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18415	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafeez%20Malik	Hafeez Malik	Dr. Hafeez Malik (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1930, a Lahore ya rasu a ranar 20 ga watan Afirilun 2020) Bapakistanen Amurka ne dan siyasa, masanin Kimiyya, sannan kuma farfesa ne a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa a jami'ar Villanova da ke Pennsylvania. Bayan karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Mishan, Lahore, ya sauke karatu daga makarantar Kwalejin Gwamnati, Lahore tare da digirin BA a cikin shekara ta alif 1949. Bayan shekara daya a kwalejin koyon aikin lauya, ya zo Amurka a matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar Syracuse, inda ya kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin aikin jarida da dangantakar kasa da kasa, sannan ya yi digirin digirgir. a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a shekara ta alif 1960. Yayinda yake dalibi, ya kuma yi aiki da jaridar Urdu ta Pakistan a matsayin wakilin. A cikin shekara ta alif 1961, ya shiga Jami'ar Villanova, inda yake aiki a matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa Daga shekara ta alif 1961 zuwa shekara ta alif 1963, da kuma daga shekara ta alif 1966 zuwa yanzu, ya kasance farfesa ne mai kawo ziyara a Cibiyar ba da Harkokin Waje ta Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Daga shekara ta alif 1971 zuwa shekara ta alif 1974, ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Pakistan na Asiya, New York; darekta a shekara ta alif (1973-1988) na Cibiyar Nazarin Pakistan ta Amurka kuma shugaban gidauniyar Pakistan da Amurka. Tun daga shekara ta alif 1977, ya kasance editan Jaridar Kudancin Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya (Jami'ar Villanova, Villanova, Pennsylvania). A shekara ta alif 1992, Malik (tare da Dakta Sakhawat Hussain) suka kafa majalisar Pakistan-Amurka, sannan suka yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin ba da shawarwari (wanda daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa Kwamitin Amintattu na PAC). Littattafan da aka buga Alaƙar Rasha da Amurka: Tsarin Islama da Turkawa a cikin Bashin Volga-Ural London da New York City Macmillan), a shekara ta 2000. Amurka, Rasha da China a cikin Sabon Tsarin Duniya (New York: St. Martin's Press; London: Macmillan), a shekara ta alif 1996. Harkokin Soviet-Pakistan da Post Soviet Dynamics (New York; St Martin's Press; London: Macmillan), a shekara ta alif 1996. Asiya ta Tsakiya: Mahimmancin Dabarunta da Makomar Gaba (New York: St Martin's Press; London: Macmillan), a shekara ta alif 1994. Dilemmas na Tsaron Kasa da Hadin gwiwa a Indiya da Pakistan, Ed. (New York: St Martin's Press; London: Macmillan), a shekara ta alif 1993. Alaƙar Soviet da Amurka da Pakistan, Iran da Afghanistan (an buga su a lokaci ɗaya daga London, Macmillan da New York: St Martin's Press),a shekara ta alif 1987. Eterayyadaddun Gida na Manufofin Harkokin Wajen Soviet game da Asiya ta Kudu da Gabas ta Tsakiya (London: Macmillan da New York: St artin's Press), a shekara ta alif 1989. Tsaron Duniya a Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Asia, Ed. (New York: Mawallafin Praeger), a shekara ta alif 1984. Nationalungiyar Muslimasa ta Musulmi a Indiya da Pakistan (Washington: Harkokin Watsa Labarun Jama'a a shekara ta alif 1963. Ikbal: Mawaki-Falsafa na Pakistan (New York da London: Jami'ar Jami'ar Columbia), a shekara ta alif 1971. Tarihin Sir Sayyid na Tawayen Bijnore (Lansing na Gabas: Jami'ar Jihar Michigan), a shekara ta alif 1967. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan da Zamani na Muslmi a Indiya da Pakistan (New York da London: Columbia University Press), a shekara ta alif 1980. Bayanin Siyasa na Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Rikodin Tarihi (Islamabad, Pakistan: Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi da Al'adu ta Kasa, Jaridar Jami'ar Quaid-I-Azam), a shekara ta alif 1982. Pakistan: Burin Masu Kafa da Hakikanin Yau (Karachi, Oxford Ua niversity Press, shekara ta 2001. Hafeez Malik, Yuri V. Gankovsky, Igor Khalevinski, Editoci, Encyclopedia na Pakistan. Alaƙar Amurka da Pakistan da Afghanistan: Matsakaicin Matsayi (Karachi: Oxford University Press 2008). Duba kuma Ba'amurke Ba'amurke Zauren Amurkawan Pakistan Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje 'Yan kishin kasa na Moslem a Indiya da Pakistan a Questia Haifaffun 1930 Mutuwan 2020 Mutane daga Lahore Jami'ar Kwaleji Gwamnatin Lahore 'Yan siyasa Pages with unreviewed
52419	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27anar%20Aure	Ma'anar Aure	MA'ANAR AURE Aure wani zama ne halastacce tsakanin mace da namiji a matsayin mata da miji wanda al’ada da Addini suka yarda da shi. Babban dalilin da yasa ake yin aure shi ne domin yaɗa iri tare da fatan al’umma ta wanzu. Aure baya inganta sai da rukunai kamar haka: sadaki, waliyi, shaidu. Bisa wannan dalili, duk wanda ya ketare iyaka ya kutsa wata mace ba tare cika wadancan rukunai ba. Hakkka ya sabawa shari’a da kuma al’ada, saboda ladabtarwa shari’a tace ba aure. Al’ada ta bashi sunaye, sannan kuma ta kira aikin da ya yi da sunaye kamar haka: Za’a kira shi Kwarto, ya yi kwartanci, ko shige, ko fyade. Ita matar kuma a kira ta farka, ko dadaro. Matar da kuma ta sallamar da kanta ga kowa, ana kiranta karuwa. Shi kuwa dan ko da aka haifa ba ta hanyar aure ba, akan kira su da shege, ko shegiya, dan rariya, ko dan gaba da Fatiha, ko dan dakan-kuka da sauransu. FALALAR YIN AURE Tabbas akwai falala a kan aure mara iyaka wadda ba za'a iya bayyana su ba sai dai a ɗand tsakuro kamar yadda shari’a ta yi umarni da a yi aure tare da nuna muhimmancinsa, to haka ita ma al’ada ta bayyana falalar aure ga al’umma. Falalar aure da dan Adam ke samu sun hada da:- 1.Cikar mutunci 2.Natsuwa 3.Kamun kai 4.Runtse idanu 5.Yada zuriyya (haihuwa) UMARNIN YIN AURE: Bayan wannan falala kuma, sai maganar umarni da shari’a ta yi a kan yin aure a Al-}ur’ani aka ce: “Ku auri abin da ranku yake so daga bibbiyu, uku-uku, ko hur-hudu, in kunji ba za ku yi adalci ba, to ku tsaya a guda daya”. Abin nufi shi ne ku auri mata 2 ko 3 ko 4 in ba za ku iya adalci ba mata daya (1). Wani hadisi yace ku yi aure ku hayayyafa ranar qiyama in yi alfahari da ku. Ko wani hadisin da yace: “Ku yi aure samari shi yafi runtse idanu. GIRMAMA MACE SABODA MATSAYINTA Duk inda ka ga mace ka girmama ta saboda wasu dalilai kamar haka: matsayin da Allah Ya bata na Uwa ga dukkan mahaluki kuma makarantar farko ga dukan mahaluki. 1. Matar wani 2. Uwar wani 3. Kakar wani. Da farko dai ya zama wajibi a girmama mace bisa wasu dalilai, na farko shi ne duk in da ka ga mace kamila to dole ne ta kasance cikin dayan uku ko dai matar wani ko uwar wani ko kakar wani, ko da yake wannan na karshe ya danganci shekarunta. An karbo daga Anas (R.A) yace Annabi (S.A.W) ya ce idan mutum ya yi aure to ya sami rabin Addinin sa sauran rabin sai ya ji tsoron Allah ya cika sauran. (Jami’ul hadis: Imamus-suyuɗi). GIRMAMA MACE A MATSAYIN MATAR AURE Akwai dalilai masu yawa da suka sa mutum dole zai girmama mace ko ba don komai ba, ko saboda wani matsayi da take da shi a al’umma na farko a matsayin matar aure, wani babban mataki ne na rayuwa ga duka dukkan namiji. Babu wani wanda rayuwar sa za ta kammala in ba shi da aure. To ashe kuwa in har haka ne to mace ta zama abokiyar rayuwa, kuma abokiyar rufin asiri ga mai ita. Wata hujja itace Allah (S.W.T) yace a cikin Al-qur’ani cikin Suratul Bakara aya ta 237 ya ce miji da mata tufa ne ga juna, sannan yace a Suratul Baƙara aya ta 228, 29-30 cewa mata da miji a yi karamci ga juna. Bayan wannan kuma, irin gudunmuwar da mace take bayarwa a fagen aure wanda ba za su lissafu ba, kaɗan daga ciki sun haɗa da: 1- Kula da miji shi kansa. 2- Kula da gida da iyali. 3- Karewa da karawa mutum mutunci a cikin al’umma. 4- Tsare kai daga fadawa cikin wasu munanan ayyuka. 5- Runtse idanunsa daga wasu matan daban. 6- Taimakawa wajen samun zuriyya (yaɗa iri). 7- Matar kwarai na sanya miji ya yi alfahari. 8- ƙulla zumunci da sauransu. Wani sirri kuma abin mamaki game da dangantakar aure, ga ma’auratan nan biyu. Watau mata da miji, shi ne kula da juna musamman aka ce auren farko tsakanin saurayi da budurwa. Matukar an yi shi bisa so da ƙauna kuma an amincewa juna. To za ka iske babu mai son ya rabu da juna, domin samun kulawa. Akwai wata magana da masana dabi’ar dan Adam suka yi na cewa duk wanda ya rasa matar farko ko mace ta rasa mijin farko to da wuya ya/ta sake samun dai-dai sai kawai haƙuri.kai ko da wajen ba shi shawara mai kyau. A mafi yawan lokutta akan samu a inda mata ke kula da miji kuma har ta rinƙa lallashi da tattalinsa da kayansa kamar ɗanta ko na ƙaramin yaro ko da baya nan kuwa. Ban da wannan kuma, mata kan kula da gida tare da iyali kai a wani lokaci har da dangi. Tun daga yi mu su abinci raino, tsabtar jiki da ta tufafi (wanka da wanki) tarbiyya. Mace ga mijinta takan zama ƙyaure da kuma ado ko garkuwa ta mtunci a cikin al’umma. Game da wannan babu jayayya bisa ga wasu dalilai kamar haka: ko ba shari’a a ɗabi’a ma kawai ya isa hujja a mutane musamman Hausawa matuƙar aka ce ga namiji ya kai wani matsayi na minzalin isa aure aka ce bai yi ba, har suna akan bashi da cewar “tuzuru”, ko “gwadankwarƙi”,/”goriyo”, shi kuwa wanda matar ta fita watau ya taɓa yin aure amma suka rabu to shi akan kira shi da “gwauro”. Haka ita ma macen akan ce “karfa” ko kuma ta rabu mijin a ce “bazawara” ko a tsokaneta da “gwauruwa”. Wata daraja da Allah (S.W.T) ya baiwa matar aure ga miji ba ƙarama ba ce, saboda falalar da miji kan samu a dalilin yin aure, kamar a inda wani hadisi ya nuna ko da kallon fuskar matarsa kawai ya yi, za a rubuta ma sa lada. Ga hadisin kamar haka: “An karɓo daga Abu Hurairah (R.A) cewa: Ya ji Manzon Allah (S.A.W) idan namiji ya dubi fuskar matarsa, Allah (S.W.T) zan rubuta masa ladan kyawawan ayyuka guda ɗari a cikin littafinsa na lada, idan ya kama hannunta, kuma ya sadu da ita, Allah Zai rubuta masa lada a kan kowanne silin gashin da ke jikinsa, idan ya yi wankan janaba Allah Zai halicci Mala’ika a kan kowanne ɗigon ruwan da ya ɗiga a ƙasa a lokacin da yake yin wankan. Kowane Mala’ika zai rinƙa yi wa Allah tasbihi, kuma yana roƙa masa uban giji tun daga wannan lokacin da ya yi wankan har zuwa ranar lahira. Kuma ladan dukkan tasbihin da Mala’ikun za su yi za a rubuta masa ne a cikin littafinsa na lada. Idan matar ta yi sa a ta ɗauki ciki a wannan saduwar, dukkan mala’ikun da ke cikin Al’arshi da kifayen dake cikin ruwa za su rinƙa roƙa masa lahira gurin ubangiji. Ita matar kuwa za a rinƙa rubuta mata lada guda dubu a kankare mata zunubai dubu, kuma a bata ladar da mutane suka fita yaƙi (jihadi). ZAƁARWA ƳAƳA UWA TA GARI Wajibi ne ga dukkan mahaluki mai hankali da yayi niyyar yin aure, to ya yi ƙoƙarin zaɓarwa ƴaƴansa uwa ta gari, ma'ana mai tarbiyya da son addini. Kar ya bi son zuciya ya auro mace don kyau, watau kyakkyawa, ko Ƴar wane, watau mai nasaba (mai kuɗi, sarauta, muƙami). Wannan magana ta yi dai-dai da wani bayani da Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya yi cewa ku auri mace ma'abuciyar addini. Domin yace in ka aura don kyau to lallai kyau kan ƙare in ta tsufa, ko nasaba don mulki na iya ƙarewa, amma shi addini ba ya ƙarewa. Bayan haka, zaɓarwa ƴaƴa uwa ta gari kamar hutar da kai ne, domin in ka haifi yara da mace ta ƙwarai. To kamar ita ce makarantar su don zasu koyi komai na ƙwarai daga wurinta. Saboda masu hikima sun ce uwa itace makarantar farko ga yaro. Haka kuma in mutum ya kurkure ya auri Ballagazar mace mara tarbiyya, To ya kashe kansa da kansa, kuma yaransa sun shiga uku. Babban dalili shi ne, ita ba ta da tarbiya, ba ilimi balle addini, to a nan ina makarantar farko take? Sai dai su koyi zagi da miyagun halaye. KOWA NA DA HAƘƘIN DA YA RAYATA A WUYANSA. Akwai haƙƙini na ƙasa ko ƙarami ko mai rauni ko talaka, akan na sama, shugaba, iyaye da duk wani jagora. Wajibi ne a tsare-tsare da lura da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi ta kowacce fuska. Wani hadisi wanda Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito, wanda yayi bayani a kan cewa duk wani jagora akan al'amari to lallai ne ya tsare amana da aka bashi. Domin kuwa za a tambaye shi ranar lahira. Ga yadda hadisin yake kamar haka:- An karɓo daga Ibn Umar (R.A) yace: Naji Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: "Dukkan ku makiyaya ne, kuma dukkan ku abin tambaya ne a kan abin da aka bashi kiwo. Shugaba abin tambaya ne a kan na ƙarƙashin sa. Kowane mutum mai kiwo ne a kan iyalan sa, kuma abin tambaya ne, ita kuma mace mai kulawa ce a kan dukiyar (gida) mijinta, kuma abin tambaya ce a kan su. Mai yin hidima (bara), mai kulawa ne ga dukiyar uban gidansa, kuma abin tambaya ne a kan su. Dukkan ku makiyaya ne kuma abin kulawa ne. An yi ittifaki a kan wannan hadisin. (Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito shi). Shari'ar musulunci ta tsoratar da cewa duk wanda ya take haƙƙin wani ɗan'uwansa na kusa ko nesa, musulmi ne ko wanda ba musulmi ba? Kai hatta dabbobi su ma an yi hanin a cutar da su haka kurum. Haka kuma shari'ar musulunci ta kwaɗaitar tare kuma da yin albishir ga duk wani mahaluki da ya tsare tare da sauke haƙƙin wani da yake kansa, baya ga tarin lada da falala da ƙauna da zai samu a nan duniya, sannan kuma ga tanajin gidan aljannah. Misali a cikin Al-}ur'ani a cikin Suratul Zilzilat inda Allah (S.W.T) yace: "To, wanda ya aikata (wani aiki) gwargwadon nauyin zarrah, na alheri, to zai gan shi". "Kuma wanda ya aikata gwargwadon nauyin zarrah na sharri, zai gan shi". HAƘƘIN MATA A KAN MIJINTA Matar aure da na haƙƙoƙi masu yawa da suka zama tilas mijinta da yake aurenta ya tsare su. Tun daga farko dai shari'a ta sharɗanta babu aure sai da abubuwa uku, sune waliyyi, sadaki, sai kuma shaidu. Daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa guda uku to ɗaya shine mafi ƙarfi a cikinsu a matsayin haƙƙi na ita matar, shi ne sadaki, domin kuwa wajibi a baiwa mace sadakin ta a hannun ta, ko kuma a saya mata wani abu muhimmi wanda za ta rinƙa amfani da shi. Bayan waɗannan kuma, sai maganar wasu haƙƙoƙin kuma, bayan an ɗaura aure, wajibi ne miji ya tsare su, sune ciyarwa, shayarwa, tufatarwa, ɗakin kwana, sannan da biya mata buƙata wajen kwanciya. Matuƙar aka rasa ɗaya daga cikinsu, to ana iya raba aure. Bisa ga maganar magani kuwa, baya cikin sharaɗin aure, cewar mutum ya yi wa matarsa magani ba ta da lafiya, sai dai in ya yi mata maganin to ya kyautata, amma ba dole ba ne. Sai dai kuma malamai sun yi Ijtihadin cewar in miji ya yi wa matarsa magani to ya kyautata, haka ita ma ba dole ne ta yi masa girkin abinci ba, amma in ta yi to ta kyautata. An karɓo daga Amru Ɗan Ahwas, Aljushami (R.A), yaji Annabi (S.A.W) a hajjinsa na bankwana bayan ya yi yabo da godiya ga Allah, kuma ya yi wa'azi, kuma ya yi gargaɗi, sannan yace: "Ku saurara! Ku karɓi wasiyyar alheri dangane da al'amarin mata, lallai su (mata) kamar kamammu ne, a wurinku baku mallaki komai ba a kan su in ban da (igiyar aure), sai dai in sun zo da alfasha bayyananniya. Idan sun aikata (alfasha), ku ƙaurace musu a wurin kwanciya, ku buge su duka ba mai tsanani ba. Idan suka yi muku biyayya kada ku nemi wata hanyar kama su da laifi." "Ku saurara! Lallai kuna da haƙƙi a kan matan ku, kuma matanku suna da haƙƙi a kan ku. Haƙin ku a kan su shi ne kada su zaunar da wanda baku so a kan shimfiɗar ku, kuma kada suyi wanda baku so izinin shiga gidajen ku. Ku saurara! Haƙƙin su a kan ku shi ne ku kyautata musu, tufatarwa da ciyarwa." Imam Tirmiziy ya ruwaito. An karɓo daga Mu'awuya Ɗan Haida (R.A) yace: Ya Manzon Allah! Mene ne haƙƙin matar Ɗayan mu a kan sa? Sai yace: "Idan ka ci, kaciyar da ita, ka tufatar da ita idan ka tufatu, kuma kada ka doke ta a fuska, kuma kada ka musguna mata, kuma kada ka ƙaurace mata sai a cikin ɗaki." An ruwaito daga Abdullahi Ɗan zama'a (R.A) cewa: Annabi (S.A.W) yayi wa'azi dangane da al'amarin mata, yace yanzu ɗayanku zai tasarwa matarsa ya yi mata duka irin dukan bawa, sannan kuma idan dare ya yi ya kwanta da ita? Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. HAƘƘIN MIJI A KAN MATARSA Akwai haƙƙi mai nauyi kuma mai girma da miji ke da shi a kan matarsa wanda ya shafi na girmamawa na, bin umarni ko hani. Haƙƙin biyayya ga miji ba ƙaramin al'amari ba ne, saboda ko da sha'awa ta taso wa miji in ya buƙaci matarsa to dole ne ta masa kira, domin kuwa matuƙar taƙi to lallai za ta shiga fushin Allah, saboda in har mijinta na fushi to sai ta bashi haƙuri sannan za ta kuɓuta. An karɓo daga Abu-Hurairah (R.A), yace Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Idan miji ya kira matar sa zuwa shimfiɗarsa, watau ya nufi ya kwanta da ita amma ta ƙi, ma'ana ta ƙi yarda da shi, har shi mijin ya yi fushi da ita, Mala'iku zasu yi ta tsine ma ta har zuwa asuba. Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. A wata ruwayar, an ce Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Na rantse da wanda raina ke hannun sa, babu wani miji wanda zai kira matar sa zuwa shimfiɗarsa don su kwanta amma ta ƙi, har sai waɗanda suke sama (Mala'iku) sun yi fushi da ita har sai ya yafe ma ta. Akwai wani hadisi ya ƙara nuna ƙarfin yin biyayya ga miji, kamar inda Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya ce da zan yi umarnin wani ya yi wani sujada da na umarci mata ta yi wa mijinta sujada. Bayan wannan kuma akwai wani hadisi kuma da yake nuna matsayin haƙƙin miji kamar inda aka yi bayanin cewa Aljannar mace tana ƙarƙashin duga-dugin mijin ta in ta bi shi, ta shiga Aljannah. Bugu da ƙari, akwai inda aka nuna cewa ko da ibada ce mace za ta yi, sai ta nemi izinin mijin ta, kamar misalin azumin nafila, hadisi ya nuna cewa ta sanar da miji, ko ta nemi izini sannan ta ɗauka. Duk dai a kan nuna girman biyayya ga miji, inda aka nuna ko da mace tana tuya gurasa ko waina, in har miji ya nuna yana buƙatar ta, wato sha'awa, manufa yana so ya kwanta da ita, to dole ta amsa kira, ta je su kwanta, ya biya buƙatarsa ko da kuwa gurasar ko wainar za su ƙone. Akwai bayani da ya zo da ya nuna a lokacin Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yana raye a zamanin wata matar wani sahabi ya yi tafiya sai aka aiko cewa mahaifin ta bashi da lafiya, don haka sai ta aika tana neman izini daga wurin Annabi (S.A.W) don ta tafi ta dubo shi, Annabi yace shin mijin ta ya bata izini? Sai tace a'a, sai yace to ta haƙura. Bayan haka sai kuma aka aiko cewa mahaifinta ya rasu, duk da haka ba ta fita ba, ta haƙura har sai da mijin ta ya dawo. A kan wannan ne Annabi (S.A.W) ya aiko cewa an sanar da shi cewa an gafarta wa mahaifinta, saboda biyayyar da ta yi, duk da mijin ta baya nan, kuma ta haƙura har ya dawo. BIYAYYA GA MIJIN TA Biyayyar mace ga mijinta wajibi ne, saboda wani hadisin da Annabi (S.A.W) yai umarni cewa: Da mutum zai iya yiwa wani mutum sujada da an umarci mata ta yi wa mijinta sujada. To amma da yake ba zai yiwu ba, ba a yi wa kowa sujada sai Allah (S.W.T), amma shari'a ta yi umarni mace ta yi wa mijin ta biyayya matuƙar dai bai umarce ta da ta yi saɓon Allah ba. Da Wani Zai Iya Yiwa Wani Sujada, DaMata Ta Yi Wa Mijin Ta. An karɓo daga Abu hurairah (R.A), daga Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Da mutum zai iya yiwa wani mutum sujada da an umarci mata ta yi wa mijinta sujada. Tirmiziy ne ya ruwaito shi. MACE BA ZA TAYI AZUMIN NAFILA BA SAI DA IZININ MIJIN TA An karɓo daga Abu hurairah (R.A) yace: Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: "Bai halatta ba ga mace ta yi azumin nafila ba kuma mijin ta na nan, sai da izinin sa. Kuma ba za ta shigar da wani cikin gidansa ba sai da izinin mijinta. Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. HAƊARIN BUTULCEWA MIJI. An karɓo daga Ɗan Askar, daga Aisha (R.A) tace: Annabi (S.A.W) yace: "Duk macen da ta cewa mijinta bata taɓa ganin alheri daga wurin sa ba, to haƙiƙa ta ɓata ayyukan ta. ADADIN MATAN ZA A IYA AURA A tsari irin na shari'ar musulunci, ba a bar komai haka ba, sai da aka yi masa iyaka tare da ƙa'idoji. A kan wannan ne, aure ma ba a bar shi haka ba, sai da aka shimfiɗa ƙa'idoji da hukunce-hukunce. Allah (S.W.T) a cikin Al-ƙur'ani ya ƙayyade ko iyakance adadin mata da za a iya aura tun daga mata biyu ko uku ko huɗu, amma sai aka yi gargaɗi in mutum ya san ba zai yi adalci a tsakanin matansa ba, to ya auri mace ɗaya. MATAN DA SUKA HALASTA A AURA Allah (S.W.T) ya baiwa mata wani irin matsayi a ƙarƙashin inuwar shari'ar Musulunci, wanda babu wani tsari da aka taɓa samu a kafin musulunci da kuma nan gaba. Wannan irin matsayi ya sanya dole a girmama mata. Allah (S.W.T) cikin hikimar sa ya halasta yin aure, to amma duk da haka, sai ya tsara mata kashi biyu, kashi na farko ya haramta aurensu ga dukkan mutum musulmi, kashi na biyu kuwa waɗanda basu faɗa cikin waɗancan da aka ambata ba da farko, ya halasta su, watau za a iya auren su. MATAN DA SUKA HARAMTA A AURA Shari'ar musulunci ta haramta auren wasu mata ga musulmai maza. Wannan haramci ya dogara ne bisa ga wasu dalilai, sannan kuma an kasa kashi huɗu kamar haka:- 1- Akwai mata waɗanda dangantaka ta jini (haihuwa). 2- Akwai mata waɗanda alaƙar auratayya ta hana (surukai). 3- Akwai mata da alaƙar shayarwa ta hana (mariƙiya). 4- Akwai mata da saɓanin addini ya hana (mushirikai). 1. Haramci a dalilin nasabar jini (haihuwa). a. Kaka (mahaifiyar uwa ko uba. b. Uwa. c. Inna (yar uwa, ƙanwar uwa). d. Gwaggo (Ƴar uba, ƙanwar uba) e. Ƴar tsatso. f. JikanyG. g. Ƴar jia. h. Yaya da Ƴaƴanta mata. i. Ƙanwa da Ƴaƴanta mata. 2. Haramci a dalilin auratayya. a. Matan uba (kishiyoyin uwa). b. Uwar mata (Suruka). c. Ɗiyar mata (agola). d. Matar ]a (suruka). e. Ƙanwar ko Ƴar mata (idan tana da rai), ba a haɗa su a lokaci ɗaya. 3. Haramci a dalilin shayarwa (raino). a. Matar da ta shayar da mutum nonon ta. b. Ƴaƴan ta. 4. Haramci a dalilin saɓanin Addini (waɗanda ba musulmi ba, ba kiristoci ba, ba Yahudawa ba). a. Maguzawa. b. Riddaddu (waɗanda suka yi ridda). c. Matsafa. HARAMCIN ƘAURACEWA MIJI A SHIMFIƊA Shari'ar Musulunci ta yi hani ko haramta mace ta ƙauracewa mijinta a shimfiɗa, watau lokacin kwanciya in ya buƙaceta, ma'ana ya kirata saboda haka zata shiga fushin Allah, mala'iku zasu yi ta tsine mata har sai gari ya waye. An karɓo daga Abu-Hurairah (R.A), yace Manzon Allah (S.A.W) yace: Idan miji ya kira matar sa zuwa shimfiɗarsa, watau ya nufi ya kwanta da ita amma ta ƙi, ma'ana ta ƙi yarda da shi, har shi mijin ya yi fushi da ita, Mala'iku zasu yi ta tsine ma ta har zuwa asuba.Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito. JIRWAYEN AURE A ADABIN BAKA Tabbas an samu jirwayen jigon a adabin bakan Bahaushe, musamman a rassansa guda biyar. Kamar Karin Magana, da take da kirari, da tatsuniya, da almara, da maganganun azanci da sauransu.Wannan ya ƙara nuna matsayin aure a al’adar Bahaushe. KARIN MAGANGANU: Game da karin maganganu a kan aure da al’adar Bahaushe ta yi, suna da yawa, kamar haka: 1- Idan da rai saurayi ma Ango. 2- Da kamar wuya tsohuwa da auren nesa. 3- Yakamata auren na gida. 4- Amarya ba kya laifi ko ta kashe Ɗanmasu gida. 5- Ango hana gaɗa. 6- Ango baka ji asalatu. 7- Allah ya yi aure da mara wuri(kuɗi). 8- Biki na farar kaza belbela ba gayya ba. 9- Biki wan shagali. 10- Biki-biki da zani kowa ya raina biki ba nashi ba ne. KIRARIN AURE: Game da kirarin aure da al’adar Bahaushe ta yi, suna da yawa, kamar haka: 1.Aure jibadau kayan nauyi. 2.Auren fari na dakushe haukar balaga duk wanda aka yi wa zai yi hankali. 3.Auren fari dabaibayi ga tuzuru. 4.Aure yaƙin Ƴanmata. 5. Na guga marmari daga nesa. 6. Aure kafi ƙarfin yaro. IRE-IREN AURE Aure dai kalma ɗaya ce manufa ɗaya, sai dai kuma yana da rabe-rabe kamar kashi goma sha biyu. Duk da rabe-raben zaka samu ƙudurin su ɗaya ne, ko da za a samu bambanci, sai dai kaɗan abin da ba a rasa ba. Don kuwa zaka sami mata da miji suna ƙaunar juna da girmama juna ko da haihuwa ko babu. Muna da aurarraki kamar haka: 1- Auren Kuɗi.(wanda aka biya sadaki, da sauran Ɗawainiya.) 2- Auren Sadaka.( wanda aka sadaukar da sadakin) 3- Auren Zumunci.(aure na Ƴan uwa, dangin uwa ko na uba.) 4- Auren Dole/ƙi.(an yi bisa tilas, ko ango, ko amaryar wani bai so.) 5- Auren Ɗauki sandar ka/takalmi.(a auri mace tana gidanta daban) 6- Auren Jeka da kwarinka.(a auri mace tana wani gari daban.) 7- Auren Jari.(a auri mace saboda kuɗinta ko na iyayanta.) 8- Auren Ɗaukar buta.(auren tsoho da tsohuwa,don ta zuba mai ruwa). 9- Auren ɓoyon wata.(auren da akan yi kafin azumi, in ya wuce a fita). 10- Auren kashe wuta.(auren da akan yi don a koma gun tsohon miji). 11- Auren huce takaici.( auren da akan yi don a share hawaye) 12- Auren kangara. (auren da masu arziki kan yi, a tayar baikon wasu). TATSUNIYA:Akwai tatsuniyoyi da dama da aka samu jirwayen jigon aure a a cikinsu.misali: 1.Tatsuniyar Barewa ta auri mutum. 2.Tatsuniyar auren gaurakiya da biri. 3.Tatsuniyar shaida kurciya. 4.Tatsuniyar kaza ta mazuru. 5.Tatsuniyar Gizo da ƙoƙi. KAMMALAWA A ƙarshe wannan muƙala ta taɓo, wani abu da ya shafi rayuwar aure da matsayinsa. Haka nan an nazarci matsayin aure da muhimmancinsa ga dukkan wani abu mai rai. Tun daga mutum har dabbobi, da tsuntsaye, ƙwari, da tsirrai. An kuma fito da dalilai da suka sanya Bahaushe ya bai wa aure babban matsayi. An bayyana yadda Bahaushe ke kallon duk namijin da ya riƙa (balaga), ma’ana ya isa aure amma bai yi ba, a matsayin mai rauni kuma ba cikakken mutum ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an kawo yadda Bahaushe ya karkasa mutane marasa aure zuwa gida uku ko huɗu. Kowane daga cikinsu akwai irin matsayinsa a al’adar Bahaushe, tare da dalilai da suka sa aka bashi suna. Haka kuma, an kawo falalar dake tare da aure, sannan ga jirwayen adabin bakan Bahaushe da sauransu. Domin haka,ina fatan wannan muƙala, ta zama kamar matashiya ce ga masu hankali daga cikinmu maza da mata. MADOGARA A SuyuɗI Jami’ul Hadisi. Bargery G.F.(1993)A Hausa-English Dictionary English-Hausa Vocabulary Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Yaro Y.I.(1971)Tatsunniyoyi da Wasanni.Oxford University Press, Ibadan. S.Aliyu (2001) Addu’a’u min kibabi was’sunnah Maktabatu Anwaru Abdullahi, Kurmi Market, Kano. Abdullahi Fodiyo( )Sabiblil Najati. Jafaru Bin Alhaji, Hussaini Alkamawa Sakkwato. Zaid A.A Risala Fassarar Hausa. Kurmi Market, Kano. Gumi A M. (1980) Al-ƙur’ani mai girma,Tarajamar Hausa. Hadimil haramaini, Sharifaini Makkah. Malik I.(1970) Muwaɗɗa Malik. Darul fikri, Beirut Lebanon. Annawawi I. Riyadus salihin. Darul fikri, Beirut Lebanon. Ladan Y.(1980)Zaman Duniya Iyawa ne.Northern Nigerian Publication Company, Zaria. East R.(1966)Ikon Allah (Dabbobi). Northern Nigerian Publication Company,Zaria. Imam Z.( )Kitabul Kaba’ir, Darul fikri, Beirut
41001	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar%20Rum	Bahar Rum	Tekun Bahar Rum teku ne da ke da alaƙa da Tekun Atlantika, Basin Bahar Rum ya kewaye shi kuma kusan an rufe shi da ƙasa: a arewa ta yamma da Kudancin Turai da Anatoliya, a kudu ta arewacin Afirka, a gabas kuma ta Levant. Tekun ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin wayewar Yammacin Turai. Shaidar Geological ta nuna cewa kusan shekaru miliyan 5.9 da suka gabata, an yanke Tekun Bahar Rum daga Tekun Atlantika kuma an yanke shi a wani bangare ko gaba daya a cikin shekaru kusan 600,000 a lokacin rikicin salinity na Messin kafin ambaliyar Zanclean ta cika kusan shekaru 5.3 miliyan da suka wuce. Tekun Bahar Rum ya ƙunshi yanki kusan yana wakiltar kashi 0.7% na saman tekun duniya, amma haɗinsa zuwa Tekun Atlantika ta mashigin Gibraltar-mashigin da ke haɗa Tekun Atlantika zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum kuma ya raba yankin Iberian Peninsula a Turai da Maroko a Afirka. kawai fadi. Tekun Bahar Rum ya ƙunshi tsibirai da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga dutsen mai aman wuta. Manyan tsibirai biyu masu nisa sune Sicily da Sardinia. Tekun Bahar Rum yana da matsakaicin zurfin zurfin kuma mafi zurfin da aka rubuta shine a cikin Calypso Deep a cikin Tekun Ionian. Ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin latitudes 30° da 46° N da longitudes 6° W da 36° E. Tsawonsa daga yamma–gabas, daga mashigin Gibraltar zuwa mashigin tekun Alexandretta, a kudu maso gabashin gabar tekun Turkiyya, yana da kusan kilomita Tsawon arewa-kudu ya bambanta sosai tsakanin mabambantan gaɓar teku da ko madaidaicin hanyoyi ne kawai ake la'akari. Har ila yau, ciki har da sauye-sauye na tsayin daka, mafi guntuwar hanyar jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Tekun Trieste na kasa da kasa da gabar da tekun Libya na Gulf of Sidra kusan kilomita Yanayin ruwa yana da sauƙi a cikin hunturu kuma yana dumi a lokacin rani kuma suna ba da suna ga nau'in yanayi na Mediterranean saboda yawancin hazo yana fadowa a cikin watanni masu sanyi. Gabashin ta na kudanci da gabas suna cike da hamada masu zafi da ba su da nisa a cikin kasa, amma gabar tekun nan da nan a dukkan bangarorin Tekun Bahar Rum na da nasaba da daidaita yanayin teku. Tekun dai wata hanya ce mai muhimmanci ga 'yan kasuwa da matafiya na zamanin da, wanda ke saukaka kasuwanci da musayar al'adu tsakanin al'ummomin yankin. Tarihin yankin Bahar Rum yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar asali da ci gaban yawancin al'ummomin zamani. Daular Roma ta kasance tana da ikon mallakar ruwa a cikin teku tsawon ƙarni. Ƙasashen da ke kewaye da Tekun Bahar Rum bisa agogon hannu su ne Spain, Faransa, Monaco, Italiya, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, da kuma Maroko; Malta da Cyprus kasashe tsibiri ne a cikin teku. Bugu da ƙari, yankin Arewacin Cyprus da ake jayayya, da wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman Gibraltar da Ceuta, suna da bakin teku a kan teku. Iskandariya ita ce mafi girma mazaunin bakin teku. Ruwan magudanan ruwa ya ƙunshi wasu ƙasashe masu yawa, kogin Nilu shine kogin mafi tsayi da ke ƙarewa a Tekun Bahar Rum. Tarihi Wayewar da Manyan tsoffin civilization sun kasance a kusa da Bahar Rum. Tekun ya ba da hanyoyin kasuwanci, mulkin mallaka, da yaƙi, da kuma abinci (daga kamun kifi da tattara sauran abincin teku) ga al'ummomi da yawa a tsawon shekaru. Mafi shaharar wayewar Bahar Rum a zamanin da na gargajiya sune jihohin birnin Girka, Farisa da Phoenicians, waɗanda dukkansu suka mamaye gabar tekun Bahar Rum. Darius I na Farisa, wanda ya ci Masar ta dā, ya gina magudanar ruwa da ke haɗa Tekun Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya. Magudanar Dariyus tana da faɗin isa ga triremes biyu su wuce juna tare da tsawaita tsawaitawa, kuma yana buƙatar kwanaki huɗu don wucewa. Daga baya, lokacin da Augustus ya kafa daular Roma, Romawa suna kiran Bahar Rum a matsayin Mare Nostrum ("Tekunmu"). A cikin shekaru 400 masu zuwa, Daular Roma ta mallaki Tekun Bahar Rum gaba ɗaya da kusan dukkan yankunan bakin teku daga Gibraltar zuwa Levant. A cikin shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun kayan tarihi daga Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa ta Jami'ar Akdeniz (UA) ta bayyana wani hatsarin jirgin ruwa tun shekaru 3,600 a tekun Bahar Rum a Turkiyya. Tan 1.5 na tagulla da aka samu a cikin jirgin an yi amfani da su wajen kimanta shekarunsa. Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
53619	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junaid%20Khan%20%28actor%29	Junaid Khan (actor)	A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa. Articles with hCards A cikin shekarar 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa. Junaid Khan (an haife shi a matsayin Junaid Khan Niazi 2 Nuwamba 1981) ɗan wasan Pakistan ne, furodusa kuma marubuci-mawaƙi. Tun daga farkon shekarar 2000s shi ne jagoran mawaƙin na Lahore-based rock band Call, wanda ya fitar da albam biyu masu nasara na kasuwanci, Jilawatan da Dhoom A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya fi shahara da rawar da ya taka a jerin shirye-shiryen Sun Yaara (2017), Ishq Tamasha (2018) da Yaariyan (2019), Ya yi suna ta hanyar nuna nagartaccen hali na Dokta Talal Sikandar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Sun Yaara akan Ary Digital. A cikin 2012 Khan ya kasance an zabi Khan a Lux Style Awards a fannoni daban-daban guda biyu Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV don serial Dil Ki Lagi da Best Album of the Year don album Dhoom A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Junaid Khan Niazi a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1981 ga dangin musulmi na zuriyar Pashtun a Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Khan ya kammala karatun sa na farko (aji na 1 zuwa 5) a Dibisional Public School da kuma na Ibne Sina College Defence (Matric). Bayan ya kammala Matric, ya shiga FC College sannan ya shiga Sashen Injiniya na UET Lahore don yin digiri a Injiniya. A cikin shekara ta uku a UET, yayin da yake karatu, Khan ya fara aikin waka. Tsoffin membobin Kira ne suka saurare shi kuma an zaɓe shi ya zama ɓangaren ƙungiyar. Daga baya Khan ya sami digirin sa na Master of Business Administration (MBA) daga Kwalejin Imperial da ke Lahore Shi, tare da Khurram Jabbar Khan da Sultan Raja, sun kasance membobin Call band a lokacin. Daga baya Khan ya kawo mawaka guda biyu, Farooq Nasir da Usman Nasir, a cikin kungiyar. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fito da waƙarsu ta farko, "Nishaan", wacce ta yadu akan intanet kuma nan da nan Kira ya kasance cikin manyan masu fasaha na ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba, ƙungiyar ta fito da bidiyon kiɗa na farko na waƙar "Pukaar". Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fara yin kai tsaye a wani biki daban-daban a duk faɗin Pakistan da ma na duniya. Khan da Farooq Nasir sun shirya albam din Jilawatan kuma suna yin rikodin a Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan 's (memba na ƙungiyar Entity Paradigm a lokaci) studio audio a Lahore Daga baya Farooq da Usman Nasir suka bar kungiyar saboda alƙawarin da suka yi na kansu kuma Khan ya nemi Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin jagorar guitarist. Kungiyar ta kammala samar da albam din kuma an kammala Jilawatan a kusa da 2005. Da yake bayyana canjin da ya yi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya faru daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya ce yana da mahaifiyar mai zane wanda ya kasance mai lambar zinare a cikin Fine Arts, shi da kansa ya shiga ayyukan fasaha a lokacin karatunsa, wato zane da wasan kwaikwayo, na karshen yana zama tushe ga makomarsa a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo. Sana'a Tare da Kira Khan ya rubuta ballad ɗin sa na farko, "Sab Bhulla Kay", a cikin 2005. Kungiyar ta fitar da albam din Jilawatan da wakar a cikin wannan shekarar. Ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin tare da bidiyon waƙar dutsen punk "Main Esa Hi Hoon". Khan ya sake fitar da wata waka, "Badal do Zamana", tare da Pepsi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 a 2010. Daga baya, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Kabhi Na Kabhi, wanda kuma Khan ne ya tsara sautinsa. Ya buga jagora a cikin wani serial daga wannan gidan samarwa, kuma daga baya Moomal Productions ya jefa shi a matsayin jagora a cikin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Sanam Saeed, Sarwat Gillani, Yahan Pyar Nahi Hai, Saba Qamar, da Mawra Hussain a farkon 2012. Domin aikinsa a Dil Ki Lagi, an zabe shi a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV (Terrestrial) a Lux Style Award, wanda ya faru a ƙarshen 2012. Khan ya rattaba hannu kan wasu serials guda biyu tare da Moomal Productions, Madiha Maliha da Qadoorat Na farko a halin yanzu yana kan iska kuma na biyu yana ƙarƙashin samarwa. Ya fara aiki akan kundi na solo kuma ya fitar da waƙar solo na farko, "So Close So Distant". A ƙarshen 2012, Khan ya yanke shawarar barin Kira don neman aikin solo a cikin kiɗa. Solo music A cikin 2011, yayin da yake shirin zuwa New York don yin fim ɗin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Khan ya haɗa kai da mawakiyar Amurka Jennifer Jandris. Khan ya tsara kuma ya samar da waƙar, kuma ya harbe bidiyon tare da Jandris a Washington DC a ƙarshen 2011. An saki waƙar a ranar soyayya a cikin 2012. A cikin 2021, ya fito da sabuwar waƙar solo ɗin sa "Taqdeer". Kade-kade da hada wakar Khan ne da kansa. Hotuna Albums tare da Kira Jilawan (2005) Dhom (2011) Coke Studio "Mein Raasta" Duet tare da Momina Mustehsan (Season 9). Bidiyon kiɗa "Nishaan" (2003) from Jilawatan "Pukaar" (2003) from Jilawatan "Shayad" (2004) from Jilawatan "Sab Bhula Kai" (2005) from Jilawatan "Bichar Kai Bhee" (2006) from Jilawatan "Kuch Naheen" (2006) from Jilawatan "Kal Hamara Hai" (2006) "Hum Se Hai Yeh Zamana" (2007) from Dhoom "Aasmaan" (2007) daga Dhoom "Ho Jaane De" (2009) daga Dhoom "Main esa hi hoon" (2011) daga Dhoom "Don haka kusa da nisa" (2012) "Taqdeer" (2021) Talabijin OST "Marzi" (2016) "Sun Yara" (2017) "Tashi" (2018) Filmography Talabijin Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1981 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15998	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Ifeajuna	Emmanuel Ifeajuna	Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1935 ya mutu a shekara ta 1967). Ya kasance babban hafsan sojan Najeriya kuma babban jumper Shi ne Baƙin Afirka na farko da ya ci lambar zinare a taron wasanni na duniya lokacin da ya ci nasara a 1954 na Biritaniya da Wasannin Kasashe Alamar nasararsa da mafi kyawun mutum na 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m) rikodin wasanni ne da rikodin masarautar Biritaniya a lokacin. Ba’amurke ne daga Onitsha, ya kasance ya kammala karatun sa na kimiyya a Jami’ar Ibadan sannan ya tsunduma cikin siyasa, daga baya ya shiga aikin soja. Ya taka rawa a wajen juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 Rayuwa da aiki Babban tsalle Haihuwar Onitsha, ya halarci Dennis Memorial Grammar School a garin sa kuma ya nuna halaye da zasu bayyana rayuwarsa daga baya. Ya yi horo a tsalle tsalle a ƙarƙashin malamin wasanninsa, kuma shi ma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ta rufe makarantar na ɗan lokaci. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1951. Makarantar Grammar ta Ilesa ita ma ta yi ikirarin cewa shi tsohon dalibi ne.Wannan ana jayayya dashi, kodayake yayi koyarwar bazara a makarantar. Gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta 'Najeriyar ta shekara ta 1954 ta gan shi ya kafa kansa a cikin manya-manyan masu tsalle-tsalle a kasar. Tsalle na 6 ƙafa 5.5 inci (1.97 m) yana nufin an zabi Ifeajuna ne don ya wakilci kasarsa a masarautar Birtaniyya ta 1954 da wasannin Commonwealth, tare da Nafiu Osagie Nijeriya ta yi rawar gani a duniya a cikin tsalle a wancan lokacin Joshua Majekodunmi shi ne ya zo na biyu a Wasannin Masarautar Birtaniyya na shekarar 1950, kuma ‘yan tsalle-tsalle uku na Nijeriya sun sami damar zuwa na ashirin a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics ta shekarar 1952 A Wasannin shekarar 1954 a Vancouver, ya yi gasa sanye da takalmin hagu kawai amma har yanzu ya sami nasarar share 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m), wanda ya kasance rikodin Wasanni da kuma rikodin Masarautar Burtaniya don horo. Sakamakon lambar zinare ya sanya shi dan Afirka ta Farko na farko da ya ci nasara a wata babbar gasar wasanni ta duniya. Babban tsallen ya samu damar daukar nauyin lambobin yabo a Afirka a wannan shekarar, inda Patrick Etolu na Uganda ya kare a bayan Ifeajuna sannan Osagie na Najeriya ya zama na uku. Ifeajuna ya sami tarba ta gwarzo bayan dawowarsa Legas kuma an baje shi kan tituna kafin yayi magana a wani bikin farar hula. Daga baya an yi amfani da hoton nasa don murfin gaban littafin motsa jiki na ɗaliban makarantun firamare da sakandare a Najeriya. Siyasa da jami'a Bayan nasarar da ya samu ta zinare, ya daina samun horo a tsalle mai tsayi kuma bai koma wasan ba. Ya shiga cikin karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan a 1954 kuma ya shiga cikin harkar siyasar ɗaliban makarantar Ya kuma kasance memba na mashahurin Sigma Club, na Jami'ar Ibadan, kungiyar dalibai masu kishin zamantakewar al'umma, masu shirya bikin Havana Musical Carnival a cikin makarantar. Yayin da yake can ya zama abokai na kud da kud da Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark, wadanda dukkansu za su ci gaba da zama fitattun mawaƙan Nijeriya. Ifeajuna shi ma babban aboki ne ga Emeka Anyaoku, daga baya ya zama Sakatare Janar na Commonwealth Ya tsunduma cikin Kungiyar Daliban Ibadan kuma ya zama Daraktan yada labarai na kungiyar, yana karfafa zanga-zanga. Ya kasance yana da alaka da Dynamic Party, karkashin jagorancin masanin lissafi Chike Obi Uche Chukwumerije, wanda ya yi zamani da shi kuma daga baya ya zama sanata, ya tuna Ifeajuna yana da himma a cikin hargitsi na siyasa, amma kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da sha'awar shiga cikin zanga-zangar da kansu. Clark ya kuma tabbatar da hakan, yana ba da misalin wata zanga-zanga kan rufe gidan kwanan dalibai. Rufe rufewar ta biyo bayan shari’ar kisan kai ne na Ben Obumselu, shugaban kungiyar daliban kuma aboki na Ifeajuna. Ifeajuna ta shirya zanga-zangar amma ba ta kasance ba yayin rikicin da ya biyo baya. Bayan ya kammala karatun digirinsa na kimiyya sai ya shiga koyarwa, ana sanya shi a makarantar Ebenezer Anglican Grammar da ke Abeokuta Ifeajuna ya kasance cikin tuntuɓar yau da kullun tare da Okigbo, wanda shi ma ya ci gaba da koyarwa, kuma su biyun sun ci gaba da tattauna batun siyasar juyin juya hali. Wannan ya kawo karshen Ifeajuna ya bar aikin koyarwa ya shiga soja a 1960. Ya samu horo a makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School a Aldershot, United Kingdom. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kammala karatunsa, ya tashi cikin sauri a cikin mukamin soja ya kai matsayin Manjo a watan Janairun 1966. Ya kasance babban birgediya a Legas Juyin mulki Rashin gamsuwa da alkiblar da kasarsa ta bi a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Farko a karkashin Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Ifeajuna ya zama makarkashiya a wani shiri na kifar da gwamnatin. Ganin karatun da ya yi, ana daukar Ifeajuna a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan masu hankali na makircin kuma ya rubuta wani rubutu da ba a buga ba kan dalilin yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 Ya yi tir da rashawa da rashin tsari wanda ya haifar da rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci na gwamnati. Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne fuskar yunkurin juyin mulkin, wanda ya hada da wasu manyan sojoji biyar: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Adewale Ademoyega da Humphrey Chukwuka Ademoyega, Okafor, Anuforo da Chukwuka sune sauran manya a Legas, inda Ifeajuna suka jagoranci motsi. Ifeajuna ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa gidan Firaminista Balewa kuma suka kama shi. A halin yanzu, Nzeogwu ya fito fili ya bayyana sunayen wadanda suka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin da kuma Balewa a matsayin babban rashi. Okafor ya nemi cafke Birgediya Zakariya Maimalari, babban kwamandan Ifeajuna. Maimalari ya tsere kuma da ya sami Ifeajuna ya nemi taimako. Ifeajuna ya kashe Maimalari, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin jituwa a tsakanin jiga-jigan Ifeajuna, kasancewar shi babban jami’i ne mai matukar daraja. Ifeajuna ya kuma harbe Laftanar Kanar Abogo Largema a wani otal da ke gundumar Ikoyi a Legas. Daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin, Manjo-Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, ya kama makircin kuma ya tsere daga kama shi. Daga nan ya fara matsawa kan wadanda suka yi masa juyin mulki. Daga karshe Ironsi ya sami nasarar hana juyin mulkin sannan ya karbi mulki da kansa. A yayin wadannan abubuwan, Firayim Minista Balewa ya mutu yayin da yake tsare da Ifeajuna. Jami'an 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoto game da yanayin mutuwarsa (wanda har yanzu ba a sake bayani ba) suna iƙirarin cewa Ifeajuna ya harbe Balewa yayin da yake tuki zuwa Abeokuta kuma ya bar gawar a hanya. Wasu na ikirarin cewa ba da gangan aka kashe Balewa ba (ganin cewa shi ba ya daga cikin wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin), amma dai ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar asma ko bugun zuciya a lokacin tsananin. Wannan batun har yanzu ba a warware shi ba na tarihin yunƙurin juyin mulkin shekarar 1966. Kisa da gado Bayan matakin da Ironsi ya yi game da juyin mulkin, abokan Ifeajuna Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark sun taimaka masa ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Dahomey (yanzu Benin) sannan ya wuce zuwa Ghana inda shugabanta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi masa maraba.An kifar da mulkin Nkrumah jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma Ifeajuna ya dawo Najeriya bayan tabbatarwa daga Emeka Ojukwu cewa rayuwarsa ba za ta kasance cikin haɗari ba. Ya sake shiga aikin soja, a wannan karon a cikin Sojojin Biyafara Jamhuriyyar Biafra ta ayyana ballewa daga Najeriya, ta fara yakin basasar Najeriya Ifeajuna, Victor Banjo, Phillip Alale da Sam Agbam da Ojukwu ya zarga da sasantawa da jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, ta hanyar wakilan Burtaniya, da fatan za su kawo tsagaita wuta, su hambarar da Ojukwu, su sami manyan mukamai da kansu. An hanzarta yi musu shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. Ifeajuna ya yi ikirarin cewa shirin shi ne don kare rayukan fararen hula a Enugu daga farmakin da sojojin tarayya za su kawo musu. An kashe Ifeajuna da abokan hadin gwiwar sa uku a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1967. Sojojin tarayyar Najeriya sun kame Enugu, babban birnin Biafra bayan kwana biyu. Ifeajuna ya sami gado mai hade. Wannan rubutun nasa da ba a buga ba ya ja hankali sosai, ciki har da na Olusegun Obasanjo, janar din soja kuma yanzu tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Mutane da yawa suna ganin yunkurin juyin mulkin na shekarar 1966 a matsayin wani shiri ne na Ibo, duk da cewa wadanda suka yi makircin sun hada da wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, wasu wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin‘ yan kabilar Ibo ne, kuma Janar Ironsi wanda ya hana juyin mulkin shi kansa dan Ibo ne. Ana ganin rubutun a matsayin tushe na tarihi mai yiwuwa don kimanta duk launin fatar har zuwa juyin mulki da rawar da Ifeajuna ke ciki, wanda ya kasance daga mai haɗa kai zuwa shugaban masu ilimi. Ifeajuna bai yi fice ba ko kuma nuna fifiko a tarihin yakin basasar Najeriya. Yayin da dan uwansa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu wanda ya yi juyin mulki a shekarar 1966 aka kawata shi a matsayin jarumin yaki kuma an kafa mutum-mutumi a garinsu, Ifeajuna bai samu karbuwa ba sosai. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2011, tsohon shugaban Biafra Ojukwu ya samu yabo mafi girma daga Najeriya kuma jana’izarsa ya samu halartar Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1992, Ojukwu ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne jagoran wannan makarkashiyar, kamar yadda aka yi amannar. Wani rahoto na Musamman na Ofishin ‘Yan Sanda na Najeriya, sashinta na farko an sake shi wani bangare kuma an rasa na biyun, ya bayyana cewa Ifeajuna, Don Okafor da Kyaftin Ogbu Oji su ne suka kirkiro kuma suka nuna goyon baya ga yunkurin juyin mulkin a shekarar 1965, inda kawai Ojukwu ya shiga cikin wani mataki na makara. Wasu na ganin Ifeajuna a matsayin wanda ya kashe Firayim Minista Balewa, wanda ya durkusar da Jamhuriya ta Farko kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa.Babu wani bincike da aka yi a jikin Balewa kuma babu tabbacin cewa an harbe shi. Rahotannin da aka bayar game da rahoton sun gano gawarsa a zaune kusa da wata bishiya, kusa da gawar ministan kudi Festus Okotie-Eboh, wanda aka harbe kuma yana tsakiyar zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Ayyukan siyasa na bin ƙa'idodin wasan kwaikwayon sun mamaye tasirin Ifeajuna a cikin tarihin wasanni na Black Africa. Rayuwar mutum A lokacin da yake jami'a, Ifeajuna ya sadu da matarsa Rose a shekara ta 1955. Bayan shekara huɗu sai ma'auratan suka yi aure kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza biyu. Rikodin gasar ƙasa da ƙasa Manazarta Sojojin Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
29288	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20Epigenetics	Ciwon Daji Epigenetics	Ciwon daji epigenetics shine nazarin gyare-gyaren epigenetic zuwa DNA na kwayoyin cutar kansa wanda ba ya haɗa da canji a cikin jerin nucleotide, amma a maimakon haka ya haɗa da canji a yadda aka bayyana lambar kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin Epigenetic suna da mahimmanci don kula da jerin al'ada na takamaiman maganganun kwayoyin halitta na nama kuma suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba na al'ada. Wataƙila suna da mahimmanci, ko ma mafi mahimmanci, fiye da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin canjin tantanin halitta zuwa kansa. Rikicin hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji, na iya haifar da asarar bayyanar kwayoyin halittar da ke faruwa kusan sau 10 akai-akai ta hanyar yin shiru na rubutu (wanda ya haifar da haɓakar epigenetic hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG fiye da maye gurbi. Kamar yadda Vogelstein et al. nuna, a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata yawanci ana samun kusan maye gurbin direba 3 zuwa 6 da 33 zuwa 66 hitchhiker ko maye gurbin fasinja. Duk da haka, a cikin ciwace-ciwacen hanji idan aka kwatanta da kusa da mucosa na al'ada na al'ada, akwai kimanin 600 zuwa 800 tsibiran methylated CpG a cikin masu inganta kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi yayin da waɗannan tsibiran CpG ba su da methylated a cikin mucosa kusa. Yin amfani da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yana kuma riƙe da babban alƙawari don rigakafin ciwon daji, ganowa, da jiyya. A cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan epigenetic na iya rikicewa, kamar yin shiru na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da kunna oncogenes ta hanyar canza tsarin methylation na tsibirin CpG, gyare-gyaren histone, da dysregulation na sunadaran ɗaurin DNA. Ana amfani da magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da tasirin epigenetic yanzu a yawancin waɗannan cututtuka. Makanikai DNA methylation A cikin sel somatic, tsarin DNA methylation gabaɗaya ana watsa su zuwa sel 'ya'ya masu aminci. Yawanci, wannan methylation yana faruwa ne kawai a cytosines waɗanda suke 5' zuwa guanosine a cikin CpG dinucleotides na eukaryotes mafi girma. Koyaya, methylation DNA na epigenetic ya bambanta tsakanin ƙwayoyin al'ada da ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin mutane. Bayanan martaba na "al'ada" CpG methylation galibi ana jujjuya su a cikin sel waɗanda suka zama tumorigenic. A cikin sel na al'ada, tsibiran CpG da ke gaba da masu tallata kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi, kuma suna yin aiki ta hanyar rubutawa, yayin da sauran CpG dinucleotides ɗin kowane mutum a cikin kwayar halitta yakan zama methylated. Koyaya, a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, tsibiran CpG waɗanda ke gaba da masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna hypermethylated, yayin da CpG methylation na yankuna masu haɓaka oncogene da jerin maimaita parasitic galibi suna raguwa. Hypermethylation na yankuna masu hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da yin shuru ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Irin wannan maye gurbi na epigenetic yana ba da damar sel suyi girma da kuma haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba, yana haifar da tumorigenesis. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin methyl zuwa cytosines yana haifar da DNA don yin murɗawa kusa da sunadaran histone, wanda ke haifar da DNA wanda ba zai iya jujjuya rubutu ba (DNA da aka yi shiru). Kwayoyin halittar da aka saba da su don yin shuru a rubuce saboda masu haɓaka hypermethylation sun haɗa da: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, mai hana sake zagayowar tantanin halitta; MGMT, kwayar gyaran DNA APC, mai kula da zagayawa; MLH1, kwayar halittar DNA-gyaran; da BRCA1, wani DNA-gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Lallai, ƙwayoyin kansa na iya zama masu sha'awar yin shuru na rubutu, saboda mai haɓaka hypermethylation, na wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani tsari da aka sani da jarabar epigenetic. Hypomethylation na CpG dinucleotides a cikin sauran sassan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar chromosome saboda hanyoyin kamar asarar bugawa da sake kunna abubuwa masu iya canzawa Rashin buguwar kwayar halitta mai girma kamar insulin (IGF2) yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata kuma yana da alaƙa da ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji ga jarirai. A cikin sel lafiya, CpG dinucleotides na ƙananan yawa ana samun su a cikin coding da kuma wuraren da ba sa coding intergenic. Bayanin wasu jerin maimaitawa da sake haduwar meiotic a centromeres ana murƙushe su ta hanyar methylation Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar kansa ya ƙunshi ƙarancin methylcytosine fiye da kwayar halitta mai lafiya. A gaskiya ma, kwayoyin cutar kansa suna da 20-50% kasa da methylation a kowane CpG dinucleotides a fadin kwayoyin halitta. Tsibirin CpG da aka samu a yankuna masu tallatawa galibi ana kiyaye su daga DNA methylation. A cikin ƙwayoyin kansa tsibiran CpG tsibiran suna hypomethylated Yankunan da ke gefen tsibiran CpG da ake kira tsibirin tsibirin CpG sune inda yawancin methylation na DNA ke faruwa a cikin mahallin CpG dinucleotide. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da methylated ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a tsibirin CpG. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, hypermethylation a cikin tsibirin CpG tsibirin suna motsawa zuwa tsibiran CpG, ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG suna motsawa zuwa tsibirin CpG tsibiri suna kawar da iyakokin epigenetic tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan halitta. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa "hypomethylation na duniya" saboda rushewa a cikin DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) na iya haɓaka haɓakar mitotic da sake tsarawa na chromosome, a ƙarshe yana haifar da aneuploidy lokacin da chromosomes suka kasa rabuwa da kyau yayin mitosis CpG tsibirin methylation yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin maganganun kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka cytosine methylation na iya haifar da kai tsaye zuwa lalata maye gurbi da yanayin salon salula na farko. Methylated cytosines suna sa hydrolysis na rukunin aminin da jujjuyawar kai tsaye zuwa thymine ya fi dacewa. Suna iya haifar da ɗaukar ma'aikata na furotin chromatin Cytosine methylations yana canza adadin hasken UV na tushen nucleotide, haifar da dimers pyrimidine Lokacin da maye gurbi ya haifar da asarar heterozygosity a rukunin yanar gizon masu hana ƙari ya kasan ce shi ne waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama marasa aiki. Maye gurbi guda ɗaya na tushe yayin kwafi shima yana iya yin illa. Gyaran tarihi Eukaryotic DNA yana da hadadden tsari. Gabaɗaya an naɗe shi da sunadaran sunadaran da ake kira histones don samar da wani tsari da ake kira nucleosome A nucleosome kunshi 2 sets na 4 tarihi: H2A, H2B, H3, da H4 Bugu da ƙari, histone H1 yana ba da gudummawa ga tattarawar DNA a waje da nucleosome. Wasu gyare-gyaren enzymes na histone na iya ƙarawa ko cire ƙungiyoyi masu aiki zuwa histones, kuma waɗannan gyare-gyare suna tasiri matakin rubutun kwayoyin halitta da aka nannade a kusa da waɗancan tarihin da matakin kwafin DNA. Bayanan bayanan gyare-gyare na tarihi na ƙwayoyin lafiya da masu ciwon daji sun bambanta. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin lafiya, ƙwayoyin daji suna nuna raguwar nau'ikan histone H4 da monoacetylated (raguwar H4ac da H4me3). Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta sun nuna cewa raguwa a cikin histone H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2a) na p19ARF mai gabatarwa yana da alaƙa tare da ƙarin ci gaba na ciwon daji da metastasis. A cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta, asarar histone H4 acetylation da trimethylation yana ƙaruwa yayin da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta ke ci gaba. Asarar histone H4 Lysine 16 acetylation H4K16ac wanda shine alamar tsufa a telomeres, musamman ya rasa acetylation. Wasu masana kimiyya suna fatan wannan asarar ta musamman na histone acetylation na iya yin yaƙi tare da mai hana histone deacetylase (HDAC) na musamman don SIRT1, HDAC na musamman don H4K16. Sauran alamomin tarihin da ke hade da tumorigenesis sun hada da ƙarar deacetylation (raguwar acetylation) na histones H3 da H4, rage trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 4 H3K4me3 da kuma ƙara monomethylation na histone H3 Lysine 9 H3K9me da kuma trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 27me H3 Lysine 27 H3 shi ne Waɗannan gyare-gyaren tarihi na iya yin shiru da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari duk da raguwar methylation na tsibirin CpG na kwayoyin halitta (wani al'amari da yakan kunna kwayoyin halitta). Wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan toshe aikin BRD4 a kan acetylated histones, wanda aka nuna don ƙara yawan bayyanar da furotin Myc, wanda ke da alaka da ciwon daji da yawa. Tsarin ci gaba na miyagun ƙwayoyi don ɗaure zuwa BRD4 abin lura ne ga haɗin gwiwa, buɗe hanyar da ƙungiyar ke ɗauka. Mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta p53 tana daidaita gyaran DNA kuma yana iya haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka lalata. E Soto-Reyes da F Recillas-Targa sun bayyana mahimmancin furotin CTCF a cikin daidaita maganganun p53. CTCF, ko CCCTC daure factor, shine furotin yatsa na zinc wanda ke hana mai tallata p53 daga tara alamun tarihin danniya. A cikin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa, furotin CTCF ba ya ɗaure kullum, kuma mai haɓaka p53 yana tara alamomin tarihi masu tsauri, yana haifar da bayyanar p53 don ragewa. Maye gurbi a cikin na'urar epigenetic kanta na iya faruwa kuma, mai yuwuwar alhakin canza bayanan martaba na sel masu ciwon daji. Bambance-bambancen tarihi na dangin H2A ana kiyaye su sosai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yawancin hanyoyin nukiliya ta hanyar canza tsarin chromatin Ɗayan maɓalli na H2A, H2A. X, yana nuna lalacewar DNA, yana sauƙaƙe ɗaukar sunadaran gyaran DNA don maido da amincin genomic. Wani bambance-bambancen, H2A. Z, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duka kunna kwayoyin halitta da danniya. Babban darajar H2A. Ana gano furcin Z a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar salon salula da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Bambancin macroH2A1 na tarihi yana da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan cututtukan daji da yawa, misali a cikin ciwon hanta. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da raguwa a cikin H4K16ac na iya haifar da ko dai raguwar ayyukan histone acetyltransferases (HATs) ko karuwa a deacetylation ta SIRT1. Hakazalika, maye gurbin frameshift wanda ba ya aiki a cikin HDAC2, histone deacetylase wanda ke aiki akan yawancin lysines na histone-tail, an hade shi da ciwon daji da ke nuna sauye-sauyen tsarin acetylation na histone. Wadannan binciken suna nuna wani tsari mai ban sha'awa don canza bayanan martaba na epigenetic ta hanyar hana enzymatic ko haɓakawa. DNA lalacewa, lalacewa ta hanyar UV haske, ionizing radiation, muhalli guba, da kuma na rayuwa sinadarai, kuma zai iya haifar da genomic rashin zaman lafiya da kuma ciwon daji. Amsar lalacewa ta DNA zuwa ga karyawar DNA mai madauri biyu (DSB) ana yin sulhu a sashi ta gyare-gyaren tarihi. A DSB, MRE11 RAD50 NBS1 (MRN) hadaddun sunadaran suna ɗaukar ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase wanda phosphorylates Serine 129 na Histone 2A. MDC1, matsakanci na wurin binciken lalacewar DNA 1, yana ɗaure ga phosphopeptide, da phosphorylation na H2AX na iya yaduwa ta hanyar madaidaicin ra'ayi na daukar ma'aikata na MRN-ATM da phosphorylation. TIP60 acetylates da H2AX, wanda aka sanya polyubiquitylated RAP80, wani ɓangare na DNA na gyaran ƙwayar nono nau'in ciwon nono na nau'in 1 mai saukin kamuwa da furotin BRCA1 -A), yana ɗaure ubiquitin da aka haɗe zuwa histones. BRCA1-Aiki yana kama da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a wurin bincike na G2/M, ba da damar lokaci don gyara DNA, ko apoptosis na iya farawa. MicroRNA gene yin shiru A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, microRNAs (miRNAs), ya kasan ce suna daidaita kusan kashi 60% na ayyukan rufaffiyar kwayoyin halitta masu rufaffen furotin. Wasu miRNA kuma suna yin shuru mai alaƙa da methylation a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Let-7 da miR15/16 suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita RAS da BCL2 oncogenes, kuma shirunsu yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Rage magana na miR-125b1, miRNA mai aiki azaman mai hana ƙari, an lura dashi a cikin prostate, ovarian, nono da glial cell cancers. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa miR-125b1 yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, HER2/neu da ESR1, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon nono. DNA methylation, musamman hypermethylation, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da miR-125b1 aka rufe shi ta asali. A cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono, an lura da hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG da ke kusa da wurin fara rubutun. Asarar ɗaurin CTCF da haɓaka alamomin tarihi masu dannewa, H3K9me3 da H3K27me3, sun yi daidai da DNA methylation da shiru na miR-125b1. Ta hanyar injiniyanci, CTCF na iya aiki azaman yanki mai iyaka don dakatar da yaduwar DNA methylation. Sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen da Soto-Reyes et al. yana kuma nuna mummunan sakamako na methylation akan aiki da magana na miR-125b1. Saboda haka, sun yanke shawarar cewa DNA methylation yana da wani ɓangare na yin shiru da kwayar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, wasu miRNA's an rufe su da wuri da wuri a cikin ciwon nono, sabili da haka waɗannan miRNA na iya zama da amfani azaman alamun ƙari. kuma Yin shiru na epigenetic na kwayoyin miRNA ta hanyar DNA methylation aberrant wani lamari ne akai-akai a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa; Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu tallata miRNA masu aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin mammary na yau da kullun an sami hypermethylated a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono wannan shine ninki da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba gani akan ƙwayoyin furotin. Metabolic recoding na epigenetics a cikin ciwon daji Dysregulation na metabolism yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin tumo don samar da tubalan ginin da ake buƙata da kuma daidaita alamun epigenetic don tallafawa farawa da ci gaba da ciwon daji. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke haifar da ciwon daji yana canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic, musamman gyare-gyare akan histones da DNA, don haka inganta canji mara kyau, daidaitawa ga rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, da metastasis. Tarin wasu metabolites a cikin ciwon daji na iya kai hari ga enzymes na epigenetic don canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic a duniya. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren sake canza alamun epigenetic. Ciwon daji epigenetics za a iya daidaita daidai da salon salula metabolism ta hanyar 1) kashi-amsa modulation na ciwon daji epigenetics ta metabolites; 2) takamaiman takamaiman ɗaukar aikin enzymes na rayuwa; da 3) niyya na Epigenetic enzymes ta hanyar siginar abinci mai gina jiki. MicroRNA da gyaran DNA Lalacewar DNA ya bayyana shine babban dalilin cutar kansa. Idan gyaran DNA ya yi karanci, lalacewar DNA tana son taruwa. Irin wannan ɓarna na DNA da yawa na iya ƙara kurakuran maye gurbi yayin kwafin DNA saboda haɗakar fassarar kuskure. Lalacewar DNA ta wuce gona da iri na iya ƙara sauye-sauyen epigenetic saboda kurakurai yayin gyaran DNA. Irin wannan maye gurbi da sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya haifar da ciwon daji (duba m neoplasms Canje-canjen layin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyarawa yana haifar da kashi 2-5 cikin ɗari kawai na cututtukan ciwon hanji Koyaya, canza yanayin magana na microRNAs, yana haifar da raunin gyaran DNA, akai-akai ana danganta su da ciwon daji kuma yana iya zama muhimmiyar sanadin cutar kansa. Yin wuce gona da iri na wasu miRNA na iya rage bayyana takamaiman sunadaran gyaran DNA kai tsaye. Wan et al. ana magana da kwayoyin halittar DNA guda 6 waɗanda miRNA suka yi niyya kai tsaye a cikin baka: ATM (miR-421), RAD52 (miR-210, miR-373), RAD23B (miR-373), MSH2 (miR-21). BRCA1 (miR-182) da P53 (miR-504, miR-125b). Kwanan nan, Tessitore et al. ya jera ƙarin ƙwayoyin gyaran DNA waɗanda ƙarin miRNAs ke niyya kai tsaye, gami da ATM (miR-18a, miR-101), DNA-PK (miR-101), ATR (miR-185), Wip1 (miR-16), MLH1, MSH2 da MSH6 (miR-155), ERCC3 da ERCC4 (miR-192) da UNG2 (mir-16, miR-34c da miR-199a). Daga cikin waɗannan miRNAs, miR-16, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34c, miR-125b, miR-101, miR-155, miR-182, miR-185 da miR-192 suna cikin waɗanda Schnekenburger ya gano da kuma Diederich kamar yadda aka yi yawa a cikin ciwon daji ta hanji ta hanyar epigenetic hypomethylation. Bayan bayyanar kowane ɗayan waɗannan miRNAs na iya haifar da raguwar bayyanar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin da ta ke niyya. Har zuwa 15% na ƙarancin MLH1 -rauni a cikin cututtukan daji na hanji na lokaci-lokaci ya bayyana saboda wuce gona da iri na microRNA miR-155, wanda ke danne furcin MLH1. Duk da haka, yawancin cututtukan daji na hanji 68 da aka rage tare da rage bayanin furotin MLH1 na rashin daidaituwa na DNA an gano cewa sun yi kasala saboda methylation na epigenetic na tsibirin CpG na MLH1 A cikin 28% na glioblastomas, furotin gyaran DNA na MGMT ya gaza amma mai tallata MGMT ba methylated bane. A cikin glioblastomas ba tare da methylated MGMT masu tallata ba, matakin microRNA miR-181d yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da bayanin furotin na MGMT kuma makasudin miR-181d kai tsaye shine MGMT mRNA 3'UTR yankin MGMT mRNA mafi girma uku da ba a fassara shi ba Don haka, a cikin kashi 28% na glioblastomas, ƙara yawan magana na miR-181d da rage maganganun gyaran enzyme MGMT na iya zama sanadi. A cikin 29-66% na glioblastomas, gyaran DNA yana da kasawa saboda epigenetic methylation na kwayar <i id="mwAUs">MGMT</i>, wanda ya rage bayanin furotin na MGMT. Babban ƙungiyoyin motsi A HMGA sunadaran sunadaran AT-ƙugiya, ƙanana ne, nonhistone, sunadarai masu alaƙa da chromatin waɗanda zasu iya canza rubutun. MicroRNAs suna sarrafa bayanin sunadaran HMGA, kuma waɗannan sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 abubuwa ne masu sarrafa rubutun chromatin na gine-gine. Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa, a cikin kyallen takarda na al'ada, kwayoyin HGMA1 da HMGA2 an yi niyya (kuma saboda haka an rage su sosai a cikin magana) ta miR-15, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-196a2 da Let-7a Maganar HMGA kusan ba a iya gano shi a cikin bambance-bambancen kyallen jikin manya amma yana da girma a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa. Sunadaran HGMA polypeptides ne na 100 ragowar amino acid wanda ke da tsarin tsari na zamani. Waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna uku masu inganci masu inganci, waɗanda ake kira AT hooks, waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙaramin tsagi na DNA mai arzikin AT a cikin takamaiman yankuna na DNA. Neoplasias na ɗan adam, ciki har da thyroid, prostatic, mahaifa, colorectal, pancreatic da ovarian carcinoma, suna nuna karuwa mai karfi na HMGA1a da HMGA1b sunadaran. Mice masu canzawa tare da HMGA1 da aka yi niyya ga ƙwayoyin lymphoid suna haɓaka lymphoma mai ƙarfi, yana nuna cewa babban HMGA1 magana ba kawai yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji ba, amma cewa HMGA1 na iya aiki azaman oncogene don haifar da ciwon daji. Baldassarre et al., ya nuna cewa sunadaran HMGA1 yana ɗaure zuwa yankin mai talla na DNA gyara gene BRCA1 kuma yana hana ayyukan mai gabatarwa BRCA1 Sun kuma nuna cewa yayin da kawai 11% na ciwace-ciwacen nono ke da hypermethylation na BRCA1 gene, 82% na ciwon nono mai tsanani yana da ƙananan furotin na BRCA1, kuma yawancin waɗannan raguwa sun kasance saboda gyaran chromatin ta hanyar manyan matakan furotin HMGA1. HMGA2 furotin na musamman yana kai hari ga mai tallata ERCC1, don haka rage bayyanar da wannan kwayar cutar ta DNA. Maganganun furotin na ERCC1 ya gaza a cikin 100% na 47 da aka kimanta ciwon daji na hanji (ko da yake ba a san iyakar abin da HGMA2 ke ciki ba). Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa kowanne daga cikin miRNAs da ke hari kwayoyin HMGA sun ragu sosai a kusan dukkanin adenoma pituitary ɗan adam da aka yi nazari, idan aka kwatanta da glandan pituitary na yau da kullun. Daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida na waɗannan miRNAs masu niyya HMGA, an sami haɓaka a cikin HMGA1 da takamaiman mRNAs na HMGA2. Uku daga cikin waɗannan microRNAs (miR-16, miR-196a da Let-7a)) suna da masu tallata methylated don haka ƙarancin magana a cikin ciwon hanji. Na biyu daga cikin waɗannan, miR-15 da miR-16, yankuna masu coding an rufe su ta asali cikin cutar kansa saboda ayyukan histone deacetylase Lokacin da aka bayyana waɗannan microRNAs a ƙaramin matakin, to ana bayyana sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 a babban matakin. HMGA1 da HMGA2 manufa (rage maganganun) BRCA1 da ERCC1 DNA gyarawa. Don haka ana iya rage gyaran DNA, mai yiwuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kansa. Hanyoyin gyaran DNA Jadawalin da ke cikin wannan sashe yana nuna wasu abubuwa masu lalata DNA akai-akai, misalan raunukan DNA da suke haifarwa, da hanyoyin da ke magance waɗannan lalacewar DNA. Aƙalla enzymes 169 ana amfani da su kai tsaye a cikin gyaran DNA ko kuma tasiri hanyoyin gyaran DNA. Daga cikin waɗannan, 83 suna aiki kai tsaye wajen gyara nau'ikan lalacewar DNA guda 5 da aka kwatanta a cikin ginshiƙi. Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsakiyar waɗannan hanyoyin gyara ana nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi. Zane-zanen jinsin da aka nuna a cikin ja, launin toka ko cyan suna nuna kwayoyin halitta akai-akai suna canzawa a cikin nau'ikan cututtukan daji daban-daban. Rubutun Wikipedia akan kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halitta da ja, launin toka ko cyan suka haskaka sun bayyana canjin (s) epigenetic da ciwon daji (s) waɗanda aka samo waɗannan abubuwan. Manyan labaran binciken gwaji guda biyu kuma sun rubuta mafi yawan waɗannan raunin gyaran DNA na epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji. Kwayoyin halitta masu haske suna raguwa ko yin shiru akai-akai ta hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtuka daban-daban. Lokacin da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin magana ko rashi, lalacewar DNA na iya tarawa. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da, a ƙarshe, ciwon daji. Danniya na Epigenetic na kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA yana bayyana a matsayin tsakiya ga carcinogenesis Ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu launin toka RAD51 da BRCA2, ana buƙatar su don gyara haɗin haɗin gwiwa Wani lokaci ana nuna su a cikin epigenetically fiye da bayyanawa kuma wani lokacin ba a bayyana su a wasu cututtukan daji. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran Wikipedia akan RAD51 da BRCA2, irin wannan ciwon daji yawanci suna da ƙarancin epigenetic a cikin wasu kwayoyin gyara DNA. Waɗannan ƙarancin gyare-gyare na iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara su ba. Bayanin sama-sama na RAD51 da BRCA2 da aka gani a cikin waɗannan cututtukan na iya nuna matsi na zaɓi don ramuwa RAD51 ko BRCA2 fiye da bayyanawa da haɓaka gyare-gyare na haɗin gwiwa don aƙalla wani ɓangare na magance irin wannan lalacewar DNA. A waɗancan lokuta inda RAD51 ko BRCA2 ba a bayyana su ba, wannan da kansa zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara ba. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da ciwon daji, ta yadda rashin bayyanar RAD51 ko BRCA2 zai zama carcinogenic a cikin kanta. gyare-gyaren hutun madauri biyu, homology na 5-25 madaidaitan tushe guda 5-25 tsakanin maɗaurin biyun ya wadatar don daidaita madauri, amma ƙarshen da bai dace ba (flaps) yawanci yana nan. MMEJ yana cire ƙarin nucleotides (flaps) inda aka haɗa igiyoyi, sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa igiyoyin don ƙirƙirar helix na DNA marar kyau. MMEJ kusan ko da yaushe ya ƙunshi aƙalla ƙaramin gogewa, ta yadda ta zama hanyar mutagenic. Fen1, Flap Sponglease a Mmej, shi ne epicinetally ya karu ta hanyar incarter hysomethyhybyhy ne kuma ya kare a cikin mafi cutar kansa na nono, neuroblastomomas, da huhu. Har ila yau, PARP1 an fi bayyana shi sosai lokacin da yankin ETS mai tallata shi ya kasance hypomethylated na epigenetically, kuma wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji na endometrial, BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, da BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer. Sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanyar MMEJ suma an nuna su sosai a cikin adadin cutar kansa (duba MMEJ don taƙaitawa), kuma ana nuna su da shuɗi. Matsakaicin ƙididdiga a cikin kwayoyin gyara DNA Rashin ƙarancin sunadaran gyaran DNA waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA suna ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel tare da maye gurbi a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa HRR Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi a cikin kowane ɗayan 34 na gyaran DNA suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa (duba lahani na gyaran DNA da haɓaka haɗarin kansa A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ana samun rashi a gyaran DNA lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, amma yawanci ana ragewa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke rage ko yin shiru. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da maye gurbi a cikin DNA na gyaran MGMT, yayin da mafi yawan sun rage MGMT magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na MGMT (canjin epigenetic). Hakazalika, daga cikin lokuta 119 na rashin daidaiton gyare-gyare-rashin ciwon daji na launi waɗanda ba su da gyaran DNA na PMS2 magana, sunadarin PMS2 ya gaza a cikin 6 saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin PMS2, yayin da a cikin lokuta 103 PMS2 magana ta kasa saboda an danne abokin tarayya MLH1. saboda mai gabatarwa methylation (protein PMS2 ba shi da kwanciyar hankali idan babu MLH1). A cikin sauran shari'o'in 10, asarar bayanin PMS2 ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar epigenetic na microRNA, miR-155, wanda ke daidaita MLH1. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran gyare-gyare sun kasance akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. A cikin tebur, an ƙididdige ciwon daji da yawa don ragewa ko rashin bayyanar jigon gyaran DNA na sha'awa, kuma mitar da aka nuna shi ne yawan ciwon daji da ke da ƙarancin epigenetic na maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Irin wannan raunin epigenetic yana iya tasowa da wuri a cikin carcinogenesis, tun da yake ana samun su akai-akai (ko da yake a ɗan ƙananan mita) a cikin lahani da ke kewaye da ciwon daji wanda ciwon daji zai iya tasowa (duba Table). Ya bayyana cewa ana iya farawa da kansa akai-akai ta hanyar raguwar epigenetic a cikin furci ɗaya ko fiye da gyaran enzymes na DNA. Rage gyaran DNA na iya ba da damar tara lalacewar DNA. Kuskuren haɗakar fassarar fassarar wasu daga cikin waɗannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin fa'ida. Faci na clonal tare da zaɓin zaɓi na iya girma kuma ya fita gasa sel makwabta, yana haifar da lahani na filin Duk da yake babu wata fa'ida ta zahiri ga tantanin halitta don ya rage gyaran DNA, za a iya ɗaukar jigilar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin tare da fasinja lokacin da sel masu zaɓin maye gurbi. A cikin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin zaɓi, ƙarin lalacewar DNA za su taru, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da ƙarin maye gurbi tare da zaɓi mafi girma. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin gyaran DNA na iya ba da gudummawa ga sifa mai girman mitar maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, kuma yana haifar da ci gaban carcinogenic. Ciwon daji suna da babban matakan rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan maye gurbi Yawaitar maye gurbi yana ƙara yuwuwar takamaiman maye gurbi da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kunna oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda ke haifar da carcinogenesis Dangane da tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta gaba daya, ana samun ciwon daji suna da dubunnan zuwa daruruwan dubbai na maye gurbi a dukkan kwayoyin halittarsu. (Haka kuma duba mitocin maye gurbi a cikin cututtukan daji Idan aka kwatanta, mitar maye gurbi a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin tsararraki ga mutane (iyaye da yaro) kusan sabbin maye gurbi 70 ne a kowane zamani. A cikin yankuna masu rikodin sunadaran kwayoyin halitta, akwai kusan 0.35 maye gurbi tsakanin zuriyar iyaye/yara (kasa da furotin da aka canza a kowane zamani). Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin jini don wasu tagwaye iri ɗaya masu shekaru 100 kawai sun sami bambance-bambancen somatic 8, kodayake ba za a iya gano bambancin somatic da ke faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 20% na ƙwayoyin jini ba. Yayin da lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi ta hanyar haɗin fassarar kuskure, lalacewar DNA kuma na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yayin tafiyar da DNA mara kyau. Lalacewar DNA da ke taruwa saboda lahani na gyaran DNA na epigenetic na iya zama tushen haɓakar sauye-sauyen epigenetic da aka samu a yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cututtukan daji. A cikin binciken farko, duban ƙayyadaddun saiti na masu tallata rubutu, Fernandez et al. yayi nazarin bayanan methylation DNA na ciwace-ciwacen farko na 855. Kwatanta kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta tare da nama na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, rukunin tsibirin CpG 729 (55% na rukunin 1322 CpG da aka kimanta) sun nuna bambancin DNA methylation. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 496 sun kasance hypermethylated (danne) kuma 233 sun kasance hypomethylated (an kunna). Don haka, akwai babban matakin haɓakar epigenetic mai haɓaka methylation a cikin ciwace-ciwace. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban ciwon daji. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40069	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsangali	Warsangali	FWarsangali Warsangali (SomaliI, babbar kabila ce ta Somaliya, wata yanki ce na kabilar Harti wanda ita kanta ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan dangin Somaliya-Darod. A cikin yaren Somaliya, sunan Warsangali yana nufin "mai kawo bishara." Warsangeli da farko suna zaune a yankunan Sanaag Bari, Lower Juba, Gedo, Bay da Bakool. Overview A cikin shekarar 1848, CJ Cruttenden ya ba da rahoton cewa yankunan Warsangali da Majeerteen sun kasance mafi mahimmancin kasuwanci a cikin kwarin Nugaal, kuma Banians daga Indiya sun zama masu fitar da kayayyaki masu nasara. Sarkar tsaunuka na Cal Madow, wanda wani bangare na cikin yankin dangin, ya kai garuruwan Boosaaso (babban birnin yankin Bari) da Ceerigaabo (babban birnin yankin Sanaag) duka a gabas da yamma. Wani labarin mai suna "Seychollois ta sake farfaɗo da dangantaka da Sultan na Somaliland" wanda aka buga a ɗaya daga cikin jaridun Jamhuriyar Seychelles, ta ɗauki hoton tarihin Warsangeli. Ya rubuta cewa, "warsengeli Sultanate ta kasance a cikin shekaru dari biyu da suka gabata." Ƙungiyoyi Shacni-cali shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin sassan gudanarwa na Darawiish 13, kuma ya ƙunshi Warsangeli kaɗai. Garbo Darawiish yanki ne na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta na ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa 13 na Darawiish, kuma rabin Warsangeli ne, rabin Dhulbahante. Buradde-godwein shi ne na bakwai mafi girma a cikin dozin na gudanarwa na Darawiish, kuma shi ne rabin Warsangeli, rabin Dhulbahante. Maakhir jihar ce ta proto a cikin shekarun 2000 wanda Warsangeli ke zaune. Notable members Abdullahi Qablan, wakilin farko na Las Qorey na jam'iyyar USP Mohamud Caddaanweyne, wakilin farko na Jidali na jam'iyyar USP Nuurxaashi Cali: kwamandan daya daga cikin sassan biyu na Garbo Darawiish, mai suna Ismail Kharras: wanda aka ambata a cikin shekarar 1916 na Geoffrey Archer na muhimman membobin Darawiish haroun Gerad Abdulahi: na farko Garaad na Warsangali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 13 Gerad Hamar Gale: Sarkin Warsangali na biyu Mohamoud Ali Shire (1897–1960): sarkin Warsangeli; A shekarar 1920 ne Masarautar Birtaniyya ta yi gudun hijira zuwa tsibiran Seychelles na tsawon shekaru 7 Abdullahi Mohammed Ahmed (1926-1993): wanda aka fi sani da Qablan, tsohon mataimakin sakataren kudi kuma tsohon ministan tsare-tsare na kasa (1967-1969). Farah Mohamed Jama Awl (1937-1991): marubuci dan kasar Somaliya Omar Fateh: Dan asalin Somaliya kuma Musulmi na farko a Minnesota Fatima Jibrell: wacce ta kafa Horn relief a yanzu da ake kira ADESO Jibril Ali Salad (2006-2009): Shugaban Maakhir State of Somalia Said Hassan Shire (2014–2015): tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai ta Puntland Mohamed Nuur Giriig (1935-2002): mawakin Somaliya na gargajiya, wanda ya kware a wakokin Somaliyan na gargajiya Abdullahi Ahmed Jama: tsohon ministan shari'a, tsohon kwamandan sojojin Somaliyan Somaliya da shugaban Maakhir State of Somalia Ali Aden Lord: dan majalisar dokokin Somaliya na farko sannan kuma ministan cikin gida na Kenya Ahmed Ismail Hussein: mawaki; kuma aka fi sani da Sarkin Oud Gamal Mohamed Hassan (2016-): Ministan Tsare-tsare, Zuba Jari da Ci gaban Tattalin Arzikin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Somaliya Faisal Hawar: Shugaban Gidauniyar Ci gaban Somaliya ta Duniya, Shugaba na Kamfanin Albarkatun Maakhir Manazarta Warsangeli Sultanate Asalin Warsangali Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21867	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Tattalin%20Arzikin%20%C6%98asashen%20Afirka%20ta%20Yamma	Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma	Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma, (da Turanci ECOWAS, da Faransanci CEDEAO), wanda aka fi sani da (CEDEAO a Faransanci), ƙungiyar siyasa da tattalin arziƙin yanki ce ta ƙasashe goma sha biyar da ke Yammacin Afirka. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙasashe sun ƙunshi yanki na 5,114,162 km2 (1,974,589 sq mi), kuma a cikin 2015 suna da kimanin mutane sama da miliyan, 349. An kafa ƙungiyar ne a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1975, tare da sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ta Legas, tare da ayyukanta da aka bayyana don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki a duk yankin. An amince da sake fasalin yarjejeniyar da sanya hannu a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993 a Cotonou. Wanda aka yi la'akari da daya daga cikin ginshikan yanki na kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afirka baki daya (AEC), babban burin kungiyar ECOWAS shine a cimma "wadatar wadatar zuci" ga mambobinta ta hanyar kirkirar babbar kungiyar kasuwanci ta hanyar gina cikakken tattalin arziki da kungiyar kwadago. ECOWAS din ma tana aiki a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankinta, inda a wasu lokuta kasashe mambobin kungiyar ke tura dakaru na hadin gwiwa domin shiga tsakanin mambobin kungiyar a wasu lokuta na rashin zaman lafiyar siyasa da tashe tashen hankali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗannan sun haɗa da tsoma baki a cikin Ivory Coast a 2003, Laberiya a 2003, Guinea-Bissau a 2012, Mali a 2013, da Gambiya a 2017. ECOWAS ta haɗa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu: Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Faransanci UEMOA) ƙungiya ce ta takwas, galibi masu jin Faransanci, jihohi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke raba ƙungiyar kwastam da ƙungiyar hada hadar kuɗi [faɗar da ake bukata]. An kafa shi a cikin 1994 kuma an yi niyya ne don daidaita ikon tattalin arzikin masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ƙungiyar (kamar Nijeriya da Ghana), mambobin UEMOA galibi tsoffin yankuna ne na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa. Kudin da duk suke amfani da shi shine CFA franc, wanda ke manne da euro. Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), wanda aka kafa a 2000, ya ƙunshi ƙasashe shida mafi yawan masu magana da Ingilishi a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin yin aiki don karɓar kuɗinsu na bai ɗaya, eco. Bugu da kari, ECOWAS ta hada da cibiyoyi masu zuwa: Hukumar ECOWAS, Kotun Al’umma ta Shari’a, [8] Majalisar Dokokin Al’umma, Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID), [9] Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAHO), da kuma Rukunin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da safarar kudade da kuma bayar da Ta'addanci a Afirka ta Yamma (GIABA). ECOWAS tana aiki cikin yarukan hadin gwiwa guda uku-Faransanci, Ingilishi, da Fotigal, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyoyi biyu don aiwatar da manufofi: Hukumar ECOWAS da Bankin ECOWAS na saka hannun jari da ci gaba (EBID), wanda a da ake kira Asusun Hadin Kai har sai ta an sake masa suna a 2001. A 1976, Cape Verde ta shiga cikin ECOWAS, yayin da Mauritania ta janye a Disambar 2000, bayan da ta bayyana aniyarta na yin hakan a watan Disambar 1999. A cikin 2011, ECOWAS ta zartar da tsarin ci gabanta na shekaru goma masu zuwa, Ganin 2020, kuma, tare da ita, Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (ECOPOST). Kasashen mambobi Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2017, ECOWAS tana da membobin kasashe 15; takwas daga cikinsu masu jin Faransanci ne, biyar kuma masu magana da Ingilishi ne, biyu kuma masu magana da yaren Fotigal. Duk mambobi na yanzu sun shiga cikin al'umma a matsayin membobin kafa a cikin Mayu 1975, banda Cape Verde wacce ta shiga cikin 1977. Tsohon memba na ECOWAS kawai shine mai magana da larabci Mauritania, wanda kuma yana daya daga cikin membobin da suka kafa kungiyar a shekarar 1975 kuma ta yanke shawarar ficewa a watan Disambar 2000. Kwanan nan Mauritania ta rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar zama memba a watan Agusta na 2017. A hukumance an nemi Morocco ta shiga ECOWAS a cikin watan Fabrairun 2017. An amince da aikace-aikacen ne bisa ka'ida a taron shugabannin kasashe a watan Yunin 2017, amma yunkurin Morocco na zama memba ya ci tura. Statididdiga don yawan jama'a, GDP maras ƙarfi da ikon GDP na ikon siye da aka jera a ƙasa an ɗauke su daga ƙididdigar Bankin Duniya na 2015, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba na 2016. An ciro bayanan yanki daga rahoton 2012 wanda sashin kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tattara. ECOWAS Shiyyar Kasashe membobin kungiyar Asashe membobin ECOWAS Zone B Sakatarorin Zartarwa da Shugabannin kwamitocin Shugabanni Hadin gwiwar tsaro na yanki Duba kuma: Communityungiyar Kula da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka ECasashen ECOWAS sun ba da wata yarjejeniya ba ta zalunci ba a 1990 tare da yarjejeniyoyi biyu da aka yi a baya a 1978 da 1981. Sun kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan Taimaka wa Kare Tsaron Juna a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981, wanda ya tanadi kafa anungiyar Sojojin Kawance Ofarfin Al'umma. Majalisar Al'umma Majalisar Al'umma ta kunshi membobi 115, wadanda aka rarraba dangane da yawan kowace jiha. Wannan kwamitin yana karkashin Shugaban Majalisar ne, wanda ke sama da Sakatare Janar. An faɗaɗa Hukumar ECOWAS Karo na uku 3 tun bayan kafuwar ta a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ECOWAS na cikin sauye-sauyen hukumomi. Na farko shi ne lokacin da ta sake yarjejeniyarta a ranar 24 ga Yulin 1993; na biyu shi ne a 2007 lokacin da Sakatariyar ta rikide zuwa Hukumar. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2013, yanzu ECOWAS tana da sabbin sassa guda shida (Gudanar da Albarkatun Jama'a; Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu; Makamashi da Ma'adanai; Sadarwa da IT; Ci gaban Masana'antu da Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu. Kwamishinan Ghana sabon kundin tsarin mulki da Taro) Kotun Al'umma ta Shari'a Babban labarin: Kotun ECOWAS Kotun Al’umma ta ECOWAS an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a 1991 sannan daga baya aka sanya ta a cikin Mataki na 6 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara na Communityungiyar a 1993. Koyaya, Kotun ba ta fara aiki a hukumance ba har sai yarjejeniyar 1991 ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1996. An bayyana ikon kotun a cikin Mataki na 9 da Mataki na 76 na Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara kuma tana ba da damar yanke hukunci a kan rikice-rikice tsakanin jihohi game da fassarar Revised Yarjejeniya. Hakanan tana ba Majalisar ECOWAS shawarwari na nasiha game da lamuran doka (Mataki na 10). Kamar kotunan abokanta, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan-Adam da Kotun Afirka ta Gabas ta Afirka, tana da ikon yanke hukunci kan muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi take hakkin dan adam. Wasanni da musayar al'adu ECasashen ECOWAS suna shirya abubuwa da yawa na al'adu da wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar jiki, ciki har da Kofin CEDEAO a ƙwallon ƙafa, Wasannin ECOWAS na 2012 da kuma Miss CEDEAO kyakkyawar sarauta. Hadin kan tattalin arziki Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi da Kuɗi ta Afirka ta Yamma (UEMOA) Duba kuma: CFA franc da Tattalin Arziƙi da ƙungiyar kuɗi UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS kawai (Cape Verde) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka da Kuɗin Kuɗi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU, wanda aka fi sani da UEMOA daga sunanta a Faransanci, Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine) ƙungiya ce ta mutane takwas, galibi ƙasashen yammacin Afirka masu amfani da harshen Faransanci a cikin ECOWAS, waɗanda aka mamaye ba haka ba. ta manyan masu nauyi kamar Najeriya da Ghana. An kafa ta ne don inganta haɗin tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen da ke raba CFA franc a matsayin kuɗaɗen waje. UEMOA an kirkireshi ne ta wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1994, daga shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, da Togo. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997, Guinea-Bissau, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Fotigal, ta zama memba na takwas (kuma kawai ba mara amfani da yaren Faransanci) UEMOA ƙungiya ce ta kwastan da haɗin kuɗin tsakanin mambobin ECOWAS. Manufofin ta sun hada da: Gasar tattalin arziki mafi girma, ta hanyar buɗe kasuwanni, ban da fa'ida da daidaita yanayin shari'a Haɗin manufofin tattalin arziƙi da alamomi Kirkirar kasuwa daya Daidaita manufofin bangarori Daidaita manufofin kasafin kudi Daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu, UEMOA ta sami nasarar aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haɗakar tattalin arziki da ingantacciyar hanyar sa ido. Ta karɓi ƙungiyar kwastan da jadawalin kuɗin fito na waje kuma ta haɗu da ƙa'idodin haraji kai tsaye, ban da ƙaddamar da manufofin yanki da ɓangarori. Wani bincike na IMF a watan Satumbar 2002 ya ambaci UEMOA a matsayin "mafi nisa a kan hanyar hadewa" na dukkan kungiyoyin yankin a Afirka. ECOWAS da UEMOA sun samar da tsari na bai daya game da sassaucin kasuwanci da hada-hadar manufofin tattalin arziki. Kungiyoyin sun kuma amince da ka'idoji iri daya na asali don bunkasa kasuwanci, sannan ECOWAS ta amince da daukar UEMOA tsarin kwastam da hanyoyin biyan diyya. Membobinsu Benin (Founding Member) Burkina Faso (Founding Member) Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) Mali (Founding Member) Niger (Founding Member) Senegal (Founding Member) Togo (Founding Member) Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco. Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. Membobin su Benin (Founding Member) Burkina Faso (Founding Member) Côte d'Ivoire (Founding Member) Guinea-Bissau (Joined on 2 May 1997) Mali (Founding Member) Niger (Founding Member) Senegal (Founding Member) Togo (Founding Member) Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka. Duba kuma: Eco (kudin) An kafa shi a 2000, Yankin Kuɗi na Yammacin Afirka (WAMZ) ƙungiya ce ta ƙasashe shida a cikin ECOWAS waɗanda ke shirin gabatar da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗe da ake kira Eco.Kasashe shida mambobi na WAMZ sune Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea, Najeriya da Saliyo wadanda suka kafa kungiyar tare a shekarar 2000 da kuma Laberiya da ta shiga a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2010. Baya ga Guinea, wacce ita ce faransanci, dukkansu kasashe ne masu magana da Ingilishi. Tare da Mauritania, Guinea sun fita daga cikin kuɗin CFA na franc wanda duk sauran tsoffin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka raba a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. WAMZ tayi ƙoƙari don kafa tsayayyen kuɗaɗe don yin takara da CFA franc, wanda kuɗin musayarsa yana da alaƙa da na euro kuma baitul malin Faransa ya tabbatar da hakan. Burin karshe shine don CFA franc da eco su haɗu, suna bawa dukkan Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuɗi guda, tsayayye. Cibiyar ba da Lamuni ta Afirka ta Yamma ce da ke Accra, Ghana ke shirya bullo da sabon kudin. Sufuri Babban labarin: Jirgin ECOWAS Wani aikin Trans-ECOWAS, wanda aka kafa a 2007, yana shirin haɓaka hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa a wannan yankin. Yawon shakatawa A cikin 2019, ECOWAS ta bayyana Ecotour Action Plan 2019 2029. Yana mai da hankali ne kan kariya da bunƙasa al'adun yawon buɗe ido, da haɓaka ci gaban ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodi da tsarin sarrafawa. Tsarin ya hada da shirye-shirye guda biyar don aiwatarwa, da kuma cikakkun hanyoyin hanyoyin sanya idanu da kimantawa. Ba a bunƙasa keɓaɓɓiyar fata ta musamman ba, amma duk da haka an ambata cewa shirin yana da damar ƙirƙirar alaƙa tsakanin cibiyoyi da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki, don dacewa da ayyukan ecotourism waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga al'umma, bambancin halittu, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki. Duba kuma Tsarin katin launin ruwan kasa tsarin inshorar mota na ECOWAS Africanungiyar Gabashin Afirka Tattalin Arzikin Afirka Hukumomin Gwamnati kan Cigaba Developmentungiyar Developmentasashen Afirka ta Kudu (SADC) Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya
30522	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20ruwa%20a%20India	Gurbataccen ruwa a India	Gurbacewar ruwa Sauran hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi sun hada da kwararar ruwa a noma da kananan masana'antu marasa tsari. Galibin koguna da tafkuna da ruwan sama a Indiya sun gurbace saboda masana'antu da najasa da ba a kula da su da kuma datti. Batutuwa Najasa mara magani Akwai babban tazara tsakanin tsarawa da maganin sharar gida a Indiya. Kuma Matsalar ba wai kawai Indiya ba ta da isassun ƙarfin jiyya har ma da cewa masana'antar kula da najasa ba sa aiki kuma ba a kula da su. Galibin cibiyoyin kula da najasa na gwamnati na ci gaba da kasancewa a rufe a mafi yawan lokuta saboda rashin tsari ko rashin kulawa ko rashin ingantaccen wutar lantarki da za a iya sarrafa ta, tare da ma’aikatan da ba sa aiki da kuma rashin kulawa. Sannan Kuma Ruwan sharar da ake samu a waɗannan wuraren yakan shiga cikin ƙasa ko ƙafewa. Sharar da ba a tattara ba tana taruwa a cikin birane yana haifar da rashin tsafta da fitar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke shiga cikin ruwa da ƙasa. Najasa da ake fitarwa daga birane, garuruwa da wasu kauyuka shine babban abin da ke haddasa gurbatar ruwa a Indiya. Ana buƙatar saka hannun jari don cike gibin da ke tsakanin najasar da Indiya ke samarwa da kuma ƙarfin sarrafa najasa a kowace rana. Manyan biranen Indiya suna samar da lita miliyan 38,354 a kowace rana (MLD) na najasa, amma ikon kula da najasa na birni shine kawai 11,786 MLD. Yawancin kogunan Indiya sun gurɓata sosai sakamakon fitar da najasa a cikin gida. Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tsakiya, Ma'aikatar Muhalli Dazuzzuka ta Gwamnatin Indiya, ta kafa cibiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta kasa da ta kunshi tashoshi 1,429 na sa ido a cikin jihohi 28 da 6 a cikin Tarayyar Turai a kan koguna da wuraren ruwa daban-daban a fadin kasar. Kuma Wannan ƙoƙarin yana kula da ingancin ruwa a duk shekara. Cibiyar sa ido ta hada da koguna 293, tafkuna 94, tankuna 9, tafkuna 41, koguna 8, magudanan ruwa 23, magudanan ruwa 18 da rijiyoyi 411 da aka rarraba a fadin Indiya. Ana nazarin samfuran ruwa akai-akai don sigogi 28 ciki har da narkar da iskar oxygen, ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sigogin da aka kafa na duniya don ingancin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari 9 alamar karafa da ragowar magungunan kashe qwari guda 28 ana nazarin su. Hakanan ana yin sa ido kan yanayin halitta akan takamaiman wurare. Binciken kimiyya na samfuran ruwa daga shekarata 1995 zuwa 2008 ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin cuta yana da tsanani a cikin ruwa na Indiya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda fitar da ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar da ba a kula da shi ba, galibi daga cikin biranen Indiya. kwayoyin halitta A cikin shekarar 2010 sa ido kan ingancin ruwa ya gano kusan dukkan koguna da manyan matakan BOD (ma'auni na gurɓataccen abu tare da kwayoyin halitta). An sami mafi munin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, a cikin tsari mai raguwa, Kuma a cikin kogin Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), sai kogin Kali (364), kogin Amlakhadi (353), canal Yamuna (247), kogin Yamuna a Delhi (70) da kogin Betwa (58). Don mahallin, samfurin ruwa tare da BOD na kwanaki 5 tsakanin 1 da 2 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa, 3 zuwa 8 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa mai matsakaici, 8 zuwa 20 yana nuna ruwan iyaka, kuma sama da 20 MG O/L yana nuna rashin lafiya ga muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa. Matakan BOD sun yi tsanani a kusa da birane da manyan garuruwa. Kuma A yankunan karkara na Indiya, matakan kogin BOD sun wadatar don tallafawa rayuwar ruwa. Matakan Coliform Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha da Godavari, suna daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen ruwa na coliform a Indiya. Kuma Don mahallin, coliform dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 104 MPN/100 ml, zai fi dacewa ba ya cikin ruwa don a yi la'akari da shi lafiya ga amfanin ɗan adam, da kuma ban ruwa inda coliform na iya haifar da barkewar cuta daga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin aikin gona. A cikin shekarata 2006, kashi 47 cikin ɗari na kula da ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton adadin coliform sama da 500 MPN/100 ml. A cikin shakarar 2008, kashi 33 cikin 100 na duk tashoshin sa ido kan ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton jimlar matakan coliform da suka wuce waɗannan matakan, suna ba da shawarar ƙoƙari na baya-bayan nan don ƙara kayan aikin sarrafa gurɓataccen gurɓatawa da haɓaka masana'antar jiyya a Indiya, na iya canza yanayin gurbatar ruwa. Magance najasa a cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da najasar da aka gyara don ban ruwa na iya hana gurɓacewar ruwa, rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi a fannin ban ruwa da kuma zama hanyar ban ruwa. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, kasuwar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha ta Indiya tana haɓaka kowace shekara a ƙimar kashi 10 zuwa 12 cikin ɗari. {Asar Amirka ita ce mafi girma da ke ba da kayan aikin jiyya da kayayyaki zuwa Indiya, tare da kashi 40 cikin 100 na kasuwa na sabon shigarwa. A wannan adadin na fadada, da kuma ɗauka cewa gwamnatin Indiya ta ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare, manyan zuba jari a masana'antun sarrafa magudanar ruwa da samar da kayan aikin wutar lantarki, an kiyasta Indiya za ta kusan rubanya karfin maganin ruwa har sau uku nan da shekarata 2015, kuma karfin samar da magani zai dace. Bukatun kula da ruwan najasa na Indiya na yau da kullun nan da shekarata 2020. Magani Kula da ruwa a Indiya yana samun taki. Yunkurin farfado da Ganga da gwamnatin kungiyar kwadago ta yi, na tsaftace Yamuna na daga cikin kokarin da gwamnati ta fara. Yunkurin dawo da kogin Chennai na tsaftace kogin Cooum, Adyar da ke Chennai da ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi irin su Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Indiya (EFI) ke jagoranta na tsabtace tafkuna da tafkuna a ƙasar ana ganinsu a matsayin gagarumin ci gaba wajen kiyaye ruwa. Wasu matsalolin Wani bincike na hadin gwiwa da PRIMER da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi ta Punjab suka yi a shekarar 2008, Kuma ya nuna cewa a kauyukan da ke kusa da Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan da kuma maganin kashe kwari na heptachlor sun wuce iyaka da aka halatta (MPL) a cikin kasa da ruwan famfo. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan yana da babban taro na COD da BOD (sunadarai da buƙatun oxygen na biochemical), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic da chlorpyrifos pesticide. Ruwan ƙasa kuma ya ƙunshi nickel da selenium, yayin da ruwan famfo yana da yawan gubar dalma, nickel da cadmium. Ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina na kara tabarbare matsalar gurbatar ruwa a Indiya, yayin da take wanke-wanke da fitar da datti da gurbatacciyar kasa zuwa cikin kogunanta da dausarta. Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara a Indiya ya kai kimanin murabba'in cubic biliyan 4000. Daga wannan, tare da yanayin gine-ginen Indiya a cikin shekarata 2005, albarkatun ruwa da ake da su a cikin koguna sun kai kimanin mita biliyan 1869. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi wajen rarraba ruwan sama a kasar a kowace shekara, albarkatun ruwa da ake amfani da su, ciki har da ruwan kasa, an yi iƙirarin ya kai kimanin mita biliyan 1122. Yawancin wannan ruwa ba shi da lafiya, saboda gurbatar yanayi yana lalata ingancin ruwa. Gurbacewar ruwa ta iyakance adadin ruwan da ake samu ga masu amfani da Indiya, masana'anta da kuma noma. Musamman koguna Ganges Fiye da 500 mutane miliyan suna zaune a gefen kogin [Ganges]. Kimanin mutane 2,000,000 ne suka saba yin wanka a kowace rana a cikin kogin, wanda mabiya addinin Hindu ke daukarsa mai tsarki. Gurbacewar kogin Ganges babban haɗari ne ga lafiya. Gwamnatin Tsakiyar Indiya ta kafa NRGBA, akan 20 Fabrairu shekarar 2009 ƙarƙashin Sashe na 3 (3) na Dokar Kare Muhalli, a shekarata 1986. Ya kuma ayyana Ganges a matsayin "Kogin Kasa" na Indiya. Kujerar ta hada da Firayim Ministan Indiya da manyan ministocin jihohin da Ganges ke bi ta cikin su. The Yamuna Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2012, kogin Yamuna mai tsarki na Delhi yana dauke da kwayoyin cutar coliform 7,500 a cikin 100cc na ruwa. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, kungiyoyin matsa lamba, kungiyoyin kula da muhalli, da kuma ’yan kasa, sun dukufa wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na tsaftace kogin. Ko da yake Indiya ta sake sake fasalin manufofinta na ruwa na kasa a cikin shekarata 2002 don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar al'umma da kuma daidaita tsarin kula da ruwa, tsarin tsarin mulkin ƙasar yana tabbatar da cewa ta kasance "bayani na niyya kawai." Alhakin kula da harkokin ruwa ya rabu tsakanin ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban guda goma sha biyu ba tare da hadin kai ba. Kuma Ma’aikatun gwamnati da sashen ayyuka na jiha sun kasa shawo kan matsalar, duk da cewa ta kashe shekaru da dama da dala miliyan 140 wajen gudanar da wannan aiki. Sauran Buddha Nullah, rafi na ruwa na yanayi, wanda ke ratsa yankin Malwa Kogin Mithi, wanda ke ratsa cikin birnin Mumbai, ya gurbace sosai. Gurbacewar Kogin Mithi Gurbacewar Kogin Mula Gurbacewar Kogin Gomti Gurbacewar kogin Vrishabhavati Duba wasu abubuwan Kasa Alkali Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa Matsalolin muhalli a Indiya Jihohin Indiya da yankunan ƙungiyar sun sami matsayi ta hanyar yawaitar bayan gida Ruwan ƙasa a Indiya Dokar Rikicin Ruwan Kogin Interstate Ban ruwa a Indiya Siyasar Ruwa ta Kasa Albarkatun ruwa a Indiya Karancin ruwa a Indiya Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Indiya Yamuna Mission Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Indiya Ruwa Portal Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Ruwa, Tsaftar Tsafta da Tsaftar UNICEF na 2010 https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/84986-.html Yamuna Mission Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30397	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Poland	Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Poland	An lissafta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Poland a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulkinta, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin shekara ta 1997. Poland wata ƙungiya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa da suka dace da haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin ɗan adam, Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Helsinki, Yarjejeniyar Duniya kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa, Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Hakkoki da Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Ba a koyaushe ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a Poland a aikace. Daga shekara ta 1959 zuwa shekara ta 2019, Kotun Turai ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa Poland ta keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a shari’o’i 989. A cikin 2021, ILGA-Turai ta zaɓi Poland mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Tarayyar Turai don kare haƙƙin LGBT a shekara ta biyu a jere. Haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin dokar Poland Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Poland Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Poland ya ƙayyade yancin ɗan adam da ɗan ƙasa iri-iri. Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki mai taken "'Yanci, 'Yanci da Wajibi na Mutane da Jama'a" ya ƙunshi labarai da yawa da ke ba da labari game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Poland. Daga cikin 'yancin da tsarin mulki ya ba su akwai: Mataki na 14 'Yancin 'yan jarida da sauran hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa. Mataki na ashirin da daya Kare mallaka da hakkin magaji. Mataki na ashirin da biyar Daidaita haƙƙin majami'u da ƙungiyoyin addini. Kariyar doka ta 'yancin ɗan adam. Ghayanci da hakkokin wasu. Mataki na 32 Daidaito a gaban dokar kowa da kowa da yancin samun daidaito tsakanin hukumomin gwamnati. Babu wariya a cikin harkokin siyasa, zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki saboda kowane dalili. Mataki na 33 Daidaita haƙƙin 'yan ƙasar Poland a cikin iyali, siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Tarihi Ana iya samun abubuwan abin da ake kira yanzu haƙƙin ɗan adam a farkon lokacin ƙasar Poland. Dokar Kalisz, Babban Yarjejeniya ta Yancin Yahudanci (wanda aka fitar a cikin shekara ta 1264) ya gabatar da haƙƙi masu yawa ga tsirarun Yahudawa a Poland. Ƙungiyar Warsaw ta 1573 ta tabbatar da 'yancin addini na dukan mazauna Poland, wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga zaman lafiyar al'ummar Poland mai yawan kabilu na lokacin. An taru a Warsaw, duk masu daraja sun sanya hannu kan takarda wanda wakilan dukkanin manyan addinai suka yi alƙawarin goyon bayan juna da haƙuri. Shekaru takwas ko tara da suka biyo baya na wadatar abin duniya da tsaro na dangi sun shaida bayyanar "tauraron taurari masu kyalli na haziƙai." A cikin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya gyaru sosai bayan faduwar gurguzu a shekara ta 1989 da kuma maye gurbin tsoffin ƙa'idoji na mulkin gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu na Tarayyar Soviet da gwamnatin dimokraɗiyya ta zamani da ke tabbatar da yancin farar hula da na siyasa, wanda 'Yanci ya tabbatar. Gidan. Poland ta amince da yarjejeniyar kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. An haramta azabtar da mutum gaba ɗaya tun shekara ta 2010. An soke hukuncin kisa ga dukkan laifuka kamar yadda Amnesty International ta bayyana. Poland ta zamani wata ƙasa ce da ke da babban matakin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ta hanyar labarin 25 (sashe na I. Jamhuriya) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Poland wanda ya karanta: Labarin Mataki na 54 (sashe na II. 'Yanci, Hakkoki da Wajibi na Mutane da Jama'a) yana cewa: 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki Dokoki daban-daban sun takure 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a kasar Poland, wadanda suka hana magana da ake ganin za ta ci mutuncin alamun kasar Poland ko shugaban ƙasa. Akwai kuma dokokin da suka hana ɓata ra'ayi na addini da abubuwan tarihi na cin mutunci A cikin 2019, an kama wani mai fafutukar LGBT, Elżbieta Podleśna, saboda ƙirƙira da nuna karɓawar Bakan gizo Madonna na Black Madonna na Częstochowa A cikin shekara t 2017, Amnesty International ta nuna damuwa game da 'yancin yin taro a Ƙasar Poland, inda ta bayyana cewa "hukumai suna amfani da dabaru irin su sa ido, cin zarafi da kuma gurfanar da su don tarwatsa da hana zanga-zangar". Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa "hukumomi sukan ba da fifiko ga zanga-zangar goyon bayan gwamnati da masu kishin kasa a kan sauran nau'o'in majalisu". Hakkin Mata Tarihin Mata Feminism a Poland ya fara ne a cikin 1800s a cikin shekarun ɓangarorin ƙasashen waje da ke nuna mummunar cin zarafi na mulki musamman daga Rashawa, wanda ya shafi 'yancin mata kuma. Koyaya, kafin rabuwa ta ƙarshe a cikin 1795, an ba wa mata masu biyan haraji damar shiga cikin rayuwar siyasa. Poland ta precursor na mata a karkashin Partitions, Narcyza Żmichowska wanda ya kafa wani rukuni na Suffragettes a 1842, Rasha ta daure shekaru uku. Tun daga 1918, bayan dawowar 'yancin kai, dukan mata za su iya jefa kuri'a. Poland ita ce ƙasa ta 15 (mallaka ta 12) da ta gabatar da zaɓen mata na duniya. Duk da haka, akwai batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi mata a Poland na zamani kamar haƙƙin zubar da ciki (wanda aka yarda da shi kawai a yanayi na musamman) da rufin gilashin Cin zarafin mata Rikicin cikin gida, bisa ga rahoton 2011 ta gidan yanar gizon TheNews.pl da gidan rediyon Poland ke gudanarwa, daya cikin biyar masu amsa suna ganin matsala. Kashi 38 cikin 100 na Poles sun san aƙalla iyali ɗaya inda tashin hankali ke faruwa, kuma kashi bakwai cikin ɗari sun yi iƙirarin sanin aƙalla iyali ɗaya da aka yi lalata da su, a cewar wani bincike da cibiyar bincike ta SMG KRC ta gudanar a watan Nuwamba a madadin ma’aikatar. Manufofin Aiki da zamantakewa. Binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 27 cikin 100 na wadanda suka amsa ba sa son daukar mataki kan masu cin zarafi a fili saboda tsoron kada tashin hankalin ya koma kansu, yayin da kashi 17 cikin 100 na ganin cewa tada lamarin zai kara dagula matsalar ga wanda aka fara yi. Daya daga cikin hudu daga cikin wadanda aka yi bincike a kansu na ganin cewa babu wani wajibci ga makwabta ko wadanda suka sani da su dauki mataki idan aka kawo musu daukin tashin hankalin cikin gida, suna ganin cewa da wuya a tantance ko wane bangare ne ke da hakki. Kashi 43 cikin 100 na wadanda aka yi bincike a kansu sun bayyana cewa shisshigi a cikin al'amuran iyali ya halatta ne kawai idan wani ya nemi taimako kuma kashi 14 cikin 100 na wasu sun ce babu wata fa'ida a bayar da rahoto kamar haka, domin babu makawa wanda aka azabtar zai janye daga matakin shari'a ba tare da la'akari da hakan ba. Wasu kashi 13 cikin 100 sun ce irin wannan cin zarafi lamari ne na iyali. A lokaci guda, kashi 16 cikin 100 sun ce akwai yanayi da ya dace da tashin hankali a cikin gida. Kusan kashi 26 cikin 100 na 'yan sanda sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ci zarafinsu da tashin hankali. Fyade haramun ne kuma hukuncin daurin shekaru 12 a gidan yari (ciki har da fyaden mata). Ba a ba da rahoton cin zarafin jima'i saboda ra'ayoyin al'umma. A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, an gabatar da gyara don sauƙaƙa hanya tare da mai da shi laifin aikata laifuka da gwamnati ke bi, maimakon wani zargi na sirri. Zubar da ciki yana da matukar wahala a samu a Poland ta hanyar hukuma. A ranar 29 ga Oktoban shekara ta, 2020, kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a ta Amnesty International ta bukaci hukumomi a Poland da su kare masu zanga-zangar lumana da ke nuna adawa da hana zubar da ciki, daga cin zarafi da munanan hare-hare daga masu zanga-zangar. A cewar kungiyar, masu zanga-zangar sun fuskanci amfani da ƙarfi fiye da kima daga jami'an 'yan sanda, kuma an tsare su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ba tare da samun lauyoyi ba a baya. Haƙƙin LGBTQ+ Ƙasar Poland ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar haƙƙin LGBTQ+ na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma ba a san ƙungiyoyin jinsi ɗaya a Poland ba. Duk da haka, Poland ba ta cikin jerin ƙasashe masu ƙin luwaɗi da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta, kuma liwadi a Poland ba a taɓa yin laifi ba a ƙarƙashin ikon Poland. An tabbatar da luwadi da madigo a cikin shekara t 1932, kuma Poland kuma ta amince da canjin jinsi kuma ba ta buƙatar haifuwa ga ƴan asalinta na transgender Anna Grodzka ta zama 'yar majalisa a zaɓen 'yan majalissar Poland na 2011, kuma a lokacin ita ce kawai ɗan majalisar transgender da aka sani a duniya. Dangane da rahoton ILGA-Turai na 2021, kima na ƙasashen Turai 49 da ILGA-Turai ke bugawa kowace shekara, Poland ta sami matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci daga cikin ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai kuma 43 a gaba ɗaya. Wannan matsayi yana amfani da ma'auni masu yawa don tantance ayyukan doka da manufofin ga mutanen LGBTI. A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana tuhumar Poland (tare da Hungary don keta haƙƙin ainihin mutanen LGBTQ. According to ILGA-Europe's 2021 report, Ƙimar ɓangare na uku Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2010 na Ofishin Demokraɗiyya, Haƙƙin Dan Adam, da Labour na Amurka ya lura cewa “Gwamnatin Poland gaba ɗaya tana mutunta ‘yancin ɗan adam na ƴan ƙasa”; amma duk da haka ta lura da matsaloli, inda akasarin irin wadannan su ne rashin da'a na 'yan sanda, ɗaurin rai da rai da kuma dokokin da suka hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki (ko da yake ba a cika aiwatar da su ba), baya ga cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati da al'umma. Cibiyar Bincike ta Freedom House ta taɓa rarraba Poland a matsayin ƙasa mai daraja ta farko ta siyasa da yancin ɗan adam, amma ya zuwa shekara ta 2020, ƙimar Poland a cikin rahoton 'Yancin Freedom House a cikin rahoton Transit ya ragu tsawon shekaru huɗu a jere. A cewar kididdigar zaman lafiya ta duniya, Poland ita ce kasa ta 23 mafi zaman lafiya a duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa ya tayar da "mummunan damuwa" game da wuce kima da 'yan sandan Poland suka yi amfani da su yayin kama su. According to the Global Peace Index, Poland is the 23rd most peaceful country in the world. Duba kuma Binciken Intanet da Sa ido a Poland CIA baƙar fata sites a cikin ƙasar Poland. Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala, 'Yancin Dan Adam a Siyasar Harkokin Wajen Poland bayan 1989, Warszawa 2006, James E. Will, Ikilisiya da Jiha a cikin gwagwarmayar 'yancin ɗan adam a Poland, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 2, Na 1 (1984), shafi. 153–176 (labarin ya ƙunshi shafuka 24), JSTOR Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Prawa człowieka w Polsce (Hakkokin Dan Adam a Poland) a cikin WIEM Encyklopedia Poland: Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam a 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. Rahoton Amnesty International akan Poland (2007). Bitar Poland ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam Review 2008. Rahoton CPT: Poland: Ziyarci 26/11/2009 08/12/2009 daga Kwamitin Rigakafin azabtarwa Rahoton kan Poland daga Human Rights Watch Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Doka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51531	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin%20Mekki%20Medani	Amin Mekki Medani	Amin Mekki Medani (2 Fabrairu 1939 31 Agusta 2018) Larabci lauya ne dan Sudan, jami'in diflomasiyya, mai ƙare 'yancin dan adam kuma dan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Sudan, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar farar hula, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Sudan (SHRM). Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakili na musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. Shi ne wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Human Rights Watch a 1991 don sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta 1991, da kuma mai karɓar 2013 don lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai. Ƙuruciya An haife shi a cikin 1939 a Wad Madani, Al Jazeera, Anglo-Masar Sudan, Medani ya fito ne daga asalin gata. Mahaifinsa ya kasance karamin sakatare na ma'aikatar ban ruwa dan kasar Sudan na farko, sannan kuma dan jam'iyyar Umma Party ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar uwa ce ga tsohon shugaban kasar Sudan, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad. Shi ma kani ne ga mawaƙin Sudan Ibrahim El-Salahi, da Mamban Majalisar Sarauta Aisha Musa el-Said. Ilimi Bayan kammala karatun sakandare na Hantoub mai daraja, Medani ya karanta shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, inda ya sami LL. B. tare da (Honours). Sannan a shekarar 1964 ya samu Dipl dinsa. Civ. L. (Civil Law) daga Jami'ar Luxembourg. Daga nan ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu LLM tare da bambanci a Jami'ar London a 1965, kuma a ƙarshe a 1970, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'a na Criminal Law daga Jami'ar Edinburgh. Sana'a A cikin 1962 bayan samun LLB, ya fara aiki a matsayin majistare a sashin shari'a na Sudan. A shekarar 1966, bayan ya dawo daga Landan bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na farko, ya shiga fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, a matsayin babban malami kuma malami har zuwa 1971. Bayan haka, ya zama wakilin riko na hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Tanzaniya, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin bakar fata na farko a bankin duniya da ke Washington DC. A cikin 1976, bayan ya koma Khartoum, Medani ya fara aiki a bankin Larabawa don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afirka, a wannan lokacin kuma ya kara tsunduma cikin fafutukar inganta mulkin dimokradiyya, 'yancin dan Adam, da bin doka a Sudan. Bayan boren jama'a na 1985 wanda ya hambarar da mulkin kama-karya na Nimeiry, ya yi aiki a gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Sudan a matsayin ministan kwadago, zamantakewa, zaman lafiya da ci gaban gudanarwa, har zuwa lokacin zaben demokradiyya na tsohon Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi. A shekarar 1991, an kama Medani bayan juyin mulkin da ya kawo Omar al-Bashir kan karagar mulki, sannan gwamnati ta kore shi daga Sudan, lamarin da ya sa ya yi hijira zuwa Alkahira da aiki a kungiyar lauyoyin Masar. Medani ya taba zama shugaban ofishin babban kwamishinan kare hakkin bil adama (OHCHR) a yammacin kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a Bagadaza, Medani ya shaida kuma ya ji rauni a harin da aka kai a Otal din Canal wanda ya kashe tsohon kwamishinan kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma wakili na musamman a Iraki, Sérgio Vieira de Mello. Elkarib Medani Amin Mekki Medani ya kafa kamfaninsa na lauyoyi a shekarar 1978 tare da Eltigani Elkarib, kuma kamfanin lauyoyin yanzu ya fi samun nasara a kasar. Wasu daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun haɗa da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya, Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada, da Bankin Khartoum "Sudan Call" A watan Disamba na 2014, bayan dawowa daga rattaba hannu kan kiran Sudan da aka gudanar a Addis Ababa, an kama Medani, wanda ya sanya hannu kan takardar a matsayin shugaban kungiyar farar hula, tare da Farouk Abu Eissa, shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasa, da sauransu. a lokacin da dimbin ma’aikata daga jami’an hukumar leken asirin kasar Sudan (NISS) suka isa gidansa da ke birnin Khartoum da tsakar daren ranar Asabar 6 ga watan Disamba. Ko da yake ba a sanar da iyalansa dalilan da suka sa aka kama shi ba, amma ana kyautata zaton an kama shi ne saboda sanya hannu, wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun wakilan jam'iyyun siyasa da na 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai a fadin kasar, na kokarin kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a kasar. Sudan a Darfur, Kudancin Kordofan da Blue Nile da kuma gina harsashi don dorewar dimokuradiyya bisa daidaiton 'yan kasa da cikakken zaman lafiya. An tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a sani ba har zuwa ranar 21 ga Disamba 2014, lokacin da Medani ya koma kurkukun Kober a Khartoum. A ranar 22 ga Disamba, a ƙarshe an ba Medani izinin ganawa da lauyoyinsa kuma bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalinsa. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2015, an tuhume shi a karkashin doka ta 50 (na zagon kasa ga tsarin mulkin kasa) da kuma sashi na 51 (ya yaki da kasa) a cikin kundin laifuffuka na 1991. An fara shari'arsa a gaban wata kotu ta musamman da aka kirkira a karkashin dokar yaki da ta'addanci ta 1991 a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu An sake shi bayan watanni biyar a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015. Mutuwa A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2018, bayan hana shi barin kasar da gwamnati ta yi kuma ya sha fama da ciwon zuciya da ciwon koda, Medani ya rasu. An yi alhinin mutuwarsa a matsayin rashi na ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya. Gwamnatocin Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Kanada, da sauran hukumomin duniya daban-daban da na shiyya-shiyya da wasu jama'a sun buga bayanan alhinin rashinsa. Amin Mekki Medani Foundation A cikin 2018, jim kadan bayan mutuwar Medani, an kafa gidauniyar Amin Mekki Medani. Gidauniyar tana mai da hankali kan masu fafutuka masu tallafawa da karfafa bin hakkin bil'adama, 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa, gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya, da sauran batutuwa masu yawa. Gidauniyar tana samun goyon bayan kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci da dama na kasa da kasa da fatan taimakawa wajen yada tabbatar da adalci a Sudan. Nassoshi 1. a b c "Amin Mekki Madani" dspcf.org Retrieved 2018-10-02. 2. "Amin Mekki Medani Bio, News, Photos" Washington Times Archived from the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved 2018-10-02. 3. a b c "Dr. Amin Mekki Medani" Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission US Congress. 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2018-10-02. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain 4. a b "EU: The upcoming elections cannot produce a credible result with legitimacy throughout the country Sudanese Human Rights Activists Norway Part 72" sudanhr.org Retrieved 2018-10-02. 5. Mekki Medani, Amin. "European Parliament" (PDF). European Parliament 6. "EL KARIB MEDANI ADVOCATES" www.karibandmedani.com Retrieved 2018-10-02. Mutuwan
30658	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwamishinan%20muhalli%20na%20Ontario	Kwamishinan muhalli na Ontario	Kwamishinan Muhalli na Ontario ECO jami'in da ba na bangaranci ba ne na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario wanda aka zarge shi da tabbatar da Dokar Haƙƙin Muhalli ta lardin (EBR). Kwamishinan bai kai rahoto ga wata ma’aikatar ba, sai dai ita kanta majalisar, kuma an zabo shi ne ta hanyar shawarar kwamitin jam’iyyar da shugaban majalisar ya jagoranta. Daga nan ne aka nada shi ɗan takarar ta hanyar ƙuri'ar gamayya ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Ontario. Ofishin Kwamishinan Muhalli na Ontario ya ƙunshi Kwamishinan da ma’aikata 24, waɗanda suka tallafa wa Kwamishinan wajen sa ido kan yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan muhalli EBR da kuma ba da rahoto ga Majalisar. Gwamnatin lardin Premier Doug Ford ta soke ofishin a cikin shekarata 2019, tare da alhakin aiwatarwa da gudanar da EBR zuwa ga Babban Auditor na Ontario. Umarni Manufar EBR ita ce a bai wa 'yan Ontario haƙƙoƙin shiga cikin yanke shawara na muhalli, da kuma ɗaukar ma'aikatu alhakin yanke shawararsu yayin da suke shafar muhalli. Sannan Kuma Har ila yau, EBR ya kafa Rijistar Muhalli, bayanan yanar gizo inda ma'aikatu ke aika shawarwari da shawarwari masu mahimmanci na muhalli don sanarwa da sharhi. A cikin shekarata 2009, an gyara EBR don baiwa ECO alhakin bayar da rahoto kowace shekara game da ci gaban da Ontario ta samu wajen rage hayakin iskar gas, da kuma kiyaye makamashi. Kwamishinonin Rahotanni da Bugawa ECO tana fitar da rahotanni da yawa kowace shekara. Rahoton Kare Muhalli Kowace shekara, ofishin yana fitar da rahoton kare muhalli wanda ya shafi bin ma'aikatar bin Dokar Haƙƙin Muhalli (EBR), da batutuwan kare muhalli da suka shafi ma'aikatun da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin EBR. Har zuwa Shekarar 2016, ana kiran wannan rahoton rahoton shekara-shekara kawai, kuma yana tare da Karin bayani. Ƙarin ya ƙunshi sake dubawa na kowane aikace-aikacen da aka ƙaddamar a ƙarƙashin EBR, da na ma'aikatun' amfani da rajistar muhalli Kuma Rahoton Shekara-shekara ya ƙunshi labarai waɗanda suka yi bayani dalla-dalla kan zaɓaɓɓun yanki daga Ƙarin, da labarai game da haɓakawa ko mahimman abubuwan da ke da sha'awa ga ECO. Ƙananan Matakai Gaba, Juzu'i na 1: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2015-2016/EPR-Small-Steps-Forward_Vol1-EN.pdf Ƙananan Matakai Gaba, Juzu'i na 2: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2015-2016/EPR-Small-Steps-Forward_Vol2-EN.pdf Zaɓuɓɓuka masu kyau, Zaɓuɓɓuka marasa kyau: Haƙƙin Muhalli da Kariyar Muhalli a Ontario 2017 http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2017/Good-Choices-Bad-Choices.pdf Komawa ga Basira: Rahoton Kariyar Muhalli na shekarata 2018: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/environmental-protection/2018/Back-to-Basics.pdf Rahoton Ci gaban Gas na Greenhouse Tun daga shekara ta 2008, ECO ta fitar da rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ci gaban da gwamnatin Ontario ta samu wajen rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Fuskantar Canjin Yanayi: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2016/2016-Annual-GHG-Report-EN.pdf Dokar Yanayi na Ontario: Daga Tsari zuwa Ci gaba http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/climate-change/2017/From-Plan-to-Progress.pdf Rahoton Ci Gaban Kare Makamashi Tun daga shekarata 2008, ECO ta ba da rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ayyukan a Ontario don rage amfani, ko yin amfani da inganci, na wutar lantarki, iskar gas, propane, mai da man sufuri. Ana fitar da waɗannan rahotanni a cikin juzu'i biyu: juzu'i na farko ya ƙunshi babban tsarin manufofin da ke shafar tanadin makamashi a cikin Ontario, na biyu kuma ya bayyana shirye-shiryen kiyayewa da ake gudanarwa, tantance tanadin makamashi da aka samu daga waɗannan tsare-tsare, da kuma auna ci gaban da aka cimma. Kiyaye: Bari Mu Samu Babban Rahoton Ci Gaban Kare Makamashi na Shekara-shekara 2015/2016: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2015-2016/ECO_Conservation_Lets_Get_Serious.pdf Kowane Drop yana ƙididdigewa: Rage Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙarfi da Sawun Sauyin Ruwa na Amfani da Ruwa na Ontario 2016/2017: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2016-2017/Every-Drop-Counts.pdf Kowane Joule Yana ƙididdigewa: Shekarar Amfani da Makamashi na Ontario a cikin Bita 2016/2017: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2016-2017/Every-Joule-Counts.pdf Yin Haɗuwa: Magana madaidaiciya game da Wutar Lantarki a Ontario http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/energy/2018/Making-Connections.pdf Rahotanni na Musamman Baya ga rahotannin da ke sama, ECO na iya yin rahoto na musamman kan duk wani lamari da ya shafi EBR wanda, kuma a ra'ayin Kwamishinan, bai kamata a jinkirta shi ba har sai rahoton shekara-shekara. Haɓaka Tsarin Makamashi na Tsawon Lokaci na Shekarata 2017: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/special-reports/2016/LTEP-2016-Special-Report.pdf Binciken Ayyukan EBR Girmama Haƙƙin Muhalli na Ontario 2015/2016: http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/special-reports/2016/EBR-Performance-Checkup_EN.pdf Bayan Akwatin Blue: Sabon Farawa na Ontario akan karkatar da sharar gida da Tattalin Arziki 2017 http://docs.assets.eco.on.ca/reports/special-reports/2017/Beyond-the-Blue-Box.pdf Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
16311	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Gomes	Flora Gomes	Flora Gomes daraktar fim ce ta Bissau-Guinea An haife ta a Cadique, Guinea-Bissau a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1949 kuma bayan makarantar sakandare a Cuba, ta yanke shawarar karatun fim a Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematográficos a Havana Shot shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan samun 'yanci, Gomes's Mortu Nega Aka ƙi Mutuwa (1988) shi ne fim ɗin almara na farko kuma fim ɗin fasali na biyu da aka taɓa yi a Guinea-Bissau. (Fim ɗin farko mai fasali shi ne N'tturudu, wanda darekta Umban u'Kest ya yi a 1987. A FESPACO 1989, fim din ya sami babbar kyauta ta Oumarou Ganda. Mortu Nega yana cikin Creole tare da fassarar Turanci. A shekarar 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, wadda aka yi kariya a cikin Un Wasu game sashe a 1992 Cannes Film Festival Tarihin rayuwa Dan jahilci iyaye, kamar yadda wani yaro Gomes kokawa kan gazawar da zamantakewa da matsayi da kuma zalunci na Portuguese mulkin mallaka tsarin karkashin Antonio Salazar 's mulki. Ta goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Bissau-Guinea don adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma ta yaba da Amílcar Cabral Ta bar Guinea-Bissau don yin karatun silima a Cuba (1972) a Cuban Institute of Art and Cinematography, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Santiago Álvarez Ta ci gaba da karatunta ne a Senegal, a cikin Senegalese Journal for Motion Picture News, karkashin jagorancin Paulin Soumanou Vieyra Ta kuma shirya fina-finai biyu tare da Sergio Pina kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki tare da Chris Marker da Anita Fernandez. Bayan dawowarsa zuwa Guinea-Bissau da aka 'yanta, Gomes ta dauki fim din bikin samun' yancin kasarsa (24 ga Satumba 1974), don biyan bukatar Amílcar Cabral cewa ya kamata Bissau-Guinea su da kansu suna daukar wannan lokacin na tarihi a fim. Bayan ta ’yantar da kanta daga turawan mulkin mallaka, Guinea-Bissau ta samu halartar dimbin masu rahoto da masu shirya finafinai masu ci gaba da kuma Gomes, ganin irin ilimin da yake da shi a sinima, tana matukar bukatar taimaka musu, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar fadada kwarewarsa. A ƙarshen 1970s, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da ɗaukar hoto na Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai. Bayan da ta fara jagorantar shirin tarihi, Gomes ta dauki fim din ta na farko, Mortu Nega, a 1987. Mortu Nega ta nuna gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci da kalubalen shekarun farko bayan samun' yanci a Guinea-Bissau. An nuna fim din a wasu bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya da yawa kuma Gomes ta ja hankalin masu sharhi da masu sukar. Musamman ya samu karbuwa sosai a Faransa, wanda a cikin shekarun baya ya ba shi ikon jawo kuɗi don samar da sabbin fina-finai. A cikin 2000, an bambanta shi a Faransa tare da taken Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres Fina-finai 1976 Ya Regresso de Cabral (gajeren shirin fim) 1977 Wani Reconstrução, wanda aka shirya tare da Sergio Pina (matsakaiciyar tsayin tarihi) 1978 Anos no Oça Luta, wanda aka shirya tare da Sergio Pina (gajeren shiri) 1987 Mortu Nega 1992 Udju Azul di Yonta 1994 A máscara (gajeren shirin fim) 1996 Po di Sangui 2002 Nha Fala 2007 Kamar yadda duas ke fuskantar da guerra, tare da Diana Andringa suka shirya kai tsaye (shirin fim mai tsawo) Kyaututtuka da nasarori 1988 Mortu Nega ya lashe: Bronze Tanit a bikin Fina- Finan Carthage Kyauta ga fitacciyar 'yar wasa a Carthage Film Festival Kyauta ga mafi kyawun fim kuma 'yar wasa a FESPACO 1992 Udju Azul di Yonta ya ci nasara: Bronze Tanit a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage Kyautar OAU ofungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage Kyauta ga fitacciyar jaruma a FESPACO Kyautar Juri na Musamman a bikin Fina- Finan Salonika Girka 1994 Gwamnatin Tunisiya ta bambanta da lambar yabo ta al'adu. An kira shi memba na babban juri a bikin Fim na Carthage. 1996 An ba da kyautar Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres daga gwamnatin Faransa. Po di Sangui ya lashe lambar azurfa Tanit a bikin Fina-Finan Carthage 2002 Nha fala ya sami lambar yabo ta duniya da Faransa Bourse ta bayar don fim mafi kyau daga Kudu. Nha fala ya kuma sami kyautar fim mafi kyau ta Latin a bikin bajekolin Finafinai na Venice Nha fala ya ci kyautar birni a Amiens International Film Festival (Faransa). Al'umar Bissau-Guinea ta amince da Flora Gomes a kasar Portugal saboda ayyukansa na sanar da al'adun Bissau-Guinea a duniya. 2003 Nha fala ya sami Babban Kyauta a bikin Vie d'Afrique a Montreal Nha fala ya sami Babban Kyauta don fim mai fasali a FESPACO daga ƙungiyar alkalai ta ECOWAS 2004 Flora Gomes ta kasance memba na alkalai a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Amiens. 2005 An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin zartarwa na ECOWAS a FESPACO. Jami'ar Lisbon ta amince da shi, ta karɓi lambar yabo don bikin aikinsa. Ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a Bikin Fina-finai na Jami'ar Afirka karo na biyu. 2006 Ya kasance mai zane-zane farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar Brown.
13681	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella%20Obasanjo	Stella Obasanjo	Stella Obasanjo (An haife ta14 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1945 ta mutu 23 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2005) ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga shekara ta alif 1999 har zuwa rasuwarta. ta kasan ce matar tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, duk da cewa ba ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban kasa ba a shekarar 1976, lokacin da Obasanjo ya fara shugabancin mulkin soja. Ta mutu yayin da ake kan yi mata tiyata na zaɓewar liposuction a ƙasar waje. Stella Obasanjo ta kasance mai fafutukar siyasa a cikin 'yancin kanta, tana goyon bayan irin abubuwa kamar' yantar da mata, matasa a matsayinsu na shugabannin gobe, da kuma farfado da Najeriya mai fama da yaki. Bayan Fage Stella Obasanjo ta fito ne daga Iruekpen, Esan West, jihar Edo Mahaifinta, Dr. Christopher Abebe, shi ne shugaban Kamfanin Nahiyar Afirka (UAC) wanda ya zama shugaba daga cikin 'yan asalin Afirka a UAC na farko na UAC Nigeria Mahaifiyarta, Therasa, ta kammala karatun ta a Kwalejin Pitman, London. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Stella Abebe ta fara karatunta ne a Uwargidanmu ta Primary School. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin St. Theresa, inda ta samu takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1964 tare da aji na daya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare. An shigar da ita a Jami’ar Ife (yanzu Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo Ile-Ife, don yin karatun digiri a harshen Ingilishi, inda ta halarci daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1969. A shekarar 1969, ta koma Burtaniya don kammala karatun ta, a wannan karon, cikin inshora, a London da Edinburgh, Scotland, daga shekarar 1970 zuwa shekarar 1974. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Ta kammala karatun nata tare da takardar sheda a matsayin sakatariyar sirri daga Kwalejin Pitman a shekarar 1976. Ta dawo Najeriya ne a 1976 kuma jim kadan bayan ta auri Janar Obasanjo, wacce ta zama Shugaban Kasa kuma Kwamandan Sojojin Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya bayan kisan Janar Murtala Mohammed. Sa'ad da ta zama Najeriya ta First Lady a shekarar 1999, bayan da zaben mijinta a matsayin shugaban kasa, Obasanjo ya kafa Child Care Trust, domin kula da galihu, kuma ko naƙasasshe yara. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na Najeriya, ta shiga cikin Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Mace, kuma a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2003, ta baiyana a matsayin ranar Tunawa da Yarda da Zaman Juna a Kasa Masu aiko da rahotanni sun ce Orobosa Omo-Ojo, mai buga littafin nan na Midwest Herald a Legas, an kama shi ne bisa umarnin Stella Obasanjo a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2005 kuma aka kai shi gidan yarin Akure Labarin wanda aka ba shi ya sa labarin wanda satin da ya gabata game da ita, ya yi taken "Greedy Stella". Mutuwa Stella Obasanjo died a few weeks before her 60th birthday from complications of cosmetic surgery at a private health clinic in Puerto Banús, Marbella, Spain, on 23 October 2005. The surgeon, identified only as "AM" in court, was sentenced to one year of imprisonment in September 2009 on a charge of "causing homicide through negligence", disqualified from medicine for a period of three years and ordered to pay €120,000 (approximately US$176,000) in compensation to Stella Obasanjo's son. Prosecutors had requested a two-year jail term and five-year disqualification. A request for compensation for the Nigerian government was also rejected. The physician had misplaced a tube designed for a liposuction procedure into Obasanjo's abdominal cavity. She sustained a punctured colon and lacerated liver and died two days after the surgery. The doctor did not immediately answer his mobile phone when called after performing the operation and reportedly left Obasanjo for four hours. Had she been hospitalised in time, it is thought she might have survived her injuries. Manazarta Haifaffun 1945 Mutuwan
20071	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashin%20lafiya%20da%20canjin%20yanayi	Rashin lafiya da canjin yanayi	Canjin yanayi yana da tasirin rashin daidaituwa akan mutane masu nakasa, kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye. Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna iya fuskantar babban tasirin sauyin yanayi akan mutane idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba su da nakasa. Duk da wannan, kuma duk da cewa nakasassu sun fi sama da 15% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma sun sami ƙarancin ƙima da saka hannu cikin tsarin yanke shawara game da martani game da canjin yanayi. Yawanci, nakasassu sun kasance mafi akasarin cutarwa ta kowane nau'i na gaggawa, walau gaggawa ta gaggawa kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko mahaukaciyar guguwa ko kuma gaggawa a hankali kamar tashin tekun, saboda rashin damar samun kayan agajin gaggawa da matsalolin sanya shi ta iyakance motsi. Nakasassu sauyin yanayi ya fi shafar nakasassu saboda adadi mara kyau na nakasassu suna rayuwa cikin talauci, kuma mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci sun fi zama cikin hadari saboda canjin yanayi.. Amincewa da ƙarin haɗari Karuwar kasadar nakasassu dangane da canjin yanayi ba a yarda da ita ba. Misali, Manufar Millennium Development Goals bai ambaci alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasa da canjin yanayi ba. Koyaya, yarjeniyoyi da takardu na duniya da yawa sunyi bayani dalla-dalla game da dangantakar, kamar su Yarjejeniyar Cancun ta 2010, Tsarin Warsaw na 2013asashen Duniya na 2013 don Asara da Lalacewa, da kuma gabatarwa ga Yarjejeniyar Paris ta Paris kan Canjin Yanayi na 2015. Wani mataki da aka ɗauka don tabbatar da cewa bayanai game da haɗarin yanayi ta Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan-Adam (OHCHR) wanda ke buga sabon rahotonsa wanda ke nuna shari'ar da ƙarin sabuntawa. Ma'ana mai kyau, hadawa da jagorancin mutanen da ke da nakasa da kungiyoyin wakillan su a cikin kulawar hadari da dabarun yanke shawara game da yanayi a cikin gida, matakan ƙasa, yanki da na duniya, hanya ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam don magance haƙƙinsu da bukatunsu. Tsarin duniya kan Rashin Lafiya da Canjin Yanayi Akwai wasu tsare-tsare da manufofi da ke nuna gwamnatoci na amfani da tsarin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam yayin haɓakawa da aiwatar da manufofi da shirye-shiryen yanayi don tabbatar da daidaito. Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Nakasassu da Takardar Zaba (A RES 61/106) an zartar da ita ne a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2006 a Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York, kuma an bude ta don sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Maris 2007. Tana da sa hannun 82 a Yarjejeniyar, sa hannun 44 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Zabi, da kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Wannan ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarni na 21 kuma ita ce taron ƙetare 'yancin ɗan adam na farko da aka buɗe don sa hannu daga ƙungiyoyin haɗin kan yanki. Lokacin da aiwatar da UNCRPD, Eu ya haɓaka tsari don tabbatar da aikinsa. Ana buƙatar EU ta sami tushen inganta, kariya da aiwatar da UNCRPD a cikin batutuwan da ke ƙasa da cancantar EU. Tsarin ya fara aiki a cikin 2013, bisa ga shawarar da Hukumar ta bayar wanda Majalisar ta amince dashi a 2012. Yana haɓaka hanyoyin kulawa na ƙasa. Tun daga ƙarshen 2015, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ba ta aiki a cikin tsarin EU, amma yana ci gaba da daidaita aiwatar da UNCRPD. Dole ne duk bangarorin Jihohi su gabatar da rahotanni na yau da kullun ga Kwamitin kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin. Dole ne Jihohi suyi rahoto da farko tsakanin shekaru biyu na karɓar Yarjejeniyar sannan kuma bayan kowace shekara huɗu. Kwamitin yana nazarin kowane rahoto kuma zai gabatar da irin shawarwarin da kuma shawarwari na gaba ɗaya akan rahoton kamar yadda yake ganin ya dace kuma zai tura waɗannan ga kungiyar Jiha da abin ya shafa.. Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Rashin Nakasa (UNDIS) Kawancen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Nakasassu, babban tsarin kawance wanda UNDP ta dauki nauyin sakatariyar fasaha tare da wasu hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 5, na iya tallafawa aikin hadin gwiwar UNCTs na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hada nakasa. UNDIS tana aiki ne a matsayin ma'auni don cimma canjin canji ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ya ƙunshi siyasa da tsarin kula da lissafi. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya kaddamar da UNDIS don kawo nakasassu a gaba ga dukkan bangarorin ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a duniya. Manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kawo Cutar Nakasassu ya samar da tushe na ci gaba da kawo sauyi kan ci gaban nakasassu ta hanyar dukkan ginshikan aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: zaman lafiya da tsaro, 'yancin dan adam, da ci gaba. Dabarar ta baiwa tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tallafi don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Nakasassu da sauran kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, kazalika da cimma nasarar Cigaban Bunkasuwa, ajanda don 'Yan Adam da Tsarin Sendai don Rage Haɗarin Bala'i. Dabarar ta baiwa tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tallafi don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Nakasassu da sauran kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, kazalika da cimma nasarar Cigaban Bunkasuwa, ajanda don 'Yan Adam da Tsarin Sendai don Rage Haɗarin Bala'i. Sharuɗɗan IASC akan Ayyukan Jin Kai na Musamman Hadawa ana samun sa ne yayin da nakasassu ke taka rawa mai ma'ana kuma yayin da aka magance damuwar da ta shafi nakasa bisa bin Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu. Sharuɗɗan IASC sun bayyana mahimman ayyukan da masu ba da agaji dole ne su yi don ganowa da amsa buƙatu da haƙƙin nakasassu yadda ya kamata. Tasirin canjin yanayi ga mutanen da ke da nakasa Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban. Don wannan, yayin magana game da bukatunsu, sun bambanta dangane da yanayin mutum. Koyaya, haɗarin yana da alaƙa da tasirin lafiyar da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi na iya shafar mutane da nakasawa fiye da wasu saboda yanayin rauni. Mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga na iya fuskantar gaskiyar cewa ba za su iya biyan kwandishan a cikin gidansu yayin raƙuman zafi, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da zafin. Temperaturesara yanayin zafi na haifar da haɗari ga nakasassu, saboda yawancin nakasa suna tasiri ga ikon mutum na daidaita yanayin yanayin jiki, don haka hade tasirin rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki da nakasa yana kara karfin nakasassu. Rahoton da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar kan nakasa da ci gaba ya nuna cewa matasa nakasassu suna da karin kalubale da suka shafi hakkokinsu na asali na neman ilimi, kamar yadda lamarin yake a kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba inda ake fama da karancin ilimi ga mutane na yau da kullun. Mutanen da ke da nakasa sun kai kimanin kashi 15 cikin ɗari na yawan mutanen duniya. Koyaya, batutuwa kamar nuna wariya, banbanci da sauran abubuwan zamantakewar da tattalin arziki suna shafar matsayin ƙarfin cewa canjin yanayi yana shafar mutane masu nakasa. Rashin dacewar canjin yanayi Talauci Nakasassun mutane suna da wakilcin rashin dacewa a cikin al'ummomin da suka fi talauci, kuma yawancinsu suna rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci. Kamar yadda irin wannan, nakasassun za su iya fuskantar irin wannan kalubalen da al'ummomin talauci ke fuskanta. Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna fuskantar talauci fiye da ninki biyu na yawan mutanen da ba sa shan wahala daga gare shi. Yayinda sauyin yanayi ya canza, rashin amfanin gona da fari zasu zama ruwan dare gama gari, wanda zai bar al'ummomin da ke fama da talauci ba tare da wadatar abinci ba. Ana fama da ƙarancin ruwa a cikin ƙauyuka marasa kyau, matsala wacce kawai za ta ƙara bayyana yayin da canjin yanayi ke taɓarɓarewa. Yayinda aka rasa damar aiki sakamakon tasirin bala'in muhalli, nakasassu na iya zama farkon wanda zai rasa aiki ko ƙasar noma. Lafiya Sakamakon canjin yanayi tare da ƙarin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya da mutane nakasassu ke fuskanta. Mutane da yawa da ke da nakasa sun dogara da na'urori masu taimako waɗanda ke inganta ayyukansu na jiki da motsi. Da zarar wata masifa ta yi musu barazana, na'urori masu taimaka wa mutane ba sa isa gare su saboda ko dai sun ɓace ko sun lalace. Wannan zai bar su ba tare da tallafi ba don daidaitawa. Ko da ba tare da tasirin sauyin yanayi ba, nakasassu ba su da wadataccen damar zuwa kiwon lafiya fiye da wadanda ba su da nakasa saboda kyamar zamantakewa, wariya, talauci, manufofin nuna wariya, da kuma rashin shirye-shiryen kula da lafiya don takamaiman nakasa. Lokacin da matsalolin damuwa masu nasaba da canjin yanayi suka rage tasirin tsarin kula da lafiya, waɗannan rashin daidaito wajen samun kiwon lafiya tsakanin nakasassu da waɗanda ba nakasassu ba suna faɗaɗawa. Rushewa ga sabis na zamantakewar jama'a da sauran mahimman ayyuka na iya zama lahani musamman, saboda mutane nakasassu galibi suna dogaro da samun dama na yau da kullun ga waɗannan ayyukan. Yayin bala'in canjin yanayi da ya haifar da bala'i, wani ƙalubalen da nakasassu za su iya fuskanta shi ne asarar kayan aiki masu dacewa wanda ke taimaka musu ƙara ƙarfin motsi ko ikon iya yin hulɗa ta hanyar gani ko sauti. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da keken guragu, kayan ji, da makamantansu. Yayin bala'i, da alama waɗannan na'urori zasu ɓace ko lalata su. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka ba da taimako ga yankunan da bala'oi suka shafa, ba a cika samar da waɗannan nau'ikan abubuwan ba, suna barin nakasassu su tafi ba tare da su na dogon lokaci ba. Temperaturesara yawan zafin jiki na haifar da haɗari ga nakasassu, saboda yawancin nakasa suna tasiri ga ikon mutum na daidaita yanayin zafin jiki. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da takamaiman haɗari ga waɗanda ke da nakasa ta numfashi saboda yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na iya haɓaka abubuwan da ke haifar da abubuwa kamar su ozone da fure. Motsi Duk da yake nakasassu galibi basu cika motsi ba, suma suna fuskantar wasu illoli da suka shafi motsi. Nakasassu galibi suna da wahalar tafiye-tafiye a ƙasashen duniya, duk da cewa a zahiri suna da haƙƙin ƙaurar duniya. Wannan yakan faru ne saboda kasashe za su hana bakin haure nakasassu shiga saboda ganin nauyin da ake ganin sun dora wa kasar. A cikin hoto mafi girma game da canjin yanayi da ke haifar da ƙaura, ƙaura na ƙasashen duniya suna da ɗan ƙaramin matsayi, tare da ƙaura na cikin gida wanda ya kasance mafi yawan motsi. Abun takaici, akwai karancin bincike game da shigowar hijirar cikin gida ta nakasassu, kuma illolin da wannan nau'in ƙaura yake haifarwa ga nakasasun nakasasun mutane galibi ba a san su ba. Gane Varfi da andarfin Adaarfafawa Gaggawa cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi yana sanyawa nakasassu cikin haɗari saboda yanayin rauni. Bayanin jagora wanda Healthungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙirƙira game da nakasa da kula da haɗarin gaggawa yana bayyana ƙarin ƙarin ƙalubalen da mutane ke fama da nakasa a lokacin gaggawa. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci suna tsara ƙarfin hali da ikon daidaitawa na mutane a cikin al'ummomin su. Waɗannan dalilai sune: samun dama da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa, na mutane, na jama'a, na zahiri, da na kuɗi. Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna fama da matsaloli daban-daban: ilimi mara kyau, rashin samun kuɗaɗen shiga, keɓancewar jama'a da iyakance damar zuwa hukumomin yanke shawara.
50810	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Hughes%20%28Mai%20gini%29	Edith Hughes (Mai gini)	Edith Mary Wardlaw Burnet Hughes HonFRIAS (7 Yuli 1888 28 Agusta 1971) yar asalin Scotland ce, kuma ana daukarta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta fara aikin gine-ginen a Biritaniya, bayan ta kafa kamfanin gine-gine nata a 1920. Kuruciya An haifi Edith Mary Burnet a Edinburgh, 'yar May Crudelius da George Wardlaw Burnet,mai ba da shawara.Iyalin sun rayu a 6 West Circus Place a gundumar Stockbridge. Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Titin Queens 59 a Aberdeen lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri mahaifinta Sheriff Madadin Aberdeenshire a kusa da 1890. Kakarta Mary Crudelius ta yi yakin neman ilimin mata. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a shekara ta 1901 ta tashi daga kawunta, John James Burnet,wani mashahurin gine-gine. Sun zauna a Lambunan Jami'a 18 a Glasgow. Ta yi tafiya a Turai,tana nazarin fasaha da gine-gine,da kuma halartar laccoci a Sorbonne,har zuwa kusa da 1911,lokacin da ta shiga Gray's School of Art, Aberdeen.Da farko tana nazarin ƙirar lambun,ta canza zuwa gine-gine, kuma an ba ta difloma a 1914.A shekara ta biyo ta aka nada ta malama a Makarantar. Ta yi aiki a takaice a ofishin Jenkins da Marr,kafin ta auri tsohon malaminta, masanin injiniya Thomas Harold Hughes (1887-1949), a cikin 1918. Aiki An hana Hughes da mijinta wani wuri a ofishin Burnet na London,wani bangare saboda babu dakin wanka na mata. Koyaya, mijinta ya shiga ofishin Burnet's Glasgow a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin 1919.Rashin jituwa da wani abokin tarayya ta kai ga barinta a shekara mai zuwa,don fara koyarwa a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow,inda daga baya ta zama shugaban gine-gine. Ta kafa nata aikin a Glasgow a cikin 1920.A 1927,ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba don zama memba na Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), wadanda suka zaba ciki har da John Begg da kawunta, John Burnet. Duk da haka, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na RIBA sun bayyana cewa ba za a iya zabe ta ba, kuma RIBA ta kasance cibiyar dukan maza har sai zaben Josephine Miller a 1938. Hakanan an hana ta shiga Royal Incorporation of Architects a Scotland (RIAS). Bayan yakin duniya na biyu,Hughes ta sake kafa aikinta a Edinburgh.An zabe ta a matsayin mai daraja ta RIAS a 1968.Ta yi ritaya daga aikin ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta sami zumunci, kuma ta koma Kippen,ta mutuwa da ciwon huhu a Stirling a 1971. An binne ta tare da iyayenta a makabartar Warriston da ke arewacin Edinburgh. Kabarin yana kan babbar hanyar yamma a gefensa na gabas,inda matakin ƙasa ya faɗi zuwa ƙananan sashin kudu. Iyali Hughes da mijinta suna da ’ya’ya mata uku.Ita da mijinta sun rayu galibi dabam bayan yakin duniya na biyu har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1949. Ayyuka Hukumarta ta farko ita ce ta “Rutherford Memorial” a shekara ta 1916,ko da yake ba a san wurin da yanayin wannan aikin ba. A cikin aikin nata, ta mai da hankali kan kwamitocin cikin gida, gami da sauye-sauye da yawa na zama,da ƙwararrun ƙirar kicin. Ayyukanta na jama'a sun haɗa da Coatbridge War Memorial (1924),da Glasgow Mercat Cross (1930), kwafin giciye na Mercat na zamanin da da ke Glasgow Cross. Ta gudanar da gyare-gyare ga ginin Glasgow Society of Lady Artists' a Blythswood Square, Glasgow, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin sauya gidajen Edinburgh da yawa zuwa gidaje.Ta tsunduma cikin ayyuka a St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral and Music School, Edinburgh, daga 1956 zuwa 1965. Mafi mahimmancin kwamitocinta na Cathedral sune rubutun dutse,tare da murfin ƙarfe da aka yi da shi,da allon ƙarfe da aka yi wa Chapel na St Margaret na Scotland. Duba kuma Mata a gine-gine Bayanan kula
9892	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabi%20Isah	Annabi Isah	Annabi Isa (A.S) na daya daga cikin Annabawa a Musulunci. Wanda Allah ya aiko Nasabar Annabi Isah (A.S) Sunan Babarsa Maryam Imrana. Sunan Mahaifiyarta Hannatu, Babanta yana cikin manyan mutane a cikin jama'ar Banu-Isra'ila har ma shi ne yake limanci a Masallacin Qudus. Yayinda matar Imrana ta sami cikinsa ta rika fatar abin da za ta haifa ya zama namiji har ma ta yi bakance idan ta haifi namiji zai zama hadimin masallaci, amma da ta tashi haihuwa sai Allah ya ba ta 'ya mace. Hannatu babar Maryam ta damu qwarai saboda bakancen da ta yi, amma duk da haka sai ta yi wa Allah godiya kuma ta ambace ta da suna Maryam, Ma'anarsa shi ne, WADDA BA TA DA AIBI. Iyayen Maryam sun rasu tana qarama saboda haka sai Annabi Zakariyya ya dauke ta ya cigaba da renonta, har ma ya gina mata daki na musamman a cikin Masallaci. Babu wanda yake shiga dakin sai shi. Nana Maryam tun tasowarta ba ta da wani aiki sai ibada dare da rana. Duk sanda Annabi Zakariyya ya kawo mata ziyara sai ya tarar da abinci da kayan marmari a wajenta, idan ya tambayeta wa ya kawo mata wannan sai ta ce: Daga Allah ne, domin Allah yana arzuta wanda ya so, ba tare da hisabi ba. Annabi Isah (A.S) Yayinda Nana Maryamu ta kai munzalin mata sai al'ada ta zo mata, saboda haka, sai ta fita bayan gari wajen wata qorama don ta yi tsarki, sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya zo mata a siffar wani saurayi daga Banu Isra'ila mai suna Taqiyyu, shi wannan mutum ya yi qaurin suna da varna a wannan lokaci Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce, "Sai muka aika mata da ruhu (shi ne Ma'aika Jibrilu) ya je mata a surar saurayi, sai ta ce "Ni ina neman tsari da Ubangiji Rahama daga gareka idan kai ne Taqiyyu. "Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya ce, mata "Ni Manzon Ubangijinki ne, Allah ne ya aiko ni. Domin in ba ki kyautar da mai qwazo. "Sai ta ce da shi: Ta ya ya zan sami xa, bayan wani mutum bai shafe ni ba, kuma ni ban tava yin alfasha ba? Sai ya ce: Haka al'amarin yake, haka Allah Ya hukumta, kuma wannan abu ne mai sauqi a wajen Allah. Allah ya ce: "Za mu sanya shi ya zama izina a wajen mutane, kuma Rahama daga garemu, wannan lamari ne zartacce." (Surar Maryam, Aya ta 17) Mala'ika Jibrilu yana gama wannan bayanin sai ya kama gefen rigarta ya yi busa a ciki, nan take sai Allah ya halicci Annabi Isah a cikin cikinta. Malam wahabu ya ce: Tsakanin xaukar cikin Annabi Isah da haife shi sa'a guda ne kawai, saboda faxin Allah Ta'ala ya ce, "Sai ta xauki cikinsa, sai ta tafi da shi wuri mai nisa, sai naquda ta zo mata a wajen kututturen dabino, sai ta ce: Ya kaicona dama na mutu kafin faruwar wanan na zama mantacciya abar mantawa." Sai Allah ya ce; Sai muka kirata ta qarqashinta muka ce: Kada ki yi baqin ciki, Allah ya gudano da qoramar ruwa a kusa da ke, ki girgiza kututturen dabinon nan zai zubo miki da lubiya nunanniya, ki ci, ki sha, ki kwantar da hankalinki. An ce wannan dabinon da ta girgiza shekararsa saba'in bai yi 'ya'ya ba, amma ana haihuwar Annabi Isah a kusa da shi, nan take sai ya yi ganyen, ya fitar da 'ya'ya saboda mu'ujizar Annabi Isah (A.S.) Ruwaya An ruwaito cewa; Yayinda Maryam ta je wajen mutanenta tana xauke da Annabi Isah (A.S.) sai suka ce; Ya ke Maryam lallai kin zo da babban lamari, ya 'yar'uwar Haruna mahaifinki ba mutumin banza ba ne, mahaifiyarki ma ba mutuniyar banza ba ce. Yayinda ta ji wannan zargi daga mutanenta sai ta yi musu nuni da Annabi Isah tana nufin su tambaye shi. Sai suka ce: Ta ya ya za mu yi magana da jariri a cikin zanin goyo? Sai Allah ya buxi bakin Annabi Isah ya ce da su: "Ni bawan Allah ne ya bani littafi yasan yani Manzo yayi albarka a gareni duk inda nake yayimin wasiyya da sallah da Zakka matukar ina raye, sannan da yin biyayya ga Mahaifiyata. Bai san yani shakiyyi mai tsaurin kai ba, farkon Kalmar da Annabi Isah ya fara magana da ita itace, ni bawan Allah ne domin yanke hanzari ga wadanda za suce shi dan Allah ne. Anruwaito cewea yayin da Annabi Isah ya girma sai yarika yawo aba yan kasa, baya zama da waje daya, saboda haka ma bai taba mallakar dakin kwana ba. Bare gida ko mata, ko abun hawa tufafinsa kuma jubbace ta sufi. Baya cin abinci sai daga kasabin Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance tana saka tufafi tasiyar suci abinci. a irin wayace-wayacen da yake yi ya je wani gari da ake cewa Nasira a qasar Sham, shida mahaifiyarsa suka zauna a can. Saboda haka ne ake dan ganta mutanensa da sunan wannan garin ake ce musu NASARA. Mu'ujizar Raya Uzairu (A.S.) Malam Wahabu ya ce; Yayin da lamarin Annabi Isah ya shahara da cewa yana raya matacce ya warkar da makaho, da izinin Allah sai Yahudawa suka taru suka je wajensa suka ce, mu ba zamu yi imani da kai ba har sai ka raya mana Uzairu. Sai ya ce da su: A ina kabarinsa yake? Sai suka kai shi inda kabarin yake, sai ya yi sallah raka'a biyu ya roqi Allah ya raya masa Uzairu. Saiu aka ga kabarin yana buxewa a hankali a hankali, sai ga Uzairu ya bayyana. Gashin kansa da gemunsa sun yi fari, sai ya cewa Annabi Isah, :Ya xan Maryamu wannan shi ne abinda zaka yi min? Sai Annabi Isah ya ce: Mutanenka ne suka ce ba za su bada gaskiya da ni ba sai na tashe ka. To daga nan sai Uzairu ya tashi zaune, ya ce: Ya ku jama'ar Banu Isra'ila ku yi imandi da Manzancin Annabi Isah, ku bi addininsa, shi a kan gaskiya yake,d aga Ubangijinsa, sai Yahudawa suka ce da shi: To ai mu kafin ka mutu mun san saurayi ne kai matashi mai baqin gashi ya ya muka ganka yanzu kanka ya yi fari fat? Sai ya ce: Yayin da Annabi Isah ya ce min tashi da izinin Allah na zaci tashin kiyama ce, saboda haka ya sa nan take kaina da gemuna suka yi fari, yayin da Annabi Isah ya raya Uzairu da mu'ujiza, sai mutane da ywa daga cikinsu suka bada gaskiya da shi, sannan daga bisani sai ya roqi Allah ya mayar da Uzairu matacce kamar yadda yake. Ambaton saukar ma'ida An ruwaito daga Salmanul Farisi (R.A.) ya ce: hawariyawa sun faxa ga Annabi Isah suka ce shin Ubangijinka zai iya suako mana da Ma'ida daga sama? Sai yaamsa musu ya ce, ku dai ku ji tsoron Allah in kun kasance muminai, sai suka ce lallai muna da buqatar haka, sai Annabi Isah ya fita ya shiga sahara ya yi ta kuka yana qanqan da kai ga Allah yana cewa: "Ya Ubangiji ka saukar mana da Ma'ida daga sama domin ta zama idi ga na farkonmu da na qarshenmu, ta kasance aya daga gareka, ka arzurtamu kai ne fiyayen mai arzutawa." Sai Allah ya yi wahayi gare shi ya ce: "Ni zan saukar da ita gareku, amma wanda duk ya kafirta a cikinku bayan wannan haqiqa zan masa azaba irin wadda ban tava yiwa wani irinta ba, a cikin talikai." Imamutturmuzi ya ce: Sai Allah ya saukar musu da teburin abinci daga sama a tsakanin giragizai guda biyu, yayin da Annabi Isah ya ganta sai ya ce: Ya Ubangiji ka sanya ta zama Rahama, kada ta zama azaba. Ba ta gushe ba tana saukowa a hankali a hankali har sai da teburin abincin nan ya sauko qasa mutane na kallo an lulluve shi da mayafi, sai Annabi Isah ya faxi ya yi sujjada ga Allah ya yi godiya. Hawariyawa suma suka yi sujjada tare da shi, sannans uka ce Annabi Isah ya tashi ya bude su ga abinda yake ciki. da aka bude sai ga soyayyen kifi da zaitun da dabino da gurasa, da wani nau'in kayan marmari. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya cewa kifin nan tashi da izinin Allah, sai Allah ya raya kifin ya riqa juyawa yana kallon jama'ar Banu Isra'ila, sannan sai ya cewa kifin ya koma yadda yake da izinin Allah. sai Hawariyawa suka cewa Annabi Isah shi ya kamata ya fara cin abincin nan. Sai ya ce: A'a wanda ya nemi a kawo shi zai ci. sai duk suka qi ci, suna tsoron kada ta zama fitina, sai ya sa aka kirawo talakawa da miskinai da guragu da makafi, ya ce su ci. A cikinsu har da marasa lafiya da masu cutar albasar da sauransu duk suka haxu suka ci abincin. Suna gama ci marasa lafiyar nan sai duk suka warke, nan take. Yayin da mutanen gari suka ji labari sai suma suka zo suka ci, har suka riqa turereniya, da Annabi Isah ya ga haka sai ya sa aka kasa mutane kashi biyu, rana daya ta talakawa, rana daya kuma ta mawadata. Sai Ma'idar ta zama tana sauka sau daya bayan kwanaki biyu. Sannan kuma wannan tebur idan ya sauka duk yawan mutanen da suke wajen kowa zia ci ya qoshi, ya bari sannan ya tashi ya koma sama kamar yadda ya sauko. An ce haka Ma'idar nan ta riqa sauka har tsawon kwana arba'in. Sannan sai wata jama'a daga Bani Isra'ila suka aibata Ma'idar suka ce ba Allah ne yake saukar da ita ba, da suka faxi haka, sai Allah ya mayar da wasunsu aladu, wasu kuma birori. An ce adadin waxanda suka haxu da wannan matsala sun kai mutum talatin, suka zuana a cikin wannan hali tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan sai qasa ta haxiye su. Yuqurin kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.) Ka'abur Akabari ya ce; Yayin da addinin Annabi isah ya yaxu ya cika ko'ina, mutane suka yi ta shiga addinin daga ko'ina, sai addinin Yahudanci ya yi rauni, Allah ya saukarwa Annabi Isah Littafin Linjila, ya zama yana raya matattu da ikon Allah, yayin da wani sarki mai suna HArdusa ya ga haka sia ya yi nufin zai kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.) ya sami goyon bayan wasu daga manyan malaman Yahudawa. Sai suka shirya suka ki masa hari a lokacin yana tare da mahaifiyarsa suka wakilta wani daga cikinsu don ya shiga xakin ya kashe shi. Kafin ya shiga sai Allah ya xauke Annabi zuwa sama, ya shiga yanan ta dube-dube bai gan shi ba, sauran waxanda suke waje da suka ga ya daxe bai fito ba sai suka bi shi suna shiga sai suka ga xan uwansu, Allah ya sa masa kamannin Annabi Isah komai da komai, sai suka kama shi suka xaure suka sa masa hular gashi, suka kewaye gari da shi, sannans uka kafa azarori guda biyu suka gicciye shi a kanta, suka kashe xan uwansu, suna zaton Annabi Isah suka kashe. Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce; "Ba su kashe shi ba, ba su gicciye shi ba, sai dai cewa Allah ya xuakaka shi ya zuwa gare shi. An ruwaito cewa: A lokacin da suka kashe xan uwansu ya kasnace ranar Juma'a ne da misalin qarfe uku na rana, sai duniyad ta yi duhu, tsawon kwanaki uku, a kai girgizar qasa a wanan rana. Malam Sa'alabi ya ruwaito cewa: Lokacin da aka xauke Annabi Isah zuwa sama shekarunsa talatin da biyar a duniya. Sai Allah Ta'ala ya sara masa xabi'a irin ta Mala'iku ya zama baya buqatar ci da sha, kuma har yau yana nan a raya kamar yadda Hadisai ingantattu suka tabbatar. Malam Sa'alabi ya qara da cewa: nana Maryam Allah ya qara mata yarda ta yi wafati bayan xauke Annabi Isah da shekara shida. An ce ta rayu tsawon shekara sittin. Kabarinta a yanzu haka yana masallacin qudus ana ziyararsa. Saukowar Annabi isah (A.S) zuwa Kasa Malam Uwaisu Assakafi ya ruwaito cewa: Na ji Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana cewa: "Annabi Isah dan Maryam zia sauko daf da tashin alqiyama, zai sauka a kan wata hasumiya fara da take a gabashin masallacin Dimashka. Annabi Isah mutum ne mai madaidaicin tsawo mai baqin gashi, mai farin launi, idan ya sauka zai shiga masallaci ya zuana a kanmubari sai mutane su ji labarin saukarsa, sai su yi ta shiga masallacin, ta ko'ina Musulmai da Kirista da Yahudawa, aka cika masallacin har ta kaid wasu akan wasu, saboda ci kowa. Sannan sai mai kiran sallah daga Musulmi ya kira sallah, sai Annabi isah ya shige gaba ya yi limanci, a sannan Imamu Mahadi, ya bayyana kuma yana cikin masallacin sai ya bi sallar ita ce sallar Asuba. Bayyanar Dujal An ruwaito cewa a lokacin da Dujal zai bayyana zai fito daga garin Asfihan tsawonsa zira'i goma, kuma ido xaya ne da shi, an rubuta (KAFIR) a fuskarsa. A qasan wannan kuma an rubuta: DUK WNADA YA BI SHI YA TAVE, WANDA YA QI SHI YA YI ARZIQI, ya na nunawa mutane yana da wuta da aljanna, amma a haqiqa wutarsa aljannace, aljannarsa kuma wuta ce. Zai kewaye duniya yana kashe mutane yana cewa shi ne Ubangiji. Yana tafe da dubunnan xaruruwan sojoji, zia biyo ta Asfihan ya zo Dimashqa. A cikin kwana arba'in, ya yi ta kashe mutane yana ribace su, to a sannan Mahadi zai bayyana sai mutane su taru a qarqashinsa ya xaura xamarar yaqar Dujal. Ana cikin haka sai Annabi Isah ya sauka sai su haxu da Mahadi, a wannan maslalaci su yi sallah tare, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata. Sai Dujal ya fito da rundunarsa don ya yaqe su, yanayin arba da Annabi Isah sai ya narke kamar yadda darma take narkewa a kan wuta, sai Annabi Isah ya kashe shi da takobinsa. An ruwaito cewa bayan kashe Dujal Annabi Isah zai shimfixa mulki na adalci a bayan qasa, ba zai bar wani Bayahude ko Banasare akan addininsa ba, sai Musulunci kawai, zai yi hukunci da adalci a tsakanin mutane, gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Asannan Allah zai umarci qasa da ta fito da alheranta ga mutane, kamar yadda ta kasance tun da farko, har ta kai ga mutane da yawa za su haxu a kan curi xaya na inibi su ci har su qoshi amma ba zai qare ba, yaro ya xauko maciji yana wasa da shi, amma ba zai cuce shi ba, akuya ta haxu da aki amman ba zai kulata ba. Mutane kowa zai rayu a cikin yalwa da wadata har ta kai za a ba mutum kyautar kuxi ya ce, baya buqata. Mutum zai ga kabari sai ya ce: Ina ma dai wannan yana raye ya ga irin adalcin da yake gudana a bayan qasa. Za a kasance a wannan hali tsawon shekara arba'in. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya auri wata mata daga mutanen Askalan ta haifa masa 'ya maza guda biyu, sai ya tafi Makka ya yi aikin Hajji, ya je Madina ya ziyarci Annabi (S.A.W) Sai ya yi rashin lafiya, sai Allah ya karvi ransa, anan Madina, sai a binne shi a cikin Raudah kusa da Annabi (S.A.W.). Fa`ida Idan Dujal ya bayyana zia shiga ko'ina amma ban da Makka da Madina, duk sadda ya zo zai shiga sai ya ga Mala'iku sun tsaitsaya suna gadin garin sai ya koma. Tsari daga Dujal Sannan ya inganta a Hadisi Annabi (S.A.W) ya ce: Duk wanda ya haddace ayoyi goma na farkon Suratul Kahfi, Allah zia kiyaye shi daga fitinar Dujal.
17971	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhahabi	Al-Dhahabi	Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabī ya kasan ce shi ne wanda aka sani da Shams ad-Din Abū'Abdillāh Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn'Uthman ibn Qāymāẓ ibn'Abdillāh a-Turkumānī al-Fāriqī ad-Dimashqī (Oktoba 1274 3 ga watan Fabrairu 1348 wani dan kasar Syria ne masanin tarihin Musulunci da kuma Hadith. Rayuwa An haifi Adh-Dhahabi a cikin Damascus a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1274. Shi dan asalin Turkmen ne daga Mayyafariqin, arewa maso gabashin Diyar Bakr. A wani lokaci, sai suka ƙaura zuwa Dimashƙu. Sunansa, ibn adh-Dhahabi (ɗan maƙerin zinariya), ya nuna aikin mahaifinsa. Ya fara karatun hadisi yana da shekaru goma sha takwas, yana tafiya daga Dimashka zuwa Baalbek, Homs, Hama, Aleppo, Nabulus, Alkahira, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Hijaz, da sauran wurare, kafin ya dawo Dimashƙu don koyarwa da rubutu. Ya yi rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma sananne ne a matsayinsa na mai sukar masanin hadisi. Ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar mutane kuma yana kan gaba wajen iya karatun Kur'ani. Wasu daga cikin malaman sa mata ne. A Baalbek, Zainab bint marUmar b. al-Kindī yana cikin manyan malamai masu tasiri. Adh-Dhahabi ya rasa ganinsa shekaru biyu kafin ya mutu, ya bar 'ya'ya uku: babba,' yarsa, Amat al-`Aziz, da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Abd Allah da Abu Hurayra" Abd al-Rahman. Sonayan na ƙarshe ya koyar da masu ilimin hadisi Ibn Nasir-ud-din al-Damishqi da Ibn Hajar, kuma ta hanyar su ake watsa ayyuka da yawa da mahaifinsa ya rubuta ko ya faɗi. Malamai Daga cikin adh-Dhahabi ya fi sananne malamai a hadisi, fiqh da aqida Abd al-Khaliq bin Ulwān Zaynab bint marUmar bin al-Kindī Abu al-Hasan 'Ali bin Mas'ud bn Nafis al-Musali Ibnu Taimiyya Taqi ad-Din Ahmad bn Taimiyya Ibn al-Zahiri, Ahmad bn Muhammad bn 'Abd Allah al-Halabi Sharaf-ud-din Abd al-Mu'min bn Khalaf al-Dimyati, babban masanin Masar a kan hadisi a zamaninsa Shaikh al-Islam Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, wanda ya ambace shi a cikin samartakarsa shi ne Abu al-Fath al-Qushayri, daga baya kuma ya bayyana shi da Ibn Wahb. Jamal-ud-din Abu al-Ma`ali Muhammad bn `Ali al-Ansari al-Zamalkani al-Damishqi al-Shafi`i (a shekara ta 727), wanda ya kira" Qadi al-Qudat, Paragon na Islama, da tabbataccen mai daukar Sunna, shehina". Ahmad bn Ishaq bn Muhammad al-Abarquhi al-Misri (a shekara ta 701), wanda daga shi ne Dhahabi ya karbi hanyar Suhrawardi Sufi. Ibn al-Kharrat al-Dawalibi Shahararrun Dalibai Imad ad-Din Isma'il bin Umar bin Kathir Zain ad-Din 'Abd ar-Rahmān ibn al-Hasan as-Sulamī (Ibn Rajab) Shams-ud-din Abu al Mahasin Muhammad bn Ali al-Dimashqi Ibn Asakir Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī Khalīl ibn Aybak al-Ṣafadī Ibn al-Furat Ayyuka Adh-Dhahabi ya wallafa kusan ayyukan tarihi dari, tarihin rayuwa da tiyoloji. Tarihinsa na magani ya fara ne da ayyukan Girka da Indiyawa na dā da masu aikatawa, kamar su Hippocrates, Galen, da sauransu, ta hanyar zamanin Larabawa na Jahiliyya, zuwa "maganin annabci"—kamar yadda annabin musulmai Muhammad ya bayyana ga ilimin likita da ke cikin ayyukan malamai irin su Ibn Sina. Wadannan sune sanannun sanannun lakabi: Tarikh al-Islam al-kabir 'Babban Tarihin Musulunci' (juzu'i 50, a larabci) Ibn Hajar ya karbo shi daga Abu Hurayra ibn adh-Dhahabi; wanda ya kunshi sama da 30,000 na tarihin rayuwa. Siyar a`lam al-nubala ('Rayuwar Lissafi Masu Daraja'), mujalladai 28, kundin sani na musamman na tarihin rayuwar mutane Al-``bar fī khabar man ghabar Tadhhib Tahdhib al-Kamal taƙaita al-Mizzi na rage al-Maqdisi na Al-Kamal fi Asma 'al-Rijal, littafin tarihin hadisi daga manyan tarin Hadisai shida. Al-Kashif fi Ma`rifa Man Lahu Riwaya fi al-Kutub al-Sitta raguwar Tadhhib. Al-Mujarrad fi Asma 'Rijal al-Kutub al-Sitta raguwar Kashif. Mukhtasar Kitab al-Wahm wa al-Iham li Ibn al-Qattan. Mukhtasar Sunan al-Bayhaqi Bayhaqi 's Sunan al-Kubara. Mukhtasar al-Mustadrak li al-Hakim, taƙaitaccen Hakim ne na Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain. Al-Amsar Dhawat al-Athar (Garuruwan da ke da Arziƙin Tarihi); farawa da bayanin Madina al-Munawwara. Al-Tajrid fi Asma 'al-Sahaba kamus din Sahabban annabi Muhammad. (Tunawa da Malaman Hadisi); Tarihin tarihin rayuwar malaman hadisi. Ibn Hajar ya karbo shi daga Abu Hurayra ibn adh-Dhahabi. Tabaqat al-Qurra (Rukunan Malaman Alkur'ani); Tarihin rayuwar mutum. Al-Mu`in fi Tabaqat al-Muhaddithin, majalisan malaman hadisi (Muhaddithin Duwal al-Islam (Al'ummomin Musulunci); takaitaccen tarihin siyasa na al'ummomin Musulunci. Al-Kaba'ir (Zunuban Cardinal) Manaaqib Al-imam Abu Hanifa wa saahibayhi Abu Yusuf wa Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan (Matsayin girmamawa na Imam Abu Hanifa da sahabbansa biyu, Abu Yusuf da Muhammad bin Al-Hasan) Mizaan-ul-I'tidaal, aikin al-Kamil fi Dhu'afa 'al-Rijal na Ibn' Adi al-Jurjani (d. 277 H) Duba kuma Malaman Musulunci Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wasikar Dhahabi ga Ibn Taimiyya Manazarta Musulunci Musulmai
25433	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamba	Lamba	Lamba abu ne na lissafi da ake amfani da shi don ƙidaya, auna, da kuma lakabi. Misalai na asali sune lambobi na halitta 1, 2, 3, 4, da sauransu. Ana iya wakilta lambobi cikin harshe tare da kalmomin lamba Ƙari a duniya, ana iya wakilta lambobi ɗaya ta hanyar alamomi, da ake kira lambobi misali, "5" lamba ce da ke wakiltar lamba biyar. Kamar yadda kawai ƙananan adadin alamomin za a iya haddace su, ƙananan lambobi yawanci ana tsara su a cikin tsarin lambobi, wanda hanya ce mai tsari don wakiltar kowace lamba. Mafi yawan tsarin lambobi shine tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci, wanda ke ba da izinin wakilcin kowane lamba ta amfani da haɗuwa da alamomin ƙididdiga guda goma, da ake kira lambobi. Baya ga amfani da su wajen kirgawa da aunawa, ana amfani da lambobi sau da yawa don lakabi (kamar yadda suke da lambobin tarho don yin oda (kamar yadda tare da lambobin serial da kuma lambobin (kamar yadda suke da ISBNs). A cikin amfanin gama-gari, lamba ba ta bambanta a fili da lambar da take wakilta ba. A cikin ilimin lissafi, an tsawaita ra'ayin lamba a cikin ƙarni don haɗawa da sifili (0), lambobi mara kyau, lambobi masu ma'ana kamar rabi ɗaya. lambobi na ainihi kamar tushen murabba'in 2 da da lambobi masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke tsawaita ainihin lambobi tare da tushen murabba'i na−1 (da haɗe-haɗe tare da lambobi na ainihi ta ƙara ko rage yawan adadinsa). Ana yin ƙididdigewa tare da lambobi tare da ayyukan lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da ƙari shine ƙari, raguwa, ninkawa, rarrabawa, da ƙari. Nazarin su ko amfani da su ana kiran su lissafi, kalma wanda kuma yana iya komawa zuwa ka'idar lamba, nazarin kaddarorin lambobi. Bayan amfaninsu na amfani, lambobi suna da mahimmancin al'adu a duk faɗin duniya. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, ana ɗaukar lamba 13 a matsayin rashin sa'a, kuma "miliyan" na iya nuna "mai yawa" maimakon ainihin adadi. Ko da yake yanzu ana ɗaukarsa azaman pseudoscience, imani da mahimmancin sufi na lambobi, wanda aka sani da numerology, ya mamaye tunanin da da na da. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta yi tasiri sosai ga ci gaban ilimin lissafi na Girkanci, yana ƙarfafa binciken matsalolin da yawa a ka'idar lamba waɗanda har yanzu suna da sha'awa a yau. A cikin karni na 19, masu ilmin lissafi sun fara haɓaka ƙididdiga daban-daban waɗanda ke raba wasu kaddarorin lambobi, kuma ana iya ganin su suna faɗaɗa ra'ayi. Daga cikin na farko akwai lambobin hypercomplex, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i daban-daban ko gyare-gyare na tsarin lambobi masu rikitarwa A cikin ilimin lissafi na zamani, ana ɗaukar tsarin lambobi masu mahimmanci misalai na musamman na ƙarin tsarin algebra gaba ɗaya kamar zobba da filayen, kuma aikace-aikacen kalmar "lambar" lamari ne na al'ada, ba tare da mahimmancin mahimmanci ba. Tarihi Lambobi Ya kamata a bambanta lambobi daga lambobi, alamomin da ake amfani da su don wakiltar lambobi. Masarawa sun ƙirƙiro tsarin ƙididdiga na farko, kuma Girkawa sun bi taswirar ƙidayar su akan haruffan Ionian da Doric. Lambobin Roman, tsarin da ya yi amfani da haɗin haruffa daga haruffan Roman, ya kasance mafi rinjaye a Turai har zuwa yaduwar tsarin lambobi mafi girma na Hindu-Larabci a kusa da ƙarshen karni na 14, kuma tsarin lambobi na Hindu-Larabci ya kasance mafi yawan tsarin wakilci don wakiltar. lambobi a duniya a yau. Makullin tasirin tsarin shine alamar sifili, wanda tsoffin masana lissafin Indiya suka haɓaka a kusa da 500 AD. Amfani da lambobi na farko An gano kasusuwa da sauran kayan tarihi tare da yanke alamomin da mutane da yawa suka yi imani da alama tally ne. Wataƙila an yi amfani da waɗannan alamomin don kirga lokacin da suka wuce, kamar adadin kwanaki, zagayowar wata ko adana bayanai na adadi, kamar na dabbobi. Tsarin ƙididdigewa ba shi da ra'ayi na ƙimar wuri (kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na zamani), wanda ke iyakance wakilcin adadi masu yawa. Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar tsarin ƙididdigewa a matsayin nau'in tsarin ƙididdiga na farko. Tsarin da aka sani na farko tare da ƙimar wuri shine tushen Mesopotamiya<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwhQ"> </span>tsarin 60 BC) da kuma sansani na farko 10 tsarin kwanakin zuwa 3100 BC a Misira. Sifili Sanin farko da aka rubuta amfani da kwanakin sifili zuwa AD 628, kuma ya bayyana a cikin Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, babban aikin masanin lissafin Indiya Brahmagupta. Ya yi magani 0 a matsayin lamba kuma sun tattauna ayyukan da suka haɗa da shi, gami da rarraba. A wannan lokacin (7th karni) manufar ta kai ga Cambodia a matsayin lambobin Khmer, kuma bayanai sun nuna ra'ayin daga baya ya yadu zuwa kasar Sin da kasashen musulmi. Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta na Brahmagupta shine littafi na farko da ya ambaci sifili a matsayin lamba, don haka Brahmagupta yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin farkon wanda ya tsara manufar sifili. Ya ba da ka'idojin amfani da sifili tare da lambobi marasa kyau da masu kyau, kamar "sifili da lambar tabbatacce ita ce lamba mai kyau, kuma lambar mara kyau da sifili ita ce mummunan lamba." Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta shine rubutun farko da aka sani don ɗaukar sifili azaman lamba a kansa, maimakon a matsayin kawai lamba mai riƙewa a wakiltar wata lamba kamar yadda Babila suka yi ko kuma a matsayin alama don ƙarancin yawa kamar yadda Ptolemy ya yi kuma Romawa. Amfani da 0 a matsayin lamba ya kamata a bambanta daga amfani da shi azaman adadin ma'auni a tsarin ƙimar wuri An yi amfani da litattafai na dā da yawa 0. Nassosin Babila da na Masar sun yi amfani da shi. Masarawa sun yi amfani da kalmar nfr don nuna sifili ma'auni a cikin lissafin shiga biyu. Rubutun Indiya sun yi amfani da kalmar Sanskrit ko don komawa ga manufar banza A cikin rubutun lissafi wannan kalma sau da yawa tana nufin lamba sifili. A cikin irin wannan yanayin, Pāṇini (ƙarni na 5 BC) ya yi amfani da ma'aikacin null (sifili) a cikin Ashtadhyayi, misali na farko na nahawu na algebra don harshen Sanskrit (kuma duba Pingala Akwai sauran amfani da sifili kafin Brahmagupta, kodayake takaddun ba su cika kamar yadda yake a cikin Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta Bayanai sun nuna cewa Girkawan zamanin da ba su da tabbas game da matsayin 0 a matsayin lamba: sun tambayi kansu "ta yaya 'babu' zai zama wani abu?" haifar da ban sha'awa falsafa da kuma, ta hanyar Medieval zamani, addini muhawara game da yanayi da wanzuwar 0 da vacuum. Paradoxes na Zeno na Elea sun dogara da wani sashi akan fassarar rashin tabbas na 0. (Tsohon Helenawa ma sun yi tambaya ko 1 ya kasance lamba.) Marigayi Olmec na kudancin tsakiyar Mexico sun fara amfani da alamar sifili, harsashi glyph, a cikin Sabuwar Duniya, mai yiwuwa a 4th century BC amma tabbas ta hanyar 40. BC, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin sashi na lambobi na Maya da kalandar Maya. Mayan lissafin da aka yi amfani da tushe 4 da gindi 5 an rubuta azaman tushe 20. George I. Sánchez a cikin 1961 ya ba da rahoton tushe 4 ,baza 5 "yatsa" abacus. A shekara ta 130 AD, Ptolemy, wanda Hipparchus da Babila suka rinjaye shi, yana amfani da alamar 0 (ƙaramin da'ira mai tsayi mai tsayi) a cikin tsarin lambobi na jima'i in ba haka ba ta amfani da lambobin haruffa na Helenanci. Domin an yi amfani da shi shi kaɗai, ba a matsayin mai riƙe da wuri kawai ba, wannan sifili na Hellenistic shine farkon rubuce-rubucen amfani da sifilin gaskiya a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya. A cikin rubuce-rubucen Byzantine daga baya na Syntaxis Mathematica Almagest sifilin Hellenistic ya rikiɗe zuwa harafin Helenanci Omicron (in ba haka ba ma'ana). 70). An yi amfani da wani sifili na gaskiya a cikin tebur tare da lambobin Roman ta 525 (wanda Dionysius Exigus yayi amfani da shi na farko), amma a matsayin kalma, ma'ana ba komai, ba a matsayin alama ba. Lokacin da aka samar 0 a matsayin saura, kuma ba ma'anar komai ba, an yi amfani da shi. Wadannan sifilai na tsakiya duk masu kwamfutoci na gaba (masu ƙididdigewa na Easter sun yi amfani da su. An yi amfani da keɓantaccen amfani da farkon su, N, a cikin tebur na lambobi na Romawa ta Bede ko abokin aiki kusan 725, alamar sifili na gaskiya. Manazarta Tobias Dantzig, Lamba, harshen kimiyya; Wani bincike mai mahimmanci da aka rubuta don wanda ba masanin lissafi ba, New York, Kamfanin Macmillan, 1930. <span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>bace</span> Erich Friedman, Menene na musamman game da wannan lambar? Archived Steven Galovich, Gabatarwa ga Tsarin Lissafi, Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1989, Paul Halmos, Naive Set Theory, Springer, 1974, Morris Kline, Tunanin Lissafi daga Tsohuwar Zuwa Zamani, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0195061352 Alfred North Whitehead da Bertrand Russell, Principia Mathematica zuwa *56, Jami'ar Cambridge University Press, 1910. <span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>bace</span> Leo Cory, Takaitaccen Tarihin Lambobi, Jami'ar Oxford Press, 2015, Alƙaluma Lambobi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
57854	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Jebba	SS Jebba	Jebba wani jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka gina a Middlesbrough a cikin 1896 kuma ya rushe a kudancin gabar tekun Devon a 1907.An kaddamar da ita a matsayin Albertville don Compagnie Belge-Maritime du Congo (CBMC),kuma an sake masa suna Jebba lokacin da Dattijo, Dempster & Co suka sami ta a 1898.Ita ce ta farko a cikin jiragen ruwa na CBMC guda huɗu da za a kira Albertville, kuma ta farko na biyu dattijo,Dempster jiragen da za a kira Jebba. Gine-gine An kafa CBMC a cikin Janairu 1895 don sarrafa jiragen ruwa tsakanin Belgium da Belgian Kongo.Sir Raylton Dixon Co a Middlesbrough akan Kogin Tees ya gina dukkan jiragen ruwa na farko na CBMC.Na farko,Léopoldville, jirgi ne mai ɗaukar kaya da aka kammala a Janairu 1895. An ƙera Albertville ɗan ƙaramin girma,kuma tare da wasu masaukin fasinja.An kaddamar da ita a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1896 kuma ta kammala wannan watan Yuni. An ba ta suna bayan garin Albertville,wanda yanzu ake kira Kalemie,wanda ke kan tafkin Tanganyika.Tsawon rajistanta ya kai 352.0 ft (107.3 m),katakonta ya kasance 44.2 ft (13.5 m),zurfinta ya kasance 23.4 ft (7.1 m) .Kamar yadda aka gina,ton nata ya kai 3,953 GRT da 2,997 NRT. Albertville yana da dunƙule guda ɗaya,wanda injin faɗaɗa silinda uku mai sau uku ke tukawa wanda Thomas Richardson Sons na West Hartlepool suka gina.An ƙididdige shi a 419 NHP kuma ya ba ta gudun Masu mallaka,masu aiki da ganowa CMBC rajista Albertville a Antwerp.Haruffanta na lambar Belgium MBCH ne. A cikin 1898 Kamfanin Steamship na Afirka,wanda ya kasance ɓangare na Dattijo,Layin Dempster,ya sayi duka Léopoldville da Albertville.Kamfanin na African Steamship Co ya yi ciniki tsakanin Biritaniya da Najeriya,kuma ya canza wa jiragen biyu suna da suna daga Najeriya.An sauya sunan Léopoldville sunan yankin Biafra, kuma an canza sunan Albertville zuwa garin Jebba a kan kogin Niger. Kamfanin Steamship na Afirka ya sake yin rajistar jiragen biyu a London.Jebba yana da lambar hukuma ta United Kingdom 109969 da lambar haruffa QGVN. Zuwa 1904, na sararin samaniyar ta an sanya shi a cikin firiji don ɗaukar kaya masu lalacewa. Asara A cikin Maris 1907,Jebba yana tuƙi daga CalabarLagos,Gold Coast da Gran Canaria zuwa Plymouth da Liverpool.Ta na dauke da fasinjoji 79,wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sojojin Birtaniya ne da aka bata gida daga zamansu a yammacin Afirka. Tana kuma dauke da wasiku,da kaya da suka hada da roba,man dabino,dabino, kofi,koko,‘ya’yan itace, da kuma a kalla kadan na hauren giwa. A cikin hazo a daren 18 ga Maris ma'aikatanta sun mamaye Eddystone Lighthouse,kuma ta bugi duwatsu a karkashin wani dutse a Bolt Tail.Jebba shi ne dan wasa na biyu da ya fado a wannan bangare na tashar Turancin Ingilishi a daren. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i a baya, 12,500 GRT White Star Liner Suevic ya fado a kan Stag Rock, kusa da Lizard Point, Cornwall, kimanin yammacin inda Jebba ya bugi Bolt Tail. Jebba Master, Kyaftin JJC Mills, RNR, ya ba da umarnin a kora wutar tashin hankali, kuma ya sa aka kashe tanderun jirgin don hana fashewar tukunyar jirgi. Jirgin ruwan Hope Cove Life bai jima ba ya isa Jebba, wanda ke gefen duwatsun da ke gindin dutsen. Amma babu wurin da jirgin ruwan ceto ya isa gefen Jebba, kuma ba shi da a yi nasarar ceto daga gefenta. Maza biyu na gida, Isaac Jarvis da John Argeat (wasu majiyoyin sun ce Argeant, wasu Argent), sun haura rudu. Bayanai sun bambanta kan ko membobin jirgin Jebba'' sun harba wani layi a bakin teku ta hanyar ko Jarvis da Argeat suka jefi layin jirgin, auna nauyi da dutse a karshen. Ko ta yaya, an tsare layi tsakanin jirgin ruwa da gaɓa, kuma ko dai kujera ta bosun ko breeches buoy an makala a layin (sake, asusu sun bambanta). Ta haka ne dukkan fasinjoji 79 da ma'aikatan jirgin 76 suka nutse a bakin teku lafiya, daya bayan daya. Da zarar an isa gaci, an taimaka wa duk waɗanda suka tsira 155 su isa saman dutsen. Maza masu gadin bakin teku biyu na HM da wani dan HM Kwastam sun yi aiki tare da Jarvis da Argeat wajen ceto. Haka kuma cikin koshin lafiya da aka kawo bakin teku akwai birki, birai uku, da aku masu yawa.
27454	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Sin	Sinima a Sin	Sinima na kasar Sin ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun zaren tarihi guda uku na fina-finai na Sinanci tare da sinima na Hong Kong da kuma gidan sinima na Taiwan An fara gabatar da sinima a kasar Sin a shekarar 1896 kuma an fara yin fim din Sinanci na farko, dutsen Dingjun a shekarar 1905 A farkon shekarun da suka gabata masana'antar fina-finai ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai Fim ɗin sauti na farko, Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, ta yin amfani da fasahar sauti-kan-faifai, an yi shi a cikin 1931 A shekarun 1930, wanda aka yi la'akari da "Lokacin Zinare" na farko na fina-finan Sinanci, ya ga zuwan motsin fina-finai na hagu. Rikicin da ke tsakanin yan kishin kasa da na gurguzu ya bayyana a cikin fina-finan da aka shirya. Bayan da Japan ta mamaye kasar Sin da mamayar birnin Shanghai, masana'antar da ke birnin ta ragu sosai, inda 'yan fim suka koma Hong Kong, Chungking (Chongqing) da sauran wurare. An fara wani lokacin "Tsibirin Kadaici" a Shanghai, inda masu shirya fina-finai da suka rage suka yi aiki a cikin rangwamen na waje Gimbiya Iron Fan (1941), fim ɗin fasalin fim na farko na Sinanci, an sake shi a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Ya rinjayi raye-rayen Jafananci na lokacin yaƙi kuma daga baya Osamu Tezuka Bayan mamayar da ta mamaye gaba dayanta a shekara ta 1941, kuma har zuwa karshen yakin a shekara ta 1945, masana'antar fim a birnin ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar Japan. Bayan kawo ƙarshen yaƙin, an gudanar da bikin zinare na biyu, inda aka ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki a birnin Shanghai. Spring in a Small Town (1948) an nada shi mafi kyawun fim na harshen Sinanci a lambar yabo ta 24th na Hong Kong Bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu a shekarar 1949, an dakatar da fina-finan cikin gida da aka riga aka fitar da kuma wasu zabukan fina-finan kasashen waje a shekarar 1951, wanda ke nuna alamar tace fina-finai a kasar Sin Duk da haka, yawan halartar fina-finai ya karu sosai. A lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu, an takure masana'antar fim sosai, wanda ya kusan tsayawa daga 1967 zuwa 1972. Masana'antar ta bunƙasa bayan ƙarshen juyin juya halin al'adu, gami da "wasan kwaikwayo na tabo" na shekarun 1980, irin su Rain Maraice (1980), Legend of Tianyun Mountain (1980) da Hibiscus Town (1986), wanda ke nuna raunin tunani da ya bari. lokaci. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa karshen 1980, tare da fina-finai irin su Daya da Takwas (1983) da Yellow Earth (1984), tasowar karni na biyar ya kara samun karbuwa ga fina-finan kasar Sin a kasashen waje, musamman a tsakanin masu kallo a gidajen fasaha na yammacin duniya. Fina-finai kamar Red Sorghum (1987), Labarin Qiu Ju (1992) da Farewell My Concubine (1993) sun sami manyan lambobin yabo na duniya. Motsi ya ƙare a wani bangare bayan zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square na 1989 Bayan shekara ta 1990, an sami bunkasuwar zuriya ta shida da bayan karni na shida, kuma galibinsu suna yin fina-finai ne a wajen babban tsarin fina-finan kasar Sin, wadanda suka fi yin wasannin da'irar fina-finai na kasa da ƙasa. Bayan nasarar kasuwancin kasa da kasa na fina-finai irin su Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) da Hero (2002), adadin hada-hadar fina-finai na Sinanci ya karu kuma an sami motsi na fina-finai na Sinanci zuwa wani yanki. babban tasiri na kasa da kasa. Bayan da Kamfanin Dream Factory (1997) ya nuna ingancin samfurin kasuwanci, kuma tare da bunkasuwar ofishin akwatin gidan kasar Sin a cikin sabon karni, fina-finan kasar Sin sun karya tarihin akwatin ofishin, kuma daga Janairu 2017, 5 daga cikin 10 mafi girma. Fina-finan da suka samu karbuwa a kasar Sin na cikin gida ne. Batattu a Tailandia (2012) shine fim ɗin Sinanci na farko da ya kai CN¥1 billion a ofishin akwatin akwatin kasar Sin. Monster Hunt (2015) shine farkon wanda ya isa CN¥2 billion Mermaid (2016) shine farkon zuwa CN¥3 billion Wolf Warrior 2 (2017) ya doke su ya zama fim mafi girma a China. Kasar Sin ita ce gida mafi girma na fina-finai da hadaddun shirya wasan kwaikwayo da kuma gidajen shirya fina-finai a duniya, da Oriental Movie Metropolis da Hengdian World Studios, kuma a cikin 2010 tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma ta uku ta yawan fina-finan da aka samar. kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2012 kasar ta zama kasuwa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar karbar akwatin ofishin. A cikin 2016, babban akwatin akwatin a China ya kasance CN¥45.71 billion Ƙasar tana da mafi girman adadin allo a duniya tun 2016, kuma ana sa ran za ta zama babbar kasuwa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta 2019. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci ta fina-finan Hollywood. A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2016, kasar Sin wuce wani fim dokar banning ciki zaton cutarwa ga "mutunci, daukaka da kuma bukatun" na kasar da kuma karfafa gabatarwa "gurguzu core dabi'u", amince da majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar zaunannen kwamitin. Saboda dokokin masana'antu, yawanci ana barin fina-finai su zauna a gidajen kallo na tsawon wata ɗaya. Koyaya, ɗakunan studio na iya amfani da masu gudanarwa don a tsawaita iyaka. Farko An gabatar da hotuna masu motsi zuwa China a cikin 1896. Kasar Sin ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen farko da aka fara nuna fina-finai, saboda Louis Lumière ya aike da mai daukar hotonsa zuwa Shanghai shekara guda bayan ya kirkiro fina-finai A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1896, an gudanar da bikin nuna hoton fim na farko a kasar Sin a birnin Shanghai, a matsayin "aiki" kan kudirin doka iri-iri. Fim na farko na kasar Sin, na opera na wasan opera na Peking, dutsen Dingjun, an yi shi ne a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1905 a birnin Beijing A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki galibi mallakar kasashen waje ne, kuma masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta cikin gida ta ta'allaka ne kan Shanghai, wurin samun bunkasuwar kasuwanci kuma birni mafi girma a Gabas mai Nisa A shekara ta 1913, Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan sun yi fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Sinanci mai zaman kansa, Ma'aurata masu wahala, a Shanghai. Daga nan Zhang Shichuan ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na farko mallakar kasar Sin a shekarar 1916. Fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi shine Yan Ruisheng wanda aka saki a cikin 1921. wanda ya kasance docudrama game da kisan gillar da aka yi wa wata kotu ta Shanghai, ko da yake fim din ya yi yawa da ba za a taba ganin ya samu nasara a kasuwanci ba. A cikin shekarun 1920 masu fasahar fina-finai daga Amurka sun horar da masu fasahar Sinawa a Shanghai, kuma an ci gaba da samun tasirin Amurka a can cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. Tun da har yanzu fim ɗin yana kan matakin farko na bunƙasa, yawancin fina-finan Sinanci na shiru a wannan lokacin ba su kasance kawai wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ko gajeren wando ba, kuma horarwa ba ta da yawa ta fuskar fasaha saboda wannan lokaci ne na fim ɗin gwaji. Daga baya, bayan gwaji da kuskure, kasar Sin ta sami damar yin wahayi daga dabi'u na al'ada kuma ta fara samar da fina- finai na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda na farko shine Burning of Red Lotus Temple (1928). Konewar Temple na Red Lotus ya yi nasara sosai a ofishin akwatin, shirin na Star Motion Pictures (Mingxing) ya yi fim din wasu abubuwa guda 18, wanda ke nuna farkon fina-finan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin mai daraja. A cikin wannan lokacin ne wasu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin samar da kayayyaki suka fara zama, musamman Mingxing da Tianyi 'yan'uwan Shaw ("Na musamman"). Mingxing, wanda Zheng Zhengqiu da Zhang Shichuan suka kafa a shekarar 1922, da farko ya mai da hankali kan gajeren wando na barkwanci, ciki har da cikakken fim din kasar Sin mafi dadewa da ya tsira, mai suna Labour's Love (1922). Ba da daɗewa ba wannan ya canza, duk da haka, zuwa fina-finai masu tsayi da wasan kwaikwayo na iyali ciki har da Kakan Ceto marayu (1923). A halin yanzu, Tianyi sun karkata samfurinsu zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada, kuma sun tura zuwa kasuwannin waje; Fim ɗinsu na White Snake (1926) ya nuna misali na nasarar da suka samu a cikin al'ummomin Sinawa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1931, an fara yin fim ɗin sauti na farko na Sinawa Sing-Song Girl Red Peony, sakamakon haɗin gwiwar da aka yi tsakanin kamfanonin shirya hotuna na kamfanin Mingxing da fasahar sauti na Pathé Frères. Koyaya, an yi rikodin sautin diski, wanda aka buga a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo in-sync tare da aikin akan allon. Na farko sauti-on-fim talkie yi a kasar Sin ko dai Spring on Stage ta Tianyi, ko Clear Sky After Storm na Great China Studio da Jinan Studio. Fina-finan kade-kade, irin su Song at Midnight (1937) da Street Angels (1937), wanda Zhou Xuan ya fito, ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finan da suka fi shahara a kasar Sin. Sources Ci gaba da karatu Carlo Celli. "Kasar Sin Confucian, Misogynistic Nationalism" Asalin kasa a Cinema na Duniya: Yadda Fina-finai ke Bayyana Duniya Palgrave MacMillan 2013, 1-22. Rey Chow, Ƙaunar Farko: Kayayyakin gani, Jima'i, Ƙa'idar Halitta, da Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Jami'ar Columbia Press 1995. Cheng, Jim, Ƙididdigar Littafi Mai Tsarki don Nazarin Fina-finan Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press 2004. Shuqin Cui, Mata ta hanyar Lens: Jinsi da Al'umma a cikin ƙarni na Cinema na kasar Sin, Jami'ar Hawaii Press 2003. Dai Jinhua, Cinema and Desire: Marxism Feminist and Cultural Politics in the Work of Dai Jinhua, eds. Jing Wang da Tani E. Barlow. London: 2002. 978-1476615523 Harry H. Kuoshu, Celluloid China: Cinematic Haɗuwa da Al'adu da Al'umma, Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois Press 2002 Gabatarwa, ya tattauna fina-finai 15 a tsayi. Jay Leyda, Dianyang, MIT Press, 1972. Laikwan Pang, Gina Sabuwar Sin a Cinema: Ƙungiyar Cinema ta Hagu-Wing ta Sin, 1932-1937, Rowman Littlefield Pub Inc 2002. 9782858502639 Raya, Christopher. Classic Fina-finan Sinanci, 1922-1949. New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2021. ISBN 9780231188135 Seio Nakajima. 2016. "Tsarin asali, tsari da sauyi na filin wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Sin na zamani: haɗin kai na duniya da na kasa." Kafofin watsa labarai na Duniya da Sadarwa Juzu'i na 12, Lamba 1, shafi 85-108. Zhen Ni, Chris Berry, Memoirs Daga Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Beijing, Jami'ar Duke Press 2002. Semsel, George, ed. "Fim ɗin Sinanci: Yanayin Fasaha a Jamhuriyar Jama'a", Praeger, 1987. Semsel, George, Xia Hong, da Hou Jianping, ed. Ka'idar Fina-Finan Sinawa: Jagora ga Sabon Zamani, Praeger, 1990. Semsel, George, Chen Xihe, da Xia Hong, ed. Fim a China na Zamani: Muhawara Mai Mahimmanci, 1979-1989, Praeger, 1993. Gary G. Xu, Sinascape: Cinema na Sinanci na zamani, Rowman Littlefield, 2007. Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh da Darrell William Davis. 2008. "Sake dawo da masana'antar fina-finai ta kasar Sin: nazari kan rukunin fina-finai na kasar Sin da tallata fina-finai." Mujallar Cinema ta kasar Sin Juzu'i na 2, fitowa ta 1, shafi na 37–51. Yingjin Zhang (Mawallafi), Zhiwei Xiao (Mawallafi, Edita), Encyclopedia na Fim ɗin Sinanci, Routledge, 1998. Yingjin Zhang, ed., Cinema da Al'adun Birane a Shanghai, 1922-1943, Stanford, CA: Jami'ar Stanford Press, 1999. Yingjin Zhang, Cinema ta {asa ta {asar Sin Routledge 2004 Gabaɗaya Gabatarwa. Ying Zhu Ying Zhu, "Art, Siyasa da Ciniki a Cinema na kasar Sin", tare da Stanley Rosen, Jarida na Jami'ar Hong Kong, 2010 Ying Zhu da Seio Nakajima, "Juyin Fim ɗin Sinanci a matsayin Masana'antu," shafi. 17-33 a cikin Stanley Rosen da Ying Zhu, eds., Art, Siyasa da Kasuwanci a Cinema na Sinanci, Jami'ar Hong Kong Press, 2010. Wang, Lingzhen. Cinema na Matan Sinawa: Matsalolin Juyin Juya Hali Jami'ar Columbia Press, 13 ga Agusta, 2013. ISBN 0231527446, 9780231527446. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Classic Film Classics gidan yanar gizon da aka shirya a Jami'ar British Columbia tare da fina-finai na farko na Sinanci sama da 20 tare da fassarar Turanci, kwas ɗin kan layi akan silima na farko na Sinanci, da sauran albarkatu. Jaridar kasar Sin Cinema Cibiyar Albarkatun MCLC-Media Madubin Sinawa Jaridar Tarihin Fina-Finan Sinawa Manazarta Sinima a Afrika Sinima a Ghana Fina-finai Marubutan
8645	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangon%20Kataf	Zangon Kataf	Zangon Kataf Tyap: fakan) karamar hukuma ce a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Zonkwa. Har ila yau sunan wani gari ne Tyap: fakan) a cikin masarautar Atyap. Sauran garuruwan sun hada da: Batadon, (Madakiya), Cenkwon (Samaru Kataf), Kamatan da Kamuru. Yana da yanki 2,579 km2 da yawan jama'a a ƙidayar 2006. Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 802. Geography Tsarin ƙasa A karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf, dutsen da yake da kololuwar kololuwa shi ne tsaunin Kacecere (Atyecarak) mai tsayin mita 1022 kuma ya kuma kai mita 98. Sauran tsaunuka sune: Tudun Kankada (1007m), Tudun Bako (949m), Tudun Madauci (939m), Tudun Ashafa (856m), Tudun Kabam (814m), da Tudun Antang (742m). Dutsen Bako, duk da haka, yana da matsayi mafi girma na 155m. Yanayi Garin Zangon Kataf da kewaye yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara kusan matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayi na shekara kusan da ƙananan tare da ruwan sama mara nauyi a ƙarshen da farkon shekara tare da matsakaicin hazo na shekara kusan da matsakaicin zafi na 53.7%, kwatankwacin na garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da Kagoro da Zonkwa Gwamnati da siyasa Iyakoki Karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf tana da iyaka da karamar hukumar Kachia a yamma, karamar hukumar Kajuru daga arewa maso yamma, karamar hukumar Kauru a arewa da arewa maso gabas, karamar hukumar Kaura a kudu maso gabas, karamar hukumar Jema’a zuwa gabas kudu da karamar hukumar Jaba zuwa kudu maso yamma. Rukunin gudanarwa Karamar Hukuma ta kasu kashi-kashi na mulki ko gundumomin zabe: Atak Nfang (H. Zaman Dabo) Gidan Jatau Ikulu (Bakulu) Jei (H. Unguwar Gaya) Kamatan (Anghan) Kanai (H. Gora) Madakiya (J. don) Unguwar Rimi (J. kpat) Zango Urban (T. fakan) Zonkwa Zonzon Alkaluma Yawan jama'a Karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf bisa kididdigar da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2006, an yi ta ne zuwa 318,991. Hukumar Kididdiga ta Najeriya da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta yi hasashen yawanta zai kai 430,600 nan da 21 ga Maris, 2016. Mutane Galibi mutanen suna cikin ƙungiyar ƙabilanci-Linguistic Atyap (Nenzit). Waɗannan mutane sun haɗa da: Bajju, Atyap dace, Bakulu, Anghan da rak. Har ila yau, akwai ’yan asalin Hausawa da sauran al’ummar Nijeriya da suke zaune a cikin ’yan asalin Harsuna Mutanen ’yan asalin biyar da aka samu a cikin Karamar Hukumar suna magana da yarukan da suka danganci yare na gama gari, Tyap Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Jju, na kusa da Tyap dace, sa'an nan Kulu, sa'an nan na Nghan sa'an nan kuma ta rak Sai dai kuma saboda tasirin turawan mulkin mallaka, ya sa harshen Hausa ma ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Al'adu Jihohin gargajiya Akwai masarautu guda hudu a karamar hukumar, wato: Sarkin Akulu, karkashin jagorancin Agwom Akulu, Agwom Yohanna Sidi Kukah Headquarter a Kamaru Anghan sarkin, wanda Ngbiar Anghan ke jagoranta, Ngbiar Adam Alkali. Headquarter a Fadan Kamatan. Atyap chiefdom, headed by the gwatyap gwam tyap gwam (Sir) Dominic Gambo Yahaya (KSM) Headquarter a tak Njei, Zangon Kataf. Sarkin Bajju, shugaban gwam jju, gwam Nuhu Bature chi (OON) Headquarter a Zonkwa Abinci Manyan abubuwan cin abinci na al'adu da mutanen Zangon Kataf ke morewa sun hada da: ti/Kpukpei abinci mai ɗanɗano da aka yi da fulawar masara da ganyaye Tuk (manyan fulawa wanda za a iya ci tare da kowace irin miya da mutum yake so. Naman alade da naman kare kuma ana cinye su da kyau a wannan rabe-raben duniya. Babban abin sha da ba na giya ba wanda ke da alaƙa da wannan yanki ana kiransa bwai a yaren Tyap kunu a Hausa Har ila yau yankin ya dade yana da ma’ana wajen hada barasa da aka fi sani da kan a Tyap dace da rak, dikan a Jju da burukutu a kasar Hausa, duk da cewa an hana yinsa a wasu wurare. Fitattun mutane Bala Achi, masanin tarihi, marubuci Katung Aduwak, mai shirya fina-finai Rachel Bakam, mai nishadantarwa, mai gabatar da talabijin Ishaya Bakut, soja Isaiah Balat, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa DJ Bally, DJ, mai shirya kiɗa, mai yin muryoyin murya, da halin TV Nuhu Bature, shugaban kasa Musa Bityong, aikin soja Harrison Bungwon, injiniya, babban mai mulki Bala Ade Dauke, dan siyasa, fitaccen mai mulki Marok Gandu, jarumin mutumi Sunday Marshall Katung, lauya, dan siyasa Toure Kazah-Toure, ɗan tarihi, ɗan gwagwarmaya, ɗan Afirka Matthew Hassan Kukah, limaman coci Yohanna Sidi Kukah, babban mai mulki Zamani Lekwot, Military service Albarkacin Liman, aikin soja Kyuka Lilymjok, lauya, marubuci, ilimi Yohanna Madaki, soja Ishaya Shekari, soja Dominic Yahaya, babban mai mulki Andrew Yakubu, Injiniya Paul Samuel Zamani, limamai Duba kuma Jerin kauyukan jihar Kaduna Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992 Manazarta Jihar
50390	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%20Amin	Mama Amin	Hajiyeh Seyyedeh Nosrat Begum Amin, wacce akafi sani da Banu Amin, Lady Amin Persian shekara ta1886–1983), ita ce fitacciyar mace a Iran masaniyar fikihu, masaniyar tauhidi kuma babbar malama sufi musulma( 'arif na karni na 20, Uwargida Mujtahideh Ta sami ijazah da yawa na ijtihadi, daga cikinsu daga Ayatullah Muḥammad Kazim Ḥusayni Shīrāzī shekara ta (1873-1947) da Grand Ayatullah 'arif shekara ta(1859-1937), wanda ya assasa makarantun Qum hawza Ta kuma ba wa malamai mata da maza ijaza da dama na ijtihadi, daga cikinsu akwai Sayyid Mar'ashi Najafi Ta rubuta litattafai da dama game da ilimin Musulunci, daga cikinsu akwai tafsiri a mujalladi 15, sannan ta kafa makabci a Isfahan a shekara ta 1965, mai suna Maktab-e Fatimah Babbar dalibar Banu Amin, Zīnah al-Sādāt Humāyūnī (b. Shekara ta 1917) ta jagoranci maktab ɗin tun kafuwarta har zuwa shekara ta 1992. Bayan shekara ta 1992, Hajj Āqā Hasan Imāmi, dangin Humāyūnī, ya kuma karɓi ragamar darakta. Banu Amin an haifeta agidan 'yan kasuwa. Mijin Nuṣrat Amin shine kawunta Haj Mirza, wanda kuma akafi sani da Muīn al-Tujjar. Anasan mahaifinta da suna Haj Sayyid Muḥammad ‘Ali Amin al-Tujjar. 'Yar uwarsa Hashimiyyah al-Tujjar ita kanta mujtahida ce wacce ta sami digiri na ijtihadi a fiqhu da usūl Bugu da kari, Nuṣrat Amīn tana da ƴa, Iffat al-Zamān Amīn (1912-1977), wanda kuma aka sani da Iftikhār al-Tujjar, wacce ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ɗalibanta kuma wacce ta karɓi ijazah na riwaya a Najaf ta Ayatullah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi Banu Amin ta haifi ‘ya’ya takwas, daya ne kawai ta rasu acikinsu (Sayyid Muhammad ‘Ali Mu’in Amin). An binne ta a makabartar Takht-e Fulad da ke Isfahan. Ayyukanta al-Arba'in al-Hashimiyyah mi’ al-shatāt Al-Nafaḥāt al-Raḥmaniyyah fi al-Vāridat al-Qalbiyah Sayr va Sulūk dar Ravish-i -i Allāh Akhlaq va Rahi Sa'adat: Iqtibas va tarjamih az Taharat al-Iraqi Ibn Maskuyih. Ravish-i Khushbakhtī va Tawīyih bih Khāharān-i Imani Makhzan al-‘irfan dar ’ulum-i Qur’an Makhzan al-laāli dar fazilat-i mawlá al-mawali hazrat-i Ali ibn Abitalib Ma'ad, ya Ākharin Sayr-i Bashar Labarinta da takardun shaida Amū Khalīli, Marjan. Kawkab-i durrī: [sharḥ-i ahvāl-i bānū-ye mujtahidah Amīn], (Tehran: Payām-e `Adālat, 1379 [2000]). Bāqiri hindi, Nasir. Bānū-yi nimūnah: gilwahāyī az Haayāt-i bānu-yi mujtahidah Amīn Iṣfahānī, (Daftar-i Tabliqat-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawzah-yi ’ilmīyah-yi Islamic Propagious Office of the Religious Q. 1382 [2003]. Tayyibī, Nāhid. Zindagānī-yi Bānū-yi Īrānī: Bānu-yi Mujtahidah Nuṣrat al-Sādāt Amīn, (Qom: Sābiqun Publishers, 1380 [2001]). i maqālāt wa sukhanrānīhā-yi avvalīn wa duvumīn i Buzurgdāsht-i Bānū-yi Mujtahidah Sayyidah Nuṣrat Amīn (rah), Markaz-i āt wa āt wa Taḥ-ḭātī Fariqā Farhangi-i Bānūwan, Qom, 1995 (1374). Yādnāmah-i bānū-yi mujtahidah Nuṣrat al-Sādāt Amīn: mashhūr bih Bānū-yi Īrāni, (Isfahan: Vizārat-i Farhang wa Irshād-i Islāmī; Markaz-i ātī91 Farhang-19 Farhang [15] Kara karantawa Sake dubawa kuma Hashimiyyah al-Tujjar Zohreh Sefati Iftikhar al-Tujjar Zīnah al-Sādāt Humāyūni Nassoshi dakarin bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihin Lady Nusrat Beygum Amin,
61583	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Schmitt	Harrison Schmitt	Harrison Hagan Schmitt (an haife shi a watan Yuli 3, 1935) ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne masanin ilimin ƙasa, ɗan sama jannati NASA mai ritaya, farfesa a jami'a, tsohon ɗan majalisar dattawan Amurka daga New Mexico, kuma mutumin da ya rayu a baya-bayan nan kuma mutum kaɗai wanda ba shi da tushe a jirgin sama na soja ya yi tafiya. wata. A cikin watan Disamba 1972, a matsayin daya daga cikin ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin Apollo 17, Schmitt ya zama memba na farko na kungiyar NASA ta farko da ta fara tashi a sararin samaniya. Kamar yadda Apollo 17 ya kasance na ƙarshe na ayyukan Apollo, shi ma ya zama mutum na goma sha biyu kuma na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taka ƙafar wata da kuma mutum na biyu zuwa na ƙarshe da zai tashi daga wata (ya hau Module Lunar jim kaɗan kafin kwamanda. Eugene Cernan Schmitt kuma ya kasance ƙwararren masanin kimiyya da ya tashi sama da ƙasa maras nauyi kuma ya ziyarci duniyar wata. Ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin al'ummar masana kimiyyar kasa da ke tallafawa shirin Apollo kuma, kafin ya fara shirye-shiryensa na aikin Apollo, ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyyar da ke horar da 'yan sama jannatin Apollo da aka zaba don ziyartar duniyar wata. Schmitt ya yi murabus daga NASA a watan Agustan 1975 don tsayawa takara a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka a matsayin memba daga New Mexico. A matsayinsa na dan takarar jam'iyyar Republican a zaben 1976, ya doke dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat Joseph Montoya A zaben 1982, dan Democrat Jeff Bingaman ya doke Schmitt Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a Yuli 3, 1935, a Santa Rita, New Mexico, Schmitt ya girma a cikin garin Silver City kusa, kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare na Western High School (aji na 1953). Ya sami digiri na BS a fannin ilimin kasa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta California a 1957 sannan ya kwashe shekara guda yana nazarin ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Oslo a Norway, a matsayin Masanin Fulbright. Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin ilimin geology daga Jami'ar Harvard a 1964, bisa la'akari da karatun filin da ya yi a Norway. Aikinsa a NASA Kafin ya shiga NASA a matsayin memba na rukuni na farko na masana kimiyya-'yan sama jannati a watan Yuni 1965, ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Astrogeology ta Amurka a Flagstaff, Arizona, haɓaka dabarun filin filin da ma'aikatan Apollo za su yi amfani da su. Bayan zaɓin nasa, Schmitt ya shafe shekararsa ta farko a Air Force UPT yana koyon zama matukin jirgi. Bayan ya koma gawarwakin 'yan sama jannati a Houston, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen horas da ma'aikatan Apollo su zama masu lura da yanayin kasa a lokacin da suke cikin duniyar wata da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan filin sararin samaniya lokacin da suke kan duniyar wata. Bayan kowane aikin saukowa, ya shiga cikin gwaji da kimantawa na samfuran wata da aka dawo da su kuma ya taimaka wa ma'aikatan tare da abubuwan kimiyya na rahotannin manufa Schmitt ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa don zama ƙware a cikin tsarin CSM da LM A cikin Maris 1970 ya zama na farko na masana kimiyya-'yan sama jannati da aka sanya a cikin jirgin sama, shiga Richard F. Gordon Jr. (Commander) da Vance Brand (Command Module Pilot) a kan Apollo 15 madadin ma'aikatan. Jujjuyawar jirgin ya sanya waɗannan ukun a layi don tashi a matsayin manyan ma'aikatan jirgin a karo na uku bayan aikin, Apollo 18. Lokacin da aka soke Apollo 18 da Apollo 19 a cikin watan Satumba na 1970, al'ummar masana kimiyyar yanayin duniyar wata da ke goyon bayan Apollo sun ji sosai game da buƙatar saukar da ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa a duniyar wata, wanda ya tilasta wa NASA ta sake sanya Schmitt zuwa sauran jirgin. A sakamakon haka, an sanya Schmitt a cikin Agusta 1971 don tashi a kan manufa ta ƙarshe, Apollo 17, ya maye gurbin Joe Engle a matsayin Lunar Module Pilot. Schmitt ya sauka a kan wata tare da kwamandan Gene Cernan a watan Disamba 1972. Schmitt ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ɗauki hoton Duniya da aka sani da The Blue Marble, ɗaya daga cikin hotunan hotuna da aka fi rarraba a wanzuwa. Yayin da yake kan duniyar wata, Schmitt kawai masanin ilimin kasa a cikin 'yan sama jannati tattara samfurin dutsen da aka sanya Troctolite 76535, wanda aka kira "ba tare da shakka mafi kyawun samfurin da aka dawo daga wata ba". Daga cikin wasu bambance-bambancen, ita ce babbar shaidar da ke nuna cewa wata ya taɓa mallakar filin maganadisu mai aiki. Yayin da ya koma Module na Lunar kafin Cernan, Schmitt shine mutum na gaba zuwa na ƙarshe da ya yi tafiya a saman wata. Tun mutuwar Cernan a cikin 2017, Schmitt shine mutum na baya-bayan nan da ya yi tafiya akan wata wanda har yanzu yana raye.[ kammala Apollo 17, Schmitt ya taka rawar gani wajen tattara sakamakon geologic na Apollo sannan kuma ya ɗauki aikin shirya Ofishin Shirin Makamashi na NASA.
17664	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20a%20Najeriya	1967 a Najeriya	Yakin basasar Najeriya A shekarar 1967 yaƙin basasa ya ɓarke a Najeriya, yaƙin ya kasance tsakanin sojojin Najeriya da sojojin Biafra. Shugaban ƙasar a wancan lokacin shine Janar Yakubu Gowon da sojojin Biafra inda Col Chukuemeka Ojukwu ke jagoranta. Yaƙin ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru uku daga 6 Jul 1967 15 Jan 1970. Ba da dadewa ba aka zabi Gowon a matsayin Shugaban kasa bayan juyin mulki a ranar 15 ga Janairun 1966 wanda ya sa aka kashe Shugaban Soja na farko Manjo Janar Johnson Ironsi Ya kasance hargitsi da hargitsi, mutane da yawa daga Yankin Gabashin Najeriya wadanda akasarinsu 'yan kabilar Ibo ne aka yi niyyar kai musu hari a Arewacin Najeriya don haka suka gudu. Ojukwu ya tabbatarwa da mutane tare da basu kwarin gwiwar komawa kasuwancin su a wasu sassan kasar. Don rage duk wannan abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma wanzar da zaman lafiya, gwamnatin sojan tarayya ta zabi wakilai don ganawa da wadanda na yankin gabashin suka hadu a Aburi, wani garin Ghana, inda aka sanya hannu kan sanannen Yarjejeniyar Aburi. Dokar mai lamba 8, wacce aka zartar wacce mafi yawanci ita ce yarjejeniyar amma jim kadan bayan hakan ga abin da ya zama kamar sabani ne, Janar Gowon ya sanar da kirkirar jihohi 12 a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1967 wanda ya keta Jihar Gabas. Wannan shi ne babban dalilin ɓallewar da Ojukwu ya yi daga baya ya ayyana yancin kai An gabatar da sabon tsarin doka kuma tsohuwar ta cire, sabuwar fam din Najeriya. Ƙirƙirar Jihohi Janar Yakubu Gowon ya ƙirƙiro jihohi goma sha biyu daga cikin yankuna huɗu da suke a wancan lokacin inda ya nada gwamna ya shugabance su. Wannan matakin da Col Chukwuemeka Ojukwu ya gani a matsayin wata dabara ce ta raunana Yankin Gabas da kuma karya yarjejeniyar Aburi. Wadannan sune gwamnoni Kanar Udoakaha Jacob Esuene Jihar Kudu Maso Gabas Laftanar kwamanda Papayere Diette-Spiff jihar Ribas Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda Usman Faruk na jihar Arewa maso yamma Kanar Mobolaji Olufunso Johnson Jihar Legas Kanar Hassan Usman Katsina Jihar Kaduna Kanar Samuel Ogbemudia Jihar Bendel Kanar Robert Adeyinka Adebayo Jihar Yamma Kanar Sanni Bello Jihar Kano Kanar Chukwuemeka Ojukwu Gabas ta Tsakiya Kanar Ibrahim Taiwo Jihar Kwara Kanar Musa Usman Jihar Arewa maso Gabas Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda Joseph Gomwalk Benue Plateau Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya A cikin 1967, Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya ta kammala karatunsu na farko wanda ya haɗa da ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun NDA Regular 1 Course a watan Maris 1967. Cadets Salihu Ibrahim, Rabiu Aliyu, M Dahiru, Oladipo Diya daga hagu zuwa dama. Kamfanin B na kwas na 1 na Makarantar Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya Membobin Majalisar Koli ta Soja NAF (Kurubo) Ejoor (COS Army), Wey (COS SHQ), GOWON, Kam Saleem (IG), Soroh (Navy), Rotimi (West), Gbamiboye CW Kwara), Asika (EC). Faga na baya: Musa Usman (NE), Adekunle (SHQ), Abba Kyari (NC), Ogbemudia (MidWest) Gomwalk (BP), Deitep-Spiff (Rivers), Johnson (Lagos EKO! Usman Farouk (NW). Shugabannin Lokacin Gwamnatin tarayya Shugaba Yakubu Gowon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey Gwamnoni Jihar Bendel Jihar Benue-Plateau: Jihar Kuros Riba Gabas ta Tsakiya: Jihar Kaduna Jihar Kano Jihar Kwara Jihar Legas Jihar Arewa maso Gabas: Arewa maso Yamma: Jihar Ribas Yammacin Yamma Abubuwan da suka faru 6 ga Yuli 14 ga Yulin Yaƙin na Nsukka, rikicin soja na farko a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya. 19 ga Satumba aka kafa Jamhuriyar Benin 20 ga Satumba ba a sake kafa Jamhuriyar Benin ba 7 Oktoba Asaba da kisan kiyashin da ya faru a lokacin tarayya sojojin na Najeriya shiga Asaba, taso keya up kamar yadda mutane da yawa kamar 500 Igbo maza na Asaba, kuma su harbe su. 17 ga Oktoba Farawar Aikin Tiger. Haihuwa 27 Afrilu Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello, ɗan siyasa 8 Satumba Yvonne Losos de Muñiz, mahayi 16 ga Oktoba Ike Shorunmu, dan kwallon kafa kwanan wata ba a san shi ba Helon Habila, marubuci marubuci kuma mawaki Mutuwa Satumba Christopher Okigbo, mawaƙi, ɗan shekara 37, aka kashe a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya Manazarta Rikici a Najeriya Tarihin
31943	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle	Aristotle	Aristotle ærɪs tɒtəl Greek Aristotéles, pronounced s} 384-322 BC) Masanin falsafar Girka ne kuma masanin ilimin lissafi a lokacin zamanin gargajiya a tsohuwar Girka. Plato ya koyar da shi, shi ne wanda kuma ya kafa makarantar falsafar Peripatetic a cikin Lyceum da kuma al'adar Aristotelian mai faɗi. Rubuce-rubucensa sun ƙunshi batutuwa da yawa da suka haɗa da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin dabbobi, metaphysics, dabaru, da'a, aesthetics, waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, lafazi, ilimin halin dan Adam, ilimin harshe, tattalin arziki, siyasa, sauyin yanayi, geology, da gwamnati. Aristotle ya ba da haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan falsafar da ke gabansa. Sama da duka daga koyarwarsa ne kasashen yamma suka gaji kamus na hankali, da matsaloli da hanyoyin bincike. A sakamakon haka, falsafarsa ta yi tasiri na musamman akan kusan kowane nau'i na ilimi a yammacin Turai kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa batun tattaunawa ta falsafar zamani. Ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ba. An haifi Aristotle a birnin Stagira a Arewacin Girka. Mahaifinsa, Nikomachus, ya mutu sa’ad da Aristotle yake ƙarami, kuma wani mai kula da shi ya rene shi. Yana da shekara sha bakwai ko sha takwas ya shiga Kwalejin Plato a Athens kuma ya zauna a can har ya kai shekara talatin da bakwai Ba da daɗewa ba bayan Plato ya mutu, Aristotle ya bar Athens kuma, bisa buƙatar Philip II na Macedon, ya koyar da Alexander the Great tun daga 343 BC. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu a Lyceum wanda ya taimaka masa ya fitar da yawancin ɗaruruwan littattafansa a kan naɗaɗɗen takarda. Ko da yake Aristotle ya rubuta kyawawan litattafai da tattaunawa don bugawa, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ainihin fitowar sa ya tsira, babu ɗayansa da aka yi niyya don bugawa. Ra'ayin Aristotle yana da siffa sosai ga malanta na tsakiyar zamanai. Tasirin kimiyyar jiki ya tashi daga Late Antiquity da Farkon Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani zuwa Renaissance, kuma ba a maye gurbinsu da tsari ba har sai an haɓaka wayewa da ka'idoji irin su injiniyoyi na gargajiya Wasu abubuwan duban dabbobin Aristotle da aka samu a cikin ilimin halittarsa, kamar a hannun hectocotyl (haihuwa) na dorinar ruwa, an kafirta su har zuwa karni na 19. Ya kuma rinjayi falsafar Judeo-Islam a lokacin Tsakiyar Zamani, da kuma tauhidin Kiristanci, musamman Neoplatonism na Cocin Farko da al'adar scholastic na Cocin Katolika. An girmama Aristotle a tsakanin malaman musulmi na zamanin da a matsayin "Malami na farko", kuma a cikin kiristoci na zamanin da kamar Thomas Aquinas a matsayin kawai "Masanin Falsafa", yayin da mawallafin Dante ya kira shi "shugaban wadanda suka sani". Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi sanannun binciken ilimin tunani na farko, kuma masana na zamanin da kamar Peter Abelard da John Buridan suka yi nazari. Tasirin Aristotle akan dabaru ya ci gaba da kyau har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Bugu da kari, ƙa'idojinsa, ko da yake ko da yaushe yana da tasiri, ya sami sabon sha'awa tare da zuwan zamani na kyawawan dabi'u. Aristotle an kira shi "uban dabaru", "uban ilimin halitta", "uban kimiyyar siyasa", "uban ilimin dabbobi", "uban ilimin mahaifa", "uban shari'ar halitta", "da uban hanyar kimiyya", "uban maganganu", "uban ilimin halin ɗan Adam", "uban gaskiya", "uban zargi", "uban mutum-mutumi", "uban ilimin telebijin", da uban meteorology". Rayuwa Gabaɗaya, cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar Aristotle ba su da kyau. Tarihin rayuwar da aka rubuta a zamanin d a sau da yawa hasashe ne kuma masana tarihi sun yarda da ƴan mahimman bayanai kawai. An haifi Aristotle a shekara ta 384 BC a Stagira, Chalcidice, kusan 55 km (mil 34) gabas da Tasalonika ta zamani Mahaifinsa, Nikomakus, shi ne likitan sirri ga Sarki Amyntas na Makidoniya. Yayin da yake matashi, Aristotle ya koyi game da ilmin halitta da bayanan likita, wanda mahaifinsa ya koyar. Duk iyayen Aristotle duka sun mutu yana ɗan shekara goma sha uku, kuma Proxenus na Atarneus ya zama waliyinsa. Ko da yake ɗan ƙaramin bayani game da ƙuruciyar Aristotle ya tsira, wataƙila ya ɗan ɗauki ɗan lokaci a cikin fadar Macedonia, yana yin dangantakarsa ta farko da masarautar Makidoniya Yana da shekaru sha bakwai ko sha takwas, Aristotle ya koma Athens don ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Plato Wataƙila ya ɗanɗana asirin Eleusinian kamar yadda ya rubuta lokacin da yake kwatanta abubuwan gani da ake kallo a Eleusinian Mysteries, "ƙwarewa shine koya" Aristotle ya zauna a Athens kusan shekaru ashirin kafin ya tafi a 348/47 BC Labarin al'ada game da tarihin tafiyarsa ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa tare da jagorancin Kwalejin bayan da kulawa ya wuce ga dan uwan Plato Speusippus, ko da yake yana yiwuwa ya ji tsoron rashin amincewa da Macedonia a Athens a lokacin kuma ya bar kafin Plato ya mutu. Aristotle sannan ya raka Xenocrates zuwa kotun abokinsa Hermias na Atarneus a Asiya Ƙarama Bayan mutuwar Hermias, Aristotle ya yi tafiya tare da ɗalibinsa Theophrastus zuwa tsibirin Lesbos, inda suka yi bincike tare da nazarin halittu da dabbobi na tsibirin da kuma tafkin da ke da mafaka. Yayin da yake a Lesbos, Aristotle ya auri Pythias, ko dai ɗiyar riƙon Hermias ko kuma ƴar ɗan'uwa. Ta haifa masa ƴa mace, wadda kuma suka sa masa suna Fatiyas. A cikin 343 BC, Philip na biyu na Makidoniya ya gayyaci Aristotle don ya zama malami ga ɗansa Alexander An naɗa Aristotle a matsayin shugaban makarantar sarauta ta Macedon A lokacin Aristotle a kotun Macedonia, ya ba Alexander darussa ba kawai ga Alexander amma kuma ga wasu sarakuna biyu na nan gaba: Ptolemy da Cassander Aristotle ya ƙarfafa Alexander zuwa ga ci gabas, kuma halin Aristotle ga Farisa ya kasance mai ƙabilanci mara kunya A cikin wani sanannen misali, ya shawarci Iskandari da ya zama “shugaba ga Helenawa, mai ɗorewa ga ƴan baranda, ya kula da na farko kamar abokai da dangi, kuma ya yi mu’amala da na ƙarshe kamar dabba ko tsiro”. Na 335 BC, Aristotle ya koma Athens, ya kafa makarantarsa a can da ake kira Lyceum Aristotle ya gudanar da darussa a makarantar na shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. Yayin da yake Atina, matarsa Pythias ta mutu kuma Aristotle ya shiga tare da Herpyllis na Stagira, wanda ya haifa masa ɗa wanda ya sa wa mahaifinsa, Nicomachus Idan Suda tarin uncritical daga tsakiyar zamanai daidai ne, yana iya yiwuwa ya sami erômenos, Palaephatus na Abydus Wannan lokaci a Atina, tsakanin 335 zuwa 323 BC, shine lokacin da Aristotle ya yi imanin cewa ya haɗa yawancin ayyukansa. Ya rubuta tattaunawa da yawa, wanda guntu kawai ya tsira. Waɗannan ayyukan da suka wanzu suna cikin sigar rubuce -rubuce kuma ba, galibi, an yi niyya don yaɗawa ba; gaba daya ana tunanin su ne kayan taimakon lacca ga dalibansa. Muhimman litattafansa sun hada da Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Siyasa, A Ruhi da Waka Aristotle ya yi karatu kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga "hankali, metaphysics, lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, ilimin halitta, ɗabi'a, siyasa, aikin gona, likitanci, rawa, da wasan kwaikwayo."
23869	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Block	C-Block	C-Block kungiya ce ta Hip Hop dake Jamus, an kafa ta a shekara ta 1995, masu shirya kida na Jamus Frank Müller da Jörg Wagner. Mawaka Amurka rapper/mawaƙa Anthony "Red Dogg" Joseph da James "Mr.P" White sune jagororin kungiyar. C-Block sanannen aikin hip-hop ne a Turai a cikin shekara ta 1990, wanda tare da Down Low da Nana, suka nuna hauhawar kiɗan rap na Amurka da aka yi tasiri a Turai. Tarihin Rayuwa Tun lokacin kerawa da samar da ayyukan kida, kamfanin Snap! da C+C sun sami gagarumar nasara a farkon shekarun 1990, masu shiryawa Frank Müller, Ulrich Buchmann da Jörg Wagner sun yanke shawarar haɗa irin wannan ƙungiya a 1995. Yaƙin Gulf na Farisa ya ƙare a cikin shekara 1991. kuma tsoffin sojojin Amurka waɗanda aka kafa kuma ke zaune a Jamus sun kasance bayan an gama tura su da kuma kammaluwar wa'adin aikin su na soji. Daga cikin su wasu mawaƙa ne masu burin kida. Yanzu sun sami dama da lokaci da kuma ra'ayi kuma suna shirye su gwada aikin kiɗa a Jamus. Anthony "Red Dogg" Joseph da James "Mr.P" White sun sadu a cikin irin wannan yanayin kuma Frank Müller ya ɗauke su aiki don zama wani ɓangare na sabon aikin kiɗan da ya kirkira. Sun zaɓi sunan "C-Block" kuma sun fitar da fitowar su ta farko, "Shake Dat Azz", tare da haɗin gwiwa da mawaƙin Chicago AK-SWIFT a ƙarshen 1996, wanda ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a kan magoya bayansu na Turai. Koyaya, manyan abubuwan da suka fi burge su kawai suna gaban su a lokacin. So Strung Out wanda ke nuna Raquel Gomez-Rey, mafi daidaitaccen rap, an sake shi azaman ƙoƙarin su na biyu kuma ya mamaye ƙungiyar zuwa babban tauraron Turai. Dangane da samfurin Soul Searchers, wanda Eric B. & Rakim da Run-DMC suka riga sun shahara, wanda ake kira Ashley's Roachclip "So Strung Out" ya kasance mai son rai ga masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi a duk faɗin duniya kuma yana da tasiri na dindindin a cikin Turai al'ummar rap. Shirye -shiryen da ba a cika ba na aikin solo ya sa Mr.P ya bar ƙungiyar a ƙarshen shekara ta 1997, inda aka maye gurbinsa har zuwa lokacin membobin aikin da ba za a iya gani ba da kuma 'yan uwanta Theresa "Misty" Baltimore da Preston "Goldie Gold" Holloway wanda kawai ya yi rikodin muryoyin goyon baya da kaɗe -kaɗe don kundi na farko na C-Block, Yawan Jama'a, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 1997. Dukansu sun bar aikin bayan mafi girman daidaituwa, ƙaramin nasara na biyu, wanda ake kira "Keepin 'It Real". Mr.P ya dawo cikin ƙungiyar kuma yayi ƙoƙarin sake dawowa tare da sabon mawakiyar R&B Jeanine Love. Mawakan da aka saki sun kasa yin tasiri a harkar kasuwanci kuma ƙungiyar ta wargaje a hukumance a ƙarshen 2000. Frank Müller, ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙirƙira da kera ƙungiyar, ya fitar da kundi na uku, mai fa'ida, a ƙarshen 2010 akan Intanet. An gabatar da sabon promo single F Base present's: Mr.P "Here we Go" a 15.06.2019. Sabuwar demo guda ɗaya F Base feat Mr.P "Cool Breeze" wanda aka saki 08.03.2020. Binciken Hoto Marasa aure Kundaye Hanyoyin waje yin rajista: http://www.urbano.cz C-Block a Discogs T -Music www.euro-rap.com rap na Turai, hiphop r b Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
34304	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella%20Heathcote	Bella Heathcote	Articles with hCards Isabella Heathcote (an Haifeta a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987)),yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma abin koyi. Ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne a shekarata 2008. A shekara mai zuwa, ta kasance mai maimaita matsayin Amanda Fowler akan wasan opera na sabulu na talabijin. Heathcote tun lokacin da aka nuna gwamnatin Victoria Winters a cikin karbuwar fim ɗin Tim Burton na Dark Shadows, Jane Bennett a cikin girman kai da son zuciya da aljanu, ƙirar Gigi a cikin The Neon Demon, Nicole Dörmer a cikin jerin madadin tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na dystopian The Man in the High Castle, Leila Williams, tsohuwar mai son Kirista Gray, a cikin Fifty Shades Darker da Olive Byrne a cikin Farfesa Marston da Mata masu Al'ajabi Rayuwar farko An haifi Heathcote a Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Mahaifinta lauya ne. Ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata ta Anglican Korowa Ta fara aikinta ne a shekarar 2008. A cikin Mayu 2010, ta kasance mai karɓar guraben karatu na Heath Ledger Sana'a A cikin Disamba 2010, an jefa Heathcote a cikin fim ɗin David Chase Ba Fade Away A cikin Fabrairu 2011, Tim Burton ya zaɓi Heathcote don yin wasa Victoria Winters da Josette du Pres a cikin daidaitawar fim dinsa na Dark Shadows, wanda ke nuna adawa da Johnny Depp, Michelle Pfeiffer, da Helena Bonham Carter Daga baya an jefa ta a cikin fim ɗin Nicolas Winding Refn mai ban sha'awa The Neon Demon, wanda aka saki a cikin 2016. An nada Heathcote a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na 10 da za su kalli: Ƙwararren Ƙwararru na 2012 a 20th Hamptons International Film Festival A shekara mai zuwa, ta yi tauraro tare da Max Minghella a cikin bidiyon kiɗan Killers don Shot a Dare Heathcote wani bangare ne na yakin bazara/lokacin 2014 na Miu Miu tare da sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Lupita Nyong'o, Elle Fanning da Elizabeth Olsen A cikin 2017, Heathcote ya buga Leila Williams a cikin fim ɗin Fifty Shades Darker, mabiyi na Fifty Shades na Grey Har ila yau, ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2 na wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin The Man in the High Castle, kamar yadda Nicole Dörmer, dan fim na Berlin. Heathcote alamar tauraro a matsayin Olive Byrne, abokin tarayya na masu ilimin halin dan Adam da kuma marubucin littafin ban dariya William Moulton Marston da Elizabeth Holloway Marston, a cikin fim din 2017 na tarihin rayuwar Farfesa Marston da Wonder Women Heathcote ta buga Susan Parsons a cikin CBS All Access wasan kwaikwayo m Angel Nunin wani karbuwa ne na littafin George Pendle Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons An soke jerin shirye-shiryen bayan yanayi biyu a cikin Nuwamba 2019. Heathcote ya bayyana a cikin yanayi na biyu na jerin gidan talabijin na yanar gizo na Australiya Bloom a matsayin ƙarami na Loris Webb, wanda Anne Charleston ta buga. Heathcote ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa Relic, tare da Emily Mortimer da Robyn Nevin Fim din ya biyo bayan wata 'ya mace, uwa da kaka wadanda "lalacewar cutar hauka ke ruguzawa da ke cinye gidan danginsu". AGBO Films ne suka shirya fim ɗin, kamfanin samar da Brothers na Russo da Jake Gyllenhaal, yayin da Natalia Erika James suka rubuta tare da ba da umarni. A cikin Fabrairu 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Heathcote za ta tauraro tare da Toni Collette a cikin jerin abubuwan ban sha'awa na Netflix Pieces of Her, wanda aka daidaita daga littafin Karin Slaughter mai suna iri ɗaya Rayuwa ta sirri Heathcote ya riga ya shiga cikin fim din Andrew Dominik Ta auri Richard Stampton a watan Janairu 2019. Filmography Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun
50673	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximena%20Cuevas	Ximena Cuevas	Ximena Cuevas(an haife shi a shekara ta 1963)ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na bidiyo na Mexico.Ayyukanta sukan bincika batutuwan zamantakewa da jinsi da ke fuskantar 'yan madigo a Mexico.Bidiyo da fina-finai na Cuevas sun nuna a Sundance, New York's Museum of Modern Art, Guggenheim Museum, Articles with hCards Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin masu yin bidiyo na farko a Mexico waɗanda cibiyoyin al'adu suka halatta.An nuna fina-finanta a cikin bukukuwa irin su Sundance,New York Film Festival,da jerin fina-finai na yawon shakatawa,Cinema Meexperimental.Daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta akwai shirin bidiyo na 1993 mai suna Corazon Sangrante.Har ila yau,ana nuna ayyukanta a cibiyoyin fasaha irin su Berkeley Art Museum,Museum of Art Museum of San Diego,Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo de la Ciudad de México, New York's Guggenheim Museum da Museum of Modern Art,wanda a cikin 2001 ya kara tara daga cikinta.yana aiki zuwa tarin bidiyon su. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Ximena Cuevas a shekara ta 1963 a birnin Mexico.Ita ce 'yar ta biyu na auren Bertha Riestra.,masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma mai gabatar da al'adu da José Luis Cuevas,mai zane-zane,wanda ya yi tasiri sosai a kan ilimin farko na Ximena:"a matsayin ƙarami. yaro Ina kusa da teburin zanensa,na sha'awar ganin duk waɗannan layi tare da rayuwarsu ko ta yaya(. Bayan ta zauna tare da danginta wurare daban-daban kamar Mexico City, Cuernavaca,Paris,da New York,Cuevas ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a sinima,da farko a matsayin mataimaki sannan daga baya, ta ci gaba da aiki tare da daraktoci kamar Konstantinos Costa-Gavras,John Schlesinger,John Houston,da Arturo Ripstein. A cikin shekarar 1979 ta fara aiki a Gidan Taskar Fina-Finai ta Cineteca Nacional a Mexico City tana gyara fina-finai ta hanyar yanke wuraren da gwamnati ta tantance. Wannan kwarewa ta sa ta sha'awar fim da hoton mai motsi. A farkon 80s,wanda ya motsa hanyar da Pola Weiss ya buɗe,Andrea di Castro y Sarah Minter,Cuevas ya fara la'akari da cinema na gwaji yiwuwar bincikenta na fasaha,wanda ya kafa Cosa Nostra a cikin 90s tare da Rafael Curquidi, Doménico.Campelo,Eduardo Vélez, da sauransu,wannan wani nau'in"mafia ne" wanda ya yi kama da shigar da yanayin fim ba tare da mahallin ba. Bayan hasashe a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Anthropology a cikin Satumban shekarar 1992, marubucin Jorge Ayala Blanco ya yaba wa wannan rukunin sosai kan labarinsa"Viva el Post Cine". Wannan abubuwan da sha'awar wasan ke jagoranta sun sami sakamako mai ma'ana na yaren bidiyo na musamman.An gane aikin Cuevas a matsayin gudunmawar da ta dace ga mahallin shekaru ashirin na ƙarshe na karni na 20 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21st,musamman a Mexico.Sau da yawa aikinta yana yin sharhi ne kan al'adu,siyasa da al'amuran zamantakewa ta hanyar yin amfani da ban tsoro, ta binciko wannan ta fuskar mata rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'ummar wannan zamani. Madigo da sanin jinsi suma jigogi ne masu maimaitawa a cikin aikinta.Bayan aikinta na zane-zane,ta kuma yi aiki a samarwa,daidaitawa,da gyarawa tare da Marcela Fernández Violante (wanda Ximena ta shirya gajeriyar De cuerpo presente,1997),Jesusa Rodriguez (Víctimas del Pecado Neoliberal,1995)da Astrid Hadaad (Las Reinas).Chulas],kuma a cikin 2015,ta hanyar gayyatar Isela Vega,don yin aiki a kan girmama aikin shekaru 40 na mawaƙa Juan Gabriel,mai ba da shawara kan al'adun gargajiyar Mexica.Tun 2011 Cuevas yana zaune a ciki da waje a cikin jihar Guerrero kuma yana da hannu sosai a ƙoƙarin kiyaye muhalli tare da kunkuru na teku. Aiki An gane Cuevas a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga daukar hoto ta gwamnatin Mexico.Yawancin fina-finanta suna ba da sharhin zamantakewa kan cin hanci da rashawa da tasirinsa ga al'adu,al'umma da siyasa tare da bincika ta fuskar mata a matsayin matsayin mata a cikin al'umma.Madigo da sifofinta na al'umma suma jigo ne mai maimaitawa. Tun daga shekara ta 1990,bayan da ta ji takaicin yadda ake yin fina-finan gargajiya a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa,Cuevas ta sayi kyamara kuma ta fara shirya nata fina-finan.Ta sami guraben karatu daga Asusun Al'adu da Fasaha na Mexica (FONCA),Fideicomiso para la Cultura México(Trust for Mexico Culture),wani Eastman Kodak na Duniya mai zaman kansa mai samar da fina-finai da sauransu kuma ya gabatar da gabatarwa a gidan kayan gargajiya na Berkeley.da Taskar Fina-Finan Pasifik,Gidan Tarihi na Art Art San Diego da Guggenheim na New York da Bilbao,Spain. Aikin Cuevas an fi saninsa da wayonsa na kimanta al'umma ta zamani da kuma fallasa rashin jituwa tsakanin al'adun zamantakewa da imani tare da gaskiyar rayuwa ta amfani da haɗin gaskiya da almara. Ta rushe tatsuniyoyi na "yankin tsakiyar aji na Mexico", alaƙar heteronormative, ra'ayoyin kyau, ta hanyar ba'a na ba'a na hoton gargajiya nasu a cikin shahararrun al'adu. A cikin kalmominta, faifan bidiyonta sun fallasa "rabin karya" na tunanin Mexico na gama gari. The Sundance Film Festival,New York's Museum of Modern Art,da Guggenheim Museum,da kuma yawon shakatawa jerin fina-finai,Meexperimental Cinema,duk sun kasance wuraren da ake nunawa na fina-finai na Cuevas.Daga cikin sanannun ayyukanta akwai shirin bidiyo na 1993 mai suna"Corazon Sangrante" wanda ya sami karbuwa a matsayin Tatu de Oro(Golden Tattoo)mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa. A cikin 2011,Cuevas ta sanar da cewa ba za ta ƙara yin fina-finai na sharhin zamantakewa ba,amma a maimakon haka tana aiki akan wani aiki a Guerrero wanda aka sadaukar don kiyaye kunkuru na teku. Kyauta Ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da Takaddun Shaida daga Bikin Fim na Duniya na Chicago na 1993,Kyautar Barbara Aronofsky Latham Memorial a 2001 da lambar yabo a matsayin Mafi kyawun Bidiyo na Gwaji daga bikin Fim na 18th San Antonio a cikin 2012. A cikin 2001,Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani a New York ya sami tara na bidiyon Cuevas don tarin dindindin,wanda shine karo na farko da aka haɗa aikin mai fasahar bidiyo na Mexico a cikin tarin MoMA.Bidiyoyinta ashirin da hudu suna cikin tarin MoMA. Hotunan bidiyo da aka zaɓa Las 3 muertes de Lupe (1983-84) Noche de Paz (1989) Corazón Sangrante (1993) Un Dios para Cordelia (1995) Kama (1998) Hawai (1999) Rajistar Marca (2001) Turistas (2001-2002) Planetario (2002) Nunin da aka zaɓa 1999 "Cinema gwaji,"Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain. 2004 "Ximena Cuevas da Laboratory of Life,"Jami'ar California, Berkeley Art Museum da Pacific Film Archive 2014 "FOCO: Ximena Cuevas," Centro de Cultura Digital,Mexico City. 2014-"Pulso alterado:Intensidades en la colección del MUAC y sus colecciones asociadas,"Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo,Mexico City. 2016-"Bidiyo:Zubar da Lokacin Utopian,"Jami'ar Mary Washington Galleries,Fredericksburg,VA. 2017-2018-"Matan Radical:Art American Art,1960-1985,"Hammer Museum,Los Angeles da Brooklyn Museum,New York. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarin kayan tarihi na fasaha na zamani (MoMA). Rayayyun
19537	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr%20ibn%20al-Awam	Zubayr ibn al-Awam	Az-Zubair dan Al-Awam 594–656) dan'uwa ne kuma aboki ga Annabin Musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) kuma yana Daya daga cikin farkon wayanda suka musulunta.Shima yana daga cikin sahabbai goma da Annabin tsira yayi musu bushara da aljannah.Ya zama Daya daga cikin jagororin siyasa da soja na al'umma bayan mutuwar Muhammad. Az-Zubayr ya mutu a Yakin Rakumi. Iyali da yarinta An haifi Al-Zubayr a garin Makka a shekarar 594. Mahaifinsa shi ne Al-Awam bn Khuwaylid na dangin Asad na kabilar Kuraishawa, yana mai da Al-Zubayr dan'uwan Khadijah Mahaifiyarsa ita ce kanwar Annabi Muhammad (S A W), Safiyyah bint 'Abd al-Muttalib, saboda haka Al-Zubayr shine dan uwan Muhammad na farko. Yana da yaya biyu, Sa'ib da Abdul Kaaba; wani dan uwa, Safi ibn Al-Harith, wanda ya fito daga dangin Umayya; da wasu kannen uba, ciki har da Hind bint Al-Awwam, matar Zayd ibn Haritha Tun yana saurayi, Al-Zubayr ya yi yaƙi da wani babban mutum kuma ya buge shi da ƙarfi sosai har sai da hannun mutumin ya karye. Safiyyah, wacce ke da ciki a lokacin, dole ta dauki mutumin zuwa gida. Lokacin da masu wucewa suka tambayi abin da ya faru, sai ta ce musu, “Ya yi yaƙi da Al-Zubayr. Shin kun sami Al-Zubayr mai taushi kamar cuku ko dabino ko cike da tagulla? Hakan ne lokacin da suka san cewa zai girma ya zama mai ƙarfi yayin yaƙi. Al-Awam ya mutu tun Al-Zubayr yana saurayi. Mahaifiyarsa ta sha duka sosai. A lokacin da aka ce mata, “Kun kashe shi! Kun buge zuciyarsa. Shin za ku halakar da yaron? "Ta amsa," Na buge shi don ya zama mai hankali kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfin gwiwa a cikin yaƙin An bayyana Al-Zubayr da matsakaiciyar tsayi, siriri, mai launi-launi, da gashi, duk da siririn gemu. Gashin kansa ya rataya zuwa kafaɗunsa, kuma bai shafa shi ba bayan ya zama fari. Musulunta Al-Zubayr ya kasance ɗayan mutane biyar na farko da suka karɓi Musulunci daga Abubakar, kuma an ce shi ne na huɗu ko na biyar manya da suka musulunta. Yana daga cikin farkon mutum goma sha biyar da suka yi hijira zuwa Abisiniya a shekara ta 615, kuma ya koma can a cikin 616. Yayin da yake cikin Abisiniya, tawaye ga Negus (Sarki) ya ɓarke. Negus ya sadu da 'yan tawaye a gabar Kogin Nilu. Musulmai, cikin tsananin damuwa game da rasa mai kare su, sun wakilta Al-Zubayr ya zama mai kawo musu labarai. Taimakon wani farin ruwa mai iska, ya yi iyo a Kogin Nilu har sai da ya kai ga inda ake yaƙi. Ya kalli har sai da Negus ya ci nasara akan 'yan tawaye, sannan ya sake iyo ya koma kan musulmai. Ya tashi sama yana daga tufafinsa ya sanar, "Hurray, Negus ya ci nasara kuma Allah ya ruguza maƙiyansa kuma ya tabbatar da shi a ƙasarsa!" Musulmi suka yi murna. Al-Zubayr yana cikin wadanda suka koma Makka a shekara ta 619 saboda sun ji cewa mutanen Makka sun musulunta. "Amma da suka kusanci Makka, sai suka gano cewa rahoton karya ne don haka suka shiga garin karkashin kariyar wani dan kasa ko ta hanyar sata." Duk da haka, Al-Zubayr bai ambaci sunan mai tsaron nasa ba. Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin ƙaura baki ɗaya zuwa Madina a cikin 622. Da farko ya sauka tare da Al-Mundhir bn Muhammad. Ana takaddama game da wanda ya zama “dan’uwan” Al-Zubayr a Musulunci: hadisai daban-daban masu suna Abdullah ibn Masood, Talha bin Ubaydullah, Kaab bin Malik da Salama ibn Salama. Muhammad ya ba shi babban fili don ya gina gidansa da kuma tallafin wasu itacen dabino. A 625 an sake ba Al-Zubayr ƙarin dabinai daga ƙasar ƙabilar Nadir da aka kora. Ayyukan soja karkashin Muhammad (S A W) An ce Al-Zubayr ya haɗu da dukkan balaguron soja na Muhammad, galibi sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya. An ruwaito shi ya ce:"Wallahi, Manzon Allah bai yi wata tafiya ba ko wani balaguro face na kasance daga gare ta." Badar A Yaƙin Badar an aike shi a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri kuma ya kama ɗan leƙen asirin Makka. Sannan ya shiga yakin ya kashe Ubayda bn Sa'id na Umayya. Yana sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya a wannan yaƙin. Uhudu A yakin Uhud ya ba da kansa ya dauki takobin Muhammad "da damarta," wanda shi ne "ya buge abokan gaba da shi har sai ya lankwasa," kuma ya kasance "mai matukar rauni" lokacin da Muhammad ya ki amincewa da tayin nasa. Yana tsaye kusa da matan Makka mai guduwa har ya ga duwawun Hind bint Utbah Amma a wannan lokacin ne yaƙin ya juya; Al-Zubayr yana daya daga cikin dinbin mutanen da suka tsaya a gefen Muhammad lokacin da musulmai daga nasu biyun suka tsere kuma suka bi shi zuwa gawar. "Ya kasance tare da shi a yakin Uhudu kuma ya yi masa bai'a har zuwa mutuwa." Mahararen A yayin yakin yakin mahara, Al-Zubayr ya hau dokin Ya ba da kansa don ya kawo labarin ƙabilar Qurayza ga Muhammad, wanda ya amsa, "Kowane Annabi yana da almajiri, kuma almajiri na shi ne Al-Zubayr." Khaybara A cikin 628 Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Khaybar kuma ya amsa wa Yasir kalubalen Bayahude game da faɗa ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa Safiya ta tambayi Muhammad, "Shin zai kashe ɗana?" kuma Muhammad ya tabbatar mata, "A'a, dan ku zai kashe shi, insha Allah." Al-Zubayr ya inganta yana karantawa:"Khaybar, know that I am Zabbar, chief of a people no cowardly runaways, the son of those who defends their glory, the son of princes. O Yasir let not all the unbelievers deceive you, for all of them are like a slowly moving mirage."Sun gwabza, kuma Al-Zubayr ya kashe Yasir. Bayan haka, musulmai sun yi bayani a kan yadda takobi ya kasance mai kaifi; Al-Zubayr ya amsa da cewa ba ta yi kaifi ba amma ya yi amfani da ita da karfi. Bayan da musulmai suka ci Al-Qamus, sai aka kawo baitul malin nan, Kinana, ga Muhammad, amma ya ki bayyana inda aka boye kudadensu. Koda yake, daga baya Muhammad bn Maslama ya yanke kan Kinana, don ramuwar gayya ga dan uwansa Mahmud, wanda aka kashe a yaƙin kwanakin baya. Daga baya an sanya Al-Zubayr daga cikin mashahurai goma sha takwas waɗanda kowannensu ke kula da rabon wani rukunin ganima. Makkah A watan Disamba na 629, a jajibirin cin nasarar Makka, Muhammad ya aika Al-Zubayr da Ali don su tare wani dan leken asiri wanda ke dauke da wasika zuwa ga Kuraishawa. Lokacin da suka kasa samun wasikar a cikin kayanta, sai suka fahimci cewa tabbas ta ɓoye ta ne a kan nata, sai suka yi mata magana a kai. Daga nan dan leken asirin ya fito da wasikar,wacce ta boye a cikin gashinta,sai Al-Zubayr da Ali suka dawo da ita ga Muhammad, suna da yakinin cewa yanzu Musulmai za su kwace Makka da mamaki. Lokacin da Muhammad ya shiga Makka, Al-Zubayr ya riƙe ɗayan tutocin ƙaura uku na Muhajirai kuma ya umurci reshen hagu na sojojin da suka ci yaƙi. Ya kuma yi yaƙin Hunayn Aiki bayan Muhammad A cikin sati na uku na watan yuli na shekara ta 632, halifa Abubakar ya tara runduna galibi daga Banu Hashim (dangin Muhammad) don kare Madina daga mamayar da ridda ta yi daga sojojin ridda na Tulayha, wanda ya ce shi annabi ne. Rundunar ta hada da manyan mutane kamar Zubayr da Talha bn Ubaidullah. An nada kowannensu a matsayin kwamandan kashi daya bisa uku na sabuwar rundunar da aka tsara. Suna da rawar da suka taka yayin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda duk da haka, ba su fuskanci wani yanayin faɗa ba. Al-Zubayr shi ne kwamandan filin da ya fi samun nasara a lokacin da Musulmai suka ci Masar da yaki a karkashin Khalifa Umar Ya yi umurni da runduna a yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636, sannan a 640 ya ba da umarnin karfafa wadanda aka aika zuwa Amr bn al-As a Misira Lokacin da Umar yake mutuwa a shekara ta 644, ya zabi Al-Zubayr da wasu mutane biyar don su zabi Khalifa na gaba. Sun zabi Uthman yadda ya kamata, a lokacin halifancin wane. Al-Zubayr ya kasance mai taka tsantsan dangane da kawo hadisai game da Muhammad duk da cewa ya kasance yana cikin kamfaninsa koyaushe. Kamar yadda ya bayyana wa dansa Abdullahi, "Na ji Manzon Allah (S A W) yana cewa: Duk wanda ya yi karya a kaina to ya tanadi ymazauni a cikin Wuta" Matan sa da yara Al-Zubayr ya yi aure har sau takwas kuma ya sami yara ashirin. Asma bint Abi Bakr Sun yi aure kafin Hijira ta 622 kuma sun sake aure lokacin da Urwa ke ƙarami, watau a kusan 645. Abdullah Al-Mundhir Asim Al-Muhajir Khadija Babba Umm Al-Hasan Aisha Urwa Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ta dangin Umayya. Sun yi aure a 629, amma "ta ƙi shi," kuma an sake su cikin 'yan watanni. Bayan haihuwar 'yarsu, Ummu Kulthum ta auri Abdur Rahman bin Awf Zainab Al-Halal bint Qays na kabilar Asad. Khadija Karami Umm Khalid Ama bint Khalid daga dangin Umayya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙaura waɗanda suka dawo daga Abaisiniya a shekara ta 628. Khalid Amr Habiba Sawda Hind Ar-Rabbab bint Unayf na kabilar Kalb. Mus'ab Hamza Ramla Tumadir bint Al-Asbagh na kabilar Kalb, bazawara ce ga Abdur Rahman bn Awf. Al-Zubayr ya sake ta ne kwana bakwai kacal da yin auren. Ta kasance tana gaya wa wasu matan cewa, "Idan dayanku ya yi aure, kada ya yaudare ta da kwana bakwai bayan abin da Zubairu ya yi mini." Ba ta, fadada kan yanayin "yaudarar" ba. Ummu Ja'far Zainab bint Marthad ta ƙabilar Thaalaba. Ubayda Ja'far Atiqa bint Zayd daga dangin Adi, bazawara ga Omar Mutanen Madina sun kasance suna cewa:"Duk wanda yake son shahada to ya auri Atiqa bint Zayd An fara auren ta ga Abdullahi bn Abi Bakr kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Umar bn Khattab kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Zubair kuma ya yi shahada Matan Al-Zubayr sun yi korafin cewa yana da "wani tsauri game da mata". Ummu Kulthum ta tambaye shi kai tsaye don saki, lokacin da ya ƙi, sai ta yaudare shi a ciki ta hanyar yin lalata da shi yayin da yake cikin hidimar wankan janaba ga sallah. Al-Zubayr ya koka da cewa, "Ta yaudare ni, Allah Ya yi mata wayo!" Muhammad ya shawarce shi da ya sake neman aurenta, amma Al-Zubayr ya fahimci cewa, "Ba za ta sake dawowa wurina ba." Atiqa kawai ta yarda ta aure shi ne da sharadin bazai taɓa doke ta ba. Yaƙin Rakumi An kashe Uthman a cikin 656. Al-Zubayr yana da dalilin fatan cewa za a zaɓe shi a matsayin Kalifa na gaba, duk da cewa ya san cewa tsohon abokinsa Talha shi ma mai ƙarfi ne. Amma an zabi Ali, zuwa muhawarar matar Muhammadu mai takaba Aisha Daga nan Al-Zubayr ya hadu da Aisha da Talha a Makka, suna masu cewa ya yi wa Ali mubaya'a ne kawai da takobi. Al-Zubayr, Talha da Aisha sun yi kira da a rama mutuwar Uthman, yayin da Ali ya yarda, ya ce shi bai iya yin haka ba a lokacin. Daga nan kawayen suka tattara sojoji suka yi tattaki zuwa Basra A cikin Basrah kuwa, sun kayar da Gwamna kuma sun mamaye garin, suna kashe duk wanda aka samu da hannu a kisan Uthman. Lokacin da aka kalubalance su kan dalilin da yasa yanzu suka damu da Uthman alhalin sun nuna masa kiyayya sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa, sai suka ce: "Mun so Uthman ya biya mana bukatunmu. Ba mu so a kashe shi. Haƙiƙa Ali yayi kama da mutumin da yake zargin ƙiyayya ga kansa, don ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga Basra tare da ƙwararrun sojoji dubu ashirin. Tsawon kwanaki, ana tattaunawa, saboda bangarorin biyu sun tabbatar da cewa suna so ne kawai su ga an yi adalci. Amma a ranar 7 ga Disamba 656 tashin hankali ya barke. Mayakan A’isha sun kashe dan sakon Ali, kuma Ali ya ba shi amsa, "Yaƙi yanzu ya dace, don haka ku yaƙi su!" Don haka Al-Zubayr kuwa, ya rasa sha'awar yin yaƙin. Ya ce Ali ya yi magana da shi a waje yayin tattaunawar kan cewa su 'yan uwan juna ne, amma dan nasa ya zarge shi da tsoron sojojin Ali. Al-Zubayr ya bar fagen daga yayin da A’isha ta ci gaba da jagorantar dakarunta. Wani mutum mai suna Amr bn Jurmuz ya yanke shawarar bin diddigin motsin sa kuma ya bi shi zuwa wani filin da ke kusa. Lokacin sallah yayi don haka, bayan kowannensu ya tambayi dan uwansa abin da yake yi a can, sai suka amince da yin addu'ar. Yayin da Al-Zubayr yake sujada, Amr bn Jurmuz ya soke shi a wuya ya kashe shi. Wasiyya A cikin wasiyyarsa Al-Zubayr ya bar gida ga duk 'yan matansa da aka sake. Ya bar kashi ɗaya cikin uku na dukiyarsa a wasiyya kuma ya umurci ɗansa Abdullah da ya sayar da sauran dukiyarsa don biyan bashinsa, yana mai roƙon Allah idan ba za a iya biyan ɗaya ba. Abdullah ya gano cewa bashin sun kai 1,200,000, mai yiwuwa a cikin dirhami Kodayake Abdullah ya shiga wata matsala don warware dukkan basussukan, amma zawarawan Al-Zubayr su huɗu suka gaji 1,100,000 kowannensu, ya bar sama da 30,000,000 da za a raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa. Al-Zubayr bn Al-Awam yana daya daga cikin musulmai goma da Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya lamunce musu da Aljanna tun suna raye. Duba kuma Jerin hijra Muhammadu Manazarta duba littafin da Kuma Sahabbai
29928	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic%20Symphony%20Orchestra%20of%20the%20Lviv%20Philharmonic	Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv Philharmonic	Makarantan wakan Symphony na Lviv National Philharmonic yana daya daga cikin tsoffin makada na kade- kade a Ukraine. Tarihi A cikin shekara ta 1796, ɗan wasan violin kuma mai gudanarwa Józef Elsner ya ƙirƙiraro Kwalejin waka ta farko a Lviv Ya tattaro ƙwararrun mawaƙa da ƙwararrun ’yan Adam waɗanda suka haɗa kai da su kuma ya zama ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko a cikin birni. A 1799, Karol Lipinski ya zama na farko violinist, concertmaster na Lviv gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma daga 1811 da shugaba. Lipinsky ya fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta symphony. Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, ɗan Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, ya kafa Ƙungiyar St. Cecilia a 1826, inda akwai ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kuma cibiyar rera waƙa. Ayyukan al'umma ya zama abin ƙarfafawa don samar da sababbin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun raye-rayen kiɗa da fasaha. "Society of friends of music" da aka gudanar tun shekara ta 1834 ne suka shirya kide-kide na Symphony tare da halartar kwararrun mawaka da masu son zama. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ya samu wani jami'in matsayi a karkashin sunan "Society for ci gaban music a Galicia," daga baya "Galician Music Society" (GMT). Makarantan Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv National Philharmonic wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan Myroslav Skoryk an kafa shi bisa hukuma a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1902, lokacin da aka gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na sabuwar ƙungiya a cikin Count Stanislav Skarbko Theater. Tana da kujeru 1,240, babban mataki mai motsi (160 m2), sashin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an sanye shi da hasken lantarki da dumama tsakiya. Babban jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa shi ne Ludvík Vítězslav Čelanský, wanda ya tattara gungun mutane 68, mafi yawansu sun kammala karatun digiri na Conservatory na Prague Henryk Jarecki da Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński sun yi aiki kusa da shi a teburin madugu. A lokacin farkon kakar wasa, an gudanar da kide-kide fiye da 114 tare da halartar kungiyar makada.Shirye-shiryen kide-kide sun hada da kusan dukkanin wasan kwaikwayo na Ludwig van Beethoven, ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Felix Mendelssohn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Antonin Dvorak, Anton Bruckner, Camille Saint Saens Tchaikovsky, da kuma Richard Strauss Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Mieczysław Karłowicz, da Lorenzo Perozi sun yi wasa a matsayin bakin da aka gayyato wajen masu bikin wakokin a Lviv. ƙungiyar makaɗa a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1903. Ya jagoranci nasa abubuwan da aka tsara waƙoƙin waƙa Don Juan da Mutuwa da Canji da kuma Symphony №5 na Beethoven. Ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1903, Gustav Mahler ya gudanar da taron Lviv. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ya hada da Symphony №7 na Beethoven, Carnival Roman na Hector Berlioz, overture zuwa Tannhäuser na Richard Wagner da Symphony na Farko na Gustav Mahler Har ila yau, na ƙarshe ya yi ƙara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu (Afrilu 4). Tare da wannan abun da ke ciki, mawaƙa kuma sun yi Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony na Bakwai, overtures, da guntu guntun wakoki daga operas Tristan da Isolde "Tannhäuser," da kuma Masu-Mawaƙa na Nuremberg na Richard Wagner A watan Mayun 1903 (7 da 9 ga Mayu), Ruggero Leoncavallo ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ya haɗa da sashin wasannin operas Pagliacci da I Medici "Neapolitan suite," "Old Suite" da waƙar waƙar "Seraphitus-Seraphita." Bayan kakar wasa, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa Krakow, Lodz, Warsaw, da Vilnius, inda ya daina wanzuwa. Na tsawon lokaci, Lviv Philharmonic ba shi da nasa makada. Daraktanta Leopold Litinsky ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar irin wannan rukuni daga cikin mafi kyawun mawaƙa na ƙungiyar makaɗa na soja na ƙungiyoyin sojoji na gida da yawa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Philharmonic a 1903-1904. A cikin wadannan shekaru, yawon shakatawa Orchestras da farko yi a Lviv. A tsakanin shekarun 1919-1939, ƙungiyar makaɗar kade-kade ta GMT Conservatory ta kasance kusan kawai ƙungiyar makaɗa ta dindindin a Lviv. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, wani babban kade-kade na kade-kade na kungiyar mawakan kasar Poland, wanda aka shirya a shekarar 1921, wanda ya kunshi mawakan kida 106, wanda aka yi a karkashin kungiyar Lviv Philharmonic da M. Türk's Concert Bureau (ta hada kan masu yin wasan kwaikwayo daga GMT da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na City). kuma yana aiki har zuwa 1924). Bronislaw Wolfstal, Adam Soltis da Alfred Stadler, Milan Zuna ne suka shirya shirye-shiryensa. A wannan lokacin, musamman a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1931-1932, saboda matsalar tattalin arziki, an wargaza sassan wakoki na City Theatre. Mawakan sun shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta "Ƙungiyar kiɗa da opera," sun fara ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo tare da jerin kade-kade na kade-kade. Tare da isowar na mulkin iko na Soviet, a cikin Disamba 1939, ya zo da Resolution na Majalisar Jama'ar Commissars na Tarayyar Soviet na Disamba 19, 1939, game da kungiyar na al'adu da fasaha cibiyoyin a shida sabon kafa yammacin yankunan na Ukraine da kuma sake tsara art. cibiyoyi da cibiyoyin ilimi da Soviet jama'ar Commissar da kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis bisa ga abin da aka shirya don ƙirƙirar a Lviv jihar philharmonic jihar yankin tare da kade-kade na kade-kade, da kuma Ukrainian mawaƙa, tare da iri-iri sassa da soloists. An kafa kungiyar kade-kade ta kade-kade a karkashin kwamitin rediyo na yankin. Ƙungiyar ta fara yin aiki a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1939 a karkashin jagorancin Isaac Pain, mai gudanarwa mai shekaru 27, wanda ya kammala digiri na Kiev Conservatory A farkon 1940, an sake tsara wannan ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony na yankin Falharmonic na Jihar Lviv. Isaac Pain ne ya jagoranta. An kuma gayyaci shugabar Lviv da mawaki Mykola Kolessa don yin aiki a ƙungiyar makaɗa. A lokacin mulkin Jamus, a cikin 1941-1944, zauren Philharmonic bai yi aiki ba. A cikin post-yaki lokaci, da kungiyar mawaƙa dole ne a sake taru, wanda ya faru da hadin gwiwa kokarin Ishaku Pain, Dionysius Khabal, Nestor Gornitsky da Mykola Kolessa Tawagar ta koma aiki a watan Agusta 1944. Wasannin kide-kide na farko sun nuna ayyukan Stanyslav Lyudkevych, Vasyl Barvinsky, Mykola Lysenko, Stanisław Moniuszko, Camille Saint-Saens, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, da Karl Maria von Weber A tsakanin shekarta 1953 zuwa 1957, da kuma daga baya a 1987-1989, shugaba na kungiyar kade Yuriy Lutsiv. Daga 1964 zuwa 1987 Demyan Pelekhaty ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta kade-kade. Daga shekarar 1989 babban madugu na kungiyar kade-kade ya Ivan Yuzyuk, da conductors Roman Filipchuk da Yarema Kolessa. Daga baya wannan matsayi ya kasance da Aidar Torybayev, Ilya Stupel, Taras Krysa. Tun daga shekarar 2018, kungiyar makada ke yin hadin gwiwa da madugun Ba’amurke dan asalin Ukrainian Theodore Kuhar, wanda a yanzu shi ne babban bako na kungiyar makada. A shekara ta 2006, anyi wa Lviv National Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra take da "Academic." A cikin 2018, tare da sa hannu na wannan rukunin, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na marubucin Myroslav Skoryk, Lviv Philharmonic ya sami matsayin "ƙasa". Tun watan Satumba, 2020, ana kiran waƙar Philharmonic sunan wannan mawaki na Ukrainian. Mawakan kade-kade na kungiyar kade-kade sune Mawaƙin Mawaƙi na Ukraine Marko Komonko da Mykola Gavyuk. Mawakan Symphony na Lviv National Philharmonic na yawan halartar bukukuwan kasa da kasa. Musamman ma, bikin kasa da kasa na fasaha na kiɗa "Virtuosos," bikin kasa da kasa na kiɗa na zamani Bambance -bambancen," Bikin Ukrainian-Polish "Gano Paderewski." Kungiyar kade-kade ta yi rangadi a kasashe da dama na duniya, ciki har da Poland, Italiya, Spain, Faransa, Switzerland, Jamus, Netherlands, da China. A cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yi wasu mahimman rikodi don manyan alamun duniya, ciki har da Naxos da Brilliant Classics. Hotuna Duba kuma Music na Ukraine Jerin mawakan Ukrainian Symphony No. 2 (Revutsky) Manazarta Sources Lviv National Philharmonic Orchestra na Ukraine Wakokijn gargajiya a Ukraine Waka dangane da yare Wakokin kasar Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
33366	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbenga%20Daniel	Gbenga Daniel	Gbenga Daniel (an haife shi 6 Afrilu,shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da shida 1956A.c) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma gwamnan jihar Ogun ta Najeriya daga 29 ga Mayu 2003 zuwa 29 ga Mayu 2011. Shi ne mai Kresta Laurel, mechanical engineering companya, ya fara a 1990. Shi ne wanda ya kafa otal-otal na taro masu rassa a Ijebu-Ode, Sagamu, Abeokuta da Isheri na Legas Gbenga Daniel (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1956) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma gwamnan jihar Ogun ta Najeriya daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2003, zuwa ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2011. Shi ne mai Kresta Laurel, Electro-mechanical engineering, ya fara a 1990. Shi ne wanda ya kafa otal-otal na taro masu rassa a Ijebu-Ode, Sagamu, Abeokuta da Isheri na Legas A matsayinsa na gwamna, shirye-shiryensa na haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu sun jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa da dama a cikin jihar a lokacin da yake mulki. Farkon Rayuwa DA karatu An haifi Gbenga Daniel a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1956, a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, acikin ahalin kiristoci, iuyayensa sune. Most Rev. Adebola Daniel na Makun, Sagamu da Madam Olaitan Daniel na Omu-Ijebu. Mahaifinsa fitaccen mai wa'azin kira ga kiristanci ne na Cocin the Lord of (Aladura) yayin da mahaifiyarsa 'yar kasuwa ce. Daniel ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Baptist Boys, Abeokuta daga shekarar alif 1969 zuwa 1973. Yayin da yake can, ya wakilci makarantar a cikin muhawara da gasa ta kacici-kacici al'amarin da ya sa ya yi fice musamman a tsakanin mutanen zamaninsa da kuma karfafa masa sha'awar neman ilimi. Bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare ta Baptist Boys da kyau, ya fara zuwa Makarantar Koyon Ilimi ta Polytechnic, Ibadan. Ya yi Babban Level (A' Level) sannan ya koma Makarantar Injiniya ta Jami'ar Legas A shekarunsa na farko na digiri na farko, ya samu guraben karo karatu da dama sannan kuma ya saba da fitaccen malamin nan, Prof. Ayodele Awojobi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan daliban marigayi Farfesa. A lokacin da yake karatun digiri na farko, sai aka shigar da shi cikin zababbun kwamitin abokan marigayi Saga, Cif Obafemi Awolowo, a matsayinsa na mamba mafi karancin shekaru a waccan zababbun kwamitin wanda daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN). ƙwararren injiniya kuma malami Ayodele Awojobi ya yi tasiri a kan shawarar Daniel na karatun injiniya. Daniel ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo tare da Awojobi, kuma ya kasance mai nasara kuma ya yi nasara sau da yawa, a shirinsa na kacici-kacici a talabijin "Mastermind". A shekarar da ya yi aikin bautar kasa a Makarantar Injiniya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Legas, ya kula da aikin gina rukunin Injiniya sannan kuma ya gudanar da jarrabawar semester na Makarantar Injiniya. Wani jami'in gudanarwa mai godiya ya bayyana wannan abin a matsayin "abin mamaki sosai a cikin yanayin da zamban jarrabawa ya yi yawa". Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci (MBA) daga Jami'ar Legas sannan ya halarci Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas don babban shirin a shekarar alif 1990. Kwarewarsa da kasuwanci Gina Daniel ya fara sana’ar sa ne a matsayin malami a Makarantar Injiniya a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Legas a lokacin da yake hidimar kasa. Daga nan ya zarce zuwa Kamfanin Gina Ƙarfe (W/Africa) Limited wanda ya bari a matsayin Mataimakin Manajan Kasuwanci. A 1983, ya shiga kamfani na duniya na lokacin, HFSCHROEDER West Africa Limited, Legas Ya kai matsayin mataimakin manajan darakta a Schroeder, inda ya zama dan Afrika na farko da ya taba rike irin wannan matsayi a tarihin kamfanin. A cikin shekarar alif 1990, ya bar Schroeder ya fara Kresta Laurel, wani kamfanin injiniyanci wanda ya ƙware a lif, cranes na tafiye-tafiye sama da masu hawa. A cikin shekarar 2017, ya fara gina KLL Construction Limited, don gabatar da wani sabon nau'in Kamfanin Gine-gine wanda zai tsaya tsayin daka. Shi ne kuma shugaban, Conference Hotels. A shekarar 2016, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar ‘yan kasuwa na Najeriya da Finland don maye gurbin Ambasada Olusegun Olusola wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2012. An kafa Majalisar Kasuwancin Najeriya da Finland ne domin bunkasa huldar kasuwanci tsakanin kamfanonin Najeriya da takwarorinsu na kasar Finland da nufin karfafa kasuwanci da zuba jari. Daniel mamba ne a the Nigerian Society of Engineers (FNSE), mamba of Nigerian Academy of Engineering (FNAEng) kuma kuma of the Institute of Directors (FIoD) Sana'ar siyasa Gwagwarmayar Demokradiyya A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin mambobi mafi karancin shekaru na Cif Obafemi Awolowo, Daniel ya kasance mai kula da bangaren dalibai na jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria a shekarar 1978 amma zamansa a jam'iyyar UPN bai dade ba bayan mahaifinsa yakoma i zuwa Jami'ar Legas. bayyanannen umarni don maida hankali kan neman ilimi da barin siyasa. Bayan kammala karatu da kuma kafa Kresta Laurel, Gbenga Daniel ya shiga ƙungiyar al'adun Yarabawa ta Afenifere a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pa Abraham Adesanya A yayin fafutuka da gwamnatin mulkin soja da kuma yakin neman dawo da zaben da aka soke ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, Gbenga Daniel ya zama daya daga cikin masu kudi na kungiyar NADECO ta kasa da ke ba da tallafi ga mambobin da ke tserewa daga kasar don neman mafaka a kasashen waje. Masu sharhi a siyasa sun bayyana yakin neman zaben Gbenga Daniel na neman kujerar gwamnan a matsayin "lantarki". la'akari da cewa a matsayinsa na dan kasuwa, ya doke gwamna mai ci. Kamfen dinsa juyin juya hali ne a jihar a shekarar 2003 yayin da ya ziyarci daukacin mazabu 236 na jihar Ogun, inda ya gana da duk wani mai ruwa da tsaki na kowacce unguwa na yankin jihar domin sanar dasu Manufarsa idan yaci zabe, Ya samu yabo saboda sake fasalin yakin neman zabe a Najeriya An zabi Daniel a matsayin gwamnan jihar Ogun a zaben gwamnan jihar Ogun a shekara ta 2003, inda ya tsaya takara a jam'iyyar PDP inda ya doke mai ci da kuri'u 217, 353. Nasarar tasa ita ce babbar nasara a zaben jihar Ogun. Ya samu kuri’u 449,335 a kan gwamna mai ci wanda ya samu kuri’u 231,982 wanda ya nuna tazarar mafi girma da aka taba yi a zaben gwamnan jihar Ogun. Ya samu babban mukami Otunba na dangin Egba da Ijebu na jihar a lokacin mulkin sa na farko. An sake zaben shi a watan Afrilun shekarar 2007. Zaben nasa na watan Afrilun shekarar 2007. ya samu sabani ne daga dan takara Ibikunle Amosun na jam’iyyar All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP), amma a watan Agustan shekarar 2009, kotun sauraron kararrakin zaben jihar Ogun ta yi watsi da karar. Ya inganta harkokin kasuwanci a tsakanin matasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen bunkasa matasa. Majalisar matasan Najeriya ta samu gagarumin rinjaye domin taimakawa matasa a duk fadin jihar kuma an nada matasa da dama a mukamai na siyasa. Wasu daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu a lokacin yana mulki sun hada da gina tituna, wuraren shakatawa da filayen wasanni a kananan hukumomin uku na jihar, da kuma kafa jami’ar ilimi. Filin wasa na Gateway International filin wasa ne na 2009 FIFA U-17 gasar cin kofin duniya da aka gudanar a Najeriya. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009, Daniel ya ba da izinin rage kudade a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Moshood Abiola mallakin Jiha zuwa ₦7,000. Hakan ya biyo bayan tattaunawa da kungiyar daliban Najeriya ta kasa bayan da iyaye da dalibai suka yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewarsu da karin kudade a kwanan baya. Daniel ya fara gina flin jirgin saman agro cargo na jihar Ogun a Ilishan-Remo Tashar jiragen ruwa na jiragen sama na kasa da kasa da aka sadaukar domin fitar da kayayyakin amfanin gona kai tsaye a jihar Ogun da kuma Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ga kasashen duniya. Har ila yau, shirin na filin jirgin ya nuna tanadin jigilar fasinjoji na yau da kullun don jiragen sama na kasa da kasa. Ya kafa yankuna uku na kasuwanci maras shinge a kowace gundumomin sanatoci a jihar Ogun. The Ogun Guangdong Free Trade Zone Limited, Igbesa, karamar hukumar Ado-Odo/Ota; Yankin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Olokola (OKFTZ); Tashar ruwan teku mai zurfi ta Olokola da yankin ciniki na 'yanci na Kajola a cikin Ifo. yakin neman zaben Goodluck Jonathan A shekarar 2010 aka nada Daniel domin ya jagoranci yakin neman zaben Goodluck Jonathan a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin, Najeriya. Dangane da aikin da aka ba shi, Jonathan ya lashe zaben yankin Kudu maso Yamma da gagarumin rinjaye a shekarar 2011, kuma ya zama dan Kudu maso Kudu na farko da ya taba mulkin Najeriya Shugaban PDP na kasa A shekarar 2017, Gbenga Daniel ya tsaya takarar shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na kasa. Mutane da yawa sun dakatar da yakin neman zabensa a matsayin yakin neman zabe mafi karfi a lokacin. Ya ziyarci Jihohi 36 da babban birnin tarayya Abuja domin yakin neman zaben sabon shugaban jam’iyyar. Sai dai a ranar da aka gudanar da taron, ya mika takardarsa na ficewa daga jam’iyyar ne bayan da shugabannin jam’iyyar suka cimma matsaya kan batun yankin Kudu-maso-Kudu. Babban daraktan yakin neman zaben Atiku A shekarar 2018, Atiku Abubakar ya bayyana nadin Gbenga Daniel a matsayin babban darakta na kungiyar yakin neman zaben sa ta shugaban kasa. Daniel ya jagoranci tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar zuwa nasara a zaben fidda gwani na takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar PDP a Fatakwal. Shiga APC A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2021, Gbenga Daniel ya koma jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) a hukumance bayan shekaru biyu na barin siyasar bangaranci. A jawabinsa yayin bikin mika alamar tsintsiya madaurinki daya na jam’iyyar, Daniel ya bayyana cewa babban burinsa a siyasa shi ne samar da hadin kan kasa da ci gaban kasa. Gwamnoni biyar da suka hada da Gwamna Dapo Abiodun na Jihar Ogun, Gwamnan Jihar Ondo, Rotimi Akeredolu, Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi Abubakar Atiku Bagudu, Gwamnan Jihar Kano, Abdullahi Umar Ganduje da Gwamnan Jihar Neja, Abubakar Sani Bello ne suka tarbe shi a cikin Jam’iyyar. Jim kadan da shiga APC, Kwamitin Kula da Tsare-tsare na Musamman (CECPC) ya nada Daniel a matsayin shugaban kwamitin yada labarai da yada labarai na jam’iyyar da kuma mamba na kwamitin tuntuba/ dabarun. Kwalejin Ilimi da Ilimin Siyasa A cikin shekarar 2002, Gbenga Daniel tare da matarsa, Olufunke Daniel, sun kafa gidauniyar Gateway Front Foundation (GFF), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tare da mai da hankali don ƙarfafa ƙanana da matsakaitan mazauna jihar Ogun. Gidauniyar ta bayar da tallafin karatu ga ’yan asalin jihar Ogun da ke karatu a manyan makarantun Najeriya da kuma bayar da tallafin kayan karatu ga makarantun gwamnati da ke jihar Ogun da kuma wasu abubuwan karfafawa. Gidauniyar ta kuma gudanar da aikin tiyatar ido da jinya kyauta ga talakawa. Bayan zamansa gwamnan jihar Ogun, Gbenga Daniel ya kafa makarantar horar da jagoranci ta siyasa (POLA). Cibiyar horar da jagoranci da gudanar da mulki ga matasa da shugabanni masu tasowa a Najeriya. Tun lokacin da aka kirkiro wannan cibiya ta samar da dalibai wadanda suka yi fice a fannoni daban-daban na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Irinsu Tolu Ogunlesi, Femi Adesina, Rt. Hon. Remmy Hassan da sauran tsofaffin daliban cibiyar. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Girmamawa ta Kasa DA kasa Honorable Georgia Citizen, Secretary of State, Georgia State, USA Recognition Paper, Detroit, Michigan, USA A Visitor to Miami Dade County, (2010) Darakta na girmamawa Doctor of Development Administration (DDA, Honoris Causa) Doctor of Agriculture (D. Agric, Honoris Causa), Doctor of Science, Engineering Doctor of Science, Engineering Doctor of Public Administration (Honoris Causa) Mamba mai daraja Honorary Fellow of the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria Fellow, Nigerian Institute of Safety Engineers Honorary Fellow, Chartered Institute of Arbitrators of Nigeria Honorary Fellow, Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers Honorary Fellow, Nigerian Academy of Education Honorary Fellow, Nigerian Computer Society Honorary Fellow, National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria Lafiya ta Kasa ta Najeriya Aboki, Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Tsaro ta Najeriya Abokin Daraja, Cibiyar Masu sasantawa ta Najeriya ta Chartered Ma'aikacin Daraja, Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Sinadarai ta Najeriya Wakilin Daraja, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Najeriya Dan uwa Mai Girma, Kungiyar Kwamfuta ta Najeriya Mai Girmamawa, National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria Kyaututtuka One of Nigeria's 100 most successful Businessmen (National Concord) 1993 MKO Abiola Leadership Prize 2004 Africa Leadership Prize for the Best Performed Governor for year 2003 2004 City People Magazine Award for Best Performing Governor for 2003 2004 Man of the Year (by the American Biographical Institute Inc) 2004 Best Performing Governor in Primary Education Development 2005 Corporate Governance Award of the Institute of Directors, Nigeria 2005 Zik Leadership Award, 2006. The Raymond Dokpesi: Electronic Media Award 2009. Best Governor in the Southwest, National Daily Newspaper Best Performing Governor, Heroes of Nigeria Project, African Leadership Magazine (2009) African Star Excellence Award in Enterprise Development, African Business Leadership Consortium (2010) Humanitarian Award, the Plight of Africa Foundation 2010 Award of Excellence, Nigeria Medical Association, (Ogun State, Branch) 2005 Award of Excellence, Shelter Watch Initiative 2006 Award of Excellence, NYSC, Yewa North 2009 Award of Excellence, Christian Association of Nigeria, Ogun State Chapter, 2006 Merit Award for Excellence, Peace and Conflict Resolution, Owan Progressive Union, Abeokuta Branch. Award of Excellence, Ogun State Teaching Service Commission (2004) Best Telecom Supporting Governor, Nigerian Telecom Awards Good Governance Award by the Institute of Directors (2005) Distinguished Honours Award, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan Special Award, Lions Club District 404B (Nigeria (2007) Certificate of Merit Nigerian Society of Engineers (2004) Fellowship Award, Remo Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture Service Award, Africa-UK Youth Exchange Programme (2007) Supportive State Government Award, Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Governor of the Year, FAME Achievers’ Award, 2005 Best Governor in Nigeria Award, Nigeria Association of Nigerian Students Merit Award, United NATIONS Office on Drugs and Crimes 2005 Award of Excellence NYSC, Sagamu (2017) Roll of Honours, University College Hospital, Ibadan (2017) Merit Award, Sigma Club, University of Ibadan, 2004 Merit Award, Handball Association of Nigeria, 2003 Examination Ethics Chief Master Marshall, Exam Ethics International (2009) Honours Award, Association of Advertising Practitioners of Nigeria (2003) Presidential Merit Award, National Institute of Marketing of Nigeria (2004) Award of Excellence, Molusi College, Ijebu Igbo (2009) Grand Commander of Nigerian Students, National Association of Nigerian Students Noble International Award, West African International Magazine Meritorious Award, Ohana Eze Ndi Igbo (2009) Golden Jubilee Prime Award, Nigerian Society of Engineers (2008) Gold Merit Award (NUJ) NAN Chapel b(2004 Certificate of Appreciation International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sports and Dance (ICHPER SD) (2003) Mai kula da Jirgin ruwa Patron, Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (2005) Patron, Nigeria Association of Special Education Teachers (NASET) Grand Patron, Police Community Committee Relation Committee, Ogun State Chapter (2009) Grand Patron, Christian Council of Nigeria, (2014) Grand Patron Gateway Readers’ Club Grand Patron, Nigerian Union of Journalists, Ogun State 2004 Grand Patron of Boys Scout Movement in Nigeria Grand Patron of Red Cross International (Nigeria) Grand Patron of the Sports Writers’ Association of Nigeria (SWAN) Kasancewar ƙungiyar Ikoyi Club Egbe Bobakeye of Ijebuland Lagos Country Club Lions Club International Ƙungiyar Metropolitan Ijebu Ode Club Lakabi na addini Asiwaju of Remo Christians IMA Distinguished Man of the Year, Islamic Movement for Africa (IMA), (2004) Aare Musulumi of Ipokia Muslim Community Amuludun Adeen of Ikija, Abeokuta Muslim Community Lakabin sarauta FESOJOYE NA ILE-IFE AARE ASOLUDDERO NA MAKUN, SAGAMU OTUNBA ADEOTI OF OMU, IJEBULAND OTUNBA OBALOFIN NA IJEBULAND AROLE OF REMOLAND OLU NLA NA EGBALAND, OGA NLA NA YEWALAND AARE AJIBOSIN OF OWU MULKIN ASOJU OBA OF IJESALAND AEMENRE NA ILEHA, JAHAR EDO OKE-OSISI NA OBINUGWU, JIHAR IMO ENYI-DI-ORA-NMA 1 NA NDIGBO FIWAJOYE NA IPOKIA AKINROGUN OF IRO (ONIRO IPOKIA) AMAYEDERUN NA IRANIKEN, SAGAMU ASALU NA IBIDO, SAGAMU AKOREWOLU NA ILODO, IJEBU KINIUN OF ILARA, REMO OTUNBA MAJEOBAJE NA ILAPORU OGIDI OMO NA ODOLEWA OTUNBA ROJUGBUWA NA IJAGBA OTUNBA FIWAJOYE NA ILUPEJU LEGUNSEN, SAGAMU OTUNBA ATAYESE OF ODE REMO TAYESE NA OKE-ODANLAND JAGUNMOLU NA EJILA AWORILAND JIRADETO (ALATUNSE) NA ERE BAALORO NA OWODE APAGUNPOTE OF OBA OBAFEMI BOBASELU NA IRO GBOBANIYI NA IWOPIN MAYEGUN AL'UMMAR EGUN A IFO MAYETORO NA IFO MAYEGUN OF EWEKORO OTUNBA MAYEGUN NA IBIADE ADIMULA NA AIYEDE A IKALELAND BABA EGBE JAGUNMOLU NA IKILE IJEBU OTUNBA ATUNLUSE NA ABIGI- RUWA FESOJOYE NA ODO-ARAWA OTUNBA ATUNLUSE NA OGBERE OBALORO NA AIYEPE AKOGUN OF OKUN OWA AARE MULUDUN NA IJESHA-IJEBU ASIWAJU OF REMOLAND ATUNLUSE NA IDOFA BOBATOLU NA AIYETORO BAASELU NA JOGA-ORILE BOBAGUNWA OF GBAGURA BASHORUN EPE GBOBANIYI OF OKE-ONA OKANLOMO NA OWODE-YEWA AARE ATAYESE NA ISAR OMOLUABI NA IMASAYI APESIN OF OGERE AARE ORI ADE NA IPERU AKESAN BOBAGUNWA OF ILUGUN SOUTH ADIMULA NA KETULAND MAYEGUN OF KWARA, EKITILAND AARE ATAYESE OF AGBARALAND Walafe-wallafe Daniel in Lion's Den Memoirs of Otunba Gbenga Daniel Otunba Gbenga Daniel The Man, His World, His Visions Acts of Daniel (1) Acts of Daniel (2) Ogun State Political Economy Daniel's Development Profile in Ogun State Manazarta Gwamnonin jihar Ogun Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40748	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Descartes	René Descartes	René UK ko rt/; Faransanci French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 Maris 1596-11 Fabrairu 1650 Bafaranshe ne masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma masanin lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mutum na farko a cikin bullowar falsafa da kimiyyarzamani. Ilimin lissafi ya kasance tsakiyar hanyar bincikensa, kuma ya haɗa fage daban-daban na lissafin lissafi da algebra a baya zuwa cikin lissafi na nazari. Descartes ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa na aiki a Jamhuriyar Holland, tun da farko yana hidima ga Sojojin Ƙasar Holland, daga bisani ya zama babban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shekarun Golden Age. Ko da yake ya yi aiki a jihar Furotesta kuma daga baya masu suka suka ƙidaya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Descartes ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin Katolika. Yawancin abubuwa na falsafar Descartes suna da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen Aristotelianism, Rayarwar Stoicism na karni na 16, ko a cikin falsafar farko kamar Augustine. A cikin falsafar dabi'a, ya bambanta da makarantu a kan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko, ya ƙi rarraba kayan jiki zuwa kwayoyin halitta da siffar; na biyu, ya ƙi duk wani roko zuwa ga ƙarshe, na allahntaka ko na halitta, a cikin bayanin abubuwan mamaki na halitta. A cikin tauhidinsa, ya nace a kan cikakken 'yanci na aikin Allah na halitta. Da yake ƙin karɓar ikon masana falsafa na baya, Descartes akai-akai ya keɓe ra'ayinsa baya ga masana falsafa da suka gabace shi. A cikin ɓangaren budewa na Ƙaunar Soul, wani rubutun zamani na farko game da motsin zuciyarmu, Descartes ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa zai rubuta a kan wannan batu "kamar dai babu wanda ya rubuta game da waɗannan batutuwa a baya."Sanannen bayaninsa na falsafa shine "cogito, ergo sum" ("Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne"; wanda aka samo a cikin Magana akan Hanyar (1637; a Faransanci da Latin) da Ka'idodin Falsafa (1644, a cikin Latin). Descartes sau da yawa ana kiransa uban falsafar zamani, kuma galibi ana ganin shi ne ke da alhakin ƙarin kulawa da aka ba wa ilimin kimiya na zamani a ƙarni na 17. Ya aza harsashi na rationalism na nahiyar na ƙarni na 17, daga baya Spinoza da Leibniz suka ba da shawarar, kuma daga baya mazhabar empiriricist ta yi adawa da shi, wanda ya ƙunshi Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, da Hume. Yunƙurin rationalism na farko na zamani-a matsayin makarantar falsafa mai tsari sosai a cikin kansa a karon farko a cikin tarihi-ya yi tasiri mai girma da tasiri a kan tunanin yammacin zamani gaba ɗaya, tare da haifuwar tsarin falsafancin falsafa biyu masu tasiri biyu na Descartes (Cartesianism) da Spinoza (Spinozism). Ya kasance ƙarni na 17 masu ra'ayin ra'ayi kamar Descartes, Spinoza da Leibniz waɗanda suka ba da "Age of Reason" suna da wuri a cikin tarihi. Leibniz, Spinoza, da Descartes duk sun kware sosai a fannin lissafi da falsafa, kuma Descartes da Leibniz sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyya ma. Tunanin Descartes akan Falsafa na Farko (1641) ya ci gaba da zama daidaitaccen rubutu a yawancin sassan falsafar jami'a. Tasirin Descartes a cikin ilmin lissafi daidai yake a bayyane; tsarin haɗin gwiwar Cartesian an sanya masa suna. An lasafta shi a matsayin uban lissafi na nazari-wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen gano ƙididdiga da bincike mara iyaka. Descartes kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mutane a juyin juya halin kimiyya. Rayuwa Ƙuruciya An haifi René Descartes a La Haye en Touraine, lardin Touraine (yanzu Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), Faransa, a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1596. An haifi René Descartes kusan rabin watan Agusta 1595. Mahaifiyarsa, Jeanne Brochard, ta mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan ta haifi ɗa a watan Mayu 1597. Mahaifin Descartes, Joachim, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Brittany a Rennes. René ya zauna tare da kakarsa kuma tare da kawunsa. Kodayake dangin Descartes Roman Katolika ne, Furotesta Huguenots ne ke iko da yankin Poitou. A cikin 1607, marigayi saboda rashin lafiyarsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Jesuit Royal Henry-Le-Grand a La Flèche, inda aka gabatar da shi ga ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, gami da aikin Galileo. Yayin da yake can, Descartes ya fara cin karo da sufanci. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1614, ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu (1615-16) a Jami'ar Poitiers, yana samun Baccalauréat da Lasisi a cikin canon da dokar farar hula a 1616, bisa ga burin mahaifinsa cewa ya zama lauya. Daga can, ya koma Paris. A cikin Discourse on the method, Descartes ya tuna: Na bar nazarin haruffa gaba ɗaya. Na yanke shawarar neman wani ilimi sai dai wanda ake iya samunsa a cikin kaina ko kuma a cikin littafin nan mai girma na duniya, na shafe sauran kuruciyata ta tafiye-tafiye, ziyartar kotuna da dakaru, ina cudanya da mutane masu hali da matsayi daban-daban, tare da tattaro nau'o'in daban-daban. kwarewa, gwada kaina a cikin yanayin da arziki ya ba ni, kuma a kowane lokaci ina yin tunani a kan duk abin da ya zo don samun riba daga gare shi. Dangane da burinsa na zama ƙwararren jami'in soja a 1618, Descartes ya shiga, a matsayin ɗan haya, Rundunar Sojojin Yaren mutanen Holland na Furotesta a Breda ƙarƙashin umarnin Maurice na Nassau, kuma ya gudanar da nazarin aikin injiniya na soja, kamar yadda aka kafa. by Simon Stevin. Descartes, saboda haka, ya sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a Breda don haɓaka iliminsa na lissafi. Ta wannan hanyar, ya saba da Isaac Beeckman, shugaban makarantar Dordrecht, wanda ya rubuta Compendium of Music (wanda aka rubuta 1618, aka buga 1650). Tare, sun yi aiki a kan faɗuwar kyauta, ɗakin karatu, sashen conic, da ƙididdigar ruwa. Dukansu sun yi imanin cewa ya zama dole a ƙirƙira hanyar da ke da alaƙa sosai da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Yayin da yake hidimar Duke Maximilian na Katolika na Bavaria daga 1619, Descartes ya kasance a yakin White Mountain kusa da Prague, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1620. A cewar Adrien Baillet, a daren 10-11 Nuwamba 1619 (Ranar St. Martin), yayin da yake tsaye a Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes ya rufe kansa a cikin daki tare da "tanda" (watakila cocklestove) don tserewa. sanyi Yayin da yake ciki, ya yi mafarkai guda uku, kuma ya gaskata cewa ruhun allahntaka ya bayyana masa sabuwar falsafa. Duk da haka, ana hasashen cewa abin da Descartes ya ɗauka a matsayin mafarkinsa na biyu shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru na fashewar ciwon kai. Bayan ya fita, ya ƙirƙiro lissafi na nazari da ra'ayin yin amfani da hanyar ilimin lissafi ga falsafa. Ya kammala daga waɗannan wahayin cewa, neman ilimin kimiyya zai kasance, a gare shi, neman hikima ta gaskiya da kuma wani muhimmin sashi na aikinsa na rayuwarsa. Descartes kuma ya ga a sarari cewa dukkanin gaskiya suna da alaƙa da juna, ta yadda gano ainihin gaskiya da ci gaba da tunani zai buɗe hanya ga dukkan kimiyya. Descartes ya gano wannan ainihin gaskiyar nan ba da jimawa ba: sanannensa "Ina tsammani, saboda haka ni ne." Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
11616	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris%20Alooma	Idris Alooma	Idris Alooma, Idris dan 'Ali (Alooma), ko Idriss Alaoma, (r. 1570-1602 03 ko 1580-1617) shi ne Mai (sarki) na Daular Kanem-Bornu, wacce aka fi sani da Chadi, Kamaru, Nijar da Najeriya. An rubuta sunansa daidai yadda ya dace Idris Alawma ko Idris Alauma Wani fitaccen shugaba ne, a karkashin mulkinsa Kanem-Bornu ta bunkasa har ta taba makuran karfin ikon ta. An tuna da Idris ne saboda kwarewarsa da shi da sojojin sa a wurin yaki, kuma ya sake fasalin gudanarwa na mulkin kasar da kuma tsayar da ibada a mahanga ta Musulunci. An kuma san shi ne a cikin babban yakokin da marubuci na tarihi Ahmad bin Fartuwa ya rubuta a littafinsa. Rayuwa Ya gaji sarauniya Aissa Koli Manyan masu bashi shawara sune Hausawa daga yamma, Tuareg da Toubou a arewa, da Bulala a gabashi. A daya daga cikin almaran wakan da'aka ruwaito, an ruwaito cin nasarar sa mai suna cin nasarar yaki har sau 330 a yaƙe-yaƙen dayayi a fiye da yakoki 1,000 da kuma fadace-fadace. Ya samar da abubuwa dayawa a fannin yaki, wadanda suka hada da samar da zaunan nan sansanonin sojoji da yin aiki da kawar da koma miye, ya kuma samar da dawakai masu linzami da mahayan su, da kuma samar da mayakan rakuma,da sojojin jirgin ruwa Kotoko kai harma da bindigun karfe.kuma dukkan sojojin sa an basu horo daga sojoji masu bada shawara na daular Ottoman. Tsarin mulkin siyasar sa yasa ya samu alaka mai kyau tsakaninshi daTripoli, Misira, da kuma daular Ottoman, wanda ya haka yasa shi tura jakadu 200 zuwa sassan fadin hamada izuwa kotun sa dake Ngazargamu Alooma kuma ya sanya hannu a wata takardar yarjejeniya ko kuma takardar daina yaki a tarihin chadi. Alooma ya gabatar da wasu sauye-sauye na doka, da na aiki wadanda suke da alaka da danganta da addininsa da koyarwar addinin Musulunci Ya dauki nauyin gina masallatai da yawa sannan ya je aikin hajji a Makka, inda ya tsara batun samar da masaukin baki da yan daular sa zasu yi amfani dashi idan suka je aikin hajji. Kamar yadda yake a tsakanin shi da sauran sarakunan wannan lokacin. tsara tsaran sa da abunda yake so ya cin mawa yasa shi ya samu girmamawa da abota daga masu bashi shawara da sauran makwatansa sarakuna. dangane da aikace aikace ya dogara ne akan bayi da suka fito daga manyan gidaje. Alooma kuma yana karban shawara ne daga manya manyan shuwagabannin kabilu, kuma yana bukatar masanin siyasa ya ringa zama a kotun sa, kuma yana samar da makwabtaka ne a tsakaninsa da sauran kabilu ta hanyar yin aure. shi kanshi baban shi wanda haifeshi dan kabilar Kanuri ne mamansa kuma yar kabilar Bulala ce Kanem-Bornu a ƙarƙashin Alooma tana da ƙarfi da arziki. Kudin gwamnati yana samuwa ne ta hanyar karban haraji daga mutanen garin (ko kuma ganima idan akayi nasara akan wasu mutanen) da kuma hakki a cikin kudin kasuwanci Ba kamar Yammacin Afirka ba, yankin tafkin Chadi basu da arzikin zinari Har yanzu daular kanem bornu ta kasance yanki kuma hanyar ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka dace don ƙetara hamadar Sahara Tsakanin tafkin Chadi, da Fezzan sa a jerin da-spaced rijiyoyin da oases kuma daga Fezzan akwai sauki sadarwa a arewacin Afirka da kuma Rum An aika samfura da yawa zuwa arewa, ciki har da natron sodium carbonate auduga, ƙwaya kola, hauren giwa, gashin tsuntsu, ƙanshin wuta, kakin zuma, da ɓoye, amma kasuwancin da yafi riba ya kasance cikin bayi Wadanda aka shigo da su sun hada da gishiri, dawakai, siliki, gilashin, muskets, da tagulla Alooma ya dakkwo ra'ayi akan kasuwanci da kuma hanyan da za'abi wajen habaka tattalin arzikin kasa. ya samu lambar yabo akan gyara hanyoyn kasuwanci da tafiye tafiye, kuma ya samar da tsayayyan fara shi akan fara shin hatsi kuma ya samr da hanya mai kyau akan fitan manoma zuwa samun saban wajen noma. har wayau kuma, ya samar da hanya mai tsaro kuma tsayayyar hanya wacce za'a bi wajen ganin cewa mata sunji tsoran Allah. Wallafa A cikin shekarar 2013, Magnus Edet ya samu lambar yabo na karamin fim na daraktotacni Nollywood kuma ya sadaukar da kyautar sa ne ga Idris Alooma inda ya yi imanin cewa hakika shi mutum ne mai karfi a lokacin mulkinsa a duniya a matsayin mayaƙi mai neman 'yanci. Duba nan kuma Ibn Furtu Tarihin Tarihin Sefuwa (Kanem-Bornu) Daular Sayfawa Daular Bornu Tarihin rayuwa Barkindo, Bawuro: "Yankunan farko na Sudan ta Tsakiya", a J. Ajayi da M. Crowder (eds.), Tarihin Yammacin Afirka, vol. Ni, 3rd ed. Harlow 1985, 225-254. Dewière, Rémi, L'esclave, le savant et le sultan. Maimaita martani ga monde et diflomasiyya au sultanat du Borno (XVIe-XVIIe siècles), thèse de doctorat dirigée par le professeur Bertrand Hirsch, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, 2015, 713 f. Hunwick, John: "Songhay, Bornu da Hausaland a karni na sha shida", a: J. Ajayi da M. Crowder (eds.), Tarihin Yammacin Afirka, vol. Ni, 1st ed. London 1971, 202-239. Ibn Furṭū: "Yaƙin Kanem", cikin: Herbert R. Palmer: Memoirs na Sudan, vol. Ni, Legas 1928, p. 15-81. Lange, Dierk: Le Dīwān des sultans du Kanem-Bornu, Wiesbaden 1977. Labari mai cike da tarihi na Sudan: tashoshin Borno na Idrīs Alauma'to Wiesbaden 1987. Diddigin bayanai Diddigin bayanai na waje A country chad .Library of Congress Country Studies. 1990 Sarakunan najeriya Sarakunan chad Sarakunan borno Tarihin chadi Sarakunan chadi Sarakunan Zazzau Sarakunan Kano Sarakunan karni na 15 Sarakunan katsina Yan
51860	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili%20Rachel%20Scharf%20Gold	Nili Rachel Scharf Gold	Nili Rachel Scharf Gold (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948)farfesa ce Ba'am tourke Ba'amurke ce ta harshen Ibrananci na zamani da wallafe-wallafe a cikin Sashen Harsunan Gabas da Wayewa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania.Ɗaukar matakan tsaka-tsaki don nazarin wallafe-wallafen Ibrananci na zamani,ta zana a cikin bincikenta game da hanyoyin da za a bi daga psychoanalysis, tarihin birane,nazarin kasashen waje da ƙaura,da kuma nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na kowa.Ta buga litattafai masu kyaututtuka a kan mawaƙin Ibrananci na Isra'ila,Yehuda Amichai,da kuma al'adun al'adu,zamantakewa,da gine-gine na birnin Haifa.Ta haɓaka wayar da kan al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin taro game da,da kuma karatun jama'a da laccoci ta,yawancin marubutan Isra'ila da masu shirya fina-finai. Asalin, ilimi,da aiki An haifi Nili Rachel Scharf Gold a Haifeta, Isra'ila,a cikin 1948,ga iyaye masu jin Jamusanci. Ta sami digiri na BA a cikin adabin Ibrananci da Ilimi daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Urushalima.Ta zo Amurka a cikin 1972 kuma ta sami digiri na MA da PhD a Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Yahudawa (JTSA) da ke birnin New York.A karkashin kulawar Avraham Holtz,ta rubuta karatun digirinta a kan ka'idodin fasaha masu tasowa,ko kuma wakoki,na ayyukan marigayi Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000). Daga 1979 zuwa 1998,ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia,a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Harsuna da Al'adu na Asiya.A lokacin shekarar ilimi ta 1998–99,ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Shugaban Sashen Harshen Ibrananci a Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka.Ta shiga jami'ar Pennsylvania a 2000. Scholarship and publications Littafin farko na Zinariya ya bayyana a cikin Ibrananci a cikin 1994.Mai suna,Lo Kabrosh ("Ba Kamar Cypress"),wannan littafi yayi la'akari da sauye-sauyen hotuna da sifofi a cikin waƙar Yehuda Amichai.Wannan littafin ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun Littafin Farko a Adabin Ibrananci daga Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Al'adu ta ƙasar Isra'ila. Da take rubutu a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya rubuta cewa wannan littafin "ya buɗe sabbin kwatance a cikin nazarin Amichai." Littafi na biyu na Gold,wanda ya fito a cikin Turanci a cikin 2008,mai suna, Yehuda Amichai:The Making of Israel's National Poet,kuma ya bibiyi ci gaban wallafe-wallafen Amichai tun yana ƙuruciyarsa a Würzburg, Jamus, bayan ƙauran danginsa zuwa Falasdinu na tilas a. 1936,kuma daga baya,bayan 1948,a Isra'ila lokacin da ya girma a matsayin mawaƙin Ibrananci.A cikin haka ta yi la'akari da tasirin da Jamusanci ke da shi akan waƙarsa ta Ibrananci.Wannan littafi,wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation ta 2007 da kuma tallafin bugawa na Amurka-Isra'ila Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) na 2008,ya bayyana a cikin bugu na Ibrananci da aka sake dubawa a cikin 2018. Rubuta a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya kwatanta littafin Gold a matsayin aikin "biography of poetic". Littafi na uku na Zinariya,Haifa:Birnin Matakan ya bayyana a cikin 2017,kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation Publishing Award da 2017 Schusterman Center for Israel Studies Publication Grant.Wannan littafi ya bibiyi tarihin Haifa da mutanenta tun daga karshen mulkin Ottoman a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin,ta hanyar wa'adin mulkin Burtaniya a Falasdinu,da kuma bayan kafuwar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948.Zinariya ta tsara labarinta a kusa da alamomin gine-gine guda biyar a unguwar Hadar HaCarmel,inda Yahudawa da Larabawa daban-daban na birnin suka zauna kuma suka haɗu.Matsakaicin tsaka-tsaki,haɗaɗɗen adabi,gine-gine da tarihin siyasa,gami da abubuwan tunawa,Haifa: City of Steps yana amfani da tarihin wannan birni don haskaka tarihin al'adun gama gari na mazauna cikin ƙarni na canji. Gold has published articles in a wide range of journals, including Prooftexts, the Jewish Quarterly Review, Hebrew Studies, Middle Eastern Literatures, and more. Her publications reflect her work on the role of Mother Tongue in literature written in an acquired language, as illustrated in the poetry of Natan Zach; her analyses of the avant-garde Israeli author Yoel Hoffmann; and her attention to the works of Hebrew women writers, such as Lea Goldberg, Dahlia Ravikovitch, and Judith Katzir. Haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka Zinariya ta taka rawa wajen haɓaka ayyukan Ibrananci na zamani a cikin fassarar turanci.A Jami'ar Pennsylvania,ta shirya a cikin 2004 taron kasa da kasa wanda ke nuna aikin marubucin Isra'ila Amos Oz,wanda ya halarta kuma yayi magana. Ta shirya irin wannan taron kasa da kasa don murnar aikin Aharon Appelfeld a 2011. A cikin 2019,ta karbi bakuncin mai shirya fina-finan Isra'ila Amos Gitai,wanda ya tattauna fim ɗinsa na Ibrananci Tramway a Urushalima. Daga cikin sauran marubuta da masu shirya fina-finai da ta karbi bakuncin akwai Sami Michael,Amir Guttfreund,Meir Wiezeltier, Dahlia Ravikovitch, Yitzhak Gormezano Goren,da Judith Katsir.Ta ci gaba da wannan sha'awar don haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani ta hanyar fassara, da kuma shiga cikin nazarin adabi a cikin azuzuwan Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta koyar da adabin Ibrananci a cikin fassarar Ingilishi dangane da takwarorinsa na Larabci,Farisa, da Turkiyya. Inganta fina-finan Gabas ta Tsakiya a Amurka Tun daga shekara ta 2010,Zinariya ta haɓaka cinema ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a Philadelphia ta hanyar shirya bikin Fina-Finan Gabas ta Tsakiya na shekara-shekara tare da tallafi daga Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Penn da sauran sassan harabar da shirye-shirye.Wannan biki ya nuna fina-finai daga kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, kamar Iran,Aljeriya,Masar, Falasdinu,Turkiyya, da Maroko. Tare da wannan jerin,Zinariya kuma ya gayyaci masu yin fina-finai na Isra'ila da dama,irin su Avi Nesher da Amos Gitai,don yin magana a kan harabar. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
25090	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu	Tu	Tu ko TU na iya nufin to ko "A". Harshe Harshen Tu tu ko tú mutum na 2 mai magana da magana ɗaya a cikin yaruka da yawa; duba wakilin suna Bambancin T –V (daga furcin latin tu da vos amfani a cikin wasu yaruka, na sunan mutum daban don ƙa'ida ko tazarar zamantakewa. Mutane da Sunaye Tū (Tūmatauenga), wani allahntaka a cikin tarihin Māori Mutanen Tu, mutanen Monguor na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Harshen Tu Tu (sunan sunan dangin Sinawa da ba kasafai ake samun su ba Du (sunan ko Tu, sunan dangin Sinawa gama gari. Kiɗa Tú (ƙungiyar Kanada), duo na mawaƙin pop na Kanada a ƙarshen 1980s Tu (American band), duo Ba'amurke, wanda memba na Sarki Crimson ya kafa Wakoki "Tu" (Waƙar Umberto Tozzi), 1978 "Tu", waƙar Umberto Bindi, 1959 "Tu", waƙar Ewa Farna, 2015. Sauran Tu (fim) <i id="mwNA">A nan</i> (fim na 2003) ko Tu, fim ɗin Croatian Tu, alama ce ta sutura daga Sainsbury Tu (cake), irin wainar Tibet Acronyms Kamfanoni da kungiyoyi TU (ƙungiyar), ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa don ma'aikatan T-Mobile TU Media, Kamfanonin tafi -da -gidanka na Watsa shirye -shiryen Watsa Labarai na Dijital a Koriya Toimihenkilöunioni (Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata Masu Albashi), ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Finland Tunisair (lambar jirgin saman IATA TU) Transunion, kamfanin bayar da rahoto game da bashi Tupolev, wani kamfanin sararin samaniya da tsaro na Rasha Teknisk Ukeblad, mujallar injiniyan Norway The Times Union, jaridar Albany ce New York City Teachers Union (1916–1964), wanda aka fi sani da “TU” Trout Unlimited, ƙungiyar kiyayewa Rukunin aunawa TU (Unit Time), naúrar lokaci daidai da 1024 microseconds Na'urar watsawa, sashin tarihi na asara a cikin wayar tarho mai nisa Unit Tritium, ma'aunin tritium taro a cikin ruwa Rukunin Tuberculin, ma'aunin ƙarfin tuberculin Jami'o'i A Amurka Jami'ar Taylor, Indiana Jami'ar Haikali, Pennsylvania Jami'ar Thomas, Georgia Jami'ar Touro California, California Jami'ar Touro Nevada, Nevada Jami'ar Towson, Maryland Jami'ar Trinity, Texas Jami'ar Troy, Alabama Jami'ar Tulane, Louisiana Jami'ar Tuskegee, Alabama Jami'ar Tulsa, Oklahoma tu, abin tsokaci ne game da Jami'ar Texas a Austin ta ɗalibai da magoya bayan abokin hamayya na Jami'ar Texas A&M. A wasu ƙasashe Jami'ar Tartu Tartu iklikool Estonia Duk wani Technische Universität, watau jami'ar fasaha a ƙasashen da ke magana da Jamusanci Technische Universiteit Delft, Netherlands Jami'ar Tezpur, Assam, Indiya Jami'ar Thapar, Patiala, Indiya Jami'ar Thammasat, Thailand Jami'ar Tianjin, Tianjin, China Jami'ar Tibet, Lhasa, yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kanta, China Jami'ar Tooling, wani kamfani ne na fasahar ilimantarwa na Amurka mara riba Jami'ar Tribhuvan, Kathmandu, Nepal Jami'o'in Fasaha na Myanmar Sauran amfani Tren Urbano, tsarin metro a San Juan, Puerto Rico Tu ɗari, gundumar Vccästmanland a Sweden Lokaci na Duniya, "Tempus Universalis" Thulium, wani sinadarin sinadarai ne mai alamar Tu Bangaren Fassara, sashin fahimi guda ɗaya na rubutu Bangaren fassarar (shirye -shirye), babban shigarwar ga mai tarawa Duba kuma Tú (disambiguation) UT (rarrabuwa)
19150	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Crous	Marie Crous	Marie Crous (fl. 1641),Ta kasan ce wata bafaranshi yace mai ilimin lissafi kuma. Ta gabatar da tsarin adadi ga Faransa a karni na 17. Tarihin rayuwa Ya zo ne daga asalin asali, Marie Crous ta zama fitacciyar marubuciya kuma malama a Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force An buga ta a shekarar 1636, kuma a shekarar 1641 ta buga wani bincike kan tsarin adadi, wanda ta sadaukar da ita ga "gimbiya mai sanyin saffron" Madame de Combalet, Duchesse d'Aiguillon, yayar Cardinal de Richelieu kuma sanannen majiɓinci; ta kasance abokiyar Marin Mersenne Koyaya, mashahuran mambobi na masana ilimi da masana kimiyya a cikin tsarin addinin Katolika na Minim Roman Katolika ba za a taɓa ambata ta ba, wanda ya mamaye binciken kimiyya a Faransa a wannan lokacin, kuma ba a taɓa yarda da ita a matsayin mace mai ilimi ba. Her work, printed by Simon Stevin, goes well beyond what was provided at the time in calculation manuals. She wrote, Aikinta ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwa guda biyu: matakin adama (a yau ana kiransa budurwa a cikin Faransanci) don raba mantissa na sassan goma, haka kuma amfani da sifili a cikin adadi don nuna cewa wuri baya nan. A yin hakan, ta ba da lamba ga lambobin adadi na yanzu. Ta sanya sifili nuls kamar yadda Jamusawa suke yi. Gwaninta a rubuce har da lissafi, ta kirkiro wasu abubuwan hanyar Pestalozzi da abin da ta kira bangaranci, wanda ke da matukar amfani ga lissafin tunani, musamman wajen aiwatar da shi a dokar mutum uku Aikin Crous (bugun farko ya fara ne daga 1635-1636) ya fara da wasiƙa zuwa ga majiɓinta. Tana nuna godiya ga taimakon da ta yi ta waɗannan kalmomin: Koyaya, ba ta danganta cancantar abubuwan da ta ƙirƙiro mata ba. A cikin gabatarwar karatun Abrégé (Abstract Research), Marie Crous ta ba da tabbacin cewa ta yi aikinta A cikin gabatarwar ta ga Charlotte de Caumont, ta yi magana game da masu sana'o'in kasuwanci a cikin Paris, waɗanda a wancan lokacin suka fara maye gurbin ma'aunin ma'auni, kamar toise, tare da auna a cikin goma a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin: Daga wannan hangen nesan, Marie Crous ta samar da tushe don tsarin tsarin awo Masanin lissafi Olry Terquem ya yi nadamar cewa har yanzu ba a bai wa sunanta wani titi a birnin Paris ba. Kwanan nan, Catherine Goldstein ta sadaukar da wani ɓangare na labarin nata, "Ba na jama'a bane ko na sirri: ilimin lissafi a farkon zamanin Faransa na zamani" ga Crous. Duba kuma 0 (lamba) Mantissa Mahimmanci Dokar uku (lissafi) Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Manazarta Duba kuma Catherine Goldstein, Neither public nor private: mathematics in early modern France Abrégée recherche de Marie Crous, pour tirer la solution de toute proposition d'arithmétique, dépendantes des règles y contenues avec quelques propositions sur les changes, escomptes, intérêt, compagnie, associations, paiements, départements de deniers, mélanges, bureau des monnaies et toisages, divisé en trois parties. ENsemble un avis sur les dixmes ou dixièmes du sieur Stevin, à Paris, chez Jacques Auvray. 1661. M. Olry Terquem, published by T. Bachelier, article on Marie Crous p. 200 et seq. Ou Nouvelles Annales de Mathématiques Volume 14, p. 200 et seq (1852). Georges Maupin, Opinions et curiosités touchant la mathématique (deuxième série) d'après les ouvrages français des XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle, édité à Paris chez Naud (1898). pp.
28361	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C9%97a%C9%97%C9%97en%20Birnin%20Aleppo	Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo	Tsohon Birnin Aleppo (Larabci: romanized: Madīnat Halab al-Qadīma) birni ne mai tarihi na Aleppo, Siriya. Kafin yakin basasar Siriya, yawancin gundumomi na tsohon birnin sun kasance da gaske ba su canza ba tun lokacin da aka gina shi a cikin karni na 12 zuwa na 16. Kasancewar ana ci gaba da kai hare-hare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, an tilasta wa mazauna birnin gina rukunin gidaje da gundumomi masu zaman kansu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kowace gunduma tana da halaye na addini da kabilanci na mazaunanta. Tsohon birnin Aleppo wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon birni a cikin ganuwar da kuma tsohon yanki mai kama da tantanin halitta a wajen bangon yana da kusan yanki mai girman hekta 350 (acres 860; 3.5 km2), yana da gidaje fiye da 120,000. An siffanta shi da manyan gidajenta, kunkuntar lunguna, rufaffiyar souqs da tsohowar ayari, Tsohuwar birnin Aleppo ta zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO a cikin shekara ta alif 1986. An ruguje da rugujewa ko kona bangarori da dama a Al-Madina Souq da wasu gine-gine na zamanin da na tsohon birnin, sakamakon arangamar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Larabawa na Siriya da dakarun 'yan tawaye na Jabhat al-Nusra, a wani abin da ake kira yakin Aleppo. da 'yan adawar JN suka kaddamar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2012. A cikin watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2014, kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Islamic Front sun dauki alhakin lalata wasu manyan gine-ginen tarihi da sojojin Siriya ke amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin kagara a tsohon birnin ciki har da adalci. fadar, otal din Carlton da tsohon ginin majalisar birnin. An lalata kashi 30% na tsohon birnin Aleppo a fadan. Asalin da kafuwar Kwance yake a gefen hagu na Kogin Queiq tsohon birnin yana kewaye da da'irar tsaunuka takwas da ke kewaye da wani fitaccen tsauni na tsakiya wanda aka gina katangar (asali haikalin da ya yi daidai da karni na 2 BC) a cikin siffar acropolis. Rajin da'irar yana da kusan kilomita 10 (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmin (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. Tare da kusan kadada 160 (kadada 400; 1.6 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 5 (3 mi) a zagaye wanda Mamlukes suka sake ginawa a ƙarshe. Katangar ta bace tun daga lokacin. Tana da kofofi tara (5 daga cikinsu an kiyaye su sosai) kuma an kewaye shi da wani babban rami mai zurfi. A farkon karni na 15 Kiristoci ne suka fara gina sabon rukunin Jdeydeh na tsohon birnin a yankin arewacin tsohon birnin, bayan janyewar Mongol daga Aleppo. Jdeydeh yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan kwata kamar tantanin halitta a Aleppo. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arziki, an kafa wasu sassa da yawa a wajen bangon tsohon birnin a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16. Tsarin lokaci na tarihi A cikin tarihinta, Aleppo na cikin jihohi masu zuwa: ca. 2400 BC tsakiyar karni na 23 BC, Masarautar Armi tsakiyar. Karni na 23 BC tsakiyar karni na 22 BC, Daular Akkadiya Karni na 21 BC-karni na 19 BC, Masarautar Eblaite ca. 1800 BC-1595 BC, Masarautar Amorite ta Yamhad 1595 BC–ca. 1500 BC, Tsohon Mulkin Hittiyawa ca. 1500 BC-ca. 1450 BC, Mitanni ca. 1450 BC–ca. 1350 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Masar ca. 1350 BC- farkon karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Hittiyawa Karni na 11 BC, Masarautar Syro-Hitti ta Palistin karni na 10 BC, daular Syro-hitti ta Bit Agusi Karni na 9 BC-karni na 7 BC, Daular Neo-Assyrian farkon karni na 6 BC tsakiyar karni na 6 BC, Daular Neo-Babila ca. 550 BC–ca. 350 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa 333 BC-312 BC, Daular Makidoniya 312 BC-88 BC, Daular Seleucid 88 BC-64 BC, Daular Armeniya 64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum 27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum 476–608, Daular Byzantine 608-622, Sassanid Farisa 622–637, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa) 637–661, Rashidun Caliphate 661–750, Umayyad Khalifanci750–878, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa 878-905, Tulunids 905-941, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (maidowa) 941–944, Daular Ikhshidid 944–1003, Daular Hamdanid 1003-1038, Fatimid Khalifan 1038-1080, Daular Mirdasid 1080–1086, Daular Uqaylid 1086-1118, Daular Seljuq 1118-1128, Artuqids 1128-1183, daular Zengid 1183-1260, Daular Ayyubid 1260 Maris-Oktoba, Mongol Empire 1260–1400, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira) 1400 Daular Timurid 1400–1516, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira) (an maidowa) 1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya 1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria 1920-1924, Jihar Aleppo karkashin wajabcin Faransa 1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon 1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963) 1958-1960, United Arab Republic 1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya Prehistoric da pre-classical zamanin Da kyar masu binciken kayan tarihi suka taba Aleppo, tun da birni na zamani ya mamaye tsohon wurinsa. Shekarun Farkon Bronze Aleppo ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin muhimmin birni da ya wuce Damascus. Rikodin farko na Aleppo na iya kasancewa daga karni na uku BC idan an bayyana Aleppo a matsayin Armi, jihar birni mai alaƙa da Ebla daidai. An kuma gano Armi da Tell Bazi na zamani. Giovanni Pettinato ya kwatanta Armi a matsayin canjin Ebla. Naram-Sin na Akkad (ko kakansa Sargon) ya halaka Ebla da Arman a karni na 23 BC. Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya A zamanin tsohuwar Babila, sunan Aleppo ya bayyana a matsayin Halab (Halab) a karon farko. Aleppo ita ce babban birnin daular Amoriyawa ta Yamhad. Masarautar Yamhad (kimanin 1800-1600 BC), wanda aka fi sani da 'ƙasar Halab,' ita ce mafi ƙarfi a Gabas Kusa da ita a lokacin. Hittiyawa a karkashin Mursilis I sun halaka Yamhad a karni na 16 BC. Sai dai kuma nan ba da jimawa ba Aleppo ya koma kan gaba a kasar Siriya lokacin da ikon Hittiyawa a yankin ya ragu saboda rikicin cikin gida. Zamanin Bronze na karshe Da yake cin gajiyar rashin iko a yankin, Parshatatar, sarkin daular Hurrian ta Mitanni, ya ci Aleppo a karni na 15 BC. Bayan haka, Aleppo ya sami kansa a fagen daga a gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin Mitanni da Hittiyawa da Masar. Hittiyawa Suppiluliumas I sun ci Mitanni na dindindin kuma sun ci Aleppo a karni na 14 BC. Aleppo yana da mahimmancin al'ada ga Hittiyawa don kasancewa cibiyar bautar guguwa-Allah. Zaman ayan Lokacin da mulkin Hittiyawa ya ruguje a karni na 12 BC, Aleppo ya zama wani yanki na masarautar Syro-Hitti na Palistin, sannan masarautar Aramaean Syro-Hittite ta Bit Agusi (wanda ke da babban birninta a Arpad), ta kasance wani yanki na wannan masarauta har sai da aka ci nasara. ta Assuriyawa A karni na 9 BC, kuma ya zama wani yanki na Daular Neo-Assuriyawa har zuwa karshen karni na 7 BC, kafin ya wuce ta hannun Babila Babila da Farisa Achamenid. Na gargajiya tsoho Alexander the Great ya mallaki birnin a shekara ta 333 BC. Seleucus Nicator ya kafa wurin zama na Hellenic a cikin rukunin tsakanin 301-286 BC. Ya kira ta Beroea bayan Beroea ta Makidoniya. Arewacin Siriya ya kasance cibiyar nauyi na ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Hellenistic, don haka al'adun Hellenistic a cikin Daular Seleucid. Kamar yadda sauran garuruwan Hellenized na mulkin Seleucid suka yi, wataƙila Beroa ta ji daɗin ɗan ƴancin yankin, tare da taron jama'a na gida ko boulē wanda ya ƙunshi Hellenes 'yanci. Biriya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Seleucid kusan shekaru 300 har zuwa lokacin da aka mika hannun Pompey na ƙarshe na daular Seleucid a shekara ta 64 BC, lokacin da suka zama lardin Romawa. Kasancewar Roma ya ba da kwanciyar hankali a arewacin Siriya sama da ƙarni uku. Ko da yake wani ɗan majalisa ne daga Roma ne ke gudanar da lardin, Roma ba ta tilasta wa rukunin masu mulki da ke jin Hellenanci ba. An ambaci Beroea a cikin 2 Macc. 13:3. Zamanin daular da kuma fadada garin Sarkin Sassanid Khosrow na I ya washe kuma ya kona Aleppo a shekara ta 540 AZ. Daga baya, Farisawa Sassanid sun mamaye Siriya a takaice a farkon karni na 7. Jim kadan bayan Aleppo ta fada hannun Larabawa karkashin Khalid bn al-Walid a shekara ta 637 miladiyya. A shekara ta 944 AZ, ta zama wurin zama na Masarautar mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin yarima Hamdanid Sayf al-Daula, kuma ta sami ci gaba mai girma. A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1138 bayan haihuwar Yesu, wata girgizar ƙasa mai kisa ta abkawa birnin da kewaye. Ko da yake alkaluma daga wannan lokaci ba su da tabbas, amma an yi imanin cewa mutane 230,000 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama girgizar kasa ta biyar mafi muni a tarihi. Bayan da Tamerlane ya mamaye Aleppo a shekara ta 1400 kuma ya lalata shi, Kiristoci sun yi hijira daga ganuwar birnin suka kafa nasu cell a shekara ta 1420, a yankunan arewa maso yammacin birnin, ta haka ne suka kafa sassan Jdeydeh. Mazaunan Jdeydeh sun kasance dillalai ne da ke saukaka kasuwanci tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje da 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida. An gina wasu gundumomi da yawa a wajen bangon tarihi a ƙarni na 15 da 16. An ambaci birnin, ta ɗaya daga cikin mayu, a cikin William Shakespeare's Macbeth, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 1603 AZ da 1607 AZ. Babban abubuwan gani Aleppo tana da nau'ikan gine-gine masu gauraye, waɗanda aka yi musu mulkin, a tsakanin sauran, ta Rumawa, Rumawa, Seljuqs, Mamluk da Ottomans. Gine-gine iri-iri na ƙarni na 13 da na 14, kamar su ayari, caeriya, makarantun kur’ani, hammams da gine-ginen addini ana samun su a tsohon birni. Yankunan gundumar Jdeydeh gida ne ga gidaje masu yawa na ƙarni na 16 da na 17 na Aleppin bourgeoisie, waɗanda ke ɗauke da zanen dutse. Souqs da Khans Matsayin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci na birnin ya jawo hankalin mazauna kowane jinsi da imani waɗanda suke son cin gajiyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da suka hadu a Aleppo daga China da Mesofotamiya zuwa gabas, Turai zuwa yamma, da Crescent mai albarka da Masar a kudu. Mafi girman kasuwar souq-kasuwa a duniya yana cikin Aleppo, tare da kimanin tsawon kilomita 13 (mil 8.1). Al-Madina Souq, kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida, cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci da ake shigowa da ita daga waje, kamar danyen siliki daga Iran, kayan yaji da rini daga Indiya, da kofi daga Damascus. Souq al-Madina kuma gida ne da kayayyakin gida kamar su ulu, kayan noma da sabulu. Yawancin sukuwan sun samo asali ne tun a karni na 14 kuma ana kiran su da sana’o’i da sana’o’i daban-daban, don haka sukuwar ulu, da tagulla, da sauransu. Banda fatauci, sukuwa ya ba 'yan kasuwa da kayansu a cikin khans (wasu caravanserais) suka watse a cikin souq. Sauran nau'ikan ƙananan wuraren kasuwa ana kiran su caeserias Caeserias sun fi khans girma a girmansu kuma suna aiki azaman bita na masu sana'a. Yawancin khans sun ɗauki sunayensu bayan wurin da suke a cikin souq da aiki, kuma an siffanta su da kyawawan kayan ado da ƙofar shiga tare da katangar kofofin katako. Manyan khans a ciki da wajen yankin Souq al-Madina da aka rufe sune: Khan al-Qadi daga 1450, Khan al-Saboun daga farkon karni na 16, Khan al-Nahhaseen na 1539, Khan al-Shouneh daga 1546, Khan al Jumrok daga 1574, Souq Khan al-Wazir daga 1682, Souq al-Farrayin, Souq al-Dira, Souq al-Hiraj, Souq al-Attarine, Souq az-Zirb, Souq Marcopoli, Souq as-Siyyagh, The Venetian' Khan,*Souq Khan al-Harir daga rabin na biyu na karni na 16, Suweiqa, da sauransu. Sauran souqs na gargajiya da khans a cikin kwata na Jdeydeh (a wajen birni mai katanga): Souq al-Hokedun or "Khan al-Quds". Hokedun yana nufin "gidan ruhaniya" a cikin Armeniya, kamar yadda aka gina shi don zama wurin zama ga mahajjatan Armeniya akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Urushalima. Tsohon ɓangaren Hokedun ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen 15th da farkon ƙarni na 16 yayin da aka gina sabon ɓangaren a cikin karni na 17. A zamanin yau, an mayar da ita wani katon souq mai tarin shaguna masu sana’ar sayar da tufafi. Souq as-Souf ko kasuwar ulu, dake kan titin Salibeh, kewaye da tsoffin majami'u na kwata. Bawabet al-Qasab, cibiyar kasuwancin kayayyakin katako. Gine-ginen tarihi Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na tsohon birnin sun hada da: Babban Masallacin Aleppo Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Larabci: Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) shi ne mafi girma kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a birnin Aleppo na kasar Siriya. Yana cikin gundumar al-Jalloum na tsohon birnin Aleppo, wurin tarihi na duniya, kusa da kofar shiga Al-Madina Souq. An yi zargin cewa masallacin gida ne ga gawar Zakariyya, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma, wadanda dukkansu abin girmamawa ne a Musulunci da Kiristanci. An gina shi a farkon karni na 8 AZ. Duk da haka, ginin na yanzu ya koma ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14. An gina minaret a cikin masallacin a shekara ta 1090, kuma an lalata shi a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya a watan Afrilun 2013. Citadel, wani katon kagara da aka gina a saman wani katon tudun wucin gadi wanda ya tashi sama da mita 50 (164 ft) sama da birnin, ya samo asali ne tun karni na farko BC. Hane-hane na baya-bayan nan ya gano wani haikali da mutum-mutumi 25 tun daga karni na farko BC. Yawancin tsarin da ake ciki yanzu sun kasance daga karni na 13. Girgizar kasa ta lalata Citadel sosai, musamman a cikin 1822. Al-Matbakh al-Ajami, wani gidan sarauta na farko na ƙarni na 12 da ke kusa da kagara, wanda sarkin Zengid Majd ad-Din bin ad-Daya ya gina. An gyara ginin a ƙarni na 15. Gidan Tarihi na Mashahuri ne tsakanin 1967-1975. Cocin Al-Shibani-Makarantar karni na 12, tsohuwar coci ce kuma makarantar Franciscan Mishan na Maryamu dake cikin tsohon birni, a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar al'adu. Khanqah al-Farafira, gidan sufi na ƙarni na 13 wanda Dayfa Khatun ya gina a 1237. Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, mafaka ya yi aiki daga 1354 har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Dar Rajab Pasha, wani katon gidan da aka gina a karni na 16 kusa da titin al-Khandaq. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, an gyara gidan tare da mayar da shi wata muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adu tare da babban dakin wasan kwaikwayo na kusa. Fadar Junblatt, wacce sarkin Kurdawa a Aleppo kuma wanda ya kafa dangin Janpolad (Jumblatt) ya gina a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16; Janpolad bek bin Qasim. Beit Marrash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine dake cikin kwata na al-Farafira, wanda dangin Marrash suka gina a ƙarshen karni na 18. Hasumiyar agogon Bab al-Faraj, wanda 1898-1899 mai zanen Austriya na Chartier ya gina. Grand Serail d'Alep, tsohon wurin zama na gwamnan Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1920s kuma ya buɗe a cikin 1933. National Library na Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1930s kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1945. Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na Jdeydeh Kirista kwata sun hada da: Beit Wakil, wani katafaren gidan Aleppin da aka gina a shekara ta 1603, tare da kayan ado na musamman na katako. An kai ɗaya daga cikin kayan adonsa zuwa Berlin kuma an nuna shi a gidan kayan tarihi na Pergamon, wanda aka sani da ɗakin Aleppo. Beit Ghazaleh, wani tsohon katafaren gida na ƙarni na 17 mai cike da kyawawan kayan adon, wanda ɗan ƙasar Armeniya Khachadur Bali ya sassaƙa a 1691. An yi amfani da shi azaman makarantar firamare ta Armeniya a ƙarni na 20. Dar Zamaria, wanda aka gina a ƙarshen karni na 17 kuma mallakar dangin Zamaria ne tun farkon ƙarni na 18. A zamanin yau, an mayar da gidan ya zama otal boutique. Beit Achiqbash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine da aka gina a shekara ta 1757. Ginin yana gida ne ga Shahararriyar Al'adun Gargajiya tun 1975, yana nuna kyawawan kayan adon fasahar Aleppin. Dar Basile, gidan Aleppine na ƙarni na 18, yana aiki a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kansa tun 2001. Beit Dallal ko Dallal House, wanda aka gina a cikin 1826 akan wurin tsohuwar coci da gidan zuhudu, a zamanin yau yana aiki azaman otal otal. Madrasa Madrasa Al-Halawiyyah, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1124 a wurin babban cocin Byzantine na Saint Helena na Aleppo na karni na 5, inda, bisa ga al'ada, haikalin Roman ya taɓa tsayawa. Saint Helena, mahaifiyar Constantine Mai Girma, ta gina babban babban cocin Byzantine a nan. A lokacin da 'yan Salibiyya suke wawushe yankunan karkara, babban alkalin birnin ya mai da babban cocin cocin masallaci. A shekara ta 1149, Nur al-Din ya mayar da ita madrasah; mazhabar Musulunci-addini. A zamanin yau, ana iya ganin ginshiƙan Byzantine na tsohon babban coci na karni na 6 a cikin zauren. Madrasa Al-Muqaddamiyah, wacce ke cikin layin Khan al-Tutun, asalin coci ce kafin 1123. Alkalin Aleppo Ibn-Khashab ya mayar da ita masallaci, sannan ta zama madrasah a shekara ta 1168 na Izz Eddin Abdal Malek al-Muqadam. a zamanin Nurul Din. Ita ce madrasah mafi tsufa a Aleppo. Madrasa Al-Shadbakhtiyah, ɗaya daga cikin madrasa na farko na Ayyubid, wanda Jamal al-Din Shadbakht ya gina a shekara ta 1193, wani ƴantaccen bawa na sarkin Zengid Nur al-Din. Madrasa Al-Zahiriyah, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 1217 a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudancin Bab al-Maqam, na Az-Zahir Ghazi. Madrasa Al-Sultaniyah, wanda gwamnan Aleppo Az-Zahir Ghazi ya fara kuma ya kammala tsakanin 1223-1225 da dansa Malek al-Aziz Mohammed ya kammala. Ginin ya fi shahara da mirgine dakin sallah. Yana dauke da kabarin sultan Malik al-Zaher dan Ayyubid Sultan Saladin. Madrasa Al-Firdaws, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi kyawun masallatan Aleppo". An gina ta a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudu maso yammacin kofar Bab al-Maqam, ta Dayfa Khatun; Matar gwamna Az-Zahir Ghazi a shekara ta 1235-1236, sannan kuma mai jiran gadon sarautar Ayyubid An-Nasir Yusuf. An san shi da babban iwan tsakar gida) tare da tafki a tsakiya kewaye da arches da ginshiƙai na daɗaɗɗen, manyan wasanni tare da tsarin saƙar zuma. Irin wannan salo ne ke siffanta kufaifan dakin sallah. An yi mihrab ɗin da farin marmara mai jijiyar jijiya, jan porphyry da koren diorite. Madrasa Al-Kamiliyah, wacce Fatima Khatun diyar Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil ta gina tsakanin 1230-37 a wajen katangar garin. Madrasa Al-Sharafiyah, dake arewa maso gabashin babban masallacin, wanda Abd al-Rahim bn al-'Ajami da dansa Sharaf al-Din 'Abdul Rahman suka assasa a shekara ta 1242. Madrasa Al-Turantaiyah, wacce ke wajen katangar birnin zuwa gabashin Bab al-Nairab, wanda masanin tarihin Aleppine Ibn al-Udaym ya gina tsakanin 1241-51. Madrasa Al-Ahmadiyah, wacce aka bude a shekara ta 1724 a gundumar al-Jalloum. Yana da tsarin gine-gine na tsarin Tekyes. Madrasa Al-Uthmaniyah, da ke kusa da Bab al-Nasr, wanda Ottoman pasha Al-Duraki ya kafa a 1730, kuma asalin sunansa Madrasa Ridaiya. Wuraren ibada Masallacin Al-Shuaibiyah, wanda kuma aka fi sani da al-Omari, al-Tuteh da kuma al-Atras masallacin, shi ne masallaci mafi dadewa a Aleppo, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 637. Ya mamaye tsohuwar tarihi na nasara na Romawa, wanda ya taba nuna farkon decumanus. An sake gyara ginin gaba ɗaya a cikin 1146 da 1401. An san shi da rubutun kufic na ƙarni na 12 da kayan ado. Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), wanda aka kafa c. 715 na Umayyad halifa Walid I kuma mai yiwuwa magajinsa Sulaiman ya kammala. Ginin ya ƙunshi kabari mai alaƙa da Zachary, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma. An fara gina ginin na yanzu na Nur al-Din a shekara ta 1158. Duk da haka, ya lalace a lokacin mamayar Mongol na 1260, kuma an sake gina shi. Hasumiyar tsayin mita 45 (148 ft) (wanda aka kwatanta da "babban abin tunawa na Siriya ta tsakiya") an gina shi a cikin 1090-1092 a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Seljuk na farko, Tutush I. Yana da facade huɗu masu salo daban-daban. Masallacin Al-Qaikan ("Masallacin Crow") na karni na 12, wanda aka yi masa ado da tsoffin ginshiƙai guda biyu a cikin basalt a ƙofar. A jikin bangon masallacin, ana iya ganin wani katafaren dutse da ke dauke da rubuce-rubucen hiroglyph na Anadolu. Masallacin Altun Bogha na zamanin Mamluk, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1318. Masallacin Al-Sahibiyah na 1350, wanda aka gina kusa da Khan al-Wazir. Masallacin Al-Tawashi da aka gina a shekara ta 1398 kuma an sake gyara shi a shekara ta 1537. Yana da katafaren facade da aka yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya. Masallacin Al-Otrush, wanda aka gina a 1398 a cikin salon Mamluk. Ya shahara da kawata fuskar bangon waya da kuma kofar shiga wanda aka lullube da muqarnai na Musulunci na gargajiya. An dawo da shi a cikin 1922. Masallacin Al-Saffahiyah, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1425 kuma an sake gyara wani sashi a 1925. Ya shahara da kyan ganimar da aka yi masa ado. Masallacin Khusruwiyah da aka kammala a shekara ta 1547, wanda shahararren masanin Ottoman Mimar Sinan ya tsara. Masallacin Al-Adiliyah, wanda gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Aleppo Muhammed Pasha ya gina a shekarar 1557. Yana da zauren addu'o'in da ke gabansa da arcade, mai dome, mihrab mai tile faience na gida. Arba'in Shahidai Armeniya Apostolic Cathedral na 1429, dake cikin kwata na Jdeydeh. Cocin Mar Assia al-Hakim Cocin Katolika na Syria na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh. Dormition of Our Lady Greek Orthodox Church na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh. Cocin Jdeydeh Kirista kwata kamar Maronite Saint Elias Cathedral, Armeniya Katolika Cathedral na Uwar Mu Reliefs da Melkite Greek Katolika Cathedral na Budurwa Mary. Majami'ar tsakiyar birnin Aleppo ko majami'ar al-Bandara, an kammala tun farkon karni na 9 ta kokarin al'ummar Yahudawa. An lalata majami'ar sau da yawa har zuwa 1428 lokacin da aka maido da shi. Kwanan nan, an gyara ginin da kokarin Yahudawa masu hijira na Aleppin a Amurka. Kofofi An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 5 (mile 3.1), wanda kofofin tarihi tara suka huda (yawancinsu suna da kyau) na tsohon garin. Waɗannan su ne, a gefen agogo daga arewa-maso-gabas na kagara: Bab al-Hadid (Kofar Ayan) Bab al-Ahmar (Kofar Jar, ta lalace gaba daya) Bab al-Nairab (Kofar Nairab, ta lalace gaba daya) Bab al-Maqam (Kofar Shrine) Bab Qinnasrin (Kofar Qinnasrin) Bab Antakeya (Ƙofar Antakiya) Bāb Jnēn (Ƙofar Lambuna, ta lalace gaba ɗaya) Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto, ta lalace gaba ɗaya) Bab al-Nasr (Kofar Nasara, wani bangare ya lalace) Hammams Aleppo ya kasance gida ga hammams 177 a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, har zuwa mamayewar Mongol lokacin da aka lalata wasu muhimman gine-gine a birnin. A halin yanzu, kusan 18 hammams suna aiki a tsohon birni. Hammam al-Sultan wanda Az-Zahir Ghazi ya gina a 1211. Hammam al-Nahhasin ya gina a karni na 12 kusa da Khan al-Nahhasin. Hammam Bab al-Ahmar da Ottoman suka gina. Hammam al-Bayadah na zamanin Mamluk wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1450. Hammam Yalbugha ya gina a cikin 1491 da Sarkin Aleppo Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri. Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, da dai sauransu. Gundumomi da yankuna Tsofaffin wuraren da ke kewaye da kagara a cikin ganuwar tsohon birni: Gundumar Al-A'jam tare da unguwar ad-Dahdileh Gundumar Altunbogha tare da unguwannin Oghlubek da Sahet al-Milh Gundumar Aqabeh tare da unguwannin Bahsita Khan al-Harir al-Masaben da Jebb Asad Allah Gundumar Bayadah tare da unguwannin Jbeileh Keltawiyeh da kuma Mustadamiyeh Gundumar Farafira tare da unguwannin Bandara Qastal Hajjarin ad-Dabbagha al-Atiqa Suweiqat Ali da Suweiqat Hatem Gundumar Jalloum mai makwabtaka da Saffahiyeh Khan al-Wazir da kuma Souq al-Madina Gundumar Qal'at al-Sharif tare da unguwar Tallet Alsauda Gundumar Al-Qasileh tare da unguwar al-Hawraneh Gundumar Sahet Bizzeh tare da unguwar Magazleh Tsofaffin wurare a wajen bangon tsohon birni: Gundumar Abraj tare da unguwannin Haret al-Pasha da Shaker Agha Gundumar Agyol tare da unguwar Shmesatiyeh Almaji tare da unguwannin Qastal Harami Wakiliyeh da kuma Shara'sous Gundumar Bab al-Maqam tare da unguwannin al-Maghayer da kuma Maqamat Ballat tare da unguwannin Qattaneh da Sahet Hamad Gundumar Ad-Dallalin Ad-Dudu tare da unguwannin Safsafeh Jubb al-Qubbeh Jubb Qaraman da Barriyet al-Maslakh Fardos gundumar. Hazzazeh tare da unguwannin at-Tadribeh da Zuqaq al-Arba'in Gundumar Ibn Ya'qoub tare da unguwannin Banqusa da Mushatiyeh Gundumar Beit Meheb ko Jdeideh kwata tare da unguwannin Sissi Salibeh Bawabet al-Qasab Basatneh al-Muballet al-Muballet het-at) da kuma Sa'a. Tananir Gundumar Kalaseh Gundumar Muhammad Bek tare da unguwannin Badenjk Baggara da Sakhaneh Gundumar Qadi Askar tare da unguwar Hamza Bek Qarleq gundumar. Gundumar Qastal al-Mosht tare da unguwannin al-Aryan Trab al-Ghuraba da kuma Mawardi Gundumar Sajlikhan tare da unguwar Aghajek Gundumar As-Salheen Gundumar Tatarlar Kiyaye tsohon birni A matsayin tsohuwar cibiyar ciniki, manyan souqs na Aleppo, khans, hammams, madrasas, masallatai da majami'u duk suna buƙatar ƙarin aikin kulawa da kiyayewa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an sake fasalin birnin sosai; a cikin 1954 Masanin ginin Faransa André Gutton ya yanke sabbin tituna da yawa a cikin birni don ba da damar sauƙi don zirga-zirgar zamani. Tsakanin 1954-1983 gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsohon birnin an ruguje don ba da damar gina rukunin gidaje na zamani, musamman a yankunan arewa maso yamma (Bab al-Faraj da Bab al-Jinan). Yayin da wayar da kan jama'a game da buƙatar kiyaye wannan al'adu na musamman ya karu, a ƙarshe an yi watsi da babban tsarin Gutton a cikin 1979 don maye gurbinsa da sabon tsarin da masanin Swiss kuma mai tsara birane Stefano Bianca ya gabatar, wanda ya karbi ra'ayin "kiyaye tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na gargajiya. na Tsohuwar Aleppo" wanda ya share fage ga fitattun masu fafutuka na cikin gida, ciki har da Adli Qudsi, don shawo kan UNESCO ta ayyana Tsohon Birnin Aleppo' a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya a shekarar 1986. Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun hada kai da hukumomin gida da kungiyar Archaeological Society na Aleppo, don gyara tsohon birnin ta hanyar daidaita rayuwar zamani tare da kiyaye tsohon. Hakimi da gundumar suna aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da aka tsara don haɓaka tsohon birni da kwata na Jdeydeh. Haɗin gwiwar fasaha na Jamus (GTZ) da Gidauniyar Aga Khan (a cikin firam ɗin Shirin Garuruwan Tarihi na Aga Khan) sun ba da gudummawa sosai a cikin tsarin adana tsohon birni. Wakilin gida na Aga Khan Trust for Culture daga 1999 har zuwa 2008 shi ne masanin gine-gine Adli Qudsi, wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen kare tsohon birni daga rugujewar sojojin da ke fadada birane.
17665	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20makiyaya%20da%20manoma%20a%20Najeriya	Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya	Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya galibi ya shafi rikice-rikice ne kan albarkatun ƙasa tsakanin Fulani makiyaya galibi Musulmai da akasarinsu manoma Kiristoci a duk faɗin Najeriya amma lamarin ya fi ƙamari a yankin Tsakiyar Najeriya (Arewa ta Tsakiya) tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1999. Haka nan an kai hare-hare a Arewa Maso Yammacin Najeriya kan manoma wadanda galibinsu Hausawa ne. Duk da yake rikice-rikicen yana da asali na dalilai na tattalin arziki da muhalli, ya kuma sami matakan addini da kabilanci. Dubunnan mutane sun mutu tun lokacin da rikicin ya fara. Al’ummomin da ke zaune a karkara mazauna yankin galibi ana fuskantar hare-hare saboda yanayin rauni. Akwai fargabar cewa wannan rikici zai ba zu zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma amma galibi hakan gwamnatocin yankin sun yi kasa a guiwa. Hare-hare a kan makiyaya sun kuma kai su ga ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari ga wasu al'ummomin. Dalilan rikicin Tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Huɗu a shekarar 1999, rikicin manoma da makiyaya ya kashe mutane sama da 19,000 tare da raba wasu dubban ɗaruruwa da muhallansu. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani yanayi ne na ƙaruwar rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a duk yankin Yammacin Sahel, saboda fadada yawan masu noman manoma da filayen noma a kan filayen kiwo; tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar kasa; karuwar jama’a rugujewar hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen gargajiya na takaddama kan filaye da ruwa da yawaitar kananan makamai da aikata laifuka a yankunan karkara. Rashin tsaro da tashe-tashen hankula sun sa jama'a da yawa ƙirƙirar sojojin kare kai da mayaƙan ƙabilanci da na kabilu, waɗanda suka tsunduma cikin ƙarin tashin hankali. Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya sun faru ne tsakanin Fulani makiyaya Musulmai da manoma kiristoci, abinda ke kara haifar da tashin hankali na addini. Rikicin ƙasa Ana iya danganta rikicin Makiyaya da Manoma a Najeriya da matsalar rashin fahimtar juna game da filayen ƙasa. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya shaidi rigingimu tsakanin Makiyaya da Manoma musamman ma a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya. Rikicin yanayi Taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar ƙasa sun sa Fulani makiyaya daga Arewacin Najeriya canza hanyoyinsu na safarar mutane. Samun filin kiwo da wuraren shayarwa a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya zama mahimmanci ga makiyayan da ke tafiya daga Arewacin ƙasar. Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa canjin yanayi ne ke haifar da rikicin amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa canjin yanayi ba ya haifar da rikici kai tsaye ba, amma duk da haka ya canza tsarin ƙaurar makiyaya. Yankunan da ke fuskantar matsalar canjin yanayi (Yankunan Arewacin) ke fuskantar karancin rikicin manoma da makiyaya da kuma fada mai tsanani tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Ana jayayya cewa akwai bukatar bambance-bambance na ainihi tsakanin kungiyoyin noma da kiwo a cikin bayanin yadda tsarin alakar rikicin makiyaya da manoma da makiyaya yake. Rikicin yanki a Jos da Kaduna Rikicin manoma makiyaya yana faruwa a yankuna da suka kasance ba su da tabbas tun daga shekarun 2000. Rikicin birane a cikin Jos da Kaduna ya kasance mai tayar da hankali musamman, duk da tashe-tashen hankula da hukumomi, ba a taɓa magance musababbinsu ta hanyar siyasa ba. Ba za a iya magance rikice-rikice yadda yakamata ba saboda hukumomin gargajiya ba su cika rawar da suke takawa a matsugunan mulkin mallaka. Warware rikicin Gwamnatin Najeriya ba ta son ta magance musabbabin rikicin. Yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin Arewa Maso Gabas da kuma fuskantar tashe-tashen hankula a yankuna daban-daban na kasar, amma duk da haka gwamnatin ta yi kokarin aiwatar da wasu matakai.</br> Tun daga 2012, akwai ayyukan da aka kirkira don kirkirar hanyoyin wuce gona da iri ta hanyar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Galibi 'yan majalisun Arewa suna goyon baya kuma takwarorinsu na Kudancin ke adawa da su, waɗannan ayyukan ba su da nasara. </br> A shekarar 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi kokarin kirkirar matsugunan yankin makiyaya (RUGA). Shawararsa ta gamu da mummunar suka. Jerin hare-hare Jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje galibi ba sa iya bayar da takamaiman adadin waɗanda suka mutu. Duk da yawan hare-hare, 'yan jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje ba su cika samun shedun gani da ido ba kuma sukan bayar da rahoto ba daidai ba. Dangane da Lissafin Ta'addancin Duniya, wadannan rikice-rikicen sun haifar da mutuwar sama da 800 a shekarar 2015. Shekarar ta 2016 ta ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru a Agatu, Benue da Nimbo, Jihar Enugu A watan Afrilun 2018 ‘yan bindiga Fulani sun kashe mutane 19 yayin wani hari a cocin, daga baya sun kona gidaje da dama da ke kusa. A watan Yunin 2018, sama da mutane 200 aka kashe tare da kona gidaje 50 a wani rikici tsakanin manoma da Fulani makiyaya a jihar Filato A watan Oktoba 2018, Fulani makiyaya sun kashe a kalla mutane 19 a Bassa. A ranar 16 ga Disambar 2018, wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake zaton Fulani makiyaya ne sun kai hari a wani kauye da ke Jena’a, inda suka kashe mutane 15 tare da jikkata wasu akalla 24, harin ya faru ne a wajen bikin aure. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2019, wani hari da wasu da ake zargin Fulani ne ’yan bindiga suka kai a wani yankin Adara da ake kira Ungwar Bardi sun kashe mutane 11. Rikicin ramuwar gayya da Adara ya kai wa kauyukan Fulani ya kashe a kalla mutane 141 tare da 65 da suka ba ta. Hare-haren sun faru ne a Karamar Hukumar Kajuru da ke jihar Kaduna. A cewar wani gwamna dalili ya lalata wasu kebabbun al'ummomi. Hadin guiwar da aka yi wa kisan Kajuru ya bayyana a ranar 18 ga Maris Maris 2019 cewa an kashe mutane 130 a cikin jerin hare-haren ramuwar gayya tun bayan kisan gillar da El-Rufai ya sanar. A watan Janairun 2018 kimanin mutane 10 ne suka mutu a wani hari da daukar fansa da ya shafi makiyaya da manoma na yankin a Karamar Hukumar Numan ta Jihar Adamawa. A watan Mayun 2018 sama da makiyaya 400 sun kai hari kauyuka hudu na Lamurde, Bang, Bolk, Zumoso da Gon a kananan hukumomin Numan da Lamurde na jihar Adamawa inda suka kashe mutane 15. Wasu makiyaya sun kashe mutane 21 a wani kauye da ke karamar hukumar Demsa a jihar Adamawa. Fulani makiyaya sun kashe Kiristoci 32 Bibiyar Tarihi Adebanwi, Wale, 'Ta'addanci, Yankin ƙasa da Gwagwarmayar rashin asali da Citizan Kasa a Arewacin Najeriya', Nazarin ensan ƙasa, 13.4 (2009), 349-63 Amnesty International, Girbin Mutuwa: Shekaru Uku na Rikicin Jini tsakanin Manoma da Makiyaya a Najeriya, 2018 Bearak, Max, Jane Hahn, Mia Torres, da Olivier Laurent, 'Talakawan da ke wanzar da zaman lafiya a rikicin Manoma-makiyaya na Najeriya', The Washington Post, 10 Disamba 2018 Talakawan da ke kiyaye zaman lafiya a cikin rikice-rikicen ƙasar da ke fama da kashe-kashe> isa ga 25 Disamba 2019] Higazi, Adam, 'Rikicin Manoma-Makiyaya a kan Filato na Jos, Tsakiyar Nijeriya: Amsoshin Tsaro na' yan banga na cikin gida da Jihar Najeriya Rikici, Tsaro da Ci Gaban, 16.4 (2016), 365-85 Na ,arshe, Murray, 'Musulmai da Krista a Najeriya: Tattalin Arziki na Tsoro na Siyasa', Jadawalin Zagaye: Jaridar Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 96.392 (2007), 605-16 Karshe, Murray, 'Neman Tsaro a Musulmin Arewacin Najeriya', Afirka, 78.1 (2008), 41–63 Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, da David Ehrhardt, eds., Creed Grievance: Alakar Musulmi da Kirista Yanke Rikici a Arewacin Najeriya (Oxford: James Currey, 2018) Ochonu, Moses E, 'Fadada Fulanin da Tsarin Mulkin mallaka a Lardin Mulkin Mallaka na Lardin Adamawa', a cikin Mulkin Mallaka da Wakilcin Wakilcin Wakilcin Hausa da Masarautar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya a Nijeriya (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014), pp. 129–56 Reynolds, Jonathan, Lokacin Siyasa: Musulunci da Siyasar Halatta a Arewacin Nijeriya 1950-1966 (San Francisco: International Scholar Publications, 1999) Manazarta Rikici a Najeriya Tarihin Najeriya
60706	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashar%20wutar%20lantarki%20ta%20Bunnerong	Tashar wutar lantarki ta Bunnerong	Tashar wutar lantarki ta Bunnerong tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka harba kwal a yankin kudu maso gabashin Sydney na Matraville, New South Wales, Ostiraliya wacce aka dakatar da ita a 1975, kuma daga baya ta rushe. Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki na karshe, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a yankin kudancin ƙasar, mai karfin megawatts 375 (MW) daga turbo-alternators goma sha daya. Ta iya samar da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na bukatun wutar lantarki a jihar a lokacin. Ya kasance mafi ƙarfi har zuwa kammala tashar wutar lantarki ta Vales Point a 1966. Acikin 1924, an zaɓi wurin mai girman eka 117 na tashar wutar lantarki. Tashar tana kan titin Bunnerong acikin Matraville. Bunnerong 'A' tashar 175 MW An gina Bunnerong da farko tare da tukunyar jirgi guda goma sha takwas daga Babcock Wilcox Ltd (Birtaniya), suna bada tururi a da tare da kowane tukunyar jirgi yana samar da na tururi. Megawatt shida megawatt (MW) Metropolitan-Vickers biyu-cylinder turbo-alternators an gina su tsakanin 1926 da 1930 ta Ma'aikatar Lantarki na Majalisar Municipal na Sydney, ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomi biyu da ke da alhakin samar da wutar lantarki a lokacin. Turbo-alternator na farko ya fara aiki acikin Janairu 1929, na shida kuma acikin Janairu 1930. An samar da na yanzu a kilovolts 11 (kV) kuma ya tashi zuwa 33 kV don watsawa. Tare da karfin 150MW, Bunnerong ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a New South Wales. An kawo na'urar ta bakwai mai karfin MW acikin watan Satumba na shekarar 1937, wanda ya kara karfin zuwa 175 MW. Wannan shigarwa na asali daga baya an san shi da tashar Bunnerong 'A'. Bunnerong 'B' tashar 200 MW Tashar Bunnerong 'B' ta fara aiki acikin 1939, tareda ƙaddamar da injin turbo-madaidaicin 50MW mai lamba 3 (Lambar 8) wanda CA Parsons da Kamfanin ke bayarwa. Na biyu turbine 50 MW (Lamba 9) ya biyo baya acikin 1941, wanda yakawo ƙarfin Bunnerong zuwa 275 MW. Bunnerong 'B' Boilerhouse yana da tukunyar mai na Babcock Wilcox guda huɗu, kowanne ya samar da 300,000lbs/hr na tururi a 600psi. Acikin 1949, an ƙara mai guda biyu, tukunyar jirgi na Velox daga Gibson, Battle Co Pty Ltd na Sydney. Kowannensu na iya samar da ƙarin 165,000lbs/h na tururi a 600PSI da 825°F. Kasancewar tashar nau'in kewayon waɗannan tukunyar jirgi na Velox na iya bada tururi zuwa ko dai tashoshin A ko B. Masu tanki na tashar 'A' sun sha fama da raguwar aiki da kuma rufewar da ke da alaƙa saboda ƙarancin manyan kwal ɗin da aka zaɓa da hannu bayan an fara aikin haƙar ma'adinai. An ƙera tashar 'B' ta zamani ta zamani don ɗaukar ƙarancin inganci, ƙazantaccen kwal ɗin da aka fitar acikin ma'adinan injina, amma matsalolin samar da kayayyaki yana nufin sau da yawa yana karɓar babban samfurin da akayi niyya don tashar 'A'. Acikin 1946, an saka ƙarin masu ƙone mai a kowane tukunyar jirgi, don rage illar ƙarancin kwal da batutuwa masu inganci. An bada izini na uku na 50MW Parsons turbo-alternator a cikin 1947, sai naúrar iri ɗaya ta huɗu. Waɗannan injunan biyu na ƙarshe an ciyar da su ta hanyar tukunyar tukunyar mai guda huɗu Simon-Carves wanda aka ƙididdige su akan 300,000lb/h, suna gajiyar da wani babban bututun siminti. Kammala tashar Bunnerong 'B' ta ƙara yawan ƙarfin zuwa wani ci gaba mai ƙima mai girman MW 375, wanda ya sa Bunnerong ta zama tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a yankin kudanci. A lokacin gwajin ƙiba acikin 1958, an sami iyakar 382 MW. Bayan kammala tashar 'B', sama da mutane 1,600 ne akayi aiki a wurin. Yawancin rikice-rikice na masana'antu da suka shafi yanayin aiki mara gamsarwa ya haifar da raguwar wutar lantarki, wani lokacin har tsawon makonni. Bunnerong Railway Branch Majalisar ta gudanar da nata layin dogo mai zaman kansa wanda ya haɗa tashar wutar lantarki da Yard Kayayyakin Botany. Titin jirgin ya cigaba da aiki a matsayin wani layi na sirri a lokacin da hukumar samar da wutar lantarki ta karɓe tashar wutar lantarki, ciki harda rufe shingen da akayi wa tashar Boral. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 1966, anyi wani mummunan haɗari lokacin da jirgin ƙasa ya gudu daga matakin wannan siding. Hukumar Lantarki ta New South Wales An kafa Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta New South Wales acikin 1950, kuma ta mallaki ikon samar da kadarorin Majalisar gundumar Sydney (wadda ta karɓi Majalisar Municipal na tashoshin wutar lantarki na Sydney a 1936), gami da Bunnerong da Pyrmont a 1952. Rufewa da Rushewa Tare da kammala sabbin tashoshin wutar lantarki, Bunnerong 'A' ya daina amfani da shi a shekara ta 1973, an mayar da tashar 'B' zuwa ayyukan samar da agajin gaggawa, kuma an dakatar da aikin gaba ɗaya acikin 1975. An fara cire kayan aikin acikin 1978, kuma an kammala shi sosai ta 1981. Anyi amfani da manyan injinan iskar gas a wurin daga 1982 zuwa 1984, amma an fara rushewar bayan an cire su. An ruguje tulin iskar gas mai tsayin mita 112 na gidan bunnerong 'B' acikin Disamba 1986, kuma an lalata yawancin manyan tashoshin 'A' da 'B' a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1987. Kamfanin na Amurka, Controlled Demolition Incorporated ne ya dauki nauyin rushewar. Babban gidan sauyawa daga 1926 ya kasance a wurin har zuwa matakinsa acikin Maris 1994. Alamomin tashar wutar lantarki kaɗan sun ragu.
16063	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibok%20Ekwe%20Ibas	Ibok Ekwe Ibas	Mataimakin Admiral Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba shekara t 1960), shi ne na 22 a yanzu kuma shine Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa wato Chief of Naval Staff(CNS) na Sojan Ruwan Najeriya. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ne ya nada shi kan mukamin a ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta( 2015). Fage da ilimi An haifi Ibas a Nko, Jihar Kuros Riba,A Kudancin Najeriya. Ya shiga cikin Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya a matsayin memba na 26 Regular Course a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1979 kuma an ba shi kwamishina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1983. Ya fara karatun firamare a Nko Primary School, a shekarar 1966 kuma ya kammala a Big Qua Primary School, Calabar a shekarar 1971. Daga nan ya zarce zuwa shahararriyar makarantar horas da Waddell ta Calabar daga shekarar 1972 zuwa shekarar 1976. Tsakanin shekarar 1977 da shekarar 1979, ya halarci Makarantar Nazarin Asali ta Ogoja kafin ya wuce zuwa Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya a shekarar 1979. Darussan soja sun halarci da cancantar Ibas ya halarci kwasa-kwasai da dama na soja a cikin gida da waje, ciki har da Karatuttukan Kananan Fasaha a INS Venduruthy a Indiya daga watan Afrilu shekarar 1983 zuwa watan Mayu shekarar 1984 da Horar da Matukan Jirgin a Makarantar Koyon tana Firamare ta 301 da ke Makarantar Horar da Jirgin Sama na Najeriya da ke Kaduna daga watan Afrilun shekarar 1986 zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 1987. Ya tafi Kwalejin kwamandoji da ma'aikata, Jaji, Kaduna a watan Janairun shekarar 1990 kuma ya kammala Karatun Junior Staff a watan Yunin shekarar. A watan Yulin shekarar 1992, ya ba da rahoto a Makarantar Yaƙe-yaƙe na Amphibious of the United States Marine Corps University a Quantico, Virginia, US, kuma ya kammala karatun difloma a fagen yaƙi a cikin Mayu 1993. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1994, Ibas ya fara Dogon Jami'ai wadanda suka kware a yaƙin cikin ruwa a Makarantar Yakin karka shin ruwa, NNS Quorra kuma an kammala shi a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1995. Daga watan Agustan shekarar 1996 zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 1997, ya koma babbar Kwalejin Soja da Kwalejin Ma’aikata ta Jaji, inda ya kammala Babban Kwalejin Manyan Makarantu tare da kyawawan maki. Ya kuma kasance dalibi a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa, Islamabad, Pakistan, bayan ya halarci Kwalejin Tsaro ta Kasa daga watan Agusta shekarar 2005 zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2006. Baya ga haka yana da digiri na biyu a fannin tsaro da dabarun karatu daga Jami'ar Quaid-I-Azam da ke Islamabad, Pakistan. Ayyuka Ibas ya rike mukamai da dama a rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya A matsayinshi na mai shiga tsakani, ya yi aiki a jirgin NNS Ruwan Yaro, NNS Obuma da NNS Aradu Daga baya ya yi aiki a jirgin NNS Ayam da NNS Ekpe a matsayin jami'in kiyaye agogo bayan an ba shi kwamishina. Daga baya ya zama babban jami'in NNS Siri, NNS Ekun da NNS Ambe tsakanin watan Yulin shekarar 1993 da watan Agusta shekarar 1996 a matsayin babban kwamandan. Ya kasance babban kwamandan makarantar yaki ta karkashin ruwa ta Najeriya daga watan Agusta shekarar 1997 zuwa watan Satumba shekarar 1998 sannan daga baya, ya zama kwamandan rundunar 'Forward Operating Base Ibaka' daga watan Satumba shekarar 1998 zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2000. Saboda kwazo da kwarjinin da ya nuna a kan kwasa-kwasan Manyan Ma’aikata, ya sa aka nada shi a matsayin darakta a Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji daga watan Yunin shekarar 2000 zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2002. Daga baya ya koma kwalejin a watan Janairun shekarar 2009 a matsayin darakta a Sashen Yakin Ruwa, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Zamansa na karshe a kwalejin ya kasance mataimakin kwamanda daga Janairu zuwa watan Fabrairu shekarar 2014. Ibas shi ne marshal na sojan ruwa daga watan Afrilu shekarar 2003 zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2004 sannan daga baya ya kasance babban jami'i a CNS daga Yuni 2004 zuwa Yuli 2005. Ya kasance babban jami'in kula da aiyuka a Hedkwatar Yammacin Naval Command, Legas, daga Yuni zuwa Disamba 2006, kuma daga Disamba 2006 zuwa Janairun 2009, shi ne kwamandan Rundunar Sojin Sama, Ojo. Daga baya an nada babban jami'in a matsayin babban hafsan hafsoshi, Hedkwatar Horar da Sojojin Ruwa, ta Legas, daga Satumba 2010 zuwa Maris 2011. Dangane da kwarewar sa a ayyukan ma'aikata da gudanarwa, an nada babban jami'in a Hedikwatar Sojan Ruwa da farko, a matsayin shugaban gudanarwa daga Maris 2011 zuwa Fabrairun 2012 sannan daga baya ya zama Sakataren Ruwa daga Fabrairu 2012 zuwa Janairun 2013. Bayan haka, ya zama jami'in tutar da ke ba da umarnin Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Yamma daga Janairu 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. An nada shi shugaban kula da kayan aiki a watan Fabrairun 2014 sannan GMD Shugaba na Nigerian Navy Holdings Limited a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Wannan nadin ne da ya rike har sai da aka nada shi babban hafsan na 22 na Sojan Ruwa a ranar 13 ga Yulin 2015. Kyaututtuka da kayan ado A yayin gudanar da aiki na musamman a rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, Ibas ya sami kyautuka masu yawa da, wadanda suka hada da Azurfa Jubilee Medal, ECOMOG Medal, Force Service Star, Meritorious Service Star, Distribished Service Star da General Service Star. Sauran sune Kundin Ma'aikatan da Ya Wuce (DAGGER) da kuma yan uwan NDC. Affiliungiyoyin masu sana'a Ibas ya kasance memba na wasu kwararrun kungiyoyin, kamar su Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Najeriya (NIIA) da Cibiyar Gudanarwar Najeriya. Ibas ya kuma halarci wasu tarurrukan karawa juna sani da baje koli a gida da waje. Ya halarci baje kolin Tsaron Cikin Gida na Kasa da Kasa karo na 25 da kuma baje kolin kasa da kasa karo na 3 don sassan aiyuka a Tel Aviv, Israel, a watan Yunin 2011. A watan Agustan shekarar 2012, ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasan Jagoran Kasashen Duniya na Landan a Landan, Ingila. Ya kasance a Amurka a watan Janairun 2013 don kwas na ci gaban iyawa a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy, don haka ya sanya shi ɗalibin makarantar Harvard Kennedy School a Amurka. Ya kasance a Dockyard Naval, Legas a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2013 don halartar wani taron karawa juna sani kan aikin sojan ruwa da dabaru. Rayuwar Kai Ya auri Theresa Ibas kuma an albarkace su da yara 3. Abubuwan sha'awa Ibas yana jin daɗin karatu, kallon finafinai da kuma wasan golf. Duba kuma Sojojin Ruwan Najeriya Manazarta Sojojin
48693	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20jama%27a%20a%20Burtaniya	'Yancin jama'a a Burtaniya	'Yancin jama'a a Burtaniya wani ɓangare ne na dokar tsarin mulkin Burtaniya kuma suna da dogon tarihi mai inganci. Ana ɗaukar wannan yawanci da ya fara da Magna Carta na 1215, takarda mai mahimmanci a tarihin tsarin mulkin Birtaniyya Haɓaka yancin ɗan adam ya ci gaba a cikin dokar gama-gari da ka'ida a cikin ƙarni na 17 da 18, musamman tare da Bill of Rights 1689 A cikin karni na 19, mutane masu aiki sun yi kokawa don samun 'yancin kada kuri'a da shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Majalisa ta amsa da sabuwar doka da ta fara da Dokar Gyara ta 1832 Halayen zaɓe da 'yanci sun ci gaba da ci gaba bayan yakin duniya na farko da na biyu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, dangantakar Burtaniya da 'yancin ɗan Adam ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar kasancewarta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Bil'adama Ƙasar Ingila, ta hannun Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe, ta jagoranci tsara Yarjejeniyar, wanda ke bayyana ka'idar 'yanci na gargajiya. Ya zama mai aiki kai tsaye a cikin dokar Burtaniya tare da aiwatar da Dokar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta 1998 'Yancin jama'a na raguwa sannu a hankali a cikin Burtaniya tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. An tabbatar da cire su gabaɗaya ta hanyar roƙon kare lafiyar jama'a da Tsaron ƙasa da rikice-rikice kamar harin 11 ga Satumba, harin bam na 7/7 da cutar ta COVID-19 na 2020.Barkewar cutar ta lura da gabatarwar Dokar Coronavirus 2020, wanda tsohon Alkalin Kotun Koli Ubangiji Sumption ya bayyana a matsayin "mafi girman mamayewa na 'yancin kai a tarihin [Birtaniya]." Dangantaka tsakanin 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam ana yawan kallon su azaman bangarori biyu na tsabar kuɗi ɗaya. Haƙƙi wani abu ne da za ku iya nema a wurin wani, yayin da 'yanci shine 'yanci daga tsoma baki daga wani a cikin haƙƙoƙin da kuke zato. Duk da haka, haƙƙin ɗan adam sun fi girma. A cikin takardu masu yawa a duniya, sun ƙunshi ƙarin tabbaci na ɗabi'a akan abin da ya wajaba, alal misali, don "rayuwa, yanci da neman farin ciki", "don haɓaka halayen mutum ga cikakkiyar damar" ko "kare mutuncin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba" "'Yancin jama'a" tabbas hakan ne, amma suna da alaƙa da shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a Kamar yadda Farfesa Conor Gearty ya rubuta,'Yancin jama'a wani suna ne na 'yancin siyasa wanda dole ne mu samu duka idan har gaskiya ne a ce game da mu muna rayuwa a cikin al'ummar da ke bin ka'idar wakilci, ko dimokuradiyya, gwamnati. Ma'ana, 'yancin ɗan adam shine "yancin" ko "'yanci" waɗanda suke ƙulla dimokuradiyya. Wannan yawanci yana nufin 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a, 'yancin rayuwa, haramcin azabtarwa, tsaron lafiyar mutum, 'yancin walwala da tsarin shari'a, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin yin tarayya Dokar 'Yan Sanda da Shaidar Laifuka ta 1984, ta ba da izinin tsare kwanaki hudu ba tare da shari'a ba (a baya sa'o'i 24 ne). CCSU v Minister for Civil Service [1985] AC 374, inda Margaret Thatcher (kuma ministar ma'aikatan farar hula) ta haramtawa membobin GCHQ shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi. House of Lords sun yi imanin cewa ikon sarauta yana ƙarƙashin sake dubawa na shari'a. Haramcin kungiyoyin ya kasance bisa ga shawarar Ministan. Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Malone v Metropolitan [1979] Ch 344, Megarry VC ya ce zartarwa na iya yin duk wani abu da doka ba ta hana ba (da nufin juyawa Entick v Carrington Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za a iya gurfanar da dillalan kayan gargajiyar dodgy don sarrafa kayan da aka sata ba bisa ga shaidar da aka samu daga bututun waya cewa 'yan sanda ba su da ikon yin duk wata doka. Malone v United Kingdom (1984) 7 EHRR 14, ya ce Burtaniya barin latsa wayar ya saba wa wajibcinta a karkashin ECHR, saboda babu wata doka da ta nuna 'karara mai ma'ana da iyawa da kuma yadda ake aiwatar da abin da ya dace. An ba da shi ga hukumomin jama'a." Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Control of Disease) Dokar 1984 ta baiwa gwamnati damar sanya hani ko buƙatu akan daidaikun mutane a cikin lamarin lafiyar lafiyar jama'a. An yi amfani da wannan dokar don tabbatar da martanin gwamnati game da cutar ta COVID-19 ta 2020. Interception of Communications Act 1985, da gwamnati ta mayar da martani ga hukuncin, ƙyale kowane waya tapping. Dokar Dokar Jama'a ta 1986, ta wuce a cikin mahallin rikice-rikice na masana'antu, musamman ma masu hakar ma'adinai, Sashe na II iyakacin jerin gwanon jama'a da zanga-zangar ta hanyar buƙatar 6 kwanaki gaba da sanarwar da za a ba wa 'yan sanda. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam 1998 Text of the Civil liberties in the United Kingdom as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk. Rights Brought Home: Government white
40728	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Gwamnatin%20Tarayya%20Ta%20Legas	Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Ta Legas	Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Legas (FGCL) makarantar sakandare ce mai haɗin gwiwa a Ijanikin, Legas, Najeriya Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ta kafa ta a shekara ta 1975. Tunanin wannan kwaleji da ke Legas ya samo asali ne a cikin zukatan hukumomin Ma’aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya a farkon shekara ta 1974 lokacin da suke ganin ya zama dole a samar da cibiyar ilimi guda ɗaya ga jihar Legas kamar yadda ake a cikin dukkan jihohi 12 na lokacin. Tarayya. Ma’aikatar ilimi ta tarayya ce ta kafa kwalejin bisa kudirin gwamnatin tarayya na samar da makarantar koyar da ilimin haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya da sakandaren mata guda a kowace jiha. A farkon, kwalejin ta buɗe tare da ɗalibai guda 116 na Form One da 45 ƙananan ɗalibai 45 tare da ma'aikatan koyarwa 20. Ɗaliban na Form ɗaya sun haɗa da maza 64 da mata 52, yayin da ɗaliban na kasa shida suka kunshi maza 24 da mata 21. Dalibai da ma’aikatan da aka raba su gida hudu ne: Mikiya, Giwa, Dawisu da Tiger. Ya zuwa 2005 kwalejin tana da yawan ɗalibai 2,585 da ma’aikatan koyarwa da marasa koyarwa 492. Tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1980 an yi masa alama da raɗaɗi masu tasowa daga rashin wurin aiki na dindindin da sauran al'amuran ababen more rayuwa. Da farko makarantar tana da azuzuwa a cibiyar kasuwanci ta gwamnati ta Yaba yayin da daliban ke zaune a gidajen haya masu zaman kansu a Igbobi, Legas (kusa da harabar kwalejin Igbobi). A farkon taron ilimi na 1976-77, an gudanar da azuzuwa a cikin gine-ginen azuzuwa na wucin gadi da aka gina a harabar kwalejin gwamnatin jihar Legas, Ojo, wanda yanzu cibiyar jami’ar jihar Legas (LASU) take. A wannan lokacin ’yan matan na zaune ne a cikin gida guda a Ojo, yayin da yaran suka zauna a dakin kwanan dalibai na Igbobi, suna tafiya da motar makaranta zuwa da dawowa. An katse wannan tsari tsakanin watan Janairu zuwa Maris, 1977, saboda yawan cunkoson ababen hawa a kan babbar hanyar Legas zuwa Badagry, sakamakon bukin fasaha da al'adu na duniya baƙi da na Afirka (FESTAC '77), taron kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa da Najeriya ta shirya. Sakamakon haka makarantar tare da dakin kwanan yarinyar aka mayar da ita cibiyar kasuwanci ta Yaba. A wani bangare na wani shiri na wucin gadi na kwalejin, an gudanar da Ayyukan Kimiyya (Laboratory) ga dalibai na kasa shida da na sama shida a kwalejin koyar da fasaha ta kasa, Legas tsakanin Oktoba, 1975 zuwa Afrilu, 1977. Tun daga watan Afrilun 1977, an mayar da yaran zuwa sababbin gine-gine a Garin tauraron ɗan adam, rukunin gidan da aka gina kuma aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin bikin FESTAC na 77 da ya gabata, yayin da aka mayar da 'yan matan zuwa cibiyar jihar Legas da ke Ojo. Ana jigilar yaran kullun a cikin motar bas daga Garin tauraron dan adam zuwa kuma daga ajujuwa a Ojo. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Satumba 1980 lokacin da makarantar ta koma wurin ta na dindindin kuma a yanzu a Ijanikin. Makarantar ta fara zaman karatun 1980-81 a Ijanikin tare da kawo sauyi a tsarin gudanarwa na makarantar da tsarin gidan kwana. Na farko, mukamin mataimakin shugaban makarantar ya kasu kashi biyu na aiki, wato Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar da Mataimakin Shugaban Makarantar. Na biyu, an fadada rukunin gidajen kwana na makaranta (tare da launukan gida masu kama da juna) daga rukunin farko guda hudu (sunan dabbobi) zuwa rukuni shida (sunan masu tarihi) kamar haka: Dan-Fodio (Green) a baya Eagle Elkanemi (Brown) a baya Giwa Jaja (Blue) a baya Peacock Macaulay (Purple) Moremi (Yellow) Oduduwa (Red) a baya Tiger An sake raba dukkan daliban zuwa gidajen kwana shida. Yayin da duka ɗalibai da ma'aikata suka ƙaru, kuma don sauƙaƙe gudanarwa mai inganci da kyakkyawan aiki, an ƙirƙiri mukaman Gudanarwa na Jami'in Gudanarwa (O/C) da Ilimin Jami'in-in-Charge (O/C). Don ƙara haɓaka aiki, an nada ƙarin O/C a cikin 1995. Makarantar ta ci gaba da samun ci gaba sosai. Yawan jama'ar makarantar ta fuskar ma'aikata da dalibai ya karu sosai. An sami karuwa a cikin kayan aikin infra-structural tare da ƙarin halartar Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Iyaye (PTA). A gaskiya ma, PTA ta samar da wurare da yawa don kwalejin, daga cikinsu akwai gine-ginen ajujuwa, gine-ginen masauki, rumfar wasanni, da rijiyoyin ruwa. A ilimi kwalejin ta sami nasara da yawa-kolejin ta fara fitowa gabaɗaya a cikin ƙarni na farko na kwalejojin haɗin kai na tarayya. Shugabanni na baya Mrs. AA Ibukun (Janairu 2011 zuwa Fabrairu 2017) Mrs Okebukola (Satumba 2006 zuwa Agusta 2011) Mista JA Owoseye (Yuni 2004 zuwa Agusta 2006) Mrs. OO Fagbayi (Nuwamba 1996 zuwa Yuni 2004) Mrs. FS Robinson (Fabrairu 1995 zuwa Nuwamba 1996) Mrs. BA Mowoe (Satumba 1991 zuwa Fabrairu 1995) Mrs. OO Abisogun-Alo (Agusta 1986 zuwa Satumba 1991) Mr. MB Ligali (Satumba 1985 zuwa Agusta 1986) Mista JO Abolade (Agusta 1980 zuwa Satumba 1985) Mrs. AA Kafaru (Decemba 1977 zuwa Agusta 1980) Mrs TE Chukuma Shugabar Buda Makarantar (Oktoba 1975 zuwa Disamba 1977) Dr. Mrs. OAU Essien Manazarta Abokan FGC: Abokin karatun FGC kuma tsohon ɗalibi Yanar Gizo na Tsofaffin Dalibai FGCL <span title="Dead link tagged December 2019">matacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta dindindin</span> https://web.archive.org/web/20130820071531/http://fgclalumni.org/the_school.html http://www.fgclagos.org.ng Ilimi a Jihar Legas Ilimi Ilimi a Najeriya Makarantan Gwamnati na JF Kennedy Gine-gine Kwalejin ilimi ta tarayya dake Katsina
25562	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTT%20%28education%29	TTT (education)	Thalir Thiran Thittam TTT Tamil; Gujarati; Hindi) shirin ilimi ne na tushen dabarun rayuwa wanda aka tsara musamman don yara da matasa. Tare da taken "Canje Canjenable ta hanyar Fadakarwa, an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekara ta 2008 ta Gidauniyar Madurai -based Aparajitha Foundations ƙungiyar alhakin zamantakewa na Aparajitha Corporate Services. TTT ta ba da ilimin ƙwarewar rayuwa 5,305,250 a makarantu 39,498 a cikin jihohin Indiya biyar (Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana da Madhya Pradesh ta hanyar sassan ilimi na jihar. Manufarta ita ce haɓaka ƙwarewar rayuwa, mai mahimmanci don fuskantar ƙalubalen rayuwar zamani, waɗanda ba a bayar da su a cikin tsarin karatun na yau da kullun. Shirin zai taimaka wa ɗalibai su fahimci ƙarfinsu kuma suyi amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar rayuwa. Bayan Fage Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana dabarun rayuwa a matsayin "iyawa don daidaitawa da kyawawan halaye waɗanda ke ba mutane damar yin aiki yadda yakamata tare da buƙatu da ƙalubalen rayuwa." Yarjejeniyar Majalisar dinkin Duniya kan 1989an 1989an Adam ta 1989 ta ayyana manufofin tarbiyyar yara a sassan (a) zuwa (e) na labarin 29. Tushen Aparajitha sun kirkiro TTT a cikin shekara tab 2008, dangane da waɗannan ma'anoni. Manufofi, tsari, da manhaja An ƙirƙiri TTT tare da maƙasudai masu zuwa: Don ba wa ɗalibai damar yin zaɓin bayanai ta hanyar ba su ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don jimre da matsaloli da matsalolin da suka shafi rayuwarsu da jin daɗinsu. Don shirya ɗalibai su zama masu ƙwazo, ƙwazo manya, masu ba su damar samun ƙima Don sanya ɗalibai su dace da ainihin duniyar da za su kasance 'yan ƙasa masu alhakin, suna ba da gudummawa ga kansu, danginsu da al'umma gaba ɗaya Shirin yana da matakai shida: haɓaka manhaja, isar da manhaja, aiwatar da shirin, ƙarfafa shirin, nazarin tasiri da bincike kan ayyuka An raba manhajarsa zuwa sassa 10: Kwarewar rayuwa guda 10, kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta lissafa: Sanin kai Tausayi Basirar mutane Sadarwa Tunanin kirkira Tunani mai mahimmanci Yin shawara Matsalar matsala Yin fama da motsin rai Yin fama da damuwa) Bayanin darajar Da'a Gudanar da lokaci Saitin manufa Lafiya da tsafta Fahimtar jinsi Dokokin ƙasa Fahimtar kafofin watsa labarai Ilimin halittu da muhalli Matakan Dalibai a cikin aji 1-5 suna cikin rukunin firamare, kuma shirin su ya ƙunshi wasanni, ayyuka da waƙoƙi. Dalibai a aji 6-11 suna da darussan bidiyo 120. Aiwatarwa An aiwatar da aikin matukin jirgi a cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2008 zuwa ta 2009 a manyan makarantun sakandare biyar: biyu a Madurai, makarantun gwamnati biyu a Tirupathur a gundumar Sivaganga, da makarantar gwamnati ɗaya a Mallankinaru, gundumar Virudhunagar An ƙaddamar da TTT a ranar 29 ga Yuli a cikin shekara tab 2008 a Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati da ke Mallankinaru. Bayan aikin gwaji, an ƙara TTT zuwa manyan makarantu 2141 na gwamnati da manyan makarantun sakandare na gwamnati na shekara ta 2018 a Tamil Nadu ranar 1 ga Oktoba a cikin shekara ta 2009. A shekarar 2013, an fadada shirin zuwa makarantun da gwamnati ke taimakawa. An ba da TTT ga ɗaliban firamare a makarantun firamare da na tsakiya waɗanda Kamfanin Karamar Hukumar Madurai ke gudanarwa tun daga shekara ta 2015. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimta don aiwatar da sigar Gujarati na TTT, Tim Tim Tara, a makarantu 489 da gwamnati ke jagoranta da makarantu 6,769 da gwamnati ta taimaka a shekarar ilimi ta 2011-12. Tun farkon shekarar ilimi ta 2018–19, ana watsa darussan ta wayar tarho akan EDUSAT An sanya hannu wani MoU a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2016 don aiwatar da sigar Hindi, Tim Tim Tare, a manyan makarantun sakandare na gwamnatin Rajasthan na 71 da manyan makarantun sakandare 1,340 a shekarar ilimi ta 2016 17. Tun daga shekarar ilimi ta 2018–19, an ba da ilimin ƙwarewar rayuwa akan EDUSAT. Tim Tim Tare (Hindi) an gwada shi a makarantu 270 a cikin gundumomi takwas na yankin Indore na Madhya Pradesh yayin shekarar karatu ta 2016 17. An fadada shirin zuwa sauran makarantun da ke shiyyar yayin shekarar karatu ta 2017–18. An sanya hannu kan MoU a cikin Satumba shekara ta 2017 don aiwatar da Tim Tim Tare a makarantun Haryana 14,000 a cikin shekarar karatu ta 2017–18. A cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2018-19, an ba da darussa akan EDUSAT. Nazari da bincike An gudanar da bincike guda uku don tantance tasirin shirin: Horar da ƙwarewar taushi ga matasa da aka ware: batutuwa da ƙalubale Nazarin da Osheen Tripathi ya yi a cikin shekara ta 2013 don Rakshak, ƙungiyar da <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">abin da ake buƙata</span> ]ke Delhi. Shirin Kwarewar Rayuwa ga Matasa (Thalir Thiran Thittam) Nazarin 2014 da Farfesa Selvalakshmi na Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Thiagarajar da ɗalibai biyu[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">abin da ake buƙata</span> Wani kimantawa na Thalir Thiran Thittam da Dr. Preetha ya yi na karatun digiri na 2014 a Jami'ar Bharathiar[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">abin da ake buƙata</span> Dalibai a Makarantar Kasuwancin Ross ta Jami'ar Michigan sun kuma yi karatun Thalir Thiran Thittam. Nassoshi Manazarta Labari game da TTT a cikin Tamil Wikipedia TTT Gabatarwa Soma Basu, Darussa daga wajen littafin, The Hindu, Madurai, 13-06-2012 Aruna Raghuram, A girke -girke na nasara: Haɓaka ƙwarewar laushi a cikin yara Thalir Thiran Thittam Canjin Canji ta hanyar Fadakarwa Thalir Thiran Thittam, shirin canji ga matasa Bidiyo Shirye -shiryen Ingantawa: Thalir Thiran Thittam Pages with unreviewed
20716	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim%20Amir%20Ali	Hashim Amir Ali	Hashim Amir Ali Urdu (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta alif 1903 ya mutu a shekara ta alib 1987), malamin addinin Musuluncine kuma marubuci ne. Ya kasance dan Ahmed Ali Khan da Fatima Bagum, dan asalin Hyderabad ne, cikin Andhra Pradesh, a kasar India Tarihin Rayuwa Ya girma a cikin Salar Jung Ya sami karatunsa na farko a ƙasarsa ta asali a Madrasa-i-Aliya wacce ke da alaƙa da Makarantar Hyderabad (Noble School) don kafa Kwalejin Nizam Ya kuma kammala karatunsa a Jami’ar Bombay, sannan ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Chicago a fannin Ilimi da Ilimin zamantakewar dan adam a matakin digiri na biyu (1927–28) kuma galibi a Jami’ar Cornell, inda ya samu digirin digirgir. a cikin ilimin ilimin karkara na karkara (1929), rubutunsa shi ne: "Canjin zamantakewar al'umma a cikin jihar Hyderabad a Indiya kamar yadda tasirin al'adun yamma ya shafa." A cikin shekara ta 1938 Ali ya kasance a ƙarƙashin tasirin Mirza Abul Fazl, wanda ya tayar masa da sha'awa da girmama Alƙur'ani Ya kasance malami mai zurfin fahimta da hangen nesa, kuma an bashi baiwar fahimtar Alkur'ani mai girma. Ya dukufa sama da shekaru talatin wajen fassara Kur'ani zuwa harshen Turanci na waƙa don sake maido da kyan sa da kuma yanayin sa. Yana sane da mahimmancin tsarin lokacin saukarwar Alƙur'ani kuma ya tsara shi bisa tsarin tsarin lokacin. Fassarar tasa ta fito a shekara ta 1974 da take, Sakon Kur'ani: An gabatar da shi ta mahangar Ali ya kasance mai ilmantarwa kuma mai himma a gwagwarmayar sake fasalin kalanda na kimanin shekaru goma. Ya kasance babban jagoran musulmai kan lamuran kalanda. Ya fara aiki ne a Hyderabad don daidaita ranakun watannin Fasli tare da kalandar Miladiyya, kuma a karshe ya yi nasara, a shekara ta 1946, wajen jan hankalin Nizam ya ba da izinin sake fasalin. Nasarar da ya samu a wannan bita mai nisa ta kara masa kwarin gwiwa, a matsayinsa na Muslem mai sassaucin ra'ayi, don nazarin matsalar gabatar da Kalandar Duniya yadda ya kamata a masarautar Crescent. Ya dawo Amurka a shekara ta 1953 a karkashin wata zumunci daga Fulbright da Ford Foundation Game da kalandar, Ali ya ci gaba da cewa Kalanda na Hindu sun kusanci kusanci da ainihin kayan masarufin abubuwan falaki da ke tafiyar da rayuwa a duniyarmu. Ali ya jagoranci aiki iri-iri a fannonin ilimi da na gwamnati, gami da haɗuwa da shekaru uku tare da mai lambar yabo ta Nobel Rabindranath Tagore Ya kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Karkara, Jamia Millia Islamia (1960-65). Ya kasance Babban Sakatare na Babban Ministan na Hyderabad, Rt. Honarabul Sir Akbar Hydari, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Amintaccen wasu daga cikin HEH na Sirrin Nizam da Amintattun Addini (1967) wanda mai mulkin gado na ƙarshe na Hyderabad ya kafa. Ya kasance shugaban aikin gona a Jami'ar Osmania, Hyderabad, Deccan, Indiya. Tsakanin shekara ta 1926 da shekara ta 1969, ya yi balaguro zuwa USA Australia, Egypt, Tehran, Baghdad, Beirut, Istanbul da Japan. Ya yi rubutu kan batutuwan zamantakewa da na addinin Musulunci. A duk tsawon rayuwarsa ya kalubalanci akidun karya da suka dade da dadewa ko dai ta hanyar koyarwar zamanin da ko kuma wanda ya shiga addinin Musulunci. Matarsa Soghra Amir-Ali (b. 3 Mayu 1911) ta goyi bayan ayyukansa sosai. Hashim Amir-Ali ya mutu a shekara ta 1987 a Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, ya bar 'ya mace da maza biyu. 'Ya'yansa Hyder Amir-Ali da Asad Amir-Ali da' yarsa Naveed Jehan Reza yanzu suna zaune a Kasar Amurka Littattafai Binciken Karkara a Tagrin's Sriniketon (1934) Alqur'anin Dalibin Gabatarwa (1961) Yankin Tagore Sannan da Yanzu (1961) Gaskiya da Ra'ayoyi Littafin rubutu (1947) Mees na Mewat; tsofaffin maƙwabta na New Delhi (1970) Sakon Alqur'ani An gabatar dashi a Hangen nesa (1974) Faɗakarwa zuwa streamasa Sake ginin Tarihin Musulunci (1978) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sakon Alkur'ani (Fitowa ta Farko), Tokyo, 1974. "Shekaru Uku Tare Da Tagore" "Meos na Mewat; tsoffin maƙwabta na New Delhi" (1970) https://www.google.com/search?q=hashim+amir+ali&sxsrf=ALeKk02YErutvSXfHDk91w-ZVJODJkUd9g:1618870653672&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN9f6Rq4vwAhWnF1kFHd9YAR4Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1869&bih=935#imgrc=zB4h7iZ5zZsHEM Musulman Indiya Mutanen Indiya Haidarabad Masana Ilimi Marubuta Pages with unreviewed
38812	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael%20Ashitey	Ishmael Ashitey	Ishmael (Isma'il) Ashitey (an haife shi 20 Nuwamba 1954 ya mutu 7 Janairu 2022) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne wanda ya kasance ɗan majalisa na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Shi ne Babban Ministan Yankin Accra na Ghana. Shugaba Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo-Addo ne ya nada shi a watan Janairun 2017, kuma Majalisar Ghana ta amince da shi a watan Fabrairun 2017. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ashitey a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1954. Yana da makarantar sa ta asali a Makarantar Midɗaɗɗa ta Manhean a Tema. Daga nan ya tafi Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kpando da ke yankin Volta, daga baya kuma ya tafi Accra Polytechnic inda ya karanci Injiniya Mechanical. Ya yi diploma a fannin injiniyan injiniya a KNUST. Ya halarci Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta Ghana. Daga cibiyar, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin mulki da jagoranci. Sana'a Kafin aikinsa a siyasa, Ashitey ya kasance injiniyan injiniya. Ya yi aiki a kamfanoni da yawa a ciki da wajen Ghana kamar Accra Brewery Limited, Tema Steel Works, Tecnofin Nederlands da Janar Establishment for Plastics Industries a Libya. Siyasa Ashitey ya taba zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Tema ta gabas a majalisar dokoki ta 2, 3 da 4 na jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Wannan ya kai tsawon lokaci daga 7 ga Janairu 1997 zuwa 6 ga Janairu 2009. Zaben 1996 Ashitey ya zama wanda ya lashe zaben kasar Ghana a shekara ta 1996 a matsayin dan majalisa na majalisar dokoki ta biyu ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1997. Ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 33,421 da ke wakiltar kashi 35.80% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada a sakamakon haka ya doke shi. 'yan adawa; Nii Adjei Larbie na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress wanda ya samu kuri'u 29,914 da ke wakiltar kashi 32.00% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada, Seth Laryea Tetteh na jam'iyyar Convention People's Part ya samu kuri'u 4,211 wanda ke wakiltar 4.50% da Frank Sontim-Bour Yendork na babban taron jama'ar kasar. kuri'un da ke wakiltar kashi 1.90% na jimlar kuri'un da aka kada Zaben 2000 An zabi Ashitey a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Tema ta gabas a majalisa ta 3 ta jamhuriya ta 4 a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2000. An zabe shi a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujerun majalisa shida cikin 22 da Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic ta lashe a wancan zaben na Babban yankin Accra. Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe kujeru 92 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 200 a majalisar dokoki ta 3 ta jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. An zabe shi da kuri'u 35,044 daga cikin 63,034 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 56.2% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Eben T. Anuwa-Armah na National Democratic Congress, Dr. Frederick W. Asante Akuffo na Convention People's Party, William Kobb-Lumor na National Reform party, Erasmus Aruna Quao na People's National Convention da Mensah Steve. Harkar United Ghana. Wadanda suka samu kuri'u 18,432, 5,028, 2,262, 1,198 da 402 bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 29.6%, 8.1%, 3.6%, 1.9 da 0.6% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. Zaben 2004 An zabi Ashitey a matsayin dan majalisa a majalisa ta 4 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2004. An zabe shi ne da kuri'u 41,519 daga cikin jimillar kimomi 86,284 da aka kada. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 48.1 cikin 100 na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. An zabe shi a kan Emelia Kai Adjei na National Democratic Congress, Charles Akwetey Fynn-Williams na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party; da Albert Anawi Nuamah, Lord Koranteng Hamah da Ramseyer Agyeman Prempeh duk 'yan takara masu zaman kansu. Wadannan sun samu kashi 31.6%,1.7%, 6.4%, 2.0% da 10.3% bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. An zabi Ashitey a kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na mazabu 17 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a yankin Greater Accra a wancan zaben. Gabaɗaya, sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa a majalisar dokoki ta 4 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Rayuwa ta sirri Ashitey Kirista ne kuma ɗan Presbyterian ne kuma yana jin daɗin karatu, iyo, tafiya da sauraron kiɗa. Yana da mata da ‘ya’ya hudu. Mutuwa Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Janairu 2022 a Asibitin Maritime na Duniya da ke Tema, yana da shekaru 67. Wata majiya kuma ta ce ya rasu ne a babban asibitin Tema da ke da shekaru 68. Manazarta
18253	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narriman%20Sadek	Narriman Sadek	Narriman Sadek, Larabci ko Nariman Sadiq (An haife ta 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1933 Ta rasu a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 2005), ta kasan ce kuma 'yar Hussain Fahmi Sadiq Bey, wani babban jami'i a gwamnatin Masar, da matarsa Asila Kamil ita ce matar Sarki Farouk ta biyu kuma Sarauniyar Misra ta ƙarshe. Rayuwa Sunanta a cikin yaren Turkanci yana nufin "Kyawawan abubuwan ban sha'awa na ruhun rai". Mahaifinta shine Hussain Fahmi Sadiq Bey, Mataimakin Ministan Sufuri. Ya kasance ɗa ne ga Ali Sadiq Bey, ɗayan shahararrun mashahuran Masarawa a lokacin, kuma ɗa ne ga Muhammad Sadek Pasha Matsayi na karshe da ya rike kafin rasuwarsa shi ne Sakatare Janar na Ma’aikatar Sufuri. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Asila Khanum, 'yar Kamel Mahmoud, ɗayan mashahuran mutane masu daraja na Minya Governorate Farouk ya saki matarsa ta farko, Sarauniya Farida,a shekarar alif 1948, bayan auren shekaru goma inda ta haifi 'ya'ya mata uku, amma babu magajin namiji. A wani yunƙuri na tabbatar da maye gurbinsa, da kuma sake nuna farin cikin jama'a game da daular da ke rugujewa, ya sanar da shi cewa yana kasuwa don sabuwar amarya, zai fi dacewa ɗan ƙasar Masar, mai ƙoshin lafiya amma ba na aristocracy ba. An san ta da Cinderella na Nilu" don asalin matsakaicinta, an zaɓi Narriman a wani ɓangare na ishara ga jama'a don tallata ra'ayin jama'a game da tsarin sarauta. Ta rabu da aikinta na baya ga ɗalibin karatun digiri na Harvard mai suna Zaki Hashem kuma an tura ta zuwa ofishin jakadancin Masar a Rome don koyon yadda za ta gudanar da ayyukanta na masarauta. Yayin da take Rome ta dauki asalin yar dan uwan jakadan ne domin boye dalilin zuwanta. A ofishin jakadancin ta karanci tarihi, da'a, da yarukan Turai guda hudu. Countess Layla Martly, ɗayan ɗayan mata masu ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa a Turai, tare da Narriman don koyar da tarihinta, halaye na gari, da ƙa'idodin gidan sarauta. Narriman ya rayu a Rome a ofishin jakadancin Masar a villa Savoy, wanda shine gidan da ya gabata na dangin masarautar Italiya wanda ke rayuwa a wancan lokacin a Alexandria Hakanan, sakamakon umarnin da sarki ya bayar cewa ta koma Masar da nauyinta yakai fam 110, an saka ta cikin tsauraran shirin rage nauyi. A watan Mayu,w shekarar 1951, tana da shekara 17, ta auri Farouk, don haka ta zama sarauniyar Masar. Bikin ma'auratan ya kasance mai kayatarwa da almubazzaranci. Narriman ta saka rigar amarya wacce aka zana lu'u lu'u 20,000, kuma su biyun sun sami kyaututtuka masu tsada da yawa. Waɗannan kyaututtukan da aka yi da zinariya daga baya sun narke a ɓoye zuwa ɓoye. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun, shekarar alif 1952, Narriman ta haifa da ɗa tilo, Ahmed Fuad Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Juyin Juya Halin Masar na shekarar alif 1952 ya tilasta wa Farouk sauka. Yaronsa ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin Sarki Fuad II Fuad ya kasance mafi yawan sarauta ta alama, amma, tare da kuma kafa jamhuriya a shekara mai zuwa. Saki Bayan bijirewa Faruk, dangin masarauta sun yi hijira (a cikin jirgin ruwan masarauta "El-Mahrousa"); a cikin watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1953. Tare da gajiyar da salon yawo da kuma gajiyar taimakon Farouk, Narriman ya koma Misira tare da mahaifiyarsa, zuwa ga tsohon matsayin ta na kowa. Ta rabu da Farouk a cikin watan Fabrairu, shekarar alif 1954. A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, shekarata alif 1954,ta auri Adham al-Nakib na Alexandria, wanda ya kasance likitan Farouk ne. Sun haifi ɗa ɗaya, Akram, kuma daga baya aka sake su a cikin 1961. A shekarata alif 1967, ta auri Ismail Fahmi, wani likita. Tana zaune a keɓe a cikin garin Alƙahira na Heliopolis har zuwa mutuwarta. Mutuwa Nariman Fahmi ta mutu a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarata 2005 a asibitin Dar al-Fouad, a gefen Alkahira, Misira, bayan zubar jini na kwakwalwa. Shekarunta na karshe sun kasance a keɓe a wani gida a cikin Unguwar garin Karo na Heliopolis, inda ta zauna tare da mijinta, Ismail Fahmi. Daraja Adon Al Kemal a cikin manyan abubuwa (Misira, 5 Mayu 1951). Duba kuma Jerin sunayen masarautu na daular Muhammad Ali Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizo Sarauniya Narriman Masarautar Masar ta Ahmed S. Kamel, Hassan Kamel Kelisli-Morali, Georges Soliman da Magda Malek. L'Egypte D'Antan. Misira a cikin kwanakin da suka gabata na Max Karkegi. Pages with unreviewed
21382	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai%20proper	Songhai proper	The Songhai dace Songhay, Songhoy, Sonrai ƙabila ce a cikin arewa maso yammacin kusurwar Tillaberi ta Nijar, yankin da tarihi ya san ƙasar da suna Songhai Ƙananan rukuni ne na ƙungiyar Songhai mafi fa'ida. Dukda cewa Songhay suna da alaƙa sosai da mutanen Zarma ta yadda wasu Songhai zasu iya magana kansu da yarensu kamar "Zarma", dukansu suna ganin kansu a matsayin mutane biyu daban. Songhai sune zuriya da bangaranci na daular Sonni waɗanda suka koma wannan yankin na Niger a yanzu bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 1493 da na Daular Askia wanda shima daga baya ya koma wannan yankin bayan mamayewar daular Songhai ta Daular Saadi ta Morocco Tarihi Dangane da tarihin baka, an san mashahuran Songhai da suna "Songhai" a lokacin mulkin Sonni Ali Ber, sunan ya samo asali ne daga sunansa ya kuma zama sunan ƙabila. Don haka, ba kamar sauran mutanen Songhai da ke amfani da sunaye daban-daban kamar su Zarma, Gaawo da Kurtey ba, wannan rukunin suna kawai da sunan "Songhai" saboda su zuriyar masu mulki ne na daular Songhai wanda masarautar ta samo sunanta daga ita. Su ne zuriyar dukkanin sarakunan daular Songhai (watau daular Sonni da suka koma wannan yankin na Niger ta yanzu bayan juyin mulkin shekarar 1493 da Askia Mohammad I da kuma daular Askia wadanda kuma suka koma daga baya zuwa wannan yankin bayan shan kashi a yakin Tondibi Don haka, Songhai suna can ta hanyar rarraba zuwa rukuni biyu; zuriyar daular Sonni waɗanda aka fi sani da "Si" da zuriyar gidan masarautar Askia da ake kira "Mamar" ("Mamar" kasancewar sunan da ake kira Askia Mohammad a yare a yare) Suna magance kansu ta hanyar ƙara kalmar "Hamey" raira waƙa."Hama") wanda ke nufin zuriya (s) a ƙarshen sunayen ƙungiyoyinsu; "Si Hamey da Mamar Hamey ko Si Kassey Hamey Hakanan ya cancanci a lura da duka rukunin biyu suna amfani da sunan mahaɗa "Maiga" (ma'ana, Sarki ko Yarima). Tarihi Sonni Si Hamey Si Hamey sun kasance zuriya da membobin wanda ya kafa kuma sarki na farko na Daular Songhai, Sonni Ali Ber Bayan mai mulki kuma wanda ya kafa daular Songhai Sonni Ali ya mutu a 1492, tsohon janar din soja kuma ɗan ɗan uwansa Askia Mohammad ya yi tawaye ga dansa kuma magajinsa, Sonni Baru kuma suka kayar da shi a yakin a Shekarar 1493 Sonni Baru ya tsere zuwa Ayorou kuma ya kafa ƙaramar jiharsa wacce aka sake kayar da ita a cikin 1500 bayan kai hare-hare akai-akai kuma an saka ta cikin daular Songhai. Mãmar Hamey Si Kassey Hamey Mamar Hamey waɗanda kuma ake kiransu Si Kassey Hamey sune zuriyar 'ya'yan Si ko Sonni Ali Ber ƙanwar Kassey (Bilkis) da' ya'yanta maza waɗanda suka haɗa da Askia Mohammad I (Mamar) da 'yan uwansa. Bayan shan kashi a yakin Tondibi a 1591, dan Askia Dawud, Askia Muhammed Gao (wanda aka fi sani da Wayki ya hambarar da dan uwansa Askia Ishaq II kuma a takaice ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin adawa. Da goyan bayan ragowar sojojin da aka wargaza, suka yi hijira zuwa rafin kogi daga Gao (A halin yanzu-Nijar, yankin da aka sani da Songhay inda zuriyar Sonni Ali Ber suka riga suka nemi mafaka daidai a yankin Anzourou (ma'ana "kun gudu" a arewacin Tillabéri a Nijar 'Yan Si (zuriyar Sonni Ali Ber) na Anzourou sun kusan haɗaka tare da coan uwansu Zarma (Zarma sune zuriyar tsohuwar daular Za waɗanda suka tsere daga Dirma a Macina zuwa wannan yankin na Niger na yanzu wanda yarima Mali Bero ya jagoranta bayan kisan gillar. na ɗan Peul ta ɗaya daga cikin asalinsa. Ainihin, Zarma sune zuriyar gidan daular Songhay na farko wadanda suka yi tawaye kan zuwan musulinci kuma suka yi ƙaura don mamaye sabbin ƙasashe) Askia Wayki (Muhammed Gao) ya kafa sansaninsa a gabar kogin Neja a cikin yankin Sikié na yanzu yana fatan ba zai yiwu wata hanya ta sojojin Morokawa ba. Askia Muhammed Gao ya mutu a 1632 ba tare da ya iya sake tattara mutanensa don kwato Gao ba, wanda ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ikon Judar Pasha Sonansa, Fari Monzon Fari Mondyo wanda ya kasance Inspektan tattara haraji a lokacin mulkin Askia Ishaq I ya gaje shi kuma a 1661 ya yi ƙoƙari karo na biyu don sake haɗa Songhai ciki har da theiran uwansu ɗan kishiya Si Hamey don ɗaukar dawo da garin Gao. Tare, sun kasance iya tsiwurwurin da goyon bayan da Zarmas da Abzinawan daga Imanan kuma Azawad. Fahimtar ƙarfin sojojin Morocco, daga baya suka yanke shawarar yin watsi da gwagwarmayar sake kafa Daular Songhai Ɗan Fari Monzon, Tabari ya jagoranci Karma, masarauta wacce aka kafa tun wucewar Askia Mohammad I a lokacin aikin hajjinsa zuwa Makka Sauran brothersan uwansa da ɗan uwan nasa sun ƙirƙiri masarautun Namaro, Gothèye, Dargol, Téra, Sikié, Kokorou da Say A tarihi, lokacin da aka ci masarauta, babu wani basarake ko mai martaba da zai yarda ya zauna a yankin da suka ci da yaƙi. Ko dai a halaka su ko kuma su gudu. Wannan ya wofintar da Gao da Timbuktu na 'ya'yan sarakunan Songhai da gimbiya da sauran mashahurai waɗanda suka sami kansu a yau sun watse a cikin yankuna da aka ambata a sama (galibi a kudu maso yammacin Niger Wannan shine ƙarshen ƙarshen Daular wanda ya haskaka saboda girmanta da ƙarfin zuciyar shugabanninta duk da yawan rikice-rikice na cikin gida na maye gurbin. Waɗannan masarautun, ba su sami haɗin kansu ba har zuwa Maris 1906, yayin yaƙin mulkin mallaka na Karma Boubon wanda Oumarou Kambessikonou (Morou Karma) ya jagoranta, ɗan zuriyar Askia Daoud kuma ɗan'uwan Askia Muhammed Gao. Tattalin arziƙi da al'umma Mafi yawan mutanen Songhai Manoma ne (Mafi yawanci suna shuka shinkafa da gero), mafarauta, masunta da masu shanu wanda suka bar Fulani su bi. Manazarta Mutanen Nijar Al'ummomi Ƙabilun Nijar Al'umma Al'ada Pages with unreviewed
22338	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Kare%20Kai	Haƙƙin Kare Kai	Haƙƙin kare kai (wanda ake kira, idan ya shafi kare wani, kare wasu, kare mutum Haƙƙi ne ga mutane su yi amfani da ƙarfi ko kuma kariya, don kare rayuwar mutum kare kansa ko rayukan wasu, gami da wasu halaye, yin amfani da ƙarfi Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda barazanar wani ko kuma cutar da wani, ko kuma ya fahimci irin wannan cutar, ana cewa mai ƙara yana da wata hujja ta "kare kai". Idan wanda ake ƙara yayi amfani da ƙarfi na kariya saboda irin wannan fahimta, kuma tsinkayen bashi da ma'ana, wanda ake ƙara na iya samun kare kai mara kyau a matsayin uzuri Janar ra'ayi ƙa'idar doka Tabbatar da hujja baya sanya aikata laifi ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar halal; idan yin amfani da karfi yayi daidai, ba zai zama mai laifi ba sam. Tunanin farko bai nuna banbanci tsakanin kare mutum da kare dukiyar ba. Ko a sani ko a'a, wannan ya ginu ne bisa ƙa'idar Dokar Roman ta dominium inda duk wani hari akan membobin dangin ko dukiyar da ya mallaka ya kasance harin kai tsaye ne akan dangin dangiNamiji shugaban gida, mai mallakar duk wata dukiya ta gidan, kuma doka ta bashi ikon mallakar dukkan zuriyarsa ta hanyar layin maza komai shekarunsu. An fassara haƙƙin kare kai a matsayin ƙa'idar vim vi repellere licet ("an halatta ta tunkude ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfi") a cikin <i id="mwMQ">Digest</i> na Justitian (ƙarni na 6). Wani amfani na farko na wannan shi ne ra'ayin Martin Luther na adawa mai kyau ga mai mulkin Beerwolf, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin koyarwar ƙaramin majistare da aka gabatar a cikin Maganar ta shekara ta 1550 Magdeburg. A cikin Leviathan (1651), Hobbes (ta amfani da kalmar turanci ta kare kai a karo na farko) ya gabatar da ka’idar siyasa da ke rarrabe tsakanin yanayin yanayi inda babu wata hukuma da ta zamani. Hobbes yayi jayayya cewa kodayake wasu na iya zama masu ƙarfi ko masu hankali fiye da wasu a cikin yanayin su, babu wanda ya fi ƙarfin da zai iya wucewa daga tsoron mummunan tashin hankali, wanda ya ba da kariya ta kai a matsayin mafi buƙata. A cikin Yarjejeniyar Biyun na Gwamnati, John Locke ya tabbatar da dalilin da ya sa mai shi zai ba da ikon kansu:... jin daɗin dukiyar da yake da ita a wannan jihar bashi da aminci sosai, ba shi da tsaro sosai. Wannan ya sa ya yarda ya bar yanayin, wanda, duk da haka kyauta, yana cike da tsoro da haɗari na ci gaba: kuma ba tare da dalili ba, yake nema, kuma yana shirye ya shiga cikin jama'a tare da wasu, waɗanda sun riga sun kasance haɗe, ko suna da hankalin da za su haɗa kai, don kiyaye rayukansu, 'yanci da kadarorinsu, wanda da yawa ke kira da babban suna, dukiya.A lokutan da suka gabata kafin ci gaban aikin ƴan sanda na ƙasa, harin da aka kai wa gidan dangi ya zama mummunan hari ne ga mutanen da ke ciki ko kuma kai musu hari ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar hana su mafaka da ko hanyoyin samarwa. Wannan dangantakar tsakanin kai hari ta mutum da dukiya sun raunana yayin da al'ummomi suka ci gaba amma barazanar tashin hankali shine babban jigon. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ikon mallaka, a cikin jawabinsa na 1918 Siyasa als Beruf Siyasa a Matsayin Kira), Max Weber ya bayyana wata ƙasa a matsayin hukuma mai da'awar mallakar ita kanta ta halal ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfi ta zahiri a cikin iyakokin yanki. Ganin cewa tsarin zamani na kasashe ya fito ne daga amfani da karfi, Weber ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da karfi ta hanyar cibiyoyin gwamnati ya kasance ba dole ba ne ga ingantacciyar gwamnati a kowane mataki wanda kuma hakan ya nuna cewa taimakon kai yana da iyaka idan ba a kebe shi ba. Ga masu ilimin zamani, batun kare kai yana daga cikin kyawawan halaye a cikin al'umma don saita iyaka ga yin biyayya ga jihar da dokokin ta da aka ba da hatsarin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin duniyar da ke cike da makamai.Kuma a cikin al'ummomin zamani, jihohi suna ta ƙara ba da izini ko bayar da ikon tilasta su ga kamfanoni masu ba da sabis na tsaro ko dai don ƙarin ko maye gurbin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin ikon. Gaskiyar cewa jihohin ba sa ƙara yin ikirarin mallakar withinan sanda a cikin iyakokinsu, yana haɓaka gardamar cewa mutane na iya amfani da dama ko damar amfani da tashin hankali don kare kansu. Tabbas, 'yanci na zamani ya nuna yawancin dokoki a matsayin masu kutse ga cin gashin kai na mutum kuma, musamman, yana jayayya cewa haƙƙin kare kai daga tilastawa (gami da tashin hankali haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na asali, kuma a cikin kowane hali, ba tare da togiya ba, yana ba da damar duka amfani da tashin hankali wanda ya samo asali daga wannan haƙƙin, ba tare da kariya ga mutum ko dukiya ba. A cikin wannan mahallin, ka lura da cewa Mataki na 12 Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ce:Ba wanda wani zai shiga sha'aninsa na sirri ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko danginsa, ko gidansa, ko wasiƙun sa, kuma ba wanda zai kai hari ga mutuncin sa da mutuncin sa. Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin kasancewa a cikin ja-gorancin ɗan adam.Haɗa kariya daga dangi da gida ya san amfanin da ake da shi a duniya wanda ya samo asali daga mallakar mallakar zaman lafiya na dangi na dangi. Wannan tsarin na gaba daya ya shafi mayar da hankali ga Hohfeld akan alaƙar da ke tsakanin dama da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na mu'amalar ɗan adam sabanin haƙƙoƙin da ake ganin yana da mahimmanci saboda sun haɗu da mutum ta hanyar mallakar mallakarsa. Bugu da ari, ya biyo baya cewa, a cikin wannan aikin daidaita dabi'un, dokoki dole ne lokaci guda su aikata laifin zalunci wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni, amma yanke hukunci daidai-dai da rikici wanda ke haifar da asara ko rauni saboda ana amfani da shi wajen kare kai. A matsayin ƙuduri na wannan abin da ya bayyana na banbanci da bijire wa Hohfeld, Robert Nozick ya tabbatar da cewa babu kyawawan 'yancin jama'a, kawai' yancin mallakar abu ne da kuma ikon cin gashin kai. A cikin wannan ka'idar, "ka'idar mallakar" ta bayyana cewa mutane suna da ikon karewa da adana duk abin da suka mallaka ta hanyar da ta dace kuma "ka'idar gyarawa" tana bukatar duk wani keta ka'ida ta farko da za a gyara ta hanyar mayar da kadarori ga masu su a matsayin rarrabawa "sau daya" Saboda haka, a tsoran kariyar kai a matakin farko, duk wata lalacewar dukiya dole ne ta zama mai kyau ko ta wani fanni ko ta ƙima. Hakazalika, masana ilimin tunani irin su George Fletcher da Robert Schopp sun dauki ra'ayoyin Turawa game da cin gashin kai a ra'ayoyinsu na sassaucin ra'ayi don ba da hujja ga mai rike da madafun iko ta hanyar amfani da dukkan karfin da ya dace don kare ikonsa da 'yancinsa. Wannan haƙƙin ya jujjuya ƙa'idodin amfani da amfani tare da tashin hankali wanda ya kasance mafi alkhairi ga mutum, amma daidai yake nuna Jeremy Bentham wanda ya ga dukiya a matsayin ƙarfin motsawa don bawa mutane damar haɓaka ayyukan su ta hanyar saka hannun jari da kasuwanci. A ka'idar masu sassaucin ra'ayi, saboda haka, don ƙara yawan mai amfani, babu buƙatar ja da baya ko amfani da ƙarfi daidai gwargwado. An ce maharin ya sadaukar da kariyar doka lokacin da ya fara harin. A wannan yanayin, dokar aikata laifi ba kayan aikin jin daɗin ƙasa bane wanda ke ba da kariya ga kowa lokacin da suka ji rauni. Koyaya, dole ne a yarda da wasu iyakoki azaman inda ƙaramin hari na farko ya zama kawai dalilin azabtarwa da wuce gona da iri. Tsarin dokar farar hula yana da ka'idar "cin zarafin 'yanci" don bayyana kin yarda da hujja a irin waɗannan munanan lamura. Ka'idar ɗabi'a Hakkin kiyaye kai da makami ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar Graeco-Roman Natural Rights, wanda wani dan kasar Roman Cicero (106–43 BC) da sauran masu ilimin falsafa suka fada a fili, wanda Aristotle ya yi tasiri. Miguel Faria, marubucin littafin Amurka, Bindigogi, da 'Yanci a shekarar (2019), da yake rubutu a Surgical Neurology International ya bayyana cewa mutane suna da haƙƙin kare mutanensu ta hanyar haƙƙinsu na ɗabi'a na kare kai; cewa mutane suna da hakkin kare kansu kawai amma kuma suna da kyawawan halaye na kare iyalai da makwabta; cewa haƙƙin kare kai da makami ya faɗaɗa ga al'umma don taƙaitawa ko hana azzalumar gwamnati. Haƙƙin 'yanci na maza su dauki makami don kare kai, ya zama aikin kare wadanda ke karkashin iyalansu da kulawa. Yawancin addinai, musamman a cikin al'adun Yahudu-Krista sun yarda da haƙƙin kare kai da kariya ta gida da makamai. Katolika ta katolika da aka samo asali daga aikin tauhidin na St Thomas Aquinas. Ya karanta cewa: "Tsaron doka na iya zama ba wai kawai hakki ba ne amma kuma babban aiki ne ga wanda ke da alhakin rayuwar wasu. Kare lafiyar gama gari yana bukatar a sanya zalunci mai zalunci ba zai iya cutar da shi ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda "ya faru cewa buƙatar sa mahaukaci ya kasa haifar da cutarwa wani lokacin ya ƙunshi ɗaukar ransa." Masanin falsafar Ingilishi John Locke (1632-1704) ya gabatar da cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana a fili kuma sun ba mutum ikon "neman rayuwa, lafiya, 'yanci da mallaka," da kuma haƙƙin kare kansa. Waɗanda suka kafa Amurka ne suka ɗauki wannan ra'ayin kuma Thomas Jefferson ya tsara shi a bayyane na 'Yancin kai. A cikin sharhinsa game da David Kopel's ɗabi'ar kare kai da daukar matakin soja: Al'adar Yahudu da Nasara (2017), Faria ta kammala da cewa: "'Yanci da hakkin kiyaye rayuwa ta hanyar kare kai hakkokin mutane ne na dabi'a wato, kyaututtuka daga Allah ko Dabi'a zuwa mutum da gwamnatocin da ke yunƙurin ƙetare waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ba su da halattattun gwamnatoci sai ɓarnata. Mummunan gwamnatoci da kwace daga mulki sun riga sun yi tawaye ga Allah da mutum, don haka mutane suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin kare kai ta hanyar tawaye don kifar da waɗannan gwamnatocin. Kare wasu Dokokin iri ɗaya ne yayin amfani da ƙarfi don kare wani daga hatsari. Gabaɗaya, mai tuhuma dole ne ya yi imani mai kyau cewa ɓangare na uku yana cikin matsayi inda suke da haƙƙin kare kai. Misali, mutumin da ba da sani ba ga wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da suke yin faɗa zai iya kare ikonsu na wanda ya bayyana da zalunci. Kariyar doka don iƙirarin kare kai Da'awar shari'ar kare kai zai dogara ne ga barazanar. Wannan ya haɗa da ko barazanar magana ce ta sa mutum ya ji tsoro, har suka ji bukatar kare kansu. Hakanan zai dogara ne idan barazanar ta kusa ko a'a. Wasu tambayoyin da za ku yi shine barazanar tana faruwa kuma shin rayuwar mutum tana cikin haɗari da gaske? Shin sun tsokani mutum ne don harin ya faru? Lokacin da mutumin ya far wa mutumin, shin kare kansa ya yi daidai da barazanar, ko kuwa har ya kai ga mutun ya mutu lokacin da ba sa bukatar a kashe shi? Shin kariyar koyaswa tsaro? Shin da gangan suka fasa gidan mutum kuma suka yi ƙoƙarin cutar da mutumin ko danginsa har ta kai su ga kare kansu ko wasu ta amfani da ƙarfi? Dokar Final ta yanzi Dokar Final ta yanzu a Amurika mai lamba §3.04 ta ƙunshi ingantaccen tsari don amfani da ƙarfi, gami da lokacin da ya cancanta, da iyakancewa akan dalilin. Model Penal Code ba dokar hukuma bace a cikin Amurka, kodayake kotuna da jihohi da yawa suna cin bashi mai yawa daga gare ta. Shari'o'in gama gari A cikin Mutane v. La Voie, Kotun ƙoli na Colorado, 395 P.2d 1001 (1964), Kotun ta rubuta, "Idan mutum yana da dalilai masu ma'ana na yin imani, kuma a zahiri ya gaskata, cewa haɗarin kashe shi, ko na karɓar babban jiki cutarwa, ta gabato, yana iya yin aiki a kan irin wannan bayyani kuma ya kare kansa, har zuwa matakin ɗaukar ran mutum lokacin da ya cancanta, kodayake yana iya zama cewa bayyanuwar ƙarya ce, ko da yake yana iya kuskurewa game da girman ainihin hatsari. Ma'anar a takamaiman ƙasashe Ostiraliya Jamhuriyar Czech Sweden Ingila da Wales Amurka Duba kuma Koyarwar gida Siyasar bindiga Kariyar kai mara kyau Kisan kai mai adalci Ossian Mai Dadi Pikuach nefesh 'Yanci don kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai Assaultan cin mutunci Amfani da karfi ci gaba Manazarta Bibliography Sir Edward Coke, Sashi na Farko na Cibiyoyin Laws of England, ko, Bayani kan Littleton (London, 1628, ed. F. Hargrave da C. Butler, 19th ed., London, 1832) Dressler, Joshua, Sabbin Tunani Game da Ka'idar Tabbatarwa a cikin Dokar Laifi: Sanarwar Tunanin Fletcher da Tunawa, (1984) 32 UCLA L. Rev. 61. Fletcher, George P. (1990) Laifukan Kare Kai: Bernhard Goetz da Doka a Shari'ar, Chicago: Jami'ar Chicago Press, Fletcher, George P. (2000) Rethinking Laifin Laifi, Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, Schopp, Robert F. (1998) Adalcin kariya da adalci, Cambridge: Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, Semeraro, (2006) Osservazioni sulla riforma della legittima difesa Vitu, Halayyar kare doka da keta doka, Revue de Science Criminelle, 1987, 865. Hanyoyin haɗin waje UseofForce.us, mai zaman kansa, zurfin rashi na dokokin kare kai na Amurka. Hakkin tsaro Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed
30253	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanin%20ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20dan%20adam%20da%20na%20jama%27a	Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a	Bayanin Hakkokin Dan Adam da na Jama'a wanda Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Faransa ta kafa a cikin shekarata 1789, takarda ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam daga juyin juya halin Faransa Ƙwararrun masana falsafar Haskakawa, sanarwar ta kasance jigon magana na kimar juyin juya halin Faransa kuma yana da babban tasiri ga cigaban sanannen ra'ayi na 'yancin kai da dimokuradiyya a Turai da duniya baki daya. Marquis de Lafayette ne ya tsara sanarwar ta asali, tare da shawarwari tare da Thomas Jefferson Tasirin koyaswar haƙƙin dabi'a haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ana ɗauka su zama na duniya inganci a kowane lokaci kuma a kowane wuri. Ya zama ginshiƙi ga al'ummar 'yantattun mutane waɗanda doka ta ba su kariya daidai gwargwado. Kuma An haɗa shi a farkon kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriyar Faransa ta huɗu a shekarata (1946) da jamhuriya ta biyar (1958) kuma har yanzu tana nan. Tarihi Abubuwan da ke cikin takardar sun fito ne da yawa daga manufofin wayewa. Lafayette ne ya shirya manyan zane-zane, yana aiki a wasu lokuta tare da babban abokinsa Thomas Jefferson. A cikin watan Agustan shekarata 1789, Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès da Honoré Mirabeau sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da tsara sanarwar Ƙarshen Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na ɗan ƙasa. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1789 Majalisar Zartarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da labarin karshe na sanarwar 'yancin dan Adam da dan kasa, a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, Kuma a matsayin matakin farko na rubuta kundin tsarin mulki ga Faransa. Wayar da kan yi wahayi, wakilan sun tattauna ainihin sigar sanarwar a kan wani daftarin kasida 24 da the sixth bureau gabatar. wanda Jérôme Champion de Cicé ke jagoranta Daga baya an gyara daftarin a yayin muhawarar. Sanarwar ta biyu kuma mafi tsayi, wacce aka fi sani da Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a na 1793, an rubuta shi a cikin shekarata 1793 amma ba a taɓa karɓe ta ba. Mahallin falsafa da ka'idar Abubuwan da ke cikin sanarwar sun fito ne daga ayyukan falsafa da siyasa na wayewa, kamar son kai, kwangilar zamantakewa kamar yadda masanin falsafa na Genevan Rousseau ya tsara, da kuma raba iko da Baron de Montesquieu ya ɗauka Kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin matani, falsafar siyasa ta wayewar kai da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi tasiri sosai akan furcin Faransanci kamar yadda sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka ta kasance wacce ta gabace ta (4 Yuli shekarata 1776). A cewar wani littafi na shari’a da aka buga a shekara ta 2007, sanarwar tana cikin ruhin “dokar dabi’a ta duniya”, Duk wadda ba ta dogara da koyarwar addini ko hukuma ba, sabanin ka’idar ka’idar dabi’a ta gargajiya, wadda ta yi. Sanarwar ta bayyana saiti guda ɗaya na haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗai da na gamayya ga duk maza. Kuma Tasirin koyarwar haƙƙoƙin dabi'a, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun kasance na duniya kuma suna aiki a kowane lokaci da wurare. Alal misali, "An haifi maza kuma suna da 'yanci kuma suna daidai da hakkoki. Sannan Ba za a iya kafa bambance-bambancen al'umma ba a kan abin da ya dace kawai." Suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin dabi'a ga dukiya, 'yanci, da rayuwa. A bisa wannan ka'idar, aikin gwamnati shi ne gane da kuma tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki. Har ila yau, ya kamata a gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun wakilai. A lokacin da aka rubuta, an ba da haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin sanarwar ga maza kawai. Kuma Bugu da ƙari, sanarwar sanarwa ce ta hangen nesa maimakon gaskiya. Sanarwar ba ta da tushe a cikin al'adar yammacin duniya ko ma Faransa a lokacin. Sanarwar ta fito ne a karshen karni na 18 daga yaki da juyin juya hali. Ta ci karo da adawa, saboda ana ɗaukar dimokuradiyya da yancin ɗaiɗaikun mutane a matsayin masu kama da rashin zaman lafiya da rugujewa Sannna Wannan sanarwar ta ƙunshi akidu da buri waɗanda Faransa ta yi alkawarin yin gwagwarmaya a nan gaba. Abu An gabatar da sanarwar ta hanyar gabatarwar da ke bayyana mahimman halaye na haƙƙoƙin da suka cancanta a matsayin "na halitta, waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba kuma masu tsarki" kuma sun ƙunshi "ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi kuma marasa gasa" waɗanda 'yan ƙasa za su iya dogara da bukatunsu. A cikin kasida ta biyu, “hakkokin dan Adam na dabi’a da wadanda ba a iya bayyana su ba” an bayyana su a matsayin “yanci, dukiya, tsaro da juriya ga zalunci Ya yi kira da a lalata gata aristocratic ta hanyar shelar kawo ƙarshen feudalism da keɓewa daga haraji, 'yanci da daidaitattun haƙƙin ga duk "Maza", da samun damar shiga ofishin gwamnati bisa basira. Sannna Kuma An taƙaita tsarin sarauta, kuma duk ƴan ƙasa su sami damar shiga cikin tsarin doka. An ayyana ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, an kuma haramta kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Sanarwar ta kuma tabbatar da ka'idodin ikon mallaka, kuma wanda ya bambanta da ikon allahntaka na sarakunan da ke nuna mulkin mulkin Faransa, da daidaito tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, "Dukan 'yan ƙasa, suna daidai da idanu na doka, suna daidai da yarda ga dukan jama'a. masu girma da matsayi da ayyukan yi, gwargwadon iyawarsu kuma ba tare da banbance banbancen kyawawan dabi’u da basirarsu,” sannan yana kawar da hakki na musamman na manya da malamai. Labarai Mataki na I An haifi ’yan Adam kuma sun kasance masu ‘yanci kuma suna daidai da hakki. Kuma Ba za a iya kafa bambance-bambancen zamantakewa ba ne kawai a kan abin da ake so. Mataki na II Manufar kowace ƙungiya ta siyasa ita ce kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na halitta da wanda ba a iya bayyanawa ba. Wadannan hakkoki su ne 'yanci, dukiya, aminci da tsayin daka kan zalunci. Mataki na III Ka'idar kowane ikon mallakar ƙasa tana zaune a cikin ƙasa. Babu wata hukuma ko wani mutum da zai yi amfani da duk wata hukuma wacce ba ta fito daga al'umma kai tsaye ba. Mataki na IV 'Yanci ya ƙunshi yin duk wani abu da ba zai cutar da wasu ba: don haka, yin amfani da haƙƙin haƙƙin kowane mutum yana da iyakokin da ke tabbatar wa sauran jama'a haƙƙin haƙƙin. Kuma Ana iya ƙayyade waɗannan iyakokin ta hanyar doka kawai. Mataki na biyar V Doka tana da haƙƙin hana ayyukan cutarwa ga al'umma kawai. Duk wani abu da shari’a ba ta hana shi ba, ba za a iya tauye shi ba, sannan kuma ba za a iya takurawa kowa ya yi abin da bai umarta ba. Mataki na shida VI Doka ita ce bayanin nufin gabaɗaya Duk da ƴan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin bayar da gudunmawa da kan su ko ta hanyar wakilansu don kafa ta. Dole ne ya zama iri ɗaya ga kowa, ko dai abin da yake karewa, ko kuma ya hukunta. Kuma Dukkan ’yan kasa, kasancewarsu daidai ne a idanunsu, haka nan kuma ana yarda da su ga dukkan masu rike da madafun iko, wurare, da ayyukan yi, gwargwadon iyawarsu ba tare da wani bambanci ba face na kyawawan halaye da basirarsu. Mataki na bakwai VII -Babu wani mutum da za a iya tuhuma, kama ko tsare shi amma a cikin shari'o'in da doka ta tsara, da kuma bisa ga siffofin da ta tsara. Wadanda suka nemi, aika, aiwatarwa ko kuma suka sa a aiwatar da umarni na sabani, Kuma dole ne a hukunta su; amma duk wani dan kasa da aka kira ko aka kama a karkashin sharuddan doka dole ne ya bi su nan take; yana mai da kansa laifi ta hanyar juriya. Mataki na takwas VIII Dole ne doka ta kafa hukuncin da ya dace kawai kuma a fili ya zama dole, Sannna kuma babu wanda za a iya hukunta shi amma a karkashin dokar da aka kafa da kuma kaddamar da shi kafin laifin da kuma amfani da doka. Mataki na tara IX Duk wani mutum da ake zaton ba shi da laifi har sai an bayyana shi da laifi idan aka ce ba makawa ne a kama shi, duk wani takura da ba zai zama dole domin a ceci mutumin ba, Kuma dole ne doka ta tsawatar da shi sosai. Mataki na Goma X Ba wanda zai iya jin haushin ra’ayinsa, hatta na addini, muddin bayyanarsu ba ta kawo cikas ga tsarin jama’a da doka ta kafa ba. Mataki na sha ɗaya XI Sadarwar 'yanci na tunani da ra'ayi shine daya daga cikin mafi kyawun haƙƙin ɗan adam: kowane ɗan ƙasa don haka yana iya yin magana, rubutawa, buga shi da yardar kaina, sai Kuma dai don amsa cin zarafi na wannan 'yanci, a cikin lamuran da doka ta ƙaddara. Mataki na sha biyu XII Tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa yana buƙatar ƙarfin jama'a: don haka an kafa wannan ƙarfi don amfanin kowa ba don amfanin waɗanda aka amince da su ba. Mataki na sha uku XIII Domin kiyaye ƙarfin jama'a da kuma kashe kuɗin gudanarwa, Kuma gudunmawar gama gari ba ta da mahimmanci; dole ne a raba daidai wa daida ga dukkan ’yan kasa, gwargwadon karfinsu na biya. Mataki na sha huɗu XIV Kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da hakkin ya tabbatar, da kansa ko ta hanyar wakilansa, buƙatar harajin jama'a, don yarda da shi kyauta, don sanin amfanin da aka sanya shi, da kuma ƙayyade rabo, tushe, tarawa., da kuma tsawon lokaci. Mataki na sha biyar XV Al’umma na da hakkin neman asusu daga kowane wakilin jama’a na gwamnatinta. Mataki na sha shida XVI Duk wata al’ummar da ba a tabbatar da haƙƙin haƙƙinta ba, ko kuma an ƙaddara rabe-raben iko, Kuma ba ta da Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Mataki na Sha bakwai XVII Dukiya kasancewar wani haƙƙi ne mai tsarki, babu wanda za a iya hana shi amfani da shi na sirri, Sannan idan ba lokacin da jama'a ke buƙata ba, bisa doka, a bayyane yake buƙatar ta, kuma ƙarƙashin yanayin adalci kuma kafin a biya shi. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa mai ƙwazo Yayin da juyin juya halin Faransa ya ba da haƙƙi ga mafi girman kaso na jama'a, an sami bambanci tsakanin waɗanda suka sami 'yancin siyasa a cikin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa da waɗanda ba su samu ba. Shiyasa Duk Waɗanda aka ɗauka suna riƙe waɗannan haƙƙoƙin siyasa ana kiran su ƴan ƙasa masu aiki. An ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga maza waɗanda Faransanci, aƙalla shekaru 25, sun biya haraji daidai da aikin kwanaki uku, kuma ba za a iya bayyana su a matsayin bayi ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa a lokacin sanarwar masu mallakar kadarorin maza ne kawai ke riƙe waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Mataimakan Majalisar sun yi imanin cewa, wadanda ke da muradin gaske a cikin kasar ne kawai za su iya yanke shawara ta siyasa. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya shafi batutuwa na 6, 12, 14, da 15 na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye saboda kowane ɗayan waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana da alaƙa da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a da shiga cikin gwamnati. Tare da dokar 29 Oktoba shekarata 1789, kalmar ɗan ƙasa mai aiki ta shiga cikin siyasar Faransa. An ƙirƙiri manufar ƴan ƙasa masu son rai don haɗa waɗancan al'ummomin da aka ware daga haƙƙoƙin siyasa a cikin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa. Saboda buƙatun da aka gindaya don ƴan ƙasa masu himma, kuma an ba da ƙuri'ar ga kusan Faransawa miliyan 4.3 daga cikin kusan miliyan 29. aka tsallake sun haɗa da mata, bayi, yara, da baƙi. Kamar yadda babban taron ya zaɓe waɗannan matakan, sun iyakance haƙƙin wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa yayin aiwatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya na sabuwar Jamhuriyar Faransa (1792-1804) Wannan doka, da aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1789, an gyara ta da waɗanda suka kirkiro Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara na III don kawar da lakabin ɗan ƙasa mai aiki. Ikon jefa ƙuri'a a lokacin, duk da haka, an ba da shi ga masu mallakar dukiya kawai. An sami takun saka tsakanin ’yan kasa masu aiki da halin ko-in-kula a duk tsawon juyin juya halin Musulunci. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da ƴan ƙasa masu son rai suka fara yin kira ga ƙarin haƙƙi, ko kuma a fili lokacin da suka ƙi sauraron manufofin da ƴan ƙasa masu ƙwazo suka tsara. Wannan zane mai ban dariya ya nuna a fili bambancin da ke tsakanin ƴan ƙasa masu aiki da masu halin ko in kula tare da tashe-tashen hankula masu alaƙa da irin waɗannan bambance-bambance. A cikin zane mai ban dariya, wani ɗan ƙasa mai ƙwazo yana riƙe da ƙwanƙwasa kuma wani ɗan ƙasa (a hannun dama) yana cewa "Ku kula kada haƙurina ya tsere mini". Musamman mata sun kasance 'yan kasa masu kishin kasa wadanda suka taka rawar gani a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Olympe de Gouges ta rubuta sanarwarta game da haƙƙin mace da na 'yar ƙasa a shekarata 1791 kuma ta ja hankali kan buƙatar daidaiton jinsi. Ta hanyar goyon bayan manufofin juyin juya halin Faransa da kuma fatan fadada su ga mata, ta wakilci kanta a matsayin 'yar ƙasa mai juyin juya hali. Madame Roland kuma ta tabbatar da Kuma kanta a matsayin mai tasiri a duk lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Ta ga matan juyin juya halin Faransa suna da matsayi uku; "Tsafafa ayyukan juyin juya hali, tsara manufofi, da kuma sanar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali." Ta yin aiki da maza, sabanin yin aiki ba tare da maza ba, ta yiwu ta sami damar ci gaba da yakin mata masu juyin juya hali. A matsayinsu na 'yan wasa a juyin juya halin Faransa, mata sun taka rawar gani a fagen zamantakewa ta hanyar kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a da kuma shiga cikin shahararrun kulake, Sannna wanda ke ba su damar yin tasiri a cikin al'umma, duk da rashin ikon siyasa kai tsaye. Hakkokin mata Sanarwar ta amince da haƙƙoƙin da yawa a matsayin na ƴan ƙasa (wanda zai iya zama namiji kaɗai). Wannan ya kasance duk da cewa bayan Maris on Versailles a ranar 5 ga Oktoba shekarata 1789, mata sun gabatar da koke na mata ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa inda suka ba da shawarar ba mata dama daidai. A cikin shekarata 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet da Etta Palm d'Aelders sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa da ta ba da 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa ga mata. Condorcet ya bayyana cewa "wanda ya ki amincewa da hakkin wani, ko wane irin addini, launi, ko jinsi na wancan, ya yi watsi da nasa". Juyin juya halin Faransa bai kai ga amincewa da haƙƙin mata ba kuma hakan ya sa Olympe de Gouges ta buga sanarwar 'yancin mace da na 'yar ƙasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1791. Sanarwar 'yancin mace da ta 'yan kasa mata an tsara shi ne bisa tsarin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa kuma abin ban mamaki ne wajen ƙirƙira tare da fallasa gazawar juyin juya halin Faransa, wanda aka sadaukar don daidaito Yana cewa:Wannan juyin juya halin zai fara aiki ne kawai a lokacin da dukkanin mata suka fahimci halin da suke ciki na rashin tausayi, da kuma hakkokin da suka rasa a cikin al'umma.Sanarwar 'Yancin Mace da 'Yar Kasa Mata ta biyo bayan batutuwa goma sha bakwai na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na 'yan ƙasa don batu kuma Camille Naish ta bayyana shi a matsayin "kusan parody na ainihin takardar. Labari na farko na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa ya yi shelar cewa "An haifi maza kuma suna da 'yanci kuma suna daidai da haƙƙinsu. Bambance-bambancen zamantakewa yana iya dogara ne akan amfanin gama gari kawai." Kasidar farko ta shelanta hakkin mace da ‘yar kasa ta amsa: “An haifi mace ‘yanci kuma ta kasance daidai da namiji a hakki. Sannan Kuma Bambance-bambancen zamantakewa na iya dogara ne akan amfanin gama gari kawai". Har ila yau, De Gouges ya ja hankali da cewa, a karkashin dokar Faransa, an hukunta mata gaba daya, amma duk da haka an hana mata hakki, Kuma yana mai bayyana cewa "Mata na da 'yancin hawa kan tudu, kuma dole ne su kasance suna da 'yancin hawa kujerar kakakin majalisar". Bauta Sanarwar ba ta soke cibiyar bautar ba, kamar yadda Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs ya yi amfani da shi kuma ƙungiyar masu shukar mulkin mallaka da ake kira Club Massiac suka kare saboda sun hadu a Hôtel Massiac. Duk da rashin ambaton bautar da aka yi a cikin sanarwar, sannnan tashin bayi a Saint-Domingue a cikin juyin juya halin Haiti an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin tarihin CLR James na juyin juya halin Haiti, The Black Jacobins Mummunan yanayi ga dubban bayi a cikin Saint-Domingue, mafi yawan ribar bayi a duniya, ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula wanda za a san shi da tawaye na farko na bawa a cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Masu 'yanci masu launi sun kasance cikin tashin hankali na farko, amma daga baya tsoffin bayi suka mamaye. A cikin shekarata 1794 Yarjejeniyar da Jacobins suka mamaye ta kawar da bauta, gami da mazaunan Saint-Domingue da Guadeloupe. Duk da haka, Napoleon ya mayar da shi a cikin shekarata 1802 kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ikon Saint-Domingue ta hanyar aika dubban sojoji. Bayan fama da asarar kashi biyu bisa uku na maza, da yawa zuwa zazzabi mai launin rawaya, Faransawa sun janye daga Saint-Domingue a 1803. Napoleon ya bar Arewacin Amurka kuma ya amince da Siyan Louisiana ta Amurka. A cikin shekarar 1804, shugabannin Saint-Domingue sun ayyana ta a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, Jamhuriyar Haiti, jamhuriya ta biyu ta Sabuwar Duniya. Napoleon ya soke cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1815. Luwadi Yawan 'yancin kai da aka bai wa 'yan ƙasa ta takardar ya haifar da yanayi inda dokar hukunta laifuka ta Faransa ta shekarar 1791 ta haramta liwadi da madigo, wanda ya shafi laifuka dokar kawai ta kasa ambaton luwadi a matsayin laifi, don haka babu wanda za a iya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya. Dokar 'yan sanda ta shekarar 1791 ta 1791 ta ba da hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka don "babban rashin mutunci," wanda 'yan sanda za su iya amfani da su don hukunta duk wanda ya yi jima'i a wuraren jama'a ko kuma ya keta ka'idojin zamantakewa. An sake nanata wannan hanyar hukunta masu luwadi a cikin kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Faransa na shekarata 1810 Duba wasu abubuwana Bill na hakkoki Hakkin Dan Adam a Faransa Zaman duniya Sauran farkon ayyana haƙƙoƙin Dokar León Magna Carta Dokar Kalisz Labaran Henrician da Pacta Conventa Koke na Hakki Dokar Hakki Da'awar Dama Sanarwar Haƙƙin Virginia Sanarwar Haƙƙin Pennsylvania Dokar Hakki Sanarwa na Haƙƙin Mutum da ɗan ƙasar Franchimont Bayanin "Belgian" na 'Yancin Mutum da Jama'a Proclamation of Połaniec "Batavian" Bayanin Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a Manazarta Gabaɗaya manazarta Jack Censer da Lynn Hunt, 'Yanci, Daidaituwa, Fraternity: Binciken Juyin Juyin Halitta na Faransa, Park Park: Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, 2001. Susan Dalton, "Gender da Sauya Gwargwadon Siyasar Juyin Juya Hali: Shari'ar Madame Roland", Jaridar Kanada na Tarihi, 36, No. 2 (2001): 259-83. PMID 18711850 William Doyle, Tarihin Oxford na juyin juya halin Faransa, Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1989. Darline Levy da Harriet Applewhite, Juyin Siyasa na Mata? Al'amarin Paris, a cikin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Faransa: Fassarorin Rikici ed na 5. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Pub. Co., 2002. 317-46. Jeremy Popkin, Tarihin Faransa na Zamani, Babban Kogin Saddle: Ilimin Pearson, 2006. "Dan kasa Mai Aikata Aiki/Mai Aminci", 'Yanci, Daidaituwa, 'Yan'uwantaka: Binciko juyin juya halin Faransa (an shiga 30 Oktoba 2011). Tarihin Ayyukan. Ci gaba da karatu Gérard Conac, Marc Debene, Gérard Teboul, eds, La Declaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789; tarihi, nazari da sharhi Economica, Paris, 1993, McLean, Ina. "Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, da Sanarwa des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen" a cikin Future of Liberal Democracy: Thomas Jefferson da Duniya na Zamani (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
16062	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Adekunle	Benjamin Adekunle	Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1936 ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014) ya kasance Birgediya na Sojan Nijeriya kuma kwamandan Yakin Basasa Shekarun farko da baya An haifi Adekunle a garin Kaduna Mahaifinsa dan asalin Ogbomosho ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ‘yar kabilar Bachama ce Ya yi karatun sakandare a kwalejin gwamnati, Okene (wanda a yanzu ake kira Abdul Aziz Atta Memorial College, Okene, a cikin jihar Kogi ta yanzu Ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1958 jim kadan bayan kammala jarabawar satifiket din sa. Ya zama zabenben soja, sa'an nan kuma ya shiga Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Birtaniya, da British Army's, shine farkon jami'in shiga academy. An nada shi 2nd Lieutenant a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1960. amatsayin sa platoonkwamandan, ya yi aiki a Kasai Province da Congo da kuma 1st bataliya, Sarauniyar Own Najeriya rajimanti a lokacin da ya fara ONUC MDD kiyaye zaman lafiya yawon shakatawa na wajibi. A cikin shekarar 1962, Laftanar Adekunle ya zama Mataimakin-de-Camp ga gwamnan yankin gabas, Sir Akanu Ibiam A shekaran, a matsayin Kyaftin, an sake tura shi Congo a matsayin Kaftin na A (A) zuwa Hedikwatar Brigade ta Nijeriya da ke Luluabourg a karkashin Birgediya B. Babafemi Ogundipe A shekarar 1964, Manjo Adekunle ya halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro a Wellington, a Indiya Bayan ya dawo sai aka nada shi Adjutant Janar a takaice a Hedikwatar Soja a watan Mayu na shekarar 1965 don maye gurbin Laftanar Kanal. Yakubu Gowon, wanda ke ci gaba da karatu a wajen kasar. Amma, daga baya ya mika mukamin ga Laftanar Kanar. James Pam kuma an sake tura shi zuwa tsohuwar bataliyar (1st Bn) a Enugu a matsayin Kwamandan Kamfanin. Yakin basasar Najeriya Bayan haka Adekunle ya zama kwamandan rundunar ta Legas a matsayin Laftanar Kanar. Lokacin da yakin basasar Najeriya ya ɓarke a watan Yulin shekara ta 1967, aka ɗora wa Adekunle jagorancin abubuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da sabbin bataliyoyi biyu (na 7 da na 8) don gudanar da mummunan harin da aka kai wa Bonny a Tashin Benin a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1968 (wanda Manjo ya yi kungiyar Ishaku Adaka Boro Wannan ya faru ne bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta sami karfin gwiwa ga mafi yawan kabilun kudu maso yamma sakamakon kai tsaye na tura Biafra zuwa yankin tsakiyar yamma da bincike zuwa yankin Yamma. An kara wa Adekunle girma zuwa Kanar bayan saukar sa Bonny. Runduna ta 6 (a karkashin Manjo Jalo) da ta 8 (a karkashin Manjo Ochefu) na rundunar ta Legas Garrison daga baya sun shiga cikin aiyukan 'yantar da Midwest bayan mamayar Biafra a watan Agusta na shekarar 1967. Na bakwai (a karkashin Manjo Abubakar) ya tsaya a baya don ya riƙe Bonny. Saboda Bangaren Manjo Jalo ya tallafawa Lt. Col. Murtala Mohammed na Runduna ta 2, Adekunle an bar shi da Bataliya ta 8 kawai a Escravos Don haka, sai ya yi zanga-zanga ga Hedikwatar Soja kuma ya sa aka daukaka darajar rundunar ta Legas zuwa matsayin Brigade ta hanyar kirkirar Bataliya na 31 Dana 32 (karkashin Majors Aliyu da Hamman, bi da bi). Wannan tsari, hade da wasu gungun masu gadin Legas a gabar gabashin teku, a hukumance an ayyana shi zuwa Runduna ta 3 Koyaya, Kanal Adekunle baiyi tunanin sunan "Rundunan, Runduna 3" ya kasance mai isassu ba haka kuma ba ya nuna yanayin keɓaɓɓiyar filin da yakamata mutanensa suyi yaƙi. Sabi da haka, ba tare da izini daga HQ na Soja ba, ya sake masa suna "3 Marine Commando (3MCDO)" "Black Scorpion" kamar yadda ya zama sananne, ya kasance cikin sauƙin fitina, wanda aka yi bikinsa da shi kuma adadi mai ban mamaki a yakin yaqin da ya kafa tubalin rikicin zamani na Nijeriya; kuma ya jefa tsintsiya cikin kayan ƙasa. Benjamin "Yaran Adekunle a Midwest sun kame Escravos, Burutu, Urhonigbe, Owa da Aladima. Sun kame Bomadi da Patani, Youngtown, Koko, Sapele, Ajagbodudu, Warri, Ughelli, Orerokpe, Umutu da Itagba Matsayi bayan yakin basasa Benjamin Adekunle ya samu daukaka zuwa Birgediya a shekarar 1972. Bayan yakin an sanya Adekunle a matsayin mai kula da rage tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas wacce ke fama da matsalar tsaftace kayan shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. Ya rike wannan mukamin har sai da aka tilasta masa ya yi ritaya dole a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1974. Ya danganta matsalolinsa a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin ga abokan hamayyarsa a aikin soja. A cikin hirarraki daban-daban, ya ce a koyaushe akwai jita-jitar juyin mulki da ke da nasaba da shi har sai rundunar sojojin ta ji damuwar yin wani abu a kai. Yana da mabiya da yawa a cikin sojoji da kuma jama'a gabaɗaya kuma shi ne kwamandan sojoji mafi mashahuri a lokacin yaƙi, baya ga Obasanjo, wanda ya gaje shi kuma ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin tare da wannan 3MC. Adekunle ya jagoranci Runduna ta uku ta rundunar sojan ruwa tare da irin wannan tsananin tsoro da azama har kafafen yada labarai na kasashen waje, yayin neman hangen nesan mutane game da yakin Biafra, suka same shi a matsayin tushen tushen labarai. Ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014 kuma an binne shi a cikin Vaults and Gardens, Ikoyi, Lagos Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yaƙin Fatakwal: Col. Adekunle's 3 Marine Commando Div. Musun Biafra Samun Ruwa Cikin Ruwa, Mayu 1968 Sojojin Tarayya Sun Kai Hari Arochukwu, Col. Adekunle's 3 Marine Commando, yakin basasar Najeriya, Yuli 1968 Pages with unreviewed
34227	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan%20Beer	Taiwan Beer	Beer Taiwan Chinese giyar babban kasuwa ce da Kamfanin Taba da Liquor na Taiwan (TTL) ya yi. Alamar, alamar al'adun Taiwan, ita ce mafi kyawun sayar da giya a kasar. Tarihi Kamfanin a yau da aka fi sani da TTL ya samo asali ne daga hukumar gwamnati da sarakunan Japan na Taiwan suka kafa a 1901. Ofishin da ke kula da harkokin mulki na ofishin gwamnan Taiwan ne ke da alhakin duk wani kayan sayar da barasa da taba da ake sayarwa a Taiwan da opium, gishiri, da kafur A cikin 1922, Ofishin Keɓaɓɓu ya fara yin Takasago Beer ta Kamfanin Takasago Malted Beer yana samar da haske da iri iri. Farashin Biran Takasago ya bambanta sosai a tsawon lokacin da ake kera shi, ya danganta da wadatar giyar Japan da ake shigowa da ita a Taiwan da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki. Yayin da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ƙare a cikin 1940s, ashana, man fetur, da ma'aunin nauyi da ma'auni kuma sun zo ƙarƙashin ikon Ofishin Keɓaɓɓu. Bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu, 'yan kasar Sin masu shigowa kasar sun kiyaye tsarin shan giya da taba. An ba da aikin samar da giya a cikin 1945 zuwa Ofishin Keɓaɓɓu na lardin Taiwan. An karɓi sunan Beer ta Taiwan a cikin 1946. A shekara mai zuwa, an ba da aikin samar da giyar ga Hukumar Taba Taba da Wine ta Taiwan. A cikin shekarun 1960 ne ake samar da a cikin gida an ƙara shi zuwa tsarin haifuwa, wanda ya haifar da bambancin ɗanɗanon gida wanda aka san giya a yau. Taiwan ta shiga zamaninta na zamani na dimokuradiyya a cikin 1990s. Kasuwancin 'yanci da bude kasuwanni ya zama fifiko yayin da Taiwan ke shirin shiga kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya (WTO) a shekara ta 2002. Dokokin sun fara aiki a wannan shekarar da suka bude kasuwar Taiwan ga kayayyakin gasa. A 2002-07-01 Ofishin Keɓaɓɓu ya shiga tarihi. Magajinsa, Kamfanin Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation, kamfani ne na jama'a wanda ke gasa a kasuwa. TTL ta gabatar da sabon sana'a, Medal Zinariya ta Taiwan, a ƙarshen shekarar farko. Tun daga wannan lokacin layin samfurin ya faɗaɗa ya haɗa da Daftarin Biya na Taiwan (lager don siyar da abinci), giya malt guda biyu a ƙarƙashin alamar Ma'adinai (Amber da Dark), da giya huɗu masu ɗanɗanon 'ya'yan itace. Biran Taiwan ya kasance alamar giya mafi kyawun siyar da tsibiri kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun samfuran kasuwancin Taiwan. Giya Beer Taiwan giya ce amber lager tare da ɗanɗano daban-daban da aka samar ta hanyar ƙara shinkafar ponlai ("Shinkafa yayin aikin fermentation Kamar duk manyan giya na kasuwa, ainihin giyar Taiwan Beer ana tacewa kuma ana yin pasteurized. Ana ba da ita cikin sanyi kuma mafi kyawun kayan abinci na Taiwan da Jafananci, musamman jita-jita na teku kamar sushi da sashimi Taiwan Beer ta sami lambobin yabo na duniya, gami da Zaɓin Monde na Duniya a cikin 1997 da lambar yabo ta masana'antar Brewing International a cikin 2002. Ana samar da giya na Taiwan da yawa a masana'antar giya ta Taiwan a gundumar Wuri, birnin Taichung Har ila yau, ana yin busasshen a wurin a mashaya giya na Taiwan a Taipei Tsarin Liter guda uku Brews ya ɗauki Balafar Taiwan Taiwan Ana siyar da asali na asali a cikin kwalabe masu launin ruwan kasa tare da lakabi mai launin kirim kuma a cikin fararen gwangwani masu ɗauke da zane mai launin shuɗi da kore. Gilashin zinari, wanda aka gabatar a watan Afrilu 2003, ana sayar da shi a cikin korayen kwalabe da gwangwani waɗanda ke haifar da alamar fari, ja da koren da aka gani akan kwalaben. Giyar Taiwan ta asali kashi 4.5% kuma Zinariya tana da kashi 5% bisa girma kuma ana ganinta akai-akai a cikin dacewa da shagunan Taiwan. The new lager, Taiwan Beer 18 days, bears a sa hannu m kwalban kore ba tare da takarda lakabin; an sayar da gwangwani a wani kwanan wata. Draft yana bayyana galibi a mashaya da gidajen abinci, inda ake samun sa akan famfo ko daga firji. Gishiri, wanda aka ƙera don sayar da sabo, ba a yawan ganinsa a cikin shaguna saboda karewarsa kwanaki 18 bayan samarwa. A cikin 2013 ƙarin shagunan sun fara adana kayan marmari kamar yadda tallace-tallace da lakabi ke kaɗa ranar karewa ta farko. Beer Taiwan ya fara siyar da malt a cikin 2008 mai ɗauke da alamar ma'adinai Siyar da mine Brisk, amber, ya haifar da gabatarwar Mine Dark shekaru biyu bayan haka. Malts na mine shine 5% barasa da girma. Dukansu malts ana adana su akai-akai a cikin shagunan saukaka na Taiwan. kwalabe suna sanya alamun takarda waɗanda aka maimaita ƙirarsu akan gwangwani. An ba da rahoton cewa tallace-tallace na ma'adinan ya ragu tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da sabon giyar 'ya'yan itacen rani. A cikin 2012 Beer ta Taiwan ta gabatar da sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan wurare masu zafi: mango da abarba Tare da abun ciki na barasa 2.8% da ɗanɗano mai daɗi, waɗannan sun zama sananne ga masu shayarwa lokacin rani. Sabbin dadin dandano biyu, innabi da orange, an gabatar da su zuwa layin a cikin 2013. Abubuwan da aka haɓaka da 'ya'yan itace, kamar duk nau'in giya na Taiwan, ana yin su a cikin kwalabe ko gwangwani. Tare da karuwar shaharar giyar alkama kamar Kronenbourg Blanc da Hoegaarden a Taiwan, Beer ta Taiwan ta ƙaddamar da giyar alkama nasu, Taiwan Weissbier Draft, a ƙarshen 2013. Ana sayar da shi a cikin kwalabe 600ml da gwangwani 330ml a mafi yawan shaguna masu dacewa. Al'adu Matsayin alamar alamar Beer Taiwan a cikin al'ummar Taiwan yana ƙarfafa ta dabarun tallan TTL. Tallace-tallacen sun ƙunshi goyan bayan mashahuran mutane daga shahararrun ƴan Taiwan kamar A-Mei Kungiyar kwando mai suna Taiwan Beer, wacce aka fi sani da 'The Brew Crew,' kamfanin ne ke daukar nauyinta. Bar Bar Taiwan da Lambun Beer sanannen gidan cin abinci ne masana'anta a Taipei Gidajen abinci da wuraren cin abinci suma suna yaɗuwa a masana'antar giya ta Taiwan a gundumar Wuri, cikin birnin Taichung Masana'antar, kusa da tashar Wujih na tashar jirgin kasa mai sauri ta Taiwan, wurin da ake gudanar da bikin giyar Taiwan na shekara-shekara Táiwān Píjiǔjié da ake gudanarwa duk lokacin rani. Gasa Biya ta Taiwan ce ke jagorantar kasuwar sunanta. Babban babban mai fafatawa a kasuwa shine Long Chuan, mallakar Taiwan Tsing Beer Corporation da aka yi a Kaohsiung City Long Chuan ya ƙaddamar da nau'ikan giya na 'ya'yan itace a cikin 2012. Microbrews, giya na hannu da sauran ƙayyadaddun giya masu rarraba suna wakiltar nau'i daban. Manyan giya na Taiwan masu fasaha sun haɗa da Kattai guda uku tare da kewayon Lagers, Pale Ales, IPA's, Beer Alkama da Dark Lager, Redpoint Brewing, wanda ya samar da IPA na farko na tsibirin da ake PA, Formosa Bird Beer da Lychee Beer Dukansu na Arewacin Taiwan Brewing) tare da ɓangarorin gidan da aka yi hidima a cikin sarƙoƙin gidan abinci mallakar gida biyu, Jolly Brewery da Restaurant (wanda Great Reliance Food Beverage ke sarrafa) da Le ble d'or Nassoshi Littafi Mai Tsarki Lin, Jackie. "Yaƙin giya shine game da siyasa: TTL." Taipei Times, 2004-07-02. "Bikin Biyar Taiwan na 2008." Taipei Times, 2008-08-01. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kamfanin Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation (TTL) Official Site Beer Taiwan Talla da Fasaloli (YouTube) Review: Taiwan Beer Bar. Mujallar Taiwan Fun, 2005-08. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
17829	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihu%20Mustafa	Salihu Mustafa	Salihu Mustafa. FNSE, FAENG, FNAHS, FAS, (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da arba'in da takwas (1948),ya kasance ɗan Najeriya ma'ilimanci, Farfesa kuma injiniya, ya riƙe tsohon mataimakin shugaba na Federal University of Technology Yola (FUTY), Yola, Jihar Adamawa, Nigeria. Ya bada gudunmawa da karantar wa a jami'oi da yawa a Najeriya,kuma a yanzu haka ya kasance Farfesa a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kebbi, Aliero da Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato. Yana da aure da Hajiya Fatima kuma suna da yara huɗu. Rayuwar farko An haife shi a shekara ta (1948) a Hong, LGA na Jihar Adamawa (tsohuwar Jihar Gongola), a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ilimi Ya halarci Kwalejin Janar Murtala Mohammed, Yola, da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Sakkwato Daga baya ya wuce zuwa Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, Kaduna inda ya kammala da digirin B.Eng (Injiniyan Injiniya) a shekara ta (1973) A shekara ta (1976) ya sami M.Sc. digiri a aikin injiniya tare da kwarewa a Fasahar Albarkatun Ruwa daga Jami'ar Birmingham a Burtaniya sannan daga baya, Ph.D. a Injiniyan Injiniya shekara ta( 1981) daga Jami'ar Strathclyde, Scotland Ayyukan ilimi Mustafa bayan ya yi bautar kasa a matsayinsa na Injiniyan Asst a aikin Ijora Ruwa na Jihar Legas, ya fara aikin koyarwa a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Sashin Injiniyan Zariya, Kaduna a matsayin Mataimakin Malami a shekara ta (1974) Shekaru goma sha huɗu bayan haka, ya sami matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Injiniyan andasa kuma an nada shi cikakken Farfesa na Injiniyan Injiniya a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (ATBU), Bauchi a shekara ta (1989) Daga shekara ta (1989) zuwa shekara ta (1991) ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban, Sashen Injin Injiniya da kuma Shugaban Makarantar Injiniya a ATBU, Bauchi An nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Yola (FUTY) Bugu da kari, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Tsare-tsare don kafa Jami’ar Jihar Adamawa, Mubi da Shugaban Kwamitin Tsare-Tsare da Aiwatar da Jami’ar Amurka ta Najeriya, Yola, duk a Jihar ta Adamawa Ya yi shekaru biyar (2013 zuwa 2018), ya zama mai ba da shawara kan bunkasa Shirye-shiryen Injiniya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Kebbi, Aliero Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan bunkasa shirye-shiryen Injiniya a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato (Fabrairu shekara ta 2016) zuwa shekara ta (2018) Yayi wallafe wallafe sama da sittin waɗanda aka duba cikin jaridu na ƙasa da na duniya. Ofaya daga cikin littattafansa, Littafin Kimiyyar Hydrology da Ruwan Albarkatun Ruwa a halin yanzu ana amfani dashi don koyar da ɗaliban digiri na biyu da na digiri na biyu a cikin jami'o'in kuma ana yin shawarwari da shi ta hanyar injiniyoyi masu aiki. Littafinsa mai zuwa kan Fluid Mechanics da Hydraulics Shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Edita na Kwalejin Ilimin Injiniya ta Najeriya a yanzu, Innovative Solutions in Engineering. Ayyukan jama'a Mustafa yayi aiki a matsayin Mashawarci na Musamman a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Albarkatun Ruwa daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1993. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta, Bincike da Ci gaban Digiri a Hukumar Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC), Abuja daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1999 da Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola daga shekara ta 1999 zuwa 2004. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba, PIU Bankin Duniya na Gyara Tsarin Banki na jami'o'in tarayya a Nijeriya daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 1996. Zumunci da membobinsu Mustafa shi ne ya kirkiro kuma Shugaban Triton International School, Jihar Nasarawa a shekara ta (2006) zuwa yau. Memba, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Fasaha na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-ginen Nijeriya da Cibiyar Nazarin Hanyoyi (NBBRI), Abuja Shugaban, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kan Manufofin Minista (MPAC) kan Albarkatun Ruwa, Ma’aikatar Tarayya ta Albarkatun Ruwa, Abuja Janairu shekara ta (2018) zuwa yau. Memba, Kwamitin Fasaha kan hangen ambaliyar shekara-shekara (AFO), karkashin Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Ruwa ta ajeriya, Abuja a shekara ta 2013) zuwa yau. Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Jami'ar Jihar Adamawa, Mubi, Jihar Adamawa a watan Afrilu zuwa wata Yunin shekara ta (2019). Memba, Kwamitin Assessors for Nigeria Merit Award (200 zuwa 2006). Shugaban, Shugaban Makarantar ABTI Academy, Yola, Jihar Adamawa a shekara ta (2002 zuwa 2005). Shugaban da ya gabata, Kwamitin Kasa na Kasa na UNESCO-IHP Shugaban da ya gabata na Hydungiyar Ilimin Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Najeriya. Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa, Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jalingo, Jihar Taraba (1986 zuwa 1992). Memba, Kwamitin Fasaha na Filato, Barikin Ladi, Jihar Filato (1986 zuwa 1989). An uwa, ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya Fellow, Kwalejin Injiniya ta Nijeriya An uwa, Nigerianungiyar Sciencesungiyar Kimiyyar Ruwa ta Nijeriya. Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya Duba kuma Jerin sanannun injiniyoyi a Najeriya Jerin sunayen kansiloli a Najeriya Manazarta Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Jami'o'i a Nijeriya Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello Injiniyoyin Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations Mukaloli marasa
24713	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Smith	Adam Smith	Adam Smith Yakasance mutum ne me tattali an haife shi ne a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da ashirin da uku (06-1723) miladiyya. Ana masa lakabi da Father of Economics. Haihuwa An haifa Adam Smith shekarar alib (06-1723) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Mutuwa Ya mutu shekara ta (17-07-1790) a garin Panmure House, Edinburgh United Kindom. Manazarta Smith is identified as a North Briton and Scot. [5] b. In Life of Adam Smith Rae writes: "In his fourth year, while on a visit to his grandfather's house at Strathendry on the banks of the Leven, [Smith] was stolen by a passing band of gypsies, and for a time could not be found. But presently a gentleman arrived who had met a Romani woman a few miles down the road carrying a child that was crying piteously. Scouts were immediately dispatched in the direction indicated, and they came upon the woman in Leslie wood. As soon as she saw them she threw her burden down and escaped, and the child was brought back to his mother. [Smith] would have made, I fear, a poor gypsy." [15] c. During the reign of Louis XIV the population shrunk by 4 million and agricultural productivity was reduced by one-third while the taxes had increased. Cusminsky, Rosa, de Cendrero, 1967, Los Fisiócratas, Buenos Aires: Centro Editor de América Latina, p. 6 d. 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession, 1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance, 1672–1678 Franco-Dutch War, 1667–1668 War of Devolution, 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War e. The 6 editions of The Theory of Moral Sentiments were published in 1759, 1761, 1767, 1774, 1781, and 1790, respectively. [75] Citation 1. a b "Adam Smith (1723–1790)" BBC Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2019. "Adam Smith's exact date of birth is unknown, but he was baptised on 5 June 1723." 2. Nevin, Seamus (2013). "Richard Cantillon: The Father of Economics". History Ireland 21 (2): 20–23. JSTOR 41827152. 3. Billington, James H. (1999). Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith Transaction Publishers. p. 302. 4. Stedman Jones, Gareth (2006). "Saint-Simon and the Liberal origins of the Socialist critique of Political Economy". In Aprile, Sylvie; Bensimon, Fabrice (eds.). La France et l'Angleterre au XIXe siècle. Échanges, représentations, comparaisons Créaphis. pp. 21–47. 5. Williams, Gwydion M. (2000). Adam Smith, Wealth Without Nations London: Athol Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-85034-084-6 Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020. 6. "BBC History Scottish History" www.bbc.co.uk Archived from the original on 10 April 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2019. 7. *Brown, Vivienne (5 December 2008). "Mere Inventions of the Imagination': A Survey of Recent Literature on Adam Smith" Cambridge University Press 13 (2): 281–312. doi 10.1017/S0266267100004521 Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020. Berry, Christopher J. (2018). Adam Smith Very Short Introductions Series Oxford University Press p. 101. ISBN 978-0-198-78445-6 Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020. Sharma, Rakesh. "Adam Smith: The Father of Economics" Investopedia Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2019. 8. "Adam Smith: Father of Capitalism" www.bbc.co.uk Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2019. Bassiry, G. R.; Jones, Marc (1993). "Adam Smith and the ethics of contemporary capitalism". Journal of Business Ethics. 12 (1026): 621–627. doi 10.1007/BF01845899 S2CID 51746709 Newbert, Scott L. (30 November 2017). "Lessons on social enterprise from the father of capitalism: A dialectical analysis of Adam Smith". Academy of Management Journal 2016 (1): 12046. doi 10.5465/ambpp.2016.12046abstract ISSN 2151-6561 Rasmussen, Dennis C. (28 August 2017). The Infidel and the Professor: David Hume, Adam Smith, and the Friendship That Shaped Modern Thought. Princeton University Press p. 12. ISBN 978-1-400-88846-7 9. "Absolute Advantage Ability to Produce More than Anyone Else" Corporate Finance Institute Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019. 10. "Adam Smith: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland" www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019. 11. John, McMurray (19 March 2017). "Capitalism's 'Founding Father' Often Quoted, Frequently Misconstrued" Investor's Business Daily Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2019. 12. a b Rae 1895 p. 1 13. Bussing-Burks 2003 pp. 38–39 14. Buchan 2006 p. 12 15. a b c Rae 1895 p. 5 16. "Fife Place-name Data Strathenry" fife-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2020. 17. a b c Bussing-Burks 2003 p. 39 18. Buchan 2006 p. 22 19. 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Buchholz 1999 p. 13 37. "MyGlasgow Archive Services Exhibitions Adam Smith in Glasgow Photo Gallery Honorary degree" University of Glasgow Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018. 38. a b c Buchholz 1999 p. 16 39. Buchholz 1999 pp. 16–17 40. Buchholz 1999 p. 17 41. Smith, A., 1976, The Wealth of Nations edited by R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, The Glasgow edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, vol. 2b, p. 678. 42. Buchholz 1999 p. 18 43. Buchan 2006 p. 90 44. Dr James Currie to Thomas Creevey 24 February 1793, Lpool RO, Currie MS 920 CUR 45. Buchan 2006 p. 89 46. Buchholz 1999 p. 19 47. Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1967). The Story of Civilization: Rousseau and Revolution MJF Books. ISBN 1567310214 48. Buchan 2006 p. 128 49. Buchan 2006 p. 133 50. Buchan 2006 p. 137 51. Buchan 2006 p. 145 52. a b c Bussing-Burks 2003 p. 53 53. a b Buchan 2006 p. 25 54. a b Buchan 2006 p. 88 55. Bonar 1894 p. xiv. 56. Bonar 1894 pp. xx–xxiv 57. 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New Ideas from Dead Economists: An Introduction to Modern Economic Thought. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-028313-7 Bussing-Burks, Marie (2003). Influential Economists Minneapolis: The Oliver Press. ISBN 1-881508-72-2 Campbell, R.H.; Skinner, Andrew S. (1985). Adam Smith Routledge ISBN 0-7099-3473-4 Coase, R.H. (October 1976). "Adam Smith's View of Man". The Journal of Law and Economics 19 (3): 529–46. doi: 10.1086/466886 S2CID 145363933 Helbroner, Robert L. The Essential Adam Smith ISBN 0-393-95530-3 Nicholson, J. Shield (1909). A project of empire;a critical study of the economics of imperialism, with special reference to the ideas of Adam Smith hdl :2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4th8nc9p Otteson, James R. (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01656-8 Palen, Marc-William (2014). "Adam Smith as Advocate of Empire, c. 1870–1932" (PDF). The Historical Journal 57 179–198. doi :10.1017/S0018246X13000101 S2CID 159524069 Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2020. Rae, John (1895). Life of Adam Smith London New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0-7222-2658-6 Retrieved 14 May 2018 via Internet Archive. Ross, Ian Simpson (1995). The Life of Adam Smith Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-828821-2 Ross, Ian Simpson (2010). The Life of Adam Smith (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. Skousen, Mark (2001). The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of Great Thinkers M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0480-9 Smith, Adam (1977) [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76374-9 Smith, Adam (1982) [1759]. D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-012-2 Smith, Adam (2002) [1759]. Knud Haakonssen (ed.). The Theory of Moral Sentiments Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59847-8 Smith, Vernon L. (July 1998). "The Two Faces of Adam Smith". Southern Economic Journal 65 (1): 2–19. doi 10.2307/1061349 JSTOR 1061349 S2CID 154002759 Tribe, Keith; Mizuta, Hiroshi (2002). A Critical Bibliography of Adam Smith Pickering Chatto. ISBN 978-1-85196-741-4 Viner, Jacob (1991). Douglas A. Irwin (ed.). Essays on the Intellectual History of Economics Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04266-7 Further reading Wikisource has the text of A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature 's article about Smith, Adam Butler, Eamonn (2007). Adam Smith A Primer Institute of Economic Affairs ISBN 978-0-255-36608-3 Cook, Simon J. (2012). "Culture Political Economy: Adam Smith Alfred Marshall" Tabur Copley, Stephen (1995). Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-3943-6 Glahe, F. (1977). Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations: 1776–1976 University Press of Colorado ISBN 0-87081-082-0 Haakonssen, Knud (2006). The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-77924-3 Hardwick, D. and Marsh, L. (2014). Propriety and Prosperity: New Studies on the Philosophy of Adam Smith Palgrave Macmillan Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Smith, Adam (1723–1790)". Smith, Adam (1732–1790) The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute pp. 470–72. doi :10.4135/9781412965811.n287 ISBN 978-1412965804 LCCN 2008009151 OCLC 750831024 Hollander, Samuel (1973). Economics of Adam Smith University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6302-0 McLean, Iain (2006). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century. Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0-7486-2352-3 Milgate, Murray Stimson, Shannon. (2009). After Adam Smith: A Century of Transformation in Politics and Political Economy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14037-7 Muller, Jerry Z. (1995). Adam Smith in His Time and Ours. Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-00161-8 Norman, Jesse (2018). Adam Smith: What He Thought, and Why It Matters. Allen Lane. O'Rourke, P.J. (2006). On The Wealth of Nations Grove/Atlantic Inc. ISBN 0-87113-949-9 Otteson, James (2002). Adam Smith's Marketplace of Life Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01656-8 Otteson, James (2013). Adam Smith Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4411-9013-0 Phillipson, Nicholas (2010). Adam Smith: An Enlightened Life Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-16927-0 352 pages; scholarly biography McLean, Iain (2004). Adam Smith, Radical and Egalitarian: An Interpretation for the 21st Century Edinburgh University Press Pichet, Éric (2004). Adam Smith, je connais French biography. ISBN 978-2843720406 Vianello, F. (1999). "Social accounting in Adam Smith", in: Mongiovi, G. and Petri F. (eds.), Value, Distribution and capital. Essays in honour of Pierangelo Garegnani London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-14277-6 Winch, Donald (2007) [2004]. "Smith, Adam". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi 10.1093/ref:odnb/25767 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Wolloch, N. (2015). "Symposium on Jack Russell Weinstein's Adam Smith's Pluralism: Rationality, Education and the Moral Sentiments". Cosmos Taxis "Adam Smith and Empire: A New Talking Empire Podcast," Imperial Global Forum 12 March 2014. Mutanen
26682	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid%20ibn%20al-Walid	Khalid ibn al-Walid	Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Larabci: romanized: Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin Larabawa a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638. Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a yakin Uhudu a shekarar 625. Bayan musuluntarsa a shekarar 627 ko shekarar 629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na Rumawa a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin kwace Makka da yakin Hunayn a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a Yaƙin Buzakha a shekara 632 da Musaylima a Yakin Aqraba a shekarar 633. Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), Damascus (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar 637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekarar 642. Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci. Asali da farkon aikin soja Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya). Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin "mai izgili" ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani. Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci. Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje, musamman Yemen da Abisiniya (Habasha), kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu. Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah. An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da "ubangijin makka" kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su. Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin "mutum mai matsayi mai girma" a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya. Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra ("Lubaba Ƙarami", don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal. Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu. Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo). Adawar farko ga Muhammadu Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, Banu Hashim na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618. Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624. Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari. A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina. A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, "Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti" na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi. Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma. Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya. A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama. Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa. Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu. A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin aikin hajji a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa. Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka. Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka. An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya a watan Maris. Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekara ta 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As; masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance "watakila sun fi amintattu". Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka. Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid "ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi", a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy. Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629. Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli. Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama. Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci. Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah). A watan Disambar 629/Janairu 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8. A yaƙin Hunayn daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if. Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta. A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu. A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba. A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima "yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi". Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina. A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci. Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith. Kwamanda a yakin Ridda Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina). A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin halifa sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, "kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi". Yakin Buzakha Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha. A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin. Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham. Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare. Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid. Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida. Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna. Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama, wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya. Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal. A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah. Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri. Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi. A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa. Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi. Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim. Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa. Kamfe a Iraki Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633. Tafiya zuwa Siriya Siege na Damascus Yaƙin Yarmuk Legacy Ana daukar Khalid "daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci" na Donner. A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance "hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba". Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”. A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin "babban jarumin Musulunci" a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid "wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa", Humphreys ya siffanta shi da "watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi]. Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi. Mausoleum a cikin Homs Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid. Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman. Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin. Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13. Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266. A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.
41902	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauda%20Danladi	Dauda Danladi	Dauda Danladi, MNI shi ne tsohon jakadan Najeriya a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan (2012-2015) kuma shi ne mai kula da ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Islamabad, ICT. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin babban Darakta sannan daga baya Babban Darakta a Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Cigaban Arewacin Najeriya (NNDC), da kuma Hukumar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Ma’aikata ta Najeriya. An nada shi babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Pakistan a shekara ta 2012. An kafa hukumar ta Najeriya ne a shekara ta alif1965 kuma tana ci gaba da aiki don hada kai, ingantawa da kuma kare muradun kasa Najeriya a cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan ta hanyoyin da za su taimaka wajen inganta tsaro da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Tun daga kafuwarta, babbar hukumar tana duba batutuwan da suka shafi ofishin jakadanci da jin dadin jama'a, harkokin shige da fice, shari'a da ilimi, harkokin siyasa da na bangarori daban-daban, harkokin kasuwanci da tattalin arziki, yaɗa labarai, da duk wani bincike na gaba daya don taimakawa mazauna Najeriya a cikin addinin Musulunci. Jamhuriyar Pakistan da sauran jama'a. Gabatarwa Ambasada Dauda Danladi, mni, tsohon babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Pakistan, an haife shi ne a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1957, a garin Biu, cikin jihar Borno. Yana da difloma daga Kwalejin Wimbledon, London, digiri na Ilimin Kasuwanci (BB. ED) daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello Zariya sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama’a (MPA) daga Jami’ar Liverpool, UK a 1992. Ya samu Diplomasiyyar Defence daga Jami’ar Kimiyyar Soja ta Cranfield, UK, kuma memba ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabarun Najeriya. Jerin Makarantun Ilimi da ya halarta sune kamar haka. LEA PRIMARY SCHOOL U/RIMI KADUNA 1965-1971 Cibiyar Horar da Ma'aikata POTISKUMM 1975-1976 KADUNA POLYTECHNIC 1977-1980 WIMBLEDON COLLEGE, LONDON 1980 JAMI'AR AHMADU BELLO, ZARIA 1984-1987 JAMI'AR LIVERPOOL, UNITED KINGDOM 1990-1991 JAMI'AR CRANFIELD 2001 Cibiyar Nazarin SIYASA DA SIYASA TA KASA 2006 Kwarewar Ilimi A halin yanzu Mista Ambasada yana da wadannan Kwarewar Ilimi a ƙarƙashin sa: BABBAN CERTIFICATION OF ILIMI (GCE) DIPLOMA NA TALAKAWA. PITMAN TEACHERS DIPLOMA, LONDON. BACHELAR OF BUSINESS EDUCATION DEGREE (BBED. ABU ZARIA. MARSTER'S IN JAMA'A, JAMI'AR LIVERPOOL. DEFENCE DIPLOMACY-CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY, UNITED MULKIN. DAN CIBIYAR KASA. (mni) H.E DAUDA DANLADI ya rike sarautar Damburan na Biu, kuma ya kasance shugaban kungiyar raya Masarautar Biu, inda ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen ci gaban zamantakewa, ilimi da al’adu na kananan hukumomi hudu (4) na masarautar. Ya kasance majagaba wajen kafa Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya (NTA), mai yaɗa labarai a Biu da Kudancin Jihar Borno. Kwarewar Aiki A shekarar 1980 ne Mista Ambasada ya fara aikin hidimar ƙasa a ma’aikatan gwamnatin jihar Borno da ke Najeriya inda ya kai matsayin babban sakatare. Ya yi aiki a ma'aikatu daban-daban. An naɗa shi babban mukami a ma’aikatan gwamnati a matsayin sakataren gwamnatin jihar Borno kuma shugaban ma’aikata a shekarar 1998. A cikin 2000, ya canza aikinsa zuwa Ma'aikatar Tarayya kuma ya zama darekta, Joint Services Dept. kuma daga baya Daraktan Gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Tsaro; Daraktan Shirin Kawar da Talauci na Kasa kuma Darakta mai kula da Cibiyoyin Tallafawa Ci Gaban Gudanarwa da Ofishin Haɗin Kai na Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta sannan kuma ya zama babban darakta a hukumar haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Arewacin Najeriya (NNDC), da kuma Hukumar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Ma’aikata ta Najeriya. Ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2009 ya shiga siyasa. An naɗa shi babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Pakistan a shekarar 2012. Ya rike lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ya halarci kwasa-kwasai daban-daban a Amurka da Ingila da Faransa. Ana kuma ba da taimako ga Jamhuriyar Maldives da Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan. Takaitaccen bayanin kwarewar aikin HE shine kamar haka: 1. An nada shi a ma’aikatan gwamnatin jihar Borno a shekarar 1980 kuma an tura shi ofishin gwamna 1980-1983. 2. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ayyuka na musamman kuma mataimaki na musamman ga Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Borno a lokacin Col. Abdulmumini Aminu, Kaftin Ibrahim Dada Daga 1984-1990. 3. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta (Admin. Ofishin Gwamna, Maiduguri, Jihar Borno 1991-1992. 4. An buga shi a matsayin Darakta Ofishin Sadarwa na Jihar Borno Kaduna/Abuja 1994. 5. Ya yi aiki a matsayin madadin Darakta a Hukumar NNDC-1994-1995. 6. An Nada Babban Sakataren Ma’aikatan Jihar Borno-1996. 7. An nada Sakataren Gwamnati kuma Shugaban Ma'aikata na Jihar Borno -1998-1999. 8. Mai rike da lambar yabo ta kasa 1999 reshen jihar Borno. 9. An canza shi zuwa Ma’aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya a matsayin Darakta a 2000 kuma An Buga zuwa Ma’aikatar Tsaro. 10. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Daraktan Sashen Sabis na Haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya Daraktan Gudanarwa, Ma'aikatar Tsaro-2004. A tsayin aikin ECOMOG a Laberiya da Saliyo. 11. Wanda aka zaba don halartar babban kwas na 28 (2006) a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa, Kuru Jos. 12. An Buga zuwa Shirin Kawar da Talauci na Kasa Fadar Shugaban Kasa, (NAPED) a matsayin Daraktan Tsare-tsare (2007-2008) Ya kasance majagaba na kaddamar da tallafin tsabar kudi ga talakawa da sauran cibiyoyin kare lafiyar al'umma. 13. An Buga a Matsayin Daraktan Ofishin Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Matasa ta Tarayya 2008. 14. An buga a matsayin Daraktan Gudanar da Ci Gaban Cibiyoyin Tallafawa, Tallafawa da Haɗin kai, Ofishin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Tarayya, Fabrairu, 2009. 15. An nada Babban Kwamishina a Najeriya a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan tare da ba da izini ga Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan da Jamhuriyar Maldives 2012 zuwa 2015. Darussa Taro A lokacin aikinsa, wasu darussa da karatuttukan da ya halarta sun hada da: 1. Mahalarta taron karawa juna sani na Manyan Shugabanni na Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Sojoji akan Yanke Hukunci na Sojoji daga 14-28 ga Janairu 2000. 2. Mahalarta taron karawa juna sani kan tsarin shari'a na soja na kasa da kasa wanda Cibiyar Tsaro ta Amurka ta Nazarin Shari'a ta Duniya ta shirya 18-22 Satumba 2000. 3. Halarci Motsa Jiki na Blue Pelican 2000, (Ƙungiyar Taswirar Ƙasar Ingila, Faransanci da Yammacin Afirka da ke ma'amala da dabarun tallafawa dabaru) 25-27 Oktoba 2000. 4. Ya halarci Kwas kan Gudanar da Tsaro a Tsarin Dimokuradiyya a Jami'ar Canfield Royal Military College Of Science, Stravenham, United Kingdom Daga 4 ga Yuni zuwa 19 ga Yuli 2001. 5. Halartar taron karawa juna sani na Babban Jagora a Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Afirka, Washington Amurka 4-5 Fabrairu 2002. 6. Mahalarta taron karawa juna sani kan dangantakar Soji da farar hula da Cibiyar Hulda da Sojoji ta Monterey California ta shirya, 11 15 ga Satumba 2002. 7. Halartar darussan makonni biyu akan al'amuran yau da kullun, sabbin ra'ayoyi da mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin gudanarwar ci gaba a Hetta International Development Centre, New York, Amurka 2005. 8. Mahalarta Babban Darasin Motsa Jiki Na 28 (2006) Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa, Kuru Jos Dauda Danladi yana da yara 5 (Faiza Dauda, Hadiza Dauda, Mohammed Dauda, Sumayyah Dauda, Yusrah Dauda, Nafisat Dauda, and Abdulmajeed Dauda). Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1957 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
35670	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udinese%20Calcio	Udinese Calcio	An kafa Udinese Calcio a cikin shekara ta 1896 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Società Udinese di Ginnastica e Scherma, (Udinese Society of Gymnastics and Fencing). A shekarar farko da kungiyar ta lashe Torneo FNGI a Treviso ta doke Ferrara da ci 2–0; duk da haka ba a gane wannan take a matsayin hukuma ba. A cikin shekarar 2008-09, Udinese ta sami sakamako mai gauraya a gasar Seria A da ci 3-1 a Roma da kuma nasara a kan Juventus 2-1, amma asara 10 a kan kungiyoyi ciki har da Reggina, Chievo, da Torino sun yi watsi da fatansu na Cancantar gasar zakarun Turai. A cikin gasar cin kofin UEFA, Udinese sun sami kansu a cikin rukuni tare da masu sha'awar Tottenham Hotspur, NEC, Spartak Moscow, da Dinamo Zagreb, amma sun sauƙaƙa ta cikin rukuni tare da nasara mai gamsarwa 2-0 a kan Tottenham. Sun doke Lech Poznań a zagaye na gaba da ci 4-3 a jimillar, sannan suka doke masu rike da kofin na Zenit Saint Petersburg da ci 2-1. A cikin kwata na karshe da Werder Bremen, tare da raunin da ya faru ga 'yan wasan star Antonio Di Natale, Samir Handanovič, da Felipe, sun yi rashin nasara 6-4 a jimillar. Fabio Quagliarella ya ci kwallaye takwas a kamfen. Sun kammala kakar wasan ne a matsayi na bakwai, inda a shekara ta gaba ba su samu shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ba. Lokacin 2009–10 ya kasance mai matukar ban takaici ga 'yan wasa da magoya baya. Ko da yake Antonio Di Natale ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye 29 a gasar kuma ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga, an shafe kakar wasan ana fafatawa da faduwa. A karshe dai sun kare ne a mataki na 15 da maki tara da maki uku tsakaninta da matakin faduwa. Abinda kawai ya haskaka yakin shine kaiwa wasan kusa da na karshe na Coppa Italia, inda ta doke Lumezzane a zagaye na 16, Milan a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, kuma daga karshe ta sha kashi a hannun Roma da ci 2-1. A cikin taga canja wurin bazara na 2010, Udinese ta sayar da Gaetano D'Agostino, Simone Pepe, Marco Motta, da Aleksandar Luković Sun kuma kawo 'yan wasan da suka tabbatar da cewa sune mabuɗin nasararsu a gasar Seria A ta 2010-11 Mehdi Benatia da Pablo Armero, mai tsaron baya na tsakiya da wingback, bi da bi. Bayan rashin kyautuwar da suka yi a kakar wasa ta bana, inda suka yi rashin nasara a wasanni hudu na farko da suka yi kunnen doki na biyar, Udinese ta ci gaba da samun maki mafi girma a tarihi kuma ta kare a matsayi na hudu, inda ta sake samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai Di Natale, wanda ya zira kwallaye 28, ya zama capocannoniere na farko na baya-baya tun lokacin da Giuseppe Signori na Lazio ya cim ma wannan nasarar a 1993 da 1994 An tashi 0-0 gida da Milan a ranar wasan karshe ta tabbatar da Udinese ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai. Koci Francesco Guidolin ya cika alkawarinsa na "raye-raye kamar Boateng" idan sun cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai kuma sun yi dan wasa kadan a tsakiyar fili. A gasar Coppa Italia, Udinese ta sha kashi a hannun Sampdoria a zagaye na 16 a bugun fenariti bayan wasan ya kare da ci 2-2. 2011-12 kakar ya ci gaba a cikin irin wannan salon, kodayake Udinese ta rasa manyan 'yan wasa uku zuwa manyan kungiyoyi Alexis Sánchez zuwa Barcelona, Gökhan Inler zuwa Napoli, da Cristián Zapata zuwa Villarreal A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, Udinese ta yi kunnen doki da Arsenal kuma ta sha kashi a waje da ci 1-0. A filin wasa na Friuli, Udinese ta yi rashin nasara da ci 2–1, 3–1 a jimillar, kuma ta shiga matakin rukuni na gasar Europa, Antonio Di Natale ya barar da bugun fanareti wanda a lokacin zai ci Udinese. A cikin gida, Udinese ta fara da karfi amma tare da nuna ingancin su a cikin tsaron gida, inda aka ba wa mafi karancin kungiyoyi bayan wasanni 15, bakwai kawai. A karo na biyu a jere kakar, Udinese ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai, inda ta samu matsayi na uku a ranar karshe ta kakar wasan da ci 2-0 a waje da Catania A kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta bazara, an sayar da manyan 'yan wasa Kwadwo Asamoah da Mauricio Isla ga zakarun Juventus. Kulob din ya kasa kai matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai na shekara, duk da haka, ya yi rashin nasara a kan fanati bayan karin lokaci zuwa kulob din Portuguese SC Braga Antonio Di Natale ya zura kwallaye 23 a gasar Serie A a kakar wasa ta uku a jere da kwallaye 20+. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Udinese za ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta tsakiya zuwa matakin ƙasa a Seria A. A cikin kakar 2017-18, an kori kocin Udinese Massimo Oddo bayan kulob din ya yi rashin nasara a wasanni 11 a jere. Oddo ya maye gurbinsa da Igor Tudor wanda ya jagoranci kulob din zuwa ga tsira daga wuraren da za su koma gasar.[1]
40997	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20ya%C6%99e-ya%C6%99e%20da%20adadin%20wa%C9%97anda%20suka%20mutu	Jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da adadin waɗanda suka mutu	Wannan jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne da adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya haɗa da duk mace-macen da suka faru a wajen yaƙe-yaƙe kai tsaye ko kuwa a fakaice. Waɗannan mace-mace yawanci sun haɗa da mutuwar jami'an sojoji waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon yaƙi kai tsaye ko wasu harkokin yaƙair soja, sannan da kuma mutuwar sojoji a sakamakon annoban da yaƙi ya haifar, yunwa, kisan-kiyashi, kisan kare dangi, da dai sauransu. Kafin-zamaninmu na yau (kafin shekarar 1500 miladiya) Yaƙe-yaƙe na dā (kafin 500 AD) Note 1: The geometric mean is the middle of the quoted range, taken by multiplying together the endpoints and then taking the square root. Yaƙunan shekarun baya (500–1500 AD) La'akari: ba'a iya tantance cikakkun bayanai akan wani yaki a wasu lokutab, sannan wasu yakunan sun wanzu har tsawon rayuwar mutane, misali. "Reconquista" (711–1492, shekaru 781) "Mamayer Musulmai a kasashen Indiya" (12th zuwa 16th c., tsawon shekaru 500) "Crusades" (kamfe goma ko fiye da haka a tsakanin 1095–1291, tsawon shekaru 196), "Harin Mongol da mamaye yankin" (1206–1368, tsawon shekaru), "Mamayewar Musulunci na baya baya" (622–750, tsawon shekaru 128), "Yakin shekaru dari" (1337–1453, tsawon shekaru 115). Na zamani Yakunan Zamani (shekaru 1500AD zuwa yau) wanda aka rasa rayuka fiye da 25,000 Russo-Ukrainian War (outline) 200,000+ 2014–present Russia vs. Ukraine Ukraine Estimates of deaths vary widely. Yakunan Zamani da adadin mace-mace kasa da 25,000 22,211 Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 22,000+ Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865) 21,000+ Six-Day War (1967) 20,068 Reform War (1857–1860) 20,000+ Yaqui Wars (1533–1929) 20,000+ War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) 20,000+ Ragamuffin War (1835–1845) 20,000+ Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) 20,000 Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) 19,619+ Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979) 19,000+ Mexican–American War (1846–1848) 18,069–20,069 First Opium War (1839–1842) 17,294+ 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya (1940–1944) 17,200+ First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) 16,765–17,065 Balochistan conflict (1948–present) 16,000+ War of the Pacific (1879–1883) 16,000+ Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 16,000+ Spanish–American War (1898) 15,200–15,300 Peasants' War (1798) Part of the French Revolutionary Wars 15,000+ Nigerian Sharia conflict (2009–present) 15,000 Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 14,460–14,922 South African Border War (1966–1990) 14,077–22,077 Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) 13,929+ Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999) 13,812+ Naxalite-Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 13,100–34,000 Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–present) 13,073–26,373 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) 11,500–12,843 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War 10,700–14,300 Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000+ Assam separatist movements (1979–present) 10,000+ Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) 10,000+ War in Donbas Part of the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present) 10,000+ Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994) 10,000+ First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896) 10,000+ Second Melillan campaign (1909) 10,000+ Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) 10,000+ Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510) 9,400+ Libyan Civil War (2011) (2011) 8,136+ Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 7,500–21,741 War of 1812 (1812–1815) 7,400–16,200 Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) (2015–present) 7,050+ Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510) 7,104+ Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (1947–1949) 7,000+ Chadian Civil War (2005–10) (2005–2010) 6,800–13,459 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (1965) 6,859+ 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (2020–present) 5,641–6,991 Opposition–ISIL conflict during the Syrian Civil War 2014–present 6,543+ South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 6,295+ Central African Republic conflict (2012–present) 5,641+ Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present) 5,100+ Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–present) Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict 5,000+ Casamance conflict (1982–2014) 5,000+ Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891) 5,000+ Cuban Revolution (1953–1959) 5,000 War of the Reunions (1683–1684) 4,715+ Libyan Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present) 4,275 Dominican Civil War (1965) 4,200+ Shifta War (1963–1967) 4,000–10,000 Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present) 4,000 War of Devolution (1667–1668) 3,699+ Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992–present) 3,552+ First Schleswig War (1848–1852) 3,529+ The Northern Ireland Troubles (1966–1998) 3,366+ Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017) 3,270+ Second Schleswig War (1864) 3,222–3,722 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (1956) 3,144+ Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) 3,114+ 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (1947–1948) Part of the 1948 Palestine war 3,007+ War of the Golden Stool (1900) 3,000–6,000 Negro Rebellion (1912) 3,000–5,000 Croatian-Slovene Peasant Revolt (1573) 3,000+ Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011) 3,000+ Dominican War of Independence (1844) 3,000+ Banana Wars (1914–1933) 2,944+ Insurgency in the Maghreb (2004–present) 2,800+ Northern Mali conflict (2012–present) 2,781+ Iranian Revolution (1978–1979) 2,751+ Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) 2,557+ Sudan internal conflict (2011–present) (2011–present) 2,394+ Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 2,300+ Conflict in the Niger Delta (2003–present) 2,221–2,406 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict (2014) Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict 2,150+ Persian Expedition of 1796 (1796) 2,096+ Aden Emergency (1963–1967) 2,054+ South Yemen insurgency (2009–2015) ~2,014 Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) 2,000–3,800 Albanian Civil War (1997) 2,000+ Costa Rican Civil War (1948) 2,000+ Six-Day War (2000) (2000) 2,000+ 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010) 2,000 Iran crisis of 1946 (1946) 1,810+ Anglo-Iraqi War (1941) Part of World War II 1,774+ Lapland War (1944–1945) Part of World War II 1,648 Sinaloa Cartel-Gulf Cartel conflict 2003–present 1,643–2,237 Transnistria War (1992) 1,561 Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey (2013–present) 1,500+ Irish Civil War (1922–1923) 1,480 Ifni War (1957–1958) 1,449+ M23 rebellion (2012–2013) Part of the Kivu Conflict 1,444 Taliban-ISIL conflict in Afghanistan 2015–present 1,300+ Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) 1,295+ Siachen conflict (1984–present) 1,229+ Basque conflict (1959–2011) 1,227–5,600 Kargil War (1999) 1,000–1,500 Cabinda conflict (1994–present) 1,000+ Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) 1,000+ 1991–92 South Ossetia War (1991–1992) 1,000+ Xinjiang conflict (1960–present) 1,000+ Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) 1,000+ Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict (2015–present) Part of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) 1,000 Second Mafia War (1980-1983) 907 Falklands War (1982) 898 Barbary Wars (1801–1815) 864 Jamaican political conflict (1943–present) 850 Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon (2011–2017) Part of the Syrian Civil War 846 2011 Egyptian revolution (2011) 808 Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 789–1,874 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff (2001–2002) 771 Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) (2013–present) 740 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966) 722 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–present) 700–800 Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) 670+ Infighting in the Gulf Cartel (2010–present) 659–2,496 Russia–Georgia war (2008) 650+ Infighting in Los Zetas (2010–present) 643–1,500 Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present) 621 Second 'Ndrangheta war (1985-1991) 316 Chiapas conflict (1994–present) 300+ Islamic Army–Al-Qaeda conflict (2006-2007) 547 Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959) 542 East Prigorodny Conflict (1992) 500 Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) 422 Franco-Thai War (1940–1941) 327 RENAMO insurgency (2013–present) 275–569 Second Afar insurgency (1995–present) Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 236 Batwa-Luba clashes (2013–present) 233 First 'Ndrangheta war (1974–1976) 233 Anglophone Crisis (2017–present) 217 Cuban invasion of the Dominican Republic (1959) 213–523+ Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959) 206–345 Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2022) 200+ 1967 Opium War (1967) 200 Miami drug war (1970s-1980s) 200 1935 Yazidi revolt (1935) 174–194 United States occupation of Veracruz (1914) 160+ Quebec Biker War (1994-2002) 159 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–present) 141 2006 São Paulo violence outbreak (2006) 126 2016 Kasese clashes (2016) 115 The Pool War (2016–present) 108 Islamist insurgency in Mozambique (2017–present) 102–227 India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present) (2016–present) 99–500 Sand War (1963–1964) 95 2013 Guinea clashes (2013) 84–134 Lahad Datu standoff (2013) 82 Quasi-War (1798–1800) 82 North-West Rebellion (1885) 71 Paraguayan People's Army insurgency (2005–present) 70+ DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey (1990–present) 63 Ten-Day War (1991) 62–72 First Biker War (1977–1984) 56+ Dissident Irish Republican campaign (1998–present) 50+ Castellammarese War (1930–1931) 50+ Tong Wars (1800s–1930s) 46 Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954) 45+ 2020 China–India skirmishes (2020–present) 41 2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis (2010) 39–111 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) (2014–2015) 37 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2013) 36 Yama-Ichi War (1986-1989) 36 2016 Niger Delta conflict (2016–Present) Part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta 30+ Aldermen's wars (1916–1921) 23 Mafia-Camorra War (1915–1917) 20 Satan's Choice–Popeyes War (1974–1976) 20 2009 Vancouver gang war (2009) 20 Rowan County War (1884–1887) 16 Greene–Jones War (1860–present) 16 Piracy on Falcon Lake (2010–present) 12–61 2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish (2017) Part of the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 11–30 2008 Kufra conflict (2008) 11+ Tutt–Everett War (1844–1850) 11 Great Nordic Biker War (1994–1997) 11 Gombe Chimpanzee War (1974–1978) 8 2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish (2011) 7 Bellevue War (1840) 2+ Ontario Biker War (1999–2002) 2+ Rock Machine-Rebels conflict (2009–present) Zane da jadawali
48701	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20Bayi	Gidan Bayi	Gidan bayi Maison des Esclaves da Ƙofar da Babu Komawa gidan tarihi ne kuma abin tunawa ga waɗanda cinikin bayin Atlantika ya shafa a tsibirin Gorée, 3 kilomita daga gabar tekun birnin Dakar, Senegal Gidan kayan tarihi nasa, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1962 kuma an tsara shi har zuwa mutuwar Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye a 2009, an ce don tunawa da ƙarshen fita na bayi daga Afirka Duk da yake masana tarihi sun bambanta a kan yawancin bayi na Afirka da aka gudanar a cikin wannan ginin, da kuma mahimmancin dangi na Gorée Island a matsayin batu a kan cinikin bayi na Atlantic, baƙi daga Afirka, Turai, da Amirkawa sun ci gaba da mayar da shi. wuri mai mahimmanci don tunawa da yawan mutane na bautar Afirka. Yanayin rayuwa Bayan da aka gina shi a shekara ta 1776, gidan bayi ya zama cibiyar da ake rike da bayin Afirka da za a fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje. Gidan ya kasance mallakar wata mace Afro-Faransa Anne Pépin wacce ta mallaki jiragen ruwa da yawa kuma ta shiga cinikin bayi. Yanayin ginin ya yi muni, inda da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka daure suka halaka kafin su isa jiragen ruwa. Mutanen da aka kama bayi "an ɗaure su a cikin duhu, marasa iska", kuma "sun kwashe kwanaki a ɗaure a ƙasa, bayansu a bango, ba su iya motsawa." An raba iyalai biyu a gidan, maza da mata da yara ana tsare da su a wurare daban-daban, da kuma bayan sun hau jiragen ruwa, tunda yawancinsu ba a kai su wuri daya ba. Musamman ’yan mata, an tsare su ne daban da sauran waɗanda aka daure, ana yi musu fareti a tsakar gida domin ’yan kasuwa da bayi su zaɓe su don yin lalata da su; idan sun yi ciki, an bar su su zauna a tsibirin har sai sun haihu. An mai da shi gidan tarihi da kuma abin tunawa a cikin 1962, gidan bayi yanzu ya zama shaida ga wahala da barnar ɗan adam da cinikin bayi ya haifar. Tunawa An sake gina Gidan Bayi kuma an buɗe shi azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin 1962 galibi ta hanyar aikin Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye (1922-2009). Ndiaye ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga duka abubuwan tunawa da shela da aka gudanar da bayi a cikin ginin da yawa kuma daga nan kai tsaye zuwa Amurka Daga ƙarshe ya zama mai kula da Gidan Tarihi, Ndiaye ya yi iƙirarin cewa fiye da mutane bayi miliyan ɗaya ne suka wuce ta ƙofar gidan. Wannan imani ya sanya gidan ya zama wurin shakatawa da kuma wurin ziyarar jahohi da shugabannin duniya ke kai wa Senegal Rigimar ilimi Tun daga shekarun 1980, masana ilimi sun yi watsi da rawar da Gorée ta taka a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantic, suna jayayya cewa da wuya mutane da yawa bayi da gaske sun bi ta ƙofar, kuma Gorée da kansa ya kasance mai rahusa ga cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Ndiaye da sauran 'yan Senegal sun ci gaba da cewa wurin ya fi abin tunawa da gaske kuma wuri ne na tarihi na jigilar 'yan Afirka zuwa kasashen Turai da ke nahiyar Amurka, kuma masu binciken Anglophone ba su yaba masa ba. An gina shi a kusa da 1776, ginin shine gida a farkon karni na 19 zuwa ɗaya daga cikin masu arziki, 'yan mulkin mallaka, 'yar kasuwa mace 'yar Senegal (The Signares Anne Pépin ko Anna Colas Pépin Masu bincike suna jayayya cewa yayin da mai gida zai iya sayar da ƙananan bayi (wanda aka ajiye a cikin sel na ginshiƙan da aka sake ginawa) kuma ya ajiye wasu bayi a cikin gida, ainihin wurin tashi ya kasance 300m daga wani katanga a bakin teku. An maido da gidan tun a shekarun 1970. Duk da muhimmancin tsibirin Gorée, wasu masana tarihi sun yi iƙirarin cewa ’yan Afirka 26,000 da aka bautar ne kawai aka rubuta sun ratsa tsibirin, daga cikin adadin bayi da ba a sani ba da aka fitar daga Afirka. Ndiaye da magoya bayansa sun gabatar da cewa akwai shaida, ginin da kansa, an gina shi ne don ɗaukar ɗimbin bayi, kuma kusan mutane miliyan 15 ne suka ratsa ta wannan Ƙofar Babu Komawa Lissafi na ilimi, irin su aikin kididdiga na 1969 na masanin tarihi Philip D. Curtin, suna jayayya cewa tilasta jigilar kaya daga Gorée ya fara a kusa da 1670 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa kimanin 1810, a lokaci guda fiye da 200 zuwa 300 a shekara a cikin shekaru masu mahimmanci kuma babu wani a cikin wasu. Kididdigar kididdigar kididdigar kasuwanci ta Curtin ta 1969 ta nuna cewa a tsakanin 1711 da 1810 an kwashe 'yan Afirka 180,000 da aka bautar daga ma'aikatan Faransa a Senegambia, yawancin ana jigilar su daga Saint-Louis, Senegal, da James Fort a Gambiya ta zamani. An nakalto Curtin yana faɗin cewa ainihin ƙofar da aka tuna da ita ba ta da wani mahimmancin tarihi, saboda gaskiyar cewa an gina ta a ƙarshen 1770s da "ƙarshen zamanin [cin cinikin bayi] ya kasance mai mahimmanci", tare da Biritaniya da Amurka duka sun soke cinikin bayi a 1807. Sauran malaman sun kuma yi nuni da cewa, Curtin bai kididdige adadin mutanen da suka mutu a lokacin safara ko kuma jim kadan bayan kama su ba, wanda hakan zai iya kara masa kiyasin. Dangane da waɗannan alkalumman, waɗanda yawancin jama'ar Senegal suka ƙi amincewa da su, wani taron tarihi na Afirka a 1998 ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanan daga gidajen kasuwancin Faransa na Nantes sun rubuta bayi 103,000 daga Gorée a cikin jiragen ruwa mallakar Nantes daga 1763 zuwa 1775. Duk da haka, shaidar wannan da'awar takarda ce da ta ba da misalin 103,000 na bautar Afirka da aka kwashe daga babban yankin Upper Guinea gaba ɗaya, ba Gorée musamman ba. Ana Lucia Araujo ta ce "ba shine ainihin wurin da mutane na gaske suka bari a adadin da suka fada ba". Ko da waɗanda ke jayayya Gorée ba su da mahimmanci a cinikin bayi suna kallon tsibirin a matsayin muhimmin abin tunawa ga cinikin da aka yi a mafi girma daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Ghana da Benin na zamani. Yawon shaƙatawa Duk da cece-kuce, Maison des Esclaves wani yanki ne na tsakiya na Gidan Tarihi na Tsibirin Gorée na UNESCO, wanda aka yi wa suna a shekarar 1978, kuma babban abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje zuwa Senegal. Mintuna 20 ne kawai ta jirgin ruwa daga tsakiyar birnin Dakar, baƙi 200,000 a shekara suna wucewa ta gidan kayan tarihi a nan. Mutane da yawa, musamman waɗanda suka fito daga bautar Afirka, sun bayyana ra'ayoyin da suka ji daɗi sosai a wurin, da kuma tasirin fassarar Ndiaye game da mahimmancin tarihi na ginin: musamman Ƙofar Babu Komawa ta hanyar da Ndiaye ya yi jayayya cewa miliyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka bautar da su sun bar nahiyar. na karshe. Kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2008, Ndiaye da kansa zai jagoranci yawon bude ido ta cikin sel na ginshiki, ta hanyar Kofar Babu Komawa, kuma ya rike har zuwa masu yawon bude ido da sarƙoƙi na ƙarfe, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su don ɗaure 'yan Afirka bayi. Tun da littafin Alex Haley 's novel Roots: The Saga of an American Family a 1976, 'yan yawon bude ido na Afirka daga Amurka sun mai da gidan kayan tarihi a matsayin babban batu, sau da yawa wani abin da ya ji daɗi sosai, na alhazai suna fatan sake haɗuwa da al'adarsu. Al'adun Afirka. Shahararrun jiga-jigan duniya da suka zagaya da Maison des Esclaves a ziyarar da suka kai Senegal sun hada da Paparoma John Paul II, Nelson Mandela, Michael Jackson, da Barack Obama An ba da rahoton cewa Mandela ya tashi daga wani rangadi inda ya zauna shi kadai a cikin wani dakin kwana na tsawon mintuna biyar shiru yana tunani kan ziyarar da ya kai a shekarar 1997. Obama ya zagaya kofar Ba Komawa a ziyararsa a 2013. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gorée Tsibirin Slave Labaran BBC. 8 ga Yuli, 2003. la Maison des Esclaves Visite Virtuel d'Ile de Goree: UNESCO Heritage World Heritage Africa. Rahoto kan Aikin Taskokin Kasuwancin Bayi, ƙarƙashin Ƙwararren Shirin Duniya, a Dakar, Senegal, 7-11 Janairu 2002 Ahmed A. Bachr, UNESCO. Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO 26 (1978) jeri: Tsibirin Goree L'esclavage Campagne internationale pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine architectural de l'île de Gorée. UNESCO (2001). Yanci Yancin dan Adam a
39729	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassina%20Zerbo	Lassina Zerbo	Lassina Zerbo (an haifi 10 Oktoba, 1963) Burkinabé ne kuma masanin kimiyya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Burkina Faso daga 2021 zuwa 2022. Kafin hakan shi ne Babban Sakatare na Kungiyar Yarjejeniya ta Yarjejeniyar Haramta Gwajin Nukiliya. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2022, an hambarar da Zerbo a juyin mulkin Rayuwar farko da ilimi Zerbo ya sami PhD a Geophysics daga Jami'ar,de Paris XI, Faransa, a cikin 1993. Sana'a Farkon aiki Aikin Zerbo na kasa da kasa ya fara ne da matsayi a matsayin masanin kimiyyar lissafi tare da BHP Minerals Internationa,l Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin lissafi na aikin don shirye-shiryen kamfanin na Afirka, wanda ke zaune a Virginia, Amurka, kuma ya ba da ƙwarewar fasaha ga duk ayyukan sa na lantarki.,Bayan shiga Anglo American Exploration a cikin 1995, Zerbo ya ɗauki matsayin Babban Jami'in Geophysicist na Afirka yayin da yake kula da ayyukan bincike da ci gaba don yawancin ayyukan kamfanin a Afirka, Asiya da Ostiraliya. A cikin wannan rawar, ya gudanar da dukkan ayyukan Afirka ta hanyar ayyuka a fadin nahiyar. A matsayinsa na Daraktan Cibiyar Bayanai ta Duniya ta CTBTO (IDC) daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2013, shi ne babban batu kan batutuwan CTBT da suka shafi gwaje-gwajen nukiliya da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Koriya ta Arewa ta gudanar a 2006, 2009 da 2013.Zerbo ya jagoranci taron Kimiyya da Fasaha na CTBT a cikin 2011 da 2013 kuma ya gudanar da nasarar tura cibiyar CTBT Virtual Data Exploitation Center (vDEC), wacce ke ba da sabon tsarin yin hulɗa tare da al'ummar kimiyya. Wannan hulɗar tana taimakawa tabbatar da cewa CTBTO ta riƙe matsayinta a ƙarshen ƙarshen kimiyya da fasaha masu alaƙa. Sakataren zartarwa na CTBTO An zabi Dr Zerbo a matsayin Babban Sakatare a watan Nuwamba 2013, inda ya karbi mukamin a watan Agustan 2014. Dr Zerbo an san shi da kafa wasu tsare-tsare da suka hada da kafa a shekarar 2014 na kungiyar fitattun mutane (GEM), wanda ya kunshi mutane da kwararru da aka sansu da su a duniya don inganta shigar da yarjejeniyar aiki da kuma kara karfafa kokarin kasa da kasa don cimma wannan buri. A cikin 2016, ya ba da sanarwar ƙirƙirar. Ƙungiyar Matasa ta CTBTO don kuma haɗar da matasa don haɓaka manufofin Yarjejeniyar. Zerbo ya tabbatar da dawo da hadin gwiwar fasaha ta kasar Sin tare da CTBTO, wanda ya kai ga ba da takardar shaida na tashoshin sa ido na kasa da kasa guda biyar na farko a yankin kasar Sin tsakanin shekarar 2016 da 2018. Zerbo kuma ya tabbatar da alƙawarin Cuba don shiga cikin yarjejeniyar, wanda aka sanar a cikin 2019. Nasarar Haɗin Motsa Jiki na 2014 a Jordan,kafa Cibiyar Tallafin Fasaha da Horarwa (TeST) a cikin 2019, da nasarar gudanar da aikin ƙungiyar yayin bala'in Covid-19 a cikin 2020 ya nuna ikon CTBTO a ƙarƙashinsa. shugabancinsa. Bayan bala'in Tsunami na Tekun Indiya na 2004 Zerbo ya jagoranci tattaunawa ta fasaha game da yarjejeniyar taimakon fasaha na CTBTO ga cibiyoyin gargadin tsunami. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da duk wasu bayanai masu mahimmanci na ƙungiyar, waɗanda aka yi kira da su biyo bayan girgizar ƙasa, tsunami da na Fukushima da aka yi a Japan a watan Maris na 2011. Firaministan Burkina Faso A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2021, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré ya nada Zerbo a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista na Burkina Faso. A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2022, an hambarar da Zerbo da Kaboré a wani juyin mulki karkashin jagorancin jami'in soja Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba wanda ya karbi ragamar shugabancin Burkina Faso. Sauran ayyukan Gasar Cin Kofin Jinsi na Duniya (IGC), Memba Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (WEF), Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ajenda na Duniya (GAC) kan Tsaron Nukiliya Ganewa Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) ta zaɓi Zerbo don karɓar lambar yabo ta 2018 don Diflomasiya ta Kimiyya don amincewa da himmarsa na kawar da gwajin nukiliya. Da yake sanar da lambar yabo, AAAS ya ce an zaɓi Zerbo don "amfani da ƙwarewar ilimin kimiyya da ikon jagoranci don magance kalubale masu wahala da inganta zaman lafiya a duniya." Don fahimtar aikinsa a CTBTO da kuma a cikin lalata da kuma yaduwar,makaman nukiliya gaba ɗaya, Zerbo an ba shi kyautar 2013 "Mutumin Sarrafa Makamai na Shekara" ta Ƙungiyar Kula da Makamai, Amurka. A shekara ta 2015 ya zama kwamandan rundunar Burkina Faso saboda aikinsa na kiyaye zaman lafiya da tsaron kasa da kasa. An kuma yi masa ado da Grand Cross a cikin odar Chilean na Bernardo O'Higgins a watan Yuni 2016. A cikin Fabrairun 2017, Zerbo ya sami lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa a bikin cika shekaru 25 da Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan saboda jagorancinsa na inganta kokarin hana yaduwar makaman nukiliya. A cikin watan Agusta 2017, Zerbo ya sami zama ɗan ƙasa na musamman na girmamawa na birnin Hiroshima don yunƙurinsa don "tsara, watsawa da kuma isar da" gaskiyar harin bama-bamai, da ƙoƙarin jagoranci-ciki har da ayyukan GEM-don inganta saƙon Hiroshima. da Hibakusha A watan Agustan 2019 Zerbo ya sami lambar yabo ta Nazarbayev ta Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan don Duniyar da ba ta da Makaman Nukiliya da Tsaro na Duniya, tare da Marigayi Daraktan Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya, Yukiya Amano. A cikin watan Satumba na 2019, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jamhuriyar Madagascar don girmamawa ga jagorancinsa, aikin da ya yi a kan inganta iyawa, da kuma inganta yawan harsuna. An kuma nada Zerbo Farfesa mai girma a Jami'ar Santo Domingo mai cin gashin kansa, Jamhuriyar Dominican, a cikin Oktoba 2019. An ba da misalin gudummawar da ya bayar wajen kawar da makaman nukiliya da zaman lafiya a duniya, Zerbo an ba shi lambar yabo ta gwarzon ci gaba na Forum for Rebranding Africa a watan Nuwamba 2019. Rayuwa ta sirri Zerbo tana da aure kuma tana da ’ya’ya mata uku. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Iassina zoben Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
26943	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napomuceno%27s%20Will%20%28film%29	Napomuceno's Will (film)	Napomuceno's Will an sanshi da O Testamento do Senhor Napumoceno, fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Cape Verdean na shekara ta 1997), wanda Francisco Manso ya jagoranta kuma darakta da kansa ya shirya tare da António Gonçalo. Fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan labari na Ƙarshe Will da Alƙawari na Senhor da Silva Araújo wanda Germano Almeida ya rubuta. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi manyan ƴan wasan kwaikwayo inda Nelson Xavier ya taka rawa a matsayin 'Napumoceno'. Mariya Ceiça, Chico Díaz, Zezé Motta da Francisco de Assis ne suka taka rawa. Fim ɗin yana da firamiyar sa a ranar( 3), ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta(1998), a Portugal inda fim ɗin ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma daga baya an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya da yawa ciki har da: Festival de Gramado, Mar del Plata International Film Festival da Singapore European Union Film Festival. Ƴan wasa Nelson Xavier as Napumoceno Maria Ceiça as Graça Chico Díaz as Carlos Zezé Motta as Eduarda Vya Negromonte as Mari Chica Milton Gonçalves as The Mayor Francisco de Assis as Fonseca Karla Leal as Adélia Camacho Costa as Paiva Elisa Lucinda as Dona Jóia José Eduardo as Dr. Scusa Veluma D'Oba as Chez-Nous Horácio Santos as Baptista Eliezer Motta as Band Leader Alexandre de Sousa as Benoliel Manuel Estevão as Manuel Silvestre Évora as Notário Cesária Évora as Arminda Adriano Almeida as Armando Odete Mosso as Carlos' Girlfriend João Branco as Cabaret Announcer Paulo Miranda as Paulo Mário Matos as Dr. Leandro Ferreira Vítor Cansado as Doctor Tiago Gonçalves as Napumoceno (15 years) Tiago Mayer as Napumoceno (23 years) Ana Firmino as Dona Rosa Armanda Silva as Carregadora Euclides Sequeira as Band Musician Ângela Spínola as Graça (12 years) Maysa Cunha as Graça's Friend (12 years) Elisabete 'Bety' Gomes as Graça's Friend (12 years) Fonseca Soares as Radio Newscaster Fátima Cruz as Dona Bibi Margarida Martins as Dindinha São Costa as Conceição Yara Cardoso as Jovem no Cemitério Luís Morais as Homem de Barba no Cemitério Leandro Ferreira as English Sailor Orlando 'Yellow' Morais as English Sailor Elísio Leite as Guarda Fiscal Paulo Belo as Sailor in Cabaret Carlos Alberto Teixeira as Drugstore Clerk Tchale Figueira as Bartender Alberto Gomes as Bartender Joaquim Estevão as Deputy Mayor Nunawa na duniya Portugal -(3 ga watan afrilu shekara ta (1998), (Premiere), Festival de Gramado, Brazil Agusta (1997), Cape Verde (25), ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (1997), Mar del Plata International Film Festival, Argentina (21), ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta( 1997), Amurka 1), ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1998), Portugal 17 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 1998), Bikin Fim na Tarayyar Turai, Singapore 17), ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 1998), Brazil (20), ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1998), Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cikakken fim a YouTube
22764	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimbola%20Fernandez	Abimbola Fernandez	Darnel Abimbọla "Bim" Olumegbon Fernandez (an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1989), magaji ne kuma mawaƙi Ba-Amurke haifaffen Faransa. Ita 'yar Antonio Deinde Fernandez, jakadan hamshakin mai kudin Najeriya ne. A cikin 2014, ta yi waƙa tare da ƙungiyar Pink Grenade, kuma ta saki bidiyo mai rikitarwa biyu waɗanda suka ɗauki miliyoyin ra'ayoyin kan layi. Ta bar tambarinta a waccan shekarar. Rayuwar farko Abimbola Fernandez an haife shi ne a Asibitin Amurka na Paris a Neuilly-sur-Seine, wani yanki ne a yammacin karkarar Paris, Faransa Mahaifinta ya kasance biloniya Antonio Deinde Fernandez daga Jihar Legas a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, wanda ya koma Amurka tun yana saurayi. Danginsa Fernandez sun fito ne daga wani dan kasuwar Fotigal-dan kasar Brazil wanda ya yi iyali tare da matar Afirka a Legas a farkon ƙarni na 19. Mahaifin Fernandez yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu da suka gabata; matarsa ta uku farar fata Ba’amurkiya Barbara Joyce wacce ta aure shi a 1961 yayin da suke zaune a Virginia, ta haifa masa yara uku a Amurka, suka rabu da shi a 1984 ko farkon 1985, sannan suka nemi a sake su a 1987 Abokin zama na hudu shi ne Gimbiya Abiola Dosunmu, wacce ta aure shi a Najeriya a watan Afrilun 1973 a wani biki da aka samu halarta. Ungiyar ta haifar da 'ya mace kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1987-1988. Abokinsa na biyar, mahaifiyar Fernandez Ba-Amurke, an haife shi Sandra Inett Price. Ta dauki sunan Aduke Fernandez ne a haduwar tasu, wacce ta ce ta fara ne a shekarar 1982 tare da bikin aure a Najeriya, duk da cewa daga baya ya ce ba su taba yin aure ba. Thea na farko da ma'auratan suka haifa shine 'yar Atinuke a cikin 1984, sannan Abimbola ya bi ta 1989. Takardar shaidar haihuwa ta kasar Faransa ta bayyana sunan ta kamar Darnel Abimbola Olumegbon Fernandez da kuma sunan mahaifiyar ta Aduke Olufunmilola Olumegbon Price Fernandez. Sunan da aka raba na Olumegbon ya fito ne daga layin Olumegbon mai daraja na Isale-Eko, Lagos; mahaifinta dan gidan wannan mulki ne ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa. Bayan haihuwar Fernandez, dangin sun ɗan zauna na wani ɗan lokaci a Hotel Ritz Paris, sannan suka koma Chateau de Bois-Feuillette a cikin Pontpoint. Wani motsi ya dauke ta zuwa New York, mahaifinta ya sayi gidan tarihi mai tsoka All View Estate a kudancin kudu na Premium Point, New Rochelle Fernandez ya fara koyon violin yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Tana da shekara shida, ta halarci Makarantar Rye Country Day, sannan daga baya Convent of the Sacred Heart a Connecticut. A shekara 10, ta ƙaura tare da dangin zuwa Edinburgh, inda ta halarci Kwalejin Fettes. A 13, ta fara kunna guitar.Fernandez ya kammala karatunsa daga Fettes yana da shekara 18. Ta dauki darasi a cikin samar da bidiyo a Art Art Institute na Birnin New York, sannan a cikin 2009, ta shiga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes a Oxford. Lokacin da ta daina karatu bayan wata ɗaya don bin salon waƙa, mahaifinta bai yarda ba. A lokacin yarinta, Fernandez ta yi rayuwa irin ta 'yar attajira, tana yawo a duniya cikin jirgin sa, musamman zuwa kasashen Afirka, da kuma hutu a lokacin bazara a jirgin ruwan sa mai kafa 150, Yemoja Ta samu horo ne a kan dawaki, tana fafatawa a wasannin dawakai shida na kasa. Mahaifinta ya damu da cewa watakila a sace ta kuma a biya ta fansa. Mutane da yawa a duniya sun ziyarci gidanta a kan kasuwanci tare da mahaifinta, ciki har da Paparoma John Paul II, George HW Bush, Kofi Annan, Nelson Mandela da Mobutu Sese Seko. A watan Mayu 2003 lokacin da take makaranta a Scotland, mahaifinta ya tashi daga gidansu Edinburgh, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fara aiwatar da kisan aure, tana neman 300 miliyan, wanda aka ruwaito a lokacin a matsayin ɗayan mafi girman girman saurin saki. An yanke hukunci a ƙarshe don biyan kuɗi na 36 na monthly 30,000 jimlar ing 1,080,000. Fashion A cikin samartakanta, Fernandez ya yi fasali sau ɗaya don Vivienne Westwood a lokacin Makon Edinburgh. Da take zaune ita kadai a New York, kayan tufafinta sun haɗa da tufafi masu zane kamar su kayan kwalliya na Carmen Marc Valvo, da kuma Gasparee caftan na Gillian Harding. Ta gaji kayan mahaifiyarta ne na suttura da suka hada da caftans da yawa, daya ta Jean-Paul Gaultier, da sauran abubuwa ta Givenchy, Chanel, Oscar de la Renta da ƙari. Waƙa Fernandez ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi a kan guitar a lokacin yarinta. Ta je kide kide da wake-wake kuma ta san membobin kungiyar fandare har abada yara masu ciwo, da kuma Gabe Saporta, shugaba da mawaƙa na ƙungiyar pop-pop band Cobra Starship A cikin 2009, Fernandez ya raira waƙa don goyan bayan waƙa a cikin waƙar "Nice Guys Finish Last", kuma ta yi kwalliya don murfin kundin kundin Hot Mess, wanda ya kai lamba 4 a kan Billboard 200 don zama kundin waƙoƙin da ya fi nasara a Cobra Starship. Fernandez kuma ya yi samfuri don murfin waƙoƙin waƙar, Girlsan mata masu kyau sun tafi mummunan Daukar sunan matakin Madame Luxe, Fernandez ya fara hada kai da mawaka daban-daban. EdM mai zane Draper, shima tsoffin ɗalibai ne na Jami'ar Oxford Brookes, ya nuna Madame Luxe tana rera waka a kan waƙarsa ta dubstep "Painting the Sky", wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a watan Yunin 2011. An saka waƙar a kan EP mai taken Draper, wanda aka fitar a watan Fabrairun 2012 a kan Drop Dead lakabin da Ku kawo min Horizon na gaba Oliver Sykes. Fernandez ya yi aiki tare da deejay trio Cash Cash, yana raira waƙa tare da goyan baya a kan waƙoƙin "Tongue Twister" da "Ba Mu Barci a Dare", duka an sake su ne a cikin kundin tsarin Japan na kawai Cash Cash The Beat Goes On in Satumba 2012. Fernandez shima ya fito a Cash Cash's Crime" Ba laifi bane laifi wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a 2013. A watan Nuwamba 2013, Fernandez ya rattaba hannu ga SMH Records, wanda Jonathan Hay da Mike Smith suka kafa, waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Pink Grenade a kusa da Fernandez. An ba shi matsayin Bim Fernandez, ta buga guitar da raira waƙa a kan waƙoƙin "Lets Take It tsirara" da "Lipstick", tare da raba waƙar ta ƙarshe tare da Hay da Cash Cash. An fitar da waƙar pop ɗin "Bari mu ɗauka tsirara" don yawo a kan layi a cikin Janairu 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2014, an loda bidiyon “Bari Mu Itauke shi a tsirara” zuwa Vevo da WorldStarHipHop, sun tara 7.5 miliyoyin ra'ayoyi a cikin makon farko. Bidiyon ya bambanta wasan kwaikwayo, kidan poppy tare da almara mai ban mamaki na Fernandez tare da yara maza da hodar iblis, girkin meth, da yin wasan Roulette Roulette, wanda aka saka da ciki mai ciki kamar tana cikin watannin ƙarshe na ciki. Jaridar The Herald a Najeriya ta kira bidiyon "abin kunya, mai tayar da hankali da hargitsi." Vevo da WorldStarHipHop ne suka saukar da bidiyon amma har yanzu ana iya kallon Tidal. Bidiyo na waƙar hip-hop "Lipstick", an sake shi a ranar 23 ga Yulin, 2014, tare da wuraren wasan kwaikwayon Fernandez, suna musanyawa da wuraren wasan mata masu wasa da jan leshi da fenti. Waƙar "da ake zargi da lalata" tana da waƙoƙin da ke ba da shawarar fellatio, kuma a ƙarshen muryar namiji "ta raba" Kim Kardashian da iyalinta. An saka waƙoƙin a ƙarshen Yuli a kan albam ɗin Grenade na Pink, Tsoron Planawon Ruwa mai ruwan hoda, wanda aka rarraba ta Caroline Records. Fernandez ya bar Rakodin SMH a cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014. Rayuwar mutum Mahaifiyar Fernandez ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa ta hanjin ciki a watan Mayu 2013. Asarar ta sa Fernandez ya sake kimanta aikinta, kuma ya sa gaba a cikin kade-kade, kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta so,sabanin mahaifinta wanda ya yanke mata alawus na fewan shekaru saboda bai yarda da hanyar waƙarta ba Bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2015, Fernandez ya aika da sakonnin girmamawa da hotunan dangi a shafin ta na Instagram, wanda ke nuna mahaifinta tare da ita. Tare da mahaifinta ya mutu, Fernandez da mahaifiyarsa mahaifiya Halima, abokin mahaifinta na shida na dogon lokaci, sun shiga cikin mummunan rikici game da rabon gado. Halima ba ta dauki Fernandez a matsayin halattaccen magajin mahaifinta ba, yayin da Fernandez ya ce Halima ba ta taba auren mahaifinta ba. Fernandez ya rubuta cewa Halima ba ta kula da burin mahaifin a binne shi a Najeriya ba tare da jana'izar kasa, ta binne shi a maimakon Beljiyam inda ya mutu, da kuma shirya wani karamin hidimar jana'iza, wanda aka gudanar tare da maganganun batanci ga mahaifin Fernandez da ya mutu. Rikicin ya bazu cikin jabs na kan layi. Manazarta Haifaffun 1989 Rayayyun mutane Yarbawa Pages with unreviewed
52917	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid%20Al%20Rajhi	Yazid Al Rajhi	Yazeed Mohamed Al-Rajhi (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 a Riyadh) ɗan kasuwa ne na Saudiyya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mashahurine a fannin kasuwanci. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan ɗan kasuwa Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi, asalinsa ya koma yankin Al-Qassim (Al-Bukayriyah), kuma asalinsa ya dawo zuwa kabilar Bani Zaid. An kuma haife shi kuma ya girma a Riyadh. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana ƙarami lokacin da mahaifinsa ya nada shi a shekarar 1998 a matsayin mai lura da Ofishin Gidajen Kasuwanci kuma daga baya ya zama babban manajansa a duk fadin Masarautar a shekara ta 2004, bayan haka ya hau zuwa manyan mukamai da yawa har sai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan kasuwa. A lokaci guda, Yazeed direban Rally ne kuma zakaran gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIA sau biyu a shekarun 2021 da 2022. zakara sau biyu a gasar zakarun gida, gasar zakarar Saudi Toyota a shekarun 2019 da 2022. Yazeed yana fafatawa a Gasar Rally ta Duniya da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kasa tun 2007 kuma ya tsaya a ƙarshen 2018. Daga baya ya fara shiga cikin tarurruka na kasa da kasa, kuma karon farko a Dakar Rally ya kasance a shekarar 2015. A shekara ta 2007, Yazeed ya kafa ƙungiyar tseren kansa. An san shi da Al-Rajhi Racing Team kuma daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Yazeed Racing Team, inda ya fara gasar farko ba bisa ka'ida ba a gasar zakarun Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERC), 2007 Jordan Rally, don samun kwarewa don haka zai iya shiga gasar zakaruna daban-daban a nan gaba. Bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye na farko (matsayi na takwas) a Girka 2012 Acropolis Rally a kakar wasa ta 40 ta Gasar Rally ta Duniya (WRC). An ba shi suna Black Horse, Al Rajhi ya fara bugawa WRC a Rally Argentina ta shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008 tare da Subaru Impreza WRX STI oIn 2008 Jordan Rally -a matsayin sauran bayyanarsa ta WRC ta shekara. Ya koma matakin farko a shekara ta 2010, ya kammala na 13 gabaɗaya a Jordan Rally a cikin Peugeot 207 S2000 Ya kuma yi takara a Rally d'Italia Sardegna na wannan shekarar, zagaye na Intercontinental Rally Challenge, amma ya yi ritaya bayan ya rasa motar. A shekara ta 2011 ya yi takara a zagaye bakwai na WRC, amma ya yi ritaya daga shida daga cikinsu. Ya kuma taka rawar gani a gasar Tour de Corse ta shekarar 2011, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 14. Saudi ta lashe gasar Silk Way Rally a cikin shekarar 2018. A shekarar 2019 Al Rajhi ta lashe gasar zakarun Saudi Desert Rally Championship ta farko. Yazeed ya kasance a saman matsayi a Dakar 2020 tare da mafi kyawun kammalawa a matsayi na huɗu. Da yake motsawa zuwa sabuwar shekara, alamar wasan motsa jiki ta Saudiyya ta bar alamar tarihi a karo na biyu na Dakar Rally a Saudi Arabia bayan ta lashe matakai biyu a Dakar Ralli 2021 a cikin Toyota Hilux kuma ta zama Saudiyya da Larabawa na farko da suka ci nasara a gida a cikin aji kuma ƙaramin mai hamayya da ya lashe mataki daga Dakar a wannan shekarar. Yazeed Al Rajhi ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai 2021 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja] 2022 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja] 2019 [Saudi Toyota Championship] 2022 [Saudi Toyota Championship] Ayyukan kasuwanci Yazeed Al-Rajhi ya fara aikin kasuwanci tun yana ƙarami [1998 2000] Mahaifinsa, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi ne ya nada shi, a matsayin mai lura da ofishinsa na mallakar kansa (gidan sarauta) [2001- 2003] An nada shi a matsayin Darakta na Ofishin Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa (Roal Estate) [2004 2007] An nada shi a matsayin janar manajan dukkan ofisoshin Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi a duk fadin Masarautar [2006 2007] Janar Manajan Kamfanin Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi na Kasuwanci da Aikin Gona, ban da gudanar da kadarorin mahaifinsa. [2010 yanzu] Shugaba na Yazeed Al-Rajhi Brothers Holding Company Shugabannin Kwamitin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Mohammed Abdul Aziz Al-Rajhi Sons Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Yazeed Al-Rajhi Brothers Holding Company memba na kwamitin aiki Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Al-Rajhi Steel Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Abincin Duniya memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Ci Gaban Jazan Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Zuba Jari na Kamfanin Manafea memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kyaututtuka na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi memba na Janar Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Atomic Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki a Gwamnatin Al Bukayriyah Yazeed Al Rajhi Takardun sirri Saudiyya ta farko da Unicef ta zaba a 2008 a matsayin jakadan Goodwill a Saudi Arabia da Gulf, na shekara guda Saudiyya ta farko da aka nada a matsayin jakadan 'Donate Life' a shekarar 2009 A shekara ta 2009 ya sami taken 'Gentleman' daga masu karatun mujallu na Rotana' A shekara ta 2008 ya zo a matsayi na uku a gasar Mobily da Riyadiah 'Mafi Girma a Saudi Arabia' An ba shi lakabin jakada don yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Saudi Arabia Mafi kyawun mai fafatawa a zagaye na uku na Gasar Rally ta Duniya da ke faruwa a Jordon 2010 Manazarta Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizon hukuma Haifaffun 1981 Rayayyun
20644	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu%20Ladan	Shehu Ladan	Alhaji Shehu Ladan (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif 1952, zuwa 04/10/2011) ya kasance lauyane, dan Najeriya, mai ba da tallafi da kuma dabarun sarrafa mai da iskar gas daga Jihar Kaduna wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan zamantakewar tattalin arziki na jihar da Najeriya baki daya a bangarori daban-daban. Ya kasance tsohon Manajan Daraktan Rukunin Kamfanin NNPC a Kasar Najeriya. Tarihin rayuwa Rayuwar farko da ilimi Marigayi Ladan ya yi karatunsa na farko a makarantar Firamare ta Tudun Wada kafin ya zarce zuwa Kwalejin Sheikh Sabah (wacce a yanzu ake kira Kwalejin Tunawa da Sardauna) da ke Kaduna inda kuma ya samu takardar shedar kammala karatun ta ta WASC. Ya sami digiri na farko (LLB) da masters (LLM) a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya Har ila yau, tsohon dalibi ne na Harvard Business School, Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Dundee Ayyuka Bayan da aka kira zuwa ga mashaya, Ladan bauta wa asa hidima (wa kasa hidima) primary aiki a jihar Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Kano. Bayan NYSC, Ladan ya yi aiki a matsayin Lauya na Babban Bankin Tarayyar Mortgage na Najeriya. Daga baya ya kasance Sakataren Kamfanin Mai ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Shari'a na Hukumar Kula da Lantarki a Karkara (REB) da Mataimakin Darakta Majalisar Tarayya kan Taimakawa Shari'a ta Najeriya, Jos. An naɗa Ladan a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1987, a matsayin Kwamishinan Ilimi. A shekara ta alif 1989, an kuma naɗa shi Babban Atoni Janar da Kwamishinan Shari'a. A lokacin da yake kwamishinan ilimi, ya kafa kuma ya kafa kwalejin kimiyya ta Nuhu Bamalli Zariya (wacce a da take Kaduna State Polytechnic). Hakanan yana ɗaukar nauyin bincike da wallafe-wallafe da ɗalibai marasa ƙarfi daga kowane ɓangare na jihar zuwa cibiyar. Ladan ya koma masana'antar mai da gas a shekara ta alif 1990. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC), inda ya hau mukamin, Babban Manajan Rukunin Ma'aikata a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2006, an nada shi Mataimakin Manajan Darakta Shugaba na Kamfanin samar da iskar gas na kasa (NLNG) Ltd, wani kamfanin hadin gwiwa da ke da NNPC, Shell, Total da Agip a matsayin masu hannun jari. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2007, an nada shi Babban Daraktan Darakta (GED) Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na NNPC. Kuma a cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 2010 an nada shi Manajan Darakta na Rukunin bayan ɗan hutu daga masana'antar. Koyaya, kusan kwanaki arba'in daga baya aka sauke shi daga mukamin. Kyauta da girmamawa Majiɓinci, Associationungiyar Makarantar Fasaha ta Nationalasa (NAPS) Amirul Hajj na Jihar Kaduna (1990) Awardwararrun Awardwararrun bywararru ta Youthungiyar Matasan Arewa Memba, Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Jihar Kaduna Memba, Jami'ar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Akure Distwararren Servicewararren Servicewararren Shugabancin andasashen Nahiyar da Kyautar Kyauta, Youthungiyar Matasan Afirka Abokin Rayuwa, Majalisar Matasan Afirka Nationasar Afirka ta Gina Kyautar Zinare Dandalin Shugaban Kasa Kaduna Forumwararrun Servicewararrun Servicewararru ta byungiyar Matasan Arewa Kyautar Sabis ta dogon lokaci daga kamfanin NNPC Kyautar Kyauta ta NUPENG Aboki, Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya Fellow, Cibiyar Masana'antu da Gudanar da Haɗin Kai Memba, Cibiyar Daraktoci Memba, Chaungiyar rtwararrun Maɗaukaki Memba Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur Abokin girmamawa na Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria (tsohon Fasaha a Jihar Kaduna) Kyautar alakar zamantakewar 'yan sanda da rundunar' yan sandan jihar Kaduna ta bayar Kyautar girmamawa ta Lessungiyar Privananan ileananan forungiyoyi saboda gudummawar da ya bayar Memba na Masarautar Zazzau kan Cigaba Awardungiyar girmamawa ta matasa ta Zazzau Taken Gargajiya na CIGARIN (Mai nasara) Zazzau daga mai martaba Sarkin Zazzau Manazarta Haifaffun 1952 Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello Lauyoyi yan Najeriya Lauyoyin Najeriya a karni na 21st Lauyoyi Pages with unreviewed
19128	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ur%27aniyya	Ƙur'aniyya	Ƙur'aniyya al-Ƙur'āniyya, har ila yau "rubutun Alƙur'ani") ƙunshi ra'ayoyi cewa shari'ar Musulunci da jagora ya kamata su dogara ne kawai da Kur'ani, don haka gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na adawa da ikon addini, amintacce, da ko amincin littattafan hadisi Masu ilimin Kur'ani sun yi imani da cewa saƙon Allah a cikin Alƙur'ani bayyananne ne kuma cikakke ne yadda yake, saboda Alƙur'ani ya faɗi haka, don haka ana iya fahimtarsa ba tare da ambaton hadisin, wanda suka yi imanin ƙirƙirarsa akayi ba. A cikin sha'anin imani, da fikihu, da shari'a, masu karatun Kur'ani sun banbanta da ahl al-Hadith wato masu bin Hadisi, ta yadda wadanda suka gabata suna ganin Hadisi ban da Alqurani a matsayin ikon zartar da hukuncin Musulunci a cikin sha'anin shari'a da akida. Kowace mazhabar Musulunci da ke yada hadisi, tana da nata tsarin na hadisi wanda musulminsu suka dogara da shi, amma sauran mazhabobin hadisi suka ki amincewa da shi, yayin da Kur'ani suka ki amincewa da dukkanin hadisai daban-daban kuma ba su da nasu. Alƙur'ani yana kama da ƙungiyoyi a cikin sauran addinan Ibrahim kamar na Karaite a yahudanci da kuma tunanin Sola na addinin kirista na Furotesta. Asalin Kalma Mabiya Kur'ani da Musulunci ana kira a matsayin "Ƙur'aniyyun" wani lokacin kuma ana kiransu da Ƴan Ƙala Ƙato) amma kuma a matsayin "masu neman kawo canji" ko "Musulmai masu ci gaba" ta wasu nau'ikan musulmai, kodayake galibi suna musun waɗannan sunaye. Kada masu rikodin Qur'ani su rikice da Ahle-e-Quran ("Mutanen Alƙur'ani"), wanda ƙungiya ce da Abdullah Chakralawi ya kafa. Hakanan masu karatun Kur'ani suna iya kiran kansu kawai "Musulmai" ko "Masu sallamawa". Rukunan Masu ilimin Kur'ani sun yi imani da cewa Kur'ani shine tushen tushen dokar addini da jagoranci a cikin Islama kuma sun ƙi ikon tushen tushe a waje da Alƙur'ani kamar Hadisi da Sunna Kuma, suna ambaton ayoyin Alqur'ani kamar su 6:38, 45: 6 da 6: 112-116, sun yi imani da cewa Alqur'ani bayyananne ne, cikakke ne, kuma ana iya fahimtarsa sosai ba tare da komawa ga hadisi da sunna ba. Saboda haka, suna amfani da shi kansa Alqurani wajen fassara kur’ani: .Tsassun zahiri da cikakke game da rubutun ta mahangar zamani da amfani da tafsirin al-qur'an bi al-qur'an (bayanin Alkur'ani tare da Alkur'ani) da fikihu. qa'idar al-asl fi al-kalam al-haqiqah (babbar magana ce ta zahiri), ba tare da yin watsi da yadda Alkur'ani ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar mahanga na tarihi da al'ada ba. Wannan Hanyar tafsirin Alqur'ani ne daban-daban daga hanyar falala a kansu daga mafi Sunni da 'yan Shi'a, da aka sani da tafsirin bi-al-ma'thur (tafsirin Alqur'ani tare da ruwayoyin, watau, hadisi). Ya bambanta da masu ilimin Kur'ani, 'yan Sunni ba su yi imani da cewa Alƙur'anin yana da cikakken bayani ba. Sun yi imani da cewa, "Kur'ani yana buƙatar Sunna fiye da yadda Sunna ke buƙatar Alkur'ani inna l-Quran ahwaju ila l-sunna mina l-sunna ila l-Quran Wannan bambance-bambancen tafarkin ya haifar da saɓani sosai tsakanin masu ilimin Kur'ani da Sunna da Shi'a a cikin sha'anin ilimin addini da shari'a. Misali, a karnin da suka biyo bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, Musulmin da suka ƙi yarda da hadisai ba su yi imani da Naskh ba Kufa ya yarda da hadisi da masanin Kufan Dirar ibn Amr ya yi ne ya sa shi ƙin yarda da imani da Al-Masih ad-Dajjal, Uƙubar Kabari, da Shafa'ah a ƙarni na 8. Kuma da Masar masanin Muhammad Abu Zayd ta kin amincewa da hadisi tushen sharhin kai shi su da su kãfirta da imani da Isra da Mi'raj a farkon ƙarni na 20th. A cikin tafsirinsa na mai hankali wanda aka buga a 1930, Al-hidaya wa-l-'rfan fi tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Qur'an (Jagora da Umarni a Wajan Tafsirin Alkur'ani da Alkur'ani), wanda yana amfani da Alƙur'ani da kansa wajen fassara Alƙur'ani, ya yi iƙirarin cewa aya ta 17: 1 ishara ce ga Hegira ba Isra'i da Mi'raj ba. Syed Ahmad Khan ya bayar da hujjar cewa, yayin da Alkurani ya kasance yana da ma'amala da jama'a, dogaro da hadisi ya takaita damar da kur'ani ke da ita zuwa wani yanayin al'adu da tarihi. Matsayin da Kur'ani ke bijirewa ikon Hadisi da Sunna sun banbanta, amma kungiyoyin da suka fi karfi sun soki ikon Hadisin sosai kuma sun ki yarda da shi saboda dalilai da yawa. Mafi ra'ayin mutane shine kasancewar Kur'ani wadanda suke cewa ba a ambaci Hadisi a cikin Alqurani a matsayin tushen ilimin addinin Musulunci da aiki da shi, ba a rubuce shi a rubuce ba har sai karni ɗaya da mutuwar Muhammad, kuma suna dauke da kurakurai na ciki da saɓani. Ga Musulmin Sunni, sunnah watau sunnar (hanyar) annabi, ɗayan manyan hanyoyi biyu ne na shari'ar Musulunci, kuma yayin da Alƙur'ani ke da ayoyi yana umurtar Musulmi da yin biyayya ga Annabi, Kur'ani bai taɓa magana ba sunnah "dangane da Muhammadu ko wasu annabawa. Kalmar sunnah ta bayyana sau da yawa, gami da jumlar "sunnar Allah" (hanyar Allah), amma ba "sunnar al-nabi" ba (hanyar annabi) kalmar da masu bin hadisi suke amfani da ita. Tarihi Farkon Musulunci Ƙur'ani sun faɗi abubuwan da suka yi imani da su tun zamanin Muhammadu, wanda ya hana rubuta hadisai don hana hadisai su rikice da Alƙur'ani. Ɗaya daga cikin sahabban Muhammadu kuma magaji Umar, shi ma ya hana rubuta hadisi tare da rusa tarin abubuwan da ake da su a lokacin yana halifa A lokacin da Umar ya naɗa gwamna a Kufa, sai ya ce masa: "Za ku zo wurin mutanen wani gari wanda buɗa Alkur'ani a gare su kamar sautin ƙudan zuma ne. Saboda haka, kada ku shagaltar da su da Hadisai, kuma ta haka ne ku shiga su. Kuje Kur'ani ku bar labarin daga manzon Allah (tsira da aminci su tabbata a gare shi)! Matsakaicin Kur'ani a cikin rayuwar addini ta Kufanawa waɗanda Umar ya bayyana suna canzawa da sauri, duk da haka. A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata daga baya, wata wasiƙa da aka aika zuwa ga Ummayad kalifa Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan game da Kufans: "Su yi watsi da hukuncin da Ubangijinsu, kuma ya dauki rabuwa domin su addini, kuma suka yi da'awar cewa sun samu ilimi, wanin daga Alkur'ani. Sun yi imani da littafin da ba daga wurin Allah ba, wanda aka rubuta ta hannun mutane; sai suka jingina shi ga Manzon Allah. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, haramun da ake yi wa rubutu da bin hadisai ya koma baya har shugaban Ummayad Umar II ya ba da umarnin tattara Hadisi a hukumance. Abu Bakr bn Muhammad bin Hazm da Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, suna daga cikin waɗanda suka rubuta Hadisai bisa umarnin Umar na II. Duk da Trend zuwa hadisai, da tambayoyin da su dalĩli ci gaba a lokacin da Abbasiyawa daular da kuma wanzu a lokacin da Al-Shafi'i, a lokacin da wani rukuni da aka sani da "Ahlul-Kalam" jãyayya da cewa annabci misali na Muhammad "da aka samu a bin Alqurani shi kadai maimakon Hadisi. Daga baya, irin wannan rukuni, Ahl al-Tawḥīd wa l-dAdl, "mutanen tauhidi da adalci", waɗanda abokan hamayyarsu suka fi sani da Mu'tazilaiti, suma sun kalli watsa mafi yawan Hadisai a matsayin abin da bai isa abin dogaro ba. Mafi yawan Hadisan, a cewarsu, zato ne kawai, zato, kuma bidi'a ce, alhali littafin Allah cikakke ne kuma cikakke, kuma ba ya buƙatar Hadisin ya kara ko ya cika shi. Akwai manyan malamai da suka ki hadisi kamar Dirar bn Amr. Ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna The musu a cikin Hadisi Koyaya, canjin ya canza daga karnonin da suka gabata ta yadda za a ce Dirar da ashab al-hadisi sun buge ta kuma dole ta kasance cikin buya har zuwa mutuwarsa. Kamar Dirar ibn Amr, malamin nan Abu Bakr al-Asamm shima bashi da amfani sosai ga hadisai. A lokacin daular Abassid, mawaƙi, masanin tauhidi, kuma masanin shari’a, Ibrahim an-Nazzam ya ƙi ikon hadisi kamar yadda Abu Hurayra ya ruwaito. Shahararren dalibinsa, Al-Jahiz, ya kasance mai sukar wadanda suka bi irin wannan Hadisin, yana mai cewa su al-nabita ("abin raini"). Wani zamani na An-Nazzam, Al-Shafi'i, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙaryata hujjojin waɗanda suka ƙi waɗannan Hadisai kuma ya kafa ikonsu a cikin littafinsa Kitab Jima'a l-'Ilm Kuma Ibn Qutaybah yayi ƙoƙarin ƙaryata hujjojin An-Nazzam akan waɗannan Hadisan na Abu Hurayra a cikin littafinsa <i id="mwvQ">Ta'wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith</i> Ƙarni na 19th A Kudancin Asiya a cikin ƙarni na 19, ƙungiyar Ahle ta Kur'ani ta ƙirƙiro wani ɓangare don mayar da martani ga Ahle Hadith wanda suke ganin suna fifita Hadisi sosai. Da yawa daga mabiya Al-Qur'ani daga Asiya ta Kudu sun kasance masu bin Ahle Hadith a da amma sun ga ba za su iya karbar wasu hadisai ba. Abdullah Chakralawi, Khwaja Ahmad Din Amritsari, Chiragh Ali, da Aslam Jairajpuri suna daga cikin mutanen da suka gabatar da imanin Kur'ani a Indiya a lokacin. 20th karni A Misra a farkon karni na 20, ra'ayoyin masu ilimin Kur'ani irin su Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi ya tashi daga ra'ayoyin masu kawo canji na Muhammad Abduh, musamman kin amincewa da taklid da kuma fifita Alqurani. Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi na Misira "ya yi riko da cewa babu wani abu daga cikin Hadis da aka rubuta har sai bayan isasshen lokaci ya ba da damar kutsawa cikin al'adun wauta ko gurbatattun al'adu." Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi ya rubuta kasida mai taken Al-Islam Huwa ul-Qur'an Wahdahu ('Musulunci shi kadai ne Alkur'ani) wanda ya bayyana a mujallar Masar ta Al-Manar, wacce ke nuna cewa Kur'ani ya isa shiriya: "menene wajibine ga mutum baya wuce littafin Allah. Idan da wani abu banda Kur'ani ya zama dole ga addini, "Sidqi ya lura," da annabi ya yi umurni da a yi rajistarsa a rubuce, kuma da Allah ya tabbatar da kiyaye shi Kamar wasu takwarorinsu na Misira kamar su Muhammad Abu Zayd da Ahmed Subhy Mansour, wasu daga cikin masana masu kawo sauyi a Iran wadanda suka dauki akidun Kur'ani sun fito ne daga manyan makarantun gargajiya. Shaykh Hadi Najmabadi, Mirza Rida Quli Shari'at-Sanglaji, Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani, da Ayatollah Borqei sun yi karatu a jami'o'in Shi'a na gargajiya a Najaf da Qom Koyaya, sun yi imani da cewa wasu imani da ayyukan da aka koyar a waɗannan jami'o'in, kamar girmama Imamzadeh da imani da Raj'a, ba su da ma'ana kuma camfi ne kuma ba su da asali a cikin Alqurani. Kuma maimakon su fassara Alqurani ta hanyar tabarau na hadisi, sai suka fassara Kur'ani da Alqurani tafsir al-qur'an bi al-qur'an Wadtannan imani na kawo canji sun haifar da suka daga malaman shia na gargajiya kamar Ayatollah Khomeini, wanda ya yi kokarin karyata sukar da Sanglaji da sauran masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi suka yi a cikin littafinsa Kashf al-Asrar Hakanan akida-ta imani ta yada tsakanin musulmai marasa karfi kamar Ba'amurken Ba'amurken, Ali Behzadnia, wanda ya zama Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya da Jin Dadi kuma muƙaddashin Ministan Ilimi jim kadan bayan Juyin Juya Halin Iran Ya soki gwamnati a Iran da cewa ba ta bin tsarin demokradiyya kuma ba ta sabawa "Musulunci na Alkur'ani". Zamanin zamani A cikin ƙarni na 21, akidun Alkur'ani sun yadu a kasashe daban-daban. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda suka haɗa wasu fannoni na dokar Sunni, mabiya sun gamu da adawa. Misali, wani malamin masarautar Saudiyya, Hassan Farhan al-Maliki, an kame shi sau da yawa saboda karfafa kawo sauyi a siyasance da kuma komawa zuwa ga Kur'ani. Saudi Arabiya ta fara gurfanar da mai binciken a gaban Kotun Musamman ta Laifuka a Riyadh, wacce aka kafa ta musamman a watan Janairun 2009 don kula da shari'o'in "ta'addanci da tsaron kasa." A shekarar 2019, masu gabatar da ƙara, waɗanda ke da alaka kai tsaye da sarkin na Saudiyya, sun gabatar da zarge-zarge kusan gaba ɗaya da suka shafi ra'ayoyin Maliki kuma ya bukaci kotun ta yanke masa hukunci bisa "fassarar tsattsauran ra'ayi" game da Islama. Sauran masanan Saudiyya, kamar Abdul Rahman al-Ahdal, suna ci gaba da ba da fatawa kan watsi da hadisi da komawa zuwa ga Alqurani. Kuma a Misira da Sudan, an kame masu bin kur’ani saboda imaninsu. Marigayi masanin Siriya Muhammad Shahrur, ya yi iƙirarin cewa hadisai ba su da wata fa'ida ta addini kuma ya kamata Alƙur'ani ya zama musulmai madogara. Yaɗuwar imanin Al-Qur'ani a Rasha ya jawo fushin kafuwar ahlussunna. Majalisar Muftis ta Rasha ta bayar da fatawa kan Al-Kur'ani da waɗanda ta ce shugabanninsu ne a Rasha. Koyaya, daya daga cikin da'awayan jagororin Kur'ani da aka ambata a cikin fatawar, masanin Falsafa dan katsar Rasha Taufik Ibragim, ya nuna cewa imaninsa sun fi dacewa da al'adar Jadid, kodayake akwai dan wani abu tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu a Rasha. A Turkiyya, masu karatun kur'ani sun mayar da martani a kan kafofin sada zumunta kan sukar da Diyanet ta yi a kan imaninsu na Kur'ani. A Afirka ta Kudu, wani malamin Islamiyya mai ilimin Oxford, Taj Hargey, ya kafa Buɗaɗɗen Masallaci. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, Hargey ya yi niyya ga masallacin ya kasance a bude ga al'adun jama'a wanda al'adar gargajiya da masallatan Sunni da Shi'a suke gujewa, kamar mata. Hargey ya bayyana ka'idojin masallacin da cewa, "mai kula da alkur'ani, daidaiton jinsi, ba mazhaba, mai al'adu da kuma mai zaman kansa". Fitattun ƙungiyoyi Ahle Qur'ani Ahle Quran ƙungiya ce da Abdullah Chakralawi ya kafa, wanda ya bayyana Alqurani a matsayin "ahsan Hadith", ma'ana mafi ingancin hadisi kuma saboda haka yayi da'awar cewa baya bukatar kari. Yunkurinsa ya dogara ne kacokam kan surori da ayoyin Alqurani. Matsayin Chakralawi shi ne cewa Kur'ani kansa shi ne mafi kyawun tushen al'adar kuma ana iya bin sa ta musamman. A cewar Chakralawi, Muhammadu zai iya karbar nau'i daya ne na wahayi wahy kuma shi ne Kur'ani. Yayi jayayya cewa Al-Qur'ani shine kawai rikodin hikimar Allah, shine kawai tushen koyarwar Muhammadu, kuma yana fifita dukkanin hadisin, wanda yazo daga baya. Izgi Amal Wannan ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani a Kazakhstan wacce za a iya fassara sunan ta Cyrillic, zuwa rubutun Latin a matsayin İzgi amal Tana da membobi kimanin 70 zuwa 80. Shugabanta, Aslbek Musin, ɗa ne ga tsohon Shugaban Majalisar, Aslan Musin Ƙala ato Kala Kato ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani wacce mabiyanta ke zaune galibi arewacin Nijeriya, tare da wasu mabiyan da ke zaune a Nijar. Ƙala Ƙato na nufin “mutum ya ce” a cikin harshen Hausa, dangane da maganganu, ko hadisai, waɗanda aka jingina su ga Muhammadu. Kala Kato ya yarda da Alqurani ne kawai a matsayin mai iko kuma ya yi imani da cewa duk abin da ba Kala Allah ba, wanda ke nufin abin da "Allah ya ce" a harshen Hausa, shi ne Kala Kato. Quranungiyar Alƙur'ani ta Malesiya Kassim Ahmad ne ya kafa kungiyar Alkur'ani ta Malesiya. Yunkurin yana rikye da muƙamai da yawa da suka banbanta shi daga Sunni da Shi'a kamar kin matsayin mata a matsayin kasancewar surar surah; saboda haka nuna annashuwa a kan kiyaye hijabi, wanda a cewar Kur'ani ba ya cikin Al-Kur'ani. Al-Qur'ani mai kula da sunnati Ƙungiyar Sunnati ta Kur'ani ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani a Indiya. Wannan ƙungiyar ta kasance a bayan mace ta farko da ta jagoranci addu'o'in tarawar jinsi a Indiya. Yana kula da ofishi da hedkwata a cikin Kerala. Akwai gungun jama'a masu yawa na Kur'ani a cikin Kerala. Daya daga cikin shugabanninta, Jamida Beevi, ya kuma yi magana a kan dokar talaq sau uku ta Indiya wacce galibi ta dogara ne da Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokar Musulmai ta Musamman (Shariat) ta Sunni, 1937. Shahararren magabaci ga theungiyar natan Sunni a Indiya ya kasance daga ra'ayoyin da Ahmed Khan ya gabatar a ƙarni na 19. Masu sallamawa Masu gabatarwa ƙungiya ce da Ba'amurke- Rashad Khalifa ya fara a Amurka. Wannan tafiyar ta yada kalmar: Alqurani, da dukkan Alqur'ani, kuma ba komai bane face Alqur'ani. Sun yi imani da cewa Al-Qur'ani yana da tsarin lissafi dangane da lamba goma sha tara. Wasu sun ƙi amincewa da waɗannan imani kuma, a cikin 1990, wani wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Sunni Jamaat ul-Fuqra ya kashe Khalifa. Daga cikin waɗanda ra'ayin Khalifa ya yi tasiri a kansu sun hada da Edip Yuksel, Ahmad Rashad, da Alkalin Babbar Kotun Najeriya, Isa Othman. Tolu-e-Islam Ghulam Ahmed Pervez ne ya fara yunƙurin. Ghulam Ahmed Pervez bai ki dukkan hadisan ba; sai dai kawai ya yarda da hadisai wadanda "sun dace da Al-Qur'ani ko kuma ba sa tozarta halayen Annabi ko sahabbansa Organizationungiyar ta wallafa da rarraba littattafai, ƙasidu, da rikodin koyarwar Pervez. Tolu-e-Islam ba ya cikin wata jam’iyyar siyasa, haka kuma ba ta wata kungiyar addini ko mazhaba Süleymaniye Vakfı Abdülaziz Bayındır, farfesa a fannin ilimin tauhidi na kasar Turkiyya ne ya fara yunƙurin. Kungiyar ta fito fili ta kalubalanci Daraktan Harkokin Addini na Turkiyya (Diyanet) Suna rike da mukamai daban daban da Ahlul Sunni na Turkawa, kamar yadda suke kin kusan dukkanin hadisai, suna masu cewa ba sa inganta, kuma basu da ikon addini. Bayanin kungiyar ya karanta "Dangane da karairayin al'ada, za mu ci gaba da bayar da fatawa ta hanyar amfani da Alqurani kawai". Fitattun Alqurani Caner Taslaman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), masanin ilimin Baturke, masanin Alƙur'ani kuma marubuci wanda aka san shi da ayyukansa a kan The Big Bang theory da tsarin kimiyya na Alƙur'ani. Kassim Ahmad (1933–2017) wani malamin Malaysia, marubuci, mawaƙi kuma malami wanda aka san shi da ƙin yarda da ikon hadisi. Shine ya assasa kungiyar Qur'ani ta Malesiya. An kama shi saboda "yana da ra'ayin gurguzu" a cikin 1976 kuma an sake shi a 1981. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana aiki da fassarar Malay na Alqurani. Gamal al-Banna (1920–2013) marubucin Misira ne, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago. Shi ne kane ga Hassan al-Banna, wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi Mustafa İslamoğlu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin ilimin tauhidi ɗan Turkawa, mawaƙi, marubuci. An soki shi a Turkiyya kuma an yi masa barazanar kisa saboda ra'ayinsa wanda ya inganta al'adun da ke sama da al'ada da kuma musun ikon wani hadisi, wanda ya ga an ƙirƙira shi. Rashad Khalifa (1935–1990), wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke masanin ilmin kimiyyar halittu kuma mai gyara addinin Islama. A cikin littafinsa Alqur'ani, Hadisi da Musulunci da kuma fassarar Alqur'ani da Ingilishi, Khalifa ya yi hujja da cewa Alqurani shi kaɗai ne tushen imani da aiki da addinin Islama. 'Yan gargajiya sun kashe shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1990. Hassan al-Maliki (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan ƙasar Saudi Arabiya marubuci, mai bincike, masanin tarihin Islama da malamin addinin Islama wanda masarautar Saudiyya ta gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu saboda abin da suke ikirarin ra'ayinsa ne na addinin Musulunci. An bayyana ra'ayoyin Al-Maliki a matsayin na Kur'ani, matsakaici, mai haƙuri, kuma mai adawa da akidar ta fi karfi da takifanci. Irshad Manji (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) malamin Kanada ne kuma marubuci. Ahmed Subhy Mansour (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), wani malamin addinin Musulunci Ba’amurke Ba’amurke. Ya kafa wata karamar kungiyar masu karatun kur'ani, amma an kore shi daga Masar kuma yanzu yana zaune a Amurka a matsayin dan gudun hijirar siyasa. Chekannur Maulavi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936; ya ɓace ran 29 ga Yuli 1993), wani malamin addinin Islama mai ci gaba wanda ya rayu a Edappal a gundumar Malappuram na Kerala, Indiya. An san shi da fassarar da ba ta dace ba game da Musulunci wanda ya dogara da Kur'ani kawai. Ya ɓace a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1993 a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki kuma yanzu ana jin ya mutu. Yaşar Nuri Öztürk (1951-2016), malamin jami’ar Turkiyya malamin addinin Musulunci, lauya, marubuci kuma tsohon memba a majalisar dokokin Turkiyya Ya gabatar da taruka da yawa game da tunanin Musulunci, 'yan adamtaka da' yancin ɗan adam a Turkiyya, Amurka, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Balkans. A cikin 1999 mambobin wata kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ake kira Great Eastern Islamic Raiders 'Front (wacce ake kira İBDA-C a harshen Turkawa), sun yi ikirarin cewa sun shirya wani yunkurin kisan kai da bai taba faruwa ba. Öztürk ya mutu a cikin 2016, saboda ciwon kansa na ciki. Ahmad Rashad (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), ɗan wasan motsa jiki na Amurka (galibi yana tare da NBC Sports kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ahmad Rashad ya karanci harshen larabci da Alqur'ani tare da malaminsa, marigayi Rashad Khalifa. Mohamed Talbi (1921–2017), masanin tarihin Tunusiya kuma farfesa. Shine ya kirikiro ƙungiyar "International Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques" (AIMC), ko kuma ƙungiyar musulman kur'ani ta duniya. Edip Yüksel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke falsafa, lauya, mai ba da fatawa game da Kur'ani, marubuci na Takwas: Sa hannun Allah a cikin Yanayi da Littattafai, Manifesto for Reform Islamic da kuma marubucin marubucin Alƙur'ani: A Reformist Translation Ya koyar da falsafa da dabaru a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Pima da koyar da da'a da likitanci da kwasa-kwasan dokokin aikata laifi a Kwalejin Brown Mackie Kara karantawa Aisha Y. Musa, Hadisi a matsayin Nassi: Tattaunawa akan Ikon Hadisan Annabta a Musulunci, New York: Palgrave, 2008. ISBN 0-230-60535-4 Ali Usman Qasmi, Tambaya ga Ikon da Ya gabata: Matsayin Ahl al-Kur'ani a cikin Punjab, Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford, 2012. ISBN 0-195-47348-5 Daniel Brown, Tarihin Tunawa da Tunani a Tunanin Islama na Zamani, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, 1996. ISBN 0-521-65394-0 Addini Musulunci Musulmai Pages with unreviewed
11203	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Omeruo	Kenneth Omeruo	Kenneth Josiah Omeruo (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba shekarar ta alif 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Leganés a cikin Segunda División da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Omeruo ya sanya hannu a Chelsea daga Standard Liège a cikin watan Janairu, shekarar 2012 kuma a kan sanya hannu ya tafi a kan aro zuwa Dutch saman-jirgin ADO Den Haag. Sai kawai 19, ya burge sosai a Eredivisie don samun kira zuwa tawagar Najeriya. A yanzu dai Omeruo ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyoyi da aka yi a Brazil a shekarar 2013. Omeruo ya tabbatar da samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka inda ta zama gasa mai ban mamaki ga Super Eagles kuma ta samu nasara a gasar. A shekarar 2019 ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika da kasar Guinea,Ya kasance muhimmin bangare na tawagar Super Eagles da ta lashe lambar tagulla a shekarar 2019. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Omeruo ya yi wasa a Sunshine Stars da Anderlecht a matsayin mai gwadawa kafin ya sanya hannu daga makarantar Anderlecht ta Standard Liège. Chelsea A cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta 2012, Chelsea ta sanya hannu kan Omeruo daga Liège kuma nan da nan ta ba da shi rancensa zuwa kulob din Eredivisie ADO Den Haag. A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2014 Najeriya Omeruo mai daure a gasar cin kofin duniya ya amince da sabon kwantiragin shekaru uku da Chelsea. Lamuni zuwa ADO Den Haag Omeruo ya koma ADO Den Haag a matsayin aro na watanni 18 wanda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013. A ranar 3 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya fara buga wa ADO Den Haag wasa da SC Heerenveen wanda ya kare da ci 0-0. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2012, a wasan da suka buga da FC Groningen Omeruo ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar ADO Den Haag. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 2012, Omeruo ya zura kwallo a ragar VVV-Venlo a minti na 19. Shi ne dan wasa daya tilo da ya taba zura kwallo a raga a gasar ta Holland sannan kuma ya samu jan kati a wasa daya. Lamuni zuwa Middlesbrough A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya koma Middlesbrough a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2013 zuwa 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2014, Omeruo ya fara bugawa Middlesbrough a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Doncaster Rovers. A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2014, an kori Omeruo a minti na 82 bayan ya dauko rawaya ta biyu. Ko da yake Boro ya gama wasan da 9-maza (An kuma kori Ben Gibson a karshen wasan), har yanzu sun sami nasarar cin nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Birmingham City. Ya koma Middlesbrough don kakar a shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2015, ya fara bayyanarsa da Birmingham a ci 2-0. Lamuni zuwa Kasımpaşa A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya shiga Kasımpaşa akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci tare da zaɓi don siyan ɗan wasan a ƙarshen sihiri. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2015, Omeruo ya fara buga wa Kasımpaşa wasa a karawar da suka yi da Gaziantepspor, wasan ya kare da ci 3-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa. Bayan kwanaki biyar, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gida da İstanbul Başakşehir FK inda aka tashi da ci 1-0 a hannun Kasımpaşa. Omeruo ya yi sama da kasa, yana fama da raunuka biyu, amma ya fara duk lokacin da ya samu lafiya. Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar rancen tana da zabin siya, Kasımpaşa ya yanke shawarar bayar da zabin ne saboda rashin kudi, wanda hakan ya sa Omeruo ya koma Chelsea domin tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana. Lamu zuwa ga Alanyaspor A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin na shekara guda har zuwa shekara ta 2019, kafin ya sake barin aro. Ya koma Alanyaspor ne a matsayin aro na tsawon kaka. An ba shi lamba 44. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2016, Omeruo ya fara buga wasansa na farko a 0-0 da Gençlerbirliği. A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, Omeruo ya ci wa Alanyaspor kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Adanaspor da ci 4-1 a gida, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a minti na 37. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2017, Omeruo ya ce mai yiwuwa ya bar Chelsea don buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yau da kullun. Komawa Kasımpaşa A ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2017, bayan sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a Chelsea, Omeruo ya koma Kasımpaşa a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Leganes A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Omeruo ya shiga CD Leganés akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2018 ya bayyana cewa yana jin daɗin yin wasa a Spain, kuma a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2019 ya ce yana son shiga Leganés na dindindin. A ranar 13 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2019, Omeruo ya koma Leganés, a wannan karon kan yarjejeniyar dindindin, wanda ya kawo karshen zamansa na shekara bakwai a Chelsea. Ayyukan kasa Omeruo ya buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta Najeriya wasa da ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekara ta 2011 a Colombia. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, a shekara ta 2013, yana da shekaru 19 ya taka leda a babban kungiyar a karon farko a wasan da Cape Verde ba ta yi nasara ba. Daga nan ya ci gaba da buga dukkan wasannin da Najeriya ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2013 inda Najeriya ta ci gaba da lashe gasar a karo na uku. A waccan shekarar aka zabe shi a tawagar Najeriya a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar 2013 kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni uku da Najeriya ta zo ta uku a rukuninta. Omeuro ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasan karshe na Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2014 kuma ya fara ne a dukkan wasanni hudu da Najeriya ta yi a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu kuma Faransa ta fitar da ita a zagaye na 16. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekara ta 2016, amma bai shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 na karshe ba. A watan Mayun a shekara ta 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a Rasha. Salon wasa An siffanta Omeruo a matsayin "dogo, mai tsayi amma mai karfi na tsakiya" da "matashi mai kanshi kuma mai kishin kasa". Rayuwa ta sirri Kanensa Lucky Omeruo shima dan wasan kwallon kafa ne, wanda a halin yanzu yake bugawa CD Leganés B. a matsayin dan wasan gaba da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 Omeruo da matarsa Chioma sun tarbi yaronsu na farko a Landan, wata yarinya mai suna Chairein. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Manufar kasa da kasa Girmamawa Najeriya Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2013 Gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika a matsayi na uku: 2019 Manazarta 1. a b "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia List of Players" (PDF). FIFA.com Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018. 2. "News C.D. Leganés Web Oficial" 3. Eredivisie. "Kenneth Omeruo, ADO Den Haag" Eredivisielive.nl. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 4. "Kenneth Omeruo" Worldfootball.net. 17 October 1993. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 5. a b "Is Nigeria's Kenneth Omeruo Chelsea's best kept secret?" BBC Sport. 4 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014. 6. "Nigeria vs Guinea: Kenneth Omeruo Voted Man Of The Match" For latest Sports news in Nigeria World 26 June 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 7. "AFCON 2019: Nigeria beat Tunisia, win bronze" Punch Newspapers 17 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 8. a b "Meet Kenneth Omeruo, the best Chelsea player you've never heard of" FourFourTwo. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2014. 9. "Chelsea linked with move for Standard defender Kenneth Omeruo" ESPN Soccernet. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. 10. "Chelsea Sign Nigerian Youngster Kenneth Omeruo" Goal.com. 8 January 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2012. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kenneth Omeruo at BDFutbol 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
28538	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20daji%20na%20fata	Ciwon daji na fata	Ciwon daji na fata ciwon daji ne da ke tasowa daga fata. Suna faruwa ne saboda hadakar kwayoyin da ba su da kyau wadanda ke da ikon mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Akwai manyan nau'ikan cututtukan fata guda uku: basal-cell skin cancer (BCC), squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) da melanoma. Biyu na farko, tare da adadin cututtukan daji na fata da ba su da yawa, ana san su da cutar kansar fata mara-melanoma (NMSC). Ciwon daji na Basal-cell yana girma sannu a hankali kuma yana iya lalata nama da ke kewaye da shi amma da wuya ya yadu zuwa wurare masu nisa ko kuma ya haifar da mutuwa. Sau da yawa yana bayyana azaman yanki mai tasowa mara zafi wanda kila yana sheki tare da ƙananan magudanan jini suna yawo a kai ko kuma yana iya kasancewa a matsayin wuri mai tasowa tare da miki. Ciwon daji na fata na squamous-cell yana iya yaduwa. Yawancin lokaci yana gabatar da kututture mai wuya tare da kwanbolin saman amma kuma yana iya haifar da miki. Melanomas sune mafi yawan tashin hankali. Alamun sun haɗa da mole wanda ya canza girma, siffa, launi, yana da gefuna marasa daidaituwa, yana da launi fiye da ɗaya, mai ƙaiƙayi ko zubar jini. Fiye da kashi 90% na lokuta suna faruwa ne ta hanyar fallasa hasken ultraviolet daga Rana. Wannan bayyanar yana ƙara haɗarin duk nau'ikan kansar fata guda uku. Fitarwa ya karu, wani bangare saboda siraran siraren ozone. Tanning gadaje wani abu ne na yau da kullun na hasken ultraviolet. Ga melanoma da ciwon daji na basal-cell, fallasa lokacin ƙuruciya yana da illa musamman. Don ciwon daji na fata na squamous-cell, jimlar bayyanar, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin da ya faru ba, ya fi mahimmanci. Tsakanin kashi 20 zuwa 30% na melanoma na tasowa daga moles. Mutanen da ke da launin fata suna cikin haɗari mafi girma kamar wadanda ke da karancin aikin rigakafi kamar daga magunguna ko HIV/AIDS. Ana gano cutar ta hanyar biopsy. Rage bayyanar da hasken ultraviolet da kuma yin amfani da hasken rana ya bayyana a matsayin hanyoyi masu tasiri na hana cutar sankarau da squamous-cell fata. Ba a bayyana ba idan allon rana yana shafar hadarin cutar kansar basal-cell. Nonmelanoma kansar fata yawanci ana iya warkewa. Magani gabaɗaya ta hanyar cirewa ne amma yana iya, ƙasa da haka, ya haɗa da maganin radiation ko magunguna kamar fluorouracil. Maganin melanoma na iya haɗawa da wasu hadin tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far da niyya far. A cikin wadancan mutanen da cutar ta yaɗu zuwa wasu sassan jiki, ana iya amfani da kulawar jin dadi don inganta ingancin rayuwa. Melanoma yana daya daga cikin mafi girman adadin rayuwa a tsakanin masu cutar kansa, tare da sama da kashi 86% na mutane a Burtaniya kuma sama da kashi 90% a Amurka suna rayuwa sama da shekaru 5. Ciwon daji na fata shine nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani, a duniya yana da akalla kashi 40% na masu cutar kansa. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na fata wanda ba na melanoma ba ne, wanda ke faruwa a akalla mutane miliyan 2-3 a kowace shekara. Wannan kididdigewa ce, duk da haka, saboda ba a kiyaye kididdiga masu kyau. Daga cikin cututtukan da ba na melanoma ba, kusan kashi 80% na ciwon daji ne na basal-cell da kashi 20% na ciwon daji na fata. Basal-cell da squamous-cell fata ciwon daji da wuya ya haifar da mutuwa. A Amurka, su ne sanadin kasa da 0.1% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji. A duniya a cikin 2012, melanoma ya faru a cikin mutane 232,000 kuma ya haifar da mutuwar 55,000. Fararen fata a Ostiraliya, New Zealand da Afirka ta Kudu suna da mafi girman adadin cutar melanoma a duniya. Manyan nau'ikan ciwon daji guda uku na fata sun zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru 20 zuwa 40 da suka gabata, musamman a wuraren da galibin fararen fata ne. Rabewa Akwai manyan nau'o'in ciwon daji guda uku: ciwon daji na basal-cell (basal-cell carcinoma) (BCC), squamous-cell cancer skin (squamous-cell carcinoma) (SCC) da kuma m melanoma Basal-cell carcinomas sun fi kasancewa a wuraren da rana ta fallasa fata, musamman fuska. Ba kasafai suke yin metastases ba kuma da wuya su haifar da mutuwa. Ana samun saukin magance su da tiyata ko radiation. Ciwon daji na fata na squamous-cell su ma suna da yawa, amma ba su da yawa fiye da ciwon daji na basal-cell. Suna metastasize akai-akai fiye da BCCs. Ko da a lokacin, kimar metastasis ya yi ƙasa kadan, ban da SCC na lebe, kunne, da kuma a cikin mutanen da ke da rigakafi. Melanoma sune mafi kankanta a cikin cututtukan daji na fata guda uku. Suna yawan yin metastasize, kuma suna iya haifar da mutuwa da zarar sun bazu. Ƙananan ciwon daji na fata sun haɗa da: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Merkel cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, keratoacanthoma, spindle cell ciwace-ciwacen daji, sebaceous carcinomas, microcystic adnexal carcinoma, Paget ta cutar nono, atypical fibroomsarthoma BCC da SCC sau da yawa suna ɗaukar maye gurbin UV-sa hannu wanda ke nuna cewa radiation UVB ke haifar da waɗannan cututtuka ta hanyar lalata DNA kai tsaye. Koyaya, melanoma mai cutarwa galibi yana haifar da ita ta UVA radiation ta hanyar lalata DNA kai tsaye. Lalacewar DNA ta kaikaice tana faruwa ne ta hanyar radicals kyauta da nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa. Bincike ya nuna cewa shigar da sinadaran kariya daga rana guda uku a cikin fata, hade tare da daukan minti 60 ga UV, yana haifar da karuwar masu cutarwa a cikin fata, idan an yi amfani da su da yawa kuma ba safai ba. Sai dai kuma masu binciken sun kara da cewa sabbin mayukan man shafawa sau da yawa ba sa dauke da wadannan sinadarai na musamman, kuma hadewar wasu sinadarai na kokarin rike sinadarin da ke saman fata. Har ila yau, sun kara da cewa maimaita aikace-aikace akai-akai yana rage haɗarin samuwar tsattsauran ra'ayi. Alamomi da alamomi Akwai nau'ikan alamun cutar kansar fata iri-iri. Wadannan sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin fata da ba ta warkewa, kumburi a cikin fata, fata mai launin fata, da canje-canje a cikin moles da ke wanzu, irin su gefuna masu jakunkuna zuwa tawadar Allah, ƙara girman tawadar, canza launi, yadda yake ji ko kuma idan ya zubar da jini. Sauran alamun ciwon daji na fata na iya zama rauni mai raɗaɗi wanda ke ƙaiƙayi ko konewa da babban tabo mai launin ruwan kasa tare da ɗigon ɗigon duhu. Basal-cell fata ciwon daji Ciwon daji na fata na Basal-cell (BCC) yawanci yana gabatarwa azaman tashe, santsi, kumburin lu'u-lu'u akan fatar kai, wuyan rana, gaɓar jiki ko kafadu Wasu lokuta ana iya ganin ƙananan tasoshin jini (wanda ake kira telangiectasia a cikin ƙwayar cuta. Kumburi da zub da jini a tsakiyar ƙwayar cuta na tasowa akai-akai. Yawancin lokaci ana kuskure don ciwon da ba ya warkewa. Wannan nau'i na ciwon daji na fata shine mafi ƙarancin kisa, kuma tare da ingantaccen magani ana iya kawar da shi, sau da yawa ba tare da tabo mai mahimmanci ba. Squamous-cell kansar fata Squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC) yawanci ja ne, mai kisa, mai kauri akan fatar da ta fito rana. Wasu suna da tsayayyen nodules da dome mai siffa kamar keratoacanthomas Ciwon ciki da zubar jini na iya faruwa. Lokacin da ba a kula da SCC ba, yana iya haɓaka zuwa babban taro. Squamous-cell shine na biyu mafi yawan cutar kansar fata. Yana da haɗari, amma ba kusan haɗari kamar melanoma ba. Melanoma Yawancin melanoma sun kunshi launuka daban-daban daga inuwar launin ruwan kasa zuwa baki. Kananan adadin melanoma sune ruwan hoda, ja ko nama a cikin launi; waɗannan ana kiran su amelanotic melanoma kuma sun fi zama m. Alamomin faɗakarwa na cutar sankarau sun haɗa da canjin girma, siffa, launi ko tsayin tawadar Allah. Sauran alamomin su ne bayyanar sabon tawadar Allah a lokacin girma ko ciwo, ƙaiƙayi, ciwon ciki, ja a kusa da wurin, ko zubar jini a wurin. Wani mnemonic da ake amfani da shi sau da yawa shine "ABCDE", inda A yake don "asymmetrical", B don "iyakoki" (wanda ba daidai ba: "Coast of Maine sign"), C don "launi" (mai bambanta), D don "diamita" (mafi girma). fiye 6 mm girman fensir mai gogewa) da E don "ci gaba." Sauran Merkel cell carcinomas galibi suna girma cikin sauri, jajaye marasa laushi, shudi ko launin fata wadanda ba su da zafi ko ƙaiƙayi. Ana iya kuskuren su da cyst ko wani nau'in ciwon daji. Dalilai Hasken ultraviolet daga fitowar rana shine farkon yanayin muhalli na cutar kansar fata. Wannan na iya faruwa a cikin sana'o'i kamar noma. Sauran abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke taka rawa sun haɗa da: Launin fata mai haske Shekaru Shan taba Kwayoyin cutar HPV suna ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar fata mai squamous-cell. Wasu cututtuka na kwayoyin halitta ciki har da ciwon melanocytic nevi na haihuwa wanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar nevi (alamomin haifuwa ko moles) masu girma dabam waɗanda suke ko dai a lokacin haihuwa, ko bayyana a cikin watanni 6 na haihuwa. Nevi ya fi girma fiye da 20 mm (3/4") a girman suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don zama masu ciwon daji. Raunin da ba sa warkarwa na yau da kullun. Wadannan ana kiran su Marjolin's ulcers bisa ga kamannin su, kuma suna iya tasowa zuwa ciwon daji na fata mai squamous-cell. Ionizing radiation kamar X-ray, muhalli carcinogens, da wucin gadi UV radiation (misali tanning gadaje An yi imanin cewa gadaje masu tanning sune sanadin dubban daruruwan basal da squamous-cell cancer fata. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a yanzu ta sanya mutanen da ke amfani da gadajen fata na wucin gadi a cikin mafi girman hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar fata. Shaye-shaye, musamman yawan shan giya yana kara haɗarin kunar rana. Yin amfani da magungunan rigakafi da yawa yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na fata. Cyclosporin A, mai hana calcineurin misali yana ƙara haɗarin kusan sau 200, da azathioprine kusan sau 60. Bayyanar fata da gangan ba ta saba fitowa ga hasken rana yayin wasu halaye na lafiya kamar sunning perineum Pathophysiology Mummunan ciwon ƙwayar cuta wanda da farko ya samo asali ne a cikin epidermis, a cikin mucosa na squamous ko kuma a cikin wuraren da ke cikin squamous metaplasia ana kiransa carcinoma squamous-cell. Macroscopically, ciwon daji yana tasowa sau da yawa, fungating, ko kuma yana iya zama ulcerated tare da iyakokin da ba daidai ba. Ta hanyar hangen nesa, ƙwayoyin ƙari suna lalata membrane na ginshiƙi kuma su samar da zanen gado ko ɗimbin ɗimbin jama'a waɗanda ke mamaye ƙwayar haɗin gwiwa (dermis). A cikin bambance-bambancen carcinomas, ƙwayoyin tumor suna da nau'i-nau'i, amma suna kama da keratinocytes na al'ada daga prickle Layer (manyan, polygonal, tare da yalwar eosinophilic (ruwan hoda) cytoplasm da tsakiya tsakiya). Zubar da su ya yi kama da na epidermis na al'ada: ƙwayoyin da ba su da girma basal a gefe, suna zama mafi girma zuwa tsakiyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Kwayoyin Tumor suna canzawa zuwa keratinized squamous sel kuma suna samar da nodules zagaye tare da concentric, laminated layers, wanda ake kira "nests cell" ko "epithelial keratinous pearls". An rage stroma da ke kewaye da shi kuma ya ƙunshi infiltrate mai kumburi (lymphocytes). Mara kyau bambance-bambancen squamous carcinomas sun ƙunshi ƙarin ƙwayoyin sel da keratinization Halin kwayoyin da ke cikin tsarin cutar shine maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halitta PTCH1 wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyar siginar shinge na Sonic Bincike Ana gano cutar ta hanyar biopsy da gwajin histopathological Hanyoyin gano ciwon daji na fata marasa lalacewa sun hada da daukar hoto, dermatoscopy, sonography, microscopy confocal, Raman spectroscopy, spectroscopy na fluorescence, terahertz spectroscopy, na'urar haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe, fasaha na hoto mai yawa, thermography, lantarki bio-impedance, tef tsiri da kuma bincike na kwamfuta. Dermatoscopy na iya zama da amfani wajen gano ciwon daji na basal cell ban da duba fata. Babu isassun shedar da ke nuna cewa gani coherence tomography (OCT) yana da amfani wajen gano cutar sankarau ko squamous cell carcinoma. OCT na iya samun rawa wajen gano ciwon daji na basal cell amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai don tallafawa wannan. An kirkiro na'urorin gano cutar ta kwamfuta waɗanda ke tantance hotuna daga dermatoscopy ko spectroscopy kuma mai binciken zai iya amfani da shi don taimakawa wajen gano cutar kansar fata. An gano tsarin CAD suna da matukar damuwa a cikin gano melanoma, amma suna da ƙima mai inganci. Har yanzu babu isassun shaida don bayar da shawarar CAD idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin bincike na gargajiya. Maɗaukakin duban dan tayi (HFUS) ba shi da fa'ida mara tabbas a cikin gano cutar kansar fata. Babu isassun shedar gani da idon basira don tantance basal cell ko squamous cell carcinoma ko wani ciwon daji na fata. Rigakafi Hasken rana yana da tasiri don haka ana ba da shawarar don hana melanoma da carcinoma squamous-cell. Akwai kadan shaida cewa yana da tasiri a hana basal-cell carcinoma. Sauran shawarwarin don rage yawan ciwon daji na fata sun haɗa da guje wa kunar rana, sanya tufafi masu kariya, tabarau da huluna, da ƙoƙarin guje wa faɗuwar rana ko lokutan fiɗawa. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Kariya ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar cewa a shawarci mutane tsakanin shekaru 9 zuwa 25 da su guji hasken ultraviolet. Ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankara ta fata ta hanyar matakan da yawa ciki har da rage tanning na cikin gida da faɗuwar rana tsakar rana, ƙara yin amfani da hasken rana, da guje wa amfani da kayan sigari Dalilin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci don iyakance hasken rana da kuma guje wa gadaje masu tanning shine saboda dukansu sun haɗa da hasken UV. An san hasken UV yana lalata ƙwayoyin fata ta hanyar canza DNA a cikinsa. Halin DNA wanda ya rikide zai iya haifar da ciwace-ciwacen daji da sauran tsiro a kan fata. Bugu da ari, akwai wasu abubuwan haɗari ban da bayyanar UV kawai. Fata mai kyau, dogon tarihin kunar rana, moles, da tarihin iyali na kansar fata kaɗan ne kawai. Babu isassun shaida ko dai don ko a kan gwajin cutar kansar fata. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na bitamin da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na antioxidant ba a gano suna da tasiri a cikin rigakafi ba. Shaida don rage haɗarin melanoma daga matakan abinci mai ƙima ne, tare da wasu shaidun tallafi na annoba, amma babu gwaji na asibiti. Zinc oxide da titanium oxide galibi ana amfani da su a allon rana don ba da kariya mai fa'ida daga kewayon UVA da UVB. Cin wasu abinci na iya rage haɗarin kunar rana amma wannan ya yi kasa da kariyar da ke samar da hasken rana. Wani bincike-bincike na rigakafin ciwon daji na fata a cikin mutane masu haɗari masu hadari sun sami shaida cewa aikace-aikace na T4N5 liposome ruwan shafa fuska rage yawan bayyanar da basal cell carcinomas a cikin mutane tare da xeroderma pigmentosum, da kuma cewa acitretin dauka da baki iya samun fata kariyar fa'ida a cikin mutane. biyo bayan dashen koda Wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2022 na Kwalejin Magunguna na Jami'ar Jihar Oregon ya nuna cewa allurar rigakafin da ke haifar da samar da furotin mai mahimmanci ga cibiyar sadarwar fata ta antioxidant na iya ƙarfafa garkuwar mutane daga cutar kansar fata. Magani Magani ya dogara da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji, wurin da ciwon daji yake, shekarun mutum, da kuma ko ciwon daji na farko ne ko kuma maimaituwa. Don ƙananan ciwon daji na basal-cell a cikin matashi, ana iya nuna magani tare da mafi kyawun magani Mohs tiyata ko CCPDMA A game da wani dattijo mai rauni wanda ke da matsalolin likita masu rikitarwa, da wahala a fitar da ciwon daji na basal-cell na hanci zai iya ba da garantin maganin radiation (ƙananan adadin magani) ko babu magani kwata-kwata. Za'a iya nuna chemotherapy na musamman don babban ciwon daji na basal-cell carcinoma don kyakkyawan sakamako na kwaskwarima, yayin da zai iya zama rashin isa ga ciwon nodular basal-cell carcinoma ko ciwon daji na squamous-cell ba shi da ƙarancin amsawa ga radiation ko chemotherapy. Don ƙananan cututtuka, maganin radiation radiotherapy na waje na waje ko brachytherapy chemotherapy imiquimod ko 5-fluorouracil) da kuma cryotherapy (daskarewa da ciwon daji) na iya ba da isasshen kulawa da cutar; dukkansu, duk da haka, na iya samun ƙarancin adadin magani gabaɗaya fiye da wani nau'in tiyata. Sauran hanyoyin magani irin su photodynamic far, epidermal radioisotope far, Topical chemotherapy, electrodesiccation da curettage za a iya samu a cikin tattaunawa na basal-cell carcinoma da squamous-cell carcinoma Mohs' micrographic surgery Mohs surgery wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita don cire ciwon daji tare da mafi ƙarancin adadin nama da ke kewaye kuma ana duba gefuna nan da nan don ganin ko an sami ƙari. Wannan yana ba da dama don cire mafi ƙarancin adadin nama da samar da mafi kyawun sakamako mai kyau na kwaskwarima. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga wuraren da fata ta wuce iyaka, kamar fuska. Matsakaicin magani yayi daidai da fiɗa mai faɗi. Ana buƙatar horo na musamman don yin wannan fasaha. Wata hanya ta dabam ita ce CCPDMA kuma mai ilimin likitanci wanda bai saba da tiyatar Mohs zai iya yin shi ba. A cikin yanayin cutar da ta yadu (metastasized), ana iya buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin tiyata ko chemotherapy Jiyya ga melanoma na metastatic sun hada da kwayoyin immunotherapy na halitta ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab Masu hana BRAF, irin su vemurafenib da dabrafenib da kuma MEK inhibitor trametinib Sake ginawa A halin yanzu, fiɗa fiɗa ita ce mafi yawan nau'in maganin cututtukan daji na fata. Manufar aikin tiyata na sake ginawa shine maido da kamanni da aiki na yau da kullun. Zaɓin fasaha a cikin sake ginawa yana yin la'akari da girman da wuri na lahani. Ficewa da sake gina kansar fatar fuska gabaɗaya ya fi ƙalubale saboda kasancewar sifofi na zahiri da aiki a fuska. Lokacin da lahani na fata ya ƙanƙanta, yawancin za a iya gyara su tare da gyare-gyare mai sauƙi inda aka kwatanta gefuna na fata kuma an rufe su da sutures. Wannan zai haifar da tabo na layi. Idan an yi gyaran tare da madaurin fata na halitta ko layin gyale, tabon ba zai iya yiwuwa ba. Lalacewar da ta fi girma na iya buƙatar gyarawa tare da dashen fata, maɗaurin fata na gida, ƙwanƙarar fata, ko maɗaɗɗen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gwargwadon fata da fatun fata na gida sun fi kowa yawa fiye da sauran zaɓuɓɓukan da aka lissafa. Gyaran fata shine tauye lahani tare da fata da aka cire daga wani wuri a cikin jiki. Ana dinke fatar fatar da aka yi a gefuna na lahani, sannan a sanya suturar sulke a saman wannan dashen na tsawon kwanaki bakwai zuwa goma, don a daina motsi yayin da yake warkewa a wurin. Akwai nau'i biyu na gyaran fata: tsaga kauri da cikakken kauri. A cikin rabe-raben fata mai kauri, ana amfani da abin aski don aske fata daga ciki ko cinya. Wurin mai ba da gudummawa yana sabunta fata kuma yana warkar da tsawon makonni biyu. A cikin cikakken kauri na fata, an cire wani yanki na fata gaba ɗaya kuma ana buƙatar wurin da ake ba da gudummawa a suture. Za'a iya amfani da ƙwanƙolin kauri da aka raba don gyara manyan lahani, amma ƙwanƙwaran sun yi ƙasa da kamannin su na kwaskwarima. Cikakken kauri fata grafts sun fi dacewa da kwaskwarima. Koyaya, cikakken kauri za a iya amfani da shi don ƙananan lahani ko matsakaicin girman. Fatar fata na gida hanya ce ta rufe lahani tare da nama wanda yayi daidai da lahani a launi da inganci. Ana tattara fata daga gefen wurin lahani kuma a sake mayar da ita don cike gibin. Za'a iya tsara nau'o'i daban-daban na ɓangarorin gida don rage ɓarna ga kyallen jikin da ke kewaye da kuma ƙara girman sakamakon sake ginawa. Fatar fata da aka ƙera hanya ce ta canja wurin fata tare da isasshen jini daga wani yanki na jiki da ke kusa. Misalin irin wannan sake ginawa shine maɗaurin goshi da aka fede don gyara babban lahani na fatar hanci. Da zarar kullun ya haɓaka tushen samar da jini ya zama sabon gadonsa, za'a iya cire jijiyar jijiyoyin jini. Hasashen Adadin mace-mace na basal-cell da squamous-cell carcinoma yana kusa da 0.3%, yana haifar da mutuwar 2000 kowace shekara a Amurka. Idan aka kwatanta, adadin mace-mace na melanoma shine 15-20% kuma yana haifar da mutuwar 6500 a kowace shekara. Ko da yake yana da ƙasa da yawa, ƙwayar cutar melanoma ita ce ke da alhakin kashi 75 cikin 100 na duk mutuwar da ke da alaka da ciwon daji. Yawan tsira ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar melanoma ya dogara da lokacin da suka fara jiyya. Yawan maganin yana da yawa sosai lokacin da aka gano melanoma a farkon matakai, lokacin da za a iya cire ta cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tiyata. Hasashen ba shi da kyau idan melanoma ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki Tun daga 2003 gabaɗayan adadin magani na shekaru biyar tare da aikin tiyata na Mohs ya kusan kashi 95 cikin ɗari don ciwon daji na basal cell. Ostiraliya da New Zealand suna nuna ɗayan mafi girman adadin cutar kansar fata a duniya, kusan sau huɗu adadin adadin da aka yiwa rajista a Amurka, Burtaniya da Kanada Kimanin mutane 434,000 ne ke karbar maganin cututtukan da ba na melanoma ba kuma ana jinyar 10,300 daga cutar sankarau. Melanoma ita ce mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji a cikin mutane tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 44 a cikin kasashen biyu. Yawan cutar kansar fata yana karuwa. Yawan cutar melanoma a tsakanin mazauna Auckland na zuriyar Turai a 1995 ya kasance 77.7 a cikin mutane 100,000 a kowace shekara, kuma an yi hasashen zai karu a cikin karni na 21st saboda "sakamakon raguwar sararin samaniyar ozone na gida da kuma raguwar lokacin bayyanar rana ga ci gaban melanoma. Epidemiology Ciwon daji na fata yana haifar da mutuwar mutane 80,000 a shekara a shekara ta 2010, 49,000 daga cikinsu na faruwa ne saboda cutar sankarar bargo kuma 31,000 daga cikinsu suna da ciwon daji na fata wadanda ba melanoma ba. Wannan ya haura daga 51,000 a cikin 1990. Fiye da miliyan 3.5 na kamuwa da cutar kansar fata a kowace shekara a Amurka, wanda ya sa ya zama nau'in ciwon daji mafi yawa a wannan ƙasa. Daya daga cikin Amurkawa biyar zai kamu da cutar kansar fata a wani lokaci na rayuwarsu. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na fata shine basal-cell carcinoma, sannan kuma carcinoma na squamous cell. Ba kamar sauran cututtukan daji ba, babu wani rajistar cutar kansar fata na basal da squamous a cikin Amurka. Melanoma A cikin Amurka a cikin 2008, mutane 59,695 sun kamu da cutar sankara, kuma mutane 8,623 suka mutu daga gare ta. A Ostiraliya fiye da 12,500 sabbin kamuwa da cutar melanoma ne ake ba da rahoton kowace shekara, wanda sama da 1,500 ke mutuwa daga cutar. Ostiraliya ce ke da mafi girman abin da ke faruwa na melanoma a duk duniya. Kodayake yawan ciwon daji da yawa a cikin Amurka yana raguwa, abin da ke faruwa na melanoma yana ci gaba da girma, tare da kimanin melanoma 68,729 da aka gano a cikin 2004 bisa ga rahotanni na Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa Melanoma ita ce ta biyar mafi yawan ciwon daji a Birtaniya (kusan mutane 13,300 da aka gano tare da melanoma a shekara ta 2011), kuma cutar tana da kashi 1% duk mutuwar ciwon daji (kusan mutane 2,100 sun mutu a 2012). Ba melanoma ba Kimanin mutane 2,000 ne ke mutuwa daga cututtukan fata na basal ko squamous cell (wanda ba melanoma ba) a cikin Amurka kowace shekara. Adadin ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yawancin mutuwar suna faruwa ga mutanen da suka tsufa kuma watakila ba su ga likita ba har sai ciwon daji ya yadu; da mutanen da ke da matsalar tsarin rigakafi. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hanyoyin ciwon daji na fata: rubutu, hotuna da bidiyo Manazarta Translated from MDWiki Cutar
38837	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafissatou%20Thiam	Nafissatou Thiam	Nafissatou "Nafi" Thiam (lafazin freance ya da ake kira: tʃam] an haife shi 19 ga Agusta 1994) ɗan wasan Belgium ne wanda ya kware a gasar gasa da yawa. Thiam ya kasance wanda ya lashe lambar zinare sau biyu a gasar Olympics, inda ya lashe gasar heptathlon a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 da 2020 Ita ce 'yar wasa daya tilo a Belgium, namiji ko mace, da ta samu nasarar kare kambun gasar Olympics, kuma mace ta biyu bayan Jackie Joyner-Kersee da ta lashe gasar wasannin Olympics a jere. Ta lashe lambobin zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya, na 2017 da 2022 da 2018 da 2022 na Turai da kuma lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2019 An zabe ta IAAF Gwarzon 'yan wasa na Duniya a shekarar 2017. Ta kasance mai rike da tutar Belgium a bikin bude gasar Olympics ta Tokyo 2020. A cikin watan Mayu 2017, a taron Hypo-Meeting a Götsis, Ostiriya, ta zama mace ta hudu kawai da ta karya shingen heptathlon 7000. Tun daga Oktoba 2022, Thiam yana riƙe da rikodin Belgian a cikin heptathlon na mata, mashin mata da tsalle-tsalle na mata (fita da cikin gida). Ta kafa sabon tarihin duniya don horon tsalle-tsalle a cikin gasar heptathlon ta mata a 2019. Junior sana'a An haifi Nafissatou Thiam a Brussels ga mahaifiyar Belgium kuma mahaifin Senegal. Ta fara shiga wasannin guje-guje ne tun tana shekara bakwai, inda ta lashe kambunta na rukuni na farko na kasa a shekara ta 2009, inda ta riga ta kware a gasar heptathlon 'Yar wasan da ta fi so a lokacin ita ce 'yar wasan Heptathle ta Sweden Carolina Klüft A Gasar Wasannin Matasa ta Duniya a 2011 a Lille, Faransa, Thiam ya ƙare na huɗu a Heptathlon da jimlar maki 5366. Sannan, a matsayinta na ƙaramar shekara ta farko, ta ƙare a mataki na 14 a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya na 2012 a cikin heptathlon da jimlar maki 5384. A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu 2013, Thiam ya karya rikodin ƙaramar cikin gida na duniya a cikin pentathlon a wani taro a Ghent tare da jimlar maki 4558, ta karya mafi kyawun ta a cikin 4 na abubuwan 5. Carolina Klüft, wacce daga baya ta zama zakara a gasar Olympics kuma zakaran duniya sau uku, ta rike rikodin tun 2002 da maki 4535. Yin hakan Thiam ya zama 'yar wasa ta farko 'yar Belgium da ta karya tarihin duniya. Duk da haka, a cikin Maris 2013, ba a amince da rikodin ba saboda rashin kula da magungunan kashe qwari a ranar da aka samu. An gudanar da gwajin ne washegari, wanda ya wuce wa'adin da IAAF, hukumar kula da wasannin motsa jiki ta kasa da kasa ta ayyana. A 18 Yuli 2013, Thiam ya lashe lambar zinare a cikin Gasar Heptathlon a gasar cin kofin 'yan wasan na Turai, cimma wani sabon tarihin Belgium na maki 6298. Babban sana'a 2014, ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar zakarun Turai, a Heptathlon. 2015, ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cikin gida ta Turai a Pentathlon da kuma Gasar U23 ta Turai a Babban Jump. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2016, Thiam ya lashe lambar zinare a heptathlon a gasar Olympics a Rio da maki 6810, inda ya samu mafi kyawun maki a cikin biyar daga cikin fannoni bakwai da kuma kayar da zakaran gasar Olympic da ta duniya Jessica Ennis-Hill ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland Ita ce mafi karancin shekaru a gasar heptathlon ta zinare a tarihi. An zabe ta mai rike da tutar Belgium a bikin rufe gasar Olympics. A ranar 3 ga Maris 2017, Thiam ya lashe pentathlon a gasar cikin gida ta Turai ta 2017 a Belgrade tare da jimlar maki 4870. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2017, Thiam ya lashe heptathlon a Hypo-Meeting a Götsis, Austria tare da jimlar maki 7013, ta sake samun mafi kyawun maki na mutum a cikin biyar daga cikin fannoni bakwai, wanda ya sa ta zama mace ta huɗu da ta sami maki 7000 ko sama da haka a gasar. Tun daga watan Yuli 2017, Thiam shine na uku a jerin duk lokacin da Jackie Joyner-Kersee na Amurka da Carolina Klüft Ta jefa Javelin na mita 59.32 a cikin Hypo-Meeting heptathlon a Götsis ta karya tarihin Belgium na gasar mata. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2017, Thiam ya shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a London a matsayin wanda aka fi so, ya lashe kambun duniya na heptathlon kuma ya zama dan Belgium na farko da ya ci lambar zinare ta Gasar Wasannin guje-guje ta Duniya. A ranar 10 ga Agusta 2018, ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2018, ta zama mace ta uku kawai da ta lashe wasannin Olympics, Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya da Turai a heptathlon, bayan Carolina Klüft da Jessica Ennis-Hill A ranar 27 ga watanYuni 2019, Thiam ya ci gasar heptathlon a Decatar 2019 a Talence, inda ya kafa tarihin tsalle-tsalle na mata na heptathlon na 2.02m. A ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba 2019, Thiam ya sake shiga Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a matsayin jagorar duniya, kuma ya fi so don zinare, amma ana sa ran zai fuskanci gasa mai ƙarfi fiye da na 2017 daga abokin hamayyarsa na baya da 2018 na Turai, Katarina Johnson-Thompson ta Burtaniya. A cikin lamarin, Thiam ya mutu sakamakon raunin gwiwar gwiwar hannu wanda ya hana mashinta, yayin da Johnson-Thompson ya yi rikodin mafi kyawun sirri na maki 6981, rikodin ƙasa da maki na shida mafi girma na gasa a tarihi don samun nasara cikin kwanciyar hankali. Ayyukan Thiam har yanzu yana da kyau don samun lambar azurfa. A ranar 5 ga Maris 2021, Thiam ya lashe pentathlon a Gasar Cikin Gida ta Turai ta 2021 a Torun tare da jimlar maki 4904. A ranar 5 ga Agusta 2021 ta lashe lambar zinare ta biyu a gasar Olympics da jimlar maki 6791. A ranar 18 ga Yuli 2022 ta ci lambar zinare ta biyu a Gasar Wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Duniya ta 2022 tare da jimlar maki 6947. Thiam memba ne na RFCL Athlétisme, ƙungiyar wasannin motsa jiki da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Fasaha da Sashen Wasanni na Royal Football Club de Liège Tsohon decathlete dan kasar Belgium Roger Lespagnard ya horar da ita tsawon shekaru 14 amma ta kawo karshen hadin gwiwarsu a watan Oktoba 2022. Bayan kasancewarsa ƙwararren ɗan wasa, Thiam ya yi nazarin yanayin ƙasa a Jami'ar Liège "Ina son climatology, ina son geomorphology yadda duniya ke siffata da koguna. Yawancin batutuwa, kamar heptathlon. Wataƙila shi ya sa nake son shi.” Ta ce Ta kammala karatun digiri a jami'a a watan Satumba 2019. Thiam shi ne jakadan fatan alheri, na UNICEF a Belgium. filayen wasan gasar Wasannin Olympics 2016, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6810) 2020, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6791) Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya 2017, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6784) 2019, heptathlon: waje, lambar azurfa (6677 maki) 2022, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6947) Gasar Cin Kofin Turai 2014, heptathlon: waje, lambar tagulla maki 6423) 2015, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar azurfa (maki 4696) 2017, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (kishi 4870) 2018, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6816) 2021, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar zinare maki 4904) 2022, heptathlon: waje, lambar zinare maki 6628) Gasar Cin Kofin Ƙasa ta Belgium 2015, tsalle mai tsayi: waje, lambar zinare (6 m 40 cm) 2015, tsalle mai tsayi: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (1 m 85 cm) 2016, tsalle mai tsayi: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (6 m 51 cm) 2016, pentathlon: na cikin gida, lambar zinare maki 4678) 2017, Matsalolin mita 60: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (8.37 s) 2017, tsalle mai tsayi: na cikin gida, lambar zinare (1 m 90 cm) 2018, tsalle mai tsayi: waje, lambar zinare (6 m 60 cm) 2022, tsalle mai tsayi: waje, lambar zinare (6 m 63 cm) Takaitacciyar nasarar sana'a Mafi kyawun mutum Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon RFCL: 2010 Kyautar Golden Spike mafi kyawun baiwar mata: 2012 lambar yabo ta Golden Spike: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021 Ƙwararriyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Belgium 2013 'Yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Belgium: 2014, 2016, 2017 Knight a cikin 2014 Gwarzon Tauraron Wasan Kwallon Kafa Na Turai 2016 IAFF Ƙwararriyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya 2016 Kyautar Kyautar Wasannin Belgian 2016 Kwamandan a cikin Walloon Order of Merit: 2016 Forbes 30 a ƙarƙashin 30 don Turai: 2017 IAFF Gwarzon 'Yan Wasan Mata na Duniya: 2017 </br>A cikin 2017, Thiam ya zama jakadan UNICEF a hukumance. Magana Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nafissatou Thiam European Athletics profile Nafissatou Thiam Diamond League profile Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1994 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
24850	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Davies%20%28footballer%29	Andrew Davies (footballer)	Andrew John Davies (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da hudu1984) miladiyya. ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingilishi wanda ke taka leda a tsakiya, kuma a halin yanzu wakili ne na kyauta. Tarihin Rayuwa Davies ya fara rattaba hannu tare da Middlesbrough tun yana dan shekara 13, Davies ya taka leda a kungiyoyi 11 a matakai daban-daban. An ba da shi aro ga Queens Park Rangers, Derby County da Southampton, inda ya sanya hannu tare da na karshen bayan barin Middlesbrough. Daga baya Davies ya buga wa Stoke City, Preston North End, Sheffield United, Walsall, Middlesbrough a karo na biyu, Crystal Palace da Bradford City A cikin shekarar 2015, ya koma Scotland, ya rattaba hannu tare da Ross County. Davies ya taimaki County ta lashe Kofin League na Scottish na shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016, amma ya bar kulob din bayan an sake su a shekarar 2018. Davies ya wakilci Ingila a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na kasa da kasa, kuma kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 ta taka mata leda sau daya. Aikin kulob Middlesbrough An haifi Davies a Stockton-on-Tees kuma ya halarci Makarantar Northfield a Billingham, kusa da Middlesbrough Ya shiga Middlesbrough tun yana ɗan shekara goma sha uku, yana haɓaka matsayin kulob a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar ajiyar. Davies ya zama ƙwararre a cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2002 bayan ya burge a cikin 'yan ƙasa da 19s kuma a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar ajiyar. Ya fara buga wasa na farko a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2002, a wasan cin Kofin League da Ipswich Town Wasansa na farko na Premier ya zo watanni uku bayan haka, a cikin rashin nasara 5-2 a gidan Aston Villa Ya sake fitowa sau tara a kakar 2003 zuwa 2004 kafin ya samu rauni a kafarsa a wasan da aka ajiye a watan Maris na shekarar 2004. Duk da wannan, an kira Davies 2003 zuwa 2004 Middlesbrough 'Yan wasan Matasa na Shekara. Ya sa kungiyarsa ta farko ta dawo daga raunin da ta yi da Coventry City a gasar League Cup a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2004. Ya buga wasanni biyu a farkon rabin kakar 2004 zuwa 2005 kafin ya koma Queens Park Rangers a farkon aro na wata daya a watan Janairu don samun wasu kwarewar kungiyar ta farko, a karshe ya kasance a can na tsawon watanni uku. Davies da farko ya ki komawa kulob din na dindindin. Bayan rikicin rauni, Middlesbrough ya tuno da shi a watan Afrilu shekarar 2005. A watan Yuli shekara 2005, an sake ba da rancen Davies, zuwa Derby County har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2005 zuwa 2006 tare da yarjejeniyar gami da sashin da ya ba da damar sake tunawa da shi daga ƙungiyar iyayen sa a watan Janairu. Wannan ya kasance na farko na tsawon watanni shida, kodayake daga baya an kara shi zuwa cikakken lamunin aro. Davies ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Derby County a wasan farko na kakar, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90, a wasan 1-1 da Brighton & Hove Albion Burinsa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2005, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Southampton. Bayan watanni uku a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2005, Davies ya zira kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci Norwich City 2-0. A watan Janairun shekarar 2006, rikicin rauni a Middlesbrough ya sa su tuna Davies, wanda ya burge a duk lokacin da yake Derby, duk da an kore shi sau uku. Da dawowarsa filin wasan Riverside, Davies ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tafiyar Middlesbrough zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin FA da na karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA Tare da Gareth Southgate ya sadaukar da kansa ga matasa a cikin 2006 zuwa 2007, Davies ya sami hanyar shiga ƙungiyar farko kuma ya buga wasanni 23 gaba ɗaya. Southampton Davies ya rattaba hannu ga Southampton a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007, a kan rancen watanni uku na farko tare da niyyar canja wuri na dindindin a watan Janairu. Ya ɗauki har zuwa 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2007 don Davies ya fara wasansa na farko na Southampton, yana zuwa a madadin Grégory Vignal a cikin minti na 72, a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 da Charlton Athletic A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, sanya hannu ya kasance na dindindin, don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, yi imanin 1 miliyan. Ya rasa wasannin da suka gabata na kakar 2007 zuwa 2008 sakamakon raunin da ya samu na kunci a cikin watan Maris shekarar 2008. Duk da wasa na rabin kakar wasa kawai, an zabe shi Saints Player of the Season. Gaban kakar 2008 zuwa 2009, Davies ya ce yana gab da dawowa cikakken horo na ƙungiyar farko kuma yana sa ran dawowa cikin makonni uku zuwa huɗu. Stoke City A watan Agusta shekara ta 2008, Davies ya koma Stoke City kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu. An ba da rahoton canja wurin kuɗin da aka biya Southampton a matsayin fam miliyan 1.3. Farawar Davies a Stoke bai tafi yadda aka tsara ba bayan da ya samu rauni a gwiwa a horo, wanda hakan ya sa ya bukaci tiyata. A ƙarshen Nuwamba, yana gab da dawo da ƙungiyar farko kuma yayi wasa a gefen ajiyar. Bai buga wa tawagar farko ba har zuwa farkon watan Disamba shekarar 2008, lokacin da ya yi wasanni da yawa a kan benci tare da wasansa na farko a waje da Newcastle United. Davies ya fara wasansa na farko da Stoke da Manchester United, inda ya maye gurbin Rory Delap a minti na 72 a ranar damben shekarar 2008, yana wasa a dama ta baya bayan da aka bai wa Andy Wilkinson katin gargadi na biyu. Ya sake yin wani canji a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2008, a kan West Ham. Davies ya fara wasan farko da Hartlepool United a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA wanda ya kare da ci 2-0 mai ban mamaki ga kungiyar League One A lokacin wasan, ya samu rauni a cikin minti na 71 lokacin da ya fada cikin ramin Hartlepool. Daga nan Davies bai sake taka rawar gani ba a yakin Stoke na 2008 zuwa 2009. Lamuni yana motsawa A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2009, Davies ya rattaba hannu kan Preston North End akan rancen gaggawa na wata ɗaya. Ya fara halarta na farko washegari, yana wasa mintuna 90, a wasan da suka ci Norwich City 1-0. Bayan bayyanar Preston sau biyar, Davies ya koma kulob din mahaifan sa. Da ya kasa yin benci ga Stoke a farkon kakar 2009 zuwa 2010, Davies ya koma Sheffield United a matsayin aro na wata uku a watan Satumba na shekarar 2009. A wannan ranar, ya fara wasansa na farko, a wasan tsere na Steel City, yana wasa mintuna 90, a wasan da suka ci Sheffield Laraba 3-2. Da rancensa na karewa a watan Disamba, Davies ya koma Stoke bayan ya buga wasanni takwas don "The Blades". Bayan an cire shi daga cikin 'yan wasa 25 na Stoke don kakar 2010 zuwa 2011, Davies ya shiga Walsall don rancen wata na farko a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2010. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko na Walsall kwanaki uku bayan rattaba hannu a kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Exeter City da ci 2-1. Koyaya, Davies ya sami rauni a cinya yayin wasan da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers kuma ya yi zaman aro tare da Walsall, wanda da farko zai ƙare ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2010. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, ya sake komawa Middlesbrough a matsayin aro don sauran kakar 2010 zuwa 2011 kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a wasan da suka ci 3-2 a Millwall a ranar. Bayan buga wasanni shida a kungiyar, an bashi damar komawa Stoke bayan yayi fama da rauni. A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, Davies ya koma Crystal Palace kan yarjejeniyar aro na wata daya. Ya fara buga wa Crystal Palace wasa na farko a wasan farko na kakar, a cikin rashin nasara 2-1 da Peterborough United kuma ya sake fitowa a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin burin Wilfried Zaha. a ci 2-0 a kan Crawley Town Waɗannan su ne kawai bayyanar sa ga Eagles kuma ya koma Stoke City a ƙarshen watan Agusta. Davies ya rattaba hannu ga Bradford City akan rancen watanni uku a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2011. A watan Oktoba shekara ta 2011, an kore shi a wasanni a jere, a kan Torquay United da Swindon Town Bayan da aka dakatar da wasanni uku na jan kati na farko, ya sami dakatarwar wasanni hudu saboda jan katin da aka yi da Swindon, saboda kasancewarsa ta biyu a kakar. A watan Disamba na shekara 2011, Davies ya amince da tsawaita lamuninsa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kungiyar tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara 2012, a wasan da aka tashi 1-1 a gidan Burton Albion Ya bayyana ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu a kulob din da Bristol Rovers duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba da burin ga abokin wasan David Syers. Burinsa na biyu na shekarar 2012 ya zo ne a cikin minti na 5 na lokacin rauni da Port Vale a wasan 1-1 ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu. An kori Davies a karo na uku a kakar 2011 zuwa 2012 bayan rigimar bayan wasan da Crawley Town kuma ya sami haramcin wasa biyar. Birnin Bradford A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, Bradford City ta ba da sanarwar cewa Davies ya amince da kwangilar dindindin kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko tun lokacin da ya koma kulob din dindindin a ranar 18 ga Agusta, a kan Gillingham Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 25 ga Agusta, a wasan da suka ci Wimbledon 5-1, inda ya ci kai tsaye daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar wasa yayin cin 3-0 a gida da Barnet Mako guda bayan haka ya ci ƙwallonsa ta uku a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buɗe ƙwallo a wasan da suka doke Oxford United da ci 2-0. Koyaya, Davies daga baya ya sami rauni a gwiwa, a wasan Burton Albion kuma ya yi jinyar watanni huɗu. Bayan ya murmure daga raunin, ya sa kungiyarsa ta farko ta dawo, inda ya fara farawa tun watan Oktoba, a cikin nasarar 3-0 akan Wycombe Wanderers a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2013. Kwana goma sha biyu daga baya a wasan karshe na Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon kafa, an sanya Davies a kan benci na maye gurbin kuma ya zo bayan mintuna 46 don Curtis Good, yayin da Bradford City ta ci gaba da rashin nasara a wasan da ci 5-0 da Swansea City Daga nan Davies ya zira kwallon sa ta hudu a kakar a ranar 9 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2013, a wasan da suka ci Bristol Rovers 4 1 Bayan an ba shi jan kati a wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Cheltenham Town, Davies ya ci gaba da fitowa a cikin wasanni biyu cikin uku na buga wasa, ciki har da wasan karshe, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90, kamar yadda Bradford City ta ci nasara. 3 0 a kan Northampton Town, don cin nasara zuwa League One. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni 2013, Davies ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Bradford tare da zabin shekara ta uku. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rukunin farko na wasanni goma na farko kafin a ba da sanarwar a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2013, cewa zai yi jinyar har zuwa watanni hudu, bayan an yi masa tiyata a gwiwa. Daga nan Davies ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2014, inda ya fara wasan farko, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Preston North End. Koyaya, Davies ya sami matsalar maraƙi yayin wasan da suka yi da Stevenage a ranar 1 ga Maris 2014 kuma an maye gurbinsa bayan mintuna 36, kodayake manaja Phil Parkinson ya yi imanin raunin bai yi muni ba. Duk da cewa Davies da farko ana sa ran zai dawo da Brentford a watan Maris na 2015, ba a saka shi cikin tawagar ba, tare da Parkinson ya baiyana dacewarsa a matsayin dalili. Davies a ƙarshe ya dawo ƙungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 11 ga Maris 2014, a wasan da suka ci Colchester United 2-0. Makonni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 22 ga Maris 2014, ya ci ƙwallayen sa na farko na kakar, a cikin rashin nasara da 2-1 a kan Shrewsbury Town Daga baya Davies ya taimaka wa kulob din ya tsira daga League One a kakar wasan su ta farko, inda ya kare matsayi na goma sha daya. A cikin kakar shekara 2014 15, Davies ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, inda ya bayyana a wasanni huɗu na farko, duk da haka, ya ji rauni a hannu yayin wasan da suka yi da Peterborough United kuma dole ne a maye gurbinsa a cikin minti na 55. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa zai yi jinyar watanni biyu bayan tiyata. Davies ya dawo kungiyarsa ta farko a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2014, a wasan da suka doke Crewe da ci 2-0. Davies shima yana cikin 'yan wasan lokacin da Bradford ya tashi daga wasan da ci 2-0 da ci 4-2 a waje da Chelsea a zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA. A duk lokacin 2014 15, Davies ya ci gaba da fama da rauni. Duk da wannan, ya ci gaba da yin wasanni ashirin da takwas a kakar 2014-15. Gundumar Ross A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2015, an ba da sanarwar cewa Davies ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Ross Premiership ta Scott County kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Davies ya ƙi damar zama a Bradford kafin ya shiga yankin Ross. Bayan shiga kulob din, an ba Davies kyaftin din kulob din bayan tafiyar Richard Brittain. A wasansa na farko a matsayin kyaftin, Davies ya fara wasansa na Ross County, a wasan farko na kakar, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a raunin 2-0 da Celtic A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2016, Davies ya jagoranci kyaftin din Ross County zuwa manyan kayan azurfa na farko tare da nasarar 2-1 akan Hibernian a gasar League ta Scotland Kafin lokacin shekarar 2016 zuwa 2017, Paul Quinn ya maye gurbin Davies a matsayin kaftin na County County, bayan ya gaya wa kulob din cewa yana son komawa Ingila, tare da matarsa ta kasa zama a Scotland. Bayan tattaunawa da danginsa da kulob din, daga nan ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a sauran kwantiraginsa. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2017, ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din na tsawon shekaru biyu, har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 2019. Davies ya jawo takaddama a lokacin da ya karbi jan kati don buga wa kyaftin din Celtic Scott Brown a lokacin rashin nasara 3-0 a Celtic Park a watan Maris shekarar 2018. An fitar da County daga Premiership a shekarar 2018, kuma kulob din ya sake Davies a watan Yuni shekara ta 2018. Davies ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da kulob din Dundee na Scottish Premiership a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2019. Kwana hudu bayan rattaba hannu don Dundee, ya karya metatarsal yayin wasan horo tare da St Johnstone A watan Maris na shekarar 2019, saboda har yanzu bai buga wa kulob din ba, ya sake karya kafar kuma an cire shi daga sauran kakar. Davies ya bar kulob din da yardar juna a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019, bai taba buga wa kulob din wasa sau daya ba. Aikin duniya Davies ya cancanci buga wa Wales ko Ingila wasa, saboda yana da rajista biyu. A ƙarshe, Davies ya zaɓi ya buga wa Ingila wasa. Kasancewar Ingila U19 da Ingila U20 sun kira shi a baya, Davies ya karɓi kofi ɗaya a matakin U21 na Ingila da Turkiya U21 ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2003. Rayuwar mutum Babban ɗan'uwansa, Mark, ɗan wasan cricketer ne tare da Kent Davies ya bayyana cewa idan ba ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ba ne, da ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya yi wasa yayin da ya girma, ya tsaya a shekara goma sha shida sakamakon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Middlesbrough. Davies ya ce gwarzon kuruciyarsa Franco Baresi Ƙididdigar sana'a Daraja Kulob Gundumar Ross Kofin League na Scotland 2015–16 Na ɗaya PFA Scotland Team na Shekara 2015–16 Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1984 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed
18916	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafiul%20Islam	Shafiul Islam	Shafiul Islam Bengali an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1989) dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh ne Shafiul mai matsakaiciyar hanzari ne mai buga kwallo, ya buga wa Rajshahi Division tun a shekara ta 2006/07. Aikin gida Hukumar wasan Cricket ta Bangladesh ce ta kafa rukunin kungiyoyi shida na Firimiya na Bangladesh a shekara ta 2012, gasar ashirin20 da za a gudanar a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011. An yi gwanjon gwano don sayan 'yan wasa, kuma Shafiul ya saya daga Khulna Royal Bengal kan 65,000. Shi ne dan wasa na hudu da ya fi kowa daukar bugun fenariti tare da wickets biyar daga wasanni bakwai. A watan Afrilu BCB ta inganta kwangilar Shafiul daga kwangilar C zuwa ta B Ya kasance babban mai daukar wicket ga kungiyar Agrii Bank Cricket Club a gasar shekara ta 2017-18 na Dhaka Premier Division, tare da kora 24 a wasanni 13. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, an saka shi a cikin tawagar dan kungiyar Rangpur Riders, bayan da aka tsara don Firimiya na 2018-19 na Bangladesh A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mohammedan da kungiyar Gazi Group Cricketers ta yi a zagayen bude gasar Premier ta Crisket ta shekarar Dhabi ta shekar ta 2018–19, Shafiul ya dauki wicket din sa na farko biyar a cikin Cricket na List A. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an zaɓe shi don ya buga wa Khulna Tigers a gasar Premier League ta shekarar 2019-2020 Bangladesh Ayyukan duniya Shafiul ya samu kiran farko na kasa da kasa lokacin da ya zabi cikin tawagar Bangladesh don yin jerin gwano tare da Indiya da Sri Lanka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2010. Shi kadai ne dan wasa a cikin kungiyar ta Bangladesh ba tare da wata kwarewar duniya ba, amma zabinsa ya ta'allaka ne da rawar da yake takawa a gasar cikin gida ta Bangladesh. Ya buga wasan sa na farko na kwana daya a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010 da Sri Lanka. Ya buɗe kwanon tare da Rubel Hossain kuma ya yarda 39 gudanar daga 5 kan Ya sami nasarar daukar wicket daya, na Kumar Sangakkara wanda aka kama a baya na shekaru 74. Bayan ya ɗauki wicket a kowane ɗayan wasannin farko na ODI da ya yi, an sa masa suna a cikin Testan wasa 14 da za su yi wasa da Indiya a ƙarshen watan. Ya fara zama Gwajinsa na farko a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu kuma ya buɗe kwanar tare da Shahadat Hossain Indiya ta ci 113 Gudun kuma Shafiul budurwar wicket ta Gautam Gambhir ce A cikin wata guda, Shafiul sau biyu ya yarda fiye da 90 yana gudana a cikin ODI, na farko a kan Pakistan a watan Yunin shekara ta shekarar 2010 sannan kuma a kan Ingila a watan Yuli. Sakamakon haka, yana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan lambobin ƙwallon da ɗan wasan Bangladesh a cikin ODIs. Bangladesh ta dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2011 a watan Fabrairu, Maris, da Afrilu tare da Indiya da Sri Lanka. An zabi Shafiul a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 15 na Bangladesh. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, Shafiul ya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa guda 58 wanda ya ba da nasara karo na tara don taimakawa Bangladesh ta yi nasara kan Ingila da ci biyu da nema. Bayan kammala wasan, magoya bayan Bangladesh sun yi ta rera waka "Bangladesh, Bangladesh Shafiul jarumi ne na gaske Bayan kammala wasan, an bawa Shafiul da Mahmudullah 1 miliyan taka don haɗin gwiwar lashe wasa. An zabi Imrul Kayes a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa, duk da cewa ya nuna cewa "Wasan karshe da aka baiwa Man-of-the-Match aka ba ni amma ban cancanci hakan ba. Shafiul ne ya kamata ya samu. Kyaftin din, Shakib Al Hasan ya yaba da kwazon Shafiul da kwalliyar da ya yi a wasan da suka buga da Netherlands. Raunin kafa ya nufi Shafiul ya rasa duka Gwajin da aka yi da West Indies a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2011. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar Bangladesh don yin gasar shekarar 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup Salon wasa Champaka Ramanayake, mai horar da 'yan wasan bolley na Bangladesh lokacin da Shafiul ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa, ya yi tsokaci cewa "Shafiul yana da kwarewa sosai; yana da matukar saurin gudu kuma yana iya yin kwano. Dole ne a bashi isasshen damar da zai haskaka kuma muna da kwarin gwiwa cewa zai zo ta hanyar Gabaɗaya yana yin kwalliya a tsayi ɗaya, kuma masu zaɓen ƙasa suna jin cewa yana buƙatar sauya ƙwallonsa don yin tasiri a matakin Gwaji. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafiul Islam at ESPNcricinfo Mutane Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1989 'Yan wasan kurket 'Yan wasan kurket ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed
31436	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Muhalli%20na%20Aikin%20Gona	Tsarin Muhalli na Aikin Gona	Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona shine tasirin da ayyukan noma daban-daban ke da shi a kan yanayin muhallin da ke kewaye da su, da kuma yadda za a iya gano irin wannan tasirin zuwa ga waɗancan ayyukan. Tasirin muhalli na noma ya bambanta sosai bisa la'akari da ayyukan da manoma ke yi da kuma ma'aunin aiki. Al'ummomin noma waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin rage tasirin muhalli ta hanyar gyara ayyukansu za su ɗauki ayyukan noma masu ɗorewa. Mummunan tasirin noma wani tsohon al'amari ne wanda ya cigaba da damuwa yayin da masana ke tsara sabbin hanyoyin da za su rage lalacewa da haɓaka haɓakar muhalli. Ko da yake wasu makiyaya suna da kyau ga muhalli, ayyukan noman dabbobi na zamani sun kasance sun fi lalata muhalli fiye da ayyukan noma da aka mayar da hankali kan 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari da sauran halittu. Fitar da ammonia daga sharar shanu na cigaba da haifar da kuma damuwa kan gurɓacewar muhalli. A lokacin da ake tantance tasirin muhalli, masana suna amfani da alamomi iri biyu: “manufa”, wanda ya dogara da hanyoyin noman noma, da “tasirin tasiri”, wanda shine tasirin da hanyoyin noma ke da shi ga tsarin noma ko kuma fitar da hayaki. yanayi. Misali na ma'anar ma'anar zai zama ingancin ruwan ƙasa, wanda adadin nitrogen da ake amfani da shi ya shafi ƙasa. Alamar da ke nuna asarar nitrate zuwa ruwan karkashin kasa zai dogara ne akan tasiri. Ƙididdigar da aka dogara da ita tana duba ayyukan noma na manoma, kuma kimantawar da ta dogara da tasiri ta yi la'akari da ainihin tasirin tsarin noma. Misali, bincike mai tushe zai iya duba magungunan kashe qwari da hanyoyin haɗi da manoma ke amfani da su, kuma binciken da ya dogara da tasiri zai yi la'akari da adadin CO2 da ake fitarwa ko menene abun ciki na nitrogen na ƙasa. Tasirin muhalli na aikin gona ya ƙunshi tasiri akan abubuwa daban-daban: ƙasa, zuwa ruwa, iska, nau'in dabba da ƙasa, mutane, shuke-shuke, da abinci da kansa. Noma yana ba da gudummawa ga yawancin al'amuran muhalli da ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli ciki har da: sauyin yanayi, sare gandun daji, asarar ɗimbin halittu, yankunan da suka mutu, injiniyan kwayoyin halitta, matsalolin ban ruwa, gurɓataccen ƙasa, lalata ƙasa, da sharar gida. nep.org/resources/making-peace-nature</ref> Saboda muhimmancin aikin noma ga tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli na duniya, al'ummomin duniya sun himmatu wajen haɓaka ɗorewar samar da abinci a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba mai dorewa na 2: "Ƙarshen yunwa, cimma wadatar abinci da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki da inganta aikin noma mai ɗorewa" Rahoton na Shirin Samar da Zaman Lafiya tare da yanayi na 2021 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana aikin noma a matsayin direba da masana'antu da ke fuskantar barazana daga lalata muhalli. Ta hanyar aikin noma Noman dabbobi Ban ruwa Ta hanyar batun muhalli Canjin yanayi Sauyin yanayi da aikin noma matakai ne masu alaƙa da juna, duka biyun suna faruwa ne a sikelin duniya. Ana hasashen ɗumamar yanayi zai yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin da ya shafi aikin noma, gami da zafin jiki, hazo da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun ƙayyade ƙarfin ɗaukar kwayar halitta don samar da isasshen abinci ga yawan mutane da dabbobin gida. Haɓaka matakan carbon dioxide shima zai sami tasiri, duka masu lahani da fa'ida, akan amfanin amfanin gona. Yin la'akari da kuma illolin sauyin yanayi na duniya kan aikin noma na iya taimakawa wajen hasashen yadda ya kamata da daidaita aikin noma don bunƙasa noma Ko da yake babu tabbas kan tasirin sauyin yanayi ga noma, akwai yuwuwar zai canza yankunan da suka dace don amfanin gonaki guda. Daidaita wannan canjin yanayi zai ƙunshi tsadar tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa. A lokaci guda kuma, an nuna aikin noma yana haifar da gagarumin tasiri kan sauyin yanayi, musamman ta hanyar samarwa da sakin iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide, methane, da nitrous oxide Bugu da ƙari, aikin noma da ke yin aikin noma, da takin zamani, da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari kuma yana fitar da ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, da sauran magungunan kashe ƙwari da yawa waɗanda ke shafar ingancin iska, ruwa, da ƙasa, da kuma bambancin halittu Har ila yau noma yana canza murfin ƙasa, wanda zai iya canza ikonsa na sha ko nuna zafi da haske, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga tilastawa mai haske Canjin amfani da ƙasa kamar sare gandun daji da kwararowar hamada, tare da amfani da albarkatun mai, sune manyan tushen ɗan adam na carbon dioxide; noma da kanta shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙara yawan methane da nitrous oxide a cikin yanayin duniya Mafi yawan hayaƙin methane yana faruwa ne ta hanyar amfani da dabbobi, musamman ma naman dabbobi kamar shanu da aladu. Sauran dabbobi, irin su kaji da kifi, suna da tasiri kaɗan. Ana samar da wasu hanyoyin magance fitar da naman naman sa. Dabarun sun hada da yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta daga taki, zabin kwayoyin halitta, rigakafi, rumen defaunation, cin nasara na methanogenic archaea tare da acetogens, gabatarwar kwayoyin methanotrophic a cikin rumen, gyaran abinci. da kula da kiwo da sauransu. Wasu canje-canjen abinci (irin su Asparagopsis taxiformis suna ba da damar rage har zuwa kashi 99 cikin 100 na gurɓataccen iskar gas. Saboda waɗannan mummunan tasirin, amma kuma saboda dalilai na ingantaccen aikin noma (duba Abinci vs. ciyarwa wani hasashe ya ambaci raguwar dabbobi aƙalla wasu dabbobi (watau shanu) a wasu ƙasashe nan da 2030. sare itatuwa Sararin dazuzzukan na kawar da dazuzzukan duniya da yawa a duniya kuma yana haifar da barna da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka shine cire ƙasa don kiwo ko amfanin gona. A cewar wani masanin muhalli dan Burtaniya Norman Myers, kashi 5% na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne sakamakon kiwo, kashi 19% saboda yawan sare itatuwa, kashi 22% saboda noman dabino da ake nomawa, sannan kashi 54% saboda saran dazuka Sake sare dazuzzuka na haifar da asarar muhallin miliyoyin nau'in halittu, kuma shi ne ke haddasa sauyin yanayi. Bishiyoyi suna aiki azaman nutsewar carbon wato, suna ɗaukar carbon dioxide, iskar da ba a so ba, daga sararin samaniya. Cire bishiyoyi yana fitar da carbon dioxide cikin yanayi kuma yana barin bishiyu kaɗan don ɗaukar adadin carbon dioxide a cikin iska. Ta wannan hanyar, sare dazuzzuka na ƙara tsananta canjin yanayi. Lokacin da aka cire bishiyoyi daga dazuzzuka, ƙasa takan bushe saboda babu inuwa, kuma babu isassun bishiyoyi da za su taimaka a cikin yanayin ruwa ta hanyar mayar da tururin ruwa zuwa yanayin. Ba tare da bishiya ba, shimfidar wurare da dazuzzuka a da za su iya zama hamada mara kyau. Tushen bishiyar kuma yana taimakawa wajen riƙe ƙasa tare, don haka idan an cire su, zabtarewar laka kuma na iya faruwa. Har ila yau, kawar da bishiyoyi yana haifar da matsanancin yanayi a yanayin zafi. A shekara ta 2000 Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta gano cewa "rawar da yawan jama'a ke takawa a cikin wani yanki na iya bambanta daga yanke hukunci zuwa ga sakaci," kuma sarewar dazuzzuka na iya haifar da "haɗuwar matsin lamba na yawan jama'a da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da zamantakewa. yanayin fasaha." Injiniyan halitta Masu gurɓatawa Lalacewar ƙasa Lalacewar ƙasa ita ce raguwar ingancin ƙasa wanda zai iya zama sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, musamman daga aikin gona. Ƙasar ce ke riƙe da mafi yawan nau'ikan halittu na duniya, kuma ƙasa mai kyau tana da mahimmanci don samar da abinci da isasshen ruwa. Halayen gama-gari na lalata ƙasa na iya zama gishiri, zubar ruwa, tarawa, gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta, raguwar ingancin tsarin ƙasa, asarar haihuwa, canje-canje a cikin acidity na ƙasa, alkalinity, salinity, da zaizayar ƙasa Zaizayar ƙasa ita ce kawar da ƙasa ta sama ta hanyar ruwa, iska, ko ayyukan noma. Ƙasar ƙasa tana da albarka sosai, wanda ya sa ya zama mai daraja ga manoman noma. Lalacewar ƙasa kuma tana da babban tasiri a kan gurɓacewar halittu, wanda ke shafar al'ummar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa kuma yana iya canza hawan keke na gina jiki, rigakafin ƙwari da cututtuka, da abubuwan canza sinadarai na ƙasa. Yazawar noma Sharar gida Plasticculture shine amfani da ciyawa na filastik a cikin aikin gona. Manoma suna amfani da zanen robobi a matsayin ciyawa don rufe kashi 50-70% na ƙasa kuma su ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin ban ruwa mai ɗigo don samun ingantaccen iko akan kayan abinci na ƙasa da danshi Ba a buƙatar ruwan sama a cikin wannan tsarin, kuma ana gina gonakin da ke amfani da robobi don ƙarfafa kwararar ruwan sama mafi sauri. Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari tare da filastik yana ba da damar jigilar magungunan kashe ƙwari cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan saman saman zuwa wuraren dausayi ko raƙuman ruwa. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga magungunan kashe qwari da sinadarai a cikin robobi na iya haifar da naƙasu mai tsanani da kuma mutuwa a cikin kifi kamar yadda ruwan ke ɗauke da sinadarai zuwa tekuna. Baya ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwa da ke fitowa daga robobi, akwai kuma matsalar ƙaruwar yawan sharar da ake samu daga robobi da kanta. Amfani da ciyawa na filastik don kayan lambu, strawberries, da sauran layuka da amfanin gona na gonakin gona ya wuce fam miliyan 110 a shekara a Amurka. Yawancin robobi suna ƙarewa a cikin mazugi, ko da yake akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓukan zubarwa kamar su zubar da mulch a cikin ƙasa, binne kan layi, ajiyar wuri, sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su, da ƙonawa. Zaɓuɓɓukan ƙonawa da sake yin amfani da su suna da rikitarwa da nau'ikan robobi da ake amfani da su da kuma ta hanyar tarwatsa filayen filastik. Filastik kuma sun ƙunshi na'urori masu ƙarfi da rini da kuma ƙarfe masu nauyi, waɗanda ke iyakance adadin samfuran da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan samar da ciyawa masu iya lalacewa ko kuma zazzagewar hoto. Yayin da aka samu ƴar ƙaramar nasara a kan haka, akwai kuma matsalar tsawon lokacin da robobin ke ɗauka don rage lalacewa, saboda yawancin kayayyakin da za a iya lalata su suna daukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin su lalace. Batutuwa ta yanki Tasirin muhalli na noma na iya bambanta ya danganta da yankin da kuma nau'in hanyar samar da noma da ake amfani da su. An jera a ƙasa wasu takamaiman batutuwan muhalli a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. Cire shinge a Burtaniya. Salinization na ƙasa, musamman a Ostiraliya Aikin haƙar ma'adinai na Phosphate a Nauru Methane ke fitarwa daga dabbobi a New Zealand. Duba Canjin Yanayi a New Zealand Masana muhalli sun danganta yankin hypoxic a cikin Tekun Mexico kamar yadda ake ƙarfafa su ta hanyar haɗewar nitrogen na furen algae Haɗaɗɗen tsarin daga cinikin noma wanda ke haifar da tasirin yanki daga tasirin barna da tsarin zubewa. Halin Muhalli (Sashin Direbobin Tattalin Arziki) Noma mai dorewa Noma mai ɗorewa shine ra'ayin cewa noma ya kamata ya kasance ta hanyar da za mu ci gaba da samar da abubuwan da suka dace ba tare da cin zarafi ga al'ummomin da ke gaba su yi haka ba. Yawan ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a cikin ƴan shekarun nan ya kara yawan al'adar canza filayen noma don biyan bukatun abinci wanda hakan ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli. Har yanzu yawan al'ummar duniya na karuwa kuma a karshe za su daidaita, yayin da wasu masu sukar lamirin ke shakkun cewa samar da abinci, sakamakon ƙarancin amfanin da ake samu daga dumamar yanayi, zai iya tallafawa al'ummar duniya. Noma na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan bambancin halittu kuma. Noman ƙwayoyin halitta tsari ne mai ɗorewa na aikin noma da yawa wanda zai iya yin tasiri kaɗan ga muhalli a ƙaramin sikelin. Koyaya, a mafi yawan lokuta noman ƙwayoyin halitta yana haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona ta fuskar samarwa kowane yanki ɗaya. Don haka, yaɗuwar aikin noma zai buƙaci ƙarin ƙasa da za a share shi da kuma fitar da albarkatun ruwa don cimma daidaiton matakin samarwa. Binciken meta-bincike na Turai ya gano cewa gonakin ƙwayoyin halitta suna son samun babban abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta na ƙasa da ƙarancin asarar abinci mai gina jiki (nitrogen leaching, iskar nitrous oxide, da hayaƙin ammonia) a kowane yanki na filin amma mafi girman hayaƙin ammonia, nitrogen leaching da iskar nitrous oxide kowace ɗaya. naúrar samfurin. Mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa tsarin noma na al'ada yana haifar da ƙarancin ɗimbin halittu fiye da tsarin halitta. Noman halitta ya nuna yana da wadatar nau'i) 30%. Tsarin halitta a matsakaita kuma suna da ƙarin 50% ƙarin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan bayanan yana da wasu batutuwa saboda akwai sakamako da yawa waɗanda suka nuna mummunan tasiri akan waɗannan abubuwa yayin da suke cikin tsarin noman ƙwayoyin halitta. Masu adawa da aikin noma sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan abubuwan da ba su da kyau suna da matsala tare da tsarin noma. Abin da ya fara a matsayin ƙaramin ma'auni, aikin kula da muhalli ya zama ci gaban masana'antu kamar aikin noma na al'ada. Wannan haɓakar masana'antu na iya haifar da batutuwan da aka nuna a sama kamar sauyin yanayi, da sare bishiyoyi. Dabaru Noman kiyayewa Noman kiyayewa wata hanya ce ta noma don noma wacce ta fi ɗorewa ga ƙasa da muhallin halittu. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar barin ragowar amfanin gonakin da aka girbe a baya su kasance a cikin ƙasa kafin shuka amfanin gona na gaba. Noman adanawa ya nuna yana inganta abubuwa da yawa kamar riƙe danshin ƙasa, da rage zaizayar ƙasa. Wasu rashin amfani shine gaskiyar cewa ana buƙatar kayan aiki masu tsada don wannan tsari, ƙarin magungunan kashe qwari za a buƙaci a yi amfani da su, kuma sakamako mai kyau yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a iya gani. Abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da manufar noman kiwo shine yadda manoma ba sa son canza hanyoyin su, kuma za su nuna adawa da tsarin noman da ya fi tsada, da cin lokaci fiye da yadda suka saba. Ƙwarin ƙwayoyin halitta Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Miller, GT, Spoolman, S. (2012). Kimiyyar muhalli. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-25716-0 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Holistic Management International Matsalolin Muhalli a cikin Noman Dabbobi Labarin mujallu na zaɓi Yanar Gizon Waterlog.info tare da labarai da software kyauta akan tasirin muhalli na noman ban ruwa kamar zubar ruwa da salinization Shirye-shiryen Muhalli akan Ayyukan Kiwo da Kaji da aka Archived ya bayyana matakai daban-daban na tsare-tsare waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a gonaki. Hakanan ya haɗa da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo da yawa. Wani Sashe na Cibiyar Koyon Muhalli na Dabbobi da Kaji da aka Archived Muhalli Noma Noman Zamani Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22743	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele%20Adebola	Dele Adebola	Bamberdele Olusegun Adebola (an haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1975), ya kasance ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya mai ritaya. Har da matsayin dan wasan aro, ya taka leda a kungiyoyi kwallon kafa guda 16 a rayuwarsa, ya fi dadewa a Crewe Alexandra, Birmingham City da Coventry City. Rayuwar farko An haife shi ne a Jihar Legas, Adebola ya girma ne a Liverpool bayan ya isa Ingila a matsayin jariri tare da danginsa; a matsayinsa na dan makaranta, ya taka rawa a bangarorin kwallon kafa na wakilci tare da Robbie Fowler. Lokacin da ya samu tayi don horarwar matasa a Liverpool, ƙungiyar da yake goyon baya, yayi nazarin cewa tsayawa a matsayin dan wasan gefen hagu tare Fowler a lokaci daya ba abu bane mai sauki. Sakamakon haka, ya karɓi irin wannan tayin daga Crewe Alexandra. Kulob Crewe Alexandra Ya fara wasansa na farko da kungiyar a cikin shekarun 1992 zuwa 1993 kakar a Third Division lokacin yana da shekaru 17, kuma a cikin wadannan kakar sami kwarewa da wasa a matsayin aro a Bangor City a Welsh Premier League da kuma taron gefen Northwich Victoria. Ya taka rawar gani sosai ga Crewe a cikin shekara ta, 1996 zuwa shekara ta, 1997, kwallayen sa guda 16 masu mahimmanci a wajen isar da kungiyar zuwa Matakin Farkon. Ba da daɗewa ba ya nuna kwazonsa wajen zira kwallaye a wannan matakin, kuma ya jawo hankalin manyan manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa. Yayi bakin ciki a lokacin da Crewe ta ki amincewa da tayin da aka yi masa daga West Ham United, ya bayyana wa kulob din cewa yana son tafiya, kuma ba da son kulob din ba suka ba shi damar canja wuri ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 1998, Manajan Trevor Francis ya sanya hannu kan Adebola don kulob din na farko a Birmingham City kan kudi 1 miliyan. Birmingham Birnin Tare da kwallaye bakwai a ragowar wancan lokacin, da zura kwallaye a cikin kowane wasa biyar na farko (a cikin dukkan gasa) a shekarar, 1998 zuwa 1999, makomarsa a Birmingham tayi kyau. A farkon kakarsa ta farko ya ci kwallaye 13, amma a shekarar, 1999 zuwa 2000 bai cika kwazo ba, ya fadi warwas, kuma a karshen kakar wasa an saka shi a jerin masu sauyawa. Las Palmas, wanda aka sabunta zuwa La liga, ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun saye shi, kawai don motsawar ta fadi ta dalilin likitoci. Kodayake ya kasance cikin jerin canja wurin, an maido da shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko, kuma burinsa ya taimaka Birmingham ta kai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2001, Manajan ya ce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin masu canjin wurin ne don tsokanar da shi zuwa ga irin aikin da ya dace da karfinsa, saurinsa da iyawar fasaha amma wanda halinsa na "kwan-baya" zai iya hana shi. Mummunan rauni a gwiwa, wanda aka samu daga baya a wancan lokacin lokacin da ɗan wasan ya zira kwallo a raga, ya nuna ƙarshen aikinsa na Birmingham. Lada a kan aro a Oldham Athletic zuwa ƙarshen kakar shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2002 ta taimaka masa ya dawo cikin koshin lafiya, amma sabon manajan Steve Bruce ya zaɓi ba ya sabunta kwantiraginsa. Crystal Palace A watan Agusta, a shekara ta 2002, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya da Crystal Palace, bayan ya burge tsohon manajan Trevor Francis a cikin gwaji. Ya buga kaka daya a kulob din, inda ya tabbatar da dacewarsa, inda ya buga wasanni 48 a dukkan wasannin. Garin Coventry Sake sakewa a ƙarshen wannan lokacin, Gary McAllister ya ɗauke shi zuwa Coventry City, inda a farko ya kasa samun kowane nau'i, yana kammala kakar wasa ta aro zuwa Burnley, abin birgewa shi ne kulob ɗin da ke sha'awar siyan shi kafin rauni. A Burnley ya ci kwallaye daya a wasanni uku, burin shi ya zo akan Watford. Wani rancen aro ya biyo baya, wannan karon a Bradford City wanda ya ci kwallaye uku don shi. Ya kasance kawai lokacin da aka tuna da shi zuwa Coventry gefe akai-akai a cikin 2004 2005, na farko a ƙarƙashin Peter Reid kuma musamman a ƙarƙashin Micky Adams, yana wasa tare da irin su Stern John da Gary McSheffrey, cewa fasalinsa ya ɗauka. Birnin Bristol A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2008, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni 18 tare da Bristol City, yana matsawa kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, duk da cewa Coventry na son sabunta yarjejeniyar tasa, wacce za ta kare a lokacin bazara. Adebola ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Queens Park Rangers da ci 3-0, kuma ya zira kwallaye cikin mintoci bakwai kacal a fara wasan sa don taimakawa City doke Sheffield Laraba 2-1. Wasannin da ya yi a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2008 zuwa 09, lokacin da ya ci kwallaye 10 daga wasanni 42, ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan shekara. ɗan wasan ya yi watsi da tayin da kungiyar ta yi na karin shekara daya a kwantiraginsa, yana mai cewa an ba shi kwantiragin shekara biyu a wani wuri. Dajin Nottingham An sanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 2009 cewa Adebola ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Nottingham Forest Ya hade su tare da kyauta bayan ya ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar shekara daya a Bristol City. Adebola yayi ƙoƙari ya riƙe wuri na yau da kullun a cikin Yankin Gandun daji a cikin kakar shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010. Yawanci an iyakance shi don sauya bayyanuwa, ya sami kansa a ƙasa da Dexter Blackstock da Robert Earnshaw a cikin umarnin ɓoye, amma ya sami ikon tilasta hanyarsa ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar Forest, musamman daga gida, zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Ya zira kwallon karshe a wasan karshe a wasan kusa dana karshe da kungiyar Blackpool Hull City Ya shiga tattaunawar kwantiragi da Hull City a ƙarshen kakar shekara ta 2010 zuwa 2011. A ranar 29 ga watan Yuni, aka tabbatar da cewa Adebola ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara daya. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011 a filin wasa na KC a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Blackpool daci 1-0. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 2012, Adebola ya koma kulob din League One na Notts County a matsayin aro don ragowar lokacin. Ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya zira kwallaye daya, minti na 89 a raga daidai wasan da ci 4-3 a waje Wycombe Wanderers. Rochdale A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, a shekara ta 2012, Adebola ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da kulob din Rochdale na League Two. Karkashin kocin kungiyar John Coleman, Adebola ya buga wasanni 26 a kungiyar ta Rochdale, amma lokacin da Keith Hill ya fara aiki a matsayin manaja bayan korar Coleman, Hill ya bayyana karara yana son barin Adebola ya bar kungiyar. Wrexham (lamuni) A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, Adebola ya rattaba hannu a kan lamuni don shugabannin taron Wrexham, gwargwadon yarda ta duniya. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris, ya yi wasan sa na farko a wasan 1-1 da aka buga a Taron taro a The Racecourse da Alfreton Town Adebola ya buga wa Wrexham wasanni 13, inda ya ci kwallaye biyu, a karawar da Lincoln City da Ebbsfleet United Wasansa na karshe ga Wrexham ya kasance a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbin minti 88, ya maye gurbin Jay Harris, a filin Wembley a wasan karshe na karawa da Newport County Wrexham ta sha kashi ci 2-0, yana mai Allah wadai da su a kakar wasanni ta shida a wasan kwallon kafa ba na lig ba Bayan dawowarsa Rochdale, an sake shi. Gasar Olympic Adebola ya rattaba hannu a kan wata kungiya ta Rushall Olympic wacce ba ta League ba a watan Agusta, shekara ta 2013. Ayyukan duniya A cikin watan Maris, a shekara ta 1998 sabon manajan Ireland ta Arewa Lawrie McMenemy, a kan gano Adebola ɗan asalin Burtaniya ne da aka haifa a ƙasashen waje don haka ya cancanci buga wa ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen yankin, ya zaɓe shi don wasansa na farko da zai jagoranci, wasan sada zumunci da Slovakia. Dole Adebola ya janye saboda rauni, amma ya nuna sha'awar bugawa kasar wasa. Hakanan an zabe shi a cikin rukunin wucin gadi na Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 1998, amma ya kasa yin hakan. Dukkanin Arewacin Ireland da Najeriya sun ci gaba da neman dan wasan; a cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 1998 McMenemy ya ba da rahoton cewa Adebola ba ya son yin wa Najeriya wasa, kuma ba ya son sadaukar da Arewacin Ireland saboda yana da niyyar buga wa Ingila wasa. A watan Maris, na shekarar 1999, McMenemy yayi yunƙurin ɓoyewa na ƙarshe don lallashin shi ya bugawa Ireland ta Arewa wasa. Duk da rashin kwazonsa a matakin kulob, amma har yanzu 'yan wasan Najeriya sun ba shi kwarjini sosai don a sanya shi cikin rukunin farko na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2000 kuma, bayan tattaunawa da koci Jo Bonfrere, a cikin tawagar don Wasan neman cancantar zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya a watan Yulin shekarar 2000. Koyaya, bai karɓi ɗayan waɗannan gayyata ba. kididdigar aiki Daraja Crewe Alexandra Wasannin Firimiya Lig na biyu wasan karshe na shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997 Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1975 Pages with unreviewed
37773	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Idris%20Zacharias	David Idris Zacharias	David Idris Zacharias (an haife shi 27 Disamba 1972), ɗan siyasa ne, kuma memba mai wakiltar Idah, Ibaji, Igalamela Ofu a majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar Najeriya Yana rike da aikin zama memba a kwamitocin Majalisar kan Kasafin Kudi, Asusu na Muhalli da kuma Mutanen da basu da muhalli (IDP). A watan Satumban 2019, ya goyi bayan wani kudiri na neman hukumar kan iyakokin Najeriya da ta warware rikicin kan iyaka da ya addabi mazabarsa a karamar hukumar Ibaji ta jihar Kogi da Enugu Otu a jihar Enugu .shii dan kasuwa ne da ke da sha'awar mallakar gidaje kuma Shugaba Eden Multibiz Project Ltd., wani kamfani mallakar Afirka. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa, Maina Court Facility Management Services Ltd kuma wanda ya kafa David Zacharias Foundation, kungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Zakariya ne a garin Ejule, a karamar hukumar Ofu a jihar Kogi Ya halarci makarantar mishan, St. Martins primary school, Ejule. Ya yi Jarrabawar ta Makarantun Yammacin Afirka WASCE a Community Secondary School, Ejule, Bachelor of Science B.Sc degree in Sociology, University of Abuja, ya halarci Reforming Leadership Institute a Abuja. Sana'ar siyasa A shekarar 2015, Zakariyya ya tsaya takarar tikitin jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) na jam’iyyar APC na neman tikitin tsayawa takara a mazabar tarayya ta Idah a majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar Najeriya amma abokin hamayyarsa ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC. A 2019 ya lashe tikitin jam'iyyar sa sannan ya ci zabe dan majalisar tarayya mai wakiltar Idah a majalisar wakilai ta kasa inda ya doke Emmanuel Egwu na jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party, PDP a babban zaben kasa. tare da gagarumar nasara. Emmanuel Egwu bai gamsu da kayen da ya sha ba ya kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotun sauraron kararrakin zabe inda ya nemi kotun ta soke nasarar Zacharias tare da bayyana shi (Emmanuel Egwu) a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2019 kotun mutane uku da ke zamanta a Kotun Majistare ta Wuse Zone 2, Abuja, ta yanke hukunci gaba daya cewa Zacharias ne ya lashe zaben watan Fabrairun 2019 tare da tabbatar da nasararsa a zaben sannan ta kori karar Emmanuel Egwu. da PDP. Emmanuel Egwu yana kalubalantar hukuncin da kotun ta yanke a kotun daukaka kara. Ayyukan jin kai Zakariyya ya shahara a al’ummarsa da kuma fadin jiharsa ta Kogi bisa ayyukan sadaukar da kai ga bil’adama musamman a lokutan gaggawa. 2012 bala'in ambaliya A lokacin bala’in ambaliya a shekarar 2012 da ya addabi daruruwan al’ummomi a fadin jihohi 24 na Najeriya ciki har da jihar Kogi, Zakariyya ya bayyana sosai ga wadanda abin ya shafa a lokacin da ya mayar da martani da farko yana bayar da kayan agaji ga dubban mutanen da ambaliyar ta kora a wasu al’ummomi daban-daban. a jihar Kogi. Don ci gaba da taimakawa wajen dakile illar da bala’in ya yi wa wadanda abin ya shafa cikin gaggawa ya hada gidauniyar Life Gate Foundation da Zacharias Foundation wanda shi ne ya assasa kuma shugaban kasa domin hada kayan agaji da aka mika wa Gwamna na lokacin Captain Idris Wada domin rabawa wadanda abin ya shafa a fadin jihar. Yakin yaki da munanan laifuka Zakariyya mutum ne mai nuna adawa da munanan dabi'u irin su daba, kungiyoyin asiri,, daba da sauran munanan dabi'u musamman a garinsa Ejule. A ci gaba da zabukan 2019, munanan laifuka sun kai kololuwa yayin da ‘yan daba suka kai hari kan yakin neman zabe sun raunata mutane tare da kashe mutane. A shekarar 2015, wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun bi sawun wani shugaban matasa, Abu Jeremiah. A shekarar 2011, an kashe mutane da dama yayin da wasu da dama suka samu munanan raunuka sakamakon wani kazamin rikici da ya barke tsakanin ‘yan bangar siyasa da ke gaba da juna a garin. Kokarin da ya yi na samar da sana’o’in dogaro da kai, samar da ayyukan yi da kuma tallafin karatu ga matasa wadanda suka fi kowa rauni wajen shiga aikata laifuka ya samu raguwar ta’addanci a Ejule. Gidauniyar David Zakariya Gidauniyar Zakariyya an kafa ta ne don taimaka wa ƴan ƙasa marasa galihu da ke gefen al'umma don ba su fata na rayuwa da kuma kwarin gwiwa na gaba. Gidauniyar tana bayar da daruruwan guraben karo karatu ga daliban makarantun sakandare a fadin kananan hukumomi hudu na Idah, Ibaji, Igalamela da Ofu wadanda suka hada da mazabar Idah ta tarayya sama da shekaru shida. Matasa mata da zawarawa suna cin gajiyar gidauniyar Zakariya ta hanyar basu kudade don fara kananan sana’o’i. Kudaden da gidauniyar ta kashe ya nuna cewa ta kuma bayar da kudade ga kungiyoyin agaji na kiwon lafiya da wasanni da kuma kungiyoyin addini. Manazarta Haifaffun 1972 Rayayyun
24254	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Osei	Charlotte Osei	Charlotte Kesson-Smith Osei (an haife ta 1 ga watan Fabrairun dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969) ita ce Kwamishinan Zabe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar zaɓe ta Ghana daga shekarar 2015 har zuwa lokacin da aka sallame ta a watan Yunin 2018 bisa dalilan rashin kuɗi. Wasu korafe -korafe guda biyu sun kalubalanci korar ta daga aiki a kotun koli ta Ghana. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a ofishin Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana tun lokacin da Ghana ta samu ‘yancin kai. Kafin nadin ta ita ce shugabar hukumar kula da ilimin farar hula ta kasa. A watan Mayun 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada ta don kasancewa cikin tawagar masu ba da shawara na kasa da kasa, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa na 2019 a Afghanistan. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Osei a Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kasance 'yar asalin Afirka ta Yammacin Afirka, ba Ghana ba ce kuma mahaifinta, wanda kuma ya kasance dan asalin Afirka ta Yamma, yana da mahaifi dan Ghana. Osei ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana da ke Cape Coast. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Ghana inda ta sami LLB a 1992 da Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana inda ta samu kuma ta kira mashaya a 1994. Ta kuma rike Jagorar Jagorancin Kasuwanci (MBL) daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, Pretoria (2006), Master of Laws, (LLM), daga Jami'ar Sarauniya, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Aiki Osei ta kasance mataimakiyar koyarwa a Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1994 zuwa 1995. Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya na Kamfanin Laryea da ke Accra daga 1994 zuwa 1997, sannan ta zama Babban Jami'in Shari'a a Bankin Kasuwanci na Ghana daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ta kuma koyar da aikin ɗan lokaci a dokar kasuwanci a jami'ar daga 1997 zuwa 2003. Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, Osei ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Unibank Ghana, sannan daga 2005 zuwa 2011 a matsayin wanda ta kafa kuma jagorar mashawarcin lauyoyin kasuwanci, Babban Lauyan. Ta kasance shugabar Hukumar Ilimi ta Jama'a ta Kasa daga 2011 zuwa 2015. A shekara ta 2015 an nada ta shugabar Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana kuma ita ce ta jagoranci a matsayin Jami'in Dake Neman Zaben Shugaban Kasa da na 'Yan Majalisun Ghana na 2016. A watan Mayun shekarar 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada Charlotte Osei a matsayin Kwamishinar Zabe ta Kasa da Kasa a Afganistan, wannan ya tabbatar. Dokar Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani ya bayar. A matsayinta na Kwamishinar Zaɓe Mai Ƙuri'a ta ba Hukumar jagora a cikin shirye -shiryen da tsara duk ƙa'idodi da manufofi da suka shafi zaɓe, da goyan baya wajen yanke hukunci a cikin adalci, mai zaman kansa da doka don tabbatar da adalci na zaɓe a duk faɗin zaɓen. Jayayya da zargi A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2018, an cire Osei bayan kwamitin da Babban Jojin Kasa, Mai Shari’a Sophia Akuffo ya kafa domin binciken korafe -korafe da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi mata. An kafa kwamitin ne bisa tanadin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin sashi na 146 (4) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana, shawarwarin kwamitin sun buƙaci a cire Osei saboda rashin da'a kamar yadda doka ta 146 (1) ta kundin tsarin mulkin ta tanada. Shugaban kasar Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo bisa ga shawarwari da tanade-tanaden sashe na 156 (9) na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana ya ba da umurnin a sauke ta daga ofis. Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Zabe ya karya dokokin sayayya wajen bayar da kwangila da dama kafin zaben na Ghana na 2016, rahoton da kwamitin da ya binciki ta ya nuna. Osei ta nuna cewa za ta mayar da martani kan zargin da aka yi mata daga baya. Ta jinkirta martanin nata saboda mutuwar kwatsam mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana, Kwesi Amissah-Arthur. Dalilin korar ta na fuskantar kalubale a Kotun Koli ta Ghana saboda wasu rubuce -rubuce guda biyu da Fafali Nyonator da Abdul Malik Kweku Baako, editan jarida a Ghana suka shigar. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar Hall Volta ta 1991, Mafi kyawun Sakamakon Fasaha, Gwajin Jami'a na farko, Jami'ar Ghana Jakadan Amurka a kasar Ghana Robert P. Jackson ya ba Charlotte Osei lambar yabo ta ''Mata Masu Jajircewa''. PPP Skills Competency Development, Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu, Arlington, VA, Amurka (2009) Basic Advanced Securities, Securities Selling Investment Advice, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Ghana, Accra (1997) 1992 Associationungiyar Lauyoyin Ghana, Kyau, Gwajin LLB na Ƙarshe, Jami'ar Ghana Littattafai “Citizenship, Customary Law and a Gendered Jurisprudence: A Socio-Legal Perspective.” by C. Kesson-Smith and W. Tettey in "Critical Perspectives on Politics and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana" (African social studies series), Brill Publishers, 25 Apr 2003, editors: Tettey, Wisdom J., Puplampu, Korbla P., Berman Joshua
19258	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisopodidae	Anisopodidae	Anisopodidae Ya kasan ce wani kananan cosmopolitan iyali na sauro -kamar Kudaje da aka sani da itace kwarkwata ko taga-kwarkwata, da 154 da aka bayyana suke dashi nau'in a 15 danginsu, da kuma da dama da aka bayyana m halittun. Wasu jinsunan suna saprophagous ko fungivorous Yawancinsu ƙanana ne zuwa matsakaitan ƙudaje, banda jinsi Olbiogaster da Lobogaster, waɗanda suke da girma tare da ɓarkewar ciki mai ban mamaki. Sanya yanayin halittar su yana da rikici. An gabatar da su don zama 'yar uwa ga ƙudaje masu ƙarfi, Brachycera. Wasu marubutan sun ɗauki wannan rukunin a matsayin iyalai mabanbanta Anisopodidae, Mycetobiidae, Olbiogastridae, da Valeseguyidae Bayani Don sharuddan duba Morphology na Diptera Marubuta sun yi sabani game da takaddar wannan harajin. Asusun da aka buga ya bambanta. Anisopodidae ƙanana ne ko matsakaita (galibi 4-12 mm, Lobogaster da aka samo a cikin Chile 17-18 mm) kwarkwata mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin toho mai tsawo, sirara. Tibiae suna da motsa jiki. Kan yana karami ne kuma zagaye kuma yana da kananan ledoji. Idanuwan suna dichoptic ko holoptic. Ocelli suna nan kuma sun samar da triangle mai daidaitawa. Antenananan eriyar eriya suna bambanta daga ɗan gajarta zuwa tsayi fiye da kai da kirji tare. Eriya tana da kashi 14-16. Gwanin ba shi da juzu'i na ɗagawa; fikafikan yana da fadi, tare da sararin jiji da kuma alamun karami (wani lokacin hyaline). Alula ta bambanta sosai a cikin Olbiogaster da Sylvicola Dukansu fikafikan suna kwance a kan ciki a cikin wurin hutawa. Pterostigma ya kasance ko ba ya nan, kuma membrane ɗin an rufe shi da yawa tare da microtrichia (macrotrichia da ke cikin Sylvicola Coa (C) ta ƙare a ko kusa da ƙarshen R4 5. Subcosta (Sc) ya ƙare a cikin costa kusa da tsakiyar reshe kuma zuwa nesa da Rs. Jigon R yana madaidaiciya (wani lokaci tare da katsewa ko rauni a ƙasan giciye h). Rs ya tashi kusa amma yana kusanci zuwa tsakiyar reshe, tare da rassa biyu. R4 5 yana da tsayi, yana ƙarewa kusa da ƙarshen reshe; crossvein rm yana kusa ko nesa da cokalin Rs. Radial jijiya 2 3 (R2 3) na iya ƙare a R1 ko ƙare a cikin costa. Hanya ta tsakiya (M) tana da rassa uku ko biyu kuma kwayar disal (d) tana nan ko ba ta nan. CuA2 madaidaiciya ne ko sious distally. CuA1, CuA2, da A1 duk suna kaiwa gefen reshe. CuP lokacin da aka gabatar dashi yana da bambanci sosai; A2 yana nan amma yana da rauni. Cikin yana siriri. Ganowa Maɓallan kan layi: Nau'in Palaearctic na Sylvicola Coe, RL, Freeman, P., Mattingly, PF (1950) Diptera: Nematocera, dangin Tipulidae zuwa Chironomidae. Royal Entomological Society of London Littafin Jagora 9 (2) ii. pdf Shtakel'berg, AA Family Anisopodidae (Rhyphidae, Phryneidae) a cikin Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Makullin kwari na Europeanasashen Turai na USSR Juzu'i na 5 (Diptera) Kashi na 2 Turanci. Mabuɗan ga jinsunan Palaearctic amma yanzu yana buƙatar bita. Séguy, E. (1940) Diptères: Nématocères. Paris: Éari ga Faune de Faransa. Bibliothèque virtuelle numérique Jerin nau'in Yammacin Palaearctic ciki har da Rasha Australasiyanci Oceaniyanci Kusa da shi Japan Jerin duniya Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hanyar haraji na Anisopodidae BioSystematic Database na Duniya Diptera Hotunan Diptera.info Iyali Anisopodidae a hotunan EOL
30295	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yowon%20shakatawa	Ƴancin yowon shakatawa	Yawon shakatawa na zuwa Rock wani rangadin kide-kide ne na kungiyar kiss ta Amurka. Yawon shakatawa ya mamaye kasuwanni na biyu da kuma ƙananan garuruwa a cikin shekarar 2016. An fara rangadin ne a ranar 4 ga Yuli a Tucson, Arizona, wanda ke nuna alamar komawa birnin a karon farko tun shekarata 2000. Ziyarar ta kasance farkon cikakken sikelin yawon shakatawa na Arewacin Amurka don ƙungiyar tun shekarata 2014. A cikin shirin yawon shakatawa na zagaye na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar, Stanley ya yi tunani game da yawon shakatawa: Tarihi A nunin Rockford, Illinois, Cheap Trick 's Rick Nielsen ya shiga rukunin rukunin don yin wasan Rock and Roll All Nite liyafar Emerson Malone na Daily Emerald ya kwatanta wasan kwaikwayon Eugene, Oregon a matsayin "Musicly, Kuma banda har yanzu yana sauti mai ban mamaki kuma saitin ya zo tare da abubuwa masu yawa don ƙauna: Thayer's inky, sludgy guitar a Kira Dr. Love da Strutter Drum Singer ya cika Cold Gin kuma Mawaƙi yana ɗaukar ikon yin muryoyin a lokacin ballad mai haske mai haske Beth Lacey Paige, na Exclaim, ya yaba da yanayin ban sha'awa na kiss kiss, kamar yadda "Ga matasa masu sauraro, fuskantar wani kiss kiss a karon farko kamar shiga cikin na'ura na lokaci da komawa zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1970s, lokacin da New York- tushen glam-shock-rockers' sana'ar ta haura zuwa kololuwar darajar rock'n'roll. Nunin Kiss daidai ya ƙunshi masu zikiri na wancan lokacin, yana ba wa tsofaffin al'ummomin magoya baya damar su sake rayawa da jin daɗin ainihin ƙuruciyarsu." Mike Baltierra, na Seattle Music Insider, ya yi nazari mai kyau game da wasan kwaikwayo na Kennewick, Washington: "Stanley ya sa taron jama'a suna cin abinci daga tafin hannunsa. Yayin da Simmons ya lullube kan taron, sannan Thayer ya tsage riff bayan tsagewa, kuma Singer ya buga ganguna." Saita jeri Wannan shi ne jeri daga nunin farko na yawon shakatawa, kuma maiyuwa baya wakiltar yawancin yawon shakatawa: Detroit Rock City Deuce Kai da karfi Kina Sona? Ina son shi da ƙarfi Youth Flaming Allahn Tsawa (Gene Solo, zubar jini da kwari) Psycho Circus Shock Ni (Tommy Guitar Solo) Ciwon Gin Lasa shi War Machine Soyayya Gun Black Diamond Encore Beth Banner-Spangled Banner (shafin John Stafford Smith) Rock and Roll All Nite "Youth Flaming" ba a buga a Tucson ba An buga Srutter kawai a cikin Boise, Eugene da Kennewick Shekaru 100,000 kawai an buga su a Tucson, Boise, Eugene da Kennewick An yi ni don Lovin' You kawai an buga shi a Edmonton Ya Kanada kawai ya buga a Edmonton da Calgary Allah na Thunder ba a buga a Tucson, Boise, Eugene da Kennewick ba An buga Halittun Dare a Grand Rapids amma in ba haka ba an maye gurbinsu da "Kuna Sona?" Kwanakin yawon shakatawa Akwatin maki bayanan Babban Yawon shakatawa ya samu $15.4 miliyan, tare da tikiti 233,262 da aka sayar a cikin nunin 40. Ma'aikata Kiss Paul Stanley vocals, rhythm guitar Gene Simmons vocals, bass Tommy Thayer guitar guitar, vocals Eric Singer ganguna, vocals Fitowar baƙo Rick Nielsen mawaƙin baƙo (Agusta 20, 2016) Sauran Fran Stueber III fasahar guitar, muryar gabatarwa[ abubuwan da ake bukata Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ziyarar
14705	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafafen%20watsa%20labarai%20a%20Ghana	Kafafen watsa labarai a Ghana	Kafofin yada labarai a Ghana, sun hada da talabijin, rediyo, tashohin sadarwa na yanar gizo da kuma jaridu. Tarihi karni na 19 Kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Kogin Zinariya sun fara bayyana a cikin karni na 19 tare da buga The Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer a 1822. Takardar tana da ayyuka da yawa: don samar da bayanai ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da fatake na Turai; da kuma taimakawa ci gaban yawan karatu da rubutu da ci gaban karkara tsakanin mazauna yankin tare da karfafa hadin kai tare da gwamnatin Kogin Zinariya. A tsakiyar karni na 19, yawancin takardu mallakar mallakar Afirka sun bayyana wadanda galibi ba su da iyakancewa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da samun' yancin kan Ghana. Gwamnan mulkin mallaka Sir Arnold Hodson ya gabatar da tashar rediyo ta farko, mai suna Radio ZOY, a cikin 1935. Babban amfani da ita shine yada farfaganda don samun goyon bayan mulkin mallaka.<ref>In the mid-19th century, a diverse number of African-owned papers appeared that were largely unrestricted by the colonial government. This led to a surge of independent press, which in part led to the independence of Ghana. Bayan 'yanci Bayan sanarwar ranar 7 ga Maris 1957 da Ghana ta samu daga Kasar Ingila, jaridu kusan huɗu ne kawai. Jagora Kwame Nkrumah daga karshe ya mallaki dukkan 'yan jaridu a Ghana kuma ya gan ta a matsayin kayan aikin hukuma, yana ba da farfaganda da ke karfafa haɗin kan kasa da kirkirar tsarin tsarin kayan aiki na jihohi don kula da kafofin yada labarai. Canja wurin kafofin watsa labarai ya canza hannuwa daga na farar hula zuwa na soja, kuma jerin kamewa da dauri na adawar siyasa da Nkrumah ya yi matukar tasiri kan kafofin yada labarai. 'Yan adawa Ashanti Pioneer, wadanda suka yi aiki tun daga shekarun 1930, Nkrumah ya rufe su bayan an sanya su cikin takunkumi. Bayan hambarar da Nkrumah a wani juyin mulki, yawancin hanyoyin jihar sun canza hannu, duk da cewa har yanzu suna karkashin ikon jam'iyyar mai mulki. National Liberation Council (NLC) ta sanya tsauraran matakai a kan gidajen sayar da kayayyaki na cikin gida; misali, Dokar jita-jita a shekarar 1966 wacce ta hana kowa karar jaridun mallakin gwamnati. A cikin 1969, zaɓaɓɓiyar gwamnatin farar hula ta Kofi Busia wacce ta biyo bayan NLC an bar ta da adadi mai yawa na kafafen yada labarai karkashin ikon jihar. Busia ta soke ayyuka daban-daban tare da sallamar mai jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati saboda adawa da Busia, wanda ya ɗaukaka kara don tattaunawar Afirka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Koyaya, lokacin da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ya hambarar da gwamnatin Busia, ya sake dawo da tsauraran matakan kula da kafafen yada labarai tare da danniya a kan kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar yanke kudaden kasashen waje. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai da dama na adawa ba su sami matsala ba a lokacin mulkin Acheampong, kuma a shekara ta 1978 sun karu a kiraye-kirayensu na dimokiradiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa a Ghana. Janar Akuffo ne ya kifar da gwamnatin Acheampong a watan Mayu 1978, wanda ya sauya wasu manufofin magabatansa da suka gabace shi ya kuma saki 'yan jarida da mambobin adawa. Wannan ya haifar da kafa takaddun jam'iyya biyu: Star na Popular Front Party (PFP) da Gong Gong na People's National Party (PNP). Mulkin Akuffo bai daɗe ba, ya ƙare a wani juyin mulki da Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jerry Rawlings, waɗanda suka soke dokokin 'yan jarida waɗanda Acheampong ya zartar. Rawlings ya maye gurbin babban editan jaridar Daily Graphic wanda ya soki hukuncin kisan na AFRC, duk da cewa ba su da ikon yin hakan saboda ya kaskantar da kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku, wanda ya ce dole ne a maye gurbinsu da Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu. Bayan watanni takwas na mulkin AFRC, wanda ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin kafofin watsa labarai amma a karshe ba ta samu ba, sai aka mayar da mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen demokradiyya PNP tare da Hilla Limann a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979. Limann ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin kafofin yaɗa labaru, ya kafa Kwamitin 'Yan Jaridu mai mambobi 12 a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1980. A cikin jawabin nasa ya ce: Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, kamar yadda doka ta tanada, ita ce ta binciki korafe-korafen da ake yi game da' yan jaridu, da tabbatar da 'yancin' yan jarida da samar da dokoki da lasisin da ya kamata ga kafofin yada labarai. A lokacin mulkin Limann, ya mutunta sabon Tsarin Mulki kuma ya yarda da suka daga kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan bai dade ba duk da haka, kamar yadda John Rawlings, yana ambaton "cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsari," ya sake kwace mulki a karkashin Provisional National Defence Council a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981, kuma ya soke sauye-sauyen kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Limann ya kirkiro. A karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin, an soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku, tare da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida. Ta hanyar jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1982, ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa su jagoranci “Yakin Mai Tsarki” kuma su jagoranci juyin juya halin. Rawlings ya zartar da wasu dokoki wadanda suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, ta kori editocin da ke sukar sa sannan ya zartar da dokoki da dama kamar Dokar Kare Rigakafi da Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsarewa ba tare da an yanke hukunci ga ‘yan jarida ba, da kuma dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Sakatariyar Watsa Labarai ta PNDC Joyce Aryee a 1983 ta kare ikon gwamnati kai tsaye: Manufofin ba wai kawai sun shafi kafofin watsa labarai ba har ma da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana, tare da kora da yawa ko ritaya da wuri. Sakamakon haka, wasu kafofin watsa labarai sun guji duk tattaunawar siyasa gaba ɗaya kuma sun mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar wasa ko nishaɗi maimakon. 1992-2000 A shekarar 1992, Ghana ta fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, ta koma mulkin dimokiradiyya a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993. Rawlings a matsayin wani bangare na National Democratic Congress (ya yi ritaya wani Laftanar Laftanar na Sojojin Ghana) ya ba da damar yada labarai ta hanyar soke dokokin da PNDC ta sa hannu a baya. Kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, wadanda a baya aka kame bakinsu a karkashin gwamnati a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, sun yi amfani da sabbin dokokin 'yancin' yan jarida wajen yin suka a kan Rawlings na tsauraran dokokin na shekarun da suka gabata tare da wallafa zarge-zarge da dama na kama-karya da muggan kwayoyi. Kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati duk da haka, sun ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto na Rawlings. Rawlings ya yarda da shekarun danniya da kafofin watsa labarai, duk da cewa ya kare juyin mulkin soja: Duk abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba za a iya sakewa daga tsarin tsarin mulki na yau ba. Babu wanda zai kasa yin godiya ga mahimmancin juyin juya halin 31 ga Disamba wajen kawo 'yan Ghana zuwa mashigar Jamhuriyya ta huɗu, da kafa ƙa'idodin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma wanda zai sa tsarin mulki ya zama zahirin rayuwa yin hakan na nufin gurbata tarihin Ghana tare da ajiye wadancan muhimman darussa wadanda hakika zasu bunkasa wannan matakin na kwarewar Ghana. Bugu da kari, Rawlings ya sha alwashin mutunta Fasali na 12 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana, inganta 'yancin' yan jarida, hakkin bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jihohi da kuma wadannan 'yanci su zama karin' yancin dan adam. An kirkiro sabuwar Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu ta kasa (daga baya ga Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ghana) mai' yanci daga gwamnati, wanda zai kula da ayyukan da aka ambata a baya. Duk da wadannan sabbin sauye-sauyen, Shugaba Rawlings da gwamnatin NDC sun ci gaba da sukar 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu, suna masu kiranta "mara sa hankali a siyasance" kuma ta hanyar amfani da riba ne. Wani jami'in gwamnati ya yi iƙirarin cewa kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu "sun gwada iyakokin gwamnati", yayin da wasu kuma suka zarge ta da nuna Majalisar ba ta da ƙarfi. Wata kungiya mai suna Abokan Dimokiradiyya ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da sa hannun dubu daya da ke nuna adawa da kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Editoci daga Free Press da New Statesman sun ba da rahoton cewa an aika musu da barazanar kisa daga NDC saboda sukar gwamnatin. Valerie Sackey wacce mataimakiya ce ga Shugaba Rawlings, ta lura cewa 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suna da aikin bayar da halattacciyar suka ga gwamnati da kuma yin abin da ya dace, maimakon kawai nuna cewa gwamnati na kokarin rufe bakinsu. 2000-yanzu Bayan zaben a 2000 na John Kufuor rikice-rikice tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da gwamnati sun ragu. Kufuor ya kasance mai goyon bayan 'yancin' yan jarida kuma ya soke dokar ɓarna da aikata laifi, kodayake ya ci gaba da cewa dole ne kafofin watsa labaru su yi aiki yadda ya kamata. An bayyana kafofin yada labaran na Ghana a matsayin "daya daga cikin wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai" a Afirka, suna aiki ba tare da takaita hanyoyin yada labarai ba. 'Yan jarida masu zaman kansu galibi suna ɗauke da suka game da manufofin gwamnati. Kafofin watsa labarai, da kafafen yada labarai musamman, sun kasance masu karfin gwiwa wajen bayar da labarin zaben shugaban kasar ta Ghana a shekarar 2008, kuma kungiyar Ghana Journalists Association (GJA) ta yaba wa John Atta Mills game da zaben nasa, tare da fatan samar da kyakkyawar dangantakar‘ yan jarida da gwamnatin. 'Yan Jarida sun tilastawa Gwamnati ta yarda cewa jami'ai suna da lissafi A gare ni kyakkyawar alama ce a gare ni cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Ghana sun yi wani tasiri a kan dimokiradiyya tun kafuwar Jamhuriyya ta 4 Seyd, C., 4 June 1999 Saboda sabuwar 'yancin yada labarai, masana'antar wasan bidiyo a Ghana na bunkasa. Alaka da kafafan yada labarai na kasashen waje Kafofin yada labaran Ghana na da kyakkyawar dangantaka da kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje, tare da yawancin ‘yan jaridun duniya daga kungiyoyin Yammacin Turai da na Afirka da ke Asiya da ke Accra babban birnin kasar. Ba a hana ‘yan jarida cikas yayin aikin su, kuma ba a bincikar bayanan cikin ko fita kasar. Babban kamfanin dillacin labarai, Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Ghana, Nkrumah ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1957 don samar da daidaitattun bayanai kan labaran gida da na duniya. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya taimaka wajan baiwa kamfanin jagora da taimakon fasaha har zuwa shekarar 1961. Hukumar ta samu rajista daga kungiyoyi sama da 140 da kuma kanfanin dillacin labarai shida a shekarar 2000. Kalubale ga kafofin yada labaran Ghana Duk da 'yanci na dangi, kafofin yada labarai a Ghana na fuskantar wasu kalubale. 'Yan jarida a Ghana galibi ba su cika albashi ba, ba sa samun wadataccen aiki, kuma galibi ba sa samun horo. A sakamakon haka, 'yan jaridu a Ghana sun sami kansu cikin saukin cin hanci da kuma bincikar kansu. Ingancin shirye-shiryen watsa labarai na rediyo da talabijin yana da ƙasa. Game da jaridu, yanayin mallakar jaridu na da siyasa a siyasance tare da yawancin jaridu suna goyon bayan bangaren gwamnati ko na jam’iyyun adawa. Jarida guda ɗaya tak, mallakar mallakar gwamnati ta Daily Graphic da gaske ana rarraba ta ƙasa. 'Yancin' yan jarida Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda na kame' yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, iyali, gida, ko rubutu, kuma gwamnati tana girmama waɗannan hanin a aikace. A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana. Jaridu Kimanin jaridu 135 ake bugawa a Ghana, gami da jaridu 16 masu zaman kansu da kuma jaridu 9 na kullum. Gudummawar da adadi mai yawa na jaridu na jihohi da masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa ya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na yada labarai a Ghana. Takardun jihohi kamar su Daily Graphic da Ghanaian Times sun saba da ingantawa da karfafa goyan baya ga manufofin gwamnati da bin layi mai bin ra'ayin mazan jiya, ba kamar yadda 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suka fallasa kyawawan ayyukan jami'an gwamnati da rashin kyakkyawan tsarin tafiyar da al'amuran gwamnati ba. Kwamitin yada labarai na kasa na Ghana, kwamiti mai zaman kansa, an kafa shi ne domin sanya ido tare da karbar korafe-korafe game da kafafen yada labarai. Hukumar ta karbi korafe-korafe 50 a 2002, kuma a cikin Mayu 2001, ta tilasta wa Chronicle na Ghana ta ba da hakuri kan wallafa "labaran karya" a kan mutane ba tare da kwararan hujjoji ba. Koyaya, ba a kula da irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen saboda rashin iko. Talabijan da rediyo An gabatar da Talabijin ga Ghana a 1965 kuma yana karkashin ikon Jiha. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ya gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin har zuwa 1994, biyo bayan kundin tsarin mulkin 1992 na sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Wani bangare na kundin tsarin mulki na 1992 ya kafa National Media Commission wacce ta dauki nauyin inganta da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin kafafen yada labarai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan juyin mulkin 1966 na Nkrumah ta hanyar National Liberation Council (wacce ta riƙe maƙarƙashiyar Jiha a kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasar), Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ta sanar da doka ga, "watsa shirye-shirye a fagen al'adu, ilimi, bayanai da nishaɗi, don nuna ci gaban kasa da buri, da kuma watsa shirye-shirye a cikin manyan yarukan Ghana da Turanci.” Akwai tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye bakwai a cikin 2007. Daga cikin tashoshin, akwai gudanar da gwamnatin Ghana Broadcasting Corporation da wasu tashoshi masu zaman kansu guda hudu, TV3, Metro TV, Viasat 1, TV Skyy, da TV Africa, tare da TV3 da Metro TV da ke aiki a shekarar 1997. Ana iya samun tashoshin kasashen waje irin su CNN da BBC a kyauta. Rediyon FM ya fara ne a shekarar 1988, wanda ya baiwa gidajen rediyon kasashen waje damar shigowa cikin kasar, kamar su Voice of America, Radio France Internationale da kuma watsa labarai na BBC a kan 101.3FM. Zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi a shekarar 1995 game da kwace kayan aiki daga wani gida mai zaman kansa, Radio EYE, ya tilasta wa gwamnati ta samar da mitocin FM da yawa ga wasu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, abin da ya haifar da wani sabon zamani na "watsa labarai da yawa". Tattaunawar tattaunawa ta wayar tarho kan lamuran gida da na ƙasa sun shahara sosai a gidan rediyon Ghana. Baya ga tashoshin Turanci, akwai da yawa a cikin yaren gida. A cikin 2007, FM 86 da tashoshin gajeren zango uku sun wanzu. Intanet Kimanin 'yan Ghana miliyan 4.2 ne suka yi amfani da Intanet a shekarar 2012, kimanin kashi 17% na yawan jama'ar. Babu wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin 2014 kamar yadda rahoton kididdigar Duniya na Intanet ya ruwaito "akwai masu amfani da Intanet na 5,171,993 a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, 19.6% na yawan jama'a, a kowane IWS." Ba shi da iyakancewa daga gwamnati. Duba kuma Ghana 2004 Annual Report, Reporters Without Borders Manazarta Ghana Ghana
46444	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mougins	Mougins	Mougins French: Occitan ʒis] Latin wata ƙungiya ce dake a sashin Alpes-Maritimes a yankin Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur daga kudu maso gabashin Faransa. Ya zuwa shekarata 2019, tana da yawan jama'a kimanin mutum dubu goma sha tara da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 19,982. Tana kan tsaunukan Cannes, a gundumar Grasse. Mougins tana da nisa mintuna 15 a tafiyar mota daga Cannes. Garin yana kewaye da dazuzzuka, musamman dajin Valmasque. A cikin garin akwai itatuwan pine, zaitun da bishiyar cypress. Tarihi Mutane na rayuwa a tudun Mougins tun kafin zamanin Rumawa. Ƙabilun Ligurian na da waɗanda suka zauna a bakin teku tsakanin Provence da Tuscany, sun kasance daga ƙarshe sun hade da Daular Roma sannan kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Ligurian na hukuma wanda Sarkin sarakuna Augustus (X Regio) ya kirkiro. A kan hanyar Aurelia ta haɗa Roma zuwa Arles, Muginum ya fara wanzuwa ne ƙarni na 1 BC. A cikin 1056, Gillaume de Gauceron, Count of Antibes, ya ba Mougins tsaunin ga Sufaye na Malaman Honorat (daga kusa da Îles de Lerins kusa da bakin tekun Cannes) wadanda suka ci gaba da gudanar da ƙauyen, kuma har zuwa jajibirin Juyin juya hali na Faransa a 1789 tarihinsa yayi daidai da na Abbey. Tsohon gidan kotun sufaye, ɗakin da aka ɓoye wanda yanzu ake kira "Salle des Moines" ("Dakin Sufaye") yana kan bene na farko na gidan abincin L'Amandier An gina shi da tsawon mita 260 a sama, an karawa ƙauyen kariya a tsakiyar zamani. Sifarsa ta karkace, ginshiƙanta da ƙofofinta guda uku, waɗanda har yanzu Porte Sarrazine (Ƙofar Sarrazine) ce kawai ke wanzuwa a yau, kofar ya bada kariya mai mahimmanci duk da yawan hare-haren lokacin yaƙi a tsawon tarihinta. Ƙauyen ya girma har zuwa wajen ainhin iyakarta, yayin da yake ci gaba da bin tsarin zagaye na ainihin tsarinta. A lokacin Yaƙin Nasara na Austriya na ƙarni na 18, sojojin Austro-Sardinia sun kai hari a ƙauyen kuma sun kone ta da wuta. Bayan haka, an sake gina wasu ginshiƙan tare da gina wasu ƙananan titunan gidaje na farkon ƙarni na 19. Alkaluma Tattalin Arziki A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, ƙauyen ya kasance cibiyar samar da furanni, yana samar da lavender, wardi da jasmine don turare a yankin Grasse na kusa. Mougins ƙauye ne mai albarka, inda duka tsoffin gine-gine da gidajen ƙarni na 19 ke nan kamar yadda aka gina su. Ilimi Makarantar Mougins, sunan da aka fi amfani da shi na makarantar shine Makarantara kasa da kasa ta Mougins British International School tana gudana tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1964. Akwai makarantar firamare "les cabrieres" da makarantar taka-tsaki "les campelieres". Masu unguwanni Tagwaye birane An haɗa Mougins tare da: Aschheim, Germany Lerici, Italy Duba kuma Communes na sashen Alpes-Maritimes Bernard Lancret Johann Michael Rottmayr Pablo Picasso Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mougins Museum of Classical Art Shafi mai dauke da hotunan tsohon kauyen Mougins La Vigne de Pibonson shine kadai wurin samar da ruwan inabi a Mougins kuma ɗayan 3 kawai a Alpes-Maritimes. CS1 Faransanci-language sources (fr) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50386	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Acker	Kathy Acker	Kathy Acker, an haife ta a sha takwas ga Afrilu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da bakwai a Manhattan New York kuma ta mutu in Tijuana Mexico mawaƙiyaBa'amurkiya ce, marubuciyace kuma yar gwagwarmayar mata. Ayyukants yana da yawa kamar yadda yake da fantasy da fiction kimiyya Tafiya Bayan yin aiki a matsayin mai tsiri, Kathy Acker ta buga ayyukanta na farko a lokacin haɓaka wallafe-wallafen karkashin kasa na New York a tsakiyar shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in s. Ta kasance a gefen cibiyar adabi, inda ƙananan gidajen buga littattafai ke buga su har zuwa tsakiyar Shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin s, don haka ta sami lakabin ta'addanci na adabi. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da hudu ta ga littafinta na farko a Burtaniya, wani labari mai suna Blood and Guts a Makarantar Sakandare Tun daga wannan ranar Acker ta samar da jerin litattafai masu ban sha'awa, kusan duk an buga su a Grove Press. Ta rubuta guda don mujallu da litattafai masu yawa, da kuma fitattun guda don RE/Search, Exhaust Angel, da Rapid Eye. A ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta sami wasu nasarori a cikin jaridu na yau da kullun jaridar jaridar Guardian ta buga da yawa daga cikin matani, ciki har da hira da Spice Girls, wanda ta gabatar da 'yan watanni kafin mutuwarta. Tasirin farko na Acker shine marubutan Amurka da mawaƙa (mawaƙan Black Mountain, musamman Jackson Mac Low da William S. Burroughs ƙungiyar Fluxus, da ka'idar wallafe-wallafe, musamman Gilles Deleuze A cikin aikinta, ta haɗu da saɓo, fasahohin yankewa, labarun batsa, tarihin rayuwa, cuta ta ainihi (mutum da hali) don rikitar da tsammanin abin da almara ya kamata ya kasance. Ta gane aikin yin aiki ga harshe ta hanyar mai da hankali ga rashin zaman lafiyar mace a cikin tarihin wallafe-wallafen namiji Don Quixotte ta hanyar samar da daidaito na ainihi tsakanin tarihin tarihin rayuwa da mutum, da kuma ta hanyar yin wasa tare da karin magana da na al'ada. A cikin Memoriam zuwa Identity, Acker ta jawo hankali ga shahararrun nazarin rayuwar Arthur Rimbaud da Le Bruit et la Fureur, wanda ke ginawa ko bayyana ainihin zamantakewa da wallafe-wallafe. Ko da yake an san ta a duniyar adabi don ƙirƙirar sabon salo na salon batsa na mata da kuma tatsuniyoyi na tatsuniyoyi, ita ma ta kasance tambarin fanko da mata saboda sadaukarwar da take yi na al'adun tsiraru, mata masu hali da tashin hankali. Ana cikiavril Afrilu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida, an gano tana da ciwon nono kuma ta fara magani. A cikijanvier Janairu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai ta bayyana rashin bangaskiyarta a cikin maganin al'ada a cikin labarin Guardian, Kyautar Cutar Ta yi iƙirarin cewa, bayan da aka yi mata tiyatar da ba ta yi nasara ba, wadda ta yi mata rauni a jiki da tawayar zuciya, ta zaɓi yin watsi da halin da majinyata ke ba su ta hanyar maganin gargajiya da kuma neman shawarwari daga masana abinci mai gina jiki, da acupuncturists, masu warkar da tabin hankali da kuma masanan ganye na kasar Sin. Lalle ne, yana da alama a gare shi cewa maimakon zama abin nazari, kamar yadda a cikin likitancin Yamma, mai haƙuri ya zama mai gani, mai neman hikima. Ciwon yana canzawa zuwa malami kuma mara lafiya ya zama dalibi. Bayan gwada nau'o'in madadin magani da yawa a Burtaniya da Amurka, Acker ya mutu shekara guda da rabi a Tijuana sakamakon rikice-rikice a madadin asibitin ciwon daji Tarihin adabi Mawallafin marubuci, mawaƙi, da mai fasaha Kathy Acker, wanda aka haifa a New York, ya kasance yana da alaƙa da motsin punk na shekarun dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tamanin wanda ya shafi al'ada a Manhattan da kewaye. Duk da haka, kamar yadda yawancinta, ta ɗan motsa. Ta karɓi BA daga Jami'ar California, San Diego a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas. Ta yi shekaru biyu a karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar City ta New York amma ta tafi kafin ta kammala. Ta kasance a New York kuma tana aiki a matsayin magatakardar fayil, sakatariya, mai tsiri, da ƴan wasan batsa. Bisexual a bayyane a duk rayuwarta, ta yi aure kuma ta sake aure sau biyu. A cikin 1979, ta ci lambar yabo ta Pushcart don littafinta na New York City A farkon shekarun 1980 ta zauna a Landan, inda ta rubuta yawancin ayyukanta da suka fi yabo. Bayan ta koma Amurka, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco kuma a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da yawa, ciki har da Jami'ar Idaho, California, San Diego, Cibiyar California Arts da Kwalejin Roanoke. Ta mutu a Tijuana, Mexico a madadin asibitin inda aka yi mata jinyar cutar kansar
18950	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakaria%20Labyad	Zakaria Labyad	Zakaria Labyad Berber languages an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1993) ɗan asalin ƙasar Maroccan ne haifaffen, kasar ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga Ajax a cikin Eredivisie Dan wasan ya taba wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Netherlands U17 a matakin kasa da kasa kafin ya sauya sheka zuwa kasar Morocco kuma ya yi musu wasa a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 23. Klub din PSV Haihuwar Utrecht, Labyad ya fito ne ta hanyar shirin matasa na PSV A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da PSV har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2012. Kafin shiga PSV, Labyad ya bugawa USV Elinkwijk Labyad ya fara taka leda a babbar kungiyar a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010 a wasan UEFA Europa League na gida da Hamburger SV, yana zuwa maimakon Otman Bakkal a minti na 71. Kwana uku bayan haka, Labyad shima ya buga wasan farko a Eredivisie, yana zuwa a madadin Balázs Dzsudzsák a wasa da RKC Waalwijk A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2010, Labyad ya fara bayyanarsa ta farko a cikin wasan farko a wasan gida da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Groningen Jerin zabin Labyad a cikin jeren farawa ya biya farashi kai tsaye, tare da zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 3-1. A wasan karshe na kakar shekara ta 2009-10, Labyad ya sake kasancewa a cikin jeren farawa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Alkmaar Labyad fiye ko lessasa ya zama na yau da kullun a cikin farawa 11 a cikin kakar wasan shekara ta 2011-12 kuma ya sami nasarori da yawa. Ya buga wasanni 32 kuma ya zura kwallaye 6. Ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa dana karshe na KNVB Beker akan Heerenveen kuma daga baya ya lashe kofi tare da PSV Wasannin CP A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2012, Shugaban Sporting CP ya bayyana cewa Labyad zai kasance tare da kungiyar ta Portugal a kakar wasan shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2013, a kan hanyar canja wuri, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 5. Koyaya, a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, daraktan fasaha na PSV Marcel Brands ya shaida wa kafofin watsa labarai na Dutch cewa an tsawaita kwantiragin Labyad zuwa shekara guda tun da Labyad ya gaza kawo karshen yarjejeniyar tasa a hukumance kafin wa'adin doka na ranar 15 ga watan Mayu. A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2012, ya shiga Sporting a hukumance. A kakarsa ta farko, ya buga wasanni 27 a kungiyar inda ya zira kwallaye uku. Vitesse (lamuni) A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, bayan da bai buga wasa ko daya ba na Sporting a farkon rabin kakar wasan, an tura Labyad a matsayin aro zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Vitesse ta Holland har zuwa bazarar shekara ta 2015. Koma ga Sporting CP Labyad ya koma Sporting CP na kakar wasan shekara ta 2015-16 Primeira Liga don aiki tare da sabon manajan Sporting CP Jorge Jesus wanda ya dage kan dawowar Labyad a wani bangare na shi ya yarda da karbar aikin Sporting CP. Tabbas, ana kallon Labyad a matsayin "pilar" don sabon Sporting CP na Jorge Jesus. Fulham (aro) A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, Labyad ya koma aro zuwa Fulham har zuwa karshen kakar wasan shekara ta 2015-16. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Sporting CP ya sanar da cewa duka ɓangarorin biyu sun amince da soke kwangilar. Utrecht A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Labyad ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Eredivisie FC Utrecht har zuwa shekara ta 2019. AFC Ajax A ranar 14 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2018, Labyad ya sanya hannu don Eredivisie gefen AFC Ajax Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta 2022. Rayuwar mutum Labyad ya ce ya kalli tsohon abokin wasan PSV Ibrahim Afellay, yana mai cewa “Ibrahim abokina ne. Ina matukar girmama shi, ba wai kawai don yana taka rawa a matsayi na kamar ni ba, amma kuma a matsayin mutum, shi wani ne da nake ganinsa. A lokacin da yake PSV, Labyad ya zauna a Utrecht tare da danginsa, don haka dole ne ya yi zirga-zirga ta jirgin ƙasa kowace rana zuwa Eindhoven. Ya bi ilimi a "Wasanni Ayyuka" a ROC Eindhoven. Kididdigar aiki Daraja Kulab Kofin KNVB 2011–12 Ajax Eredivisie 2018–19 Kofin KNVB: 2018–19 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Zakaria Labyad a Voetbal International Mutane 'Yan wasan kwallon kafan Maroco Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1993 Pages with unreviewed
50190	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVerne%20Krause	LaVerne Krause	LaVerne Erickson Krause (1924-1987) Yar wasan Amurka ce.Ta kafa shirin buga littattafai na Jami'ar Oregon kuma ta koyar a wurin har tsawon shekaru ashirin,ta samar da zane-zane asama da dubu goma a rayuwarta.It mai ba da shawara ce ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, ta taka rawar gani wajen kafa babin Oregon na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa.An "san tane saboda fitattun gudunmawar da ta bayar a matsayin ta na malama, mai zane-zane,sannan mai fafutukar fasaha". Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi LaVerne Krause a Portland, Oregon An ɗauke ta tana da shekara shida da haihuwa kuma ta girma a wata gona a wajen Portland tare da Mayan kawunenta maza da mata,james Martin da Hannah (Wrolstad) Erickson. Ta halarci Jami'ar Oregon da ke Eugene a kan tallafin karatu na fasaha, tana aiki a lokacin bazara a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Commercial Iron Works a Portland a matsayin ma'aunin sikeli da ke lalata tarkacen jiragen ruwa don cire tsatsa,kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin ma'aikaciyar injin zane a wani aikin ƙarfe na jirgin ruwa,poole McGonigle. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1946. Yayin da take Jami'ar Oregon,ta yi karatu a karkashin Jack Wilkinson, wanda ta daukeshi a matsayin babban malaminta. A Portland,ta halarci azuzuwa kuma daga ƙarshe ta fara koyarwa a Makarantar Art Museum Bayan kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Oregon a 1946,ta auri Labrecht Gerhard Krause,b alokacin taking sojojin duniya na biyu wanda ta san tun daga makarantar firamare.Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. A cikin 1949 ma'auratan sun koma Portland,inda ya ci gaba da aiki da Kamfanin Biscuit na kasa. Sana'a Nunin farko na Krause a cikin nunin fasaha mai juried ya kasance a gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland a cikin sheka ta 1949. A shekara ta 1951,ta fara daukar darasi a Makarantar Fasaha ta kayan tarihi, wanda gidan kayan tarihi na Portland ke daukar nauyinta, kuma hotonta na farko da aka nuna ya kasance a Louis Bunce's Kharouba Gallery a Portland. A shekara ta 1952,ta gudanar da baje kolin solo na farko a Portland Art Museum. A 1954,aikin mijinta ya mayar da iyali zuwa Eugene kuma Krause ya zama mai aiki a cikin gida Artists Equity. Sun koma Portland shekaru biyu bayan haka, inda Krause ya zama mai sha'awar yankan itace da etching ta 1956,da bugawa ta 1958,a matsayin dalibi na rabin lokaci a Makarantar Art Museum. An sake ta a shekar ta 1960, Krause ta koyar da azuzuwan yara a Makarantar Art Museum, kuma ta halarci wurin a rabin a way na lokaci a matsayin ɗaliba. Ta baje kolin zane-zanenta na siyarwa a wani dakin shakatawa da kuma a harabar gidan cin abinci na Gay Nineties a kudu maso yammacin Portland. A cikin shekara ta 1965, Jack Wilkinson ya gayyaci Krause don ba da lacca a Eugene a kan "Long Life of the woodcut", kuma daga baya ya gayyace ta shiga ciki dan baiwa don koyar da etching. Ta fara shirin bugawa a Jami'ar Oregon a matsayin mace daya tilo a cikin Sashen Fine da Aiyuka Arts (yanzu Sashen Fasaha). Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimin Jami'a akan Matsayin Mata, kuma Gov. Mark Hatfield ya nada ta a Majalisar Tsare-tsare don Fasaha, wanda ya kai ga kafa Hukumar Fasaha ta Oregon A cikin 1981 ta taimaka wajen kafa Majalisar Bugawa na Arewa maso Yamma. Krause ta koyar a Jami'ar Oregon daga 1966 zuwa 1986,inda aka san ta da "tasiri mai karfi akan daliban fasaha da matasa masu fasaha". Ta ƙirƙiro da zane sama da dubu goma a rayuwarta. Krause ya ba da shawara ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, kuma ya zama memba mai kafa na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu fasaha ta Oregon.Ta zama shugabar ta daga 1954 zuwa 1955 da 1966–1968; ta kasance shugaban kasa na Ma'aikatar Masu Mahimmanci daga 1969 zuwa 1970. A cewar Arlene Schnitzer, "Hanyar baya kafin ta kasance gaye, ta kasance mai gwagwarmaya madadin mata da masu fasaha." "Ta koyar dani Abu da yawa," in ji Schnitzer Krause ta mutu a Babban Asibitin Zuciya a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1987,a shekaru 62, bayan ta yi fama da cutar kansa tsawon shekaru hudu. Salon fasaha Gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland sun ajiye kayan tarihin rayuwar Krause da aka buga a cikin Oregon Painters: Shekaru Ɗari na Farko (1859-1959), lura da cewa a cikin 1959 salonta ya koma ga rashin fahimta:palette dinta ya bambanta daga zazzafan purple, ja, da turquoise zuwa pastels masu sanyi, tare da launi mai maimaitawa. Ta yi imani haske da launi sune tsakiyar isar da yanayin abin da aka samu. Hotunanta na farko sun nuna gadoji, birane, da gine-gine waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don halayen tsarin su da kuma ikonsu na motsa jiki. Yayin da zanenta ya girma, sai ta sauke su zuwa mafi sauƙi, ta yin amfani da launi da haske don haɓaka hangen nesa. Kyaututtuka da gado Krause ta sami lambar yabo ta Ford Foundation a 1964 a Seattle. Ta kasance sananniya a cikin 1980 tare da mafi girman girmamawar da Oregon ya ba wa mai fasaha, lambar yabo ta Gwamnan Oregon. A cikin 1991, Jami'ar Oregon ta ƙirƙira LaVerne Krause Gallery a Lawrence Hall don girmama ta. Gidan hoton yana ɗaukar baje kolin zane-zane na ɗalibai a duk shekara ta ilimi. Duba kuma Jami'ar Oregon School of Architecture da Allied Arts Nassoshi Bayanan kula a. Majiyoyin sun yi karo da ranar mutuwar ta. Eugene Register-Guard a ranar Alhamis, 7 ga Mayu, 1987, antabbatar da rahoton mutuwarta a ranar Laraba (Mayu 6, 1987) Madogara na biyu, duk da haka, rikodin "Oregon Death Index, 1898-2008" akan Ancestry.com, ya ba da rahoton mutuwar daban-daban: Mayu 5, 1987 (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rekodin akan Ancestry.com. b. Majiyoyin sun yi karo da yadda aka rubuta sunan mijinta. Tattaunawar tarihin baka na LaVerne Krause a cikin Smithsonian Archives of American Art ya rubuta sunansa da "a" a farkon syllable, a matsayin "Labrecht". USMarine Muster Rolls da aka lissafta akan Ancestry.com jera sunansa a matsayin Lebrecht tare da "e" a farkon syllable. Fihirisar Aure na Oregon da Laburaren Jihar Oregon ke kula da shi kuma ya lissafa sunansa a matsayin "Lebrecht" (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rikodin akan
51379	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20Mahler	Alma Mahler	Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler (an haife ta a ranar31 ga Agusta 1879 11 Disamba 1964) mawakiya ce 'yar kasar Australiya, marubuciya, edita, kuma mai son jama'a. A lokacin da take 'yar shekara 15, Max Burckhard ne ya ba jagorance ta. Tayi wakoki da dama tun daga kananun shekarunta, ita ce mawallafin wakoki kusan hamsin na murya da piano, kuma tay wakoki da dama a wasu nau'ikan. Wakokinta kwara 17 ne kadai suka rayu. Tayi auri mawaki kuma shugaba Alexander von Zemlinsky, amma dangantakar ba ta dade.Ta zama matar mawaki Gustav Mahler, wanda ba shi da sha'awar abubuwan da ta tsara. Daga karshe ta fada cikin bacin rai saboda takura mata da fasaha. Yayin da aurenta ke fama, ta yi jima'i da Walter Gropius. Gustav ya fara ƙarfafa rubutun Alma kuma ya taimaka shirya wasu abubuwan da ta rubuta don bugawa, amma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan yunƙurin sulhu a 1911. Alma ta auri Gropius a 1915 kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya guda tare, Manon Gropius. A lokacin aurenta da Gropius, Alma ta sami dangantaka da Franz Werfel. Alma da Werfel sun yi aure bayan Alma ta rabu da Gropius. A cikin 1938, bayan Anschluss, an tilasta Werfel da Alma su hijira daga Austria, saboda zamansu na da hadari ga bayahude Werfel. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun zauna a Los Angeles. A cikin 'yan shekaru kadan, saloon dinta ya zama wani ɓangare na zane-zane, da farko a Vienna, sannan a Los Angeles da kuma birnin New York. Kuruciya An haifi Alma Maria Schindler a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1879 a Vienna, Austria, (a wancan lokacin Austria-Hungary) ga shahararren mai zanen wuri Emil Jakob Schindler da matarsa Anna Sofie. An koyar da ita a gida kuma ta girma a Cocin Katolika. A cikin 1886, Yarima Rudolf na Crown ya sami sha'awar zane-zanen Emil Jakob Schindler kuma ya ba Schindler damar yin tafiya tare da danginsa zuwa gabar tekun Adriatic don samar da zane-zanen shimfidar wuri.A cikin 1892,dangin kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa tsibirin Sylt ta Arewa, inda Emil Schindler ya mutu. After her father's death, Alma focused on the piano. She studied composition and counterpoint with Josef Labor,a blind organist who introduced her to a "great deal of literature".At 15,she was sent to school but attended for only a few months. As she grew older,a case of childhood measles left her with decreased hearing.Max Burckhard, a friend of Emil Schindler and director of Vienna's Burgtheater theater,became Alma's mentor.On Alma's 17th birthday,Burckhard gave her two laundry baskets full of books. In 1895,Anna Schindler,Alma's mother,married Carl Moll, Emil Schindler's student.In 1899 they had a daughter together named Maria. Alma ya sadu da Gustav Klimt ta hanyar Carl Moll.Moll da Klimt sun kasance mambobi ne na kafa Vienna Secession,"ƙungiyar da aka shirya don manufar warwarewa tare da Kwalejin Ilimin Fasaha ta Vienna da ke da alaƙa da fasahar gani". Klimt ya ƙaunaci Alma. Yayin da ta fara sha'awar Klimt,sha'awarta ta yi sanyi ba da daɗewa ba.Klimt da Alma sun kasance abokai har mutuwar Klimt.A cikin kaka 1900,Alma ya fara nazarin abun da ke ciki tare da Alexander von Zemlinsky.Zemlinsky da Alma sun yi soyayya kuma sun ɓoye dangantakar su. Alma teased Zemlinsky about what she thought were his ugly features,saying she could easily have "ten others" to replace him.She also noted that to marry Zemlinsky would mean she would "bring short,degenerate Jew-children into the world". As the relationship grew strained, Zemlinsky visited her less and less. On 7 November 1901,she attended Zuckerkandl's salon where she began a flirtation with Gustav Mahler.In the month of November, while still in a relationship with Zemlinsky,she started an affair with Mahler. By 8 December,Mahler and Alma secretly were engaged;however,it was not until 12 December that she wrote to Zemlinsky about her engagement. The engagement was formally announced on 23
53983	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Trumble	Hugh Trumble	Hugh Trumble (19 ga Mayu 1867 14 ga Agusta 1938) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wasanni 32 na gwaji a matsayin mai jefa kwallo tsakanin 1890 da 1904. Ya jagoranci tawagar Australiya a gwaje-gwaje biyu, inda ya lashe duka biyun. Trumble ya dauki wickets 141 a wasan kurket na gwaji rikodin duniya a lokacin da ya yi ritaya a matsakaicin 21.78 a kowane wicket. Yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa hudu kawai da suka dauki hat-trick sau biyu a wasan cricket na gwaji. Masu kallo a zamanin Trumble, gami da mai iko Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, sun dauke shi a matsayin matsayi a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Australia na Golden Age na wasan cricket. An lasafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin Wisden Cricketers of the Year a 1897 kuma Australian Cricket Hall of Fame, wanda aka kafa a 1996, ya gabatar da shi a 2004. Mai tsayi kuma mai tsayi, Trumble ya ba da kwallon a sauri fiye da yawancin masu jefa kwallo, ta amfani da tsayinsa da yatsunsu masu tsawo don mafi girman fa'idarsa. Ya kasance mafi kyau a kan filayen Ingila masu laushi, amma daidaito da bambance-bambance a cikin saurin ya ba shi damar ɗaukar wickets a kan filaye masu wuya na Ostiraliya. Ya kasance mai ƙarancin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma mai ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa mai kyau a cikin slips. An san shi a matsayin mai tunani mai basira game da wasan kuma ya shahara tare da abokan aiki da abokan adawar, tare da sha'awar yin ba'a. Trumble ya fara gwajinsa na farko a lokacin yawon shakatawa na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya a Ingila a 1890, amma bai iya samun matsayi na dindindin a gefen Australiya ba har zuwa yawon shakataw na Ingila na 1896. Lokacin da tawagar Australiya ta gaba ta zagaya Ingila a shekara ta 1899, Trumble ya zira kwallaye 1,183 kuma ya dauki wickets 142; George Giffen ne kawai a gabansa ya sami "biyu" na 1,000 da wickets 100 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa a Ingila. An nada shi kyaftin din Australia a cikin 1901-02, lokacin da Joe Darling ba ya samuwa saboda alkawuran noma. Ya yi ritaya bayan yawon shakatawa na Australiya na 1902 na Ingila amma an dawo da shi a 1903-04. A wasan gwaji na karshe, Trumble ya dauki hat-trick, na biyu, a gaban magoya bayansa a garin Melbourne. A waje da filin, Trumble ya yi aiki ga Babban Bankin Australasia, ya tashi zuwa matsayin manajan reshe na gida duk da alkawuransa na wasan kurket da ya katse aikin banki. A shekara ta 1911, an nada shi sakatare na kungiyar Cricket ta Melbourne, yana kula da ci gaban filin wasan Cricket na Melbourne (MCG) a cikin filin wasa wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1938 daga ciwon zuciya, yana da shekaru 71. Rayuwa ta farko da aiki An haifi Trumble a cikin unguwar Melbourne ta Collingwood, Victoria a 1867, ɗan William, wanda aka haifa a Arewacin Ireland kuma mai kula da mafaka, da kuma Elizabeth (née Clark) wanda aka haife ta a Scotland. Babban ɗan'uwansa, Billy, ya kuma buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gwaji ga Ostiraliya kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta, Thomas, ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Tsaro daga 1918 zuwa 1927, sannan kuma sakataren hukuma ga Babban Kwamishinan Ostiraliya a London. Trumble ya shafe wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa ta farko a yammacin garin Victorian na Ararat kafin ya koma Melbourne, ya zauna a yankin Camberwell. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Hawthorn Grammar School kuma ya buga wasan kurket na farko a kungiyar Kew Cricket Club. Da yake ƙarfafa ƙaunar 'ya'yansa maza na farko game da wasan kurket, William Trumble mai ƙwarewa mai ƙwarewar wasan kurket wanda ya yi wa Kudancin Melbourne Cricket Club rauni ya kafa filin wasan kurket a gidan iyali. Ya sanya gashin gashin gashi a kan tsawo mai kyau kuma ya bukaci 'ya'yansa maza su yi niyya da shi lokacin da suke yin bowling. An san shi da daidaito, Hugh daga baya ya ce, "Hakika ba zan iya buga gashin tsuntsaye ba, amma nan da nan na kai matakin lokacin da nake kusa da shi ba". Trumble ya koma kungiyar Melbourne Cricket Club a kakar wasan kurket ta 1887-88 kuma ya kasance nasara nan take. Ya dauki wickets 36 a wannan kakar, ya gama da matsakaicin 6.77 a kowane wicket; mafi kyau a cikin kulob din, ya doke abokin aikinsa kuma dan wasan gwajin Australiya Fred Spofforth. Ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko a Victoria a wannan kakar, wanda aka zaba don yin wasa da yawon shakatawa na Ingila XI wanda dan wasan Middlesex George Vernon ya jagoranta. Wasansa na farko ga Victoria da 'yan adawar Australia ya kasance da New South Wales a Melbourne Cricket Ground Bowling tare da Spofforth, a cikin innings na farko Trumble ya dauki wickets bakwai don gudu 52. Gwaji na wasan kurket Gwagwarmaya ta farko A farkon kakar Australiya ta 1889-90 Trumble ya jimre da wani lokaci inda bai iya ɗaukar wickets ba. Tare da zaɓin ƙungiyar Australiya don yawon shakatawa Ingila a cikin 1890 saboda a wannan lokacin, Trumble yana damuwa game da wannan mummunan tsari. Da yake lura da damuwarsa yayin wasa, wani aboki ya ba shi giya a lokacin hutun abincin rana don farfado da ruhunsa. A baya mai shan giya, Trumble ya ji daɗin ɗanɗano na farko kuma ya ba da umarni ga wani kafin ya sake shiga filin wasa. Jin shakatawa, kodayake yana mamakin yadda yake tafiya, Trumble ya ɗauki wickets don tabbatar da zabinsa a cikin ƙungiyar Australiya. Trumble ya gama kakar wasa tare da wickets 27 a matsakaicin 14.20 a kowane wicket. Kungiyar Australiya ta 1890 da ke yawon shakatawa a Ingila ba ta da ƙwarewa. Kungiyar ta rasa ikon George Giffen, wanda ya ki shiga cikin tawagar, yana tunanin ba zai yiwu yawon shakatawa ya zama nasara ta wasanni ko ta kudi ba. 'Yan Australia sun lashe wasanni 13 a kan yawon shakatawa, sun rasa 16 kuma sun zana 9. Trumble ya fara gwajin wasan kurket a gwajin farko da tawagar Ingila a filin wasan kurket na Ubangiji. Ya dauki wicket daya kawai, ya kori Bobby Peel da aka kama kuma ya jefa kwallo don 1. Bucking a lamba goma sha ɗaya a cikin innings na farko ya yi 1 ba tare da fita ba kuma a cikin na biyu, 5 yana gudu bugawa a lamba goma. Duk da wannan rashin nasara, ya riƙe matsayinsa a cikin tawagar don gwajin na biyu a The Oval inda ya kasa ɗaukar wicket. An zaba shi don gwajin na uku a Old Trafford amma ruwan sama mai ci gaba ya ga an watsar da wasan ba tare da an buga kwallon ba. Trumble ya buga wasanni 28 na farko a lokacin yawon shakatawa, ya zira kwallaye 288 a matsakaicin 8.47 kuma ya dauki wickets 52 a matsakaitan 21.75. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack ya rubuta, "Rahotanni daga Ostiraliya sun kai mu ga tsammanin abubuwa da yawa... Trumble" amma "daidaitawa da tsawonsa na yau da kullun [sun kasance] bai isa ba don biyan bashin rashin 'shaidan' da iri-iri". Ba a zabi Trumble a cikin tawagar Australiya don buga wa tawagar Ingila ta Lord Sheffield ba a shekara ta 1891-92. Bai koma tawagar Australiya ba har sai an zaba shi a cikin tawagar don yawon shakatawa Ingila a shekara ta 1893. Kafin wasannin gwaji ya dauki wickets 14 don gudu 116 (14/116) a kan 'yan wasan sannan 12/84 a kan Kent a Gravesend. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasannin gwaji guda uku a shekara ta 1893, inda ya dauki wickets 6 a matsakaicin 39.00. Trumble ya zira kwallaye 58 a cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da mafi girman maki 35 amma ya sami nasara a sauran wasannin, ya zira kwallan 774, ciki har da ƙarni daya a duk wasannin farko a kan yawon shakatawa. Wisden ya lura cewa "Hugh Trumble ya nuna babban ci gaba a kan nau'in shekaru uku da suka gabata, wanda ya yi kwallo sosai a duk lokacin yawon shakatawa" kuma rahotanni game da ci gaban Hugh Trumble a cikin bugawa sun kasance da kyau sosai, bugawa a cikin wasanni da yawa yana da kyau sosai". Lokacin da tawagar Ingila ta Andrew Stoddart ta ziyarci Ostiraliya a 1894-95, Trumble ya buga gwajin daya kawai, na biyu a filin Cricket na Melbourne. A cikin wasannin farko, Ingila ta zira kwallaye 75 tare da Trumble da ke karbar wickets 3. Ingila ta yi yaƙi a wasan na biyu, inda ta zira kwallaye 475 don lashe gwajin ta hanyar gudu 94; Trumble ya kasa daukar wicket. Haifaffun
42389	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa%20Marega	Musa Marega	Moussa Marega (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun ,shakara ta 1991), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na biyu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Professional League Al Hilal An haife shi a Permatang pauh, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Maleshiya. Ya fara aikinsa a Faransa, ba tare da wasa ba fiye da Championnat National Bayan shekara ɗaya da Esperance a Tunisiya, ya koma Marítimo na Primeira Liga a shekarar 2015. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya sanya hannu kan Porto bayan shekara 2016-2017 akan lamuni a Vitória de Guimarães, ya zama na yau da kullun a bangaren Porto kuma ya lashe kofunan gasar biyu a cikin shekaru hudu. A cikin shekarar 2021, ya rattaba hannu da kulob din Al-Hilal na Saudi Arabiya, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC a shekararsa ta farko. Marega ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kasar Mali a shekarar 2015, kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2017 da shekarar 2019 Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Les Ulis, Essonne, ga iyayen Mali, Marega ya fara aikinsa a Évry FC, kafin ya koma Vendée Poiré-sur-Vie Football of the Championnat National a shekarar 2012, da kuma abokan wasan kungiyar Amiens shekara guda bayan haka. Ya ciyar da rabin na biyu na 2014 a ES Tunis, amma ba zai iya yin bayyanar guda ɗaya ba saboda matsalolin tsarin mulki. Daga baya ya koma Marítimo a gasar Premier ta Portugal a cikin Janairun 2015. A cikin Nuwambar 2015, an kore shi a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 a Amarante tare da katunan rawaya biyu sannan aka nuna shi a benci; an dakatar da shi daga horo da kungiyar a sakamakon haka. Porto Dukansu Golan Marega da Marítimo José Sá sun kasance a kan hanyar zuwa Sporting CP a watan Janairun 2016, amma FC Porto ta rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin har zuwa shekarar 2020; An kayyade batun siyan Marega kan Yuro miliyan 40. Ya buga wasanni 13 a yakin neman zabensa na farko a Estádio do Dragão galibi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa kuma ya zira kwallaye daya a wasan da suka doke Gil Vicente da ci 2-0 a gasar Taça da Liga a ranar 2 ga Maris. Ayyukansa marasa kyau na farko sun jawo suka daga wasu magoya bayan Porto, kuma ya dauki horo daga abokinsa kan yadda zai zama mai juriya a hankali. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 2016, An ba Marega aro ga Vitória de Guimarães don kakar mai zuwa Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan wata daya a wasan da suka doke tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Marítimo, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu, kuma a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, ya zura dukkan kwallaye ukun a wasan da suka doke Rio Ave da ci 10. kwallaye daga wasanni 8. A ranar 4 Nuwamba, ya karbi jan kati kai tsaye a farkon rabin sa'a na 2-1 nasara a gida a kan Nacional don buga Nuno Sequeira, yana karbar dakatarwar wasanni uku. A lokacin da ya koma Porto, Marega ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan farko na 2017-2018 kakar, 4-0 nasara a gida a kan Estoril, a matsayin canji na farko na Tiquinho Ya kasance wani bangare na harin da 'yan wasan Afirka uku suka yi, tare da Vincent Aboubakar na Kamaru da Yacine Brahimi na Aljeriya. Ya zura kwallaye 14 a raga a cikin wasanni 14 da aka fara, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya fara jan hankalin kungiyoyin Premier Manchester United da Chelsea a watan Janairun 2018. Porto ta lashe gasar a karon farko cikin shekaru biyar kuma Marega ne ya fi zura kwallaye (na uku gaba daya bayan Jonas da Bas Dost da kwallaye 22. A cikin Nuwamba 2018, an ba Marega Dragão de Ouro (Golden Dragon) a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Porto na shekarar kalanda. Da yake bai zira kwallo a baya ba a wasan Turai, Marega ya zira kwallo a wasanni shida a jere a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2018 19 UEFA, wanda ya fara da ci 1 0 a kan Galatasaray, kuma ya ƙare da daya a cikin 3 1 nasara a kan Roma, wanda ya sanya Porto a cikin kwata-final a karon farko cikin shekaru hudu. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2020, bayan ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a kan komawar sa Vitória, Marega ya ba da yatsa na tsakiya ga magoya bayan gida da suka yi masa wariyar launin fata. An ci gaba da cin mutuncin bayan faruwar wannan lamari, inda ya mayar da martani, ya fice daga wasan, daga bisani aka sauya shi. Jaridun Portugal sun yaba da martanin da ya yi game da cin zarafi, inda jaridar A Bola ta ba Marega cikakkiyar kima 10 a kimar 'yan wasa. Ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke Sporting a gida da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Yuli a waccan shekarar, yayin da kungiyarsa ta lashe kambun saura wasanni biyu a buga. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2021, ya zira kwallo a ragar Juventus da ci 2–1 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 2020–21 zagaye na 16. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1991 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13557	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Omar	Don Omar	William Omar Landrón Rivera anfi saninsa da sunan Don Omar (an haife shi 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1978). mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican. Wani lokaci ana kiransa sunayensu El Rey, da kuma Sarkin Sarakunan Reggaeton Music. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2017, ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai yi ritaya bayan wasu jerin wasannin kide kide da wake-wake a José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum a Puerto Rico, wanda aka shirya a ranar 15, 16 da 17 watan Disamba. Ya dawo waƙa a ranar 20 ga watan Afrilu tare da waƙarsa Ramayama tare da Farruko Farkon rayuwa Don Omar an haife shi ne a Santurce, dan asalin garin San Juan, Puerto Rico, inda aka haife shi, ɗan farin William Landrón da Luz Antonia Rivera. Daga farkon shekarunsa, ya nuna sha'awar kiɗan Vico C da Brewley MC. Lokacin da yake saurayi, ya zama memba mai aiki a majami'ar Furotesta, Iglesia Evangélica Returnuración en Cristo a Bayamón inda a wasu lokutan yake gabatar da wa'azin. Koyaya, bayan shekaru huɗu, ya bar cocin don keɓe kansa ga waƙoƙi. Aiki Wasansa na farko a cikin jama'a a cikin kulob din dare ya kasance tare da diski dan wasan baya Eliel Lind Osorio Bayan haka ya fito a kai a kai kan kundin tattara bayanai daga shahararrun DJs da masu kera da suka hada da Luny Tunes, Noriega, da DJ Eric. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mawaki na Héctor & Tito. Daya daga cikin membobin, Héctor Delgado, ya taimaka masa wajen samar da kundin wakoki na farko. Ayyukan Omar ya tashi don yin sakaci tare da sakin album ɗinsa na farko, The Last Don tare da Frankie Needles. Duk thean wasan kwaikwayon da fasalin rayuwarsu sun sami ingantaccen Platinum ta theungiyar Ma'aikatar Rikodi ta Amurka A duk faɗin duniya, The Last Don: Live [CD DVD] ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan ɗaya, bisa ga shafin yanar gizon sa. Ya sami lambobin yabo a Latin Pop Album of the Year da kuma New Artist Latin Rap Hip-Hop Album of the Year ta Billboard Latin Music Awards a shekarar 2003. Abin da ya gabata Don: Live [CD DVD] an kuma zaɓa shi don kundin wajan kiɗa na Urban Music a lambar yabo ta Latin ta Grammy ta shekarar 2005 Albam din Omar na watan Mayu shekara ta 2006 King of Kings, ya zama mafi daukaka a tarihin reggaeton LP a cikin manyan daloli 10 na Amurka, tare da halarta na farko a lambar 1 akan taswirar tallace-tallace na Latin da kuma lambar 1 1 akan Babbar Tashoshin Latin Rhythm Radio tare da Angelito daya. Omar ya sami damar doke rikodin tallace-tallace na cikin-shagon a shagon kiɗa na Disney World's Virgin wanda a baya wanda tauraron pop ɗin Britney Spears ya kafa Tare da mafi girman zanewa ta mawallafin reggaeton, Sarkin Sarakuna Omar ya shiga cikin jerin lamba na 7 tare da 74,000, yana bugun lambar Yan Yankee 24 na 24 tare da "Barrio Fino En Directo" na 2005. A watan Afrilun 2007, Don Omar ya karɓi Kyautar Takaitacciyar Waƙoƙin Lissafi ta Latin don ggaarfin Reggaeton na shekarar don Sarkin Sarakuna Billboard ya gane cewa Sarkin Sarakuna shine mafi kyawun album na shekaru goma a Latin Amurka, banda kasancewa mafi nasara a tarihin nau'in reggaeton. Billboard ya kiyasta cewa kundin ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan 4.1 a ƙarshen 2009. Omar ya halarci gabatarwar Gilberto Santa Rosa a cikin wani taron da aka yi wa lakabi da "Concierto del Amor", wanda aka gabatar a Lambun Madison Square ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2008. Ya rufe taron kuma ya gabatar da jigogin reggaeton tare da Frankie Needles. An ba da album na uku na Omar, iDon, a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009. An sadaukar da wannan kundi ga dan uwansa Cordell Brown. "Virtual Diva" ya zama waƙar da aka fi nema a gidajen rediyo na Latin. Na biyu jami'in wanda ake wa lakabi da Sexy Robotica an sake shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009. The album Don Omar gabatarwa: Sadu da marayu da aka saki a 16 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Kundin ya ƙunshi masu fasaha a ƙarƙashin alamar Don Omar ta Orfanato Music Group alama da sauran masu fasahar reggaeton. A album hada da promotional guda Hasta Abajo da kuma album ta gubar guda Danza Kuduro featuring Portuguese-Faransa singer Lucenzo, kazalika da haɗin gwiwar da daga Orfanato Music Group artists ciki har da Kendo Kaponi, Lucenzo, Shirin B, Sihiyona & Lennox, Yaga & Mackie da Danny Fornaris. Don Omar ya bayyana a waƙar sauti na Fast Five kuma shi ne waƙar da aka yi a ƙarshen fim. An sanya hannu a shi zuwa VI Music da Machete Music ta hanyar Universal Music Latino Kundi Don Omar Ya gabatar da MTO2: Sabuwar zuriya aka saki a 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2012. Hoton yana dauke da sabbin shiga kungiyar Orfanato Music Group Natti Natasha da kuma wasu masu zane da suka sanya hannu da kuma wasu masu fasahar reggaeton kamar Zion Y Lennox Kundin ya hada da waƙoƙin "Hasta Que Salga El Sol", wanda ya lashe kyautar don mafi kyawun Urban Song a gasar Latin Grammy A 2012 ta 2012, da "Dutty Love" wanda ke nuna Natti Natasha, wanda kuma aka zaba. Hakanan kundin ya ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa tare da Juan Magan, Mims, Syko, Vinny el Vendito, da Yunel Cruz. An karɓi kundin don yana lashe kyautar don Mafi kyawun Musicaukakar banaukakar Gida a Gasar Latin Grammy A 2012 Bayan doguwar takaddama tsakanin shekaru goma tare da abokiyar kawanta Daddy Yankee don taken "King of Reggaeton", a farkon shekarar v2016 Daddy Yankee da Don Omar sun sanar a wani taron 'yan jaridu na Billboard cewa za su yi tare a mataki a cikin jerin kide-kide da ake kira The World World Tour Sanarwar yawon shakatawa ta bar magoya baya da yawa cikin kafirci, yayin sayarwa a cikin minti a cikin birane kamar Las Vegas, Orlando, Los Angeles, New York. Da yake magana game da yawon shakatawa da kishiyar da ya yi da Daddy Yankee, Don Omar ya ce "Bari in fayyace: Ni ba babban abokina ba ne, kuma ba shi ne babban abokina ba, amma muna girmama juna. Wannan muradin da ya fi zama mafi kyau shi ne abin da ya tura mu zama mafi kyau. Rayuwar mutum A shekarar 2003, Omar yana da ɗan farinsa, Nicolas Valle Gomez. Omar ya auri yar jaridar nan Jackie Guerrido a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2008. A watan Maris din shekarar 2011, an bayyana cewa sun rabu. Korafin sharia A ranar 18 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2007, an tsare Omar a takaice a Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia saboda takaddama na shari'a. Wani dan wasan Bolivia mai gabatar da kara ya tuhume shi da wasu aikinsu bayan da ya soke yin wani wasa da aka shirya zaiyi a farkon shekara a La Paz a wani bangare na ziyarar kasa da kasa. Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa ya ci kudi dalar Amurka kimanin dubu 70 na dala sakamakon sokewar. Omar ya amsa cewa ya soke kidan ne saboda kamfanin bai bayar da tikiti a cikin lokaci ba. Bayan gabatar da karar a gaban wani alkalin kotun, dukkan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. An ba Omar izinin barin kasar ne saboda ya bi ka'idodin da aka shirya a baya a Buenos Aires ta gidan talabijin na Argentina sannan ya dawo gobe don gudanar da kide kide a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Tatanichi Aguilera na Santa Cruz. Wkokin sa Albums na Studio Don The Don (2003) Sarkin Sarakuna (2006) iDon (2009) Sadu da marayu (2010) Duniyar Don 2 (2015) Album Na Karshe (2019) Albums na Live da Musamman Don Don Live Live (2004) Last Don: Jerin Gwal (2006) Sarkin Sarakuna: Shafin Armageddon (2006) Sarkin Sarakuna Live (2007) Kundin albums Los Bandoleros (2005) Da Hitman ya gabatar da sunan Reggaetón Latino (2005) Los Bandoleros Reloaded (2006) El Pentágono (2007) Haɗu da marayu 2: Sabon ƙarni (2012) Mafifitun albums An sake buga wa Los Bandoleros (2006) Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Fina-finai Duba kuma Haɗin waje Yanar gizon hukuma Yanar gizon hukuma don kundin iDon Shafin hukuma a MySpace Shafin hukuma a Facebook Don Omar Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
36543	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburari%20na%20kasa%2C%20Najeriya	Laburari na kasa, Najeriya	Laburari ta ƙasa Najeriya ta fara aiki ne a tsakiyar shekara ta 1960s tare da kafa dokar kula da laburare a shekara ta 1964 wanda daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da doka mai lamba 29 a shekara ta 1970. Kafin zartar da dokar ta National Library, jerin tarurrukan ilimi da aka gudanar a Ibadan sun kasance ginshiki na basirar samar da hanyar sadarwa na dakunan karatu da gwamnati ta dauki nauyin samar da kayayyakin ilimi ga ‘yan Najeriya Daga baya an kafa kwamitin ba da shawara na gwamnati dangane da wajibcin samar da ma'ajiyar ilimi na gida. An ɗora wa kwamitin alhakin nemo hanyar da za ta taimaka wa gwamnati wajen fito da ginshiƙan basirar manufofinta, da samar da cibiyar rubuta littattafai ta ƙasa da kuma samar da fage na inganta ilimi. Kwamitin dai shi ne babban kwamiti na farko da ya yi kira da a samar da dakin karatu na kasa a matsayin wani bangare na shawarwarinsa. Gwamnati ta amince da bukatun kwamitin bada shawarwari tare da daukar matakan da suka dace na gina dakin karatu na kasa. Tarihi da tsari An fara ginin laburarin a shekara ta 1962 kuma daga ƙarshe an buɗe shi don amfanin jama'a a ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1964. An canza da hedikwatarta daga Legas zuwa Abuja a shekara ta 1995. Dokar Laburare da Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya ta kafa ta ba da tabbacin tallafin kudi ga aikin, dokar ta kuma tanadi kayan horar da ma’aikata da kuma kafa kwamitin gudanarwa da ya kunshi kwararru. Dangane da bukatun jamhuriyar Najeriya da majalissar dokokin kasar, an dauki wasu kwararrun dakunan karatu guda 15 da za su ba da gudummawa mai kyau wajen bunkasa da kula da dakin karatu. Wata sabuwar gwamnatin soja ta kaddamar da hukumar a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1966. Hukumar dai ta kunshi jami’an gwamnati ne maimakon kwararru kamar yadda aka rubuta a kan ainihin dokar. Duk da haka, hukumar ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta ainihin manufar ɗakin karatu amma yakin basasar Najeriya ya kawo cikas ga kudade kuma gwamnati bata dauki matakai ba sai shekara ta 1970. A cikin shekara ta 1970, an kafa sabon tsarin doka tare da ƙirƙirar dokar Labura ta Ƙasa. An zartar da wani bangare na dokar ne bisa shawarar hukumar da ke son fadada dakin karatu zuwa wasu manyan jihohin kasar domin samar da hanyar sadarwa ta ma’ajiyar kayayyaki. Manufa Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ce ta dauki nauyin wannan dakin karatu. Asali, Gidauniyar Ford ta shiga cikin shirin. Gidauniyar ta kawo kwararru, ta ba da gudummawar litattafai tare da bayar da tallafin fadada dakin karatun. Laburaren na wasu shekaru ya ginu akan ainihin manufarsa. A yau, gaɓa ce mai mahimmanci da ke aiki a matsayin ƙwaƙwalwar tunani na al'umma. Laburaren yana ba da harsashin hankali don taimakawa jami'an gwamnati wajen aiwatar da manufofi. Duk da haka, gabaɗayan alkiblar rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa saboda kutsen da sojoji suka yi kan mulki wani lokaci ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar tunani na manufofin da suka gabata da kuma tushen tunani na sabuwar gwamnati. Har ila yau, ɗakin karatu yana tsayawa a hankali ta hanyar karɓar kwafin littattafan da gwamnati da hukumomi masu zaman kansu suka buga a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar tanadin ajiya na doka a cikin Dokar Laburare. Wannan ya sa ɗakin karatu ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan ajiya na ilimi a ƙasar. Hakanan yana tattara wallafe-wallafe akan zamani ko sabbin dabaru daga ƙungiyoyin duniya. Har ila yau, nauyi da ke kan cibiyar ya hada da bayar da ISBN (International Standard Book Number) da ISSN (International Standard Serials Number) ga ƙungiyoyin wallafe-wallafe, tsarin da a da ya kasance mai wahala idan babu fasahar da ta dace a ofisoshin yankin amma an samu sauƙi ta hanyar shi tare da karin wayar da kan jama'a da jiko da fasahar wayar hannu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, daga cikin wani ɓangare na ƙudurorinta, laburarin na gudanar da gangamin haɓaka Karatun littattafai na shekara-shekara a duk faɗin ƙasar don wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin karatu da kuma samun karatun ɗan ƙasa. Kalubale Laburari na ƙasa na fuskantar ƙalubalen da daƙile ta daga cike manufofinta. Rushewar kayan aiki da albarkatu waɗanda ke sakamakon rashin isassun kuɗi. Hedkwatar ɗakin karatu tana aiki daga gidajen haya a matsayin hadaddun wanda ake nufi da shi ya kasance ba a kammala shi ba tun lokacin da aka fara shi a cikin 2006. Laburaren yana da rassa 33 kuma yana ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa yadda ya kamata zuwa manyan jihohin tarayya 36 kamar yadda dokar ɗakin karatu ta 1970 ta tsara Karancin al'adar karatu a Najeriya ma kalubale ne saboda hakan yana haifar da halin da bai dace ba ga bunkasar dakin karatu tare da hana amfani da kayan aiki da ayyukansa. Rashin isasshiyar horar da ma'aikata da ba ci gaba ba don kiyaye ƙwararrun mafi kyawun ayyuka na yau da kullun a cikin ɓangaren bayanai masu tasowa musamman dangane da amfani da fasaha don tsara albarkatu da bayar da ayyuka. Ana samun abubuwan da suka wuce a cikin ɗakin karatu, da wuya ba za ku sami sababbin kayan ba. Rassa Wurare: Shugabanci An nada Prof Chinwe Veronica Anunobi ne a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa na laburarin a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2021. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Ma'aikaciyar Laburaren Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Tarayya, Owerri, Jihar Imo. Ita mamba ce a Majalisar Gudanar da Laburare ta Afirka da Ƙungiyoyin Watsa Labarai da Cibiyoyi (AfLIA) inda ta yi wa'adi na biyu kuma tana wakiltar yankin yammacin Afirka baki ɗaya. Ta karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun Prof. Lenrie Olatokunbo Aina wanda ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na Laburari ta Ƙasa a Najeriya daga 2016 zuwa 2021. Duba kuma National Library Jerin Dakunan karatu a Najeriya Taskar Tarihi ta Najeriya Jerin dakunan karatu na kasa Manazarta Kara karantawa http://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files/images/thomas%20T..pdf Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000088675 Gine-gine da wurare a Jihar
60637	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyyar%20yanayi	Kimiyyar yanayi	Kimiyyar yanayi ita ce nazarin yanayin duniya da tsarin tafiyar da aikinta iri-iri. Ilimin yanayi ya haɗa da sinadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar yanayi tare da mai da hankali kan hasashen yanayi. Climatology shine nazarin sauye-sauyen yanayi (dukansu na dogon lokaci da gajere) waɗanda ke ayyana matsakaicin yanayi da canjinsu akan lokaci, saboda yanayin yanayin yanayi da yanayin ɗan adam. Aeronomy shine nazarin saman saman sararin samaniya, inda rabuwa da ionization ke da mahimmanci. An fadada kimiyyar yanayi zuwa fannin kimiyyar taurari da nazarin yanayin sararin samaniya da tauraron dan adam na tsarin hasken rana. Na'urorin gwaji da ake amfani da su a kimiyyar yanayi sun haɗa da tauraron dan adam, rocketsondes, radiosondes, balloons weather, radars, da lasers. Kalmar aerology (daga Girkanci aēr, "iska"; da -logia wani lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman madadin ma'anar nazarin yanayin duniya; a cikin wasu ma'anoni, ilimin sararin samaniya yana iyakance ga yanayin kyauta, yankin da ke saman iyakar iyakar duniya. Majagaba na farko a fagen sun haɗa da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann. Kimiyyar yanayi Sinadarin yanayi wani reshe ne na kimiyyar yanayi wanda a cikinsa ake yin nazari kan sinadarai na yanayin duniya da na sauran duniyoyi. Wani fanni ne na bincike da yawa kuma ya zana kan sinadarai na muhalli, kimiyyar lissafi, yanayin yanayi, ƙirar kwamfuta, ilimin teku, ilimin ƙasa da ilimin volcano da sauran fannoni. Bincike yana ƙara haɗawa da sauran wuraren karatu kamar climatology. Abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na yanayi suna da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa, amma da farko saboda mu'amala tsakanin yanayi da rayayyun halittu. Halin yanayin duniya ya canza ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan canje-canjen suna da illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, amfanin gona da kuma yanayin muhalli. Misalan matsalolin da kimiyyar yanayi ta magance su sun haɗa da ruwan sama na acid, hayaƙin photochemical da ɗumamar yanayi. Kimiyyar sinadarai na yanayi na neman fahimtar musabbabin wadannan matsalolin, kuma ta hanyar samun fahimtar fahimtar su, a ba da damar a gwada hanyoyin da za a iya magance su da kuma tantance tasirin sauye-sauye a manufofin gwamnati. Halin yanayi Halin yanayi shine nazarin tsarin motsi na mahimmancin yanayi, haɗa abubuwan lura a wurare da yawa da lokuta da ka'idoji. Batutuwan gama gari da aka yi nazari sun haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban kamar su tsawa, mahaukaciyar guguwa, raƙuman nauyi, cyclones na wurare masu zafi, cyclones na wurare masu zafi, rafukan jet, da zagayawa na duniya. Makasudin karatu mai kuzari shine don bayyana wuraren da aka lura bisa tushen tushe daga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Makasudin irin waɗannan karatun sun haɗa da haɓaka hasashen yanayi, haɓaka hanyoyin yin hasashen yanayi sauyin yanayi na yanayi da na shekara-shekara, da fahimtar abubuwan da ɗan adam ke haifarwa (misali, ƙara yawan adadin carbon dioxide ko raguwar sararin sararin samaniya) akan yanayin duniya. Kimiyyar yanayi Atmospheric physics shine aikace-aikacen kimiyyar lissafi don nazarin yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi suna ƙoƙari su tsara yanayin duniya da yanayin sauran taurari ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin ma'aunin ruwa, ƙirar sinadarai, daidaitawar radiation, da hanyoyin canja wurin makamashi a cikin sararin samaniya da ƙasan tekuna da ƙasa. Domin yin samfurin tsarin yanayi, masana kimiyyar yanayi suna amfani da abubuwa na ka'idar watsawa, nau'ikan yaɗa igiyoyin ruwa, ilimin kimiyyar girgije, injiniyoyi na ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga na sararin samaniya, kowannensu ya haɗa da manyan matakan lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Ilimin kimiyyar yanayi yana da kusancin kusanci da yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi sannan kuma ya shafi ƙira da gina kayan aikin nazarin yanayi da fassarar bayanan da suke bayarwa, gami da na'urorin gano nesa. A Birtaniya, Ofishin Kula da Yanayi ne ke jagorantar nazarin yanayin yanayi. Sassan Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta Amurka (NOAA) suna sa ido kan ayyukan bincike da ƙirar yanayi da suka haɗa da kimiyyar yanayi. Cibiyar ilmin taurari ta Amurka da Cibiyar Ionosphere ita ma tana gudanar da nazarin yanayi mai girma. Filin maganadisu na duniya da iskar hasken rana suna hulɗa tare da yanayi, suna ƙirƙirar ionosphere, bel na radiation Van Allen, igiyoyin magana, da makamashi mai haske. Climatology Ya bambanta da yanayin yanayi, wanda ke nazarin tsarin yanayin gajeren lokaci wanda zai kasance har zuwa 'yan makonni, climatology yana nazarin mita da yanayin waɗannan tsarin. Yana nazarin yanayin abubuwan da suka faru na lokaci-lokaci tsawon shekaru zuwa millennia, da kuma canje-canje a cikin matsakaicin yanayin yanayi na dogon lokaci, dangane da yanayin yanayi. Masana kimiyyar yanayi, waɗanda ke yin aikin climatology, suna nazarin yanayin yanayin yanayi -gida, yanki ko na duniya da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi ko kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi. Climatology yayi la'akari da baya kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen hango canjin yanayi na gaba. Abubuwan al'ajabi na sha'awar climatological sun haɗa da Layer iyaka na yanayi, tsarin wurare dabam dabam, canja wurin zafi radiative, convective da latent hulɗar tsakanin yanayi da tekuna da saman ƙasa (musamman ciyayi, amfani da ƙasa da topography da sinadaran da abun da ke ciki na jiki. yanayi. Dabarun da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da ilmin taurari, kimiyyar yanayi, sunadarai, ilmin halitta, yanayin ƙasa, geology, geophysics, glaciology, ilimin ruwa, oceanography, da volcanology. Ilimin sararin samaniya Aeronomy shine binciken kimiyya na sararin sama na Duniya yadudduka na yanayi sama da stratopause da kuma yankuna masu dacewa na sauran taurari, inda dukkanin yanayin zai iya dacewa da yanayin saman duniya ko wani yanki nasa. Wani reshe na nau'ikan sinadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya, ilimin sararin samaniya ya bambanta da yanayin yanayi, wanda ke mai da hankali kan yadudduka na yanayin da ke ƙasa da stratopause. A cikin yankunan yanayi da masanan sararin samaniya suka yi nazari, rarrabuwar sinadarai da ionization sune muhimman abubuwan mamaki. Yanayi akan sauran jikunan sama Duk taurarin tsarin Rana suna da yanayi. Wannan saboda nauyinsu yana da ƙarfi sosai don kiyaye barbashi na gas kusa da saman. Manya-manyan kattai na iskar gas suna da yawa don kiyaye iskar gas mai yawa hydrogen da helium kusa da su, yayin da ƙananan taurari ke rasa waɗannan iskar zuwa sararin samaniya. Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin duniya ya bambanta da sauran taurari saboda tsarin rayuwa daban-daban da suka faru a duniyar tamu sun gabatar da iskar oxygen kyauta. Mafi yawan yanayin Mercury iskar hasken rana ta buge ta. Wata daya tilo da ta kiyaye yanayi mai yawa shine Titan Akwai yanayi na bakin ciki akan Triton, da kuma alamar yanayi akan wata Yanayin sararin samaniya yana shafar nau'ikan makamashi daban-daban da aka karɓa daga ko dai Rana ko cikin su, wanda ke haifar da samuwar tsarin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar guguwa (a duniya), guguwar ƙura mai faɗin duniya a duniyar Mars anticyclone mai girman duniya. akan Jupiter (wanda ake kira Great Red Spot da ramukan sararin samaniya (a kan Neptune). Aƙalla duniyar da ta wuce hasken rana, HD 189733 b, an yi iƙirarin mallaki irin wannan tsarin yanayi, mai kama da Great Red Spot amma girman ninki biyu. An nuna cewa Jupiters masu zafi suna rasa yanayin su zuwa sararin samaniya saboda hasken taurari, kamar wutsiyar tauraro mai wutsiya.Wadannan duniyoyin na iya samun bambance-bambance masu yawa a yanayin zafi tsakanin bangarorinsu na rana da dare wanda ke samar da iskoki masu karfin gaske, duk da cewa bangarorin dare da rana na HD 189733b suna da yanayin zafi iri daya, wanda ke nuni da cewa yanayin duniyar yana sake rarraba makamashin tauraro a duniya.
27903	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else%20Fichter	Else Fichter	Else Fichter (25 Janairu 1927 a Trier mutuwa 20. Fabrairu 2015 a cikin Trier) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare muhalli daga Trier tare da sunan barkwanci "Solar-Else". Tun daga lokacin da ta yi ritaya har zuwa karshen rayuwarta, ta yi gwagwarmaya don dorewa, kuzari mai sabuntawa, kare muhalli da kuma kiyaye halitta. Farkon rayuwa da Iyali An haife Else Fichter a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1927 a Trier. Mahaifinta shi ne dan kasuwa Ernst Fichter daga Freiburg. Daga baya ya mallaki kasuwancin talla a Trier, wanda ya ɓace sakamakon Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ya gabatar da ginshiƙan talla a Trier. Mahaifiyar Else Fichter ita ce Trier da ta dace da Berta Mönicke, wacce ta bar aikinta bayan auren. Else Fichter tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Grete da Adele. Else Fichter ta mutu a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2015 yana da shekara 88 a Mutter-Rosa-Altenzentrum a Trier. An binne ta a babban kabarin a Trier. Ilimi da sana'a Daga 1933 zuwa 1937 Else Fichter ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Dewora, sannan har zuwa 1944 makarantar Auguste Viktoria da ke Trier. Daga 1944 zuwa 1945 dole ne ta daina zuwa makaranta don yin aikin soja; Ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai jagoranci a kan layin tram 1 da 3, sannan a matsayinta na ma'aikaci na wucin gadi a cikin gidan dafa abinci na asibiti kuma a karshe a matsayinta na ma'aikaci a masana'antar mustard. Bayan yakin Else Fichter ta yi shekara ta 13 a makaranta kuma ta sami Abitur a 1946. A wannan shekarar ce ta fara nazarin labarin ƙasa, Jamusanci da tarihi a Mainz. A shekarar 1952 ta wuce jarabawar farko ta jihar don koyarwa a makarantu sannan ta fara yin karatun lauya a makarantar nahawu a Saarburg da kuma kwalejin gundumar (daga baya makarantar Treveris, wacce aka rufe a yau) a Trier. A shekarar 1954 ta wuce jarabawar jiha ta biyu don koyarwa a makarantu sannan ta fara aikinta a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare don koyar da Jamusanci, labarin kasa da tarihi a Saarburg, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da Else Fichter ta yi ritaya a 1988. Bayan ta yi ritaya, sannu a hankali ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi sama da 20 na muhalli, gami da yunƙurin ƙungiyar hana Anti-Atom-Bewegung, da ƙungiyar 'Bund für Umwelt- und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND), Greenpeace, Ökologisch-Demokratischen Partei da Lokalen Agenda 21. Ta rayu a Theodor-Heuss-Allee (kusurwar Roon- da Göbenstraße); a saman gidan yana daya daga cikin lambunan rufin farko na birni. Alƙawarin kare muhalli Dangane da bayanin Else Fichter nata, muhimmin abin da ya sa aka yanke shawarar Else Fichter na muhalli shi ne karanta littafin The Limits to Growth, wanda kungiyar Rome ta buga a 1972 wanda kuma ya nuna sakamakon masana'antu da ci gaban tattalin arziki ga duniya. Shekaru, Else Fichter tana halartar tarurrukan majalissar birni a kai a kai har ma da abubuwan hawa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli don yin sharhi a kansu cikin abokantaka amma galibi mawuyacin hali. Ta dauki nauyin shirye-shiryen manufofin muhalli da makamashi da yawa kuma ta sanya hannun jari a cikin rufin hasken rana da kuma iska mai iska a yankin tun kafin jama'a su amince da wadannan fasahohin. Else Fichter ta yi fama da rashin gajiyawa kuma tare da gudummawar da take bayarwa sau da yawa ta tabbata cewa ayyukan sun ci gaba. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a gare ta don jawo hankali da haɓaka matasa don kare muhalli da dorewa. Shekaru da yawa ta tallafawa Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Spatial da Tsarin Yanki a Jami'ar Trier da kayan tarihinta don tsara birane da sufuri, wanda ɗalibai da yawa suka amfana. Adana Weißhauses akan Moselle tare da gandun daji ya kasance damuwa ta musamman game da ita; i.a. ta kasance memba na shirin 'yan ƙasa wanda ya yi yaƙi da gina babban yankin hutu a Weißhaus a farkon 1980s. Ta kwashe shekaru na ƙarshe a cikin gidan mahaifiyar Rosa mai ritaya, inda ta ci gaba da aiki ba tare da wata wahala ba don ƙarfafa mutanen da ke kusa da ita don kula da yanayinmu da gaskiya. Kyaututtuka da karramawa An ba da Ring of Honor na City of Trier, 1995 Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Jihar Rhineland-Palatinate, 2000 Sunan titi tsakanin Trier-Nord da Trier-Ruwer a matsayin "Else-Fichter-Straße", 2018 Mutuwa Ranar 20 ga watan Faburairu, 2015 Manazarta Mutuwan
13337	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Montessori	Maria Montessori	Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori m ɒ n t ɪ s r i MON -tiss- OR -ee, Italian: an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta,a shekara ta alif 1870)miladiya ta mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta alif 1952) Miladiyya. yar Italiya ce, kwararriyar likita ce kuma malama wacce akafi sani da falsafar ilimin da ake kira da sunan ta, kuma tayi rubuce-rubuce a kan kimiyya pedagogy Tun tana ƙarama, Montessori ta karya shinge na jinsi da fata yayin da ta shiga aji a makarantar fasaha ta yara duka, tare da fatan zama injiniya. Ba da daɗewa ba ta canza zuciya kuma ta fara makarantar likita a Jami'ar Sapienza na Rome, inda ta sami digiri tare da karramawa a cikin shekarata alif 1896. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyar koyarwarta a makarantu da yawa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin duniya. Maria Montessori. Rayuwa da aiki Haihuwa da iyali An haifi Montessori a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1870 a Chiaravalle, Italiya. Mahaifinta, shine Alessandro Montessori, dan shekara 33 a lokacin, ma'aikaci ne na Ma'aikatar Kudi da ke aiki a masana'antar sarrafa taba. Mahaifiyarta, Renilde Stoppani, 'yar shekaru 25, ta sami ilimi sosai a lokutan kuma ita ce jikanyar masanin ilimin ɗabi'ar Italiyanci kuma masanin burbushin halittu Antonio Stoppani. Duk da cewa ba ta da wani mashawarta ta musamman, amma tana da kusanci da mahaifiyarta wacce take ƙarfafa ta. Hakanan tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da mahaifinta, duk da cewa ya ƙi yarda da zaɓin da ta yi don ci gaba da karatun ta. 1883–1896: Karatu Farkon karatu Iyalin Montessori sun koma Florence a cikin shekarar 1873 sannan Kuma sun koma zuwa Rome a 1875 saboda aikin mahaifinta. Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandaren gwamnati tun yana da shekara 6 a 1876. Rana ta farkon makaranta ba ta "da muhimmanci sosai", ko da yake an ba ta takaddun shaida don kyawawan halaye a aji na 1 da na "lavori donneschi", ko "akan aikin mata", a shekara mai zuwa. Makarantar sakandare A cikin shekarar 1883 ko 1884, tana da shekaru 13, Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandare na fasaha, Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti, inda ta karanci Italiyanci, da ilmin lissafi, algebra, lissafi, geometry, tarihin, labarin ƙasa, da kuma kimiyyar lissafi. Ta yi digiri a shekarar 1886. tare da kyakkyawan maki da sakamakon jarrabawa. A waccan shekarar, tana da shekaru 16, ta ci gaba a makarantar horar da fasaha Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, tana karatun Italiyanci, lissafi, tarihi, labarin kasa, lissafi da kayan ado, kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, Botany, zoology, da kuma harsunan waje guda biyu. Ta yi kokari sosai a kimiyya kuma musamman ma da a ilmin lissafi. Tun da farko ta yi niyyar ta ci gaba da karatun injiniya ne bayan kammala karatu, wanda baƙon abu ne ga yarinya mace a lokacinta da inda take. Koyaya, har zuwa lokacin da ta kamala karatu a shekarar 1890. lokacin tana yar shekara 20, tare da takardar shedar digiri a kimiyyar lissafi, ta yanke shawarar yin karatun likitanci, hakan shine mafi kyawun tsarin da aka bayar game da ka'idojin al'adu a lokacin. Jami'ar Rome makarantar likitanci Montessori ta yi gaba tare da niyyar yin karatun likita. Ta yi bayyana ga Guido Baccelli, malamin farfesa na asibitin koyarwa a Jami’ar Rome, amma ansata karaya. Ban da haka, a shekarar 1890, ta shiga jami'ar Rome a karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar kere-kere, ta wuce jarrabawar digiri a fannin kere-kere, zoology, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin kimiya, ilimin dabi'a, ilmin kimiya da dabi'a, da kuma samun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1892. Wannan digiri, tare da ƙarin karatu a cikin Italiyanci da Latin, sun cancanci ta shiga ƙungiyar ilimin likita a Jami'ar a shekarar 1893. Ta gamu da kiyayya da cin-zarafi daga wasu daliban likitoci da furofesoshi saboda jinsin ta amatsayin ya mace. Saboda kasancewarta aji tare da maza a gaban tsirara ana ganin bai dace ba, an sakasat ita kadai a inda ta aikin akan gawa a sirrin ta ita kadai, bayan awanni. Ta koma ga shan taba zuwa fuska da ma wari da formaldehyde Montessori ta lashe lambar yabo ta ilimi a shekarar farko, kuma a shekarar 1895. ta sami matsayin mataimaki na asibiti, samun gogewar farko a asibiti. A cikin shekaru biyu da ta gabata ta karanci ilimin likitancin yara da kuma ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa, kuma ta yi aiki a ɗakin likitan yara da sabis na gaggawa, ta zama ƙwararre a fannin likitan yara. Montessori ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896. a matsayin likita na likita. An buga wannan rubutun a cikin shekarar 1897. a cikin mujallar Policlinico Ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin jami’ar kuma ta fara gudanar da wani aiki mai zaman kansa. 1896-1901: Farkon aiki da iyali Daga shekarar no1896 zuwa 1901, Montessori tayi aiki tare da bincike akan abin da ake kira "phrenasthenic" yara a cikin magangar zamani, yara suna fuskantar wani nau'i na jinkiri na hankali, rashin lafiya, ko tawaya. Har ila yau, ta fara tafiya, karatu, magana, da kuma bugawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya, tana zuwa matsayin mashahurin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da ilimi ga yara masu nakasa. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1898, ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya ɗa mai suna Mario Montessori (Maris 31, 1898 1982).. Mario Montessori an haife sshine ne saboda kaunar da ke tsakaninta da Giuseppe Montesano, wani kwararren likita wanda ya kasance tare da ita a makarantar Orthophrenic na Rome. Idan Montessori ta yi aure, ana tsammanin ta daina aiki da fasaha; maimakon yin aure, Montessori ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da ayyukanta da karatunta. Montessori ta so ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mahaifin ɗanta a ɓoye a cikin yanayin cewa ko ɗayansu ba zai auri wani ba. Lokacin da mahaifin ɗanta ya ƙaunace ta kuma daga baya yayi aure, ya bar Montessori tana jin anya ci amanarta kuma ta yanke shawarar barin asibitin jami'ar kuma ta sanya ɗanta cikin kulawa tare da dangin da ke zaune a ƙauyen zaɓuka don rasa 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwarsa. Ta kuduri cewa nan gaba za ta sake saduwa da ɗanta a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, inda ta tabbatar da cewa shi babban mataimaki ne a binciken ta. Aiki tare da yara masu nakasar kwakwalwa Bayan kammala karatunta na digiri daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896, Montessori ta ci gaba da bincikenta a asibitin likitocin na jami'ar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1897, an karbe ta a matsayin mataimakiya ta son rai a can. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta, ta ziyarci asylums a Rome inda ta lura da yara masu nakasa kwakwalwa, abubuwan lura waɗanda suke da asali ga aikinta na ilimi a nan gaba. Ta kuma karanta da kuma nazarin ayyukan likitocin ƙarni na 19 da masu ba da ilimi Jean Marc Gaspard Itard da Édouard Séguin, waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai ga aikinta. Maria ta sami sha'awar ra'ayoyin Itard kuma ta kirkiro wani tsari na musamman da aka tsara don amfani da su ga ilimin yau da kullun na yara masu nakasa. Lokacin da ta gano ayyukan Jean Itard da Édouard Séguin sun ba ta sabon shugabanci a cikin tunani kuma sun rinjaye ta ta mai da hankali kan yara masu matsalar ilmantarwa. Hakanan a cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ya bincika darussan Jami'a a cikin kayan koyarwa da karanta "duk manyan ayyuka akan ka'idar ilimi na shekaru dari biyu da suka gabata". An bayyana Montessori amatsayin mace mai kamar maza wacce keda kokari da jajircewa Jawabin ga jama'a A cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ta yi magana game da alhakin jama'a game da ɓacin rayuwar yara a Majalisar ofasa ta Medicine a Turin. A shekara ta 1898, ta rubuta kasidu da yawa kuma ta sake yin magana a Taron Farko na Turin, inda ta bukaci da a samar da ajujuuwa na musamman a makarantu ga yara masu matsalar nakasassu, da kuma horar da malamai ga masu koyar da su. A shekara ta 1899, Montessori an nada shi a matsayin mai bada shawara ga majalissar kasa da aka kafa don kare 'Ya'yan da aka yi ritaya, sannan aka gayyace shi zuwa lacca kan hanyoyin musamman na ilimi ga yaran da ke da nakasassu na ilimi a makarantar horar da malamai na Kwalejin Rome. A waccan shekarar, Montessori ta yi rangadin karatun ba da ilimi, na makonni biyu, ga manyan masu sauraro, a gaban manyan jama'a. Ta shiga cikin kwamitin kungiyar na kasa kuma an nada ta a matsayin malama a fagen tsabta da ilmin dabbobi a daya daga cikin kwalejojin horar da malamai na mata a Italiya. Makarantar Orthophrenic A 1900 Leagueungiyar openedasa ta buɗe Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica, ko Makarantar Orthophrenic, wani "makaranta na medico-pedagogical Institute" don horar da malamai a ilmantar da yara masu matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da aji mai haɗe da ɗakin karatun. An nada Montessori a matsayin babban darakta. malamai 64 suka yi rajista a cikin aji na farko, suna nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilmin jikin mutum da ilimin halittar jiki na tsarin jijiya, ma'aunin cututtukan dabbobi, abubuwan da ke haifar da halaye na rashin hankali, da kuma hanyoyin musamman na koyarwa. A cikin shekaru biyun da ta yi a makarantar, Montessori ta kirkiro hanyoyin da kayan aiki, wanda da suke iya karba daga baya don amfani da su tare da manyan yara. Makarantar ta kasance nasara ce nan da nan, inda ta jawo hankalin jami’an gwamnati daga sassan ilimi da lafiya, da shugabannin al’umma, da kuma manyan mutane a fannonin ilimi, ilimin halin kwakwalwa, da kuma ilmin dabbobi na Jami’ar Rome. Yaran da ke cikin dakin karatun an jawo su ne daga makarantun talakawa amma ana daukar su “marasa-ilimi” saboda rashi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan yaran daga baya sun wuce gwaje-gwaje na jama'a waɗanda aka ba wa abin da ake kira a al'ada da yara kamar kowa. A cikin shekarar 1901, Montessori ta bar Makarantar Orthophrenic da ayyukanta na sirri, kuma a cikin shekarar 1902, ta shiga makarantar digiri na Falsafa a Jami'ar Rome. (Falsafa a wancan lokacin wanda ya hada da yawancin abin da ake tunanin yanzu shine ilimin halin dan adam. Ta karanci ilimin falsafa da ilimin halin kirki, tarihin falsafa, da ilimin halin dan Adam irin wannan, amma ba ta sauke karatu ba. Ta kuma ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi a cikin ilmin kimiya na mutumtaka da falsafar ilimi, da gudanar da lura da binciken gwaji a makarantun firamare, sannan ta sake nazarin aikin Itard da Séguin, tare da fassara littattafansu zuwa Italiyanci na rubutun hannu. A wannan lokacin ta fara tunanin daidaita hanyoyin ta na ilimantar da yara masu nakasassu ga ilimin duniya, ta kasance mace mai kula sosai martabar mutane. Aikin Montessori yana haɓaka abin da ta kira daga baya "kimiyyar pedagogy" ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Har yanzu a cikin shekarar 1902, Montessori ta gabatar da rahoto a babban taron koyarwa na kasa na biyu a Naples. Ta buga labarai biyu a kan hanyar koyarwa a cikin shekarar 1903, kuma biyu a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1903 da 1904, ta yi binciken ilimin ɗan adam tare da yaran childrenan makarantar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1904, ta sami digiri a matsayin malami mai ƙwaƙwalwa a fannin ilimin alaƙa na Jami'ar Rome. An nada ta don yin karatu a cikin makarantar Pedagogic a Jami'ar kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin matsayi har zuwa shekarar 1908. An buga jawabinta amatsayin littafi mai suna Pedagogical Anthropology a 1910. 1906-1911: Casa dei Bambini da yaduwar ra'ayoyin Montessori A cikin shekarar 1906 aka gayyaci Montessori data kula da kulawa akan ilimin kungiyar gungun yara na iyayen da ke aiki a wani sabon ginin gidaje don iyalai masu karamin karfi a gundumar San Lorenzo a Rome. Montessori ta kasance mai sha'awar amfani da ayyukanta da hanyoyin ta don yara masu tunani a cikin al'ada, kuma ta yarda. Sunan Casa dei Bambini, ko Gidan Yara, an ba da shine ga Montessori, kuma Casa ta farko an buɗe e a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1907, tana rajistar yara 50 ko 60 tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa uku da shida ko bakwai. A farko, an shirya aji mai dauke da teburin malami da allo, da murhu, da kananan kujeru, da kujeru, da teburin rukunin yara, tare da akwatin kulle dakin kula da kayan da Montessori ta kirkira a Makarantar Orthophrenic. Ayyukan yara sun haɗa da kulawa ta mutum kamar sutura da sanya rigar ciki, kula da yanayi kamar ƙura da sharewa, da kuma kula da lambun. Hakanan an nuna wa yaran amfani da kayan da Montessori ta bunkasa. Montessori da kanta, sun yi aiki da koyarwa, bincike, da sauran ayyukan ƙwararru, ta kula da lura da aikin aji, amma ba koyar da yara kai tsaye. An ba da koyarwar yau da kullun da kulawa, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Montessori, ta hannun mai ginin gidan. A cikin wannan aji na farko, Montessori ta lura da halayen ɗalibai a cikin waɗannan ƙananan yara waɗanda suka kafa tushen tsarin karatun ta. Ta lura da jerin abubuwan da ta lakanci maida hankali da zurfafawa da yawaitawa, da maimaituwa kan tsari a cikin muhalli. Da aka ba su zaɓi na ayyukan kyauta, yaran sun nuna sha'awar ayyuka masu kyau da kayan Montessori fiye da kayan wasan yara da aka tanada masu, kuma abin mamaki ba su da ɗanɗano da sauran lada. Da shigewar lokaci, ta ga wata dabara ta ba da kai. Dangane da abubuwan da ta lura, Montessori ta aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa wadanda suka zama alamomin falsafar ilimi da kuma tsarinta. Ta maye gurbin manyan kayan daki da teburin kananan yara da kujeru masu haske wanda yaran zasu iya motsawa, tare da sanya kayan kananan yara a kanannan katako. Ta kara fadada ayyuka masu amfani kamar su shan ruwa da kuma kulawa ta mutum domin hadawa da wasu darussan motsa jiki don kula da yanayi da kai, gami da shirya fure, wanke hannu, motsa jiki, kula da dabbobi, da dafa abinci. Ta kuma hada manyan bangarorin bude kofa a cikin dakin karfafa yara su zo su tafi yadda suka ga dama a cikin bangarorin dakin daban-daban da kuma darussan da ke cikin dakin. A cikin littafinta ta baiyana misalin darajojin ranar hunturu da aka fara, wadanda suka fara daga 09:00 ni kuma na kammala a karfe 04:00 na yamma. 9-10. Entofar shiga. Gaisuwa. Dubawa game da tsabta na mutum. Darasi na rayuwa mai amfani; taimaka wa juna ya cire ya kuma sanya kayan maye. Haye saman ɗakin ganin duk abin da ke turɓaya kuma cikin tsari. Harshe: Lokacin tattaunawa: Yara suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru kafin ranar. Darasi na Addini. 10-11. Darasi na hankali. Manyan darussan da aka katse ta gajeren lokacin hutu. Nomenclature, Sense bada. 11–11: 30. Hanyoyin motsa jiki mai sauƙi: motsawa na yau da kullun an yi da alheri, matsayin al'ada na jiki, tafiya, tafiya a layi, gaisuwa, motsawa don kulawa, sanya abubuwa cikin ladabi. 11: 30-12. Luncheon: Sallar gajeru. 12-1. Wasannin kyauta. 1-2. Wasannin da aka jagoranta, idan zai yiwu, a cikin iska. A wannan lokacin yaran sun girma tare da ayyukan darussan rayuwa, tsabtace dakin, turbaya, sanya kayan cikin tsari. Janar dubawa don tsabta: Tattaunawa. 2-3. Aikin hannu. Yin kwaikwayo na Clay, ƙira, da sauransu. 3-4. Cikakken kayan motsa jiki da waƙoƙi, in ya yiwu a buɗe sararin samaniya. Darasi don bunkasa abubuwanda ake tunani: Ziyara, da kulawa, tsirrai da dabbobi. Ta ji ajikinta cewa ta hanyar yin aiki da yara zaisa ukai ga iya isa ga sabon matakan samun mulkin kai kuma ya zama mai himma don kai sabon matakan fahimta. Montessori ta kuma yi imani da cewa sanin kowane ɗayan kowane mutum da kuma kula da su hakan zai samar da ingantaccen ilimi da ingantaccen damar a cikin kowane ɗan yaro. Ta ci gaba da daidaitawa da kuma gyara kayan da ta kirkira a baya, canza ko cire darussan da yaran da ba su zaɓa ba kdaoyaushe. Hakanan an danganta da abubuwan lura da ita, Montessori tayi gwaji tare da baiwa yara damar zaban kayan, aikin da bai katse ba, da kuma 'yancin motsi da aiki a cikin iyakokin da yankin ya tsara. Ta fara ganin 'yancin kai a matsayin manufar ilimi, da kuma matsayin malamin a matsayin mai sanya ido da kuma darektan ci gaban ilimin rayuwar yara. Yada ilimin Montessori a Italiya Casa dei Bambini na farko ya kasance nasara, sannan aka buɗe na biyu a watan Afrilu 7, shekarar 1907. Yaran da ke cikin shirye-shiryenta sun ci gaba da nuna natsuwa, kulawa, da kamun kai da kansu, kuma manyan makarantu sun fara jawo hankulan manyan malamai, 'yan jarida da kuma jama'a. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1907, Montessori ta fara gwajin kayan koyarwa don rubutu da karatu haruffa da aka yanke daga sandpaper da aka hau kan allon, almakashi masu yanke ƙauna, da katunan hoto tare da alamomi. -A-an shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar suna aiki tare da kayan kuma cikin sauri suka sami ƙwarewa a rubuce da karatu fiye da abin da ake tsammani na shekarunsu. Wannan ya jawo hankalin jama'a ga aikin Montessori. Wasu ƙarin Case dei Bambini an buɗe su a cikin shekarar 1908, kuma a cikin shekarar 1909, Italiya da Switzerland sun fara maye gurbin hanyoyin Froebellian zuwa ta Montessori a cikin gidajen-marayu da kananan makarantu. A cikin shekarar 1909, Montessori ta dauki darasi na farko na horar da malamai a sabuwar hanyar ta a Città di Castello, Italiya. A wannan shekarar, ta bayyana abubuwan lura da kuma hanyoyin ta a cikin wani littafi mai suna Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applyato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini Hanyar Ilimin Kimiyya na ilimin kimiyya da Aiwatar da Ilimin Ilimin Yara a Gidajen Yara An yi ƙarin horo na biyu a Rome a shekarar 1910, kuma na uku a Milan a shekarar 1911. Darajar Montessori da aikinta sun fara yaduwa a cikin ƙasashen duniya kuma, a kusa da wannan lokacin ta daina aikinta na likita don ba da lokaci mafi yawa ga aikinta na ilimi, da inganta hanyoyinta, da horar da malamai. A shekara ta 1919, ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na Jami’ar Rome, saboda aikinta na ilimi yana ƙara karɓar dukkan lokacinta da sha'awarta. 1909-1915: Girmamawa a duniya da haɓakar ilimin Montessori Tun daga farkon 1909, aikin Montessori ya fara jawo hankalin masu sa ido na duniya da baƙi. Ayyukanta suna yaduwa cikin ƙasashen duniya, kuma suna yaduwa cikin sauri. A karshen shekarar 1911, Montessori ta sami karɓar gudanar da ilimin Montessori a makarantun gwamnati a Italiya da Switzerland, kuma an shirya shi don ayi a Burtaniya. Ya zuwa 1912, makarantun Montessori sun buɗe a Paris da kuma sauran biranen Yammacin Turai, kuma ana shirin yi a Argentina, Australiya, China, Indiya, Japan, Koriya, Mexico, Switzerland, Syuriya, Amurka, da New Zealand. Shirye-shiryen jama'a a London, Johannesburg, Rome, da Stockholm sun karbi hanyar a tsarin tsarin makarantunsu. An kafa ƙungiyoyin Montessori a cikin Amurka (Kwamitin Montessori American) da United Kingdom (Montessori Society for the United Kingdom). A cikin 1913 aka gudanar da Koyar da horo na Kasa da Kasa na farko a Rome, tare da na biyu a shekara ta 1914. An fassara ayyukan Montessori sosai kuma an buga su a wannan lokaci. Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica an buga shi a Amurka amatsayin The Montessori Hanyar: Ilimin ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda aka Aiwatar da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara (wato The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedogogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children Houses), inda ya zama mafi yawan siyarwa. Bugun Burtaniya da Switzerland suka biyo baya. An buga bita na Italiyanci wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin 1913. Buga da Rashanci da Yaren mutanen Poland sun fito a cikin 1913 kuma fitowar Jaridun, Jafana, da Romaniyan a cikin 1914, sai kuma Spanish (1915), Dutch (1916), da kuma Danish (1917). An buga Pedagogical Anthropology a cikin Ingilishi a 1913. A shekara ta 1914, Montessori ta buga, cikin Ingilishi, Doctor Montessori's Handbook, jagorar mai amfani ga kayan aikin da ta bunkasa. Montessori a Amurka A cikin shekarar 1911 da 1912, Ayyukan Montessori aikin sun shahara kuma sunyadu a cikin Amurka, musamman a cikin jerin kasidu a cikin mujallar McClure, kuma an buɗe makarantar Montessori ta Arewa ta farko a watan Oktoba 1911, a Tarrytown, New York Mawallafin Alexander Graham Bell da matarsa sun zama masu ba da izini ga hanyar kuma an buɗe makaranta ta biyu a gidansu Kanada. Hanyar Montessori ta sayar da sauri ta hanyar bugu shida. Montwararren Montessori na Amurka ne ya ɗauki nauyin ba da horo na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Rome a 1913, kuma 67 daga cikin ɗalibai 83 sun fito daga Amurka. Ya zuwa 1913 akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 100 a cikin ƙasar. Montessori ta tafi Amurka a cikin Disamba 1913 a cikin yawon shakatawa na makonni uku wanda ya haɗa da fina-finan ɗakunan karatun Turai, haɗuwa tare da manyan mutane masu ban sha'awa a duk inda ta yi tafiya. Montessori ta dawo Amurka a 1915, wanda kungiyar Ilimi ta Nationalasa ta dauki nauyi kuma ta ba da sanarwar gudummawa don nuna ayyukanta ataron Bayanai na Panama-Pacific a San Francisco, California, kuma don ba da horo na uku na ƙasa. An saka aji a gilashin gilashin a yayin Exposition, kuma dubun dubatar masu kallo sun zo ganin aji na ɗalibai 21. mahaifin Montessori ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1915, kuma ta koma Italiya. Kodayake Montessori da tsarinta na koyar da ilimi sun shahara sosai a Amurka, amma ba tare da hamayya da jayayya ba. William heard Kilpatrick, malamin Falsafa na Amurka kuma mai neman canji a fannin ilimi John Dewey, ya rubuta littafin suka ga tsarin da mahimmancin da aka yi wa lakabi da Motar Montessori, wanda ke da babban tasiri. Kungiyar Kan Rana ta wasan Kwando ta ƙasa ta kasance mai mahimmanci. Masu sukar sunyi zargin cewa hanyar Montessori ta wuce gona da iri, da tsauraran matakai, tawakkali kan koyar da hankali, kuma ya rage karancin tunani, mu'amala tsakanin mutane, da wasa. Bugu da kari, dagewar Montessori game da tsauraran matakan fadada tsarinta, horar da malamai, samarwa da kuma amfani da kayan, da kuma kafa makarantu ya zama sanadiyyar rikici da jayayya. Bayan da ta fita a shekarar 1915, tsarin Montessori a Amurka ya rarrabu, kuma Montessori ilimin ya kasance abin sakaci a cikin tsarin karatua a Amurka har zuwa 1952. 1915–1939: Kara ci gaba na ilimin Montessori A shekara ta 1915, Montessori ta koma Turai inda ta zauna a Barcelona, Spaniya. A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa Montessori tayi balaguro da yin darussai a Turai kuma ta bada darussan koyar da malamai. Ilimin Montessori ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a Spain, Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Italiya. Spain (1915-1936) Lokacin da ta dawo daga Amurka, Montessori ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a Barcelona, inda karamin shirin da gwamnatin ta Catalonia ta dauki nauyin farawa a 1915 ta ci gaba a cikin Escola Montessori, tana bauta wa yara daga shekaru uku zuwa goma, da kuma Laboratori i Seminari de Pedagogia, bincike, horo, da kwalejin koyarwa. An ba da horo na huɗu na ƙasa a can a 1916, ciki har da kayan aiki da hanyoyi, ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, don koyar da ilimin nahawu, ilmin lissafi, da ilimin lissafi ga yara na makarantar firamare tun daga shekara shida zuwa goma sha biyu. A shekara ta 1917, Montessori ta buga littafinta na farko a L'autoeducazionne nelle Scuole Elementari (Ilmi a cikin Makarantar Elementary), wanda ya fito a Turanci a matsayin Advanced Montessori Method A kusan 1920, ƙungiyar 'yancin cin gashin kanta ta Catalan ta fara neman Montessori da ta ɗauki matakin siyasa kuma ta ba da sanarwa a bainar jama'a ta amince da' yancin Catalan, kuma ta ƙi. An cire tallafin hukuma daga shirye-shiryenta. A 1924, sabon mulkin kama karya na soja ya rufe makarantar model ta Montessori a Barcelona, kuma Montessori ilimin ya ragu a Spain, duk da cewa Barcelona ta kasance gidan Montessori na shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1933, a karkashin Jamhuriyyar Sifen ta biyu, gwamnatin ta dauki nauyin sabon horo, sannan aka sake samun tallafin gwamnati. A shekara ta 1934, ta buga littattafai guda biyu a Spain, Psicogeometrica da Psicoarithemetica Koyaya, tare da fara yakin basasa na Spain a 1936, yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa sun sa Montessori barin Spain dindindin. Netherlands (1917-1919) A cikin shekarar 1917, Montessori ta karantar a Amsterdam, kuma an kafa Netherlands Montessori Society. Ta dawo ne a shekarar 1920 don bayar da jawabai daban-daban a Jami'ar Amsterdam Shirye-shiryen Montessori sun bunƙasa a cikin Netherlands, kuma zuwa tsakiyar 1930s akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 200 a cikin ƙasar. A cikin 1935 hedkwatar Montungiyar Montessori Internationale, ko AMI, ta koma dindindin zuwa Amsterdam. Kasar Burtaniya (1919-191936) Karantarwar Montessori ya hadu tare da himma da jayayya a Ingila tsakanin 1912 da 1914. A shekara ta 1919, Montessori ta zo Ingila a karon farko kuma ta ba da horo na kasa da kasa wanda aka karbe shi da babbar sha'awa. Ilimin Montessori ya ci gaba da yaduwa a Burtaniya, kodayake ƙungiyar ta sami wasu gwagwarmaya game da amincin da rarrabuwa wanda ya gudana a Amurka. Montessori ya ci gaba da ba da horo a Ingila duk sauran shekara guda har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II. kuma Italiya (1922-1934) A cikin shekara ta 1922, an gayyaci Montessori zuwa Italiya a madadin gwamnati don ba da darussan laccoci kuma daga baya duba makarantun Montessori na Italiya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar gwamnatin Fasito ta Benito Mussolini ta hau kan mulki a Italiya. A watan Disamba, Montessori ta dawo Italiya don shirin jerin darussan horarwa na shekara-shekara a karkashin tallafin gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1923, ministan ilimi Giovanni Gentile ya bayyana cikakken goyon bayansa ga makarantun Montessori da horar da malamai. A cikin shekara ta 1924, Montessori ya sadu da Mussolini, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar goyon baya ga ilimin Montessori a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin ƙasa. Preungiyoyin pre-war na magoya bayan Montessori, Societa gli Amici del Metodo Montessori (kungiyar Abokan Montessori Method) ta zama kungiyar Opera Montessori (Montessori Society) tare da amintattun gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1926, Mussolini ya zama shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar. A cikin shekarar 1927, Mussolini ya kafa kwalejin horar da malamin Montessori, kuma ya zuwa 1929 gwamnatin Italiya ta tallafa wa cibiyoyin Montessori da yawa. Koyaya, daga shekarar 1930, Montessori da gwamnatin Italiya sun shiga rikici game da tallafin kudi da kuma akida, musamman bayan lafuzan Montessori kan Lafiya da Ilimi. A cikin shekarar 1932, ita da ɗanta Mario an sanya su a ƙarƙashin sa ido akan siyasa. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarar 1933, ta yi murabus daga Opera Montessori, kuma a shekarar 1934, ta bar Italiya. Gwamnatin Italiya ta kawo karshen ayyukan Montessori a cikin kasar a cikin shekarar 1936. Montessori ta cigaba da karbuwa a kasashe da dama a fadin duniya inda ta rika zuwa kasashe tana karantar da mutane akan hayar karantarwar ta.. Sauran ƙasashe Montessori ta karantar a Vienna a 1923, kuma an buga laccocin ta kamar Il Bambino a Famiglia, an buga shi a Turanci a 1936 a matsayin The Child in the Family Tsakanin shekarar 1913 zuwa 1936 an kuma kafa makarantun Montessori da al'ummomi a Faransa, Jamus, Switzerland, Belgium, Rasha, Serbia, Kanada, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, da New Zealand. Kungiyar Montessori Internationale A cikin shekarar 1929, an yi taron farko na Montessori na kasa da kasa a Elsinore, Denmark, tare da haɗin Fifth Conference na New Education Fellowship. A wannan taron, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun kafa Montungiyar Montessori Internationale ko AMI "don sa ido kan ayyukan makarantu da al'ummomi a duk faɗin duniya kuma su kula da horar da malamai." Har ila yau, AMI ta sarrafa haƙƙin wallafa ayyukan Montessori da kuma samar da kayan aikin Montessori didactic. Masu tallafawa na farkon na AMI sun haɗa da Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, da Rabindranath Tagore Zaman lafiya A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi magana game da zaman lafiya da Ilimi a Babban Taro na Montessori na biyu a Nice, Faransa; Ofishin Kasa da Kasa ne, ya buga laccon shi a Geneva, Switzerland. A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi jawabi a taron kira kan Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland, kan taken zaman lafiya da Ilimi. Montessori ta gudanar da taron zaman lafiya daga shekarar 1932 zuwa 1939, a Geneva, Brussels, Copenhagen, da Utrecht, wadanda daga baya aka buga su cikin Italiyanci kamar Educazione e Pace, kuma a Turanci a matsayin Education and Peace A shekara ta 1949, da kuma sake sata a cikin shekarar 1950 da kuma a shekarar 1951, Montessori ta zama cikin wanda za'a ba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, inda aka karɓi jimlar mutane guda shida. Laren, Netherlands (1936-1939) A cikin shekarar 1936 Montessori da iyalinta sun bar Barcelona zuwa Ingila, kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙaura zuwa Laren, kusa da Amsterdam. Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da sabbin kayan abubuwa a nan, gami da fasahar murƙushewa, alamomin nahawu, da katunan notanclature. Dangane da tashe tashen hankula na soja a cikin Turai, Montessori ta ƙara maida hankalinta ga taken zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1937, an gudanar da babban taro na kasa da kasa na Montessori na 6 a kan taken "Ilimi don Zaman Lafiya", kuma Montessori ta yi kira da "kimiyyar zaman lafiya" kuma ta yi magana game da matsayin ilimin yara kamar yadda mabuɗi don sake fasalin jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1938, theungiyar Theosophical Society ta gayyaci Montessori zuwa Indiya don ba da horo, kuma a 1939 ta bar Netherlands tare da ɗanta da abokin aiki Mario. 1939-1946: Montessori a Indiya Sha'awar Montessori ta kasance a Indiya tun a shekarar 1913, lokacin da ɗalibin Indiya ya halarci karatun farko na ƙasa a Rome, kuma ɗalibai a cikin shekarun 1920 zuwa 1930 sun dawo Indiya don fara makarantu da inganta ilimin Montessori. An kafa Kungiyar Montessori ta Indiya a cikin shekarar 1926, kuma an fassara Il Metodo cikin Gujarati da Hindi a shekarar 1927. Ya zuwa 1929, mawakiyar Indiya Rabindranath Tagore ta kafa makarantu da yawa "Tagore-Montessori" a Indiya, kuma an ba da wakilci sosai a fannin ilimin Indiya a Montessori a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1929. Montessori ita da kanta tana da haɗin kai da ƙungiyar Theosophical Society tun daga shekarar 1907. Yunkurin Theosophical, wanda aka himmatu don ilimantar da talakawa na Indiya, an jawo shi zuwa ilimin Montessori a matsayin mafita guda. Kwarewa a Indiya Montessori ya ba da horo a Kungiyar Theosophical Society a Madras a cikin shekarar 1939, kuma ya yi niyyar ba da jawabai a jami'o'i daban-daban, sannan ya koma Turai. Koyaya, lokacin da Italiya ta shiga yakin duniya na II a gefen Jamusawa a cikin shekarar 1940, Burtaniya ta saka duk Italiyanci a Burtaniya da mulkinta a matsayin baƙon makiyi. A zahiri kawai Mario Montessori ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto, yayin da Montessori kanta aka kulle ta da cibiyar ta Theosophical Society, kuma Mario ya sake saduwa da mahaifiyarsa bayan watanni biyu. Montessoris ya ci gaba da zama a Madras da Kodaikanal har zuwa shekarar 1946, kodayake an ba su damar yin tafiya dangane da laccoci da darussan. Kayan karatun boko, ilimin kwalliya, da haihuwa zuwa uku A cikin shekarun rayuwarta a Indiya, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da haɓaka hanyar karatun ta. Kalmar "ilimin ilimin halittar jiki" an gabatar dashi don bayyana tsarin kula da yara masu shekaru daga shida zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu wanda ya jaddada jituwa ga dukkanin abubuwan duniyar duniyar. Yara sunyi aiki kai tsaye tare da tsirrai da dabbobi a cikin mahallinsu na al'ada, kuma Montessoris ta haɓaka darussan, zane-zane, zane-zane, da samfuri don amfani tare da ƙananan yara na farko. An ƙirƙiri abu don ilmin dabbobi, da labarin ƙasa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1942 zuwa 1944 an haɗa waɗannan abubuwan a cikin babban tafarki don aiki tare da yara daga shekaru shida zuwa sha biyu. Wannan aikin ya haifar da littattafai guda biyu: Ilimi don Sabon Duniya da Don Ilmantar da Humanan Adam Yayin da yake cikin Indiya, Montessori ta lura da yara da matasa na kowane zamani, kuma sun juya zuwa karatun ƙuruciya. A cikin shekarar 1944, ta ba da laccoci iri-iri a kan shekaru uku na farko na rayuwa, da kuma makarantar horarwa da gwamnati ta amince da su a Sri Lanka. An tattara waɗannan laccoci ne a shekara ta 1949 a cikin littafin me Ya Kamata Ku Yi Game da Yaran ku A cikin shekarar 1944, an ba Monttorois wasu 'yanci motsi kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa Sri Lanka. A cikin shekara ta 1945, Montessori ta halarci taron farko na Indiya Montessori a Jaipur, kuma a cikin shekarar 1946, tare da yaƙe-yaƙe, ita da iyalinta sun koma Turai. 1946-1952: Shekarun ƙarshe A cikin shekarar 1946, lokacin tana da shekaru 76, Montessori ta dawo Amsterdam, amma ta kwashe shekaru shida masu zuwa tafiya Turai da Indiya. Ta ba da horo a Landan a cikin shekarar 1946, kuma a 1947, ta bude cibiyar koyar da horo a can, Cibiyar Montessori. Bayan 'yan shekaru wannan cibiyar ta sami' yancin kanta daga Montessori kuma ta ci gaba a matsayin Cibiyar Horarwa ta St. Nicholas Hakanan a cikin 1947, ta koma Italiya don sake kafa Opera Montessori kuma ta ba wasu ƙarin horo biyu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta dawo Indiya inda ta ba da horo a Adyar da Ahmedabad Wadannan darussan sun haifar da littafin The Absorbent Mind, wanda Montessori ya ba da bayanin ci gaban yaro tun daga haihuwa har zuwa gaba da gabatar da manufar Tsarin Haɓaka Goma na huɗu. A cikin shekarar 1948, an sake buga Il Metodo kuma aka buga shi cikin Ingilishi kamar yadda Discovery of the Yara A cikin shekarar 1949, ta ba da horo a Pakistan kuma aka kafa essungiyar Montessori Pakistan. A cikin shekarar 1949, Montessori ta dawo Turai kuma ta halarci Babban Taro na Montessori na 8 a Sanremo, Italiya, inda aka nuna salon aji. A wannan shekarar, an fara koyar da horo na farko don haihuwa zuwa shekaru uku, wanda ake kira Scuola Assistenti all'infanzia (Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy). An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel Peace Prize An kuma bai wa Montessori lambar girmamawa ta Faransa, Darakta ta Dutch of Orange Nassau, kuma ya samu lambar girmamawa ta Jami’ar Amsterdam. A cikin shekarar 1950, ta ziyarci Scandinavia, wakilcin Italiya a taron UNESCO a Florence, wanda aka gabatar a yayin horo na 29 na kasa da kasa a Perugia, ya ba da horo na kasa a Rome, an buga bugu na biyar na Il Metodo tare da sabon taken La Scoperta del Bambino The Discovery na Yara kuma an sake nada shi don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. A cikin shekarar 1951, ta shiga cikin Taro na 9 na kasa da kasa na Montessori a London, ta ba da horo a Innsbruck, an zabe ta a karo na uku don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. Montessori ya mutu bayan cutar malali a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1952, yana da shekara 81 a Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands. Legacy An nuna makarantun Maria Montessori da Montessori akan tsabar kudi da banki na Italiya, sannan akan tambura na Netherlands, Indiya, Italiya, Maldives, Pakistan da Sri Lanka. A shekarata 2020, Lokaci ya zabi Montessori a matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan Mata 100 na shekarar, wani lamunin wanda ya baiwa kyautar Kyautar Shekara. Hanyar karatu Tasirin farko Tunanin Jeaness Gaspard Itard, Édouard Séguin, Friedrich Fröbel, da Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, dukkansu sun ba da fifikon bincike da halayyar ilimi. Aiki na farko na Montessori tare da yara masu nakasa, a cikin School na Orthophrenic a cikin 1900-11901, sun yi amfani da hanyoyin Itard da Séguin, horar da yara a cikin ayyukan jiki kamar tafiya da kuma amfani da cokali, horar da hankalinsu ta hanyar bayyanar da gani, kamshi, da gogewa mai ban tsoro, da kuma gabatar da haruffa a sikelin tactile. Wadannan ayyukan sun haɓaka cikin kayan Montessori "Sensorial". Ilimin kimiyya Montessori ta dauki aikinta a cikin Makarantar Orthophrenic da kuma karatun ta na gaba-gaba da aikin bincike a makarantun firamare a matsayin "tsarin ilimin kimiyya", ra'ayi ne na yanzu a cikin karatun ilimi a lokacin. Ta yi kira ba wai kawai lura da auna dalibai ba, har ma da samar da sabbin hanyoyin da za su canza su. "Ilimin kimiya, sabili da haka, shine wanda, yayin da aka danganta da kimiyya, aka gyara da inganta mutum." Bugu da kari, ilimi kansa yakamata ya canza shi ta hanyar kimiyya: "Sabbin hanyoyin da idan ana tafiyar dasu akan layin kimiyya, yakamata su canza makarantar gaba daya da hanyoyin ta, yakamata su samar da sabon tsarin ilimi." Casa dei Bambini Aiki tare da yara marasa nakasassu a cikin Casa dei Bambini a cikin shekarar 1907, Montessori ta fara kirkirar karatun kanta. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci na ka'idodinta na ilimi sun samo asali daga wannan aikin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Hanyar The Montessori a cikin shekarar 1912, da kuma cikin Discovery of the Yara a shekarar 1948. An kafa tushenta ne bisa lura da yara a 'yanci don aiwatar da yardar kaina a cikin yankin da aka shirya don biyan bukatunsu. Montessori ya kammala da cewa aikin yara a cikin wannan yanayi ya nuna wani shiri na ciki na ci gaba, kuma matsayin da ya dace na malamin shine ya cire wani cikas ga wannan cigaban halitta tare da samar da damar hakan don ci gaba da bunkasa. Don haka, an shigar da ɗakunan makarantar ɗakunan yara masu yara, "ayyukan rayuwa" masu amfani kamar su sharewa da teburin wanka, da kayan koyarwa waɗanda Montessori ta bunkasa kanta. An bai wa yara 'yancin zaɓan da kuma tafiyar da ayyukansu, a nasu wuraren da bin sha'awar kansu. A cikin waɗannan yanayin, Montessori ta sanya abubuwan lura da yawa waɗanda suka zama tushen aikinta. Da farko, ta lura da sanya hankali sosai a cikin yara da kuma maimaitawa ta hanyar abubuwan da aka zaɓa. Har ila yau, ta lura da irin mummunan halin da yaran ke yi na yin odar yankin nasu, da daidaita tebur da shelves da yin odar kayayyakin. Yayinda yara suka zaɓi wasu ayyukan akan wasu, Montessori ta gyara kayan da ta basu. Bayan wani lokaci, yaran sun fara nuna abin da ta kira "ladabi mara lafiyan". Karin ci gaba da ilimin Montessori a yau Montessori ta ci gaba da bunkasa tsarinta da tsarinta na ci gaban ɗan adam yayin da take fadada ayyukanta tare da faɗaɗawa ga yara mazan. Ta ga halayen mutane kamar yadda kowa ke bi da shi, halaye na asali a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ɗanta da mai ba da gudummawa Mario Montessori ya bayyana a matsayin "sha'awar ɗan adam" a cikin 1957. Bugu da kari, ta lura lokuta daban-daban, ko "jirage", a cikin ci gaban mutum, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru shida, daga shida zuwa goma sha biyu, daga sha biyu zuwa goma sha takwas, daga goma sha takwas zuwa ashirin da huɗu. Ta ga halaye daban-daban, yanayin koyo, da kuma ci gaban ci gaban da ke aiki a kowane daga cikin wadannan jirage, ta kuma yi kira da a samar da hanyoyin da suka shafi ilimi a kowane lokaci. A cikin tsawon rayuwarta, Montessori ta kirkiro da hanyoyin karatun da kayan kayan jirgi na jirgi biyu na farko, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma ta yi rubutu da lectures game da jirage uku da na huxu. Mariya ta kirkiro wasu aji 4000 na Montessori a duk faɗin duniya kuma an fassara littattafarta cikin yaruka da yawa don horar da sababbin masu ilimi. An shigar da hanyoyin nata a cikin daruruwan makarantu na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Amurka. Hanyar Montessori Daya daga cikin ayyukan Montessori dayawa shine hanyar Montessori Wannan hanya ce ta ilimi ga yara masu karamin karfi wanda ke karfafa ci gaban shirin yaro da iyawar halitta, musamman ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan hanyar ta ba yara damar haɓaka yadda suke so kuma ya samar wa masu ilimi sabbin fahimtar ci gaban yara. Littafin Montessori, The Montessori Hanyar, ya gabatar da hanya daki-daki. Malamai masu bin wannan ƙirar sun kafa mahalli na musamman don biyan bukatun ɗalibai a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɓaka shekaru uku masu tasowa: shekaru 2-2.5, shekaru 2.5-6, da kuma shekaru 6-12. Studentsaliban suna koyo ta hanyar ayyukan da suka shafi bincike, jan hankali, tsari, maimaitawa, ƙauracewa, da sadarwa. Malamai suna ƙarfafa yara a cikin shekaru biyu na farko don amfani da hankalinsu don ganowa da sarrafa kayan a cikin yanayin da suke ciki. Yara a ƙarshen zamani sunyi ma'amala tare da tsararren ra'ayi dangane da sabon ikon tunani, hangen nesa, da kerawa. Ayyuka Montessori ta buga littattafai da kasidu da kasidu da dama a lokacin rayuwarta, galibi cikin Italiyanci, amma wani lokacin farko a Turanci. A cewar Kramer, "manyan ayyukan da aka buga kafin shekarar 1920 The Montessori Hanyar, Pedagogical Anthropology, Advanced Montessori Method spontaneous Aiki a Ilimi da Montessori Elementary Material an rubuta ta cikin Italiyanci sannan kuma aka fassara ta ƙarƙashin kulawarta." Koyaya, da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta daga baya an rubuto su ne daga laccocin ta, galibi a fassara, kuma daga baya ne aka buga su a littafin littattafai. An ba da manyan ayyukan Montessori a nan saboda tsarinsu na farko, tare da manyan bita da fassara. (1909) Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini bita a cikin 1913, 1926, da 1935; Bita da sake magana a cikin 1950 a matsayin La Scoperta del bambino (1912) Ingilishi na Turanci: Hanyar Montessori: Harshen Ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda ake Amfani da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara (1948) Bita da haɓaka Ingilishi wanda aka bayar azaman The Discovery of the Yara (1950) Aka sake fasalta kuma aka sake bugawa cikin Italiyanci kamar La Scoperta del bambino (1910) Antropologia Pedagogica (1913) Buga na Ingilishi: Pedagogical Anthropology (1914) Littafin Jagora na kansa Dr. Montessori (1921) Itace Italiyanci: Manuale di pedagogia kimiya (1916) L'autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari (1917) Buga na Ingilishi: Hanyar Advanced Montessori, Vol. Ni: Aiki Na Zamani A Ilimi; Fitowa II: The Montessori Elementary Material. (1922) I bambini viventi nella Chiesa (1929) Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaron a cikin Ikilisiya, littafin farko na Maria Montessori game da dokar Ka'aba ta Katolika tun daga matsayin yarinyar. (1923) Das Kind in der Familie (Jamusanci) (1929) Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaro a Iyali (1936) Buga na Italiyanci: Il bambino a cikin famiglia (1934) Psico Geométria (Mutanen Espanya) (2011) Ingilishi na Turanci: Psychogeometry (1934) Psico Aritmética (1971) Buga na Italiyanci: Psicoaritmetica (1936) L'Enfant (Faransa) (1936) Buga na Ingilishi: Asirin Childan Yara (1938) Il segreto dell'infanzia (1948) De l'enfant à l'adolescent (1948) Buga na Ingilishi: Daga Yarinya Zuwa Jariri (1949) Dall'infanzia all'adolescenza (1949) Educazione e taki (1949) Ingilishi na Turanci: Salama da Ilimi (1949) Formazione dell'uomo (1949) Ingilishi na Turanci: Tsarin Mutum (1949) Rashin Ingantaccen Zuciya (1952) La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente (1947) Ilimi don Sabon Duniya (1970) Buga na Italiya: Educazione per un mondo nuovo (1947) Domin Ilmantar da Abubuwan Dan Adam (1970) Buga na Italiyanci: Ku zo educare il potenziale umano Manazarta
20407	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirdi	Kirdi	Kirdi /k r d ɪ ƙabilu ne da al'adu da suka mamaye arewa maso yammacin Kamaru da kuma arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Ana amfani da kalmar ga mutane da ba su musulunta ba a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma ya kasance abun ki ne, kodayake daga baya marubuta sun wanke su. Kalmar ta fito ne daga kalmar Kanuri ma'ana arna; mutanen Kanuri galibi musulmai ne. Tun daga ƙarni na goma sha ɗaya Musulman Bantu, kamar Fulanin sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kamaru, inda suka yi yunƙurin musuluntar da mutanen da suka wanzu. Saboda haka kirdi, suna da ƙarancin kamanceceniya a al'adance ko a yare a dalilin wanzuwar su a kasashe daban daban, da farko suna cikin busassun matakai da savannahs na yankunan Arewa da Arewa masu nisa na Kamaru Kimanin yawan ƙungiyoyi da za'a iya bayyana a matsayin Kirdi ya bambanta, tare da kimantawa daga 26 (2007) zuwa fiye da 40 (1977). Bata, Fali, Fata, Gemjek, Guidar, Giziga, Hurza, Kapsiki, Mada, Mafa, Massa, Matakam, Mofou, Mora, Mousgoum, Muyang, Ouldeme, Podoko, mutanen Toupouri, Vame da Zulgo duk ana ɗaukar su Kirdi, saboda juriyarsu ga Musulunci. Suna magana da yarukan Chadi da na Adamawa. Ambaton Kirdi na farko shi ne na Denham a 1826 (1985: 145) wanda ya fassara kalmar Kerdies a matsayin "Negroes waɗanda ba su taɓa karɓar imanin Mohammedan ba". Gabaɗaya, Kirdi ba su da yawa a tsarin siyasar Kamaru Dangane da CIA World Factbook, Kirdi na wakiltar kaso 11 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar Kamaru, idan aka kwatanta da galibin Musulmi da Fulani masu alaƙa da al'adu a kashi 10 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar Kamaru; sai kuma Kamaru Highlanders da kaso 31, Equatorial Bantu kashi 19, Bantu na arewa maso yamma, kashi 8, da Eastern Nigritic kashi 7, da sauran Afirka da wadanda ba Afirka ba da ke wakiltar kashi 14. Idan aka ba su wakilcin tarihi, Kirdi bai taɓa kasancewa ƙungiyar masu jefa ƙuri'a ta siyasa ba. Neman samun kuri'un Kirdi, Fulanin, yayin da a tarihance suka raina Kirdi, suka sanya su a gaba don bunkasa damar su ta zabe, kamar na Kamaru Union ko UC. Kodayake al'umar Kirdi tana da bambancin al'adu, bisa matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin da ke gaba da su, irin su Fulani, sun zo sun ga kansu a matsayin rukuni guda na mutane, kuma sun kara samun sha'awar wakilci a cikin tsarin siyasa. Asalin mutanen Kirdi Bata Al’umar Bata ta Arewacin Kamaru wata al’umma ce da ba kasafai ake riskar su ba amma sun kai kusan mutum 13,500 a yankunansu na tarihi. Mutanen Chadi ne. Yaren da suke magana da shi shine Bata, daga dangin yarukan Chadi. Yawancin mutanen Bata sun musulunta, yayin da waɗanda suka rage a yankinsu mai dadadden tarihi ke ci gaba da bautan gargajiya. Fali Al’ummar Fali sun fi karkata ne a yankunan tsaunukan Najeriya da Arewacin Kamaru kuma wasu suna zaune a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. A Najeriya, ana kiransu mutanen Bana. Suna magana da yarukan daban daban. Waɗannan mutanen suna da asali daga mutanen Ngomma, waɗanda suka kafa tsoffin babban birni na ƙasarsu ta dā, Timpil. Suna da tauhidi da mika wuya ga ubangiji daya amma daga baya suka zama Krista. Ana iya banbance mutanen Fali da sauran Kirdi saboda kyawawan kayan masu ado na sutura da suke sanyawa. Kapsiki Mutanen Kapsiki, wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Kamwe, suna zaune a ƙauyuka dake da mutane 2000-6000, kuma rayuwa ya ta'llaka a wajen kiwon dabbobi, noma da kuma, wuraren shakatawa musamman a ƙauyen Rumsiki. A Najeriya, mutanen Kapsiki suna zaune a gangaren tsaunuka da filayen yamma. Kapsiki suna rayuwa a wannan yankin tsawon karni biyar, tun kafin lokacin daukan bayi a karni na 19, amma saboda garinsu dake kewaye ya sa sun iya kiyaye kansu daga mutanen Fulbe. Sauran mutanen yankin na Mandara, kamar su Mafa, Mofu, Podoko Guisiga, ko mutanen Daba suma sun kasance cikin kariya saboda keɓewa da sukayi. Mafa Mutanen Mafa suna zaune can yankin Arewacin Kamaru kuma an san su da nasarori irin na fasahar noma. Waɗannan hanyoyin aikin injiniyoyi sun haɗa da: ƙananun aikin noman rani, sarrafa abubuwa, da kuma magudanan ruwa. Bugu da kari, Mafa suna gudanar da ayyukan bunkasa aikin noma iri-iri ta hanyar tsarin kula da kyawun kasan noma, gami da: salon noman crop rotation, da amfani da sinadaran noma, Agroforestry, biomass, sarrafa sunadaran bunkasa noma. Suna magana da yaren Mafa na dangin yare na Chadi. Mofu Mutanen Mofu da farko sun wanzu ne a cikin lardin Arewa ta Arewa na Kamaru. Harsunan sun bambamta da sauran harsunan reshen Biu Mandara na dangin harsunan Cadi. Mousgoum Mutanen Musgum (Musgum ko Mulwi) ƙabilun Chadi ne a cikin Kamaru. Mutanen Musgum da yawa suna tsunduma ne cikin aikin noma tare da amfanin gona wanda ya haɗa da: gyada da auduga waɗanda ake nomawa don kasuwanci. Tupuri Mutanen Tupuri, wanda aka fi sani da Tupouri, suna da tarihi a gabashin Kaélé a cikin rukunin Kaele da kuma cikin Kar-Hay na Mayo-Danay na lardin Arewa. Ƙabilu da yare ne, wadanda suka fito daga arewacin Kamaru zuwa Chadi. Wannan yare ya fito ne daga dangin harsunan Chadi. Kuma ana kiran yaren su da suna Tupuri. Zulgo Mutanen Zulgo, kwatankwacin mutanen Gemjek, ba su daɗe da mutanen arewacin Kamaru waɗanda ba a taɓa samunsu ba. Duk da yake kasancewa a Chadic mutane, su harshe ne daga dangin harshen Zulgu-Gezmek baya daga Chadic harshen iyali Asalin suna Akwai taƙaddama game da sunan "Kirdi", kamar yadda ya zama haɗe shi azaman pejorative Fulatanci da sauran yarukan Kamaru sun yi amfani da wannan kalmar ta cin mutuncin mutane. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga Kanuri kuma daga karshe ana zaton ta samo asali ne daga kalmar larabci ta "biri". Kodayake wasu marubutan sun yi la’akari da sunan a matsayin abin da ya dace game da tarin mutane. A halin yanzu, Kirdi yana da cikakkiyar ma'anar "arna," yana adawa da Fulani da sauran ƙungiyoyin musulmai. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mutane da yawa sun dawo da lakabin a matsayin hanyar ganowa da haɗin kan siyasa, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin "kirditude". Kirdi ana tunanin an fara shi ne a matsayin motsi na adawa da akasarin musulman Fulani na siyasa ga Maigari Bello Bouba na UNDP yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 1991. Kalmar ana amincewa da ita ne kawai a Yankin Arewa da Arewa sosai, yayin da ba a amfani da ita a yankin na Adamawa, a Fulfulde kalmar Matchoubé, ma'anar "bawa" ko "bawa," a maimakon haka. Yawancin kungiyoyi, waɗanda aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin kalmar lafazin wato mutanen kirdi suna magana da yarukan Afro-Asiya, duk da cewa wasu suna magana da Yarukan Nijar-Congo, wannan ya dogara da yadda ƙungiyoyin suka watsu, yayin da har yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyin da ake ganin kirdi ne wanda ya rage a ciki mulkin Nijeriya sabanin Kamaru. Kamar Kamaru, kirdi yana da yawa da yawa na yaruka daban-daban, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna bambanta da dangin harshe duka. Ma'anar kalmar ta kirdi, za'a iya fassara ta da ma'ana mai zuwa, 'duk waɗanda ba musulmai ba kuma waɗanda zasu iya zama bayi Waɗanda suka ki amincewa da musuluntarsu ko kuma a mayar da su a matsayin wadanda suka yi fice a lokacin masarautar Adamawa an kama su a matsayin bayi. Anan ne aka sami amfani da kalmar kirdi. Koyaya, marubuta sun sake maimaita kalmar don ƙunshe da gamayyar ƙungiyoyin gama gari waɗanda ba su haɗu da yare, al'ada, ko addini ba, amma game da takamaiman ƙin yarda da addini ɗaya, da kuma kasancewa mutanen tarihi na tsaunukan Mandara Daga wannan, an fassara Kirdi a cikin mahallin ƙungiyar mutane waɗanda haɗe da aƙidar zamantakewar da ke ƙarfafa juriya gaba ɗaya. Tarihi Jamhuriyar Kamaru, yankin mafi yawan Kirdi ya fara ne a farkon mulkin mallaka daga ƙungiyoyin Musulmi masu tayar da ƙayar baya. Zuwa 1400s Turawa sun fara mamayar su, kamar daga Kamerun sannan suka raba tsakanin arewa da kudu yankunan Faransa da Birtaniyya. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu ya zo karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Amintattun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana hasashen Kirdi za a ba shi ikon cin gashin kansa, wanda ya zama kamar hangen nesa yayin da yawancin kungiyoyin siyasa suka fara kafa daga ƙungiyoyin mutane. A karni na sha daya kuma zuwa karnin karni na sha tara Fulanin Musulmai daga yankin Niger suka yi kaura zuwa Kamaru, wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na sha tara. Yawan Fulanin ya karu a bakin teku da yankin kudu na Kamaru kuma sun sauya tsoffin mazaunan. A ƙarshen ƙarshen 1770s da farkon karni na 19, Fulani, makiyayan Islama na yammacin Sahel, sun mamaye mafi yawancin yankin da ke arewacin Kamaru a yanzu, suna mai da hankali ko kuma tilasta wa yawancin mazaunan da ba Musulmi ba. A cikin 1960, Kamaru ta ayyana 'yancinta kuma ta amince da tsarin mulki ta hanyar zaɓen raba gardama. Zuwa 1972, an sake tsara kundin tsarin mulkin da gaske don kafa jihar jam'iyya daya. Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, Bafullatani Bafulatani daga Kamaru na Faransa, zai ci gaba da mulki daga 1960 zuwa mutuwarsa a 1989. Kirdi sun nemi wakilci a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan daga jam’iyyun marasa rinjaye kamar Social Democratic Front (SDF) a adawa da ƙungiyar Fulani da ke mulki Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (UNDP). Mishan mishan sun sami ɗan nasara tsakanin Kirdi a cikin recentan shekarun nan. Manyan Kirdi sun hada da Luc Ayang da Etienne Hollong. Addini Ofishin jakadancin Kirista ya ɗan sami nasara tsakanin Kirdi a cikin shekarun nan. Duk da yake kirdi gaba daya yana dauke da ma'anar arna a adawa da Fulani da sauran ƙungiyoyin musulmai, ba dukkansu suke aiwatar da al'adun gargajiya da al'adun maguzawa ba, da yawa sun koma addinin kirista kuma suna kara nuna kansu a matsayin kungiyar siyasa ta kirista, sabanin haka musulmin da ke adawa da kungiyoyi. Musuluntar da su yayin jihadin Fulani Kirdi mutanen tarihi ne na tsaunukan Mandara, da kuma mutanen tarihi na Yankin Arewa Mai Nisa, Kamaru A cikin karni na sha tara malamin addinin Islama da jihadi, Modibbo Adama, ya fara mulkin mallakar Fulani. Wannan ƙaura ta ƙaura ta haifar da fiye da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar yankin na Fulani, ba yan asalin yankin ba. Babban ƙaura daga mazaunan tarihi na waɗannan yankuna ya fara a farkon karni na sha tara, daga abin da zai zama ana kiran shi Masarautar Adamawa Mulkin mallaka na Fulanin zai haifar da Fulani zama manyan mutane a yankin. Ganin cewa Fulanin ba 'yan asalin yankin bane, wannan babbar nasara ce da suka zama masu rinjaye. Modibbo Adama wani Fulani masanin da kuma tsarki warrior Kafin ya jagoranci jihadi, ya kasance dalibin makarantar islamiyya Anyi masa jagoranci ne a karkashin koyarwar fasihin Fulani Usman dan Fodio Mulkin Adama ya kasance daga 1806 zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1847. Modibbo Adama ta ci yankin Fombina, wanda a yanzu yake keɓe yankunan yankunan Kamaru da Nijeriya ta zamani Ayyukansa sun buɗe dama ga yawancin mutanensa don shiga yankin kuma su mallaki yankin a matsayin nasu. Bayan bayyana jihadi nasa, kamar yadda Usman ya yi a yankuna na Arewa a Chadi, Adama ya shigo yankin tare da wasu tarin mutane waɗanda suka himmatu don sauya yankin da waɗannan kabilun suke zaune a karkashinsa. Adama ya hadu da Usman ne a shekarar 1806, kila a Gwandu A can, suka fahimci cewa nufinsa shi ne ya faɗaɗa jihadinsa zuwa gabas, zuwa Fumbina. Burin shine don musuluntar da Kirdi (arna) daban-daban. Da zarar ta kasance a karkashin ikon yankin, Adama ta baiwa kasashen makiya makiya zabi biyu: ko dai su musulunta ko kuma su mika wuya ga rasa 'yancin cin gashin kansu da kuma zama kasar mai biyan haraji Waɗannan rukunin ƙungiyoyin biyu da suka kirkiro nasu gwagwarmaya mai ƙarfi amma ba su da cikakken tsarin da ake da shi a ƙarƙashin al'ummomin da ke da ƙwarewar gwamnatin tarayya, suna da zaɓi ɗaya: sun zama bayi Daga nan kirdi ya zama kungiyar da ba ta da gwamnati don ta yi wa Fulani kutse don haka suka zama bayi ga Fulanin kuma suka sanya su karkashin mulkin danniyarsu har sai da suka mika wuya ga Musulunci. Har zuwa yau, yawancin al'ummomin da suka ƙi yarda da tuba a lokacin Masarautar Adama, har yanzu ba Musulmi ba ne. Major canje-canje ya faru dangane da Legacy of Modibo Adama ko da bayan da mulkin da ya Khalifanci da aka rasa to sauran iko daga kudu. Sabbin wadanda suka musulunta sun koyi rubutun larabci kuma sun yi karatun Alkur'ani (DeLancey, 2010). Wannan ya gabatar da karin matakan karatu da rubutu a yankin da kusan babu mai karatu da rubutu. Yayin da Kirdi ke son zama masu nomar filayen su, Fulani da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙar sun kasance da farko makiyaya, wanda ya haifar da sauya ƙasar gaba ɗaya zuwa wacce ta fi dacewa da shanu. Gandun Daji da Fulani sun abada bata ne, ƙasar da Arewa tudu Rashin ikon mallaka Dangane da jihohin Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da yawa Kamaru na da tarihin rikice-rikice a karkashin ikon masu iko, shugaban su na farko Bafulatanin Musulmi, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo Kirdi ya kasance yana fama da nuna wariya da kuma rashin samun dama daga wasu manyan iko musamman wadancan kungiyoyi wadanda suke da tarihin yakin neman sauya tarin al'ummomi zuwa Musulunci Kamar yadda yake yanzu, addini na Jamhuriyar Kamaru bai wuce rabin Musulmai ba, galibi mazaunan bakin Bantu ne suka fi mayar da hankali ga yankin, yayin da Kirdi ke son faɗa a cikin savanna da ke gaba a arewacin ykasar. Abinci Kasancewa a Afirka ta Yamma, Kamaru babban alwatiran nan uku an san shi da ƙaramar Afirka, ko kuma maɓallin microcosm na duk Afirka. Yawancin abinci na yau da kullun na Kirdi sun sami tasiri ta hanyar fatauci da amfani daga ikon Turai. Wadannan tasirin sun fara ne da zuwan Biritaniya a 1800, sannan Faransawa suka biyo baya, sannan Jamusawa Kodayake sauran kayan abinci daga China, Italiya, da Rasha sun kutsa cikin yankin Arewacin Kamaru, kamar yadda babban birnin Kamaru, Yaoundé, birni ne mai matukar girma a Afirka. Kirdi yana da wasu kayan abinci na gargajiya waɗanda suka dace da yankinsu na musamman, wanda ke nuni da wasu daga cikin kayan abinci da yawa da ke yammacin Afirka. Mafi shahararren kayan abinci shine fufu, wanda galibi ana nufin kullu da aka yi daga tafasasshen kayan masarufi kamar su mandioca, ayaba, dawa, rogo, ko malanga A wasu girke-girke, ana saka kitse a cikin fufu don ƙarin katanga. Wannan kitse na iya samun daga dabbobi ko tsirrai. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida sun haɗa da waɗannan abinci masu muhimmanci a Kamaru: rogo, dawa, shinkafa, ayaba, dankalin turawa, ɗankali mai ɗanɗano, masara, wake, gero cocoyams iri-iri, da kuma kayan lambu da yawa. Kankana, kabewa, da wake suma ana noma su. Ayyukan Magunguna Kamaru kamar sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma suna da tsarin mace-mace wanda ya zarce na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Wannan yana samun ci gaba sannu a hankali tare da taimakon ƙudurorin duniya waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kawo rigakafi, da magungunan yamma zuwa yankin. Ma'aikata masu himma sun zo cikin al'ummomin yankin don taimakawa ƙwararru da ba da kayan aiki, suna kafa hanyar haɗi tsakanin magungunan gargajiya da magungunan yamma Koyaya, ci gaba da yawan mace-macen yana nuna mahimmancin tasirin cututtukan cututtuka da haɗarin haɗarin mutuwa yayin ciki da haihuwa. Cututtukan numfashi na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. Don rage mawuyacin yanayin da al'ummomin makiyaya na Yankin Arewa mai Nisa, Kamaru ke fama da shi, kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya sun saka jari don fahimtar kabilanci na wannan yankin, da dubunnan shekaru na al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya waɗanda suka ba da wani taimako kafin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na bangarori daban-daban. Wadannan likita ayyuka sun hada da amfani da albarkatun da shuke-shuke, danye hakar hanyoyin, decoctions, kuma fermentation tafiyar matakai. Shuke-shuke da aka yi amfani da su don yin magani sun hada da Cissus quadrangularis, wanda ke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga Fali a Kamaru, waɗanda aka ruwaito sun wanke mamatan a wani yanki na tsiron. Ayyuka na Ruhaniya Kirdi, bisa ga al'adunsu na gargajiya kafin jihadi, sun yi imani da addinan gargajiya. Waɗannan imani an gano su a matsayin tauhidi Mabiya addinin Fali sun kiyaye wannan imanin tsawon dubunnan shekaru. Abubuwan da suka yi imani da shi sun haɗa da cewa akwai allah mai halitta wanda ke da iko da komai Wannan halayyar mafi girma ga Fali da ire-iren rassa sun sanya mata suna Muttaf, kodayake an dauki wasu sunaye don irin wannan ra'ayi na gaba daya. Hakanan da allahn mahalicci, Fali sun yi imani, akwai wani mai suna Ona, wanda ya zo don nuna uwa ƙasa An yi amfani da gunkin Ona tare da duniyar duniyar. Lokacin da Fali suke magana game da duniya, ƙasa, albarkatun ƙasa, da wucewar lokaci, suna yin hakan game da Ona. Ona, tare da Muttaf, suna da alhakin halittar komai. Wadannan halittun da ake danganta su ga gunkin da aka sani da Muttaf, sun hada da dangi, kakanni, da mutum, da albarkatun kasa, da Duniya, da sama, da komai. Koyaya, Muttaf ba mahaliccin dukkan abubuwa bane, kamar allahn tauhidi wanda addinan Ibrahim suka karɓa, amma sun nuna shi a matsayin wanda ba shi da ilimin ɗan adam Yankin da tunanin addinin Islama ya zube a cikin wasu mazhabobin addini, an hana allahn Muttaf zanawa, saboda a dabi'ance yana adawa da takaitawa da kowane irin yanayin magana. Akwai lokutan da rikici ya faru sakamakon zane-zanen Muttaf. Bugu da ƙari, addinin ya haɗa da halittun allahntaka, a matsayin mutanen da suka yi yaƙi don kiyaye abubuwan da suka yi imani da su yayin da ake rinjayi su ƙarƙashin ikon addinai irin su Islama Sun kafa daula guda inda mutane suke zaune, da kuma wani yanki na alloli tsarkaka, da kuma na uku matsakaici na duniya wanda yake hulda da duka inda halittun allahntaka suke. Ana iya kiran waɗannan ruhohi tare da sadarwa tare da mabiyan Fali, don yin afuwa ga alloli tsarkaka a madadin mai bi. Wasu daga cikin wadannan alloli na allahntaka na masarautar ta tsakiya sun hada da kwayoyin halittar da zasu iya bada buri, kadoji masu alfarma wadanda za a nema da yabawa, da kuma bakar macijin. By 2009, wani girma rabo daga Fali Kirdi ya tuba zuwa Kristanci, ko da yake da yawa daga wadannan sabobin tuba har yanzu kula da su syncretic tsatstsauran ra'ayin Yawan Fali a cikin duka sun fi mutane 250, 000, ko kusan daidai da yawan mutanen Suriname (2017). A yanzu, kashi 99 na Fali kirista ne. Manyan majami'u a ƙasar Fali, waɗanda suke yankin arewa maso yamma na Kamaru, sune Katolika, Baptist, da EYN tare da churchesan majami'u Pentikostal da suka fito a recentan kwanakin nan. Manazarta Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Al'ummomi Harsunan Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed
27962	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade%20Velha	Cidade Velha	Cidade Velha (Fotigal don "tsohon birni", kuma: Santiago de Cabo Verde) birni ne, da ke kudancin tsibirin Santiago, Cape Verde. An kafa shi a cikin 1462, shine mafi dadewa mazauna a Cape Verde kuma tsohon babban birninsa. Da zarar ana kiranta Ribeira Grande, an canza sunanta zuwa Cidade Velha a ƙarshen karni na 18. Ita ce wurin zama na gundumar Ribeira Grande de Santiago. Wannan garin da yake kusa da gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin Afirka, shi ne na farko da Turawa suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a wurare masu zafi. Wasu daga cikin tsararru na asali da aka tsara na wurin har yanzu suna nan daram, gami da katangar sarki, majami'u biyu da filin gari na ƙarni na 16. A yau, Cidade Velha tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta Atlantika kuma cibiyar al'adun Creole. Garin ya zama Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO kuma ɗayan abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na Asalin Fotigal a Duniya a cikin 2009. Labarin ƙasa Cidade Velha yana kudu maso yammacin Santiago, a bakin kogin Ribeira Grande de Santiago. Yana da nisan kilomita 10 (mil 6) yamma da Praia babban birnin kasar. Yankunan birni sun haɗa da Largo Pelourinho, São Sebastião, Santo António da São Pedro. Tarihi António da Noli, dan Genoese ne a cikin sabis na Fotigal, ya gano tsibirin Santiago a cikin 1460. Da Noli ya zauna a Ribeira Grande tare da danginsa da Fotigal daga Algarve da Alentejo a 1462. Yanayin daidaitawa yana da kyau saboda yawan ruwa daga kogin Ribeira Grande, wanda ya ba shi dama fiye da sauran mazauna a Santiago, Alcatrazes. Matsalolin ya zama tashar tashar kira mai mahimmanci ga mulkin mallaka na Portuguese zuwa Afirka da Kudancin Amirka. A cikin karni na 16 da 17, ta kasance cibiyar kasuwancin teku tsakanin Afirka, Cape, Brazil da Caribbean. Saboda kusancinsa da gabar tekun Afirka, ya kasance muhimmin dandali na cinikin bayi. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cidade Velha ta kasance wurin tsayawa ga manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu: Vasco da Gama, a cikin 1497, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Indiya, da Christopher Columbus, a 1498, yayin da yake tafiya ta uku zuwa Amurka. A cikin 1522, shine wurin tsayawa ga mai binciken Ferdinand Magellan daga baya wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Spain akan hanyarsa ta kewaya duniya. Cidade Velha tana da majami'ar mulkin mallaka mafi dadewa a duniya Nossa Senhora do Rosário coci, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 1495. A shekara ta 1533, Cidade Velha ta zama wurin zama na sabon Diocese na Roman Katolika na Santiago de Cabo Verde, wanda Paparoma Clement ya kirkira. VII. A halin yanzu, wurin zama a Praia. Arzikin Ribeira Grande da rikice-rikice tsakanin Portugal da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka Faransa da Biritaniya sun jawo hare-haren 'yan fashi, ciki har da wadanda Francis Drake (1585) da Jacques Cassard (1712) suka yi. Ribeira Grande ya kasance mai rauni kuma ya shiga raguwa. An ƙaura babban birnin zuwa Praia a cikin 1770. Ribeira Grande (yanzu Cidade Velha) an rage shi zuwa matsayin ƙauye kuma gine-ginen farar hula, na addini da na soja sun lalace. Tun daga shekarun 1960, an fara ayyukan gyare-gyare. A cikin 2009, ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO. Demography Shafukan sha'awa Pelourinho (Pillory), wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1512 ko kuma 1520. A wannan ginshiƙin marmara an hukunta bayi masu tawaye a fili. An maido da shi a shekarun 1960. Yana tsaye a babban dandalin birnin. Forte Real de São Filipe, wanda aka gina a cikin 1587–93. An gina wannan katafaren kariya daga hare-haren 'yan fashin teku (yawan Faransanci da Ingilishi). Tsayin yana da 120 m sama da matakin teku. Cocin Nossa Senhora do Rosário, majami'ar mulkin mallaka mafi tsufa a duniya, wanda aka gina a cikin 1495. Tana da ɗakin sujada a cikin salon Manueline Gothic. Rushe Cathedral Sé, ginin ya fara a 1556 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1705, an washe shi a cikin 1712. Rushewar rugujewar ta (ikilisiya tana da tsayin mita 60) an kiyaye shi a cikin 2004. Rushewar gidan zuhudu na São Francisco, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1657 akan wani gangare a wajen tsakiyar birnin. An maido da cocin zuhudu a shekara ta 2002. Ana iya samun gidajen gargajiya da yawa a kan tituna rua Banana da rua Carreira. Yanayi Cidade Velha yana da yanayi mai zafi (Köppen BWh). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine milimita 201 ko inci 7.91, kuma matsakaicin zafinsa shine 25.2 °C ko 77.4 °F. Mafi kyawun watan shine Janairu (matsakaicin 23.0 °C ko 73.4 °F) kuma mafi zafi shine Oktoba (matsakaicin 28.0 °C ko 82.4 °F). Hotuna
18576	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Jong-un	Kim Jong-un	Kim Jong-un (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1982, 1983 ko 1984) ɗan siyasan Koriya ta Arewa ne. Ya kasance Babban Jagoran Koriya ta Arewa tun a watan Disambar shekarar 2011, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il. Rayuwar farko A cewar rahotanni a jaridun Japan, yayi makaranta a Switzerland kusa da Bern Rahotannin farko sun yi iƙirarin Kim ya tafi Makarantar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Turanci mai zaman kanta a Gümligen da sunan "Chol-pak" ko "Pak-chol" daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1998. Kim ya bayyana a matsayin mai kunya, ɗalibi mai kyau wanda ya dace da abokan karatun sa, kuma ya kasance mai son ƙwallon kwando. Shugabanci A watan Disambar shekarar 2011, Kim ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa bayan mahaifinsa Kim Jong-il ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2011. Kakansa Kim Il-Sung shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa na farko. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekarar 2014, an zaɓi Kim ba tare da hamayya ba a Majalisar Ƙoli ta Jama'a Kashe iyali A ranar 12 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2013, kafofin yada labaran Koriya ta Arewa sun ruwaito cewa saboda zargin "cin amana", Kim ya ba da umarnin a kashe kawunsa Jang Song-thaek Kim da yawa suna tunanin Kim ya ba da umarnin kisan ɗan uwansa, Kim Jong-nam, a Malaysia a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017. Makaman nukiliya Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kirkiro takunkumi sau biyar a kan Koriya ta Arewa saboda shirinta na nukiliya da gwajin makami mai linzami. Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2018, wani jami’in Koriya ta Kudu Chung Eui-Yong ya ba da sanarwa game da Koriya ta Arewa a dakin tattaunawa na Fadar White House cewa shugaban Koriya ta Arewa Kim ya gaya wa Koriya ta Kudu cewa “ya jajirce wajen kawar da makaman nukiliya” kuma “Koriya ta Arewa za ta guji duk wani kara gwajin nukiliya ko makamai masu linzami. kuma a bude yake don ganawa da Donald Trump a Koriya ta Arewa. Take haƙƙin dan adam Take hakkin bil adama karkashin jagorancin Kim Jong-il ya yi Allah wadai da babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Rahotannin manema labarai sun nuna cewa suna ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Kim. 2018 dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa A jawabinsa na Sabuwar Shekarar 2018, Kim ya ce a buɗe yake don tattaunawa da Koriya ta Kudu, sannan kuma ya halarci wasannin Olympics na hunturu na shekarar 2018 a Kudu. An sake buɗe layin waya na Seoul Pyongyang bayan kusan shekaru 2. Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu sun yi maci tare a bikin buɗe wasannin Olympics ƙarƙashin tuta mai hade. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2018, Kim da Moon Jae-in sun halarci taron kolin Koriya na shekarar 2018 kuma sun amince da kawo karshen yakin Koriya a hukumance kafin shekarar 2019. A watan Afrilu da Mayu na shekarar 2018, Kim ya gana da Xi Jinping, Sakatare Janar na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin A watan Mayun 2018, Donald Trump ya faɗa a shafinsa na Twitter cewa zai hadu da Kim a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni a Singapore don tattaunawar zaman lafiya. Rayuwar mutum Kim ya auri Ri Sol-ju. Sun yi aure a cikin shekarar 2009. Sun haifi 'ya mace a cikin shekarar 2010. Ya halarci makarantar gwamnati a Switzerland daga shekarar 1998 zuwa shekara ta 2000 inda ya zama ɗan diflomasiyya Kim ya ruwaito daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Soja ta Kim Il Sung a Pyongyang daga shekarar 2002 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a shekara ta 2004. A cikin shekarar 2009, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Kim na da ciwon sukari ne kuma yana fama da hauhawar jini Sanan shi kuma yana shan taba sigari. Labarin mutuwar jita jitar mutuwar sa ta 2020 Jita-jita game da mutuwar Kim ta faru ne a ƙarshen watan Afrilu shekarar 2020. Kim ba ya nan a ranar Rana, 15 ga watan Afrilu, don bikin mahaifin da ya kafa kasar, Kim Il Sung, kodayake an ga shi kwana hudu kafin taron gwamnati. Daily NK ta ruwaito cewa Kim ya je asibiti don yin aikin tiyatar zuciya a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, amma a cewar CNN a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu cewa jihar Kim na cikin “hadari mai girma” daga tiyatar. Koriya ta Kudu ta ba da rahoto game da waɗannan labaran cewa "babu alamun da ba a gano ba" game da lafiyar Kim. Jaridar Guardian ta ruwaito cewa China ta tura tawagar likitoci a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu zuwa Koriya ta Arewa don duba lafiyar Kim. Sauran yanar gizo Shugaban Matasan Koriya ta Arewa akan Nunin rahoton bidiyo na The New York Times Taskar NSA Kim Jong-Il: "Babban Magaji" Takaitaccen tarihin aikin hukuma a Naenara Ayyukan Kim Jong-un a Bayanai na DPRK Koriya ta Arewa Shugaban Kasa Shugabanni Mutanen Asiya Pages with unreviewed translations
25115	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Jameh%20na%20Isfahan	Masallacin Jameh na Isfahan	Masallacin Jāmeh na Isfahān ko Masallacin Jāme 'na Isfahān (Farisanci: Masjid-e-Jāmeh Isfahān), wanda kuma aka sani da Masallacin Atiq da Masallacin Juma'a na Isfahān taro ne mai tarihi masallaci (Jāmeh) na Isfahan, Iran. Masallacin ya kasance sakamakon ci gaba da gine -gine, sake ginawa, ƙari da sabuntawa a wurin daga kusan 771 zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Ana iya samun Babbar Bazaar Isfahan zuwa reshen masallacin kudu maso yamma. Ta kasance cibiyar rabon kayan tarihi ta UNESCO tun daga shekarar 2012. Tana daya daga cikin manya -manyan kuma muhimman abubuwan tarihi na gine -ginen Musulunci a Iran.. Tarihi Tarihin farko An gina masallaci na farko a wannan wuri wajen shekara ta 771, a zamanin halifan Abbasiyawa Al-Mansur. Wannan ginin na farko ya kasance ƙarami kaɗan, yana auna kimanin 52 zuwa 90 mita. An gina shi a cikin bulo-bulo kuma yana da kayan ado na stucco a cikin salon Syro-Mesopotamian na gine-ginen Abbasid. Daga nan aka maye gurbin babban masallacin a 840-841 lokacin mulkin Al-Mu'utasim. Wannan sabon ginin ya auna kusan 88 da mita 128 kuma yana da alkibla daban -daban fiye da ta farko. Tana da babban farfajiya ta tsakiya da ke kewaye da gidan arcade da zauren zane -zane na ginshiƙan bulo da aka gasa wanda ke tallafawa ko dai rufin lebur ko rufin bulo. Zauren hypostyle, ya kasance mai zurfi biyu a gefen bangarorin, zurfin bisan huɗu a gefe daura da alƙibla (arewa maso yamma), da zurfin rufa'i shida a gefen alƙibla inda babban ɗakin sallah yake. Titin da ke jagorantar mihrab na masallacin ya dan fi sauran hanyoyin rataya. Babu wata alama da ke nuna cewa sabon masallacin yana da minaret, duk da kasancewar wannan fasali a sauran masallatan wannan lokacin. A ƙarƙashin ikon daular Buyid (ƙarni na 10 zuwa 11) an ƙara wani gidan kayan gargajiya na bulo na polylobed kewaye da farfajiyar, a gaban farfajiyar farfajiyar gidan data kasance. Maimakon kayan adon stucco na baya, an yi wa sabbin abubuwan ƙarin ado tare da ƙirar da aka ƙera da tubalin da aka shimfida a cikin da'irori, sifofin lu'u -lu'u, zigzags, da sauran ƙirar geometric mai kama da aikin tubalin da aka samu a cikin wasu abubuwan tarihi daga lokacin Buyid. Ba a tabbatar da takamaiman ranar da za a yi wannan gyaran ba amma wasu na kimantawa da shi a kusa da 975 ko ƙarshen karni na 10. Lokacin Seljuk Babban gyare -gyare na masallaci na gaba ya faru a ƙarƙashin tallafin Seljuks. Isfahan ya zama babban birni na farko na Daular Seljuk bayan cin nasararsa a 1050. Seljuks sun canza madaidaicin daidaituwa da daidaiton tsarin ginin hypostyle, da farko ta maye gurbin ginshiƙai a gaban mihrab (a gefen kudu na masallacin) tare da babban ɗaki a cikin 1086 87. Anyi hakan ne a ƙarƙashin tallafin Nizam al-Mulk, sanannen vizier na Malik Shah. Sabuwar kumburin ita ce mafi girman rumbu a cikin duniyar Islama a lokacin. Yana da hakarkarinsa guda takwas kuma ana tallafa masa akan manyan katako. Har ila yau, ta gabatar da wani sabon salo, wanda ya kunshi rumfar ganga da aka sanya sama da gidaje biyu na kwata, wanda aka kwafa a wasu masallatai jim kadan bayan haka. Wataƙila an yi niyyar sararin samaniya don yin aiki azaman maksura, yankin da aka keɓe ga sarkin musulmi da mukarrabansa yayin sallah. A shekara ta 1088–89 abokin hamayyar Nizam al-Mulk Taj al-Mulk ne ya gina wani rumbu a arewacin masallacin. Ayyukan wannan ɗaki mai ɗaki ba shi da tabbas. Kodayake yana gefen arewa zuwa kudu, yana waje da iyakokin masallacin. An dauki dome a matsayin fitaccen tsarin gine -ginen Iran na da. Sabanin dome mai sauƙaƙƙiya mai ƙyalli guda takwas na Nizam al-Mulk, dome na arewa yana haɗe haƙarƙarin haƙarƙarin da pentagons da alamu tauraro biyar da ke nuna kumbon, babban ci gaban fasaha da na ado. Ƙananan bangon ɗakin suna da haske da kyan gani, yayin da abubuwa daban-daban na bango da kumburi suma sun fi dacewa a tsaye, suna kai duban mutum sama. Babban matakin canji na gaba ya faru a farkon karni na 12, wataƙila bayan wuta ta lalata masallacin a 1121-22. Don haɓaka kusanci zuwa ɗakin da aka mamaye na mihrab, wanda ke tsaye a keɓe a cikin babban zauren hypostyle, an maye gurbin sararin da ke tsakanin kumburin da farfajiyar da babban iwan (babban zauren da ke buɗe gefe ɗaya). Wannan babban zauren da aka ajiye ganga yana buɗewa zuwa farfajiyar a gefe ɗaya kuma yana kaiwa zuwa madaidaicin zauren ta wata ƙofar a gefe ɗaya. Don yabawa, masu ginin sun ƙirƙira wasu manyan iwan guda uku a tsakiyar junan farfajiyar. Iwan kudancin farfajiyar (wanda ke kaiwa ga mihrab) an rarrabe shi da sauran iwans ta hanyar girma da ƙawata da manyan matakan muqarnas (abun da ke daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗɗen geometrical na alkuki). Waɗannan sauye-sauyen sun haifar da ba wa masallacin fasali na iwan huɗu na yanzu, nau'in shimfida wanda daga baya ya zama ruwan dare a Iran da sauran sassan duniyar Musulunci. Baya ga iwan huɗu, an gyara ragowar bayin tsoffin dakunan da aka yi amfani da su da kayan kwalliya. Akwai kusan 200 na waɗannan ƙananan ramuka kuma dukkansu suna da zane -zane daban -daban kuma suna nuna nau'ikan kayan adon geometric iri -iri. Wataƙila wasu daga cikin wannan aikin an yi su ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 11 ko farkon ƙarni na 12, amma tsarin gine -ginen anan ba a sani ba kuma da yawa tasoshin na iya zuwa daga lokuta daban -daban na gyara da gyara. Canje -canje da ƙari daga baya Bayan wannan, canje -canjen da aka yi a baya zuwa masallaci sun fi iyaka. Duk da haka, kusan kowane lokaci ana ganin wasu ayyukan da aka yi akan masallacin, wanda ke nuna canjin buƙatun al'umma da sauye -sauyen sabbin sarakuna. A ƙarƙashin sarkin Ilkhanid Uljaytu (r. 1304–1317), an raba gidan arcade kusa da farfajiyar gidan a tsaye zuwa matakai biyu, kamar yadda ya bayyana a yau. Uljaytu kuma ya ƙirƙiri wani ɗakin sallah mai kusurwa huɗu ko “zauren hunturu” da ke gefen arewa na yammacin masallacin. An rufe wannan zauren da jerin manyan ramuka masu wuce gona da iri, yayin da bangonsa na kudu ke da siffa ta stucco mihrab mai tsawon shekaru 1310. A karkashin Muzaffarids an saka madrasa, wanda aka fi sani da Madrasa Muzaffarid, a gabashin masallacin da wani dakin addu’a a yamma, duka bayan tsohon bangon masallacin na waje. Qutb al-Din Shah Mahmud, gwamnan Isfahan (r. 1358–1375) ne ya yi wannan aikin wanda ya yi jayayya da kursiyin tare da ɗan'uwansa Shah Shuja. A cikin karni na 15 canje -canje sun iyakance ga gyare -gyare daban -daban. An sake gina rufin rufin ɗakin addu'ar Uljaytu kuma da yawa daga cikin ƙananan ramuka da rumfunan zauren na iya farawa daga wannan lokacin. An kara sabon zauren sallah a kusurwar kudu maso gabas. Façade na farfajiyar farfajiyar gidan kuma an ci gaba da yin ado da aikin tile. Musamman, kayan aikin katako mai ɗimbin yawa wanda ke rufe facade na kudancin iwan a yau an ƙara shi a ƙarƙashin tallafin masarautar Aq Qoyunlu Uzun Hasan a 1475-6. Yawancin sarakunan Safawiyya sun yi aiki a kan masallacin, ban da Shah Abbas na I wanda ya shagala da sabbin gine-ginensa a kewayen Dandalin Naqsh-e Jahan. A cikin wannan lokacin an fadada wasu sassan dakunan addu'o'in kuma an kara sabon tukunyar tayal da minarets. An maye gurbin zauren sallar Muzaffarid da ke gefen yamma tare da babban “zauren sallar hunturu” a wannan lokacin, wanda aka bambanta ta da fadi -fadi. An yi ƙarin gyare -gyare da sabuntawa a ƙarƙashin sarakunan Afsharid da Qajar daga baya har zuwa zamani.. Na yanzu Masallaci a yau yana hade da salo daban -daban da lokutan da aka haɗe cikin gini guda ɗaya, wanda ba za a iya yin cikakken bayani a koyaushe ba. Yankinsa yanzu ya cika sosai da abubuwan da ke kewaye da kasuwar bazara da tsohon birni, wanda hakan yana ba da façade na waje kaɗan. Manazarta Kara karantawa A. Gabriel: 'Le Masdjid-i Djum‛a d’Isfahān', A. Islam., ii (1935), pp. 11–44 A. Godard: 'Historique du Masdjid-i Djum‛a d’Isfahan', Āthār-é Īrān, i (1936), pp. 213–82 André Godard, "La mosquée du vendredi." L'Oeil revue d'art. No. 19/20. July/August 1956. p. 45. E. Galdieri: Iṣfahān: Masǧid-i Ǧum‛a, 3 vols (Rome, 1972–84) E. Galdieri: 'The Masǧid-i Ǧum‛a Isfahan: An Architectural Façade of the 3rd Century H.', A. Archaeol. Res. Pap., vi (1974), pp. 24–34 U. Scerrato: 'Notice préliminaire sur les recherches archéologiques dans la Masgid-i Jum‛a d’Isfahan', Farhang-i mi‛mārī-yi Īrān, iv (1976), pp. 15–18 O. Grabar: The Great Mosque of Isfahan (New York,1990) S.S.Blair: The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana (Leiden, 1992), pp. 160–67 Hanyoyin waje Masjid-i Jami' (Isfahan) at ArchNet (includes a large number of pictures of nearly every part of the
58718	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ajayi%20Crowther	Samuel Ajayi Crowther	Samuel Crowther 31 Disamba 1891),masanin harsunan Yarbawa ne,limami,kuma bishop na Anglican na farko na Afirka ta Yamma.An haife shi a Osogun(a yanzu Ado-Awaye,Jihar Oyo,Najeriya),shi da iyalinsa barayin bauta sun kama shi yana dan shekara goma sha biyu.Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin yakin basasar Yarabawa,musamman yakin Owu na 1821-1829,inda aka yi wa kauyensa Osogun hari.Daga baya aka sake siyar da Ajayi ga dillalan bayi na Portugal,inda aka saka shi a cikin jirgin don a kai shi Sabuwar Duniya ta Tekun Atlantika. Rundunar Sojin Ruwa ta Yammacin Afirka ta Squadron ta kubutar da Crowther daga bauta a wata tashar ruwa da ke bakin teku,wanda ke tilasta wa Burtaniya takunkumi kan cinikin bayi na Atlantic.An sake tsugunar da mutanen da aka 'yantar a Saliyo.A Saliyo,Ajayi ya karɓi sunan Ingilishi na Samuel Crowther,kuma ya fara karatunsa da Ingilishi.Ya karɓi addinin Kiristanci kuma ya danganta shi da ƙabilar Krio da ke hawan Saliyo a lokacin.Ya karanci harsuna kuma an nada shi minista a Ingila,inda daga baya ya sami digiri na uku a jami'ar Oxford.Ya shirya nahawun Yarbanci da fassarar Littafin Anglican na Addu'a gama gari zuwa Yarabanci,kuma yana aiki a kan fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na Yarbanci,da kuma sauran ayyukan harshe. Tarihin Rayuwa Wani jikan Sarki Abiodun, ta hannun mahaifiyarsa,Afala,Ajayi yana da kimanin shekara 12 a duniya lokacin da Fulani masu kai hari suka kama shi da iyalinsa,tare da daukacin kauyensa,a hannun wasu bayin Allah a watan Maris 1821 kuma suka sayar wa 'yan kasuwar bayi na kasar Portugal .Mahaifiyarsa Afala,wadda daga baya ta yi baftisma da sunan Hannatu,da ƙanensa,da sauran danginsa suna cikin waɗanda aka kama.Wataƙila an kashe mahaifinsa Ayemi a harin da aka kai ƙauyensa ko kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka. Birtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayin Atlantika a shekara ta 1807 kuma sun yi amfani da sojojin ruwansu wajen sintiri a gabar tekun Afirka.A wannan lokacin, Spain da Portugal har yanzu sun yarda da cinikin bayi na Atlantic a yankunansu na Amurka.Kafin jirgin bawa ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa zuwa Amurka, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Royal Navy na Burtaniya ne suka hau shi karkashin jagorancin Kyaftin Henry Leeke.Sun 'yantar da mutanen da aka kama kuma suka tafi da Ajayi da iyalinsa zuwa Freetown,Saliyo,inda hukumomin yankin suka sake tsugunar da su. Sa’ad da yake Saliyo,Crowther ya sami kulawa daga Ƙungiyar Mishan na Cocin Anglican (CMS) kuma an koyar da shi Turanci.Saboda kyawawan halayensa na ilimi, Ajayi ya kai shi makaranta,kuma cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan,ya sami damar karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki cikin sauƙi.Ya koma Kiristanci.A ranar 11 ga Disamba 1825 John Raban ya yi masa baftisma,yana mai suna Samuel Crowther,mataimakin Cocin Christ,Newgate,London,kuma ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na CMS. Yayin da yake Freetown,Crowther ya zama mai sha'awar harsuna. A cikin 1826 an kai shi Ingila don halartar makarantar St Mary's Church a Islington,wacce ta kafa alaƙa da 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci a ƙarni na 18.Ya koma Freetown a 1827.Shi ne ɗalibi na farko da aka shigar da shi a sabuwar Kwalejin Fourah Bay da aka buɗe,makarantar mishan na Anglican.Saboda sha'awar harshe,ya yi karatun Latin da Girkanci na tsarin karatun gargajiya,amma kuma Temne na Afirka ta Yamma.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa,Crowther ya fara koyarwa a makarantar. Tafiya ta mishan ta Crowther zuwa ƙasar Yarbawa Najeriya ta yau)ta fara a 1841.Ya wakilci sashin mishan na Balaguron Neja,tare da Rev.JF Schon .An nada Crowther a matsayin firist kuma an zaɓi shi don aikin CMS a cikin aikin Yarbawa a ziyararsa ta biyu zuwa Ingila a 1843,bayan ƙwaƙƙwaran bayanin balaguron da kuma halayen da ba safai ya nuna ba.A cikin 1846,Crowther da Rev.Townsend ya bude aikin CMS a Abeokuta.A lokacin balaguron Neja a shekarar 1854,Crowther ya taka rawa wajen kafa mishan a Nijar. Aure da iyali Crowther ya auri wata yar makaranta,Asano (watau Hassana; ta kasance musulma),ta yi wa Susan baftisma.An kuma 'yantar da ita daga jirgin bawa na Portugal kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin wasiƙar Crowther ta 1837.Ya rubuta cewa: Jirgin Mai Martaba Mai Martaba Bann,Kyaftin Charles Phillips,ya kama ta a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1822." Saboda haka Asano yana cikin wadanda aka sake tsugunar da su a Saliyo.Ta kuma koma Kiristanci.'Ya'yansu da yawa sun hada da Dandeson Coates Crowther,wanda daga baya ya shiga hidima kuma a cikin 1891 ya zama babban diyakon Neja Delta. 'Yar su ta biyu, Abigail,ta auri Thomas Babington Macaulay,ƙaramin abokin tarayya. Dan su kuma jikan Crowther,Herbert Macaulay,ya zama daya daga cikin masu kishin kasa na Najeriya na farko. Manufar An zaɓi Crowther don ya raka James Schön ɗan mishan a balaguron Nijar na 1841 .Tare da Schön,ana sa ran zai koyi Hausa don amfani da shi wajen balaguro.Manufarta ita ce ta ƙarfafa kasuwanci,koyar da dabarun noma,ƙarfafa Kiristanci,da kuma taimakawa wajen kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi.Bayan balaguron,an sake kiran Crowther zuwa Ingila,inda aka horar da shi a matsayin minista kuma Bishop na London ya nada shi.Schön ya rubuta wa Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya yana lura da amfani da ikon Crowther akan balaguron,yana ba da shawarar cewa ya kasance cikin shiri don naɗa Crowther ya koma Afirka a cikin 1843 kuma,tare da Henry Townsend,ya buɗe wata manufa a Abeokuta,a jihar Ogun ta Najeriya a yau. Crowther ya fara fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Yarabanci kuma ya haɗa ƙamus na Yarbanci. A cikin 1843,an buga littafinsa na nahawu,wanda ya fara aiki a kansa lokacin balaguron Nijar.Harshen Yarbanci na Littafin Anglican na Addu'a gama gari ya biyo baya.Crowther kuma ya tattara ƙamus na harshen Yarbanci,gami da adadin karin magana na cikin gida,wanda aka buga a London a cikin 1852. Ya kuma fara tsara wasu harsuna.Bayan balaguron Neja na Biritaniya na 1854 da 1857, Crowther,wanda wani matashin ɗan Igbo mai fassara mai suna Simon Jonas ya taimaka,ya samar da jigon harshen Igbo a 1857.Ya buga ɗaya don harshen Nupe a 1860,da cikakken nahawu da ƙamus na Nupe a 1864.
25902	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Afrika	Sinima a Afrika	Sinima a Afirka shine shirya fina -finai a nahiyar Afirka. Ya samo asali tun farkon ƙarni na 20, lokacin da reels na fim shine fasahar silima ta farko da kuma ake amfani da ita. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, aikin farar fata, mulkin mallaka, 'yan fim na Yammacin Turai ya nuna rayuwar Afirka, waɗanda ke nuna baƙar fata a cikin mummunan yanayi, a matsayin m "wasu". Babu fim din Afirka guda ɗaya; akwai banbanci tsakanin Fina-finan Arewacin Afirka da na Sahara, da tsakanin gidajen sinima na ƙasashe daban-daban. Fina-finan Tunisia da na Masar na daga cikin tsofaffin a duniya. Auguste da Louis Lumière sun kalli fina-finansu a Alexandria, Alkahira, Tunis, Soussa da Hammam-Lif a Shekara ta 1896. Albert Samama Chikly galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin wanda ya fara samar da finafinan 'yan asalin Afirka, yana tantance takaitattun shirye -shiryen su a gidan caca na Tunis tun farkon watan Disamba a shekara ta 1905. Tare da 'yarsu Haydée Tamzali, Chikly zai ci gaba da samar da muhimman abubuwan tarihi na farko kamar a shekara ta 1924's The Girl from Carthage A cikin shekara ta 91935 ɗakin fim na MISR a Alkahira ya fara samar da mafi yawan shirye -shiryen barkwanci da kide -kide, amma kuma fina -finai kamar Kamal Selim's The Will (1939). Fim din Masar ya bunƙasa a cikin shekarun 1940, 1950 da 1960, an yi la'akari da shekarun zinare. Youssef Chahine seminal Cairo Station (1958) ya kasance hoton Hitchcock's Psycho kuma ya aza harsashin fim ɗin Larabawa. Masana’antar fim ta Najeriya ita ce mafi girma a Afirka ta fuskar ƙima adadin fina -finan shekara -shekara, kuɗaɗen shiga da shahara. Hakanan shine furodusan fim na biyu mafi girma a duniya. A shekarar 2016 masana'antar fina -finan Najeriya ta ba da gudummawar kashi 2.3% na yawan abin da take samarwa a cikin gida (GDP). Tarihi Zamanin mulkin mallaka A lokacin mulkin mallaka, mafi yawan ƴan fim na Yammacin Afirka sun wakilci Afirka. A cikin shekarun farko na ƙarni na ashirin, masu shirya fina-finai na Yammacin Turai sun yi fina -finan da ke nuna bakar fata 'yan Afirka a matsayin fitattu, ma'aikata masu biyayya ko kuma dabbanci ko masu cin naman mutane' Misali, duba Sarakunan Tsibirin Cannibal ashekara ta 1909, Voodoo Vengeance (1913) da Congorilla (1932). Fina -finan zamanin mulkin mallaka sun nuna Afirka a matsayin baƙo, ba tare da tarihi ko al'ada ba. Misalai sun yi yawa kuma sun haɗa da almara na daji wanda ya danganta da halayen Tarzan da Edgar Rice Burroughs ya kirkira da fim ɗin kasada Sarauniyar Afirka (1951), da kuma sauye -sauye daban -daban na littafin H. Rider Haggard na littafin Sarki Sulemanu (1885). Yawancin al'adu na farko "sun mai da hankali kan nuna banbanci tsakanin 'yan asalin da farar fata mai wayewa, don haka yana ƙarfafa farfagandar mulkin mallaka". Fim ɗin Marc Allégret na farko, Voyage au Congo (1927) ya nuna mutuncin mutanen Masa, musamman wani matashi ɗan Afirka yana nishaɗantar da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa tare da jariri a kan igiya. Amma duk da haka an nuna 'yan Afirka a matsayin mutane amma ba daidai ba; katin tattaunawa alal misali ya kira motsin rawa na gargajiya a matsayin butulci. Masoyinsa, marubuci André Gide, ya raka Allégret tare da rubuta wani littafin kuma mai taken Voyage au Congo Daga baya Allégret ya sanya Zouzou, tare da tauraron Josephine Baker, babban fim na farko wanda ya fito da baƙar fata. Baker ya haifar da tashin hankali a fagen zane -zane na Paris ta hanyar rawa a cikin sanye da igiyar ayaba kawai. A cikin turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa an hana 'yan Afirka yin Dokar Laval na shekara ta1934 daga yin nasu fim. Haramcin ya hana ci gaban fim a matsayin hanyar bayyana Afirka, siyasa, al'adu, da fasaha. Dan Kongo Albert Mongita ya yi Darasin Cinema a shekara ta 1951 kuma a shejara ta 1953 Mamadou Touré ya sanya Mouramani bisa labarin mutane game da mutum da karensa. A cikin shekara ta 1955, Paulin Soumanou Vieyraasali daga Benin, amma ya yi karatu a Senegaltare da abokan aikin sa daga Le Group Africain du Cinema, sun ɗauki wani ɗan gajeren fim a Paris, Afrique-sur-Seine (1955). An horar da Vieyra a harkar shirya fina -finai a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (IDHEC) a birnin Paris, kuma duk da haramcin yin fim a Afirka, an ba shi izinin yin fim a Faransa An yi la'akari da fim na farko da baƙar fata ɗan Afirka ya jagoranta, Afrique Sur Seine ya bincika matsalolin zama ɗan Afirka a cikin shekarun 1950 Faransa. Turawan mulkin mallaka na Fotigal sun sami ƴancin kai ba tare da wuraren samar da fim ba kwata-kwata, tunda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a can ta taƙaita yin fim ga farfagandar' yan mulkin mallaka, yana mai jaddada ƙarancin ƙasashen 'yan asalin. Don haka, ba a ɗan yi tunani ba har zuwa samun ƴancin kai don haɓaka sahihan muryoyin Afirka. A tsakiyar shekarun 1930, an gudanar da Gwajin Kinema na Ilimi na Bantu a ƙoƙarin “ilmantar da Bantu, galibi game da tsabta. Fim guda uku ne kacal daga wannan aikin suka tsira; ana ajiye su a Cibiyar Fina -finan Biritaniya. Kafin samun 'yancin mulkin mallaka, an samar da' yan fina-finan ƙin jinin mulkin mallaka. Misalai sun haɗa da mutummutumai kuma sun mutu Les statues meurent aussi na Chris Marker da Alain Resnais, game da satar fasahar fasahar Afirka. Kashi na biyu na wannan fim din an haramta shi na tsawon shekaru 10 a Faransa. Afrique 50 na René Vautier, ya nuna tarzoma ta mulkin mallaka a Cote d'Ivoire da Upper Volta (yanzu Burkina Faso Har ila yau, yin aikin fim a Afirka a wannan lokacin shi ne mai shirya fina -finan ƙabilanci na Faransa Jean Rouch, mai rigima da masu sauraron Faransa da na Afirka. Documentaries kamar Jaguar (1955), Les maitres fous (1955), Moi, un noir (1958) da La pyramide humaine (1961). Takardun bayanai na Rouch ba a bayyane suke adawa da mulkin mallaka ba, amma sun ƙalubalanci hasashe na mulkin mallaka na Afirka kuma sun ba da sabuwar murya ga 'yan Afirka. Kodayake Rouch ya zargi Ousmane Sembene da wasu da ganin ƴan Afirka kamar kwari ne Rouch ya kasance mutum mai mahimmanci a fagen fim ɗin Afirka mai tasowa kuma shine mutum na farko da ya fara aiki tare da ƴan Afirka, wanda da yawa suna da mahimmanci. sana'o'i a finafinan Afirka Oumarou Ganda, Safi Faye da Moustapha Alassane, da sauransu). Saboda yawancin finafinan da aka yi kafin samun ƴancin kai sun kasance masu nuna wariyar launin fata a dabi'a, ƴan fim na Afirka na lokacin 'yancin kaikamar Ousmane Sembene da Oumarou Ganda, da sauransuya ga yin fim a matsayin muhimmin kayan aikin siyasa don gyara kuskuren hoton 'yan Afirka da masu shirya fina -finai na Yammacin Turai suka gabatar da kuma dawo da martabar Afirka ga' yan Afirka. Bayan samun ƴancin kai da shekarun 1970 Fim na farko na Afirka da ya sami karɓuwa a duniya shine Sembène Ousmane 's La Noire de... wanda kuma aka sani da Black Girl (baƙar yarinya). Ya nuna rashin bege na wata mace ƴar Afirka wacce ke aiki a matsayin baiwa a Faransa. Ya lashe gasar Prix Jean Vigo a shekara ta 1966. Da farko marubuci, Sembène ya juya zuwa sinima don isa ga masu sauraro da yawa. Har yanzu ana yi masa kallon "uban fina -finan Afirka". Kasar Senegal ta Sembène ta ci gaba da kasancewa wuri mafi mahimmanci na shirya fina -finan Afirka sama da shekaru goma. Tare da ƙirƙirar bikin fina-finan Afirka FESPACO a Burkina Faso a shejara ta1969, fim ɗin Afirka ya ƙirƙiri dandalinsa. FESPACO yanzu yana faruwa kowane bayan shekaru biyu ana musanyawa da bikin fim na Carthago a Tunisia An kafa ƙungiyar masu shirya fina -finai ta Pan Afrika (Fédération Panafricaine des Cinéastes, ko FEPACI) a shekara ta 1969 don haɓaka masana'antar fina -finan Afirka ta fuskar samarwa, rarrabawa da baje kolin. Tun daga farkonta, ana ganin FEPACI a matsayin muhimmiyar ƙungiyar abokin tarayya ga Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka (OAU), yanzu ita ce Tarayyar Afirka FEPACI ta duba rawar da fim ke takawa wajen bunƙasa siyasa da tattalin arziƙi da al'adu na jihohin Afirka da ma nahiyar baki ɗaya. Soleil O na Med Hondo, wanda aka harba a shekara ta 1969, nan da nan aka gane shi. Ba ƙaramin shiga siyasa ba fiye da Sembène, ya zaɓi yaren fim mai rikitarwa don nuna abin da ake nufi da zama baƙo a Faransa tare da "ba daidai ba" launin fata. 1980 da 1990 Souleymane Cissé 's Yeelen (Mali, 1987) shine fim na farko da wani Baƙar Fatar Afirka ya yi don yin gasa a Cannes. Cheick Oumar Sissoko 's Guimba (Mali, 1995) shima ya samu ƙarbuwa sosai a yamma. Yawancin fina-finai na shekarun 1990, gami da Quartier Mozart na Jean-Pierre Bekolo (Kamaru, 1992), suna cikin babban birnin Afirka na duniya. Fim Ɗin Najeriya ya sami babban ci gaba a cikin shekarun 1990 tare da karuwar samun kyamarorin bidiyo na gida a Najeriya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya sanya Nollywood cikin haɗin gwiwa don fina-finan Ingilishi na Yammacin Afirka. Nollywood ta shirya fina -finai acikin shekara ta 1844 a shekara ta 2013 kadai. An rufe gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe a Kinshasa a shekara ta 2004. Yawancin tsoffin gidajen sinima sun koma majami'u. A shekara ta 2009 hukumar kula da ƴan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta binciki "Breaking the Silence" a Kudancin Kivu da Lardin Katanga. Fim ɗin ya yi bayani kan fyaɗe a yakin basasar Congo. Duk da haka an buɗe gidan sinima mai kujeru 200, Gidan Fim na MTS, a cikin a shekara ta 2016 a Brazzaville. A watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2018, an fara gini akan sabon sinima a Brazzaville. An fara taron ƙoli na fina-finan Afrika na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2006. Taron ya biyo bayan majalisar ta 9 FEPACI. An ƙaddamar da lambar yabo ta African Movie Academy Awards a shekara ta 2004, wanda ke nuna ci gaban masana'antun fina-finai na cikin gida kamar na Najeriya gami da bunƙasa da yaɗuwar al'adun masana'antar fim a yankin kudu da Sahara na Afirka. Shekarun 2000 da 2010 Fim ɗin Afirka na zamani yana hulɗa da jigogi iri-iri masu alaƙa da batutuwan zamani da matsalolin duniya. Shige da fice da alaƙa tsakanin ƙasashen Afirka da na Turai shine jigon gama gari tsakanin fina-finan Afirka da yawa. Fim din Abderrahmane Sissako na Jiran Farin Ciki ya nuna garin Mauritaniya da ke gwagwarmaya da tasirin kasashen waje ta hanyar balaguron bakin haure da ke dawowa gida daga Turai. Shige da fice kuma muhimmin jigo ne a fim ɗin Mahamat Saleh Haroun Une Saison en France wanda ke nuna tafiyar dangi daga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya don neman mafaka a Faransa. Haroun yana daga cikin jama'ar Chadi da ke zaune a Faransa, kuma yana amfani da fim ɗin don bincika fannonin wannan ƙwarewar 'yan gudun hijira. Afrofuturism wani nau'in ci gaba ne, wanda ya haɗa da 'yan Afirka duka a cikin nahiyoyin da cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke ba da labarin kimiyya ko labarun almara da suka shafi Afirka da mutanen Afirka. Gundumar 9 ta Neill Blomkamp sanannen misali ne, wanda ke nuna baƙon mamaye Afirka ta Kudu. Gajeriyar fim ɗin Wanuri Kahiu Pumzi ya nuna al'umar Maitu a nan gaba a Afirka shekaru 35 bayan yakin duniya na uku. Daraktoci da suka haɗa da Haroun da Kahiu sun nuna damuwa game da rashin kayan aikin sinima da godiya a ƙasashe daban -daban na Afirka. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyi kamar asusun fasahar Changamoto suna ba da ƙarin albarkatu da dama ga masu shirya fina -finan Afirka. Shekarun 2020 Wasu ƙasashen Afirka na fama da rashin 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki, wanda ke gurɓata harkar fim. Wannan yana da tsanani musamman a Equatorial Guinea. Fim ɗin Marubuci Daga Marubuci Daga Ƙasar da Ba ta da kantin sayar da littattafai shine farkon wanda aka harba a cikin ƙasa kuma mai suka tare da mulkin kama -karya na Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, ɗayan mafi daɗewa a duniya. Jigogi Fina-finan Afirka, kamar sinima a sauran yankuna na duniya, ya ƙunshi batutuwa iri -iri. A cikin Algiers a 1975, ƙungiyar masu shirya fina -finai ta Pan Afirka (FEPACI) ta karɓi Charte du cinéaste africain (Charter of the African cinéaste), wanda ya fahimci mahimmancin abubuwan da suka faru bayan mulkin mallaka da abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin fina-finan Afirka. Masu shirya fina -finan sun fara da tunawa da yanayin sabon yanayin al'ummomin Afirka. "Halin da al'ummomin Afirka na zamani suke ciki shine wanda aka mamaye su a matakai da yawa: siyasa, tattalin arziƙi da al'adu." fina -finan Afirka sun jaddada haɗin kan su da masu shirya fina -finai masu ci gaba a wasu sassan duniya. Ana ganin sinima na Afirka wani ɓangare na Cinema na Uku. Wasu masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka, misali Ousmane Sembène, suna ƙoƙarin mayar da tarihin Afirka ga mutanen Afirka ta hanyar tunawa da tsayayyar mulkin Turawa da na Musulunci. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta ɗan fim ɗin Afirka da griot na gargajiya. Kamar griots, aikin masu shirya fina -finai shine bayyanawa da nuna abubuwan da suka shafi jama'a. Hanyoyin adabin baka na Afirka galibi suna sake fitowa a fina -finan Afirka. Hakanan al'adun gargajiya daga wasu nahiyoyi sun rinjayi fim ɗin Afirka, kamar ƙirar Italiyanci, Cinema Novo na Brazil da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bertolt Brecht A cikin Mauritaniya CINEPARC RIBAT AL BAHR shine cinema mai buɗe ido a cikin Nouakchott, ita kadai ce irinta a Afirka. Baya ga jadawalin tsinkaye, tuƙin yana da sabon aikace-aikacen iOS da Android suna ba ku babbar cibiyar fina-finai ta duniya inda zaku iya samun bayanai kamar taƙaitaccen makirci, membobin simintin, ƙungiyoyin samarwa, bita da sukar, ƙima, fan, da ƙari da yawa game da fina-finai, jerin, da duk aikin silima. Jerin sinima ta yanki Arewacin Afirka SinimarAljeriya Sinimar Misira Sinimar Libya Sinimar Morocco Sinimar Tunisia Yammacin Afirka Sinimar Burkina Faso Sinimar Mauritania Sinimar Ghana Sinimar Laberiya Sinimar Nijar Sinimar Najeriya Sinimar Senegal Sinimar Togo Afirka ta Tsakiya Sinimar Angola Sinimar Kameru Sinimar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Gabashin Afirka Sinimar Sudan Sinimar Eritrea Sinimar Habasha Sinimar Djibouti Sinimar Somaliya Sinimar Kenya Sinimar Tanzaniya Sinimar Uganda Kudancin Afirka Sinimar Malawi Sinimar Namibia Sinimar Afirka ta Kudu Sinimar Botswana Sinimar Madagascar Daraktocin mata An sansu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara shirya fina -finan Senegal da kuma sinima da aka bunƙasa a nahiyar Afirka gaba ɗaya, masanin kimiyyar ɗabi'a kuma mai shirya fim Safi Faye ita ce mace 'yar Afirka ta farko darektan fina -finai da ta samu karɓuwa daga ƙasashen duniya. Faye na farko Faye La Passante (The Passerby) an sake shi a cikin 1972 kuma bayan wannan, Kaddu Beykat (Harafi daga Kauye na), an fito da fim ɗin farko na mai yin fim a 1975. Faye ya ci gaba da yin aiki tare da ayyuka da yawa da aka saki a ƙarshen rabin shekarun 1970 duk ta hanyar sabon aikinta, fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na 1996 Mossane Sarah Maldoror, ƴar fim ɗin Faransa kuma' yar baƙi daga Guadeloupe an karɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu fara fim ɗin Afirka a cikin ƙasashe. Ita ce ta kafa Les Griots (The Troubadours), kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Faransa wanda aka yi wa 'yan wasan Afirka da Afirka. Asali a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ta ci gaba da karatun shirya fina-finai a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography ta Tarayyar Rasha (VGIK), a Moscow. A cikin 1972, Maldoror ya harbi fim ɗin Sambizanga game da yakin 1961 74 a Angola. Matan Afirka da suka tsira daga wannan yaƙin sune batun shirin shirin fim na Les Oubliées (Matan da aka manta), wanda Anne-Laure Folly ta yi bayan shekaru 20. Maldoror ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin darakta a Yaƙin Algiers (1966) tare da mai shirya fim Gillo Pontecorvo A cikin 1995, Wanjiru Kinyanjui Ta yi fim ɗin fim ɗin Yaƙin Tsattsarkan Itace a Kenya. A shekarar 2008, Manouchka Kelly Labouba ta zama mace ta farko a tarihin sinima ta Gabon da ta shirya fim na almara. Gajeriyar fim ɗin ta Le Divorce ta yi bayani kan tasirin ƙimomin zamani da na gargajiya a kan rabuwa da wasu ma'aurata ƴan ƙasar Gabon. Kemi Adetiba, har zuwa darektan bidiyon kiɗa, ta fara gabatar da daraktocin ta a 2016 tare da The Wedding Party. Fim ɗin, game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shagulgulan daurin aure, zai ci gaba da zama a masana'antar Nollywood mafi nasara da girma a tarihin mahaifarta ta Najeriya Wanuri Kahiu darektar fina -finan Kenya ce, wacce aka fi sani da fim dinta mai suna 'Whisper, wanda aka ba ta Kyautar Darakta, Mafi kyawun Fim, da Mafi Kyau a Kyautar Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka a 2009 Kusan shekaru 10 bayan fitowar From a Whisper, fim ɗin Kahiu Rafiki, wani wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya mai zuwa game da 'yan mata biyu matasa a Kenya ta yanzu. Fim ɗin ya yi kanun labarai, wani bangare na zabin sa a bikin Fim na Cannes amma kuma don binciken jima'i wanda bai gamsar da gwamnatin Kenya ba. Rungano Nyoni, wanda aka fi sani da fim ɗin da ya shahara a duniya Ba Ni mayya ba darektan Zambiya-Welsh ne kuma marubucin allo. An haife shi a Zambia kuma ya girma a Wales, Nyoni ya ci gaba da karatun digiri daga Jami'ar Fasaha a London tare da Jagora a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a 2009. Finafinan ta a matsayin mai shirya fina -finai (ko a matsayin darekta ko/kuma marubucin allo) suma sun haɗa da gajerun fina -finai: Jerin (2009, gajere), Mwansa The Great (2011, short), Listen (2014, short) kuma ita ma tana ɗaya daga cikin daraktocin shirin fina -finai na duniya Nordic Factory (2014). An ba ta kyaututtuka iri -iri ciki har da BAFTA don fitaccen fitaccen ɗan fim ɗin Biritaniya don Ni Ba mayya bane A cikin 2019, Azza Cheikh Malainine ta zama mace ta farko a tarihin sinima ta Mauritaniya da ta shirya fim na almara. Fim dinta na SOS yana bayani kan tasirin zamani da Tsaro a Mauritania. Daraktoci ta ƙasa Angola: Zézé Gamboa Benin: Jean Odoutan, Idrissou Mora Kpaï Burkina Faso: Idrissa Ouedraogo, Gaston Kaboré, Dani Kouyaté, Fanta Régina Nacro, Pierre Yameogo, Sanou Kollo, Pierre Rouamba, Drissa Touré, S. Pierre Yameogo, Cameroon: Jean-Pierre Bekolo, Dia Moukouri, Bassek Ba Kobhio, Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa, Francois L. Woukoache, Francis Taptue, Jean-Marie Teno, Thérèse Sita-Bella, Jean-Paul Ngassa, Joséphine Ndagnou Chad: Issa Serge Coelo, Mahamat Saleh Haroun Côte d'Ivoire: Desiré Ecaré, Fadika Kramo Lanciné, Roger Gnoan M'Bala, Jacques Trabi, Sidiki Bakaba, Henri Duparc, Akissi Delta, Marie-Louise Asseu Democratic Republic of the Congo: Zeka Laplaine, Mwezé Ngangura, Mamadi Indoka, Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda, Joseph Kumbela Egypt: Salah Abu Seif, Youssef Chahine, Yousry Nasrallah, Ezz El-Dine Zulficar, Sherif Arafa, Khaled Youssef, Marwan Hamed, Mohamed Khan, Shady Abdel Salam, Khairy Beshara, Samir Seif, Nader Galal, Ali Abdel-Khalek, Ashraf Fahmy, Radwan El-Kashef, Hady El Bagoury, Ali Ragab, Hala Khaleel, Ehab Lamey, Adel Adeeb, Tarek Al Eryan, Atef El-Tayeb, Daoud Abdel Sayed, Ehab Mamdouh, Sandra Nashaat Ethiopia: Haile Gerima, Hermon Hailay, Yemane Demissie, Salem Mekuria Gabon: Imunga Ivanga, Pierre-Marie Dong, Henri Joseph Koumba Bibidi, Charles Mensah Ghana: Kwaw Ansah, John Akomfrah, King Ampaw, Yaba Badoe, Chris Hesse, Jim Awindor, Tom Ribeiro, Ernest Abeikwe, Ajesu, Leila Djansi, Shirley Frimpong-Manso, Halaru B. Wandagou, Nii Kwate Owoo Guinea: Mohamed Camara, David Achkar, Cheik Doukouré, Cheick Fantamady Camara, Mama Keïta Guinea-Bissau: Flora Gomes, Sana Na N'Hada Kenya: Robby Bresson, Wanuri Kahiu, Judy Kibinge, Jane Munene, Anne Mungai, Wanjiru Kinyanjui, Jim Chuchu Lesotho: Lemohang Jeremiah Mosese Mali: Souleymane Cissé, Cheick Oumar Sissoko, Abdoulaye Ascofare, Adama Drabo, Manthia Diawara Mauritania: Med Hondo, Abderrahmane Sissako, Azza Cheikh Malainine, Sidney Sokhana Namibia: Tim Huebschle, Richard Pakleppa, Joel Haikali Niger: Oumarou Ganda, Moustapha Alassane Nigeria: Ola Balogun, Tade Ogidan, Kunle Afolayan, Izu Ojukwu, Eddie Ugboma, Amaka Igwe, Zeb Ejiro, Lola Fani-Kayode, Bayo Awala, Greg Fiberesima, Jide Bello, Billy Kings, Tunde Kelani, Dele Ajakaiye, Chico Ejiro, Andy Amenechi, Obi Emelonye, Chris Obi Rapu Rwanda: Eric Kabera, Kivu Ruhorahoza São Tomé and Príncipe: Ângelo Torres, Januário Afonso Senegal: Ousmane Sembène, Djibril Diop Mambéty, Safi Faye, Ben Diogaye Bèye, Mansour Sora Wade, Moussa Sène Absa, Tidiane Aw, Moussa Bathily, Clarence Thomas Delgado, Ahmadou Diallo, Dyana Gaye, Ousmane William Mbaye, Samba Félix Ndiaye, As Thiam, Momar Thiam, Moussa Touré, Mahama Johnson Traoré, Paulin Soumanou Vieyra, Mansour Sora Wade, Ibrahima Sarr, Alain Gomis Somalia: Abdisalam Aato, Abdulkadir Ahmed Said, Idil Ibrahim Sudan: Amjad Abu Alala, Suhaib Gasmelbari, Gadalla Gubara, Marwa Zein South Africa: Lionel Ngakane, Gavin Hood, Zola Maseko, Katinka Heyns, Neill Blomkamp, Seipati Bulani-Hopa, Mickey Dube, Oliver Hermanus, Jonathan Liebesman, William Kentridge, Teddy Matthera, Morabane Modise, Sechaba Morejele, Nana Mahomo Togo: Anne Laure Folly Uganda: Usama Mukwaya, Kinene Yusuf, Kabali Jagenda, Mariam Ndagire, George Stanley Nsamba, Hassan Kamoga, Matt Bish, Carol Kamya, Jacqueline Rose Kawere Nabagereka Zimbabwe''': M. K. Asante, Jr., Tsitsi Dangarembga Fina -finai game da sinima na Afirka Caméra d'Afrique, Darakta: Férid Boughedir, Tunisia/Faransa, 1983 Les Fespakistes, Daraktoci: François Kotlarski, Eric Münch, Burkina Faso/Faransa, 2001 Wannan Shine Nollywood, Darakta: Franco Sacchi, 2007 Sembene!, Darakta: Samba Gadjigo da Jason Silverman, 2015 Kongo, na gode! Darakta: Guy Bomanyama-Zandu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo La Belle a Fina -finan Darakta: Cecilia Zoppelletto, Kinshasa Tafiyar Harshe'' Filipa César, Guinea -Bissau Bikin fina -finai Africa in Motion, wanda aka gudanar a Edinburgh, Scotland a karshen Oktoba Sahara International Film Festival (FiSahara), wanda aka gudanar a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Sahrawi a Aljeriya Bikin Fim na Afirka, wanda aka yi a New York Bikin Fina -Finan Afirka (TAFF) wanda aka yi a Dallas a ƙarshen Yuni Bikin Fim na Duniya na Alkahira Luxor African Film Festival Silicon Valley African Film Festival, wanda aka gudanar a San Jose, California Bikin Fina -Finan Pan African, wanda aka yi a Los Angeles Taron Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka, wanda aka gudanar a St Louis Rwanda Film Festival (Hillywood), wanda aka gudanar a Rwanda Bushman Film Festival, wanda aka yi a Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Ana sake buɗe gidajen sinima a Afirka (a cikin Faransanci, babban tattaunawar kasuwanci Kongo in Harlem Tutar Tutar Cinema ta Pan-Afrika Taskar Fim ta Harvard Cinema na Afirka a shekarun 1990 Shirin Media na Afirkacikakkun bayanai na kafofin watsa labarai na Afirka Labarin Cinema na Afirka a California Fim ɗin Panafrican da Bikin Talabijin na Ouagadougou (FESPACO) Wiki na Fim ɗin Afirka na Tarifa http://www.utne.com/african-cinema-shift-cultural-perceptions.aspx Archived Bikin Fina-Finan Afirka, Cannes "Manyan Daraktocin Fina -Finan Afirka a Tsarin Harafi", Africapedia Fina-finai Tarihin Afrika Sinima a
24676	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Kwamfuyuta%20na%20Kano	Kamfanin Kwamfuyuta na Kano	Kano Computing shine babban kayan aikin komputa na duniya da farawa software wanda ke a London Tarihi Alex Klein, Saul Klein, da Yonatan Raz-Fridman ne suka kafa Kano a cikin watan JanairuN shekara ta 2013. Sunan kamfanin ya samo asali ne daga Kanō Jigorō, mahaliccin judo Haƙƙin ƙirƙirar Kano ya fito ne daga ɗan Klein ɗan shekara 6 Micah, wanda "ya so ya gina kwamfutarsa kuma don ta kasance mai sauƙi da annashuwa kamar Lego a cewar kamfanin. Kayayyaki A watan Agustan Shekara ta 2013, Kano ta ƙaddamar da akwatunan samfuran Kwamfuta na Kano na farko. Kit ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙaramin kebul na USB, litattafan samfur da yawa, akwati, Raspberry Pi 1, da katin SD da aka ɗora da farkon sigar Raspbian OS. An sayar da duk samfuran guda 200 da aka saki. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Kano ta ƙaddamar da Kit ɗin Kwamfuta na Kano, kayan aikin komputa na ilimi wanda aka ƙera don koyar da haɗa kayan aiki da ƙwarewar shirye -shirye. Yana da aka gina a kan Rasberi PI allon kayan wutan da kamfanin ta al'ada bude-source tsarin aiki, Kano OS. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Kano ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Warner Bros don fitar da wutan lantarki na Harry Potter da nufin ilimantar da yara kan kodin. Manufar samfurin wand ɗin, kamar yadda Kano ta bayyana, shine "koyar da masu son Harry Potter, da matasa masu sha'awar fasahar fasaha, tushen harsuna kamar JavaScript, wanda daga nan za su iya amfani da na zahiri, kamar a cikin aiki na gaba. ko sha'awa. Hakanan a cikin Shekara ta 2018, Kano ta fitar da na'urorin firikwensin motsi tare da jigogin Frozen da Star Wars a cikin haɗin gwiwa na shekaru da yawa tare da Disney An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da na'urorin biyu don yin daidai da fitowar 2018 na Frozen 2 da Star Wars: Yunƙurin Skywalker Na'urar motsi na USB tana gano motsi a gaban rakodin firikwensin kuma an ba masu amfani ikon yin shirye -shiryen abubuwa dangane da motsi da aka yi amfani da shi sama da na'urar. A cikin shekara ta 2019, kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft don sakin PC na Kano, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da kwamfutar hannu waɗanda aka riga aka ɗora su da Windows 10 da kayan aikin ilimi na Kano. Daga baya a cikin Shekara ta 2019, Kano ta ƙaddamar da rijistar ilimi na farko, Kano Club, inda masu amfani za su iya samun damar software da shirye -shiryen raye -raye, darussan da darussan kan layi. Har ila yau, sabis ɗin ya haɗa da JAMS, ɓangaren masu wasa da yawa, da Kano World, ɓangaren al'umma. Kano ta ƙaddamar da layin na'urorin kwamfuta a cikin Shekara ta 2020 don dacewa da fitowar PC ɗin ta Kano. Waɗannan sun haɗa da linzamin kwamfuta, belun kunne da kyamaran gidan yanar gizo. Tallafawa Kano ta kaddamar da kamfen na cinkoson jama'a a dandalin Kickstarter a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2013. Kamfanin ya tara sama da dala miliyan 1.5 daga masu ba da tallafi 13,387, a lokacin ya zama kamfen mafi girma na koyon sabis. Wadanda suka fara tallafawa Kano sun kasance masu amfani daga kasashe sama da guda 80 kuma sun hada da sanannun sunaye kamar wanda ya kafa kamfanin Apple Steve Wozniak da kuma wanda ya kafa Kickstarter Yancey Strickler, wadanda dukkansu sun riga sun yi oda. In 2016, Kano initiated a second Kickstarter campaign to fund a number of different products including a pixel art kit, motion sensor and webcam. The campaign generated $643,030 from 2,399 backers and was promoted by a number of notable figures including Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2019, Kano ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta karɓi tallafin kuɗi na fan miliyan 14 daga HSBC, don taimakawa ƙaddamar da sabon kayan aikin ta da fadada ƙarin ayyukanta a Amurka da Turai Alex Klein a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na kamfanin (Shugaba). Hanyoyi zuwa Kanye West A cikin Janairu 2019, mawaƙin Ba'amurke kuma ɗan kasuwa Kanye West ya saka hannun jarin da ba a bayyana ba a cikin kamfanin bayan gamuwa da dama a wasan fasahar CES a Las Vegas. Tun farkon 2019, an ce kamfanin yana haɗin gwiwa tare da Yamma akan samfuran fasahar da ba a bayyana ba daga baya aka bayyana a watan Agusta 2021 don zama DONDA STEM PLAYER. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, Shugaba Klein ya ba da gudummawar waƙoƙi ga Yesu is King track Water Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
23839	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulman%20Tibet	Musulman Tibet	Musulman Tibet, wanda kuma aka sani da Kachee sun haɗa al'umma marasa rinjaye a yankin Tibet. Duk da kasantuwar su Musulmai amma ana kallon su a matsayin hatartattun ƴan Tibet a Gwamnatance, in banda Musulman Hui, da sau tari ake ware su. Kalmar harshen Tibeti ta Kan je na nufin Kashmiri da Kashmir an san shi a Kanchee Yul (Yul na nufin Ƙasa). Tarihi Abokan hulɗa na farko da Tibet da duniyar Islama sun fara ne a tsakiyar karni na takwas lokacin da ya haɓaka daga haɗin kasuwanci ta hanyar siliki da kasancewar sojojin musulmai a kwarin Fergana Duk da karancin ilimin da duniyar Islama ke da shi game da Tibet, akwai wasu ayyukan Musulunci na farko da suka ambaci Tibet. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tushe ya fito ne daga aikin da Abu Sa'id Gardezi ya rubuta mai suna Zayn al-Akhbar A ciki, aikin ya ambaci muhalli, asalin ban mamaki na Tibetan (ta hanyar Himyarites), allahntakar sarki, manyan albarkatu (kamar musk) da bayanin hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa da daga Tibet. Wata majiyar kuma, Hudud al-Alaam (Yankunan Duniya) wanda marubuci da ba a sani ba ya rubuta a 982 ko 983 a Afghanistan, ya ƙunshi musamman labarin ƙasa, siyasa da taƙaitaccen bayanin yankunan Tibet, birane, garuruwa da sauran ƙauyuka. Wannan tushe ya fara ambaton kasancewar Musulmai a Tibet kai tsaye ta hanyar bayyana cewa Lhasa yana da masallaci guda ɗaya da ƙaramin Musulmi. A lokacin mulkin Sadnalegs (799-815), an daɗe ana yaƙi da ƙasashen Larabawa zuwa Yammacin Turai. Ya bayyana cewa 'yan Tibet sun kame sojojin Larabawa da yawa kuma sun matsa su yin hidima a kan iyakar gabas a cikin shekara 801. 'Yan Tibet suna aiki har zuwa yamma kamar Samarkand da Kabul Sojojin larabawa sun fara samun galaba, kuma gwamnan Kabul na Tibet ya miƙa wuya ga Larabawa kuma ya zama Musulmi kusan 812 ko 815 Ciniki mai yawa tare da Kashmir, Ladakh, da Baltistan suma sun kawo Musulmai zuwa Tibet musamman bayan karbuwa ko haɓaka kasancewar Islama a waɗannan yankuna tun daga ƙarni na sha huɗu. Ci gaban Musulmai ya ci gaba a matsayin sakamakon yarjejeniyar Tibet-Ladakhi na 1684 inda gwamnatin Tibet ta ba da izinin ayyukan kasuwanci daga Ladakh su shiga Lhasa kowace shekara uku. Yawancin Musulmin Kashmiri da Ladakhi sun shiga waɗannan ayyukan tare da wasu mazauna a Tibet. A lokacin mulkin Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617 1682), al'ummar Musulmai na dindindin sun zauna a Tibet. An ba su izinin zaɓar majalisar wakilan su, su sasanta rigimar shari'ar ƙungiyarsu da shari'ar Musulunci, kuma an ba su wasu filaye don gina masallaci kusa da Lhasa Yawan Musulman Kashmiri a Nepal (asali suna da alaƙar kasuwanci tare da danginsu a Tibet) sun tsere zuwa Tibet farawa daga 1769 sakamakon mamayar kwarin Kathmandu ta Prithvi Narayan Shah Tun farkon karni na goma sha bakwai, Ningxia da sauran Hui na arewa maso yammacin (Musulman China) sun fara zama a yankunan Tibet na gabas (kamar a Amdo Sun yi auratayya da 'yan Tibet na gida kuma sun ci gaba da yin hulɗa ta kasuwanci tare da sauran Musulmai a cikin China. Wani sabon tashin hankali na sabbin mazauna Musulmai ya fara bayan cin Dogra na Tibet a 1841. Da yawa daga cikin sojojin Kashmiri da na Ladakhi (wadanda aka kama a matsayin fursunoni lokacin da suke fada da sojojin Dogra) sun tsaya a baya don zama a Tibet. Wasu 'yan Hindu Dogras kuma sun zauna a Tibet kuma daga baya sun musulunta. Bayan nasarar da kasar Sin ta yi kan Tibet a shekarar 1950, Musulman Tibet sun fuskanci munanan zalunci kamar 'yan uwansu' yan Buddha. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Musulman China (tare da Han da sauransu) sun zauna a Tibet. Gwamnatin China ta sanya Musulmin Tibet a matsayin Hui. Koyaya, ana kiran musulman Tibet da suna Zang Hui (Hui na Tibet) yayin da suke magana da Tibet kuma suna da al'adar abin duniya kusan iri ɗaya da takwarorinsu na Buddha. Hui na Tibet na Lhasa (ba kamar sauran Musulman Tibet da ke zaune a wani wuri ba) suna ɗaukar kansu sun bambanta da Musulman China kuma wani lokacin suna yin aure tare da wasu 'yan Tibet (ciki har da Buddha) maimakon' yan uwansu Musulmai daga China. Tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa A cikin 1959, Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya yanke shawarar cewa Barkor Khache 'yan asalin Indiya ne. Harafin farko da al'ummar Barkor Khache da ke Lhasa suka rubuta shi ne ga Musulman Tibet da ke Kalimpong a 1959: Bayan tawayen Tibet na 1959, gwamnatin jihar Jammu da Kashmir ta ba 'yan gudun hijirar Musulmin Tibet mazaunin zama/jihar. Gwamnati kuma ta ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga majalisar dokokin Jammu da Kashmir Tuba a Qinghai Mutanen Salar sun yaɗa addinin Islama ga tsohon Kargan Tibet na Buddha a Lamo-shan-ken. Wasu mutanen Tibet a Qinghai da suka musulunta yanzu ana ɗaukar su 'yan kabilar Hui Kusa da ƙauyen Tibet na Skya Rgya a Qinghai, Musulmai suna zaune kusa da kogin Yellow a cikin garin Dong sna kilomita 20 kuma gwamnatin China ta yi musu rajista a matsayin Hui. Tsofaffi "Hui" a wannan ƙauyen suna magana da Sinawa marasa kamala amma suna magana da cikakkiyar 'yan Tibet kuma suna ciniki tare da Tibet akai -akai, suna cewa asalin su' yan Tibet ne. Ofaya daga cikinsu, mutumin da aka haifa a 1931 ya ce "Muna da jini ɗaya; magabatanmu ɗaya ne. Mun kasance muna auratayya da juna, muna al'adu iri ɗaya kuma muna bin ƙa'idodin gargajiya iri ɗaya. Ma Bufang ne ya musuluntar da mu. Matan Tibet suna auren maza Musulmai Bayan Salars sun koma Xunhua, sun musuluntar da 'yan ƙabilar Tibet kuma matan Salar sun ɗauki matan Tibet a matsayin mata. 'Yan kabilar Tibet sun yi shagulgulan bikin Sallar da amarya ta watsa hatsi da madara a kan doki. Matan Tibet sune ainihin matan Salars na farko da suka isa yankin kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin tarihin baka na Salar. 'Yan kabilar ta Tibet sun amince su bar matansu' yan Tibet su auri maza Salar bayan sun gabatar da wasu bukatu da dama don biyan bambancin al'adu da addini. Hui da Salar sun aura saboda kamanceceniyar al'adu da bin addinin Musulunci iri daya. Tsofaffin Salars sun auri matan Tibet amma ƙananan Salars sun gwammace su auri wasu Salars. Han da Salar galibi ba sa aure da juna sabanin auren matan Tibet da maza Salar. Salars duk da haka suna amfani da sunayen Han. Dangin Salar patrilineal sun fi iyaka fiye da dangin kabilar Han a yadda suke hulɗa da al'adu, al'umma ko sakewa. Maza Salar galibi suna aurar da mata da yawa ba Salaar ba kuma sun auri matan Tibet a matsayin mata bayan sun yi hijira zuwa Xunhua bisa lamuran tarihi da tarihin mutane. Salasa kusan ta musamman ta ɗauki matan da ba Salafawa ba a matsayin mata kamar matan Tibet yayin da ba su taɓa aurar da matan Salar ga mazan da ba Salaar ba sai maza Hui waɗanda aka ba su izinin auren matan Salar. A sakamakon haka Salars sun haɗu sosai da sauran kabilu. Salars a Qinghai suna zaune a bankunan biyu na kogin Yellow, kudu da arewa, ana kiran na arewa Hualong ko Bayan Salars yayin da na kudu ana kiransu Xunhua Salars. Yankin arewa na kogin Yellow shine cakuda Salar da ƙauyukan Tibet da ba a daina ba yayin da yankin kudu da kogin rawaya ya kasance Salar mai ƙarfi ba tare da rata tsakaninsa ba, tunda Hui da Salars sun tura 'yan Tibet a yankin kudu a baya. Matan ƙabilar Tibet da suka musulunta, maza Salar ne suka ɗauke su a matsayin mata a bankunan biyu na kogin. Kalmar baffan uwa (ajiu) ana amfani da ita ga 'yan Tibet ta Salars tunda Salars suna da asalin asalin Tibet. 'Yan kabilar Tibet suna shaida hanyoyin rayuwar Salar a cikin Kewa, ƙauyen Salar kuma ana amfani da shayi na man shanu na Tibet. Sauran tasirin al'adun Tibet kamar gidajen Salar da ke da kusurwa huɗu tare da farin dutse a kansu sun zama wani ɓangare na al'adar Salar muddin Musulunci bai hana su ba. 'Yan kabilar Hui sun fara jituwa tare da yin auratayya da Salars a Xunhua bayan da suka yi hijira daga can daga Hezhou a Gansu saboda daular Ming ta kasar Sin tana mulkin Xunhua Salars bayan 1370 kuma jami'an Hezhou ke mulkin Xunhua. Yawancin Salars tare da sunan Ma suna da alama sun fito ne daga zuriyar Hui tunda yawancin Salars yanzu suna da sunan Ma yayin da a farkon yawancin Salars suna da sunan Han. Wasu misalan Hezhou Hui wanda ya zama Salars su ne ƙauyukan Chenjia (dangin Chen) da Majia (Ma dangi) a Altiuli inda dangin Chen da Ma Salars ne waɗanda suka yarda da zuriyar Hui. Salar da Hui duk sun raba bukukuwan aure, jana'iza, bukukuwan haihuwa da addu'o'i yayin da suke yin auratayya kuma suna yin addini iri daya tunda yawancin 'yan kabilar Hui sun koma yankin Salar a gabar kogin Yellow. Yawancin matan Hui sun auri maza Salar kuma a ƙarshe ya zama sananne ga Hui da Salar don yin aure saboda kasancewar su Musulmai fiye da Han, Mongols da Tibet. Harshen Salar da al'adunsa duk da haka ya yi tasiri sosai a ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16 a cikin asalin asalin su ta hanyar aure tare da Mongol da Tibet waɗanda ba Musulmai ba tare da lamuni da yawa da tasirin na Mongol da Tibet a cikin yaren su. Salars sun kasance masu yaruka da yawa a cikin Salar da Mongol sannan kuma a cikin Sinanci da Tibet yayin da suke kasuwanci sosai a lokutan Ming, Qing da Jamhuriyar China akan kogin rawaya a Ningxia da Lanzhou a Gansu. Salars da Tibetans duka suna amfani da kalmar kawun uwa (ajiu a cikin Salar da Sinawa, azhang a Tibet) don nufin juna, suna nufin gaskiyar Salars zuriyar matan Tibet ne da ke auren maza Salar. Bayan amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan sau da yawa suna maimaita labarin tarihin yadda mazajen Salar 2,000 suka auri matan Tibet waɗanda su ne Salai na Farko da suka yi hijira zuwa Qinghai. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun nuna cewa 'yan Tibet sun kalli Salars daban da Hui. A cewar almara, auren tsakanin matan Tibet da maza Salar ya zo ne bayan sulhu tsakanin buƙatun da wani ɗan Tibet ya yi da masu hijira Salar. 'Yan Salar sun ce kwarin Wimdo wani dan kabilar Tibet ne ya mallake shi kuma ya bukaci Salars su bi dokoki 4 domin su auri matan Tibet. Ya bukace su da su sanya tutocin addu'o'in addinin Buddha na Tibet a kusurwoyi huɗu, su yi addu'a tare da ƙafafun addu'o'in Buddha na Tibet tare da mantra om mani padma hum kuma su rusuna a gaban mutum -mutumin Buddha. Salars sun ƙi waɗannan buƙatun suna cewa ba sa karanta mantras ko sunkuyar da mutum -mutumi tunda sun yi imani da allah mahalicci ɗaya kawai kuma musulmai ne. Sun yi sulhu a kan tutoci a cikin gidaje ta hanyar sanya duwatsu a kusurwoyin gidajensu maimakon tutocin addinin Buddha na Tibet. Wasu 'yan Tibet ba sa banbance Salar da Hui saboda addinin Musulunci. A cikin 1996, garin Wimdo yana da Salar ɗaya kawai saboda 'yan Tibet sun yi kuka game da kiran salla da masallacin da aka gina a yankin a farkon shekarun 1990 don haka suka kori mafi yawan Salai daga yankin. Salars sun kasance masu magana da harsuna biyu a Salar da Tibet saboda auratayya da matan Tibet da ciniki. Yana da ɗan ƙanƙanta ga ɗan Tibet ya yi Salar. Matan Tibet na Xiahe sun kuma auri maza Musulmai waɗanda suka zo can a matsayin yan kasuwa kafin shekarun 1930. A gabashin Qinghai da Gansu akwai lokuta na matan Tibet da suka zauna a cikin addinin Buddha na Lama na Buddha yayin da suke auren maza Musulmin China kuma za su haifi ɗa daban -daban waɗanda za su kasance Buddha da Musulmai, ɗiyan Buddha sun zama Lamas yayin da sauran ɗiyan Musulmai ne. Hui da Tibet sun auri Salars. Daular Qing daga baya kuma Jamhuriyar China Salar Janar Han Youwen ta haife shi ga wata mace 'yar Tibet mai suna Ziliha kuma mahaifin Salar mai suna Aema Mutanen Balti Mutanen Balti na Baltistan a Pakistan da Kargil a Indiya zuriyar mabiya addinin Buddha ne na Tibet waɗanda suka koma addinin Noorbakshia na Musulunci. Tare da wucewar lokaci adadi mai yawa ya koma addinin Shi'a, sannan wasu kalilan suka koma addinin Musulunci na Sunni. Yarensu na Balti yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya fi kusa da Tibet na gargajiya fiye da sauran yarukan mutanen Tibet Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Musulman Tibet Musulunci a Tibet: Gabatarwa ta Mai Tsarki The Dalai Lama; Ciki har da 'Musulunci a cikin Al'adun Tibet'; 'Matsayin Buddha da Ra'ayin Musulunci na Ƙarshen Haƙiƙa'; da Labarin da aka kwatanta 'Litattafan Tibet'- Fons Vitae Musulunci a cikin Tibet 'Bidiyon Llasa' Fons Vitae books Gallery of Tibet (Ya haɗa da hoton Minaret) Masallaci a Lhasa Musulunci da Tibet: mu'amalar al'adu, ƙarni na 8 zuwa 17 Binciko Kabilanci: Bayanan Al'adu na Al'ummar Musulmin Tibet a Kwarin Kashmir Nazari 'Yan tsiraru a cikin' yan tsiraru: Musulman Tibet na Nepal sun yi bikin Ramadan Tarihin Sin Sin Pages with unreviewed
50742	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Farbstein	Esther Farbstein	Esther Farbstein an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida) 'yar tarihi ne na Isra'ila, mai bincike, marubuciya, kuma malama. An yi la'akari da babban malamin Haredi na Holocaust, ta mai da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Ta kuma gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust, sannan kuma ta kula da shigar da ilimin Holocaust a makarantun 'yan mata na Haredi. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Michlalah–Jerusalem College a Bayit Vegan, Jerusalem Ita ce marubuciya litattafai da yawa, labarai, da litattafai a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi. Rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Esther Heine a cikin dangin Gerrer Hasidic a Urushalima a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida. 'Yar Rabbi Yehuda Leib Heine, babbar jika ce ta Rebbe na huɗu na daular Ger Hasidic, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, wanda aka fi sani da Imrei Emes Ta girma a cikin shekaru daidai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gidanta na ƙuruciyarta yakan ba da masauki ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda ba su da wurin zama. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Contemporary Jewry daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus Ta rubuta karatun digirinta na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas a karkashin jagorancin masanin Holocaust na Isra'ila Yehuda Bauer, kan batun "Ceto Shugabannin Hasidic a zamanin Holocaust". Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin babbar malama a makarantar ’yan mata ta Horeb da ke Urushalima. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da tara, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem, ta zama shugabanta. Holocaust malanta Ana daukar Farbstein a matsayin jagoran Haredi masanin Holocaust. Hanyar iliminta, wanda ta dogara da cikakkun bayanai na tarihi da takaddun shaida, ya bambanta da tsawon shekaru da yawa na dogara da duniyar Haredi akan al'adun baka, tatsuniyoyi, da hagiography Farbstein ta ce: "Lokacin da na koyar da tarihin Holocaust a cikin al'ummata, na ce, 'Kada ku yi karatu ba tare da tushe ba, ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba'. Babu dakin wasan kwaikwayo a nan. Idan na ba da lacca sai na ga masu sauraro suna kuka, ina ganin laccar ta kasa” Binciken Farbstein ta mayar da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Juriya ta ruhaniya-kamar ci gaba da kiyaye mitzvah a cikin ghettos da sansanonin tattarawa, ƙoƙarin riƙe ɗan adam koda yayin da ake bi da su a matsayin ɗan adam, da kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin dokar Yahudawa she'ilot kan batutuwan rayuwa da mutuwa—an yi watsi da su da yawa ta hanyar zaman lafiya. malamai suna goyon bayan nazarin juriya na jiki. Farbstein ta nuna niyyar ƙalubalantar ƙarshen masana tarihi na duniya da na addini a cikin bincikenta. Misali na farko shine nazarinta na jawabin da Rabbi Mordechai na Bilgoray ya yi kafin ya bar Hungary tare da Belzer Rebbe Masu bincike na duniya sun kammala cewa wannan jawabin ya tabbatar da cewa malamai sun yi watsi da al’ummarsu sa’ad da suke fuskantar barazanar Nazi, ko kuma aƙalla sun yi ƙoƙari su yaudare su game da haɗarin da ke tafe. Farbstein yana haɓaka zaɓi na uku: cewa shugabannin rabbin da kansu ba su da masaniya game da babban haɗarin da ke rataye a kan Yahudanci na Turai. Misali na karshen shine labarin da aka yaɗa na ɗaliban Bais Yaakov 93 a Kraków Ghetto waɗanda suka kashe kashe kansa maimakon waɗanda Jamusawa suka yi garkuwa da su, suna bayyana shawararsu a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata ranar Sha daya ga watan ga Agusta shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu. Yayin da aka maimaita wannan labarin a cikin tarurrukan jama'a a Isra'ila kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun addini a matsayin misali na shahadar Yahudawa, Farbstein ta yi nazarin sahihancin takardun da nauyin shaida akasin haka kuma ya kammala da cewa "Labarin da wasiƙar duka adabi ne. -halitta ilimi maimakon tarihi”. Judith Kalik ta kwatanta tsarin Farbstein a matsayin "bincike na tushen tushe da kaifi sukar binciken da ake yi". Marubucin Haredi Jonathan Rosenblum ya kira Farbstein "masanin tarihi mai fada". Farbstein ta kuma gano sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust. Wata sabuwar hanya ita ce ayyukan rabbin da marubucin ya rubuta game da nasa gogewar Holocaust a gabatarwa. Tun da sefer kanta ba ta da alaƙa da Holocaust, masu binciken Holocaust na baya sun yi watsi da shi. Tare da Dr. Nathan Cohen na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan, Farbstein ta samo fiye da ayyukan rabbin 100 waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Holocaust na sirri a cikin gabatarwar, kuma ya shigar da su a cikin bayanan da ake kira Rabbis' Memoirs Project. An fitar da wannan bayanan ga jama'a akan CD a cikin Janairu 2007. A cikin rashin takardun, Farbstein ta bi sababbin kafofin don tabbatar da labarin da Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Meisels ya buga game da shi yana busa shofar a kan Rosh Hashana a Auschwitz don gungun yara maza da matasa 1,400 da aka yanke wa hukuncin da za a yi musu gas a washegari. Ta tambayi kowane ɗayan masu sauraron karatunta na tsawon shekaru ko sun san wani wanda ya ji wannan busa. A haka ta gano wasu shaidu goma da suka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin. Tasiri kan ilimin makarantun Haredi Farbstein ta kasance mai ƙwazo a bayan haɗa karatun Holocaust cikin tsarin karatun makarantun 'yan mata na addini. Tana gudanar da tarurrukan horar da malamai a tsarin makarantar Bais Yaakov, da wasu tsarin makarantun Hasidic kamar Vizhnitz da Belz, da kuma makarantar Yad Vashem na malamai na Holocaust. Ta samar da nau'ikan karatu da gajerun fina-finai na gaskiya don taimakawa a cikin ilimin Holocaust. Shekaru da dama, ba a koyar da wannan batu a makarantun Haredi, a babban bangare saboda adawar al'umma ga ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya da suka yi watsi da rubuce-rubucen, sun soki malaman Turai don ƙarfafa garken tumakinsu su ci gaba da zama a Turai maimakon ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, kuma suna da'awar. wadanda abin ya shafa sun tafi ajalinsu kamar tumakin yanka "Ba tare da shakka ba, a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, akwai fargabar cewa idan suka yi maganin Holocaust, tambayoyi da yawa za su taso," in ji Farbstein. Ta yi imanin tsarinta na ilimi yana ɗaukar nazarin Holocaust daga fagen "hankali", kuma zuwa "ilimin tarihi cikin tsari". A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu, Farbstein ta ƙirƙiri gasa ta kan layi don gwada ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Isra'ila kan iliminsu na abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust. Gasar farko ta dogara ne akan tarihin Warsaw Ghetto Farbstein akai-akai tana gabatar da laccoci akan batutuwan Holocaust a cikin taron kasa da kasa da karawa juna sani ga jama'a. Ta sirin rayuwa Ta auri Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Farbstein, a halin yanzu rosh yeshiva na Hebron Yeshiva Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1946 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
48663	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashen%20huhu	Dashen huhu	Dashen huhu, ko dashen huhu, wata hanya ce ta fiɗan huhun mutum guda ɗaya ko duka biyun don maye gurbin huhun da wasu. Ana iya maye gurbin huhun daga mai bayarwa mai rai ko Wanda ya mutu. Mai ba da gudummawar mai rai zai iya ba da gudummawar huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Saboda wasu cututtukan huhu, mai karɓa na iya buƙatar samun huhu ɗaya ne kawai. Akwai wasu cututtukan huhu irin su cystic fibrosis, yana da matukar muhimmanci mai karɓa ya karbi huhu guda biyu. Yayin da dashen huhun ke ɗauke da wasu haɗari masu alaƙa da juna, kuma suna iya tsawaita tsawon rai da haɓaka ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke a matakin ƙarshe na cutar huhu. Sharuɗɗan cancanta Dashen huhu yanada ma'auni don aunawa ko mara lafiyan zai iya warkewa musamman ga mara lafiya Wanda ke mataki na ƙarshe na ciwon, kuma ya bi dukkan wata hanya na ganin ya warke amma ba'a yi nasara ba. Sharudɗa iri-iri na iya sa irin wannan tiyata ta zama dole. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, dalilan da suka fi yawa na dashen huhu a Amurka sune: 27% na kullum cututtuka na huhu (COPD), ciki har da emphysema 16% idiopathic fibrosis na huhu 14% cystic fibrosis 12% idiopathic (wanda aka fi sani da "primary") hauhawar jini na huhu 5% alpha 1-antitrypsin rashi 2% maye gurbin huhun da aka dasa a baya wanda ya gaza; 24% wasu dalilai, ciki har da bronchiectasis da sarcoidosis Contrain dications Duk da tsananin yanayin fitan numfashin majiyyaci, wasu dalilai ka iya sanya mara lafiyan cikin wani yanayi mai tsanani: Cututtuka na yau da kullun (misali, gazawar zuciya, cututtukan koda, cutar hanta Cututtuka na yanzu, gami da HIV da hepatitis Duk da haka, sau da yawa, marasa lafiya na hepatitis C duka ana dasa su kuma ana amfani da su azaman masu ba da gudummawa idan mai karɓa yana da ciwon hanta. Hakazalika, zaɓaɓɓun waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kanjamau sun sami dashen huhu bayan an tantance su bisa ga al'ada. Ciwon daji na yanzu ko na baya-bayan nan Amfani da barasa na yanzu, taba ko haramtattun kwayoyi Shekaru Yanayin tabin hankali Tarihin rashin bin umarnin likita Tarihi Tarihin dashen sassan jiki ya fara ne da yunƙuri da yawa waɗanda kuma ba su yi nasara ba saboda kin dasuwa na sassan jikin. Gwajin da akayi akan dabbobi daban-daban, ciki har da wasu likitoci kamar su: Vladimir Demikhov da Henry Metras, a cikin 1940s da 1950s, sun fara nuna cewa tsarin yana yiwuwa a fasahan ce. James Hardy na Jami'ar Mississippi ya yi dashen huhun mutum na farko a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963 Bayan dashen huhu guda, majiyyacin, wanda aka gano daga baya a matsayin wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa John Richard Russell, ya rayu tsawon kwanaki 18. Daga 1963 zuwa 1978, yunƙurin dashen huhun da wanda da yawa ba'a yi nasara ba saboda ƙin yarda da matsaloli tare da warkarwa na anastomotic. Sai bayan da aka kirkiro na'urar huhu na zuciya, tare da haɓaka magungunan rigakafi irin su cyclosporin, shine ake iya dashen sassan jiki kamar huhu har mara lafiyan ya warke. Nasarar dashen sassan jiki na farko da ya shafi huhu shine dashen zuciya da huhu, wanda Dokta Bruce Reitz na Jami'ar Stanford ya yi a 1981 a kan wata mace da ke fama da hauhawar jini na idiopathic 1983: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu ɗaya na dogon lokaci (Tom Hall) na Joel Cooper (Toronto) 1986: Nasarar farko na dashen huhu biyu na dogon lokaci Ann Harrison na Joel D. Cooper (Toronto) 1988: Nasarar farko na dogon lokaci na dashen huhu na huhu don cystic fibrosis na Joel Cooper (Toronto). A cikin 1988, Vera Dwyer, wata mace daga County Sligo a Ireland, an gano ta da cutar huhu da ba za a iya warkewa ba, na yau da kullun da fibrotic. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an yi mata dashen huhu guda ɗaya a Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba 2018, an gane Ms. Dwyer a matsayin wacce akayi ma dashen huhu ɗaya mafi dadewa a duniya a wani taron da aka yi a Asibitin Mater a Dublin Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen Dashe Abubuwan buƙatu don masu ba da gudummawa Akwai wasu abubuwa da ake bukata wajen masu ba da gudummawar huhu, saboda buƙatun yiyuwar mai karɓa. Dangane da masu ba da taimakon huhu, sannan kuma ana la’akari da yadda tiyatar za ta shafi mai bayarwa: Lafiyayye Daidaita girman Huhu ko huhun da aka ba da gudummawa dole ne su zama babba don isassun iskar oxygen iskar da majiyyaci, amma ƙanƙanta da zai dace a cikin ramin ƙirjin mai karɓa. Shekaru Nau'in jini Abubuwan da ake bukata wajen masu karɓa don yiwuwar karɓa Yayin da cibiyar dashe ke da 'yanci don saka nata sharuɗɗan masu neman dashen, an yarda da wasu buƙatu bai ɗaya: Cutar huhu wacce take mataki na ƙarshe Ya bi dukkan hanyiyi na warkewa Amma ba'a samu nasara ba Babu wasu yanayi na rashin lafiya (misali, zuciya, koda, hanta) Wasu majinyata masu irin wadannan cututtuka, idan har yanayinsu ya inganta har ya kai ga samun kwanciyar hankali don tsira da aikin tiyata, ana ba su kebancewa- da yawa masu fama da cutar huhu na karshen zamani za su sami ciwo mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun a wasu gabobin. Babu cututtuka na yanzu ko ciwon daji na baya-bayan nan. Wasu marasa lafiya, bisa ga al'ada, masu ciwon huhu ko wasu cututtuka, ana iya ba da izini. Har illa yau, akwai wasu lokuta inda kamuwa da cuta da ya rigaya ya kasance ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, kamar yadda yawancin marasa lafiya da cystic fibrosis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, cibiyoyin dashe, bisa ga ra'ayin kansu, na iya karɓa ko ƙin yarda da marasa lafiya da ke da cututtukan B. cepacia ko MRSA a halin yanzu. Babu HIV ko hanta, ko da yake wasu masu karɓa masu irin nau'in hanta kamar yadda mai bayarwa zai iya samun huhu, da kuma mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV waɗanda za a iya kwantar da su kuma suna iya samun ƙananan ƙwayar cutar HIV na iya zama masu cancanta; Babu barasa, shan taba, ko shan miyagun ƙwayoyi (wasu mutanen da za su iya daina waɗannan halaye kuma suna bin magani ana iya ba su dama) A cikin kewayon nauyi yarda (alamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki ko kiba duka suna da alaƙa da haɓakar mace-mace) Shekaru (daya da biyu tx) Bayanan martaba na tunani mai karbuwa Yana da tsarin tallafi na zamantakewa Mai ikon iya biyan kuɗi don kashe kuɗi (inda majiyyaci ke biyan kulawar likita kai tsaye) Mai ikon bin tsarin tsarin dasawa. Dashen huhu babban aiki ne, kuma bayan dashen, dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance a shirye don bin tsarin magunguna na rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da kula da lafiya. Gwaje-gwajen likitanci ga masu yuyuwar neman Dashe Marasa lafiyan da ake la'akari da su don sanyawa a cikin jerin masu dashen sassan jiki suna yin gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na likita don kimanta yanayin lafiyarsu gabaɗaya da dacewa da aikin tiyata. Nau'in jini Dole ne nau'in jinin mai karɓa ya dace da na mai bayarwa, saboda antigens da ke cikin huhu da aka bayar. Rashin daidaituwar nau'in jinin na iya haifar wa Mai amsa rashin ƙarfi ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi da ƙin yarda da gabobin da aka dasa daga baya. Nau'in nama a zahiri, naman huhu shima zai yi daidai sosai tsakanin mai bayarwa da mai karɓa, amma sha'awar samun sashin mai ba da gudummawar da ya dace sosai dole ne a daidaita daidai da gaggawar buƙatun mara lafiya. X-ray na kirji PA LAT, don tabbatar da girman huhu da kogon kirji Gwajin aikin huhu CT Scan (High Resolution Thoracic Abdominal) Duban ma'adinan kashi MUGA (Gated cardiac blood pool scan) Gwajin damuwa na zuciya (Dobutamine/Thallium scan) Duban iska/perfusion (V/Q). Electrocardiogram Catheterization na zuciya Echocardiogram Makin rabon huhu Kafin 2005, Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta United Network don Rarraba gabobin jiki ta keɓe huhun masu ba da gudummawa a cikin Amurka bisa ga farkon zuwa, da aka fara yi wa marasa lafiya a cikin jerin dasawa. An maye gurbin wannan da tsarin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, wanda masu zuwa masu shayarwa masu shekaru 12 zuwa sama suna sanya ma'aunin rabon huhu ko LAS, wanda ke yin la'akari da ma'auni daban-daban na lafiyar majiyyaci. Sabon tsarin ya ware huhu da aka ba da gudummawa su bisa ga masu buƙata da gaggawa maimakon tsawon lokacin da majiyyaci ya kasance a cikin jadawalin jerin masu bukatan dashen. Har yanzu ana ba majinyatan da ba su kai shekara 12 ba fifiko dangane da tsawon lokacin da suka yi a cikin jerin masu jiran dashen. Tsawon lokacin da aka kwashe wajen jira shine abunda ake dubawa kafin yanke hukunci a lokacin da majinyata da yawa ke da bukatan huhu iri ɗaya. Marasa lafia da aka gwada kuma aka tabbatar da yiwuwar samun narasa akan rashin lafiyan su, ana basu takarda su rike tare da su a kowane lokaci akan jiran mai ba da gudummawa idan ya samu. Waɗannan majiyyatan kuma dole ne su kasance cikin shiri don ƙaura zuwa zaɓaɓɓen cibiyar da aka zaɓa a cikin sanarwa na ɗan lokaci. Ana iya ƙarfafa irin waɗannan marasa lafiya su iyakance tafiye-tafiyensu a cikin wani yanki na yanki don sauƙaƙe jigilar gaggawa zuwa cibiyar dasawa. Nau'in dashen huhu Lobe Dashen lobe tiyata ne da ake cire wani ɓangaren huhun mai bayarwa mai rai ko wanda ya mutu kuma a yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin huhu mara lafiya. A cikin gudummawar rayuwa, wannan hanya tana buƙatar gudummawar lobes daga mutane biyu daban-daban, maye gurbin huhu a kowane gefen mai karɓa. Masu ba da gudummawa waɗanda aka bincike su da kyau yakamata su sami damar kula da rayuwar yau da kullun duk da raguwar ƙarar huhu. A cikin dashen lobar da ya mutu, mai ba da gudummawa ɗaya zai iya samar da lobes biyu. Huhu ɗaya Ana iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da yawa ta hanyar dashen huhun lafiyayye guda ɗaya. Huhun da ake ba da gudummawa ana so fito ne daga mai bayarwa wanda aka ce kwakwalwarsa ta mutu. Huhu biyu Wasu marasa lafiya na iya buƙatar maye gurbin huhu biyu. Wannan shi ne batun musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cystic fibrosis, saboda ƙwayar cutar da ake samu a cikin irin waɗannan huhun marasa lafiyan; idan huhun daya kawai aka dasa, kwayoyin cutar da ke cikin huhun na asali zasu iya cutar da sabuwar huhun da aka dasa. Zuciya huhu Wasu marasa lafiya na numfashi na iya samun ciwon zuciya mai tsanani wanda zai buƙaci a dasa musu zuciya. Ana iya jinyar waɗannan marasa lafiya ta hanyar tiyatar da ake maye gurbin huhu da zuciya da sassan jiki daga mai bayarwa ko masu ba da gudummawa. Misalin da ya shafi irin wannan aikin ana kiran shi da"domino transplant" a cikin kafofin yada labarai. An fara yin shi a 1987, irin wannan dashen zuciyar da na huhu ya kunshi mai bayarwa na A, wanda aka cire nasa lafiyayyan zuciyarsa kuma aka dasa ma mai karɓa na B. Tsari Bayanai na yadda zaa gudanar da tiyatan ya dogara ne da irin nau'in dashen, matakai da yawa sun saba da duk waɗannan hanyoyin. Kafin yin aiki a kan mai karɓa, likitan da aka saka yana duba huhun (s) masu bayarwa don alamun lalacewa ko cuta. Idan an yarda da huhu, to, an haɗa mai karɓa zuwa layin IV da kayan aikin kulawa daban-daban, ciki har da pulse oximetry Za a yi wa majinyaci maganin barci gabaɗaya, kuma injin zai hura masa numfashi. Yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'a ɗaya don shiriya majinyaci kafin fara tiyata. Dashen huhu ɗaya yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i huɗu zuwa takwas, yayin da dashen huhu biyu yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i shida zuwa goma sha biyu don kammalawa. Idan antaba ma majinyaci tiyatar ƙirjin na iya rikitar da aikin kuma ya buƙaci ƙarin lokaci. Huhu ɗaya A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya, an zaɓi huhu tare da mafi munin aikin huhu don maye gurbin. Idan duka huhun suna aiki daidai, to, huhu na banfaren dama ya fi son cirewa saboda yana guje wa yin motsi a cikin zuciya, kamar yadda ake buƙata don cire huhun hagu. A cikin dashen huhu guda ɗaya tsarin yana farawa bayan an bincika huhun mai bayarwa kuma an yanke shawarar karɓar huhun mai badawa. Anan katsewa ne daga ƙarƙashin kafada a kusa da ƙirji, yana ƙarewa kusa da sternum. Wata hanya ta daban ta ƙunshi ɓarna a ƙarƙashin ƙashin ƙirjin. Idan aka yi dashen huhu guda ɗaya huhun ya ruguje, an daure tasoshin jini a cikin huhu, an cire huhu a bututun mai An sanya huhun mai ba da gudummawa, an sake haɗa magudanar jini da bututun buroshi, kuma huhu ya sake hurawa. Don tabbatar da huhu yana da gamsarwa kuma don share duk sauran jini da ƙumburi a cikin sabon huhu za a yi bronchoscopy Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin huhu za a rufe ɓarnar ƙirjin. Huhu biyu Dashen huhu sau biyu, wanda kuma aka sani da dasawa biyu, ana iya yin shi ko dai a jere, ko kuma a lokaci guda. Jeri ya fi kowa fiye da en block. Wannan yayi daidai da yin dashen huhu guda biyu daban-daban. Aikin dashen na farawa ne bayan an duba huhun masu ba da gudummawa kuma an yanke shawarar dasawa. Ana yin wani yanki daga ƙarƙashin hammata na majiyyaci, a kusa da kashin kashin baya, sa'an nan kuma a koma zuwa ɗayan hammata; wannan shi ake kira da clamshell incision. A cikin yanayin dashen dasawa da huhun mai karɓa tare da mafi ƙarancin ayyukan huhu ya ruguje, an ɗaure tasoshin jini, kuma a yanke a madaidaicin bronchi Daga nan sai a sanya sabon huhu sannan a sake manne hanyoyin jini. Don tabbatar da huhu ya gamsu kafin a dasa sauran an yi bronchoscopy Lokacin da likitocin fiɗa suka gamsu da aikin sabon huhu, aikin tiyata a huhun na biyu zai ci gaba. A cikin kashi 10 zuwa 20% na dashen huhu sau biyu an haɗa majinyacin zuwa injin huhun zuciya wanda ke fitar da jini ga jiki kuma yana samar da iskar oxygen. Kulawar bayan tiyata Nan da nan bayan tiyata, ana sanya majiyyaci a cikin sashin kulawa mai zurfi don kulawa, yawanci na ƴan kwanaki. An sanya majiyyaci a kan na'urar iska don taimakawa numfashi. Gabaɗaya ana biyan bukatun abinci ta hanyar abinci mai gina jiki na mahaifa gabaɗaya, kodayake a wasu lokuta bututun nasogastric ya isa don ciyarwa. Ana saka bututun ƙirji a ciki domin a cire ruwa mai yawa Domin an killace majiyyaci a gado, ana amfani da catheter na fitsari Ana amfani da layin IV a cikin wuyansa da hannu don saka idanu da ba da magunguna. Bayan ƴan kwanaki, hana duk wani rikitarwa, ana iya tura majiyyaci zuwa babban asibitin marasa lafiya don ƙarin murmurewa. Matsakaicin zaman asibiti bayan dashen huhu shine gabaɗaya mako ɗaya zuwa uku, kodayake rikitarwa na iya buƙatar dogon lokaci. Bayan wannan matakin, yawanci ana buƙatar marasa lafiya su halarci wurin motsa jiki na kusan watanni 3 don dawo da lafiya. Ma'aunin nauyi, keken motsa jiki, injin tuƙi, shimfiɗa da ƙari duk wani ɓangare ne na shirin gyarawa. Ana iya samun illoli da dama bayan tiyatar. Saboda an yanke wasu hanyoyin haɗin jijiyoyi zuwa huhu yayin aikin, masu karɓar dashen ba za su iya jin sha'awar tari ko jin lokacin da sababbin huhun su ke damun cunkoso ba. Don haka dole ne su yi ƙoƙari na hankali don ɗaukar numfashi mai zurfi da tari don kawar da ɓoye daga huhu. Yawan bugun zuciyar su baya saurin amsawa ga aikin motsa jiki saboda yanke jijiyar vagus wanda yawanci zai taimaka wajen daidaita shi. Hakanan suna iya lura da canjin muryarsu saboda yuwuwar lahani ga jijiyoyi masu daidaita sautin murya Shaidu sun nuna cewa motsa jiki na iya taimakawa wajen hanzarta farfadowar jiki a cikin manya bayan dashen huhu, yana taimakawa rage nakasa daga rashin aiki na jiki, duka kafin da kuma bayan dasawa. Koyaya, babu cikakkun jagororin kan yadda yakamata a yi motsa jiki a cikin wannan nau'in yawan jama'a. Sakamakon da aka samu daga Binciken Tsare-tsare na 2021 ya kammala da cewa tasirin motsa jiki a cikin wannan yawan mutane har yanzu suna da matukar tambaya. Yayin da wasu nazarin ke ba da rahoton fa'idodin da aka samu daga motsa jiki, yayin da wasu ba su cimma matsaya ɗaya ba. Duk da haka, labaran da ke cikin wannan bita na yau da kullum sun ba da rahoton haɓakawa a cikin ƙarfin tsoka da ƙara yawan ma'adinai na kashi da kuma ingantawa a cikin 6MWT. Daban-daban Ana gudanar da marasa lafiya bayan dasawa daga tuki na watanni 3 na farko suna jiran tantance ƙarfin mai haƙuri don tuƙi; Ana yawan yin wannan kima ta hanyar likitan kwantar da hankali Gani, ikon jiki don yin ayyuka masu sauƙi kamar duba wuraren makafi, sanya bel ɗin kujera lafiya ba tare da an shafa wurin rauni ba da daidaitawar ido na hannu duk an tantance. Tsafta ya zama mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar yau da kullun saboda magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata kowace rana don hana ƙin dasawa. Rashin tsarin garkuwar jiki mai ƙarfi yana barin masu dashen dashe cikin haɗari ga cututtuka. Dole ne a kula da shirye-shiryen abinci da tsaftacewa yayin da gastroenteritis ya zama mafi haɗari. Hatsari Kamar kowane aikin tiyata, akwai haɗarin zubar jini da kamuwa da cuta. Sabuwar huhun da aka dasa kanta na iya kasa waraka da aiki yadda ya kamata. Saboda babban sashi na jikin mai haƙuri ya fallasa zuwa iska ta waje, sepsis yana yiwuwa, don haka za a ba da maganin rigakafi don ƙoƙarin hana hakan. Sauran rikice-rikice sun haɗa da rikice-rikice na lymphoproliferative post-transplant, wani nau'i na lymphoma saboda masu hana rigakafi, da kumburin gastrointestinal da ciwon ciki da kuma esophagus. Kin amincewa da dasawa shine babban abin damuwa, nan da nan bayan tiyata da kuma ci gaba a tsawon rayuwar majiyyaci. Saboda huhu ko huhu da aka dasa ya fito daga wani mutum, tsarin garkuwar jikin mai karɓa zai gan shi a matsayin mamaya kuma yana ƙoƙarin kawar da shi. Kin dasawa wani yanayi ne mai tsanani kuma dole ne a yi maganinsa da wuri-wuri. Alamomin kin amincewa: zazzabi alamun mura, gami da sanyi, tashin hankali, tashin zuciya, ji na rashin lafiya gabaɗaya, gumin dare; ƙãra wahalar numfashi; mummunan sakamakon gwajin huhu; ƙara yawan ciwon kirji ko taushi; karuwa ko raguwa a cikin nauyin jiki fiye da kilo biyu a cikin sa'o'i 24. Don hana ƙin dasawa da lalacewa na gaba ga sabon huhu ko huhu, dole ne marasa lafiya su ɗauki tsarin rigakafi na rigakafi Yawancin lokaci marasa lafiya za su sha haɗin waɗannan magungunan don yaƙar haɗarin ƙi. Wannan alƙawari ne na rayuwa, kuma dole ne a bi shi sosai. An fara tsarin rigakafin rigakafi kafin ko bayan tiyata. Yawancin lokaci tsarin ya hada da cyclosporin, azathioprine da corticosteroids, amma kamar yadda abubuwan kin amincewa na iya sake faruwa a duk tsawon rayuwar mai haƙuri, ainihin zaɓaɓɓu da adadin maganin rigakafi na iya zama dole a canza su cikin lokaci. Wani lokaci ana ba da tacrolimus maimakon ciclosporin da mycophenolate mofetil maimakon azathioprine. Magungunan rigakafi waɗanda ake buƙata don hana ƙin yarda da gabobin jiki suma suna gabatar da wasu haɗari. Ta hanyar rage ƙarfin jiki don hawan maganin rigakafi, waɗannan magungunan kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta. Ana iya rubuta maganin rigakafi don magance ko hana irin waɗannan cututtuka. Bi da bi, kamuwa da cuta na iya ƙara haɗarin ƙin yarda, kuma gabaɗaya hulɗa na iya yin tasiri tsakanin haɗarin biyu. Wasu magunguna na iya samun nephrotoxic ko wasu lahani masu lahani. Hakanan ana iya rubuta wasu magunguna don taimakawa rage waɗannan illolin. Hakanan akwai haɗarin cewa majiyyaci na iya samun rashin lafiyar magungunan. Ana buƙatar kulawa ta kusa don daidaita fa'idodin waɗannan magungunan tare da haɗarin haɗari. Kin amincewa na lokaci-lokaci, ma'ana maimaita bayyanar cututtuka na kin amincewa fiye da shekara ta farko bayan tiyatar dasawa, yana faruwa a kusan kashi 50% na marasa lafiya. Irin wannan rashin amincewa na yau da kullum yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin bronchiolitis obliterans, ko žasa akai-akai, atherosclerosis Hasashen Waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan bayanai daga 2008. Bayanan tushe ba su da bambanci tsakanin gabobin masu ba da agaji masu rai da matattu, haka kuma ba a bambanta tsakanin lobar, guda ɗaya, da dashen huhu biyu ba. Huhun da aka dasa yakan wuce shekaru uku zuwa biyar kafin a nuna alamun gazawa. Nazarin ƙungiyar 2019 na kusan masu karɓar dashen huhu 10,000 a cikin Amurka sun nuna ingantaccen ingantaccen rayuwa na dogon lokaci ta amfani da sirolimus tacrolimus (tsakanin rayuwa na shekaru 8.9) maimakon mycophenolate mofetil tacrolimus (tsakiyar rayuwa shekaru 7.1) bayan fara rigakafin rigakafi a shekara guda. dashi. Tunda ba a gudanar da sirolimus har sai aƙalla watanni 3-12 bayan dasawa, waɗannan ƙididdiga na rayuwa na tsaka-tsaki sun kasance da sharadi na rayuwa na shekara 1 bayan dasawa. Duba kuma Sarah Murnaghan rigimar dashen huhu Ma'aunin tsira bayan dasawa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Lung transplantation United Network for Organ Sharing International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Lung Transplant Foundation Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
42531	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyduba%20Soumah	Seyduba Soumah	Seydouba Soumah (an haife shi 11 ga watan Yunin 1991), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Guinea wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea Aikin kulob Ajax Cape Town An haife shi a Conakry, Guinea, Soumah ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana wasa akan tituna, kafin ya koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya shiga tsarin matasa na Ajax Cape Town yana matashi. Da farko an tura shi lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa zuwa kungiyoyin First Division Ikapa Sporting (2008-2009 da FC Cape Town 2009-2010 kafin ya koma kulob din iyayensa. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2011, Soumah ya fara bugawa Ajax a gasar Premier League, yana fitowa daga benci a 3-0 nasara a kan Platinum Stars Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Mpumalanga Black Aces da ci 2-1 a gida ranar 6 ga Maris. A cikin duka, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 10 a cikin kakar 2010-2011, yayin da kulob din ya ƙare a matsayin masu tsere. A cikin watan Satumbar 2011, Soumah ya koma National First Division gefen Jami'ar Pretoria Ya sanya kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin kakar 2011-2012 A cikin watan Janairun 2012, manajan Tuks Steve Barker ya bayyana cewa Soumah ya rabu da kulob din. Nitra A cikin watan Fabrairun 2012, Soumah ya isa Turai kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob din Slovak Nitra Ya zira kwallaye biyu har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2011–2012 A ranar 14 Satumbar 2012, Soumah ya sami katin ja a cikin rashin nasarar 3-1 na gida zuwa Spartak Trnava, tare da wasu abokan wasan biyu. Daga baya an ci shi tarar Yuro 3,400 da kuma dakatar da shi daga buga kwallon kafa na tsawon watanni shida saboda nuna batsa ga magoya bayansa, da cin zarafin ‘yan wasan abokin hamayyarsa da kuma yi wa alkalin wasa barazana a lokacin wasan. Slovan Bratislava A watan Disamba na 2012, an canja Soumah zuwa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Slovan Bratislava akan kuɗin Yuro 150,000. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 20. Ta hanyar sauran kakar wasanni, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 13 kuma ya ci sau biyu Ya kuma taimaka wa kulob din lashe kambi na biyu a jere a kakar wasa ta 2013–14, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 21. A watan Yulin 2014, Soumah ta yi bikin ta hanyar ɗaga kofin Super Cup na Slovak bayan Slovan ta doke MFK Košice 1-0. A cikin Yuli 2015, Soumah ya koma Qadsia ta Premier League a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye bakwai a raga don taimakawa kulob din lashe taken 2015–16 Soumah kuma ya buga wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin AFC ta 2015, inda ya zura kwallo daya. Bayan zaman aro a Qadsia, Soumah ya koma Slovan kuma a karshen watan Nuwamba 2016 ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2020. Zai zama babban wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2016–17, tare da Filip Hlohovský, da kwallaye 20. Soumah kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar cin kofin Slovak, inda ya zira kwallaye na karshe na nasarar 3-0 a kan MFK Skalica a wasan karshe Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar da kwallaye 25 a wasanni 39 da ya buga a duk gasa. Saboda rawar da ya taka, Soumah kuma ya kasance a cikin 11 mafi kyawun gasar. Partizan A kan 18 Yuli 2017, an sanar da cewa Soumah ya kammala canja wurinsa zuwa kulob din Serbia Partizan, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa mafi tsada a kulob din a kan 1,650 miliyan. An gabatar da shi a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuli, yana mai ba da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da karbar riga mai lamba 20. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Soumah ya fara bugawa Partizan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan 6-1 na gida na ƙarshe akan Mačva Šabac Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara a kan Javor Ivanjica da ci 2-1 a gida. A ranar 2 ga Agusta, Soumah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Olympiacos a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na Uefa na uku, yayin da aka fitar da Partizan 5-3 a jimillar. Daga baya ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka doke Videoton a waje da ci 4-0 a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA Europa, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta ci gaba zuwa matakin rukuni. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, Soumah ya tuba a bugun fanariti a 1-1 gida Draw tare da Red Star Belgrade Wannan shi ne hukunci na farko da aka baiwa Partizan a gasar ta har abada bayan fiye da shekaru 22. Loan to Maccabi Haifa A watan Satumba na 2018, an ba Soumah aro ga kungiyar Premier ta Isra'ila Maccabi Haifa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa tare da zabin karin uku. Komawa zuwa Partizan Bayan ya kammala lamunin sa, Soumah ya koma Partizan a shekarar 2019 kuma ya shiga shekarar karshe ta kwantiraginsa. Ya zura kwallon a ragar Molde a wasan da suka doke Molde da ci 2-1 a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Europa Ayyukan kasa da kasa Soumah ya buga wasansa na farko a kasar Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 1-1 da Senegal a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2013. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2014 a gasar cin kofin duniya da Masar ta doke su da ci 4-2. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Soumah ya ci hat-trick ɗin sa na farko a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci 4-1 a waje a wasan share fage na AFCON 2015 Ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a lokacin gasar, inda ya taimakawa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar tare da samun gurbi a jerin 'yan wasa 23 na karshe. Ya bayyana a wasanni biyu yayin da Guinea ta tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni da canjaras uku amma Ghana ta yi waje da su a wasan kusa da na karshe. d 2022. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1991 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba