya zana Yukishiro Tomoe, matar da ta mutu ta mai suna Himura Kenshin Rurouni Kenshin: Fim na ƙarshe shine fim na 6 mafi girma da aka samu yayin da Rurouni Kenshin: Farkon shine fim na 13 mafi girma da aka samu na shekara ta 2021 a Japan. A bangaren wasan kwaikwayo, Arimura ya yi tauraro a matsayin budurwa mai fama da aikin yi, wacce ta samu dama ga gungun gungun mawakan barkwanci masu fafutuka a cikin 2021 na wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa Life's Punchline (Konto Ga Hajimaru) Don rawar da ta taka a wasan kwaikwayo, an zabe ta a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jaruma Mai Tallafawa a Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Talabijin na 108, wanda ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mata da suka ci nasara duka biyu mafi kyawun Jaruma Hiyokko da Kyautar Kyautar Tauraron Watsa Labarai Life's Punchline a cikin Kyautar Wasannin Wasannin Talabijin. Arimura ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Zenkamono (wanda aka fi sani da Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a inda ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar gwaji ta son rai wacce aka ba wa alhakin kula da wasu masu laifi 3 daban-daban. An fitar da sigar fim ɗin Zenkamono mai tauraro Arimura a cikin 2022. Hakanan A cikin 2022, Arimura ya fito tare da Ninomiya Kazunari a cikin Kasadar Musamman ta TV na Comandante Cappellini (Sensuikan Cappellini-go no Bouken) kuma ta yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Ishiko da Haneo Arimura ya fito a cikin fim din Phases of the Moon a watan Disamba 2022. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

22327

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty%20International%20Thailand

Amnesty International Thailand

Amnesty International Thailand (AITH), wanda aka fi sani da Amnesty Thailand ko AI Thailand, kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO-wadda ba ta gwamnati ba) wacce ta maida hankali kan kare hakkin dan adam a Thailand da ma duniya baki daya tare da mambobi sama da guda 1,000 a fadin Thailand. Amnesty Thailand na daga cikin "sassa" sama da guda 70 wadanda suka hada da Amnesty International a duk duniya. Amnesty International, a dunkule, kungiya ce da ke da magoya baya sama da miliyan bakwai, masu fafutuka da masu sa kai a cikin kasashe sama da Guda 150, masu zaman kansu daga gwamnati, kamfanoni, da sauran kungiyoyin masu sha'awar. Yana aiki don tattara ra'ayoyin jama'a don matsa lamba ga gwamnatocin da suka bar cin zarafi. An ba wa kungiyar lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya a shekara ta 1977. An kafa Amnesty International Thailand a cikin Shekara ta 1993 kuma ta yi rajista tare da gwamnatin Thai shekaru goma daga baya a shekara ta 2003 a matsayin ƙungiya. Hedikwatarta tana Chatuchak, Bangkok A cikin Shekara ta 2016, Amnesty International ta buɗe Ofishin Kudu maso Gabas ta Asiya da yankin yankin Pacific a Pathum Wan, Bangkok. Tarihin rayuwa Amnesty ta zama sananne ga mutanen Thai yayin kisan gillar Jami'ar Thammasat na 6, Oktoba alib na 1976. Bayan nasarar kamfen, yawancin mutanen Thai sun fara amincewa da Amnesty. Bayan wannan, an sami karin mutanen da ke goyon bayan Amnesty har zuwa lokacin da aka zabi Hukumar Amnesty a Thailand don halartar taron Amnesty na duniya a Shekara ta 1993. An kafa AITH bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Thailand a cikin Shekara ta 2003. A watan Yunin Shekara ta 2016, Amnesty International Thailand ta bukaci gwamnatin Thailand da ta yi watsi da duk tuhumar da ake yi wa masu rajin kare demokradiyya 13 tare da sakin wasu masu fafutuka bakwai da ke yakin neman kin amincewa da sabon daftarin kundin tsarin mulki a zaben raba gardama mai zuwa. Amnesty International Thailand, tare da Thai Netizen Network, sun gabatar da takardar koke ta yanar gizo don sake rubuta kwaskwarima ga Dokar Laifuka masu nasaba da Kwamfuta da nufin kiyaye ta daidai da dokokin kasa da kasa. A cewar Amnesty Thailand, kudirin dokar zai zama barazana ga 'yancin jama'a, sirri, sirrin kasuwanci, da tsaron intanet. Missions Ofishin jakadancin Amnesty Thailand ya dogara ne da ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya Amnesty Thailand ta yi kamfen da masu ba da shawara don: 'Yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, yancin walwala, da 'yancin taro Karshen take hakkin bil adama a Myanmar Ingarshen hukuncin kisa da azabtarwa Haɗin kan kamfanoni Kare haƙƙin thean gudun hijira da bakin haure ma'aikata a kudu maso gabashin Asiya Tabbatar da cewa wadanda ke da alhakin cin zarafin bil adama za a hukunta su kuma wadanda abin ya shafa suna da damar yin adalci, gaskiya, da kuma biyan diyya. Bayar da ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam da horar da masu horarwa (TOT) ga ɗalibai, malamai, shugabannin al'umma, da jami'an gwamnati Tsarin kungiya Amnesty International Thailand ta ƙunshi membobin da suke zaɓar mambobinta da shugabanta Kowace shekara akwai babban taro na shekara-shekara (AGM) inda ake tattauna makomar kungiyar da sauran batutuwa ta hanyar halartar mambobi. Ya zuwa na Shekara ta 2016 Amnesty Thailand ta haɗa da aƙalla manyan ƙungiyoyi guda uku sune kamar haka: Gangamin Manufofi da Ba da Shawara Kunnawa Media da Sadarwa Girma da Tattalin Arziki Samun kudi Membobinsu Gudanarwa Kudade Tallafi Amnesty Thailand tana samun tallafi daga Amnesty International da kuma gudummawar daidaikun mutane daga mambobi sama da Guda 1,000 a duk fadin Thailand. Ƙarƙashin mulkin soja Bayan da sojoji suka kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin shekara ta 2014, Amnesty International Thailand ta damu matuka game da take hakkin dan adam da cin zarafin da ake yi a kasar. An soki kungiyar saboda kasancewarta kishiya ga gwamnatin Prayut Chan-o-cha da kuma yi wa Thaksinocracy hidima domin tumbuke gidan sarauta. A watan Yulin shekara Ta 2015, ‘yan sanda sun tuhumi wani memba a kwamitin Amnesty International na Thailand saboda nuna rashin amincewarsa da hana masu mulkin kasar mulkin mallaka a kan‘ yancin jama’a. "White Shadow Duba kuma Amnesty International Takunkumi a Thailand Sukar da Amnesty International ta yi 'Yancin ɗan adam a Thailand Human Rights Watch Manazarta Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed

55289

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%20356

Porsche 356

Porsche 356 mota ce ta wasanni wadda kamfanin kasar Ostiriya Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH (1948-1949) ya fara kera ta, sannan kuma kamfanin Jamus Dr. Ing. hc F. Porsche GmbH (1950-1965). Motar farko ce ta samar da Porsche. Motocin farko da kamfanin na Ostiriya ya kera sun hada da motar tseren tseren Cisitalia Grand Prix, da Volkswagen Beetle, da motocin Grand Prix na Auto Union 356 mai nauyi ne mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙin sarrafawa, injin baya, motar baya, kofa biyu akwai duka biyun a cikin babban coupé da buɗewa. Sabbin abubuwan injiniya sun ci gaba a cikin shekarun da aka yi, suna ba da gudummawa ga nasarar wasannin motsa jiki da shahararsa. An fara samarwa a cikin 1948 a Gmünd, Austria, inda Porsche ya gina kusan motoci 50. A cikin 1950 masana'antar ta koma Zuffenhausen, Jamus, kuma gabaɗayan samar da 356 ya ci gaba har zuwa Afrilu 1965, da kyau bayan samfurin maye gurbin 911 ya fara halarta a watan Satumba 1964. Daga cikin 76,000 da aka samar a asali, kusan rabin sun tsira. Tarihi Kafin yakin duniya na biyu Porsche ya tsara tare da gina motoci nau'i 64 guda uku don tseren Berlin zuwa Rome a 1939 wanda aka soke. A cikin 1948 an kammala tsakiyar injin, tubular chassis 356 samfuri mai suna No. 1 Wannan ya haifar da wasu muhawara game da motar "Porsche" ta farko. Ko da yake ainihin naúrar Porsche 356 tana da wurin tsakiyar tsakiyar injin, 356 na baya-bayan nan yana ɗaukar Porsche a matsayin samfurin samarwa na farko. 356 Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche (ɗan Ferdinand Porsche, wanda ya kafa kamfanin Jamus), wanda ya kafa kamfanin Austrian tare da 'yar uwarsa, Louise Kamar dan uwansa, Volkswagen Beetle (wanda Ferdinand Porsche Sr. ya tsara), 356 yana da silinda hudu, mai sanyaya iska, injin baya, motar motsa jiki tare da hadaddiyar kwanon rufi da ginin jiki. Chassis sabon zane ne, kamar yadda jikin 356 yake, wanda ma'aikacin Porsche Erwin Komenda ya tsara. A lokaci guda kuma, wasu kayan aikin injina, da suka haɗa da harsashin injin da wasu abubuwan dakatarwa, an samo su ne daga Volkswagen kuma da farko. Ferry Porsche ya bayyana tunanin da ke tattare da ci gaban 356 a cikin wata hira da editan "Panorama", mujallar PCA, a cikin Satumba 1972. A koyaushe ina tuka motoci masu sauri sosai. Ina da Alfa Romeo, da BMW, da sauransu. A ƙarshen yaƙin, ina da Volkswagen Cabriolet mai injina mai caji, kuma wannan shine ainihin ra'ayin. Na ga cewa idan kana da isasshen wutar lantarki a cikin karamar mota, ya fi kyau tuƙi fiye da idan kana da babbar mota wacce ita ma ta fi ƙarfin. Kuma ya fi nishadi. A kan wannan ainihin ra'ayin, mun fara samfurin Porsche na farko. Don sanya motar ta yi haske, don samun injin da ke da ƙarfin dawakai… wannan shine wurin zama na farko da muka gina a Carinthia Gmünd Na farko 356 an tabbatar da hanya a Ostiriya a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1948, kuma an shiga cikin tseren a Innsbruck, inda ya ci nasara a aji. Porsche ya sake sabunta motar tare da mai da hankali kan aikin. Volkswagen da Porsche sun raba ƙananan sassa yayin da shekarun 1950 suka ci gaba. Porsche ya kera motocin farko na 356 da hannu a Gmünd a cikin aluminum, amma lokacin da aka ƙaura zuwa Zuffenhausen, Jamus, a cikin 1950, samfuran da aka samar akwai nau'ikan ƙarfe. Motocin da ke jikin aluminum daga wannan ƙaramin kamfani su ne abin da a yanzu ake kira "prototypes". Porsche ya ba wa kamfanin Reutter kwangilar gina jikin karfe kuma baya ya sayi kamfanin Reutter a shekarar 1963. Ba a lura da shi ba a farkonsa, galibi ta ƴan ƴan sha'awar tseren mota, 356 na farko da aka sayar a Austria da Jamus. Ya ɗauki Porsche shekaru biyu, farawa da samfurin farko a 1948, don kera motoci 50 na farko. A farkon shekarun 1950, 356 sun sami shahara a tsakanin masu sha'awar a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika saboda yanayin iska, kulawa, da ingantaccen ingancin gini. Nasarar aji a Le Mans a 1951 ya kasance dalili. Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu su yi tseren mota tare da tuka su a kan tituna. Sun gabatar da injin tseren cam huɗu na Carrera sabon ƙira kuma na musamman ga motocin wasanni na Porsche, a ƙarshen 1954. Ingantacciyar nasara tare da tseren motoci da motocinsa ya kawo odar Porsche sama da raka'a 10,000 a cikin 1964, kuma a lokacin da samar da 356 ya ƙare a 1965 an samar da kusan 76,000. An gina 356 a cikin jeri huɗu daban-daban, na asali ("pre-A"), sannan 356 ya biyo baya. A, 356 B, kuma a ƙarshe na 356 C. Don bambanta tsakanin manyan bita na ƙirar, 356s gabaɗaya ana rarraba su zuwa wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi. 356 coupés da "cabriolets" (mai laushi) da aka gina ta 1955 ana iya gane su da sauri ta hanyar rabuwar su (1948 zuwa 1952) ko lankwasa (tsakiyar-creased, 1953 zuwa 1955) gilashin iska. A ƙarshen 1955 356 A ya bayyana, mai lanƙwasa gilashin gilashi. Hanyar A ita ce hanya ta farko da za ta fara zuwa Porsche don ba da injin kyamara huɗu na Carrera a matsayin zaɓi. A ƙarshen 1959 T5 356 B ya bayyana; sai kuma jerin T6 da aka sake tsarawa 356 B a 1962. Sigar ƙarshe shine 356 C, kadan ya canza daga motocin marigayi T6 B amma birki na diski ya maye gurbin ganguna. Hotuna

21615

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekno%20%28mawaki%29

Tekno (mawaki)

Augustine Miles Kelechi (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disembar shekarar 1990 wanda aka fi sani da suna Tekno, mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙa a Nijeriya. Fage da farkon rayuwa Kelechi ya fito ne daga karamar hukumar Ivo, jihar Ebonyi An haife shi ne a cikin jihar Bauchi cikin dangi shida biyar maza da mace ɗaya. Ya tashi a yankuna da dama na kasar da suka hada da Nassarawa, Kaduna da Abuja saboda kasancewar mahaifinsa dan Sojan Najeriya Tun yana dan shekara 8, Tekno Miles ya shiga makarantar koyon kaɗe-kaɗe inda ya koya kuma ya kware a fagen kaɗa piano da guitar. Shi ne ɗan'uwan dattijo zuwa Starboy laƙabin yin Spotless. Ayyukan waƙa Tekno Miles an fara sa hannu a ƙarƙashin K-Money Entertainment. Waƙar sa ta farko mai taken "Hutu", an sake ta a ƙarƙashin ɗaukar hoto. Tare da fitattun sautuka daga mawaƙi Davido, "Hutu" ya sami karbuwa sosai kuma ya sami babban iska. A shekarar 2012, shahararren ɗan wasan barkwancin nan na Najeriya Julius Agwu ya hango Tekno Miles a wajen wani biki a Abuja, bayan da Tekno Miles ya samu tarba ta musamman bayan an yi wata waka mai taken "Onye Ne Kwu", remix ɗinsa na Ice Prince 's "Oleku". A daidai wannan taron ne ya hadu da Iyanya da Ubi Franklyn, manajan ƙungiyar Mawaƙa ta Mazaje kuma sun zama abokai. Daga ƙarshe Ubi da Iyanya sun ƙarfafa wa Tekno Miles gwiwa don su koma Legas don ci gaba da sana’arsa ta waƙa On October 5, 2013, he signed a recording contract with Made Men Music Group, under which he released singles like "Dance" and "Anything". These singles earned him a nomination in the "Best New act of the Year" category at the 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards. On June 18, 2015, Tekno Miles released his hit single titled "Duro", which was produced by DJ Coublon. "Duro" was positively received both in Africa and in the US. A remix which featured Phyno and Flavour N'abania was released on November 16, 2015. It topped several charts in Nigeria and on the international scene, it peaked at number 5 on Capital XTRA's Afrobeats Chart: Top 10 for September 2015. On November 20, 2015, Tekno Miles released a single titled "Wash". The song was produced by DJ Coublon with the video directed by AJE Filmworks. A watan Yunin 2018, Tekno ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rarrabawa tare da Universal Music Group Nigeria (UMGN), wani rukuni na Universal Music Group mai kula da Yammacin Afirka, da kuma Birtaniya Island Records. A watan Yulin 2019, an nuna Tekno a kan Beyoncé 's Zakin Sarki: Kyautar Kyauta a kan waƙar "Kada Ku Ji Kishi Na". A ranar 6 ga watan Disamba shekarar2020, Tekno ya fitar da jerin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin sa na farko da aka daɗe ana jiran sa, Tsohon Soyayya Binciken Kundin waka Mara aure Rikodin da aka samar Kyauta da gabatarwa Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Igbo Jerin mawakan Najeriya

48064

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20Care%20Africa

Honey Care Africa

Honey Care Africa, an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 2000 a matsayin kamfani na zamantakewar jama'a masu zaman kansu don inganta kiwon ƙudan zuma mai dorewa a gabashin Afirka Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama da ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa da cibiyoyin kuɗi, da kuma gwamnatocin ƙasashen Kenya da Tanzaniya, Kula da zuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar matakin ƙauye kuma tana ba da ƙaramin kuɗi, horo, da sabis na faɗaɗawa na tushen al'umma. Kula da zuma ta kuma samar da tabbataccen kasuwanci ga zumar da manoma masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ke nomawa a kan farashi mai kyau na kasuwanci Takan tattara zumar a ƙofar gona ta biya nan take, sannan a sarrafa zumar, ta tattara ta sayar da ita don samun riba ta hanyar sarƙar manyan kantuna da sauran abokan hulɗar masana’antu. Alamarta ta "Care zumar Afirka" da "Kiwon zuma Delight" sananne ne a yankin Gabashin Afirka kuma sun sami babban rabon kasuwanci. Yankin aiki A cikin shekarar 2004, tare da tallafi daga Gidauniyar Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation da kuma lamuni na babban haƙuri daga Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya, Kula da zuma ta faɗaɗa ayyukanta fiye da iyakokin Kenya kuma ta yi nasarar yin kwafinta a Tanzaniya. Yana aiki tun a shekarar 2013 a ƙasar Sudan ta Kudu. A yau Kula da zumar Afirka yana ɗaukar ma'aikata kusan guda 50 kuma ta taimaka sama da masu kiwon zuma sama da guda 9,000 (waɗanda suka ci gajiyar kai tsaye sama da guda 38,000) suna samun ƙarin kuɗin shiga na $180-250 a shekara. Ga mutane da yawa, kuɗin da ake samu daga kiwon zuma yakan haifar da bambanci tsakanin rayuwar ƙasa da talauci. Kula da zuma a Afirka shi ne ta fi kowace ƙasa samar da zuma mai inganci a Gabashin Afirka kuma a cikin manyan masu fitar da ruwan zuma a Yankin. manufa da ajanda Tun daga farkonsa, Honey Care Africa tana da ajandar sahun ƙasa sau uku bayyananne, tare da mai da hankali a kan samar da ƙimar tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da muhalli lokaci guda ta ayyukanta. Ta hanyoyi da dama, an kafa Honey Care a matsayin gwaji a ƙoƙarin ƙalubalanci da sake fasalin salon al'ada na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin ci gaba da kuma sake fasalin yanayin da ke tsakanin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sassan ci gaba da kuma yankunan karkara. Wannan ya haifar da juyin halittar Honey Care's "Tripartite Model," wanda ke neman haɓaka haɗin gwiwa "nasara-nasara" tsakanin waɗannan manyan ƴan wasan kwaikwayo guda uku ta hanyar zana ainihin cancantar kowane. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Honey Care Africa da waɗanda suka kafa ta sun sami lambobin yabo na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama saboda ayyukansu, gami da: lambar yabo ta Equator Initiative Prize a taron ƙoli na duniya kan ci gaba mai ɗorewa (2002) Kyautar Ƙirƙirar Kasuwanci ta Duniya tare da haɗin gwiwar Afirka Yanzu daga Bankin Duniya Soros Open Societies Institute (2002) Kyautar Kasuwancin Duniya daga Yariman Wales International Business Forum da Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (2004) Kulawar zuma ta kuma sami lambar yabo mai inganci ta ƙasar Kenya a cikin Ƙananan Kasuwanci da Matsakaici daga Ofishin Ma'auni na ƙasar Kenya (2004) kuma an ba shi suna "Mafi Ƙarami zuwa Matsakaicin Kasuwanci a Afirka" don 2005-2006 a Kyautar SMME a cikin Afirka ta Kudu. Har ila yau, ta sami "Kyauta ta Farko a cikin Sabbin Makamashi da Muhalli" a daidai wannan taron. An ba da labarin kula da zuma a Afirka a lokuta da yawa a cikin manema labarai da kafofin watsa labarai ciki har da BBC, Chicago Tribune, The Globe and Mail, Financial Times, CNBC Turai, CBC, Rediyon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Daily Nation, da Tsarin Gabashin Afirka An tattauna shi a cikin wasu mujallu na ilimi, ciki har da Stanford Social Innovation Review da MIT Sloan Management Review, kuma an nuna shi a cikin littattafai da dama da sauran ayyukan ilimi da aka buga. Manazarta Nazarin Harka: Kulawar zuma ta Afirka, Masu Ba da Shawarar Babban Jari, Tushen Babban Gida, Gidauniyar Lundin, Gidauniyar Grameen KULAWA DA ZUMA AFRICA (A): MISALI NA KASUWANCI

28004

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garin%20Dutse

Garin Dutse

Garin Dutse na Zanzibar (Larabci: kuma aka sani da Mji Mkongwe (Swahili don "tsohon garin"), tsohon yanki ne na birnin Zanzibar, babban birnin Zanzibar, a Tanzaniya. Sabon yanki na birnin ana kiransa da Ng'ambo, Swahili don 'daya bangaren'. Garin Dutse yana yammacin bakin tekun Unguja, babban tsibiri na tsibiri na Zanzibar. Tsohuwar babban birnin masarautar Zanzibar, kuma cibiyar kasuwancin kayan yaji da kuma cinikin bayi a karni na 19, ta ci gaba da rike mahimmancinta a matsayin babban birnin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka hade juna don kafa Jamhuriyar Tanzaniya, Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta, tare da Garin Dutse a matsayin kujerar karamar hukuma. Garin Dutse birni ne mai fitattun tarihi da fasaha a Gabashin Afirka. Gine-ginensa, wanda akasari tun daga karni na 19, yana nuna tasiri iri-iri da ke tattare da al'adun Swahili, yana ba da cakuda musamman na abubuwan Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa da Turai. A saboda wannan dalili, an sanya garin a matsayin cibiyar UNESCO ta Duniya a cikin 2000. Saboda gadonsa, Dutsen Town kuma babban abin jan hankali ne a Tanzaniya, kuma babban ɓangaren tattalin arzikinta ya dogara da ayyukan da suka shafi yawon buɗe ido. Bayanin Zuciyar Garin Dutse galibi ta ƙunshi ɗimbin ƴan ƴaƴan lunguna da gidaje, shaguna, kasuwanni da masallatai. Tunda yawancin tituna sun fi kunkuntar motoci, garin ya cika makil da kekuna da babura. Gaban tekun yana da fiɗaɗaɗɗen tituna kuma mafi girma, mafi yawan gine-gine da aka sanya akai-akai. Gine-ginen Garin Dutse yana da fasali daban-daban, sakamakon haduwar al'adun Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa, Turai da Afirka. Sunan "Garin Dutse" ya fito ne daga ko'ina da amfani da dutsen murjani a matsayin babban kayan gini; wannan dutse yana ba wa garin siffa, launin dumi ja. Gine-gine na gargajiya suna da baraza, dogon benci na dutse tare da bangon waje; Ana amfani da wannan azaman tafarki mai tsayi idan ruwan sama mai yawa ya sa tituna ba su da amfani, ko kuma a matsayin benci don zama, hutawa, zamantakewa. Wani mahimmin fasalin mafi yawan gine-gine shi ne manyan veranda da aka keɓe ta hanyar zane-zane na katako. Filayen da aka fi sani da gidajen Zanzibari su ne ƙofofin katako da aka ƙawata, tare da sassaƙaƙƙun sassaka da kayan kwalliya, wani lokaci tare da manyan sandunan tagulla na al'adar Indiyawa. Ana iya bambanta manyan kofofi iri biyu: na salon Indiya sun yi zagaye sama da sama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin salon Larabawan Omani suna da rectangular. Sau da yawa sassaƙaƙe na Musulunci ne a cikin abubuwan ciki (misali, da yawa sun ƙunshi ayoyin Kur'ani), amma ana amfani da wasu alamomi lokaci-lokaci, misali, furannin magarya na Indiya a matsayin alamar wadata. Garin Dutse yana da manyan gine-gine na tarihi, da dama daga cikinsu ana samun su a bakin teku; waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoffin fadojin sarakuna, garu, majami'u, masallatai, da sauran gine-ginen hukumomi. Yayin da aka haɗa garin Dutse a cikin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2000, wannan nadi ba ya ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga kayan tarihi na garin. Duk da kafa Hukumar Kula da Lafiya, kusan kashi 80% na gine-gine 1,709 na Garin Dutse suna cikin tabarbarewar yanayi. Da yake dutsen murjani yana da sanyi sosai, ana buƙatar kulawa akai-akai don yawancin waɗannan gine-gine. Wasu manyan ayyukan gyarawa (musamman a bakin teku) an yi su a cikin 'yan lokutan nan ta Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC). Tarihi Medieval Zanzibar Rubutun Greco-Roman tsakanin ƙarni na 1 da na 3, Periplus na Tekun Erythraean, ya ambaci tsibirin Menuthias (Ancient Greek: wanda tabbas Unguja ne. Zanzibar, kamar bakin tekun da ke kusa, masu magana da Bantu sun zauna a farkon karni na farko. Abubuwan da aka gano na kayan tarihi a Fukuchani, da ke arewa maso yammacin gabar tekun Zanzibar, ya nuna mazauna yankin noma da kamun kifi tun daga karni na 6 AZ a ƙarshe. Yawan adadin dabobin da aka samu yana nuna gine-ginen katako, kuma an sami ƙwanƙolin harsashi, masu niƙa, da kuma baƙin ƙarfe a wurin. Akwai shaida don iyakance haɗin gwiwa a cikin kasuwanci mai nisa: an sami ɗan ƙaramin tukwane da aka shigo da shi, ƙasa da 1% na jimillar tukwane da aka samo, galibi daga Gulf kuma kwanan wata zuwa karni na 5 zuwa 8. Kamanceceniya da rukunan zamani kamar Mkokotoni da Dar es Salaam na nuni da gamayyar gungun al'ummomin da suka bunkasa zuwa cibiyar farko ta al'adun tekun teku. Garuruwan da ke gabar teku, ciki har da na Zanzibar, da alama sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin tekun Indiya a farkon wannan lokaci. Kasuwanci ya ƙaru cikin sauri cikin mahimmanci da yawa tun daga tsakiyar karni na 8 kuma a ƙarshen karni na 10 Zanzibar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar kasuwancin Swahili. Shangani, asalin garin kamun kifi wanda ya haɓaka zuwa Garinn Dutse, ƙaramin yanki ne, wanda ba shi da mahimmancin rukunin Swahili wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 11. Manyan garuruwa a Unguja Ukuu, Kizimkazi, da Tumbatu sune ikon tsibirin daga karni na 8 zuwa na 16. Turawan Portugal sun gina coci a Shangani a farkon karni na 16, kuma Sarauniyar Unguja ta arewa ta gina wani gida a can a tsakiyar karni na 17. Lokacin da Zanzibaris da Pembans suka kori Portuguese a karni na 17, masu kishin gida sun gayyaci Sultan na Oman ya yi amfani da ikon siyasa don musanya kariya daga ramuwar gayya ta Portuguese. An gina wani ɓangare na cocin Portuguese a cikin sansanin Omani, wanda ke da sojoji kusan hamsin. Sarkin ya kuma nada wani hakimin karamar hukuma, amma har yanzu ikon siyasa na hannun Mwinyi Mkuu, a wannan lokacin Sarauniya Fatima. Abubuwan da aka tona a tsibirin Pemba na kusa, amma musamman a Shanga a cikin tsibiran Lamu, sun ba da kyakkyawan hoto na ci gaban gine-gine. An gina gidaje da katako (c. 1050) kuma daga baya a cikin laka tare da bangon murjani (c. 1150). An ci gaba da sake gina gidajen tare da ƙarin kayan dindindin. Ya zuwa karni na 13, an gina gidaje da dutse, kuma an hade su da laka, kuma karni na 14 ya ga yadda ake amfani da lemun tsami wajen hada dutse. Masu arziki ne kawai za su gina gidaje na dutse da lemun tsami, ƙarfin kayan da ke ba da damar yin rufin rufi, yayin da yawancin jama'a ke zaune a cikin gidaje masu hawa guda ɗaya mai kama da na karni na 11 da 12. A cewar Tom Middleton da Mark Horton, tsarin gine-gine na waɗannan gidaje na dutse ba su da wani abu na Larabawa ko Farisa, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ci gaban gine-gine na gida. Yayin da aka sake gina yawancin gine-ginen Garin Zanzibar a lokacin mulkin Omani, wuraren da ke kusa da su sun bayyana ci gaban Swahili, da Zanzibari, gine kafin karni na 15. Mulkin Omani Garin Dutse yana tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta kuma Turawa na farko da suka taka ƙafa a tsibirin Zanzibar su ne Portuguese. Turawan Portugal sun mallaki tsibirin sama da ƙarni 2 kuma suka fara gina ginin Dutsen Dutse na farko, Tsohon Kagara. Sai dai kuma a karshen karni na 17 ne masarautar Oman ta mamaye tsibirin tare da kammala katanga don hana kai hare-hare a nan gaba. Wataƙila an fara gina gidajen dutse na farko a cikin Dutsen Town a cikin 1830s, a hankali ya maye gurbin wani ƙauyen kamun kifi da ke kusa da Tsohon Kagara. A lokacin ne masarautar Oman ke iko da tsibiran Zanzibar, Mombasa da gabar tekun Swahili. A cikin 1840, Sultan Said bin Sultan ya motsa kujerarsa daga Muscat, Oman, zuwa Garin Dutse, wanda hakan ya shiga zamanin ci gaba cikin sauri a matsayin sabon babban birnin Oman da Zanzibar. Da Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tekun Indiya, dukiyar Sarkin Musulmi ta fadi. Tattalin arzikin Muscat ya tabarbare kuma yawancin Omani sun yi hijira zuwa Zanzibar. Haɓaka yawan al'ummar Larabawa a tsibirin ya sauƙaƙe ƙarin haɓaka kuma ƙarin gine-gine sun fara bunƙasa a cikin garin. Bugu da ƙari, an gina manyan gine-ginen sarauta kamar Gidan Al'ajabi da Fadar Sarkin Musulmi. A shekara ta 1861, sakamakon yakin da aka yi tsakanin gidan sarautar Omani, Zanzibar da Oman sun rabu, inda Zanzibar ta zama sarki mai cin gashin kanta karkashin Sultan Majid bin Said. A cikin ƙarni na 19 Dutse Town ya bunƙasa azaman cibiyar kasuwanci. Ya shahara musamman ga cinikin kayan yaji (mafi yawan cloves) da bayi. Kusan tsakiyar karni, sultan yana da dangantaka ta kud da kud da Birtaniya; David Livingstone, alal misali, an san ya zauna a Dutsen Town a 1866 yayin da yake shirya balaguron ƙarshe zuwa cikin Gabashin Afirka. A daidai wannan lokacin, al'ummomin baƙi da yawa daga Oman, Farisa da Indiya sun kafa a sakamakon tsananin kasuwancin garin. Sarkin Zanzibar ya karfafa bakin haure 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje wadanda suka yi arziki sosai kuma suka zauna a cikin birnin wadanda suka kawo bambancin gine-ginen birnin. Ikon Mulkin Mallaka A cikin shekarun da suka wuce na karni, Sarakunan Zanzibar sannu a hankali sun yi asarar dukiyoyinsu a yankin Gabashin Afirka zuwa Daular Jamus da Burtaniya. A cikin 1890, tare da yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar, Zanzibar kanta ta zama kariyar Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1896, ba zato ba tsammani daga Zanzibari Omanis suka yi wa mulkin Birtaniya ya kai ga yakin Anglo-Zanzibar, wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin yaki mafi guntu a tarihi: Sarkin Musulmi ya mika wuya bayan minti 45 na harin bam da sojojin ruwa suka yi a garin Dutse da sojojin ruwa na Royal suka yi. A lokacin kariyar Birtaniyya, Sarkin Musulmi ya ci gaba da rike wasu madafun iko kuma Dutsen Dutse ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci don cinikin yau da kullun. Duk da cewa a baya garin yana da karamin titin jirgin kasa Turawan Ingila sun yi titin jirgin kasa daga Garin zuwa kauyen Bububu. Burtaniya ba ta ba da tallafin manyan abubuwan ci gaba a garin ba kuma sun ba wa sarkin damar gudanar da al'amuran tsibiran daga garin dutse. Birtaniyya ta ba Mombasa da Dar es Salaam gata a matsayin tashoshin kasuwancinsu a Gabashin Afirka. Juyin juya halin Zanzibar A shekara ta 1964, garin Dutse shi ne gidan wasan kwaikwayo na juyin juya halin Zanzibar, wanda ya haifar da kawar da sarkin da kuma haifar da gwamnatin gurguzu karkashin jagorancin Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Sama da mutane 20,000 ne aka kashe tare da ‘yan gudun hijira musamman Larabawa da Indiyawa suka tsere daga tsibirin sakamakon juyin juya hali. Larabawa da Indiyawa sun bar duk abin da suke da shi kuma ASP ya yi sauri ya mamaye tsofaffin gidaje tare da mayar da su gine-ginen jama'a. A cikin 1964, lokacin da Tanganyika da Zanzibar suka haɗu suka kafa Tanzaniya, Stone Town ya ci gaba da zama babban birni da kujerar gwamnati ga Zanzibar, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wani yanki mai cin gashin kansa na sabuwar ƙasa. Labarin ƙasa Garin Dutse yana kusa da tsakiyar gabar tekun Unguja ta yamma, akan wani ɗan ƙaramin tudu da ke shiga tashar Zanzibar. Babban matsuguni mafi kusa a gabar Tekun Tanzaniya, kusa da Dutsen Dutse, shine Bagamoyo (zuwa kudu maso yamma). Garin Dutse wani yanki ne na birnin Zanzibar, wanda kuma ya hada da 'Sabon Garin' na Ng'ambo ("Sauran Gefen"), wanda galibi ya mamaye cikin Unguja zuwa kudu maso gabas. Layin raba tsakanin Garin Dutse da Ng'ambo shine titin Creek. Alkaluma Alamomin ƙasa Gine-gine da wuraren tarihi Gidan abubuwan al'ajabi (ko "Palace of Wonders", wanda kuma aka sani da "Beit-al-Ajaib"), wanda ke kan titin Mizingani kusa da gabar tekun Dutsen Town, kuma tabbas shine mafi sanannun wuraren tarihi na Dutsen Town. An gina ta a shekara ta 1883 kuma an mayar da ita bayan yakin Anglo-Zanzibar na 1896. A da gidan Sarkin Musulmi, ta zama wurin zama na jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi bayan juyin juya hali. Wannan dai shi ne gini na farko a Zanzibar da ya samu wutar lantarki, haka kuma shi ne gini na farko a gabashin Afirka da ya samu na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Tun 2000, an sadaukar da cikinsa ga gidan kayan gargajiya akan al'adun Swahili da Zanzibar. A watan Disambar 2020, yayin gyaran ginin, wani babban yanki na ginin ya ruguje a wani babban hatsari. Tsohon Kagara ("Ngome Kongwe" a cikin Swahili), kusa da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi, wani babban kagara ne na dutse wanda Omani ya gina a karni na 17. Wanda kuma aka fi sani da sansanin Omani da sarakunan farko suka gina shi don kare birnin daga mamayewar Turawa. Yana da siffar murabba'i mai nisa kuma tsakar gida yanzu cibiyar al'adu ce mai shaguna, wuraren bita, da ƙaramin fage inda ake gudanar da raye-rayen da nunin kiɗan kullun. Hakanan ana amfani da wurin katanga don bikin fina-finai na Zanzibar na kasa da kasa. Wani hamshakin attajiri dan kasar Indiya ne ya gina Tsohuwar Dispensary (ko "Ithnashiri Dispensary") daga 1887 zuwa 1894, don yin hidima a matsayin asibitin sadaka ga matalauta amma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi azaman rarrabawa. Yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun gine-gine na Garin Dutse, tare da manyan baranda na katako da aka sassaka, tagogin gilashi, da kayan ado na stucco na zamani. Bayan fadowa cikin rugujewa a shekarun 1970 da 1980, AKTC ta gyara ginin daidai gwargwado. Fadar Gidan tarihi (wanda kuma aka sani da "Sultan's Palace", "Beit el-Sahel" a cikin Larabawa) wani tsohon fadar sarki ne, a bakin teku, zuwa arewacin gidan abubuwan al'ajabi. An gina shi ne a karshen karni na 19, kuma a yanzu yana dauke da wani gidan tarihi game da rayuwar yau da kullum na gidan sarautar Zanzibari, ciki har da kayayyakin Sayyida Salme, wata tsohuwar gimbiya Zanzibar da ta yi gudun hijira tare da mijinta zuwa Turai. Edward Steere, bishop na uku na Zanzibar ya gina Anglican Cathedral na Cocin Christ, akan titin Mkunazini a ƙarshen karni na 19. An gina babban cocin ne a wani babban yanki a tsakiyar garin Dutse wanda a baya ya karbi bakuncin babbar kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar; An zaɓi wurin da gangan don bikin ƙarshen bauta, kuma bagaden yana a daidai wurin da babban wurin bulala na kasuwa ya kasance. Wani abin tunawa ga bayi, da kuma gidan tarihi na tarihin bauta, banda cocin. An gina cocin Roman Katolika na St. Joseph da ’yan mishan na Faransa suka gina a tsakanin 1893 zuwa 1897. An gina majami’ar ne bisa na Cathedral na Marseille, fuskarta, mai manyan tudu biyu, tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wuraren tarihi. Garin Dutse kuma ana iya gani daga nesa lokacin tafiya cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Cocin yana aiki har yanzu a yau kuma yana gudanar da taro na yau da kullun a ranar Lahadi. Lambunan Forodhani wani karamin wurin shakatawa ne a cikin babban tekun tafiya na Garin Dutse, daidai gaban Tsohon Kagara da Gidan Abubuwan Al'ajabi. Kungiyar Aga Khan Trust for Culture ta mayar da gonar kwanan nan kan dala miliyan 3. Kowace yamma bayan faduwar rana, lambuna suna karbar bakuncin shahararriyar kasuwa mai son yawon bude ido da ke sayar da gasasshen abincin teku da sauran girke-girke na Zanzibari wanda ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da mazauna gida. Sufuri Titunan Garin Dutse suna da kunkuntar sosai kuma kusan isa ko'ina a cikin garin dole ne a yi da ƙafa. Ƙananan tituna suna ba da inuwa kuma kusan komai yana samuwa daga cikin garin. Sai dai kuma, a kan tituna masu fadi a tarihi, ana amfani da kekuna na baya-bayan nan don safarar mutane da kayayyaki. Ana iya samun garin daga Zanzibar da sauran yankin ta hanyoyin shiga uku. Babban nau'in jigilar jama'a a Zanzibar shine tasi mai raba daladala; kuma babban tashar yana kusa da Kasuwar Darajani. Daladalas ya haɗa Garin Dutse zuwa wurare da dama na tsibiri, kamar Bububu (ƙauyen da ke arewa da Dutsen Dutse), filin jirgin sama, filin wasa na Amaan, Jangombe, da Magomeni. Don dogon tafiye-tafiye, akwai "mabasi" (Swahili don "bas", "basi") guda ɗaya, waɗanda manyan motoci ne da aka daidaita don jigilar fasinja. Babban tashar "mabasi" kuma yana kusa da Kasuwar da kuma hanyar sadarwar "mabasi" a fadin tsibirin kuma ita ce hanya mafi arha ta hanyar tafiya mai nisa. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa na tsibirin Zanzibar yana tsakiyar Garin Dutse kuma jiragen ruwa na yau da kullun daga Dar es Salaam da Pemba suna haɗa garin zuwa babban yankin. Garin kuma yana kusa da babban filin jirgin saman tsibirin. Filin jirgin saman Zanzibar mai nisan kilomita 9 (mil 5.6) kudu da Dutsen Town yana da jirage zuwa babban yankin Tanzaniya (musamman Arusha da Dar es Salaam) da kuma sauran manyan filayen jiragen saman Afirka kamar Nairobi, Mombasa, da Johannesburg. Yinayi Garin Dutse tare da dukan tsibiran Zanzibar suna fuskantar irin wannan yanayi a duk shekara. Tsibirin na da yanayi mai zafi a duk shekara a duk shekara tare da mafi zafi watanni shine Fabrairu da Maris sannan watanni masu sanyi su ne Yuli da Agusta. A mafi yawancin watanni na shekara ana samun ruwan sama mai yawa tare da dogon lokacin damina mai tsayi daga Maris-Mayu da gajeriyar lokacin damina daga Nuwamba-Disamba. Ƙananan lokacin rani yana faruwa tsakanin Disamba-Fabrairu da Mayu-Agusta kuma saboda haka shine lokacin yawon buɗe ido saboda yawon shakatawa na bakin teku a tsibirin. Sanannen mazauna Freddie Mercury (Farrokh Bulsara), jagoran mawaƙin Burtaniya Sarauniya, an haife shi a Garin Dutse. Ali Muhsin al-Barwani, ministan harkokin wajen Zanzibar mai cin gashin kansa na farko Bi Kidude, mawaki David Livingstone, mai binciken Scotland, mishan kuma ɗan mulkin mallaka Tippu Tip, mai cinikin bayi Hotuna

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial%20Kansa

Endometrial Kansa

Ciwon daji na endometrial ciwon daji ne da ke tasowa daga endometrium rufin mahaifa ko mahaifa). Sakamakon rashin girma na sel wanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Alamar farko ita ce mafi yawan zubar jinin al'ada ba tare da haɗuwa da haila ba Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da jin zafi tare da fitsari, jin zafi yayin jima'i, ko ciwon ƙashin ƙugu Ciwon daji na endometrial yana faruwa mafi yawanci bayan menopause(Bayan daukewar jinin alada). Kusan 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba Ciwon daji na endometrial kuma yana da alaƙa da yawan bayyanar isrogen, hawan jini da ciwon sukari Ganin cewa shan estrogen kadai yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, shan duka estrogen da progestogen a hade, kamar yadda a yawancin kwayoyin hana haihuwa, yana rage haɗarin. Tsakanin kashi biyu zuwa biyar na al'amuran suna da alaƙa da kwayoyin halittar da aka gada daga iyaye. Ciwon daji na endometrial wani lokaci ana kiransa da Cancer mahaifa ko da yake ya bambanta da sauran nau'in kansar mahaifa kamar kansar mahaifa, sarcoma na mahaifa, da cututtukan trophoblastic Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na endometrial shine ciwon daji na endometrioid, wanda ke da fiye da 80% na lokuta. Ciwon daji na endometrial yawanci ana gano shi ta hanyar biopsy endometrial ko ta hanyar ɗaukar samfura yayin hanyar da aka sani da dilation da curettage Binciken Pap ba yawanci isa ya nuna ciwon daji na endometrial ba. Ba a buƙatar yin bincike na yau da kullun a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin al'ada ba. Babban zaɓin magani don ciwon daji na endometrial shine hysterectomy na ciki (jimlar cirewa ta hanyar tiyata na mahaifa), tare da cire tubes na Fallopian da ovaries a bangarorin biyu, wanda ake kira salpingo-oophorectomy na biyu. A cikin lokuta masu ci gaba, ana iya ba da shawarar maganin radiation, chemotherapy ko maganin hormone Idan an gano cutar a farkon matakin, sakamakon yana da kyau, kuma jimlar shekaru biyar na rayuwa a Amurka ya fi 80%. A cikin 2012, ciwon daji na endometrial ya faru a cikin 320,000 mata kuma ya haifar da 76,000 mutuwa. Wannan ya sa ya zama na uku mafi yawan sanadin mutuwa a cikin cututtukan daji waɗanda ke shafar mata kawai, bayan ciwon daji na ovarian da mahaifa. Ya fi zama ruwan dare a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma shi ne cutar kansar da aka fi sani da bangaren haihuwa na mata a kasashen da suka ci gaba. Adadin ciwon daji na endometrial ya karu a cikin ƙasashe da yawa tsakanin shekarun 1980 zuwa 2010. An yi imanin hakan ya faru ne saboda karuwar yawan tsofaffi da karuwar yawan kiba. Alamomi Zubar da jini ko tabo a cikin mata bayan menopause yana faruwa a kashi 90% na ciwon daji na endometrial. Jini yana da yawa musamman tare da adenocarcinoma, yana faruwa a kashi biyu bisa uku na duk lokuta. Rashin hawan hawan haila ko tsayi mai tsayi, nauyi, ko yawan zubar jini a cikin mata kafin lokacin al'ada yana iya zama alamar ciwon daji na endometrial. Alamun da banda zubar jini ba a saba gani ba. Sauran alamomin sun haɗa da bakin ciki fari ko bayyananniyar fitar farji a cikin matan da suka shude. Ciwon da ya ci gaba yana nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka ko alamun da za a iya gano su akan gwajin jiki Mahaifa na iya kara girma ko ciwon daji na iya yaduwa, yana haifar da ciwon ciki na ƙasa ko ƙumburi. Jima'i mai radadi ko fitsari mai radadi ko wahalar fitsari ba su da yawa alamun ciwon daji na endometrial. Haka kuma mahaifar na iya cika da majina (pyometrea Daga cikin matan da ke da waɗannan ƙananan alamun bayyanar cututtuka (fitowar farji, ciwon ƙwai, da maƙarƙashiya), 10-15% suna da ciwon daji. Abubuwan haɗari Abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da kiba, ciwon sukari mellitus, ciwon nono, amfani da tamoxifen, ba tare da haihuwa ba, marigayi menopause, babban matakan estrogen, da karuwar shekaru. Nazarin shige-da-fice (nazarin ƙaura), waɗanda ke nazarin canjin haɗarin cutar kansa a cikin yawan jama'a da ke motsawa tsakanin ƙasashen da ke fama da cutar kansa daban-daban, ya nuna cewa akwai wasu abubuwan muhalli don ciwon daji na endometrial. Waɗannan abubuwan haɗari na muhalli ba su da kyau sosai. Hormones Yawancin abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial sun haɗa da manyan matakan estrogens. An kiyasta kashi 40% na lokuta suna da alaƙa da kiba. A cikin kiba, yawan adadin adipose nama yana haɓaka jujjuyawar androstenedione zuwa estrone, estrogen. Matsayin mafi girma na estrone a cikin jini yana haifar da ƙasa ko babu ovulation kuma yana fallasa endometrium zuwa ci gaba da manyan matakan estrogens. Kiba kuma yana haifar da ƙarancin cire isrogen daga jini. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), wanda kuma ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa ko rashin daidaituwa, yana da alaƙa da ƙimar ciwon daji na endometrial saboda dalilai iri ɗaya da kiba. Musamman, kiba, nau'in Ciwon sukari na II, da juriya na insulin sune abubuwan haɗari ga Nau'in Na ciwon daji na endometrial. Kiba yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial da 300-400%. Maganin maye gurbin estrogen a lokacin menopause lokacin da ba daidai ba (ko "masu adawa") tare da progestin wani abu ne mai haɗari. Mafi girma allurai ko tsawon lokaci na maganin isrogen yana da haɗari mafi girma na ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu ƙananan nauyi suna cikin haɗari mafi girma daga isrogen mara nauyi. Tsawon lokacin haihuwa-ko dai daga farkon hailar farko ko kuma ƙarshen menopause shima yana da haɗari. Estrogen ba tare da hamayya ba yana haɓaka haɗarin mutum na ciwon daji na endometrial da 2-10 ninka, dangane da nauyi da tsawon jiyya. A cikin maza waɗanda suka ɗauki testosterone kuma ba su sami hysterectomy ba, canzawar testosterone zuwa estrogen ta hanyar androstenedione na iya haifar da haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial. Genetics Hakanan cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Gabaɗaya, abubuwan gado suna ba da gudummawa ga 2-10% na cututtukan daji na endometrial. Lynch ciwo, wani autosomal rinjaye kwayoyin cuta wanda yafi haifar da ciwon daji na colorectal, kuma yana haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, musamman ma kafin menopause. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna da 40-60% hadarin tasowa ciwon daji na endometrial, fiye da hadarin bunkasa launin launi (hanji) ko ciwon daji na ovarian. Ciwon daji na Ovarian da endometrial suna haɓaka lokaci guda a cikin 20% na mutane. Ciwon daji na endometrial kusan koyaushe yana tasowa kafin ciwon hanji, a matsakaici, 11 shekaru kafin. Carcinogenesis a cikin ciwo na Lynch ya fito ne daga maye gurbi a cikin MLH1 ko MLH2 kwayoyin halittar da ke shiga cikin tsarin gyaran gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa, wanda ke ba da damar tantanin halitta don gyara kuskure a cikin DNA. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da suka rikide a cikin cutar Lynch sun hada da MSH2, MSH6, da PMS2, wadanda kuma kwayoyin halittar da ba su dace ba ne. Mata masu fama da cutar Lynch suna wakiltar 2-3% na ciwon daji na endometrial; Wasu kafofin sun sanya wannan har zuwa 5%. Dangane da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta, matan da ke fama da cutar Lynch suna da haɗari daban-daban na ciwon daji na endometrial. Tare da maye gurbin MLH1, haɗarin shine 54%; tare da MSH2, 21%; kuma tare da MSH6, 16%. Mata masu tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na endometrial suna cikin haɗari mafi girma. Kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da aka fi danganta su da wasu ciwon daji na mata, BRCA1 da BRCA2, ba sa haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Akwai wata alaka a fili da wadannan kwayoyin halitta amma ana danganta ta da amfani da tamoxifen, maganin da kansa zai iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial, a cikin nono da kuma ciwon daji na ovarian. Halin halittar da aka gada Cowden ciwo kuma na iya haifar da ciwon daji na endometrial. Mata masu wannan cuta suna da kashi 5-10% Hadarin rayuwa na haɓaka ciwon daji na endometrial, idan aka kwatanta da 2-3% kasadar ga matan da ba su shafa ba. An kuma gano bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun don shafar haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin manyan nazarin ƙungiyar genome-fadi An danganta yankuna goma sha shida na genomic tare da ciwon daji na endometrial kuma bambance-bambancen gama gari suna bayyana kusan kashi 7% na haɗarin dangi. Sauran matsalolin lafiya Wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji suna ƙara haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon daji na endometrial, wanda shine tushen 2-3%. Tamoxifen, maganin da ake amfani da shi don magance ciwon nono na estrogen-tabbatacce, an danganta shi da ciwon daji na endometrial a cikin kusan 0.1% na masu amfani, musamman tsofaffi mata, amma fa'idodin rayuwa daga tamoxifen gabaɗaya ya fi haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial. Kwas ɗin tamoxifen na shekara ɗaya zuwa biyu yana kusan ninka haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial, kuma tsarin jiyya na shekaru biyar yana ninka haɗarin. Raloxifene, irin wannan magani, bai tada haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial ba. A baya can ciwon daji na kwai yana da haɗari ga ciwon daji na endometrial, kamar yadda ake yi na rediyo a baya zuwa ƙashin ƙugu. Musamman, ciwace-ciwacen kwayar halitta na ovarian granulosa da thecomas sune ciwace-ciwacen da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji na endometrial. Ƙananan aikin rigakafi kuma yana da tasiri a cikin ciwon daji na endometrial. Hawan jini kuma abu ne mai haɗari, amma wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda alaƙarsa da kiba. Zauna akai-akai na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon daji na endometrial. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, kodayake an saukar da shi. Tarihi da al'adu Ciwon daji na endometrial ba a san shi sosai a wurin jama'a ba, duk da yawansa. Akwai ƙananan fahimtar alamun, wanda zai iya haifar da ganewar asali da kuma rayuwa mafi muni. Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelechi%20Iheanacho

Kelechi Iheanacho

Kelechi Promise Iheanacho (wanda aka fi sani da Ịhean nema a cikin harshen Igbo (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da shida 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a Najeriya wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon Premier League ta Leicester City da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya Iheanacho ya fara babban aikinsa a Manchester City a lokacin kakar shekarar (2015-2016). Ya koma Leicester City ne a shekarar (2017) kan kudi fam miliyan (25) da aka ruwaito. Iheanacho yana cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa Na U (17) a shekarar (2013 da kuma tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru( 20) a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa na shekaru (20 na shekarar (2015 Ya buga wa Najeriya babban wasa a shekarar( 2015) kuma ya buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar 2018 da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar (2021). Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Manchester City Farkon aiki An haifi Iheanacho a Owerri, Jihar Imo. A matsayinsa na matashi, ya wakilci Taye Academy a Owerri, babban birnin Imo. Ayyukan da ya yi a Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na shekarar (2013 ya haifar da sha'awar kungiyoyi a Turai; Ƙungiyoyin da suka biyo bayan ci gabansa sun haɗa da Arsenal, Sporting CP da Porto. A cikin Disamba a shekara ta (2012) Iheanacho ya tafi Ingila don tattaunawa game da tafiya zuwa Manchester City. Ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwantiragi da kulob din, inda ya bayyana aniyarsa ta kulla yarjejeniya da City a hukumance a ranar ta( 18) a watan Oktoba shekarar (2014). A cikin rikon kwarya ya dawo Najeriya. Yayin da shekarar ke gabatowa, Hukumar Kula da Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka (CAF) ta ba shi kyautar gwarzon shekara na (2013 a CAF Awards. Iheanacho ya koma Manchester City Academy a ranar( 10 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (2015). Kafin kakar shekarar (2014 zuwa 2015) City ta ziyarci Amurka a kan yawon shakatawa na pre-season, kuma ko da yake har yanzu ba a matsayin dan wasan City ba, ya shiga cikin tawagar. Ya buga kuma ya zura kwallo a wasan farko na yawon shakatawa, nasara da ci (4–1) da Sporting Kansas City, kuma ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Milan a ci (5–1). Bayan kammala rangadin, Manchester City ta shirya Iheanacho ya yi atisaye tare da kungiyar Columbus Crew har zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba. Jinkirin samun izinin aiki ya sa Iheanacho ya kasa taka leda a Ingila har zuwa watan Fabrairun shekara ta (2015). Ya buga wasansa na farko a matakin kasa da shekaru (19) a gasar UEFA Youth League wasa da Schalke (04) amma ya samu rauni bayan mintuna (11) kacal. Bayan murmurewa, ya fara wakiltar Manchester City a duka matasa da kuma a karkashin (21) matakin a karshen kakar wasa. Ya buga wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin matasa na FA, inda ya zura kwallo a raga, amma ya kare a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da Chelsea ta yi nasara a jimillar( 5-2). A mako mai zuwa, ya zira kwallo daya tilo yayin da Manchester City ta doke Porto a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Premier ta kasa da kasa ta shekarar (2014 zuwa 2015). 2015-16 kakar A cikin watan Yuli a shekara ta (2015) Iheanacho ya kasance cikin tawagar balaguron fara kakar wasa ta City a Ostiraliya. A yawon shakatawa, ya kafa na farko manufa ga Raheem Sterling da kuma zira kwallaye na biyu burin a nasara da Roma a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar( 2015). Ya kuma kafa Sterling na hudu a raga a nasarar City (8–1 da Vietnam na kasa tawagar. A wasan farko na City na karshe, da VfB Stuttgart, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, inda ya zira kwallaye a makare a shan kashi (4-2). Saboda rawar gani da ya taka kafin kakar wasa ta bana, Iheanacho ya samu karin girma zuwa babbar kungiyar Manchester City. A ranar (10) ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2015) Iheanacho ya kasance cikin rukunin farko na ranar wasan a karon farko a cikin wasan gasa, duk da haka ya ci gaba da zama mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a nasarar da suka ci (3-0) a West Bromwich Albion a wasansu na farko na gasar Premier. Kwanaki goma sha tara bayan haka, ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar, inda ya maye gurbin Raheem Sterling a minti na karshe na nasara da ci (2-0 da Watford a filin wasa na City na Manchester. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar (12) ga watan Satumba, inda ya maye gurbin Wilfried Bony a minti na karshe a wasan da Crystal Palace ta buga kuma ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan. Iheanacho ya ci hat-trick na farko a rayuwarsa a ranar (30) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (2016 da Aston Villa a zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA, kuma ya kafa kwallo ta hudu da City ta ci, Raheem Sterling ya ci. A watan mai zuwa, an sanya shi a cikin tawagar City ta UEFA Champions League tawagar a kudi na rauni Samir Nasri. A cikin watan Fabrairu, Iheanacho ya zura kwallo a ragar Tottenham a wasan da City ta doke su da ci(2-1). Kwallaye na gaba Iheanacho ya zo ne a ranar (23 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2016) inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Stoke City a ci (4-0). Ya biyo bayan haka tare da buga wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai a ranar (26) ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2016). Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, a ranar( 1 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2016) ya sake zira kwallaye biyu, kodayake a cikin shan kashi 4–2) a hannun Southampton. Iheanacho ya ƙare kakar shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016) tare da kwallaye takwas na Premier League kuma yana da mafi kyawun raga-da-minti na kowane ɗan wasa, matsakaicin burin kowane minti (93.9). A duk gasannin da ya buga ya kare ne da tarihin zura kwallaye (14) da taimakawa 5 daga wasanni (35 da ya buga, ko da yake ya fara buga wasanni( 11) ne kawai. Jimillar kwallayen da ya ci ya kuma sa ya kawo karshen kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan City na uku da ya fi zura kwallaye. A kakar 2016-17 A ranar (10 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2016) Iheanacho ya fara a wasan Manchester derby. Ya taimaka da kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasan da suka ci City (2-1). Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, Iheanacho ya fito daga benci ya zura kwallo ta karshe a wasan da City ta ci (4-0) a gida a gasar zakarun Turai, da Borussia Mönchengladbach. Wannan ita ce kwallon farko da ya ci wa Manchester City a Turai. Kwanaki uku bayan nasarar da suka yi da ci (4-0) Iheanacho ya zura kwallo ta biyu, kuma ya taimaka ta uku, a wasan da City ta yi da AFC Bournemouth. Kwallon da ya ci a gasar ta Premier zuwa (10) ta ba shi damar shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasan da suka zura kwallaye (10 a gasar Premier kafin ya kai shekaru (20). Wannan jerin ya hada da 'yan wasa irin su Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen da kuma Romelu Lukaku. A watan Oktoban a shekara ta (2016) an zabi Iheanacho a matsayin lambar yabo ta FIFA Golden Boy, wanda a karshe ya lashe kyautar dan wasan tsakiya na Bayern Munich Renato Sanches. Wadanda suka lashe kyautar sun hada da abokan wasan Raheem Sterling da Sergio Agüero, da kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Ballon d'Or sau shida Lionel Messi. Kwallon da Iheanacho ya ci na gaba zai zo ne a gasar zakarun Turai, da Celtic, a wasan da suka tashi (1-1 gida a ranar (6) ga watan Disamba a shekara ta (2016). Kwallon karshe da Iheanacho ya ci a kakar wasa ta bana, sannan kuma City ta ci kwallo ta karshe, ta zo ne a kan Huddersfield a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci (5-1) a gasar cin kofin FA a zagaye na biyar, inda Iheanacho ya zura kwallon karshe a wasan. Leicester City 2017-2020 Kulob din Premier League na Leicester City Iheanacho ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar a ranar (3 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta (2017) kan fan (25 da aka ruwaito. kudi miliyan. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Arsenal da ci (4–3 a ranar( 11) ga watan Agustan a shekara ta (2017). Ya ci wa Leicester kwallonsa ta farko a wasan cin kofin EFL da Leeds United a ranar (24) ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2017). A ranar (16) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (2018) Iheanacho ya zama dan wasa na farko a kwallon kafa ta Ingila da aka baiwa kyautar kwallo ta hanyar VAR, kamar yadda alkalin wasa ya dauka cewa an yi kuskuren yanke dan wasan a waje saboda kwallo ta biyu. Kwallon ita ce ta biyu da Iheanacho ya ci a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 2-0 a gasar cin kofin FA na zagaye na uku. A kakar 2020-21 Iheanacho ba ya cikin zaɓaɓɓu goma sha ɗaya a farkon kakar wasa, kuma kawai ya fara wasa biyu daga cikin wasannin Premier (21) na farko na Leicester. Koyaya, raunin da aka samu ga manyan 'yan wasa ya sa Iheanacho ya sami tsawaita wasannin. Sannan Iheanacho ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye (12) a wasanni (10) da ya buga a dukkanin gasa a watan Maris da Afrilu. Iheanacho ya yi hat-trick dinsa na farko a gasar Premier a wasan da suka doke Sheffield United da ci (5-0) a ranar (14 ga watan Maris a (2021). Mako guda bayan haka, Iheanacho ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da Leicester ta doke Manchester United da ci (3-1) a wasan daf da karshe na gasar cin kofin FA, inda ya tura kulob din zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar a karon farko tun a shekarar( 1981 zuwa19 82 Kwallaye biyun dai shine na takwas da Iheanacho ya ci a wasanni tara na karshe a duk gasa. Iheanacho ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Premier na wata a watan Maris na a shekara ta (2021) bayan ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasanni uku da ya buga. A ranar (3) ga watan Afrilu, Iheanacho ya rattaba hannu kan sabon kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Leicester, yana mai da shi a kulob din har zuwa akalla (2024). A ranar( 18 ga watan Afrilu, Iheanacho ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka doke Southampton da ci (1-0) a wasan kusa da na karshe na cin kofin FA a filin wasa na Wembley. Nasarar ta kai Foxes zuwa gasar cin kofin FA na farko tun (1969). A kakar 2021-22 Iheanacho da Leicester sun fara kakar shekarar (2021 zuwa 2022) tare da Garkuwan FA na shekarar( 2021) da Manchester City. An sauya Iheanacho a minti na( 79 kuma ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara, a minti na( 89) da bugun fenariti a kan tsohuwar kungiyarsa. Ayyukan kasa Iheanacho ya wakilci Najeriya a matakin matasa tun daga kasa da (13) zuwa sama. Kwarewarsa ta farko na babbar gasa ta kasa da kasa ita ce gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 'yan kasa da shekaru( 17) a shekara ta (2013) a Morocco. Ga Iheanacho, abin da ya fi daukar hankali shi ne hat-trice a wasan da suka doke Botswana. Ya sadaukar da kwallayensa ga mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta rasu watanni biyu kafin gasar. Najeriya ta kai wasan karshe a gasar, inda Ivory Coast ta doke ta da bugun fanariti. Iheanacho ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 na shekarar (2013) inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Ball dan wasan gasar. Najeriya ta lashe gasar, inda Iheanacho ya zura kwallaye shida, ciki har da daya a wasan karshe, sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye bakwai. A ci gaba da gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na shekara ta (2014) Iheanacho ya yi atisaye da manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya amma an sallame shi daga tawagar domin tafiya Ingila domin kulla yarjejeniya da Manchester City. Ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru (20 a kasar New Zealand a shekara ta (2015) kuma ya buga wasanni biyu. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa (35) na wucin gadi don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekara ta (2016) amma ya kasa yin wasan karshe na (20 18). Iheanacho made his senior debut as a substitute in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Eswatini in which Nigeria drew 0–0. His first start for the senior team was on 25 March 2016, a 1–1 draw with Egypt in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match. Najeriya ce ta zabi Iheanacho a wasan sada zumunci da Mali da Luxembourg a watan Mayun a shekara ta 2016). Ya zura kwallo a wasanni biyun, inda ya taimaka a karawar da Luxembourg. Kwallon da ya yi a wasannin sada zumunta ya kara karfafa kwarin gwiwa a tsakanin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a kasar kuma an gayyace shi ne domin ya fara fafatawa da Masar a gasar neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika inda ya ba da taimako ga Oghenekaro Etebo a wasan gida. Duk da sauyin da aka samu a kociyan kungiyar a watan Agustan bana, ya sake bayyana kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasa a kungiyar lokacin da ya zura kwallaye biyu masu kyau a wasanni biyu da suka yi da Tanzania a Uyo da Zambia a Ndola. A watan Mayun a shekara ta( 2018 ne aka saka shi cikin jerin ‘yan wasa (30) na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha. A ranar (25) ga watan Disamba shekarar (2021) an tantance Iheanacho a cikin jerin 'yan wasa( 28) na Najeriya a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar (2021) ta hannun kocin riko Austin Eguavoen. Ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Najeriya a gasar a minti na (30) da fara wasan da suka yi da Masar. Rayuwa ta sirri Iheanacho dan kabilar Igbo ne a Najeriya Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Honours Manchester City Kofin Kwallon kafa 2015–16 Leicester City Kofin FA 2020-21 FA Community Shield 2021 Nigeria U17 FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2013 Individual FIFA U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya 2013 CAF Mafi Kyawun Hazaka na Shekara 2013, 2016 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016 (a madadin) Takalmin Azurfa na FIFA U-17 na Duniya 2013 CAF U-17 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2013 Gwarzon dan wasan Premier na watan Maris 2021 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kelechi Iheanacho a gidan yanar gizon Leicester City FC Rikodin gasar 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25707

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes

Yes

Ee ko YES na iya nufin to: Ƙarshen tabbatacce a cikin yaren Ingilishi; gani eh kuma a'a Ilimi YES Prep Public Schools, Houston, Texas, Amurka YES (Babban Asabar ɗinku) shirin koyo daga Cibiyar Matasa Masu Hazaka ta Minnesota Matasan Eisner Masana, a Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago, da Appalachia, Amurka Masanan Epidemiology Masana, Amurka Fasaha eh (Unix), umarni don fitarwa "y" ko kirtani akai -akai Philips: YES, kwamfutar gida ta shekara ta 1985 Na'am! Dan hanya motar wasanni ta Jamus Sufuri Filin jirgin saman Yasuj, Iran, lambar filin jirgin saman IATA YES Airways, daga baya OLT Express, Poland Ƙungiya Kamfanin Yale na Kasuwanci, Amurka IH Snowboards DA YES! Ƙungiyar Swedishan wasan kwaikwayo na Sweden Na'am! Ƙungiyar Matasa Rasha Matasan Turai masu ra'ayin gurguzu a hukumance ECOSY Tsarin Karfafawa Matasa, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta yara, Belfast, Ireland ta Arewa Squad Energy Youth (YES) YES (Jam'iyyar siyasa ta Lithuania) Adabi <i id="mwPA">Na'am!</i> (Mujallar Hong Kong) <i id="mwPw">Na'am!</i> (Mujallar Amurka) mujallar ta mayar da hankali ne kan adalci na zamantakewa da dorewa <i id="mwQg">Na'am!</i> (Jaridar Philippine) mujallar da ke nuna showbiz <i id="mwRQ">Ee</i> (labari), wani labari na shekara ta 1978 na Thomas Bernhard Haka ne: Tafiya Ta Ƙarfi zuwa Babban Taron WrestleMania, na Bryan Danielson, wanda aka fi sani da Daniel Bryan Fim, talabijin da rediyo <i id="mwTQ">Ee</i> (fim), fim ɗin na shekara ta 2004 na Sally Potter eh (Isra'ila) mai ba da gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam na Isra'ila YES Network, Yanke Nishaɗi da Cibiyar Wasanni Ee TV, tsarin talabijin na addini na Kanada Tashoshin rediyo WTKN, tsohon Ee 94.5, gidan rediyo a Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, Amurka YES 933, gidan rediyon Singapore Kiɗa Ƙungiyoyi Ee (ƙungiya), ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai ci gaba ta Ingilishi Ee Yana Nuna Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman, ɗanɗano wannan ƙungiyar Musicals da operetta <i id="mwZg">Ee</i> (kiɗa)na shekara ta 1928, Maurice Yvain Kundaye <i id="mwaw">Ee</i> (Ee album), ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa Ee, na shekara ta 1969 Kundin Ee, ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa Ee, na shekara ta 1971 <i id="mwcQ">Ee</i> (Alvin Slaughter album) <i id="mwdA">Na'am!</i> (Kundin Chad Brock) <i id="mwdw">Na'am!</i> (Jason Mraz album) na shekara ta 2014 <i id="mweg">Na'am!</i> (k-os album) na shekara ta 2009 <i id="mwfQ">Da</i> (album Mika Nakashima) <i id="mwgA">Ee</i> (kundin Morphine)na shekara ta 1995 <i id="mwgw">Ee</i> (album ɗin Pet Shop Boys)na shekara ta 2009 Na'am!, kundin gargajiya na Julie Fuchs na shekara ta 2015 Ee LA,na shekara ta 1979 punk rock compilation EP <i id="mwjA">Na'am.</i> (EP) na shekara ta 2021 EP ta Golden Child Wakoki "Ee" (Fat Joe, Cardi B da waƙar Anuel AA) na shekara ta 2019 "Ee" (waƙar Ben &amp; Tan) na shekara ta 2020 "Iya!" (Wakar Chad Brock) na shekara ta 2000 "Ee" (waƙar Coldplay) na shekara ta 2008 "Ee" (waƙar LMFAO) na shekara ta 2009 "Ee" (waƙar McAlmont &amp; Butler), na shekara ta 1995 "Ee" (waƙar Sam Feldt),na shekara ta 2017 "Iya!" da Amber, 2002ma shekara ta "Ee", daga Beyonce, daga Mai Haɗari cikin Soyayya, na shekara ta 2003 "Ee", na Billy Swan, na shekara ta 1983 "Ee", ta Black Sheep (rukuni), na shekara ta 1991 "Ee", na Connie Cato, na shekara ta 1975 "Ee", na Demi Lovato, daga Amintacce, na shekara ta 2015 "Iya", ta The Family, na shekara ta 1985 "Ee", ta Grapefruit,na shekara ta 1968 "Ee", na Jay &amp; Amurkawa, 1962 "Ee", na Johnny Sandon da The Remo Four, 1963 "Ee", ta Karl Wolf feat. Super Sako, Deena, Fito Blanko,na shekara ta 2019 "Ee!", Na Kyle (mawaƙa),na shekara ta 2020 "YES", na Louisa Johnson feat. 2 Chainz na shekara ta 2018 "Ee", ta Manic Street Wa'azi, daga Littafi Mai -Tsarki,na shekara ta 1994 "Ee", ta Merry Clayton,na shekara ta 1987 (daga sautin fim ɗin Dirty Dancing) "Ee", ta Pet Shop Boys, na shekara ta 2009 "Ee", na Tim Moore,na shekara ta 1985 "Ee", daga Maurice Yvain na kiɗan 1928, <i id="mwxQ">Ee</i> Duba kuma All pages with titles beginning with Ee Yesss (rashin

8921

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Kabir

Abu Kabir

Abu Kabir (da Larabci wani kauye ne dake kewayen garin Jaffa wanda wasu yan kasar Misira suka samar da ita, sakamakon cin galabar da Ibrahim Pasha yasamu akan mayakan kasar Turkiya na Daular Usmaniya a waccan lokacin a yankin Falasdinu. Yayin yakin Falasdinu na shekarata 1948, an bar garin da kuma lalata ta, to amma bayan kafa Kasar Israila a shekarar 1948, sai bangaren garin yazama daga cikin kudancin sabon garin Tel Abib. Wanda akayi wa suna da Giv'at Herzl (da harshen Hebrew kuma ma'anarsa shine Tsaunin Herzl), sunan garin dake fuskantar yahudawa, sunan Abu Kabir an cigaba da amfani dashi, wanda bangaren garin Abu Kabir koma duka garin ansauya masa suna zuwa Tabitha daga Tel Aviv municipality a shekarar 2011. Tarihi Mulkin Misirawa Sojojin Misira na Shugaba Ibrahim Pasha sun kwace birnin Jaffa da kewayenta bayan wani gwabza yaki da sukayi da mayakan Daular Usmaniyya a 1832. Hakane yasa mulkin birnin karkashin Misirawan yacigaba har zuwa Shekarar 1840, musulman kasar misira sun zauna a ciki da wajen garin Jaffa, inda suka kafa kauyen Sakhanat Abu Kabir, da Sakhanat al-Muzariyya, da sauransu. wani gari dake gabashin Jaffa, yawancin mutanen misira dake zaune aciki sun zo ne daga Tall al Kabir (ko Tel Abu Kabir), sai suka sama wurin sunan mazauninsu. Lokacin Usmaniya Jerin sunayen kauyukan Daular Usmaniyya da akasamu a 1870 yanuna Saknet Abu Kebir a matsayin wani "Sansanin Beduin", dake da gidaje 136 da yawan al'ummah 440, saidai yawan mutanen maza kawai aka irga. A wani binciken na Yammacin Falasdinu (1881), an rawaito sunan da Sâknet Abu Kebîr wato fassara ta, "Mazaunan Abu Kebir p.n.; (great father)." Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, the French archaeologist, ya ziyarci garin a 1873-1874, yana neman inda tsohuwar makabartar yahudawa take a Joppa (Jaffa). Ya bayyana "Saknet Abu K'bir" a matsayin hamlet, kuma yadanganta tafiya a cikin "extensive gardens that close in Jaffa on every side" to reach it. ya fahimci cewar yayin Lokacin ruwan bazara, lanbunan dake tsakanin Jaffa da Saknet Abu Kabir na zama wani karamin tabki da ake kira al-Bassa daga mazauna garin, tareda sanin cewa wannan sunan yan Syria na amfani dashi ga tabkunan dake ciki duk season, da tunin sunan bissah dake Hebrew Bible shima na nufin pond ne, inda yanuna cewar kaman can Kalmar Larabci data Hebrew ya nuna cewa kalmar zai yiwu yarukan arosa sukayi daga wani harshen daya gabace su. Karkashin wani kasida mai suna The Jewish necropolis of Joppa, Clermont-Ganneau yasanar da cewa bayan bincike dayayi da mazaunan fellahin (peasants) a Abu Kabir, an jagorance shi "tafiya kankanuwa" daga hamlet, "dake tsakiyar wasu poorly tilled gardens," inda yankauyen ke fashin duwatsun gini. Laid bare by their activities were, "sepulchral chambers hollowed out in the calcareous tufa." Yace makabartu irin wadannan ansame su a garuruwan dake tsakanin Abu Kabir har zuwa Mikveh Israel da makabartar katolika. Wasu fellahin sun gaya masa of finds a tsakanin Saknet Abu Kabir da Saknet al-'Abid, kuma wasu sun gaya masa artifacts da suka samu daga nan. Daya daga cikin artifact ankawo masa yasiya: karamin marble titulus with a four-line Greek inscription and a seven-branched candlestick (or menorah). Clermont-Ganneau identified this as Helleno-Jewish funeral epigraphy, ascribing it to Hezekiah, and writes that it, "settled once and for all the nature of the burial ground I had just discovered." A wani wasika da Palestine Exploration Fund suka wallafa, he expressed his hope to return noting, "We must at least find two or three more inscriptions of the same kind coming from the same neighbourhood." tareda nuna kaburburan a wani kewaye, "Ardh (ko Jebel) Dhabitha," yake nunin, "the great gardens outside Jaffa, bounded by a little hamlet called Abou K'bir* (Abu Kebir), and by the well of Aboa Nabbout (Abu Nabbut)." Yahudawa necropolis was looted mainly during the late 19th da farkon Karni na 20th. Dating the site is a challenge due to the lack of objects found in situ, but estimates are that the tombs were used between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD. Yawancin necropolis na nanne yanzu a Russian Orthodox Saint Peter's Church compound. According to Mark LeVine, the Biluim pioneers set up a commune among the orange and lemon groves of the Abu Kabir neighborhood between 1882 and 1884. The house used by the commune members is now located in the Neve Ofer neighborhood of Tel Aviv. Lokacin Biritaniya Mandate A 1921 yayin Rikicin Jaffa, fadan yakai har Abu Kabir. Gidan Yitzker na yahudawa sun mallaki dairy farm a wajen garin neighborhood, wanda suke bayarda bayan Dakuna, a Lokacin rikicin, Yosef Haim Brenner, daya daga cikin pioneers of modern Hebrew literature yana zaune anan. A watan Mayu 2, 1921, dukda gargadi Yitzker da Brenner sunki subar gonan haka yasa aka kashe su, tareda dan Yitzker's teenaged son, his son-in-law da wasu masu haya biyu. Kamar yadda Jaffa ta fadada a 1920s da 1930s, Abu Kabir was incorporated within the municipal boundaries of Jaffa but retained much of its agricultural character. It consisted of a main built-up part bordering the Jewish sector of Jaffa from the south, and several small concentrations of houses within the surrounding citrus groves. Anfara yaki a gabar dake tsakanin Jaffa da Tel Aviv, Shugabannin Tel Aviv sun nemi hadin kan garuruwan yahudawa dake Jaffa dan komawa Tel Aviv. Sun shirya cewar dukkanin Manshiyya, tareda Hassan Bey Mosque, da mafi yawan Abu Kabir neighborhood, be transferred to the borders of the new Jewish city and state." A watan Augusta 23, 1944, British Criminal Investigation Department (CID) barracks dake Jaffa, da police stations dake Abu Kabir da Neve Shaanan yan Irgun sunfar masu domin sace makamai Yakin 1947 zuwa 1948 A 1947, Abu Kabir na nan ne a mashigar Tel Aviv akan babbar hanyar zuwa Jerusalem. A 30 November 1947, rana daya bayan zaben UN akan Partition Plan, wani balarabe maraji a Abu Kabir akai wa wata motar fasanja tareda yahudawa aciki farmaki, inda yakashe duka mutum ukun dake ciki. Yahudawa sun rama da kaddara da hari. A 2 December the Haganah's Kiryati Brigade sun tarwatsa wani gidan Larabawa a Abu Kabir, and the IZL torched several buildings four days later, killing at least two persons. During Operation Lamed Hey (Hebrew for "35"), named for the 35 casualties of an attack on the Convoy of 35, Abu Kabir was raided to "cleanse it of the forces acting there." A daren 12–13 February 1948, the Haganah struck simultaneously at Abu Kabir, Jibalia, Tel a-Rish and the village of Yazur. At Abu Kabir, 13 Arabs were killed, including the Mukhtar, and 22 injured. Kamar yadda "Palestine Post" suka ce, A 16 February 1948 The Haganah repulsed an Arab attack on Tel Aviv from Abu Kabir. A second major attack on Abu Kabir was launched on 13 March, the objective of which was, "the destruction of the Abu Kabir neighborhood". By this time the neighborhood was mostly abandoned by its inhabitants and was guarded by a few dozen militiamen. Sappers blew up a number of houses and this was the first attack in which Yishuv-produced Davidka mortars were used to shell the neighborhood. Inaccurate and very loud, the mortars had a demoralizing effect claimed to have reached "as far as Gaza". Wata daya bayan kwato Abu Kabir, David Ben-Gurion yasamar da Israeli Provisional Government that Jaffa's Arab population should not be allowd to return: "If there will be [an] Abu Kebir again this would be impossible. The world needs to understand we are 700,000 against 27 million, one against forty It won't be acceptable to us for Abu Kebir to be Arab again." Walid Khalidi ya rubuta cewar Haganah zasu kammala rushe Abu Kabir kafin March 31. On April 19, 1948, The Palestine Post reported that "In the Abu Kebir area, the Haganah dispersed Arabs who tried to erect an emplacement facing the Aka factory in Givat Herzl. Two Arabs were shot as they approached the Maccabi Quarter." Garin Kasar Israel After 1948, Abu Kabir was renamed Giv'at Herzl, although the Arabic name, Abu Kabir, is still used by the now largely Hebrew speaking population. The Tel Aviv Municipality offered Prof. Heinrich Mendelssohn, Director of the Biological-Pedagogical Institute, the option of moving the Institute to Abu Kabir, and it was moved into a structure originally planned as a hospital. Haim Levanon, Deputy Mayor of Tel Aviv in the early 1950s and mayor from 1953–59 energetically campaigned for the founding of a university in Tel Aviv. The idea was realized on August 16, 1953, when the Municipal Council of Tel Aviv-Yafo decided to transform the Biological-Pedagogical Institute into the Academic Institute of Natural Sciences, under the leadership of Prof. Mendelssohn, which would "form the core of a future university." The Abu Kabir campus in southern Tel Aviv had 24 students in its first year. In 1954, the Academic Institute of Jewish Studies was established in Abu Kabir. A university library was also founded, new study tracks were opened, a teaching staff was formed, laboratories and classrooms were built, and an administration established for the campus. The L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, locally known as the Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, was established that year. In 1956, the Academic Institutes were officially upgraded into the new "University of Tel Aviv". The Zoological Gardens became part of the University. The Zoological and Botanical Gardens were moved to the Ramat Aviv campus in 1981. The Nature Gardens still host the original facilities. The gardens at Abu Kabir are recommended in an Israeli guide to Tel Aviv as a destination for nature lovers. In the tour book Israel and the Palestinian territories (1998), "the former village of Abu Kabir" is described as being located in a green space to the east of Jaffa. Salvage excavations were undertaken by Israeli archaeologists in the burial complex at "Saknat Abu Kabir" in 1991. The Tel Aviv Detention Center, known as the Abu Kabir Prison is also in the area. Israeli media reported in January 2011 that the part or all of the area in south Tel Aviv known as Abu Kabir, the hill or neighborhood, was given a new name, Tabitha, by the Tel Aviv municipality's naming committee.

2385

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirin%20Gaza

Zirin Gaza

Zirin Gaza kamar yadda sunansa ya nuna, wani ɗan zirin yanki ne da ke gaɓar tekun mediteranian, wanda yake a ƙarƙashin mulkin ‘yan Hamas. Garin ya yi iyaka da ƙasar Misra daga kudu maso yamma da kuma ƙasar Isra'ila ta ɓangaren Arewa da gabas. Gaba ɗaya tsawon garin bai wuce mil 25 ba, faɗinsa kuwa bai wuce mil 4-8 ba. Hukumar Falasɗinawa suna ikirarin mallakar wanannan ziri a matsayin wani ɓangare na Falasdinu. An kafa yankin Zirin Gaza ne a shekarar 1948, lokacin da Majalisar dinkin Duniya ta raba ƙasar Falasdinu gida biyu ta baiwa Yahudawa rabi. To mutanen da suke a ɓangaren da aka baiwa Isra'ila sune aka kwashe su aka kai su yankin da yanzu ake kira gaza a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira. To tun daga wannan lokaci ne fa yankin zirin gaza ya tsinci kansa a wani hali na tsaka mai wuya. Kasancewar ƙasar Isra'ila wadda ta mulki wannan guri tun daga shekarun 1967-2005, ita ce har yanzu take da ikon tafiyar da harkokin sararin samaniyar zirin gaza da iyakar garin daga ɓangaren ruwa, da harkokin sufurin ruwa da kuma iyakar dake tsakanin imperial ɗin da Gaza. Wannan iko da Izra'ila take da shi, wanda kuma Hamas take adawa da shi, shi ne ya baiwa Izra'ila damar nuna isa akan dukkan abubuwan shige-da fice a wannan yanki na Gaza, wanda ya haɗa da abinci. A duk lokacin da abinci ya yi ƙaranci to fa al'ummar Zirin Gaza ba su da wata dama illa ta dogaro da samun abinci ta hanyar Cibiyoyin agajin abinci na duniya dake aiki a wannan yanki. Tun lokacin da aka kafa yankin Zirin na Gaza ya kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙasar Misra, tun daga 1948-1967, kafin yaƙin 1967 wanda aka yi tsakanin Isra'ira da Larabawa inda Isra'ila ta mamaye Zirin Gaza. kuma a yau ita misiran ce take da ikon tafiyar da harkokin kan iyakarta da zirin gaza. Yankin na Zirin Gaza dai ya samo sunan sa ne daga garin Gaza, wanda shi ne babban birni a wannan yanki. Zirin Gaza na da yawan al'umma da suka kai kimanin miliyan ɗaya da rabi. Hukumar Falasdinawa ta samu ikon karɓar harkokin mulki a shekara ta 1994 a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Birnin Osolo, wadda ta sa Isra'ila ta janye daga mulkin Zirin Gaza a 1994. To sai dai wannan yarjejeniya ta Osolo ta baiwa Isra'ila ikon ci-gaba da mallakar harkokin sararin samaniyar Gaza da ruwayen yankin da kuma harkokin ruwan, da harkokin rijistar ƙidaya da shige da ficen baƙi da shigar da kayayyaki da kuma fitar da su, sannan da harkokin kuɗin shiga. A shekara ta 2006 aka gudanar da zaɓe a Falasdinu inda Hamas ta lashe wannan zaɓe da babban rinjaye, ta kayar da jam'iyyar Fatah da sauran tsirarun jam'iyyu, wanda hakan ya baiwa Isma'il Haniya damar zama zaɓaɓɓen Firaministan Falasdinu. To sai dai Izra'ila da Amurka ba su amince da wannan zaɓe da Falasɗinawa suka yiba, kasancewar su a wajensu Hamas ƙungiya ce ta ‘yan tarzoma. Wanda sakamakon haka yasa ƙasar Isra'ila da Amirka da Kanada da Tarayyar Turai suka dakatar da dukkan kuɗaɗen hukumar Falasɗinu. Inda rashin daidaituwar gwamnati da rashin kuɗi da kuma yunwa da ƙishirwa ta sa dole wasu daga cikin al'ummar Falasɗinu su kai hijira. Rikici ya ɓalle tsakanin Hamas da Fatah saboda halin da aka shiga na kiki-kaka, wanda hakan ya sa sai da ƙasar Saudiyya ta shiga tsakani, inda ta samar da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a tsakaninsu tare da kafa gwamnatin haɗin-gwiwa. Wannan yarjejeniya ce ta sa Isma'il Haniya ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa na zaɓaɓɓen firaministan Falasdinu a dimokuraɗiyyance, zuwa firaministan riƙon ƙwarya na gwamnatin haɗingwiwa. An kuma rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban sabuwar gwamnati a ranar 18, ga Maris, 2007. A ranan 14 ga Juni, 2007 shugaban Falsɗinawa Mahmoud Abbas ya kori Isma'il Haniya ya naɗa Salam Fayyad a matsayin Firaministan gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa, canjin da majalisar dokokin Falasɗinawa ta ce bata yarda da shi ba domin ya saɓa doka. Shugaban ƙasa na da ikon sauke firaminista amma ba shi da ikon naɗa wani sai da izinin majalisa. Wannan dalili ne ya sa Haniya ya koma Gaza ya ci-gaba da zama mai mulkin zirin-gaza. Tun daga lokacin da Hamas ta karɓe mulkin Gaza kawo yau, wannan yanki na gaza yake cikin talala. Dukkan hanyoyin shiga gaza guda 5 da sukai iyaka da Izra'ila, Isra'ilan ta toshe su. Sai dai kawai idan taimakon gaggawa ko na agaji ya taso. Halin da ya sa al'ummar Falasɗinawa cikin halin ƙaƙanikayi. Isra'ila dai tana iƙirarin cewa duk tana yin wannan ne, saboda Hamas ta ƙi yarda ta amince da ita a matsayin halattacciyar ƙasa, kuma Hamas ɗin tana harba rokoki a cikin ƙasar Isra'ilan. Isra'ilan ta ce matuƙar Hamas ta yarda da halaccin kafuwarta ta kuma daina harba mata rokoki, to za ta buɗe iyakokin Gaza ta kuma daina kai hare-haren da take kaiwa Falasɗinawa a Zirin Gaza. Ita kuma Hamas tana iƙirarin cewa ba za ta amince da Isra'ila a matsayin Halattacciyar ƙasa ba, ba kuma za ta daina harba rokoki cikinta ba, har sai ta sakarwa Falasɗinawa mara, kuma sai ta janye daga inda ta mamaye zuwa inda yarjejeniyar 4 ga Yuni, 1967 ta amincewa Isra'ila, sannan kuma ta sakar musu harkokin shige-da fice da tattalin arziki ta kuma basu dama su gina filayen jiragen sama da na ruwa dadai sauransu. Su rayu cikin aminci kamar sauran al'ummar duniya. Tarihi Gaza na cikin daular Usmaniyya kafin Ingila ta mamaye ta (1918 1948), Masar (1948 1967), sannan Isra’ila, wacce a shekarar 1993 ta baiwa hukumar Falasdinawa a Gaza ta takaita mulkin kai ta hanyar yarjejeniyar Oslo. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, yankin Gaza ke karkashin ikon Hamas, wanda ke ikirarin wakiltar kasar Falasdinu da al'ummar Palasdinu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa, da kuma mafi yawan gwamnatoci da masu sharhi kan harkokin shari'a har yanzu suna la'akari da yankin da Isra'ila ta mamaye duk da janyewar Isra'ila daga Gaza a shekara ta 2005. Isra'ila na kula da harkokin waje kai tsaye kan Gaza da kuma iko a kai tsaye kan rayuwa a cikin Gaza: Isra'ila ce ke iko da sararin samaniyar Gaza da ta ruwa da kuma shida daga cikin mashigin kasa bakwai na Gaza. Isra'ila tana da 'yancin shiga Gaza bisa ga so tare da sojojinta kuma tana da yankin da ba za a iya shiga ba a cikin yankin Gaza. Gaza ta dogara ga Isra'ila don samar da ruwa, wutar lantarki, sadarwa, da sauran abubuwan amfani An kafa iyakokin yankin arewaci da gabas na zirin Gaza a lokacin da aka dakatar da yaki a yakin 1948, wanda yarjejeniyar Isra'ila da Masar ta tabbatar a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 1949. Mataki na V na Yarjejeniyar ya bayyana cewa layin da ba zai zama iyakar kasa da kasa ba. Da farko Gwamnatin Falasdinu ce ke gudanar da Zirin Gaza a hukumance, wadda kungiyar hadin kan Larabawa ta kafa a watan Satumban 1948. Ana gudanar da dukkan Falasdinu a zirin Gaza a karkashin ikon soja na Masar, tana aiki a matsayin wata kasa, har sai da ta hade a hukumance zuwa Jamhuriyyar Larabawa kuma ta wargaje a shekara ta 1959. Daga lokacin rugujewar gwamnatin Falasdinu har zuwa shekarar 1967, wani gwamnan sojan Masar ne ke gudanar da yankin Gaza kai tsaye. sra'ila ta kwace Zirin Gaza daga Masar a yakin kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967. Bisa yarjejeniyar Oslo da aka rattabawa hannu a shekarar 1993, hukumar Palasdinawa ta zama hukumar gudanarwa da ke tafiyar da cibiyoyin al'ummar Falasdinu yayin da Isra'ila ke kula da sararin samaniya, yankunan ruwa da mashigar kan iyaka ban da kan iyakar kasa da Masar da ke karkashin ikon Masar. A shekara ta 2005, Isra'ila ta janye daga zirin Gaza a karkashin shirinta na kawar da kai. 1948 All-Palestine gwamnatin A ranar 22 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1948, zuwa karshen yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, kungiyar hadin kan Larabawa ta ayyana gwamnatin Falasdinu baki daya a birnin Gaza da Masar ta mamaye. An ƙirƙiri wani ɓangare a matsayin yunƙurin Ƙungiyar Larabawa don iyakance tasirin Transjordan a Falasdinu. Cikin sauri shida daga cikin bakwai membobi na kungiyar Larabawa: Masar, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, da Yemen sun amince da Gwamnatin Gaba ɗaya, amma ba ta Transjordan ba. Babu wata kasa da ta amince da ita a wajen kungiyar kasashen Larabawa. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1948, zuwa karshen yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, kungiyar hadin kan Larabawa ta ayyana gwamnatin Falasdinu baki daya a birnin Gaza da Masar ta mamaye. An ƙirƙiri wani ɓangare a matsayin yunƙurin Ƙungiyar Larabawa don iyakance tasirin Transjordan a Falasdinu. Cikin sauri shida daga cikin bakwai membobi na kungiyar Larabawa: Masar, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, da Yemen sun amince da Gwamnatin Gaba ɗaya, amma ba ta Transjordan ba. Babu wata kasa da ta amince da ita a wajen kungiyar kasashen Larabawa. An bai wa Falasdinawa da ke zaune a zirin Gaza ko Masar fasfo din Falasdinu baki daya. Masar ba ta ba su takardar zama dan kasa ba. Daga karshen 1949, sun sami taimako kai tsaye daga UNRWA A lokacin rikicin Suez (1956), sojojin Isra'ila sun mamaye yankin Zirin Gaza da yankin Sinai, wadanda suka janye sakamakon matsin lambar kasa da kasa. An zargi gwamnatin Falasdinu da zama wani abin rufe fuska ga Masarautar Masar, tare da tallafi ko tasiri mai zaman kanta. Daga baya ta koma Alkahira kuma ta rushe a cikin 1959 bisa umarnin shugaban Masar Gamal Abdul Nasser 1959-1967 Masarautar Masar Bayan rugujewar gwamnatin Falasdinu a shekara ta 1959, a karkashin uzurin kasashen Larabawa, Masar ta ci gaba da mamaye zirin Gaza har zuwa shekara ta 1967. Masar ba ta taba mamaye zirin Gaza ba, a maimakon haka ta dauke shi a matsayin yanki mai iko da kuma gudanar da shi ta hannun gwamnan soja. Fiye da 'yan gudun hijira sama da 200,000 daga tsohuwar Falasdinawa ta tilas, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na waɗanda suka yi gudun hijira ko aka kore su daga gidajensu a lokacin, kuma bayan yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948 zuwa Gaza ya haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin matsayin rayuwa. Saboda gwamnatin Masar ta hana zirga-zirga zuwa ko daga Zirin Gaza, mazaunanta ba za su iya neman wani wuri don samun aikin yi ba. mamayar Isra'ila 1967

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviana%20Gorbato

Viviana Gorbato

Viviana Gorbato (26 Oktoba 1950-10 Mayu 2005) yar jarida ce,marubuci,kuma farfesa na jami'a. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Viviana Gorbato a Buenos Aires ga dangin Yahudawa masu matsakaicin matsakaici. Lokacin da take matashiya ta kirkiro wata mujalla tare da abokanta daga makarantar sakandare,ta kafa kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo,kuma ta lashe gasar adabi na littafin labaran da ba a buga ba. Ta sauke karatu a matsayin farfesa a fannin adabi a Faculty of Philosophy and Letters na Jami'ar Buenos Aires (UBA). Ta samu takardar shedar ilimi a Jami'ar London.A cikin shekarunta na farko ta yi aiki a matsayin marubucin talla. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malamin adabi har zuwa 1984. Lokacin da dan jarida Jacobo Timerman (1923-1999) ya karbi ragamar jagorancin jaridar La Razón, ta rubuta tambayarsa ya ba ta damar yin aiki tare da shi a cikin matsakaicinsa. Timerman ya dauke ta Bayan haka,ta yi aiki a matsayin edita a jaridar mako-mako El Periodista de Buenos Aires,kuma ta buga bayanin kula da gudummawar a cikin jaridu Clarín da Página 12. Ita ce darektan kirkire-kirkire na hukumar Johnson,Benton Bowles. Ta koyar da hanyoyin binciken aikin jarida a Jami'ar Belgrano da UBA. Don rubuta La Argentina embrujada ...el supermercadismo espiritual de los ricos y famosos (1996) ta kutsa cikin makarantar darikar Yoga da ke Buenos Aires a karkashin sunan rubuta littafi don goyon bayan shugabanta,Juan Percowich. Littafin ya yi magana game da masu tunani da gurus da tasirinsu a kan 'yan siyasa da mashahuran mutane.Wani alkali ya dakatar da shi na wani dan lokaci bisa bukatar umarnin mace na makarantar yoga wanda ya bayyana tsirara a cikin hoto tare da wata mace. Lokacin da aka fara sayar da littafin a duk faɗin Argentina, alkali na Buenos Aires Luis Alberto Dupou ya hana gidan buga littattafai na Atlántida rarraba shi.Kwanaki bayan haka,Gorbato ya bayyana a cikin shirin Almorzando con Mirtha Legrand,inda ta fallasa matsalar masu lalata a Argentina.Sakamakon wadannan kalamai,daga baya ta yi muhawara da 'yar jarida kuma sabuwar marubuci mabiyin Sai Baba. A cikin Fruta prohibitida (2000) ta bincika da'irar saduwa da luwadi,kuma ta sami yabo da suka;akwai wadanda suka tambayi littafin,inda suka kwatanta shi da "tafiya ta gidan zoo". Gorbato farfesa ne a Kimiyyar Sadarwa a Jami'ar Buenos Aires.Ta jagoranci wani bincike kan tasirin kafofin watsa labarai kan samar da samfuran koyo a cikin yara. Tare da haɗin gwiwa daga Gidauniyar Chagas, ta yi bincike game da jima'i da iko a Argentina. Ta kasance farfesa a kan batun Hanyoyin Hanya da Dabarun Bincike na Jarida a Jami'ar Belgrano. Tun daga 2004,Gorbato ya dauki nauyin shirin Generaciones en conflicto a gidan rediyon Cooperativa a Buenos Aires,tare da 'yan jarida Bruno Gerondi da Gabriel Zicolillo.Tana shirya wani "tarihin rayuwar shugaba Néstor Kirchner mara izini. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2005 ta sami "mummunan rashi" a cikin ɗakinta a cikin Buenos Aires. Ma’aikatan ta yi mata jinya (GUDA),amma ya mutu bayan 9:00 na safe. A wannan rana,wata jarida ta yi iƙirarin cewa "ta jima tana fama da rashin lafiya".A cikin 2011,marubuci kuma masanin ilimin zamantakewa Juan José Sebreli ya tabbatar a cikin tarihinsa cewa Viviana Gorbato ya kashe kansa. An binne ta a Cementerio Jardín de Paz a Pilar,Buenos Aires. Littattafai in collaboration with Susana Finkel with prologue by Haifaffun

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20magada

Haƙƙin magada

Odar magada ko hakkin magaji sh ine layin mutanen da suke da hakkin su rike wani babban mukami idan ya sauka kamar shugaban kasa ko girma kamar muƙami Ana iya tsara wannan jeri ta hanyar zuriya ko ta ƙa'ida. Tsarin gwamnati na gado ya bambanta da gwamnatin da aka zaɓa Tsarin da aka kafa na magaji shine hanyar da aka saba kaiwa ga mukamai na gado, kuma yana ba da cigaba nan da nan bayan guraben da ba za a yi tsammani ba a lokuta da aka zaɓi masu rike da mukamai ta hanyar zaɓe ofishin ba dole ba ne ya kasance a sarari har sai an zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi. A wasu lokuta magajin ya dauki cikakken aikin wanda ya gabata, kamar yadda yake a cikin shugabancin kasashe da yawa; a wasu lokuta da ba na gado ba babu cikakken gado, amma mai rikon da aka zaɓa ta hanyar ma'auni na gado yana ɗaukar wasu ko duk wani nauyi, to amman ba ofishi na yau da kullum kullun ba, na matsayin. Misali, lokacin da mukamin shugaban kasar Indiya ya zama babu kowa, mataimakin shugaban kasar Indiya yana gudanar da muhimman ayyuka na shugaban kasa har sai an zabi wanda zai gaje shi; Sabanin haka, lokacin da mukamin shugaban ƙasar Philippines ba shi da kowa, mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Philippines gaba daya ya karbi shugabancin da kansa na sauran wa'adin. Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da tsarin gado ko na wata ka'ida na buƙatar tsarin maye idan ana son a guje wa gwagwarmayar wutar lantarki ta hanyar rashin wutar lantarki Bayanin A lokuta da dama ba a raba gadon gadon gado, ofis ko makamancin haka, watau wanda ya gabata ya daina rike wannan mukami da dai sauransu, mutum daya ne ya gada. Mukamai da ofisoshi da yawa ba na gado ba ne (kamar ofisoshin mulkin dimokuradiyya) kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi daban-daban na gado. Layin gado yana iya iyakance ga magada na jiki, ko kuma yana iya wucewa zuwa layukan lamuni, idan babu magada na jiki, ya danganta da ƙa'idodin gada. Ana kuma amfani da waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin dokar gadon a Ingilishi. Dokokin na iya yin ƙayyadaddun cewa magada masu cancanta su ne magada maza ko magada gabaɗaya duba ƙarin primogeniture (agnatic, cognatic, da kuma dai-dai). Wasu nau'ikan kadarorin suna wucewa zuwa zuriya ko dangi na ainihin majiɓinci, mai karɓa ko wanda aka bayar bisa ƙayyadadden tsari na dangi Bayan mutuwar wanda aka bayar, gadon da aka keɓance kamar ɗan'uwa, ko masarauta, ya wuce kai tsaye zuwa ga waccan mai rai, halal, dangi mara riko na wanda aka ba da wanda ya fi girma a zuriya (watau mafi girma a cikin layin magaji, ba tare da la'akari da shi ba. shekaru); sannan kuma a ci gaba da mika wa magada na gaba na wanda aka bayar, bisa ga ka’idoji guda, bayan mutuwar kowane magaji na gaba. Duk mutumin da ya ci gado bisa ga waɗannan ka'idoji ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin magaji a dokar wanda aka ba shi kuma gadon ba zai iya kaiwa ga wanda ba na halitta ba, halayya ko dangi na wanda aka ba shi. ’Yan’uwan juna, waɗanda suka yi tarayya da wasu ko duka zuriyar wanda aka ba da kyauta, amma ba su kai tsaye daga wanda aka ba su ba, za su iya gado idan babu wata iyaka ga “magada na jiki”. Akwai wasu nau'o'in ka'idojin gado idan za a iya raba gadon: masu rabon gado da gadon rabo Sarauta da masu martaba A cikin masarautu na gado tsarin gado yana ƙayyade wanda zai zama sabon sarki lokacin da mai mulki ya mutu ko kuma ya bar gadon sarauta. Irin waɗannan umarni na gado, waɗanda suka samo asali daga ƙa'idodin da doka ko al'ada suka kafa, yawanci suna ƙayyadaddun tsari na girma, wanda aka yi amfani da su don nuna ko wane dangin sarki da ya gabata, ko wani mutum, wanda ya fi ƙarfin da'awar ya hau kan karagar mulki lokacin da mukami ya zo masa. Sau da yawa, layin magaji yana iyakance ga mutane na jini na sarauta (amma duba auren morganatic wato, ga waɗanda aka amince da su bisa doka a matsayin waɗanda aka haifa a cikin ko Kuma a zuriyarsu daga daular mulki ko kuma wani sarki da ya gabata. Mutanen da za su ci sarautar ana kiransu da suna daular Kundin tsarin mulki, dokoki, dokokin gida, da ƙa'idodi na iya tsara tsari da cancantar waɗanda za su gaje gadon sarauta. A tarihance za'aga, wani lokaci ana maye gurbin tsarin gado ko kuma an ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar nadin wani zaɓaɓɓen magaji a matsayin babban masarautu a lokacin rayuwar sarki. Misalai sune Henry the Young King da kuma magadan zaɓaɓɓun masarautu, kamar amfani da taken Sarkin Romawa ga sarakunan Habsburg A cikin tsarin zaɓi na ɗan takara na tanistry, an zaɓi magaji ko tanist daga ƙwararrun maza na dangin sarauta. Masarautu daban-daban suna amfani da ka'idoji daban-daban don tantance layin gado. Sarakunan gado sun yi amfani da hanyoyi da dabaru iri-iri don samun tsari na gado tsakanin masu neman takara da suka shafi jini ko aure. Fa'idar yin amfani da irin waɗannan ka'idoji shine cewa daular za su iya, tun daga farkon matasa, su sami adon ado, ilimi, kariya, albarkatu da masu riƙewa da suka dace da martaba da nauyin da kuma ke cikin gaba da ke da alaƙa da rawanin wata ƙasa ko al'umma. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsare kuma na iya haɓaka kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa ta hanyar kafa fayyace, tsammanin jama'a game da jerin masu mulki, mai yuwuwar rage gasa da shigar da ƴan makaranta cikin wasu ayyuka ko hidindimu. Wasu masarautu na gado sun sami tsarin zaɓi na musamman, musamman bayan hawan sabuwar daular. Daular Faransa ta kafa mazaje na farko a cikin zuriyar Napoleon I, to amma gazawar batun maza tsarin mulki ya baiwa sarakuna damar zabar wanda zai bi su a kan karagar mulki. An sanya Masarautar Italiya a matsayin mai ba da izini ga ɗan Napoleon I Bonaparte na biyu mai rai amma, rashin haka, an tanada wa ɗan sarki Eugène de Beauharnais, don yin nasara, kodayake ƙarshen ba shi da alaƙar jini da gidan Bonaparte Sarautar Serbia ta gado ce ta asali ga zuriyar maza a cikin zuriyar Yarima Alexander I, amma bayan ƙarewar wannan layin, sarki mai mulki zai iya zaɓar kowane daga cikin danginsa maza na Gidan Karađorđević A Romania, a daya hannun, a kan bacewar layin maza ya fito daga Carol I na Romania, tsarin mulki ya nuna cewa layin namiji na ɗan'uwansa, Leopold, Yariman Hohenzollern, zai gaji kursiyin kuma, rashin nasarar sauran batutuwan layin maza. Wannan dangin, sarkin daular Romania ne za a zaɓe yarima na daular “Yammacin Turai”. Akasin haka, tsofaffin masarautun Turai sun kasance sun dogara da ka'idojin maye gurbin da kawai ake kira ga karagar zuriyar sarakunan da suka gabata bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka samo asali daga ɗaya ko wani tsarin dokoki ko al'adu su. Gado na tsaye A cikin gadon, an ƙayyade magada ta atomatik ta wasu ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodin da aka riga aka ayyana. Ana iya ƙara rarraba shi zuwa hanyoyi a kwance da kuma a tsaye, tsoffin ƴan'uwan da ke son juna, yayin da a tsaye ke fifita 'ya'ya da jikoki na mai riƙe. Farko A cikin primogeniture (ko fiye da ainihin mazaje na farko), babban ɗan sarki da zuriyarsa suna kan gaba a kan ƴan uwansa da zuriyarsu. Manyan 'ya'ya maza suna kan gaba a kan 'ya'ya maza, amma dukan 'ya'ya maza sun fi 'ya'ya mata. Yara suna wakiltar kakanninsu da suka rasu, kuma manyan zuriyar su koyaushe suna kan gaba a kan ƙaramin layi, a cikin kowane jinsi. Haƙƙin magaji na babban ɗan sarki ne (duba magaji kuma kusa da babban ɗan babban ɗa. Wannan shine tsarin a Spain da Monaco, kuma shine tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙasashen Commonwealth ga waɗanda aka haifa kafin shekarata 2011. Fiefs ko lakabin da aka ba da "a cikin jetsiya gabaɗaya" ko kuma ga "magada gabaɗaya" suna bin wannan tsarin don 'ya'ya maza, amma ana ɗaukar 'ya'ya mata daidai da magada juna, aƙalla a cikin aikin Burtaniya na baya-bayan nan. Wannan na iya haifar da yanayin da aka sani da abeyance To A cikin tsakiyar zamanai, ainihin aiki ya kuma bambanta da al'adar gida. Yayin da mata za su iya gadon mazaje, mazajensu jure uxoris ko 'ya'yansu jure matris ne ke amfani da iko. Cikakken cognatic primogeniture Cikakken primogeniture wata doka ce wadda babban ɗan sarki zai gaji gadon sarauta, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba, kuma mata (da zuriyarsu) suna da haƙƙin maye kamar na maza. Wannan shine tsarin a halin yanzu a Sweden tun a shekarata 1980 Netherlands tun a shekarata 1983 Norway tun a shekarata 1990 Belgium tun Shekarar 1991 Denmark tun 2009 Luxembourg tun shekarata 2011 da kuma a cikin Ƙasar Ingila da Ƙasar Commonwealth tun shekarata 2013 Agnatic-cognatic maye Magajin Agnatic-Cognatic (ko Semi-Salic), wanda ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin Turai tun zamanin da, shine ƙuntatawa ga waɗanda suka fito daga ko kuma suna da alaƙa da wani sarki na baya ko na yanzu kawai ta hanyar zuriyar maza zuriya ta hanyar mata ba su cancanta ba. don a gaji sai dai idan babu wani mazan da ya rage daga zuriyarsu A cikin wannan nau'i na gado, ana ba da gado da farko ga dukan maza na zuriyar daular da suka cancanta bisa ga tsari na farko, sa'an nan kuma idan zuriyar maza ta ƙare gaba ɗaya ga mace daga cikin daular. Sarauta daya tilo da ta yi aiki a karkashin dokar Semi-Salic har zuwa kwanan nan ita ce Luxembourg, wacce ta canza zuwa cikakkiyar matsayi a cikin shekarata 2011. Tsofaffin masarautun da suka yi aiki a ƙarƙashin dokar salin-arki sun haɗa da Austria (daga baya Austria-Hungary Bavaria, Hanover, Württemberg, Rasha, Saxony, Tuscany, da Masarautar Sicilies Biyu Idan zuriyar mace ta hau gadon sarauta, ba lallai ba ne ta zama babbar magaji ta farko, amma yawanci dangi mafi kusanci ga sarki namiji na ƙarshe na daular ta kusancin jini Misalai su ne magajin Kirista I na Denmark ga Schleswig-Holstein, Maria Theresa ta Ostiriya (ko da yake an tabbatar da haƙƙinta a ƙarshe sakamakon nasarar da ta samu a Yaƙin Nasarar Austrian da aka ƙaddamar da hawanta), Marie-Adelaide da Charlotte na Luxembourg., Anne na Brittany, da kuma Kirista na IX na Danmark a matsayi Na hakkin matarsa, Louise na Hesse Magajin Matrilineal Wasu al'adu sun wuce daraja ta layin mata. Dukiyar mutum da matsayinsa 'ya'yan 'yar uwarsa ne suke gadarsu, 'ya'yansa kuma suna karbar gadonsu daga wajen kawunsu na uwa. A Kerala, kudancin Indiya, ana kiran wannan al'ada da Marumakkathyam Sarakunan Nair ne da iyalan gidan sarauta suke yi. Maharajah na Travancore saboda haka ɗan 'yar uwarsa ne ya gaje shi, kuma ɗan nasa yana samun lakabi na ladabi amma ba shi da wuri a cikin layin magaji. Tun da Independence na Indiya da zartar da ayyuka da yawa kamar Dokar Nasara ta Hindu shekarata (1956), wannan nau'i na gado ba a iya gane shi ta hanyar doka. Ko da kuwa, mai yin riya ga kursiyin Travancore har yanzu ana ƙaddara ta maye gurbin matrilinear. Akans na Ghana da Ivory Coast, Afirka ta Yamma suna da irin wannan gado na matrilineal kuma kamar yadda Otumfour Osei-Tutu II, Asantehene ya gaji Golden Stool kursiyin ta wurin mahaifiyarsa Asantehemaa Nana Afia Kobi Serwaa Ampem II Dokar Salic Dokar Salic, ko maye gurbin agnatic, ta iyakance yawan magada ga maza na zuriyarsu, kuma gaba ɗaya ta ware matan daular da zuriyarsu daga magaji. Dokar Salic ta shafi tsoffin gidajen sarauta ko na sarauta na Albaniya, Faransa, Italiya, Romania, Yugoslavia, da Prussia Daular Jamus To A halin yanzu ya shafi gidan Liechtenstein, da kuma Chrysanthemum Throne na Japan A cikin shekarar 1830 a Spain tambayar ko dokar Salic ta yi aiki ko a'a don haka, ko Ferdinand VII ya kamata 'yarsa Isabella ta bi shi ko kuma ɗan'uwansa Charles ya haifar da jerin yaƙe-yaƙe na basasa da kafa daular kishiya mai ƙiyayya wanda har yanzu akwai. Gabaɗaya, masarautun gado waɗanda ke aiki ƙarƙashin dokar Salic suma suna amfani da primogeniture tsakanin zuriyar maza a cikin layin maza don tantance magajin da ya cancanta, kodayake a cikin tarihi na farko agnatic babba ya saba da na farko. Fiefs da lakabin da aka ba "a namiji wutsiya to Amman ko ga "majiyin magadan" suna bin wannan tsari na farko na gado. (Wadanda aka ba wa "magada maza na jiki" an iyakance su ne ga zuriyar maza na wanda aka ba da kyauta; waɗanda zuwa "magada janar na maza" za a iya gadonsu, bayan bacewar zuriyar mazan da aka ba da kyauta, ta hanyar jinsin maza. zuriyar mahaifinsa, kakansa na uba, da sauransu. Ultogeniture Ultimogeniture tsari ne na maye inda batun ya gaje shi da ƙaramin ɗa (ko ƙaramin yaro). Duk Wannan yana hidimar yanayin da ƙaramin ke "kiyaye murhu", kula da iyaye da ci gaba a gida, yayin da manyan yara sun sami lokacin yin nasara "fita a cikin duniya" da kuma azurta kansu. kusancin jini Kusancin jini wani tsari ne wanda mafi kusancin dangi da mai mulki ke samun nasara, yana fifita maza fiye da mata da babba akan kanne. Ana amfani da wannan wani lokaci azaman mai sheki don maye gurbin "pragmatic" a Turai; yana da ɗan ƙara tsayawa a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya ko'ina cikin Turai. A cikin Outremer an yi amfani da shi sau da yawa don zaɓar masu mulki, kuma ya kasance a cikin wasu rigingimu na gado game da Mulkin Urushalima Kuma An kuma gane shi a cikin wannan masarauta don maye gurbin fiefs, a cikin yanayi na musamman: idan fief ya ɓace ga Saracens kuma daga baya aka sake cin nasara, za a ba da shi ga magaji a kusancin jinin na ƙarshe. Gado mai rabo A wasu al'ummomi, an gaji sarauta ko na fiffike ta hanyar da duk wanda yake da hakkin ya sami rabo daga cikinsa. To Amman Fitattun misalan wannan ɗabi'a su ne rarrabuwar kawuna na Daular Faransa a ƙarƙashin daular Merovingian da Carolingian, da makamantansu Gavelkind a cikin Tsibirin Biritaniya. Gadon kwance babba A cikin manyan mukamai, dangin sarki ko mai rike da sarauta na gaba (kusan ko da yaushe ɗan'uwa), yana yin nasara; ba 'ya'yansa ba. To Kuma, idan gidan sarauta ya fi yawa, ’yan uwan (maza) da sauransu sun yi nasara, bisa ga girman girma, wanda zai iya dogara da ainihin shekaru ko kuma ga girma tsakanin ubanninsu. Rota tsarin The rota tsarin, daga Old Church Slavic kalmar for "tsani" ko "matakin hawa", wani tsarin jingina gada yi (ko da yake ba daidai ba) a Kievan Rus da kuma daga baya Appanage da farkon Muscovite Rasha. A cikin wannan tsarin sarautar ba ta layi ba daga uba zuwa ɗa, amma daga baya daga ɗan'uwa zuwa ɗan'uwa sannan Kuma zuwa ga babban ɗan babban ɗan'uwa wanda ya rike sarauta. Yaroslav mai hikima ne ya fara tsarin, wanda ya ba wa kowane ɗayan 'ya'yansa mazauni bisa ga girma. Lokacin da Grand Prince ya kuma mutu, babban yarima na gaba ya koma Kiev kuma duk sauran sun koma babban sarki kusa da tsani. Zaɓaɓɓen magaji Nadawa, zaɓe, ɗan takara, da juyawa Ana iya shirya odar magaji ta hanyar alƙawari: ko dai sarkin da ke kan gado ko kuma wata hukumar zaɓe ta nada magaji ko jerin sunayen magada kafin a samu gurbi. Masarautar na iya zama zaɓaɓɓu gabaɗaya, kodayake ta hanyar da za a zaɓi wanda zai gaje shi ne bayan ya zama Na fanko. A cikin tarihi, sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe ba, alƙawura da zaɓe sun fi so, ko an iyakance su ga membobin wata daula ko dangi. Ana iya samun ƙa’idodin zuriyarsu don sanin duk waɗanda suke da hakkin yin nasara, kuma waɗanda za a yi musu alheri. Wannan ya haifar da wani lokaci zuwa tsarin maye wanda ke daidaita rassan daular ta hanyar juyawa. A halin yanzu yana aiki, tare da bambance-bambance, ga Mai Tsarki See, Malaysia, Cambodia, Kuwait, UAE, Andorra, Swaziland da Samoa Ana kuma amfani da shi a Ife, Oyo da sauran jahohin da ke yankin Yarbawa Na gaba Tsarin gado na baya ko na 'yan uwantaka yana wajabta ka'idodin girma a tsakanin 'ya'yan daular daular ko daular daular, tare da manufar zaɓe mafi cancantar ɗan takara don jagoranci. An zabi shugabannin a matsayin dattawan da suka fi balaga a dangi, wadanda suka riga sun mallaki karfin soja da cancantar. An fi son gadon 'yan'uwa don tabbatar da cewa shugabanni balagagge sun jagoranci, cire buƙatar masu mulki. Tsarin gado na gefe yana iya ko ba zai iya cire zuriyar maza a cikin layin mata daga magajiya ba. A aikace, lokacin da babu wani magajin da ya balaga, Kuma yawanci ana tantance magajin mace "a zahiri", ta kusanci da sarki na ƙarshe, kamar Boariks na Caucasian Huns ko Tamiris na Massagetes a Asiya ta Tsakiya an zaɓi. Gabaɗaya ana zaɓen sarki na gefe bayan sarautar shugabanci ta zama fanko. A farkon shekarun daular Mongol, mutuwar sarakunan da ke mulki, Genghis Khan da Ögedei Khan, nan da nan ya dakatar da yakin yammacin Mongols saboda zabuka masu zuwa. A gabashin Asiya, an fara rubuta tsarin gadon bayan fage ne tun kafin tarihi ya fara da Wai Bing na daular Shang wanda ya gaji dan uwansa Da Ding, sannan kuma dangane da mamayar da Zhou na Shang ya yi, lokacin da Wu Ding ya yi nasara. Dan uwansa Zu Geng ya gaje shi a shekara ta 1189 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sannan wani dan'uwansa Zu Jia ya gaje shi a shekara ta shekarar 1178 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. Wani koma baya na gajeriyar hanya ita ce, yayin da ake tabbatar da mafi cancantar jagoranci a halin yanzu, tsarin ya haifar da rugujewar layukan sarauta waɗanda ba su cancanci a maye gurbinsu ba. Duk wani magajin da ya cancanta wanda bai yi tsayin daka ba har ya hau kan karagar mulki, an jefar da shi a gefe kamar yadda bai cancanta ba, yana haifar da tafki na masu riya da rashin gamsuwa da ake kira Tegin a cikin Turkic da Izgoi a cikin layin daular Rus. Rikicin da ba a daidaita ba na sarakunan da ba a san shi ba zai kawo cikas ga tsarin gado da rugujewar jihar. Rikicin nasara Sa’ad da sarki ya mutu ba tare da bayyanannen magaji ba, ana samun rikicin magaji sau da yawa, wanda yakan haifar da yaƙin gado Alal misali, sa’ad da Sarki Charles na huɗu na Faransa ya mutu, yaƙin shekara ɗari ya barke tsakanin ɗan’uwan Charles, Philip VI na Faransa, da ɗan’uwan Charles, Edward III na Ingila, don sanin wanda zai gaji Charles a matsayin Sarkin Faransa Kuma Inda layin magaji ya tabbata, wani lokaci yakan faru cewa mai yin riya mai rauni ko da'awar amma soji ko na siyasa ya kwace mulki. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan masu bincike sun sami alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin nau'ikan ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da gado a cikin masarautu da mulkin kama-karya da kuma yawaitar juyin mulki ko rikicin maye. Addini A cikin addinin Buddha na Tibet, an yi imanin cewa masu rike da wasu manyan ofisoshi irin su Dalai Lama sune reincarnations na mai ci: tsari na gado shi ne kawai cewa mai ci yana biye da sake reincarnation na kansa. Lokacin da mai mulki ya mutu, ana neman magajinsa a cikin jama'a ta hanyar wasu sharuɗɗa da aka yi la'akari da su don nuna cewa an sami Dalai Lama mai reincarnated, wani tsari wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru biyu zuwa hudu don nemo yaron. A cikin Cocin Katolika, an tsara hanyoyin da za a bi game da matsayin Paparoma ko bishop Jamhuriya A cikin jumhuriya, buƙatar tabbatar da ci gaba da ayyuka a kowane lokaci ya haifar da yawancin ofisoshi suna samun tsari na tsari. A cikin ƙasar da ke da ƙayyadaddun zaɓe, shugaban ƙasa (shugaban ƙasa) wani lokaci ana samun nasara bayan mutuwa ko murabus daga mataimakin shugaban kasa, kansila, ko firayim minista, sannan kuma masu rike da mukamai daban-daban na majalisar dokoki ko wasu ministocin gwamnati To A jamhuriyoyin da dama, an yi sabon zaɓe na ɗan lokaci bayan da “shugaban kasa” ya zama babu zato ba zato ba tsammani. A jahohi ko lardunan da ke cikin kasa, ana yawan zabar laftanar gwamna ko mataimakin gwamna don cike gurbi a ofishin gwamna. Misalin magaji Idan Shugaban Amurka ba zai iya yin aiki ba, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa zai karbi ragamar idan ya iya yin hidima. Idan ba haka ba, tsarin maye gurbin shine Kakakin Majalisa, Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai, Sakataren Gwamnati, da sauran jami'an majalisar ministoci kamar yadda aka jera a cikin labarin layin shugaban kasa na Amurka A Finland, magajin shugaban na wucin gadi shine Firayim Minista sannan kuma ministoci a cikin kwanakin da aka yi a ofis, maimakon tsarin ma'aikata. Babu mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma dole ne a zabi sabon shugaban kasa idan shugaban ya mutu ko ya yi murabus. A Isra'ila, magajin shugaban na wucin gadi shine kakakin majalisar Knesset (majalisar dokokin Isra'ila), tare da sabon shugaban da majalisar za ta zaba idan shugaban ya mutu ko ya yi murabus. Duba wasu abubuwan Layukan maye gurbin zababbun masu rike da mukamai (Jerin da bai cika ba) Cabinet of Mauritius Alawus da layin gado Governor of Oklahoma Layin magaji Dokar Magajin Shugaban Kasa Sede vacante (Fafaroma Katolika da bishops) Duba kuma labaran kan ofisoshin daban-daban (misali, President of the United States Nasara da nakasa Daban-daban Saduwa Baya Ci gaba da mulki Sarkin sarakuna Sarauta Gado Jerin masarautu bisa tsari na gado Tsarin fifiko Haihuwar bayan mutuwa kusancin jini Gidan sarauta Dokar Salic Inuwar gwamnati (rashin gaskiya) Tanistry Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

44368

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben%20Abati

Reuben Abati

Reuben Adeleye Abati (An haifeshi ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamban 1965) ɗan Jarida ne na Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, mai gabatar da kanun labarai a telebijin-(Anchor Television) kuma Mawallafin Jarida. Bayan nan ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin gwamna na jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Ogun a zaɓen gwamna na 2019. Abati shi mai ba wai shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan shawara na musamman ne akan harkokin yaɗa labarai da wayar da kan jama'a, tsakanin shekara ta 2011 zuwa 2015. A baya ya kasance marubucin jarida kuma shugaban hukumar editan jaridar The Guardian ta Najeriya daga 2001 zuwa 2011. Ya kammala karatu a fannin, wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Kalaba. Haka-zalika shi babban abokin bincike ne tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta Olusegun Obasanjo da kuma jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). Ilimi Abati ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Kalaba, Najeriya a 1985. Daga nan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Ibadan a matsayin malamin jami'a. Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya ƙware a fannin; Adabi, (Theory) da (Criticism) daga Jami’ar Ibadan (1990); digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a daga Jami'ar Jihar Legas, Legas (1999); satifiket na shaidar horar da kwararru a aikin jarida daga Kwalejin Aikin Jarida, Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin, Amurka (1996-97); da kuma satifiket na shaidar Gudanarwa da Jagoranci daga Makarantar, Said Business School, University of Oxford (2015). Sana'a Yayi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Edita na Jaridun The Guardian, sama da shekaru goma, sannan kuma ya zama mai ba da shawara na musamman, a ƙafafen ya yaɗa labarai da kuma mai magana da yawun fadar shugaban ƙasa ta Najeriya (2011-2015), ya ɗauki nauyin wasu ayyuka da suka haɗa da faɗakarwa da aiwatar da manufofin, ƙayyadaddun shugabanci na edita, sarrafa rikice-rikice, sarrafa kafofin watsa labaru, sadarwa da gudanarwar ƙungiyar. Tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2011, Reuben Abati memba ne kuma mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa ta talabijin, Patito's Gang, wanda Farfesa Pat Utomi ya kafa. A tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007, ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a majalisar gudanarwa ta jami’ar Olabisi Onabanjo, Ago-Iwoye, jihar Ogun, kuma ya kasance mamba a kwamitin asusun kula da harkokin tsaro na jihar Legas (2007-2011). Reuben Abati ya kasance yana rubuta wa jaridun Najeriya rubutu, tun 1985, yana aiki a matsayin Editan Ba da Gudunmawa, Edita, kuma Mawallafin Rubutu ga wallafe-wallafe da yawa, yana rufe duka manyan kafofin watsa labarai (da yake wa rubutu) da kuma nau'ikan mujallu na soyayya da salon rayuwa. Ya shahara sosai wajen bitar littafai da ƙasidu gami da sharhi kan al'amuran ƙasa da yanki, da na duniya. Har ila yau, rubuce-rubucensa sun fito a cikin jaridu na gida da na waje da kuma mujallu na ilimi. Kafin aiki a gwamnati, Reuben Abati ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar Edita a Jaridar The Guardian, wata jarida mai zaman kanta a Najeriya daga 2000-2011. Ya kuma yi aiki a The Guardian a matsayin Editan Shafi na Edita, kuma a matsayin mawallafin rubutu, yana rubuta maƙalar-ra'ayi, sau biyu a mako-(wadda ɗan jarida ke da damar bayyana ra'ayin shi akan wannan maƙalar-(columns). Abati ya samu kyautuka da dama don kwazon sa na aikin jarida. Sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Hadj Alade Odunewu/Diamond don Kyautar Kyautar Watsa Labaru don Informed Commentary (wanda ya ci nasara sau hudu), lambar yabo ta Cecil King Memorial Prize for Print Journalist of the Year (1998), kyautar Fletcher Challenge Commonwealth Prize for Ra'ayi Rubutun (2000). Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta 'Yanci don Aikin Jarida (2010) da lambar yabo ta Red Media Africa Living Legends Industry Award (2015) Fara aiki Asalin Abati ya fara aiki ne a matsayin malamin jami’a, inda ya koyar da darussa a fannin Dramaturgy, Theory and Criticism, Special Authors Studies, and Sociology of Literature a Jami’ar Olabisi Onabajo, Ago-Iwoye, Jihar Ogun, a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya, kafin ya shiga wasu fannonin ilimi da yake buƙata. Mamba ne a Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya, ƙungiyar ƴan jarida ta Najeriya, da kuma kungiyar editoci ta Najeriya. Shi ne kuma Hubert H. Humphrey Fellow, Fellow of the 21st Century Trust, Fellow of Nigeria Leadership Initiative kuma memba na Aspen Global Leadership Network. Shi Ma'aikaci ne mai Girmamawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Wasika ta Najeriya. Aiki a fadar shugaban ƙasa A shekarar 2011, an naɗa shi mai da shawara na musamman akan harkokin yaɗa labarai da kuma a matsayin mai magana da yawun shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan na Najeriya. A wannan matsayi, shi ne ke da alhakin kula da ofishin yaɗa labarai na shugaban ƙasa, da huldar yaɗa labarai da kuma jagorantar tawagar sadarwar fadar shugaban ƙasa. Aikin watsa labarai na Fadar Shugaban Kasa Bayan ya yi aiki a gwamnati, Reuben Abati ya koma aikin jarida, inda ya rubuta ginshiƙansa guda biyu na yau da kullum a cikin jaridar The Guardian (a ranar Juma'a da Lahadi). Daga baya ya koma jaridar ThisDay inda a yanzu ya ke rubuta shafi a ranar Talata mai suna: TuesdayWithReuben Abati. Shi Anchor ne tare da Arise News akan shirin, "The Morning Show", tare da Ojy Okpe. Yana kuma gudanar da gidan yanar gizo na: reubenabati.com.ng, kuma yana yin rubutu akai-akai akan dandalin instagram da twitter. Yana aiki sosai a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin watsa labarai da manufofin jama'a. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Abati a Dandalin Kauyen Nigeria Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Haihuwan 1965 Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga

57849

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro%20Confederacy

Aro Confederacy

Ƙungiyar Aro(1690-1902)ƙungiya ce ta siyasa wadda al'ummar Aro,ƙungiyar Igbo, ta tsakiya a Arochukwu a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a yau.An kafa masarautar Aro Confederacy bayan farkon yakin Aro-Ibibio .Tasirinsu da kasancewarsu ya kasance a ko'ina a Gabashin Najeriya,ƙananan Tsakiyar Tsakiya,da wasu sassan Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea na yau a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th.Masarautar Arochukwu wata cibiya ce ta tattalin arziki,siyasa,kuma cibiyar baka ce domin ita ce gidan fadar Ibini Ukpabi, Manyan Firistoci,Sarkin Aro Eze Aro,da majalisar tsakiya(Okpankpo). Ƙungiyar Aro ta kasance ƙungiya ce mai ƙarfi da tasiri a siyasance da tattalin arziƙin al'ummar Igbo daban-daban a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. a cikin karni na 17 kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yankin har zuwa karshen karni na 19. Tashi da Karfi Ba a tantance ainihin tushen ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy ba,amma an yi imanin an kafa ta a tsakiyar karni na 17.Kabilar Aro wadanda ke cikin kabilar Ibo,sun mamaye yankin ne a kusa da Arochukwu na jihar Abia a Najeriya.Sun kasance ƙwararrun ƴan kasuwa da ƴan mishan waɗanda suka taka rawar gani wajen haɗa al'ummomin Igbo daban-daban. Wannan ƙaura da ƙarfinsu na soja,da yaƙe-yaƙe da masarautun da ke makwabtaka da su kamar goyon bayan ƙawancensu da wasu maƙwabtan Ibo da na Gabashin Cross River da aka yi yaƙi da su(musamman Ohafia,Edda,Abam,Abiriba,Afikpo,Ekoi, Bahumono,Amasiri da sauransu),cikin sauri.kafa kungiyar Aro Confederacy a matsayin ikon tattalin arziki na yanki. Ƙarfin Aro Confederacy ya fito ne daga ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa ta wakilan Aro waɗanda suka watsu a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban na yankin. Waɗannan wakilai sun kasance masu shiga tsakani a harkokin kasuwanci, diflomasiyya,da al'amuran addini.Sun saukaka kasuwanci,sun warware rigingimu,da yada ibadar gunkin Aro da aka fi sani da“Dogon Juju”baka. The "Long Juju" Oracle Maganar"Long Juju"ita ce cibiyar ruhaniya ta ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy. An zaunar da shi a Arochukwu kuma an dauke shi babban tushen ikon siyasa da jagorar addini.Mutanen Aro sun yi amfani da baƙar magana don tilasta tasirinsu da iko akan al'ummomin da ke kewaye.Har ila yau, ya zama wata hanya ta gudanar da adalci da sasanta rigingimu,inda ta kan jawo hankalin alhazai masu neman mafita daga matsalolinsu. Ƙarfin Tattalin Arziƙi Ƙungiyar Aro ta sami gagarumin ƙarfin tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasuwanci da kasuwanci Tattalin arzikinsu ya dogara ne akan noma,tare da noman amfanin gona kamar dabino,dawa,da rogo.Har ila yau,sun kasance suna yin kasuwanci da al'ummomin makwabta da kuma 'yan kasuwa na Turai.Suna sarrafa hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke bi ta yankunansu,suna karbar haraji da haraji daga’yan kasuwa. Har ila yau,Aro ya tsunduma cikin cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic ta hanyar kamawa da sayar da bayi ga 'yan kasuwa na Turai. Ƙungiya Ayyukan Aro a bakin teku sun taimaka wa ci gaban biranen yankin Neja-Delta,kuma waɗannan jahohin na birni sun zama mahimman cibiyoyi na fitar da dabino da bayi.Irin wadannan jahohin sun hada da Opobo,Bonny,Nembe,Calabar,da kuma sauran garuruwan da ake fataucin bayi da Ijaw,Efik,da Igbo ke iko da su.Aros sun kafa cibiyar kasuwanci mai ƙarfi, mazauna,kuma sun haɗa ɗaruruwan al'ummomi waɗanda suka zama masarautu masu ƙarfi.Masarautun Ajalli, Arondizuogu,Ndikelionwu,da Igbene sun kasance wasu daga cikin manyan jahohin Aro a cikin Confederacy bayan Arochukwu.An kafa wasu kuma aka sanyawa sunayen kwamandoji da sarakuna irin su Izuogu Mgbokpo da Iheme wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Aro/Abam suka ci Ikpa Ora kuma suka kafa Arondizuogu.Daga baya kwamandojin Aro irin su Okoro Idozuka (kuma na Arondizuogu)sun fadada iyakokin jihar ta hanyar yaki a farkon karni na 19.Hijirar Aro ta kuma taka rawar gani wajen fadada Ozizza,Afikpo,Amasiri, Izombe,da sauran jahohin birni da dama. Misali,sojojin Aro sun kafa akalla kauyuka uku a Ozizza.Ikon Aro Confederacy,ya samo asali ne daga matsayinta na tattalin arziki da addini.Da Turawa‘yan mulkin mallaka a kan hanyarsu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19,abubuwa sun canza. Karya A cikin shekarun 1890s,Kamfanin Royal Niger Company na Biritaniya ya sami sabani da Aros saboda karfin tattalin arzikinsu.Aro sun yi adawa da shigar Birtaniyya a yankin bayan gida saboda ana fuskantar barazanar tasirin tattalin arziki da addini.Aro da kawayensu sun kaddamar da farmaki kan kawayen Birtaniya a yankin Igbo da Ibibioland. Bayan tattaunawar da ba ta yi nasara ba, Birtaniya sun yi ƙoƙari su ci Aro Confederacy a 1899.A shekara ta 1901, tashin hankali ya karu musamman lokacin da Birtaniya ta shirya don balaguron Aro. Mamaya na Obegu(a cikin Igboland)shine babban harin Aro na ƙarshe kafin fara yakin Anglo-Aro.A watan Nuwamba na 1901,Turawan Ingila suka kaddamar da balaguron Aro,bayan da suka yi tsayin daka da Aro,aka kama Arochukwu a ranar 28 ga Disamba,1901.A farkon 1902,yakin ya ƙare kuma ƙungiyar Aro Confederacy ta rushe.Sabanin yadda aka yi imani da cewa an lalata Ibini Ukpabi,wurin ibadar har yanzu yana nan,kuma yana nan a cikin Arochukwu kuma ya kasance wurin yawon bude ido. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Arookigbo.com Nazarin ƙasa.us Nigeriafirst.org Apuncna.com Aronewsonline.org

44057

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara-hare%20a%20Najeriya%2C%20Nuwamba%202011

Hara-hare a Najeriya, Nuwamba 2011

Hara-hare a Damaturu na shekarar 2011 wasu jerin hare-hare ne na haɗin gwiwa da suka abku a garin dama wasu garuruwan da ke a yankin arewacin Najeriya a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamban 2011, harin da ya kashe mutane fiye da 100 tare da jikkata wasu ɗaruruwa. Daga baya mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ta'addancin ta Boko Haram ya ɗauki alhakin kai harin tare da yin alwashin "ƙara kai hare-hare a kan hanya." Wai-wa-ye Kungiyar Boko Haram ta ƙara kaimi wajen kai hare-hare tun a shekara ta 2009 da su kaka yi arangama da jami'an tsaro wanda ya kai hakan ga mutuwar shugabanta Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf, tun a wancan lokaci ko dai ta yi ikirarin ko kuma ta ɗauki alhakin kai hare-hare da dama kan gwamnatin Najeriya da fararen hula. Galibin hare-haren dai sun kasance na faruwa a arewacin Najeriyar da akasarinsu musulmi ne, an yi ambaci sunan ƙungiyar a wasu hare-haren bama-bamai kamar a Abuja babban birnin tarayyar ƙasar. Tuni dai ƙungiyar da kanta ta haɗe da wasu da ke kawance da ƙungiyar Al Qaeda a yankin Magrib, inda wasu ke sa ran cimma yarjejeniya irin ta mayaƙan MEND na kudancin Najeriya. Kai hari Daga cikin waɗanda aka kai wa hari ko harin ya rutsa da su har da hedkwatar ƴan sandan jihar Yobe, da wasu gine-ginen gwamnati da kuma bankuna biyu, da ma coci-coci aƙalla ƙwara shida. Wani jami’in yankin da ya nemi a sakaya sunansa ya shaidawa manema labarai cewa ana jinyar ɗaruruwan mutanen da suka jikkata a asibitoci bayan ɓarnar da aka yi a birnin. Ƴan daba ko masu rufe fuska sun yi ta yawo a kan tituna na aƙalla sa’o’i 2, suna cinna wa gine-gine wuta tare da yin artabu da jami’an tsaro. Jami'an gwamnati sun tabbatar da mutuwar mutane aƙalla 53 a wani harin ƙuna baƙin wake da aka kai da mota sau biyu a ginin kotun yaki da ta'addanci, kuma shaidu da dama sun yi magana kan adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya zarce na yanzu-(a yadda aka fadi alƙaluman a lokacin). Sa'o'i kaɗan kafin harin Damaturi wasu ƴan ƙuna baƙin wake su uku sun kai hari a hedikwatar sojoji a Maiduguri tare da jikkata aƙalla mutane bakwai. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa an kuma kai hari a garin Potiskum da ke kusa, kuma a washegarin gidan talabijin na Najeriya ya ba da rahoton wani harin bam da aka kai a birnin Kaduna wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane biyu. Haka-zalika kusan ofisoshin ƴan sanda uku da majami’u biyar ne aka kai wa hari. Suleimon Lawal, kwamishinan ƴan sandan Damaturu, ya ce wasu ƴan ƙuna baƙin wake biyu ne suka tuka wata mota maƙare da bama-bamai a cikin kotun yaƙi da ta’addanci da ke yankin, hakan yayi silar kashe mutane 53. Ɗaukar nauyin kai harin A yayin da ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta ɗauki alhakin kai hare-haren, kakakinta Abul-Qaqa ya ce "ƙarin wasu hara-hare na nan tafe". Martani Na cikin gida (Najeriya) Wani mai magana da yawun gwamnatin ƙasar ya ce shugaban ƙasar Goodluck Jonathan ya damu matuƙa da harin, kuma ya ce gwamnatinsa na aiki tuƙuru domin ganin an hukunta waɗanda suka kuduri aniyar kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a ƙasar. Kakakinsa Reuben Abati ya ƙara da cewa bai ɗauki waɗanda suka kai harin a matsayin "Musulmi na gaskiya ba," domin harin ya faru ne a lokacin Idi. Ya kuma ƙara da cewar “za a ɗauki kowane mataki [don kama wadanda suka aikata laifin]. Hukumomin tsaro za su gaya muku cewa abin da ke faruwa a kan wannan ma'auni ko kadan ne daga abin da ka iya faruwa idan aka yi la'akari da girman barazanar. Jami’an tsaro sun shagaltu da aiki suna ƙoƙarin ganin ba wasu tsiraru (kungiyoyi) da masu kaifin kishin kasa suka ruguza muradin mafi yawan al’ummar Najeriya ba”. Jonathan ya kuma soke tafiya mahaifarsa Bayelsa domin bikin auren ƙaninsa. Ibrahim Bulama na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Najeriya ya ce adadin waɗanda suka mutu na iya zarta haka. Ya kuma ce akwai fargabar sake kai wani hari. Ƙungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Najeriya, ta yi alƙawarin gudanar da cikakken bincike kan hakikanin adadin waɗanda suka mutu tare da fitar da sakamakon binciken nan da kwanaki masu zuwa. Lawal ya ce a matsayina na kwamishinan ƴan sanda “dabaruna dabara ce ta tsaro [wadda] ba zan iya bayyana wa a fili ba. Don haka da yake [Boko Haram ba] suna bayyana na dabarunsu, ina ganin bai dace in gaya wa duniya abin da nake yi ba." Nii Akuetteh, tsohon babban darakta na Africa Action, ya ce: “Gwamnati ta daɗe tana cewa za ta yi maganin [Boko Haram] kuma za ta shawo kan matsalar, amma 'haƙa bata cimma ruwa ba'-(ta gagara kawo karshen ta'addanci ƴan ƙungiyar). A baya, yunƙurin da aka yi shi ne ƙoƙarin yakar su ta hanyar soja don tura jami'an tsaro a bayansu amma hakan ya haifar da nasa matsalar. Na san a gaskiya akwai ƙungiyoyin Najeriya a ciki da wajen gwamnati, ciki har da kafafen yada labarai, waɗanda ke ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da Boko Haram. Amma ra'ayi na shine kamar ba su da shiri musamman ko kuma suna son yin magana." Ƙasashen Duniya The embassy Ofishin jakadancin ya yi gargadin gaggawa ga ‘yan kasar cewa za a iya kai harin bama-bamai a wasu manyan otal-otal da ke faɗin Abuja. Mai ba Najeriya shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Janar Owoeye Andrew Azazi ya yi watsi da gargadin yana mai cewa hakan kawai haifar da firgici ne. Sauran Ƙasashe. Isaac Olawale, na Cibiyar Bincike ta Jami’ar Oxford kan rashin daidaito, Tsaro da Kabilanci ya ce: “Kokarin da ake yi na magance matsalar ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tunkarar ba zai yi tasiri ba. Ana fama da talauci a duk faɗin ƙasar sannan kuma yawan ƴan Najeriya na kabilanci, da addini. Boko Haram ta bayyana wasu daga cikin matsalolin zamantakewa da muke gani a Najeriya.” David Zounmenou na cibiyar nazarin harkokin tsaro ya bayyana cewa: “Abin da ke damun shi shi ne yawan makaman da aka harba a cikin hamada sakamakon kifar da gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi da kuma na magoya bayansa. Waɗannan makaman dai suna ta kwararowa cikin yankin, suna fadawa hannun ɓata gari. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da tabbacin za su sami hanyarsu ta zuwa Boko Haram, ko al-Qaeda a Magrib ko wasu ƙungiyoyi.” Duba kuma Rikicin Shari'ar Najeriya Manazarta 2011 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya Boko Haram Jihar Yobe Jihar

53820

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobunari%20Oda

Nobunari Oda

Nobunari Oda Oda Nobunari, born March 25, 1987) is a Japanese competitive figure skater. He is the 2006 Four Continents champion, a four-time Grand Prix Final medalist (silver in 2009 and 2010; bronze in 2006 and 2013), the 2005 World Junior champion and the 2008 Japanese national champion. Rayuwa ta sirri Oda ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin kai tsaye zuriyar Oda Nobunaga, a daimyō a lokacin Sengoku na Japan wanda ya ci yawancin Japan. A cikin Afrilu 2010, Oda ya auri budurwarsa da ta daɗe, Mayu, kuma an haifi ɗansu, Shintaro a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2010. Tun da farko an shirya yi ne a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2011, an dage daurin auren ne saboda sake jadawalin gasar cin kofin duniya. An haifi dansu na biyu a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2013. An haifi ɗa na uku a farkon kaka na 2016, kuma diya a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2019. Oda ya nuna sha'awar zama malamin makaranta bayan kammala aikinsa na wasan kankara. Sana'a Oda ya horar a Osaka, Japan tare da Noriko Oda da kuma a Barrie, Ontario tare da Lee Barkell Ya horar da a Kanada sau uku ko hudu a shekara na watanni a lokaci guda, a Makarantar Skating ta Mariposa Ya kuma yi horo a baya a Hackensack, New Jersey a karkashin koci Nikolai Morozov Oda an san shi da tsalle-tsalle da santsin tafiyar sa a kan kankara tare da durƙusawa mai zurfi. Farkon aiki A cikin lokacin 2001–2002, Oda ya sanya 4th a Gasar Junior na Japan An gayyace shi don yin gasa a babban gasar Japan, inda ya sanya 16th. Oda ya fara halartan Junior Grand Prix akan 2002–2003 ISU Junior Grand Prix Ya lashe lambar azurfa a Slovakia a bayan Rasha Alexander Shubin, wanda zai ci gaba da lashe Junior Grand Prix Final a waccan kakar. Oda ya zo na 7 a gasar da aka yi a Italiya. Ya lashe lambar tagulla a gasar Junior Championships kuma an gayyace shi zuwa babban gasar Japan, inda ya zama na 4. A cikin lokacin 2003 2004, Oda ya lashe lambobin yabo biyu akan 2003 2004 Junior Grand Prix kuma ya cancanci zama na farko kuma kawai lokacinsa zuwa Gasar Junior Grand Prix, inda ya sanya 8th. Ya sanya matsayi na 2 a Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ya cancanci ƙungiyar zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2004, inda ya sanya na 11th. Ya sanya na 5 a gasar Japan A cikin lokacin 2004 2005, Oda ya sake yin takara a zagaye na 2004 2005 Junior Grand Prix kuma ya ci lambar tagulla a Ukraine a bayan ɗan uwansa Yasuharu Nanri da Ba’amurke Dennis Phan, dukansu za su ci gaba da samun lambar yabo a Junior Grand Prix Final. Oda ya lashe gasar Junior Championship kuma ya lashe lambar tagulla a gasar Japan Ya ci gaba da lashe Gasar Kananan Yara ta Duniya a 2005 2005–2007: Babban halarta na farko na duniya Oda ya zama babban dan shekara ta 2005-2006 na Olympics, lokacin da aka ba shi tabbacin zama babban aikin Grand Prix bayan ya ci gasar matasa ta duniya. Oda ya yi rawar gani nan da nan a matsayin babban jami'in, inda ya lashe lambar tagulla a taronsa na farko kuma ya lashe Kofin NHK na 2005 a kan masu son Daisuke Takahashi da mai rike da lambar tagulla ta duniya Evan Lysacek Oda ya cancanci 2005–2006 Grand Prix Final kuma ya sanya na huɗu. An bayyana Oda a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar Japan a gaban Takahashi, har sai da aka gano wata matsala a cikin manhajar kwamfuta, ya fadi zuwa matsayi na biyu; ya yi haduwa da yawa. Hukumar ta Japan ta yanke shawarar raba ayyukan kasa da kasa tsakanin Oda da wanda aka ayyana Daisuke Takahashi, aika Oda zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2006, da Takahashi zuwa Gasar Olympics, kamar yadda Japan ke da maki daya kacal ga kowace gasa bayan janyewar Takeshi Honda daga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 2005 da Gasar Takahashi- ta kare a matsayi na 15. Oda ya sanya na hudu a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na farko, inda ya samu Japan tabo biyu zuwa Gasar Duniya ta 2007 Lokaci na gaba, Oda ya sanya 1st a 2006 Skate America akan Amurka Evan Lysacek, kuma ya gama 2nd a 2006 NHK Trophy ga dan kasar Daisuke Takahashi Ya cancanci zuwa Grand Prix Final kuma ya lashe lambar tagulla. A gasar zakarun Japan, Oda ya lashe lambar azurfa a shekara ta biyu a jere. Ya ci gaba da yin gasa a 2007 Winter Universiade a Torino, Italiya, inda ya lashe azurfa. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2007, da aka gudanar a Tokyo, Oda ya sake yin haɗuwa da yawa kuma ya sanya 7th gabaɗaya. Kama A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2007, 'yan sanda na lardin Osaka sun kama Oda saboda tukin motarsa a ƙarƙashin maye Oda ya nemi afuwar wannan cin zarafi. Sakamakon wannan lamarin, an cire Oda ba tare da bata lokaci ba daga wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kankara mai zuwa a Japan. A watan Agusta 2, 2007, Japan Skating Federation, da kanta wracked da abin kunya, ya sanar da cewa ya dakatar da Oda daga kasa gasar har zuwa karshen Oktoba da kuma daga kasa da kasa gasar da nune-nunen har zuwa karshen Disamba, yadda ya kamata janye shi daga biyu Grand Prix aiyuka Skate Canada da Trophée Eric Bompard yayin da ya ba shi damar yin gasar cin kofin duniya Hukumar ta kuma yanke wa Oda hukuncin yin hidimar al’umma. Oda ya karɓi hukuncin da tarayya ta yanke, kuma ya biya tarar 100,000. 2008-2010: Wasannin Olympics na Vancouver Bayan ya zauna a lokacin Grand Prix na 2007–2008, Oda ya sanar da janyewarsa daga gasar Japan a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2007, yana ambaton damuwa ta hankali. Oda ya sauya masu horarwa zuwa Nikolai Morozov a cikin bazara na 2008. Ya fara kakar 2008-2009 a 2008 Nebelhorn Trophy, wanda ya ci nasara. Ya ci gaba zuwa 2008 Karl Schäfer Memorial, wanda kuma ya ci nasara. An sanya Oda zuwa Gasar NHK ta 2008, kuma ya ci hakan. Oda bai cancanci aikin Grand Prix na biyu ba don haka ba zai iya cancantar zuwa Gasar Grand Prix na ƙarshe ba. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1987 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23826

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omah%20Lay

Omah Lay

Stanley Omah Didia (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1998) wanda aka fi sani da Omah Lay mawaƙin Najeriya ne, mawaƙi kuma mai shirya rikodin. Ya saki waƙar sa ta farko da aka samar da kansa "Kada ku dame" a watan Afrilu shekara ta 2019. Ya ci lambar yabo ta gaba mai daraja a shekara ta 2020 Headies Awards Rayuwar farko Omah Lay ya fito daga Ikwerre a jihar Ribas Ya kuma halarci Makarantar Sakandare sa a Jihar Ribas kafin ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar Fatakwal Omah Lay ya fito ne daga dangin kade -kade kuma kakansa ya buga kida don shahararriyar mawakiyar highlife Celestine Ukwu kafin ya mutu a shekara ta 1977. Mahaifin mawaƙin kuma ya buga ganga. Sana'a Omah Lay ya fara ne a cikin ƙungiyar rap a ƙarƙashin sunan mataki Lil King. Daga baya ya ci gaba da rubuta waka da samar da kiɗa wanda ba a yarda da shi sosai ba, kuma sakamakon hakan, ya saki "Kadana u Dame" a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2019. "Hello Brother" an sake shi bayan wata daya. Ya sanya hannu kan alamar rikodin mai suna KeyQaad a watan Yuni na shekarar 2019, kuma ya ɗauki hutu na watanni bakwai. A lokacin hutu, ya yi aiki akan EP na farko, Get Layd. Ya gaya wa OkayAfrica, "Na fara aiki da shi a watan Agusta [na shekarar 2019]. A wani lokaci dole ne in bar kafafen sada zumunta, nesanta abubuwa da yawa kuma in mai da kai tsaye don samun aikin daidai. Waƙar farko da na yi rikodin akan Get Layd ita ce 'Tasiri mara kyau.' Na yi haka kafin waƙoƙin da za mu sanya a kan aikin. Bayan hutun, ya fito da "Tasiri mara kyau," wanda ya zama mafi kyawun waƙar Najeriya akan Apple Music a ƙarshen shekarar 2020. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2020, ya saki "Kai," wakar sa ta farko. Daga nan ya saki EP mai waƙoƙi biyar na farko, Get Layd a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020. EP ya kai matsayi na ɗaya a kan Waƙoƙin Apple Apple na Najeriya. Duk waƙoƙin guda biyar daga EP sun kai saman 15 na sigogin kiɗan Apple don Najeriya, tare da "Kai" a matsayi na ɗaya. A watan Oktoba, Omah Lay ya fito a cikin kundi na Olamide Carpe Diem Siffar sa a kan waƙar Olamide "Infinity" ya hau kan waƙoƙin Apple Music na Najeriya. A ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, Omah ya saki EP mai waƙa guda biyar, Me Mukayi. Duk waƙoƙi guda biyar sun kai saman 12 na jadawalin kiɗan Apple na Najeriya, tare da "Godly" ya kai lamba ɗaya. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2020, shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da aka haskaka don kamfen ɗin Apple na Rising Africa don haskaka hazaƙar Afirka. A watan Disamba shekara tq 2020, an saka shi cikin jerin shirye -shiryen BBC na 1Xtra na shekara -shekara na "Zazzabi don a shekarar 2021". Shine kuma ɗan wasan Afirka na farko da aka nuna akan shirin #Up Yanzu na Audiomack don masu fasaha masu tasowa; haɗa shi a cikin zane -zane 20 na Montreux Jazz Festival don kallo a shekarar 2021 kuma an sanya masa suna BET 'Amplified Artist International of the Month na Nuwamba shekara ta 2020. A halin yanzu an rattaba hannun sa ga Rarraba Kiɗan Dvpper a Najeriya, da Sire Records don rarraba ƙasashen duniya. An ba shi suna a cikin nau'ikan 4 a shekarar 2020 Headies Awards, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta gaba A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2021, Omah Lay ta fitar da wani sabon salo na "Fahimta". Rigima A ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2020, an kama Omah Lay tare da Tems bayan sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a Uganda Hukumar 'yan sandan Uganda ta gano sabawa ka'idojin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a matsayin dalilin kamunsu. Masu zane -zane a gefe guda sun ji an kafa su. Bayan kwana biyu, gwamnatin Uganda ta saki mutanen biyu, ta nemi afuwa kan kamun da aka yi musu sannan ta wanke su daga aikata ba daidai ba. Ra'ayin Siyasa Omah Lay ya bayyana goyon bayan sa ga kamfen din #ndSARS a Najeriya. Ya gaya wa Bazaar Harper, "Mutane na buƙatar sanin waɗannan zanga -zangar ta jama'a ce kawai, ba tare da wani tunani na siyasa ba. 'Yan sanda suna tursasawa, kwace, yi mana duka, da kashe mu don kawai mu matasa ne kuma masu kyan gani, ba tare da wani sakamako ba. Wannan ya ci gaba sosai, kuma muna cewa isasshen ya isa kuma yana buƙatar matakin gwamnati. Binciken hoto Marasa aure EP A matsayin mai zane Bidiyoyin kiɗa Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Duba kuma Jerin mawakan Najeriya Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed

29925

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20%C6%98asa

Dokar Ƙasa

Dokokin ƙasa nau'i ne na doka da ke magana game da haƙƙin amfani, ƙetare, ko keɓe wasu daga ƙasa A cikin hukunce-hukuncen da yawa, ana kiran waɗannan nau'ikan kadarorin a matsayin dukiya ko arziƙi, kamar yadda suka bambanta da na mutum Yarjejeniyar amfani da ƙasa, gami da hayarta, muhimmin haɗin gwiwa ne na kadarori da dokar kwangila ta Ƙaddamar da haƙƙin ƙasa na ɗaya, kamar sauƙi, na iya zama haƙƙin ƙasa na wani. Haƙƙin ma'adinai da haƙƙin ruwa suna da alaƙa ta ƙud da ƙud, kuma galibi ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa da juna. Haƙƙin filaye irin waɗannan dokoki ne na asali waɗanda suke haɓaka ko da babu wata ƙasa da za ta tilasta su; alal misali, kulab ɗin da'awa na Yammacin Amurka, cibiyoyi ne waɗanda suka taso a zahiri don aiwatar da tsarin ƙa'idojin da suka shafi hakar ma'adinai. matsuguni, mallakar ƙasa ba tare da mallaka ba, al'amari ne na ko'ina a duniya. Mulkin Ƙasa Mulki, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen doka na gama-gari, galibi ana kiransa da cikakken ta ke, ko ta ken ma mallaki. Kusan duk waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen suna da tsarin rajistar ƙasa, don yin rikodin biyan buƙatu masu sauƙi, da tsarin neman ƙasa, don warware husuma. Haƙƙin ƙasa Asalin haƙƙin ƙasa sun shaida da haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasa da kuma tsarin dokokin ƙasa na dokokin gama gari da ƙasashen na farar hula A cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama-gari, ana kiran haƙƙin filaye na ƴan asali a matsayin ta ke na asali A cikin hukunce-hukuncen dokokin al'ada, ƙasar al'ada ita ce mafi girman nau'in mallakar filaye. Gyaran ƙasa yana nufin manufofin gwamnati da ke ɗauke da/ko sake rarraba ƙasa, kamar:- kyautar ƙasa Haƙƙoƙin filaye na nuni ne ga yadda mutane ba za su iya karewa ba na samun damar yin amfani da su da kuma mallaki fili bisa ga ra’ayinsu, matukar dai ayyukan da suke yi a wannan kasa ba su tauye hakkin wasu ba. Wannan ba za a ruɗe shi da samun fili ba, wanda ke ba wa ɗaiɗai damar amfani da fili ta fuskar tattalin arziki (watau noma). Maimakon haka, haƙƙoƙin ƙasa suna magana game da ikon mallakar ƙasa wanda ke ba da tsaro kuma yana ƙara ƙarfin ɗan adam Lokacin da mutum yake da damar yin amfani da ƙasa, suna cikin barazanar kora akai-akai dangane da zaɓin mai mallakar ƙasar, wanda ke iyakance kwanciyar hankali na kuɗi. Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa wani muhimmin sashi ne na Dokokin Ƙasa, yayin da suke aiwatar da ƙungiyoyin ƴancin jama'a na haƙƙin mallakar filaye daidai da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Dokar filaye ta yi magana game da hurumin shari'a da wata ƙasa ta gindaya dangane da mallakar filaye, yayin da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ke nuni ga yarda da zamantakewar mallakar ƙasa. Ƙungiyar Landesa ta ɗauki matsayin cewa duk da cewa doka na iya ba da shawarar samun daidaiton damar mallakar filaye, haƙƙin ƙasa a wasu ƙasashe da al'adu na iya hana ƴan ƙungiya mallakar fili. Dokoki suna da mahimmanci, amma dole ne a goyi bayansu ta hanyar al'adar al'adu da yarda da zamantakewa. Don haka, dokokin da suka shafi mallakar filaye da haƙƙin ƙasa dole ne su kasance cikin yarjejeniya. A duk duniya, an ƙara mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ƙasa, saboda suna da alaƙa da fannoni daban-daban na ci gaba. A cewar Wickeri da Kalhan, mallakar ƙasa na iya zama tushen babban jari, tsaro na kuɗi, abinci, ruwa, matsuguni, da albarkatu. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Global Land Tool kungiyar ta gano cewa rashin ƙasa a karkara shine babban hasashen talauci da yunwa, kuma yana tasiri mara kyau ga Ƙarfafawa da kuma tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam Domin ganin an shawo kan wannan matsala mai mahimmanci na rashin isassun haƙƙin ƙasa, Manufar Ci gaban Ƙarni 7D na ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar mazauna ƙauye miliyan 100. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙarin haƙƙin ƙasa ga talakawa, wanda a ƙarshe zai haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa. Ko da yake haƙƙin ƙasa na da mahimmanci wajen samun ingantacciyar rayuwa, wasu ƙungiyoyin daidaikun mutane a koyaushe ana barin su daga tanadin mallakar ƙasa. Doka na iya ba da damar samun fili, duk da haka, shingen al'adu da tarkon talauci suna iyakance ikon ƙungiyoyin tsiraru na mallakar filaye. Don cimma daidaito, dole ne waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su sami isassun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa waɗanda aka yarda da su a cikin al'umma da ta doka. Iyaka na hukunce-hukuncen kasa da ikon mallakar Ƙasa Cikakkun ikon ƙasa da ikon mallakar ƙasaƘuntatawa kan hukunce-hukuncen ƙasa da ikon mallakar ƙasa Hukuncin ƙasa da ƙasa bisa ga gadon kowa na ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin ƙasa da mata Malamai da yawa suna jayayya cewa rashin isassun ‘yancin mata na ƙasa yana shafar danginsu na kusa da sauran al’umma, haka nan. Tare da mallakar filaye, mata za su iya haɓaka kuɗin shiga kuma su ware wannan kuɗin shiga cikin adalci a cikin gida. malam Tim Hanstad ya yi iƙirarin cewa samar da isassun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ga mata yana da fa'ida saboda, da zarar mata sun sami damar yin amfani da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin za a inganta su: Mata za su rage kamuwa da cutar HIV/AIDS saboda ba sai sun yi karuwanci ba Mata ba za su kasance masu fama da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba Yaransu za su fi samun ilimi kuma su daɗe a makaranta Mata za su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi, don samun matsakaicin rance A ƙasashen duniya da dama, mata na samun fili don yin noma; duk da haka, akwai al'adu da suka hana mata cin gado ko sayen fili. Wannan yana sanya mata a wurin dogara ga mazajensu, ’yan’uwansu, ko iyayensu don rayuwa da matsuguni. Idan akwai rashin lafiya, tashin hankalin gida, ko mutuwa a cikin iyali, mata za su zama marasa ƙasa kuma ba za su iya yin noma don abinci ba, ko hayar ƙasa don riba. Mallakar filaye ga mata wani muhimmin tsari ne na tsaro da samun kudin shiga, da kara Karfafawa da rage Talauci Ƙasar Indiya Malam Kanakalatha Mukund ya ba da muhimmin batu cewa duk da cewa mata a Indiya suna da haƙƙin mallaka na shari'a, amma kaɗan ne kawai suke yin hakan a sakamakon ayyukan magabata da suka mamaye al'ummar ƙasar. Har zuwa kwanan nan, matan Indiya sun kasance ba su da dokoki game da rabon filayen jama'a kuma an tilasta musu dogaro da ƙaramin yuwuwar samun fili mai zaman kansa daga danginsu. Dokokin gado waɗanda ke kula da maza suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaito a cikin haƙƙin ƙasa. A cewar Bina Agarwal, mallakar ƙasa yana bayyana matsayin zamantakewa da ikon siyasa a cikin gida da ƙauyen, tsara dangantaka da samar da yanayin iyali. Don haka gadon fili yana fifita maza sama da mata a cikin gida, da kuma a cikin al'umma. Ba tare da ja-gorancin siyasa a ƙauyen ba, kuma tare da iyakacin ikon yin ciniki a cikin gida, mata ba su da murya don neman haƙƙinsu. Wani batu da ya shafi hakkin filaye a Indiya shi ne yadda suke barin mata kwata-kwata a kan rayuwar mazajensu. Wani bincike da malama Bina Agarwal ya yi ya gano cewa a Yammacin Bengal, iyalai masu wadata sun zama marasa galihu idan shugaban gidan na miji ya mutu, saboda ba a yarda mata su mallaki gonar mijinta. Haka kuma, saboda al'ada su, girman matsayi na mace, ba zai yiwu ba ta sami wata fasaha ta ci gaba da za ta yi amfani da ita wajen neman aiki. Su wadannan matan ana tilasta musu yin bara da abinci da matsuguni da zarar mazajensu ya mutu saboda ba a basu damar samun gogewar aiki ba. Malama Bina Agarwal ta bayar da hujjar cewa mallakar filaye na matukar rage yiwuwar cin zarafin mata a Indiya. Mallakar dukiya yana ɗaukaka mata zuwa matsayi mafi girma a cikin gida, yana ba da damar ƙarin daidaito da ikon yin ciniki. Ƙari ga haka, mallakar dukiya dabam da mazajensu ya ba wa mata damar kuɓuta daga mu’amalar da ba ta dace ba Agarwal ta ƙarasa da cewa begen samun mafaka mai aminci a wajen gidan babban gida yana rage tsawon lokacin tashin hankalin gida. Haƙƙin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci ga mata a Indiya saboda yawan al'ummar ubangida da suke rayuwa a ciki. Ra'ayoyin al'adu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yarda da daidaito tsakanin mallakar ƙasa. Mallakar kasa a karshe mata suna amfanar gida da al'umma gaba daya. Ci gaba na baya-bayan nan game da daidaito a haƙƙin ƙasa a Indiya shine Dokar Nasara ta Hindu ta 2005 Wannan aikin ya yi niyya don kawar da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi wanda ke cikin Dokar Nasara ta Hindu, 1956 A cikin sabon gyaran, 'ya'ya mata da maza suna da haƙƙin daidaitawa don samun fili daga iyayensu. Wannan matakin ya kasance duka biyun muhimmin mataki na doka da zamantakewa don yancin mata na filaye. Ba wai kawai dokar ta ba da umarnin daidaito a maye gurbin ƙasa ba, har ma ta tabbatar da matsayin mata a matsayin daidaito a cikin al'umma. Ƙasar Uganda Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda na 1995 ya tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, gami da mallaka da mallakar filaye. Duk da haka, bincike daga ƙungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afirka) ya nuna cewa ba a ware mata daga mallakar filaye saboda al'adu da kuma tushen al'adu masu zurfi. Ko da mata suka tara isassun kudade don siyan fili, ana sanya hannu a kan filin da sunan mijinsu, yayin da mata suka sa hannu a matsayin shaida. Ayyukan gado wani cikas ne na musamman wanda ke rage ƙarfafa mata, haka nan. Ana rarraba ƙasa ta hanyar zuriyar maza wanda ke ƙarfafa keɓancewar mata daga mallakar filaye. Wani abin da ke haifar da daidaito, kamar yadda kungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afirka) ta yi nuni da cewa, mata ba su da cikakkiyar masaniya game da hakkokin da suke da shi a karkashin dokar mallakar filaye. Matan karkara, da jahilai ma ba su da damar yin amfani da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin da ya ba su damar mallakar filaye. Duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1995 ya tanadi daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, amma har yanzu akwai gibi a cikin dokar da ke shafar ‘yancin mata na mallakar filaye. Doka ta kare hakkin mata a cikin aure; duk da haka, bai magance bukatun matan da mazansu suka mutu ba ko kuma wadanda aka kashe. Sakamakon haka, an bar waɗannan matan ba su da ƙasa kuma ba tare da bayar da kariya ta filayen ba. Har ila yau, mata na da wuya a kai kara kotu saboda cin hanci da rashawa da tsadar shari’a. Gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi filaye suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo ana aiwatar da su ta yadda mata da yawa ba sa yin ƙoƙarin neman taimakon doka. Ƙungiyar Women's Land Link Africa (yankin mata na Afurka) ita ba da shawarwari don rage rashin daidaito a cikin mallakar filaye. Ana iya ilmantar da matan karkara game da hakkokinsu ta hanyar yakin rediyo, tattaunawar al'umma, shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a, da tarukan jama'a. Dole ne a magance matsalolin al'adu a cikin manufofi kuma ana iya ilimantar da shugabannin al'umma game da haɗa ƙungiyoyin tsiraru. Har ila yau, dokar da kanta za ta iya magance hakkokin zawarawa da wadanda aka kashe baya ga hakkokin matan aure. Duba kuma Dokokin ƙasar Ingila Raba ƙasa Kasa tamu ce Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya Gwagwarmayar Kasa Shaidoji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30854

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem%20Tilahun%20Alemu

Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu

Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Habasha, wacce ta kafa kuma babban darekta na soleRebels, "kamfanin takalman mafi sauri a Afirka". Alemu ta samu karramawa da yabo saboda hazakar kasuwanci da ta yi, da kuma kokarin da take yi na karkatar da jawabai kan Afirka daga fatara zuwa ruhin kasuwanci da zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin nahiyar. Alemu ta ƙaddamar da "Republic of Leather", tana ƙirƙira samfuran fata masu ɗorewa, da kantunan "Garden of Coffee" don haɓaka kofi na Habasha. Rayuwar farko An haifi Alemu a unguwar Zenebework a birnin Addis Ababa. Iyayenta suna aiki a wani asibiti na gida. Alemu ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na gwamnati, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun lissafin kudi a jami’ar Unity, inda ya kammala a shekarar 2004. Alemu ita ce 'yar kasuwa mace ta farko 'yar Afirka da ta yi jawabi ga shirin Clinton Global Initiative kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Kasuwancin Afirka ta 2011. Harkokin kasuwanci A farkon 2005, Alemu ta kafa soleRebels don samar da ayyukan yi na muhalli da tattalin arziki ga al'ummarta. Ganin cewa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun al’ummarta na Zenebework na fama da rashin aikin yi, ta so ta nuna gwanintarsu da ba da aiki ga waɗanda ke yankinta. An yi sawun takalmin daga tayoyin mota da aka sake sarrafa su. A yau, kamfanin yana da shaguna a duk faɗin duniya, ciki har da Habasha, Singapore, Switzerland da Taiwan. Alemu tana matukar alfahari da samun damar ƙirƙirar samfuran duniya kamar soleRebels da Garden of Coffee. Tarihi Kamfanin ya fara ne daga wani taron bita kan wani fili mallakar kakar Alemu da ke Zenebework. SoleRebels ya bunƙasa, yana girma zuwa ma'aikata 300 a Habasha, tare da rarraba zuwa kasashe talatin a duniya, suna sayar da kasuwa ga masu cin kasuwa Whole Foods, Urban Outfitters da Amazon. An shirya bude shagunan mallakar kamfani da kamfanoni a Austria, Switzerland, Taiwan, da kuma Burtaniya. Alemu ta so ta samar da guraben ayyukan yi da ake biya masu kyau wanda zai iya samar da wadata ta hanyar amfani da basirar fasaha da albarkatun kasa na Habasha. Zaɓin takalma a matsayin samfurin ƙaddamar da kamfani ya zo daga baya. Alemu ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga seleate ko barabasso, takalmin taya na gargajiya da aka sake yin fa'ida a Habasha, kuma takalmi ya zama wurin da ta zabi gina kamfanin. A cikin 2016 kamfanin ya sayar da takalma guda 125,000 kuma ya samar da ayyukan yi 1,200. A cikin 2014, Alemu ta sanar da sabon kamfani na kasuwanci, Republic of Leather, ta hanyar bulogi na gidan yanar gizon soleRebels. Alemu ta bayyana masana'antar kayayyakin fata na alfarma a matsayin "sun cika don sake tunani gabaɗaya," daidai da abin da ta cim ma ta na soleRebels da masana'antar takalmi. Bayan ɗaukar manufa iri ɗaya na dorewar muhalli da tattalin arziƙi kamar soleRebels, Republic of Leather ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin zaɓin abokin ciniki zaɓin abokin ciniki na ƙira, mai samarwa da karɓar sadaka na 5% na farashin da suke biya. A cikin 2017, an ƙara "Garden of Coffee" zuwa kamfanoninta. Yana farawa da kantuna a Addis Ababa. Falsafa Alemu tana neman kalubalanci labarin al'ada game da Afirka da kuma musamman, Habasha, "yana fama da shibboleth cewa Afirka da 'yan Afirka ba su san yadda za su haifar da hanyar su zuwa wadata ba." Alemu ta yi imanin cewa Habashawa dole ne su kwace ikon labarin nasu daga "mutane da manyan mutane da ke da sha'awar sanya Habasha a matsayin 'bukatar taimako' da kuma bukatar 'taimakon' da suke bayarwa," kamar yadda Alemu ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da The Next Woman. Nasarar duniya na kamfanoni kamar soleRebels yana taimakawa wajen kawar da waɗannan tsofaffin labarun kuma yana ba da damar Habashawa su tsara siffar su ta duniya. Girmamawa da yabo A shekarar 2011 Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Duniya ta zabi Alemu a matsayin Matashin Jagoran Duniya. An jera Alemu a cikin Mata 20 mafi karancin iko a Afirka a mujallar Forbes a 2011 A cikin 2012 Alemu ta kasance a cikin Forbes '100 Mafi Ƙarfi' kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "Mace don Kalli." A cikin 2012 Business Insider ya nada Alemu a matsayin daya daga cikin "manyan 'yan kasuwa mata 5 na Afirka." A cikin 2012 magajin Bloomberg ya zaɓi Alemu a matsayin NYC Venture Fellow. A cikin 2012 an zaɓi Alemu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Matan Dynamic Women 100" na Arise Magazine, waɗanda ke tsara Afirka ta zamani. A cikin 2013 Alemu an jera ta a matsayin #62 a cikin Fast Company's s "100 Most Creative People in Business 201." A cikin 2013 Alemu ta kasance mai ba da shawara a taron matasa na duniya na wannan shekarar. A cikin 2013 Alemu an saka ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mafi Ƙarfin Matan Afirka 15" na Madame Figaro. A cikin 2013 an zaɓi Alemu don shiga kwamitin ba da shawara na dandalin masana'antu Green, wanda Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Masana'antu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka kira. A cikin 2013 masu karatun The Guardian sun zabi Alemu a matsayin daya daga cikin "Masu Nasara Mata a Afirka." A cikin 2014 Alemu an nada ta a matsayin daya daga cikin "'yan kasuwa mata 12 na CNN wadanda suka canza hanyar da muke kasuwanci."

50834

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Earl

Millennium Earl

The Millennium ,Sennen Hakushaku),also known as"the Creator" and "Adam",is a fictional character in the manga series DGray-man by Katsura Hoshino.Introduced as the series' main antagonist,the Earl's role is to help revive the dead and turn them into demons known as Akuma.With Akuma,a group known as the Noah Family plans to destroy humanity. The Earl takes an interest in the protagonist:young exorcist Allen Walker, who is connected to the Noah.When he learns that the exorcist Allen Walker is the successor of the 14th Noah,Nea D. Campbell he attempts to capture him.The character also appears in the second light novel based on the series. Hoshino ya kafa wannan hali ne a kan wani sanannen wanda ta ki bayyana sunan sa.Da farko ɗan wasa a farkon bayyanarsa,daga baya ta bayyana siffar ɗan adam wanda zai yi tasiri da ba a bayyana ba a cikin jerin.Muhimmin martani ga Millennium Earl yana da kyau, tare da masu sukar yadda ya farfado da matattu da kashe mutane abin ban mamaki ne.Zurfinsa mai ban mamaki a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow,an kuma yaba masa.An saki kayayyaki iri-iri dangane da halayen. Halitta da tunani The Millennium Earl aka asali featured a matsayin villain na Katsura Hoshino ta daya-shot comic,Zone,wanda featured wasu haruffa daga cikin D.Gray-man jerin, mafi musamman Lenalee Lee da kuma hali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen Allen Walker,Robin.Ya jarabci Lenalee ta hanyar dawo da masoyinta da ta bata amma Robin ya hana shi.[vol.8:40 Kamar yadda yake a D.Gray-man,Earl ya yi wa mutane alkawari cewa zai mai da ’yan’uwansu da suka mutu zuwa rai. Hoshino ta samo asali ne a lokacin kuruciyarta lokacin da take burin rubuta shi a matsayin babban jigon ayyukanta. Duk da haka,gano halin da bai dace da mujallar manga da ke nufin matasa ba, maimakon haka ta ƙirƙiri Allen ya zama babban jarumi.Da zarar D.Gray-man ya fara serialization,Hoshino yayi tsokaci cewa ta kafa Earl akan wani wanda ba a tantance ba,sanannen mutum. Ko da yake an san mutumin da fasaha, umarninsa na harsuna da yawa da annabce-annabcensa,ba a san lokacin da mutumin ya mutu ba.Ya kira kansa"masanin ilimin zamani",kuma lokacin da aka buga kundin farko D.Gray-man an yi imanin cewa yana raye.[vol. 1 :112]Zuwa farkon jerin, Hoshino ya sami hali a matsayin ɗaya mafi sauƙi ga zane ɗaya tare da Hevlaska. [vol.3:86] A wata hira da aka yi da shi daga baya,Hoshino ya sami kayan ado irin na Earl har yanzu yana da sauƙin kwatanta idan aka kwatanta da mafi “kyau”haruffa,irin su Yu Kanda. A cikin zayyana Earl,Hoshino ya ba shi kyan gani don ya bambanta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka sanya baƙar fata maimakon.Wannan kallon an yi shi ne don ba da ra'ayin wani ɗan adam mai alaƙa da bala'in da ya haifar yayin da Hoshino ya haɗa shi da fure mai guba. Hoshino ya riga ya tsara sifar ɗan adam na Earl kafin manga ya fara jeri.Ta sami siffar ɗan adam"gajiya"a matsayin babban abokin gaba na jerin wanda ya dace da masu karatun jerin kuma ɗayan jigoginsa:baƙin ciki.An tsara shi a sashin edita na Jump J-books,kuma dandanonta ya bayyana a cikinsa.Ko da yake yawancin masu karatu sun yi la'akari da Earl kiba, Hoshino cikin raha ya ci gaba da cewa ba haka ba ne;duk da haka,girmansa yana da mahimmanci ga makirci na gaba. Lokacin da ta fara zana shi a matsayin ɗan adam ba tare da suturar sa mai kama da kyan gani ba,Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa Kunnen ya zama mai hankali saboda ba ta yarda cewa maza masu matsakaicin shekaru sun shahara a cikin jerin ba.Ta yi mamakin yadda ya yi kasa a zaben fidda gwani na hudu(18),duk da kokarin da ta yi na ganin ya kara burge shi a wurin da yake kuka a cikin barcinsa bayan gazawar da ya yi na daukar tsohon abokinsa,Nea,cikin dangin Nuhu.Gamuwar da ke tafe tsakanin Earl da Nea an rubuta ta a hankali don jan hankali daga yawancin masu karatu saboda yadda Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙarin zana ganawar.Hoshino ya tafi bayyana cewa Earl shine halin da ta fi so a cikin jerin har ma fiye da Allen. Junpei Takiguchi ne ya bayyana Millennium Earl a cikin jerin' karɓawar anime na farko na harshen Jafananci da Yutaka Aoyama a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow.Ayyukan Aoyama ya sami yabo daga Hoshino saboda gaskiyar cewa dole ne ya yi ɓangarorin Earl biyu:mai 'yanci mai kama da dabi'a da makoki na ɗan adam wanda ya ƙudura ya dawo da ɗan'uwansa,Nea.Aoyama ya yi mamakin furucin Hoshino yana mai cewa bai fahimci babban abin da ta yi ba.Aoyama ya kuma ji cewa wasa da siffar Earl na ɗan adam yana da wahala saboda yadda ya bambanta da halayensa a cikin wannan yanayin har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi wuyar murya.Jason Liebrecht ne ya bayyana halin a cikin harsunan Ingilishi na jerin duka. Bayyanuwa Babban mai adawa da manga,shi ne shugaban kabilan Nuhu kuma ya rayu tsawon shekaru7,000.Earl yana yaudarar mutanen da suke baƙin cikin abokansu ko danginsu da suka mutu don tada su, kuma ya mayar da su Akuma:makamai masu cinye jikin mutum kuma suna bin umarninsa.[ch.1 ]Mutum daya tilo da ya tsira daga wannan kaddara shine yaro, Allen Walker,wanda ya lalata Akuma na waliyyinsa( Mana Walker )kafin ya karbi jikinsa ta hanyar amfani da makamin da aka halicce shi ta hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna"Innocence"A farkon manga,Earl yayi ƙoƙari ya kashe wani ƙaramin yaro wanda mahaifiyarsa ta mutu Akuma ta kashe abokinsa;Allen ne ya tsayar da shi. [ch. 4 Earl sai ya umarci mabiyansa, Iyalin Nuhu, da su kashe janar-janar Baƙar fata (kungiyar masu fitar da fatara da ke adawa da su);[ch.29 ]wannan ya fara yaƙi da Order. Lokacin da ya san cewa memba na Black Order Lenalee Lee yana iya samun rashin laifi da aka sani da "Zuciya"wanda ke kawo nasara,Earl ya jawo gungun masu baƙar fata fata zuwa wani nau'i da aka sani da Jirgin Nuhu. [ch.88 ]Jirgin ya fara rushewa kuma Earl ya tsere daga yankin tare da Nuhu Tyki Mikk,wanda Janar Cross Marian ya kusa kashe shi.[ch.129 Earl sannan ya umarci Nuhu ya aika matakin-3 Akumas don kai hari kan hedkwatar Black Order kuma ya kashe masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.[ch.139 ]Kamar yadda masu korar fatara suka rinjayi mamaya,[ch.157 ]yana tsinewa kansa da rashin kashe Allen a lokacin da suka hadu.[ch.158 ]A wani yaƙin Earl ya gano cewa Nea,9almajirin Nuhu na 14, yana cikin Allen kuma yana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar shi a matsayin Nuhu.[ch.189 ]Ko da yake Nea ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shi shekaru da yawa da suka wuce,Earl yana so ya kasance kusa da shi kuma ya ba da umarnin sace Allen.[ch.196 Lokacin da Allen ya bar Umarni bayan ya rasa haƙƙinsa a matsayin mai fitar da rai,Earl da Nuhu suka bi shi.Kamar yadda kusurwoyin Earl Allen a cikin wani gari Nea ya mallaki mai fitar da wuta.[ch.218 ]Ya bayyana cewa Earl shine rabin rabin karni na Millennium Earl,wanda ya ɓace kuma ya sake dawowa a matsayin tagwaye Mana D. Campbell da Nea D.Campbell.Mana shine Kunnen yanzu).[ch.219,220 ]Mutuwar Nea ta sa Kunnen ya rasa tunaninsa.Cikin rudewa ana kiransa"Mana"yana cewa Mana "ya tafi",Earl ya watsar da Nea. [ch.221] Har ila yau,halin ya bayyana a cikin Kaya Kizaki's D.Gray-man Reverse,na biyu D.Gray-man haske novel,wanda a cikinsa ya nemo mutane don ƙirƙirar Akuma.Earl ya sami da yawa amma ya keɓe ƙaramin yaro don wani dalili da ba a sani ba,yana rikitar da abokinsa Road Kamelot.Ya mayar da yaron wurin iyayensa,yana gaya masa ya kirkiro Akuma. Halaye Earl na iya zama wani babban ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasar Victoria:mai jujjuyawar siffa a cikin cape da babban hula(boye ƙahonsa),tare da ƙyalli na har abada da kuma abubuwan gani na pince-nez.Ko da yake halinsa sau da yawa yana fara'a, yana saurin bayyana abin da ya fi tsoratar da shi,ɓarna.[ch.3]Earl yana da golem mai suna Lero,laima mai ruwan hoda tare da ƙaramin jack-o-lantern mai magana a bakinsa.Yakan yi magana cikin jin daɗi ko kururuwa,yana ƙara sunansa zuwa ƙarshen kusan kowace jumla.Lero,wanda Earl ke amfani da shi azaman laima mai tashi irin na Mary Poppins,yana da aminci gare shi kuma yana tsare takobinsa. [ch.89 ]Hanya sau da yawa tana ɗaukar Lero ba tare da son rai ba,yana amfani da shi azaman tsintsiya madaidaci ko laima na yau da kullun.[ch.20,23,24]An yi amfani da shi azaman fitila don kiran Akuma, don jigilar masu fitar da mutane da yawa zuwa cikin Jirgin da kuma tsare Nuhu.[ch.4 Lero yana da takobi mai kama da takobin Allen Walker na zubar da jini, wanda ya ba shi mamaki lokacin da suka yi karo da jirgin Nuhu[130]Duk da rashin jin daɗinsa ga Nuhu Nea,Kunnen yana ƙara damuwa lokacin da yake magana game da shi.[ch.202 Reception The Millennium Earl ya sami karbuwa sosai daga manga,anime da sauran wallafe-wallafe.Da yake bitar juzu'in farko na manga,AE Sparrow na IGN ya kwatanta shi da uku daga cikin mugayen Batman Penguin,Joker da Fuska Biyu,waɗannan kamanceceniya.Bugu da ƙari,Sparrow ya kira Millennium Earl a matsayin"mugun abu mai ban tsoro da za ku so ku ƙi". Ross Liversidge na UK Anime Network kuma ya ji daɗin wannan hali,yana yaba da canjin ƙirarsa da ayyukan mugunta. Sheena McNeil ya yarda,yana mai cewa Earl yana aiki da kyau a matsayin muguwar jerin tare da"sautin ƙauna kamar yadda zukata suka nuna a cikin kumfa na magana da murmushi na har abada, dukansu biyun suna nan don sa shi ya ƙara yin zunubi ta hanyar ɓoye gaskiyarsa. dabi'a".Tom Tonhat na Escapist shi ma ya yaba da tsarin Earl na farfado da matattu a matsayin Akuma, yana ganin shi a matsayin jigo mai karfi da ke baiwa masu kallo damar tausayawa wadanda abin ya shafa.Ya kuma lura cewa farkon bayyanar wannan hali a matsayin "marasa barazana a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ɗaukar hankali"ya sa ayyukansa sun fi ƙiyayya.Todd Douglass,Jr.na DVD Talk ya kira Earl's canji na mutane zuwa Akuma"fiendish".Lynzee Loveridge na Anime News Network ya haɗa da shi a jerin9"7 Clowns to Haunt Your Nightmares"na gidan yanar gizon.Erin Finnegan na ANN ya sami wannan hali mai ban sha'awa saboda "ya rataye a cikin wani wuri mai girman gaske tare da jack-o'lanterns"kuma ya kwatanta shi da Mad Pierrot daga jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cowboy Bebop.Neo ya bayyana cewa yayin da ƙirar Earl ke jin ba ta da wuri, ya dace da nau'in ƙira mai ban tsoro daga masu adawa. Brian Henson na Mania Beyond Entertainment ya ji daɗin Earl da duhun labarin Nuhu a cikin labarun baya,da Yussif Osman na Japanator ya kira su mugaye amma abin so.Marubuciyar hanyar sadarwa ta Anime News Anne Lauenroth ta soki halin Earl a farkon abubuwan D.Gray-man Hallow;ko da yake ta yi la'akari da shi "bangaren buffoon, part mugun clown"(wanda ya sanya shi "giciye mai ban sha'awa tsakanin ban mamaki da ban tsoro"),"daskararre grin daga jahannama"bai fi tsoro ba.A cikin bita na baya,Lauenroth ya rubuta cewa Earl ya canza daga halin"mai ban sha'awa"a lokacin abubuwan Hallow kuma ba ta fahimci sha'awarsa da Nea ba. Chris Kirby na Fandom Post ya sami sabani na halin da Allen bayan mai fitar da shi ya bar Order a cikin baka na gaba mai tsawo,mai ban sha'awa cliffhanger;masu karatu sun jira sigar yaren turanci su cim ma na Jafananci.An yaba wa wahayin da ke bayan Earl ta ainihin ainihi yayin da jerin ke mayar da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙarar manga ya mayar da hankali kan shi kuma Nea ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kansu tare da fasaha mai ban sha'awa kuma yana mamakin makomar Earl guda biyu la'akari da Mana ya mallaki Allen, Mana. dan reno. Neo ya sami aikin Junpei Takiguchi a matsayin ɗan wasan Jafananci na Earl wanda ya fi wanda ya fito daga Turanci, Jason Liebrecht.An ba da shayin madara na Earl tapioca a 2016 D.Grey-man Halloween Cafe a Tokyo,da faci masu alaƙa,fara'a na wayar hannu da kayan kwalliyar kwalliya an sayar da su. Nassoshi D.Gray-man manga juzu'i na Katsura Hoshino.Asalin sigar Jafananci ta Shueisha ta buga.Fassarar Turanci ta Viz Media ta

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacine%20Brahimi

Yacine Brahimi

Yacine Nasreddine Brahimi (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta,1990), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda kuma kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Al-Gharafa ta Qatar da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya .Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari da winger kuma an kwatanta shi da "mai hazaka ta fasaha" Yacine kuma sananne ne don "Brahimi Moments" (a cikin Portuguese, "Momentos Brahimi"). Brahimi ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a yankin Île-de-Faransa, bayan ya yi horo a ASB Montreuil da CO Vincennois. A cikin shekarar 2003, an zaɓi shi don halartar makarantar Clairefontaine Brahimi ya shafe shekaru uku a makarantar kuma, bayan barinsa, ya sanya hannu tare da Rennes Yayin da yake makarantar horar da matasa na kulob ɗin, ya samu lambobin yabo na kulob da dama. Bayan ya zama ƙwararre, Brahimi an ba shi rancen zuwa kulob na biyu na Clermont Foot Yayin da yake a Clermont, ya sami nasarar mutum na shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010 kakar Bayan ya shafe kakar wasan da ta gabata a can aro, ya koma kulob din La Liga Granada CF a shekarar, 2013, sannan ya koma Porto kan Yuro 6.5. miliyan daya bayan shekara. Dan kasar Algeriya Brahimi tsohon matashin dan wasan kasar Faransa ne wanda ya wakilci kasar a dukkan matakan matasa. A cikin shekarar 2009, ya taka leda a tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekarar, 2009 UEFA European Under-19 A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2013, Brahimi ya sauya sheƙa na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Algeriya kuma ya fara buga mata wasa wata daya bayan haka, ya kuma taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015,da 2017 zuwa 2019 da kuma 2021 na Afirka, inda ya lashe gasar shekarar, 2019. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haifi Brahimi a birnin Paris ga iyayen Aljeriya kuma ya girma a gabashin gabashin Paris a Montreuil a Seine-Saint-Denis Yayin girma, sau da yawa ya yi koyi da Zinedine Zidane yayin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da abokai. Brahimi ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a ƙungiyar sa ta ASB Montreuil. Bayan shekaru hudu a can, ya shiga CO Vincennois, wanda aka sani don samar da dan wasan Ligue 1 Blaise Matuidi, a kusa da Vincennes Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zaɓi Brahimi don halartar mashahurin makarantar Clairefontaine a shekarar, 2003 don ci gaba da ci gabansa. Yayin horo a Clairefontaine a cikin mako, yana buga wasa akai-akai a Vincennois a karshen mako. A cikin shekararsa ta ƙarshe a Clairefontaine, Brahimi ya shafe shekara guda a Camp des Loges, cibiyar horar da matasa na Paris Saint-Germain, horo tare da abokin wasan matasa na kasa da kasa Mamadou Sakho Duk da cewa kungiyoyin Faransa da na Turai da dama sun yi masa shari'a, biyo bayan zamansa a Clairefontaine, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar mai neman (matasa) tare da Rennes A cikin OOktobar shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya ambaci zabar Rennes a matsayin wurin da zai nufa saboda darajar ilimin kulob din, yana mai cewa, "A Rennes, makarantar tana ba da mahimmanci ga aikin makaranta", kuma, "Wannan garanti ne ga iyayena. Sun shawarce ni da in zaɓi Stade Rennes. Ta wannan hanyar, zan iya ci gaba da horar da ƙwallon ƙafa yayin shirya Baccalauréat na." Rennes Brahimi ya shiga Rennes kuma cikin sauri ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙwararrun ƙungiyar matasa. Ya shiga Damien Le Tallec (kanin Anthony Le Tallec Yann M'Vila, Yohann Lasimant, Kévin Théophile-Catherine da Samuel Souprayen a matsayin mafi kyawun kulob din. Haɗin M'Vila, Brahimi, Camara da Le Tallec (dukansu ƴan aji na shekarar, 1990) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasarar ƙungiyar matasan su. Tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 16, 'yan hudun sun lashe gasar Tournoi Carisport, gasar kasa da ke cin karo da manyan jami'o'i a Faransa akai-akai da juna. Bayan shekaru biyu tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da 18, Brahimi ya lashe gasar zakarun 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 na kakar shekarar, 2006 zuwa 2007. A cikin shekarar, 2008, makarantar matasa ta sami babbar daraja bayan ta lashe Coupe Gambardella Taken shi ne kofin Gambardella na Rennes na uku kuma na farko tun shekarar, 2003 lokacin da irin su Yoann Gourcuff da Sylvain Marveaux ke taka leda a gasar. Bayan kakar shekara ta 2007zuwa 2008, a ranar 23 ga Yuni, Brahimi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun ƙwararrunsa na farko da ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta, 2011. Ko da yake yana kan kwantiragin kwararren, Brahimi ba a sanya lamba a babbar kungiyar ba, a maimakon haka ya taka leda a kungiyar ta Championnat de France amateur team a rukuni na hudu ya bayyana a wasanni 22 kuma ya zira kwallaye uku, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta zama ta daya a cikin kwararrun kungiyoyin a rukuninsu., ta haka ne suka cancanci shiga gasar, inda suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Lyon a wasan kusa da na karshe. Clermont (rance) Bayan nasarar cin nasara na kasa da kasa tare da Faransa, Rennes ya yanke shawarar zai zama mafi kyau a aika matashin dan wasan a kan aro don karɓar lokacin wasan da ake bukata. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2009, kulob din ya sanar da cewa Brahimi zai koma kulob din Ligue 2 Clermont Foot a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar shekara ta, 2009 zuwa 2010 Brahimi ya isa kulob din ne bayan gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Turai ta shekara ta, 2009 UEFA European Under-19, tare da dan wasan aro daga Juventus Carlo Vecchione, kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 28. Ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a ranar buɗe wasa na kakar wasa yana bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a 2-1 da Arles-Avignon ya sha kashi. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba inda ya koma fanareti a wasan da kulob din ya doke Angers da ci 3–2. Burin Brahimi na farko a budaddiyar wasa ya faru ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba a Clermont da ci 3-1 da Bastia Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, inda ya sake canza wani hukunci a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Guingamp A ranar 23 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da Clermont ta doke Ajaccio da ci 3-0. Bayan kwana uku, ya zira kwallaye a raga kuma ya ba da taimako a cikin nasara 3-1 a kan Istres Bayan wata daya, Brahimi ya canza hukuncinsa na uku na kakar wasa a nasarar da suka yi da Dijon da ci 3–2. Nasarar ta motsa Clermont zuwa matsayi na 4 a matakin gasar da maki uku kacal daga wurin ci gaba. A mako mai zuwa, Brahimi ya ci gaba da nuna bajintar da ya ci wa Le Havre Sai dai wasan ya kare ne da ci 2-1 a hannun Clermont. Wannan ne karon farko da kungiyar ta sha kashi a wasa inda Brahimi ya zura kwallo a raga. Kwanaki uku bayan haka Brahimi ya zura kwallonsa takwas na kamfen a wasan da suka yi nasara da Guingamp da ci 3-1. Nasarar ta haifar da wasan share fage a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa yayin da Clermont mai matsayi na hudu ya fuskanci Arles-Avignon mai matsayi na uku tare da samun nasarar zuwa gasar Ligue 1. Abin takaici ga Clermont, kulob din ya kasa samun ci gaba zuwa Ligue 1 a karon farko a tarihin kulob din yayin da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0. Brahimi ya buga minti 89 a wasan inda ya karbi katin gargadi a cikin wasan. Komawa zuwa Rennes Bayan kakar wasa, a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2010, Manajan Rennes Frédéric Antonetti ya tabbatar da cewa Brahimi zai koma kungiyar, duk da sha'awar Arsenal da Real Madrid, kuma za a dogara da shi sosai don kakar shekara ta, 2010 zuwa 2011 mai yiwuwa ya zama mai maye gurbin wasan Jérôme Leroy da ya tsufa A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya fara buga wa kungiyar Rennes wasa a gasar bude gasar da kulob din ya yi da Lille Ya fara wasan kuma ya buga minti 71 a tashi 1-1. Washegari, Rennes ya sanar da cewa Brahimi ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kungiyar. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ita ce ta ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a nasara da ci 3–0 akan Nancy Domin wani yanki na kakar bazara, mai yin wasan ya yi fama da bushe-bushe ba ya zura kwallo a raga ko ba da taimako. Sakamakon haka, Brahimi ya fara juyawa a ciki da waje. Bayan hutun hunturu, Brahimi ya dawo ya zira kwallaye tare da bayar da taimako a wasan da kungiyar ta doke Cannes na kasa da ci 7-0 a Coupe de France Mako daya bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Arles-Avignon da ci 4-0. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2011, Brahimi ya zira kwallo a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Paris Saint-Germain. Kwallon da aka ci daga nesa ita ce kwallo daya tilo da aka ci a wasan yayin da nasarar ta sa Rennes ya yi daidai da maki da PSG a matsayi na biyu. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yacine Brahimi French league stats at LFP also available in French Yacine Brahimi at L'Équipe Football (in French) Yacine Brahimi at ESPN FC 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

33515

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Ivory%20Coast

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Ivory Coast

Kungiyar kwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Ivory Coast, ita ce kungiyar kwallon kafa wanda FIFA ta amince da ita a matsayin Cote d'Ivoire tana wakiltar Ivory Coast a wasannin kwallon kafa na mata na duniya, sannan kuma hukumar kula da wasannin kwallon kafa ta Ivory Coast ce ke kula da ita. Sun buga wasansu na farko a duniya a shekarar 1988. Kungiyar a halin yanzu tana matsayi na 64 a cikin jerin sunayen mata na FIFA kuma a matsayin ta 6 mafi kyawun kungiya a CAF Tarihi Farkon A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasa, ciki har da Ivory Coast waɗanda ba su buga wasansu na farko da FIFA ta amince da su ba har zuwa 1988 lokacin da suka shiga gasar Gayyatar mata ta FIFA 1988. Kasar na cikin rukunin A. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Netherlands da ci 0–3 a wasa a Foshan A ranar 3 ga Yuni, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Kanada 0–6 a wasa a Foshan. A wasan da suka yi ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun China da ci 1–8 a wasan da suka buga a Guangzhou A 1992, sun fafata a gasar cin kofin Lyon'ne na farko Mata, wanda aka gudanar a Lyon, Faransa daga 17 Shea 20 ga watan Afrilu. Ivory Coast tana cikin rukunin kasar. Sun yi rashin nasara a hannun kungiyar U20 ta Amurka da ci 0–4, sun sha kashi a hannun kungiyar CIS da ci 0–3 sannan suka sha kashi a hannun Faransa da ci 1–6. A shekara ta 2002, ƙungiyar ta fafata a wasanni 2. A 2003, sun buga a 0 matches. A shekarar 2004, sun buga a 0 matches. A shekarar 2005, sun buga a wasanni 3. A cikin 2006, sun buga a wasanni 2. A cikin 2006, ƙungiyar ta sami horo 3 a mako. A shekara ta 2005, sun taka leda a gasar mata ta Tournoi de Solidarité a Dakar, Senegal A ranar 18 ga Mayu, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Mali da ci 1–6. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, an tashi kunnen doki da Senegal ci 3-3. Ba su yi wasan karshe ba kuma gaba daya sun kare a gasar. A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, shekara 2006 a Dakar, Togo ta yi kunnen doki 3-3. A cikin shekaar 2007, ƙasar ta fafata a gasar Tournoi de Cinq Nations] da aka gudanar a Ouagadougou A ranar 2 ga Satumba, an tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a Mali 1-1, Rita Akaffou ta ci wa kungiyar a minti na 65. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, sun doke Togo da ci 5-0 kafin a kore Togo daga gasar saboda kawo kungiyar kulab din. A ranar 6 ga Satumba, an yi rashin nasara a hannun Mali da ci 1-2. A shekarar 2010, kasar ta samu tawaga a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na mata na Afirka a lokacin wasannin share fage. A zagayen kuma sun doke Guinea da ci 5-1. Sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Malawi da ci 4-2 a karawar ta biyu. A shekarar 2010, gasar cin kofin mata a Afirka, an yi rashin nasara a zagayen farko a watan Maris, inda ta doke Gabon a gida da waje da ci 2–1 da 3–1. A zagayen farko da Najeriya ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasannin biyu da ci 1–2 da kuma 1–3. Kasar dai ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011. Tawagar kasar sun yi atisaye a Abidjan kasar ba ta da bangaren ‘yan kasa da shekara 17 ko kasa da 20. A watan Yunin shekara 2012, kungiyar ta kasance ta 67 a duniya ta FIFA kuma ta 6 mafi kyawun kungiya a CAF. Wannan ci gaba ne na wurare huɗu daga Maris 2012 lokacin da suke matsayi na 71 a duniya. Matsayi mafi muni da ƙungiyar ta taɓa samu shine a shekarar 2011 lokacin da take matsayi na 136 a duniya. Sauran martaba sun haɗa da 73 a 2006, 75 a 2007, 74 a 2008, 92 a 2009, da 77 a 2010. Duk da haka, a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2014, Ivory Coast ta ba kowa mamaki ta hanyar tsallakewa zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, kuma daga baya, ta girgiza Afirka ta hanyar doke babbar Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka nuna a karon farko da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA, a Canada shwkarar 2015 A gasar cin kofin duniya na baya-bayan nan, an cire su da rashin nasara uku a hannun Jamus (0–10), Thailand (2–3) da Norway (1–3). Duk da rashin nasara da aka yi, an zabi kwallon da Ange N'Guessan ya ci Norway a matsayin daya daga cikin kwallaye goma mafi kyau a gasar baki daya. Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka sun kawo wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar yana da iyaka, saboda turawan mulkin mallaka a yankin sun kasance suna daukar ra'ayi na ubangida da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida wadanda suke da irin wannan tunani a cikin su. Rashin samun ci gaba daga baya na ƙungiyar ƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na alamomin dukkan ƙungiyoyin Afirka ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al'umma wanda ke ba da izini lokaci-lokaci. domin tauye hakkin dan Adam musamman na mata. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gaba ɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nasarar gaba ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne akan ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa waɗannan wuraren. Kokarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a fadin nahiyar. Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shi ne na huɗu mafi shaharar wasanni na 'yan mata, wanda ke bayan ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon kwando da wasannin motsa jiki An kafa shirin kwallon kafa na mata a kasar a shekarar 1975 kuma ana buga wasan kwallon kafa na 'yan mata a makarantu. Rijistar yan wasa tana farawa ne tun yana ɗan shekara tara. A shekarar 2006, akwai mata 610 da suka yi rajista, 560 daga cikinsu manyan ’yan wasa ne, 50 kuma ba su kai shekara 18 ba. Wannan ya karu daga 2002 lokacin da mata 130 suka yi rajista, 2003 lokacin da akwai 220, 2004 lokacin akwai 253, da 2005 lokacin da 'yan wasa 428 suka yi rajista. A shekarar 2006, akwai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa 123 a kasar, inda 11 daga cikinsu na mata ne kawai. Kamar yadda na shekara 2009, akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi 36 da ƙungiyoyin matasa 4 don mata. Akwai gasar bisa makaranta. An kirkiro hukumar ta kasa a shekarar 1960 kuma ta zama mai alaka da FIFA a 1964. Kit ɗinsu ya haɗa da rigar lemu, farar wando da kuma safa koren. Kwamitin kasa ba shi da ma’aikaciyar cikakken lokaci mai kula da kwallon kafa ta mata. Ba shi da tabbacin wakilcin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin hukumar. Fifa trigramme shine CIV. An gudanar da kwas ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata na FIFA a ƙasar a cikin 2007. Ma'aikatan koyarwa Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu Tarihin gudanarwa Adélaïde Koudougnon (2004–2010) Clémentine Touré (2010–) Manazarta Duba Kuma Wasanni a Ivory Coast Kwallon kafa a Ivory Coast Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Ivory Coast Tawagar kwallon kafa ta maza ta Ivory Coast Manaza ta yvyHanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Bayanan martaba na

29839

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurin%20sarrafa%20shara

Wurin sarrafa shara

Gidan da ake amfani da shi dan samar da makamashi wurin sarrafa sharar gida ne wanda ke kona sharar gida don samar da wutar lantarki. Irin wannan tashar wutar lantarki wani lokaci ana kiranta sharar-zuwa makamashi, kona sharar gida, dawo da makamashi, ko injin dawo da albarkatun ƙasa. Tsare-tsare masu sharar gida na zamani sun sha bamban da injinan kwandon shara waɗanda aka saba amfani da su har zuwa ƴan shekarun da suka gabata. Ba kamar na zamani ba, tsire-tsire ba sa cire abubuwa masu haɗari ko sake yin amfani da su kafin ƙonewa. Wadannan guraben konawa na barazana ga lafiyar ma’aikatan kamfanin da mazauna kusa da su, kuma yawancinsu ba sa samar da wutar lantarki. Ana ci gaba da kallon samar da wutar lantarki a matsayin wata dabarar samar da makamashi, musamman ma kasar Sweden wacce ta kasance kan gaba wajen samar da makamashin da ba ta dace ba cikin shekaru kimanin 20 da suka gabata. Matsakaicin adadin kuzarin wutar lantarki da ake iya samarwa shine kusan 500 zuwa 600 kWh na wutar lantarki akan kowace tan na sharar da aka ƙone. Don haka, kona kusan tan 2,200 na sharar gida a kowace rana, zai samar da makamashin lantarki kusan MWh 1200. Aiki Yawancin tsare-tsqre masu amfani da makamashi suna ƙone datti na birni, amma wasu suna ƙone sharar masana'antu ko sharar haɗari. Na zamani, yadda ya kamata sarrafa shuka-zuwa-makamashi nau'ikan kayan aiki kafin ƙone su kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da sake amfani da su. Abubuwan da aka kona ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba, ta hanyar ƙira ko ta tattalin arziki, kuma ba su da haɗari. Tsare-tsare masu sharar da kuzari sun yi kama da ƙirarsu da kayan aikinsu tare da sauran masana'antar wutar lantarki ta tururi, musamman tsire-tsire masu biomass Na farko, an kawo sharar gida a wurin. Sa'an nan, an jera sharar don cire abubuwan da za a sake yin amfani da su da kuma masu haɗari. Sai a adana sharar har sai lokacin kona ya yi. Wasu tsire-tsire suna amfani da iskar gas, amma galibi suna ƙone sharar gida kai tsaye saboda balagagge, fasaha ce mai inganci. Ana iya ƙara sharar gida a cikin tukunyar jirgi akai-akai ko a cikin batches, dangane da ƙirar shuka. Dangane da girma, tsare-tsare masu sharar gida suna ƙone kimanin kashi 80 zuwa 90 na sharar gida. Wani lokaci, ragowar tokar tana da tsabta da za a yi amfani da ita don wasu dalilai kamar kayan da za a yi amfani da su wajen kera tubalan cinder ko gina hanya. Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara karafa da za a iya kona daga ƙasan tanderun kuma ana sayar da su zuwa wuraren da aka kafa. Wasu tsire-tsire masu ɓata-zuwa-makamashi suna juyar da ruwan gishiri zuwa ruwan sha mai daɗi a matsayin samfuri na tsarin sanyaya. Farashin Kamfanin na yau da kullun wanda ke da karfin samar da makamashin GWh 400 a kowace shekara yana kashe kusan dala kusan miliyan 440 don ginawa. Shuka-zuwa-makamashi na iya samun fa'idar tsadar tsada fiye da zaɓin wutar lantarki na gargajiya, kamar yadda ma'aikacin sharar gida zai iya karɓar kudaden shiga don karɓar sharar a matsayin madadin kuɗin zubar da sharar gida, yawanci ana kiranta da "Kudin tipping" akan kowace ton, sabanin biyan kuɗin man fetur, yayin da farashin mai zai iya ɗaukar kusan kashi 45 na kuɗin da ake kashewa don samar da wutar lantarki a masana'antar kwal, da kashi 75 ko fiye na farashin. a cikin masana'antar iskar gas. Ƙungiyar Kula da Sharar Kaya ta Ƙasa ta ƙiyasta cewa matsakaicin kuɗin tikitin Amurka na a shekarata 2002 shine $33.70 kowace ton. Gurbacewa Tsiae-tsare masu sharar gida suna haifar da ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska fiye da tsire-tsire na kwal, amma fiye da tsire-tsire na gas A lokaci guda, yana da ƙarancin carbon: sarrafa sharar gida zuwa mai yana fitar da ƙarancin carbon da methane a cikin iska fiye da lalata datti a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa ko tafkin. </ref> At the same time, it is carbon-negative: processing waste into fuel releases considerably less carbon and methane into the air than having waste decay away in landfills or the lake. Waste-to-energy plants are designed to reduce the emission of air pollutants in the flue gases exhausted to the atmosphere, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulates, and to destroy pollutants already present in the waste, using pollution control measures such as baghouses, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators. High temperature, efficient combustion, and effective scrubbing and controls can significantly reduce air pollution outputs. Kona sharar gari yana haifar da iskar dioxin da furotin zuwa sararin samaniya idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin adadin da ake samu ta hanyar kona gawayi ko iskar gas. Dioxins da furans mutane da yawa suna ɗauka a matsayin babban haɗari ga lafiya. Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ƙirar sarrafa hayaƙi da sabbin ƙa'idoji masu tsauri na gwamnati, da kuma adawar da jama'a suka yi ga masu tona shara na ƙaramar hukuma, sun haifar da raguwar adadin dioxins da furotin da tsire-tsire masu sharar gida ke samarwa. Tsare-tsare masu sharar gida suna samar da tokar ƙuda da tokar ƙasa kamar yadda yake faruwa idan aka kone gawayi. Jimlar adadin tokar da tsire-tsire masu sharar gida ke samarwa ya bambanta daga kashi 15% zuwa 25 bisa dari na ainihin adadin sharar, kuma tokar kuda ta kai kusan kashi 10% zuwa 20% na jimlar tokar. Tokar ƙuda, a nisa, ta ƙunshi haɗarin lafiya fiye da toka na ƙasa saboda tokar kuda ta ƙunshi ƙarfe masu guba kamar gubar, cadmium, jan ƙarfe, zinc da ƙananan adadin dioxins da furans. Tokar kasa na iya ko bata ƙunsar mahimman matakan kayan haɗari na lafiya ba. A Amurka, da kuma watakila a wasu kasashe ma, doka ta bukaci a gwada tokar kafin a jefar da ita a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Idan aka gano cewa tokar tana da haɗari, za a iya zubar da ita ne kawai a cikin wuraren da aka ƙera a hankali don hana gurɓataccen toka shiga cikin magudanan ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Rashin ƙamshi na iya zama matsala lokacin da wurin shuka bai keɓe ba. Wasu tsire-tsire suna adana sharar a cikin wani wuri da aka rufe tare da matsi mara kyau, wanda ke hana wari mara kyau daga tserewa, kuma ana aika iskar da aka zana daga wurin ajiyar ta hanyar tukunyar jirgi ko tacewa. Duk da haka, ba duk tsire-tsire ba ne ke ɗaukar matakan rage warin, wanda ke haifar da gunaguni, Ko abinda ba'a so Wani batu da ya shafi zamantakewar al'umma shi ne karuwar zirga-zirgar motocin dakon shara don jigilar sharar gari zuwa wuraren da ake amfani da su wajen samar da makamashi. Saboda wannan dalili, yawancin tsire-tsire masu sharar gida suna cikin wuraren masana'antu. Landfill gas, which contains about 50% methane, and 50% carbon dioxide, is contaminated with a small amount of pollutants. Unlike at waste-to-energy plants, there are little or no pollution controls on the burning of landfill gas. The gas is usually flared or used to run a reciprocating engine or microturbine, especially in digester gas power plants. Cleaning up the landfill gas is usually not cost effective because natural gas, which it substitutes for, is relatively cheap. Misali SVZ Schwarze Pumpe GmbH a Jamus yana sarrafa nau'ikan sharar gida da yawa ta hanyar iskar gas zuwa zafi, wutar lantarki da syngas Syngas yana canzawa zuwa methanol da formaldehyde Duba wasu abubuwan Konawa Gudanar da sharar #Incineration Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsire-tsire masu sharar da kuzari Umarnin Tarayyar Turai kan kona sharar gida Kungiyar Ayyuka ta ISWA akan maganin zafi na shara Shara Kamfani Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40188

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera

Opera

Opera wani nau'i ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda kida ke da tushe kuma mawaka ke daukar rawar ban mamaki. Irin wannan "aiki" (fassarar ainihin kalmar a Italiyanci "opera") yawanci haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin mawaƙa da mawallafi kuma ya haɗa da dama na wasan kwaikwayo, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, shimfidar wuri, kaya, da kuma wani lokacin rawa ko ballet. Yawanci ana yin wasan kwaikwayon a cikin gidan wasan opera, tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa wanda tun farkon ƙarni na 19 madugu ke jagoranta. Kodayake wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa yana da alaƙa da opera, ana ganin su biyun sun bambanta da juna. Opera muhimmin bangare ne na al'adar kiɗan gargajiya ta Yammacin Turai. Asali an fahimci shi azaman yanki ne gabaɗaya, sabanin wasan kwaikwayo tare da waƙoƙi, opera ya zo ya haɗa da nau'ikan opera, gami da wasu waɗanda suka haɗa da maganganun magana kamar Singspiel da Opéra comique. A cikin wasan opera na al'ada, mawaƙa suna amfani da salon waƙa guda biyu: rera waƙa, salon salon magana, da aria mai ɗaukar kansa. Karni na 19 ya ga tashin ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Opera ta samo asali ne a Italiya a ƙarshen karni na 16 (tare da Jacopo Peri mafi yawan Lost Dafne, wanda aka samar a Florence a 1598) musamman daga ayyukan Claudio Monteverdi, musamman L'Orfeo, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya bazu cikin sauran Turai: Heinrich Schütz a Jamus, Jean-Baptiste Lully a Faransa, da Henry Purcell a Ingila duk sun taimaka wajen kafa al'adun ƙasarsu a ƙarni na 17. A cikin karni na 18, wasan opera na Italiya ya ci gaba da mamaye yawancin Turai (ban da Faransa), yana jan hankalin mawakan kasashen waje irin su George Frideric Handel. Opera seria ita ce mafi girman nau'in wasan opera na Italiya, har sai da Christoph Willibald Gluck ya mayar da martani ga aikin wucin gadi tare da wasan operas na "sake fasalin" a cikin 1760s. Shahararren opera na ƙarshen karni na 18 shine Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, wanda ya fara da opera seria amma ya fi shahara da wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci, musamman Aure na Figaro (Le nozze di Figaro), Don Giovanni, da Così fan tutte. haka kuma Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Sace daga Seraglio), da kuma The Magic flute (Die Zauberflöte), alamomi a cikin al'adar Jamus. Na uku na farko na karni na 19 ya ga babban matsayi na salon bel canto, tare da Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti da Vincenzo Bellini duk suna ƙirƙirar ayyukan sa hannu na wannan salon. An kuma ga zuwan babbar opera wanda ayyukan Daniel Auber da Giacomo Meyerbeer da kuma Carl Maria von Weber ta gabatar da Romantische Oper (Opera Romantic na Jamus). Tsakanin tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ya kasance zamanin zinare na wasan opera, wanda Giuseppe Verdi ya jagoranta kuma ya mamaye shi a Italiya da Richard Wagner a Jamus. Shahararriyar opera ta ci gaba har zuwa zamanin verismo a Italiya da wasan opera na zamani na Faransa har zuwa Giacomo Puccini da Richard Strauss a farkon karni na 20. A cikin karni na 19, al'adun wasan kwaikwayo iri ɗaya sun bayyana a tsakiya da gabashin Turai, musamman a Rasha da Bohemia. Ƙarni na 20 ya ga gwaje-gwaje da yawa tare da salon zamani, irin su atonality da serialism (Arnold Schoenberg da Alban Berg), neoclassicism (Igor Stravinsky da kuma minimalism (Philip Glass da John Adams). Tare da haɓaka fasahar rikodi, mawaƙa irin su Enrico Caruso da Maria Callas sun zama sanannun masu sauraro da yawa waɗanda suka wuce da'irar opera magoya baya. Tun da aka kirkiro rediyo da talabijin, ana kuma yin wasan opera a kan (da kuma rubuta wa) waɗannan kafofin watsa labarai. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, manyan gidajen opera da yawa sun fara gabatar da watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo kai tsaye na wasan kwaikwayonsu a gidajen sinima a duk faɗin duniya. Tun daga 2009, ana iya sauke cikakken wasan kwaikwayo kuma ana watsa su kai tsaye. Operatic terminology An san kalmomin opera da libretto (ma'ana "karamin littafi"). Wasu mawaƙa, musamman Wagner, sun rubuta nasu libretti; wasu sun yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masu ba da izini, misali Mozart tare da Lorenzo Da Ponte. Wasan opera na al'ada, wanda galibi ake kira "lamba opera", ya ƙunshi nau'ikan waƙa guda biyu: karantawa, plot-driving na waƙa da aka rera a cikin salon da aka tsara don kwaikwayo da jaddada juzu'in magana, da aria (wani "iska" ko waƙa na yau da kullun) wanda haruffan suke bayyana motsin zuciyar su cikin salon waƙa mai tsari. Duets vocal, trios da sauran ensembles sukan faru, kuma ana amfani da mawaƙa don yin sharhi game da aikin. A wasu nau'o'in opera, irin su singspiel, opéra comique, operetta, da kuma semi-opera, ana maye gurbin karatun ta hanyar tattaunawa ta magana. Melodic ko Semi-melodic wurare da ke faruwa a tsakiyar, ko maimakon, recitative, ana kuma kiran su arioso. Kalmomin nau'ikan muryoyin operatic iri-iri an bayyana su dalla-dalla a ƙasa. A lokacin duka lokutan Baroque da na gargajiya, karatun zai iya bayyana a cikin nau'i biyu na asali, kowannensu yana tare da wani nau'i na kayan aiki daban-daban: secco (dry) recitative, raira waƙa tare da waƙoƙin kyauta wanda aka tsara ta hanyar kalmomin kalmomi, tare da basso kawai. continuo, wanda yawanci ya kasance garaya da cello; ko accompagnato (kuma aka sani da strumentato) wanda ƙungiyar makaɗa ta ba da rakiyar. A cikin karni na 18th, arias sun kasance tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa. A karni na 19, accompagnato ya samu nasara, kungiyar makada ta taka rawar gani sosai, kuma Wagner ya kawo sauyi a wasan opera ta hanyar kawar da kusan dukkan banbanci tsakanin aria da recitative a kokarinsa na abin da Wagner ya kira "waƙar waƙa mara iyaka". Mawaƙan da suka biyo baya sun kasance suna bin misalin Wagner, kodayake wasu, kamar Stravinsky a cikin The Rake's progress sun ɓata yanayin. Canjin rawar ƙungiyar makaɗa a opera an kwatanta shi dalla-dalla a ƙasa. Tarihi Asali Kalmar opera ta Italiyanci tana nufin "aiki", duka a ma'anar aikin da aka yi da sakamakon da aka samar. Kalmar Italiyanci ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin opera, suna guda ɗaya ma'anar "aiki" da kuma jam'in suna opus. Bisa ga ƙamus na Turanci na Oxford, an fara amfani da kalmar Italiyanci a ma'anar "haɗin da aka haɗa waƙa, rawa, da kiɗa" a cikin shekarar 1639; An fara yin amfani da Ingilishi na farko a cikin wannan ma'anar zuwa 1648. Dafne na Jacopo Peri shine farkon abun da aka yi la'akari da opera, kamar yadda aka fahimta a yau. An rubuta shi a kusa da 1597, mafi yawa a ƙarƙashin wahayi na ƙwararrun ƴan adam na Florentine waɗanda suka taru a matsayin "Camerata de' Bardi". Mahimmanci, Dafne ƙoƙari ne na farfado da wasan kwaikwayo na Girkanci na gargajiya, wani ɓangare na faffadan farfaɗowar tsohuwar halayen Renaissance. Membobin camerata sun yi la'akari da cewa an rera sassan "mawaƙa" na wasan kwaikwayo na Girka, kuma watakila ma dukan rubutun kowane matsayi; opera ta haka ne aka ɗauki shi a matsayin hanyar "maido" wannan yanayin. Dafne, duk da haka, ya ɓace. Wani aiki daga baya na Peri, Euridice, tun daga 1600, shine makin wasan opera na farko da ya rayu har zuwa yau. Duk da haka, girmamawar kasancewa opera ta farko da za a yi akai-akai tana zuwa Claudio Monteverdi 's L'Orfeo, wanda aka tsara don kotun Mantua a 1607. Kotun Mantua na Gonzagas, masu daukan ma'aikata na Monteverdi, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin asalin opera ba kawai mawaƙa na kotu na concerto delle donne (har zuwa 1598), amma kuma daya daga cikin ainihin "mawakan opera", Madama Europa. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokhl%20Brokhes

Rokhl Brokhes

Rokhl Brokhes (Yiddish: watan Satumba ranar 23, shekera ta 1880 1942 ko 1945) marubuciya cena Yadish daga Minsk (yau a Belarus Itace marubuciyar labaru, wasan kwaikwayo, da labarun yara. Tarihin Rayuwarta An haifi Rokhl Brokhes a Minsk, acikin yankin Belarusiya na Daular Rasha, acikin iyali matalauta. Mahaifinta, Volf Brokhes, ta kasance maskil (mabiyin Haskalah, ko Wayar da kan Yahudawa), kuma ta koyawa mata Ibrananci, tana bata damar karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da ayyukan Ibrananci na zamani, kamar litattafan Ibrahim Mapu Mahaifinta ya rasu sa’ad da take ’yar shekara tara, kuma bada daɗewa ba ta tafi aikin ɗinki; daga baya ta koyar da aikin allura a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Yawa ta Yahudawa da ke Minsk. Ta rubuta labarinta na farko, "Yankele," lokacin tana shekara ta 17; an buga ta bayan shekaru biyu a cikin Der Yud, sabuwar jaridar Yiddish na mako-mako dake Warsaw. Daga baya ta buga wasu labarun acikin Der Yud (wanda ya wanzu har zuwa shekara ta 1902), da kuma acikin Yiddish daily Der Fraynd, wanda ta fara bugawa a St. Petersburg a shekara ta 1903, da Di Zukunft, a birnin New York. Brokhes tayi aure da likitan hakora, kuma tayi rayuwa na wasu shekaru a wani ƙaramin ƙauye a lardin Saratov na Rasha, a yankin Lower Volga A wannan lokacin ta cigaba da rubuce-rubuce amma batada alaƙa da yanayin adabin Yiddish kuma ta buga kaɗan. Acikin shekara ta 1920, yayin da yunwa ta ci gaba a yankin Volga, a lokacin yakin basasar Rasha wanda ta biyo bayan juyin juya hali, Brokhes ta koma Minsk tareda iyalinta. Acikin wadannan lokaci na rayuwarta a Minsk, lokacin da birnin ya kasance babban birnin kasar Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, ta sau dayawa buga aikinta acikin Soviet Yiddish jarida Der Shtern, ko, kamar yadda ta zama sananniya daga shekara ta 1924, Oktyabr A wannan lokaci na baya ta kuma rubuta labaran yara da yawa. Ayyukanta, waɗanda, baya ga gajerun labarai da litattafai masu yawa, har ila yau sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, suna da haƙiƙanin lankwasa, tare da dabi'un waƙoƙi da kyakkyawan yanayin tunani; ta kwatanta rayuwar iyali na Yahudawa, musamman mata da yara, da kuma rayuwar aikin Yahudawa. Marubutan 'yan gurguzu na Yiddish Avrom Reyzen da Abraham Liessin (mawallafin Di Zukunft duk sun kasance masu sha'awar aikinta, kuma suna cikin abokanta na kurkusa. A cikin shekara ta 1941, kundin farko na ayyukan Brokhes ya tattara juzu’i takwas da aka tsara, gami da labarai sama da 200 An shirya don bugawa a Gidan Bugawa na Jihar Byelorussia a lokacin da Nazi ya mamaye yankin, kuma littafin bai taba fitowa ba. Brokhes ta mutu acikin ghetto na Minsk Ayyukanta da aka zaɓa In Yiddish A zamlung dertselungen Vilna: Farlag fun B. Kletskin, shekara ta 1922. Tarin labarai bakwai: "Unter-barg", "A bletl", "Di shekhina", "In der un in der gas", "Di zogerin", "In tshad", da "Dem kvure kunya vayb". Acikin pyonerishn lager. Minsk, shekara ta 1936. Gelke. Moscow, shekara ta 1937. Labari. Odlerl un shoyle, a vunder-maysele. Moscow: Emes, shekara ta 1939. Shpinen. Minsk: Jihar Byelorussian Publ., shekara ta 1940. A cikin fassarar turanci "The Zogerin" [short story],Wanda Shirley Kumove. In: Frieda Forman et al. (Eds.), Found Treasures: Stories by Yiddish Women Writers. Toronto: Second Story Press, a shekara ta 1994. p. 85-90.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak%20Bala

Mubarak Bala

Mubarak Bala (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) mulhidi ɗan Najeriya wanda bai yarda da Allah ba kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Ƴan adamtaka ta Najeriya. Bala ya fuskanci tsangwama da kamu saboda ya bar addinin musulunci da bayyana ra’ayin zindiqanci a bainar jama’a. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2022, babbar kotun jihar Kano yanke wa Bala hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari bayan ya amsa laifuka goma sha takwas da suka haɗa da aikata sabo da kuma tunzura jama'a. Rayuwar farko da ra imani An haifi Bala a Kano, arewacin Najeriya, a shekarar 1984. A cikin labarin 2016 kan "tafiya ta sirri", ya bayyana cewa ya rasa bangaskiya "ɗan kadan" yayin da yake girma kuma ya sadu da mutane a wajen garinsa na mazan jiya da addini. Sukar sa ta kara fitowa fili yayin da hare-haren ta'addanci ke karuwa a Najeriya. Abin da a ƙarshe ya sa na fito fili a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba shi ne bidiyo na fille kan wata mace Kirista a shekara ta 2013 da wasu maza kusan shekaruna suka yi, suna magana da yarena. Ya buge ni cewa lokacin shiru ya ƙare. Ko dai wani ya yi magana ko kuma duk mun nutse." A lokacin da ya fito a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, a shekarar 2014, an tilasta masa shiga wata cibiyar kula da taɓin hankali da ke Kano, inda aka ruwaito cewa “iyalinsa masu zurfin addini”. Ana tsare da shi har tsawon kwanaki goma sha takwas, kuma (a cewar Bala) "an yi masa dukan tsiya, a kwantar da shi, da kuma barazanar kisa idan [ya] ya yi yunƙurin fita". Wani likita ya yi imanin cewa babu wani abun da yake damun Bala na taɓin hankali.Ya masoya na, kuna buƙatar Allah, har ma a Japan, suna da Allah, babu wanda ya isa ya rayu ba tare da Allah ba, waɗanda suke yin, duk suna da rashin lafiya na tunani, musun lissafin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Adamu da Hauwa'u yaudara ne, musun tarihi. The International Humanist and Ethical Union has taken up the case and feels Bala's human rights were violated. </blockquote>Ƙungiyar masu rajin kare haƙƙin bil’adama ta ɗauki nauyin lamarin kuma tana ganin an tauye haƙƙin Bil Adama A cewar IHEU, "Haƙiƙanin dalilin da ya sa aka aikata wannan mugun nufi da rashin jin daɗin jama'a shi ne saboda Mubarak ya bar Musulunci ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba." A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2014, BBC ta ruwaito cewa Bala ya fita daga asibiti tare da yajin aikin likitoci kuma yana neman sulhu da iyalansa. Ba a dai bayyana ko zai ci gaba da zama a Najeriya ba, saboda barazanar kisa. Kama da yanke hukunci Bala ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Najeriya kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban mulhidai na Najeriya. A watan Afrilun 2020, an kama shi a Kaduna bisa laifin yin saɓo, saboda wani rubutu da ya yi a Facebook, kuma daga baya aka tsare shi ba tare da tuhumar sa ba. Tsoro ya tashi saboda yadda jami'an ƴan sandan Najeriya suka yi zargin ɗauke shi daga jihar Kaduna zuwa Kano, inda ake aiwatar da shari'ar Musulunci, tare da fuskantar barazanar kisa da dama. A cewar lauyansa, a lokacin da yake gidan yari, Bala an hana shi samun kulawar lafiya, an kuma tsare shi a gidan yari, kuma an tilasta masa yin ibadar addinin Musulunci. Dan rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam Leo Igwe ya yi aiki don tallafa wa ƴancin Bala, tare da haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi da dama waɗanda basu yarda da Allah da kuma ɗan Adam ba, ciki har da Humanism International da Atheist Alliance International Har ila yau, sabuwar ƙungiyar masu imani ta duniya (IAA) ta haɗa ƙarfi da ƙarfe wajen wayar da kan jama’a da kuma kuɗaɗe don taimaka wa Bala ya biya kuɗin shari’a. Ita ma Hukumar da ke kula da Ƴancin Addinai ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta yi sha’awar Bala inda ta fara matsa wa gwamnatin Najeriya lamba. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2022, an yanke wa Mubarak hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari a wata babbar kotu (secular) da ke jihar Kano ta arewacin ƙasar, bayan ya amsa laifuka 24 da ake zarginsa da aikatawa tare da neman a yi masa sassauci. Bayan roƙon laifin da ya yi, ƙungiyar Humanist Association ta bayyana cewa roƙon bai kasance "ɓangare na dabarun shari'a da aka amince da su ba" kuma mai yiwuwa Bala ya fuskanci tursasawa da masu gabatar da kara, da/ko kuma "damu da shi ya amsa laifin da bege na haske. hukunci". Bayanan sirri Iyalin Bala “sun fito ne daga zuriyar malaman Musulunci”. Shi injiniyan sarrafa sinadarai ne ta hanyar ilimi kuma yana da mata da ƙaramin ɗa, wanda aka haifa makonni shida kafin a kama Bala. Ganewa Bala ya sami lambar yabo ta Gordon Ross Humanist of the Year award a 2021 ta Humanist Society Scotland. Fitaccen marubucin nan ɗan Najeriya Wole Soyinka wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ya bayyana damuwarsa da cewa kamun da aka yi wa Bala na daga cikin “annobar tsattsauran ra’ayin addini” da ta addabi Najeriya a shekarun baya-bayan nan. Bibiyar tarihi Littafin Jagora na Bincike akan Inganta Ilimin zama ɗan ƙasa na Duniya Amurka, IGI Global, 2022. Shafi na 260 Littafin Jagorar Rubuce-rubuce na Ilimin Addini, Jam'i, da Haɗin Duniya United Kingdom, Taylor Francis, 2021. Falola, Toyin. Fahimtar Najeriya ta Zamani: Kabilanci, Dimokuradiyya, da Ci gaba Ƙasar Ingila, Jami'ar Cambridge, 2021. Shafi na 215 Brinkmann, Svend. Al'adun Ganewa: Hanyar Al'adu don Haɓaka Rayuwar Zamani Birtaniya, Taylor Francis, 2016. Shafi na 13 111 Abdullahi, Aminu A. "Lokacin Tauhidi: Martanin Musulmi game da Harkar Intanet ta Dan Adam a Arewacin Najeriya". SocArXiv, 20 ga Fabrairu, 2020. Ibezim-Ohaeri, V. da Ibeh, Z. (2020) "The Civic Space in Nigeria: before and Beyond Covid-19". Rahoton Baseline, Legas: Wuraren Canji Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga Jihar

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Adae%20Kese

Bikin Adae Kese

Bikin Adae Kese (babban wurin hutawa) muhimmin biki ne duk da cewa ba kasafai ake samun irin sa ba tsakanin mutanen Ashanti a Ghana. Akwai kuma manyan lokutta biyu na wannan bikin. 1 Shi ne awukudae da akwadidae Yana ɗaukaka nasarorin masarautar Asante. An fara yin bikin ne don samun nasarar mulkin jama'a, bayan yaƙin da Ashantis ta samu 'yancin kai, a Yaƙin Feyiase wanda suka yi yaƙi da mutanen Denkyira. Haka nan shi ne lokacin da ake yin bikin tsarkake Odwira a wuraren ibada na ruhohin kakanni. Gaba ɗaya, wannan ya yi daidai da lokacin girbin doya kuma saboda haka Turawa suka kira wannan al'ada "al'adan Doya". Ana yin bikin kowane sati biyu da mutane bisa ga kalandar Akans dangane da zagayowar kwanaki arba'in da biyu da watanni tara a kalandarsu. Galibi ana gudanar da wannan biki don bukukuwan ƙarshe na takamaiman nasarori da muhimman al'amuran mutanen masarautar Ashanti. Bikin ranar hutu ce don haka an hana yin aiki a ranar. Kiyayewa Shi ne bikin ƙarshen shekara na kalandar Akan. Bikin Adae na tara (wanda ke faruwa kowane mako shida). Adae Kese yana shigo da Sabuwar Shekara, tare da ranakun tsakanin watan Yuli zuwa Oktoba, kodayake wasu Akans kamar Akim, Akwamu, da Ashanti suna bikin Sabuwar Shekara a cikin Janairu. Ana kuma yin bikin a Fadar Manhyia. Ya ƙumshi abubuwan ibada waɗanda ke da nufin tsarkake ruhun dakunan gidan sarki daga membobin gidan sarauta da sauran manyan mutane. Tarihi Al'adar gudanar da wannan biki ta shahara tsakanin 1697 zuwa 1699 lokacin da aka sami mulkin ƙasa ga mutanen Ashante bayan yakin neman 'yancin kai, Yaƙin Feyiase, a kan Denkyira. An lura da bikin daga baya har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Stool na Zinariya (kursiyin) a cikin 1700. Bikin ya kasance lokacin keɓe ragowar sarakunan da suka mutu. An ajiye gawawwakin a cikin kabarin da aka binne Bantama, wani yanki na masarautar Kumasi. Adae Kese ya kawo hanyar haɗi da matakin ban gaskiya da haɗin kai tsakanin rayayyu da ruhohin kakanni. A farkon zamaninsa, wannan biki yana da fa'ida ta sadaukarwa, ta mutum da dabba. Da farko ana yin babban bikin ne a Hemmaa, kusa da fadar sarki kusa da wurin da kakannin kakanni na sarakuna. An yi kashi na biyu kuma mafi mahimmancin bikin a Bantama, wanda kuma shi ne makabartar ƙarshe ta sarakunan Asante, kuma an san shi da "sanannen al'adar Bantama" saboda sadaukarwar da aka yi ta kasance babba. Lokacin da aka sanar da bikin, ta hanyar buga ganguna, mutane sun buya don tsoron kada a zaɓe su don sadaukar da ɗan adam. A matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ada, hadayar tumaki ma ta kasance. Ko sadaukarwar ɗan adam ta kasance ko ba ta kasance batun muhawara ba, amma gaskiyar ita ce al'ummomin Afirka sun ɗauki waɗannan bukukuwan a matsayin "haɗuwa tsakanin masu rai da matattu." Al'adu Bikin Adae Kese yana biye da al'adu iri ɗaya kamar na Adae, duk da haka, bambanci a cikin bukukuwan shi ne babban yana ɗaukar tumaki don yin hadaya ga Stool. Ana yin bikin tsarkake Odwira yayin Adae Kese a wuraren ibada na ruhohin kakanni. Gaba ɗaya, wannan ya yi daidai da lokacin girbin doya, don haka ne ma Turawa suka kira wannan al'adar ta doya. Ana yin bikin a wannan kakar don gode wa alloli da kakanni don girbi mai kyau. Haka nan ana amfani da lokacin don fitar da sabuwar doya. Kowace shekara biyar, babban mai mulkin Asante ne ke karɓar bakuncin Bikin Adae Kese wanda ke ɗaukar makonni biyu ana yinsa. A matsayin biki na jihar, ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da garuruwa da yawa, a cikin yankin gargajiya da aka sani da Odwira, yana haɗa Ashanti daga kowane fanni na rayuwa (Odwira yana nufin tsarkakewa), wanda ke halarta kuma ya rungumi bikin. Asantehene, mai sarautar Kumasi, yana riƙe da sarauniyar sarauniya da sarauniyarsu a wannan lokacin lokacin da dukkansu suka fito cikin cikakken tsari. Rawa da bugun ganguna wani bangare ne na wasan kwaikwayo. Bikin kuma shi ne lokacin da mutane ke ba da tabbacin amincewarsu ga sarkin Ashante na yanzu. Wasu daga cikin mutanen da suka cancanta ana ba su lambobin yabo a wannan ranar aukuwa. Har ila yau, sarkin yana yin biki mai zaman kansa a cikin ɗakunan fadarsa tare da waɗanda aka keɓe na gidan sarauta da sauran jami'ai. Sharhi kan kalangu Mai Magana Daga cikin sauran ayyukan da ke faruwa a ranar bikin, ana ɗaukar sarkin ta cikin titunan Kumasi cikin jerin gwano. Robert Sutherland Rattray ne ya rubuta sigar da ke tafe na bugun a 1923:"Oh, Mai Ruwan Allah, Da kyar na farka na tashi. Ni, mai bugun sarkin masara ta Ashanti, Da kyar nake farkawa. Na sanya kaina in tashi, "Oh, Mai Ruwan Allah, Da kyar na farka na tashi. Ni, mai bugun sarkin masara ta Ashanti, Da kyar nake farkawa. Na sanya kaina in tashi, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Akwai fadama, fadama, fadama, Wanda zai iya hadiye giwa. Kogi na iya zama ƙarami a cikin kwarin Tsakanin manyan tsaunuka. Amma yana gudana har abada abadin. Idan kun tafi wani wuri kuma ina kiran ku (ruhun giwa) Ku zo. Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe, Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Na kwanta, amma ban ji bacci ba, Na kwanta amma idanuna basu rufe ba, Ga agogo uku na dare. Ina tunanin abokaina da suka bar ni suna barci, Amoafo-Awuku-Zakara-tsohon-tsuntsu wanda kasusuwansa suka yi ƙarfi. Tsuntsu, barka da safiya, barka da safiya. Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe, Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Sama tana da fadi, fadi, fadi, Duniya tana da fadi, fadi, fadi, An ɗaga sama, An saita ɗayan, A zamanin d, a, tuntuni, tuntuni. Allah Maɗaukaki, wanda mutane ba su dogara gare shi, ba su faɗuwa a kansa, Muna yi muku hidima. Lokacin da Ubangiji Allah ya nuna muku wani abu Da fatan za ku amfana da shi. Idan muna son 'fari' za mu samu, Idan muna son 'ja' za mu samu. Shi wanda muka dogara kuma ba mu fadowa, Allah, barka da safiya. Kai wanda muke bautawa a ranar Asabar, Barka da safiya, Tsuntsu ya yi cara da safe, Tsuntsu ya farka ya yi cara, Da wuri sosai, Suna magana da ni kuma zan fahimta. Ruwa ya tsallaka hanya, Rantsuwa ta haye rafi; Wane ne babba a cikinsu? Shin ba mu yanke hanyar da za mu hadu da wannan rafi ba? Kogin ya samo asali tun da daɗewa, Kogin ya samo asali ne daga Mahalicci. Ya halicci abubuwa, Tano mai tsarki, mai tsabta (yana nufin babban allahn Ashantis) Zo nan, Tano; Yana cin raguna, Ta, mai girma, mai ƙarfi Wanda muke bautawa ranar Litinin. Yana zuwa, yana zuwa, A hankali kadan, a hankali, a hankali, Yi hankali kada ku yi tuntuɓe, A hankali kadan, a hankali, a hankali. Za ku zo ku zauna, Cif, za ka zo ka zauna. Kon! Kon! Kon! Babban mutum, ɗan Osai, ya zauna. Sarki ya zauna Wanda ya ruguza garuruwa ya zauna, Wanda ba ya gafartawa, Ya ɗauki kujera ya zauna."

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli%2C%20zamantakewa%2C%20da%20gudanarwa%20na%20kamfanoni

Muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa na kamfanoni

Gudanar da muhalli, zamantakewa, da kuma kamfanoni ESG wanda aka fi sani da muhalli, zamantakewa, mulki, wata hanya ce ta zuba jarurruka da ke ba da shawarar yin la'akari da al'amuran muhalli,alamurran da suka shafi zamantakewa da kuma harkokin mulki lokacin da za a yanke shawarar kamfanonin da za su zuba jari a ciki.Tun daga shekara ta 2020, an sami ƙarin ƙarfafawa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don rufe bayanan ESG tare da manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs), dangane da ayyukansu, wanda ya fara a cikin 1980s. An yi amfani da kalmar ESG da farko a cikin wani rahoto na 2004 mai taken "Wane ne Ya Yi Nasara", wanda wani shiri ne na hadin gwiwa na cibiyoyin kudi bisa gayyatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin kasa da shekaru 20, motsi na ESG ya girma daga shirin alhakin zamantakewa na kamfanoni wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar zuwa wani al'amari na duniya wanda ke wakiltar fiye da dalar Amurka tiriliyan 30 a cikin kadarorin da ke karkashin gudanarwa. A cikin shekarar 2019 kadai, babban jari da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 17.67 ya kwarara cikin kayayyakin da ke da alaka da ESG, kusan kashi 525 ya karu daga 2015, a cewar Morningstar, Inc. Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin samfuran haɗin gwiwar ESG ba su da kuma da wuya su sami tasirin da aka yi niyya na haɓaka farashin babban birnin ga kamfanoni masu gurbata muhalli, kuma sun zargi motsin kore mahangogi Yanayin muhalli: An ba da rahoton bayanai kan sauyin yanayi, gurɓataccen iskar gas, hasarar rabe-raben halittu, saran gandun daji dazuzzuka, rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, ingantaccen makamashi da sarrafa ruwa Harkokin zamantakewa: An ba da rahoton bayanai game da lafiyar ma'aikaci da lafiyar ma'aikaci, yanayin aiki, bambancin, daidaito, da haɗawa, da rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice na bil'adama, kuma yana da dacewa a cikin haɗari da dawowar kima kai tsaye ta hanyar sakamako a haɓaka (ko lalata) gamsuwar abokin ciniki. da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata Bangaren mulki: An ba da rahoton bayanai game da gudanar da kamfanoni kamar hana cin hanci, cin hanci da rashawa, Bambance-bambancen Hukumar Gudanarwa, biyan diyya, tsaro ta yanar gizo da ayyukan sirri, da tsarin gudanarwa. Tarihi Hukunce-hukuncen tarihi na inda za a sanya kadarorin kuɗi sun dogara ne akan sharuɗɗa daban-daban tare da dawo da kuɗin da suka fi yawa. Duk da haka, a koyaushe akwai wasu ƙa’idodi da yawa don yanke shawarar inda za a saka kuɗi—daga batun siyasa zuwa ladan sama A cikin 1950s da 60s ne babban kuɗaɗen fensho da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago ke gudanarwa sun fahimci damar da za ta shafi yanayin zamantakewar jama'a ta hanyar amfani da babban kadarorin su -a Amurka Ƙungiyar Yan Uwa ta Duniya na Ma'aikatan Lantarki (IBEW) sun saka hannun jari mai yawa. Babban jari wajen haɓaka ayyukan gidaje masu araha, yayin da United Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai suka saka hannun jari a wuraren kiwon lafiya. A cikin 1970s, kyamar mulkin wariyar launin fata a duniya a Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan zaɓen raba hannun jari ta hanyar ɗabi'a. A matsayin martani ga karuwar kira na takunkumi ga gwamnatin, Reverend Leon Sullivan, memba na hukumar General Motors a Amurka, ya zana ka'idar da'a a 1977 don yin kasuwanci tare da Afirka ta Kudu. Abin da aka fi sani da Sullivan Principles (Sullivan Code) ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa kuma gwamnati ta ba da rahoton da yawa don nazarin yawan kamfanonin Amurka da ke saka hannun jari a kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu da suka saba wa ka'idar Sullivan. Ƙarshen rahotannin ya haifar da karkatar da jarin da Amurka ta yi daga kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu da yawa. Sakamakon matsin lamba da al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu suka yi wa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na 'yan kasuwa ya kara dagula al'amuran da ke ci gaba da yin watsi da tsarin wariyar launin fata. A cikin 1960s da 1970s, Milton Friedman, a kai tsaye mayar da martani ga rinjaye halin da ake ciki na philanthropy jãyayya da cewa zamantakewa alhaki adversely rinjayar wani m kudi yi da kuma cewa tsari da tsangwama daga "babban gwamnati" zai kullum lalata macro tattalin arziki. Maganarsa cewa ƙimar kamfani ko kadara ya kamata a faɗi kusan na musamman akan layin ƙasa mai tsabta (tare da farashin da ake kashewa ta hanyar alhaki na zamantakewa da ake ganin ba shi da mahimmanci), ya ƙaddamar da imanin da ya mamaye mafi yawan ƙarni na 20 (duba koyarwar Friedman A ƙarshen karni, duk da haka, ka'idar sabanin ta fara samun ƙasa. A shekara ta 1988 James S. Coleman ya rubuta wata kasida a cikin Mujallar American Journal of Sociology mai suna "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital", labarin ya kalubalanci rinjayen ra'ayin 'budin kai' a fannin tattalin arziki tare da gabatar da manufar jarin zaman takewa. cikin ma'aunin darajar. Akwai wani sabon nau'i na matsin lamba da aka yi amfani da shi, yana aiki a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin muhalli: ta yi amfani da ikon yin amfani da ikon haɗin gwiwar masu zuba jari don ƙarfafa kamfanoni da kasuwannin jari don haɗa ƙalubalen muhalli da zamantakewa a cikin yanke shawara na yau da kullum

52933

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Taqi-ud-Din%20al-Hilali

Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali

political_partyMuhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din bin Abdil-Qadir Al-Hilali (Arabic: 1893-1987) ya kasance Salafi na Maroko na ƙarni na 20, wanda ya fi shahara da fassarorin Ingilishi na Sahih Bukhari kuma, tare da Muhsin Khan, Alkur'ani, mai taken Alkur'an Mai Girma Tarihin rayuwa Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi An haifi Hilali a Rissani, Morocco, kusa da oasis na Tafilalt a cikin kwarin kusa da Sajalmasah a cikin 1893 (1311 AH). A cikin shekaru ashirin, Hilali ya koma Aljeriya don nazarin Shari'ar Musulmi, ya ci gaba zuwa Masar a 1922. Yayinda yake can, Hilali ya shiga Jami'ar Al-Azhar kawai don ya fita bayan ya yi takaici da tsarin karatun. Maimakon haka, Hilali ya shafe lokaci a ƙarƙashin kulawar Rashid Rida, sannan ya koma Maroko a wannan shekarar don kammala digiri na farko a Jami'ar al-Karaouine Da yake amsa kiran da ya kafa Muslim Brotherhood Hassan al-Banna ya yi wa masu ilimi Musulmi na Maroko su raba ra'ayoyi tare da waɗanda ke wasu wurare, Hilali ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa ga mujallar kungiyar waɗanda hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka tsayar da su. An kama shi kuma an tsare shi na kwana uku ba tare da tuhuma ba, an sami sakin Hilali kuma ya tsere daga Morocco. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya tsere daga ƙasar, an yanke masa hukuncin kisa ba tare da izini ba saboda aikin tawaye da Faransa mai kare Morocco. A Asiya da Turai Bayan yin aikin hajji zuwa Makka, Hilali ya koma Indiya don bin karatun Hadith. Yayinda yake can, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban nazarin Larabci a Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama a Lucknow Bayan kammala karatunsa a Indiya, Hilali ya shafe shekaru uku a Iraki kafin Sarki na farko na Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud ya gayyace shi da kansa don koyarwa a ƙasar musulmi mai tsarki. Hilali ya koyar kuma ya jagoranci addu'a a Madina a Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, wuri na biyu mafi tsarki na Islama, na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ya koyar a Makka a Masjid al-Haram, wurin da ya fi tsarki na Islami, na tsawon shekara guda. Bayan kammala karatunsa a Makka, Hilali ya shiga Jami'ar Baghdad; ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin farfesa yayin da yake can. Hilali ya koma Indiya a takaice a karo na biyu, kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Lucknow a matsayin dalibi da malami, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi Shakib Arslan, wanda ya kasance babban aboki na Hilali, ya shiga cikin hulɗa a Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Jamus kuma ya taimaka wa Hilali ya yi rajista (kuma, a matsayin dalibi da malami) a Jami'ar Bonn. Wani almajirin Rashid Rida, masanin Salafi kuma mai fafutukar mulkin mallaka wanda ya fara koyar da Larabci a Jami'ar Bonn a 1936 kuma ya zama shugaban sashen al'adu na Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta Babban Ofishin Harkokin Waje, da kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo Berlin a Larabci. A cikin 1942, Amin al-Husayni ya tura shi zuwa Maroko don shirya ayyukan ɓoye. Komawa zuwa Maroko, sannan Iraki, sannan Maroko, sa'an nan Saudi Arabia, sannan Marok Kusan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II, Hilali ya bar Jamus zuwa Morocco ta Faransa, wanda ya girgiza da kira ga 'yancin kai. Ya koma Iraki a shekara ta 1947, ya sake komawa matsayin malami a jami'ar da ke Baghdad. Bayan juyin juya halin 14 ga Yuli, Hilali ya koma masarautar Maroko mai zaman kanta sau ɗaya. An nada shi a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Mohammed V da ke Rabat a 1959 sannan daga baya a reshe a Fes. A shekara ta 1968, Babban Mufti na Saudi Arabia Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz ya rubuta wa Hilali yana neman ya dauki matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina, wanda Bin Baz shine shugaban. Hilali ya yarda, ya zauna a Saudi Arabia na wani lokaci tsakanin 1968 da 1974. A shekara ta 1974, Hilali ya yi ritaya daga koyarwa har abada, ya koma Meknes da farko kuma daga baya zuwa Casablanca, inda ya mallaki gida. Hilali ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1987 (25th na Shawal a cikin shekara ta 1408 AH). An binne shi a unguwar Sbata Karɓar baƙi Ra'ayoyi game da Hilali a cikin duniyar musulmi kanta musamman a cikin Musulunci na Sunni sun kasance masu kyau. Jarumin kasar Aljeriya Abdelhamid Ben Badis, musamman, ya dauki Hilali a matsayin daya daga cikin Musulmai masu ilimi na zamaninsu. Yawancin malaman musulmai da malaman Yammacin Turai sun soki Hilali saboda fassarar Alkur'ani. Dokta Ahmed Farouk Musa, masanin kimiyya a Jami'ar Monash, ya ɗauki fassarar Hilali-Khan a matsayin babban dalilin tsattsauran ra'ayi da aikin farfaganda da hukumomin addinin Saudiyya suka rarraba tare da kuɗi daga gwamnatin mai arzikin mai. Hakazalika, Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad, shugaban Cibiyar Minaret of Freedom ta Bethesda, ya yi iƙirarin ƙarya cewa fassarar Wahabi ce ta Alkur'ani kuma Musulmai a Amurka ba su yarda da ita ba. Tun da fassarar Hilali ta dogara ne akan tafsir na gargajiya (bayani na Alkur'ani), yawancin waɗanda suka soki fassararsa suna da dalilai na baya. Bugu da ƙari, Khaled Abou El Fadl da Khaleel Mohammed sun soki fassarar Hilali a matsayin karkatar da ma'anar Alkur'ani Yawancin malamai sun kuma soki fassarar Hilali-Khan a kan salon da harshe. Dokta William S. Peachy, farfesa na Amurka na Turanci a Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar King Saud a Qasseem ya yi la'akari da fassarar "mai banƙyama" kuma duk wanda ke waje da Saudi Arabia ya ƙi shi. Dokta Abdel-Haleem, Farfesa Larabci a SOAS, Jami'iyyar London, ya lura cewa ya sami fassarar Hilaly-Khan, Saudiyya, da kuma ya nuna rashin jin daɗi. Ayyuka Hilali ya yi aiki tare da Muhammad Muhsin Khan a cikin fassarar Turanci na ma'anar Alkur'ani da Sahih Al-Bukhari An bayyana fassararsu ta Alkur'ani a matsayin mai girman kai, wanda ya haɗa da sharhi daga Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir ibn Kathir, Tafsar al-Qurtubi da Sahih al-Bukhari. An kuma soki shi saboda saka fassarorin makarantar Salafi kai tsaye a cikin fassarar Alkur'ani ta Turanci. An zarge shi da koyar da Musulmai da masu yuwuwa tare da fassarorin Musulunci ta hanyar parenthesis, a matsayin koyarwar Alkur'ani kanta. Rayuwa ta mutum Hilali ya kasance mai bin makarantar Zahirite ta dokar Islama bisa ga 'ya'yansa da ɗalibansa. Masu gudanarwa na shafin yanar gizon sun gyara tarihin rayuwarsa don cire duk nassoshi game da bin makarantar, wanda Zahirites na zamani suka yi jayayya da shi. Duba kuma Abd Al-Aziz Fawzan Al-Fawzan Muhammad Muhsin Khan Muhammad bin Jamil Zeno Saleh Al-Fawzan Manazarta Haɗin waje Gidan yanar gizon Al-Hilali (Arabic) Tarihin Al-Hilali Dokta Muhammand Taqi-Ud-Din Al-Hilali Bibliography a kan LibraryThing Abdessamad El Amraoui: "Authentic Islam". Bayanan addini na Taqī al-Dīn al-Hilālī (1893-1987) kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fatwas. Rubuce-rubuce na Jami'ar Leiden, 2015 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50545

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline%20Wengeroff

Pauline Wengeroff

Pauline Wengeroff (1833-1916),haifaffen Pessele Epstein,ita ce marubucin tarihin farko-farko na wata mace Bayahudiya,wanda a cikinta ta yi watsi da wani lokaci a tarihin Yahudanci-bayyanar da bayyanar zamani na Yahudawa a cikin karni na sha tara.Rasha Poland-ta hanyar gwaninta mata da iyalai. Memoirs nata mai juzu'i biyu,Memoiren einer Grossmutter,Bilder aus der Kulturgeschichte der Juden Russlands im 19 Jahrhundert ('Memoirs of a Grandmother: Scenes from the Cultural History of the Yahudawan Russia a cikin karni na sha tara'),an buga su ne a Jamusanci ("Memoirs of a grandmoirs:Scenes from the Cultural History of the Yahudawa of Russia in the XIX Century").tare da wasu Ibrananci da Yiddish da ƴan kalmomi a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland)na gidan wallafe-wallafen Jamus da YahudawaPoppelauer, ,wanda ya fara a 1908.Daga baya an sake buga aikin sau da yawa don nuna farin ciki a cikin jaridun Yahudawa da na Yahudawa. Biography da rubutu An haifi Wengeroff Pessele Epstein a shekara ta 1833 a Bobruisk,Belorussia(a halin yanzu Belarus),sannan a cikin gundumar Minsk na Daular Rasha,kuma ya girma a Brest-Litovsk,a cikin Grodno Governorate. Juzu'i na farko na abubuwan tarihinta yana nuna shekarun kuruciyarta,1830s da 40s.Ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwar Yahudawan gargajiya a yankin Yahudawa da ake kira "Lite" (Lithuania),a cikin shekarun da ƙungiyar wayewar Yahudawa ta Rasha, Haskalah,ke tashi kuma al'adun Yahudawa da na zamani suka fara cin karo da juna.Ta taso a cikin al'ummar gargajiya ta maza da mata, Wengeroff ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ayyukan al'ada da imani na mata(da na maza)a cikin kyawawan ayyukanta,masu tsoron Allah,danginta,da fenti masu kyan gani waɗanda ke kwatanta karo tsakanin al'ada da na zamani suna wasa da juna a cikin nata da sauran iyalanta.Juzu'i na ɗaya,ko da yake ba maras so ba,ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauna ce ga duniyar da Wengeroff ya ji ana ɓacewa lokacin da ta rubuta cikakken sigar tarihinta,a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Juzu'i na biyu na Wengeroff shine game da rayuwarta ta girma,farawa da za a yi mata aure,wanda aka shirya tare da Chonon(Afanasy)Wengeroff, ɗan wani dangi mai arziki daga Ukraine waɗanda ke bin Habad Hasidism.Anan ma,cikakken bayanin da Wengeroff ya yi game da matakan da ake shiryawa da kuma gogewar aure,wanda aka faɗa ta fuskar mace,ya ba da shaida mai wuyar gaske. Wengeroff's husband Chonon lost his faith while on pilgrimage to his rebbe, the details of which experience she says he never shared. Conflict between them over traditional observance—she had not lost her own faith—quickly ensued and, within their marriage, the couple fought its own version of the larger Jewish struggle over traditionalism and modernity. Notably, Wengeroff insists that there was a gendered nature to that larger struggle, with Jewish men as a class rushing recklessly out of observance in the quest for advancement, while women like herself were capable and desirous of perpetuating both Jewish tradition and engagement with non-Jewish culture. Modernizing Jewish men, however, certainly her own husband, behaved as "tyrants" at home, she claimed, taking from women their traditional domestic power and mandate to impart Jewish belief and practice to children, a loss which led to larger Jewish cultural catastrophe. Wengeroff ya rubuta game da tubar 'ya'ya maza biyu,Simon(Semyon)da Volodya,lokacin da suka fuskanci ƙuntatawa na Yahudawa.Ga macen da ta taso kamar yadda take,wannan shi ne mafi munin bala’o’i wanda duk da haka,ta kafa tarihi,inda ta bayyana shi a cikin rashin koyarwar Yahudanci da iyaye biyu suka koyar,hade da kyamar Bayahude a duniya inda yara masu hazaka ke neman nasara.A gaskiya ma,wata 'yar,Faina,wadda ba a ambata ba a cikin Memoirs,ita ma ta tuba,ba bisa ga dama ba. Wengeroff yana da 'ya'ya bakwai;A cikin Memoirs ta yi magana ne kawai na hudu kawai,wani abin da ake ganin ba shi da kyau a cikin abubuwan tunawa na "kaka" (Wengeroff bai ambaci wani jikoki ba ko da yake tana da 'yan kaɗan).Babu ɗayan zuriyarta da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan Yahudawa. Wengeroff,duk da haka,ya yi farin ciki a cikin "ƙarni na dawowa" da ke fitowa a cikin karni na goma sha tara:matasan Yahudawa waɗanda suka nemi ilmi game da al'adun Yahudawa,suna fatan farfado da wannan ta hanyoyi na zamani.Ita Sihiyoniya ce ta Herzlian kuma ta yi rubutu a taƙaice tare da Theodor Herzl,wanda aikin da ta goyi bayan da zuciya ɗaya. To After years of striving and competition for success Chonon Wengeroff became director of the Commercial Bank in Minsk and served the City Council from 1880 to 1892. In Minsk, Pauline Wengeroff and her husband founded vocational schools for poor Jewish children. She insisted on Jewish observance in the schools that she had been unable to enforce in her own home. Wengeroff ya kasance majiɓinci ga mawakan Yahudawa daban-daban. Yawancin 'ya'yan Wengeroff sun cika sosai: Semyon (Simon) Vengerov ya kasance wanda ya kafa sukar wallafe-wallafen Rasha. Isabella Vengerova fitaccen dan wasan piano ne kuma malamin kiɗa.Zinaida Vengerova fitacciyar marubuciya ce,ƙwararriyar Mawallafi kuma marubuci kuma mai suka. liyafar memoir Wengeroff's gripping story and her skill in telling it won the interest and support of Jewish cultural leaders, including Gustav Karpeles, a Jewish literary historian; Theodor Zlocisti, a German Jewish Zionist pioneer; and Solomon Schechter, great scholar of Jewish literature and President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, who praised the memoir enthusiastically. Fassarar Turanci Abubuwan da aka katse daga juzu'i na biyu na Wengeroff sun fara bayyana a cikin Turanci a cikin fassarar Lucy Dawidowicz a cikin Al'adar Zinariya:Rayuwar Yahudawa da Tunani a Gabashin Turai (New York,1976).Wani taƙaitaccen sigar tarihin Wengeroff,wanda Henny Wenkart ya fassara, ya bayyana a ƙarƙashin taken, Tunawa:Duniyar macen Bayahude ta Rasha a ƙarni na sha tara (Bethesda:Jami'ar Press of Maryland,2000). Shulamit S.Magnus ne ya buga fassarar da ba a gaji ba tare da babban gabatarwa da bayanin kula a cikin 2010 da 2014.A cikin littafin Magnus A Rayuwar Mata: Pauline Wengeroff da Memoirs of a Grandmother (Littman,2016),wanda ta bayyana a matsayin tarihin rayuwar mutum da na littafinta ta mai da hankali kan yadda abubuwan tunawa suka kasance a cikin tsari.wanda a ciki muke da su,kuma akan abubuwan ban mamaki na Wengeroff a cikin su,da kuma bincika ikon Memoirs nata don karantawa duka a matsayin uzuri ga al'ada-musamman,matsayin al'ada na mata-kuma a matsayin kariya ta assimilation. Awards 2010: Kyautar Littafin Yahudanci na Ƙasa a cikin Sashin Nazarin Mata don Tunatarwa na Kaka: Filaye daga Tarihin Al'adu na Yahudawan Rasha a ƙarni na sha tara, juzu'i na ɗaya

59518

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahzeen%20Attari

Shahzeen Attari

Articles with hCards Shahzeen Attari farfesa ce a Makarantar O'Neill ta Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington. Tana nazarin dalilin da yasa mutane ke yin hukunci da yanke shawara da suke yi game da amfani da albarkatu, da kuma yadda za a motsa aikin yanayi. Acikin 2018, an zaɓi Attari a matsayin Andrew Carnegie Fellow don nuna godiya ga aikinta na magance canjin yanayi. Ta kuma kasance mabiyya a Cibiyar Nazarin Cigaba a cikin Kimiyya ta Halayya (CASBS) daga 2017 zuwa 2018, kuma ta sami Bellagio Writing Fellowship a 2022. Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi An haifi Shahzeen Attari a Mumbai, Indiya kuma ta girma a Dubai, Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa. Yayin da take girma, taga yadda hamada ta canza zuwa babban birni a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Acikin fahimtar tasirin da mutane zasu iya samu akan yanayi, Attari ta zama mai son yin aiki acikin hukumar muhalli da halayyar ɗan adam. Attari tayi karatun kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Illinois Urbana-Champaign Grainger College of Engineering, inda ta sami B.S. a fannin Injiniya a shekara ta 2004. An jawo ta zuwa bincike tsakanin fannoni, sai ta cigaba da samun MS a akan kwararriyar Injiniya ta Muhalli daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta Carnegie Mellon a shekara ta 2005, da Ph.D. acikin Injiniyanci da sanin halayyar Jama'a, daga dai Carnegie Dellon. Rubutunta ya tantance yadda hanyoyin gudanar da buƙatun zasu iya rage hayakin carbon. Ta kammala digirin digirgir ɗinta a shekarar 2009. Bincike da aiki Attari a halin yanzu farfesa ne a Makarantar O'Neill ta Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli a Jami'ar Indiana Bloomington A baya, ta kasance abokiyar postdoctoral a Cibiyar Duniya a Cibiyar Bincike kan Shawarwarin Muhalli (CRED) a Jami'ar Columbia daga 2009 zuwa 2011. Ra'ayi game da makamashi da ruwa A lokacin Ph.D., Attari ta gudanar da bincike kan yadda mutane ke fahimtar yawan makamashi da kayan aiki daban-daban ke amfani da su. A cikin wannan aikin Attari da abokan aiki sun gano cewa don samfurin ayyukan 15, mahalarta sun rage amfani da makamashi da tanadi ta hanyar kashi 2.8 a matsakaici, tare da ƙananan ƙididdigar ayyukan ƙarancin makamashi kuma manyan ƙididdigari don ayyukan makamashi mai ƙarfi. Wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a cikin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ya nuna bukatar kamfen ɗin sadarwa don gyara waɗannan ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba da kuma sanar da mutane hanyoyin da za su iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi. The Economist, The New York Times, da BBC sun taƙaita wannan binciken. Daga baya Attari ta binciki yadda mahalarta ke tunani game da amfani da ruwa. Acikin wani binciken da aka buga acikin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Attari ta nuna cewa mahalarta haryanzu suna son raguwa (yin wannan hali amma ƙasa da shi) akan inganci (canja zuwa fasahar da tafi dacewa waɗanda ke amfani da ƙaramin makamashi don aikin da ake buƙata don yin).Don samfurin ayyuka 17,mahalarta sun yi watsi da amfani da ruwa ta hanyar kashi 2 a matsakaici, tare da manyan ƙididdigar ayyukan amfani da ruwa.Haɗakar da aikinta a kan makamashi da ruwa, Attari ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyin amfani da makamashi sun fi muni fiye da amfani da ruwa. Gabaɗaya, aikinta ya gano cewa mahalarta koyaushe suna ƙin amfani da ruwa da makamashi kuma suna da ɗanɗano game da ƙoƙarin ragewa zai yi tasiri mafi girma a kan muhalli. Ta gabatar da waɗannan sakamakon a TEDx Bloomington, tana amsa tambayar: me ya sa mutane ba sa adana makamashi da ruwa? Amincewa da sadarwa ta yanayi Wani layin bincike da Attari da abokan aiki suka yi aiki a kai shine fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin sawun carbon na mai sadarwa na yanayi da tasirin shawarwarin su ga mahalarta. Sun gano cewa sawun carbon na masu sadarwa yana shafar amincinsu da niyyar masu sauraron su don kiyaye makamashi kuma yana shafar tallafin masu sauraro ga manufofin jama'a da mai sadarwa ya ba da shawara. Sun kuma nuna cewa mummunan tasirin babban sawun carbon akan amintacce an rage shi sosai idan mai sadarwa ya sake fasalin halayensu ta hanyar rage sawun carbon na kansu. Sakamakon waɗannan sakamakon suna da ƙarfi: ingantaccen sadarwa na kimiyyar yanayi da kuma bayar da shawarwari game da sauye-sauyen halayyar mutum da kuma tsoma baki na manufofin jama'a suna taimakawa sosai lokacin da masu ba da shawara ke jagorantar hanya ta hanyar rage sawun carbon. Tare da kuɗaɗe daga Andrew Carnegie Fellowship, Attari tana gudanar da aikin bincike mai zuwa:Motsa hanyoyin sauyin yanayi ta hanyar haɗakar gaskiya da ji. Attari ta ɗau matsayin masanin kimiyya da mai fafutuka,ta amfani da bincikenta don yin canji mafi girma. Tana bada lakcoci na jama'a da jawabai na ilimi don isar da sakamakon bincikenta da kuma bada shawara don mafita. Kyaututtuka da tallafi Kyaututtuka da girmamawa: Andrew Carnegie Fellow Farfesa na Bicentennial na Jami'ar Indiana Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyyar Halin SN10 Daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya goma da za a kalli a ƙarƙashin shekaru 40, Labaran Kimiyya Kyautar Kyautar Junior Faculty, Jami'ar Indiana Kyakkyawan Koyarwa, Kyautar Campus Catalyst, Ofishin Ci gaba, Jami'ar Indiana Attari ta sami tallafin bincike daga wadannan: Kamfanin Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie Fellowship Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa Shawarwari, Hadari, da Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa Cibiyar Resilience ta Muhalli, Jami'ar Indiana ta Shirya don Babban Ƙalubalen Canjin Muhalli Littattafan da aka zaɓa Littattafanta sun hada da: Shahzeen Z. Attari, David H. Krantz, Elke U. Weber (2019). Sauran sawun carbon na masu sadarwa na canjin yanayi yana shafar goyon bayan manufofin masu sauraron su. Canjin Yanayi, 154 (3-4), 529-545. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02463-0] Shahzeen Z. Attari, David H. Krantz, Elke U. Weber (2016). Magana game da sawun carbon na masu binciken yanayi ya shafi amincinsu da tasirin shawarwarinsu. Canjin Yanayi, 138 (1-2), 325-338. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1713-2] Benjamin D. Inskeep Shahzeen Z. Attari (2014) The Water Shortlist, Muhalli: Kimiyya da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba doi:10.1080/00139157.2014.922375] Shahzeen Z. Attari (2014) Ra'ayoyin Amfani da Ruwa, Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa doi:10.1073/pnas.1316402111] Jonathan E. Cook Shahzeen Z. Attari (2012) Biya don Abin da yake kyauta: Darussan daga New York Times Paywall, Cyberpsychology, Halin, da Cibiyar sadarwar Jama'a [DOI: http://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0251] Shahzeen Z. Attari, Michael L. DeKay, Cliff I. Davidson, da Wändi Bruine de Bruin (2010) Ra'ayoyin jama'a game da amfani da makamashi da tanadi, Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa doi:10.1073/pnas.1001509107] Rayuwa ta mutum Attari tana jin daɗin tafiya tare da kare,abinci mai ɗanɗano,da karanta litattafan almara na kimiyya. Tayi imanin cewa littattafan almara na kimiyya sun ƙarfafamu don sake tunanin duniyar da muke ciki. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Yanayi a

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Makama

Aliyu Makama

Aliyu Makama Bida (an haife shi a shekara ta 1905- ya mutu a shekara ta 1980), MHA, CMG, CFR, OBE, CBE, ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne. Shi ne Ministan Ilmi da Walwalar Jama’a na Arewa na farko, sannan daga baya ya zama Ministan Kudi da Ma’ajin NPC. Rayuwar farko An haifi Aliyu Makama Bida a shekara ta 1905 a garin Bida, jihar Neja Mahaifinsa sanannen malamin Qur'ani ne a Kotun Masu Daraja. Shigarsa cikin makarantar firamare ta hanyar tasirin mahaifinsa ne. Yawanci ga yankin Arewa, Aliyu ya fara karatun sa na farko a Makarantar Al-Qur'ani a cikin Bida, kafin yin rajista a makarantar firamaren wucin gadi ta garin Bida. Kadan galibi, bai ƙare karatunsa ba a wannan matakin. Ya cigaba da zuwa Kwalejin Katsina, inda ya haɗu da yawancin 'yan-Arewa. Yakamata su ɗauki nauyi da ɗaukar nauyin tsara albarkatun siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewar Arewa tare da jagorantar yankin ga mulkin kai. Ayyuka Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Kwalejin Katsina a shekara ta 1927, aka ɗauke shi aiki don koyarwa a Neja Middle School. Daga baya ya zama shugaban makarantar. A shekara ta 1942, hukumar 'yan asalin Bida (NA) ta dauke shi aiki a matsayin Kansilan da ke kula da harkokin ilimi na gundumar. Aliyu ya hau kan aikin sa lokacin da ya tafi kwasa-kwasai a Ƙaramar Hukumar da ke Ingila a shekarar 1945. Daga baya, ya kasance memba na Taron Afirka. A cikin shekarar 1952, ya koma Ingila don taron Cambridge kan Ilimi. Yana daga cikin wasu kalilan da suka halarci tattaunawar Tsarin Mulki ta 1953, tare da wasu manyan ‘yan Arewa daga al’ummar Nijeriya, a Ingila. Yayin da yake aiki a majalisar gargajiya ta Etsu Nupe, Aliyu Mahmud kamar yadda aka san shi sosai an karrama shi da sarautar gargajiya ta Makama Nupe A shekarar 1955, Aliyu ya yi aikin hajji na farko zuwa Makka tare da rakiyar Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sokoto da sauran Ministoci. Shekara guda kafin waccan aikin hajji, Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka ta ga iyawa, ƙarfin zuciya da juriya na Aliyu, wanda a koyaushe yake duk abin da aka ba shi. A matsayinsa na mutumin da ya nuna babban alkawari, gwamnatin Sherwood Smith ta nada Aliyu a matsayin Wazirin Arewa na Farko na Ilimi da Jin Dadin Jama’a a shekara ta 1952. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Walwalar Jama'a ta buƙaci kulawa da kyau a matsayin wuri na alhakin aza tushe don tsara mai zuwa kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka sanya shi a kan karagar mulki. Harkar siyasa Daga malami har zuwa shugaban makaranta, zuwa kansila na NA da kuma wani Babban Minista da ke da babban mukami a harkar Ilimi, Aliyu Makama ya zama titan a lamuran Arewa kuma a matsayinsa na memba na Northern Peoples Congress (NPC). Ya hau kan matsayin Ma'ajin Jam'iyyar kuma ya dauki nauyin bangarorin kudi na NPC. Ya riƙe muƙamin a duk tsawon lokacin Jam’iyyar. Duk da cewa ya girmi Sardaunan Sokoto, amma ana daukar sa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makusanta da aminan Sardauna. Duk hakan ya faru ne sakamakon nuna amanar da Sardaunan Sakkwato ya yi wa Aliyu Makama Bida. Aliyu ya kan yi aiki a matsayin Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya kowane lokaci Firayim Ministan ya yi tafiya zuwa waje kuma nadin ya kasance daga Sardauna da kansa. Aliyu ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kudin Arewa a duk tsawon rayuwar gwamnatin su. Aliyu Makama Nupe shi ma dan kungiyar tsaro ta farar hula ne kafin ya zama Kwamandan Neja. Ya kasance Shugaba Jama'atu Nasrul Islam. Dan siyasa mai taurin kai, mai karewa da amintacce shima dan wasa ne a lokacin karatun sa. Ya bar rikodin shekaru 30 a cikin yadudduka 100. Dattijon ya mutu ne a shekara ta 1980 a matsayin Shugaban farko na Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN) ta lokacin; jam'iyar da aka ɗauka a matsayin reshen kungiyar Jama'ar Arewa (NPC). Aliyu Mahmud Makama Bida an karrama shi da jami'in Order of British Empire, (OBE) kafin ya mutu. Mutuwa Alhaji Aliyu Makama ya mutu a shekara ta 1980 ba tare da sanadinsa ba. Manazarta Kara karantawa Masu yin Arewacin Najeriya, ta hanyar jam’iyyun siyasa Aboki ya buga Nijeriya, yankunan Arewacin Nijeriya, 1965. Siyasa da yin a yankin Arewacin Najeriya Bugun Afirka kuma aka buga, 1960–1999. Prominant Odinka Nigeria, 1900–1999. Arewacin Najeriya masu yin siyasa, Sokoto Nigeria. 1900-1960. Siyasa da al'adu, cigaban al'adu a Arewacin Najeriya Jami'ar Princetown ta buga. 1942. Politicalungiyoyin Siyasar Najeriya: inarfi a cikin Yankin Afirka Na Farko. Pp.381-38, Africa World Press, 2004. Mutane daga jihar Neja Haifaffun 1905 Mutuwan