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6204	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahar%20Taraba	Jahar Taraba	Taraba (Fula: Leydi Taraba) jiha ce a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, sunanta daga sunan kogin Taraba ce da ta ratsa kudancin jihar. Babban birnin jihar ita ce Jalingo. Mazauna a jihar galibinsu ƙabilun Mumuye, Fulani, Jukunawa, Marghi, Jenjo, Wurkum, da kuma wasu ƙabilu dake a yankin arewacin jihar. Yayin da Jukun, Chamba, Tiv, Kuteb da Ichen wadanda aka fi samun su a yankin kudancin jihar. Yankin tsakiyar ya fi mamaye mutanen Mambila, Chamba, Fulani da Jibawa. Akwai sama da kabilu saba'in da bakwai (77) masu mabanbantan harsuna a jihar Taraba. Tarihi An kafa jihar Taraba ne daga tsohuwar Jihar Gongola a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1991, da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Ibrahim Babangida Labarin ƙasa Jihar Taraba tana da iyaka da jihar yamma da jihar Nasarawa da jihar Binuwai, arewa maso yamma da jihar Filato, arewa ma jihar Bauchi da jihar Gombe, arewa maso gabas da jihar Adamawa, da kuma kudu da arewa maso yammacin kasar Kamaru Binuwai, Donga, Taraba da Ibi sune manyan koguna a jihar. Sun taso ne daga tsaunukan Kamaru, suna takura kusan ɗaukacin faɗin jihar a Arewa da Kudu domin haɗewa da kogin Nijar. Ƙananan Hukumomi Jihar Taraba ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda goma sha shidda (16) (ko ƙananan hukumomi). Zaɓaɓɓun shugabanni ne ke tafiyar da su. Gasu kamar haka: Ardo Kola Bali Donga Gashaka Gassol Ibi Jalingo Karim Lamido Kurmi Lau Sardauna Takum Ussa Wukari Yorro Zing Harsuna Harsunan Jihar Taraba da LGA ta lissafa: Ussa. Harshen Kuteb Sauran harsunan da ake magana a jihar Taraba su ne Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali na Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom. Noma Babbar sana’ar da al’ummar jihar Taraba ke yi ita ce noma. Kayan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a jihar sun hada da kofi da shayi da gyada da auduga Ana gona irin su masara, shinkafa, dawa, gero, rogo, da dawa a cikin kasuwanci, ana kiwon shanu, tumaki da awaki da yawa, musamman a yankin Filato na Mambilla, da kuma kwarin Binuwai da Taraba. Suna gudanar da wasu ayyukan noman dabbobi kamar kiwon kaji, kiwon zomo da kiwon alade a cikin adadi mai yawa. Al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar Kogin Benue, River Taraba, River Donga da Ibi suna kamun kifi duk shekara. Haka kuma ana gudanar da wasu sana’o’i irin su tukwane, sakar tufa, rini, yin tabarma, sassaka, sana’a da sana’a a sassa daban-daban na Jihar. Ilimi Jihar Taraba nada makarantu masu yawa waɗanda sun haɗa da: Jami'o'i Federal University Wukari Taraba State University Jalingo Kwararafa university Wukari Al'ada Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta wuraren yawon buɗe ido kamar Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park na Gashaka da kuma bikin kamun kifi na Nwunyu a Ibi, wanda aka saba gudanarwa a watan Afrilu na kowace shekara inda ake gudanar da ayyuka irin su tseren kwale-kwale, gasar ninkaya da raye-rayen al’adu. Sauran bukukuwa sune Purma na Chamba a Donga, Takum da raye-rayen al'adun Jibu a Bali, Tagba na mutanen Acha a Takum, Kuchecheb na Kutebs a Takum da Ussa, Kati na Mambilla da sauran jama'a. Taraba ana kiranta da “Kyautata ga al’umma” kasancewar jihar tana da arziki kuma tana da ƙabilu da dama da suka haɗa da Kuteb, Chamba, Yandang, Mumuyes, Mambila, Wurkums, Jenjo, Jukun, Ichen, Tiv, Kaka, Pena, Kambu, kodei Wawa, Vute, Fulani, Hausa and Ndola Wani al'amari mai ban mamaki na tarihi game da Jihar shi ne cewa ta ƙunshi wani yanki na Yankin Mambilla wanda aka sani a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na Bantu, wanda aka mamaye kusan shekaru dubu biyar zuwa yau (Schwartz, shekara ta 1972; Zeitlyn Connell, shekara ta 2003). Album Sananun Mutane Aisha Jummai Al-Hassan (Mama Taraba) Tsohuwar Ministar Harkokin Mata ta Najeriya, Tsohuwar Sanatan shiyyar Arewa ta Taraba. Emmanuel Bwacha Sanata mai wakiltar Kudancin Taraba, mataimakin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dattawa Theophilus Danjuma sojan Najeriya, dan siyasa, ɗan kasuwa, babban hafsan sojojin Najeriya a shekara ta (1975-1979), ministan tsaro Shekara ta (1999-2003) Darius Ishaku tsohon Gwamnan Taraba. Saleh Mamman, Ministan wutar lantarki na Najeriya Mahmud Mohammed Malamin Shari'a na Najeriya kuma tsohon Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya Jolly Nyame Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba Danbaba Suntai Masanin Magungunan Najeriya, Ɗan Siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba. Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta tsakiya, dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), riko/Kwamitin tsare-tsare na babban taron (CECPC) Shuaibu Isa Lau Sanata mai wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa Abubakar Sani Danladi Tsohon Mataimakin Gwaman Jihar Taraba kuma Dan Takaran Jam'iyyar APC mai neman Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa a shekarar 2023. Ali Sani Kona Dan Takaran Sanata mai Wakiltar Taraba ta Arewa da ya rasa tiketi a shekarar 2022, kuma shi dan Jam'iyyar APC ce. Danbaba Danfulani Suntai Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Taraba Anna Darius Ishaku Matar tsohon Gwamna Darius Dickson Ishaku Agbu Kefas Gwamnan Taraba mai ci yanzu. Haruna Manu tsohon Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Abbas Njidda Tafida Sarkin Masarautar Muri Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nigerian Post Office- with map of LGAs of the state Jihohin Nijeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50604	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20David%20%28yar%20jarida%29	Anna David (yar jarida)	Anna Benjamin David mawallafiyar Ba’amurkiya ce, marubuciya, mai magana, mai watsa shirye-shiryen podcast, kuma halayen talabijin. Kuruciya An haifi Dauda ga iyayen ta Yahudawa ne. Ta kammala karatun digiri a Kwalejin Trinity Sana'a Marubucin littafi da mujallu David ita ne marubuciyar litattafai na 'Yar Jam'iyyar HarperCollins, 2007), Sayi HarperCollins, 2009), da kuma littattafan da ba na almara Falling For Me HarperCollins, 2011), Gaskiyar al'amura HarperCollins 2010), Gaskiya Tatsuniya na Sha'awa da Ƙauna, Yadda ake Samun Nasara ta hanyar F cking Up Your Life and Make Your Memoir Your Memoir Littafin ta Ta Wasu Miracle Na Yi Shi Daga can, wanda aka rubuta tare da Tom Sizemore, ya kasance mai sayarwa na New York Times A cikin 2021, ta sami haƙƙin Girl Girl daga HarperCollins kuma ta sake buɗe littafin a ƙarƙashin bugu nata. Yarinyar Party tana cikin haɓakawa azaman fim tare da mai shirya Martin Scorsese's The Irishman David ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Daily Beast, Cikakkun bayanai, Maxim, Farko, Iyaye, Mutane, Mu Mako-mako, Lokaci MindBodyGreen, MarieClaire, BuzzFeed da Razor Ayyukan David sun bayyana a cikin The New York Times, The LA Times, Cikakkun bayanai, Cosmopolitan, Lokaci, Mataimakin, BuzzFeed, Psychology A Yau, HuffPost, New York Post, The Huffington Post, Playboy Halin talabijin David ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan runduna a G4 's Attack of Show na tsawon shekaru hudu kuma an nuna shi a kan Good Morning America, Magana, Hannity, Red Eye, Dr. Drew, Jane Velez Mitchell da The Insider da kuma kan wasu shirye-shirye daban-daban akan Fox News, CTV, MTV News, VH1 da E! A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma, David ta fara magana a kwalejji game da jarabawa da murmurewa. A waccan shekarar, ta fara gabatar da babban jawabi mai taken “Rayuwa da Cigaba a cikin Al’umma mai jaraba” a kwalejoji a duk fadin kasar. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha bakwai, ta ba da jawabinta na mintuna 10, "Yadda za a saka Takaddun ku" tare da Tony Robbins a taron shekara-shekara na Cibiyar sadarwa ta Genius. A cikin 2018, ta yi magana a TEDxOhlone, TEDxLosGatos da TedXUniversityofSanDiego. Legacy lunch pad publishing A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha bakwai, David ta ƙaddamar da Legacy Launch Pad Publishing, kamfani wanda ke buga littattafai don 'yan kasuwa da shugabannin tunani. Legacy Launch Pad ya fitar da littattafai da yawa waɗanda suka zama Jarida ta Wall Street da kuma Amurka A Yau David ta dauki nauyin kwasfan fayiloli akan wallafe-wallafe, wanda aka nada shi ɗayan mafi kyawun kwasfan fayiloli ta LA Weekly da Feedspot, a tsakanin sauran su. Podcast ɗin ya ƙunshi tattaunawa da Chris Voss, Adam Carolla, da Jay Abraham, da ƙari da yawa. A ƙarshe, David shine mai sukar littafin don nuna safiya na KATU Portland. Manazarta Haifaffun 1970 Rayayyun
24146	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Gine%20Gine%20na%20Musulunci%20a%20Kasar%20Sin	Tsarin Gine Gine na Musulunci a Kasar Sin	Tsarin gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin ko na Musulunci a kasar Sin kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don nuna al'adun gargajiya na Musulmai a ƙasar Sin daga babban yankin kasar ko na kasar Sin tun daga farkon zamani zuwa yanzu. Tare da ci gaban Musulunci a cikin al'adun Han na kasar Sin, wani gini na musamman ya fito daidai da koyarwar Musulunci. Ya zama misali don haɗa abubuwan gine -gine na gargajiyar Sinawa da na Musulunci tare don masallatai da sauran gine -gine. Addinin Musulunci ya samu gindin zama a China tun a shekaru 1400 da suka gabata. Zuwa yanzu Musulmai a China sune ke da rashin rinjaye da kaso tsakanin 0.45% zuwa 1.8% na gaba ɗaya jama'ar a wata ƙididdiga da akayi ta baya-bayan nan. Ƴan Ƙabilar Hui sune sukafi yawan Musulmi a cikin su, Yankin Xinjiang, shi yafi kowanne yanki yawan Musulmai inda yan kabilar Uyghur sukafi yawa. Haka nan ma akwai musulmai a yankunan Ningxia, Gansu da Qinghai. Gabatarwar Musulunci 616–18 Miladiyya Ana danganta ginin Masallacin Huaisheng da ɗan uwan Annabi Muhammad na biyu, Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas Sahaban Annabi Muhammadu ne suka fara gabatar da Musulunci a China a 616 18 AD. Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, Sayid, Wahab ibn Abu Kabcha da wani Sahaba. Wahab ibn abu Kabcha (Wahb abi Kabcha) yana iya kasancewa dan al-Harth ibn Abdul Uzza (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Kabsha). An lura a wasu asusun cewa Wahab Abu Kabcha ya isa Canton ta teku a cikin 629 CE. Sa`ad bn Abi Waqqas, tare da Sahabbai uku, wato Suhayla Abuarja, Uwais al-Qarani, da Hassan ibn Thabit, sun dawo China daga Arabia a shekarar 637 ta hanyar Yunan-Manipur-Chittagong, sannan suka isa Arabiya ta teku. Wasu kafofin sun fara gabatar da Musulunci a China zuwa 650 Miladiyya, zama na uku na Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, lokacin da aka aiko shi a matsayin wakilin hukuma ga Sarki Gaozong a lokacin Halifa Uthman Tarihin Musulunci a China ya koma farkon shekarun Musulunci. Dangane da tarihin almara na Musulman China, shekaru goma sha takwas bayan rasuwar Muhammad, Khalifa na uku na Musulunci, Uthman ibn Affan ya aika da tawaga ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, kawun Muhammad na mahaifiya, zuwa ga Sarkin Gaozong na ƙasar Sin. Hamada Hagras inda ya rubuta cewa Majiyoyin tarihi na kasar Sin sun nuna cewa Sinawa ba su ji labarin Musulunci ba sai a cikin 639 AD, a cewar tsohon Littafin Tang Jiu Tangshu Sarkin Taizong (626-649) ya karbi ofishin jakadanci daga sarakunan Sassanid na karshe. Yazdegerd III yana neman taimako akan sojojin larabawa masu mamayewa na kasarsa. Duk da haka, sarkin ya guji taimaka masa Dangane da tarihin almara na Musulman kasar Sin, ofishin jakadancin da Uthman Halifa na uku ya aiko da Musulunci zuwa China a cikin 651, kasa da shekaru ashirin bayan rasuwar annabi Muhammad Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas, kawun annabi ne da kansa ya jagoranci ofishin jakadancin. Daga nan sai sarki Gaozong, sarkin Tang wanda ya karbi wakilin ya ba da umarnin gina masallacin Tunawa a Canton, masallaci na farko a kasar, don tunawa da annabi. Yayin da masana tarihi na zamani ke cewa babu wata shaida ga Waqqās kansa da ya taɓa zuwa China, sun yi imanin cewa jami'an diflomasiyya da 'yan kasuwa na Musulmi sun isa Tang China a cikin' yan shekarun da suka gabata daga farkon Zamanin Musulmi Al'adar daular Tang, tare da manyan abokan hulɗarta tare da Asiya ta Tsakiya da manyan al'ummomin (asalinsu ba Musulmi ba) na 'yan kasuwa na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Asiya waɗanda ke zaune a biranen China, waɗanda suka taimaka gabatar da Musulunci. Hamada Hagras wanda a cikinsa ya ba da rahoton cewa "Musulunci ya isa China a zamanin Tang a cikin 651, lokacin bazara na shekara ta biyu na zamanin Sarki Gaozong a cikin wannan shekarar ita ce ofishin jakadancin Larabawa na farko zuwa kotun daular Tang, Wannan shine farkon hulda kai tsaye tsakanin Sinawa da Larabawa An fara lura da Larabawa a cikin rubutattun rubuce -rubucen Sinawa, a ƙarƙashin sunan Dashi a cikin tarihin daular Tang (618 907), (Tashi ko Dashi shine fassarar Tazi sunan da mutanen Farisa ke amfani da Larabawa). Bayanan da aka fara daga 713 suna magana game da isowar jakadiyar Dashi. Manyan matsugunan Musulmai na farko a China sun ƙunshi Araban kasuwa Larabawa da Farisa. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun ce Qutayba ibn Muslim ya dauki Kashgar daga China a takaice ya janye bayan yarjejeniya amma masana tarihi na zamani gaba daya sun yi watsi da wannan ikirarin. Halifancin Umayyawa na Larabawa a cikin 715 AD ya nemi Ikhshid, sarki kwarin Fergana, kuma ya naɗa sabon sarki Alutar akan kursiyin. Sarkin da aka hambarar ya tsere zuwa Kucha (kujerar Anxi Protectorate ya nemi China ta shiga tsakani. Sinawa sun tura sojoji 10,000 karkashin Zhang Xiaosong zuwa Ferghana Ya ci Alutar da sojojin mamayar Larabawa a Namangan sannan ya sake sanya Ikhshid akan karagar mulki. Gine -ginen Musulunci na kasar Sin a zamanin Tang Tsarin gine -ginen addinin Musulunci na ƙasar Sin na farko shi ne Babban Masallaci a Xian an gina shi a cikin 742 (gwargwadon yadda aka zana shi a kan allon dutse a ciki), da Masallacin Daxuexi Alley da ke Xi'an (Bisa ga rubutun sarki Jiajing na daular Ming; an gina masallaci a 705) Gine-ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Song-Liao Akwai misalai da yawa na gine -ginen Musulunci a lokacin daular Song da Liao; Masallacin Niujie da ke Beijing Saukakken Sinanci Sinawa na gargajiya pinyin Niújiē lǐbàisì Wade Giles Niu-chieh Li-pai-ssu "Oxen Street House of Worship" ko Sinanci pinyin Niújiē Qīngzhēnsì' Wade Giles Niu-chieh Ch'ing-chen-ssu "Masallacin Titin Oxen") shine masallaci mafi tsufa a Beijing, China An fara gina shi a shekarar 996 a lokacin daular Liao kuma an sake gina shi tare da fadada shi a karkashin Sarkin Cheng Hua na daular Ming wanda ya ba da tallafin kuɗi na masallaci a 1474, da Sarkin Kangxi (r. 1661–1722) na daular Qing da Masallacin Huaisheng da ke Guangzhou. Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Yuan Akwai misalai da yawa na gine -ginen Musulunci a lokacin Yuan kamar Masallacin Beijing Dongsi wanda ya faɗaɗa a zamanin daular Ming, Masallacin Tongzhou na Beijing Masallacin Qanjhou Qingjing wanda ke da kawai misalin ƙofar dutse, Masallacin Hangzhou Fenghuang Wannan lokacin ya kasance da abubuwan gine -ginen Musulunci kamar manyan ƙofar shiga, ƙofofi, yankunan canji, amfani da tubali da duwatsu. Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Ming A zamanin daular Ming, an fara gina dakunan karatu a cikin masallatai a Shaanxi daga baya kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar Sin. Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Qing Gongbei Gongbei Sin PinYin Gǒngběi; daga Larabci Persian ma'ana "Dome", "cupola"), shi ne wani ajali amfani da mutanen Hui a Arewa maso Yammacin China don haɗaɗɗun wuraren ibada na Musulunci ta'allaƙa ne akan kabarin babban malamin Sufi, musamman wanda ya kafa menhuan (ƙungiyar Sufi ta China, ko "zuriyar tsarkaka"). Kabarin da kansa galibi ana ɗora shi da dome Irin wannan wurin ana kiransa dargah a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Musulunci. Tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1966, an lalata ƙaburbura da yawa na Sufaye a Ningxia da duk arewa maso yammacin China gaba ɗaya, waɗanda hukumomi ke kallon su a matsayin kayan tarihi na tsohon tsari na “feudal” da alamomin addinin da a ka soki, da kuma dalilai masu amfani (“ɓata mahimmanci kasar gona Da zarar an sake samun 'yancin addini a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma yawancin ƙasar ta koma hannun manoma, an lalata gongbei sau da yawa. Manazarta Gine-gine Musulunci Tarihin Sin Pages with unreviewed
22120	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C9%97an%27adam%20na%20ruwa%20da%20tsaftar%20muhalli	Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli	Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2010. HRWS ta amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban taro daga mataki na 11.1 na yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki da al'adu (ICESCR), sun mai da ita dokar ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da (HRWS) a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya da majalisar kare hakkin dan-Adam na Majalisar dinkin duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin mahimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita. Kwamitin majalisar dinkin duniya kan 'yancin tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekara ta 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida." (HRWS) ta tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gaba ɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba. (ICESCR) tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa Yanayin duniya Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." Tushen shari'a da amincewa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, da al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta. Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ukan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su da suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar…. Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati." Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15. Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kanka wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta. Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. Fikihun duniya Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam An yin la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na kungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ICSID sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Ko da yake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma cigaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s. Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar. 'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi (ESCR) ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: a zaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullum. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki. Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana. Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15. Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli SCA wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra en Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a". Indiya Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. 'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. New Zealand Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Amurka A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. Ostiraliya Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci. A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya. A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa. Tattaunawa da suka rage Tasirin wuce gona da iri Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tsarin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane). Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayin da yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata. Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa. Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli. Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali yancin cin abinci Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ICESCR ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. Kungiyoyi Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa. Kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam) UNDP UNICEF Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya) GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya) SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF) Jini: Ruwa Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa Freshwater Action Network (FAN) Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa Cibiyar Pacific Aikin Ruwa Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa UUSC WaterAid WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020) Zaman LafiyaJam Duba kuma Bayani Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ruwayar Ruwa 'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ 'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium Pages with unreviewed
18053	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqeel%20Ibn%20Abi%20Talib	Aqeel Ibn Abi Talib	Aqeel ibn Abi Talib Aqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib sahabi ne kuma dan uwan annabin musulunci na farko Muhammad Abin kunya Abu Yazid ya sanshi. An kuma ce shi kakanin kakannin kabilun Somaliya kamar na dangin Darod Kuruciya An haife shi a shekara ta 581 CE, ɗa na biyu na Abu Talib da Fatimah bint Asad saboda haka ya kasance dan uwan Ali An ce masanin ƙwarewar asali ne. Ya auri Fatima bint Al-Walid daga dangin Abdshams na Kuraishawa Yana da ‘ya’ya maza guda bakwai: Muhammad, Muslim, Ja’afar, Musa, Abdul Rahman, Abdullah da Abu Saeed; da kuma 'ya mace, Ramla. A Yaƙin Badar Bayan Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka, Aqeel ya sayar da gidajen danginsa Musulmi a cikin mazauna garin. Ya yi yaki a gefen mushrikai a yakin Badar, inda aka kai shi fursuna. An ruwaito Muhammad ya gaya wa sahabbansa ranar Badar: "Lallai na san cewa an fito da maza daga Banu Hashim, da sauransu, an tilasta su ba tare da nufin su yake mu ba. Idan dayanku ya ci karo da wani daga Banu Hashim to kada ku kashe shi Umar ya ce a mika shi ga Ali a yanke masa kai; amma Muhammad ya amince da ra'ayin Abubakar cewa a sake shi fansa. Tunda Aqeel bashi da kuɗi, dole ne kawunsa Abbas ya fanshe shi dinare 500 ko kuma zinare 40 na zinare. Lokacin da Muhammad ya gaya masa cewa an kashe Abu Jahl, Aqeel ya yarda cewa babu wanda zai kalubalanci ikon Muhammad yanzu: "Ko dai maganganunku su shafi mutane, ko kuma ku mamaye su da karfi." Musulunta Aqeel ya yi hijira zuwa Madina a tsakiyar 629, shekara guda bayan Khaybar Aqeel da yaransa, saboda kusancinsu da Muhammad, an hana su karbar komai daga harajin sadaka Ya yi Yaƙin Mu'tah An ce ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma "ba a ambata shi ba" a yaƙin Makka, ko kwanton ɓauna a Hunayn ko kewaye Ta'if Koyaya, wata al'ada ta nuna cewa ya yi yaƙi a Hunayn. Lokacin da matarsa ta tambaye shi abin da ya dawo da shi daga wannan yaƙin, sai ya ce: "Wannan allurar. Kuna iya dinka rigunanku da shi, "kuma ya ba ta takobin jininsa. Daga baya Muhammad ya umarci duk wanda ya kwaso wani abu daga cikin ganimar da ya mayar. Aqeel ya ce wa Fatima, "Wallahi, ina tsammanin allurarku ta tafi!" Ya jefa takobinsa cikin ganimar. Bayan Wafati Aqeel ya bayar da tarkon ga masallacin na Madina. A ranar Juma'a, an shimfiɗa ta bangon yamma. Lokacin da inuwar bango ta lullube dukkan kafet din, Umar ya san lokacin fitowar sallar azahar ya yi Aqeel shi ne miji na huɗu ga Fatima, ƙanwar Hind bint Utbah Ta kasance mace mai arziki wacce ta biya Aqeel don kula da dukiyarta kasancewar Aqeel hamshakin attajiri ne kuma mai nasara. tana yawan tambayarsa game da mahaifinta da kawunta, wanda rundunar musulmi ta kashe. Aqeel ya taba gaya mata cewa suna wuta, kuma rigimar tasu ta yi tsanani har Uthman ya sanya Muawiyah da Abd Allah bin Abbas don su sasanta tsakaninsu. Aqeel shine mutumin da ya sami Umm ul-Banin ya auri Ali. A tsufa, ya zama makaho. Ya mutu a khalifancin Muawiyah I, yana da shekara 96. Nasarori Zuriyar Aqeel suna da yawa kuma sun bazu a duk fadin Hejaz, Yemen, sassan Oman da Somalia Ofayansu shine Darod, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin Mahaifin ƙabilar Darod da ake samu a Yemen, Oman, Somalia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia da Sudan Haramin Imam Saad bin Aqil wanda shi ma daga zuriyarsa yake, yana cikin garin Tal Afar na kasar Iraki Ƙarin Bayani Ali bn Abi Talib Ja'afar bn Abi Talib Talib bn Abi Talib Hasan bn Ali Husayn bn Ali Sahaba Muslim bn Aqeel Ruqayyah bint Ali ('Yar gidan Aqeel bn Abi Talib) Yakin Mu'tah Manazarta 580s births http://www.yazehra.com/fatimabint.ht http: //www.bajabr.jeeran.com%5B%5D Pages with unreviewed translations http://www.yazehra.com/fatimabint.htm http: //www.bajabr.jeeran.com%5B%5D Pages with unreviewed translations. Mutuwan 670 Haifaffen 580 Dangin Banu Hashim Sahabbai
32657	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Wallis	Diana Wallis	Diana Paulette Wallis, FCIL (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1954 a Hitchin, Hertfordshire 'yar Burtaniya ce kuma tsohuwar memba ta Liberal Democrat ta Majalisar Turai (MEP) na Yorkshire da Humber. An fara zaben ta a shekarar 1999 sannan aka sake zabe a shekarar 2004 da kuma a shekarar 2009. Ta yi murabus daga kujerarta a watan Janairun 2012 kuma ta ci gaba da bin ɗimbin ayyuka na ilimi, shari'a da na sasantawa. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, an zaɓi Wallis matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Shari'a ta Turai, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai da aka kafa don farawa, gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe bincike, ba da shawarwari da kuma ba da jagoranci mai amfani a fagen ci gaban shari'a na Turai tare da manufar inganta Turai. hadewar doka (European legal integration). An sake zabe ta a shekarar 2015 a karo na biyu, wanda ya kai har zuwa shekara ta 2017. Wallis ta yi takara da Haltemprice da Howden a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Yorkshire a shekara ta 2015 da shekarar 2017 don babban Zabe na Burtaniya kuma daga baya ya bar waccan jam'iyyar a cikin Maris 2019. Daga baya ta koma kungiyar Change UK kuma an zabe ta a matsayin jagorar dan takarar Yorkshire da Humber a zaben Majalisar Turai na 2019. Farkon aiki Wallis ta karanta Tarihi a North London Polytechnic, inda ta kammala a matsayin BA. Ta kara karatu a Jami'ar Kent, inda ta sami digiri na Master of Arts (MA), Liege, Zurich da Chester. Kafin a zabe ta a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi aiki sama da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kara (lauya), musamman a Landan inda ta ci gaba da bin hanyar shiga Turai. Wallis ta kasance malama a Jami'ar Hull a cikin dokar kasuwanci ta Turai daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekarar 1999. Wallis kuma ya kasance kansila a Majalisar gundumar Humberside kuma mataimakin shugaban majalisar hadaka ta Riding na Gabas daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekarar 1999. Dan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai An zabi Wallis a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a lokuta uku a jere daga 1999, 2004 da 2009 (tenuwowi na 5th, 6th da 7th na majalisar Turai). A zamaninta ta rike mukamai da dama kuma ta rubuta rahotannin majalisa masu yawa. Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai A shekara ta 2007, Diana Wallis ta zama mace ta farko ta Biritaniya a kowace shekara ashirin da aka zaba a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, sannan kuma ta zama 'yar Burtaniya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta farko da ta yi hakan. Bayan sauya sheka zuwa wa'adi na shida na majalisa a shekara ta 2009, zauren majalisar ta sake zabar ta a matsayin wa'adi na biyu. A matsayinta na mamba na Ofishin Majalisar, wanda ya hada da Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Quaestor, kundinta ya mayar da hankali kan gaskiya da samun damar yin amfani da takardu (ma'ana a karkashin dokokin cikin gida na majalisar cewa ta sanya hannu kan kararrakin samun damar yin amfani da takardun majalisar a karkashin doka 1049/2001). Arctic da high arewa, Tambaya Time (tare da wani mataimakin shugaban kasa) da kuma Academy of Turai Law tushen a Trier (Jamus). Ayyukanta na gaba a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasa sun haɗa da jagorantar taron majalisar Turai da maye gurbin shugaban majalisar a fagen kasa da kasa (Arctic and high north) ko kuma a taron hukuma. Wallis musamman ta jagoranci kiran ranar hukuma don tunawa da kisan gillar Srebrenica na shekarar 1995 kuma ya halarci taron tunawa da Potocari, Bosnia da Herzegovina, a madadin Majalisar Turai. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugaban kasa don bayyana gaskiya, ta jagoranci doguwar tattaunawa da majalisar ta yi da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a cikin shekarar 2011 zuwa rajista na farko na nuna gaskiya ga wakilan sha'awa da ke neman yin tasiri ga yanke shawara na cibiyoyin EU (wanda aka fi sani da lobbyists), tare da Doka da Oda na Halaye. Rijistar Fassara ta haɓaka har ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na ƙungiyoyin rajista da sauran mutane (sama da 10,000 a jimillance) kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da sabis na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ke gudanarwa tare. Bugu da ƙari, ta buɗe rumbun adana bayanan majalisar da aka zaɓa kai tsaye tun daga lokacin shugabanta na farko (1979), Simone Veil, a gabanta a Paris a ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekarar 2008. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugabar kasa ta taka rawa a manyan fannukan aiki guda biyu wadanda manufarsu ita ce gyara, a daya bangaren aikin zaman majalisar, a daya bangaren kuma, majalisar gaba daya. Jagorancin wakilan kasa A matsayin ta na memba na ƙungiyar siyasa ta matakiyar Turai ALDE a majalisar Turai, Wallis ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats a majalisar Turai 2000-2004, sannan daga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006 zuwa watan Janairu shekarar 2007. Kwamitin Harkokin Shari'a Kwamitin Kasuwar Cikin Gida da Kariyar Abokan ciniki (wanda aka haɗa a baya) A lokacin da take matsayin memba na fiye da shekaru goma a kwamitocin JURI da IMCO, Wallis ta jagoranci aiki a madadin kungiyarta ta siyasa ("Coordinator"), kuma tana da alhakin mai ba da rahoto ga wasu dokoki da suka wuce ta majalisar, ciki har da Brussels I "da" Rome II Dokokin waɗanda su ne manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu na dokar ƙasa da ƙasa masu zaman kansu ta Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kasuwancin Hatimi, Dokar da ke kafa dokar da ta dace da wajibcin kiyayewa. Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da rahoto kan wasu batutuwan da ba na doka ba, ciki har da rawar da alkalai na kasa suka taka a cikin tsarin shari'a na EU, e-ciniki, e-buga, gyara gama gari, e-Justice, horo na shari'a, sulhu, dokar mabukaci, da dokar kwangilar Turai. Kwamitin Ƙorafe-Ƙorafe da Binciken Rikici a Rayuwa Mai Adalci Har ila yau Wallis ta kasance cikakkiyar mamba a kwamitin korafe-korafe inda ta rika rubuta rahotanni kan yadda ake aiwatar da dokokin EU a fadin kasashe mambobin kungiyar da kuma rawar da hukumar Tarayyar Turai ke takawa wajen sa ido kan wadannan ka'idoji. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto ga kwamitin bincike kan al'amuran rayuwa na adalci, ita ce marubuciyar wani rahoto wanda babban rinjaye a majalisar ya amince da shi kuma ya ba da shawarwari da dama kafin rikicin tattalin arziki da kudi na shekarar 2008, ciki har da "ƙarin gaba". ƙarfafa kulawar hankali da ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida a cikin ƙungiyar", don guje wa irin wannan yanayin da ke sake afkuwa a nan gaba. Bayan shiga yarjejeniyar Lisbon a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2009, Wallis ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin kafa Tsarin Jama'a na Turai, wanda ke ba da damar mafi ƙarancin 'yan ƙasa miliyan 1 daga adadi mai mahimmanci. Membobin ƙasashe don neman yunƙurin doka daga Hukumar Turai. Wakilan dangantaka da Switzerland, Iceland, Norway Har zuwa shekara ta 2007, ta kasance shugabar tawaga don dangantaka da Switzerland, Iceland da Norway da kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEA) kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar memba a waccan kwamitin da kuma sauran ayyukanta na majalisar. Karin aikin majalisa A tsawon lokacinta na MEP, Wallis ta rubuta cikakkun rahotanni guda 28 ban da na fasaha zalla, da kuma tsokaci 16, ta yi tambayoyi 40 a rubuce da na baki na Hukumar da Majalisar (a lokacin wa'adin majalisar 2004-2009). Ta yi nasarar yin gwajin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce guda biyu har zuwa lokacin da Majalisar ta amince da su daya a cikin 2007 akan Lambar Gaggawa ta Turai 1-1-2 (wanda ya sami sa hannun MEP 530, wanda shine rikodin ya zuwa yanzu), kuma daya a cikin 2008 akan Haɗin kai na gaggawa don murmurewa. bacewar yara. Neman shugabancin majalisar Turai da murabus A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2011 Wallis ta sanar da cewa aniyarta na tsayawa takarar shugabancin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a matsayin 'yar takara mai cin gashin kanta bisa ga 'yan majalisa 40 daga kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban. Sauran 'yan takarar su ne Martin Schulz da Nirj Deva. An zabi Martin Schulz a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2012, kamar yadda aka yi tsammani, kuma bisa yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin wasu kungiyoyin siyasa, inda Wallis ta samu kuri'u 141. A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu,shekarar 2012, kwanaki biyu bayan rashin nasarar ta na zama shugabar majalisar, Wallis ta sanar da yin murabus, wanda ya fara aiki daga 31 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2012. Maigidanta Stewart Arnold ne ya kamata ya maye gurbin Wallis wanda ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Majalisa, wanda ya kasance na biyu a jerin 'yan takarar Democrat masu neman kujerar a zaben shekarar 2009, amma ya ki amincewa da nadin. kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba da samun Jam'iyyar Yorkshire tare da Richard Carter. An nada Rebecca Taylor, wadda ita ce ta uku a jerin sunayen. Ayyukan da ba na majalisa ba na baya da na yanzu Diana Wallis ta cigaba da fafutukar da ba na kujerar majalisa ba a lokacin zamanta na majalisa, wanda daga baya ta ci gaba. Dimokuradiyya da daidaiton jinsi Wallis tana da ra'ayi ta musamman game da batutuwan da suka shafi dimokuradiyya kai tsaye kuma a cikin shekarar 2001 ta haɗu da kafa Cibiyar Initiatives and Referendum Institute Turai IRI-Turai wacce manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wa dimokuradiyya ta zamani kai tsaye a duk faɗin duniya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2006, ta dauki nauyin taron IRI-Turai a Brussels, don tattauna hanyoyi daban-daban a duk fadin Turai game da batun dimokiradiyya kai tsaye, musamman yakin da ake yi na gabatar da shirin 'yan kasa a matakin Turai. Ita mamba ce ta Hukumar Initiative Referendum Institute Turai. Wannan wani tunani ne wanda ke da sha'awa ta musamman ga dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi dimokiradiyya kai tsaye. Kafin da kuma bayan shiga yarjejeniyar Lisbon, ta taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da yunƙurin 'yan ƙasar Turai. Diana Wallis ta kasance mai goyon bayan ƙara yawan mata a wuraren yanke shawara. A ci gaba da nada hukumar Barroso ta biyu a shekarar 2009, ta hada kai da kaddamar da wani kamfen na "aika mata biyu" da nufin tabbatar da a kalla mata biyu daga cikin manyan mukamai a cibiyoyin EU da ke karba-karba a waccan shekarar, da kuma buri na ƙara yawan wakilcin mata a cikin cibiyoyin EU gabaɗaya. A cikin wannan tsarin ta gana da shugaban hukumar Jose-Manuel Barroso a wani yunƙuri na ƙara daidaiton jinsi a cikin Kwalejin Kwamishinonin. Batutuwan shari'a, sulhu da sasantawa Ayyukan Diana Wallis da dama a fagen shari'a sun haɗa da: A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2013, an zaɓi Wallis Shugaban Cibiyar Shari'a ta Turai, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don farawa, gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe bincike, ba da shawarwari da kuma ba da jagoranci mai amfani a fagen ci gaban shari'a na Turai tare da manufar inganta Turai. hadewar doka. An sake zabe ta a shekara ta 2015 a karo na biyu, wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2017. tun shekara ta 2012, Dogara na Academy of Turai Law, Trier (ERA, Trier) wanda ke ba da horo ga masu aikin shari'a a ko'ina cikin Turai. memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar sasantawa ta duniya. daga shekarar 2017, memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na BIICL. Babban Malami a Makarantar Shari'a a Jami'ar Hull (Jami'ar yankinta inda a baya ta koyar da ɗan lokaci a cikin shekarar 1990s tana haɓaka wani tsari kan Dokar Kwatanta don dokar haɗin gwiwa da masu karatun digiri). Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantake da Shari'a a Jami'ar Oxford. tun shekarar 2012, Memba na UK Law Society's Kwamitin EU. Tun daga shekarar 2015, Cibiyar Sasanci na Kasuwanci don Ingantacciyar Ƙwarar Rigima (CEDR) mai shiga tsakani da memba na Cibiyar Yarjejeniya ta Masu sasantawa; Tun shekarar 2012, Mai Zaman Kanta Mai Zaman Kanta/Shugaban Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Kan Wasiƙar Deposit Deposit Legal Ba Bugawa An ƙirƙira bisa ga Dokokin Ba da Deposit na Dokokin Ba Bugawa na shekarar 2013 Ayyukan harshe Daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa shekarar 2009, Wallis ta kasance shugaban Cibiyar Fassara watau Institute of Translation & Interpreting ta Burtaniya. Diana Wallis tana iya sarrafa harshenta da yarukan Faransanci da Jamusanci da kuma yaren kasar Iceland. Kamfen masu alaƙa da lafiya Wallis memba ce na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Ƙungiyoyin Gaggawa ta Turai (EENA). Ta kammala gasar Marathon na London a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009 a cikin sa'o'i 5 da mintuna 22, tayi gudune don tallafawa Gidauniyar Binciken Endometriosis ta Duniya Manazarta Wallafa-wallafe D. Wallis, Expectations for the Final Common Frame of Reference, ERA Forum, 2008 D. Wallis, Governing Common Seas; From a Baltic Strategy to an Arctic Policy Journal of Baltic Studies, 2011 D.Wallis (ed), European Property Rights and Wrongs, Connexia, 2001 Wallis D, ‘Foreword’ Hardacre A, How the EU Institutions Work and How to Work with the EU Institutions, John Harper Publishing, June 2011 Wallis D (ed), The Spitsbergen Treaty: Multilateral Governance in the Arctic (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Applied International Law Network 2011) Wallis D, ‘Foreword’ in Schonewille M and Schonewille F (eds), The Variegated Landscape of Mediation: A Comparative Study of Mediation Regulation and Practices in Europe and the World (Eleven International Publishing 2014) Wallis D, Common European Sales Law and the Media: Reduction of Complexity or Scaremongering?’ in Lehmann M (ed), Common European Sales Law meets Reality (Sellier 2014) Wallis, D. (2015). 'Looking for the ‘Justice’ in EU civil and private law?; Verfassungsblog, 3 July 2015. Wallis D, European rights: there is no going backwards (LSE BrexitVote blog, 14 April 2016) http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexitvote/2016/04/14/european-rights-there- is-no-going-backwards/ accessed 16 May 2016 Diana Wallis, On the Importance of Sharing National Law so as to Shape Future Trans-National Legal Solutions, The Italian Law Journal Vol. 02 No. 01 (2016) Diana Wallis, Designing a Holistic and Justice Based Approach to Mediation and Consumer ADR in the EU in B. Vadell, M. Lorenzo (eds) Electronic Mediation: A Comparative Approach, Comares 2017 D. Wallis, Arctic Law and Governance, Timo Koivurova, QUI Tianbao, Sebastien Duyck and Tapio Nykånen (Eds), Book Review, European Journal of Comparative Law, Winter 2017 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon Diana Wallis na sirri Bayanin Diana Wallis a Majalisar Turai Mutanen Debrett na Yau Bayanin Diana Wallis akan Micandidate Mata a cikin Yanke shawara: Hira da Diana Wallis Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
18129	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad%20Al-Faqih	Sa'ad Al-Faqih	Sa'ad Rashed Mohammad al-fakih an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1957 a Az Zubayr, Iraq kuma aka sani da Sa'ad Al-Fagih, shi ne Musulmi Saudi kasa kuma tsohon likita wanda shi ne shugaban Harkar Musulunci garambawul a Arabia (Mira). Yana zaune a London Ya kasance babban ɗan wasa a shirya "Wasikar Buƙatu" na shekara ta 1991 da "Memorandum na Nasiha" shekara mai zuwa. Duk wasu takardu sun samu amincewar wasu manyan mutane, wadanda suka hada da Sheikh Bin Baz, Al-Uthaymeen da Salman Al-Ouda, sannan aka gabatar da su ga sarki a lokacin, Fahd A shekarar 1994, aka kafa kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam kuma aka nada Al-Faqeeh a matsayin shugaban ofishin ofishinta na Landan, tare da wani dan adawar Saudiyya, Mohammad al-Massari a matsayin kakakin. Sun rabu biyu, kuma al-Faqih ya ci gaba da kafa MIRA a shekarar ta 1996. Al-fakih ta kungiyar adawa da na yanzu sociopolitical da addini da manufofin na Saudi Arabia Kodayake yana yakin neman sake fasalin addini, ya fi son kada a kira shi Wahabbist Ya ci gaba da cewa addinin Islama yana bayar da fatawar raba iko, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, nuna gaskiya da kuma yancin mata, sabanin abin da yake ci gaba da ra'ayin Saudiyya. Shima mai kin jinin sarauta ne, yana mai tabbatar da cewa gwamnatin Saudiyya ta rasa halaccin addini. Rayuwar farko An haifi Saad al-Faqih a kudancin Iraki daga dangin Najdi Ya kasance farfesa a aikin tiyata a Jami'ar Sarki Saud da ke Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa watan Maris shekarar 1994. An daure shi ne saboda shiga cikin harkar garambawul a kasar. Bayan fitowar sa daga kurkuku, ya zama darektan ofishin London na Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (CDLR), babbar kungiyar adawar Saudiyya a wancan lokacin, wacce ke adawa da gwamnatin Saudiyya a matsayin wacce ba ta Musulunci ba. Ya bar CDLR ya sami MIRA a 1996. Zargin Tallafin Ta'addanci A watan Disambar shekara ta 2004, baitul malin Amurka ta zargi al-Faqih da kasancewa cikin kungiyar Al Qaeda, kuma ta yi zargin cewa ya ci gaba da kulla alaka da kungiyar tun shekarar 1998. Bayan kwana biyu, an kara sunayen al-Faqih da MIRA a cikin jerin sunayen kwamitin na UN 1267 na mutane da kuma wadanda suke ko suke da alaka da al-Qaeda. Bayanin na Baitul malin ya ambaci alakar da Al-Faqih ya yi da Osama bin Laden, Khalid al-Fawwaz, Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, da kuma wani dan boko mai ra'ayin akida wanda ke rubutu, ko kuma yake rubutawa, da sunan Lewis Attiyatullah. Sa'ad Al-Faqih ya tabbatar da cewa hukumomi, kamar gwamnatin Amurka, suna son su zage shi saboda suna kawance da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta yanzu, wacce yake adawa da ita kuma ya musanta duk zarge-zargen. BBC biyar ta ruwaito ikirarin cewa a shekarar 1996, Saad Al Faqih ya sayi wayar tauraron dan adam ta Exact-M 22 ga Osama bin Laden, zargin da ba a ma bincika shi ba, kuma ba wata kotu a duniya ta tuhume shi. Al-Faqeeh ya tabbatar da cewa shi da MIRA "sun dukufa kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya." Tuni aka cire shi daga jerin takunkumi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan kwamitin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da shawarar Ombudsman na cire shi. Shugaban kwamitin, wakilin dindindin na Jamus Peter Wittig, ya sanar a cikin wata sanarwa a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012 cewa "bayan cikakken nazari", an cire Dr Al-Faqih da Mira. Ya kara da cewa "Babbar tambayar da kwamitin zai yi la’akari da ita ita ce ko akwai wadatattun bayanai da za su bayar da ingantacciyar hanyar da za ta tabbatar da cewa wani mutum, kungiya, aiki, ko kuma wani abu yana da alaka da al-Qaeda," in ji shi. Rahotanni sun ce Birtaniya da Jamus sun goyi bayan cire Dr Faqih, yayin da Amurka da Saudiyya na cikin wadanda ke adawa da shi. Dr Al-Faqih ya ce "an yi gwagwarmaya sosai" don ficewa daga jerin takunkumin. "Duk abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru takwas da suka gabata shi ne, wani maras laifi, mai son zaman lafiya, yana aiki a karkashin doka, ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da wata makarkashiya daga azzalumai a cikin Tekun Fasha da goyon bayan manyan kasashe," kamar yadda ya shaida wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na Reuters. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ganawar 2003 tare da MEIB Ganawa ta 2005 tare da Jamestown Foundation Tattaunawa ta 2006 tare da jaridar Asia Times Cirewa daga jerin takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin
27904	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela%20Deckert	Gisela Deckert	Gisela Deckert (Gisela Haagen,19. Yuni 1930 a Berlin) yar asalin kasar Jamus kuma likitar dabbobi ce kuma mai taka tsantsan. Farkon Rayuwa Gisela Deckert ta girma a Schöneiche kusa da Berlin. Daga 1948 ta karanci ilimin dabbobi a Jami'ar Humboldt a Berlin sannan ta kammala karatun digiri a kan ayyukan gini a cikin warblers. Wannan ya biyo bayan digiri na uku tare da Erwin Stresemann tare da binciken Ethologische Untersuchungen am Feldsperling. Gisela Deckert ta kasance koyaushe mai zaman kanta. Ta shirya rahotannin ƙwararrun halaye da halayyar ɗabi'a don Tierpark Berlin. Don talabijin na GDR ta shirya abubuwan tarihin tarihin halitta daga finafinan dabbobi na kasashen waje. Ya kirkiro rahotannin masana ilimin muhalli a matsayin tushen kirkirar wuraren kariya da ayyukan kariya na nau'ikan. Gisela Deckert tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar kiyaye yanayin yanki a yankin tafkin Dahme. Dangane da dokar al'adun yanki na farko na GDR, ta kafa sashen kula da kayan ado da na halitta na gundumomin Königs Wusterhausen da Zossen a 1971. Daga 1980 ta shugabanci ƙungiyar ornithology na gundumar Königs Wusterhausen na forungiyar Yanayi da Muhalli (GNU) a cikin ƙungiyar al'adun GDR. Daga 1990 ta kasance mai aiki a kan kwamitin Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU), Regionalverband Dahmeland e.V. kuma ita ce shugabar ta farko daga 2006 zuwa 2009. Tun shekara ta 2009 ta kasance shugabar girmamawa ta ƙungiyar NABU ta yankin Dahmeland. Daga 1993 zuwa 2001 tana kan kwamitin ba da shawara na karamar hukumar kiyaye yanayin gundumar Dahme-Spreewald. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin amintattu na Dahme-Heideseen Nature Park tun daga 2001. Yana nufin barazanar zuwa fauna na gida daga tururin iska kuma yana ta yin kamfen don kare wuraren gandun daji a kusa da Kallichen a matsayin yanki mai kariya daga yanayin tun 2010. Kyauta Zinariya na kiyaye dabi'a na Naturschutzbund Jamus 2010: Medal Medal na Order of Merit na Tarayyar Jamus Ayyuka Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Nestbautechnik deutscher Sylviiden. In: J. Orn. 96, 1955, S. 186–206. Zwergammern (Emberiza pusilla) bei Berlin beobachtet. In: J. Orn. 99, 1958, S. 104. Der Feldsperling. Die neue Brehm-Bücherei. Zimsen, Wittenberg Lutherstadt 1968. Zur Ethologie und Ökologie des Haussperlings (Passer d. domesticus L.). In: Beitr. Vogelkd. 15, 1969, S. 1–84. mit Kurt Deckert: Wie verhalten sich Tiere? Urania, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1974. Siedlungsdichte und Nahrungssuche bei Elster, Pica p. pica (L.) und Nebelkrähe, Corvus corone cornix (L.) In: Beitr. Vogelkd. 26, 1980, S. 305–334. Tiere-Pflanzen-Landschaften. Vom Gleichgewicht in der Natur. Urania, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1988. Bugawa a cikin jerin Kiyaye Halitta a Dahmeland na NABU Dahmeland: Wie verhalten wir uns in Naturschutzgebieten? 1992, S. 22. Der Flußregenpfeifer Vogel des Jahres 1993. 1993, S. 3–5. Die Nachtigall Vogel des Jahres 1995. 1995, S. 28–29. Die Bedeutung von Brachland für den Artenschutz. 1995, S. 42–46. Der Kiebitz (Vanellus vanellus) Vogel des Jahres 1996. 1996, S. 32–36. Verfemte Räuber. 1997, S. 32–40. Das Naturschutzgebiet Töpchiner Seen und die Bedeutung von Wildnis für den Naturschutz. 1998, S. 6–15. Die Feldlerche Vogel des Jahres 1998. 1998, S. 15–16. Sind nur gefährdete Arten schützenswert? 1998, S. 11–19. Das Naturschutzgebiet Mahnigsee-Dahmetal. 1999, S. 20–21. Bugawa a cikin littafin NABU Dahmeland da Dahme-Heideseen Nature Park, Prieros, ISSN 1869-0920 Die Tierwelt unserer Parks. 2000, S. 55–58 Was lebt denn da an der alten Eiche? 2001, S. 63–65. Das Röhricht und seine Bewohner. 2002, S. 62–64. Die Entwicklung zum naturnahen Wald. 2003, 52–54. Feldreine und Gehölze der Agrarlandschaft. 2004, S. 8–11. Verlust der Biodiversität durch eingeschleppte Arten. 2006, S. 8–11. Wovon ernähren sich Kormorane? 2006, S. 82–84. Unsere Tierwelt verändert sich.2007, S. 84–90. Fledermäuse, nächtliche Insektenjäger. 2008, S. 9–15. Darüber ist viel zu wenig bekannt Ein Apell zum Mitmachen. 2008, S. 94–98. Der NABU zieht Bilanz. 2009, S. 13–21. Zwanzig Jahre NABU Dahmeland e.V. 2009, S. 22. Das Klima und wir Menschen. 2010, S. 7–13. Wanderungen durch Feld und Flur. 2011, S. 62–64. Wandern an Seen und Flüssen. 2011, S. 98–100. Warum war gerade der Kormoran Vogel des Jahres 2010? Eine aktuelle Nachbetrachtung. 2010, S. 122–125. Fischotter ein heimlicher Bewohner unserer Gewässer. 2012, S. 16. Sommergoldhähnchen, ein Gartenvogel. 2012, S. 24. Der Gartenrotschwanz. 2012, S. 128. Der Wendehals. 2013, S. 54. Die Zossener Heide. 2013, S. 116–118. Klimapolitik gegen Artenschutz? 2014, S. 83–84. Erfolge beim Erhalt der Artenvielfalt? 2014, S. 83–84. Das Leben der Sperlinge. 2016, S. 36–39. Wir füttern unsere Gartenvögel. 2016, S. 46–47. Bedeutung der Wälder für Artenvielfalt und Klimaschutz. 2017, S. 76–79. Adabi Hans Sonnenberg: Immer mit der Natur. Das Wirken der Biologin Dr. Gisela Deckert im Dahmeland. JahreBuch des NABU Dahmeland und Naturpark Dahme-Heideseen. Prieros 2009, ISSN 1869-0920, shafi na 7-13. Manazarta Haifaffun 1930 Rayayyun
32038	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd%20Benrahma	Saïd Benrahma	Mohamed Saïd Benrahma an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger kulob ɗin Premier League na West Ham United da kuma tawagar ƙasar Algeria. Benrahma ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da Nice, daga baya ya tafi a kan aro tare da Angers, Gazélec Ajaccio da Châteauroux a lokacin farkon aikinsa. Ya yi fice a gasar cin kofin EFL bayan ya koma Brentford a 2018, inda ya zira kwallaye 27 a wasanni 83 da ya buga wa kungiyar ta West London kafin ya koma gasar Premier tare da West Ham na dindindin bayan aro a Shekarar 2021. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Nice Benrahma ya fara aikinsa na matashi tare da kulob din Algeria NRB Bethioua, kafin ya koma Faransa kuma ya shiga Balma SC, Colomiers sannan kuma Ligue 1 kulob din Nice a 2013. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a karkashin manaja Claude Puel a lokacin kakar 2013–14, amma ya buga wasa mafi yawan kwallon kafa a kungiyar tare da kungiyar ajiyar, wanda ya buga wasanni 37 kuma ya zira kwallaye 11 tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Benrahma ya zura kwallo daya a cikin wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a kakar wasa ta 2014–15 kuma ya kara zira kwallaye biyu a 2015–16. Raunin da a idon sawu da zuwan kocin Lucien Favre ya kai ga Benrahma ya kashe wani kaso mai yawa na aikinsa na karshe tare da kulob din a matsayin aro, a kulob din Ligue 1 Angers da Ligue 2 clubs Gazélec Ajaccio da Châteauroux. Benrahma ya bar Stade de Nice a watan Yuli 2018, ya buga wasanni 18 kuma ya ci kwallaye uku a lokacin da yake tare da kulob din. Brentford A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2018, Benrahma ya koma Ingila don shiga ƙungiyar Championship Brentford akan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekara, akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ruwaito £2.7 miliyan. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a bayyanarsa ta uku, a gasar cin kofin EFL da ci 4–2 a zagayen farko da suka doke Southend United a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2018. Makonni shida bayan haka, an kori Benrahma a karon farko a aikinsa na Bees bayan da ya aikata laifuka biyu na littafin a lokacin da aka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Reading a ranar 29 ga Satumba. Bayan ya dawo daga rauni a watan Disamba, Benrahma ya shiga cikin jerin gwanon farawa kuma ya fara aiki a tsakiyar watan Janairu 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a wasannin gasar 14. An zabi shi ne a kyautar Gwarzon Dan wasan Fans na watan Janairu da Fabrairu kuma daya daga cikin kwallaye ukun da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 5–1 an zabe shi a matsayin Goal na Gasar Cin Kofin Wata na Fabrairu da kuma Goal na Brentford's Goal of the Season. Raunin da ya samu a idon sawun a farkon watan Afrilun 2019 ya kawo karshen kakar wasan Benrahma, a lokacin ya buga wasanni 45 kuma ya ci kwallaye 11. Benrahma ya rasa duk shirin wasan kafin kakar wasa ta 2019-20 na Brentford kuma ya koma gasar a tsakiyar watan Agusta 2019, kafin ya koma cikin farawar a ƙarshen watan. A lokacin kakar 2019-20 wanda ayyukansa suka sa aka zabe shi a matsayin Gwarzon Magoya bayan Brentford kuma aka sanya masa suna a cikin Gasar Championship PFA Team of the Year, Benrahma ya buga wasanni 46 kuma ya zira kwallaye 17, wanda hada da hat-tricts guda biyu. Ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin gudun Brentford zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun gasar na 2020 sun gan shi ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Magoya bayan PFA na watan Janairu 2020 da kuma kyautar Gasar Zakarun Turai na watan Yuli 2020. Bugu da kari, an zabe shi a lambar yabo ta 2020 Football Awards EFL Player of the Year da lambar yabo ta 2019–20 PFA Fans' Championship Player of the Year. Bayan kakar wasa ta biyu a jere na hasashen canja wuri, An bar Benrahma daga cikin tawagar kocin Thomas Frank a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21, kafin ya fara bayyanarsa ta farko a kakar. a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Sergi Canós bayan mintuna 73 na wasan 1–1 da Millwall a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020. Ya fara wasa mai zuwa ne da abokan hamayyarta West London Fulham a gasar cin kofin EFL kuma wasansa da kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi da ci 3-0 a zagaye na hudu ya samu kyautar gwarzon dan wasan da Goal na zagaye na biyu. West Ham United A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, Benrahma ya koma kulob din Premier League na West Ham United kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon kakar wasa, tare da yarjejeniyar mai da canja wurin na dindindin. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya fito daga benci kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-1 da Liverpool a wasan gasar. An sanya sunan shi a farkon 11 a karon farko a wasan da suka doke Leeds United da ci 2–1 a ranar 11 ga Disamba. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2021, yarjejeniyar lamuni ta ƙare da wuri yayin da West Ham ta rattaba hannu kan Benrahma kan kwantiragin dindindin don yantar da filin lamuni na cikin gida don Jesse Lingard mai shigowa. Kulob din ya amince ya biya fam miliyan 25 da kuma fam miliyan 5 a matsayin kari. Kudin canja wuri ya sanya Benrahma West Ham ta uku mafi tsada player a baya Sébastien Haller da Felipe Anderson. A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2021, Benrahma ya ciwa wa West Ham kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da Brighton & Hove Albion. Ayyukan kasa A watan Satumba na 2015, an kira Benrahma zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Algeria don buga wasan sada zumunci da Guinea da Senegal. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a karawar da suka yi da Senegal a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2015, lokacin da ya zo ya maye gurbin Baghdad Bounedjah bayan mintuna 70 na a nasara da ci 1-0. Bayan wata daya, an kira Benrahma a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa biyu na neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na 2018 da Tanzania, amma bai fito ba. Benrahma's club form a Brentford a lokacin kakar 2018-19 an gane shi tare da kiran neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019 2019 kuma ya lashe wasansa na biyu na kasa da kasa tare da farawa a 1-0 a kan Tunisia a ranar 26 ga Maris 2019. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan share fage na Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019, amma an tilasta masa ficewa saboda rauni. Benrahma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan da suka doke Djibouti da ci 4-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2021 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Benrahma a Ain Témouchent kuma ya girma a Sidi Bel Abbès Ya koma Toulouse, Faransa tare da iyayensa yana da shekaru 11 kuma yana riƙe da fasfo na Faransa. Mahaifin Benrahma ya mutu a watan Janairun 2020 kuma ya sadaukar da kowane burinsa na biyar a bainar jama'a. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallon Benrahma. Girmamawa Mutum Gwarzon Dan Wasan Fans na PFA Janairu 2020 Gasar Cin Kofin EFL na Watan Yuli 2020 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Magoya Bayan Brentford 2019–20 Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Shekara 2019-20 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22863	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagai	Zagai	Zagai Mamund Zagai Mamund Zagai is the 2nd largest town in Mamund district Bajaur. Population Zagai Village have 45678 population in 2017. History Zagai have a great history in depeats british in 1857. Education Zagai town have 4 government schools. Details Zagai Mamond is a manifestation of national unity Apart from the plains, Bajaur has a large population at the confluence of mountains and hills. Zagai is a historical village located at the foot of Mira Ali Baba, the historic hill of Mamond, which is home to Malakhel and Yusuf Khel. Two young IT experts Ziauddin Khan Mamund and Engineer Shakeel Ahmad Khan had repeatedly invited me to visit this historic village. Don't get tired of talking about modern conveniences. It would not be out of place to call Zagai Mamond, the home of Maulana Fazal Mehmood Makhfi, a great freedom fighter, a village or a town equipped with modern facilities. The population of Zagai is between 30,000 and 40,000. An invaluable thing about Zagai Mamond is that there are three big mosques here, Miki Masjid, Bilal Masjid, Madina Masjid. All three are located at a distance of one or two meters from each other. People from far and wide of the village pray to him in mosques. There is no restriction on anyone praying in the mosque. In all mosques, prayers are offered at intervals of five minutes so that no one is deprived of praying in congregation. The first is the Mukki Mosque and the historic mosque in which Fakhr Afghan Bacha (may Allah have mercy on him) stayed on the occasion of his visit to Bajaur. It is mentioned many times in history. The Bilal Mosque is a masterpiece of ancient architecture. Its beams are of real size and it weighs a lot. Seeing this, one wonders how it was brought and installed here. The educational ratio in Zagai is about 80%. The 18-room primary school here is probably a record in itself. The people here are mostly educated and well versed. There are 4 government schools. The foundation stone of Madrasa Nashr-ul-Uloom in Zagai was laid in 1972. Who is busy lighting the candle of knowledge of religion. One of the features of Zagai Mamond is the Malakhel Welfare Committee consisting of the youth here who have been engaged in welfare work since 2016. Helping the poor on every sad occasion, Eid and other important occasions and these same youths have set up the best sewerage system of the village like this town. The streets of the entire village were often paved by the same committee while the rest of the work was done by Ziauddin Khan Mamund with the help of MNA Gul Zafar Khan. Nowhere in the whole village will you see dirty water flowing in the streets. Another feature of this village is that all the mosques and houses here have 24 hours fresh water from springs. In this village, solar lights are installed at a distance of 9, 10 yards in every street which keeps the whole village lit up in the darkness of night. There is also a bazaar for women in the main streets of this village where all kinds of shopping for women are available. The greatest feature of this village is that there is no enmity in this whole village, all the people are peaceful and in each other's hands. Another feature of this village is that there are people of only one problem, there is no difference. The mountains of this village are rich in natural minerals, there are precious stones in its mountains. The British have also been living on the hill of this village for a long time. Their remains are found during excavations. There are a lot of tourism opportunities in this village. More conveniences for the people of this village have been created since the time when Dr. Hamid-ur-Rehman of PTI carried out the work of Link Road towards Mena Mamond some time ago. The modern village, the manifestation of harmony and love, continued to shine brightly. Manazarta
26645	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasashen%20Annoba%20da%20Shirye-Shirye%20Kafin%20Cutar%20ta%20COVID-19	Hasashen Annoba da Shirye-Shirye Kafin Cutar ta COVID-19	Shirye-shirye da shirye-shiryen annoba ya kasan ce ya faru a ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyin duniya. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya tana rubuta shawarwari da jagorori, kodayake babu wata hanyar da za a bi don bitar shirye-shiryen ƙasashe na annoba da saurin ba da amsa. Ayyukan kasa ya dogara da gwamnatocin kasa. A cikin 2005-2006, kafin cutar murar alade ta 2009 da kuma a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, gwamnatoci a Amurka, Faransa, UK, da sauransu sun gudanar da dabarun kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, amma sau da yawa sun rage hannun jari bayan annoba ta 2009 don rage farashi. Wani bita na watan Yuni na 2018 ya ce shirye-shiryen annoba a ko'ina ba su isa ba, tunda ƙwayoyin cuta na yanayi na iya fitowa da sama da kashi 50% na adadin masu mutuwa, amma ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da masu tsara manufofin sun tsara kamar dai cututtukan ba za su taɓa wuce kashi 2.5% na mace-macen cutar ta Sipaniya ba. 1918. A cikin shekarun da suka kai ga barkewar cutar ta COVID-19, gwamnatoci da yawa sun gudanar da atisayen zanga-zanga (ciki har da Crimson Contagion wanda ya tabbatar da cewa yawancin ƙasashe ba za a shirya su ba. Gwamnatoci ko manyan ‘yan kasuwa ba su dauki mataki ba. Rahotanni da dama sun jadada gazawar gwamnatocin kasashe wajen yin koyi da bullar cututtuka da suka gabata da annoba da kuma annoba. Richard Horton, babban editan The Lancet, ya bayyana "amsar duniya ga SARS-CoV-2 [a matsayin] babbar gazawar manufofin kimiyya a cikin tsararraki". Barkewar da ta faru a farko a Hubei, Italiya da Spain sun nuna cewa tsarin kula da lafiya na kasashe masu arziki da yawa sun mamaye. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ke da raunin kayan aikin likita, kayan aikin gadaje masu kulawa da sauran buƙatun likitanci, ana sa ran za a yi rashin lafiya tun da farko. Ƙasashen Duniya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Bankin Duniya sun yi gargadi game da hadarin barkewar annoba a cikin shekarun 2000 da 2010, musamman bayan barkewar SARS na 2002-2004 Hukumar Kula da Shirye-shiryen Duniya ta fitar da rahotonta na farko a ƙarshen 2019. Shirye-shiryen masu zaman kansu kuma sun haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da barazanar annoba da buƙatun ingantaccen shiri. A cikin 2018, WHO ta ƙaddamar da kalmar, Cuta X, wanda "yana wakiltar ilimin cewa mummunar annoba ta kasa da kasa na iya haifar da kwayar cutar da ba a sani ba a halin yanzu don haifar da cutar ɗan adam" don mayar da hankali kan bincike da ci gaba a kan yiwuwar 'yan takara na gaba, a -lokacin da ba a sani ba, annoba. Rarraba ƙasa da ƙasa da rashin ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa iyakance shirye-shirye. Shirin rigakafin mura na WHO ya US$ Kasafin kudin shekara biyu miliyan, daga cikin kasafin kudin WHO na 2020-2021 na US$ biliyan. Ƙungiyoyi da dama sun shiga cikin shekaru suna shirya duniya don annoba da annoba. Daga cikin waɗancan akwai Ƙungiyoyin Ƙirƙirar Shirye-shiryen Cututtuka, wanda Gidauniyar Bill Melinda Gates suka kafa, Wellcome Trust, da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai Tun daga shekarar 2017 Haɗin gwiwar ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da hanyar da za a bi don magance cututtukan da suka kunno kai kamar COVID-19, wanda zai ba da damar haɓaka saurin rigakafin rigakafi da bincike na rigakafi don magance barkewar cutar. Kasashe Faransa Bayan gargadi da karuwar shirye-shirye a cikin 2000s, cutar ta murar aladu ta 2009 ta haifar da saurin magance cutar a tsakanin kasashen Yamma. Halin ƙwayar cuta ta H1N1/09 tare da alamu masu sauƙi da ƙarancin kisa a ƙarshe ya haifar da koma baya game da wuce gona da iri na ɓangaren jama'a, kashe kuɗi da tsadar rigakafin mura na 2009 A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ba a sabunta dabarun tara kayan aikin likita na ƙasa bisa tsari ba. a Faransa, Miliyoyin siyan abin rufe fuska, alluran rigakafi da sauran su na H1N1 a karkashin nauyin ministar lafiya Roselyne Bachelot sun sha suka sosai. Hukumomin lafiya na Faransa sun yanke shawarar a shekara ta 2011 cewa ba za su sake dawo da hannun jarin su ba domin rage saye da kashe kudaden ajiya da kuma dogaro da kayayyaki daga China da kuma kayan aiki na lokaci-lokaci da kuma rarraba alhakin ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu bisa ga zaɓi. Tarin dabarun Faransa ya ragu a cikin wannan lokacin daga abin rufe fuska biliyan ɗaya da abin rufe fuska FFP2 miliyan 600 a cikin 2010 zuwa miliyan 150 da sifili, bi da bi a farkon 2020. Ƙasar Ingila Amintattun Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasar Burtaniya (NHS) ta aiwatar da kwatancen cututtukan mura kamar mura tun bayan barkewar cutar murar H5N1 ta 2007 ("murar tsuntsaye"). Russell King, manajan juriya a cikin NHS a lokacin, ya ce Ofishin Majalisar ya gano samuwa da kuma rarraba PPE kayan kariya na sirri a matsayin wani yanki na annoba." Darasi Cygnus ya kwana uku kwaikwaiyo motsa jiki da za'ayi ta NHS Ingila a watan Oktoba shekara ta 2016 zuwa kimanta tasiri na a tamkar H2N2 mura cutar AIDS a UK. Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila ne ya gudanar da shi wanda ke wakiltar Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a Sassan gwamnati goma sha biyu a fadin Scotland, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa, da kuma tarukan juriya na gida (LRFs) sun halarci. Fiye da ma'aikata 950 daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi, gidajen yari da ƙaramar hukuma ko gwamnatin tsakiya sun shiga cikin kwaikwayar ta kwanaki uku, kuma an gwada ikon su na jure yanayin matsanancin damuwa na likita. An sanya mahalarta a cikin mako na bakwai na barkewar cutar kololuwar rikicin, lokacin da ake samun babbar bukatar kiwon lafiya. A wannan mataki, an kiyasta kashi 50% na mutanen sun kamu da cutar, inda kusan mutane 400,000 suka mutu. Halin da ake tsammani shine an yi maganin kuma an saya amma har yanzu ba a kai ga Burtaniya ba. Jami'an asibiti da na jin dadin jama'a za su fito da tsare-tsare na gaggawa don kula da matsalolin albarkatu, yayin da jami'an gwamnati ke fuskantar yanayin da ke buƙatar yanke shawara cikin gaggawa. Don tabbatar da yanayin da ya dace, an gudanar da tarurrukan COBRA tsakanin ministoci da jami'ai. An yi amfani da kantunan labarai na kwaikwayi da kafofin watsa labarun don ba da sabuntawar tatsuniyoyi. Wata sanarwa da gwamnati ta fitar a gidan yanar gizo na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar ta Burtaniya ya bayyana cewa ba a yi niyyar gudanar da atisayen ne don gudanar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a nan gaba ba, ko kuma nuna matakan da za a bi don guje wa yaduwar cutar. Sakamako daga motsa jiki ya nuna cewa annobar za ta sa tsarin kiwon lafiyar kasar ya durkushe daga karancin kayan aiki, tare da Sally Davies, babban jami'in kula da lafiya a lokacin, yana mai bayyana cewa rashin isassun magunguna da dabaru. zubar da gawarwakin lamari ne mai tsanani. An rarraba cikakken sakamakon atisayen tun asali amma daga baya aka fitar da su sakamakon binciken jama'a da matsin lamba. A watan Nuwamba 2020, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa an tattauna duk darussan da aka gano daidai da la'akari da shirye-shiryenta na shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar. Jaridar Daily Telegraph ta ruwaito wata majiyar gwamnati tana cewa sakamakon simulation din ya yi matukar ban tsoro da ba za a iya bayyana shi ba. A cewar The Telegraph, motsa jiki ya haifar da zato cewa tsarin kariya ga garken zai zama mafi kyawun amsa ga irin wannan annoba. Jaridar The Guardian ta Burtaniya ta fitar da wani bangare na rahoton binciken daga baya, wanda ya haifar da rashin gamsuwar jama'a kan yadda aka sarrafa shi. A watan Mayun 2020, lokacin da jaridar The Guardian ta yi hira da Martin Green, shugaban zartarwa na Care England, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na Burtaniya, ya ce a baya gwamnati ba ta sanar da sassan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu ba game da rashin iya aiki idan annoba ta tashi. Exercise Alice wani motsa jiki ne na MERS coronavirus na Burtaniya motsa jiki daga 2016 wanda ya ƙunshi jami'ai daga Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila da Sashen Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a. Moosa Qureshi, mai ba da shawara a asibiti wanda ya sami bayanan da ba a bayyana a baya ba game da Alice a cikin 2021 ya ce motsa jiki "ya kamata ya shirya mu don kamuwa da kwayar cutar da ke da tsawon lokaci fiye da mura, wanda zai iya rayuwa a kan gurɓataccen wuri fiye da mura, wanda ke buƙatar girma. matakan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma waɗanda ba za a iya yin rigakafin su ba kafin igiyar ruwa ta biyu. Wannan yakamata ya haifar da dabaru daban-daban akan PPE da keɓewa daga dabarun mura." Richard Horton, babban editan The Lancet, ya ba da shawarar cewa manufofin tattalin arziki sun taka rawa a cikin Burtaniya "rashin yin aiki kan darussan" fashewar SARS na 2002-2004 da kuma Burtaniya "ba a shirya sosai" don COVID -19 annoba. Wani bincike ga The Guardian ya lura cewa keɓancewa da yankewa, gami da dogaro da gwamnati kan ƴan kwangila masu zaman kansu yayin bala'in COVID-19, ya fallasa” Ingila ga kwayar cutar: “kayan aikin da aka taɓa kasancewa don magance rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a. an samu karaya, kuma a wasu wurare an ruguza su, ta hanyar manufofin da gwamnatocin Conservative suka bullo da su a baya-bayan nan, tare da wasu sauye-sauyen da suka faru tun a shekarun da jam’iyyar Labour ta yi tana mulki. Amurka Dangane da Indexididdigar Tsaro ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, kima na Amurka-Britishka wanda ya ba da damar tsaron lafiyar lafiya a cikin kasashe 195, Amurka a cikin 2020 ita ce “mafi shiri” al'ummar waɗannan kimantawa sun dogara ne akan nau'i shida. Babban nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 sune: Amsa da sauri, Tsarin Lafiya da Rigakafi. Duk da wannan kima, Amurka ta kasa shirya mahimman tarin kayan aikinta na shirye-shiryen da aka yi hasashen zai zama dole kuma ta kasa bin takaddun tsare-tsarenta yayin aiwatar da martani ga cutar ta COVID-19. Rahotannin da ke hasashen barkewar annoba a duniya Amurka ta fuskanci annoba da annoba a tsawon tarihinta, ciki har da mura na 1918 na Mutanen Espanya wanda ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 550,000, cutar ta Asiya ta 1957 wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 70,000, da kuma 1968 mura ta Hong Kong wacce ta yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 100,000. A cikin annoba ta baya-bayan nan kafin COVID-19, cutar murar aladu ta 2009 ta kashe rayukan Amurkawa sama da 12,000 tare da kwantar da wasu 270,000 a asibiti cikin kusan shekara guda. Ƙungiyar Leken Asiri ta Amurka, a cikin rahotonta na shekara-shekara na Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya na 2017 da 2018, ta ce idan wani coronavirus mai alaƙa ya kasance "ya sami ingantaccen watsawa tsakanin mutum-da-dan Adam", zai sami yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta". Ƙididdigar Barazana ta Duniya ta 2018 ta kuma ce sabbin nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke "sauƙin yaduwa tsakanin mutane" sun kasance "babban barazana". Hakazalika, Kididdigar Barazana ta Duniya ta 2019 ta yi gargadin cewa "Amurka da duniya za su kasance masu saurin kamuwa da cutar mura ta gaba ko kuma barkewar wata cuta mai saurin yaduwa wacce za ta iya haifar da yawan mace-mace da nakasa, wanda ke matukar shafar tattalin arzikin duniya." takura albarkatun kasa da kasa, da kuma kara kira ga Amurka na neman tallafi." Sabunta tsare-tsare da jagororin Gwamnatin Amurka ta sabunta shirinta na barkewar cutar da jagororin jama'a a cikin Afrilu 2017. A cikin Janairu 2017 ta sabunta kiyasin gibin albarkatun da jerin batutuwan da gwamnatin Amurka za ta yi la'akari da su (wanda ake kira littafin wasan kwaikwayo). Shirin da jagororin sun kasance jama'a. Kiyasin kayan aiki da jerin batutuwa ba jama'a ba ne, kodayake ba a rarraba su ba kuma 'yan jarida sun samo su kuma sun bayyana su. Kididdigar sojoji na gibin albarkatu a cikin Janairu 2017 ya lura "Rashi da lahani rashin abubuwan more rayuwa, da PPE da ƙayyadaddun gwajin tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Tsarin kiwon lafiya na iya mamayewa ta hanyar haɓakar lambobi masu ban mamaki. Hakanan ana iya iyakance wadatar ma'aikata yayin da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka kamu da cutar." A karshe shekara na gwamnatin George W. Bush, da ilimin halittu da aikin likita Advanced Research and Development Authority (a division na Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Human Services) "kiyasta cewa an ƙarin 70,000 inji [ventilators] za a bukata a matsakaiciya mura cutar AIDS Jerin batutuwa, ko littafin wasan kwaikwayo, ya ƙunshi yanayi na yau da kullun da kuma yanayin annoba. A lokacin yanayi na yau da kullun, ba a sami tattaunawa game da kimantawa da haɓaka tarin kayayyaki don amfani a cikin gaggawa ba. A Amurka; Tsarin Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannun Hannu na Ƙasa da aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da cutar ta mura ta 2009 ba gwamnatin Obama ko gwamnatin Trump ta cika ba Jagororin 2017 sun lura cewa maganin rigakafin cutar murar alade na 2009 H1N1pdm09 ya ɗauki watanni takwas kafin a samu don rarrabawa a ƙarshen 2009. Alurar riga kafi na kwayar cutar SARS ta 2003 ya ɗauki shekaru 13 yana haɓaka, kuma yana shirye don gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2016, waɗanda har yanzu ba su faru ba. Maganin rigakafin cutar MERS na 2009 ya ɗauki shekaru goma yana haɓaka, kuma ya fara gwajin ɗan adam a cikin 2019. Koyaya, jagororin sun ce watanni shida kawai za a buƙaci don haɓakawa da rarraba rigakafin cutar ta gaba, suna gaya wa makarantu da kulawar rana cewa za su buƙaci rufe wannan dogon lokaci. Koyaya ƙa'idodin sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su yi tsammanin kusan makonni biyu na rufe makarantu, suna masu cewa ma'aikata na iya buƙatar zama a gida makonni biyu tare da 'ya'yansu. Sharuɗɗan ba su tsammanin rufe kasuwancin kasuwanci ba, kodayake binciken ya daɗe yana annabta raguwar 80% a cikin fasaha, nishaɗi, da nishaɗi, da 5% zuwa 10% sun faɗi a cikin sauran ayyukan tattalin arziƙi sama da shekara guda, tare da faɗuwar faɗuwa a cikin manyan watanni. Nazarin shirye-shiryen annoba bai magance ayyukan gwamnati don taimakawa kasuwanci ba, ko hanyar murmurewa. Sharuɗɗan da ake tsammani "a lokacin annoba, kamuwa da cuta a cikin wani yanki na iya ɗaukar kusan makonni shida zuwa takwas." Jagororin 2017 sun jera matakan da za su iya faruwa, har zuwa warewar marasa lafiya na gida na son rai, da keɓe gida na son rai na abokan hulɗar su har zuwa kwanaki uku. Babu wata tattaunawa ko shirin rufe kasuwancin ko ba da umarnin mutane su zauna a gida, wanda zai iya yin bayanin jinkirin jami'ai game da yanke shawara kan umarnin zama a gida a cikin bala'in COVID-19 na 2020 da rashin shiri don bambanta marasa mahimmanci daga mahimman ma'aikata., da kuma kare muhimman ma'aikata. A cikin barkewar cutar mura ta 1918 da yawa biranen sun rufe aƙalla sanduna, har zuwa makonni shida, kuma galibin biranen suna da keɓewar wajibi da keɓe marasa lafiya da abokan hulɗa. Biranen da suka fi tsananin rufewa sun sami mafi kyawun farfadowar tattalin arziki. Sharuɗɗan sun gaya wa 'yan kasuwa da su kasance a shirye don kiyaye ma'aikata ƙafa 3, kodayake jagororin sun ce tari da atishawa na iya aika ƙwayoyin cuta ƙafa shida. Bincike ya ce atishawa na iya aika ɗigon ruwa mai tsawon ƙafa 27, kuma za su iya kwana a cikin na'urorin samun iska. Jagororin ba su yi la'akari da nisa tsakanin abokan ciniki ko tsakanin su da ma'aikata ba. Tun daga ƙarshen yakin cacar baka, Rasha ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe don tayar da rashin yarda ga hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da kuma cewa cutar kanjamau, cutar murar aladu ta 2009, barkewar cutar Ebola da cutar ta COVID-19 makamai ne na Amurka Sake tsarawa da tashi A May 2018, shawara kan harkokin tsaro John Bolton sake tsarafa da zartarwa reshe ta Amurka National Security Council (NSC), sun fi mayar da tattara abubuwa masu kyau cikin kungiyar alhakin duniya kiwon lafiya tsaro da kuma biodefense -established da gwamnatin Obama bin 2014 cutar Ebola -into wani ya fi girma kungiyar alhakin don magance yaduwa da biodefense. Tare da sake tsarawa, shugaban kungiyar kare lafiyar lafiya ta duniya da kare lafiyar halittu, Rear Admiral Timothy Ziemer, ya bar zuwa wata hukumar tarayya, yayin da Tim Morrison ya zama shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa. Masu sukar wannan sake fasalin sun kira shi da "warzawa" ƙungiyar masu shirye-shiryen annoba. Bayan barkewar cutar Coronavirus, 'yan jaridu sun yi ta tambayar Trump game da wannan sake fasalin, kuma Trump ya ba da martani masu karo da juna. A ranar 6 ga Maris, 2020, lokacin da aka tambaye shi a wani taron manema labarai ko zai "sake tunani" zabin 2018 na rashin samun ofishin shirye-shiryen annoba, Trump ya nuna cewa sake fasalin ya kasance zabi mai ma'ana a lokacin saboda "ba za ku taba yin tunani da gaske ba [a] annoba] zai faruWanene zai yi tunanin ko za mu kasance da batun?" A ranar 13 ga Maris, lokacin da wakilin PBS NewsHour White House Yamiche Alcindor ya tambaya ko sake fasalin ya kawo cikas ga martanin gwamnati game da barkewar cutar sankara, Trump ya caccaki ta da yin wata "mummunan tambaya", kuma ya kara da cewa: "Ban yi ba.. Watsewa, a'a, ban san komai game da shi ba. Gwamnati ce, kila suna yin haka, su bar mutane su tafi... abubuwa kamar haka suna faruwa." A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, dan jaridar Fox News John Roberts ya fara tambaya da cewa "kun kawar da ofishin cutar kanjamau a Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa," kuma Trump ya amsa da cewa, "Ba mu yi hakan ba," yana kwatanta zargin sau hudu a matsayin "karya". "amma ban kara yin bayani ba. Tun daga watan Yulin 2020, gwamnatin ta shirya ƙirƙirar sabon ofishin rigakafin cutar a cikin Ma'aikatar Jiha. Har ila yau, a cikin 2018, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaron cikin gida Tom Bossert ya bar gwamnati, bisa rahoton Bolton. Bossert ya taimaka wajen haifar da tsare-tsaren kare lafiyar halittu na gwamnatin Trump, kuma alhakinsa ne ya daidaita martanin gwamnati a yayin da ake fuskantar rikicin halittu. Magajin Bossert, Doug Fears, da Magajin Tsoro Peter J. Brown, ya ɗauki nauyin kare lafiyar halittu na DHS. Bloomberg News ya ruwaito a cikin Janairu 2020 cewa kare lafiyar halittu a lokacin ya kasance "mafi shahara" bangare na alhakin mai ba da shawara kan Tsaron Gida. A wani tashin jirgin, Luciana Borio, darektan Majalisar Tsaro ta kasa don shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da kare lafiyar halittu, ta bar mukaminta a cikin Maris 2019. Jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa Fadar White House ba za ta tabbatar da ainihin wanda ya maye gurbin Borio ba. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ruwaito a cikin Maris 2020 cewa gwamnatin Trump ta yi a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin barkewar cutar Coronavirus ta rage yawan ma'aikatan da ke aiki a ofishin CDC na Beijing daga 47 zuwa 14. A cewar kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters, daya daga cikin ma’aikatan da aka kawar a watan Yulin shekarar 2019, yana horar da kwararrun likitocin kasar Sin don magance barkewar cututtuka a wuraren da suke da zafi. Trump ya yi ikirarin cewa rahoton yanke mai horar da ‘yan wasan ba daidai ba ne 100%, amma CDC ta Amurka ta yarda cewa rahoton gaskiya ne. Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ta rufe ofisoshin gidauniyar Kimiyya ta kasa (NSF) da hukumar raya kasashe ta Amurka (USAID) da ke Beijing; Jami'an Amurka guda daya ne ke kula da wadannan ofisoshin kowannensu. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Trump ta amince cewa ta kawar da wani matsayi na gudanarwa daga ofishin ma'aikatar aikin gona ta Amurka ta Beijing; Kamfanin dillancin labaran reuters ya bayar da rahoton cewa, matsayin ya sa ido kan shirin kula da cututtukan dabbobi. Gwamnatin Trump ta kuma kawo karshen bayar da kudade ga shirin gargadin farko na cutar ta PREDICT a kasar Sin, wanda ya horar da kuma tallafawa ma'aikata a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kasashen waje 60, tare da dakatar da aikin filin a Satumba 2019. Masana kimiyyar da ke da alhakin gano yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar sun riga sun miƙe da nisa da sirara. Ƙoƙarin inganta abin rufe fuska da wadatar iska Tun daga 2015, gwamnatin tarayya ta kashe $9.8miliyan akan ayyuka guda biyu don hana ƙarancin abin rufe fuska amma sun watsar da ayyukan biyu kafin kammalawa. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar BARDA ta biyu tare da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Bincike na Albuquerque, don tsara abin rufe fuska mai darajar N95 wanda za a iya sake amfani da shi a cikin gaggawa ba tare da rage tasiri ba. Kodayake rahotannin tarayya sun yi kira ga irin wannan aikin tun daga 2006, ba a sanya hannu kan kwangilar ARA ba har sai 2017, kuma ta rasa lokacin cikar watanni 15, wanda ya haifar da cutar ta 2020 ta isa Amurka kafin ƙirar ta shirya. Annobar numfashi da ta gabata da tsare-tsare na gwamnati sun nuna bukatar tara na'urorin hura iska da ke da sauki ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da ba su da horo don amfani da su. BARDA Project Aura ya ba da buƙatun shawarwari a cikin 2008, tare da burin amincewar FDA a cikin 2010 ko 2011. An ba da kwangilar samar da injinan iska har 40,000 ga Newport Medical Instruments, ƙaramin masana'anta, tare da farashin da aka yi niyya na dala 3,000, wanda ya yi ƙasa da injunan da suka fi rikitarwa da ke tsada sama da $10,000, kuma ya samar da samfura tare da amincewar FDA a cikin 2013. Covidien ya sayi NMI kuma bayan ya nemi ƙarin kuɗi don kammala aikin (ya kawo jimlar kuɗin zuwa kusan $8).miliyan) ya nemi gwamnati da ta soke kwangilar, ta ce ba ta da riba. Gwamnati ta ba da sabon $13.8kwangilar miliyan ga Philips, a cikin 2014. Zane don Trilogy Evo Universal ya sami amincewar FDA a cikin Yuli 2019. Gwamnati ta umarci masu ba da iska 10,000 a watan Satumba na 2019, tare da tsakiyar 2020 na ƙarshe don isar da farko da kuma ƙarshen 2022 don kammala duka 10,000. Duk da barkewar annobar a watan Disamba, karfin kamfanin ya samar da isassun kayan da za a iya cika cikakken tsari, da kuma ikon gwamnati na tilastawa samar da sauri cikin sauri, gwamnati ba ta cimma yarjejeniya da Philips don hanzarta isar da kayayyaki ba har sai ranar 10 ga Maris., 2020. A tsakiyar Maris, buƙatar ƙarin masu ba da iska ya zama kai tsaye, kuma ko da babu wata kwangilar gwamnati, sauran masana'antun sun ba da sanarwar shirin yin dubun-dubatar. A halin yanzu, Philips ya kasance yana siyar da sigar kasuwanci, Trilogy Evo, akan farashi mafi girma, bar 12,700 kawai a cikin Babban Hannun Jari na Ƙasa tun daga Maris 15. Idan aka kwatanta da ƴan kuɗin da aka kashe kan abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar don kamuwa da cutar, biliyoyin daloli sun kashe hannun jarin dabaru na ƙasa don ƙirƙira da adana maganin cutar anthrax, da isassun allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau ga ƙasar baki ɗaya. Dabarun mayar da martani mai yiwuwa A cikin 2016, NSC ta fitar da dabarun cutar da shawarwari gami da motsi cikin sauri don gano cikakken yiwuwar barkewar cutar, samun ƙarin kudade, yin la'akari da kiran Dokar Samar da Tsaro, da tabbatar da isassun kayan kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. An yi wa gwamnatin Trump bayani game da shi a cikin 2017, amma ta ki sanya shi a hukumance. Duba kuma Annobar cutar covid-19 Karancin da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 Rigakafin annoba Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya Tsarin Ƙirar Cutar Cutar Tawagar Amsar Cutar Cutar Darakta na Tsaron Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da Biodefense, 2016-2018, a Amurka Kawai-in-lokaci masana'antu 1918 mura na Spain Manazarta
53821	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%20Hoshino	Gen Hoshino	Articles with hCards Gen Hoshino Hoshino Gen, born January 28, 1981) is a Japanese singer-songwriter, musician, actor, and writer. Sana'a Kiɗa Daga samuwarsa a cikin 2000 har zuwa watsewarta a cikin 2015, Hoshino ya jagoranci ƙungiyar kayan aiki Sakerock, inda ya buga marimba da guitar. Sun fitar da albam sama da goma. A matsayinsa na mawaƙin solo, ya yi muhawara da albam ɗinsa na farko Baka no Uta a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2010. Waƙarsa ta farko ta zahiri, "Kudaranai no Naka ni" an sake shi a ranar Maris 2, 2011 kuma ya hau lamba 17 a kan Oricon Singles Chart Waɗanda suka biyo baya "Fim", "Yume no Soto e", "Shiranai" (2012), da "Gag" (2013) duk an tsara su a saman 10. Kundin sa na biyu, Episode, wanda aka saki a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011, ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyar. Kundin sa na uku, Stranger, wanda aka saki a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2013, ya kai lamba biyu akan Chart Albums na Oricon kuma an ba da takardar zinare ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Japan Tun 2011, ya kasance yana ɗaukar nauyin shirin Ustream mai suna Sake no Sakana tare da Ichirō Yamaguchi na Sakanaction A cikin 2014 shirin ya canza suna a hukumance zuwa Yoru no Television Kundin sa na hudu, Yellow Dancer, an sake shi a watan Disamba 2, 2015 a Japan akan Records Speedstar, kuma ya yi muhawara a saman Oricon da Billboard Album Charts. Rawar rawaya ta sami bodar platinum ta RIAJ don jigilar kaya ta zahiri, kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kundi don karɓar takardar shaidar zinare don zazzagewar dijital. Kundin sa na biyar, Pop Virus, an sake shi a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2018. Ya kai saman ginshiƙi na Album ɗin Oricon makonni huɗu a jere kuma RIAJ ta ba shi bokan platinum sau biyu wata ɗaya bayan fitowar ta. Nasarar kasuwanci na kundin, a cikin 'yan watanni, ya ba shi kyautar Album mafi kyawun kyauta a 33rd Japan Gold Disc Awards, tare da Kyauta mafi kyawun Kyauta don nasarar dijital na ɗayan, da kuma waƙar asadora, "Idea". Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya lashe jimillar kofuna huɗu a Kyautar Kiɗa na Space Shower na 2019. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2019, an samar da duk waƙarsa akan ayyukan yawo. A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Hoshino ya ɗora bidiyon kiɗa na waƙarsa "Doraemon", wanda ya zama waƙar girmamawa ga ikon mallakar Jafananci mai suna iri ɗaya. An yi amfani da shi azaman jigon fim ɗin Doraemon na 38, Nobita's Treasure Island, kuma, tun daga faɗuwar 2019, an yi amfani da shi azaman jigon buɗewa na yanzu na <i id="mwQg">Doraemon</i> anime A cikin Afrilu 2022, an yi amfani da waƙarsa mai ban dariya a matsayin ƙarshen farkon lokacin karbuwar anime na Spy x Family Waƙarsa ta baya-bayan nan, I Wanna Be Your Ghost an yi amfani da ita a cikin 'Yokaipedia' a matsaynjhuihuiin babban jigon sa. Yin aiki Fim na farko na Hoshino, Lee Sang-il 's 69, wani karbuwa ne na littafin Ryū Murakami mai suna iri ɗaya Ya taba yin wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin daban-daban da wasan kwaikwayo A cikin 2012, ya yi debuted a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na murya, yana bayyana Buddha a cikin ainihin faifan bidiyo (OVA) daidaitawar Hikaru Nakamura 's manga Saint Young Men, kuma ya ba da waƙar jigon da ake kira "Gag" don sigar wasan kwaikwayo ta 2013, inda ya sake bayyana rawar da ya taka. A cikin 2013, ya buga jagororin jagora a cikin Blindly in Love Masahide Ichii tare da Kaho, kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin Sion Sono Me yasa Ba ku Yi wasa a Jahannama? A cikin 2016, Hoshino ya yi tauraro a cikin TBS's The Full-time Wife Escapist Tare da Yui Aragaki a matsayin abokin aikin sa, ya nuna wani mai albashi mai suna Hiramasa Tsuzaki. Wasan kwaikwayo ya samu kima a hankali a hankali, tare da ƙimar ƙoƙon kallo na ainihin lokaci na 20.8% akan kashi na ƙarshe, da ƙimar gabaɗaya na 14.5%. Ayyukan Hoshino sun ba shi lambobin yabo mafi kyawun Jarumin Tallafawa. Ya kuma ba da taken wasan kwaikwayo mai taken Koi Gen Hoshino ya ƙirƙiri halayen "Akira Nise" Nise Akira, a zahiri Fake Akira a matsayin haraji ga Akira Fuse A cikin 2017, Hoshino ya ba da muryarsa ga babban jigon fim ɗin raye-rayen da ya lashe kyautar Night Is Short, Walk On Girl Ya kuma zama muryar Uba a cikin Mamoru Hosoda 's Mirai, wanda aka sake shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Japan a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2018. Idaten, wasan kwaikwayo na Taiga na NHK na 2019, wanda aka zaɓa don taken don ƙarfafa Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo 2020, Hoshino ya kwatanta Kazushige Hirasawa, wanda ya ba da jawabi mai gamsarwa wanda ya taimaka wajen sanin wurin da za a yi wasannin Olympics na Tokyo 1964 A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2018, an sanar da cewa Hoshino zai fito a cikin Samurai Shifters, fim ɗin karbuwa na littafin tarihin Akihiro Dobashi Hikkoshi Daimyo Sanzenri, wanda aka saita zuwa Firayim a ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2019. A cikin fim din, ya buga wani littafin samurai mai suna Harunosuke Katagiri, wanda ya karɓi manufa don taimakawa daimyo motsi. Zai zama babban jagora na farko na Hoshino a cikin fim ɗin raye-raye tun Blindly in Love a 2013. Rayuwa ta sirri A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2012, an gano Hoshino yana da zubar jini na subachnoid kuma an yi masa tiyata. Ya koma rayuwar jama'a bisa hukuma a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu, 2013 tare da bayyanarsa a Kyautar J-Wave Tokyo. A cikin 2021, Hoshino ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Yui Aragaki, abokin aikin sa a cikin jerin talabijin The Cikakkiyar Matar Matar Kuɗin Hotuna Baka no uta (2010) Episode (2011) Baƙo (2013) Rawar rawaya (2015) Kwayar cuta (2018) Wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin NTT DOCOMO, "ZeniCrazy Ver1.0" (Fabrairu 2019) NTT DOCOMO, "ZeniCrazy Ver2.0" (Maris 2019) Nintendo, "Super Mario Bros. Anniversary 35" (Satumba 2020) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1981 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30192	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana%20Konadu%20Agyeman%20Rawlings	Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings	Nana Konadu Agyeman-Rawlings (an haife ta 17 Nuwamba 1948) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Ghana wacce ta kasance Uwargidan Shugaban Ghana daga 4 Yuni 1979 zuwa 24 Satumba 1979 da kuma daga 31 Disamba 1981 zuwa 7 ga Janairu 2001. duka biyu a karkashin Shugaba Jerry John Rawlings. A shekarar 2016 ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasar Ghana. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Nana Konadu Agyeman a ranar 17 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1948, ga J.O.T. Agyeman da matarsa. Ta halarci makarantar Ghana International School. Daga baya ta koma makarantar Achimota, inda ta hadu da Jerry John Rawlings. Ta ci gaba da karatun Art and Textiles a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha. Ta kasance shugabar dalibai a zaurenta, Africa Hall. A shekara ta 1975 ta sami takardar shaidar difloma ta cikin gida daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta London. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, inda ta sami takardar shaidar difloma a cikin manyan jami'an gudanarwa daga Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Samar da Aikin Gana a 1979 da takardar shaidar ci gaba daga Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana a 1991. Ta kuma yi kwasa-kwasan. a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa, Baltimore, MD, takardar shaidar shirin abokan tarayya a cikin ayyukan agaji da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Wa'adin farko na Agyeman-Rawlings a matsayin uwargidan shugaban kasa ya zo ne bayan mijinta ya zama shugaban kasa na soja na dan lokaci a 1979. Ya koma kan karagar mulki a 1981, kuma, bayan an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban farar hula a 1992, ya ci gaba da mulki har zuwa 2001. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar mata ta 31 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 1982. An zabe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jam’iyyar ta ta farko a shekarar 2009 a karo na biyu na jam’iyyarta ta National Democratic Congress (NDC) tana mulki karkashin shugaba John Atta Mills. Ba ta yi nasara ba ta kalubalanci Atta Mills a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar a babban taron jam'iyyar a 2011. Aikin rayuwa A cikin wata sanarwa da ofishin jakadancin Ghana ya fitar, uwargidan tsohon shugaban kasar Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings ta bayyana cewa, "Burina shi ne na ga 'yantar da mata a kowane mataki na ci gaba don ba su damar ba da gudummawa da cin gajiyar ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa. kasa.... Dole ne a amince da muhimmiyar rawar da mata ke takawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya a cikin iyali, kasa da duniya baki daya, don yin haka, dole ne a ba su karfin siyasa don samar musu da isassun kalubalen da ke tattare da tantancewa da tantance hanyoyin magance su. domin ci gaban al’umma”. Wannan ita ce manufar 31 ga watan Disamba wadda Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings ta kasance shugabar kungiyar. Ta bayyana shi a matsayin "Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ci gaba mai fa'ida wanda ke da burin cimma wadannan manufofin ta hanyar hada kan mata masu inganci." Bugu da kari, yunkurinta miliyan biyu mai karfi ya kafa makarantun gaba da sakandare sama da 870 a Ghana kuma ta yi aiki tukuru don tada sha'awar ci gaban yara da tsarin iyali. Uwargidan tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana ta ce za ta ci gaba da aiki a harkar mata ko da a ce mijinta ba shugaban kasa ba ne. Mijinta ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1981, kodayake ba a kafa shi a matsayin shugaban kasa ba sai shekara ta gaba. Kasar ta samu nasarar komawa mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1992 tare da gudanar da zabe cikin 'yanci. A yayin da ta kira uwargidan shugaban kasar "wani bangare na juyin juya hali a tattalin arzikin Ghana," Baltimore Afro-American ya ba da rahoton cewa mata su ne mafi yawan ma'aikata a Ghana, kuma suna son su kasance a tsakiya a cikin sake fasalin kasar. "Kafin 31 ga Disamba, 1981, ba su da wani tasiri a cikin doka ko siyasa har ma da dokokin da suka shafe su." Ƙungiya ce ta asali, inda mata ke sayar da filayensu, tufafi, da kayan ado don samun kuɗi. Hakkokin mata A farkon shekarun 1980, wasu mata kalilan ne suka tunkare ta suna son kafa kungiyar mata amma bayan wasu ‘yan tarurruka, kadan ya faru. Ta ce bayan da ta tambayi matan abin da suke son yi a kungiyance, "A bayyane yake cewa sai mun fara da abubuwan da za su samu kudi don ci gaban al'ummarsu a fannin zamantakewa, yawancin matan suna son abubuwa kamar ruwa." Kungiyar ta koya wa matan Ghana yadda ake samun kudin shiga da kuma tanadin kudade don ayyukan al'umma. Ya kara musu kwarin guiwa da su kasance cikin tsarin yanke shawara a kauyukansu, tare da bayyana manufofin kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Ya ba da shirin karatun manya don koya musu karatu da rubutu-mafi yawan mata ba za su iya ba. An hana auren wuri a tsakanin yara mata kuma an gabatar da shirye-shirye akan abinci mai gina jiki da rigakafi. A cikin 1991, ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Nana Konadu, Ghana ce ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara. Ta hanyar motsi, Mrs. Rawlings ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da "Dokar Ci Gaban Mulki," wadda ta dace ga wanda ya tsira daga mutuwa ba tare da wasiyya ba. A al'adance, matan Ghana ba su da 'yancin gado ko kaɗan bayan mutuwar mazajensu. Sabuwar dokar ta ba da ma'auni na gado. Kungiyar Misis Rawlings ta kuma koya wa matan kauye shiga harkar zabe. "A zahiri mun yi ta su ne kawai har sai da suka gane, kash, ba ma son daya daga cikin wadannan mutanen da ke zaune a wajen yankunanmu ya zo ya tsaya a yankunanmu a zabe," in ji ta a Africa Report. “Yanzu mata da yawa suna cikin kwamitoci a kauyuka da gundumominsu, wasu kuma suna shugabantar kwamitocin.... Zan iya cewa mun yi tasiri sosai, kuma ina iya ganin girman kai da kuma kusantar girman kai. matan, cewa a yanzu mun sami damar keta wannan katangar mai kauri." A shekarar 1992, an zabi mata 19 a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki. Da take nuni da fannin kudi a matsayin daya daga cikin matsalolinsu, Misis Rawlings ta shaidawa Africa Report cewa: “Mafi yawan ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen yamma sun ce mu kungiya ce kawai ta siyasa kuma ba sa daukar lokaci don saurare. Ya dauki lokaci mai yawa kawai don samun jama'a su gane.... Da zarar mata suka shiga siyasa, duniya za ta yi kyau, domin ba mu tunanin yaƙe-yaƙe da wanda zai kera makamai da wanda zai kashe na gaba, muna so mu kafa. haɗin gwiwa, hanyar sadarwa, da kuma sa duniya ta zama wurin zama mafi kyau." mace ce mai ƙwazo da kwarjini. Yawon shakatawa na Amurka na 1995 A shekarar 1995, uwargidan shugaban Ghana ta yi tafiya tare da mijinta zuwa birane, ciki har da New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., Houston, Detroit, Lincoln, Pennsylvania, da Los Angeles, tare da kokarin karfafa zuba jari da kasuwanci da Ghana. Mijinta ne shugaban kasar Ghana na farko da ya tafi rangadi a fadin kasar Amurka. Uwargidan shugaban kasar Ghana ta yi makonni biyar a Amurka tana halartar wani shirin abokantaka a fannin jin kai da kuma kungiyoyin sa-kai a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa ta Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, inda ta samu takardar shaidar bayan kammala karatun ta. wanda ya haɗa da dabarun tara kuɗi, manufofin haraji, da kuma kwas kan ƙungiyar al'umma. Wannan ya kasance a cikin 1994. A cikin 1995 ita da mijinta sun sami digiri na girmamawa a Jami'ar Lincoln a Lincoln, Pennsylvania. Burin shugaban kasa A shekarar 2016 ta zama mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasar Ghana. An caje ta a matsayin "Hillary Clinton" ta Afirka. Da ta zama shugabar Ghana mace ta farko da ta yi nasara da sabuwar jam'iyyarta a shekarar 2016. Ta samu kashi 0.16% na kuri'un da aka kada. Ta mika fom din tsayawa takararta domin jagorantar jam’iyyarta ta NDP a zaben 2020 da za a yi a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. Rayuwa ta sirri Nana Konadu ta auri Rawlings a 1977. Sun haifi ɗansu na farko, Zanetor, a 1978. Rawlings ya kasance jami'in sojan sama a lokacin. Wasu 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa guda sun biyo baya: Yaa Asantewaa, Amina da Kimati. Ta rasa mijinta ne a watan Nuwamba 2020, lokacin da zaben ya rage kasa da wata guda. Ta yi kasa a gwiwa a yakin neman zabenta amma ba ta janye takararta ba. Manazarta Rayayyun
35240	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Vernon%20Triangle	Mount Vernon Triangle	Dutsen Vernon Triangle yanki ne da gundumar inganta al'umma a cikin yanki na arewa maso yamma na Washington, DC Asalin unguwar masu aiki da aka kafa a karni na 19, Dutsen Vernon Triangle na yau ya sami raguwa a tsakiyar karni na 20 yayin da ya canza daga wurin zama. don amfani da kasuwanci da masana'antu. An sami gagarumin ci gaba a unguwar a cikin karni na 21. Yanzu ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga cikin manyan gidaje, gidaje da gine-ginen ofis. An adana gine-ginen tarihi da yawa a cikin unguwar kuma an jera su a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa Dutsen Vernon Triangle yanzu ana ɗaukar kyakkyawan misali na tsara birane da yanki mai iya tafiya. Geography Dutsen Vernon Triangle, wanda ya ƙunshi tubalan 17, yana cikin Ward 6 da lambar ZIP ta 20001. Unguwar triangular tana da iyaka da: 7th Street da Dutsen Vernon Square da Downtown a yamma, Massachusetts Avenue da unguwar Judiciary Square a kudu, New Jersey Avenue da yankunan Sursum Corda da NoMa a gabas New York Avenue da unguwar Shaw a arewa Ana ɗaukar titin K a matsayin "Babban titin unguwar", tare da mahadar titin 5th da K yana aiki a matsayin "madaidaicin wurin al'umma da zuciyar unguwar." Tarihi Dutsen Vernon Triangle na yau an nuna shi akan Shirin L'Enfant na birnin, kodayake yana arewacin wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa a lokacin kuma ya kasance ba a daidaita ba. A cikin 1810, Majalisa ta ba da izini na Titin 7th Turnpike, tsawo na titin 7th wanda ya tashi daga Cibiyar Kasuwanci National Archives Building now) zuwa iyakar Maryland Wannan ya haifar da wasu ƙananan ci gaba a yankin, ko da yake kafin yakin basasa, yawancin wuraren zama sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan gidaje. Banda shi ne Douglas Row, manyan gidaje uku da aka gina a cikin 1856 da Sanatoci biyu da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa John C. Breckinridge suka yi An yi amfani da Douglas Row a matsayin asibiti a lokacin yakin basasa kuma ya zama mazaunin fitattun mutane bayan yakin ya ƙare, ciki har da Ulysses S. Grant da William Tecumseh Sherman Asibitin Stanton, daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin wucin gadi na birni a lokacin yakin, yana cikin unguwar, a kan titin Douglas Row. An sami saurin haɓakar haɓakar ƙawancen ta hanyar buɗewar 1875 na Kasuwar 'Yanci ta Arewa, babbar kasuwar jama'a tare da rumfunan siyarwa 284 waɗanda suka tsaya a 5th da K Streets NW. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke karuwa, an maye gurbin tsofaffin gidaje da gidajen bulo na dindindin da kasuwanci kuma alƙaluma sun canza sosai. Baƙi na Jamus, Irish da Yahudawa sun ƙaura zuwa unguwar sun buɗe shaguna. Baƙin Amurkawa kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankin, ko da yake sun kasance suna zama a cikin gidajen kwana. Baya ga Kasuwar 'Yanci ta Arewa, unguwar ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri sakamakon gyare-gyaren da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a karkashin jagorancin Alexander "Boss" Shepherd ta yi da kuma sanya motocin dakon kaya. Motocin titin dawakai sun fara aiki a unguwar Massachusetts Avenue da titin 4th a 1884 yayin da Washington, DC ta farko layin motocin lantarki ya fara aiki a New York Avenue a 1888. Zaɓuɓɓukan sufuri da kusanci zuwa cikin gari ya haifar da ci gaba a cikin unguwar, kodayake ba a gina layuka na tsaka-tsaki na gidaje ba, sabanin yawancin unguwannin yankin. Baya ga ci gaban zama da kasuwanci, akwai cibiyar masana'antu mai aiki a unguwar, wacce ke kewaye da Prather's Alley (wanda ke tsakanin 4th da 5th da I da K Streets). A ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, an rushe gine-gine da wuraren kwana a kan Prather's Alley ko kuma sun koma gidajen burodi, masana'antar kwanon kiwo, ɗakunan ajiya da sauran wuraren masana'antu. Ci gaban kasuwanci ya karu a unguwar a cikin 1910s da 1920s. Ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan titin New York ya haifar da ƙarin gidajen mai, gareji da shagunan gyaran motoci, waɗanda yawancinsu sun maye gurbin gine-ginen zama. A shekara ta 1930, Arewacin Liberty Market (wanda ake kira Cibiyar Kasuwanci a lokacin) yana fuskantar barazanar rufewa da rushewa. An gina sabon gini kuma na zamani don masu siyarwa akan kusurwoyi dabam dabam. Yayin da adadin kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu ya karu, mazauna da yawa sun ƙaura zuwa wani wuri. Yawancin gidaje sun zama gidajen kwana ga matalauta mazauna, yanayin da ya karu sosai bayan yakin duniya na biyu A cikin 1946, gobara ta lalata yawancin kasuwar Cibiyar, wanda ya haifar da yawancin kasuwancin gida da kasuwa ke tallafawa don rufewa ko ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan birnin. An cire titin da ke kan titin New York a cikin 1949 kuma yawancin gine-ginen mazaunan da ke wannan titin an rushe kuma an maye gurbinsu da wuraren ajiye motoci. A cikin shekarun 1960, an rushe wani babban yanki na yankin gabas, gami da ragowar sashin Douglas Row, don ba da damar Interstate 395 A lokacin tarzomar 1968 da ta biyo bayan kisan Martin Luther King Jr., an kona gine-gine da dama a yammacin Dutsen Vernon Triangle. A cikin shekarun 1980, yawancin unguwar sun lalace, sun ƙunshi manyan wuraren ajiye motoci kuma sun zama matattarar karuwai da masu sayar da muggan ƙwayoyi. Sake gina manyan yankunan Dutsen Vernon Triangle ya fara ne a ƙarni na 21 yayin da ƙarin mutane ke ƙaura zuwa cikin birni kuma jami'an ƙananan hukumomi sun ba da rage haraji don gina gidaje. Jami'an birni da masu haɓaka gidaje sun fara yunƙurin sake farfado da yankin a cikin 2000. Gundumar Inganta Al'umma ta Dutsen Vernon Triangle, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke daidaitawa da kasuwannin gundumar inganta al'umma, a cikin 2004. Juyin Juya Halin Dutsen Vernon Triangle shine ƙarshen 2008 mafi girman ci gaban unguwar, CityVista, hadaddun da ya ƙunshi rukunin gidaje 441, gidaje 224, da sararin dillali. An sami raguwar gine-gine a lokacin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki, amma ci gaban ya ci gaba. Ya zuwa 2011, unguwar tana da kiyasin yawan jama'a 2,840, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin ƙwararrun matasa. Jaridar Washington Post ta bayyana unguwar a matsayin "cibiyar birni mai ban sha'awa" da "misalin littafi na tsarawa da tsara birane, haɗin kai tsakanin mutane, da tafiya." A cikin 2014, akwai rukunin gidaje 3,691, gidaje 2,607, gidajen abinci 40, da na filin ofis ko dai an gina shi ko kuma ana gina shi a unguwar. Mahimman wuraren kasuwanci akan titin 5th sun haɗa da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na Safeway na awa 24 da Busboys da Poets An shigar da sculptures na waje guda biyu, Kashewa da Wahayi, a kusurwar 5th da K Streets a cikin 2009 da 2010, bi da bi. I Abubuwan tarihi kwai gine-gine na 19th da farkon karni na 20 da yawa a cikin unguwar waɗanda aka kiyaye su kuma aka dawo dasu. Gundumar Tarihi na Dutsen Vernon Triangle, wanda asalinsa ya ƙunshi gine-gine 24 galibi waɗanda ke tsakanin 4th da 5th da I da K Streets, an jera su akan National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP) a cikin 2006. Biyu daga cikin gine-gine, 470 da 472 K Street NW, sun rushe a cikin 2014. Gidan Emily Wiley, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1871, tsohon gidan gari ne wanda yake a 3rd da I Streets NW wanda aka jera akan NRHP a cikin 2006. Ginin Apartment na Jefferson, wanda aka gina a 1899 kuma masanin gida George S. Cooper ya tsara, yana a 315 H Street NW kuma an jera shi akan NRHP a 1994. Cocin Baptist na biyu, wanda aka gina a cikin 1894 akan wurin tsohon mallakar cocin na 1856, yana a 816 3rd Street NW kuma an jera shi akan NRHP a 2004. Ayyukan jama'a Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan jigilar jama'a da yawa don mazauna unguwa da baƙi. Akwai tashoshi na metro guda uku tsakanin ɗan gajeren tafiya: Wurin Gallery, Dandalin Shari'a, da Dutsen Vernon Square Hanyar tashar tashar Georgetown-Union ta DC Circulator tana tafiya akan titin Massachusetts kuma akwai tasha Metrobus da yawa a cikin unguwar. Tashoshin Capital Bikeshare uku kuma suna cikin unguwar. Daliban firamare da na tsakiya suna halartar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Walker-Jones, wanda ke kan iyakar gabas na unguwar. Tsofaffin ɗalibai suna zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Dunbar a cikin Truxton Circle Akwai wuraren shakatawa da yawa a cikin Dutsen Vernon Triangle: biyu a 7th da K Streets, Cobb Park (2nd Street da Massachusetts Avenue), Milian Park (5th da I Streets) da Seaton Park (500 block na Massachusetts Avenue). Yawancin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa ƙananan ƙananan kujeru ne masu kusurwa uku waɗanda ke tsakanin manyan tituna da matsuguni. Masu ba da shawara na gida suna bin babban fili na jama'a da "parkin shakatawa na birni don abubuwan da ba su dace ba, gami da yawo, karatu, da zama." Duba kuma Makwabta a Washington, DC Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gundumar Inganta Al'umma ta Dutsen Vernon Triangle, ƙungiyar sa-kai ta gida Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
17721	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20%28suna%29	Abu Bakr (suna)	Abu Bakr sahabi ne, ɗaya daga cikin sahabban Muhammadu kuma halifan Musulunci na farko Shi ma surukin Muhammad ne ta hanyar A’isha Sunan sa na ainihi shine Abdullah ko Abul-Kaaba kuma Abubakar shine kunyarsa. Sunan, ma'ana "Uban ƙaramin raƙumi" (Abu ma'ana 'Uba na' kuma Bakr ma'anar 'ƙaramin raƙumi'), Musulman Sunni suna amfani da shi sosai. Sauran fassarar sun hada da Abu Bakar, Abu Bekr, Ebubekir, Aboubacar Abubakar, da dai sauransu. Ana iya rubuta bangarori biyu na sunan tare, a sanyaya su,ko kuma daban. Mutanen da suke da suna Mutanen da ke da sunan sun hada da: Musulunci na farko da na zamanin da Abdullah bn Abi Bakr (ya mutu a shekara ta 633), dan khalifa Abubakar. Muhammad bn Abubakar (ya mutu a shekara ta 658), dan khalifa Abubakar. Abu Bakr bn Ali (ya mutu a shekara ta 680) a yakin Karbala. Abu Bakr bn Hasan bn Ali (ya mutu a shekara ta 680) a yakin Karbala. Abu Bakr bn Muhammad bn Hazm (ya mutu a shekara ta 737), malamin addinin Musulunci mai bin mazhabar Madina. Abu Bakr al-Isfahani (ya mutu a shekara ta 908),malamin Persia a karatun Warsh. Abu Bakr al-Khallal (ya mutu a shekara ta 923), masanin shari’a na Muslim. Abū Bakr Muhammad bn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (854–925). Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid (c. 860-936),malamin ilmin addinin Musulunci dan kasar Iraki. Abu Bakr Muhammad (ya mutu a shekara ta 941), Muhtajid mai mulkin Chaghaniyan kuma gwamnan Samanid Khurasan. Abu Bakr al-Sajistani (ya mutu a shekara ta 941), malamin addinin Islama. Abu Bakr Shibli (861–946), Sufi dan asalin Farisa, almajirin Junayd Baghdadi. Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli (880-946), dan wasan larabawa shatranj. Abu Bakr Ibn Al-Qutia (ya mutu a shekara ta 997),masanin tarih. kuma marubuci an haife shi a Córdoba, Spain. Abu Bakr Ahmed bin 'Ali bin Qays al-Wahshiyah, ko Ibn Wahshiyya (karni na 9/10 ),masanin ilimin kimiya na kasar Iraki, masanin noma,masanin ilmin toxico, masanin sihiri da tarihi. Abu Bakr al-Alami al-Idrissi (ya mutu a ƙarni na 10), kakan Alami Sayyids na Maroko kuma shugaban ƙabilar Beni Arrous. Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (ƙarshen ƙarni na 10),Bukhara Sufi, marubucin Kitab at-ta'arruf. Abu Bakr Muḥammad bn al-Ṭayyib al-Baqillani (930–1013), malamin addinin musulinci dan kasar Iraki, masanin tauhidi da kuma mai yawan tunani. Abu Bakr Muhammad bn al-Hasan bn Furak (941–1015) Limamin Musulmi, masanin harshen larabci, nahawu da waka,mai iya magana, masanin shari’a, kuma masanin hadisi daga Shafi’i Madhab. Abul-Mahāsin Abu Bakr Zaynuddin Azraqi (ya mutu a shekara ta 1072), mawaƙin Farisa. Abu Bakr bn Umar (ya mutu a shekara ta 1087), mai mulkin Almoravid. Syr ibn Abi Bakr (ya mutu shekara ta 1113), kwamandan sojan. Berber na daular Almoravid. Abu Bakr Muhammad at-Turtushi (1059–1127), masanin shari’a musulmi kuma masanin siyasa daga Tortosa, Spain. Abu Bakr bn al-Arabi (1076–1148), alkali kuma masanin dokar Maliki daga al-Andalus Abu Bakr Abd al-Malik ibn Quzman (1078–1160) mawaki a cikin al-Andalus Abû Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣâ'igh at-Tûjîbî Ibn Bâjja al-Tujibi, wanda aka sani da Avempace, (c. 1085–1138), Andalusian polymath: wanda rubutunsa ya shafi ilimin taurari, ilimin lissafi, ilimin halin dan adam, kiɗa, da sauransu. Abu Bakr Muhammad bn Abd al-Malik bin Muhammad bin Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi; (1105-1185), Likitan larabawan Andalusiya kuma masanin falsafa Abu Bakr al-Hassar ko Abu Bakr bn Muhammad bin Ayyash al Hassar (karni na 12), masanin lissafi musulmi daga Maroko al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu-Bakr ibn Ayyub ko Al-Adil I (1145-1218), Ayyubid-janar din Masar, ɗan'uwan Saladin Abu Bakr Ibn Sayyid al-Nās (1200-1261), masanin ilimin tauhidi na Almohad. Saif ad-Dīn al-Malik Ādil Abū Bakr b. Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad ko Al-Adil II (1221? –1248), Ayyubid sultan na Misira Abubakr Sa'd bn Zangy (1231-1260), mai mulkin Shiraz Abu Bakr (mansa) (ya mutu a shekara ta 1285), Sarkin Daular Mali Abu Bakr II (ya mutu a shekara ta 1312? Sarkin Daular Mali Muhammad bn Abu Bakr, wanda aka sani da Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350), masanin shari’ar musulinci na sunni, masanin falaki, masanin ilimin kimiya, falsafa, masanin halayyar dan adam da ilimin tauhidi. Saif ad-Din Abu-Bakr (c. 1321–1341), Mamluk sultan na Misira Abu Bakr bn Faris (ya mutu a shekara ta 1359), Marinid Sultan Abu Bakr Shah (ya mutu a shekara ta 1390), mai mulkin daular Tughlaq Ali bin Abu Bakr al-Haythami (1335–1404), Sunni Shafi`i malamin addinin Islama daga Alkahira Aboobakuru I na Maldives (ya mutu a shekara ta 1443?), Sarkin Maldives yayin 1443 Abu Bakr al-Aydarus (1447-1508), Hadhrami malamin addinin Sufanci da mawaƙi Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat (ya mutu bayan shekara ta 1514), mai mulki a gabashin Asiya ta tsakiya, sarki ne na ƙabilar Dughlat Abu Bakr bn Muhammad (ya mutu a shekara ta 1526), sarkin Adal Abu Bakr Mirza (ya mutu a shekara ta 1602), ya bayyana kansa Shah na Shirvan bayan faɗuwar Kavus Mirza Mohammed al-Hajj bn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i (ya mutu a shekara ta 1671), shugaban zawiyyar Dila, Maroko Abu Bakr Ibn Braham Commons (ya mutu a shekara tab1691), mai tsara taswira 18th karni zuwa yanzu Fumo Madi bn Abi Bakr (ya mutu a shekara ta 1809), Sarkin Musulmi na Pate, Kenya Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (bawa daga Timbuktu), ca. 1834 Abu Bakr Atiku (1782-1842), sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate or Fulani Fulani Abu Bakr II ibn 'Abd al-Munan (ya mutu a shekara ta 1852), sarkin Harar Ahmad III dan Abu Bakr (ya mutu a shekara ta 1866), sarkin Harar Abu Bakr Effendi (1814-1880), Osmanli qadi a cikin Cape of Good Hope daga 1862 zuwa 1880 Abu Bakar na Johor (1833-1895), Sultan na Johor Mulla Abu Bakr Effendi, ko kuma kawai Mulla Effendi (1863–1942), malamin addinin musulinci Kurdawa, masanin falsafar Islama, masanin, masanin taurari da siyasa. Abu Bakar bin Taha (1882–1956), haifaffen Yemen malamin addinin Musulunci a Singapore Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem (1897–1975), masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Pakistan kuma mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Karachi na farko. Abu Bakar na Pahang (1904–1974), Sarkin Pahang Abu Bakr Khairat (1910-1963), ɗan ƙasar Masar mai tsara kiɗan gargajiya Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966), firayim minista na farko na Nijeriya mai cin gashin kanta Abu Bakar Bashir (An haife shi a shekara ta 1938), malamin addinin Musulunci na Indonesiya Datti Abubakar (1939–2005), Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Anambra a Nijeriya Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (An haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan siyasar Yemen kuma wani lokaci Firayim Minista Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad (An haife shi a shekara ta 1939), shugaban ɗayan masu bin addinin Sunni (Sufi) Musulmi (shafi) a Kerala, Indiya Abubakar Rimi (1940–2010), ɗan siyasan Nijeriya Abu Bakr al-Qirbi (An haife shi a shekara ta 1942), ɗan siyasan Yemen Abdulsalami Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1942), janar kuma ɗan siyasa na Nijeriya Abu Baker Asvat (1943–1989), ya kashe dan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu kuma likita Aboubacar Somparé (An haife shi a shekara ta 1944), ɗan siyasan Guinea, Shugaban Majalisar Nationalasa Abu Bakar bin Abdul Jamal (An haife shi a shekara ta 1946), babban darakta a rundunar sojojin ruwan Malaysia Atiku Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1946), ɗan siyasan Nijeriya Boubaker Ayadi (An haife shi a shekara ta 1949), marubucin Tunisiya Mustafa Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1949), ɗan siyasan Indonesiya Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr (1952–2011), Ministan Tsaron Libya a karkashin Gaddafi Abu Bakar (1952–2019), masarautar Indonesiya ta West Bandung Sa'adu Abubakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1956), Sarkin Musulmi a arewacin Nijeriya Abu Bakr, sunan da mai rajin gwagwarmayar Australiya Abdul Nacer Benbrika ya yi amfani da shi (An haife shi ne a shekara ta c. 1960) Aboubakr Jamaï (An haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan jaridar Maroko kuma ma'aikacin banki Abu Bakker Qassim (An haife shi a shekara ta 1969), Uyghur wanda aka gudanar a Guantanamo Bay Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1971–2019) a matsayin Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri, shugaban kungiyar IS da ke ikirarin halifa. Atif Abu Bakr, dan siyasan Falasdinu kuma memba na kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya, memba na kungiyar Abu Nidal da Fatah a lokuta daban-daban Abu Bakr Mansha (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983/1984), an yanke masa hukunci a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ta'addanci ta Biritaniya ta 2000 Abu Bakar (harin Dubrovka) ko Abubakar, sunan karya na Khanpasha Terkibayev, wanda ya kai harin Dubrovka a 2002 Abu Bakr Baira, dan siyasan Libya, mai rikon mukamin shugaban majalisar wakilai ta Libya Abu-Bakr al-Mansouri, ɗan siyasan Libya, sakataren aikin gona, Arzikin dabbobi da albarkatun ruwa Yasin Abu Bakr, shugaban kungiyar Jamaat al Muslimeen, kungiyar musulmai a Trinidad da Tobago. Aboubacar Ibrahim Abani, jami'in diflomasiyyar Najeriya Aboubacar Doumbia, wanda aka fi sani da Abou Nidal, mawaƙin Ivory Coast Roqia Abubakr, daya daga cikin mata hudu na farko da aka zaba a majalisar dokoki a Afghanistan 'Yan wasa Abu Bakr Ratib (mai aiki a 1928), mai tallata Masar Abubakar Al-Mass (An haife shi a shekara ta 1955), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Yemen Aboubacar Cissé (An haife shi a shekara ta 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ivory Coast Aboubacar Titi Camara, (An haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea Aboubacar Mario Bangoura (An haife shi a shekara ta 1977), alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea Abubaker Tabula (An haife shi a shekara ta 1980), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Uganda Aboubacar Guindo (An haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Mali Abubakari Yakubu (An haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana Abubakr Al Abaidy (An haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Libya Aboubacar Bangoura (ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa) (An haife shi a shekara ta 1982), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea Abubakari Yahuza (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ghana Aboubacar Tandia (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa Aboubacar Sylla (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea Abubaker Ali Kamal (An haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan wasan ƙasar Qatar wanda ya ƙware a tseren mita 1500 da 3000 na tsaunuka. Aboubacar M'Baye Camara (An haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea Radanfah Abu Bakr (An haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Trinidiya Abubakar Bello-Osagie (An haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya Ni Aboubacar Diomande (An haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ivory Coast Aboubacar Camara (An haifi ɗan kwallon kafa a shekara ta 1988) (An haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea Abubaker Kaki Khamis (An haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan tseren Sudan wanda ya ƙware a tseren mita 800 Mohd Faizal Abu Bakar (An haife shi a shekara ta 1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Malaysia Abou Bakr Al-Mel (An haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Labanon Aboubacar Doumbia (An haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Mali Sauran amfani Hazrati Abu Bakr Siddique, masallaci a Flushing, Queens, New York Masallacin Masallacin Abu Bakar, Pahang, Malaysia Saidina Abu Bakar As Masallacin Siddiq, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Masallacin Jahar Sultan Abu Bakar, Johor, Malaysia Abuungiyar Sultan Abu Bakar, kwastan, ƙaura da kuma keɓe masu keɓewa, Malaysia Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria BNS Abu Bakar (1982), jirgin yakin Bangladesh BNS Abu Bakar (2014), jirgin yakin Bangladesh Duba kuma Boubacar, Yammacin Afirka iri ɗaya sunan Manazarta Mutane Musulmai
22254	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20M.%20Cobb	Kim M. Cobb	Kim Cobb (an haife shi a shekara ta b1974) masaniyar kimiyyar yanayi ce ta Amurka. Ita farfesa ce a Makarantar Duniya da Kimiyyar Yanayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia, kuma Malami ne Malami mai Iko a Georgia. Tana da sha'awar masaniyar kimiyyar teku, ilimin kimiyyar halittu da kere -kere. Cobb itace Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Fasahar Duniya ta Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Georgia. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Kim Cobb a shekara ta 1974 a Madison, Virginia, Amurka. Ta girma a Pittsfield, Massachusetts Ta kuma zama mai sha'awar nazarin halittun ruwa ne bayan ta halarci makarantar bazara a makarantar Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts Ta yi karatun ilmin halitta da ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Yale, inda ta kara fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi Ta tashi daga hanyarta ta pre-med track kuma ta nemi shirin bazara a Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ta kammala a cikin shekara ta 1996. Cobb ta kammala digirinta na uku a cikin hoto a Scripps a shekara ta 2002, tana farautar al'amuran El Niño a wani yanki mai laushi daga Santa Barbara Ta yi shekaru biyu a matsayin doc a Caltech kafin ta shiga Georgia Tech a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a shekara ta 2004. Ta buga wallafe-wallafen bita fiye da guda 100 a cikin manyan mujallu. Ta zama cikakkiyar farfesa a cikin shekara ta 2015 kuma tana kula da ɗaliban PhD da MSc da yawa.ref name="RealS" Bincike Kungiyar Kim Cobb suna neman fahimtar canjin yanayi na duniya da kuma gano abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan mutum da na ɗan adam. Binciken Cobb ya dauke ta a kan tafiye-tafiye na teku da yawa a kewayen yankin Pacific da keɓaɓɓun balaguron gandun daji na Borneo Kungiyar bincike ta Cobb tana amfani da murjani da kogon dutse kamar ɗakunan tarihin canjin yanayi da suka gabata kuma suna bincika canjin yanayin da ya gabata a cikin ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata zuwa ɗaruruwan dubunnan shekaru da suka gabata. Baya ga samar da babban ƙuduri na bayanan paleoclimate, ƙungiyar bincike ta Cobb kuma tana kula da sauyin yanayi na zamani, yin ƙirar ƙira, da nuna yanayin sauyin yanayi na yankin Pacific. Ita da ƙungiyarta sun tattara tsoffin guntun murjani daga tsibirin Kiribati da Palmyra, sun girme su tare da uranium-thorium Dating sannan suka yi amfani da yanayin isotope na oxygen don auna tsananin abubuwan da El Niño ya faru a cikin shekaru 7,000 da suka gabata. Cobb yana kan kwamitin edita na Haruffa Masu Binciken Geophysical. Kyauta da yabo A shekarar 2007, ta lashe lambar yabo ta NSF CAREER da kuma Georgia Tech Education Partnership Award A shekara ta 2008, an amince da Cobb a matsayin ɗayan manyan samari masu ilimin kimiya na ƙasa, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo na Farko na Farko na Masana kimiyya da Injiniyoyi (PECASE) A cikin shekarar 2009, Cobb ya sami Kavli 'Frontiers of Science' Fellowship[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">ana bukatar</span> Cobb ya kasance baƙon da aka gayyata a Fadar Yarjejeniyar Sauƙaƙan Manufofin Wurin Fita a 2011 A cikin shekarar 2019, Cobb an ba shi lambar yabo ta 2020 Hans Oeschger ta Geungiyar osasashen Turai Manufofi da hulda da jama'a Cobb tana zaune akan Kungiyar ofungiyar Ci gaban Kimiyyar Yanayi ta Amurka, Kasashen duniya na CLIVAR Pacific da kuma ƙungiyar PAGES-CLIVAR ta mahaɗa. Tana cikin majalisar ba da shawara na AAAS Leshner Institute for Public Engagement. Cobb wakiliya ce ta sadarwar da al'ummomi, kuma tana gabatar da laccoci a kai a kai ga makarantu, kolejoji da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kan kimiyyar yanayi. Tana da hannu a cikin manufofi kuma ita ce marubuciya da dama game da abubuwan da suka shafi jama'a game da canjin yanayi, tana kokarin karfafawa sauran masana kimiyyar yanayi damar yin magana a mahawarar kasashen duniya. Ta fito a shirin Showtime na Shekarar Rayuwa Mai Haɗari A Real Masana kimiyya, Cobb sa ta al'amarin ga karatu da paleoclimate: "The instrumental rikodin na sauyin yanayi ne da nisa ma takaice don gano wasu daga cikin mafi muhimmanci canje-canje a cikin sauyin yanayi a karkashin greenhouse tilasta. Bayanan Paleoclimate suna zuwa ceto, suna kallon fari da suka gabata, munanan abubuwa, da canjin yanayin teku Cobb ya ba da gabatarwa a cikin Maris don Kimiyya a Atlanta, Georgia, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2017. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2019, Cobb ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Albarkatun Kasa don sauraren, "Canjin Yanayi: Tasiri da Bukatar Yin Dokar." A cikin wannan shaidar, ta bayyana yadda Tekun Tekun Pacific na shekara ta 2016 El Niño ya shafe kashi 90 na murjani a cikin shafin binciken ta, yana mai cewa, "Ina da kujerar gaba-gaba ga kisan." Ta jaddada tsanani da kara bayyana a cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi, lura da cewa masana kimiyya da dama da ta zanta da su a shirye suke su hada kai da 'yan majalisa kan canjin yanayi. Bambanci A Georgia Tech, ita ce farfesa a gaba don ""kungiyoyin Bambanci", wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin theungiyar Kimiyya ta toasa don ƙara wakilci da ci gaban mata a cikin ilimin kimiyya da injiniya. Manazarta Haifaffun 1974 Pages with unreviewed
52245	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maganin%20gargajiya	Maganin gargajiya	Magungunan Gargajiya (wanda kuma akafi sani da likitan ƴan ƙasa ko likitancin jama'a Ya kasance wan nan ya ƙunshi fannonin likitanci na ilimin gargajiya, waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon tsararraki a cikin aƙidar al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da ƴan asalin ƙasar, kafin lokacin maganin zamani. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana. Maganin gargajiya a matsayin “jimlar ilimi, fasaha, da ayyuka bisa ka’idoji, imani, da gogewa na asali ga al’adu daban-daban, ko an bayyana ko a’a, da ake amfani da su wajen kula da lafiya haka nan. kamar yadda yake a cikin rigakafi, tantancewa, ingantawa ko magance cututtukan jiki da na tabin hankali”. Magungunan gargajiya sau da yawa ana bambanta da likitan ilimin kimiyya. A wasu kasashen Asiya da Afirka, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da magungunan gargajiya domin bukatunsu na farko na kiwon lafiya Lokacin da aka ɗauke shi a waje da al'adun gargajiya, ana ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a matsayin wani nau'i na madadin magani Ayyukan da aka fi sani da magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da magungunan gargajiya na Turai, magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, Ayurveda, magungunan Siddha, Unani, magungunan gargajiya na Iran, magungunan Musulunci na tsakiya, Muti, da Ifá Sana'o'in kimiyya da ke nazarin likitancin gargajiya sun hada da herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, da kuma ilimin halin ɗan adam WHO ta lura cewa, duk da haka, "yin amfani da magungunan gargajiya ko ayyuka marasa dacewa na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ko haɗari" kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tabbatar da inganci da aminci" irin waɗannan ayyuka da tsire-tsiren masu magani da tsarin magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da su. A sakamakon haka, WHO ta aiwatar da dabarun shekaru tara domin taimakawa kasashen mambobin kungiyar domin samar da manufofi masu tasiri da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka da za su karfafa rawar da magungunan gargajiya ke takawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jama'a. Amfani da tarihi Tarihi na gargajiya A cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, binciken da aka yi na ganye ya samo asali ne shekaru 5,000 zuwa tsohuwar Sumerians, waɗanda suka bayyana ingantaccen amfani da magani ga shuke-shuke. A cikin magungunan Masar na d a, papyrus Ebers daga c. 1552 BC ya rubuta jerin magungunan jama'a da ayyukan likita na sihiri. Tsohon Alkawari kuma ya ambaci amfani da ganye da kuma noma game da Kashrut. Yawancin ganyaye da ma'adanai da aka yi amfani da su a Ayurveda an kwatanta su da tsoffin masana ganye na Indiya irin su Charaka da Sushruta a lokacin karni na 1 BC. Littafin ganye na farko na kasar Sin shi ne Shennong Bencao Jing, wanda aka harhada a zamanin daular Han amma tun daga baya aka kara shi a matsayin Yaoxing Lun Maganin yanayin Ganyewar Magunguna a lokacin daular Tang Mawallafin Hellenanci na farko da aka sani na ilimin ganye na zamani da na yanzu sun haɗa da Pythagoras da mabiyansa, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides da Galen Tushen Romawa sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Pliny da Celsus 's De Medicina Pedanius Dioscorides ya zana kuma ya gyara mawallafin farko don De Materia Medica, yana ƙara sababbin abubuwa; An fassara aikin zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma an ƙara sunayen Turkawa, Larabci da Ibrananci a cikinsa tsawon ƙarni. Rubutun Latin na De Materia Medica an haɗa su tare da ganyen Latin ta Apuleius Platonicus Herbarium Apuleii Platonici kuma an haɗa su cikin codex Anglo-Saxon Cotton Vitellius C.III.Waɗannan rukunonin Girka na farko da na Romawa sun zama ƙashin bayan ka'idar likitancin Turai kuma Persian Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, 980-1037), Persian Rhazes (Rāzi, 865-925) da Maimonides na Yahudawa suka fassara su. An yi amfani da wasu burbushin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da. Medieval kuma daga baya Magungunan 'yan asalin Larabci sun samo asali daga rikici tsakanin magungunan tushen sihiri na Badawiyya da fassarar Larabci na al'adun likitancin Hellenic da Ayurvedic Larabawa sun yi tasiri a kan likitancin Spain daga 711 zuwa 1492. Likitoci na Musulunci da masanan kimiyyar ilmin halitta musulmi irin su al-Dinawari da Ibn al-Baitar sun fadada sosai akan ilimin likitancin mata. Shahararriyar rubutun likitancin Farisa shine Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, wanda shine farkon pharmacopoeia kuma ya gabatar da gwaji na asibiti An fassara Canon zuwa Latin a karni na 12 kuma ya kasance ikon likita a Turai har zuwa karni na 17. Hakanan tsarin Unani na magungunan gargajiya yana dogara ne akan Canon Hieronymus Bock ya yi fassarar farkon rubutun Roman-Greek zuwa Jamusanci wanda aka buga a cikin 1546, ana kiransa Kreuter Buch An fassara littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland azaman Pemptades ta Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), kuma daga Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa Turanci ta Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609), Henry Lyte ya buga a 1578 a matsayin A Nievve Herball Wannan ya zama John Gerard 's (1545-1612) Herball ko Janar Tarihin Tsirrai Kowane sabon aiki ya kasance tarin rubutun da ake da su tare da sababbin ƙari. Ilimin jama'a na mata ya wanzu a layi daya da waɗannan matani. Har ila yau ana jera magunguna arba'in da huɗu, abubuwan maye, abubuwan ɗanɗano da abubuwan motsa rai da Dioscorides ya ambata a cikin pharmacopoeias na Turai. Puritans sun ɗauki aikin Gerard zuwa Amurka inda ya rinjayi magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka. Francisco Hernández, likitan Philip na biyu na Spain ya shafe shekaru 1571-1577 yana tattara bayanai a Mexico sannan ya rubuta Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, yawancin nau'ikan da aka buga ciki har da wanda Francisco Ximénez ya buga. Dukansu Hernandez da Ximenez sun dace da bayanan kabilanci na Aztec a cikin ra'ayoyin Turai game da cututtuka kamar "dumi", "sanyi", da "danshi", amma ba a bayyana cewa Aztecs sun yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. Juan de Esteyneffer 's Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas ya tattara matani na Turai kuma ya ƙara shuke-shuken Mexico guda 35. Martín de la Cruz ya rubuta wani ganye a Nahuatl wanda Juan Badiano ya fassara zuwa Latin kamar Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis ko Codex Barberini, Latin 241 kuma aka ba Sarki Carlos V na Spain a 1552. Da alama an rubuta shi cikin gaggawa kuma mamayewar Turawa na shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya rinjaye shi. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙabilanci don tattara ka'idodinsa waɗanda suka zama Tarihi Janar de las Cosas de Nueva España, wanda aka buga a 1793. Castore Durante ya buga Herbario Nuovo a cikin 1585 yana kwatanta tsire-tsire masu magani daga Turai da Gabas da Yammacin Indiya An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci a cikin 1609 kuma an buga bugu na Italiyanci na ƙarni na gaba. Mallakar Amurka A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a Amurka, masu maganin gargajiya, mata akai-akai, sun yi amfani da magungunan ganye, cin abinci da leshi Magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa na gargajiya sun gabatar da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon zazzaɓi, scurvy, syphilis maras nauyi, da matsalolin goiter. Yawancin waɗannan magungunan ganye da na jama'a sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, tare da wasu magungunan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka zama tushen ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani. Amfanin zamani Yaɗuwar magungunan jama'a a wasu yankuna na duniya ya bambanta bisa ga ka'idodin al'adu. Wasu magungunan zamani sun dogara ne akan sinadarai na shuka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin magungunan jama'a. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin madadin jiyya ba su da "ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daga magungunan placebo watsa ilimi da halitta Maganin ƴan asalin gabaɗaya ana yaɗa su ta baki ta hanyar al'umma, dangi da daidaikun mutane har sai an “tara”. A cikin wata al'ada da aka ba da, abubuwan ilimin likitancin na asali na iya zama sananne ga mutane da yawa, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin takamaiman aikin warkarwa kamar shaman ko ungozoma Abubuwa uku sun halatta matsayin mai warkarwa akidarsu, nasarar ayyukansu da imanin al'umma. Lokacin da al'adar ta ƙi iƙirarin magungunan ƴan asalin, gabaɗaya iri uku na mabiya suna amfani da shi waɗanda aka haife su kuma suka yi tarayya da su a cikinta waɗanda suka zama masu bi na dindindin, masu bi na ɗan lokaci waɗanda suka juya zuwa gare shi a lokutan wahala, da waɗanda suka yi imani kawai a takamaiman fannoni., ba a cikin duka ba. Ma'ana da kalmomi Ana iya ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a wani lokaci a matsayin dabam da magungunan jama'a, kuma ana la'akari da sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka tsara na maganin jama'a. A karkashin wannan ma'anar magungunan jama'a akwai magungunan da aka dade suna yadawa da kuma amfani da su. Magungunan jama'a sun ƙunshi ayyukan warkaswa da ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki da kiyaye lafiyar da wasu suka sani a cikin al'ada, ana watsawa ta hanyar yau da kullun azaman ilimin gabaɗaya, kuma kowa a cikin al'adar da ke da gogewa ta farko ya yi aiki ko amfani da shi. Maganin jama'a Kasashe da yawa suna da ayyukan da aka siffanta a matsayin magungunan jama'a waɗanda za su iya kasancewa tare tare da tsarin aikin likita na yau da kullun, tushen kimiyya, da kuma tsarin aikin likita wanda ke wakilta. Misalan al'adun magungunan jama'a sune magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, likitancin Iran, likitancin Koriya, likitancin Larabci, maganin gargajiya na Uygur, magungunan Kampho na Japan, magungunan daji na Aboriginal na gargajiya, 'yan asalin Hawaiian La'au lapa'au, da kuma maganin gargajiya na Jojiya, da sauransu. Magungunan daji na Australiya Gabaɗaya, maganin daji da mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ke amfani da su a Ostiraliya ana yin su ne daga kayan shuka, kamar haushi, ganye da iri, kodayake ana iya amfani da kayan dabbobi kuma. Babban bangaren magungunan gargajiya shine maganin gargajiya, wanda shine amfani da kayan shuka na halitta don magance ko hana cututtuka. Magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka Magungunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska nau'ikan warkarwa ne na gargajiya waɗanda suka wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. Akwai shuke-shuke ethnobotany da yawa da ke cikin maganin gargajiya ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma wasu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Idan ya zo ga magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa, ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da lafiya da rashin lafiya a cikin al'adun ba su da bambanci da ra'ayoyin addini da ruhaniya. Masu warkarwa a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna da sunaye da yawa kama daga namiji ko mace zuwa likitan ganye ko ma shaman kuma ana ɗaukar su shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini a cikin kabilun su. Idan ana maganar waraka, masu warkarwa na ƙabilanci za su kalli halayen shuka don tantance ingancinta don maganin rashin lafiya. Takamaiman halayen shuka kamar siffar shuka, wari, launi, da ɗanɗano na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda za'a iya amfani da shuka azaman magani. Kabilar Meskwaki sun gano cewa za su iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga Arum maculatum don saran maciji. An yi la’akari da hakan ne daga bayyanar madarar ruwan da aka ce daga shukar wadda aka ce tana kama da dafin maciji, kuma siffar shukar ta yi kama da kan maciji. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da ganyen foxglove a matsayin magani ga wata cuta da ake kira ɗigon ruwa ko edema, wanda ruwa ne ke taruwa yawanci a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma dalilinsa na yau da kullum shine ciwon zuciya. A cikin maganin zamani, ana amfani da tsantsa foxglove a ƙarƙashin sunan digitalis, kuma manufarsa ita ce matsakaicin bugun zuciya. ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi nasara tare da wasu ayyukan likita, kamar su magance zazzaɓi, yanayin gastrointestinal, raƙuman fata, kafa ƙashi, da kuma haihuwar jarirai, da taimaka wa iyaye mata wajen samun waraka. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin wani asibitin IHS wanda ke ba masu warkarwa na Navajo damar ziyartar marasa lafiya ya gano cewa asibitin ya samu kashi 80 cikin 100 na nasara wajen dawo da marasa lafiya cikin hayyacinsu, wanda ya zarce adadin asibitocin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a yau. An zaɓi dangin Asteraceae da yawa don taimakon orthopedic da taimakon huhu, musamman nau'in Achillea da Artemisia Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin kabilu 14 daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa Asteraceae ita ce dangin tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da shi don kayan magani. Natuvaidyam Nattuvaidyam saiti ne na ayyukan likitanci na asali waɗanda suka wanzu a Indiya kafin zuwan maganin allopathic ko na yamma. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na ka'idoji da ra'ayoyin jiki, lafiya da cututtuka. An yi karo da juna da aron ra'ayoyi, magungunan da aka yi amfani da su da dabaru a cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan yare kamar Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, da sauransu. yayin da wasu kuma ana ba da su ta baki ta hanyar na'urori daban-daban. Ayurveda wani nau'i ne na nattuvaidyam da ake yi a kudancin Indiya. Sauran sun hada da kalarichikitsa (wanda ya shafi saitin kashi da tsoka), marmachikitsa (mahimmanci tabo tausa), ottamoolivaidyam (maganin kashi ɗaya ko magani na lokaci ɗaya), chintamanivaidyam da sauransu. Lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin likitanci a cikin karni na ashirin Indiya, yawancin ayyuka da dabaru na musamman ga wasu nattuvaidyam iri-iri sun haɗa cikin Ayurveda. Maganin gida Maganin gida (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa maganin kaka magani ne don warkar da cuta ko cuta wanda ke amfani da wasu kayan yaji, ganye, kayan lambu, ko wasu abubuwan gama gari. Magungunan gida na iya ko ba su da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance ko warkar da cutar ko cutar da ake tambaya, kamar yadda ƴan ƙasa yawanci ke wucewa tare da su (wanda Intanet ta sauƙaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan). Yawancin ana amfani da su ne kawai sakamakon al'ada ko al'ada ko kuma saboda suna da tasiri wajen haifar da tasirin placebo Ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran misalan maganin gida shine amfani da miya na kaji domin magance cututtuka na numfashi kamar mura. Sauran misalan magunguna na gida sun haɗa da tef ɗin duct domin taimakawa tare da kafa ƙasusuwan da suka karye; tef ko superglue don magance warts na shuka da Kogel mogel don magance ciwon makogwaro. A zamanin da, an damƙa wa iyaye mata duk wasu magunguna amma masu tsanani. Littattafan girke-girke na tarihi akai-akai suna cike da magunguna don dyspepsia, zazzabi, da gunaguni na mata. Ana amfani da kayan aikin aloe don magance cututtukan fata. Yawancin barasa ko narkar da abinci na Turai an sayar da su azaman magungunan magani. A cikin magungunan jama'ar kasar Sin, congees na magani (miyan shinkafa da aka daɗe tare da ganye), abinci, da miya suna cikin ayyukan jiyya. Suka Damuwar tsaro Ko da yake kasashe 130 suna da ka'idoji game da magungunan jama'a, akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da su (watau zoonosis, musamman kamar yadda wasu magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da sinadarai na dabba Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa saboda magungunan da ake zato na halitta ne cewa ba su da lafiya, amma ana haɗa matakan kiyayewa da yawa tare da amfani da magungunan ganye. Amfani da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, irin su jinkirin loris, wasu lokuta ana kashe su don yin magungunan gargajiya. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da filaye na shark a cikin magungunan gargajiya, kuma duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba, yana cutar da yawan kifin shark da kuma yanayin su. Sana'ar hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba za a iya gano wani bangare na masu siyan magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin Bukatar hauren giwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar karkanda da giwaye. Pangolins na fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farautar namansu da sikelinsu, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen maganin gargajiya. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi fataucinsu a duniya. Duba kuma Ayurveda Bioprospecting Maganin jama'a Maganin ganye Jarrah (likita) Tsire-tsire masu magani Asalin kabilanci na Amurka Labarin Tsofaffin Mata Pharmacognosy Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin Laburaren Ilimi na Gargajiya Jerin nau'ikan madadin magani Manazarta Maganin Gargajiya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
60635	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameer%20Shahul	Ameer Shahul	Ameer Shahul marubuci dan kasar Indiya ne kuma masanin muhalli wanda ya yi fice wajen yaki da Unilever acikin Kodaikanal mercury guba. Littafinsa na farko wanda ba na almara ba mai suna Heavy Metal: Yadda Pan Macmillan ya buga Kodaikanal mai guba a cikin 2023. Ya kasance yana da hannu tare da ƙungiyoyin kore a Indiya tun daga 2002 kama daga fashewar jirgi zuwa gurbatar masana'antu da yaƙin kashe kashe kashe kashe da sauyin yanayi. Articles with hCards Shahul yayi aiki tare da GreenPeace tun 2002 akan yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da gurɓataccen mercury ta Unilever a Kodaikanal, gurɓacewar masana'antu da kamfanin FMCG yayi a tashar tudun Tamil Nadu, wanda aka sani da guba na mercury Kodaikanal. Ya jagoranci kungiyoyin al'amuran jama'a da tsoffin ma'aikata don tilasta wa kamfanin tattara tan 290 na sharar mercury da aka zubar a cikin da kewayen wurin masana'antar tare da mayar da shi Amurka don yin ritaya na dindindin a 2003. Wannan mataki na aikewa da sharar gida daga kasashe masu tasowa zuwa kasashen da suka ci gaba, kafafen yada labarai sun yaba da shi da cewa 'kiran juji'. Shahul tare da masu fafutuka kamar Navroz Mody sun jagoranci ƙungiyoyin muhalli da na gida wajen fafutukar neman gyara wurin, kuma sun ƙaddamar da bincike daga Ma'aikatar Makamashin Atomic ta Gwamnatin Indiya, wanda ya gano cewa matakan mercury acikin yanayin Kodaikanal. ya kasance har sau 2640 fiye da abin da aka samu a yanayin al'ada. Shahul ya kuma jagoranci gungun masu fafutuka da masu sa kai don yin taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar Hindustan Unilever a Mumbai a 2003 da 2004. Ya kuma yi kamfen a kan ayyukan fasa jirgin ruwa a gabar tekun Indiya don zubar da shara masu haɗari, da kuma yaƙi da amfani da ruwa na ƙasa da zubar da sharar da Coca-Cola ke yi a Kerala da aka fi sani da gwagwarmayar Plachimada Coca-Cola. Ya kuma kawo lura da mafi munin lamarin da ya faru na wani kamfani mallakar jihar da ke cigaba da kera DDT da aka haramtawa duniya. Marubuci Acikin 2023, Pan Macmillan ya buga littafinsa mai suna, Heavy Metal: Yadda Kamfanin Global Corporation ya Guba Kodaikanal. Deccan Herald ya bayyana littafin a matsayin labari mai kakkausar murya na wani bala'i', yayin da Malayala Manorama ta kira shi a matsayin babban abin da ya faru na bala'in masana'antu, da kuma juriya mai kore. Layin Kasuwanci ya bayyana littafin a matsayin 'mai kyau mai nuni don kasancewa a kan tsaro da kuma adana yanayin.' The Financial Express (Indiya) ta kira shi binciken shari'a kan gazawar kamfanoni da ƙa'idoji, yayin da New Indian Express ya bayyana shi a matsayin littafi na musamman wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani kuma mai gamsarwa ba kawai bala'i ba, har ma da sakamakonsa. The Indian Express ta bayyana littafin a matsayin 'kyakkyawan lissafin silima na kwadayin kamfanoni da gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci a Indiya.' Da yake kwatanta littafin a matsayin 'karanta mai mahimmanci', Open (mujallar Indiya) ta ce "ta dauki Unilever fiye da shekaru 15 don biyan ma'aikatan da abin ya shafa wata tunatarwa ce kan tsadar irin wadannan kurakurai". Acikin hirarsa da The Hindu Sunday Magazine An ambato Ameer Shahul yana cewa "kamfanonin masana'antu, irin su Unilever, za'a iya daukar nauyinsu da gaske kawai tare da taimakon kimiyya da bayanai." A wata hira da yayi da The Wire (Indiya) yace 'dukkan alheri da mugunta suna tattare da mutane. Mutane sunfi son junansu bisa al'adarsu, tarbiyyarsu, da yanayinsu'. Acikin hirarsa da jaridar Down to Earth (mujalla) Shahul ya ce, “Kamfanonin da ke hulda da albarkatun kasa masu haɗari ko kuma samar da kayayyakin amfanin gona masu haɗari na bukatar sa ido sosai daga mahukunta, waɗanda kungiyoyin sa kai na gida ke taimaka musu. Yakamata a tabbatar da bin diddigi na lokaci-lokaci akan albarkatun kasa da sharar fage kuma a yi shi tare da sa hannun al'ummar yankin don tabbatar da cewa jami'an da sukayi kuskure ba a kai su ga masu gudanar da masana'anta ba. Kasashen da ke sayar da albarkatun kasa ga wasu kasashe suna da alhakin mayar da sharar da ake samu daga albarkatun kasa." A wata hira da yayi da makala ta 14 ya ce, “A kokarinmu na samun ci gaban tattalin arziki’, muna yin sulhu da abubuwa da dama, kuma mafi sauki daga cikinsu su ne muhalli da albarkatun kasa. Wannan shine abin da muke ci gaba da gani. Kasarmu tana cike da irin wadannan misalan, ko gurbacewar masana’antu ko gurbatar yanayi da magungunan kashe qwari da sinadarai ke haifarwa, da dai sauransu. Matukar mutane za su bi abin da muke kira 'ci gaban tattalin arziki', dukkanmu mun zama masu son zuciya, da son kai." Acikin wata hira da BooksFirst, an ambato shi yana cewa "Ba duk mafita ba ne za a daidaita. Abin da ya yi wa ɗayan adalci ba zaiyi wa ɗayan adalci ba. Acikin lokuta irin wannan (Kodaikanal mercury guba) inda aka aikata wani zalunci, ko da gangan ko kuma ba da gangan ba, ƙuduri na iya kasancewa tare da wadanda abin ya shafa. Don haka, ƙudurin shine don tallafawa da ramawa har zuwa wanda aka azabtar na ƙarshe. Dangane da babban laifin da ya shafi yanayin halittu, ya kamata a yi gyaran ƙasa, ƙasa da iska tare da yin aiki don sake farfado da flora da fauna na ƙarshe acikin yanayin yanayin da ke fuskantar barazanar wanzuwar sa saboda baƙin ƙarfe mai guba." Duba kuma Kodaikanal mercury poisoning Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle Heavy Metal: How a Global Corporation Poisoned Kodaikanal Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://www.ameershahul.com/ https://media.greenpeace.org/archive/Unilever-Mercury-Action-in-India-27MZIFXMJD5.html Rayayyun
22344	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Nan%20Gaba%20Ta%20Duniya	Majalisar Nan Gaba Ta Duniya	Majalisar Nan gaba ta Duniya WFC kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a Hamburg, Jamus, a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2007. "An kirkiro ta ne don yin magana a madadin hanyoyin magance manufofi wadanda suke biyan bukatun al'ummomi masu zuwa ya hada da mambobi masu aiki a cikin hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin farar hula, kasuwanci, kimiyya da fasaha. Babban abin da WFC ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne tsaron yanayi, inganta dokoki kamar su sabunta harajin samar da makamashi Majalisar nan ta Duniya ta gaba tana da matsayi na musamman na shawarwari tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki Makomar kungiyar a Duniya ta kasance wani ɓangare na kungiyar Tattalin Arziki na Platform F20, cibiyar sadarwar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu taimako. Tarihi Kungiyar Makomar Duniya ta gaba ta kasance marubucin ɗan Sweden kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Jakob von Uexkull An fara gabatar da ra'ayin kafa majalisar duniya ne a gidan rediyon Jamus a shekarar, 1998. A watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2004 kungiyar ta fara a Landan tare da kudade daga masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu a Jamus, Switzerland, Amurka da Burtaniya. Tun shekara ta shekara ta, 2006, hedikwatar kungiyar tana Hamburg, inda Majalisar Duniyar Gabas ta Duniya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta a siyasance kuma tana aiki kuma an yi mata rajista a matsayin gidauniyar agaji. Arin ofisoshin suna London, Geneva da Windhoek. Majalisar tana haduwa sau daya a shekara a Babban Taron shekara-shekara. Kira na gangami don Aiki Kira gangami zuwa wasaukakawa ɗaukacin yan Majalisa sun amince da shi gabaɗaya a wurin Kafuwar Majalisar –asa ta Duniya, 9–13 Mayu na shekara ta, 2007. Ya yi kira da a kiyaye muhalli da lafiyar al'ummomi, gabatar da "tsarin da cibiyoyi bisa daidaito da adalci", kiyaye hakkokin kabilu na gargajiya, kare karnuka na yanzu da masu zuwa daga laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, a samar da kayayyaki mai dorewa, kasuwanci, tsarin kudi da tsarin kudi, farfado da tsarin dimokiradiyya na cikin gida da tattalin arziki, da kuma hana amfani da makamin nukiliya da makaman uranium da suka rage, alburusai da nakiyoyi. Tana da nufin samar da tallafi na gwamnati ga fasahohin makamashi masu sabuntawa, kare gandun daji da tekuna, samun lafiyayyen abinci da samar da ruwa, tsaron muhalli, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da muhalli, da kuma karfafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ayyuka Kyautar Manufofin Gaba Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba (FPA) na murna da manufofi waɗanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa don al'ummomin yanzu da masu zuwa. Manufar bayar da kyautar ita ce a wayar da kan duniya game da wadannan kyawawan manufofin da kuma hanzarta aiwatar da manufofi ga al'ummomin adalci, ci gaba da zaman lafiya. Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ita ce kyauta ta farko da ke nuna manufofi maimakon mutane a matakin duniya. Kowace shekara Majalisar Futureasashen Duniya na gaba suna zaɓi batun guda ɗaya wanda ci gaban manufofi yake da gaggawa musamman. A cikin shekara ta, 2009, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ya nuna kyawawan manufofi game da wadatar abinci A cikin shekara ta duniya kan bambancin halittu, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ta shekarar, 2010 tayi bikin mafi kyawun manufofin halittu daban-daban a duniya. A cikin shekarar dazuzzuka ta duniya, Kyautar Manufofin Gaba ta shekarar, 2011 ta yi bikin manufofi masu nasara waɗanda ke karewa, haɓakawa da ci gaba da amfani da gandun daji don mutane, don haka ke ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawan duniya. A cikin shekara ta, 2012, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ta yi bikin manyan manufofi na duniya masu ban sha'awa, masu ban sha'awa da tasiri a kan kare tekuna da gabar teku. A cikin shekara ta, 2013 tambaya ita ce wace siyasa ce ta ɓarna da ke akwai ke ba da gudummawa sosai don cimma zaman lafiya, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da tsaro? A cikin shekara ta, 2014 Kyautar Manufofin Gaba an sadaukar da ita ga manufofin da ke magance ɗayan matsalolin cin zarafin ɗan adam da ya zama ruwan dare cewa ɗan adam yana fuskanta: tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata. Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba a cikin shekarar, 2015 ta himmatu ga manufofin da suka ba da gudummawa don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin yara maza da mata. An ba da lambar yabo ta Ka'idar nan gaba ta shekarar, 2017 ne ga manufofin da suka dace da yadda za a magance lalacewar kasa da kasa, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da hadari ga tsaron abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da makoma mai dorewa ta adalci ga mutanen da ke rayuwa a yankunan busassun duniya. A cikin shekara ta, 2018, FPA wanda ake kira "Oscar akan kyawawan manufofi" ana bikin mafi kyawun manufofin duniya don haɓaka Agroecology Kasar Sikkim ta Indiya an ba ta Zinare. Kammnin cigaban kungiyar Yanar gizan gidan yanar gizon futurepolicy.org yana gabatar da hanyoyin siyasa kuma yana taimakawa masu yanke shawara wajen haɓakawa da aiwatar da manufofin adalci na gaba. Tashar bayanai ce ta yanar gizo wacce aka tsara don masu tsara manufofi don sauƙaƙa raba hanyoyin wadatar da ingantattun hanyoyin magance matsalolin manyan matsaloli da gaggawa na duniya. Yanzu ya ƙunshi manufofi, misali kan kuzari na sabuntawa, ingantaccen makamashi, birane masu ɗorewa da samar da abinci a zamanin canjin yanayi, waɗanda aka inganta su a cikin littattafan WFC, fina-finai da sauraro. Taron Kare Hakkin Yara na Duniya na Zanzibar Daga 28 zuwa 30 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta, 2017, Majalisar Duniya mai Kula da Rayuwa ta Duniya ta shirya taron kasa da kasa game da hakkin yara a Zanzibar don nazarin tasirin kwarai na Dokar Yara ta Zanzibar da kuma bayar da labaran nasarori kan kariyar yara, adalci na abokantaka da sa hannu daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Dokar Yaran Zanzibar ta sami lambar yabo ta Gabar Gobe gaba a shekarar, 2015. Fiye da kwanaki uku, sama da mahalarta 100 suka shiga cikin jerin jadawalin bita daban-daban, gabatarwa da ziyarar gani da ido kan yadda ake fassara dokokin haƙƙin yara a cikin takarda cikin shirye-shiryen ƙasa da na wuri wanda ke inganta ƙwarewar yara da matasa a ƙasa da kuma magance yadda ya kamata cin zarafin yara, sakaci, da kuma amfani da su. An kira taron ne tare da goyon bayan Janina Özen-Otto, Gidauniyar JUA, da Gidauniyar Michael Otto. Taron ya rufe da sanarwar Zanzibar kan kare hakkin yara, wanda ya samu sa hannun wakilai sama da 50 da masu tsara manufofi daga kasashen Ghana, Indonesia, Laberiya, Najeriya, Seychelles, Somaliland, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zanzibar, da kuma masana kan hakkokin yara da wakilai daga kungiyoyin farar hula, ciki har da Gertrude Mongella da Auma Obama Tsarin Aiki na Manufofin Duniya Tsarin Aikace-aikacen Manufofin Duniya (GPACT) tsari ne na 22 masu hade da juna, tabbatar da sauye-sauyen manufofi wadanda tare, gina ci gaba, zaman lafiya, da al'ummomin adalci da kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da alkawurran duniya, gami da Manufofin Cigaba Mai Dorewa (SDG). Manufofin "mafi kyawu" waɗanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gaba ta gano sune waɗanda suka haɗu da Ka'idoji guda bakwai don Yin Doka don Yin Shari'a Nan Gaba Kyakkyawan jagorar ingantacciyar manufa wacce ke tattare da aiki da sabbin hanyoyin kirkirar manufofi da kuma kayan aiki masu amfani da gaba. Aiwatar da Dokokin Harajin Kuɗi An gabatar da dokokin ciyar da abinci (FIT) don hanzarta samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a kasashe da dama misali Burtaniya, Ostiraliya, jihohi da yawa na Amurka, daga cikinsu akwai California, da kuma a Ontario (Kanada), tare da goyon bayan Makomar Duniya Majalisar. A cikin kawancen Hadin gwiwar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, Majalisar Duniya mai Kula da Makomar Duniya ta kirkiro wani kawancen don yada karfin kuzari tare da ba da gudummawa wajen aiwatar da Kudin Haraji a Amurka. Gangamin don gudanar da Tsararraki masu zuwa WFC ta fara Kamfen don Masu Koyon Bayanai don Tsararraki Masu zuwa akan dukkan matakan shugabanci. Don taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa, ko 'Rio 20' a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin shekara ta, 2012 WFC ta yi kira da a kafa Ombudspersons don Tsararraki Masu zuwa, a matsayin babbar mafita a ƙarƙashin taken na biyu na Babban Taron Tsarin hukumomi don Cigaba mai Dorewa Kansiloli Kungiyar nan gaba ta Duniya (WFC) ta kunshi fitattun masu kawo canji na duniya 50 daga gwamnatoci, majalisu, kungiyoyin jama'a, makarantun kimiyya, fasaha, da kuma duniyar kasuwanci. Tare suna samar da murya don haƙƙin al'ummomi masu zuwa a duk nahiyoyi biyar. Kansiloli masu girma Bincike da wallafe-wallafe Miguel Mendonça, David Jacobs da Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). Ingarfafa Tattalin Arzikin Tattalin Arziki: Littafin Kuɗi na Tsarin Kuɗi, Earthscan Herbert Girardet da Miguel Mendonça (2009). Duniya mai sabuntawa: Makamashi, Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa, Daidaito, Litattafan Kore, Herbert Girardet (edita) (2008). Rayuwa da Karni: Fuskantar Rikicin Yanayi da Sauran Kalubalen Duniya, Duniya Herbert Girardet (2008). Cities People Planet: Cities masu rayuwa don Duniya mai ɗorewa, Wiley, Miguel Mendonça (2007). Tariffs-in Tariffs: Saurin tura kayan sabuntawar makamashi, Earthscan, Jakob von Uexkull da Herbert Girardet (2005). Shirya makomarmu: Kirkirar Majalisar Duniya mai zuwa, Green Books World Future Council Initiative, Duba kuma Manazarta Tarihi Kansiloli Hanyoyin haɗin waje Majalisar Duniya Ta Gaba Pages with unreviewed
20621	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Ogoni	Mutanen Ogoni	Mutanen Ogoni (wanda aka fi sani da Ogonis mutane ne a gundumar sanata ta Kudu maso Gabas ta jihar Ribas, a yankin Niger Delta da ke kudancin Najeriya.Yawan su bai wuce miliyan 2 ba kuma suna rayuwa a cikin wanda kuma suke kira Ogoni, ko Ogoniland Suna raba matsalolin muhalli masu alaka da mai tare da mutanen Ijaw na Neja Delta. Ogoni ya daga hankalin duniya ne bayan wani gagarumin gangami na nuna adawa da kamfanin Shell Oil, wanda Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) ya jagoranta, wanda kuma memba ne na kungiyar da ba a wakilta ba da kuma Kungiyar (UNPO). Fadin kasa Yankin yana cikin jihar Ribas a gabar mashigin tekun Guinea, gabas da garin Fatakwal Ya fadada a cikin Kananan Hukumomin (LGAs) na Khana, Gokana, Eleme da Tai A al’adance, an raba kasr Ogoni zuwa masarautu shida: Babbe, Gokana, Ken-Khana, Nyo-Khana, Eleme da Tai Nyo-Khana yana gabas yayin da Ken-Khana ke yamma. Harsuna Akwai yare da yawa da Ogoni ke magana da su. Mafi girma ita ce Khana, wacce ke iya fahimtar juna tare da kuma yarukan masarautu shida, Gokana, Tae (Tẹè), Eleme, da Baen Ogoi wani ɓangare na bambancin yare na yankin Niger Delta. Tarihi Bisa ga al'adar baka, mutanen Ogoni sun yi kaura daga tsohuwar Ghana har zuwa gabar Tekun Atlantika daga karshe sun tsallaka zuwa gabashin Niger Delta. Lissafin ilimin harshe da Kay Williamson yayi ya sanya Ogoni a cikin Neja Delta tun kafin 15 BC, wanda hakan yasa suka zama daya daga cikin tsofaffin mazauna yankin gabashin Niger Delta. Sadarwar gidan rediyon da aka ɗauka daga shafukan yanar gizo da ke kusa da Kasar Ogoni da al'adun gargajiyar ymaƙwabta sun goyi bayan wannan iƙirarin. A al'adance, Ogoni manoma ne, wanda kuma aka san su da kiwon dabbobi, kamun kifi, gishiri da noman man kwa-kwa da fatauci. Kamar yawancin al'ummomin da ke gabar tekun Guinea, Ogoni suna da tsarin siyasa na ciki wanda ya shafi tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, ciki har da nadin sarakuna da kungiyoyin ci gaban al'umma, wasu sun yarda da gwamnatin wasu kuma ba haka ba. Sun tsira daga lokacin cinikin bayi cikin keɓancewar dangi, kuma basu rasa ko ɗaya daga cikin membobinsu ga bautar ba. Bayan Najeriya da aka karkashin mulkin mallakar da Birtaniya a shekarar 1885, Birtaniya da sojoji isa a garin Ogoni ta 1901. Babban juriya ga kasancewar su ya ci gaba har zuwa shekerata 1914. Ogoni sun kasance cikin tsarin tattalin arziki a hanzari wanda yake da saurin gaske kuma hakan ya haifar musu da asarar dukiya mai yawa. A karshen karni na ashirin, "duniya gare su ba ta wuce garuruwa uku ko hudu masu zuwa ba," amma ba da jimawa ba hakan ya canza. Ken Saro-Wiwa, marigayi shugaban MOSOP, ya bayyana sauyawar ta wannan hanyar: “idan kuna tunanin cewa a tsakanin shekaru saba'in sun hadu da karfi na zamani, mulkin mallaka, tattalin arziki, mulkin mallaka da kuma Yaƙin basasar Nijeriya, da kuma cewa dole ne su daidaita da waɗannan rundunonin ba tare da isasshen shiri ko shugabanci ba, za ku ji daɗin rudanin mutanen Ogoni da kuma rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma. Take hakkin dan adam Mutanen Ogoni sun kasance wadanda ake zalunta da take hakkin bil adama tsawon shekaru. A shekarar 1956, shekaru hudu kafin samun 'yancin kan Najeriya, Royal Dutch Shell, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin Birtaniyya, suka sami rijiyar mai mai inganci a yankin Niger Delta kuma suka fara hakar mai a 1958. A cikin shekaru 15 daga 1976 zuwa 1991 an bada rahoton malalar mai 2,976 na kimanin ganga miliyan 2.1 na mai a kasar Ogoni, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 40% na jimlar malalar mai na kamfanin Royal Dutch Shell a duniya. A wani bincike na shekara ta 2011 na sama da wurare 200 da shirin kula da muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNEP ta yi a Ogoni, sun gano cewa tasirin hakar mai na shekaru 50 a yankin ya fadada yadda aka zata. Saboda malalar mai, da fallasar mai, da zubar da shara, ƙarancin albarkatun yankin Neja Delta ba zai iya cigaba da harkar noma ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a yankuna da yawa waɗanda kamar ba a taɓa shafawa ba, an gano ruwan karkashin ƙasa yana da matakan hydrocarbons ko kuma sun gurɓata da benzene, mai ɗauke da sinadarai, a matakan 900 sama da jagororin WHO. UNEP ta kiyasta cewa zai iya daukar tsawon shekaru 30 kafin a gyara yankin Kasar Ogoni yadda ya kamata kuma shekaru biyar na farko na gyaran zai bukaci kudade na kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan daya. A shekarar 2012, Ministar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Najeriya, Deizani Alison-Madueke, ta ba da sanarwar kafa wani aikin maido da gurbataccen iska, wanda ke da niyyar bin shawarwarin rahoton UNEP na Ogoniland don hana ci gaba da lalacewa. A shekarar 1990, karkashin jagorancin dan rajin kare muhalli Ken Saro-Wiwa, kungiyar 'Movement of Survival of the Ogoni People MOSOP ta shirya daukar mataki kan Tarayyar Najeriya da kamfanonin mai. A watan Oktoba 1990, MOSOP ya gabatar da Dokar haƙƙin Ogoni ga gwamnati. Kudurin ya yi fatan sama wa mutanen Ogoni 'yancin cin gashin kansu na siyasa da tattalin arziki, yana mai ba su damar mallakar albarkatun karkashin kasa na Ogoniland da ke kariya daga ci gaba da lalata kasa Yunkurin ya baci a cikin 1994 bayan Saro-Wiwa da wasu shugabannin MOSOP da yawa sun mutu daga gwamnatin Najeriya A shekarar 1993, biyo bayan zanga-zangar da aka shirya domin dakatar da ‘yan kwangila daga shimfida sabon bututun mai ga kamfanin na Shell, Yan Sandan Waya sun kai samame yankin don kwantar da tarzomar. A rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya, an yi zargin cewa an afkawa kauyuka 27, wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutanen Ogoni 2000 da kuma raba 80,000 da muhallinsu. Bayanan kula Bayani Brosnahan, LF 1967. Jerin kalma na yaren Gokana na Ogoni. Jaridar Yarukan Afirka Ta Yamma, 143-52. Hyman, LM 1982. Wakilin nasality a Gokana. A cikin: Tsarin wakilcin magana. ed. H. van der Hulst Norval Smith. 111-130. Dordrecht: Foris. Hyman, LM 1983. Shin akwai wasu kalmomi a Gokana? A cikin: Batutuwa na yau da kullun a cikin ilimin harshe na Afirka, 2. Kaye et al. 171–179. Dordrecht: Foris. Ikoro, SM 1989. Phoaramar magana ta hanyar magana da kalmomin Proto-Keggoid. Jami'ar Fatakwal: MA rubuce-rubuce. Ikoro, SM 1996. Yaren Kana. Leiden: CNWS. Jeffreys, MDW 1947. Ogoni tukwane. Namiji, 47: 81-83. Piagbo, BS 1981. Kwatanta sautin Ingilishi da Kana. BA aikin, Jami'ar Fatakwal. Thomas, NW 1914. Nau'in harsuna daga Kudancin Najeriya. London: Harrison 'Ya'yan. Vopnu, SK 1991. Tsarin Fasaha da Tsarin Syllable a Gokana. MA Sashen Nazarin Harsuna da Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami'ar Fatakwal. Vọbnu, SK 2001. Asali da yarukan mutanen Ogoni. Boori, KHALGA: Yarukan Ogoni da Cibiyar Baibul. Williamson, K. 1985. Yadda ake zama yaren Kwa. A Ilmin Harshe da Falsafa. Matsaloli a cikin girmamawa na Ruben S. Wells. eds. A. Makkai da A. Melby. Batutuwa na Yanzu a Ka'idar Harshe, 42. Benjamin, Amsterdam. Wolff, H. 1959. Yarukan Neja Delta I: rarrabuwa. Anthropological Linguistics, 1 (8): 32-35. Wolff, H. 1964. Takaita harsunan Ogoni. Jaridar harsunan Afirka, 3: 38-51. Zua, BA 1987. Kalmar suna a cikin Gokana. BA aikin, Jami'ar Fatakwal. Kabila Najeriya Yaruka
49154	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedi%20na%20Ghana	Cedi na Ghana	Cedi d SEE SEE-dee, ana magana da ita daidai da CD alamar kuɗi GH₵ lambar kuɗi GHS ita ce ƙungiyar kuɗin Ghana. Ita ce ta hudu na tarihi kuma kawai takardar neman doka ta yanzu a Jamhuriyar Ghana. An raba cedi ɗaya zuwa pesewas ɗari (Gp). Bayan samun 'yancin kai, Ghana ta ware kanta da kudin Fam na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda shi ne kudin kasashen da Birtaniya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a yankin. Kuɗin kuɗi na farko na sabuwar jamhuriyar shine fam na Ghana (1958-1965). A shekara ta 1965, Ghana ta yanke shawarar ficewa daga tsarin hada-hadar kudi na Turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma bin tsarin decimal da aka yarda da shi. An gabatar da sunan Afirka Cedi (1965–1967) a maimakon tsohon tsarin fam na Burtaniya Shugaban Ghana na farko Dr. Kwame Nkrumah ya gabatar da kudin Cedi da tsabar kudi na Pesewa a watan Yulin 1965 don maye gurbin Fam, Shilling da pence na Ghana. Cedi na dauke da hoton shugaban kasa kuma ya yi daidai da shilling takwas da dinari hudu (8s 4d), watau dinari dari, ta yadda pesewa 1 daidai da dinari daya. Bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1966, sabbin shugabannin sun so cire fuskar Nkrumah daga takardun kudi. "Sabon cedi" (1967-2007) yana da darajar cedi 1.2, wanda ya sa ya zama daidai da rabin fam sittin (ko shillings goma) a gabatarwar sa. Shekaru da yawa na hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya rage darajar sabon cedi, ta yadda a shekara ta 2007 mafi girma na "sabon cedi" takardun banki, takardar kudi 20,000, tana da darajar kusan dalar Amurka 2. An kawar da sabuwar cedi a hankali a shekara ta 2007 don goyon bayan "Ghana cedi" a kan canjin kudi na 1:10,000. Ta hanyar cire lambobi huɗu, Ghana cedi ta zama mafi girman adadin kuɗin da aka bayar a Afirka Tun daga nan ya yi asarar sama da kashi 90% na ƙimar sa. Bayani Kalmar shine kalmar Akan don harsashi Cowries (jam'in shanu) a da ana amfani da su azaman kuɗi a ƙasar Ghana a yanzu. Monetaria moneta ko shanun kuɗi ba 'yan asalin ruwa ba ne a yammacin Afirka amma nau'i ne na kowa a cikin Tekun Indiya Harsashi mai kama da anta ya zo yammacin Afirka, tun daga karni na 14, ta hanyar kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwa Larabawa. Na farko tsabar kudi na zamani da aka yi amfani da su musamman a Gold Coast an samar da su ne a cikin shekarar 1796, amma an yi amfani da sanduna tare da tsabar kudi da ƙurar zinariya a matsayin kuɗi har zuwa shekarar 1901. Tarihi Cedi na farko, 1965-1967 An ƙaddamar da cedi na farko a cikin 1965, wanda ya maye gurbin fam a ƙimar 2.4 cedi 1 fam, ko 1 pesewa 1 dinari. Cedi na farko an lika shi zuwa Sterling a adadin 2.4 cedis £1, ko 8s 4d kowace cedi. Cedi na biyu (GHC), 1967–2007 An maye gurbin cedi na farko a cikin shekarar 1967 da "sabon cedi" wanda ya kai 1.2 cedi na farko. Wannan ya ba da damar jujjuya ƙima tare da fam, wato 2 cedis na biyu 1 laban. Canjin ya kuma ba da damar cire hoton Kwame Nkrumah daga tsabar kudi da takardun kudi. Cedi na biyu an fara lika shi da sitiyari a farashin ₵2 £1. Koyaya, a cikin watanni, an rage darajar cedi ta biyu zuwa ƙimar ₵2.45 £1, ƙasa da ƙimar farko na cedi ta farko. Wannan ƙimar yayi daidai da ₵1 0.98 An kiyaye dalar Amurka da farashin dala lokacin da aka rage darajar Sterling a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1967. An saita ƙarin pegs na $0.55 a cikin shekarar 1971, $0.78 a 1972, da $0.8696 a 1973 kafin kuɗin ya tashi a shekarar 1978. An sami hauhawar hauhawar farashin kaya, don haka aka sake yin pedi a ₵2.80 $1.00. An ci gaba da cinye darajar cedi a kasuwar baƙar fata A farkon shekarun 1980, gwamnati ta fara yin katsalandan a kan siyar da kayayyaki akan farashi banda farashin siyarwar da aka kayyade (wanda kuma aka sani da sarrafa farashin Wannan yana da tasirin tuƙi kusan duk kasuwancin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, inda farashin kasuwannin baƙar fata ya kasance na yau da kullun, kuma babu abin da ya wanzu a kan ɗakunan ajiya. A shekara ta 1983, cedi ya kai kusan dalar Amurka 120 zuwa 1 a kasuwar baƙar fata, fakitin sigari ya kai kusan ₵150 (idan za a iya samun su), amma kuɗin banki ya ci gaba a ₵2.80 $1.00. A karshe, bayan da kudaden kasashen waje suka bushe gaba daya ga duk wani ciniki da ake shigo da su daga waje, gwamnati ta tilastawa gwamnati fara wani tsari na rage kimar darajarta a hankali, tare da sassauta tsauraran matakan da ta ke dauka. Wannan tsari ya ƙare a cikin shekarar 1990, tare da yawo na cedi kyauta akan kudaden waje. Haɓakawa ya ci gaba (duba jadawalin kuɗin musaya har zuwa watan Yuli shekarar 2007, dalar Amurka ɗaya ta kai kusan 9500, kuma an fara canjawa zuwa cedi na uku. A shekara ta 1979, an kwace kudaden. An fitar da sabbin takardun kudi wadanda aka yi musanya da tsofaffi akan kudi tsofaffin takardun kudi 10 zuwa sabbin guda 7. Tsabar kudi da asusun banki ba a shafa ba. An yi wani kwace na biyu a cikin shekarar 1982, lokacin da aka lalata bayanin ₵50 (mafi girman mazhaba). 'Yan Ghana, a ka'idar, za su iya musanya kowane adadin ₵50 don tsabar kudi ko wasu takardun banki ba tare da asara ba, amma baƙi ba za su iya yin musaya ba. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin 'yan Ghana da suke tara tarin cedi sun ji tsoron ramuwar gayya idan suka yi ƙoƙari su canza duka, don haka kawai sun kona kuɗinsu da yawa. Wasu 'yan Ghana da dama sun sami "kudirin biyan kudi" daga bankuna, amma ba su sami diyya ba. Wannan kwace ya tabbata a bainar jama'a a matsayin wata hanya ta haifar da rashin jin daɗi ga bunƙasa kasuwar baƙar fata. Duk da haka, ta fuskar kuɗi, kwace kuɗin yana da tasiri na rage yawan kuɗin da ake samu a cikin tattalin arziki, kuma ta haka ne rage yawan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Bayan kwace bayanan ₵50, bayanin kula ₵20 shine mafi girman mazhabar cedi, amma yana da darajar titi kusan $0.35 (US). hudu kashe kudin ta hanyar canzawa zuwa cedi na uku. Ba a gabatar da sabon kudin a matsayin cedi na uku ba amma a maimakon haka ana kiransa da sunan "Ghanaian cedi" (GH₵), sabanin cedi na biyu wanda a hukumance aka sani da "sabon cedi". A cikin rabin na biyu na shekarar 2007 duka cedi na biyu da na uku sun kasance na doka yayin da ake cire tsohuwar kudin a hankali. A ƙarshen watan Disamban shekarar 2007, an cire fiye da 90% na duk tsoffin tsabar kudi da bayanin kula. Daga watan Janairun shekarar 2008, tsofaffin takardun banki za a iya musanya su a bankuna kawai kuma ba su da izinin doka. A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2010, an ba da takardar kuɗi ta GH₵2 don biyan buƙatun jama'a na ƙungiyar tsaka-tsaki da rage mitar, da farashi mai alaƙa, na buga babban kundi na GH₵1 banknote. Gabatar da sabuwar darikar ya zo daidai da kammala bikin cika shekaru dari na haifuwar Kwame Nkrumah, shugaban Ghana na farko, kuma yana da rubutun tunawa karni na Haihuwar Dr. Kwame Nkrumah." Sakamakon lokaci na "tsabar hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki" da "raguwar faduwar darajar kudin kowace shekara", Bankin Ghana a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2019, ya sanar da fitar da sabon tsabar kudin cedi 2 da kuma sabbin takardun kudi na cedi 100 da 200. Cibiyoyin cedi na banki na 1 da 2 da suka wanzu sun kasance masu taushin doka, kodayake waɗannan ƙungiyoyin za a sauya su a hankali da tsabar kuɗi don rage farashi. Cedi na uku yana ci gaba da rasa ƙima tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi. A cikin shekarar 2014, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya tashi da sauri yayin da darajar cedi ta uku ta faɗi zuwa kashi huɗu na ainihin ƙimarsa. An dakatar da rage darajar na wani dan lokaci a cikin kwata na karshe na shekarar 2014, yayin da kudin ya daidaita saboda shirin ceton IMF na Ghana. Saboda rashin ƙarancin ikon sayen sa, tsabar pesewa ɗaya ba kasafai ake ganin sa ba. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2021, Bankin Ghana ya fara aiwatar da cire GH₵1 da GH₵2 bayanin kula daga yaɗuwa don ƙarfafa amfani da tsabar kimar fuskar su. A cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2022, haɓaka hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ci gaba da rashin sarrafa tattalin arziki ya sa darajar cedi ta ragu zuwa cents 10 na Amurka (GH₵10 US$1). adadin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na shekara-shekara na 37.2% kamar yadda Hukumar Kididdiga ta Ghana ta ruwaito shi ne mafi girma tun shekarar 2001. Ya zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 2022, cedi ya zama mafi munin kuɗi a duniya, inda ya yi asarar kashi 60% na ƙimar sa dangane da dalar Amurka tun ƙarshen shekarar 2021. Farashin musanya ya kasance kusan 15 GH ga dalar Amurka. Tsabar kudi Bankin Ghana yana fitar da duk tsabar kudin Ghana tun shekarar 1958. Bayan tsabar kuɗi a gabaɗaya bankin ya kuma ba da tsabar kuɗi na tunawa An fitar da waɗannan tsabar kuɗi na musamman a shillings (1958), rawanin (1965), fam (1958–1977), sikas (1997–2003) da cedis (2013) Babu tabbas idan Bankin Ghana ya ɗauki rawanin tunawa da sikas tare da fam ɗin tunawa da aka yi bayan shekarar 1965, a matsayin ɗan takara na doka ko kuma kawai a matsayin lambobin yabo. Tsabar kudi da suka kasance ko suke gabaɗaya sun haɗa cikin wannan jeri. Shekarun fitowar ba ya nuna cewa an tsara jerin abubuwan a kowace shekara a cikin lokacin amma an fitar da tsabar kudin fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin lokacin da aka bayyana. Wasu tsabar kudi ana riƙe su kuma a sake su shekaru bayan an fitar da su. Wannan yana nufin cewa a cikin yawan wurare dabam dabam akwai tsabar tsabar kudi da tsabar kudi a cikin yanayin mint daga wannan shekara ta fito. Bankin Ghana bai taba bayyana ko suna rike da tsabar kudi da aka riga aka buga ba har sai an bukace su ko kuma idan sun yi tambarin tsabar kudi a jere tare da tsofaffin shekaru. Cedi na farko (1965-67) Cedi na biyu Cedi na uku Sabbin tsabar kudi 1 pesewa (tsohuwar cedi 100), 5 pesewas (500), 10 pesewa (1,000), 20 pesewas (2,000), 50 pesewa (5,000), 1. cedi (10,000) da 2 cedi (20,000). Bayanan banki Bankin Ghana yana fitar da duk takardun kudin Ghana tun shekarar 1958. Yawancin takardun kudi na Ghana an canza su kadan daga fitowar shekara guda zuwa na shekara mai zuwa a ci gaba da yaki da fasahohin kudi na fasaha. Har ila yau, sa hannun kan takardun ya canza lokacin da sabon gwamna ya karbi ragamar tafiyar da bankin na Ghana. Irin waɗannan canje-canje suna akai-akai kuma ba a rufe su a cikin wannan jeri. Shekarun fitowar ba su nuna cewa an buga jerin abubuwan a kowace shekara a cikin wannan lokacin ba, amma an fitar da takardar banki fiye da sau ɗaya a cikin lokacin da aka bayar. Cedi na farko (1965-67) Cedi na biyu (1967-2007) 1967 zuwa 1979 1979 zuwa 2007 Cedi na uku (2007-yanzu) Tarihin musayar kuɗi Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje New Ghanaian currency introduced at Wikinews Original source of the above pre-2007 Ghanaian banknotes: https://www.banknotes.com/gh.htm Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15418	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagazie%20Emezi	Yagazie Emezi	Yagazie Emezi mai fasahar zane-zane ce kuma mai koyar da kanta, kuna daukar hoto, wacce take zaune a ciki garin Legas, Najeriya Rayuwar farko Emezi an haife ta ne a Aba, kuma ta girma ne a Aba, Najeriya kuma ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin yaran gwaggwanni. Ayyuka Yagazie Emezi ta fara ne da daukar hoto a shekarar 2015 kuma Washington Post, National Geographic Al-Jazeera, New York Times, Vogue, Newsweek, Inc. Mujallar, LOKACI, The Guardian, Refinery29, Ayyukan yau da kullun, Tashar Yanayi da Jaridar New York Times A shekarar 2017, Yagazie ta kuma zauna a Monrovia, Laberiya tsawon watanni goma tana rubuta tasirin ilmi ga 'yan mata a cikin al'ummomin da ke cikin haɗari sannan kuma ta koma aikinta na Ci gaba da koyo wanda ya binciko yadda waɗanda suka tsira daga rauni, ba tare da labarin tashin hankali da cin zarafi ba, daidaitawa ga sababbin jikinsu yayin sanya alamar rashin ingantacciyar al'ada a tattare da tasirin jiki a matsayin sanannen al'adun gargajiya. Yagazie shine mai karɓar kyautar ƙaddamarwar Creativeirƙirar Creativeirƙirar Creativeirƙira ta 2018 daga Getty Images kuma ya kasance ɗan takara na 2018 na Binciken New York Portfolio. Jaridar British Journal of Photography, Huffington Post, iD, Nieman Reports, Paper Magazine, Vogue, CNN da The Washington Post ne suka sanya ta. A shekarar 2018, ta samu tallafi daga karamin ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Legas saboda jerin hotunanta da ke magana kan gaskiyar cin zarafin mata da matasa masu rauni a Legas, Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 2019, ta zama bakar fata mace ta farko daga Afirka da ta dauki hoto ga Mujallar National Geographic kuma ita ce National Geographic Explorer Grantee. Yagazie yana cikin masu fasahar zane-zanen 2019 waɗanda aka zaba don zama na fasaha na Kehinde Wiley a Black Rock, Senegal. Ayyukanta na zane-zane na zane-zane na nufin sukar yanayin zamantakewar siyasar Najeriya da rawar da kafofin watsa labarai ke takawa a ciki yayin ficewa daga tarihin kasar da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu. Emezi ya kasance dan takarar 2019 a cikin mashahurin Rolex Mentor da Protégé Arts Initiative Tana aiki a kwamitin bada shawarwari na Kullum Afirka kuma memba ce mai ba da gudummawa. Tattaunawa Canje-canjen Muhalli da Haɗari na 2019 Ga Kiwan lafiyar Mata Kakakin, Jami'ar Lafiya ta Duniya, Kigali, Rwanda 2019 Ta yaya fasaha za ta iya samar da kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya, Mai magana, bikin Hamwe. Kigali, Rwanda Yanayin Yanayi na 2019: Sanin, Gani Warkar da Jiki a Afirka ta Duniya, Mai magana, Jami'ar Kansas Kansas, Amurka 2018 Masu Saurin Gabatarwa: Mata a cikin Hotuna, Mai Magana, Bikin Photoaukar Hotuna a Lagos Lagos, Najeriya 2018 Guest Lecture, shugaban majalisar, Parsons School of Design New York, USA Retirƙirar Tunanin 2017 a Zamanin Zamani, Mai Magana, FCAEA Afirka Na Yau da kullun Nairobi, Kenya, Labaran 2016 Ta Hanyar Hoto, Mai Magana, Makon Zamani. Lagos, Najeriya. Limuntatawar 2015 don Binciko Hoto Daga Wajen Tituna, Mai Magana, Gidan Hoto na Rele, Lagos, Nigeria. 2015 Haɗawa da Abokin Ciniki, Abin da Muka Sanshi da Yadda Ake Amfani da shi, Mai Magana, Wayar Afirka ta Yamma. Lagos, Najeriya. Kyauta da tallafi National Geographic 2020 Mai bayarwa. Wanda ya karɓi kyautar karramawar Bursary ta farko ta 2018 daga Getty Images. Karatun Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka na 2018 daga Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Lagos, Najeriya. Kyautar Kyautar Alumnus ta shekara ta 2017 daga Jami'ar New Mexico, Sashen Nazarin Afirka. Nunin Hoton Afirka na Hotuna, Bamako, Mali. 2019. The Lens Lens, Richard Taittinger Gallery, New York, Amurka. 2019 Sake karanta Jiki, bikin Hamwe, Kigali, Rwanda. 2019 NAN, Alliance Francais, Lagos, Najeriya. 2019 Yanzu da Manta, Vlisco & Co, Art Ashirin da Daya. Lagos, Najeriya. 2018 Pil'ours na bikin, Saint Gilles Croix de Vie, Faransa. 2018 Daga ciki Waje, Hotunan Mata, Photoville. New York, Amurka. 2017 Maganar Jiki, Refinery29, Photoville. New York, Amurka, 2017 Sake hotunan wani Nahiya, Alliance Francais, Afirka ta Yau da kullun. Nairobi, Kenya. 2017 LOK3 Bikin Hoton, Charlottesville, Amurka. 2016 Ayyukan yau da kullun a FotoIstanbul, Istanbul, Turkey. 2016 Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Masu daukan
27190	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20Covid-19%20A%20Cikin%20Ciki	Cutar Covid-19 A Cikin Ciki	Tasirin kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 akan ciki ba a san shi gaba ɗaya ba saboda rashin ingantaccen bayanai. Idan akwai ƙarin haɗari ga mata masu ciki da masu ciki, ya zuwa yanzu ba a iya gano shi cikin sauri ba. Hasashen da aka danganta da irin wannan cututtuka irin su SARS da MERS sun nuna cewa mata masu juna biyu suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani amma bincike daga bincike har zuwa yau ya nuna cewa halayen asibiti na COVID-19 ciwon huhu a cikin mata masu juna biyu sun yi kama da wadanda an ruwaito daga manya marasa ciki. Babu wani bayanan da ke nuna haɗarin zubar da ciki na asarar ciki saboda COVID-19 kuma binciken da aka yi tare da SARS da MERS ba sa nuna alaƙa tsakanin kamuwa da kuma cuta da zubar da ciki ko asara na biyu na uku. Ba a sani ba tukuna ko yanayin da ke tasowa yayin daukar ciki ciki har da ciwon sukari, gazawar zuciya, hypercoagulability ko hauhawar jini na iya wakiltar ƙarin abubuwan haɗari ga mata masu juna biyu kamar yadda suke yi ga mata marasa ciki. Daga ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ake da su, watsawa a tsaye a cikin uku na uku mai yiwuwa ba ya faruwa, ko kuma kawai yana faruwa da wuya. Har yanzu babu bayanai kan farkon daukar ciki. Bincike game da COVID-19 a cikin ciki Shaidu kaɗan sun wanzu don ba da damar kowane tabbataccen sakamako game da yanayin kamuwa da COVID-19 a cikin ciki. Tasiri akan mata masu juna biyu A cikin Mayu 2020, Kwalejin Royal na Ma'aikatan Lafiya da Gynecologists (RCOG) da Royal College of Midwives (RCM) sun ba da rahoton sakamakon binciken Tsarin Kula da Mace na Burtaniya (UKOSS) na mata masu juna biyu 427 da jariransu. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa mata masu juna biyu 4.9 a cikin 1000 an shigar da su asibiti tare da COVID-19 kuma 1 cikin 10 na waɗannan suna buƙatar kulawa mai zurfi. Sakamakon binciken wannan binciken ya goyi bayan shawarwarin da suka gabata cewa mata masu juna biyu ba su da haɗarin rashin lafiya mai tsanani fiye da mata marasa ciki. Hakanan ana amfani da irin waɗannan abubuwan haɗari: matan da ke cikin binciken sun fi dacewa a kwantar da su a asibiti idan sun tsufa, kiba ko kiba, ko kuma suna da yanayin da suka gabata kamar ciwon sukari ko hawan jini. Mata biyar ne suka mutu amma har yanzu ba a bayyana ko kwayar cutar ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar ba. Tunda yawancin matan da suka yi rashin lafiya sun kasance a cikin uku na uku na ciki, RCOG da RCM sun jaddada mahimmancin nisantar da jama'a ga wannan rukunin. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 55% na mata masu juna biyu da aka kwantar a asibiti tare da COVID-19 sun fito ne daga bakar fata ko kuma wasu tsirarun kabilu (BAME), wanda ya zarce adadin matan BAME a cikin jama'ar Burtaniya. Da take magana ga RCOG, Dr Christine Ekechi ta ce yana da matukar damuwa cewa sama da rabin wadanda aka kwantar a asibiti sun fito ne daga asalin BAME, cewa an riga an sami "rauni mai dorewa" ga wannan rukunin, kuma RCOG tana sabunta jagora. don rage ƙofa don bita, yarda da la'akari da haɓaka kulawa ga mata masu ciki na asalin BAME. Haɗin gwiwar Bincike da Bincike na Burtaniya a cikin Likitan Mata da Gynecology sun gudanar da babban kimantawa na ayyukan kula da lafiyar mata a Burtaniya dangane da yanayin bala'in cutar, ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki a cikin dogon lokaci don samar da sabis na kula da mata masu juna biyu. Jerin shari'o'in mata 43 daga New York waɗanda suka gwada inganci don COVID-19 sun nuna irin wannan tsari ga manya waɗanda ba masu juna biyu ba: 86% suna da ƙarancin cuta, 9.3% suna da cuta mai tsanani kuma 4.7% sun kamu da cuta mai mahimmanci. Wani bincike ya gano lamuran COVID-19 ciwon huhu a cikin ciki sun fi sauƙi kuma suna da murmurewa. Wani bincike na mata 9 da suka kamu da cutar a cikin uku na uku na ciki daga Wuhan, China, ya nuna cewa sun nuna zazzabi (a cikin shida daga cikin marasa lafiya tara), ciwon tsoka (cikin uku), ciwon makogwaro (cikin biyu) da rashin lafiya (cikin biyu). Bacin rai tayi ta shiga biyu. Babu daya daga cikin matan da ya kamu da cutar COVID-19 mai tsanani ko kuma ta mutu. Dukkansu suna da ciki mai rai kuma ba a ga ciwon asphyxia mai tsanani ba. Samfurori na madarar nono, ruwan amniotic, jinin igiya da swab na makogwaro na jarirai an gwada su don SARS-CoV-2, kuma duk sakamakon ya kasance mara kyau. A wani binciken kan mata masu juna biyu 15, yawancin marasa lafiya sun nuna zazzabi da tari, yayin da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje suka haifar da lymphocytopenia a cikin marasa lafiya 12. Abubuwan da aka lissafa na waɗannan marasa lafiya sun yi daidai da rahotannin baya-bayan nan game da marasa lafiya marasa ciki, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarancin gilashin ƙasa a matakin farko. Hotunan da aka biyo bayan bayarwa ba su nuna ci gaban ciwon huhu ba. Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai sun nuna cewa sama da mata 100 da ke dauke da COVID-19 na iya haihuwa, kuma a cikin Maris 2020, ba a sami rahoton mutuwar mata masu juna biyu ba. A watan Afrilun 2020, wata mata mai juna biyu mai shekaru 27 da haihuwa a cikin makonni 30 ta mutu a Iran Mutuwar ta na iya kasancewa COVID-19 ne ya haddasa ta. RCOG ta ba da shawarar a farkon Afrilu 2020 cewa saboda ciki yanayi ne na hypercoagulable kuma mutanen da aka kwantar da su a asibiti tare da COVID-19 suma suna da karfin jini, kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 na iya ƙara haɗarin thromboembolism mai jijiya kuma wannan haɗarin na iya haɓaka ta hanyar rage motsi. saboda ware kai. Sharuɗɗan nasu don haka suna ba da shawarar cewa duk mace mai ciki da aka shigar da ita asibiti tare da kamuwa da cuta ta COVID-19 ya kamata ta sami aƙalla kwanaki 10 na heparin mai ƙarancin nauyi na prophylactic bayan an sallame ta daga asibiti. Kwanan nan, an ƙaddamar da Rijistar International ta Coronavirus Exposure in Pregnancy (IRCEP) a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Pregistry da Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Tasiri akan aiki Akwai ƙayyadaddun bayanai game da illolin cututtukan COVID-19 ga aiki. Al-kuraishy et al. An ba da rahoton cewa COVID-19 a cikin ciki na iya ƙara haɗarin haihuwa kafin haihuwa. Ana ɗaukar haihuwa da wuri a matsayin babban sakamako na COVID-19 ciwon huhu yayin daukar ciki. Binciken UKOSS ya gano cewa matsakaicin shekarun haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa shine makonni 38 kuma kashi 27% na matan da aka yi nazari sun haihu kafin haihuwa. Daga cikin wadannan, kashi 47% an yi musu maganin ne saboda hadarin da ke tattare da lafiyar uwa kuma kashi 15% na faruwa ne saboda hadarin da tayi. Tasiri kan tayin A halin yanzu babu wani bayani da zai nuna ƙarin haɗarin zubar da ciki ko asarar ciki da wuri dangane da COVID-19. Watsawa Nazarin farko ya nuna babu wata shaida don watsa COVID-19 a tsaye daga uwa zuwa yaro a ƙarshen ciki amma ƙarin rahotannin kwanan nan sun nuna cewa watsa a tsaye na iya faruwa a wasu lokuta. Binciken farko ya gano wasu yara biyu da suka kamu da COVID-19 amma an yi la'akari da cewa yiwuwar watsawa ya faru a lokacin haihuwa. Hakanan ana iya lura cewa mahaifar ɗan adam tana bayyana abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan COVID-19. Ƙarin ƙananan binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa ana iya yiwuwa watsawa a tsaye. Yarinya yarinya da aka haifa ga uwa tare da COVID-19 ta haɓaka matakan IgM sa'o'i biyu bayan haihuwa, yana nuna cewa ta kamu da cutar a cikin mahaifa kuma tana tallafawa yuwuwar watsawa a tsaye a wasu lokuta. Wani ɗan ƙaramin binciken da ya ƙunshi 6 ya tabbatar da cewa iyayen COVID-19 sun nuna babu alamun SARS-CoV-2 a cikin makogwaron jariransu ko maganin jini amma ƙwayoyin rigakafi sun kasance a cikin samfuran sera na jini na jarirai, gami da IgM a cikin jarirai biyu. Ba a saba ba da wannan daga uwa zuwa tayin don haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don sanin ko kwayar cutar ta ratsa mahaifa ko kuma mahaifar mata da ke cikin binciken sun lalace ko kuma sun lalace. An haifi saitin 'yan uku da wuri tare da COVID-19 a Babban Asibitin Ignacio Morones Prieto da ke San Luis Potosí, Mexico, a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2020. Duk iyaye biyu sun gwada rashin lafiya kuma an ba da rahoton cewa yaran sun kwanta. Hasashe Tunda COVID-19 yana nuna kamanceceniya da SARS-CoV da MERS-CoV, da alama tasirinsu akan ciki yayi kama. A lokacin cutar ta 2002-03, an yi nazarin mata 12 da suka kamu da cutar ta SARS-CoV. Hudu daga cikin bakwai sun sami zubar da ciki na farkon trimester, biyu daga cikin biyar sun sami ƙuntatawa girma tayi a cikin na biyu trimester, kuma hudu daga cikin biyar sun sami haihuwa kafin haihuwa. Mata uku sun mutu yayin da suke da juna biyu. Babu daya daga cikin jariran da ya kamu da cutar SARS-CoV. Wani rahoto na lokuta goma na kamuwa da cutar MERS-CoV a cikin ciki a Saudi Arabiya ya nuna cewa gabatarwar asibiti yana canzawa, daga kamuwa da cuta mai laushi zuwa mai tsanani. Sakamakon ya yi kyau a mafi yawan lokuta, amma adadin mutuwar jarirai ya kasance kashi 27%. Wani bita ya nuna cewa COVID-19 da alama ba shi da kisa ga iyaye mata da jarirai fiye da SARS da MERS amma ana iya samun ƙarin haɗarin haihuwa kafin haihuwa bayan makonni 28 na ciki. Mata miliyan 47 a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kasashe 114 UNFPA sun yi hasashen ba za su iya amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa na zamani ba idan matsakaita na kulle-kulle, ko rikice-rikicen da ke da alaka da COVID-19, ya ci gaba har na tsawon watanni 6 tare da manyan cikas ga ayyuka: A kowane watanni 3. Ana ci gaba da kulle-kulle, ana zaton an samu tartsatsi, har zuwa karin mata miliyan biyu ba za su iya amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na zamani ba. Idan aka ci gaba da kulle-kullen na tsawon watanni 6 kuma akwai manyan cikas na sabis saboda COVID-19, ana sa ran ƙarin ciki miliyan 7 da ba a yi niyya ba ta UNFPA. Adadin cikin da ba a yi niyya ba zai karu yayin da ake ci gaba da kulle-kullen da kuma tsawaita ayyukansu. Shawarwari Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Cibiyar Yaki da Cututtuka ta Amurka ta shawarci mata masu juna biyu da su rika yin abubuwa iri daya da sauran jama'a don gujewa kamuwa da cutar, kamar su rufe tari, guje wa cudanya da marasa lafiya, tsaftace hannu da sabulu da ruwa ko kuma tsabtace muhalli. Magungunan rigakafin cutar covid-19 CDC yanzu tana ƙarfafa mata masu juna biyu su sami rigakafin COVID-19 Gabaɗaya shawarwari Asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) ya ba da shawarar matakan gabaɗaya guda bakwai don duk lokacin saduwa da majinyata da ke fuskantar kulawa: Tabbatar da ma'aikata da majiyyata samun dama ga wuraren wanke hannu masu tsabta kafin shigar da kayan aiki. Samun sabulu na yau da kullun a kowane wurin wanki na wurin kiwon lafiya tare da tsaftataccen kyalle ko tawul ɗin da za a iya zubarwa don busar da hannu. Idan ungozoma suna ba da kulawar marasa lafiya kai tsaye, dole ne su yawaita wanke hannayensu da sabulu da ruwa na akalla daƙiƙa 20 kowane lokaci. Wannan dole ne ya faru kafin a ga kowace sabuwar mace da kuma sake kafin gwajin jiki. Ungozoma su sake wankewa nan da nan bayan jarrabawar sannan kuma da zarar majiyyaci ya fita. Hakanan ya kamata a yi wanka bayan tsaftace saman da tari ko atishawa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da tsabtace hannu musamman idan babu ruwa mai tsafta. Ka guji taɓa baki, hanci ko idanu. Yakamata a shawarci ma'aikata da marasa lafiya su yi tari a cikin nama ko gwiwar hannu su wanke hannu daga baya. Ungozoma yakamata su kiyaye nisan zamantakewa na akalla tsawon hannaye 2 yayin kowace ziyarar asibiti. Matukar ana yin wankin hannu kafin da bayan gwajin jiki mata ba tare da an yi zargin ko an tabbatar da COVID-19 ba, gwajin jiki da tuntubar majiyyaci ya kamata a ci gaba kamar yadda aka saba, idan an wanke hannu kafin da bayan. Fesa saman da marasa lafiya da ma'aikata ke amfani da su tare da bleach ko wani. Tabbatar goge saman saman tare da tawul na takarda ko zane mai tsabta a tsakanin marasa lafiya da wanke hannu. Ungozoma ne ke gudanar da haihuwa, kulawa da haihuwa da haihuwa kuma suna wakiltar wasu muhimman ayyukan kula da lafiya a bangaren kiwon lafiyar mata kuma suna da alaka kai tsaye da yawan mace-mace da cututtuka. Yana da mahimmanci cewa ma'aikatan SRMNAH, ciki har da ungozoma, an haɗa su a cikin gaggawa da tsare-tsaren rarraba don karɓar isasshen PPE da kuma daidaitawa yadda ake amfani da PPE daidai. Tunda kulawar ungozoma tana ci gaba da zama muhimmin sabis da mata dole ne su samu damar shiga yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ungozoma su sami tallafi, nasiha da kuma sanin yadda za su sake tsara ayyuka don ci gaba da ba da kulawa mai inganci (watau mutunta shawarwarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na akalla. 2m tsakanin mata, kadan ne mai yiwuwa ungozoma masu kula da mace daya (kadan ma'aikata a dakin), tsaftar hannu). Dole ne ungozoma su sami bayanan tushen shaida waɗanda za su iya kare kansu daga yin kwangilar COVID-19 yayin da suke kula da mace mai alama, ko kuma daga macen da ta kamu da cutar ta COVID-19. Ungozoma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage kyama da yaƙi da yada imanin cewa ya kamata a guji wuraren kiwon lafiya don kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya/ba kwangilar COVID-19. Ana iya tsammanin sake tsarawa/ cire kudade daga sassan da ungozoma ke aiki a kai, za a danganta shi kai tsaye da haɓakar cututtuka na mata da jarirai da mace-mace da ke ingiza ƙasashe nesa da manufar SDG. Kulawar haihuwa RCOG da RCM suna ba da shawarar sosai cewa ya kamata a dauki kulawar haihuwa da na haihuwa a matsayin mahimmanci, kuma "mata masu ciki za su ci gaba da buƙatar aƙalla tallafi, shawara, kulawa da jagoranci dangane da ciki, haihuwa da haihuwa da wuri kamar da". A watan Mayun 2020, mai magana da yawun kungiyar RCOG ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi gargadin bakar fata da sauran kananan kabilun mata cewa za su iya samun babbar hadarin kamuwa da cutar kuma a shawarce su da su nemi taimako da wuri idan sun damu. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya ya kamata su san haɗarin haɓakar haɗari kuma suna da ƙaramin ƙofa don yin bita, yarda da haɓaka kulawa da aka ba wa matan BAME. Don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, RCOG da RCM suna ba da shawarar cewa ana iya gudanar da wasu alƙawura daga nesa ta hanyar tarho ko taron bidiyo. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a birnin Shanghai a tsakanin mata masu juna biyu a cikin watanni uku daban-daban na ciki ya nuna cewa akwai bukatar samun bayanai da ayyukan lafiya ta yanar gizo. Matan da ke tsammanin jariri na farko sun fi son samun shawarwari da jagora akan layi fiye da waɗanda suka haifa a baya. RCOG da RCM sun ba da shawarar cewa a jinkirta alƙawura na cikin mutum da kwanaki 7 bayan fara alamun COVID-19 ko kwanaki 14 idan wani a gidan yana da alamun cutar. Inda ake buƙatar alƙawura a cikin mutum, ana ba marasa lafiya masu juna biyu da alamun COVID-19 da aka tabbatar waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawar haihuwa su sanar da asibiti ko asibitin kafin su isa don a sanya maganin kamuwa da cuta. Binciken duniya a Asibitin Presbyterian Allen na New York-Presbyterian Allen da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Columbia ta Irving sun gano cewa daga cikin marasa lafiya 215 masu juna biyu, hudu (1.9%) suna da alamun cutar kuma suna da alamun COVID-19 da 29 (13.7%) sun kasance asymptomatic amma an gwada inganci don wayar cutar. Zazzabi daga baya ya tashi a cikin marasa lafiya uku masu asymptomatic. Ɗaya daga cikin majiyyaci da ya gwada rashin lafiya daga baya ya zama alamun bayyanar cututtuka kuma ya gwada inganci kwanaki uku bayan gwajin mara kyau na farko. Likitocin da ke gudanar da gwajin sun ba da shawarar cewa don rage kamuwa da cuta da kuma ware PPE, saboda yawan adadin marasa lafiya da ke nuna alamun asymptomatic, ya kamata a gudanar da aikin tantance masu juna biyu a duniya. Lokacin aiki A cikin Burtaniya, ƙa'idodin hukuma sun nuna cewa ya kamata a ba wa mata izini kuma a ƙarfafa su su sami abokiyar haihuwa ɗaya mai asymptomatic tare da su yayin aikinsu da haihuwa. Babu wata shaida dangane da idan akwai zubar da kwayar cutar a cikin farji, don haka yanayin haihuwa (farji ko caesarean) yakamata a tattauna da matar da ke naƙuda kuma a yi la'akari da abubuwan da take so idan babu wasu abubuwan da suka dace. Idan majiyyaci yana da shirin haihuwar caesarean ko shirin ƙaddamar da naƙuda, yakamata mutum ya tantance ko yana da lafiya a jinkirta aikin don rage haɗarin kamuwa da wasu. Samfuran ciki, irin su mahaifa, amnion da sauransu. Ba a nuna su suna da kamuwa da cutar coronavirus na haihuwa ko kamuwa da cuta ba, kuma ba sa haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. RCOG da RCM sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da shawarar epidural ga marasa lafiya da aka tabbatar ko ake zargi da COVID-19 a cikin naƙuda don a rage buƙatar maganin saƙar gabaɗaya idan ana buƙatar sa baki na gaggawa don haihuwa. Hakanan suna ba da shawarar cewa matan da ake zargi ko waɗanda aka tabbatar da COVID-19 yakamata su ci gaba da sa ido kan tayin ta lantarki. Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da wuraren tafkunan haihuwa ba ga waɗanda ake zargi ko tabbatar da lamuran COVID-19 saboda haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar najasa. Kulawar bayan haihuwa A Burtaniya, shawarwarin hukuma sun nuna cewa bai kamata a yi taka-tsantsan na raba uwa da jariri mai lafiya da wasa ba kuma a ajiye su tare a lokacin haihuwa inda ba a bukatar kulawar jarirai. A cewar asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ana karfafa wa mata gwiwa da su shayar da nonon uwa kamar yadda aka saba gwargwadon yadda zai yiwu tare da tuntubar masu ba da lafiya. Littattafai daga kasar Sin sun ba da shawarar raba iyaye mata masu kamuwa da jarirai na tsawon kwanaki 14. A Amurka akwai kuma shawarar cewa dole ne a raba jarirai da iyaye mata na wani dan lokaci har sai an daina yin taka-tsantsan da ake yadawa, kuma inda hakan ba zai yiwu ba a ajiye jarirai tazarar mita 2 daga uwa. Bayan haka, wasu jagororin yanzu sun haɗa da cewa ya kamata a ƙarfafa iyaye mata masu COVID-19 su shayar da nono idan za su iya, amma su sa kayan kariya na sirri don yin hakan. An ba da wannan shawarar, ganin cewa kamuwa da ciwon jarirai gabaɗaya yana da sauƙi kuma galibi yana da asymptomatic, kuma amfanin shayarwa na iya wuce haɗarin watsawa. UNFPA ta ba da shawarar cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci duk mata su sami damar haihuwa lafiya, ci gaba da kula da mata masu juna biyu da haihuwa, gami da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa bisa ga ka'idoji da ka'idoji na kasa, musamman a wuraren barkewar cutar, inda samun damar yin hidima ga mata masu juna biyu, mata masu nakuda. da haihuwa, da kuma masu shayarwa mata suna da mummunar tasiri. Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 ga mata masu juna biyu A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Women, da shagala da hankali da kuma m albarkatun daga lafiyar mata wajen haihuwa iya exacerbate masu juna biyu mace-mace da kuma wajen kisa da kuma kara kudi na matashi ciki. Asusun kula da yawan jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar cewa samun damar haihuwa lafiya, kulawar haihuwa, kulawar bayan haihuwa da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje bisa ka'idojin kasa yana da matukar muhimmanci, musamman a wuraren da cutar ta mamaye asibitoci, ta yadda lafiyar haihuwa ta yi tasiri sosai. Duba kuma Tasirin jinsi na cutar COVID-19 Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan zubar da ciki a Amurka Manazarta Covid-19 Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba
55330	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20205	Peugeot 205	Peugeot 205 mota ce ta supermini B-segment wadda kamfanin kera Peugeot na Faransa ya kera daga 1983 zuwa 1999. Mujallar CAR ce ta ayyana ta a matsayin "mota na shekaru goma" a cikin 1990. Ya kuma ci Wace Mota? Mafi kyawun Motar 1984. An haɓaka 205 daga 1977 a matsayin Projet M24, kuma an gabatar da shi a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1983 a matsayin maye gurbin Peugeot 104 da Talbot Samba Ya ƙare samarwa a 1998, don maye gurbinsa da Peugeot 206 Tarihi Kafin shekarar 205, an dauki Peugeot a matsayin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin masana'antun motoci na "manyan uku" na Faransa, wanda ke samar da manyan saloons irin su 504 da 505, ko da yake ya shiga kasuwar supermini na zamani a 1973 tare da Peugeot 104 Halin 205 ya kasance a cikin mulkin Peugeot a cikin 1978 na Chrysler's European division Simca da tsohon Rootes Group, wanda ke da ƙwarewar da ake bukata don kera ƙananan motoci ciki har da Simca 1100 a Faransa da Hillman Imp a Birtaniya. A daidai wannan lokacin ne Peugeot ta fara aikin samar da sabon supermini na shekarun 1980. An ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 1983, kuma an ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar tuƙi na hannun dama don kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin Satumba na wannan shekarar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙaddamar da shi, an ƙuƙasa shi zuwa lambar yabo ta motar mota ta Turai ta hanyar girman girman Fiat Uno, amma a ƙarshe (bisa ga masu shirya lambar yabo) zai ji daɗin hoto mafi kyau da kuma buƙatar kasuwa mai tsayi fiye da dan wasan Italiya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ƙananan motoci guda biyar da za a ƙaddamar da su a kasuwar Turai a cikin shekara guda na juna: sauran hudu sun kasance Uno, ƙarni na biyu Ford Fiesta, Opel Corsa na asali (wanda aka sayar a matsayin Vauxhall Nova a kasuwar Birtaniya) da Nissan Micra na asali. Har ila yau ƙaddamarwarsa ya biyo bayan na Austin Metro da Volkswagen Polo Mk2. Sau da yawa ana tunanin salon 205 shine ƙirar Pininfarina, kodayake Gerard Welter ya yi iƙirarin cewa ƙirar gida ce; Pininfarina kawai ya sa salon Cabriolet. Yawancin lokaci ana la'akari da ita a matsayin motar da ta juya dukiyar Peugeot. Dakatar mai cikakken zaman kanta ta yi amfani da daidaitaccen tsari na PSA Peugeot Citroën wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin Estate Peugeot 305 Wani mahimmin sashi na nasarar 205, yana da MacPherson struts a gaba da kuma bin diddigin makamai tare da sanduna masu tsauri a baya. Dakatarwar ta baya ta kasance m sosai, an ƙirƙira don rage kutsawar dakatarwa a cikin taya, tana ba da faffadan kaya mai faɗi, yayin samar da ingantacciyar tafiya da sarrafawa. A farkon shekarun 205 sun yi amfani da injin mai na X daga tsohuwar Peugeot 104, kodayake an maye gurbinsu daga baya (1987-1988) da sabbin injunan XU da TU, waɗanda na ƙirar PSA ne. Motoci sun tashi daga 954 cc zuwa 1905 cc, a cikin carburetor ko nau'ikan allurar mai Samfuran diesel ɗin sun yi amfani da injin PSA XUD, wanda aka ɗaga daga Citroën BX wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin Satumba 1982. Wadannan injuna suna da karfin 1769 cc (XUD7) da 1905 cc (XUD9) kuma suna da alaƙa ta kut da kut da injunan mai na XU5 da XU9 a cikin BX16 da BX19 na lokacin. Injin diesel din sun yi fice a duniya da kuma man fetur kamar yadda masu saye da yawa suka samu nasara ta hanyar aikin motar mai hade da tattalin arzikin dizal. Misali, 205 GRD (1.8 Diesel, yayi sauri kamar, duk da haka ya fi santsi fiye da 205 GR (1.4 Petrol, saboda injin yana haɓaka ƙarfin juzu'in mafi ƙarancin rpm, yayin amfani da ƙarancin mai. Akwai nau'ikan da aka yi niyya don amfani da kasuwanci, kamar jerin kujeru biyu na XA Har ila yau, akwai "205 Multi", wani nau'i na musamman mai tsayi a kan XA ko XE-tushen ginawa ta masu horarwa masu zaman kansu kamar Gruau da Durisotti. Gruau ya kira nau'in kujeru biyu na su na XA da "VU", yayin da na tushen XE mai kujeru biyar ana kiransa "VP". Durisotti ya fara gina 205 Multi a cikin 1986; An kira shi "205 Multi New
19935	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obolon%2C%20Kyiv	Obolon, Kyiv	Obolon Ukrainian lɔnʲ] ya kasan ce wani tarihi ne a gargariyance wanda ya hada da wani yankin (masyv), tare da wasu masana'antu na shakatawa a cikin Ukraine 's babban birnin Kyiv cewa an samar wuri a kan arewa, a cikin wani eponymous dake cikin Gundumar Obolonskyi (har 2001 Minskyi Gundumar). A yaren Yukreniyanci kalmar na nufin 'ƙaramar ƙasa kusa da kogi' ambaliyar ruwa ko makiyaya mai ambaliya Ukrainian:)). Kamar yadda ƙasar Obolon take yawan ambaliyar ta hanyar kogin Dnieper akwai wuraren kiwo na garin Kyiv da haymakings. Labarin kasa Gundumar tana cikin Kudancin Polesian Lowland, a arewacin wani yanki na yankin garin Kyiv. An yi amfani da Dnieper din, kananan koguna, kududdufai da tabkuna a kusa da Obolon a matsayin tushen yashi don tsawan tsawa don ci gaba da ginin, ta amfani da fasaha mai cike da ruwa. Don haka mutane sun canza yanayin Obolon. Obolon ya keɓe daga wasu sassan garin Kyiv ta bakin kogin Dnieper tare da raƙuman ruwansa da gungun tabkuna Tana iyaka da tsarin tafkuna a yamma, wanda ake tsammani an kirkireshi ne a wurin da almara ya kasance A cikin 2016 wasu masana tarihi sun bayyana cewa kogin yana ci gaba da wanzuwa kuma yana cikin kusancin tsarin da aka ambata na tabkuna. Iyakar gabas ta yankin ita ce Dnieper tare da bays: the Sobache hyrlo bakin kogin Kare da kuma Obolon bay (tsoffin sunaye Starytsa, wanda za a iya fassara shi azaman tsohon kogi, ko Bratsky Staryk). Akwai Kogin Redkyne Ministerka da kuma gaɓar Verbliud Rakumi a arewacin Obolon, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi ta girman faɗaɗa tafkin Lukove (Ulukovo) lokacin da ake karɓar ƙasa daga gare ta. Willow da kuma Vovkuvata bay suna kudu da yankin. Yankin da ke kusa da Obolon shine Redkyn Khutir, Petrivka na Obolon Raion shima da Kurenivka, Rybalsky Ostriv na Podil Raion na Kyiv Ta hanyoyi, an sami yankin bayan gari: Kilomita 10 zuwa tsakiyar garin Kyiv. Kilomita 13 zuwa tashar tsakiyar garin Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi Railway Station 16 kilomita zuwa Kyiv International Airport (Zhuliany) Kilomita 43 zuwa tashar jirgin saman babban birni Filin jirgin saman Boryspil na Kasa. Akwai P69, Kyiv Vyshhorod Desna Chernihiv suna wucewa ta yammacin ɓangare na yankin. Nazarin taswirar tarihi Masanin tarihin dan kasar Ukraine ya zana jerin taswirar tarihi na Kyiv, tun lokacin Gimbiya Olga, karni na 20 har zuwa karni na 19. A duk maps map Obolon fara da zarar gari ta babbar katanga a kusa Podil a dama banki na kusa da tashar tashar jirgin Taras Shevchenko na yanzu A taswirar Kyiv na shekara ta 1902 wanda mai binciken filayen birni Tairov ya kirkira, Obolon an zana shi a gefen hagu na bakin Kogin Pochaina, inda yankin Rybalsky Ostriv na zamani yake. Akwai wuraren kiwo na gari da waƙoƙi waɗanda aka yiwa alama a wurin yankin Obolon na yau. Duk waɗannan filayen mallakar mallakar Kyiv ne na sashen gudanarwa a lokacin Plosky Uchastok Flat Area Tarihi Lokacin farko Kewayen tarihin a zamanin yau shine tsarin tafkuna, an samo wuraren adana kayan tarihi na Mesolithic da Zarubintsy. An sami ragowar ƙauyuka na karni na 1 BC 2nd AD ƙarni na 6 7th a Obolon. Na farkon da ya ja hankali na musamman ga Obolon shi ne ɗan tarihin Baƙi ɗan Yukren nan Volodymyr Antonovych, wanda ya sami kuɗin azurfa ɗari biyu na tagulla na Roman a can a 1876, waɗanda aka raba rabin rabin na 3 rabin farko na ƙarni na 4. Sannan ya ba da shawarar cewa akwai sulhu a Obolon, wanda mazaunansa suka gudanar da musaya da biranen tsufa na Arewacin Baƙin Baƙin Arewa An cigaba da binciken Obolon musamman ta hanyar Turvont Kybalchych, Mykola Biliashivsky, AA Piantkovsky, da Kafin zamanin Kievan Rus yanki ne na Polans na Gabas. Wurin bautar Veles yana wurin a lokacin maguzawan A lokacin Kievan Rus da Grand Duchy na Lithuania ƙasar mallakar Sarakunan Kyiv ne Obolon sau da yawa ya zama wani wuri na fadace-fadace tare da makiyaya da kuma a lokacin 'ya'yan sarakuna ba feuds Bayan Tarayyar Lublin wannan yankin wani yanki ne na Kyiv Voivodeship na Masarautar Masarautar Poland ta Tarayyar Poland-Lithuanian A lokacin Cossack Hetmanate, Obolon na toungiyar Obolon ta makiyaya da kuma haymakings sun sau da yawa wani abu na muhawara tsakanin Cossacks, da birni majistare, gidajen lama da sojojin na Tsardom na Muscovy a Kyiv. A lokacin Yaƙin Russo-Turkish, ana gina palisades a wurin. A cikin 1911 aka buɗe jirgin sama na Kurenivka a filayen Obolon. Zamanin Soviet Sakamakon Yakin Yukiren-Soviet (1917-1921) da Yakin Poland-Soviet (1919-1919) Kyiv City da kewayenta daga ƙarshe rundunar Red Army ta kama su. A shekarar 1967 aka amince da tsarin ci gaban Kyiv, gwargwadon yadda za a gina wuraren zama a yankin dausayi a bangarorin biyu na Dnieper. Don haka, ta amfani da fasaha mai cike da ruwa, yashi yashi mita 4-5 a tsayi an halicce shi sama da Obolon-makiyaya. A cikin 1972 1980 an gina babbar rukunin gidaje na rukunin hasumiya a Kyiv a Obolon. A cikin 1975 sabon rukunin gudanarwa Minsky Raion aka kafa. Ya haɗa da rukunin gidaje na Obolon. Tunda aka sake fasalin tsarin mulki na Kyiv a 2001 Obolon suburbude mallakar mallakar Obolon Raion ne wanda aka kirkireshi akan Minsky Raion. A 1972 1980 akwai babbar Kyiv ta gidaje da dukiya na 9 da 16 storey hasumiya tubalan gina a cikin Obolon. Gidajen gine-ginen sune MI Kulchynsky, ZG Klebnikova da IG Verymovska. Sanannen sanannen gida ne saboda tsarin makwabtaka kamar zuma wanda aka tsara ci gaba tare da ɗakunan gidaje masu hawa da yawa masu hawa (duba gidajen jama'a A cikin 1980 a Obolon aka buɗe hukuma a hukumance kamfanin giya na Obolon wanda ake bikin tunawa da shi a wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na 1980 Ginin yanzu Tun daga 1992 ana gina rukunin gidaje na zamani Obolon Lypki tsakanin Kogin Dnieper da wanda ya hada da tubalin hasumiya da kuma gidajen zama An kira shi a kan kwatankwacin babbar unguwa Lypky a cikin Pechersk Raion Hoto Hanyoyin haɗin waje Obolon a cikin Art Wasu hotunan Obolon na yanzu Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
50483	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Acha%20de%20Correa%20Morales	Elina González Acha de Correa Morales	Elina González Acha de Correa Morales (20 Janairu 1861 -13 Agusta 1942) malama 'yar Argentine, masaniyar kimiya kuma mai fafutukar yancin mata. A zamaninta na farko, ta kasance cikin waɗanda suka fara digiri na farko a Makarantar Al'ada ta Argentine kuma ta kasance mai zane-zane, ta sami karɓuwa a duniya don duka littattafan karatu da zane-zane. Ita ce ta jagoranci kafa kungiyar kuma ta kasance shugabanta tun daga kafuwarta har zuwa rasuwarta. Ita da mijinta, sanannen sculptor na Argentina na farko, Lucio Correa Morales sun kasance masu kare iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Ona. Rayuwar farko An haifi Elina González Acha a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1861 a Chivilcoy, lardin Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ta halarci Makarantar Sisters na Irish (Spanish) a Chivilcoy kuma ta karanta Faransanci da zane a gida. Mahaifiyarta, Cristina Acha, wadda ta kasance Basque, ta shigar da ita a cikin makaranta farfesoshi na ƙasa ta Shugaba Roque Sáenz Peña Nº 1 (Spanish) a shekara ta 1875. González ya sauke karatu a cikin shekara 1879, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin ɗaliban tsarin makarantar al'ada na Argentine, kuma ya fara koyarwa. Ta ci gaba da karatunta cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Latin da zane. A cikin shekarar 1887, ta ɗauki matsayi don yin aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Jama'a (Spanish) na Buenos Aires kuma ta nemi shiga a shekara ta 1888. A cikin shekarar 1890, ta fara koyarwa a Escuela Normal de Belgrano, amma ta yi murabus don matsayi a matsayin shugabar labarin kasa a Bayan Ernestina A. López ya kafa Liceo Nacional de Señoritas daga baya a wannan shekarar, González ya zama Farfesa na makarantar Geography da Kimiyyar Halitta. González shima ya auri Lucio Correa Morales a wannan shekarar, wanda zai zama mashahurin ɗan wasan Argentina na farko kuma suna da yara bakwai a jere. Ma'auratan sun mallaki gidan haziƙanci kuma suna da baƙi da yawa daga cikin manyan haziƙai, da kuma karɓar tawagogin ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke neman taimakonsu wajen kwato musu haƙƙin ka kanninsu. Sun kasance daga cikin waɗanda suka ba da shawarar inganta ilimin mata kuma sun yi aiki a kan dabarun kare iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Ona. A cikin shekarar 1900, González ya shiga Majalisar Mata ta Ƙasa (Spanish) kuma ya kammala zane irin na mai guda biyu akan canvas, Cabeza da Amalita. Cigaba da karatun nata yayin koyarwa, González yayi karatu tare da Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg, tattara kwari, koyan ƙwanƙwasa tsuntsaye kuma ya fara buga littattafai. Buga littafin ta na farko, Geografía elemental: Libro 1 (Elementary Geography: First Book) an buga shi a cikin shekarar 1903 kuma littafi ne na koyar da ɗaliban firamare. Wannan ya biyo baya da sauri Ensayo de Geografía Argentina: Parte Física (Essay of Argentine Geography: Physical part) da aka buga a cikin shekarar 1904 da kuma masu karatu guda biyu, Isondú da Isopós. Ta kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin membobin kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Laburaren Mata (Spanish), wanda mata suka shirya domin inganta karatu. Littafinta Isondú ya sami lambar azurfa a nunin siyayyar Louisiana a St. Louis, Missouri a cikin shekarar 1904. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, González ya ci gaba da koyarwa kuma ya shiga cikin tarurrukan duniya da yawa, yana gabatar da takardu kan batutuwan yanki. Har ila yau, ta shiga tare da abokanta Elisa Bachofen, mace ta farko a Argentina; Julianne Dilenius, na farko PhD na Anthropology a ƙasar; Cecilia Grierson, likitan mata na Argentina na farko; da Berta Wernicke, mace ta farko farfesa a fannin ilimin motsa jiki kuma mai tallata shigar mata a gasar Olympics, a matsalamba don ba da izinin mata da daidaiton siyasa. Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa a shekarar 1910. Daga bayan aiki A wannan shekarar, González ya gabatar da takarda a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na XVII na Amurka wanda aka raba tsakanin Buenos Aires da Mexico. Batun gabatar da ita shi ne farautar ’yan asalin da ta ce ya samo asali ne ta yadda ya dace da yanayin. Bayan 'yan watanni, ta halarci taron farko na kimiyya na ƙasa da ƙasa na Amurka wanda aka gudanar tare da bikin shekaru ɗari na Argentina. A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙari na musamman ga jaridar La Nación, González ya buga Historia de los Conocimientos Geográficos (History of Geographic Knowledge), wanda ya ba da tarihin yanayin ƙasa da iyakoki. Daga cikin takaddun ɗari uku da aka gabatar a cikin ƙarin, biyu ne kawai mata suka rubuta, González da Ernestina A. López. A cikin shekarar 1913, aikinta na fasaha ya haɓaka lokacin da Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes ya sayi ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen mai, Cabeza. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, zanen ya sami lambar azurfa (daya daga cikin sassaken mijinta ya lashe tagulla) a Baje-kolin Kasa da Kasa na Panama–Pacific a San Francisco, California. A cikin shekarar 1922, González ya zama mai tuƙi a cikin halittar (Spanish) (GÆA), wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa har zuwa rasuwarta. Ta zama memba na farko mace na Geographical Society of Berlin a shekarar 1924 kuma waccan shekarar ne gwamnati ta naɗa ta don wakiltar Argentina a International Congress of Geography da Ethnology da za a gudanar a shekara mai zuwa a Alkahira, Misira. Bayan shekaru biyu ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Tarihi da Geography ta Mexica. A cikin shekarar 1927, ta zama abokiyar tarayya a cikin ƙungiyar Parisian Society of the Americas kuma a cikin shekarar 1932 an gayyace ta don shiga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers. A cikin shekarar 1935, González ya buga, tare da 'yarta, Cristina, Amalita: libro de lectura para cuarto grado, 4th grade primer. Littafin ya bayyana yanayin ƙasar, tarihin jama'a, da kuma magana game da al'amuran yanayi kamar iska da kusufi. González ya sadu da da kwamitin gudanarwa na GÆA a cikin shekarar 1937 don tsarawa da gina taswirar agaji na ƙasar da ke nuna dukkan lardunan. A cikin shekarar 1939, Amurka ta karrama littattafan karatun ta. González ta yi ƙoƙari a duk lokacin aikinta don nuna mahimmancin kiyaye tarihin yanki, ƙa'idodi da al'adun Argentina kuma ta ba da shawarar daidaitawa da ƙididdiga. A shekara ta 1941, ta gabatar da ƙudirin dokar da za a gabatar da ita ta hanyar majalisa don kare mutuncin kasa. González ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Agusta shekarar 1942 a Buenos Aires. Shekaru biyu bayan haka lokacin da GÆA ta kafa sabon hedkwatarsu, an saka hoton González, wanda ’yarta Lía Correa Morales de Yrurtia ta zana a cikin ƙwaƙwalwarta. A cikin shekarar 1962, a ranar cikar shekaru 40 na kafuwar GÆA, an gudanar da wani abin tunawa a makabartar Recoleta don girmama ta. A cikin shekarar 1972, lambar yabo mai ɗauke da sunanta, don karrama mafi kyawun digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa ta Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta kafa kuma a cikin shekarar 1991 Cibiyar Nazarin Geography ta ƙasa ta kafa kujera mai ɗauke da sunanta. Ita da Ana Palese de Torres su ne kawai mata biyu na Argentina da aka karrama, a cikin kujeru arba'in na makarantar.
54591	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece%20Topley	Reece Topley	Reece James William Topley (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Ingila a wasan ƙwallaye na fari a matsayin mai saurin ƙwallon hagu. Yana taka leda a Surrey a wasan kurket na cikin gida. Topley ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa a watan Agustan 2015 a kan Australia. An ambaci Topley a cikin tawagar T20 ta Ingila ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022. Ya buga wa Royal Challengers Bangalore wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Indiya Tarihi An haife shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1994 a Ipswich Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Asibitin Royal Mahaifinsa, Don Topley, ya kasance dan wasan cricket na farko na Essex da Surrey Mahaifinsa kuma yana daya daga cikin malamansa a Royal Hospital School, inda yake masanin wasan kurket. Kakansa, Peter Topley, shi ma dan wasan cricket ne na farko. Ayyukan cikin gida da na kyauta A watan Yunin 2009, yana da shekaru 15, Topley ya zama babban labari lokacin da ya ji rauni a wasan bowling a cikin raga a Jami'ar Loughborough ga dan wasan Ingila Kevin Pietersen Pietersen flat ya fitar da isarwa, wanda ya ƙare ya buge Topley a gefen kai, ya buge shi ƙasa. An kai shi Leicester Royal Infirmary inda ya buƙaci sutura a kunnensa kuma an ajiye shi a asibiti da dare. Bayan abin da ya faru, Pietersen, wanda Topley ya ambata a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi so, ya ba saurayin bat dinsa na cricket tare da sa hannun sa. Wani samfurin tsarin wasan kurket na matasa na Essex, Topley ya fara buga wasan farko na Essex a kan Cambridge MCCU a kakar 2011. Ya burge a gasar zakarun County a kan Kent, inda ya dauki budurwarsa biyar a lokacin da ya dauki adadi na 5/46 a wasan na biyu na Kent. A wasan zakarun da ya biyo baya da Middlesex ya yi na biyu na wicket biyar, tare da adadi na 5/64 a wasan farko na Middlesex. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ta shekara guda tare da Essex A wannan watan kuma ya ga Topley ya fara List A na farko a kan Unicorns a cikin Bankin Clydesdale 40, tare da Topley yana da'awar wicket na farko a cikin wannan tsarin, na Robin Lett. Tsakanin kakar Topley ya dauki hutu daga wasan kurket na gundumar don komawa Royal Hospital School don sake duba jarrabawar bazara. Koyaya, a lokacin hutu an kira shi ya buga wa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 don jerin matasa na kasa da shekaru guda na kasa da Afirka ta Kudu. Ya koma aiki ga Essex a watan Agusta, har zuwa yau ya buga wasanni biyu na List A da wasanni tara na farko. Ya fara da kyau ga aikinsa na farko, yana ɗaukar wickets 34 a matsakaicin 23.55. Farawar aikinsa ya jawo yabo daga tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Michael Vaughan, wanda ya bayyana cewa Topley na iya zama dan wasan Test na gaba. A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2015, Hampshire County Cricket Club ta tabbatar da sanya hannu kan Topley daga Essex a ƙarshen kakar 2015. A ƙarshen kakar 2018 kuma duk da haka wani rauni na damuwa, Topley ya yi tiyata a baya. A cikin IPL 2021, an nemi ya maye gurbin wanda ya ji rauni Josh Hazlewood ta Chennai Super Kings, amma ya musanta tayin yayin da dan wasan cricket ya ji tsoron hauhawar COVID-19 a Indiya. A cikin 2021, Oval Invincibles ne suka tsara shi don kakar wasa ta farko ta The Hundred A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Islamabad United ta sanya hannu a kansa bayan da 'yan wasan suka shirya gasar Super League ta Pakistan ta 2022. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Oval Invincibles ne suka sayi shi don kakar 2022 ta The Hundred Royal Challengers Bangalore ne suka sayi shi don yin wasa a kakar IPL 2023 don INR. 1.90 Crore a cikin siyarwar IPL da aka gudanar a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2022. A wasan farko na kakar 2023 da ya yi da Indiyawa na Mumbai ya sami rauni a kafada kuma an cire shi daga dukkan kakar IPL. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ya fara wasan farko na Twenty20 International a kan Australia a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015 da kuma wasan farko na One Day International, kuma a kan Australia, a ranar 13 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2015, inda ya dauki adadi 0-33. Ya ci gaba da zama a gefen ODI don jerin da Pakistan kuma ya taka leda a dukkan wasannin hudu. Ya ɗauki wickets na farko na duniya a wasan farko kuma ya gama da adadi na 3-26, kodayake bai isa ya hana cin nasarar Ingila ba. Ya dauki wicket daya a kowane wasa uku na gaba, tare da Ingila ta lashe dukkan wasanni uku. Ya taka leda a gasar T20 ta farko tsakanin bangarorin biyu, kuma ya gama da adadi na 3-24. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1994 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29787	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99o%C6%99i%20Masu%20Kyau%20da%20Marasa%20Kyau	Haƙoƙi Masu Kyau da Marasa Kyau	Hakkoki mara kyau da masu kyau, su ne haƙƙoƙin da ke wajabta ko dai rashin aiki (munanan haƙƙoƙin) ko aiki haƙƙoƙi masu kyau Waɗannan wajibai na iya zama na shari'a ko ɗabi'a. Hakanan ana iya amfani da ra'ayi na haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau ga haƙƙin 'yanci da mutahallin shi. Dan bada misalin da ya shafi ɓangarori biyu a cikin kotun shari'a Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya hana Clay aikatawa Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Sabanin haka, Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙi don x akan Clay idan kuma kawai idan Clay ya zama dole ya yi aiki akan Adrian ta wata hanya game da x. Wani lamari mai mahimmanci, idan Adrian yana da mummunan haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay don guje wa kashe Adrian; yayin da idan Adrian yana da tabbataccen haƙƙin rayuwa akan Clay, to ana buƙatar Clay yayi aiki yadda yakamata don adana rayuwar Adrian. Haƙƙoƙin da aka ɗauka mara kyau na iya haɗawa da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, rayuwa, dukiya mai zaman kansa, 'yanci daga aikata laifukan tashin hankali, kariya daga zamba, 'yancin yin addini, habeas corpus, shari'a ta gaskiya, da 'yancin kada a bautar da su. wani Hakki ne da aka yi la'akari da shi, kamar yadda farko da farko da farko da aka gabatar a shekarar 1979 da farko Karel Vaqák, da haƙƙin 'yan sanda na mutum da kadarorin' yan sanda, da kuma ikon tattalin arziki, zamantakewa kamar abinci, gidaje, ilimin jama'a, aikin yi, tsaron ƙasa, soja, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa, shiga yanar gizo, da mafi ƙarancin rayuwa A cikin lissafin "ƙarni uku" na haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙoƙin da ba su dace ba galibi suna haɗuwa da haƙƙin ƙarni na farko, yayin da haƙƙoƙi masu kyau suna alaƙa da tsara na biyu da na uku da akayi. Wasu masana falsafa (duba zargi) ba su yarda cewa bambance-bambancen haƙƙoƙi mara kyau yana da amfani ko inganci. Karkashin ka’idar hakkoki masu kyau da mara kyau, hakkin da bai dace ba yana da hakki ne na kada a yi masa wani aiki na wani mutum ko wata kungiya alal misali gwamnati yawanci ta hanyar cin zarafi ko tilastawa. Don haka, haƙƙoƙin da ba su da kyau suna wanzu sai dai idan wani ya yi watsi da su. Haƙƙi mai kyau shi ne haƙƙin yin aikin wani mutum ko ƙungiya. A wasu kalmomi, don ingantaccen haƙƙin amfani, dole ne a ƙara ayyukan wani a cikin ma'auni. A ka’ida, wani hakki mara kyau ya hana wasu yin abin da ya dace, yayin da hakki mai kyau ya wajabta wa wasu yin aiki da abin da ya dace. A cikin tsarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun Kantian, ana iya haɗa haƙƙin mara kyau tare da cikakkun ayyuka yayin da haƙƙin na iya haɗawa da ayyuka marasa kyau. Imani da bambanci tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau yawanci ana kiyaye su, ko kuma ƙarfafa su, ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba su wanzu har sai an halicce su ta hanyar kwangila. Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta lissafa duka haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau (amma ba ta bayyana su a matsayin haka ba). Kundin tsarin mulki na yawancin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tabbatar da munanan haƙƙi, amma ba duka sun haɗa da haƙƙi masu kyau ba. Duk da haka, sau da yawa wasu dokoki suna tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka sau da yawa, kuma galibin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna ba wa 'yan ƙasa tallafin ilimi, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi da makamantan hakan. Lokacin aikace-aikacen dokoki masu kyau da Marasa kyau Sau da yawa ana maganar haƙƙoƙin a matsayin wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma wani lokacin ma cikakke. Koyaya, a aikace ana ɗaukar wannan sau da yawa azaman absolutism. Haƙƙoƙin suna da matsayi gwargwadon mahimmanci, kuma ana karɓar cin zarafi na ƙanana a cikin hanyar hana cin zarafi na manya. Don haka, ko da haƙƙin da ba za a kashe shi ba ne, kwatankwacin wajibcin da ke kan wasu na ƙin kisa ana fahimtar cewa yana da aƙalla keɓantawa ɗaya: kariyar kai. Wasu wajibai marasa kyau da aka yarda da su (kamar wajibcin hani daga sata, kisan kai, da dai sauransu) galibi ana la'akari da su na farko, ma'ana cewa an yarda da halaccin wajibcin "a fuskarsa"; amma ko da ba a yi tambaya ba, ana iya sanya irin waɗannan wajibai don nazarin ɗabi'a da halayya. Don haka barawo na iya samun mummunan wajibci na kada ya yi sata, kuma dan sanda yana iya fuskantar mummunan wajibci na kada ya addabi mutane amma dan sandan da ke magance barawon cikin sauki yakan fuskanci nauyin hujjar cewa ya yi daidai, tunda nasa ya sabawa doka. Karamin takalifi kuma ya kore sabawa wani babban wajibi. Haka kuma mai shago ko wani mai wucewa shima zai iya saduwa da wannan nauyin hujja lokacin da yake fuskantar barawo. Amma idan daya daga cikin wadancan mutanen ya ja bindiga ya harbe barawon (marasa makami) don yin sata, mafi yawan al'ummomin zamani ba za su yarda cewa an cika nauyin hujja ba. Wajibcin da ba a kashe shi ba ana ɗauka a duk duniya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, idan ba babban wajibi ba yana da yawa fiye da wajibcin kada a yi sata wanda keta na ƙarshe ba ya tabbatar da sabawa na farko. Yawancin al'ummomin zamani sun dage cewa wasu, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na ɗabi'a suna buƙatar shiga cikin wasa kafin sata ta iya tabbatar da kisa. Kyawawan wajibai suna ba da aiki. Amma kamar yadda muka gani tare da dan sanda, yin aiki na iya keta wajibai marasa kyau (misali kar a yi fushi da kisa). Saboda wannan dalili, a cikin ɗabi'a tabbatacce wajibai kusan ba a taɓa la'akari da prima facie. Babban wajibi mara kyau na iya samun keɓanta ɗaya kawai babban wajibci na kare kai amma har ma mafi girman wajibai gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ƙarin hadaddun bincike na ɗabi'a. Misali, mutum zai iya ba da hujjar kasa taimakawa, ba ɗaya kaɗai ba, amma yara da yawa da suka ji rauni cikin ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin bambance- bambancen bayan bala'i. Wannan la'akari ya haifar da masu ilimin dabi'a don yarda a gaba ɗaya cewa ayyuka masu kyau yawanci sun kasance ƙarami zuwa wajibai marasa kyau saboda ba su da dogaro na prima facie. Wasu masu sukar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin suna ba da shawarar cewa saboda kyawawan ayyuka ba su dogara da farko ba dole ne a amince da su ta hanyar kwangila koyaushe. Masanin falsafa na ƙarni na goma sha tara Frédéric Bastiat ya taƙaita rikice-rikice tsakanin waɗannan munanan haƙƙoƙi da tabbatacce ta wurin cewa Kamar haka: A cewar Jan Narveson, ra'ayin wasu na cewa babu bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin mara kyau da masu kyau a kan cewa haƙƙin da ba daidai ba yana buƙatar 'yan sanda da kotuna don aiwatar da su "kuskure ne". Ya ce tambayar da ke tsakanin me mutum ke da hakkin yi da wanda idan wani ya aiwatar da hakan lamari ne daban. Idan har hakkoki ba su da kyau to yana nufin babu wanda ke da hakkin tilasta su, ko da yake daidaikun mutane suna da hakkin yin amfani da duk wata hanya da ba ta tilastawa ba don samun hadin kan wasu wajen kare haƙƙin. Saboda haka, ya ce "bambance tsakanin korau da tabbatacce yana da ƙarfi sosai." Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yarda cewa haƙƙin kariya, ba su wanzu har sai an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kwangila. Sai dai masu wannan ra'ayi ba sa nufin 'yan sanda, alal misali, ba su da hakkin kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Tun da sun yi yarjejeniya da ma'aikatansu don kare 'yan ƙasa daga tashin hankali, to sun haifar da wannan wajibcin ga ma'aikacin su. Hakki mara kyau na rayuwa yana bawa mutum damar kare rayuwarsa daga wasu ƙoƙarin kashe shi, ko kuma samun taimako na son rai daga wasu don kare rayuwarsa amma ba zai tilasta wa wasu su kare shi ba, saboda ba shi da haƙƙin halitta da za a ba shi. tsaro. Tilasta wa mutum kare hakkinsa mara kyau, ko kuma hakkin wani bangare na uku, zai zama tauye hakkin mutumin ko dan'adam. Wasu masu fafutuka na ganin cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin munanan hakkokinsu da na kwarai suna ganin kasancewar rundunar ‘yan sanda ko sojoji ba wai saboda wani hakki mai kyau na wadannan ayyuka da ‘yan kasa ke da’awa ba, sai dai saboda kasancewarsu yan mulkin mallaka ne ko kuma kayayyakin jama’a fasalulluka na kowace al'ummar ɗan adam da ta taso ta hanyar dabi'a, ko da yayin da suke bin manufar munanan haƙƙi kawai. Robert Nozick yayi dogon bayani akan wannan ra'ayin a cikin littafinsa Anarchy, State, and Utopia A cikin magani A fagen magani, haƙƙin haƙƙin marasa lafiya sau da yawa suna cin karo da mummunan haƙƙin likitoci. A cikin wuraren da ake jayayya kamar zubar da ciki da taimakawa kashe kansa, ƙwararrun likitoci na iya ba su son bayar da wasu ayyuka don ɗabi'a ko dalilai na falsafa. Idan ƙwararrun likitocin sun fice sakamakon lamiri, haƙƙin da aka ba shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin sashe na lamiri a yawancin hukunce-hukunce (duba Lantarki ƙin zubar da ciki da lamiri a cikin magani a Amurka marasa lafiya na iya samun wata hanya ta samun nasu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka. cika Irin wannan shi ne batun Janet Murdock, wata mace ta Montana wadda ba ta iya samun wani likita da zai taimaka mata kashe kansa a 2009. Wannan takaddama game da haƙƙin jama’a a cikin muhawarar jama’a da ke gudana tsakanin ma'aikacin ra'ayin mazan jiya Wesley J. Smith da masanin ilimin halittu Jacob M. Appel. A cikin tattaunawa Baxter v. Montana, Appel ya rubuta: Smith ya ba da amsa cewa wannan yana "ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa da canza shi zuwa wani aikin kisa", wanda ya ce "yana nuna mummunar rashin fahimtar aikin tsarin gwamnati". Suka Mai yiwuwa, idan mutum yana da haƙƙi masu kyau yana nuna cewa wasu mutane suna da ayyuka masu kyau (don ɗaukar wasu ayyuka); alhali munanan haƙƙin na nuna cewa wasu suna da ayyuka mara kyau (don guje wa wasu ayyuka). Masanin falsafa Henry Shue yana da shakka; ya yi imanin cewa duk haƙƙoƙi (ko da kuwa sun fi "mara kyau" ko "tabbatacce") yana buƙatar nau'ikan ayyuka guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, Shue ya ce girmama haƙƙin yana buƙatar nisantar (ayyukan "marasa kyau") amma kuma ayyuka na kariya ko gyara (ayyukan "tabbatacce"). Bambance-bambancen da ba daidai ba na iya zama batun girmamawa; Don haka ba shi da amfani a siffanta kowane hakki kamar yana buƙatar ɗaya kawai daga cikin nau'ikan ayyuka biyu. Don Shue, ana iya fahimtar haƙƙoƙin koyaushe azaman fuskantar “barazana daidai” ga ɗan adam. Yin hulɗa tare da daidaitattun barazanar yana buƙatar kowane nau'i na ayyuka, waɗanda za a iya raba su cikin lokaci (misali "idan guje wa halayen cutarwa ya kasa, fara gyara lalacewa"), amma kuma an raba tsakanin mutane. Maganar ita ce, kowane hakki yana tsokanar duk nau'ikan halaye guda uku (gujewa, kariya, gyara) zuwa wani mataki. Yin hulɗa da barazana kamar kisan kai, alal misali, zai buƙaci mutum ɗaya ya yi aiki da gujewa (misali mai yuwuwar kisa dole ne ya natsu), wasu don kare (misali ɗan sanda, wanda dole ne ya dakatar da harin, ko kuma wanda ke tsaye, wanda zai iya zama wajibi. a kira ’yan sanda), da sauran su gyara (misali likitan da dole ne ya tada wanda aka kai wa hari). Don haka, ko da mummunan haƙƙin da ba a kashe ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ne kawai tare da taimakon wasu ayyuka masu kyau. Shue ya ci gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da cewa rabe-raben haƙƙoƙi mara kyau da tabbatacce na iya zama cutarwa, saboda yana iya haifar da rashin kula da ayyukan da suka dace Kuma suke da fa'ida. James P. Sterba yayi irin wannan suka. Yana da ra'ayin cewa duk wani hakki na iya bayyana ko dai yana da kyau ko mara kyau dangane da harshen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ayyana shi. Ya rubuta: Sterba ya sake sake fasalin "haƙƙi mai kyau" na gargajiya don tanadi, kuma ya sanya shi a cikin wani nau'i na "haƙƙin mara kyau" don kada a hana su ɗaukar albarkatun da kansu. Don haka, duk haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ayyuka na “tabbatacce” da “marasa kyau” ba, amma da alama haƙƙoƙin da ba su haɗa da aikin tilastawa ba za a iya faɗi su da kyau ko mara kyau yadda aka so. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mai kyau da mara kyau ba zai zama mai fa'ida sosai ba, ko kuma ya cancanta, saboda haƙƙoƙin da ake buƙata na samar da aiki ana iya maimaita su daga haƙƙin neman ilimi ko yancin kula da lafiya zuwa "haƙƙin karɓar rarar kuɗi don biyan malamai" ko "damar karban rarar kudi a biya likitoci" koma dai wasu ma'aikatan. Wasu abubuwan Da'awar haƙƙoƙin da haƙƙoƙin yanci bambanci daban-daban, na asali zuwa wancan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da mara kyau Tattalin arzikin tsarin mulki Tsarin tsarin mulki Hakki 'Yanci da lasisi Yi mulki bisa ga babbar doka Dokar Hakki na Biyu Ƙarni uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam Ra'ayoyi guda biyu na 'Yanci lacca ta Isaiah Berlin, wanda ya bambanta tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki Bayanai Manazarta Mawallafa bita na mako-mako na Stephen Holmes da Cass R. Sunstein, Kudin Haƙƙin: Me yasa 'Yanci Ya dogara da Haraji Nozick, Robert (1975). Anarchy, Jiha, da Utopia Oxford Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15680-1 Sterba, JP, "Daga 'Yanci zuwa Jin Dadi" a cikin Da'a: Babban Tambayoyi Maldan, MA Blackwell, 1998. (shafi na 238) Hodgson, D. (1998). Haqqin Dan Adam na Ilimi Aldershot, Ingila: Ashgate Publishing Hakki Mutuwa Yanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13345	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Angelou	Maya Angelou	Maya Angelou /æ n dʒ ə l oʊ link=\| Game da wannan sauti haihuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson Afrilu 4, shekarar 1928 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014) mawaƙiya Ba'amurkiya ce, mawaƙiya, mai ba da labari, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Ta wallafa tarihin rayuwa (autobiographiesa0 guda bakwai, littattafai uku na tatsuniyoyi, littattafai na adabi da yawa, an kuma lasafta ta cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da kuma wasannin talabijin da ke gudana cikin sama da shekaru 50. Ta samu lambobin yabo da darajoji sama da 50. Angelou sanannu sanannu ne ga jerin batutuwa guda bakwai, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga ƙuruciyarta da kuma abubuwan da suka fara samu a kanta. Na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Saka Tsuntsu Tsuntsu (1969), tayi bayanin rayuwarta tun tana shekaru 17 wanda ya janyo mata yabo a duniya da daukaka. Ta zama mawakiya, marubuciya bayan wasu ayyukan data yi ayayin samartakar ta wanda suka hada da dafa abinci, ma'aikaciyar jima'i, yar rawa, yin wasan kwaikwayo, memba na opera Porgy da Bess, mai gudanarwa a Taron Shugabannin Kiristocin Kudancin, da kuma 'yar jarida a Masar da Gana a lokacin mulkin Afirka Ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, darekta, kuma mai gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da shirye-shiryen talabijin na jama'a. A shekarar 1982, aka sanya mata suna Farfesa Reynolds na farko na Farfesa a Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina Tana aiki a cikin Rightsungiyoyin Rightsungiyoyin andungiyoyin kuma ta yi aiki tare da Martin Luther King Jr. da Malcolm X. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, ta yi bayyani sau 80 a shekara a kan karatun lacca, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A cikin shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta mawaƙinta mai taken A kan Morning of Morning (1993) a lokacin buɗe Bill Clinton na farko, wanda ya ba ta waka ta farko da ta fara karatun boko tun Robert Frost a lokacin buɗe John F. Kennedy a shekarar 1961. Da wallafa (I know Why The Caged Bird Sings) Na Na San Abin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou ta tattauna a fili dangane da rayuwar ta. An mutunta ta a matsayin kakakin baƙar fata ga baki da mata, kuma ayyukanta an ɗauke ta a matsayin kariya ga al'adar baƙar fata. Ayyukanta suna da amfani sosai a makarantu da jami'o'i a duk duniya, kodayake an yi ƙoƙarin hana littattafan ta daga wasu ɗakunan karatu na Amurka. Abubuwan da aka fi girmamawa na Angelou an sanya su azaman almara, amma masu sukar da yawa suna ɗauka cewa masu ra'ayin kansa ne. Ta yi yunƙurin yin ƙoƙari don ƙalubalanci tsarin rayuwar ɗabi'a ta hanyar zargi, canzawa da faɗaɗa nau'in sifa. Littattafan nata suna kan batutuwa kamar su wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi da balaguro. Farkon rayuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson an haife ta ne a St. Louis, Missouri, ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1928, itace ta biyun yayan Bailey Johnson, ma'aikacin gadi, mai dafa abincin sojojin ruwa, da matarsa Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma dilla ce. dan uwan Angelou, Bailey Jr., wanda ake wa lakabi da Marguerite "Maya", an samo shi ne daga "My" ko "Mya Sister". Lokacin da Angelou ta kasancean shekara uku da ɗanuwanta huɗu, "aure mai wahala" ya ƙare, kuma mahaifinsu ya tura su zuwa Stamps, Arkansas, shi kaɗai ta jirgin ƙasa, don zama tare da kakanin mahaifinsu, Annie Henderson. A cikin "ban mamaki mai ban mamaki" ga matsanancin tattalin arziƙin Baƙin Amurkawa na lokacin, tsohuwar uwargidan Angelou ta sami wadatar kuɗi yayin Babban Bala'i da Yaƙin Duniya na II saboda babban shagon da ta mallaka ya buƙaci kayayyaki na yau da kullun kuma saboda "ta sanya hikima da gaskiya saka jari [bayanin kula 2] Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, mahaifin yaran "ya zo Stamps ba tare da gargadi ba" mayar da su zuwa kulawar mahaifiyarsu a St. Louis. Lokacin tana da shekara takwas, yayin da suke zaune tare da mahaifiyarta, Angelou ta fuskanci zarafi da yin lalata da ita daga wurin saurayin mahaifiyarta, wani mutum mai suna Freeman. Ta gaya wa dan uwanta, wanda ya gaya wa sauran danginsu. An samu Freeman da laifi amma kwana guda kawai aka daure shi. Kwana hudu bayan sakinsa, an kashe shi, mai yiwuwa ga iyayen Angelou. Angelou ta zama bata iya magana kusan shekara biyar, tana ganin, kamar yadda ta bayyana, “Na yi tunani, muryata ta ce ta kashe shi; Na kashe wannan mutumin, saboda na fada sunansa. Kuma a lokacin na yi tunanin ba zan sake yin magana ba, saboda muryata za ta kashe kowa. A cewar Marcia Ann Gillespie da takwarorinta, waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin rayuwar game da Angelou, a wannan lokacin ne lokacin shiru yayin da Angelou ta bunkasa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta, da ƙaunar littattafai da adabi, da kuma iya saurarenta da lura da duniyar da ke kewayenta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan Freeman, an sake dawo da Angelou da ɗanuwanta zuwa ga kakansu wurin kakansu. Angelou ta yaba wa malama kuma abokiyar dangin ta, Mrs. Bertha Furanni, tare da taimaka mata da sake yin magana. Furanni sun gabatar da ita ga marubuta kamar su Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Douglas Johnson, da James Weldon Johnson, marubutan da zasu shafi rayuwarta da ayyukanta, gami da bakaken mata mata kamar Frances Harper, Anne Spencer, da Jessie Fauset Lokacin da Angelou ta kasance 14, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun sake komawa tare da mahaifiyarsu, wanda tun daga nan suka koma Oakland, California A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Angelou ta halarci Makarantar Kwadago ta California Lokacin da ta kai shekara 16, ta zama mace ta farko mace mai baƙon keken mota a San Francisco. Tana son aikin da bai dace ba, tana sha'awar rigar masu aiki har mahaifiyarta ta kirata da "aikin mafarkinta." Mahaifiyarta sun ƙarfafa shi don bin matsayin, amma ya gargaɗe ta cewa lallai tana buƙatar zuwa da wuri kuma ta yi aiki sosai fiye da sauran. A shekarar 2014, Angelou ta sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a wurin taron na Ma’aikatan Harkokin Sufuri na oran tsira a zaman wani zaman da aka gabatar da taken "Matan da suka theaura Al'umma." Makonni uku bayan kammala makaranta, a lokacin tana da shekara 17, ta haifi ɗanta, Clyde (wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Guy Johnson). Aiki Balaganta da aikin farko: 1951-1961 A shekara ta 1951, Angelou ta auri Tosh Angelos, mai gyaran wuta dan Girka, mai aikin injiniya, kuma mai son kide-kide, duk da la'antar dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu a lokacin da kuma rashin amincewa da mahaifiyarsa. [bayanin kula 3] Ta dauki azuzuwan rawa na zamani a wannan lokacin, kuma ta hadu da masu rawa da mawaka Alvin Ailey da Ruth Beckford. Ailey da Angelou sun kirkiro ƙungiyar rawa, suna kiran kansu "Al da Rita", kuma sun yi rawar zamani a ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a cikin San Francisco amma ba su taɓa yin nasara ba. Angelou, sabon mijinta, da ɗanta suka ƙaura zuwa New York City don ta yi nazarin rawar Afirka tare da ɗan wasan Trinidadiya Pearl Primus, amma sun sake komawa San Francisco bayan shekara guda. Bayan da auren Angelou ta kare a shekara ta 1954, ta yi rawar gani a kungiyoyi da ke kusa da San Francisco, gami da kidan da ake yi a gidan mai suna 'Purple Onion', inda ta rera waka da rawa da kida na calypso Har zuwa wannan lokacin ta kasance da sunan "Marguerite Johnson", ko "Rita", amma a cikin babbar shawarar kwastomominta da mataimakan ta a cikin Purple Onion, ta canza sunanta na zamani zuwa "Maya Angelou" (ta sunan barkwanci da sunan mahaifan aure da suka gabata). Wata 'sananniyar suna' ce ta banbance ta kuma ta ji irin rawar da wasanninta na calypso ke yi. A tsakanin shekarar 1954 da shekarar 1955, Angelou ta zagaya Turai tare da samar da opera Porgy da Bess Ta fara karatun ta na koyon yare na kowace ƙasa da ta ziyarta, kuma cikin yearsan shekaru kaɗan ta sami ƙwarewa a cikin yaruka da yawa. A shekarar 1957, hawa a kan shahararsa ta calypso, Angelou rubuce ta farko album, Miss calypso, wanda aka sa a fitar a matsayin wani CD a 1996. Ta bayyana a wani Off-Broadway review cewa wahayi zuwa fim din Calypso Heat Wave na shekarar 1957, wanda Angelou ta rera kuma ta yi waƙoƙin nata. [bayanin kula 4] [bayanin kula 5] Angelou ta hadu da mawaki John Oliver Killens a cikin 1959 kuma, bisa ga roƙonsa, ta koma New York don mai da hankali kan ayyukan rubuce-rubucen ta. Ta shiga cikin Harlem Writrs Guild, inda ta sadu da manyan marubutan Afirka-Ba-Amurka, wadanda suka hada da John Henrik Clarke, Rosa Guy, Paule Marshall, da Julian Mayfield, kuma an buga shi a karon farko. A shekarar 1960, bayan haduwa da shugaban kare hakkin dan Adam Martin Luther King Jr. da sauraren shi yayi magana, ita da Killens sun shirya "almara" Cabaret for Freedom don amfana da Taron Shugabannin Kungiyar Kiristocin Kudancin (SCLC), kuma aka sanya mata suna mai gudanarwa na Arewa. A cewar masanin Lyman B. Hagen, gudummawar da ta bayar ga haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kuma mai tsara SCLC ya kasance mai nasara kuma "a hankali har abada". Ita ma Angelou ta fara gwagwarmayar Castro ne da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata a wannan lokacin. Afirka to Caged Bird 1961-69 A cikin shekarar 1961, Angelou ta yi wasa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Jean Genet The Blacks, tare da Abbey Lincoln, Roscoe Lee Brown, James Earl Jones, Louis Gossett, Godfrey Cambridge, da Cicely Tyson Hakanan a shekarar 1961, ta hadu da mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci na Afirka ta Kudu Vusumzi Make ba su yi aure bisa hukuma ba. Ita da ɗanta Guy sun ƙaura tare da Make zuwa Alkahira, inda Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin editan edita a jaridar Turanci na mako-mako The Arab Observer A 1962, dangantakarta da Make ta ƙare, ita da Guy suka koma Accra, Ghana don ya halarci kwaleji, amma ya ji rauni sosai a wani hatsarin mota. [bayanin kula 6] Angelou ya ci gaba da zama a Accra don murmurewa kuma ya ƙare ya ci gaba da zama a nan har zuwa shekarar 1965. Ta zama ma'aikaciya a Jami'ar Gana, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin kasashen Afirka da baƙi na kasashen waje. Ta kasance edita ne mai taken The African Review, marubuci mai zaman kansa ga Jaridar Ganawa, rubuta da watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo Gana, kuma ta yi aiki da kuma yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasa. Ta yi ne a cikin farfadowa da The Blacks a Geneva da Berlin. A Accra, ta kasance abokiya na kud da kud da Malcolm X a yayin ziyarar tasa a farkon shekarun 1960. Angelou ta dawo Amurka a shekarar 1965 don ta taimaka masa wajen kafa sabuwar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, Kungiyar Hadin kan Amurkawa An kashe shi ba da daɗewa ba. Cikin takaici da rashin yarda, sai ta hada kai da dan uwanta a Hawaii, inda ta fara aikinta na raye-raye. Ta koma Los Angeles ne domin ta mai da hankali kan aikinta na rubutu. Yin aiki a matsayin mai binciken kasuwa a Watts, Angelou ya shaida tarzoma a lokacin bazara na 1965. Tana cikin rubuce-rubuce da wasannin kwaikwayo, sannan ta dawo New York a shekarar 1967. Ta sadu da abokiyar rayuwar ta Rosa Guy kuma ta sake sabunta abokantaka da James Baldwin, wanda ta sadu da ita a Paris a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ta kira "ɗan'uwana", a wannan lokacin. Abokiyarta Jerry Purcell sun ba wa Angelou wani tallafi don tallafa wa rubuce-rubucen ta. A shekarar 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. ya nemi Angelou da ta shirya wata tafiya. Ta yarda, amma "sake jinkirtawa", kuma a cikin abin da Gillespie ya kira "macabre karkatar da makoma", an kashe shi ranar haihuwar ta 40 (Afrilu 4). [bayanin kula 8] Jin daɗin sake, abokinta James Baldwin ya ƙarfafa ta saboda baƙin ciki. Kamar yadda Gillespie yake faɗi, "Idan 1968 shekara ce ta babban raɗaɗi, rashi, da baƙin ciki, wannan ma shekarar ce da America ta fara ganin zurfin zurfin ruhun Maya Angelou da hazikanci". Duk da kasancewa kusan babu gogewa, sai ta rubuta, samarwa, kuma aka ruwaito baƙar fata, Blues, Black!, a goma-kashi jerin Documentaries game da dangantaka da take tsakanin Blues music kuma baki Amirkawa 'Afirka al'adunmu, da kuma abin da Angelou da ake kira "Africanisms har yanzu halin yanzu a Amurka" don National Educational Television, da precursor na PBS Hakanan a shekarar 1968, wacce aka yi wahayi a wajen cin abincin dare da ta halarta tare da Baldwin, mai rubutun katuun Jules Feiffer, da matar sa Judy, kuma sun qalubalanci edita Random House Robert Loomis, ta rubuta tarihinta na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Kama Tsarin Bird Sings, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. Wannan ya kawo fitowar ta duniya da yabo. Aikin baya An sake a shekarar 1972, kamfanin Georgia na Georgia, Georgia, wanda kamfanin fina-finai na kasar Sweden ya kirkira kuma yayi fim a Sweden, shine fim din farko da wata mace bakuwa tayi. Ta kuma rubuta sautin fim din, duk da cewa ba karamin shigar da kara a cikin fim din ba. [bayanin kula 9] Angelou ta auri Paul du Feu, maƙeran gidan Welsh kuma tsohon mijin marubuci Germaine Greer, a San Francisco a 1973. [bayanin kula 10] A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamar yadda Gillespie ya bayyana, "Ta [Angelou sun cimma abubuwan da masana fasaha da yawa ke fatan cimma cikin rayuwarsu. Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin mawaki, tana yin rubutu don mawaƙa Roberta Flack, da kuma shirya finafinai. Ta rubuta kasidu, gajerun labarai, rubutun TV, rubuce-rubuce, tarihin rayuwa, da waƙoƙi. Ta samar da wasannin kwaikwayo kuma an ba ta suna farfesa a cikin kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa. Ita yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai son jan hankali kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Tony Award a 1973 saboda rawar da ta taka a Look Away A matsayinta na darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a 1988 ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayon Errol John na wasan Moon a kan bakan-gizon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida a London A 1977, Angelou bayyana a cikin wani wasan rawa a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots amatsayin mai taimako An ba ta lambobin yabo da yawa a wannan lokacin, gami da sama da digiri talatin na girmamawa daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i daga duk duniya. A ƙarshen 1970s, Angelou ta sadu da Oprah Winfrey lokacin da Winfrey ya kasance mai amfani da telebijin a Baltimore, Maryland; Daga baya Angelou ta zama babban aminiyar Winfrey kuma mai ba da shawara. [bayanin kula 12] A shekara ta 1981, Angelou da du Feu sun sake su. Ta dawo Kudancin Amurka a 1981 saboda tana jin dole ne ta zama abin da ta gabata a can kuma, duk da cewa ba ta da digiri na farko, ta yarda da rayuwar Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Amurka na Jami’ar Wake Forest a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin esan furofesoshin Ba-Amurkan na cikakken lokaci. Daga nan, ta dauki kanta a matsayin "malami mai rubutawa". Angelou ta koyar da batutuwa da dama da suka nuna sha'awar ta, gami da falsafa, ɗabi'a, tiyoloji, kimiyya, wasan kwaikwayo, da rubutu. Jaridar Winston-Salem Journal ta ba da rahoton cewa duk da cewa ta sami abokai da yawa a harabar jami'ar, "ba ta taba yin watsi da sukar da mutane suka yi mata ba. karshen karatun da ta koya a Wake Forest shine a shekarar 2011, amma tana shirin koyar da wani darasi a ƙarshen 2014. Kasancewarta ta karshe game da zancen jami'a a ƙarshen 2013. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Angelou ta kasance cikin sahun gaba a cikin laccar koyarwa a cikin wata motar bas wacce aka saba, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta waken ta mai taken On the Pulse of Morning a lokacin bikin rantsar da Bill Clinton, ta zama mawaƙiya na farko da ta yi wake a bikin rantsar da shugaban kasa tun Robert Frost a ƙaddamarwar John F. Kennedy a 1961 Karatunta ya haifar da karin suna da girmamawa ga ayyukanta na baya, da kuma fadada karatunta "a fagen kabilanci, tattalin arziki, da ilimi". Rikodin waka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy A watan Yuni na 1995, ta ba da abin da Richard Long ya kira shi da "waƙar jama'a na biyu" na jama'a mai taken" Braar Amfani da Gaskiya wanda ke bikin tunawa da shekaru 50 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Angelou ta cimma burinta ne na jagorantar fim din fasali a shekarar 1996, Down a cikin Delta wanda ya fito da 'yan wasa kamar su Alfre Woodard da Wesley Snipes Hakanan a cikin 1996, ta yi aiki tare da masu fasahar R&B Ashford & Simpson akan waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya na kundin su Been Find Kundin kundin alhakin shi ne na uku na hotunan <i id="mwAX0">Billboard</i> kawai na Angelou. A cikin 2000, ta ƙirƙiri samfuran nasara don Hallmark, gami da katunan gaisuwa da abubuwa na kayan ado na gida. Ta amsa wa masu sukar da suka tuhume ta da cewa sun yi ciniki sosai ta hanyar cewa "kamfanin ya yi daidai da kiyaye matsayinta na 'mawakan mutane'". Fiye da shekaru talatin bayan da Angelou ta fara rubuta tarihin rayuwarta, ta kammala tarihinta na shida.A Song Flung Up to Heaven Wani Waƙa ya Zuwa Sama, a 2002. Angelou ta yi kamfe na Jam’iyyar Democrat a zabubbukan shugaban kasa na shekarar 2008, inda ta ba ta goyon bayan jama'a ga Hillary Clinton A zagayen farko na zaben watan Janairu a South Carolina, yakin neman zaben Clinton ya gabatar da tallace-tallacen da ke nuna goyon baya ga Angelou. Tallace-tallacen wani angare ne na yun} urin da aka yi na tattara goyon baya a cikin ba} ar fata; amma Barack Obama ya lashe ta Kudancin Carolina, inda ya kammala maki 29 a gaban Clinton da kuma samun kashi 80% na Bakar ƙuri'a. Lokacin da yaƙin neman zaɓe Clinton ya ƙare, Angelou ta ba da goyan bayanta ga Obama, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa kuma ya zama shugaban Afirka na farko na Amurkan. Bayan bikin rantsarwar Obama, ta bayyana cewa, "Mun girma fiye da yadda ake magana kan wariyar launin fata da kuma luwadi." A ƙarshen 2010, Angelou ta ba da takaddun takardarta da abubuwan tunawa da aikinta ga Cibiyar Binciken Masana'antar Ba da Fata ta Al'adu ta Harlem Sun ƙunshi akwatunan sama da 340 na takardu waɗanda ke nuna bayanan rubutun hannunta na rubutu akan aljihun doka don na san Me yasa Cged Bird Sings, wayar tarho daga 1982 daga Coretta Scott King, wasiƙar fan, da wasiƙar sirri da ƙwararru daga abokan aiki kamar edita Robert Loomis. A shekara ta 2011, Angelou ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Martin Luther King, Jr Memorial a Washington, DC Ta yi magana da hamayya da wani kwatancin abin da King ya fada a lokacin tunawa, inda ta ce, "Faɗin ya sa Dr. Martin Luther Sarki yayi kama da mai girman kai nemi da a canza shi. A ƙarshe, an cire fasalin. A cikin 2013, yayin da yake da shekaru 85, Angelou ta wallafa girma na bakwai na tarihin rayuwar kansa a jerin ta, mai taken Mama Me Mama, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mahaifiyarta. Rayuwarta Shaida ta nuna cewa Angelou yar wani bangare ne daga mutanen Mende na Yammacin Afirka. [b A shekara ta 2008, gwajin DNA ya nuna cewa a cikin dukkan magabatan Afirka, kashi 45 sun fito ne daga Kongo yankin Angola kuma kashi 55 daga cikin Afirka ta Yamma ne Wani bayanin da aka yi na PBS a 2008 ya gano cewa mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Angelou Mary Lee, wacce ta sami 'yanci bayan yakin basasa, ta sami juna biyu ta hannun tsohon maigidan nata, John Savin. Savin ya tilasta Lee ya sa hannu a wata sanarwa ta karya wacce ke zargin wani mutum da kasancewa mahaifin ɗanta. Bayan an tuhumi Savin da tilasta wa Lee yin zagon kasa, kuma duk da gano cewa Savin ya kasance uba, sai masu yanke hukunci suka same shi da laifi. An tura Lee zuwa gidan marassa kyau na Clinton County da ke Missouri tare da diyarta, Marguerite Baxter, wanda ya zama kaka ga uwar Angelou. Angelou ta bayyana Lee a matsayin "karamar yarinyar baƙar fata, a jiki da ta hankali". Angelou tana da ɗa guda ɗaya, Guy, wanda haihuwar ta bayyana a tarihinta na farko; daya jikan, jikoki biyu, kuma, a cewar Gillespie, babban rukunin abokai da dangi. [bayanin kula 14] Mahaifiyar Angelou Vivian Baxter ta mutu a 1991 da dan uwanta Bailey Johnson Jr., ta mutu a shekara ta 2000 bayan wasu jerin raunuka; Dukansu muhimman mutane ne a rayuwarta da littafanta. [bayanin kula 15] A cikin 1981, mahaifiyar jikan ta ta bace tare da shi; neman shi ya ɗauki shekara huɗu. [bayanin kula 16] A shekara ta 2009, gidan yanar gizon TMZ da ke tseguntawa ya ba da rahoton cewa an kwantar da Angelou asibiti a Los Angeles lokacin da take da rai kuma a cikin St. Louis, wanda ya haifar da jita-jita game da mutuwarta kuma, a cewar Angelou, damuwa tsakanin abokai da danginta a duk duniya. A cikin 2013, Angelou ta gaya wa kawarta Oprah Winfrey cewa ta yi karatuttukan darussan da Cocin Unityungiyar Unity ta ba da, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin ruhaniya. Ba ta sami digiri na digiri ba, amma a cewar Gillespie shi ne abin da Angelou ta fi son mutane su kira shi "Dr. Angelou" daga wajen iyalinta da kuma abokanta. Ta mallaki gidaje biyu a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, da kuma "lordly brownstone" a Harlem, wanda aka saya a 2004 kuma yana cike da "ɗakunan karatu" masu girma na littattafan da ta tattara a duk faɗin ta. rayuwa, zane-zane da aka tara tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma dafaffen abinci. Marubucin Guardian Gary Younge ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin gidan Harlo na gidan Angelou akwai wasu katangar bango na Afirka da tarin zane-zanenta, ciki har da na wasu mawaƙa da yawa, da mai ruwa na Rosa Parks, da kuma wani aiki mai suna Faith Ringgold mai suna "Maya's Quilt Of Life". A cewar Gillespie, ta gudanar da bukukuwan da yawa a kowace shekara a babban gidanta na Winston-Salem; "Kwarewar da take dashi a girkin itace tatsuniya-daga abinci mai kyau har zuwa abinci mai ta'aziyya zuwa gida". A Winston-Salem Journal ya fada cewa: "kullawa wani gayyatar zuwa daya daga Angelou ta Thanksgiving cin abinci, Kirsimeti itace Popular jam'iyyun ko ajon yana daga cikin mafi coveted gayyata a gari." Jaridar New York Times, wacce ke bayyana tarihin gidan Angelou a New York City, ta bayyana cewa ta saba yin bakuncin manyan ranar bikin Sabuwar Shekara. Ta haɗu da dafa abincirta da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubucenta a cikin littafanta 2004 Hallelujah! Teburin Maraba da aka gabatar, wanda ya ƙunshi girke-girke na 73, wanda yawancinsu suka koya daga kakarta da mahaifiyarta, tare da kayan maye 28. Ta bi sahu a cikin 2010 tare da littafinta na biyu, Babban Abinci, Duk Rana Ta Tsawon Lokaci Cook Da Nishaɗi, Ku Ci Smart, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan asarar nauyi da kulawar yanki. Farawa daga Na san Dalilin da yasa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou tayi amfani da "rubutun rubutun al'ada" tsawon shekaru. Da sanyin safiya ta farka ta shiga ɗakin otal, inda aka umarci ma'aikatan su cire duk hotuna daga bangon. Tana yin rubutu a kan allunan doka yayin da take kwance a kan gado, tare da kwalbar sherry, da katunan katunan don wasa solitaire, Roget's Thesaurus, da kuma Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kuma za ta tashi da yamma. Tana yin matsakaita shafi na 12-12 na rubuce rubuce a rana, wanda ta yi rubutu sau uku ko hudu a maraice. [bayanin kula 17] Ta ci gaba da wannan hanyar don "yi maita" da kanta, kuma kamar yadda ta ce a cikin tattaunawa ta 1989 tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya, "sake dawo da azabar, damuwa, Sturm und Drang Ta sanya kanta a cikin lokacin da ta rubuta game da, har ma da wahalhalu irin su fyade a cikin Cged Bird, don "faɗi gaskiyar ɗan adam" game da rayuwarta. Ita dai Angelou ta bayyana cewa ta buga katunan ne domin samun damar zuwa wannan wurin da ake sihiri kuma don samun damar tuno abubuwan tuna ta. Ta ce, "Ana iya ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya don shiga ciki, amma da zarar na kasance a ciki ha! Yana da dadi sosai! Ta ba ta sami cathartic tsari; a maimakon haka, ta sami kwanciyar hankali a “gaya gaskiya”. Mutuwa Angelou ta mutu a safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014 yana da shekara 86. Mahaifinta ne ya same ta. Kodayake an bayar da rahoton cewa Angelou tana cikin ƙoshin lafiya kuma ta soke wasannin da aka shirya kwanan nan, amma tana aiki a wani littafi, wani tarihin tarihin game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da shugabannin ƙasa da na duniya. Lokacin bikin tunawa da ita a Jami'ar Wake Forest, danta Guy Johnson ya bayyana cewa duk da kasancewa cikin azaba a koda yaushe saboda rawar rawa da gazawar numfashi, ta rubuta littattafai hudu a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarta. Ya ce, "Ta bar wannan jirgi mai rai ba tare da asara mai wahala ba kuma ba asara a fahimta." Kalamai ga Angelou da ta'aziyar da aka bayar ta hanyar masu zane-zane, masu ba da shawara, da shugabannin duniya, ciki har da Obama, wacce 'yar uwanta ta sanya wa suna Angelou, da Bill Clinton. Harold Augenbraum, daga Asusun Littattafai na kasa, ya ce "Gadoji na Angelou ɗaya ne wanda duk marubuta da masu karatu a duk faɗin duniya za su iya sha'awar su. Makon da ya mutu bayan mutuwar Angelou, Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings ya tashi zuwa lamba 1 a jerin masu sayar da kayan sayarwa na Amazon.com A 29 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014, Dutsen Sihiyona Baptist Church a Winston-Salem, wanda Angelou ta kasance memba na shekaru 30, ta gudanar da bikin tunawa da jama'a don girmama ta. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da wani taron tunawa da masu zaman kansu a cikin Dutsen Sitel a harabar Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem. An nuna wannan bikin ne a tashoshin cikin gida a yankin Winston-Salem Triad kuma an gabatar da jawabai kai tsaye a shafin yanar gizon jami'ar tare da jawabai daga danta, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama, da Bill Clinton. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da taron tunawa a Cocin Glide Memorial da ke San Francisco, inda Angelou memba ce tsawon shekaru. Rev. Cecil Williams, Magajin gari Ed Lee, da tsohon magajin garin Willie Brown sun yi magana. Ayyuka Angelou ya rubuta jimlar tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai. A cewar masanin Mary Mary Lu Lupton, littafin tarihin Angelou na uku Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti alama ce ta farko da sanannen ɗan Afirka-Amerikaniya ya rubuta littafi na uku game da rayuwarta. Littattafan "suna shimfidawa a kan lokaci da wuri", daga Arkansas zuwa Afirka da kuma komawa Amurka, suna faruwa daga farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II zuwa kisan Martin Luther King, Jr. A cikin tarihinta na biyar “Duk Allah Yara suna Bukatar Kayan tafiya Ta buga tarihinta na bakwai Mama Me Mama a cikin shekarar 2013, yana da shekaru 85. Masu sukar sun ci gaba da yin hukunci a kan abubuwan tarihin mai zuwa na Angelou "ta la'akari da farko", tare da Cged Bird suna karɓar yabo mafi girma. Angelou ta rubuta tarin littatafai guda biyar, wanda marubuciya Hilton Als ta kirata "littattafan hikima" da "girmamawa tare da rubuce-rubucen tarihin kansu". Angelou tayi amfani da edita iri ɗaya a duk lokacin aikinta na rubutu, Robert Loomis, editan zartarwa a Gidan Random ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2011 kuma an kira shi "daya daga cikin zauren wallafa mashahurin editocin." Angelou ya ce game da Loomis: "Muna da alaƙar da ta shahara a tsakanin masu wallafa." Dogo da tsufa na Angelou sun hada da wakoki, wasan kwaikwayo, allon hoton talabijin da fim, jagoranci, aiki, da kuma yin magana da jama'a. Ta kasance marubuciya mai salo ta shahara; herarata Kawai Kawo min Abincin Ruwa na Ruwa 'Nan aka Diiie (1971) aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Pulitzer, kuma Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya zaɓe ta don ta maimaita wannan waka mai taken "On the Pulse of Morning" yayin bikin rantsuwarsa a shekarar 1993. Angelou ta nasara addashin aiki hada da matsayin su a cikin da yawa kwaikwaiyo, fina-finai, da kuma talabijin shirye-shirye, ciki har da ta bayyanar a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots, a shekarar 1977. Hotunan wasan kwaikwayo, Georgia, Georgia (1972), ita ce rubutun farko da wata baƙar fata ta fito da ita, kuma ita ce mace ta farko ɗan ba-Amurke da ta jagoranci wani hoto mai motsi, Down a Delta, a cikin shekarar 1998. Na san Dalilin da yasa Sihirin Tsage Bird (1969): Zuwa shekarar 1944 (shekara 17) Haduwa Tare Da Sunana (1974): 1944–48 Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti (1976): 1949-1955 Zuciyar Mace (1981): 1957-1962 Dukkan 'Ya'yan Allah suna Bukatar takalmin Balaguro (1986): 1962-665 Waƙar da Aka Jefa Sama (aya (2002): 1965-1968 Mama & Ni & Mama (2013): dubawa Lokacin da Na san Me Ya sa aka buga Siyar Bird Sings a cikin shekarar 1969, an yaba wa Angelou a matsayin sabon abin tunawa, ɗaya daga cikin matan Ba-Amurkan farko da suka sami damar tattauna rayuwarsu ta jama'a. A cewar masanin Hilton Als, har zuwa wannan lokacin, matan marubutan bakaken fata sun karkata ga lamarin har ya kai ga sun kasa gabatar da kansu a matsayin jigo a cikin littattafan da suka rubuta. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya yarda, yana ganin ayyukan Angelou, wanda ya kira "tatsuniyoyi", a zaman "rubuce-rubuce na neman afuwa". Ya sanya Angelou a cikin al'adun adabin Baƙin Amurkan a matsayin kariya ga al'adun baƙar fata, wanda ya kira "bayyananniyar wallafe-wallafen alamomin da ke da tasiri a cikin malamin baƙar fata na lokacin". Marubuci Julian Mayfield, wanda ya kira Caged Bird "aikin fasaha ne wanda ya ɓace da kwatanci", yi ishara da cewa tarihin rayuwar Angelou ya ba da misali ga baƙar fata marubutan mata kawai, har ma da baƙon tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke gaba ɗaya. Als ya ce Caged Bird alama ce ta farkon lokacin da baƙar fata mai ba da izini zai iya, kamar yadda ya sanya shi, "rubuta game da baƙi daga ciki, ba tare da afuwa ko kariya ba". Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen tarihinta, Angelou ta sami karbuwa sosai a matsayin mai magana da yawun bakaken fata da mata. Hakan ya sanya ta "ba tare da wata shakka ba, Baƙon da aka fi sani da muryar Amurka ta Amurka wacce za a iya gani da kanta da “babbar muryar magana ta zamani”. Kamar yadda marubuci Gary Younge ya ce, "Wataƙila fiye da kowane marubuci da rai, rayuwar Angelou a zahiri aikinta ce." Als ce cewa Caged Bird ya taimaka kara baki dandalin mata rubuce-rubucen a cikin 1970s, kasa ta hanyar da asali fiye da "ta rawa a cikin rinjaye zeitgeist ko a lokacin da aka rubuta cewa, a karshen da American Civil Rights Movement Als ta kuma ce rubuce-rubucen Angelou, wadanda suka fi nuna sha'awar bayyana kansu fiye da siyasa ko mace, sun ‘yanto wasu marubutan mata don" buɗe kansu ba tare da kunya ga idanun duniya ba Mai sukar lamirin Angelou Joanne M. Braxton ta bayyana cewa Caged Bird "wataƙila ya fi dacewa da tarihin rayuwar" wacce mace Ba-Amurke ta rubuta a zamanin ta. Labarin wakokin Angelou ya rinjayi al'umman kiɗan zamani na hip-hop, gami da masu zane-zane kamar Kanye West, Common, Tupac Shakur, da Nicki Minaj Liyafar maraba Mai duba Elsie B. Washington, wataƙila sakamakon zaɓin Shugaba Clinton na Angelou ne don ta maimaita waka mai taken "A kan Mako na Morning" a lokacin bikin buɗe taron nasa na shekarar 1993, ya kira ta "baƙar fata mace baƙi". Sayar da talifin litattafai na litattafai da na waƙoƙi ya karu da kashi 300-600 cikin sati bayan karatun Angelou. Random House, wacce ta buga waka daga baya a waccan shekarar, dole ne ta sake buga kwafen 400,000 na dukkan litattafan nata domin ci gaba da biyan bukatar. Sun sayar da mafi yawan litattafan nata a watan Janairu na 1993 fiye da yadda suka yi a duk shekarar 1992, wanda ke karuwa da kashi 1200%. Ita dai Angelou ta ce, a martani ga zargi game da amfani da cikakken bayani game da rayuwarta a cikin ayyukanta, "Na yarda da Balzac da marubutan karni na 19, baki da fari, waɗanda suka ce, 'Na rubuta don kuɗi'." Younge, yayin da yake magana bayan buga littafin littatafai na uku na Angelou, Harafi ga 'yata (2008), ta ce, "A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ta yi amfani da baiwarta ta fannoni daban-daban a wani fannin wasan kwaikwayo na bayar da sakon sirri da inganta rayuwa ta hanyar hada wakoki, wakoki da hira. Littattafan Angelou, musamman Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings, iyaye da yawa sun soki su, suna haifar da cire su daga tsarin makarantu da kuma ɗakunan ajiyar laburare. A cewar Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Kasa, Sanatoci, iyaye da makarantu sun yi adawa da hotunan Cged Bird na yan madigo, da yin aure kafin aure, batsa, da kuma tashin hankali. Wasu sun yi Allah-wadai da yanayin bayyanar da labarin game da jima'i, amfani da yare, da kuma alamuran addini. Birgediya mai tsayi ya fito na uku akan jerin Libraryungiyar Makarantar Amurka (ALA) cikin Litattafai 100 Mafi Challeungiyoyin Matsaloli na 1990 2000 da na shida akan jerin ALA 2000-2009. Kyauta da girmamawa Jami'o'i, kungiyoyi masu rubuce-rubuce, hukumomin gwamnati, da kungiyoyin kungiyoyi na musamman sun girmama Angelou. Ta karrama hada da wani Pulitzer Prize gabatarwa domin ta littafin wakoki, bani Cool sha ruwa 'fore na Diiie, wani Tony Award gabatarwa domin ta rawa a cikin 1973 play duba bãya, kuma uku Grammys mata magana maganar kundi. Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitocin biyu na shugaban kasa, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Spingarn a 1994, lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa a 2000, da kuma lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. An baiwa Angelou sama da digiri na daraja hamsin. Yana amfani da ilimi Anyi amfani da tarihin tarihin Angelou ta hanyar labarai da kuma hanyoyin al'adu da yawa na ilimin malamai Jocelyn A. Glazier, malami a Jami'ar George Washington, ya horar da malamai yadda ake "magana game da tsere" a cikin ɗakunan karatun su tare da Na san Dalilin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsu Tsararru da Haduwa Tare da Suna A cewar Glazier, amfanin Angelou na rashin gaskiya, izgili, walwala, da baƙin ƙarfe ya sa masu karanta labarin tarihin Angelou ba su da tabbacin abin da ta bari da kuma yadda ya kamata su amsa ga abubuwan da ta bayyana. Misalin Angelou na abubuwan da ta samu game da wariyar launin fata sun tilasta wa masu karatu farat ɗaya ko dai su gano yadda suke ji game da tsere da kuma "matsayinsu na musamman", ko kuma a guji tattaunawar a matsayin wata hanya ta riƙe gatan su. Glazier ta gano cewa masu sukar sun mayar da hankali kan yadda Angelou ta dace da yanayin tarihin Afirka-Ba-Amurke da kuma dabarun rubuce-rubucen ta, amma masu karatu sun yi kokarin amsa tatsar labarinta tare da "mamaki, musamman idan suka shiga rubutu tare da wasu fata game da nau'in tarihin rayuwa Mai Koyar da Daniyel kalubalanci, a cikin littafinsa na Tarihi na Resilience a cikin Yara, ya bincika abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Cged Bird don nuna kwatanci a cikin yara. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa littafin Angelou ya samar da "tsari mai amfani" don bincika matsalolin da yara da yawa kamar Maya suka fuskanta da kuma yadda al'ummominsu suka taimaka musu wajen samun nasara. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan Adam Chris Boyatzis ya ba da rahoton amfani da Caged Bird don haɓaka ka’idar kimiyya da bincike a cikin koyarwar batutuwan haɓaka yara kamar haɓakar akidar mutum da mutuncin kai, jigilar mutum, masana'antar da ƙaranci, illolin zagi, salon iyaye, ƙannen ɗan uwan da alakar abota, batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi, ci gaban wayewa, balaga, da kuma asalin zama cikin samartaka. Ya samo Caged Bird ya zama "ingantacciyar hanya" kayan aiki don samar da misalai na ainihi na waɗannan ra'ayoyin tunani. ƙa An san Angelou sanannun tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai, amma kuma ta kasance mawakiya ce mai nasara kuma mai nasara. An kira ta da "lafazin baƙar fata mace", kuma waƙoƙinta an kira shi da waƙoƙin Americansan Afirka na Afirka. Angelou tayi karatu kuma ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi tun yana ƙarami, kuma tayi amfani da waƙoƙi da sauran manyan littattafai don shawo kan fyaderta a matsayin yarinya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Birgediya Birged A cewar masanin Yasmin Y. DeGout, wallafe-wallafen su ma sun shafi kwarewar Angelou yayin mawaƙinta da marubucin da ta zama, musamman ma "jawabcin kwatancen da zai canza asali a cikin littafin tarihin wakoki." Da yawa daga masu sukar suna ganin tarihin Angelou da muhimmanci fiye da wakarta. Duk da cewa duk litattafan ta masu siye ne, amma ba a san adabinn ta da muhimmanci kamar yadda take ba kuma ba a kula da ita ba. Waƙoƙin wakokinta sun fi ban sha'awa idan ta karanta da yin su, kuma masu sukar da yawa sun jaddada yanayin jama'a na waƙinta. Rashin nuna yabo mai mahimmanci na Angelou an danganta shi ga yanayin jama'a na yawancin wakafuttukan nasa da kuma nasarar da Angelou ta samu, da kuma fifikon masu sukar larabci a matsayin rubutaccen rubutu maimakon magana ta baki, wanda aka yi. Zofia Burr ta gurfanar da masu sukar Angelou ta hanyar la’antar su da rashin yin la’akari da manyan manufofin Angelou a cikin rubuce-rubucen ta: "zama wakili maimakon mutum, mai iko maimakon rikon amana". Salo da salo iri-iri a tarihin rayuwa Amfani da Angelou na amfani da dabarun rubuta rubutu kamar tattaunawa, nunawa, da haɓaka jigo, saiti, tsari, da harshe sun haifar da sanya litattafan ta cikin yanayin almara na ainihi Angelou tayi wani yunƙuri da gaske a cikin litattafanta don ƙalubalanci tsarin tsarin rayuwar ta ɗabi'a, canji, da fadada nau'in. Maryamu Mary Jane Lupton ta ce duk tarihin rayuwar Angelou sun dace da tsarin nau'ikan al'adu: marubuta guda ne suka rubuta su, suna cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi, kuma suna ɗauke da abubuwan halaye, fasaha, da jigo. Angelou ta fahimci cewa akwai fannoni na almara zuwa litattafanta; Lupton ya yarda, yana mai bayanin cewa Angelou ya nuna "banbanci daga ra'ayi na al'ada game da tarihin rayuwa kamar gaskiya", wanda ya yi daidai da babban taron tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke wanda aka rubuta a lokacin ɓarnar tarihin tarihin Amurka, lokacin da Lupton da Afirka- Masanin Amurka Crispin Sartwell ya saka shi, an rufe gaskiya daga buƙatun kariyar kai. Masanin kimiyya Lyman B. Hagen ya sanya Angelou a cikin tsohuwar al'adar tarihin Bahaushe da Ba-Amurke, amma ya ce Angelou ta ƙirƙiri wata fassara ta musamman game da tarihin tarihin kansa. A cewar masanin adabin Afirka bahaushe Pierre A. Walker, kalubalen galibin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Ba-Amurke shi ne cewa marubutan sa dole ne su tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin wallafe-wallafe kafin su cim ma burinsu na siyasa, wanda hakan ya sa editan Angelou Robert Loomis ya sami ikon yin iya ƙoƙarin ta don rubuta Caged Bird ta hanyar ƙalubalantar ta ta rubuta wani littafin tarihin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin "babban fasaha". Angelou ta yarda cewa ta bi al'adar bahaushe ta "magana da mutum-mutumin da ya fara magana game da jam'i na farko, koyaushe yana cewa Ina ma'anar 'mu'". Masanin kimiyya John McWhorter ya kira littattafan Angelou "tatsuniyoyi" waɗanda ke kare al'adun Afirka da baƙi kuma suna yaƙar raini. A cewar McWhorter, Angelou ta tsara litattafanta, wanda ga alama kamar an rubuta shi fiye da yara fiye da na manya, don tallafawa kare al'adun bakaken fata. McWhorter tana ganin Angelou yayin da take bayyana kanta a cikin tarihin rayuwar ta "a matsayin wani babban mutum-mutun-mutumin-ba-Amurke a cikin Matsalar McWhorter yana kallon ayyukan Angelou a matsayin kwanan wata, amma ya fahimci cewa "ta taimaka ta ba da hanya ga masu baƙar fata na zamani waɗanda suka sami damar jin daɗin jin daɗin kasancewa kawai mutane, ba wakilan tsere ba, kawai kansu". Masanin Lynn Z. Bloom ya kwatanta ayyukan Angelou da rubuce-rubucen Frederick Douglass, yana mai cewa duka sun cika ɗayan manufa ɗaya: don bayyana al'adun baƙar fata da fassara shi don mafi yawan masu sauraronsu. A cewar masanin Sondra O'Neale, ana iya sanya waƙar Angelou a cikin al'adar bakaken fata ta Afirka da baƙi, kuma takenta "yana bin wata dabara ta al'ada ce ta nau'ikan yammacin Afirka". O'Neale ya bayyana cewa Angelou ta guji amfani da "harshen baƙar fata na duniya", kuma an cimma shi, ta hanyar tattaunawa kai tsaye, abin da O'Neale ya kira "mafi tsammanin bayyanar ghetto". McWhorter ya ga yaren da Angelou tayi amfani da ita a tarihin rayuwar ta da kuma mutanen da ta nuna mara gaskiya ne, wanda ya haifar da rabuwa tsakanin ta da masu sauraro. Kamar yadda McWhorter ke faɗi, "Ban taɓa karanta rubuce-rubuce na kaina ba inda na sami irin wannan wahalar wajen tattaro ma'anar yadda tattaunawar take, ko kuma ma'anar wanene batun yake". Misali, McWhorter ya ba da tabbaci, alal misali, manyan adadi a cikin littattafan Angelou, kamar ita, ɗanta Guy, da mahaifiyarta Vivian ba sa magana kamar yadda mutum zai zata, kuma cewa kalaman nasu “an tsaftace su” ne ga masu karatun ta. Misali, Guy, wakiltar ƙaramar baƙar fata maza, yayin da Vivian wakiltar adadi na mahaifiyar da ta dace, da mahimmin yaren da suke amfani da shi, da kuma harshe a cikin rubutun Angelou, an yi niyya don tabbatar da cewa baƙar fata na iya amfani da ingantaccen Ingilishi daidai. McWhorter ya fahimci cewa yawancin dalilin salon salon Angelou shine yanayin "rashin yarda" na rubuce-rubucen ta. Lokacin da Angelou ta rubuta Caged Bird a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ɗayan abubuwan da ake buƙata da kuma karɓar littattafai a lokacin shine "haɗin kwayoyin", ɗayan burinta shine ƙirƙirar littafin da ya gamsar da wannan ra'ayin. Abubuwan da suka faru a littattafanta sunyi kyau kuma an tsara su kamar jerin gajerun labarai, amma shirye shiryen su baya bin tsarin tarihi. Madadin haka, an sanya su don jaddada jigon littattafan ta, waɗanda suka haɗa da wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi, da balaguro. Wani malamin koyar da adabin Ingilishi Valerie Sayers ya ba da tabbacin cewa "Waƙar da baƙon Angelou sun yi kama da juna". Dukansu suna dogara da “muryarta kai tsaye”, wacce ke canza launin madaidaiciya tare da tsarin da aka daidaita tare da amfani da misalai da metaphors (misali, tsuntsu da aka girka). A cewar Hagen, ayyukan Angelou sun rinjayi duka rubuce-rubucen al'ada da al'adun gargajiyar al'umman Afirka-Amurkan. Misali, ta yi rubutu kan haruffa rubuce-rubuce sama da 100 a cikin littattafanta da wakoki. Kari akan haka, ta yi amfani da abubuwa na kade-kade, wadanda suka hada da aikin shaida yayin da ake maganar rayuwar mutum da gwagwarmaya, rashin fahimta, da kuma amfani da kalmomi na dabi'a, kida, da kuma fahimta. Angelou, maimakon ta dogara da tarko, ta yi amfani da abubuwan tarihi da na tarihi don tsara littattafanta. Manazarta Citations Ayyuka da aka lakaitu Haɗin waje Official website Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou takardu a Laburaren Jama'a na New York Maya tuna tunawa da Maya Angelou a Jami'ar Wake Forest Maya Angelou (wasu tsofaffin lambobin yabo) a Aveleyman.com Spring, Kelly. "Maya Angelou" Dandalin Tarihin Matan Kasar. 2017. Mayakan Post na Maya Maya Angelou, 'Caged Bird Songs,' Debuts Pages with unreviewed
50309	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Ackerman%20%28dan%20kasuwa%29	Raymond Ackerman (dan kasuwa)	Raymond Ackerman (an haife shi 10 Maris 1931 6 Satumba 2023) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, wanda ya sayi rukunin babban kanti na Pick'n Pay daga wanda ya kafa ta. Ya sayi shaguna hudu daga Jack Goldin a cikin 1960s. Raymond Ackerman ya kasance shugaba har sai da ya sauka a 2010. Tarihin Rayuwa Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cape Town tare da Bachelor of Commerce, ya shiga ƙungiyar Greatermans a cikin rukunin Ackermans a cikin 1951 yana ɗan shekara 20 a matsayin manajan horo.An kafa Ackermans bayan yakin duniya na daya daga mahaifinsa Gus, amma an sayar da shi ga kungiyar Greatermans a 1940. A ƙarshe an ba Ackerman matsayi a babban ofishin Greatermans a Johannesburg A farkon shekarun 1950, manyan kantunan sayar da abinci sun fara bayyana a wurin a Afirka ta Kudu. Norman Herber, shugaban Greatermans ya yanke shawarar fara wani dillalin abinci mai suna Checkers A ƙarshe an sanya Ackerman a matsayin mai kula da Checkers, yana samun gagarumar nasara a kasuwancin. Ackerman ya lashe lambar yabo ta matasan Afirka ta Kudu mai fice a shekarar 1965, tare da Gary Player kuma a shekara ta 1966, yana da shekaru 35, ya kasance manajan darakta na shagunan Checkers 85; duk da haka an kore shi a wannan shekarar. A martanin da ya mayar, ta hanyar amfani da kudin sallamarsa da lamunin banki, Ackerman ya sayi shaguna hudu a kasuwancin Cape Town da sunan Pick'n Pay Karkashin jagorancinsa, Pick'n Pay a karshe ya girma ya zama daya daga cikin manyan kantunan manyan kantunan Afirka, tare da kudin Rand biliyan talatin da bakwai adadi na 2006) da manyan kantuna sama da 124, manyan kantuna 14 da kantuna 179 da aka mallaka. Kungiyar Pick'n Pay tana daukar ma'aikata sama da 30,000 a kasashen Afirka da dama. Iyali Pick'n Pay babban kamfani ne wanda ke gudana azaman kasuwancin iyali. Matarsa Wendy da 'ya'yansa hudu, Suzanne, Kathryn, Jonathan, da Gareth, duk suna aiki ne don Pick'n Pay ko kuma don sadaka. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2009, Gareth ya karɓi ayyukan mahaifinsa, kuma a ranar 1 ga Maris 2010, shugabancin kuma. Haƙƙin mabukaci da haɗin gwiwar al'umma Ackerman yayi kamfen sosai don haƙƙin masu amfani. Ya yi wa Anton Rupert rahusa farashin sigari kuma tare da gwamnati kan farashin biredi. Babban fadan da ya yi shi ne da hukumomi na dakile farashin man fetur, duk da hakan bai yi nasara ba. Don rage ƙarancin farashi, kamfani yana shigo da samfuran alama. Taimakon dangin Ackerman ga Asibitin Yara na Tunawa da Yaƙin Red Cross ya kai lokacin da Gus ya sa hannu wajen ba da kuɗin kafa ta a 1956. A cikin 2006, Ackermans sun ba da gudummawar R4 miliyan zuwa asibiti. Pick'n Pay yana da hannu sosai tare da ƙoƙarin Cape Town na kawo gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2005, Cibiyar Raya Kasuwanci ta Raymond Ackerman ta buɗe a Cape Town don haɓaka ƙwarewar kasuwanci da horar da manajoji da shugabanni na gaba na Afirka ta Kudu. Kyauta Ya sami digiri na girmamawa a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Rhodes a 1986. Almater, Jami'ar Cape Town, ta ba shi digirin girmamawa a fannin kasuwanci a cikin 2001. An zabe shi a matsayi na 79 a cikin Manyan Manyan Afirka ta Kudu 100 a 2004. A cikin Nuwamba 2004, Financial Times ta ba shi sunan Afirka ta Kudu tilo a cikin manyan shugabannin kasuwanci 100 na duniya. A Afirka ta Kudu, galibi ana yin sa tare da Harry Oppenheimer da Anton Rupert. An ba Ackerman, tare da matarsa Wendy lambar yabo ta David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership in Africa Award ta Cibiyar Synergos ta Kudancin Afirka ta 2010. Littattafai Raymond Ackerman ya wallafa littattafai guda uku akan abubuwan da ya faru da kuma shawara ga matasa 'yan kasuwa. Ackerman, Raymond: Jin Ciki Jump titi. Labarin Raymond Ackerman kamar yadda aka fada wa Denise Prichard Cape Town: David Philip, 2004. Ackerman, Raymond: Ƙafafu huɗu na Tebur. Hanyar Raymond Ackerman mai sauƙi, madaidaiciyar gaba don nasara kamar yadda aka faɗa wa Denise Prichard Cape Town: David Philip, 2005. ISBN 0-86486-617-8 Ackerman, Raymond: Tofi don kama Mackerel. Mabuɗin Ka'idoji don gina kasuwancin ku Cape Town: Jonathan Ball, 2010. ISBN 978-1-86842-369-9 Rubutattun Tarihin Gerber, Amelda: "'Yan kasuwa sun yi farin ciki sosai. Raymond Ackerman ya yi farin ciki da jin daɗin jin daɗin rayuwa." Die Burger, 15 Fabrairu 2005. Die Burger, Maris 9, 2006. La Vita, Murray: "Mister A. moet nou groet." Die Burger, Maris 12, 2010. Manazarta Haifaffun 1931 Rayayyun mutane Yan
13115	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewaye%20da%20Uthman	Kewaye da Uthman	An kashe Uthman dan Affan, na uku Rashidun caliph, a ƙarshen harin da aka kaiwa gidan sa. Tun da farko zanga-zangar, an kewaye ta ta karu ne sakamakon wata barazanar da aka ce ba ta dace ba har da mutuwar mai zanga-zangar. Masu zanga-zangar sun juya ‘yan tawaye sun bukaci sabon khalifa, Uthman ya ki kuma a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 656 (35 AH), yayin da aka killace gidansa, wasu (kusan 3) masu zanga-zangar sun sami damar tsalle zuwa bayan gidansa, a inda suke ya same shi yana karatun Alqur’ani. Suka yi masa d himka a kansa kuma suka d himka shi. Mutuwar Uthman tana da tasirin gaske a duniyar Musulmi a lokacin. Ba a gabatar da tambayoyi ba game da halinsa da manufofinsa kawai ba, har ma da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Musulmi da jihar, da abubuwan da suka shafi addini game da tawaye da shugabanci, da kuma cancantar yin mulki a cikin Islama. Bango Masu adawa da Uthman sun kewaye shi da dalilai da yawa, manyan wadannan sune nadin danginsa Banu Umayya, a matsayin gwamnonin manyan lardunan musulinci. Rashin gamsuwa da tsarin mulkinsa da gwamnatocin da ya nada ba su takaita ga lardunan da ke wajen Arabiya ba. Lokacin da dan uwan Uthman, musamman Marwan, ya sami galaba a kansa, Uthman ya rasa ikonsa na khalifanci da sahabbai da dama, ciki har da mafi yawan membobin majalisar zaba, sun janye goyon bayansu gare shi. Tawaye Rashin yarda a karshe ya haifar da tawaye a Misira, Kufa da Basra. Lokacin da yan tawayen Masar suka taru kusa da Madina, Uthman ya nemi Ali ya yi magana da su. Wakilan hijirar da Ali ya jagotanta tare da wakilan Ansar karkashin jagorancin Muhammad dan Maslamah sun gamu da gamsassu da komawarsu ta hanyar yi musu alkawarin da sunan bada tallafi ga duk damuwar su da amincewa dasu a matsayin masu bada garantin. Saboda sasantawa da Uthman ya yi, 'yan tawayen sun koma baya. Yayin da yan tawayen suka koma Masar, wani jami'in leda ya same su daga Madina, wanda suka iske wata wasikar wacce ake zargin tana dauke da tambarin wakilcin Halifa Uthman. Wasikar ta umarci gwamnan na Masar ya kashe bangaren 'yan tawayen da zarar ta dawo gida. Masana tarihi yanzu suna ganin wasikar ba Uthman ne ya kawo ta ba, amma sakatarenta, Marwan dan Al-Hakam. Koyaya, da gano abin da wasikar ta kunsa, nan da nan sai partyyan tawayen suka fara kewaye sojojin. Farkon Kewaye Lokacin da 'yan tawayen Masar suka koma Madina, abin haushi da wasikar hukuma da ke ba da umarnin hukunta shugabanninsu, babban alkalin alkawaran Uthman ya nemi ya yi magana da' yan tawayen kai tsaye. Uthman ya karyata duk wani ilimi game da wasikar kuma Ali da Muhammad dan Maslamah sun tabbatar da hakan. Amma a wannan lokacin zabin da 'yan tawayen suka gabatar sun nuna murabus ne ko kuma watsi da Uthman da kuma zabi wani halifa. Yayin da rikici ya barke Ali ya bar su. Ali da alama ya fashe da Uthman cikin bacin rai saboda gazawarsa ta karya tasirin Marwan akan kalifa. Ali ya shiga tsakani ne kawai bayan an sanar da shi cewa ‘yan tawayen suna hana isar da ruwa ga kalifa. Yayi kokarin rage tsananin karfin siegin daga nacewa cewa a bar Uthman ya sami ruwa. Ali ya je har ma da tura 'ya'yan nasa don kare gidan Uthman lokacin da yake cikin hatsarin za a kai masa hari. 'Yan tawayen sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da hakan kuma sun keta alfarma sakamakon hakan. Adireshin Uthman a Masallacin Annabi A ranar juma'ar farko bayan da aka kewaye shi, Uthman yayi jawabi ga ikilisiya a masallacin. Bayan yabon Allah da albarka da fatan aminci ga Muhammad, Uthman ya gayyato hankalin mutane zuwa ga umarni a cikin Alqur’ani da ke bukatar mutane su yi biyayya ga Allah da ManzonSa, da wadanda ke da iko a cikinsu. Ya lura cewa an umarci musulmai da su sasanta dukkan al'amura ta hanyar yin shawarwari da juna. Ya ce ya bude kofofin yin shawarwari a bude. Dukkanin zarge-zargen da aka yi a kansa an yi bayanin shi sosai kuma ya nuna ba shi da gaskiya. Ya bayyana a shirye yake don magance korafin mutane na gaskiya, in da akwai. Ya lura cewa a karkashin yanayin da wasu mutane ba su sassaka ba don su haifar da hargitsi a cikin Makka. Ya ce baya tsoron mutuwa, amma baya son musulmai da laifin zubar da jini. A gareshi hadin kan al'ummar musulmin yayi matukar kauna kuma domin a sami sabani tsakanin musulmai ya umarci magoya bayan sa da su guji tashin hankali. Ya so mutane su ji tsoron Allah kuma kada su sanya hannu cikin ayyukan tauyin addinin Islama. Ya yi nuni da cewa kasashen ketare da suke yin fatali da su a karkashin nasarar da suka samu daga hannun musulmai sun tallafawa wasu makirci don murkushe addinin Musulunci. Ya gargadi mutane da kar su yi wasa a hannun makiya Musulunci. Ya yi kira ga ‘yan tawayen da su yi ritaya daga Madina. Ya so mutanen Madina su goyi bayan gaskiya da adalci da kuma hana goyon bayansu ga rebelsyan tawayen da suka lafazin barna. Da tafiyar mahajjata daga Madina zuwa Makka, an kara karfafa hannun 'yan tawayen kuma a sakamakon hakan rikicin ya kara ta'azzara. 'Yan tawayen sun san cewa bayan aikin hajji, musulmai suka taru a Makka, daga kowane bangare na duniyar musulmi, za su yi tafiya zuwa Madina don tallafawa Halifa. Don haka suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki a kan Uthman kafin aikin hajjin ya kare. Yana da alaƙa da cewa yayin juyin juya halin Mugheera bin Shu'ba ya tafi Uthman kuma ya sanya darussan matakai guda uku a gabansa, da farko, don fita don yaƙi da 'yan tawayen, na biyu, hawa raƙumi kuma zuwa Makka da na uku don zuwa Siriya Uthman ya ƙi duk shawarwarin ukun. Ya yi watsi da shawara ta farko yana cewa ba ya son ya zama halifa na farko a lokacin wanda aka zubar da jininsa lokaci. Ya ki gabatar da shawara ta biyu don tserewa zuwa Makka a doron da ya ji daga Muhammad cewa za a binne wani mutumin Quraishawa a Makka wanda zai kasance rabin azabar duniya, kuma baya son ya zama mutumin. Ya ƙi amincewa da shawara ta uku a ƙasa cewa ba zai iya barin Madina ba. Abdullah dan Salam, abokin Muhammad ya ziyarci gidan Uthman kuma an ruwaito cewa ya yi magana da maharan kamar haka: "Kada ku kashe shi. Na rantse da Allah, ba wani mutum daga cikinku zai kashe shi, amma zai sadu da Ubangiji da rauni ba tare da hannu ba, kuma lalle takobin Allah ya ci gaba da nasara, kuma lalle ne da Allah idan kuka kashe shi, to, lalle ne, Allah Ya sami abin da yake, kuma ba za ta taba fitar da ita daga gare ku. Ba a taba kashe wani Annabi ba, amma an kashe mutane sabili da shi mutum dubu 70, kuma ba a taba kashe Halifa ba, amma an kashe mutum dubu 35 a asusunsa.” Wani abokin Nayyar dan Ayyad Aslami wanda ya shiga cikin 'yan tawayen ya gargade su da shiga cikin gidan tare da kashe Uthman. Lokacin da 'yan tawayen karkashin jagorancin Nayyar dan Ayyad suka yi gaba zuwa cikin gidan, Kathir dan Salat Kundi, mai goyon bayan Uthman, ya harba kibiya wacce ta kashe Nayyar. Wannan ya fusata 'yan tawayen. Sun bukaci Kathir dan Salat Kundi a hannunsu. Uthman ya ce ba zai iya cin amanar mutumin da ya harba kibiya a cikin tsaron sa ba. Wannan ya haifar da batutuwan. Uthman ya rufe ƙofofin gidan. Hasan, Hussein, Abdullah dan Az-Zubair, Abdullah dan Umar, Muhammad ibn Talha, Marwan da kuma wasu mutane kalilan an tsare shi. Yanzu haka an fara fada a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen da magoya bayan Uthman. An samu wasu asarar rayuka a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen. Daga cikin magoya bayan Hasan, Marwan da wasu mutane da suka ji rauni. Kashe Uthman 'Yan tawayen sun kara matsa lamba har suka isa kofar gidan Uthman suka kunna wuta. Wasu 'yan tawayen sun hau gidan maƙwabta sannan suka tsallaka zuwa gidan Uthman. A ranar 17 ga Yuli ne, 656 AZ kuma Uthman yana azumin wannan ranar. A daren jiya da ya gabata ya ga Muhammadu a cikin mafarki. Muhammad ya ce, "Idan kana so taimako za a iya aiko zuwa gare ku, kuma idan kana so za ka iya karya azuminku tare da mu a wannan maraice. Muna maraba da ku".. Uthman ya zaɓi na biyu. Wannan ya sa Uthman yasan cewa rana ce ta ƙarshe ta rayuwa. An kashe shi yayin karatun Alqurani, Aya ta Surat Baqarah "137. To, idan sun yi imani da abin da kuka yi imani da shi, to, waɗannan shiryayyu ne, kuma idan sun j ,ya, to, wadannan kawai suke a kan sabanin sihiri. Allah Ya ishe ka a kansu. Kuma Shi ne Mai ji, Masani." A cewar wasu hadisai, Alqur'anin da ya ke karantawa yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kayan tarihi a Tashkent a yau. Sauran nau'ikan Alqurani, wadanda aka kiyaye su a wasu garuruwa, su ma an yi iƙirarin su ne "Al-Kur'an Uthman". A shekara ta 656, an kashe Uthman dan al-Affan. An ce wadannan mutanen suna cikin wadanda suka kashe Uthman: Muhammd dan Hazif, Dan Hazm, Kanane dan boshr Tajibi, Ummar dan Hamq Khazai, Abdul Rahman dan Udais al-Balawi da Sudan dan Hamran. Labarin Wasanni Manazarta Mukaloli marasa
27345	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar%20Gasan%20Fina-finai%20ta%20Afurka%20ta%20kudu.	Kyautar Gasan Fina-finai ta Afurka ta kudu.	Kyautar Fim da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu 'South Africa' (wani lokaci ana kiranta da Golden Horns ko kuma wata sa'in SAFTAs bikin bayar da kyaututtukan Afirka ta Kudu ne na shekara-shekara wanda Cibiyar Fina-Finai ta Kasa da Gidauniyar Bidiyo (NFVF) ta shirya, don girmama ƙwararrun ƙwararru a cikin fim ɗin gida. masana'antar talabijin kamar yadda alkalan sa kai suka tantance. Wadanda suka yi nasara a rukuni daban-daban ana ba su kyautar mutum-mutumi, a hukumance da ake kira Golden Horn, da satifiket. Kyautar, wanda aka fara gabatarwa a cikin 2006 a Gallagher Estate, kwamitin da NFVF ke kula da shi. Zaɓuɓɓu, waɗanda aka gabatar, da waɗanda suka yi nasara ana zabar su ta hanyar alƙalai da aka kafa do tantancewa. 'Yan asalin kasar Afirka ta Kudu (South Africa) ne kadai suka cancanci samun wannan kyauta. Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu (SABC) shine abokin hulɗar watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na hukuma kuma mai ɗaukar nauyi. Kyautar fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 13 (wanda akayi lokacin killacewa saboda Corona Quarantine Edition-ceremony) an gudanar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sun City Metro ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2021 ta Edem, Henry-Kendall A. Kuma ya tattara sama da masu kallo sama da miliyan 1 a SAFTAs 2021 Zoom Link Asali A taron fim na indaba na farko a watan Agustan 2005, wakilan masana'antar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu, tare da jagora daga gidauniyar fina-finai da bidiyo ta kasa (NFVF), sun shirya bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara. Kyautar za ta zama hanyar girmamawa, murna, da haɓaka ƙwararrun ƙirƙira, da ƙarfafa haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar. Tun bayan bikin kaddamar da kyaututtukan na karkashin kulawar hukumar ta NFVF kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tafiyar da shi. Babban jami'in gudanarwa na NFVF na yanzu shine shugabar, yayin da sauran sassan hukumar ta ƙunshi masu watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye na kasa, kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu (SASFED), Guild Writers' na Afirka ta Kudu (WGSA), da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. A wajen bikin karramawar fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 6, shugaban NFVF na lokacin kuma shugaban kwamitin SAFTA, Eddie Mbalo, ya sanar da cewa za a gudanar da bincike kan kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin “masu kula da kyaututtukan”. Sanarwar ta biyo bayan murabus din Eddie Mbalo ne, “da fatan” za a kaddamar da makarantar da sabon shugaba. Makwanni kafin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu karo na 7 shugabar hukumar ta NFVF na yanzu, Zama Mkosi, ta ba da rahoton cewa wani karamin kwamiti na musamman ya zana daftarin tsarin mulki na Kwalejin. An saki kundin tsarin mulki ga masana'antar don amsawa, ta bayyana cewa "muna iya samun nasara a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa." An tsara shi akan makarantun duniya, kamar Cibiyar Nazarin Hoto na Motsi da Kimiyya da Kwalejin Fina-Finai da Talabijin na Biritaniya NFVF ta ce ba za ta iya ba da cikakken tallafin makarantar ba, yana mai cewa za su "tafiya tare" masana'antar don sanya makarantar ta zama "hankali na kudi". Kyautar Golden Statue Tun lokacin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na farko a cikin 2006, kowane mai nasara yana karɓar mutum-mutumi mai suna Golden Horn da takardar shedar nasara don karrama ƙwararrun ƙirƙira. Fuskokin da ke jikin mutum-mutumin sun dogara ne akan kayan tarihi daga ko'ina cikin Afirka, wasu tun daga 800 AZ, kuma suna nuni da shugabannin Lydenburg Kawukan mutum uku an sassaka su kamar ƙahonin shanu da kama da sifofin da aka samu akan akwatunan shaƙa na asali. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi sun kasance sananne matsayin memba mai daraja a cikin al'ummar Afirka. Tare da ƙahoni suna magana ne ga harshen wuta kuma, a ƙarshe, fitowar rana a matsayin "tambarin haske, ƙawa da babban ka'ida na yanayi". Ƙirƙirar ra'ayi a bayan kofin an gina shi akan ƙarfin ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amincewa da mutum a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar. Cancantar da shiga Dangane da jagororin kwamitocin bayar da kyaututtuka, ƴan ƙasa da mazaunan dindindin na Afirka ta Kudu ne kawai suka cancanci naɗa; a wasu nau'ikan wannan doka ta shafi shugaban furodusa ne kawai. A cikin nau'ikan lambar yabo ta talabijin, mafi yawan masu ruwa da tsaki na kamfanin dole ne su kasance Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin hali na co-productions tare da kasashen waje kamfanonin, ne kawai m inda wani "muhimmin rabo" na m yanke shawara da aka yi da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu da samar da aka bokan da National Film da Video Foundation. Kwamitin SAFTA yana aika kira don shigarwa, yawanci kusan watan Agusta. Don lambar yabo ta fina-finai da Talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu na 10, an ba wa mahalarta damar gabatar da kafofin watsa labaru ta kan layi, kafin a gabatar da fom ɗin shigarwa akan layi kuma a aika da kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar sabis na gidan waya zuwa manyan ofisoshin NFVF a Johannesburg A cikin nau'ikan shirye-shiryen gidajen talabijin da ake nunawa a bainar jama'a a kowace tashoshi na gida tsakanin 1 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Yuli sun cancanci. Dole ne a jera nunin talabijin, tare da aƙalla kakar wasa ɗaya. Kamfanin samar da fina-finai ko mai produsa zai gabatar da mafi kyawun sassa biyu na fim dinshi, tare da jerin takamaiman nau'ikan da suke da su don shiga gasan. A cikin nau'ikan fina-finai, fina-finan da aka baje kolin jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu a tsakanin 1 ga Janairu zuwa 31 ga Disamba ne suka cancanci gasar. An rage mafi ƙarancin lokacin shigar da fina-finai do kaddamar da fim a gasar daga mintuna 70 zuwa mintuna 41 don lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu da Talabijin na 10. Ga kowane nau'in 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo an ƙaddamar da wasan kwaikwayo na mafi kyawun al'amuransu, don baiwa alkalan kallon kewayon su. Idan an ƙaddamar da shigarwa ba daidai ba, nan da nan an hana shi daga wannan rukunin. Tsarin hukunci Kwamitin SAFTA yana fara kowane tsarin shari'a, ta hanyar zabar alkalai guda uku ko fiye. Waɗannan shugabanni suna kula da matakai biyu, suna ba da katin ƙima kuma suna jagorantar alkalai a kowane rukuni. ’Yan fim da ƙwararrun talbijin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin gogewar shekaru goma, ko waɗanda alkalai suka ɗauka “masu aminci”, na iya ba da kai don zama alkali. A cikin 2011, kwamitin SAFTA ya fara haɗa waɗanda suka yi nasara a baya da waɗanda aka zaɓa a cikin tsarin shari'a don "ƙarfafa fahimtar abokan gaba". Ba a bayyana sunayen alkalan a bainar jama'a, don kare sirrin su da kuma kawar da duk wani tursasa da zai iya yiwuwa a yayin gudanar da aikin. A cikin 2016, akwai kusan alkalai 300 da aka yi amfani da su a duk lokacin aikin. An gudanar da zaman shari'ar ne a manyan biranen Afirka ta Kudu guda uku, Johannesburg, Cape Town da Durban Bayan zargi daga masana'antar talabijin, kwamitin SAFTA sun haɗa gwiwa tare da kwamitin Emmy Awards a 2015 don dubawa da ba da shawara game da inganta tsarin shari'a. Sakamakon haka, alkalai sun kada kuri'a ne kawai a cikin sana'arsu ba kowane bangare ba yayin matakin farko na yanke hukunci. Mataki na daya Zagayen farko na hukunci, ko lokacin tantancewa, shine lokacin da ake yi la'akari da duk fina-finai da aka shigar. Yawanci yana faruwa sama da makonni shida a cikin Oktoba da Nuwamba shekara kafin bikin. Tsarin tacewa yana rage adadin shigarwar zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta biyar kuma mafi girman ƴan wasan ƙarshe bakwai a kowane rukuni. Idan akwai shigarwar uku ko ƙasa da haka a cikin nau'in, an dakatar da kyautar na shekara. Wannan sau da yawa ya shafi lambobin yabo na fasaha, inda kamar yadda ƙofar shigarwa na iya zama ƙasa don manyan nau'ikan kyauta kamar Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Sabulun TV, Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim, Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim da Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim ɗin Fim. An raba alkalan zuwa “matakai”, kowane kwamiti ya ƙunshi ƙwararru a rukunin da aka bayar. Misali, alkalan da suke daraktocin talabijin za su yi hukunci ne kawai ga nau'ikan jagorar talabijin (ba tare da la'akari da nau'in ba). Dole ne bangarorin su zabi Shugaban Kwamitin da Mataimakin Shugaban, wadanda ke shiga cikin bangarorin biyu na hukunci. Sabon shugaban alkalai da aka nada ne ya ƙirƙiri katin ƙima, bisa ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa a cikin wani nau'i da aka bayar. Wannan ma'auni yawanci yana tsakanin tambayoyi uku ko hudu, tare da kowace tambaya tana samun kima cikin biyar. Wannan shine misalin abin da katin ƙima na jagorar talabijin zai yi kama da: Da zarar an ƙidaya duk katunan maki, manyan ƴan takara bakwai na ƙarshe a kowane rukuni su matsa zuwa mataki na biyu. Mataki na biyu Matakin karshe yana gudana tsakanin Nuwamba da Janairu tare da sabbin alkalai. Waɗannan alkalai ba su da ilimin abunda ya faru a mataki na farko na kashi na farko kuma, an sake raba su zuwa bangarori na musamman. Ana ƙarfafa kowane kwamiti ya sami aƙalla taro ɗaya, ta Skype ko cikin mutum, don tattauna waɗanda za su ƙare a rukuninsu. Wani mai binciken kudi yana halarta yayin tarurrukan don tantance cewa tattaunawa “ta kasance mai ‘yanci da adalci”, kuma ba ra’ayi daya ya mamaye shi ba. Bayan wadannan tattaunawa, alkalan sun mika katin makinsu ga kwamitin SAFTA. Abubuwan samarwa guda uku waɗanda ke karɓar mafi girman maki sun sanya jerin sunayen waɗanda aka zaɓa, waɗanda galibi ana sanar da su a farkon-Fabrairu. Masu binciken, wanda kwamitin SAFTA ya ba su, sun kididdige maki na karshe da aka gabatar kuma su ne kadai suka san wadanda suka yi nasara kafin maraicen karramawar. Bukukuwa An gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa ne a shekarar 2006, an yi bugu 12 a yau. Lokuta tunawa Ƙungiyoyi sun janye gabatarwansu (2008) A cikin 2008, Mfundi Vundla, wanda ya kirkiri shahararren sabulun TV na Generations, ya janye daga lambar yabo ta 3rd na fina-finai da talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar yin watsi da duk zabukan wasan kwaikwayon, daraktoci, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. SABC ce ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen shigarwa, ba tare da tuntuɓar shugaban furodusan ba, Friedrich Stark, wanda sunansa ke cikin aikace-aikacen. Daga nan ne wani ɗan ɗalibi ya sanya hannu, ya saba wa ka'idodin shigar SAFTA. Vundla ya bayyana cewa shigar da Generations a bikin Fina-Finan Afirka ta Kudu na biyu da lambar yabo ta Talabijin ta SABC "ta tura ta" kuma SAFTA ta amince da su bayan an riga an kammala aikin yanke hukunci. Wannan ya sanya ayar tambaya kan ingancin bikin, Vundla ya bayyana cewa ba za a sake “tilasta shi” shiga ba kuma dole ne a fara samun kyaututtukan na gidansu. Ƙungiyar samar da Generations ba ta halarci bikin ba, kamar yadda Vundla ya bayyana cewa yana so ya guje wa "ƙirƙirar ra'ayi cewa Generations ta kowace hanya tana goyon bayan (SAFTAs)". Shugaban NFVF, Eddie Mbalo, a bainar jama'a ya bayyana "ɓacin ransa" game da shawarar da Vundla ya yanke na janye sunayen 'yan takarar kuma ya yi imanin cewa "an hana ƙungiyar damar amincewa" ta masana'antar. Rukunin lambar yabo Kyaututtuka na musamman Za a iya ba da wasu kyaututtuka na musamman bisa ga shawarar Hukumar Zartarwa da Kwamitocin Shari'a na SAFTA. Duba kuma Jerin lambobin yabo na talabijin Jerin Kyautar Kyautar Fina-Finan Afirka Ta Kudu da Talabijin Cinema na Afirka ta Kudu Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu Jerin fina-finan Afirka ta Kudu Jerin jerin talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu Manazarta Gasar kyauta ta Afirka ta kudu Kyautukan gidajen talebijin Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba
34955	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadar%20Neja%20ta%20Biyu	Gadar Neja ta Biyu	Gadar Neja ta Biyu, aikin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ne wanda ya kai tsawon 1.6 km (0.99 mi) kuma an tanaji ginin zamani da sauran kayan kawa kamar babbar hanya mai tsawon 10.3 km (6.4 mi), hanyoyin Owerri da tasha duk a cikin birnin Obosi, ana sa ran za a kaddamar da ita a watan Oktoba 2022. Pages using infobox bridge with empty coordinates parameter Wuri da halin da ake ciki Gadar Neja ta Biyu ta ratsa Neja ta tsakanin garuruwan Asaba da ke yamma da Onitsha a gabas. Idan aka kammala ta, za ta kasance gada ta karshe da ke kan kogin Neja kafin ta ratsa kololuwarta. Kogin Neja ita ce kogi na uku mafi tsawo a Afirka bayan kogin Nilu da Kongo. Yana motsa ruwa 7,000 m 3 s a Onitsha, wanda ya ninka sau ɗari fiye da Thames a London (65 m 3 s) kuma kusan sau uku fiye da kogin Missouri (2,450 m 3 s) a da. isa St. Louis Jamhuriyar Nijar kuma ta raba yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya mai yawan al'umma da yankin kudu maso gabas mai arzikin mai. A yanzu gada daya tilo a da ke Onitsha, ginin tulun karfe tun 1960 mai hanyoyi biyu, babu shakka an mata nauyi, saboda bcewa tana daukar ’yan kasuwa masu tafiya da kaya, direbobin keken hannu, masu daukar kaya da kuma mutane na lokaci-lokaci baya ga haka da motoci. Kalmar “Gadar Neja ta Biyu wadda aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin kalmar da aka kafa a siyasar Nijeriya tun a shekarun 1980, ta kasance ta yaudara. Hasali ma, akwai manyan gadoji guda bakwai a kan Neja a Najeriya kadai (ba a ma maganar a kasashe irin su Nijar ko Benin Don haka daidan shi shine "Gadar Niger ta Biyu a Onitsha Kudade An samu kuɗin tallafin ne tare da haɗin gwiwar mutane da 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu (PPP), wanda za a caje kuɗin kuɗin ga masu amfani da gadar. Julius Berger Nigeria PLC, ne ke kula da aikin. Kididdiga Kididdigar gadar da aka kusan kammala (har watan Yuni 2022), An sarrafa tan 14,000 na ƙarfe (wanda ya kusan nink yawan karfen da akayi amfani dashi wajen gina Hasumiyar Eiffel har sau biyu), An zuba tan 250,000 na siminti (wanda kadan ya rage ya kai wanda akayi amfani dashi wajen gina hasumiyar Trump ba a Chicago a tan 310,000), Ma'aikata 1,468 aka yi aiki a kan ginin da kansa (a wurin) da kuma wani 8,000 a wasu wurare. An ƙididdige sa'oi 8,700,000 na ayyukan mutane kuma duk da haka an yi aikin a shekaru 2.5 ba tare da haɗari ba. Tsarin gadar shine, tsayin mita 1,590 gabaɗaya, ya ƙunshi gadoji guda biyu daidai gwargwado wanda aka riga aka rigaya an riga an shigar da akwatin girdar, kowane faɗin mita 14.5. Gada na yanzu za su sami tsayin mita 630 tare da tazarar 5 tare da fadin nisa na 150 m iyakar. Gadar ramp ta yamma za ta kasance tsayin mita 755 sannan gadar tudu ta gabas zata kasance tsayin mita 205. An gina gadar ta hanyar amfani da hanyar cantilever, yayin da za a gina gadojin tudu ta hanyar amfani da hanyar ƙaddamar da ƙara. Tarihi An fara samar da gadar Neja ta biyu a lokacin yakin neman zabe na shekarar 1958/69 wanda dan takarar lokacin Shehu Francis limamin jam’iyyar NPN ya fara. A shekarar 1987, bayan kashedi game da yanayin lafiyar gadar Neja wanda Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje Abubakar Umar yayi, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya kalubalanci injiniyoyin kasa da su tsara gadar Neja ta Biyu, inda suka fuskanci kalubale, Kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya ta kira. NSE Prems Limited tana ba da gudummawa ga a kowace shekara. Karin titin jirgin kasa daga gabas zuwa yamma a aikin, abin takaici shine rigingimun da suka kawo karshen gwamnatin Babangida sun hana aikin. A karkashin gwamnatocin soja na gaba, aikin bai samu kulawa ba sosai. Bayan komawar mulkin farar hula, shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi alkawarin samar da gadar kogin Neja na biyu. Sai dai kuma gwamnatinsa ba ta gudanar da wani gagarumin aiki ba har sai da kwanaki biyar kafin mikawa gwamnatin Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa mai jiran gado a lokacin da Obasanjo ya kaddamar da aikin a Asaba Gwamnati mai shigowa ta gaji 58.6 biliyan da aka cire don kashewa tituna guda shida, 1.8 gadar da aka biya ta kilomita, wanda za a kammala shi cikin shekaru uku da rabi. Za a ba da tallafin gadar ne a karkashin haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu (PPP) tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga ɗan kwangilar, Gitto Group; Kashi 20 cikin 100 daga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, da kuma kashi 10 cikin 100 daga gwamnatocin jihohin Anambra da Delta Abin takaicin rasuwar shugaba 'Yar'aduwa ya kawo cikas ga ci gaban aikin. Sai dai a watan Agustan 2012, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya a karkashin gwamnatin Jonathan ta amince da kwangilar da ta kai Naira miliyan 325 don tsarawa da kuma tsara gadar. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Najeriya na 2011, Jonathan ya yi alkawarin cewa idan aka zabe shi zai gudanar da aikin kafin karshen wa'adinsa a 2015. A wani taro da aka yi a garin Onitsha a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2012, ya yi alkawarin tafiya gudun hijira idan har bai kai ga aikin nan da shekarar 2015 ba. Gwagwarmayar kammala gada ya ci gaba ne a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari, wanda ya fara soke kwangilar da aka kulla tun a watan Agustan 2015. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51130	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Grant	Linda Grant	Linda Grant FRSL (an haife ta 15 Fabrairun shekarar 1951)marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi kuma ɗan jarida. Rayuwar farko An haifi Linda Grant a Liverpool.Ita ce ɗan fari na Benny Ginsberg,ɗan kasuwa wanda ya yi da sayar da kayan gyaran gashi,da Rose Haft;Iyayen biyu suna da asalin ƙaura-Iyalin Benny ɗan Yahudanci ne,Yahudanci na Rose-kuma sun karɓi sunan suna Grant a farkon shekarun 1950. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Belvedere, ta karanta Turanci a Jami'ar York (1972 zuwa 1975), sannan ta kammala MA a Turanci a Jami'ar McMaster a Kanada. Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Simon Fraser Sana'a A cikin shekarar 1985, Grant ya koma Ingila kuma ya zama ɗan jarida, yana aiki ga The Guardian, kuma a ƙarshe ya rubuta nata shafi na watanni goma sha takwas. Ta buga littafinta na farko, aikin da ba na almara ba, Sexing the Millennium: A Political History of the Sexual Revolution, a cikin shekarar 1993. Ta rubuta wani abin tunawa na sirri game da yakin da mahaifiyarta ta yi da ciwon jijiyoyin jini mai suna Tuna Ni Wane Ne, Again, wanda aka ambata a cikin tattaunawa game da tsufa a Gidan Rediyon BBC 4 's Thinking Allowed a Disamba 2003. Almara nata ya zana sosai akan asalinta na Bayahude, tarihin dangi, da tarihin Liverpool. A cikin wata hira da Emma Parker ta Jami'ar Leicester ta Yuli 2008 'Matan da ba su da kwanciyar hankali: Rubutun Mata na Zamani da Taro na Zamani', kuma daga baya aka buga a mujallar Wasafiri, Grant ya ce:A koyaushe ina so in yi rayuwa ta a matsayin marubuci, amma ba za ka iya samun aikin marubuci ba, don haka na sami aikin jarida a kan takarda na gida kafin cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A koyaushe na san cewa ba dade ko ba dade zan rubuta almara, ko da yake ban sani ba zai yi latti kamar yadda ya kasance. Ban rubuta novel ba sai bayan shekara arba’in saboda na dau lokaci mai tsawo kafin in sami muryar tatsuniyoyi, wadda ke da alaka da zama Bayahude. Na kasance ina ƙoƙarin muryoyi daban-daban kuma ban sami isassu ba. Na ji cewa akwai hanyoyi guda biyu a buɗe gareni. Daya shine a sami murya kamar Howard Jacobson, wacce ke cikin cikakkiyar al'ummar Yahudawa, amma na fito daga al'ummar da ba a santa da Bayahude ba. Mutane suna cewa, 'Oh, ban taɓa sanin cewa akwai Yahudawa a Liverpool ba'. Har ila yau, girma a cikin dangi mai matsakaicin matsayi ya sa ni zama mai ban sha'awa ga muryar Liverpool, wadda ta kasance mai aiki ko dan Irish. Sannan kuma akwai cikakkiyar muryar turanci ta tsakiyar aji, wacce ko da yaushe ji a gare ni kamar ventriloquism. Kuma ban ji cewa zan iya yin rubutu kamar marubuci Bayahude Ba-Amurke irinsu Philip Roth, wanda ya nuna yadda Yahudawan Amurkawa, kamar Amirkawa Irish da Amirkawa Italiyanci, suka ba da gudunmawa ga kasancewar Amirkawa, domin a lokacin da Yahudawa suka iso nan, Birtaniya. An riga an kafa asalin ƙasa. Kuma shi ya sa littafina na farko, The Cast Iron Shore, ya shafi wani ne wanda ke jin ƙarancinsa. Sai da na fara rubutu game da mutanen da ba su da ƙarfi, waɗanda ke da matsala ta ainihi da matsalolin zama, na sami muryata. A cikin Nuwamba 2016,jaridar The Guardian ta buga cikakken bayani game da tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Grant,inda ta lura cewa,"Ayyukan rubuce-rubuce na suna da ƙima sosai zan iya zama tsofaffin kanar a kulob din mutuminsa:jarida mai laushi,shayi mai zafi,takalma daidai.launi don a cikin gari.Ba tare da ɓatar da ɗabi'a na ba,na tabbata cewa ba zan taɓa rubuta kalma ɗaya ba.Ba-ba zan iya-rubuta bayan abincin rana,a cikin cafe ko wani wuri na jama'a,ciki har da jiragen kasa da jiragen sama,ko lokacin da wani yana cikin gidan.Yana da wani aiki mai tsanani,matsananciyar kadaici,wani ɓangare na intanet ya lalata shi,da kuma alkawarinsa na yaudara na sauƙi na kallon abubuwa yayin da kuke tafiya." Littafi Mai Tsarki Ba almara ba Yin Jima'i na Millennium: Tarihin Siyasa na Juyin Jima'i.HarperCollins (London) 1993 Tuna Ni Wanene,Again Granta Books (London) 1998 Mutanen da ke kan Titin,ra'ayin marubuci game da Isra'ila,Virago Press (London) 2006 Dresser Mai Tunani,Virago Press (London) 2009 Almara The Cast Iron Shore,Granta Books (London) 1995 Lokacin da Na rayu a Zamani na Zamani,Granta Books (London) 2000 Har yanzu Ana nan,Little Brown May (London) 2002 Tufafin da ke bayansu,Virago Press (London) 2008 Muna da shi sosai, Virago Press (London) 2011 A bene a Party,Virago Press (London) 2014 The Dark Circle,Virago Press (London) 2016 Garin Baƙo,Virago Press (London) 2019 Labarin daji,Virago Press (London) 2023 Kyauta Grant's début novel,The Cst Iron Shore,ya lashe kyautar David Higham don Fiction a 1996;aka bayar ga mafi kyawun littafin farko na shekara. Shekaru uku bayan haka ta na biyu,ba almara ba,aikin,Tunatar da Ni Wanene Na Sake,ta lashe lambar yabo ta Hannun Hannu da Shekaru Damuwa na Shekara. Littafinta na almara na biyu,Lokacin da Na rayu a Zamani na Zamani,ya sami lambar yabo ta Orange ta 2000 don almara kuma an yi shi gajeriyar jera don Kyautar Rubutun Rubutun Yahudawa-Wingate a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2002 littafinta na uku Har yanzu Anan an jera shi don Kyautar Man Booker. A cikin 2006,Grant ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Lettre Ulysses Award don "Art of Reportage",na ƙarshe da aka ba shi,saboda aikinta na almara game da mutanen Isra'ila mai suna The People on Street:a Writer's View of Israel. Tufafin da ke bayansu an taƙaita jerin sunayen don Kyautar Man Booker a 2008 kuma sun sami lambar yabo ta Nunin Bankin Kudu a fannin adabi. Hakanan an daɗe ana jera shi don Kyautar Orange don Fiction a cikin wannan shekarar. A cikin 2014,an nada Grant a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL). A cikin Maris 2017,an ba da sanarwar cewa littafin Grant The Dark Circle an daɗe ana jera shi don Kyautar Mata ta Baileys don Fiction. Nassoshi Rayayyun
48706	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20tarihin%20kasa%20na%20Kenya	Gidan tarihin kasa na Kenya	Gidan tarihin ƙasa na Kenya (NMK) kamfani ne na jiha wanda ke kula da gidajen tarihi, shafuka da abubuwan tarihi a Kenya. Yana gudanar da bincike na gado, kuma yana da ƙwarewa a cikin batutuwa da suka kama daga ilmin kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin kimiyya na kayan tarihi, ethnography da bincike da kiyaye halittu. Hedkwatar sa da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa (Nairori National Museum) suna kan Dutsen Museum, kusa da babbar hanyar Uhuru tsakanin Gundumar Kasuwanci ta Tsakiya da Westlands a Nairobi. Ƙungiyar Tarihin Tarihi ta Gabashin Afirka (EANHS) ce ta kafa Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Kenya a cikin 1910; Babban burin al'umma a ko da yaushe shine gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci na kimiyya game da halayen ɗabi'un mazauna yankin gabashin Afirka. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana bada tarin yawa, da abubuwan baje ƙoli na wucin gadi da na dindindin. A yau gidan adana kayan tarihi na ƙasar Kenya yana kula da gidajen tarihi sama da 22, wurare da yawa, da abubuwan tarihi a faɗin ƙasar. Nairobi National Museum of Kenya Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Kenya Jama'a da ke da sha'awar yanayi a Gabashin Afirka sun kafa kungiyar Gabashin Afirka da Tarihin Halitta na Uganda a cikin 1910-11. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi canons guda biyu na Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya Rev. Harry Leakey (mahaifin Louis Leakey) da kuma Rev. Kenneth St. Aubyn Rogers; wasu jami'an gwamnati: CW Hobley da John Ainsworth, likitoci, likitocin hakori, manyan mafarauta da masu shuka shuka. A cikin 1911 sun kafa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Halitta da ɗakin karatu tare da mai kula da girmamawa. Aladina Visram ta sanya kudin ne don ginin bene mai hawa biyu. A cikin 1914 za su iya ba da kuɗin biyan kuɗi. Sun kawo Arthur Loveridge, masanin ilimin likitancin dabbobi, wanda ya isa Maris 1914. Loveridge ya mayar da hankali kan tarin yawa, tare da membobin sun bada gudummawa don bada gudummawar samfurori, aiki da kuɗi. Sun kuma gudanar da gidan kayan gargajiya yayin da Loveridge yayi yaƙi da Birtaniya a Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka. Ya dawo na ɗan ɗan lokaci bayan yaƙin, sai kawai ya tafi Amurka, inda a ƙarshe ya zama Farfesa na Jami'ar Harvard. Coryndon Museum Mai kula da na gaba shine AFJ Gedye. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya koma wani sabon gini a kusurwar titin Gwamnati da titin Kirk. Daga cikin sabbin masu aikin sa kai na al'umma akwai Sir Robert Coryndon, Gwamnan Kenya A mutuwarsa na bazata a 1925, Lady Coryndon ta kafa Asusun Tunawa da Coryndon don gina gidan kayan gargajiya mafi kyau ga al'umma don tunawa da mijinta. Gwamnati ta ba da kuɗin da suka dace don gudummawar jama'a kuma a cikin 1928 aka fara ginin. An shirya ginin a 1929. Abin takaici ba a samar da dakunan aiki ko wurin ajiya ba saboda haka Ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta ta ƙi shiga. Daga nan sai gwamnati ta sayi tsohon gidan tarihi kuma al’umma sun yi amfani da kudin wajen kara dakuna uku, suka ba wa amintattun gidajen tarihi kayan tarihin, amma suka rike dakin karatu. Komai ya koma gidan kayan gargajiya. Lady Coryndon ta ba da gudummawar littattafan Sir Robert zuwa gare ta. An buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya bisa hukuma a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1930, azaman Gidan Tarihi na Coryndon, tare da Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren, memba, a matsayin mai kula. Aka ba shi gida a filaye A cikin 1930 Evelyn Molony, an nada Née Napier ƙwararren masanin kayan tarihi na farko bayan Ernest Carr ya ba da tallafi ga gidan kayan gargajiya don ba da kuɗin aikinta. A lokacin da take aiki ta kafa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya gidan kayan gargajiya na herbarium akan tsire-tsire na gabashin Afirka tare da buga jerin kasidu na kimiyya kan tsiron gabashin Afirka. Dangantaka tsakanin masu kula da gidajen tarihi da al'umma ta samu matsala, sakamakon haka kungiyoyin biyu sun nada wani kwamiti da suka hada da Sir Charles Belcher, masanin shari'a na kasar Kenya, domin daidaita shi. Kwamitin ya mayar da komai ga gidan kayan tarihi banda dakin karatu domin musanyawa da biyan kudin shekara 15 ga al'umma. Gidan kayan tarihi yanzu yana da ma'aikata. Mary Leakey ta zama wani ɓangare na sa sannan Louis Leakey, a matsayin mai kula da ba a biya ba, a cikin 1941. Ya shiga lokacin da Dr. van Someren ya yi murabus bayan hukumar (ciki har da Louis) ya ki korar Peter Bally a cikin rikici na mutum. Gidan kayan tarihi ya kasance cibiyar ayyukan Leakey. A cikin 1945 an ɗauki Louis a matsayin mai kula da kuɗi tare da sabon gida, kamar yadda tsohon ya lalace. Ya gina baje kolin kuma ya bude wa ‘yan Afirka da Asiya ta hanyar rage kudin shiga. Har sai da gidan kayan gargajiya ya kasance "na fata kawai." Gidan kayan tarihin ya kasance tushe na ayyukan Leakey har zuwa 1961, lokacin da Louis ya kafa Cibiyar Prehistory da Paleontology a kan filaye kusa da shi kuma ya motsa kansa da tarinsa zuwa gare ta. Ya yi murabus don goyon bayan darektan na gaba, Robert Carcasson. Gidan kayan tarihi na kasa Kenya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1963. Gidan kayan tarihi na Coryndon an sake masa suna "National Museum" a cikin 1964 kuma an haɗa shi cikin sabon tsari, "Gidajen tarihi na ƙasar Kenya." A cikin 1967 Richard Leakey yana da bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya sulhu ba tare da Louis Leakey, ma'aikacinsa a cibiyar, kuma ya yanke shawarar inganta Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa. Babban abin da ya hana shi shi ne ba a mayar da shi Kenya ba. Shi da magoya bayansa sun kafa cibiyar Associates Museum Associates, wanda ya sami kujerar mai lura da Richard a kan hukumar daga Carcasson a musayar gudunmawar fam 5000. Richard bai yi lura sosai ba, yayin da ya tafi balaguron farko na Omo. Masu haɗin gwiwar kayan tarihi na Kenya sun haɗa da Joel Ojal, mai kula da kayan tarihi a cikin gwamnati. Da ya dawo daga Omo Richard ya ba da ra'ayinsa na ingantawa kai tsaye ga Joel, wanda ya nemi shugaban, Sir Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck, da ya sanya Richard a wani babban mukami kuma ya fara maye gurbin hukumar da 'yan Kenya na kasar Kenya, saboda sau biyu ne kawai suka fito. na 16 a cikin wannan rukuni. Hukuncin rashin aiki shine cire tallafin gwamnati. Da farko an ba Richard mukamin shugaban gudanarwa na ɗan lokaci, wanda ya ƙi. A cikin 'yan watanni masu zuwa an maye gurbin yawancin hukumar kuma a cikin Mayu 1968 sabuwar hukumar ta ba Richard mukamin dindindin a matsayin darektan gudanarwa, tare da Carcasson da za a ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin darektan kimiyya. Duk da haka, Carcasson ya yi murabus kuma Richard ya zama darekta. Taswirar Kabilun Kabilun Kenya Wannan hoton ya ƙunshi zane-zane na Joy Adamson wanda ke nuna al'ummomin Kenya daban-daban a cikin kayan gargajiya. Abubuwan zamani da kayan aiki A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2005 Gidan kayan tarihi na Nairobi ya rufe har zuwa Disamba 2007 don babban shirin sake ginawa. Wannan shi ne babban gyare-gyare na farko na kayan tarihi na Nairobi tun 1930. An gina sabon shingen gudanarwa da cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma an inganta tsarin NMK na jiki. An sake buɗe gidan kayan gargajiya a watan Yuni 2008. Yana dauke da abubuwan nune-nune na wucin gadi da na dindindin. A cikin filaye kuma akwai Park Snake Park da Lambun Botanic da hanyar yanayi. Bangaren kasuwanci na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da gidajen abinci da shaguna. Fitattun mutane Freda Nkirote, tsohuwar shugabar al'adun gargajiya. Sauran gidajen tarihi Sauran gidajen tarihi, shafuka da abubuwan tunawa da NMK ke gudanarwa, gami da abubuwan jan hankali na yawon buɗe ido sune: Gallery na Nairobi, Nairobi Uhuru Gardens, Nairobi Cibiyar Nazarin Farko, Nairobi Fort Jesus, Mombasa Gedi ruins, Gedi, kusa da Malindi Gidan tarihi na Hyrax Hill da Gidan tarihi, kusa da Nakuru Jumba la Mtwana, Mtwapa, kusa da Mombasa Kabarnet Museum, Kabarnet Karen Blixen Museum, Nairobi Kapenguria Museum, Kapenguria Kariandusi Museum, kusa da Gilgil Kisumu Museum, Kisumu Kitale Museum, Kitale Koobi Fora, a Sibiloi National Park Lamu Museum, Lamu Meru Museum, Meru Nyeri Museum, Nyeri Malindi Museum, Malindi Mnarani ruins, Kilifi Narok Museum, Narok Olorgesailie, kusa da Magadi Siyu Fort, Pate Island Takwa ruins, Manda Island Thimlich Ohinga, 45 km yamma da Migori Bayanan kula Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
57781	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ger-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9%20Sonthonax	Léger-Félicité Sonthonax	Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (7 Maris 1763-23 Yuli 1813) ɗan ƙasar Faransa ne kuma Jacobin kafin ya shiga jam'iyyar Girondist,wacce ta fito a cikin 1791.A lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, ya mallaki sojojin Faransa 7,000 a Saint-Domingue a lokacin wani bangare na juyin juya halin Haiti. Sunansa a hukumance shine Kwamishinan farar hula.Daga Satumba 1792,shi da Polverel sun zama ainihin masu mulkin Saint-Domingue wadanda ba bayi ba.Domin suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Brissot,taron da aka yi a ranar 16 ga Yuli,1793 ya tuhumi su,amma jirgin da zai dawo da su Faransa bai isa ƙasar ba sai Yuni 1794,kuma sun isa Faransa a lokacin.na faduwar Robespierre.An yi musu shari’a ta gaskiya a shekara ta 1795 kuma an wanke su daga tuhumar da turawan mulkin mallaka suka yi musu. Sonthonax ya yi imanin cewa turawan Saint-Domingue ’yan sarauta ne ko kuma ’yan aware,don haka ya kai hari ga ikon soja na fararen fata kuma ta yin hakan ya nisanta mazaunan mulkin mallaka daga gwamnatinsu.Yawancin gens de couleur (mazauna masu gauraya na mazauna yankin) sun tabbatar da cewa za su iya kafa kashin bayan soji na Saint-Domingue idan aka ba su hakki,amma Sonthonax ya ki amincewa da wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda ya tsufa bayan tashin bayi na Agusta 1791.Ya yi imanin cewa Saint-Domingue zai buƙaci tsohon sojan bauta a cikin sahu na sojojin mulkin mallaka idan ana so ya tsira.A watan Agusta 1793,ya yi shelar 'yanci ga dukan bayi a lardin arewa.Masu sukarsa sun yi zargin cewa an tilasta masa kawo karshen bautar ne domin ya ci gaba da mulkin kansa. Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Oyonnax,Faransa a ranar 7 ga Maris,1763,ɗan ɗan kasuwa mai wadata,Sonthonax lauya ne a Majalisar Dokokin Paris wanda ya samu matsayi a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.Dukiyar Sonthonax ta kasance saboda kasuwancin mahaifinsa,wanda ya ɗauki mutane da yawa daga yankin aiki,kuma ya sa mahaifinsa ya zama mafi arziki a ƙauyen. Sonthonax ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Dijon,ya zama sanannen lauya tare da taimakon mahaifinsa mai arziki. Memba na Society of the Friends of the Blacks,ya zama mai alaka da Jacques Pierre Brissot kuma daga baya ya daidaita kansa da Girondists. Manufar A cikin watan Agustan 1791, tawayen bayi Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta) ya barke a yankin arewacin Saint-Domingue,zuciyar tattalin arzikin noman sukari na tsibirin.Har ila yau,Saint-Domingue ya fuskanci rikice-rikice tsakanin turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma mutanen da ke da 'yanci (da yawa daga cikinsu sun kasance masu bambancin launin fata),da kuma tsakanin wadanda ke goyon bayan juyin juya halin Faransa da wadanda ke sake kafa Daular Ancien ko kasawa.cewa,don 'yancin kai na Saint-Domingue. A cikin 1792,Saint-an aika Sonthonax,Étienne Polverel da Jean-Antoine Ailhaud zuwa yankin Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haïti a matsayin wani ɓangare na Hukumar juyin juya hali. Sun kasance tare da Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes,wanda aka nada gwamnan Saint-Domingue. Ya maye gurbin gwamna Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande Tawagar ta hada da sojoji 6,000. Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali na karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba, amma sun zo ne don tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun maza suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne. D'Esparbes yayi aiki da kwamishinonin kuma ya zama sananne tare da masu shuka sarauta. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 1792,kwamishinonin sun kori d'Esparbès kuma suka sanya sunan vicomte de Rochambeau gwamnan Saint-Domingue. Babban burinsu shi ne kiyaye ikon Faransanci na Saint-Domingue da aiwatar da daidaiton zamantakewa da Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Faransa ta ba da kwanan nan ga gens de couleur kyauta a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar 4 Afrilu 1792.Dokar ta sake kafa ikon Faransa na Saint-Domingue,ta ba da cikakken zama dan kasa da daidaiton siyasa don 'yantar da bakar fata maza da maza masu 'yanci, amma ba ta 'yantar da bayi ba.Maimakon haka,an ba shi aikin da ya yi nasara a kan tawayen bayi kuma ya sa bayi su koma gonaki.Da farko Sonthonax ya yi fatali da kawar da bautar don samun goyon bayan turawan da ke tsibirin.Da isowarsa,ya gano cewa wasu fararen fata da ’yan adam masu launin fata sun riga sun ba da haɗin kai ga ’yan tawayen bayi.Ya yi gudun hijira da yawa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda ba za su yarda da masu launi ɗaya ba kuma sun sami nasarar shawo kan ta'addancin bayi a wajen Arewa. An aika Sonthonax da Polverel zuwa Saint-Domingue, kamar yadda suka yi shelar lokacin da suka isa, ba don kawar da bautar ba amma don ba wa ’yantattun maza, ba tare da la’akari da launi na fatar jikinsu ba, daidaiton haƙƙoƙi, wanda aka ba su ta hanyar dokar 4 ga Afrilu.,1792.Amma a ƙarshe, duk bayi a lardin arewa sun sami 'yanci a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1793, ta Sonthonax, da kuma a lardunan yamma da kudu, daga 27 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Oktoba,1793,ta hanyar Polverel. Bayan shelar,Sonthonax ya rubuta amsa ga waɗanda suka yi hamayya da shawararsa da Polverel a shekara ta 1793 na ba wa waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun bayi wannan sabon ’yanci.Ya bayyana imaninsa mai ƙarewa cewa ya kamata a ba wa waɗannan 'yan Afirka 'yancin ɗan adam kuma ya kare shawararsa na 'yantar bayi ba kuskure ba ne. Shelar Sonthonax Au nom de la République ya bayyana rawar da ya taka a juyin juya halin Musulunci.Ya kuduri aniyar yin tsattsauran shawara don hana Biritaniya da Spain samun nasara a yunkurinsu na karbar ikon Saint-Domingue. 'Yanci da rikici A cikin Fabrairu 1793, Faransa ta shelanta yaki a kan Birtaniya,wanda ya gabatar da sabuwar matsala ga Sonthonax.Duk wadanda ya kebe a kokarin tabbatar da juyin juya halin Faransa a Saint-Domingue sun ci gaba da kokarin tserewa zuwa yankin yammacin Indiyan Yamma na Burtaniya (musamman Jamaica),inda mahukuntan mulkin mallaka suka ba da mafaka ga masu adawa da juyin juya hali na Faransa.Yawan fararen fata a cikin mulkin mallaka ya ragu sosai har sai 6,000 kawai ya rage bayan Yuni 1793. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 wani yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba na karɓar iko da babban birnin kasar ta sabon gwamnan soja mai tausayi ga fararen fata,François-Thomas Galbaud,ya kai ga tashin bam da kona Cap-Français (yanzu Cap-Haïtien ).Watakila konawar ta faru ne ta wurin masu ruwa da tsaki 1,000 wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba a cikin sojojin Galbaud.Sonthonax ya nada Janar Étienne Laveaux gwamna kuma ya kori Galbaud daga mulkin mallaka bayan alkawarin ’yanci ga tsoffin bayi da suka amince su yi yaki a madadin kwamishinonin da kuma gwamnatin jamhuriyar Faransa da suke wakilta.Har ya zuwa wannan lokaci kwamishinonin suna ci gaba da fafatawa da bakar fata, wanda tashin hankalinsu ya fara a watan Agustan 1791.'Yantar da su babbar nasara ce ga dukkan sojojin bayi,kuma tarihin baka ya nuna cewa yana kara musu kwarin gwiwa.A ranar 24 ga Yuni,1793,kashi 60% na mutanen farar fata sun bar Saint-Domingue tare da Galbaud,galibi ba su dawo ba. A ranar 29 ga Agusta,b1793, tare da jita-jita na 'yanci,Sonthonax ya ɗauki mataki mai mahimmanci a shelar 'yancin bayi a lardin arewa (tare da iyakacin iyaka akan 'yancinsu).Daga 27 ga Agusta zuwa 31 ga Oktoba,1793,a gefensa,Polverel ya ci gaba da 'yantar da bayi a lardunan yamma da kudu. A wannan lokacin ne,kuma saboda sabon salon ba da haƙƙin baƙar fata,Toussaint Louverture ya fara gyara falsafar siyasarsa don rungumar Faransa maimakon Spain;duk da haka,ya yi taka-tsan-tsan kuma yana jiran amincewar Faransa ta 'yantar da shi kafin ya sauya bangarori a hukumance.Ranar 4 ga Fabrairu,1794, Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa ta Faransa ta amince da wannan doka,tare da yin amfani da shi ga dukan yankunan Faransanci,ciki har da Guadeloupe. Saboda gaskiyar cewa suna ƙarƙashin dokar tuhuma, a wannan rana, ba a bayyana sunayen Sonthonax da Polverel a cikin taron ba, ko da Dufay,mataimakin Saint-Domingue da Sonthonax ya aiko don bayyana wa wakilan taron. dalilin da ya sa aka kawar da bauta a cikin mulkin mallaka. 'Yanci ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Amurka. Yawan bayi na Saint-Domingue ba su yi tururuwa zuwa bangaren Sonthonax kamar yadda ya yi tsammani ba, yayin da masu shuka farar fata suka ci gaba da yi masa turjiya. An haɗu da su da yawa daga cikin ’yan adam masu launi waɗanda ke adawa da kawar da bauta a cikin mulkin mallaka, yawancinsu masu shuka kansu ne. Ba sai da maganar amincewa da 'yantar da gwamnatin Faransa ta dawo cikin mulkin mallaka ba Toussaint Louverture da gawawwakinsa na ƙwararrun bayin yaƙi sun zo ga ƙungiyar Republican ta Faransa a farkon Mayu 1794. Canji a cikin iskar siyasa a gida ya sa a tuno da Sonthonax zuwa Faransa don kare ayyukansa.Bayan isowarsa a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1794, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ’yan adam masu launi, waɗanda aka aiko shi da farko don ya kare,ba su da aminci ga Faransa,kuma ya kamata Jamhuriyar ta sanya bangaskiyarta ga ’yantattun bayi.Vindicated, Sonthonax ya koma Saint-Domingue a karo na biyu. Faransa ce ta tura Comte d'Hédouville ya zama gwamnan tsibirin,amma daga baya aka tilasta masa ya gudu. Komawa Faransa Toussaint, a halin yanzu, yana ƙarfafa matsayinsa. Farans Janar din bakar fata ya shirya Sonthonax ya bar Saint-Domingue a matsayin daya daga cikin zababbun wakilansa a shekarar 1797,kuma lokacin da Sonthonax ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa,Toussaint ya sanya shi karkashin wani jirgin ruwa da ya nufi Faransa a ranar 24 ga Agusta.Ya rasu a garinsu bayan shekaru 16. Bayanan kula Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20596	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Essien	Michael Essien	Michael Kojo Essien (An haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamban a shekara ta 1982) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar Ghana ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma a yanzu haka memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish Superliga ta FC Nordsjælland. Har ila yau, ya buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Ghana wasa sama da sau (50).A lokacin da yake sharafin sa, a na ɗaukar Essien a matsayin ɗaya daga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya na duniya. Fara Ƙwallon Ƙafa Essien ya fara wasansa ne da buga wa kungiyar Liberty Professional wasa a Ghana. A shekarar 2000, ya koma Faransa ya shiga Bastia, inda ya cinye kakar wasanni uku a nan kuma adadin wasannin da ya buga a nan sun kai 60, kafin ya koma ƙungiyar dake rike da kambun Ligue 1, wato Lyon a shekara ta 2003. A Lyon, Essien ya ci kofuna bi-da-bi a jere a shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2004 da 2004 zuwa 2005, kuma ya lashe kambun Lig 1, na Gwarzon Ɗan Wasan a Shekara ta 2005. A tsawon shekaru biyar da ya yi a Faransa, ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. A cikin a shekara ta 2005, Essien ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Premier ta Chelsea A Chelsea, Essien ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe gasar Premier a shekarar 2006 da 2010, da kuma kofunan FA uku da na League daya. Ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai a shekara ta 2012, yayin da yake sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA na shekarar 2008 Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon Golan Chelsea a kakar sau biyu, a kakar shekarun 2006 zuwa 2007. da 2008 zuwa 2009. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Essien ne a babban birni Ghana Accra, iyayen sa su ne Aba Gyandoh da James Essien, Essien ya halarci Gomoa Nyanyano DC Primary and JSS. Ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin St. Augustine da ke Cape Coast, yana wasa a wani kulob na gida da ake kira Liberty Professionals Ƙungiyoyin da Yayi Wasa Bastia Lyon Chelsea Real Madrid (aro) Milan Essien ya kulla yarjejeniya da kulob din Milan na Italiya kan kwantiragin shekara daya da rabi a ranar( 27) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (2014) Panathinaikos Persib Bandung Sabil A ranar 16 ga watan Maris a shekara ta (2019), Essien ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya da rabi tare da Sabail FK na Premier League na Azerbaijan, wanda kuma zai ga ya horar da kungiyar U(19) din su. Wasa a Mataki na Duniya Essien ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka da Morocco a ranar( 21) ga watan Janairun shekarar 2002). amma ya buga wa Ghana wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Masar a ranar( 4) ga watan Janairun shekarar( 2002) Aikin Horar da 'Yan Wasa FC Nordsjælland Salon wasa Essien ya kasance ɗan wasan tsakiya mai ƙarfi, wanda sau da yawa yakan taka rawa a tsakiyar tsakiya Sauda yawa ana yi masa magana a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya-zuwa-dambe saboda ikonsa na yin kuzari wajen tallafawa duka wasan zagi da na kare, da kuma karfin fada-a-ji da yake fuskanta, wanda ya sanya masa lakanin "The Bison". Essien zai iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida, a dama na kariya da kuma a tsakiya Baya ga yawan aiki, karfin jiki, da kwarewar kariya, Essien ya kuma mallaki fasaha mai kyau, hangen nesa, hazakar dabara, da halaye na jagoranci, kuma ya kasance mai karfin zura kwallaye daga nesa. Rayuwar Kai A watan Maris na shekarar( 2021), Essien ya nuna goyon bayansa ga 'yan LGBT a Ghana akan Twitter da Instagram Daga baya ya goge rubutun bayan ya fuskanci suka daga wasu masu amfani da shafin na Ghana a dukkan bangarorin biyu. Ƙididdigar Wasanni Lambobin Yabo Kulab Lyon Ligue 1 2003 zuwa 2004 da 2004 zuwa 2005) Trophée des Champions (2003 zuwa 2004) Chelsea Firimiya Lig (2005 zuwa 2006 da 2009 zuwa 2010) Kofin FA (2006 zuwa 2007 da 2008 zuwa 2009 da 2009 zuwa 2010 da 2011 zuwa 2012) Gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa 2006 zuwa 2007) Garkuwan FA ungiyar FA 2009) Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA (2011 zuwa 2012) ta biyu: (2007 zuwa 2008) Na duniya Ghana Kofin Kasashen Afirka tagulla (2008) ,wacce ta zo ta biyu a( 2010) FIFA U-(20) ta gasar cin kofin duniya (2001) Na ɗaiɗai Ligue 1 Player of the Month a watan Oktoba a shekara 2004) ya zama Gwarzon shekara a ligue 1 :a shekarar 2004 zuwa 2005) kulob din shekara ta ligue 1 ashekarar (2012 zuwa 2013 da 2004 zuwa 2005) kungiyar CAF ta Shekara (2005, 2006, 2008, 2009) Gwarzon dan kwallon Afirka na BBC na shekara 2006) Gwarzon Dan Wasan Ghana (2007) Dan wasan Chelsea na shekara (2006 zuwa 2007) Chelsea Goal of the year 2006 zuwa 2007 vs Arsenal, 2008 2009 da Barcelona) Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta( 2008) kungiyar Wasanni Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin Firimiya Lig Chelsea F.C. Profile (chelseafc.com) Michael Essien Mutanen Afirka Mutanen Gana Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana Wasannin FIFA Mutane daga Accra Haifaffun ƙasar Ghana Yan wasan kwallan kafa Haifaffun 1982 Baƙaƙen
22359	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu%20Zaman%20Lafiya%20Ba%20Tare%20Da%20Adalci%20Ba	Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare Da Adalci Ba	Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba NPWJ ko Non C'è Pace Senza Giustizia (NPSG) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Italia, wacce Emma Bonino, ɗan siyasan Italiya, tsohon memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kuma memba na Majalisar Dattawa ta yanzu ya kafa a shekarata 1993. NPWJ dogara ne a Roma, kuma shi ne memba na kwamitin NGO hadin gwiwa domin kotun kasa da kasa (CICC) ya kuma bijiro da batun kafa jam'iyya na Non violent Magance M Party, an NGO da Janar (category I) da shawara Status a United Nations ECOSOC Manyan shirye-shiryen sun hada da batun hukunta manyan laifuka na duniya, yi wa mata kaciya, dimokiradiyya ta MENA, gami da kuma aikin Iraki. 'Yancin dan adam sun fi fuskantar barazana a yanayi na rikici, inda hatta kasashen duniya kan inganta matakan gajere da nufin dakatar da fadan, amma wanda ke haifar da karin rikici, cigaba da rashin hukunci da lalata dokar, sai dai idan sun bayar da alhakin laifuffukan. da kuma sasantawa ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Adalci, dimokiradiyya da bin doka da oda ginshikai ne na dorewar zaman lafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da 'yanci na gari da' yancin ɗan'adam. Ayyukan NPWJ na asali tun daga shekarar 1993 an tsara su ne don inganta kafa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuffuka ta dindindin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ingantaccen tsarin hukunta masu aikata laifuka na duniya don rigakafin, hanawa da gurfanar da laifuffukan yaƙi, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kare dangi Shirin Shari'a na Kasa da Kasa NPWJ na shirin shari'ar manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa har yanzu yana mai da hankali ne a kan kokarin kasa da kasa da kasa don dawo da doka da samar da gaskiya da kwatowa ga wadanda suka aikata laifuka a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, ta hanyar Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta Kotun kasa da kasa ko Kotuna, na kasa gabatar da kara ko wasu hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi. Gurin su shi ne Babban manufar shirin kasa da kasa na hukunta masu aikata laifuka shine tabbatar da cewa duk wata hanyar da za'a bi, an tsara ta kuma ana aiwatar da ita ta yadda zata bada gudummawa wajan dawo da doka, tana biya bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki kuma tana biye da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayinda NPWJ ke cigaba da aiki zuwa ga gama-gari na Dokar ta ICC ta Rome ta hanyar inganta amincewarsa da aiwatar da dokoki masu inganci, abinda aka lura yawancin abin da ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne tabbatar da cewa an magance wadannan laifuka ta hanyar shari'ar kasa da ta kasa da kasa ko kuma hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi, tare da ICC a matsayin mai kara kuzari, a matsayin waliyyi kuma makoma ta karshe. Shirin Kaciyar Mata Shirin kaciyar mata, wanda aka fara shi a shekara ta 2000, ya yi bayani ne kan daya daga cikin yaduwar da kuma tsari na take hakkin dan'adam na mutuncin kansa, wanda aka aikata ga miliyoyin mata da 'yan mata a duk duniya, wanda kuma ba a kalubalance shi a karkashin hujjar mutunta al'adun gida. Abinda dai ake so ko Babbar manufar shirin FGM ita ce samar da yanayin siyasa, shari'a da zamantakewar al'umma wacce ke kalubalantar halaye da halaye a kan kaciyar tare da inganta watsi da ita, ta fuskar ingantawa da kuma kare hakkokin mata da 'yan mata, gami da inganta amincewa da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Maputo kan Hakkokin Mata a Afirka. Shirin yana inganta dabarun masu rajin kare hakkin mata da masu aikata fannoni da ke aiki a kan kaciyar mata FGM da kuma inganta sauye-sauye na shari'a a matsayin kayan aiki mai tasiri na canjin halaye domin juya akalar al'adun zamantakewar jama'a game da FGM. Tsarin Dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka Shirin dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2003, ya kuma magance yanayin inda akasari keɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodi na duniya lungu da sako sau da yawa a keɓe da sunan kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da zato rashin dacewar al'adu. Babban manufar shirin MENA Demokradiyya shi ne inganta dabi'un dimokiradiyya, cibiyoyin sassaucin ra'ayi da budewa gwamnati ta hanyar kirkirar hanyoyin siyasa na tuntuba wadanda ke amincewa da wadanda ba ‘yan jihar ba, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin farar hula a matsayin halattaccen kuma takaddama mai dacewa don tattaunawa da cibiyoyin Jiha kan batutuwan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya. Ana gudanar da wannan shirin ne a matakin kasa da kuma na shiyya, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatoci da dama, da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma abokan hulda, da nufin samar da shawarwari masu inganci da karko da hanyoyin tattaunawa kan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya. Aikin Iraq A cikin tsarin MENA Demokradiyya, aikin Iraki, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2006, yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin mulki da tsarin kafa hukumomi a Iraki ta hanyar inganta tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin daga dukkanin bangarorin siyasa kan batutuwan da suka fi dacewa da siyasa, gami da musamman abin da ya dace na nauyi da iko a matakai daban-daban na Jihohi, Gundumomi, Gwamnoni, Garuruwa da wajaje. Ta hanyar samar da dama don muhawara a bayyane da sanarwa, aikin Iraki na da nufin taimakawa hanawa ko warware rikice-rikicen tattaunawar da kuma gano mafita mai dorewa. Dubaru Abubuwan fifiko don aiki don duk shirye-shiryen an zaɓi su bisa ga buƙatu kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ƙira da aiwatar da ayyuka. A cikin ayyukan bayar da shawarwari, NPWJ na wayar da kan jama'a da kuma inganta muhawara ta jama'a ta hanyar yakin neman zabe na siyasa da aiwatar da muhimman shirye-shirye, kamar taron kasa da kasa da na shiyya, wadanda galibi ake daukar nauyinsu tare da shirya su tare da Gwamnatin kasar da suke ciki, tare da karfafa kawance tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran masu fada a ji a cikin al'umma, don samun damar mallakar masu ruwa da tsaki duk na siyasa da kuma sakamakon. NPWJ ta kuma dauki nauyin ba da taimako ta fuskar fasahar zamani, ta hanyar shigar da kwararrun masanan shari'a ga gwamnatoci don tsara dokoki da kuma taimakawa wajen tattaunawa a kan kayan kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa. A ƙarshe, NPWJ ta sami ƙwarewar filin musamman a cikin "taswirar tashe-tashen hankula" da manyan takardu game da keta dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan da rikice-rikice ya shafa da kuma aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sadarwar kai da kai tsakanin al'ummomin cikin rikice-rikice da yankunan da ke bayan rikici kan batutuwan shari'ar masu aikata laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa Bayani Manazarta Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba Kaciyar Mata
25389	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM	AM	AM na iya nufin; Fasaha da nishaɗi Kiɗa AM (mawaƙa), mawaƙin Amurka AM (mawaƙa), mawaƙin Kanada DJ AM, DJ na Amurka kuma furodusa (album na Ibrahim Mateo) (Kundin Wilco) (Chris Young album) (Kundin Arctic Monkeys) Am, Alamar ƙaramar alama Ƙarami, ƙaramin sikelin kiɗa Armeemarschsammlung, Tarin Sojojin Prussian Maris (Preußische Armeemarschsammlung) Talabijin da rediyo (Rediyon ABC), shirin rediyo na Australiya American Morning, shirin talabijin na Amurka Am, Antes del Mediodia, shirin talabijin na Argentina Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Allied Mastercomputer, mai adawa da gajeriyar labarin Ba ni da Baƙi, kuma Dole ne Na Yi Ihu Ilimi Master of Arts, digiri na ilimi Arts et Métiers ParisTech, makarantar injiniyan Faransa Active Minds, sadaka ta wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiyar kwakwalwa Kimiyya Americium, sinadaran sinadarai Attometre, naúrar tsayi Adrenomedullin, furotin Yawan iska (astronomy) attomolar (aM), naúrar maida hankali Am, yanayin damina na wurare masu zafi a cikin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen AM, aji mai rikitarwa mai alaƙa da yarjejeniyar Arthur -Merlin. Fasaha .am, yankin Intanet na Armeniya .am, tsawo fayil da ke da alaƙa da software na Automake Agile modeling, hanyar injiniyan software don ƙira da yin rikodin tsarin software Amplitude modulation, fasahar sadarwa ta lantarki Ƙarin Ƙirƙira, tsari ne na yin babban abu mai ƙarfi uku na kusan kowane sifa daga ƙirar dijital. Watsawa AM, watsa shirye -shiryen rediyo ta amfani da daidaiton amplitude Makamin bindiga Mathematician Mai sarrafa kansa, shirin hankali na wucin gadi. Lokaci ante meridiem, Latin don "kafin tsakar rana" Anno Mundi, zamanin kalanda wanda ya danganci halittar Littafi Mai -Tsarki na duniya Anno Martyrum, hanyar ƙididdige shekaru a cikin kalandar 'yan Koftik. Sufuri AM (mota), motar Faransa ta 1906 Aeroméxico (lambar jirgin saman IATA AM) Arkansas da Missouri Railroad All-dutse, horo na hawan keke. Soja AM, alamar rarrabuwa ta Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka don "ma'adinai" Air marshal, wani babban jami'in sojan sama da ake amfani da shi a kasashen Commonwealth Makamin bindiga Injiniyan Tsarin Jirgin Sama, ƙimar aikin Navy na Amurka. Sauran amfani Am (cuneiform), rubutacciyar harafi Memba na odar Ostiraliya, haruffan bayan gida waɗanda memba na Dokar za su iya amfani da su Member Member (disambiguation), ofishin siyasa Dan Majalisar Tarayya na Wales Dan Majalisar London Harshen Amharic (ISO 639-1 code code am) Armenia (lambar ƙasar ISO AM) Dan wasan tsakiyar da ke kai hari, matsayi a kungiyar kwallon kafa Mutum na farko da aka gabatar da keɓaɓɓen fi'ilin rikodin zama Duba kuma All pages with titles beginning with AM All pages with titles beginning with am All pages with titles containing AM ko AMs Pro am ni (disambiguation) A&M (rarrabuwa) AM2 (rarrabuwa) AMS (rarrabuwa) Mawaka Mawaƙan
60189	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Herrmann	Victoria Herrmann	Articles with hCards Victoria Herrmann yar Amurka ce mai ba da labarin ƙasa kuma mai magana, da canjin yanayi Ita ce shugabar gudanarwa na Cibiyar Arctic, National Geographic Explorer, da Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar Georgetown ta Walsh School of Foreign Service, inda bincikenta ya mayar da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar Arctic da siyasa da yanayi canza karbuwa a cikin Amurka da Yankunan Amurka. Herrmann Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Amirka ce don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) IDAN TO Jakadan kuma yana aiki don ƙarfafa 'yan mata da mata a cikin STEM An ba ta suna a cikin Forbes 30 Under 30 list, National Trust for Historic Preservation 's 40 under 40 list, Shugaban Matasan Arewacin Amurka ta Abokan Turai, ɗaya daga cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Mutane a cikin Manufofin yanayi a duk duniya ta hanyar Apolitical, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaddamar da "CAFE 100 masu canza canji masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke ɗaukar mataki don magance wasu matsalolin da suka fi dacewa a Amurka da kuma a duniya" na tsohon lauyan Amurka Preet Bharara Rayuwa da ilimi An haife shi a Paramus, New Jersey,Herrmann ya fara sha'awar al'amuran muhalli Ta girma Bayahudiya kuma ta ambaci kwarewar kakaninta a matsayin wadanda suka tsira daga Holocaust a matsayin wahayin bincikenta da bayar da shawarwari kan tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan al'ummomin da ba su da hakki. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Paramus A cikin 2012 ta kammala BA a cikin dangantakar kasa da kasa da tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Lehigh kuma daga baya aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Junior Fellowship na shekara guda a Carnegie Endowment for International Peace a Washington, DC, inda ta yi aiki kan sufuri mai dorewa da manufofin yanayi a birane. Herrmann ya koma Kanada a cikin 2013 a matsayin Fulbrightgrantee, ya kammala MA a Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a Makarantar Harkokin Kasa da Kasa ta Norman Paterson ta Jami'ar Carleton A cikin 2014 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Gates Cambridge don karatun digiri na uku a Cibiyar Binciken Scott Polar A cikin 2017 Herrmann an ba shi lambar yabo ta Bill Gates Sr. Award don sadaukar da kai don inganta rayuwar wasu, kuma a cikin 2019 ta sami PhD dinta daga Jami'ar Cambridge A cikin shekarar karshe ta PhD, Herrmann ya shafe watanni uku a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin Shirin Harkokin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Christine Mirzayan. Manufar Arctic da bincike na ƙaura Herrmann ya shiga Cibiyar Arctic a cikin 2015, kuma a cikin 2016 ya zama Shugaban kungiyar kuma Daraktan gudanarwa. Tana jagorantar tsare-tsare don cimma manufarta don sanar da manufofin don adalci, dorewa, da amintaccen Arctic Herrmann yana kula da aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar bincike na duniya kuma yana kula da wata ƙungiya a fadin Arewacin Amirka da Turai. Karkashin lokacin Herrmann, Cibiyar Arctic ta ci gaba da matsayi a matsayin babban-75 na tunani ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania 's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program kuma mujallar Prospect ta zaba a matsayin mafi kyawun Makamashi da Muhalli na Amurka. Ita ƙwararriyar ƙwararriya ce a manufofin Arctic, kuma ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Tsaron Cikin Gida na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka kuma ta yi wa Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka bayani da Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Makamashi da Albarkatun Kasa akan Arctic. tsaro da sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2017-2018 ta yi aiki a matsayin Editan Bita na Alaska don Ƙididdigar Yanayi na Ƙasa na huɗu kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Wakilan Amurka guda biyu zuwa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Duniya Herrmann ya zauna a Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Arctic na Amurka tun daga 2019 kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Matasa ta Arctic. Binciken Herrmann yana mai da hankali kan ƙaura da sauyin yanayi ya jawo, ƙaura, da ƙaura a cikin Arctic, Kudancin Pacific, da Amurka. A cikin 2016–2017, ta yi aiki a matsayin jagorar mai bincike don aikin Eroding Edges na Amurka, aikin bincike na ƙasa-da-ƙasa na ƙasa. Ta zagaya ko'ina cikin kasar inda ta yi hira da shugabannin kananan hukumomi 350 don gano abin da ake bukata don kare al'ummomin bakin teku daga illolin sauyin yanayi da ba za a iya kaucewa ba. Tare da haɗin gwiwar National Trust for Historic Preservation kuma tare da goyon baya daga JMK Innovation Prize, wani aiki na gaba zuwa Eroding Edges yana kawo taimakon fasaha kai tsaye ga ƙananan garuruwa da matsakaitan ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ke da nisa daga yanki da tattalin arziki. Aikin bincikenta na National Geographic na yanzu, Al'adu Kan Motsawa: Sauyin yanayi, Matsuguni, da Matsuguni a Fiji, yana bincikar sakamakon yanayin da ya haifar da alaƙar al'adun gargajiya Ita ce Babban Mai Binciken Na Bincika Na Bincika Haɗin Kan Cibiyar Hijira ta Arctic a cikin Harmony: Cibiyar Sadarwar Tsare-tsare Kan Littattafai, Matsuguni, da Al'adu akan Motsi wanda Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta ƙasa ta ba da tallafi. Herrmann ya haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa memba na 700+ don sauƙaƙe buɗe hanyar sadarwa, haɓaka musayar ladabtarwa, da gina sabbin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyya, masu ruwa da tsaki, da masu aiki don bincika hanyoyin da direbobi da sakamakon ƙaura na bakin tekun Arctic ke haɗuwa tare da yin hulɗa tare da ɗayan. wani da kuma gano abubuwan da ke faruwa ga al'umma. Sadarwar canjin yanayi Herrmann yana aiki duka a matsayin mai sadarwa na kimiyya don masu sauraron jama'a kuma a matsayin mai binciken ilimi da ke nazarin hanyoyin sadarwa na canjin yanayi Ta buga labarai sama da 20 na bita na mujallu da surori na littattafan ilimi. Binciken nata yana mai da hankali kan yadda hotunan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ke gina dabi'u, ganowa, da ra'ayoyin iko game da ƙaurawar sauyin yanayi, al'ummomi masu rauni, da manufofin Arctic. Herrmann ya bayar da hujjar cewa malanta canjin yanayi na iya kuma yakamata ya sanar da takamaiman aiki, da kuma yadda aiki zai iya wadatar da malanta. A cikin tattaunawa game da binciken da ta yi a jami'o'i, ta ƙarfafa sauran masu bincike don gano muryar jama'a tare da auna mahimmancin labarun don ƙarfafa ayyukan sauyin yanayi. Herrmann ya ba da jawabai sama da 50 na jama'a, gami da mahimman bayanai a National Trust for Historic Preservation 's PastForward, Cibiyar Smithsonian 's Stemming the Tide: Dabarun Duniya don Dorewa Al'adu Ta Hanyar Canjin Yanayi, da Hugh O 'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation Congress World Leadership Congress. Herrmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "canjin yanayi labari ne game da rasa abubuwan da suka sa mu zama mu", kuma "kowa yana da rawar da zai taka a cikin hanyoyin magance yanayi." A matsayin National Geographic Explorer, Herrmann ya ba da jawabai da yawa na jama'a game da manufofin canjin yanayi, ba da labari, da ayyukan al'umma. Tattaunawarta daga matakin National Geographic Society sun haɗa da Zaɓin Kaddamar da Kayi wahayi zuwa gabatarwa don CreativeMornings da kuma wata mahimmin kwamiti a bikin Explorers, inda aka nuna ta a cikin tattaunawa tare da Andrew Revkin, Emma Marris, Leland Melvin, da Ian Stewart don tattaunawa. duniyar da ke cikin hadari. Ta kuma gabatar da abubuwan balaguro na ƙasa kamar National Geographic On Campus. Herrmann yana da sha'awar ƙarfafa matasa, kuma ya yi aiki tare da National Geographic Education don ƙara fahimtar yanayi da damar yin aiki na gida. Ta taimaka wajen samarwa kuma an nuna ta a cikin karatun kan layi Koyar da Canjin Yanayi na Duniya a cikin Ajin ku, ya gabatar da labarun yanayi a duk faɗin Amurka don shirin Classroom na Explorer, kuma ya sauƙaƙe da kuma ba da jagoranci ga matasa masu ba da labari a sansanin Hotuna na National Geographic don matasa a Louisiana A cikin 2021, Herrmann ya kasance fitaccen Explorer a cikin Tashoshin Talabijin Na ABC Mallakar Mu Amurka: Yanayi na Bege tare da haɗin gwiwar National Geographic Partners Ta akai-akai rubuta ra'ayi guda game da canjin yanayi da manufofin Arctic don The Guardian, Scientific American, da CNN Har ila yau, Herrmann ya bayyana sau da yawa a matsayin gwani a cikin labarai, ciki har da NPR's Science Jumma'a, On Point, Duk Abubuwan da aka La'akari, da Ƙarshen Ƙarshe Labaran ABC da BBC, da sauransu. A cikin 2019 Herrmann an nada shi Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (AAAS) IF THEN Ambassador, kuma mai ba da shawara ne don ganin mata a cikin binciken canjin yanayi da 'yan mata masu shiga cikin STEM An nuna Herrmann a matsayin abin koyi ga 'yan mata a cikin STEM ta Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Ƙasa Ad Council s She Can STEM campaign. Zaɓaɓɓen littafin littafi Labaran jarida 2020 Herrmann, V. "Hanyoyin Sadarwar Dabaru na Majalisar Arctic: Shekaru 20 na Hoton Da'irar." Jaridar Dabarun Sadarwa. doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09384-2 2020 Marchman, P., Siders, AR, Leilani Main, Kelly, Herrmann, V., Butler, Debra. "Shirya Matsar Matsugunin Matsuguni don Amsa Canjin Yanayi: Matsalolin Dabaru Da yawa." Ka'idar Tsara da Ayyuka. 2020 Raspotnik, A, Groenning, R., da Herrmann, V. "Tale na Biranen Uku: Ma'anar Garuruwan Smart Ga Arctic." Polar Geography. Karba 2019 Herrmann, V. "Haihuwar Hanyar Man Fetur Dogara: Labaran Mai da Ci Gaba a Arewa." Binciken Amirka na Nazarin Kanada, 49: 2, 301-331, 2019 Herrmann, V. "Rushewar ƙauyuka a cikin Labari na Canjin Yanayi na Amurka: Aikin Jarida, Hankali, da Hukuma a Shishmaref, Alaska." Littattafai na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geofuri na Amirka, 109:3, 857-874, 2017 Herrmann, V. "Tsaron Al'umma na Arctic a COP21: Bambance-bambancen Maganar Tsaro da Kayan aiki a Tattaunawar Yanayi." SIYASA, 20:3, 65–82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i3.97174 2017 Herrmann, V. "Al'adu Kan Motsawa: Zuwa Tsarin Tsarin Maɗaukaki don La'akarin Abubuwan Al'adun Al'adu a cikin Manufofin Hijira masu Alaƙa da Sauyi, Matsuguni da Matsuguni." Binciken Archaeological daga Cambridge, 32 (2), 182-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.23647 2017 Herrmann, V. "'Yan Gudun Hijira na Canjin Yanayi na Farko na Amirka: Cin Hanci da Ƙarfafawa a cikin Bayar da Labarun Jarida." Binciken Makamashi da Jaridar Kimiyyar zamantakewa, 31, 205-214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.033 2016 Herrmann, V. "Sa hannun jari a cikin Al'umma: Ƙirƙirar Ƙirar Makarantun Makarantu don Arctic na Amurka." Yanayin Geography, 39:4, 239–257, 2016 McCorristine, S. da Herrmann, V. "'The Old Arctics': Sanarwa na Franklin Search Expedition Veterans in British Press: 1876-1934." Rikodin Polar, 39: 4, 215-229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247415000728 2016 Herrmann, V. "Yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Warming: Labarun Kayayyakin da Aka Sake Fa'ida Daga Saman Duniya." Polar Geography, 38:4, 289–305, 2015 Herrmann, V. "Cujin Yanayi, Arctic Aesthetics, and Indigenous Agency in the Age of the Anthropocene." Littafin Shekara na Dokar Polar, 7: 1, 375-409, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_015 manazarta Rayayyun mutane Chajin yanayi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
26574	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Mirren	Helen Mirren	Dame Helen Lydia Mirren DBE née Mironoff an haifeta a 26 ga watan Yuli 1945) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingilishi. Wacce ta karɓi yabo da yawa, itace mutum ɗaya tilo da ta sami nasara har sau uku na Aiki a cikin Amurka da Burtaniya, ta sami lambar yabo ta Academy da Kyautar Fim ɗin Burtaniya don hoton Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II a Sarauniya, Kyautar Tony. da Kyautar Laurence Olivier don irin wannan rawar a cikin Masu Sauraro Kyautukan Gidan Talabijin na Burtaniya guda uku don aikinta a matsayin DCI Jane Tennison a Firayim Minista, da Emmy Awards guda huɗu, gami da biyu don Firayim Minista. Ta yi fice a kan mataki tare da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Matasa na Kasa, wasan kwaikwayon Mirren a matsayin Cleopatra a Antony da Cleopatra a 1965 ya ga an gayyace ta don shiga Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare kafin ta fara halarta na farko a West End a shekarar 1975. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Mirren shima ya sami nasara a talabijin da fim. Baya ga nasarar lashe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin, sauran ayyukan da Mirren ya yi na Oscar sun kasance na The Madness of King George (1994), Gosford Park (2001), da The Last Station (2009). Don rawar da ta taka a kan Firayim Minista, wanda ya gudana daga shekarar 1991 zuwa 2006, ta ci lambar yabo ta Gidan Talabijin ta British Academy Television Awards for Best Actress (1992, 1993 da 1994), rikodin haɗin gwiwa na samun nasara a jere da aka raba tare da Julie Walters, da Emmy Awards biyu na Primetime. Kunna Sarauniya Elizabeth I a cikin jerin talabijin Elizabeth I (2005), da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II a cikin fim ɗin Sarauniya (2006), ita kadai ce jarumar da ta nuna duka sarauniyar Elizabeth a allon. Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi An haifi Mirren Helen Lydia Mironoff a asibitin Sarauniya Charlotte da asibitin Chelsea a gundumar Hammersmith na London a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1945, 'yar mahaifiyar Ingilishi da mahaifin Rasha. Mahaifiyarta, Kathleen “Kitty” Alexandrina Eva Matilda (née Rogers; 1909-1996), mace ce mai aiki daga West Ham, 13th na yara 14 da mahaifi ya haifa wanda mahaifinsa ya kasance mahauci ga Sarauniya Victoria .Mahaifinta, Vasily Petrovich Mironoff (1913 1980), memba ne na dangin da aka yi hijira daga cikin manyan mutanen Rasha; Mahaifinta, Pyotr Vasilievich Mironov ne ya kai shi Ingila yana dan shekara biyu. Pyotr, wanda ya mallaki gidan iyali kusa da Gzhatsk (yanzu Gagarin ya kasance wani ɓangare na aristocracy na Rasha. Mahaifiyar Pyotr, kakan Mirren, ita ce Countess Lydia Andreevna Kamenskaya, aristocrat kuma zuriyar Count Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky, fitaccen janar na Rasha a yakin Napoleonic. Ya yi aiki a matsayin kanar a cikin Sojojin Rasha na Imperial kuma ya yi yaƙi a cikin Yaƙin Russo-Japan na 1904. Pyotr daga baya ya zama jami'in diflomasiyya kuma yana tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar siyan makamai a Biritaniya lokacin da juyin juya halin Rasha ya toshe shi da danginsa a 1917. Tsohon jami'in diflomasiyyar ya zauna a Ingila, kuma ya zama direban taksi na London don tallafa wa danginsa. Aikin wasan kwaikwayo inSakamakon aikin da ta yi na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Matasa na Ƙasa, an gayyaci Mirren don shiga Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare (RSC). Yayin da take tare da RSC, ta buga Castiza a cikin Trevor Nunn 's 1966 staging na The Revenger's Tragedy, Diana in All's Well That Ends Well (1967), Cressida a Troilus da Cressida (1968), Rosalind a Kamar yadda kuke So (1968), Julia a cikin Manyan Biyu na Verona (1970), Tatiana a cikin Maƙiyan Gorky a Aldwych (1971), da rawar take a Miss Julie a Sauran Wurin (1971). Ta kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shirye guda huɗu, wanda Braham Murray ya jagoranta don gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Century a Jami'ar Theater a Manchester, tsakanin 1965 da 1967. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
21548	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren%20Adamawa	Yaren Adamawa	A Adamawa harsuna ne a putative iyali na 80-90 harsuna warwatse ko'ina cikin Adamawa Filato a tsakiyar Afirka, a Najeriya, Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya, da kuma Chadi, magana gaba ɗaya da ɗaya kawai, kuma a rabin miliyan (kamar na shekarar 1996). Joseph Greenberg ya sanya su a matsayin reshe daya na dangin Adamawa Ubangi na harsunan Nijar Congo Suna kuma daga cikin ƙananan yaruka da ake nazari a cikinsu a Afirka, kuma sun haɗa da yarukan da ke cikin haɗari kusan mafi girma shine Mumuye, tare da masu magana da shi mutane a kalla guda 400,000. Wasu harsunan da ba a rarraba su ba musamman Laal da Jalaa an samo su a gefen yankin Adamawa. A yanayin ƙasa, yaren Adamawa suna kwance kusa da inda aka sanya Niger-Congo Tsakiyar Sudan ta Tsakiya wanda wataƙila ya haifar da dangin Atlantic-Congo, don haka yana iya wakiltar tsakiyar hasken gidan. Rarrabuwa Joseph Greenberg ya buga yarukan Adamawa a matsayin wani yanki na Adamawa Ubangian (wanda ake kira da Adamawa Gabas), kuma ya kuma raba su zuwa kungiyoyi 14 masu lamba. Rukunin G3, Daka (ko Dakoid), yanzu an san shi reshe ne na Benuwe-Congo Dangantakar sauran rassa ta sami babban kwaskwarima. Greenberg (1963) Kungiyoyin Adamawa guda 14 na lambobin Greenberg sune kamar haka: Boyd (1989) Boyd a shekara ta (1989) ya ƙara harshen Rana kuma ya rarraba su kamar haka: Leko Nimbari (ko Chamba Mumuye). Duru G4 Leko G2 Mumuye Yendang G5 Nimbari G12 Mbum-Day Bua G13 Kim G14 Mbum G6 Rana Waja Jen Bikwin Jen (ko Jen): G9 Tula Wiyaa (ko Waja): G1 Bəna Mboi (ko Yungur): G7 Baa (aka Kwa) Longuda G10 Nyimwom (ko Kam: G8) Ya cire harsunan Fali (G11). Güldemann (2018) Güldemann (2018) ya amince da "ɗumbin asali" guda 14 na Adamawa, amma yana da masaniya game da matsayin su a cikin Nijar-Congo sune kamar haka. Tula-Waja Longuda Bena-Mboi Bikwin-Jen Samba-Duru Mumuyic Maya (Yendangic) Kebi-Benue (Mbumic) Kimic Buaic Rana Baa Kwa Nyingwom Kam Fali Kleinewillinghöfer (2019) Kleinewillinghöfer (2019), a cikin Gidan yanar gizon Project Harsuna na Adamawa, ya amince da rukunoni guda 17 masu zuwa a matsayin yarukan Adamawa sune kamar haka. Tula-Waja Waja G1 Bikwin-Jen (Burak, Jen): G9 Kam (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom) G8 Longuda (Nʋngʋra tari): G10 Baa (Kwa) Mumuye G5 Yandang (Yendang): G5 Samba Duru (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4 Ɓəna-Mboi (Yungur): G7 Kebi-Benue Mbum G6 Kim G14 Rana Bua G13 Nimbari (Baari, Bari) G12 [ya bace] Duli Gewe (Gey, Gueve) [dadaddun] Fali G11 Chamba-Daka Daka G3 Kungiyoyin Tula-Waja, Longuda, Ɓəna-Mboi, Samba Duru, da Bua ne kawai ke da darajojin suna Sauran rukunin suna nuni ne kawai da tsarin tsoffin sunaye. Blench (2012, 2020) Roger Blench (2012) kammala da cewa harsunan Adamawa rukuni ne na yanki, ba dangin yare ba, kuma ya rabu da rassa daban-daban a cikin dangin Savannas da yake nema. Ya sanya wasu daga cikin yarukan yammacin Adamawa kusa da na yaren Gur fiye da sauran dangin Adamawa. Fali an kaɗance daga Savannas gaba ɗaya. Blench (2020) yana riƙe da haɗi tsakanin Mumuye da Yendang, amma ya fasa Samba-Duru na Kleinewillinghöfer. Languagesananan harsunan adamawa Harshen Oblo na Kamaru an haɗa shi a cikin juzu'i da yawa na ƙungiyar Adamawa, amma matsayinta a ciki ba shi da tabbas. An yi ta rade-radin cewa harshen Laal da ba a rarrabawa na Chadi na iya zama Adamawa; yaren Jalaa na Najeriya tabbas ba adamawa bane, amma yana nuna tasirin Adamawa sosai. Koyaya, duka ɗayansu yanzu ana ɗauke dasu a matsayin keɓe harshe Kwatanta ƙamus Samfurin asali ƙamus na Adamawa harsuna daga Kleinewillinghöfer ta Adamawa Harsuna Project website da kuma daban-daban da sauran kafofin sune kamar haka: Lura A cikin sassan tebur tare da yankin, ana ba da muɗaɗɗen sifa kafin laushi, yayin da sigar jam'in ke biyo bayan slash. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ayyukan Harshen Adamawa Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg Mainz AdaGram CNRS INALCO Binciken arzikin harsunan Najeriya: nazarin nahawu da takaddun yare na harsunan Adamawa. Jerin yarukan Adamawa Blench Harsunan Tula-Wiyaa Blench Kungiyar Leeko Blench Harshen Perema (Wom) na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya: rarrabuwa, salon magana da kuma sunan surar (PDF) na Roger M. Blench, 2000. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge. Gaggawa game da binciken Gbete (PDF) na Jason Diller Kari Jordan-Diller, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-050. Binciken zamantakewar al'umma na harshen Mambay na Chadi da Kamaru (PDF) na Cameron Hamm, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-039. Bincike mai sauri da bincike na lexicostatistical na Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai da Oblo (PDF) na Michael Charlene Ayotte, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-048. Karang SIL-Kamaru Littafin SIL-Kamaru Ocamus na kwatancen kayan ƙa'idodi aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun, Tourneaux Idiatov, Dmitry. 2017-08-29. Sakamakon binciken AdaGram na farko a jihohin Adamawa da Taraba, Nigeria (tare da Mark Van de Velde, Tope Olagunju da Bitrus Andrew). 47th Colloquium akan Harsunan Afirka da Harsunan Afirka (KIRA) (Leiden, Netherlands). Manazarta Harsunan Adamawa Jihar Adamawa Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka Kabila Pages with unreviewed
53496	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir%20Ahmed	Bashir Ahmed	An haifi Ustad Bashir Ahmed dan Barkat Ali Malik a garin Lahore na kasar Pakistan a shekara ta 1954. Shi mai zane ne dan Pakistan, kuma aka sani da Moughal Miniature Painter. Articles with hCards Ilimi 1973–74 Diplomas of Arts (NDA) National College of Arts, Lahore-Pakistan 1974–76 Kwarewa a Karamin Zane tare da Mai zanen kotu, Dan Iyali, Sheikh Shuja-Ulla da Hajji Sharif, Koyi Maido da Mayar da Muughal na gargajiya, Farisa, Karamin zane-zane, gyaran takarda, launin ruwa, zanen itace da mai, na Kudancin Asiya da zanen zamani daga Sheikh Shuja Ullah. Jagora na Fine Arts (MFA) Jami'ar Punjab Lahore Pakistan Zana duk kafofin watsa labarai, Bugawa, da sassaka 2002-04 MPA (HRM) Jagora a Gudanar da Jama'a, Jami'ar Punjab, Lahore Pakistan Kwarewa da nasarori 1973 Tsare Tsare Tsare Tsare Tsare Tsare-Tsare biyar girman 15 mai fadi da tsayin feat 100 a Lahore fort don taron koli na Musulunci a Lahore Fort Pakistan. 1976–90 Ma'aikaci na Rowing Club ya ɗauki balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro daga Kogin Ravi don jagorantar Bloke akan Boats na ƙasa da gudanar da gasar tseren kwale-kwale na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ƙungiyar Rowing, Lahore. 1975–76 Shirin Tehrik-e-Pakistan tare da haɗin gwiwar Pakistan Television PTV, Lahore Pakistan furodusoshi shine Shahid Mahmood Nadeem 1976 Hukumar Gwamnonin Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta zaɓa, kuma ta nada a matsayin Malami na Fine Arts, Ƙananan Zane, da Zane. 1983 Mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Babban Daraktan Gidan Tarihi na Lahore, Pakistan 1982 Wanda ya kafa Digiri na Shirin Digiri na ƙaramin zane na kwas ɗin Digiri na farko wanda shine tsarin karatun digiri na farko a cikin tarihin ƙaramin zane a duniya, kuma Kwamitin Nazarin Ilimi na kwaleji ya amince da shi, kuma azuzuwan sun fara a 1982. Wannan shine Manhaja ta farko da aka taɓa samu a cikin Shirin Digiri na Fasaha na Studio a cikin duniya. 1988 An inganta shi a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Fine Arts a kan girma, Kwalejin Fasaha ta ƙasa, Lahore Pakistan 1992 Lecture kan nunin Mughal Miniature Painting a National Museum, magana game da gine-ginen musulmi a New Delhi, Agra, Jaipur, India. Ya ɗauki ɗalibai ashirin da bakwai akan yawon shakatawa zuwa Agra, Jaipur da New Delhi, Indiya. 1992 Lakca akan Dabarun Zane-zane na Mughal Art da godiya a Majalisar Burtaniya, Lahore Pakistan 1993 Lakca akan Tafiya na Karamin Zane-zanen Musulmi zuwa Ƙasashen Duniya, a Makarantar Fasaha ta Hunrkada Islamabad, Pakistan. 1994 An gabatar da laccoci akan Tarihi da Koyarwar Zane-zane, Kansas City Art Institute Kansas, Measure, kuma ya ba da jawabi game da zane-zane da zane na, a Oklahoma Still Water Oklahoma 1994 An Kuma gabatar da laccoci akan Tarihi da Koyarwar Ƙananan Zanen Jami'ar Howard, Boston, Massachusetts, bisa gayyatar al'ummar Asiya, 1994 An gabatar da laccoci akan Tarihi da Koyarwar Zane-zane, kuma an tattauna Haɗin Kan Fasahar Yammacin Yamma, tare da zanen ƙaramar Indiyawan Mughal na kwatancen zamanin Musulmi, da kuma ƙaramin zanen zane na zamani, a cikin Sashen Jami'ar Maryland, Taron bita na 1995 na mako guda yana koyar da dabarun kere-kere da fasaha na Wasli Brush a Complex Kamfanin Katin Hall Marks, Sashen fasaha don manyan masu fasaha goma, Kansas City Missouri. 1995 Workshop Koyar da Fasaha na Ƙananan Zane, tilastawa tsawon wata huɗu kwana uku a cikin mako guda, zanen gad, zanen Sayah qulm a Jami'ar Arvin, Ƙasar Orange, LA, Amurka 1995 Taron bita na fasaha na ƙaramin zane, Yin goge, Yin Takarda, na tsawon wata huɗu kwana uku a cikin mako guda, cikakken zanen ɗan ƙaramin zanen Sayah qualm, dabaru a gidan kayan tarihi na Pacific Asia Pasadena, LA USA. 1997 Muzaharar lacca akan dabaru da tarihin ƙaramin zanen musulmi Mughal India a Arkansas, Jami'ar Conway Little Rock, Arkansas, Amurka 1997 Koyar da Dabarun Zane-zane Gad da sayah qualm, zanen launi cikakke guda ɗaya da fasahar Sayah qulm waɗanda ɗalibai suka kammala a Oklahoma still water University Art Department Undergraduate Program me, Oklahoma –USA. 1998 Workshop Koyar da Dabarun zane-zane da zane-zane na asali a Gidan Tarihi na Asiya na Pacific, Pasadena LAUSA 2002 Zaɓin Mataimakin Farfesa na Fine Art (wanda kwamitin gwamnoni-NCA ya zaɓa) 2003 Kwamitin Mai Gudanarwa na Haɗin Kai Tsakanin Karatun Fine Arts don Cibiyoyi da Jami'ar Pakistan, 2005–2014 Shugaban Sashen Fine Arts-NCA 2006 Babban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ƙasa, Lahore. 2011 Babban-National College of Arts, Lahore An shirya nune-nunen 1994–2006 Curated, Nunin, Dalibai suna aiki a Hunarkada Islamabad, Kung Art Galleries Karachi, da Ejaz art Galleries Lahore Ocean art Galleries Lahore, Karachi. 2000 An ƙaddamar da wani nunin ƙaramin zane na ɗalibai bakwai a gidan kayan tarihi na Asiya na Pacific Pasadena LA, Amurka don haɓaka ƙaramin zanen Pakistan da Kwalejin Fasaha ta ƙasa, Lahore. 2001 An ƙaddamar da nunin nunin ƙaramar ƙasa a Islamabad Karachi don Majalisar ƙasa a Fadar Muhatta Karachi. 2002 An ƙaddamar da nunin zane-zanen ƙaramin zane a IKM International Cultural Museum a Oslo (Norway). 2003 Mai Gabatar da Kwamitin Tsara Ayyuka na Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Islamabad Pakistan. 2003 An ƙaddamar da nunin Hotuna (gani gaban gundumomi) na Raza Kazim a Zahur ul Akhlaque Gallery, NCA, Lahore. 2003 An ƙaddamar da nunin zanen ƙarami a Kunj Art Gallery, Karachi (aikin ɗalibi). 2004 An ƙaddamar da nunin zanen ƙarami a Kunj Art Gallery, Karachi (sashe, 2003-2004) 2004 An ƙaddamar da wani nuni a kan taron koli na SAARC Islamabad, Hunarkada Art School Islamabad, Pakistan, 2005 Curated Ustad Shah gird wanda MF Husain ya kaddamar a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kasa. Karamin Zanen Zane a Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa Islamabad. 2006 An shirya nuni a Kampo Museum Minamigosho-cho Okazaki Sakyo-ku Kyoto, Japan, 2008 Ocean Art Gallery Karachi, Masu fasaha na Karachi da Lahore sun baje kolin ayyukansu 2009 Ocean Art Gallery Nunin rukunin rukunin Lahore na masu fasaha na Karachi biyar daga Karachi, sun baje kolin ayyukansu 2010 An ƙaddamar da nunin Amjad Butt Azurfa mai ɓarna zane-zanen hotuna na kira' a Karachi da Zane kundin. An tsara nunin rukuni a Tekun Art Gallery Lahore 1981- Ci gaba da Maido da Zane-zane, zane-zanen mai, launi na ruwa, kofofin itace da sauran abubuwa don tarin masu zaman kansu. Solo nune-nunen Nunin zanen ƙarami a Holiday Inn, Islamabad Miniature Painting, zanen graphite Nunin 1980 na ƙaramin zanen zane na National College Of Arts Lahore Pakistan, 1988 Sashen Fasaha na Jami'ar Howard Washington, DC Nuni na ƙaramin zane Nunin Solo na 1997 a Jami'ar Kudancin Pablo Colorado, Amurka Ƙananan Zane-zane, da Zane-zane, Nunin Solo na 1998 a Lahore Gallery Ƙananan zane-zane, acrylic on canvas, Mix media zanen, a Lahore Pakistan. 2004 Zahoor ul Akhlaq Art Gallery National College of Arts, wanda MF Hussein ya buɗe. Nunin 2005 na Zane da Zane a Ejaz, Gallery, Lahore Nunin 2007 a Karachi (buɗewar Marci Comical LTD) Nuni na Uku ya kasance a Karachi akan 21 ga Agusta 2008, Ocean Art Gallery Karachi, Acrylic Paintings, Mix media, and Drawings,* Nuni na gaba shine 28 ga Agusta 2008, a Hunarkada Visual Art Institute 2008 nune-nunen solo hudu a cikin wata daya farawa daga 7 Agusta 2008, na farko nuna NCA sculptures Painting (Against Atomic War Ta'addanci), Nuni na Biyu yana cikin Tekun, Art Gallery akan 14 Agusta 2008 na Zane Graphite, 2009 Nunin zane-zane, zane-zane, zane-zane a Tekun Art Galleries a ranar 14 ga Agusta a Ranar 'Yancin Kai. Nunin Solo na 2011 na sassaka sassaka, Zane da yumbu (Ada Atomic War Ta'addanci) Karachi Arts Council Sind, Pakistan 1993 Nuni Karamin zanen Nunin Hunarkada Art School, Islamabad, Pakistan, An Ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Cancer na Shaukat Khanum Auction na 2006 don Girgizar Kasa da Tsarin Makarantar Sajanagar a Lords, London, UK Don Tallan Tallafin Kuɗi. 2008 Auction Nunin Cibiyar Taro na Islamabad, Don Wadanda Girgizar Kasa Ya shafa Nunin rukuni 1976 Nunin Faculty, National College of Arts, Lahore. Nunin Nunin Shekara-shekara na Majalisar Art Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan Nunin Rukuni na 1977 na masu fasahar zamani na Pakistan a Cibiyar Fasaha Gulberg Lahore 1978 Ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Punjab, Nunin Shekara-shekara na matasa masu fasaha Lahore Nunin 1982 na Pakistan National Cancel of Arts Islamabad Nunin Kasa na 1984, Islamabad. Karamin Zane Nunin Nunin Shekara-shekara na Majalisar Fasaha ta Punjab, Lahore. Nunin 1986 na lambar yabo ta SSHayder, Peshawar, Pakistan Nunin 1987 na Ƙasashen SAARC a ƙarƙashin PNCA, Lahore. Nunin Nunin Shekara-shekara na Majalisar Fasaha ta Punjab, Lahore. 1992 Nunin Faculty of Faculty, National College of Arts, Lahore 1994 Zane-zane na zamani na Pakistan a Gidan Tarihi na Asiya Pacific Pasadena, LA Amurka 1995 Karkashin Nunin Nunin Dukiya na gama-gari na Painting (Masu hulɗa da) Amurka a Boston, Amurka Nunin Rukuni na 1999 Ejaz Gallery, Lahore. Nunin Rukunin Zane-Ƙananan 2000 na Ejaz Gallery, Lahore. An halarci Nunin Rukuni na Zane a Karachi Sheraton (Majalisar Fasaha ta Punjab Lahore). 2002 ya halarci Nunin Rukuni, Iran, Abu Dubai, Pakistan National Council of Art, Islamabad ta aiko. 2003 ya shiga cikin Nunin Rukuni, Royal Gallery, DHA, Lahore. 2003 Girman Nuni na Taro na 9 NCA a Zahoor ul Akhlaq Gallery wanda Janar Pervez Musharraf, Shugaban Pakistan ya kaddamar. Nunin Rukuni na 2004 a Ejaz Gallery, Lahore. Manyan ayyuka Ziyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Ziyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar New York.New YorZiyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'aZiyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar New York.r New YorZiyarci Jami'ar Yale New Haven Green, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da Yale Museum Connecticut Washington DC Ziyarci Cibiyar Smithsonian da sauran Galleries Maryland School of Art and Scenarios, Sashe, Jami'ar Columbia, Jami'ar New York.k.k. Aikin fasaha a tarin gidajen tarihi na dindindin Kampo Museum Okazaki Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan Hoton hoto na Mahraj Kathak akan oval na Ivory an gabatar da shi ga gidan kayan tarihi a cikin dindindin na gidan kayan gargajiya na Pacific Asia Pasadena, LA, da CA, Amurka Gidan kayan tarihi na Asiya na Pacific, Pasadena, CA (Amurka) gidan kayan gargajiya na Nelson, Kansas City, MO (Amurka), Aikin fasaha a gidan kayan gargajiya na Nelson, Kansas City, MO (Amurka) Kyauta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
50553	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Feldhay%20Brenner	Rachel Feldhay Brenner	Articles with hCards Rachel Feldhay Brenner shekara ta (1946 watan Fabrairu ranar 4, 2021) farfesa ce ta kwaleji, marubuciya, kuma masaniyar adabin Yahudawa. Ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar Nazarin Isra'ila daga shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2009. Rayuwarta ta farko da iliminta An haifi Rachel Feldhay a Zabrze, Poland, 'yar Michael Feldhay da Helena Feldhay. Ta ƙaura zuwa Isra’ila tare da iyalanta a shekara ta 1956. Ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar Hebrew, sannan digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Tel Aviv, da kuma PhD a Jami'ar York Sana'arta Brenner ta shiga jami'ar Wisconsin a cikin shekara ta 1992, acikin Sashen Nazarin Ibrananci da Semitic. Ta shugabanci sashen daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Ta kasance babbar jami'a a Cibiyar Bincike acikin 'Yan Adam, ɗan'uwa a Amurka Holocaust Memorial Museum, kuma shugabar Ƙungiyar Nazarin Isra'ila daga shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2009. Tayi aiki a hukumar Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Poland (PIASA). "Imanina ne," injita game da aikinta, "cewa wallafe-wallafen yana shafar fahimtar ɗan adam da kuma tasirin canji acikin ayyukan zamantakewa, duk da haka tasirinsa ba shi yiwuwa, sau da yawa jinkirta, kuma yana da wuyar aunawa." Labarai Brenner ta buga littattafai bakwai, kuma fiye da labaran 80 a cikin mujallolin ilimi ciki harda Yahudanci na zamani, Nazarin Adabin Kwatancen, Nazarin a cikin Adabin Yahudawa na Amurka, Nazarin Isra'ila, Nazarin Slavic, AJS Review Nazarin Yahudawa Kwata-kwata, Magana, Nazarin Addini, Holocaust da Nazarin Kisan Kisan, da Mahimman Bincike Acikin shekara ta 1992 ta sami lambar yabo ta littafin Yahudawa na Kanada don sukar adabi. Littattafai Assimilation da Assertion: Amsa ga Holocaust a Rubutun Mordekai Richler a shekara ta (1989) AM Klein, Uban Adabin Yahudanci na Kanada: Rubuce-rubuce a cikin Waƙoƙin Ƙaunar ɗan Adam a shekara ta (1990) Rubutu azaman Juriya: Mata Hudu da ke Fuskantar Holocaust: Edith Stein, Simone Weil, Anne Frank, da Etty Hillesum a shekara ta (1997) Haɗaɗɗen Maɗaukaki—Yahudawa da Marubuta Larabawa Isra’ila Sake Nuna Al’adu a shekara ta (2003) 'Yancin don Rubuta: Mace-Mai fasaha da Duniya acikin Ruth Almog 's Fiction a shekara ta (2008, a cikin Ibrananci) Ka'idodin Shaida: Holocaust acikin Diaries na Marubuta na Poland daga Warsaw, cikin shekaru 1939-1945 (2014) Littattafan Yaren mutanen Poland da Holocaust: Shaidar Ido, a shekaru na 1942-1947 (2019) Labarun da aka zaɓa "AM Klein's 'The Hitleriad': Against the Silence of the Apocalypse" shekara ta (1990) "Edith Stein: Karatun tunaninta na mata" a shekara ta (1994) "Tsakanin Identity da Anonymity: Art da Tarihi acikin Aharon Megged 's Foiglman a shekara ta (1995) "Koma zuwa Gaba: Juyin Halitta na A/Teleological a Kwanan nan Almara na Isra'ila" a shekara ta (1996) "Rubuta kanta a kan Tarihi: Hoton Kai na Anne Frank a matsayin matashin matashiya" a shekara ta (1996) "La'anar Uwar ko Mahaifiyar La'ananne: Labarun da aka manta acikin Harsunan da aka haramta a cikin Meir Shalev 's Isuwa a shekara ta (1997) "'Hidden Rubuce-rubucen' An Bayyana Jama'a: Labarin Larabawa na Isra'ila da liyafarsa" shekara ta (1999) "Binciken Identity acikin Labarin Larabawa na Isra'ila: Atallah Mansour, Emile Habiby, da Anton Shammas (2001) Muryoyi daga Rushewa: Shaidu biyu na Shaidu daga Stanisławw Ghetto a shekara ta (2008) "Akida da Ladubbanta: Matsalar Yahudawa (da Yaren mutanen Poland) Maria Dąbrowska (2011) Rayuwarta ta sirri da gado Brenner ta mutu daga cutar kansa acikin shekara ta 2021, tana da shekaru 74, a Madison, Wisconsin Kyautar Rachel Feldhay Brenner acikin Nazarin Yahudawa da Yahudanci an kafa ta ne acikin shekara ta 2021, acikin ƙwaƙwalwarta, ta PIASA. Nassoshi Matattun 2021 Haifaffun
22575	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Ogunlesi	Adebayo Ogunlesi	Adebayo "Bayo" O. Ogunlesi (An haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1953), Ya kasan ce wani lauya ne dan Najeriya kuma ma'aikacin banki ne na saka jari. A yanzu haka shi ne Shugaba da Manajan Abokin Hulɗa a kamfani mai zaman kansa na Kamfanin Infrastructure Partners (GIP). Ogunlesi shi ne tsohon shugaban Bankin Zuba Jari na Bankin Duniya a Credit Suisse First Boston kafin a kara masa girma zuwa Client Officer da kuma Mataimakin Shugaban zartarwa.. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Ogunlesi ya fito ne daga Makun, Sagamu, jihar Ogun a Najeriya Shi ɗa ne ga Theophilus O. Ogunlesi, farfesa ne kuma a fannin ilimin likita na farko a Nijeriya a Jami'ar Ibadan. Iyalinsa asalinsu Yarabawa ne. Ogunlesi ya tafi King's College, Lagos, makarantar sakandare a Legas, Najeriya Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki daga Jami'ar Oxford da dake Ingila A cikin shekara ta 1979, Ogunlesi ya karɓi JD magna cum laude daga Harvard Law School da MBA daga Harvard Business School, wanda ya bi a lokaci guda. A lokacin da yake Harvard, ya kasance kan Harvard Law Review. Ayyuka Daga shekara ta 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1981, Ogunlesi ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na lauya na Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall na Kotun Koli ta Amurka Ogunlesi ya kasance kuma lauya ne a rukunin kamfanoni na lauyoyi na New York City na Cravath, Swaine & Moore, inda ya kasance abokin hulɗa a lokacin rani yayin karatun MBA. A shekarar 1983, Ogunlesi ya shiga bankin zuba jari na First Boston a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan aikin iskar gas na Najeriya. A Farkon Boston, yayi aiki a cikin Financeungiyar Gudanar da Kuɗi, yana ba abokan ciniki shawara game da ma'amaloli da kuɗi kuma ya yi aiki a kan ma'amaloli a Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, Caribbean, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka da Asiya Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2002, shi ne Shugaban Global Energy Group na wancan lokacin wanda aka sake masa suna Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) A shekara ta 2002, Ogunlesi aka nada Global Head of CSFB's Investment Banking Division.Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta 2002, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Babban Suitse na Kwamitin Zartarwa da Kwamitin Gudanarwa. Daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2006, Ogunlesi ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Gudanarwa kuma Babban Jami'in Abokin Ciniki na CSFB. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, Ogunlesi ya kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa, Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), wani hadin gwiwa wanda masu saka jari na farko suka hada da Credit Suisse da General Electric Yanzu haka yana matsayin Shugaba da kuma Manajan Abokin Hulɗa. A cikin shekara ta 2006, GIP ta sayi Filin jirgin saman London A cikin shekara ta 2009, GIP ta sami rinjaye a Filin jirgin saman Gatwick na London a yarjejeniyar da ta kai 1.455 biliyan. Jaridun Najeriya sun ba shi laƙabin, "Mutumin da Ya sayi Filin Jirgin Sama na Gatwick. GIP kuma ta mallaki Filin jirgin saman Edinburgh, wanda suka siya a shekara ta2012, da Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, wanda suka siya a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018.. karin aiki Ogunlesi memba ne na Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Gundumar Columbia. Yayin da yake aiki a Credit Suisse First Boston, ya kasance malami a Harvard Law School da Yale School of Management, inda ya koyar da darasi kan ayyukan saka hannun jari na kasashen duniya a kasashe masu tasowa. A watan Oktoba shekara ta 2012, an naɗa shi a matsayin Shugaban Daraktoci a Goldman Sachs. A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, an nada shi Daraktan Darakta.. A watan Disambar shekara ta 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Ogunlesi, tare da sauran shugabannin kasuwanci, za su kasance wani bangare na Dabarun Tattalin Arziki da Manufofin Donald Trump wanda aka watse a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2017. Rayuwar mutum Ogunlesi an yi aure to Birtaniya-haife likitan ido, Dr. Amelia Quist-Ogunlesi tun shekara ta 1985. Suna da yara biyu. A cikin waƙar Ban mamaki, Burna Boy ya yaba wa Adebayo yana mai faɗin kwazonsa. Kyauta da girmamawa Mai karɓar Cibiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya a Kyautar Kyauta ta New York. Ogunlesi ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan Afirka 100 da mujallar New African ta wallafa a shekara ta 2019. Membobinsu Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard Memba, Kwamitin Mashawarcin Dean Harvard Law School Memba, Majalisar Shugabanci na New York Jami'ar Harvard Memba, Majalisar Shawara ta Duniya NAACP Tsaron Doka da Asusun Ilimi Memba, Hukumar Daraktocin Kasa NewYork Presbyterian Hospital Memba, Kwamitin Amintattu Kawance don Asusun Birnin New York Memba, Kwamitin Daraktoci King's College Old Boys Association Memba Manazarta Submitted to: Professor C. Clyde Ferguson, Jr. [for the] Seminar: Legal Problems of the New International Economics Order (Harvard third year paper) Duba kuma Kawancen Kayayyakin Duniya. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Adebayo O. Ogunlesi a Bloomberg LP Adebayo O. Ogunlesi a Goldman Sachs. Manazarta Yarbawa Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1953 Lauyoyi yan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
22514	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kare%20Hakkin%20Dazuzzuka	Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dazuzzuka	Amazon Watch kungiya ce mai zaman kanta aka kafa a shekarar alif 1996, kuma tana zaune a Oakland, California a Amurika tana aikin kare dazuzzuka da kuma ciyar da haƙƙin yan asalin yankin Amazon. Yana haɗin gwiwa tare da indan asali da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Ecuador, Peru, Colombia da Brazil a cikin kamfen don haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, ba da lissafin kamfanoni da kuma kiyaye tsarin muhalli na Amazon. Gangami A cikin shekarata 1964, Kamfanin Taco na Petaco, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gulf Oil, sun fara binciken mai a Arewa maso Gabashin Ecuador. A cikin shekarar 1974, Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Ecuador, ta yi aiki ta hannun kamfanin mai na ƙasa Petroecuador, ta sami ribar kashi 25%. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Petroecuador ya sami sha'awar Gulf Oil kuma ya zama mai mallakar 62.5% na filin man Lago Agrio. Zuwa shekarar 1993, Petroecuador ya kuma sami sha'awar Texaco. Bayan Texaco ya kammala aikin gyara muhalli, Gwamnatin Ecuador ta duba ta kuma tabbatar da aikin kuma ta 'yantar, ta' yantu kuma ta dawwama har abada "Texaco Petroleum daga" duk wata da'awa ko kara da Gwamnatin Ecuador. Koyaya, a cikin Nuwamban shekarata 1993, wani rukuni na Ecuadorians sun shigar da ƙara a kotu a madadin mazauna 30,000 na yankin Oriente, suna zargin cewa Texaco ya ƙazantar da dazukan ruwan sama. Bayan shigar da kara, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta tabbatar a Aguinda v. Texaco an kori kotu daga baya bisa dandalin da bai dace ba." Don haka, an fara ayyukan shari'a a Ecuador a shekarar 2003. Amazon Watch yana tallafawa masu shigar da kara na Ecuador ta hanyar buga wani kayan aikin jarida da ke zargin cewa Chevron (magajin kamfanin na Texaco) ya kamata a tuhume shi da zubar da na ruwa mai guba mai guba zuwa yankin gandun daji na Amazon na Ecuador wanda ke dauke da mutane sama da 30,000 wanda ake zaton ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan gurbacewar alakar mai, wanda ya zarce na bala'in Exxon Valdez A cikin shekarata 2011, yanke shawara a Ecuador ya umarci Chevron ta biya dala biliyan 9.5. Kotun Koli ta Ecuador a shekarar 2013 ta tabbatar da hukuncin kotun a hukuncin da ta yanke a shafuka 222 wadanda suka yi rubuce rubuce game da matakan gurbatar mai a rayuwa da yawa a tsoffin tsoffin wuraren rijiyoyin Chevron da ke cikin daji. A cikin duka, alƙalai ɗaukaka ƙara a Ecuador sun yi nazarin shaidu kan Chevron kuma sun tabbatar da hukuncin, tare da yin watsi da zargin Chevron na zamba. Lokacin da Chevron ya ƙi bin umarnin dala biliyan 9.5 da aka yanke masa don gurɓatawa a filin man Lago Agrio, babban lauyan masu shigar da kara, Steven R. Donziger, ya yi ƙoƙarin tattara hukuncin a Brazil, Argentina, da Kanada. Daga nan Chevron ya shigar da kara a Amurka, kuma yana dogaro da Dokar Racketeer Tasiri da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (Dokar RICO), ta yi zargin cewa lauyoyin masu shigar da kara a shari'ar Lago Agrio sun shiga almubazzaranci da zamba ta hanyar biyan kusan dala 300,000 a rashawa. don samun hukuncin kotu na 2011 a Ecuador. A ranar 4 ga Mar 2014, Alkali Lewis A. Kaplan ya kammala da cewa "an karkatar da hanyar adalci" kuma ya umarci Donziger da ya gabatar da duk wani aiki na tilastawa a Amurka. Donziger ya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka, Circuit Second. Shafin yanar gizo na Amazon Watch ya bayyana ayyukanta a cikin Ecuador a matsayin "wucewa sama da tallafawa kokarin 'yan asalin don kiyaye yankunansu da kuma cin nasarar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙinsu, Amazon Watch yana kuma inganta hanyoyin hangen nesa waɗanda zasu iya kare yanayin Amazon da al'ummomin yankin. Tsarin Yasuni ITT shine ɗayan irin wannan shirin wanda muka ƙaddamar dashi sosai. Shawarwarin na neman a ajiye kimanin ganga miliyan 900 na danyen mai wanda ke kwance a karkashin dajin Yasuni na din-din-din a cikin kasar don musayar rabin kudaden man da aka manta. Idan an yi daidai, shawarwarin muhimmin mataki ne na farko don adana albarkatun mai a cikin al'adu da keɓaɓɓun yanayin yanayin cikin Ecuador da ma bayan can. Bugu da kari, Amazon Watch mai kara ne a karar da kamfanin mai na Amurka Occidental ya yi saboda lalacewar dazuzzuka na Peruvian. Da farko Kotun Gunduma ta ba da izinin korar ba tare da yanke hukunci kan ko Amazon Watch ya tsaya kai kara ba. A kan daukaka kara, Kotun Yanki ta 9 ta soke sallamar kuma Kotun Koli ta ki nazari. Amazon Watch ya kuma tallafawa 'yan asalin Achuar don adawa da binciken mai a kan filayen su ta kamfanin mai na Canada Talisman da kamfanin Argentina na Pluspetrol. Bugu da ƙari, Amazon Watch yana tallafawa wata makaranta da ke horar da shugabannin asalin ƙasar yadda za su kare haƙƙinsu game da kamfanonin mai da ma'adinai. Dama sauran wasu abubuwan A Brazil, gwamnatin na gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta uku mafi girma a duniya a kan Kogin Xingu, daya daga cikin manyan bakin ruwa na Amazon. Ginin madatsar ruwan na Belo Monte zai karkatar da kashi 80 cikin 100 na kwararar Kogin Xingu, ya lalata yanki sama da murabba'in kilomita 1,500 na dazuzzuka, kuma hakan ya haifar da tilasta yin ƙaura zuwa mutane 40,000. Tare da mutanen Xingu da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Brazil da na ƙasa da ƙasa, Amazon Watch yana aiki don yin rubuce-rubuce da kuma bayyana tasirin tasirin madatsar a kan mazauna yankin da na asali. Rahoton Amazon Watch ya nuna cewa yawan sare dazuzzuka na barazanar ingiza Amazon din ta wuce tafin da ba zai iya murmurewa ba. Rahotannin sun ce a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, kashi 20 cikin 100 na yankin na Amazon an sare shi da wani kaso 20 kuma an kaskanta shi duk hakan na faruwa ne ta hanyar share fili don aikin gona da manyan ayyukan masana'antu kamar bututun mai da iskar gas, madatsun ruwa da hanyoyi. A watan Satumbar shekarata 2016 Amazon Watch ya fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya kammala da cewa shigo da danyen mai da Amurka ke yi yana lalata lalacewar dazuzzuka a cikin Amazon da kuma sakin manyan iskar gas. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, kungiyar kare muhalli ta Mobilize Earth ta ba da sanarwar Waliyyan Rayuwa, na farko daga cikin gajeren fim goma sha biyu da ke nuna manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar bil'adama da duniyar ta duniya. Kudaden da aikin ya tattara zasu tafi Amazon Watch da Rean tawayen tawaye. Manazarta Kara karantawa Majiyoyi Amazon Watch Tashar yanar gizo Dan Jarida Ya Fallasa Yadda Chevron Yayi Kokarin Daukar ta A Matsayin Mai Leken Asiri Don Cin Mutuncin 27B Suit a cikin Ecuadorian Amazon rahoton bidiyo na Democracy Now! Pages with unreviewed
42225	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Star%20of%20India	Order of the Star of India	Maɗaukakin Order na Tauraron Indiya wani tsari ne na chivalry wanda Sarauniya Victoria ta kafa a shekara ta 1861. Odar ta ƙunshi mambobi na aji uku: Babban Kwamandan Knight (GCSI) Matai makin Kwamandan Knight KCSI) Aboki (CSI) Jayajirao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior Ranbir Singh Dogra, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Ba a yi alƙawura ba tun Sabuwar Shekara ta 1948, jim kaɗan bayan Rarraba Indiya a shekara ta 1947. Tare da mutuwar a shekara ta 2009 na jarumin da ya tsira na ƙarshe, Maharaja na Alwar, oda ya zama barci. Taken odar shine "Hasken Sama Jagoranmu". Tauraron Indiya, alamar tsarin da kuma tambarin na yau da kullun na Biritaniya Indiya, an kuma yi amfani da shi azaman tushen jerin tutoci lokacin don wakiltar Daular Indiya. Umurnin shine tsari na biyar mafi girma na Burtaniya na chivalry, yana bin umarnin Garter, Order of the Thistle, Order of St Patrick da Order of Bath Babban oda ne na chivalry hade da British Raj ƙarami zuwa gare shi shine Mafi Girman Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kuma akwai kuma, ga mata kawai, Tsarin Mulki na Crown na Indiya Tarihi Shekaru da yawa bayan Mutiny na Indiya da ƙarfafa ikon Biritaniya a matsayin ikon mulki na kasar Indiya, masarautar Birtaniyya ta yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar sabon tsarin ta jarumta don girmama sarakuna da sarakunan Indiya, da kuma hafsoshi da masu gudanarwa na Burtaniya waɗanda suka yi aiki. a Indiya. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 1861, Sarauniya Victoria ta yi shela mai zuwa: Masu karɓa Oda Wadanda aka nada na farko awurin taron sune: Yariman Consort Yariman Wales Kashirao Dada Saheb Holkar, Raja of Indore Earl Canning, GCB, Gwamna-Janar na Indiya kuma Babban Jagora na Mafi Girman Tsarin Tauraron Indiya Shahu of Kolhapur, Maharaja of Kolhapur Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V, Nizam na 5 na Hyderabad Jayajirao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior Maharaja Duleep Singh, tsohon Maharaja na Daular Sikh Ranbir Singh Dogra, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Tukojirao Holkar, Maharaja of Indore Narendra Singh, Maharaja of Patiala Khanderrao Gaekwad, Maharaja of Baroda Maharaja Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana na Nepal Maharaja Bahadur Sir JAIMANGAL Singh na Gidhaur Estate KCSI 24.05.1866. Maharaja Bahadur Sir Ravaneshwar Singh na Gidhaur Estate KCIE 25.05.1895. Nawab Sikander Begum, Nawab Begum na Bhopal Yusef Ali Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Rampur Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur, Nawab of Dhaka Viscount Gough, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Indiya Lord Harris, Gwamnan Madras Lord Clyde, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Indiya Sir George Russell Clerk, Gwamnan Bombay Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence, Bt, GCB, Laftanar-Gwamnan Punjab Sir James Outram, Bt, GCB, Memba na Mataimakin Mataimakin Sir Hugh Henry Rose, GCB, Babban Kwamandan Sojojin na Indiya Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi Asaf Jah VII 7th Nizam of Hyderabad Maharaj Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV, Nawab of Bahawalpur Ba a taɓa soke umarnin a bisa ƙa'ida, kuma Charles III ya gaji mahaifiyarsa Elizabeth II a matsayin tana Sarkin oda lokacin da ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta2022. Ya ci gaba da zama Sarkin Doka har yau. Koyaya, babu mambobi masu rai na oda. Mata uku ne kawai ke a cikin odar: Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum na Bhopal da 'yarta, Hajjah Nawab Begum Dame Sultan Jahan, da Maryamu na Teck Babban Jagora na oda na ƙarshe, Admiral na Fleet The Earl Mountbatten na Burma (1900-1979), IRA na wucin gadi ya kashe shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta1979. Babban Kwamandan Knight mai tsira na ƙarshe, Maharaja Sree Padmanabhadasa Sir Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma GCSI, GCIE, Maharajah na Travancore (1912-1991); ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Yuli 1991 a Trivandrum Kwamandan Knight na ƙarshe da ya tsira, Maharaja Sir Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur KCSI (1911-2009), Maharaja na Alwar, ya mutu a ranar 15 a watan Fabrairu 2009 a New Delhi. Abokin odar na ƙarshe da ya tsira, Mataimakin Admiral Sir Ronald Brockman CSI (909–1999), ya mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif 1999 a Landan. Abun cikin Sarkin Biritaniya shine, kuma har yanzu shi ne, Mallakin oda. Babban memba na gaba shine Grand Master, matsayin da Mataimakin Indiya ya gudanar. Lokacin da aka kafa odar a cikin shekara ta 1861, akwai aji ɗaya kawai na Abokin Knights, wanda ya ɗauki KSI postnominals. A 1866, duk da haka, an fadada shi zuwa aji uku. Membobin ajin farko an san su da "Knights Grand Commander" (maimakon "Knights Grand Cross" na yau da kullum) don kada su cutar da Indiyawan da ba Kiristanci ba da aka nada zuwa oda. Duk waɗannan membobin da suka tsira waɗanda aka riga aka yi wa Knights Abokin oda an san su da suna Knights Grand Commander. Tsofaffin mataimakan da sauran manyan jami'ain, da kuma wadanda suka yi aiki a Sashen Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen kasar Indiya na akalla shekaru talatin sun cancanci nadin. Sarakunan jihohin Yariman kasar Indiya suma sun cancanci a nada. Wasu jihohin suna da matukar mahimmanci ta yadda kusan ko da yaushe ake nada sarakunan su manyan kwamandojin Knights; irin waɗannan sarakunan sun haɗa da Nizam na Hyderabad, Maharaja na Mysore, Maharaja na Jammu da Kashmir, Maharaja na Baroda, Maharajas na Gwalior, Nawab na Bhopal, Maharaja na Indore, Maharajas na Singrauli, Maharana na Udaipur, Maharaja na Travancore, da Maharaja na Jodhpur da kuma Maharao na Cutch Kashi Naresh Prabhu Narayan Singh na Benares da Sir Azizul Haque aka nada Knight a matsayin Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) a 1892 da 1941 bi da bi, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) a 1898, da Knight Grand Kwamandan Order of the Star of India (GCSI) don hidimarsa a yakin duniya na farko a cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta 1921. Sarakunan wasu al'ummomi a kasar Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Sarkin Kuwait, Maharajas na daular Rana, Khedive na Masar, Sarkin Bhutan da sarakunan Zanzibar, Bahrain da Oman kuma an nada su a cikin Order. Kamar wasu sarakunan jahohin sarakuna, wasu sarakuna na musamman, misali Maharajas na daular Rana ko Sultans of Oman, yawanci ana nada manyan kwamandojin kasar Knights. Mata, sun ceci sarakunan sarauta, ba su cancanci yin nadi ga oda ba. Ba kamar al'adar wasu kabilu ne ba umarni da yawa ba, an yarda da su a matsayin "Knights", maimakon "Dames" ko "Ladies". Mace ta farko da aka shigar da ita cikin odar ita ce Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum na Bhopal; An halicce ta a Knight Companion a kafuwar Order a shekara 1861. An gyara ƙa'idodin odar musamman don ba da izinin shigar da Sarauniya Maryamu a matsayin Babban Kwamandan masarautar Knight a shekara ta 1911. Tufafi da acoutrements na kayan ado Membobin odar sun sanya kayan ado na musamman akan muhimman lokutan bukukuwa al`adu: Tufafin, wanda Knights Grand Commander kawai ke sawa, an yi shine da satin shuɗi mai haske wanda aka yi masa layi da farin siliki. A gefen hagu akwai wakilcin tauraro (duba ƙasa). Abin wuya, wanda kuma Knights Grand Commander kawai ke sawa, an yi shi da zinari. Ya ƙunshi madaidaicin adadi na magarya, jajayen wardi da fari da rassan dabino, tare da kambin sarauta a tsakiya tufafin. A wasu kwanakin abin wuya da Mai Martaba ya ayyana, membobin da ke halartar al'amuran yau da kullun suna sanya kwalawar oda a kan kakin sojan kasar, rigar rana, ko suturar yamma. Lokacin da aka sanya kwalar (ko dai a ranakun abin wuya ko a lokuta na yau da kullun kamar nadin sarauta), an dakatar da alamar daga kwala. A su lokatai marasa mahimmanci, an yi amfani da insignia mafi sauƙi: Tauraron, wanda aka sawa kawai ta Knights Grand Commanders sun hada da fashewar rana, tare da manyan haskoki ashirin da shida da ke canzawa tare da ƙananan haskoki ashirin da shida;da ya kasance a cikin zinari da madauwari ga Manyan Kwamandojin Knights, kuma a cikin azurfa da maki takwas don Kwamandojin Knights. A tsakiyar faɗuwar rana akwai zoben shuɗi mai haske mai ɗauke da taken Order. A cikin kintinkiri akwai tauraro mai nuni biyar, wanda aka yi masa ado da lu'u-lu'u don manyan kwamandojin Knights. Alamar ta Knights Grand Commanders ne ke sawa a kan ribbon haske mai launin fari mai launin shuɗi, ko sarƙa, wanda ke wucewa daga kafadar dama zuwa hips na hagu, kuma ta Knights Commanders da Sahabbai daga wani kintinkiri mai haske mai launin fari mai launin shuɗi a wuya. Ya haɗa da wani oval, mai ɗauke da siffar Maɗaukaki, kewaye da zoben shuɗi mai haske mai ɗauke da taken Order; An dakatar da oval daga tauraro mai nuni biyar, wanda za'a iya yi masa ado da lu'u-lu'u dangane da aji. Ba kamar alamar yawancin sauran umarni na chivalric na Biritaniya ba, alamar Order of the Star of India ba ta haɗa da giciye ba, saboda ana ganin ba za a yarda da su ga Sarakunan Indiya da aka nada a oda ba. Gaba da gata Membobin kowane kabilu oda an ba su mukamai bisa tsari na gaba. Matan mambobi na kowane kabilu kuma sun fito bisa tsarin fifiko, kamar yadda 'ya'ya maza, mata da mata na Knights Grand Commanders da Knights Commanders suka yi. (Dubi tsari na gaba a Ingila da Wales don ainihin matsayi.) Manyan Kwamandojin Knights sun yi amfani da baƙaƙenbayan suna "GCSI", Kwamandojin Knights "KCSI" da Sahabbai "CSI". Manyan Kwamandojin Knights da Kwamandojin Knight sun sanya “Sir” zuwa sunayen farko. Matan Manyan Kwamandojin Knights da Kwamandojin Knight na iya yin prefix "Lady" zuwa sunayen sunayensu. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan ba su yi amfani da takwarorinsu da sarakunan Indiya ba, sai dai lokacin da aka rubuta sunayen na farko a cikin cikakkun siffofinsu. Knights Grand Commanders kuma sun sami damar karɓar magoya bayan heraldic Suna iya, kuma, kewaye da hannayensu tare da hoton da'irar (da'irar da ke ɗauke da taken) da kuma abin wuya ana nuna tsohon ko dai a waje ko a saman na karshen. An ba da izinin kwamandojin Knights da Sahabbai su nuna da'irar, amma ba abin wuya ba, kewaye da hannayensu. Ana nuna alamar an dakatar da shi daga kwala ko da'irar. Hotonan masuyin oda Duba kuma Jerin Manyan Kwamandan kasar Knights na Order of the Star of India Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Proclamation founding the Order of the Star of India, london-gazette.co.uk, 25 June 1861. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Ranbir Singh Dogra, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Jayajirao Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior
36442	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20kayan%20tarihi%20na%20Yemisi%20Shyllon	Gidan kayan tarihi na Yemisi Shyllon	Gidan tarihi na Yemisi Shyllon gidan kayan gargajiya ne na zamani dake Ibeju-Lekki, Jihar Legas, Najeriya Tarihi Yariman Yarbawa na Abeokuta, Yemisi Shyllon ne ya kawo shawarar samar da gidan kayan gargajiya wanda ya tattara hotuna 55,000 da zane-zane 7,000, wanda Shyllon ya hada wanda suka ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha na masu zane 'yan Najeriya, amma kuma ya ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha na masu fasaha daga wasu ƙasashen Afirka kamar Ghana, Senegal, Afirka ta Kudu, Kamaru da Togo. Masanin gidan tarihi dan kasar Sipaniya-Nigeria Jesse Castellote ne ya tsara gidan tarihin, wanda ya kunshi zane-zane kusan 1,2000, wadanda Shyllon ya bayar da su. Abubuwan nunin kayan tarihi guda biyu na farko sun shafi fasahar Najeriya. Wannan shi ne gidan tarihi na jami'o'i na farko da Najeriya ke samun tallafi mai zaman kansa a kansa. A cikin Satumba 2014, Yemisi Shyllon ya gabatar da ra'ayin ƙirƙirar gidan kayan gargajiya a Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic. A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, Yemisi Shyllon ya bayar da gudummawa da yawa don gina gidan kayan gargajiya. An fara gina gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin 2018. An kaddamar da gidan kayan gargajiyar ne a watan Oktobar 2019. A cikin Nuwamba 2020, gidan kayan gargajiyar ya sami lambar yabo ta Apollo don Buɗe Kyautar Shekara. A watan Mayu 2021, gidan kayan gargajiyar zai shiga cikin shirin Museum Futures Africa, aikin da ke da nufin bunkasa gidajen tarihi a nahiyar Afirka. Tun daga Oktoba 2021, gidan kayan gargajiyar ya kasance wani ɓangare na dandalin Google Arts & Al'adu. Tare da haɗin guiwar Google, an ƙididdige kayan tarihi guda 150 daga gidan kayan gargajiyar, tare da ƙarin yawon shakatawa na kama-da-wane tare da fasalin 'Google Street View' Kayayyaki Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi ayyukan fasaha daga mawakan Yammacin Afirka daban-daban kamar El Anatsui, Uche Okeke da Bruce Onobrakpeya. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi tarin kayayyaki da aka sassaka na tarihi. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi zane-zane da suka fara tun zamanin mulkin mallaka zuwa yau. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi Nok terracotta da ake samu a Igbo-Ukwu da Arewa ta Tsakiyar Najeriya, tare da kayan fasahar Ife da fasahar Benin. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi sassaka ta katako na gargajiya na Afirka na ɗan wasan Yarbawa Lamidi Olonade Fakeye. Bugu da ƙari, gidan kayan gargajiyar ya ƙunshi zane-zane na masu fasaha wadanda suka haɗa da Ben Enwonwu, Peju Alatise, Victor Ehikhamenor, Akinola Lasekan da Aina Onabolu. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi sassaken tagulla na kan Ife. Gidan tarihin na dauke da hotunan bukukuwan al'adu daban-daban a Najeriya, mafi yawan wadannan hotunan Ariyo Oguntimehin ne ya shirya su. Bugu da kari, gidan adana kayan tarihin yana da sassaka ta Isiaka Osunde, Oladapo Afolayan, Adeola Balogun da Okpu Eze. Gidan kayan gargajiya kuma yana da tarin sassaka ta ita ce. Gidan tarihin ya kunshi tarin abubuwan rufe fuska na Afikpo, wadanda aka yi da ita ce na gargajiya da al'ummar Afikpo, wata kabila ce ta jihar Ebonyi ke amfani da ita. A watan Agustan 2021, gidan kayan gargajiya ya gabatar da wani baje koli mai suna "Hannun da ba a iya cin nasara ba", wanda aka yi niyya don murnar gudunmawar fasaha na mata masu fasaha na Najeriya, tare da zane-zane na Nmadinachi Egwim, Ayobola Kekere-Ekun, Damilola Tejuoso, Winifred Ukpong, Chidinma Nnoli, Fati Abubakar, Joy Labinjo, Abigail Nnaji, Lucy Azubuike, Taiye Idahor da Olawunmi Banjo. Gidan kayan tarihin ya ƙunshi wani sashe da aka keɓe ga membobin Makarantar Fasaha ta Oshogbo, wanda ke nuna ayyukan Muraino Oyelami, Susanne Wenger, Rufus Ogundele da Nike Davies-Okundaye. Gidan kayan tarihin ya kuma ƙunshi Tirelolin Divination na Ifa. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana cikin tarin abubuwan tarihi tun daga karni na 16 daga Masarautar Benin, haka nan gidan kayan gargajiya yana da hoton masarauta tun karni na 14 mallakar masarautar Ife. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Twitter Facebook Manazarta Gidajen kyan tarihi na
35217	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Municipality%20of%20Manitou%20Lake%20No.%20442	Rural Municipality of Manitou Lake No. 442	Karamar Hukumar Manitou Lake No. 442 yawan jama'a a shekara ta 2016 573 birni ne na karkara (RM) a cikin lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Sashin ƙidayar jama'a na 13 da Sashen mai lamba 6 Tarihi RM na Lake Manitou No. 442 an haɗa shi azaman gundumar karkara a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1910. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga tafkin Manitou, wanda shine Algonquian don "halitta mai ban mamaki". A cikin 1905, mazaunan farko sun fito daga yankunan Kanada, Tsibirin Biritaniya, da Amurka An san yankin da gundumar Manitou Lake. A cikin 1907-1908 an kafa gidan waya a gidan Mista Alex Wright, kusan mil daya daga arewa maso gabas na garin Marsden na yanzu. Ofishin gidan waya ya yi hidima ga yankunan karkarar da ke kewaye. Wrights sun sanya wa gidan waya suna 'Marsden'. Wani labari ya ba da labarin sunan kamar yadda ya samo asali daga wurin haifuwar Mrs. Wright in Yorkshire, Ingila Wani rahoton kuma an sanya masa suna bayan sanannen Dutsen Marsden da ke kusa da Newcastle, Ingila. Yankin da ke kusa ya zama sananne da gundumar Marsden Rural Post Office District. Tsakanin 1919 zuwa 1922, an mayar da gidan waya mil daya kudu zuwa ofishin RM na Manitou Lake No. 442. A shekara ta 1905, an lulluɓe ƙasar da dogayen ciyawa da ake magana da ita a matsayin 'wul na ulu'. Akwai 'yan bishiyu ko bluffs. Ƙasar baƙar fata mai albarka ta jawo hankalin mazaunan farko zuwa yankin kuma ba da daɗewa ba gonaki suka bunkasa tare da gidajen sod da katako. Manoman sun juya sod ɗin tare da ƙungiyoyin doki da na sa, wani lokaci suna amfani da garma mai yawo (suky) don shirya ƙasa don shuka hatsi. An yanyanka hatsi da abin ɗaure, a murɗe, ana sussuka. Manoma suna jigilar hatsi ta wagon ko sleigh-doki zuwa Zumbro da Artland A cikin watannin hunturu, ana jigilar hatsi a kan kankara na tafkin Manitou. Mazaunan farko sun sayi kayan abinci da kayayyaki a Lashburn, Artland, ko Chauvin, Alberta Shahararriyar hanyar siyayya ta lokacin ita ce kasida ta Eaton. Yaran mazauni sun fara zuwa makaranta a Learig, kuma a cikin 1925 an gina ɗakin makaranta mai ɗaki huɗu a cikin ƙauyen Marsden Geography Al'ummomi da yankuna Gundumomin birni masu zuwa suna kewaye da RM. Kauyuka Marsden Al'ummomin da ba a haɗa su ba suna cikin RM. Yankuna Artland Cire nasara Tafkuna da koguna Mai zuwa shine jerin fitattun tafkuna da koguna a cikin RM: Lake Manitou Wells Lake Tafkunan Reflex Kogin Yaƙi Eyehill Creek Alkaluma A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Kanada ta gudanar, RM na tafkin Manitou Lamba 442 yana da yawan jama'a 505 da ke zaune a cikin 199 daga cikin jimlar 250 na gidajen zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -11.9% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 573 Tare da yanki na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.6/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, RM na tafkin Manitou No. 442 ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 573 da ke zaune a cikin 209 daga cikin 236 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 4.8% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 547 Tare da filin ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 0.7/km a cikin 2016. Tattalin Arziki Noma, shanu, da mai sune masana'antu na farko ga yawan mazauna 590 na RM na tafkin Manitou. Alkama, canola, sha'ir, hatsi, Peas, da flax sune amfanin gona na yau da kullun a yankin. Yankin ya shahara saboda kyawawan shanun da suka sami kyautar da suka haɗa da Hereford, Charolais, Simmental, da Angus Ana iya lura da bambancin aikin noma tare da samar da dabbobi na musamman kamar su alkama da bison Masana'antar mai na taka rawa sosai a tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Rijiyoyin mai da batura a karkara sun tabbatar da hakar danyen mai mai yawa a yankin. Sufuri Mai zuwa shine jerin manyan hanyoyin Saskatchewan a cikin RM: Hanyar Saskatchewan 40 Hanyar Saskatchewan 675 Hanyar Saskatchewan 680 Big Manitou Regional Park Big Manitou Regional Park wani wurin shakatawa ne na yanki da ke arewa maso yamma na tafkin Manitou, kusa da inda rafin da ke malala tafkin Wells ya kwarara zuwa tafkin Manitou. An kafa wannan wurin shakatawa ne a cikin 1975 a matsayin wani yanki na Yankin Yankin Suffern Lake A cikin 2019, an ba shi cikakken matsayin wurin shakatawa kuma an ba shi suna Big Manitou Regional Park a hukumance. Yana da nisan kudu da gabas da Marsden Wuraren shakatawa sun haɗa da filin sansani tare da wuraren zama na 32, shawa, gidan dafa abinci, filayen wasa, ramukan dawakai, lu'u-lu'u na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, da filin ƙwallon ƙafa Manitou Lake Golf Club kuma yana cikin wurin shakatawa. Hanya ce mai ramuka 9, koren yashi. Manitou Sand Hills Manitou Sand Hills kadada 105,000 ne na filin kiwo na Crown da gwamnatin Saskatchewan ta kebe wanda ke kewaye da yawancin rabin kudancin tafkin Manitou a kudancin yankin RM. Akwai tafiye-tafiye na zango da shiryarwa ta hanyar Manitou Sand Hills, waɗanda ke ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wurare na Yammacin Kanada Gwamnati RM na tafkin Manitou mai lamba 442 ana gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun majalissar ƙaramar hukuma da naɗaɗɗen gudanarwa wanda ke ganawa a ranar Alhamis ta farko bayan Talata ta farko na kowane wata. Reve na RM shine Ian Lamb yayin da mai kula da shi shine Joanne Loy. Ofishin RM yana cikin Marsden. Duba kuma Jerin kananan hukumomin karkara a cikin Saskatchewan Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan Jerin wuraren kariya na Saskatchewan Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40119	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem	Jerusalem	Jerusalem sələm/; Urushalima; Al-Quds Al-Sharif birni ne, da ke a Yammacin Asiya.Tana kan tudun Yahudawa tsakanin Tekun Bahar Rum da Tekun Gishiri, tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a duniya kuma ana ɗaukarsa birni mai tsarki ga manyan addinan Ibrahim guda uku: Yahudanci, Kiristanci, da Musulunci. Isra'ilawa da Falasdinawan duka suna ikirarin birnin Kudus a matsayin babban birninsu, yayin da Isra'ila ke rike da cibiyoyin gwamnatinta na farko a can kuma kasar Falasdinu a karshe ta yi hasashen cewa ita ce ke da kujerar mulki. Saboda wannan takaddama, ba a san da'awar ba a duniya. A cikin dogon tarihinta, an halaka Urushalima aƙalla sau biyu, an kewaye ta sau 23, an kama ta kuma an sake kama ta sau 44, an kuma kai hari sau 52. Sashen Urushalima da ake kira birnin Dauda ya nuna alamun farko na zama a cikin ƙarni na 4 K.Z., a cikin siffar sansani na makiyaya. A lokacin Kan'aniyawa (ƙarni na 14 KZ), ana kira Urushalima da sunan Urusalim akan allunan Masarawa na da, mai yiwuwa ma'anar "Birnin Shalem bayan gunkin Kan'aniyawa. A lokacin Isra’ilawa, an soma gagarumin aikin gine-gine a Urushalima a ƙarni na 9 K.Z. (Age II), kuma a ƙarni na 8 K.Z., birnin ya zama cibiyar addini da gudanarwa na Mulkin Yahudawa A cikin shekarar 1538, an sake gina ganuwar birnin a karo na ƙarshe a kewayen Urushalima a ƙarƙashin Suleiman Mai Girman Daular Usmaniyya. A yau waɗancan ganuwar suna bayyana Tsohon birni, wanda aka raba bisa al'ada zuwa kashi huɗu-wanda aka sani tun farkon ƙarni na 19 a matsayin yankin Armeniya, Kiristanci, Bayahude, da Musulmai. Tsohon birni ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin shekarar 1981, kuma tana cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya cikin haɗari. Tun daga shekara ta 1860, Urushalima ta yi girma fiye da iyakokin Tsohon birnin. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015, Kudus tana da mazauna kusan 850,000, wanda ya ƙunshi Yahudawan Isra'ila kusan 200,000, Yahudawan Haredi 350,000 da Falasɗinawa 300,000. A cikin shekarar 2016, yawan jama'a ya kai 882,700, wanda yahudawa sun ƙunshi 536,600 (61%), Musulmai 319,800 (36%), Kirista 15,800 (2%), da 10,300 waɗanda ba a tantance su ba (1%). Bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, Sarki Dauda ya ci birnin daga hannun Yebusiyawa kuma ya kafa ta a matsayin babban birnin Ƙasar Ingila na Isra’ila, kuma ɗansa, Sarki Sulemanu, ya ba da umarnin gina Temple na Farko. Masana na zamani suna jayayya cewa Yahudawa sun fito daga al’ummar Kan’aniyawa da al’adunsu ta wurin haɓaka addini guda ɗaya—da kuma daga baya na tauhidi—addini da ke kan El/Yahweh. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru a farkon karni na 1 K.Z., sun ɗauki babban mahimmancin alama ga mutanen Yahudawa. Sobriquet na birni mai tsarki Wataƙila an haɗa shi da Urushalima a lokacin da aka yi hijira. Tsarkin Urushalima a cikin Kiristanci, wanda aka kiyaye shi a cikin fassarar Hellenanci na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, wanda Kiristoci suka ɗauka a matsayin nasu "Tsohon Alkawari", an ƙarfafa ta da labarin Sabon Alkawari na gicciye Yesu da tashinsa daga matattu a can. A cikin Islama na Sunna, Kudus ita ce birni na uku mafi tsarki, bayan Makka da Madina. Birnin shi ne alqibla ta farko, madaidaicin alkiblar musulmi (salah), kuma a cikin al'adar Musulunci, Annabi Muhammadu (SWA) ya yi Tafiyar Dare a can a shekara ta 621, ya je al'arshi inda yayi magana da Allah, bisa ga yadda Alkur'ani ya bayyana. A sakamakon haka, duk da samun yanki na kawai Tsohon birni gida ne ga wurare da yawa na mahimmancin addini, daga cikinsu akwai Dutsen Temple tare da bangonsa na Yamma, Dome na Rock da Masallacin al-Aqsa, da Cocin Mai Tsarki. A yau, matsayin birnin Kudus ya kasance daya daga cikin batutuwan da ke cikin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. A lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948, yammacin birnin Kudus na daga cikin yankunan da Isra'ila ta kwace daga bisani kuma ta mamaye gabashin birnin Kudus, ciki har da tsohon birnin kasar Jordan daga baya. Isra'ila ta kwace Gabashin Kudus daga kasar Jordan a lokacin yakin kwanaki shida na 1967 sannan daga bisani ta mamaye birnin na Kudus, tare da karin yankunan da ke kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin Dokokin Isra'ila, Dokar Kudus ta 1980, tana nufin Urushalima a matsayin babban birnin ƙasar da ba a raba. Dukkan sassan gwamnatin Isra'ila suna birnin Kudus, ciki har da Knesset (majalisar dokokin Isra'ila), da gidajen Firayim Minista (Beit Aghion da kuma shugaban kasa (Beit HaNassi), da kuma Kotun Koli. Kasashen duniya sun yi watsi da mamayen a matsayin haramtacce kuma suna daukar Gabashin Kudus a matsayin yankin Falasdinawa da Isra'ila ta mamaye. Hotuna Manazarta Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Biranen
19930	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawa%20Muhaiyaddeen	Bawa Muhaiyaddeen	Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen wanda aka fi sani da Bawa (An haife shi a shekarar 1900-ya rasu 8 Disamban shekarata 1986). ya kasance malami mai magana da yaren Tamil kuma Sufi sufi daga Sri Lanka wanda ya zo Amurka a shekara ta 1971, ya kafa mabiya, Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a Philadelphia Ya haɓaka rassa a Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya da Burtaniya yana ƙarawa zuwa ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a Jaffna da Colombo, Sri Lanka. An san shi da koyarwarsa, jawabai, waƙoƙi, da zane-zane. Rayuwar farko Ko da yake ba a san komai game da rayuwarsa ta farko ba, aikin Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya fara ne a kasar Sri Lanka a farkon shekara ta 1940s, lokacin da ya fito daga dajin arewacin Sri Lanka. Bawa ya sadu da mahajjata waɗanda ke ziyartar wuraren bauta a arewa, kuma sannu-sannu ya zama sananne sosai. Akwai rahotanni game da mafarki ko haɗuwa da Bawa waɗanda suka gabaci saduwa da jiki. A cewar wani lissafi daga shekara ta 1940, Bawa ya dau lokaci a Kataragama wani wurin bauta a dajin kudu da kuma tsibirin, da kuma a cikin 'Jailani', wani wurin ibada na tsauni da aka keɓe wa Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani na Baghdad, wani tarayyar da ke alakanta shi da tsarin Qadiriyya na Sufanci. Yawancin mabiyansa waɗanda ke zaune a kewayen arewacin garin Jaffna 'yan Hindu ne kuma sun yi masa magana a matsayin swami ko guru, inda ya kasance mai warkarwa da imani na kuma ya warkar da mallakar aljanu Bayan haka, mabiyansa sun kafa ashram a Jaffna, da gona a kudu da garin. Bayan ya sadu da matafiya daga kudu, an kuma gayyace shi ya ziyarci Colombo, babban birnin Sri Lanka, a lokacin Ceylon. Zuwa shekara ta v1967, 'erenalibai ɗaliban Colombo waɗanda galibinsu Musulmai ne suka kafa' Serendib Sufi Study Circle A farkon shekara ta 1955, Bawa ya kafa harsashin ginin 'gidan Allah' ko masallaci a garin Mankumban, a gabar arewa. Wannan sakamakon sakamakon "gogewa ta ruhaniya tare da Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu." Bayan shekaru 20, ɗalibai daga Amurka waɗanda ke ziyarar Jaffna ashram suka gama ginin. An buɗe ta a hukumance kuma an sadaukar da ita a shekarar 1975. Bawa ya koyar ta amfani da labarai da tatsuniyoyi, wanda ya nuna asalin ɗalibin ko mai sauraren sa kuma ya haɗa da Hindu, Buddha, Bayahude, Kirista, da al'adun addinan musulmai; da kuma maraba da mutane daga dukkan al'adu da al'adu. Yi aiki a Amurka A cikin shekara ta 1971, an gayyaci Bawa zuwa kasar Amurka kuma daga baya ya koma Philadelphia, kafa mabiya, kuma ya kafa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship a cikin shekara ta 1973. Gidan taron zumunci ya gabatar da taron jama'a na mako-mako. Kamar yadda yake a kasar Sri Lanka, Bawa ya sami cigaba tsakanin mabiya addinai, zamantakewa da ƙabila daban-daban, waɗanda suka zo Philadelphia don sauraron maganarsa A cikin Amurka, ƙasar Kanada da Ingila, malaman addini, 'yan jaridu, malamai da shugabanni sun amince da shi. Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Robert Muller, ya nemi jagorar Bawa a madadin 'yan adam yayin ganawa a shekara ta 1974. A lokacin rikicin garkuwa da mutanen Iran na shekara ta 1978-1980, ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga shugabannin duniya da suka hada da Khomeini na Iran, Firayim Minista Begin, Shugaba Sadat da Shugaba Carter don karfafa sasanta rikicin cikin lumana. Mujallar Times, a lokacin rikicin a shekarar 1980, ta ambato Bawa yana cewa lokacin da Iraniyawa suka fahimci Kur'ani "za su saki wadanda aka yi garkuwar da su nan take." Tattaunawa da Bawa sun bayyana a cikin Psychology A yau, Harvard Divinity Bulletin, da kuma a cikin Filadelfia Inquirer da kuma Pittsburgh Press Ya ci gaba da koyarwa har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1986. A Bayansa A watan Mayu, na shekara ta 1984, an kammala Masallacin Shaikh MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a kan kayan Philadelphia na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, a kan Overbrook Avenue. Ginin ya ɗauki watanni 6 kuma kusan dukkanin aikin membobin ƙungiyar ne suka yi shi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Bawa. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Farm ne a Chester County, Pennsylvania, kudu da Coatesville da prominently siffofi Bawa ta kabarin, ko Mazar Ginin ya fara jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarsa kuma an kammala shi a cikin shekara ta 1987. Wuri ne na mabiya addinai. Bawa ya kafa cin ganyayyaki a matsayin ƙa'idar mabiyansa kuma ba a ba da izinin kayan nama a cibiyar tarayya ko gona ba. Bawa ya kirkiro zane-zane da zane wanda ke nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutum da Allah, yana mai bayyana aikin fasaharsa a matsayin "aikin zuciya." Misalai guda biyu an sake buga su a cikin littafinsa na Hikimar Mutum wani kuma shine bangon gaban littafin na Matakai Hudu zuwa Tsarkake Iman A cikin 1976, Bawa ya yi rikodin kuma ya fitar da kundin faifai na tunani, a kan Folkways Records mai taken, Cikin Sirrin Zuciya daga Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen. A Amurka, daga shekara ta 1971 zuwa shekara ta 1986, Bawa ya wallafa littattafai sama da ashirin da biyar, wanda aka kirkira daga sama da awanni 10,000 na rikodin sauti da bidiyo na jawabansa da wakokinsa. Wasu taken sun samo asali ne daga Sri Lanka kafin isowarsa Amurka kuma an sake rubuta su daga baya. Baungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen tana ci gaba da karatu da kuma yada wannan ma'ajiyar koyarwar tasa. Ba ta sanya sabon shugaba ko Sheik don maye gurbin matsayinsa na malami da jagorar kansa ba. Laqabinsa da girmamawa Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ana kiransa Guru, Swami, Sheikh ko Mai Martaba ya danganta da asalin mai magana ko marubucin. Ya aka ma jawabi kamar yadda Bawangal da wadanda Tamil jawabai da suke kusa da shi, shi da wanda ya so ya yi amfani da wani m adireshin.Ya sau da yawa kira kansa a matsayin 'tururuwa mutum', watau, wani sosai kananan rayuwa a cikin halittar Allah. Bayan isowarsa Amurka, ana kiransa da Guru Bawa ko kuma kawai Bawa, kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar. Zuwa shekara ta 1976, ya ji cewa wasu waɗanda ba malamai na gaske ba sun wulaƙanta taken 'guru' kuma ya bar taken Guru, tare da ƙungiyar ta zama Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, ɗalibansa sun yi amfani da Kutb mai daraja a cikin wallafe-wallafen maganganun nasa. Qutb yana nufin sanda ko axis, kuma yana nuna cibiyar ruhaniya. Sunan Muhaiyaddeen na nufin 'mai rayarwa zuwa imani na gaskiya' kuma an danganta shi da Kutub da suka gabata. Bayanansa "Sallolin da kuke yi, ayyukan da kuke yi, sadaka da kauna da kuke bayar daidai yake da digo ɗaya. Amma idan kuka yi amfani da wannan digo guda, ku ci gaba da aikinku, kuma ku ci gaba da tonowa a ciki, to sai mabudin falalar Allah da halayensa za su gudana a yalwace. "Mutanen da suke da hikima sun san cewa yana da muhimmanci su gyara kuskurensu, yayin da mutane ba tare da hikima ba suke ganin ya zama dole a nuna kuskuren wasu. Mutanen da ke da ƙaƙƙarfan bangaskiya sun san cewa yana da mahimmanci a tsabtace zukatansu, yayin da waɗanda ke da bangaskiya mara ƙarfi suna neman ɓata cikin zukatan wasu da addu'o'insu. Wannan ya zama dabi'a a rayuwarsu. Amma wadanda suka roki Allah da imani da azama da yakini sun san cewa mafi muhimmanci a rayuwa shi ne mika zukatansu ga Allah "Abubuwan da suka canza ba shine ainihin rayuwar mu ba. A cikinmu akwai wani jiki, wani kyau. Na wannan hasken haske ne wanda baya canzawa. Dole ne mu gano yadda ake cudanya da shi kuma mu zama ɗaya da wannan abin da ba ya canzawa. Dole ne mu gane kuma mu fahimci wannan taskar gaskiya. Don haka ne muka zo duniya "Loveaunar ku, yayana. Kadan ne cikin mutane zasu yarda da maganin hikima. Hankali ya ƙi hikima. Amma idan kun yarda da yarda da shi, za ku sami alherin, kuma lokacin da kuka sami wannan alherin, kuna da halaye masu kyau. Lokacin da kuka sami halaye masu kyau, zaku san ƙauna ta gaskiya, kuma idan kuka karɓi soyayya, za ku ga haske. Lokacin da kuka karɓi haske, za ku ga ƙyalli, kuma idan kuka karɓi wannan ƙyallen, dukiyar duniyan nan uku za ta cika a cikinku. Da wannan cikakkiyar, za ku karɓi mulkin Allah, kuma za ku san Ubanku. Idan kuka ga Mahaifinku, duk alaƙar ku da karma, yunwa, cuta, tsufa zai bar ku. Jikokina, wannan shine yadda abubuwa suke da gaske. Dole ne muyi komai tare da kauna a cikin zukatanmu. Allah na kowa ne. Ya ba da gama gari ga dukan halittunsa, kuma kada mu ɗauka da kanmu. Kada mu dauki fiye da rabonmu. Dole ne zukatanmu su narke da kauna, dole ne mu raba komai da wasu, kuma dole ne mu bayar da kauna don sanya wasu cikin lumana. Sa'annan zamuyi nasarar kyan mu na gaske da kuma kwatowar ruhin mu. Da fatan za a yi tunani a kan wannan. Addu'a, halayen Allah, ayyukan Allah, imani da Allah, da kuma bautar Allah su ne falalar ku. Idan kana da wadannan, Allah zai zama naka kuma arzikin lahira zai zama naka. Jikokina, ku fahimci hakan a rayuwar ku. Ka yi la’akari da rayuwarka, ka nemi hikima, ka nemi ilimi, ka kuma nemi wannan kaunar Allah wanda yake ilmin Allah ne, ka kuma bincika halayensa, da kaunarsa, da ayyukansa. Hakan zai yi kyau. Amin. Ya Rabbal-'alamin. Haka abin ya kasance. Ya Sarkin talikai. Allah Ya ba ku wannan. "Allah yana da gida a cikin zuciyarmu. Dole ne mu sami gida a cikin gidan Allah a cikin zuciyarmu Bawa Mahaiyaddeen ya raba shi cikin tattaunawa tare da mai ba da shawara ga marasa gida a yankin Muhaiyaddeen da ke Philadelphia 1986. Rubutunsa da Dalibansa da Sauransu Littattafan mabiyansa da wasu game da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen sun hada da: Littafin Mai Mallaka ga Beingan Adam ta Mitch Gilbert, mai buga Haske mai haske, 2005, Hasken Haske: Sallah ta Sau 5 na Sufaye na Coleman Barks da Michael Green, mai wallafa Ballantine Wellspring, 2000, A cewar mawallafin, littafin "ya gabatar da gabatarwa mai gamsarwa game da hikima da koyarwar masoyinka Sufi na wannan zamani Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, wanda ya kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga wannan al'adar ta sihiri ta hanyar bude hanya zuwa ga zurfinta, hakikanin duniya. Ayyuka ne na ƙauna na sanannun ɗalibai biyu na Bawa, Coleman Barks da Michael Green, waɗanda kuma suka ƙirƙira Hasken Hasken Rumi Wata Waƙa: Wani Sabon Haske mai Rumi na Michael Green, Mawallafin Gudanar da Labarai, 2005, Shekaruna Na tare da Kutub: Tafiya a Aljanna daga Farfesa Sharon Marcus, mawallafin Sufi Press, 2007, Hotunan MIRROR da Tunani kan Rayuwa tare da MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen (Ral.) Na Chloë Le Pichon da Dwaraka Ganesan da Saburah Posner da Sulaiha Schwartz, waɗanda Chloë Le Pichon suka buga a ɓoye, 2010, Pageaukar hoto mai girma mai shafuka 237 tare da sharhi daga masu ba da gudummawa 78. Rayuwa tare da Guru ta Dr. Art Hochberg, mai wallafa Kalima, 2014, Elixir na Gaskiya: Tafiya a kan Tafarkin Sufanci, Juzu'i na ɗaya daga Musa Muhaiyaddeen, Shaida A cikin mawallafi, 2013, Neman Hanyar Gida ta Dr. Lockwood Rush, Ilm House m, 2007, GPS don Rai: Hikimar Jagora ta Dana Hayne, BalboaPress m, 2017, Coleman Barks, wani mawaƙi kuma mai fassara zuwa Turanci na ayyukan mawaƙin Musulmin Sunni na ƙarni na 13 Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī, ya bayyana haɗuwa da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a cikin mafarki a cikin shekara ta 1977. Bayan wannan kwarewa ya fara fassara baitocin Rumi. Daga karshe Coleman ya hadu da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1978 kuma ya ci gaba da yin mafarki inda zai sami koyarwa. Coleman ya kamanta Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da Rumi da Shams Tabrizi, abokin Rumi. Artist Michael Green yayi aiki tare da Coleman Barks don samar da fasali na ayyukan Rumi. A cikin "Shaidan Mai Shuɗi", Michael Muhammad Knight yayi ƙoƙari ya karɓi saƙo daga Bawa a cikin mafarki, a wata hanyar Sufi da ake kira istikhara Yana tafiya zuwa mazar ɗin kuma ba tare da nasara ba yayi ƙoƙari ya yi bacci a kan matasai, amma mai tsaron filayen ne ya tashe shi. Kun bincika koyarwar Bawa a cikin kundin waƙoƙin su na huɗu, Duk Hauka ne! Duk Karya Ne! Duk Mafarki Ne! Yayi kyau Labarin malamin na "The Fox, the Crow, and Cookie" daga Loveaunar Ku Mya Childrenana: Labari na 101 ga Yara an faɗi shi da labarinsa game da "Sarki Beetle" daga Hikimar Allah mai Haskakawa wanda ke Warwatsa Duhu. Duba kuma Sufi Jerin Sufaye Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin Wikiwaote Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Yanar Gizo Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Gidan Yanar Sadarwar Gona Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Serendib Sufi Karatun Yanar Gizo Labarin Malami da Bayanan karatu Al'adar Gargajiya da Bidi'a a Zamanin Addinin Addinin Musulunci na Amurka: Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Babi na 4 na Muslimungiyoyin Musulmai a Arewacin Amurka na Gisela Webb, Farfesa na Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall Wave Sufism Na Uku a Amurka da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Fasali na 4 na Sufanci a Yammacin Gisela Webb, Farfesan Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Seton Hall Da yake magana da Sufis Fasali na 11 na Tattaunawar Addinai da Canjin Al'adu daga Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston Doguwa da kasancewa a wata tsarkakakkiyar bauta ta Su abroadasashen waje Fasali na 4 na Islama, Sufanci da Siyasar Yau da kullun game da Kudancin Asiya ta Frank J. Korom, Farfesa na Addini da Anthropology a Jami'ar Boston Masjids, Ashrams da Mazars: Sufancin nasashen waje da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Wilfrid Laurier University Ph.D. takaddar M. Shobhana Xavier Bawa Muhaiyaddeen: Nazarin Makaranta Addini a Jami'ar Haikali Ph.D. Bayanin daga Saiyida Zakiya Hasna Islam, Agusta 2017 Shin Sufaye Suke Mafarkin Shehunan lantarki? Matsayin Fasaha a tsakanin Religungiyoyin Addini na Amurka Jami'ar Florida MA rubuce rubuce daga Jason Ladon Keel ZANGO: Theungiyar Bawa Muhaiyaddeen da theabi'ar Unity Haverford Takardar Kwalejin Benjamin Snyder Littattafan Layi da Bidiyo Littattafan MR Bawa Muhaiyaddeen akan layi a Littattafai. Google. Com "Lu'u-lu'u na Hikima (Guru Mani)", Serendib Sufi Nazarin Da'irar littafin maganganu daga 1940s da aka fassara zuwa Turanci kuma aka buga Janairu, 2000. "Hikimar Allahntaka Kashi Na 5", Serendib Sufi Study Circle bazawa. Maganganun bidiyo "Loveauna ta Gaskiya", Fabrairu 9, 1980, Philadelphia, 55 min. Maganganu na bidiyo "Gaskoki Na Gaskiya na Dhikr", (mai yin zikirin Allah koyaushe), Lex Hixon Interview, 18 ga Mayu, 1975, gidan rediyon WBAI Radio, Birnin New York, 60 min. Enaddamar da jawabai da karatuttuka "Loveaunar Duk Rayuwa a Matsayinku", jawaban da aka rubuta a watan Nuwamba 9,1980 da Satumba 30,1983, 28 min. Tattaunawar Bidiyo "Koyon Wani Mutum Tururuwa" 18 ga Mayu, 1975, Cocin St. Peter, Birnin New York, 83 min. Ganawa tare da Bawa Muhaiyaddeen a Philadelphia a Kindred Spirits jama'a rediyo show by David Freudberg Sauran Hanyoyin Sadarwar Waje Mafarkin Coleman Bark na Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Guru Bawa Muhaiyaddeen ya shiga cikin Sirrin Zuciya a Smithsonian Folkways Musulman Sri lanka Sufi Sufaye Pages with unreviewed
25990	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO	TO	Zuwa, TO, ko TO na iya komawa zuwa: Fasaha da nishaɗi Fim da talabijin <i id="mwEQ">Zuwa</i> (fim), fim ɗin Danish na 1964 <i id="mwFA">Zuwa</i> (anime), anime 2009 Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Sanya Sakin layi Don (wasa), wasan yaren Poland na Czesław Miłosz Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wanda aka zalunta, wanda Augusto Boal ya samo asali "TO", waƙar Lil Wayne daga kundin Mutane Zuwa (sunan mahaifi), gami da To, Tô, da Tō, ƙungiyar sunayen suna na asalin gabas-Asiya Tó, laƙabin Portuguese Tô, surname Vietnamese Terrell Owens, mai karɓar ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka mai ritaya wanda aka sani da "TO" Wurare Thousand Oaks, California Tô Department, a lardin Sissili na Burkina Faso, da babban birnin kasar, Tô Tonga (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 lambar ƙasa TO Toronto, Ontario, Kanada Lardin Turin, Italiya (wani lokaci ana rage shi azaman TO misali, akan faranti na abin hawa) Amfanin soja Jami'i a cikin umarni na dabara, ko jami'in dabara Territorial Defence Forces (TO), wani ɓangare na sojojin soja na tsohuwar SFR Yugoslavia Tet Offensive, yakin da aka yi a lokacin yakin Vietnam Kimiyya da fasaha Electronics da kwamfuta .zuwa, Babban yankin lambar ƙasar Intanet na Tonga Teraoctet (Zuwa), rukunin bayanan dijital daidai da octets 10 12 Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Tashi, lokacin tashin jirgin da jirgin sama ko dabba ke tashi daga ƙasa zuwa shawagi a cikin iska. Thermal oxidizer, na'urar sarrafawa don sarrafa gurɓataccen iska a yawancin tsire-tsire masu sinadarai Sufuri President Airlines (IATA code TO), tsohon kamfanin jirgin sama da ke Phnom Penh, Cambodia transavia.com Faransa (IATA code TO), jirgin sama mai rahusa mai aiki a matsayin wani yanki mai zaman kansa na rukunin Air France-KLM Sauran amfani To language To (kana), a Japanese syllabic character Tō, a Japanese pagoda Talk.Origins, a moderated Usenet discussion forum concerning the origins of life, and evolution Tongan language ISO 639 alpha-2 language code Tornado Outbreak, an action-adventure video game Tanki Online, a browser MMO game "To", a song by Sakanaction from Adapt (2022) Da turanci Barbashi na nahawu da za a yi amfani da shi don samar da misali mara iyaka Zuwa, gabatarwa Duba kuma All pages with titles beginning with TO T/O (disambiguation) Telephone operator (disambiguation) T and O map (orbis terrae), a type of medieval world
21035	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20Ilimi%20na%20kasar%28India%29	Ma'aikatar Ilimi na kasar(India)	Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE), tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Raya Albarkatun Jama'a tin daga shekarar (1985-2020), Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da Manufofin Kasa kan Ilimi An sake rarraba Ma’aikatar zuwa sassa biyu: Sashen Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu, wanda ke kula da ilimin firamare, sakandare da na sakandare, ilimin manya da na karance-karance, da kuma Sashen ilimi mai zurfi, wanda ke kula da ilimin jami’a, ilimin fasaha, malanta, da sauransu. The current education minister is Ramesh Pokhriyal, a member of the Council of Ministers. India had the Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and with the public announcement of newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to Ministry of Education. Manufofin The new National Education Policy 2020 was passed on 29 July 2020 by the Union Council of Ministers. The NEP 2020 replaced the existing National Policy on Education, 1986. Under the NEP 2020, the name of the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) was changed to Ministry of Education (MoE). Numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts were legislated under NEP 2020. Ma'aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu Ma’aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu sun dauki nauyin ci gaban ilimin makaranta da kuma karantu a kasar. Babban Makarantar Sakandare (CBSE) Majalisar Nazarin Ilimi da Horarwa ta Kasa (NCERT) Cibiyar Makarantar Tibet ta Tsakiya (CTSA) Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) Majalisar Kula da Ilimin Malami ta Kasa Gidauniyar Jin Dadin Malamai Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS) Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS) Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi ita ce ke kula da ilimin sakandare da na gaba da sakandare. An kuma baiwa sashen ikon baiwa matsayin ilimi na jami'a ga cibiyoyin ilimi bisa ga shawarar Hukumar bayar da tallafi ta Jami'a (UGC) ta Indiya, a karkashin Sashe na 3 na Dokar Bayar da Tallafin Jami'a (UGC), a shekarar 1956. Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi tana kula da ɗayan manyan tsarin ilimin ilimi na duniya, bayan Amurka da China. Sashen na tsunduma cikin kawo damar duniya ta manyan makarantu da bincike a cikin kasar don kar a sami daliban Indiya suna rasa yayin fuskantar wani dandamali na duniya. Saboda wannan, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanya hannu kan MoU don taimaka wa ɗaliban Indiya su ci gajiyar ra'ayin duniya. Tsarin ilimin ilimin kere kere a kasar ana iya kasafta shi zuwa bangarori uku Cibiyoyin da ke samun kudin shiga na Gwamnatin tsakiya, da cibiyoyin Gwamnatin Jiha na Jihohi da cibiyoyin kudi. 2 kungiyar 122 da aka ba da kuɗi na ilimin fasaha da kimiyya sun kasance ƙarƙashin: Jerin cibiyoyin fasaha na tsakiya): IIITs (5 Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kurnool, Kancheepuram), IITs (23), IIMs (20), IISc Bangalore, IISERs (7 Berhampur, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Tirupati), NITs (31), NITTTRs (4), da 9 wasu (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, IIEST, NITIE NIFFT, CIT) Tsarin kungiya An rarraba sashen zuwa ofis-ofis guda takwas, kuma yawancin ayyukan sashen ana kula dasu ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sama da mutum Dari 100 a karkashin wadannan ofisoshin. Jami'a da ilimi mai zurfi Ilimin Minan tsiraru Jami'ar Tallafin Jami'ar (UGC) Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ilimi (ERDO) Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Kimiyya na Jama'a (ICSSR) Majalisar Nazarin Tarihi ta Indiya (ICHR) Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Falsafa (ICPR) Cibiyoyin Ilimi na 46 kamar ranar 11.09.2015, jerin da Hukumar Ba da Tallafi ta Jami'ar ta bayar Ilimin fasaha Duk Majalisar Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha ta Indiya (AICTE) Majalisar Gine-gine (COA) 25 Cibiyoyin Fasahar Fasahar Indiya (IIITs) (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kancheepuram da Kurnool) 3 Makarantar Tsare-tsare da Gine-gine (SPAs) 23 Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Indiya (IITs) Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya (IISc) 7 Cibiyoyin Indiya na Ilimin Ilimin Kimiyya da Bincike (IISERs) 20 Cibiyoyin Gudanarwa na Indiya (IIMs) Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Kasa na 31 (NITs) Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Indiya ta Indiya, Shibpur (IIEST) Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yankin Arewa maso Gabas (NERIST) Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniyan Masana'antu ta Kasa (NITIE) 4 National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training Research (NITTTRs) (Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai and Kolkata) 4 Regional Boards of Apprenticeship Practical Training Gudanarwa da Yaruka Jami'o'i uku da ake tsammani a fagen Sanskrit, kamar. Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSkS) a cikin New Delhi, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (SLBSRSV) New Delhi, Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (RSV) Tirupati Sauran Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (KHS), Agra Jami'ar Ingilishi da Harshen Waje (EFLU), Hyderabad Majalisar Nationalasa don Inganta Harshen Urdu (NCPUL) Jami'ar Delhi (DU) Majalisar Kasa don Inganta Harshen Sindhi (NCPSL) Officesananan ofisoshi uku: Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi; Hukumar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (CSTT), New Delhi; da Cibiyar Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya (CIIL), Mysore Ilimin nesa da sikolashif Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) UNESCO, Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa, Inganta Littattafai da Hakkokin mallaka, Manufofin Ilimi, Tsare-tsare da Kulawa Hadakar Kudi. Lissafi, Tsarin Shekara da CMIS Gyara Gudanarwa, Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, SC ST OBC Sauran Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Mulki da Gudanarwa ta Kasa (NIEPA) Amintaccen Littafin Nationalasa (NBT) Hukumar Shaida ta Kasa (NBA) Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Ilimin Marasa Ruwa ta Kasa (NCMEI) Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS) Manufofi Babban manufofin Ma'aikatar sune: Tsara Manufofin Kasa akan Ilimi da kuma tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar dashi ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi Ci gaban da aka tsara, gami da faɗaɗa dama da inganta darajar cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da yankuna inda mutane ba sa samun damar samun ilimi cikin sauƙi. Biya kulawa ta musamman ga kungiyoyin marasa galihu kamar matalauta, mata da tsiraru Bayar da taimakon kuɗi ta hanyar tallafin karatu, tallafin bashi, da sauransu ga ɗaliban da suka cancanta daga ɓangarorin al'umma da aka hana. Gingarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fagen ilimi, gami da yin aiki tare da UNESCO da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje har ma da Jami’o’i, don haɓaka damar ba da ilimi a ƙasar. MHRD's Innovation Cell (MIC) MHRD's Innovation Cell, wanda aka sake masa suna yanzu zuwa MoE's Innovation Cell, an kafa shi ne a watan Agusta shekarar 2018 ta Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Humanan Adam (MHRD) a Duk Indiaungiyar Indiya ta Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha (AICTE) don haɓaka al'adun kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci da farawa a cikin tsari. duk manyan Cibiyoyin Ilimi a Indiya. An nada Dokta Abhay Jere a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkirar Kirkiro na farko. Manyan manufofi na MIC Smart India Hackathon (SIH) Matsayin Atal na Cibiyoyi akan Nasarorin Kirkirar Kirkirar (ARIIA) Inungiyar Innovation ta itutionungiya (IIC) Manufar Innovation da Tsarin Kasa na Dalibai da Kwarewa a cikin HEIs (NISP) Shirin Jakadu na Innovation Shirin MBA PGDM a cikin Innovation, Harkokin Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci (IEV) Tsare Tsaren Kasa na Kasa (NIRF) A watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, Ma’aikatar Ci gaban Resoan Adam ta buga jerin farko na darajar kwalejojin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin itutionasa na Nationalasa Dukkanin darasin da aka gabatar ya shafi NBA, Duk Majalisar Indiya ta Ilimin Fasaha, UGC, Thomson Reuters, Elsevier da INFLIBNET (Cibiyar Ba da Bayani da Labarai). An ƙaddamar da tsarin martaba a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015. Duk cibiyoyin da aka ba da kuɗaɗen 122 gami da duk manyan jami'o'in tsakiya, IITs da IIMs sun halarci zagayen farko na darajar. Jerin Ministocin Ministocin Jiha Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre (31 ga watan Mayu 2019 Mai ci) Duba kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Ilimin Makarantu ta Kasa, Chennai Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo SIYASAR ILIMI TA KASA
51328	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam%20Ben	Miriam Ben	Myriam Ben, an haifi Marylise Ben Haim a goma ga Maris shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da takwas a Aljeriya kuma ya mutua cikin Vesoul, marubuci ne na Aljeriya, mawaƙi, malami, mai zane, mai fafutukar gurguzu kuma mai adawa da mulkin mallaka Haka kuma ta kasance mamba a kungiyar Marubuta Aljeriya, kungiyar tsoffin Mujahidai ta kasa da kungiyar Matan Aljeriya. Tarihin Rayuwar ta Myriam Ben ta fito ne daga kabilar Maghrebim na chaouia na ben Moshi ta mahaifinta kuma al'adar baka ta dangin mahaifiyarta Sultana Stora ta sa ta zuriya daga dangin mawakan Megorachim daga Andalusia wanda kakansa zai kasance Moussa ben Maimoun Maimonides) Dokar Crémieux ta soke matsayin Yahudawa 'yan asalin kasar ta hanyar ba su zama dan kasar Faransa, wani bangare na Ben Moshi ya musulunta Iyalin Myriam Ben ta zama Faransanci sun ƙi rasa Aljeriya. Don haka lokacin da aka haifi Marylise, kakarta ta so ta dauki sunan Meriem ko Louisa. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ƙi kuma ta lalata komai a cikin hanyar Marylise. Duk da haka, duk da cewa yaren Faransanci yarenta ne, za ta zama mai jin Larabci Mahaifinta Moïse Ben-Haim, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin sojojin Faransa a Rasha a lokacin juyin juya halin Oktoba na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da goma sha bakwai dan gurguzu ne, mai kishin addini kuma mai adawa da sahyoniya Zai sanya wadannan dabi'u a cikin 'yarsa ban da al'adun Faransanci, a cewar Jessica Hammerman. Sai da ta kai shekara 7 sannan ta fahimci yahudanta, ana zaginta da cewa “Yahudawa kazanta” a makaranta. Ta dauki wannan lokacin a matsayin lokacin da ta rasa A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, ta kasance daliba a Lycée Fromentin a Algiers An kore ta daga cikinta ta hanyar adadin clausus da aka yi amfani da shi ga Yahudawa ta dokokin gwamnatin Vichy A wannan lokacin ne ta shiga cikin Matasan Kwaminisanci na Clandestine na Algiers, wanda ɗan'uwanta ya kasance sakatare. Tana da shekaru sha huɗu ta kasance shugabar harkar Har ila yau, a cikin wannan lokacin, wata rana bayan an kore ta daga makarantar sakandare, ta yi karatu a makarantar Maimonides, wanda al'ummar Yahudawa na Aljeriya suka kirkiro saboda ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga Wani abokinsa ya gaya masa cewa Yahudawan Aljeriya sun shirya yin aliya Dangane da mayar da martani, mahaifinta ya janye ta daga makaranta, saboda ba ya son a cusa ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya a cikin 'yarsa. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu ta koma makarantar sakandare bayan saukar da Amurkawa wanda ya faru a Algiers a takwas ga Nuwamba shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu Daga nan ta ci gaba da horar da malamai yayin da ta ci gaba da karatun falsafa a Jami'ar Algiers Koyaya, ra'ayin Myriam Ben ya canza bayan shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da uku. Ta zama mai fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan asalin kasar. Yayin da abokanta maza da danginta suka shiga cikin sojojin Faransa, Myriam Ben ya zabi zama a Aljeriya A matsayin wani bangare na gwagwarmayarta a cikin Harkar Mata ta Aljeriya, Ben ta zama malami a yankunan karkarar Miliana, ta himmatu wajen koyar da dalibai musulmi a cikin al'ummar da yara ba sa zuwa makaranta, musamman saboda 'yan asalin ba su da takalma. Sakamakon haka, Myriam Ben ta taimaka wa ɗalibanta matalauta su sami takalma da tufafi don su iya zuwa aji, a cikin wata hira da aka buga a farkon shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin, ta bayyana ma'anar ilimi a Aljeriya: "A zamaninmu na matasa malamai, aikinmu ya kasance. wanda ba ya rabuwa da gwagwarmayar da al'ummar Aljeriya suke yi na yaki da zalunci". Ita da takwarorinta sun kafa wa kansu manufar wayar da kan dalibansu musulmi sanin wayewarsu ta siyasa tare da karfafa musu gwiwa su fahimci tarihinsu, sabanin wani “version” da mulkin mallaka ya dora musu Tun farkon yakin Aljeriya, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da hudu da shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da biyar ta hada kai da jaridar Alger Republican Ta shiga yakin 'yantar da Aljeriya ta zama jami'in hulda a cikin maquis na Ouarsenis da aka fi sani da Maquis Rouge Yansanda ne suka nema ta, ta shiga buya. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da takwas, kotun soji ta Algiers ta yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru ashirin na aiki mai wuyar gaske Iyalinsa, waɗanda aka azabtar da su, sun bar Algeria zuwa Marseilles A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da biyu, sabuwar gwamnati ta nada ta malamin aikace-aikace, sannan mai ba da shawara kan ilimi a École Normale. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu, saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, wanda ya tilasta mata ta daina aiki, ta tafi don neman magani a Faransa. Lokacin da Houari Boumediene ya karbi mulki a shekara ta 1965, ya murkushe 'yan gurguzu na Aljeriya Duk wadanda suka sami kansu, irinta, a wajen kasar, ba za su iya komawa ba. Myriam Ben ya yi amfani da wannan tilastawa gudun hijira don ci gaba da karatu a Sorbonne Ta koyi harshen Rashanci, tana kare kasida a tarihin zamani, yin fenti da rubutu. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, za ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin Yahudawan da ba kasafai ba na Aljeriya don samun takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da bakwaia rubuta wasan kwaikwayo, Leïla, wanda Mohamed Boudia da 'yan wasansa suka yi a Théâtre national de l'Ouest a Paris. A Algeria ne, duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara, wasansa Nora ya karanta a karon farko ta Action Culturelle des Travailleurs, ƙungiyar Kateb Yacine Labarin suna daya da kwanan watan Maris shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai kuma an buga shi a El-Djazaïria A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu, Mujallar Parisian Les Temps Modernes ta buga ɗaya daga cikin gajerun labaransa L'enfant à la flûte Sa'an nan kuma zai zama littafin tattaunawa da masanin kimiyya Christiane Achour, tarin wakoki A kan tafarkin matakanmu da kuma wani labari, Sabrina, sun sace rayuwar ku daga gare ku A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da hudu ta koma ƙasar Aljeriya har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da ɗaya bayan haka ta zaɓi zama a Faransa saboda yakin basasa A shekara ta dubu biyu, ta buga abubuwan tarihinta, Lokacin da aka yaudare katunan, kuma ta sake nunawa a Marseille, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Art ashirin da biyar ga Afrilu shekara ta dubu biyu da daya A lokacin zaman karshe tare da abokai a Vesoul, dole ne a kwantar da ita a asibiti cikin gaggawa kuma a asibitin birni ne ta mutu.sha tara ga Nuwamba a shekara ta dubu biyu da daya Kamar yadda ta so, ta. Adabi Littafinsa mafi tsayi, Sabrina, sun sace rayuwarki (shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida) labarin soyayyar musulmi biyu da suka taso a Faransa da kuma wahalar da suka sha wajen daidaitawa da sabuwar gwamnatin Aljeriya. Marubuci Albert Bensoussan, kuma Bayahude daga Aljeriya ya yi imanin cewa Ben ta bayyana nasa ƙaura ta hanyar halayensa, kamar yadda al'adun Faransanci yanzu ana ganin baƙon waje a Algeria mai zaman kanta Duk da yake Ben ba ta taɓa musun gadonsa na Yahudanci ba, gwagwarmayarsa ta siyasa ta kasance cikin ra'ayinsa da ainihinsa. Bayahudenta na daga cikin zuriyar da ta sa ta zama ita. Tafiya ta Ben zuwa gwagwarmaya ta kasance ta hanyar tsanantawa a matsayinta na Bayahude, amma ta shigar da Yahudanci a cikin gwagwarmayar ɗan adam, wanda aka yi masa wahayi ta hanyar warewarta a lokacin Vichy. Ta ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Faransanci, ba tare da tambayar kasancewarta na Aljeriya ba, ko wurinta a matsayin alamar al'adu a can. Ta kasance, duk da rubuce-rubucen da ta yi da Faransanci ba cikin Larabci ba, an yaba mata sosai a Aljeriya a shekarun dubu da dari tara da saba'in da dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin a matsayin marubuciya, mai zane da mawaƙi Littattafan L'Harmattan sun buga ayyukan adabinsa a Faransa. Aikin Fenti ta Tare da aikinta na rubuce-rubuce, Myriam Ben ta kasance mai zane-zane kuma ta ninka nune-nunen nune-nune a Aljeriya da kuma kasashen waje. Daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da shida zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida, Cibiyar Al'adu ta Willaya na Algiers ta baje kolin ayyukansa akai-akai. Har zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu, ta baje kolin kowace shekara tare da wasu mata masu zane don tunawa da ranar mata ta duniya, bikin.takwasgga Maris Yayin da National Museum of Fine Arts a Algiers ya samu da dama daga cikin zane-zanenta, ta nuna a birnin Paris da kuma a kasashen Turai da dama Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13742	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki%20Mordi	Kiki Mordi	Kiki Mordi (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Augusta shekarar 1991) ta kasance ƴar jaridar Najeriya ce, fitacciyar ƴar sadarwa, mai shirya fim Kuma marubuciya. A shekarar 2016, ta sami lambar yabo ta mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Rediyo (South-South) a babbar cibiyar Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards. Farkon rayuwa da karatu Kiki Mordi an haife ta a birnin Port Harcourt, Jihar Ribas, Najeriya ga iyayen Najeriya. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, ta samu shiga a Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka don yin karatun likitanci, amma daga baya ta fice saboda matsalar fyade daga wani malami. Aiki Mordi ta kasance ƴar' jarida ce a Najeriya, fitacciyar yar' sadarwa, mai yin fim kuma marubuciya ce. A yanzu haka ita ce wakilin BBC mai rehoto na Eye Africa a BBC, kuma shugabar gabatarwa na WFM 91.7 A shekarar 2017, ta fara gwagwarmaya ta yanar gizo don kawo karshen cin zarafin da ƴan'sanda keyi saboda cin-zarafinsu da suka yi bayan da wasu' yan sandan Najeriya suka mamaye gidanta tare da tuhumar ita da saurayinta da cewa su ƴan'ƙungiyar asiri ne. A shekara ta 2015, an zabe ta ne don Mai gabatar da Matasa Mai gabatarwa (TV Rediyo) a Babban Gidan Rediyon Najeriya Merit Awards.. A shekarar 2016, ta sami lambar yabo ta mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Rediyo (South-South) a babbar cibiyar watsa labarai ta Najeriya. An ba ta lambar yabo na On-Air Personality of the Year (Mata) a lambar yabo ta Matasa duka. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2019, an ba ta lambar yabo ta The Future Awards Africa a Prize for Journalism category. Rayuwa a Baya A shekarar 2019, ta samar da fim din labari mai suna "Life at the Bay" a Legas, Najeriya. Fim din ya ba da labarin mazaunan Tarkwa Bay da tsira da gwagwarmayar rayuwar matan su.. A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2019, fim din Nora Awolowo an zabe ta hanyar Bikin Gasar Fim ta Duniya (Real Time International Film Festival).. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2019, an zabi fim din don nunawa a Babban Fim din Kasa da Kasa na Afirka (AFRIFF).. Labaran 2019 na Jima'i dan cin Jarabawa A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2019, Mordi tare da tawagarta a BBC Africa Eye sun fitar da wani shirin fim na mintuna sha uku 13 da ke nuna batsa ta hanyar lalata da daliban jami’ar Legas da na Jami’ar Ghana. Dr. Boniface Igbeneghu na Jami'ar Legas, Dr. Ransford Gyampo da Dr. Paul Kwame Butakor na Jami'ar Ghana sune malamin da aka gabatar a cikin faifan bidiyo da aka yada tare da bayanin. Dr. Boniface Igbeneghu babban malami ne a fagen adabi, Jami'ar Legas kuma shugaban fastoci na Majami'ar Foursquare Gospel Church a Najeriya, Dr. Ransford Gyampo malami farfesa ne kan kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar ta Ghana da Dr. Paul Kwame Butakor malami ne a Kwalejin Ilimi a Jami'ar Gana. Mordi, wacce aka nuna a matsayin yar shekara sha bakwai 17 mai neman shiga fim din, ta bayyana cewa ta dauke ta da tawagarta, tsawon watanni tara don kammala binciken. Bayan fallasa, Dr. Ransford Gyampo yayi barazanar kai karar BBC. Sakamakon shirin, Jami’ar Legas ta dakatar da Dakta Boniface Igbeneghu da Cocin Foursquare Gospel Church suka nemi shi ya sauka daga filin daga. Wani "Room mai sanyi" da aka kama a cikin bidiyon inda Malaman Jami'ar Legas suka rufe ɗalibai masu lalata da yara an kulle dakin. Mawakin Najeriya, Adekunle Gold da matar shi Simi sun yaba wa Mordi saboda kawancen Jima'i ta. Wani tsohon mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, Atiku Abubakar da kuma tsohon shugaban majalisar dattijan Najeriya, Bukola Saraki, sun yi kira ga gwamnatin Najeriya da ta dauki matakin gaggawa kan cin zarafin mata a jami’o’in Najeriya. A cikin wata hira da Sahara Reporters, Mordi ta bayyana cewa ta sami barazanar dabara tun bayan kammala bincike. A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2019, Mordi tare da tawagarta a BBC Africa Eye sun fitar da wani shirin na tsawon awa daya wanda ya nuna karin Malaman da ke da laifin cin zarafin daliban da suka haddasa dakatar da Dakta Samuel Oladipo, malami a Sashen ilimin tattalin arziki, Jami'a. na Legas.. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2019, majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta saurari kiran 'yan Najeriya tare da sake gabatar da dokar hana fitina kuma an karanta ta a zauren majalisar dattawa.. Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa Manazarta Haɗin waje Kiki Mordi a FilmFreeway Marubutan
27016	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar%20Finafinai%20ta%20Ghana%202010	Kyautar Finafinai ta Ghana 2010	finKyautar Fina-finan Ghana na shekarar 2010 ita ce bugu na farko na bikin don ba da lada ga nasarar fina-finai a masana'antar fina-finai ta Ghana. An gudanar da taron ne a otal din Golden Tulip, Accra a ranar 25 ga Disamba, 2010. Sinking Sands, Juliet Ibrahim, Nadia Buari, Yvonne Okoro, Majid Michel, John Dumelo Genevieve Nnaji na cikin wadanda suka lashe gasar. Kyauta Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) Senanu Gbedawu (Check Mate) Majid Michel (The Beast) J.O.T Agyemany (I Sing of a Well) Prince Osei (Kiss Me If You Can) Eddie Nartey (Kiss Me If You Can) Van Vicker (Dna Test) Ruffy Samuel (Love Lust) Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) Martha Ankomah (Kiss Me If You Can) Akorfa Edjeani Asiedu (I Sing of a Well) Ama K. Abebrese (Sinking Sands) Lydia Forson (A Sting in a Tale) Lucky Lawson (Desperate To Survive) Jackie Appiah, Yvonne Okoro, Juliet Ibrahim Roselyn Ngissah (4 Play) Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora (Na gida) Kofi Adu a.k.a. Agya Koo (Ama Ghana) Akwesi Boadi A.K.A Akrobetu (Sika Akuaba) Francis Kusi (Yaa Asantewaa War) Timothy Bentum (Devil's Seed) Ebenezer Donkor (Madam Moke) Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora (Na gida) Rose Mensah AKA Kyeiwaa Emelia Brobbery Tumi Vivian Jill Ama Ghana Mercy Asiedu Abrokyire Beyie Theresah Mensah Yaa Asantewaa War Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci) John Dumelo (The Game) Ekow Blankson (Check Mate) Ekow Smith Asante (Naked Faces) Kofi Adjorlolo (Beast) Adjetey Anang (A Sting in a Tale) Kweku Sintim Misa (Check Mate) Omar Sheriff Captan (4 Play) Gavivina Tamakloe (Black Mail) Chris Attoh (Sinking Sands) Mafi kyawun jaruma a ɓangaren taimakawa jaruma Nadia Buari (Check Mate) Yvonne Nelson (The Game) Beverly Afaglo (The Game) Rama Brew (Who Loves Me) Kalsoume Sinare (Trinity) Naa Ashorkor (Check Mate) Khareema Aguiar (Check Mate) Nana Hayford (Beast) Doris Sackitey (Sinking Sands) Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Local) Kofi Davis Essuman (Adults Only) Ofori Attah (Awieye) Clement Bonney (Ama Ghana) Kofi Laing (Ama Ghana) Lord Kenya (Devil's Seed) Samuel Ofori (Akrasi Burger) William Addo (Madam Moke) Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Local) Nana Ama McBrown (Madam Moke) Barbara Newton (Abrokyire Bayie) Pearl Kugblenu (Devil's Seed) Alexis Ntsiakoh (Abrokyire Bayie) Gloria Osei Safo (Madam Moke) Best Writing/Adapted/Original Screenplay Leila Djansi (I Sing Of a Well) Leila Djansi (Sinking Sands) Shirley Frimpong-Manso (A Sting in a Tale) Benjamin K. Adu (Ama Ghana) Kobbi Rana (Kiss Me If You Can) Mafi kyawun Mai haɗa hoto Barry Isa Quaye (Flash Fever) Afra Marley (The Game) Ken Attoh (A Sting in a Tale) Godfrey Grant (A Sting In A Tale) Kalifa Adams (Devil’s Seed) Best Wardrobe Mabel Germain (Sinking Sands) Lydia Laryea (A Sting in a Tale) Samira Yakubu (Black Mail) George Atoba (Ama Ghana) Gangariyar waƙa Who Loves Me (Wutah) Delilah (Ofori Amponsah) Kiss Me If You Can (Rana) A Sting In A Tale (VIP) Ama Ghana (Patrick Adu) Game (Bisa Kdei) A Sting in a Tale (4×4) Chelsea (Dasebre Dwamena) Mafi Kyawun Darakta Turanci Shirley Frimpong-Manso (A Sting in a Tale) Kobbi Rana (Kiss Me If You Can) Leila Djansi (Sinking Sands) Patrick Yadaah (DNA Test) Socrate Safo (Adults Only) Mafi Kyawun darakta na gida Omar Sheriff Captan (Delilah) Asare Bediako (Tumi) Frank Gharbin (Ama Ghana) Albert Kudovu (Abrokyire Bayie) Kweku Twumasi (Yaa Asantewaa) Mafi Kyawun Edita Afra Marley (The Game (2010 film)) Afra Marley (Trinity) Nana A. Manso (A Sting in a Tale) Fred Agyepong (Flash Fever) Best Cinematography Bob J (Check Mate) Bob J (A Sting in a Tale) Prince Nyarko (Ama Ghana) Samuel Gyandoh (Chelsea (film)) Mai bada umarni na shekara Emoimogen Hogen (Trinity) Joshua Sarpong (Ama Ghana) Nadia Acha-Kang (The Game (2010 film)) Diana Pealore (Beast) Mafi kyawun Mai Kwalliya Lydia (Trinity) Jude Odeh (Ama Ghana) Jane A. Williams (Check Mate) Ruth Mensah (I Sing Of a Well) Lyrdyna Abuhipsah (Beast) Mafi Kyawun hoto Ama Ghana I Sing of a Well Sinking Sands A Sting in a Tale Chelsea (film) Check Mate Mafi Kyawun Labari Who Loves Me Sinking Sands A Sting in a Tale The Game (2010 film) Mafi kyawun Mai zane The Game (2010 film) Check Mate Sinking Sands Ama Ghana Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa West Africa Collaboration Yemi Blaq (Sinking Sands) Ramsey Noah (Guilty Pleasures) Desmond Elliot (Guilty Pleasures) Uti Nwachukwu (Busting Out (film)) Mafi Kyawun ƴar wasa West Africa Collaboration Genevieve Nnaji (Silent Scandals) Nse Ikpe Etim (Guilty Pleasures (2009 film)) Tonto Dikeh (Love Lust) Uche Jombo (Nollywood Hustlers) Omotola Jalade Ekeinde (Private Storm) Mercy Johnson (Shakira) Mafi Kyawun Fim African Collaboratin Sinking Sands Guilty Pleasures (2009 film) Love Lust Private Storm Bursting Out (film) Mafi kyawun Fim The Game (2010 fim) Ama Ghana A Sting in a Tale Kiss Me If You Can 4 Play (film) Sinking Sands Mafi shahararren ɗan wasa Kofi Adjorlolo Favorite Actress Yvonne Nelson Manazarta Sinima a Ghana Sinima a
58199	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliman%20na%20Maroko	Sliman na Maroko	Mawlay Sulayman bin Mohammed ),an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1766 a Tafilalt kuma ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1822 a Marrakesh,ya kasance Sarkin Maroko daga 1792 zuwa 1822,a matsayin mai mulkin daular Alawi.An nada shi a matsayin sarki bayan rasuwar kaninsa al-Yazid. Sulaiman ya ci gaba da mayar da mulkin mahaifinsa da fadada masarautu,kuma musamman kawo karshen fashin tekun da ya dade yana aiki daga gabar tekun Maroko. A wani bangare na rikicin Maroko da Spain da Portugal,Sulayman ya dakatar da duk wata huldar kasuwanci da Turai.Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da manufofin mahaifinsa na kusanci da Amurka.Ya kasance mabiyin wahabiyanci. Rayuwar farko An haifi Mawlay Sulayman a Tafilalt a ranar 28 ga Yuni 1766ga Sidi Mohammed III da daya daga cikin matansa macen kabilar Ahlaf. Mahaifinsa Sidi Mohammed ya ba da kulawa sosai a cikin iliminsa na addini,don haka Sulaiman ya haddace Alkur'ani a Zawiya a Safi kuma ya yi nazarin tarihin Annabi Muhammad a Ksar al-Kabir.Sulayman ya tafi Tafilat a shekara ta 1783 tare da wasu 'yan uwansa guda biyu inda aka ba su malamai na sirri,a nan ne yake da manyan malamai na Fes kamar Abdulkadir bin Shaqrun da Hamdun bin al-Hajj. Ya tafi Fes a cikin 1790,kuma a cikin Maris 1792,mutanen Fes. Sulaiman ya yarda,duk da haka ya yarda da sharadin cewa ba zai shiga yakar ’yan’uwansa a yakin basasa ba,duk da cewa bai shirya yin mulki ba.Ya kasance yana girmama Shari'a sosai. Mulki Mulkin farko Da zarar Mawlay al-Yazid ya mutu a Marrakesh a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1792,an fara gwagwarmayar neman mulki tsakanin 'ya'yan Mohammed III.Akwai Mawlay Hisham wanda ya yi mulki a Marrakesh,da Mawlay Maslama wanda ya yi mulki a arewa. Mawlay Sulayman ya yi nasara a cikin 1795,duk da haka akwai sauran juriya da yawa wanda ya zama dole don daidaitawa, musamman kabilar Berber na tsaunuka, da tariqas Nan da nan bayan haka, a shekara ta 1798,sarkin musulmi ya aika da wani balaguron soji zuwa birnin Oujda,wanda daular Usmaniyya ke kula da ita tun a shekarar 1792 a lokacin tashin hankalin da aka yi a Maroko.Sarkin bai gamu da wahala ba wajen kwato Oujda da lardunan gabas daga hannun Turkawa tare da kafa sabuwar iyaka a Wadi Kiss. A cikin 1800,mazaunan Tuat sun amince da biyan haraji ga sarki,wanda ya ba da ikon Makhzen kudu da ba wa sarkin damar kara kudaden shiga.Mulkin Mawlay Sulayman ya kasance mai wahala da hargitsi saboda rikicin da ake yi tsakanin kabilun da ya kasa kwantar da hankalinsa,inda aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Larabawa da Berber,kamar yadda manyan tawaye guda biyu da suka nuna mulkinsa suka nuna.A birnin Marrakesh,ya sake gina masallacin Ali bin Yusef,ba tare da barin}aramar ginshikin tsarinsa na asali na Almoravid ko Almohad ba, wanda aka yi a farkon karni na 12,ya kammala gininsa a shekara ta 1819 ko 1820. Manufar kasuwanci Da zarar labarin mamayewar da Faransa ta yi wa Masar da Siriya a shekara ta 1798 ya isa kasar Maroko tare da rahotannin sojojin Faransa na kwasar ganima,kashe-kashe, da cin zarafi ga al'ummar Masar,Mawlay Sulayman ya mayar da martani ta hanyar sauya tsarin kasuwanci na mahaifinsa Muhammad na uku.An rage huldar kasuwanci da kasashen Turai kuma an karfafa gwiwar ‘yan kasuwar kasashen waje su bar Maroko. Bayan haka, Sarkin Musulmi ya juya zuwa ƙasar Maroko,yana ciro harajin kur'ani na gargajiya daga cikin kabilu,Zakka da Ushr.Wannan manufar ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci,amma bayan 1817,jerin bala'o'i sun lalata amfanin gona,wanda ya haifar da tawaye. Mawlay Sulayman ya gabatar wa Amurka da ginin laka da dutse mai hawa biyu a Tangier a cikin 1821, kadarorin farko da kasar ta samu. Zai zaunar da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka da Ofishin Jakadancin na shekaru 140.A lokacin yakin Tripoli tsakanin Amurka da Tripolitania,Maroko ta shelanta yaki a kan Amurka a watan Yunin 1802,duk da haka an samu zaman lafiya a watan Satumban 1803 lokacin da Edward Preble ya gana da Mawlay Sulayman a Tangier kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya. Rashin iko A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1819, a lokacin annoba ta annoba,sarkin ya yanke shawarar jagorantar wani gagarumin yaƙi a kan kabilar Ait Umalu kamar yadda Muhammad bin al-Ghazi, shugaban kabilar Zemur ya ba da shawara.An tara sojojin a Tadla kuma sun hada da kabilun Haouz,sojojin arewa, Larabawa na Azghar,Udayda,da Abid al-Bukhari.Dakarun Makhzen da suka taru a Tadla sun kai mutum 60,000,kuma a watan Mayun 1819,Mawlay Sulayman ya nufi Adekhsan inda aka kai wa Ait Umalu hari, kuma ba da dadewa ba bangarorin biyu suka fafata.Yakin ya yi tsanani, amma a rana ta biyu na yakin, Muhammad bin al-Ghazi ya yi watsi da sarkin ya shiga Ait Umalu.Dakarun Makhzen sun yi galaba a tsakanin ’yan tawayen tsaunuka da na kasa,kuma dukkan rundunar kabilun suka fice daga sarkin, wanda ya bar Udayda da Abid al-Bukhari.A ƙarshen yaƙin, an fatattaki sojojin Makhzen.An raunata Mawlay Ibrahim,kuma shi kansa Mawlay Sulayman yana kurkuku.Duk da haka,an nuna wa sarkin ko wanne irin girmamawa kasancewar shi Sharif ne (zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu kai tsaye), kuma aka sake shi bayan kwanaki uku. Hakan ya biyo bayan tawaye a Fes a shekara ta 1820, kuma Ibrahim bin Yazid ya shelanta kansa a can. Daga Maris 1821 zuwa Afrilu 1822, Mawlay Sulayman ya mayar da hankalinsa ga murkushe tawaye a Fes da Tetuan, ya aika da sojoji 15,000 zuwa Tetuan. An kwashe kimanin shekara guda ana gwabzawa, kuma a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1821, 'yan tawayen sun sha kashi a hannun dakarun Makhzen, kuma a watan Yuli, sojojin sarkin sun yi wa Ait Umalu babbar asara. Daga baya, Mawlay Sulayman ya nufi arewa don duba sojojin da suka yiwa Tetuan kawanya kuma ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan hunturu yana jagorantar ayyukan soji daga Tangier Duk da samun ƙarfafan mutane 3,000 daga Dukkala waɗanda ɗan uwansa Mawlay Abd al-Rahman ya tattara su, sarkin ya kasa karya juriya na Tetuan, amma ya yi nasarar kame katangar Martil a cikin Janairu 1822. Mawlay Sulayman ya yanke shawarar wargaza wannan kawanya ya koma wa Fes. A cikin wata mai zuwa, Mawlay Sulayman ya daidaita yankunan arewa da gabashin Fes, kuma bayan dogon kewayen Fes, mutanen birnin sun bude kofa ga Sarkin da ya shiga cikin birnin a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1822, kuma jama'a. na Tetuan ya yi haka nan ba da jimawa ba a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1822. Bayan haka, an ci shi da kansa a kusa da Marrakesh a cikin 1822 kuma yana da ƙaramin iko. Mawlay Sulayman ya baiwa Malamai na Fes amana su ayyana dan’uwansa Abd al-Rahman a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi da zarar ya rasu. Mawlay Sulayman ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1822 kuma Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham ya gaje shi. Wahabiyanci A zamanin mulkin Mawlay Sulayman kungiyar Wahabiyawa da Muhammad bin Abdulwahhab ya kafa a yankin Larabawa ta isa kasar Maroko. limamin Saudiyya na Masarautar Diriyah, Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, ya yanke shawarar aike da sako zuwa ga dukkan sarakunan kasashen musulmi na Larabawa, zuwa Iraki, Masar, Shafi da Magrib, yana mai bayyana manufofin kiransa, da kuma Wasikarsa ta isa ga Mawlay Sulayman a shekara ta 1811. Mawlay Sulayman ya samu kwarin gwiwa daga wannan yunkuri na farfado da Musulunci, ya kuma yi amfani da ikonsa wajen yin Allah wadai da amfani da kade-kade da raye-raye a cikin bukukuwan addini, da kuma hana zuwa wuraren ibada da bukukuwan addini, har ma da yin qubba a kan kabarin mahaifinsa da aka cire a 1812, yana jayayya cewa abin ado ne mai yawa. Mawlay Sulayman a fili ya yi adawa da bauta wa wadan da ake kira waliyyai musulmi ),kuma a shekara ta 1805,ya bada umarnin a cire wata makabarta a Rabat,in da aka binne mahaifin sa,sai kabari kawai. A cikin 1806, ya rubuta wata takarda yana sukar ayyu kan Sufaye, waɗanda baza a iya gaishe su da farin ciki a Maroko inda Musulunci ya mamaye Maraboutiism.A zamanin magadan Mawlay Sulayman, irin wannan tasirin ba ya nan, kuma bautar “Waliyai” Mawlay Hassan I bin Mohammed (1873-1894) ya fito fili ya yi adawa da shi. Ayyuka Mulay Sulayman shima marubucin wasu ayyuka ne. Mafi shahararsa Inayat Ula li al-Majd.An sadaukar da shi ga ɗaya daga cikin malamansa,Mohammed ibn Abd al-Salam al-Fasi kuma yana magana akan asalin Fasi al-Fihris.Wani sanannen rubutunsa shine Hawashi 'ala Sharh al-Kharshi aiki akan addini.Wasu daga cikin sauran ayyukansa sune Taqayid fi Hukm al-Ghina da Risala fi Hukm al-Ghina (Wannan na baya an yi shi ne da Kitab al-Sama' wa al-Raqs na Ibn Taimiyya).Mulay Sulayman kuma shine marubucin wasiƙu da dama. Tiyoloji “An-Nâsiri ya ce: Sultan Al moulay Souleymân (wato Moulay Slimane),Allah ya jikansa da wannan ra’ayi,shi ya sa ya rubuta littafin sa yana magana a kan Sufaye, inda ya yi gargadi a kan masu karyata Sunnah,a goyi bayan bidi'a,kamar yadda ya yi bayanin yadda ake ziyartar Awliya (masu nagarta) kuma ya yi kashedi a kan wuce gona da iri a kan ta,da nasiha ga musulmi. Ya kuma ce Al-Mawla Suleyman ya rubuta hudu ba mai kwadai tarwa a kan kadai ta Allah da kuma yin Allah wadai da bidi’a,kuma ya bada umarnin a raba ta a dukkan masallatan Juma’a, kuma ya ba da umarnin rufe sahun Sufaye. Farfesa Mohammad Kamal Joumouah ya lura daga littafin Encyclopedia na Musulunci cewa Al-Mawlâ Souleymân ya damu sosai bayan shekara ta 1810 a kan Waha biyanci ko kuma kiran Salafiyya da Sheikh Mohammad bn Abdil-Wahhâb ya yi,wanda ya san ya matsayi mai tsauri a kan Sufaye. Duba kuma 'Daular Alawi Jerin Sarakunan Maroko Tarihin Maroko Yakin Tripolitan Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Archived daular Maroko Alaoui Tarihin Maroko Dar-Sirr.com Portal zuwa Sufanci na
22253	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Nyabarongo	Kogin Nyabarongo	Nyabarongo (ko Nyawarungu) babban kogi ne a Ruwanda, wani ɓangare na saman kogin Nilu. Tare da tsawon tsawon 351 kilomita (218 mi) mafi tsayi kogi gaba ɗaya a Rwanda. An faɗaɗa shi kilomita 421 (262 mi) a Tafkin Rweru gami da hanyar kilomita 69 (43 mi) a saman tafkin Kagera kafin ya shiga cikin Kogin Ruvuvu don ƙirƙirar Kogin Kagera. Kogin yana farawa ne daga mahadar kogunan Mbirurume da Mwogo a Kudu maso Yammacin ƙasar. Wadannan kogunan guda biyu da kansu sun fara ne daga dajin Nyungwe, kuma wasu suna ganin shine tushen mafi nisa daga kogin Nil. Daga farkonsa, Nyabarongo ya bi arewa zuwa kilomita 85 (mil 53), kuma ya samar da iyaka tsakanin Yankunan Yamma da Kudancin. A haɗuwa tare da kogin Mukungwa, kogin ya canza hanya kuma ya gudana zuwa gabas na kilomita 12 (mil 7.5), sannan zuwa wani tafkin Kudu maso gabas na ƙarshen kilomita 200 na ƙarshe (mil 124). Ga mafi tsayi na wannan kwas ɗin, kogin ya zama iyaka tsakanin lardunan Arewa da Kudancin, sannan tsakanin garin Kigali da Lardin Kudancin, kuma daga ƙarshe tsakanin Birnin Kigali da lardin Gabas. Kogin sannan kafin ya shiga Lardin Gabas kuma ya ƙare hanyarsa kusa da kan iyaka da Burundi. Kogin Nyabarongo ya fado duka a tafkin Rweru da Akagera a cikin karamar Delta mai rikitarwa. Kogin Akagera ya malala daga Tafkin Rweru, mai tazarar kilomita 1 kawai daga gaɓar Nyabarongo. Kusan dukkanin rassa na yankin Nyabarongo delta fanko ne a cikin tabkin, sai dai, wani reshe na yankin ya fice kai tsaye a cikin kogin Akagera da aka kafa. Kogin Akagera daga ƙarshe ya kwarara zuwa Kogin Victoria kuma ya samar da Kogin Nilu. Asali Kogin Nyabarongo ya samo asali ne daga kudu maso yammacin Rwanda zuwa gabashin tafkin Kivu. Tushen kogin ya tashi a cikin dutsen da ke rufe mafi yawan yamma na uku na Rwanda, zuwa gabashin Kyautar Albertine. Babban ruwan da ke cikin tsaunukan dazuzzuka, wanda ya samo asali a tsawan mita 2,600 zuwa 2,750 (8,530 zuwa 9,020 ft) sama da matakin teku, sune kogin Mbirurume da Mwogo. Mafi tsayi daga rafin da yake kawo Mwogo shine Rukarara, wanda ya tashi a Dajin Nyungwe. Rukarara yana gudana kudu sannan gabas, yana ɓoye cikin Kogin Mwogo. Mwogo yana gudana arewa, yana haɗuwa da Kogin Mbirurume kudu da Bwakira. Daga wannan haɗuwa, kogin ya ɗauki sunan Nyabarongo. Tushen Rukarara yana gwagwarmaya ne don asalin tushen Nilu, ruwan da ke nesa da ruwa. Hanya Nyawarungu yana tafiya zuwa arewa ta cikin dutsen mai nisa a cikin kwari mai zurfi wanda yayi daidai da tafkin Kivu kuma kusan tsawan da ya kai kimanin mita 1,500 (4,900 ft). A Muramba yana juyawa zuwa kudu maso gabas. A gefen hagu na Kogin Nyabugogo yana sadar da ruwa daga Tafkin Muhazi. A kewayen Kigali ana amfani da kogin don girki, sha da wanka. Hakanan tana karɓar najasa da shara daga masana'antu da noma. Kimanin kilomita 35 (mil 22) ya gangaren kogin Akanyaru ya shiga bankinsa na dama, zuwa kudu maso yamma na Kigali. Haɗin kogin da ke haɗuwa yana gudana gabas sannan kuma kudu maso gabas ta hanyar babban kwari mai fadama. A kan iyaka da Burundi ya malale Tafkin Rweru. Daga nan sai ya kwarara zuwa gabas kusa da kan iyakar tsakanin Rwanda da Burundi, sannan tsakanin Rwanda da Tanzania, har zuwa inda ya haɗu da Kogin Ruvuvu. Daga can ana kiranta Kogin Kagera, babban mawadatar tafkin Victoria, wanda yake malala zuwa Kogin Nilu. Kogin ya shayar da gabashin tsaunuka da kuma tsakiyar yankin tsakiyar Ruwanda. Dausayi Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Akanyaru suka haɗu, masu haɗar kogin da ke gabas zuwa kudu sannan ta hanyar hadaddun tabkuna da dausayi a cikin kwari mai faɗi wanda ke gudana a cikin hanyar SSE, kilomita 35 (22 mi) faɗi, wanda yake ambaliya don ƙirƙirar yankin na dindindin fadama da tabkuna. Tafkin Mugesera yana gefen gabashin kogin, kuma shi ne babban tabki na Rwandan a cikin hadadden. Tafkuna Birara da Sake suma suna kwance a gefen hagu na kogin. Tekuna a bankin dama, daga arewa zuwa kudu sune Gashanga, Kidogo, Rumira, Maravi, Kilimbi, Gaharwa, Rweru da Kanzigiri. Tafkin Rweru, wanda galibi ya ta'allaka ne a cikin Burundi, yana malalewa ta hanyar arewa maso gabas zuwa cikin kogin ta wani ɗan gajeren sashe mai dausayi. Kodayake kusa da ekweita, iklima tana da kwatankwacin yanayi saboda tsawa. Lokacin damina daga Maris zuwa Mayu ne kuma daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. A cikin manya-manyan wuraren dausayi ana samun ambaliyar ruwa ne lokaci-lokaci. Gaba gaba, shuke-shuke gama gari sune Ficus verruculosa, Myrica kandtiana, Phoenix reclinata da Cyperus papyrus. Ruwan yana kusan 25°C (77°F). Kifi yana da yawa, kuma akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu yawa na ruwa. Sauran dabbobin sun hada da kunkuru na ruwa, kada, masu sa ido, macizai da kuma otters. Dausayin Kogin Nyabarongo yanki ne wanda ba shi da kariya wanda ke kewaye da hanyar Nyabarongo, kuma ya mamaye murabba'in kilomita 142.62 (55.07 sq mi). Yana da matukar mahimmanci ga kiyaye halittu, musamman tsuntsaye, tare da nau'ikan halittu irin su kogin Malagasy mai hatsari (Ardeola idae), da gagararren papyrus gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri), mara nauyi mai launin toka (Balearica regulorum), da sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii). Dausayi suna cikin matsi mai tsanani daga harkar noma. Wadannan jinsunan dake cikin dausayin kogin Nyabarongo an lasafta su a matsayin wadanda ke da hatsari: papyrus gonolek (Laniarius mufumbiri), Cricoico na Carruthers (Cisticola carruthersi), masu fuka-fuka masu fuka-fuka-fuka-fukai (Bradypterus carpalis), papyrus yellow warbler (Chloropeta gracilirostris) -babbler (Turdoides sharpei), mai saƙa mai launin ruwan kasa ta arewa (Ploceus castanops), mai hade da farin zaitun (Nesocharis ansorgei), da papyrus canary (Serinus koliensis). {{sfn BirdLife IBA Factsheet} Manazarta
6208	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauchi	Bauchi	Bauchi ƙasa ce dake yankin Arewacin Nigeria tana yankin Arewacin gabashin Nigeria an kirkiri jihar Bauchi ne a watan Fabrairun 1976 daga tsohuwar jihar Arewa maso Gabas ta gwamnatin Janar Murtala Mohammed. Asali ta hadane da yankin Gombe, wadda ta zama jiha ta daban a shekarar 1996. Tana da kananan hukumomi 20. Babban birninta shin Bauchi. Jihar Bauchi tana yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 45,837. Jihar Bauchi tana iyaka da Kano da Jigawa daga arewa sai Yobe da Gombe daga gabas sai jihar Kaduna ta yamma da Filato da Taraba a kudu. Gaba daya yankunan yammacin jihar da arewacin kasar suna da tsaunuka da duwatsu. Hakan ya faru ne sakamakon kusancin jihar da tsaunukan Jos ta jihar Plateau da kasar Cameroun. Jihar Bauchi na daya daga cikin jahohin Arewacin Najeriya da suka mamaye yankunan ciyayi guda biyu, wato Sudan Savannah da Sahel Savannah. Manyan koguna guda biyu ne suka ratsa jihar, kogin Gongola da Hadejia. Yanayin yanayin jihar Bauchi yana da zafi sosai a watannin Afrilu da Mayu, yayin da Disamba da Janairu ne watanni mafi sanyi. Jihar Bauchi na daya daga cikin jahohin Arewacin Najeriya da suka mamaye yankunan ciyayi guda biyu, wato Sudan Savannah da Sahel Savannah. Manyan koguna guda biyu ne suka ratsa jihar, kogin Gongola da Hadejia. Yanayin yanayin jihar Bauchi yana da zafi sosai a watannin Afrilu da Mayu, yayin da Disamba da Janairu ne watanni mafi sanyi. Jihar Bauchi tana da ƙabilu masu yawa, wanda sun kai ƙabilu 55 da suka haɗa da Fulani, Gerawa, Sayawa, Jarawa, Kirfawa, Turawa Bolewa, Karekare, Kanuri, Fa'awa, Butawa, Warjawa, Zulawa, Boyawa MBadawa. Amma Fulani su ne ƙabila mafi Yewa a Jahar,inda suka mamaye kananun hukumomi irinsu Toro, jama'are, giade, darazo, katagum, misau, Alkaleri, dambam, da dai sauran su. Wannan yana nufin cewa suna da asali,da tsarin sana'a, da sauran abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke cikin kasancewar al'ummar jihar. ASALIN SUNA An samo Sunan garin Bauchi ne daga sunan wani Baushe wanda ya kasance jajirtaccen mafarauci a zamaninsa. Baushe shine ya fara zama a Bauchi kafin zuwan Malam Yakubu Sarkin Bauchi na farko. Bauchi a cewar masu fassarar Hausa na farko na nufin “babu wata dabba da ta tsira daga tarko da kibiryar Baushe”. Akwai kamanceceniyar al'adu a tsakanin kabilun jihar, ayyukan sana'a, bukukuwa, sutura da kuma yawan mu'amalar ƙabilanci musamman wajen zaman aure da tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikin ƙabilun suna da alaƙar barkwanci da ke tsakanin su, misali; Fulani da Kanuri, Jarawa da Sayawa, da sauransu. TATTALIN ARZIKI Jihar Bauchi jihar noma ce. Sunada Faɗin ƙasa mai albarka hakan yasa yana ƙara fa'ida ga kayan amfanin gonar da suke samarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da masara, shinkafa, gero, gyada. Ana yin noma da tallafawa ta hanyar amfani da madatsun ruwa kamar dam na Balanga da sauransu. Haka nan ana kiwon shanu da sauran dabbobi a jihar. Haka kuma jihar tana da masana’antun da suke samar da kayayyakin Amfanin Al'umma na yau da kullum. YAWAN BUDE IDO Jihar Bauchi na da albarkar wuraren yawon bude ido da dama. Jihar Bauchi tana da wurin ajiyar Dabbobi na Yankari (mafi girman kiwo a Afirka ta Yamma), Premier Game Reserve, Rock Paintings a Goji da Shira, Gidan Tarihi na jiha Shehu Azare Park Tunga Dutse Wikki Warm Springs Yankari National Park (Game Reserve). BUKUKUWAN AL'ADA Amanya Festival Bikin Fasaha da Al'adu na Jahar Bauchi Idin kaciya na mutanen Gezawa Durbar Festival Kokowa and Dambe Festival Lake Efi Fishing Festival Bikin Al'adun Yankari Bikin Daba (Durbar) babban abin jan hankali ne na shekara-shekara KANANAN HUKOMOMI Birnin Bauchi na cikin ƙananan hukumomi ashirin da ke jihar Bauchi: Bauchi, Tafawa Balewa, Dass, Toro, Bogoro, Ningi, Warji, Ganjuwa, Kirfi, Alkaleri, Darazo, Misau, Giade, Shira, Jamaare, Katagum, Itas/Gadau, Zaki, Gamawa da Dambam. Bauchi (jiha) Bauchi (birni)
30199	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsayin%20fitar%20da%20gurbataccciyar%20iska	Matsayin fitar da gurbataccciyar iska	Matsayin fitarwa su ne ka'idodin doka da ke kula da gurɓataccen iska da aka fitar a cikin yanayi Ka'idodin fitar da iska sun saita iyaka masu ƙididdigewa akan halaltaccen adadin ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen iska waɗanda za'a iya fitar dasu daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Kuma An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaiton ingancin iska da kuma kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da kuma ƙasashe daban-daban suna da ma'auni daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa. Kafaffen tushe Yawancin mizanan fitar da hayaki sun fi mayar da hankali kan daidaita gurɓatattun abubuwan da motoci ke fitarwa (motocin motoci) da sauran ababen hawa masu ƙarfi. Sannan Wasu kuma suna daidaita hayaki daga masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, ƙananan kayan aiki kamar injin yankan lawn da injinan dizal, da sauran hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska An kafa ka'idojin fitar da motoci na farko a cikin shekarata 1963 a cikin Amurka, galibi a matsayin martani ga matsalolin hayaki na Los Angeles Shekaru uku bayan haka Japan ta kafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na farko, sannan tsakanin 1970 zuwa Shekarar 1972 ta Canada, Australia, da kasashen Turai da dama. Matsayin farko ya shafi carbon monoxide (CO) da hydrocarbons (HC). An gabatar da ka'idoji kan fitar da iskar nitrogen oxide (NO x a cikin Amurka, Japan, da Kanada a cikin shekarata 1973 da 1974, tare da Sweden ta biyo baya a cikin 1976 da Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai a shekarata 1977. A cikin hankali waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun ƙaru sosai amma ba a taɓa samun haɗin kai ba. Akwai manyan ma'auni guda uku: Amurka, Jafananci, da Turai, tare da kasuwanni daban-daban galibi suna amfani da waɗannan azaman tushe. Sweden, Switzerland, da kuma Ostiraliya suna da ma'auni daban-daban na fitar da hayaki na shekaru masu yawa amma tun daga lokacin sun karɓi ƙa'idodin Turai. Indiya, Sin, da sauran sabbin kasuwanni suma sun fara aiwatar da ka'idojin fitar da abin hawa (wanda aka samo daga buƙatun Turai) a cikin ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, yayin da manyan motocin hawa suka haifar da matsalolin ingancin iska a can ma. Matsayin aikin fitar da abin hawa Ma'aunin aikin fitar da hayaƙi shine iyaka wanda ke saita ƙofofin sama waɗanda za'a iya buƙatar nau'in fasaha na sarrafa hayaki na daban. Yayin da aka yi amfani da ƙa'idodin aikin fitarwa don ƙaddamar da iyaka ga abubuwan gurɓatawa na yau da kullun kamar oxides na nitrogen da oxides na sulfur (NO x da SO x ana iya amfani da wannan dabarar ka'ida don daidaita iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide CO A cikin Amurka, ana ba da wannan a cikin fam na carbon dioxide a kowace megawatt-hour (lbs. CO MWhr), da kilogiram CO MWhr a wani wuri. Amirka ta Arewa Kanada A Kanada, Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Kanada, a shekarata 1999 (CEPA 1999) tana canja wurin ikon majalisa don daidaita hayaki daga motocin kan hanya da injuna zuwa Muhalli Kanada daga Dokar Kare Motoci ta Kanada. Dokokin sun daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki tare da ka'idojin tarayya na Amurka kuma sun shafi motocin masu haske (misali, motocin fasinja), manyan motoci masu haske (misali, motocin haya, manyan motocin daukar kaya, motocin motsa jiki), motocin masu nauyi (misali, manyan motoci da sauransu). bas), injuna masu nauyi da babura. Amurka Amurka tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda duk sabbin motoci dole ne su cika su. A Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ce ke sarrafa ka'idojin fitar da hayaki. A ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, an ba wa jihar California damar ƙaddamar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitar da abin hawa (ƙarashin amincewar EPA), kuma wasu daga cikin jihohi na iya zaɓar bin ƙa'idodin ƙasa ko California. California ta samar da ma'aunin ingancin iska kafin EPA, tare da matsananciyar matsalolin ingancin iska a cikin babban birni na Los Angeles LA shine birni na biyu mafi girma a ƙasar, kuma ya dogara sosai akan motoci kuma yana da ƙarancin yanayin yanayin yanayi fiye da manya da manyan birane na uku (New York da Chicago). Wasu jihohin suna da yankuna a cikin jihar da ke buƙatar gwajin hayaki yayin da sauran garuruwan da ke a cikin jihar ba sa buƙatar gwajin hayaƙi. Wuraren gwajin fitar da hayaƙi na Arizona suna da farko a cikin manyan yankuna biyu mafi girma (Phoenix da Tucson). Kuma Ba a bukaci mutanen da ke wajen wadannan yankuna su mika motarsu domin yin gwaji domin wadannan wuraren ne kadai suka gaza a gwajin ingancin iska da jihar ta yi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California (CARB) ce ta tsara ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin California. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2009, wasu jihohi 16 sun amince da dokokin CARB; da aka ba da girman kasuwar California tare da waɗannan sauran jihohi, masana'antun da yawa sun zaɓi gina ma'auni na CARB lokacin sayarwa a duk jihohi 50. Manufofin CARB kuma sun yi tasiri ga ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaƙin EU. California na kokarin daidaita hayaki mai gurbata muhalli daga motoci, amma tana fuskantar kalubalen kotu daga gwamnatin tarayya. Har ila yau, jihohin suna ƙoƙarin tilasta Hukumar EPA ta Tarayya ta tsara yadda ake fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, wanda ya zuwa shekarata 2007 ta ƙi yin hakan. A ranar 19 ga Mayun shekarar 2009, rahotannin labarai sun nuna cewa EPA ta Tarayya za ta yi amfani da ƙa'idodin California game da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. California da wasu jahohin yamma da dama sun zartas da kudurorin da ke buƙatar tsarin aiki na tushen iskar gas daga samar da wutar lantarki. A ƙoƙarin rage hayaki daga injunan diesel masu nauyi cikin sauri, Shima Shirin Carl Moyer na CARB yana ba da kuɗin haɓakawa waɗanda ke gaban ƙa'idodi. Ma'auni na ARB na California don fitar da abin hawa haske ƙa'ida ce ta kayan aiki da farko, kuma tare da tabbatar da hayaƙi na biyu. Ba a yarda mai abin hawa ya gyara, inganta, ko Kuma ƙirƙira mafita don ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun hayaki-kawai da aka saita don abin hawan su akan manyan titunan jama'a. Don haka, yunƙurin California na daidaita hayaki tsari ne na kayan aiki, ba na ingancin iska ba. Sannan An keɓe masu abin hawa daga gyara kayansu ta kowace hanya da CARB ba ta yi bincike mai zurfi ba kuma ta amince da su kuma har yanzu tana sarrafa su akan manyan titunan jama'a. EPA tana da ƙa'idodi daban-daban don ƙananan injuna, kamar kayan aikin ƙasa Dole ne kuma jihohin su fitar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki iri-iri domin su bi ka'idojin ingancin iska na kasa Turai Kafin Tarayyar Turai ta fara daidaita ka'idojin fitar da hayaki, akwai ka'idoji daban-daban. Membobin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Turai (EEC) suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi guda ɗaya, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi fiye da na Amurka ko Japan. An ƙarfafa waɗannan a hankali, farawa daga ƙaurawar motoci sama da lita biyu saboda hauhawar farashin ba zai yi tasiri a wannan ɓangaren ba. Farashin ECE 15/05 ka'idoji (wanda kuma aka sani da yarjejeniyar Luxemburg, mai tsananin isa don ainihin buƙatar masu canzawa) ya fara aiki a hankali: matakin farko da aka yi amfani da motocin sama da kimanin 2000 cc a matakai biyu, a cikin Oktoba shekarar 1988 da Oktoba 1989. Akwai motocin da ke biye tsakanin lita 1.4 zuwa 2.0, a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1991 da Oktoba 1993. Motoci kasa da 1400 cc dole ne ya hadu da ka'idoji guda biyu masu zuwa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Oktoba shekarata 1992 da Oktoban shekarar 1994 bi da bi. Kamfanonin kera motoci na Faransa da Italiya, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi a cikin ƙananan nau'in mota, sun kasance suna yin adawa da waɗannan ƙa'idodin a cikin shekarun 1980. A cikin EEC, Jamus ta kasance jagora wajen daidaita hayakin motoci. Jamus ta ba da ƙarfafan kuɗi ga masu siyan motoci waɗanda suka cika ka'idodin Amurka ko ECE, tare da ƙarancin ƙididdigewa ga waɗanda suka cika buƙatun. Waɗannan abubuwan ƙarfafawa sun yi tasiri mai ƙarfi; kashi 6.5 cikin 100 na sababbin motocin da aka yi wa rajista a Jamus a cikin shekarata 1988 ba su cika buƙatun fitar da hayaki ba kuma kashi 67.3 cikin ɗari sun cika ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin Amurka ko ECE. Sweden ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko da suka kafa tsauraran ƙa'idodi (na 1975), suna sanya iyaka mai ƙarfi akan adadin motocin da ake samu a wurin. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin kuma sun haifar da matsalolin tuƙi da ƙara yawan amfani da mai a wani ɓangare saboda masana'antun ba za su iya ba da hujjar kashe kuɗin don biyan takamaiman ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙaramin kasuwa ɗaya kawai. A cikin shekarata 1982, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙididdige cewa ƙa'idodin Sweden sun karu da yawan man fetur da kashi 9 cikin dari, yayin da ya sanya motoci da kashi 2.5 cikin 100 mafi tsada. Domin 1983 Switzerland (sa'an nan Ostiraliya) shiga a cikin wannan sa na dokokin, wanda sannu a hankali ƙara yawan bokan injuna. Matsala ɗaya ta ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin ita ce ba su da lissafin injunan catalyzed, ma'ana cewa motocin da aka sanye da su dole ne a cire na'urori masu motsi kafin a yi musu rajista ta dokar. A shekarar 1985 motoci na farko da aka katange sun shiga wasu kasuwannin Turai kamar Jamus. Da farko dai, samar da man fetur ba tare da leda ba yana da iyaka kuma tallace-tallace kadan ne. A Sweden, an ba da izinin ababen hawa a cikin 1987, suna cin gajiyar ragi na haraji don haɓaka tallace-tallace. A shekara ta 1989 an tsaurara dokokin fitar da hayaki na Swiss/Swidish har ta kai ga ba a iya siyar da motocin da ba su da ƙarfi. Kuma A farkon 1989 aka gabatar da BMW Z1, wanda kawai yana samuwa tare da injunan catalyzed. Wannan matsala ce a wasu wurare kamar Portugal, inda har yanzu man fetur maras lede ya kasance kusan babu shi, kodayake ƙa'idodin Turai suna buƙatar "samuwa" a kowace ƙasa kafin 1 Oktoba shekarata 1989. Tarayyar Turai Tarayyar Turai tana da nata tsarin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki wanda dole ne duk sabbin motoci su cika su. Kuma A halin yanzu, an kafa ma'auni ga duk motocin titi, jiragen ƙasa, jiragen ruwa da 'na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka marasa kan hanya' (kamar tarakta). Sannan Babu ma'auni da ya shafi jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a teku ko jiragen sama. Doka ta EU mai lamba 443/2009 tana saita matsakaita buƙatun CO don sabbin motocin fasinja na gram 130 a kowace kilomita. A hankali an aiwatar da manufar a tsakanin shekarata 2012 da 2015. Maƙasudin gram 95 a kowace kilomita zai yi aiki daga shekarar 2021. Don abin hawan kasuwanci mai haske, manufa ta 175 g/km tana aiki daga shekarar 2017, da 147 g/km daga 2020, raguwar 16%. EU ta gabatar da Yuro 4 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, Yuro 5 mai tasiri 1 Janairu 2010, da Yuro 6 mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga Janairu shekarata 2014. An dage wadannan ranakun na tsawon shekaru biyu don baiwa matatun mai damar sabunta shukarsu. Birtaniya Hukumomin gida da dama a Burtaniya sun gabatar da ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Euro 4 ko Yuro 5 don motocin haya da motocin haya masu zaman kansu masu lasisi don yin aiki a yankinsu. Ba a yi gwajin fitar da hayaki a kan motocin dizal ba a lokacin MOT a Ireland ta Arewa tsawon shekaru 12, duk da cewa ana buƙata ta doka. Jamus A cewar ofishin kera motoci na Tarayyar Jamus 37.3% (miliyan 15.4) a cikin Jamus (jimilar yawan motoci miliyan 41.3) sun dace da ƙa'idar Euro 4 daga Janairu shekarata 2009. Asiya China Sakamakon karuwar arziki da wadata cikin sauri, yawan kamfanonin makamashin kwal da motoci a kan titunan kasar Sin na karuwa cikin sauri, lamarin da ke haifar da matsalar gurbatar yanayi. A shekarar 2000, kasar Sin ta kafa dokar hana fitar da hayaki ta farko kan motoci, daidai da ka'idojin Yuro I. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasar Sin (SEPA) ta sake inganta tsarin sarrafa hayaki a ranar 1 ga Yulin shekarata 2004 zuwa ma'aunin Yuro II. Mafi tsauri na tsaye, misali na kasa III, daidai da ka'idojin III III, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli shekarar 2007. Shirye-shiryen sun kasance don ƙa'idodin Euro IV don aiwatarwa a cikin shekarar 2010. Beijing ta gabatar da ma'auni na Euro IV a gaba a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2008, wanda ya zama birni na farko a babban yankin kasar Sin da ya dauki wannan matakin. Hong Kong Daga 1 ga Janairu, shekarata 2006, duk sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna walƙiya a Hong Kong dole ne su dace da daidaitattun man fetur na Yuro IV, ma'aunin Heisei 17 na Japan ko ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5. Don sabbin motocin fasinja masu injunan kunna wuta, dole ne su dace da ma'aunin US EPA Tier 2 Bin 5. Matsayi na yanzu shine Euro 6C, an tsara shi tun 2019. Indiya Ka'idojin fitar da matakin Bharat sune ka'idojin fitarwa da Gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa don daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska daga kayan injin konewa na ciki, gami da motocin. Kuma Ma'auni da lokacin aiwatarwa an tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Guba ta Tsakiya a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Muhalli Dazuzzuka. Ma'auni, bisa ƙa'idodin Turai an fara gabatar da su a cikin shekarar 2000. An fitar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri tun daga lokacin. Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera bayan aiwatar da ka'idoji dole ne su kasance masu bin ka'idoji. A shekara ta 2014, ƙasar ta kasance ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar Yuro 3 da ƙa'idodin Euro 4, tare da aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yuro 4 a wasu manyan biranen 13. Har zuwa Afrilu shekarata 2017, duk ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ka'idodin BS IV, wanda ya dogara da Yuro 4. Ya zuwa yanzu an fara kera da rajistar motocin BS VI, daga Afrilu shekarata 2020 duk masana'antar BS VI ya zama tilas, bi da bi. Japan Fage Tun daga ranar 10 ga Yuni, shekarar 1968, gwamnatin Jafananci ta zartar da Japanese wanda ya tsara duk hanyoyin da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Sakamakon dokar ta 1968, an zartar da shawarwari a ƙarƙashin 1970 Japanese Sakamakon dokar ta 1970, a cikin 1973 an gabatar da kaso na farko na sabbin ka'idojin fitar da hayaki guda hudu. An gabatar da ka'idojin wucin gadi a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1975, da kuma na 1976. An gabatar da ma'auni na ƙarshe don 1978. Yayin da aka gabatar da matakan ba a sanya su nan da nan ba, maimakon haka an ba da harajin haraji ga motocin da suka wuce su. Ma'auni sun dogara ne akan waɗanda ainihin Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Ruwa ta Amurka ta shekarar 1970 ta karbe, amma zagayowar gwajin ya haɗa da ƙarin tuƙi cikin jinkirin don nuna halin da Jafananci ke ciki daidai. Ƙididdiga na 1978 don matsananciyar hayaki yayin "Gwajin Farawa mai zafi" na CO, hydrocarbons, da sun kasance na CO, na HC, da na bi da bi. Matsakaicin iyaka shine na CO, na HC, da na Wani daki-daki mai ban sha'awa na ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na Japan shine cewa an gabatar da su a cikin yanayi mai laushi; wato ana iya siyar da motoci na shekarar 1978 da ba su cika ka'idojin shekarata 1978 ba, amma za su fuskanci hukuncin haraji daban-daban. Wannan ya ba masana'antun dakin numfashi don samar da ingantattun hanyoyin injiniyan da ya dace da kuma karfafa gyara samfuran da aka fi siyar da farko, wanda ke haifar da sauƙin ɗaukar matakan iska mai tsabta da ƙarancin damuwa na tuƙi fiye da sauran kasuwanni. Gwajin Zazzaɓi Yanayin 10 15 da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance ƙimar tattalin arzikin man fetur da hayaƙin da aka gani daga motar da ake gwadawa, yi amfani da takamaiman tsarin gwaji. In 1992, to cope with pollution problems from existing vehicle fleets in highly populated metropolitan areas, the Ministry of the Environment adopted the called in short The Motor Vehicle Law. The regulation designated a total of 196 communities in the Tokyo, Saitama, Kanagawa, Osaka and Hyogo Prefectures as areas with significant air pollution due to nitrogen oxides emitted from motor vehicles. Under the Law, several measures had to be taken to control from in-use vehicles, including enforcing emission standards for specified vehicle categories. An gyara dokar a watan Yunin shekarata 2001 don ƙarfafa abin da ke akwai bukatun kuma don ƙara abubuwan sarrafawa na PM. Dokar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima ana kiranta da “Dokar da ta shafi Matakai na Musamman don Rage Jimillar Naitrogen Oxide da Bargarin Matter da Ke Fitowa daga Motoci a Keɓaɓɓen Wurare”, ko kuma a takaice Motoci. da PM Law. Ka'idojin fitarwa The da Dokar PM ta gabatar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan motocin da suka haɗa da motocin kasuwanci (kayan kaya) irin su manyan motoci da manyan motoci, bas, da motoci na musamman, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in mai ba. Sannwn Kuma Dokar kuma ta shafi motocin fasinja masu amfani da dizal (amma ba ga motocin mai ba). Motocin da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan dole ne su cika ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na shekarata 1997/98 don sabon nau'in abin hawa (cikin yanayin injina masu nauyi). 4.5 g/kWh, PM 0.25 g/kWh). A takaice dai, sabbin matakan abin hawa na shekarar 1997/98 ana amfani da su a baya ga tsofaffin motocin da ke kan hanya. Masu abin hawa suna da hanyoyi guda biyu don yin biyayya: Maye gurbin tsofaffin ababen hawa tare da sabbin samfura masu tsabta Sake gyara tsofaffin motocin tare da yarda da na'urorin sarrafa PM Motoci suna da lokacin alheri, tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 12 daga rijistar farko, don cikawa. Lokacin alheri ya dogara da nau'in abin hawa, kamar haka: Motocin kasuwanci masu haske (GVW 2500 kg: 8 shekaru Motocin kasuwanci masu nauyi (GVW> 2500 kg: 9 shekaru Micro bas (11-29 kujeru): shekaru 10 Manyan bas 30 kujeru): shekaru 12 Motoci na musamman (dangane da motar daukar kaya ko bas): shekaru 10 Motocin fasinja dizal: shekaru 9 Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar ta ba da damar cika buƙatunta da za a jinkirta da ƙarin shekaru 0.5-2.5, sannan dangane da shekarun abin hawa. An gabatar da wannan jinkiri a wani bangare don daidaitawa da Dokar PM tare da shirin sake fasalin diesel na Tokyo. The kuma ana aiwatar da dokar PM dangane da shirin duba abubuwan hawa na Japan, inda motocin da ba su bi ba ba za su iya gudanar da binciken a wuraren da aka keɓe ba. Wannan, bi da bi, na iya haifar da umarni kan aikin abin hawa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sufuri na Hanyar. Isra'ila Tun daga watan Janairun shekarata 2012 motocin da ba su cika ka'idojin fitar da Euro 6 ba ba a yarda a shigo da su zuwa Isra'ila ba. Turkiyya Diesel da man fetur sulfur abun ciki ana kayyade a 10 ppm. A halin yanzu Turkiyya tana bin Euro VI don manyan motocin kasuwanci masu nauyi, kuma, a cikin shekarata 2016 shekaru biyu bayan EU, Turkiyya ta karɓi Yuro 6 don sabbin nau'ikan motocin lauyoyi masu sauƙi (LDV) da sabbin nau'ikan motocin fasinja. Turkiyya na shirin yin amfani da tsarin gwajin motocin da ba su dace ba (WLTP). Koyaya, duk da waɗannan ƙa'idodin fitar da bututun wutsiya na sabbin nau'ikan abin hawa akwai tsofaffin motocin diesel da yawa, babu yankuna masu ƙarancin hayaki kuma babu iyaka na ƙasa akan abubuwan PM2.5 don haka gurɓatar gida, gami da manyan motocin, har yanzu babban haɗarin lafiya ne. a wasu garuruwa, kamar Ankara Abubuwan da aka tattara na PM2.5 sune 41 g/m 3 a Turkiyya, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kasar da tafi kowacce kasa gurbacewar iska a Turai. Dokokin gwada iskar gas ɗin abin hawa shine lambar Jarida ta hukuma mai lamba 30004 wacce aka buga 11 ga Maris Na shekarar 2017. Matsakaicin 135 g CO /km don LDVs idan aka kwatanta da kyau da sauran ƙasashe a cikin shekarata 2015, duk da haka sabanin EU babu iyaka akan hayaƙin carbon dioxide. Afirka Afirka ta Kudu An fara aiwatar da shirin tsabtace mai na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 2006 tare da hana gubar dalma daga man fetur da kuma rage yawan sulfur a dizal daga kashi 3,000 a kowace miliyan (ppm) zuwa 500ppm, tare da babban darajar 50. ppm. Ma'aunin Tsabtace Fuels 2, ana tsammanin farawa a cikin shekarar 2017, ya haɗa da rage sulfur zuwa 10 ppm; ragewar benzene daga kashi 5 zuwa kashi 1 na girma; rage yawan aromatics daga kashi 50 zuwa kashi 35 na girma; da ƙayyadaddun olefins a kashi 18 cikin ɗari na girma. Tafkuna Ostiraliya Matsayin fitar da hayaƙin Australiya sun dogara ne akan ƙa'idodin Turai don motocin masu nauyi da nauyi (kaya masu nauyi), tare da yarda da zaɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodin Amurka da Jafananci. Manufar yanzu ita ce ta daidaita ƙa'idodin Australiya tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) da ka'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi na Turai (ECE). A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2013, an ƙaddamar da matakin farko na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin fitarwa na Euro 5 don motocin haske, wanda ya haɗa da motoci da motocin kasuwanci masu haske. Haɓaka ƙa'idodin fitar da hayaki na manyan motoci da injuna ana gudanar da su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta ƙasa (NTC) da ƙa'idodin Dokokin Ƙirƙirar Australiya (ADR) ana gudanar da su ta Sashen Kaya da Sufuri. Duk sabbin motocin da aka kera ko aka sayar a cikin ƙasa dole ne su bi ka'idodin, waɗanda ake gwada su ta hanyar sarrafa abin hawa ko injin a daidaitaccen tsarin gwaji. Duba wasu abubuwan Gurbacewar iska C. Arden Paparoma Carbon dioxide daidai Cibiyar Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace iska (a Amurka) Fasali na fitarwa Zagayowar gwajin fitarwa Kasuwancin hayaki Matsayin muhalli Matsayin fitarwa na Turai Zagayen tuƙi Motar mai sassauƙan mai Ingantaccen mai Rage ƙima ta wayar hannu Fitowar abin hawa Ka'idojin fitar da hayaki na ƙasa don gurɓacewar iska mai haɗari Ultra-low-sulfur dizal Ikon fitar da hayaki Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafukan Dieselnet akan ka'idojin fitar da abin hawa EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emission Laboratory don injunan ayyuka masu nauyi da marasa kan titi Ƙididdigar Harajin Kuɗi na Tarayya don Haɓaka da aka sanya cikin sabis EPA: Tarihin Rage Gurbacewar iska daga Sufuri a Amurka EU Umarnin Majalisar 80/1268/EEC Amfani da man fetur na motoci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
52135	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Feichtner	Thomas Feichtner	Thomas Feichtner (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da saɓ'in(1970) ɗan ƙasar Ostiriya ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil mai zanen masana'antu. Rayuwa An haifi Thomas Feichtner ga iyayen Austrian a Vitória,Brazil,a cikin 1970.Bayan a Linz,Austria, da Düsseldorf,Jamus,ya yi karatu kuma ya kammala digiri a cikin ƙirar masana'antu a Jami'ar Art and Industrial Design Linz, daga 1990 zuwa 1995,inda daga baya ya koyar daga 2002 zuwa 2005.A cikin 1997 Feichtner ya kafa nasa ɗakin studio na zane kuma da farko ya tsara kayan wasanni da kayan masana'antu.Tun daga shekara ta 2005,ya ƙara ƙirƙira samfura don masu ƙirƙira na Austrian da masu sana'a na gargajiya,tare da nau'ikan gwaji guda ɗaya don nune-nunen. Tsakanin shekarata 2001 da 2009, ya kasance abokin,tarayya a wata hukumar sadarwa ta gani a Linz da Vienna. An haifi ɗansa Ferdinand a shekara ta 2008.Feichter ya kasance farfesa na ƙirar samfura a Muthesius Academy of Art a Kiel,Jamus,daga 2009 zuwa 2014.Tare da matarsa Simone Feichtner,yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Vienna,Austria. Ayyuka Ko da a matsayin dalibi,Thomas Feichtner ya tsara kayayyaki masu yawa don masana'antar wasanni ta Austrian,kamar skateboards da dusar ƙanƙara don Kayan aikin Heavy ko ski daure don Tyrolia da Fischer. Daga baya ya tsara skis don Head da Blizzard. fannin sadarwa na gani,Feichtner ya yi aiki ga kamfanoni kamar Swarovski,Adidas Eyewear, Babban Birnin Turai na Al'adu ko kuma mai zanen Birtaniya-Isra'ila Ron Arad.Bayan nasararsa na farko a matsayin mai zanen masana'antu,Feichtner ya juya zuwa ƙirar samfurin gwaji a cikin 2005,t aiki tare da masana'antun gargajiya irin su J. & L. Lobmeyr, Porzellanmanufaktur Augarten, Neue Wiener Werkstätten, Wiener Silbermanufactur da Stam Ya kuma kammala ayyukan mai zaman kansa tare da haɗin gwiwar Vitra und FSB. Ayyukansa sun sami hanyar shiga cikin manyan tarin zane-zane,kamar na MAK-Gidan kayan gargajiya na Austrian da aka yi Kyauta Reddot zane lambar yabo 2010, Design Zentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen, Jamus. Kyautar Zane ta Turai 2009, IDA International Council of Graphic Design Associations, Athens, Girka. CCA Venus Award 2009, Venus a Bronze, Creativ Club Austria, Vienna. Josef Binder Award a Silber 2008, Design Austria, Ƙungiyar Zane-zane da Samfura, Vienna, Austria. Kyautar Zane na Tarayyar Jamus 2007, Majalisar Zane ta Jamus, Frankfurt, Jamus. Kyaututtukan Duniya na 2006 Gasar Ƙarshe, Gasar Kyaututtuka ta Duniya, Bikin New York, New York, Amurka. Josef Binder Award 2006, zanen Austria, Hotuna da Ƙungiyar Ƙira, Vienna, Austria. Kyautar Zane na Tarayyar Jamus 2005, Majalisar Zane ta Jamus, Frankfurt, Jamus. Josef Binder Award 2004, zanen Austria, Hotuna da Ƙungiyar Ƙira, Vienna, Austria. BIO19, Biennal na Masana'antu Design Ljubljana, 2004, Architecture Museum of Ljubljana. Slovenia Gustav Klimt Prize 2004, Vienna, Austria. Reddot zane lambar yabo 2004, Design Zentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen, Jamus. Bikin Talla na Ƙasashen Duniya Cannes 2003, Cannes Cannes, Buga da Waje, Cannes, Faransa. IF Design Award 2002, International Forum Design Hannover, Jamus. Designpreis Schweiz 2001, Cibiyar Zane AG, Langenthal, Switzerland. IF Design Award 2001, International Forum Design Hannover, Jamus. CCA Venus Award 2000, Venus a Bronze, Creativ Club Austria, Vienna, Austria. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
29997	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Makamashi	Dokokin Makamashi	Dokokin makamashi suna sarrafa amfani da harajin makamashi, duka masu sabuntawa da waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba Waɗannan dokokin sune manyan hukumomi (kamar shari'ar shari'a, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa da makamashi. Sabanin haka, manufar makamashi tana nufin manufofin da siyasar makamashi. Dokar makamashi ta haɗa da tanadin doka don mai, mai, da "harajin cirewa." Ayyukan dokar makamashi sun haɗa da kwangiloli don wurin zama, hakar, lasisi don saye da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin mai da gas duka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kafin ganowa da bayan kama shi, da yanke hukunci game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Dokokin kasa da kasa Akwai karuwar sha'awar ilimi game da dokar makamashi ta duniya, gami da ci gaba da tarurrukan ilimin shari'a, rubuce-rubucen, bita na shari'a, da darussan karatun digiri. A sa'i daya kuma, an samu karuwar sha'awa kan batutuwan da suka shafi makamashi da dangantakarsu da cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa kamar ƙungiyar ciniki ta duniya. Afirka Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki da Sabunta Makamashi ta Masar ce ke kula da Makamashi na Masar a Masar wacce ita ce ma'aikatar gwamnati mai kula da sarrafawa da tsara yadda ake samarwa da watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a Masar Hedkwatarsa tana Alkahira Ministan na yanzu kamar na shekara ta 2020 shine Mohamed Shaker An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekara ta 1964 tare da dokar shugaban kasa mai lamba 147. na Aswan, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki, mallakar gwamnati ne kuma ta tsara shi; Gine-ginensa ya buƙaci cire haikalin Abu Simbel da Haikali na Dendur. Ghana tana da hukuma mai kula da makamashi, Hukumar Makamashi Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ta mallaki Kamfanin Mai na Kasa Uganda ta amince da sabuwar dokar makamashin nukiliya, wadda take fatan "zata bunƙasa hadin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin kasar da hukumar kula da makamashin nukiliya ta kasa da kasa a cewar babban jami'in hukumar daga wannan kasa ta Afirka. Ostiraliya Makamashi babban kasuwanci ne a Ostiraliya. Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Man Fetur da Haɓaka Man Fetur ta Australiya tana wakiltar kashi 98% na masu samar da mai da iskar gas a Ostiraliya Kanada Kanada tana da babbar dokar makamashi, ta hanyar tarayya da larduna, musamman Alberta Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Madadin Dokar Fuels (1995, c. 20) Dokar Makamashi Haɗin Kai (1980-81-82-83, c. 108) Dokar Gudanar da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-6) Dokar Kula da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-8) Dokar Makamashin Nukiliya (RS, 1985, c. A-16) Dokar Ayyukan Man Fetur da Gas na Kanada (RS, 1985, c. O-7) Dokar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Kanada (1985, c. 36 (Supp. Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta Kasa (RS, 1985, c. N-7) Dokar Binciken Wutar Lantarki da Gas (RS, 1985, c. E-4) Akwai wasu sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Kanada, tare da sabis na lokaci-lokaci looseleaf, monographs, da shawarwari tare da lauyoyin da suka kware a wannan aikin, akwai. Kotun kolin Kanada ta fitar da wasu dokar shari'ar makamashi ta Kanada. Dokokin makamashi na Kanada suna da yawa kuma suna da rikitarwa a babban bangare saboda albarkatun makamashi na gwamnati: Kanada da lardin Quebec suma sun mallaki manyan wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa, wadanda suka haifar da ba kawai wutar lantarki ba, har ma da cece-kuce. China Tarayyar Turai Dokar makamashi ta Turai ta mai da hankali kan hanyoyin doka don gudanar da cikas na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga wadatar makamashin nahiyar, kamar dokar Jamus ta 1974 don tabbatar da samar da makamashi. Haɗin gwiwar aikin hydrogen na Turai aikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ne don haɗa ƙa'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECE) da ƙirƙirar tushen tsarin ECE na motocin hydrogen da mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ke maye gurbin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodi Manufar wannan aikin shine inganta amincin motocin hydrogen da daidaita tsarin ba su lasisi da amincewa. Ƙasashe biyar ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar makamashi ta EurObserv'ER EU ta kuma ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Makamashi don faɗaɗa manufofin su zuwa kudu maso gabashin Turai. Austuraiu yana karɓar bakuncin Ranakun Makamashi Mai Dorewa na Duniya na shekara. Jamus Dokar sabunta makamashin Jamus ta tanadi yin amfani da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ta hanyar haraji da harajinta Yana haɓaka haɓaka hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ta hanyar tsarin kuɗin abinci. Yana daidaita adadin kuzarin da mai samarwa ke samarwa da kuma nau'in tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hakanan yana haifar da abin ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa ci gaban fasaha da farashi. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban mamaki: a ranar 6 ga Yuni na shekara ta 2014, fiye da rabin makamashin al'umma da aka yi amfani da su a wannan ranar sun fito ne daga hasken rana. Duk da matakan da aka tsara suna ƙara ƙarin makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa ga haɗawar makamashi, grid ɗin lantarki na Jamus ya zama abin dogaro, ba ƙasa ba. Gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da shawarar yin watsi da shirinta na kawar da makamashin nukiliya don taimakawa wajen farfado da hauhawar farashin wutar lantarki da kuma kare muhalli, a cewar shawarwarin da wata tawagar makamashi ƙarƙashin ministan tattalin arziki Michael Glos ta tsara." Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Jamus ta yi adawa da makamashin nukiliya, da kuma karfin kasuwa na kayan aikin Jamus, tana mai cewa "karancin makamashi" an halicce shi ta hanyar wucin gadi. Akwai gagarumin sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Jamus. Akwai ginshiƙi mai taƙaita dokokin makamashi na Jamus. Italiya Italiya tana da albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan. rashin isasshen ma'adinan ƙarfe, gawayi, ko mai Tabbataccen tanadin iskar gas, galibi a cikin kwarin Po da Adriatic na teku, sun zama mafi mahimmancin albarkatun ma'adinai na ƙasar. Fiye da kashi 80% na albarkatun makamashin kasar ana shigo da su ne daga kasashen waje. Bangaren makamashi ya dogara sosai kan shigo da kayayyaki daga ketare: a shekara ta 2006 kasar ta shigo da sama da kashi 86% na yawan makamashin da take amfani da shi. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Italiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya, matsayi a matsayin mai samar da makamashin hasken rana mafi girma na biyar a cikin 2009 kuma na shida mafi girma na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin shekara ta 2008. A cikin shekara taikin 1987, bayan bala'in Chernobyl, yawancin 'yan Italiya sun amince da kuri'ar raba gardama na neman kawar da makamashin nukiliya. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar rufe tashoshin nukiliyar da ake da su tare da dakatar da shirin nukiliyar kasa gaba daya. Italiya kuma tana shigo da kusan kashi 16% na bukatar wutar lantarki daga Faransa akan 6.5 GWe, wanda ya sa ta zama babbar mai shigo da wutar lantarki a duniya. Saboda dogaro da tsadar albarkatun mai da shigo da kaya, Italiyanci suna biyan kusan kashi 45% fiye da matsakaicin EU na wutar lantarki A shekara ta 2004, sabuwar dokar makamashi ta kawo yuwuwar hada gwiwa da kamfanonin kasashen waje don gina tashoshin nukiliya da shigo da wutar lantarki. A cikin 2005, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Italiya, ENEL ya yi yarjejeniya da Electricite de France akan MWe 200 daga injin nukiliya a Faransa da yuwuwar ƙarin MWe 1,000 daga sabon gini. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, ENEL ta sami kashi 12.5% a cikin aikin da kuma shiga kai tsaye a cikin ƙira, gine-gine, da kuma sarrafa tsire-tsire. A wani yunƙurin kuma, ENEL ta kuma sayi kashi 66% na wutar lantarki ta Slovak da ke sarrafa injinan nukiliya guda shida. A wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, ENEL za ta biya gwamnatin Slovakia Yuro biliyan 1.6 don kammala tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya a Mochovce, wanda ke da babban adadin 942 MW Tare da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, Italiya ta yi nasarar samun damar yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya ba tare da sanya matatun mai a yankin Italiya ba. Lithuania Ƙasar Lithuania tana da dokar makamashi, Energetikos teisė. A cikin Ukraine, ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa suna tallafawa ta hanyar tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito Dokar Ukraine "A kan madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi" tana nufin madadin hanyoyin makamashi: hasken rana, iska, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine da hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill biogas da sauransu. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Makamashi ta Kasa ta Ukrainian da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Jiha kan Inganta Makamashi da Ajiye Makamashi na Ukraine sune manyan hukumomin daidaita makamashin da ake sabunta su. Gwamnatin Ukraine ta yi gyare-gyare a madadin makamashi. Akwai buƙatar sabis na tanadin makamashi a cikin Ukraine. Ƙimar sa ya kai kusan Yuro biliyan 5 kawai a cikin gine-gine mallakar gwamnati. Ukraine In Ukraine, renewable energy projects are supported by a feed-in tariff system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy" Ukraine tana da wata hukuma ta daban don gudanar da Yankin Keɓewa na Chernobyl Sauran kasashen Turai Albaniya na da kafa Cibiyar Man Fetur da Gas ta Albaniya. Akwai gagarumin ikon geothermal a Iceland kusan kashi 80% na makamashin da al'ummar kasar ke bukata, ana samun su ne ta hanyar samar da makamashin kasa, wanda duk mallakar gwamnati ne, ko kuma ta tsara su. Indiya Iraki A fasahance, Iraki ba ta da dokar makamashi, amma ana shirin aiwatar da dokar kusan shekaru biyar a farkon shekara ta 2012. Ma'aikatar mai ta Iraqi tana ba da kwangila ga kamfanoni kaɗan ne kawai Ya zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, akwai kamfanonin mai guda 23 da aka kafa, amma kamfanonin banki guda 17 ne kawai a Iraki. Isra'ila Dokar Tushen Makamashi na Isra'ila, 5750-1989 ("Dokar Makamashi"), ta bayyana abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "makamashi" da "tushen makamashi" kuma manufarsa ita ce tsara yadda ake amfani da makamashi yayin da ake tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da shi. A karkashin dokar makamashi, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila ta gabatar da wasu hanyoyin auna ma'auni don daidaita ingancin amfani da makamashin. Bugu da ƙari, wace ƙungiya ce za ta cancanci bi da amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin Isra'ila akwai wasu ƙarin dokoki da suka shafi amfani da makamashi, kamar Dokar Bangaren Gas, 5762-2002 wanda ya ba da sharuɗɗan haɓakar yanayin iskar gas a Isra'ila, da kuma Wutar Lantarki. Dokar Sashin, 5756-1996, wacce ta kafa "Hukumar Amfani da Jama'a Wutar Lantarki" wacce ke buga umarni da ka'idoji don amfani da sabbin hanyoyin wutar lantarki, gami da makamashin hasken rana da makamashin ruwa. Japan Kafin girgizar kasa da tsunami na Maris 2011, da bala'o'in nukiliya da suka haifar da ita, Japan ta samar da kashi 30% na wutar lantarki daga injinan nukiliya kuma ta yi niyya don haɓaka wannan kaso zuwa 40%. Makamashin nukiliya shine fifikon dabarun ƙasa a Japan, amma an yi damuwa game da ƙarfin makaman nukiliya na Japan don jure ayyukan girgizar ƙasa. An rufe tashar nukiliyar Kashiwazaki-Kariwa gaba daya na tsawon watanni 21 bayan girgizar kasa a 2007. Girgizar kasa da tsunami na 2011 sun haifar da gazawar tsarin sanyaya a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I a ranar 11 ga Maris kuma an ayyana gaggawar nukiliya. An kwashe mazauna 140,000. Ba a fayyace adadin adadin kayan aikin rediyo da aka saki ba, yayin da rikicin ke ci gaba da gudana. A ranar 6 ga Mayun 2011, Firayim Minista Naoto Kan ya ba da umarnin rufe tashar nukiliyar Hamaoka saboda girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 8.0 ko sama da haka na iya afkuwa a yankin cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa. Matsalolin daidaita tashar nukiliya ta Fukushima I sun taurare halayen makamashin nukiliya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2011, "fiye da kashi 80 na Jafanawa yanzu sun ce su ne anti-nukiliya da rashin amincewa da bayanan gwamnati game da radiation Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 2011, an sami karancin wutar lantarki, amma Japan ta tsira daga lokacin bazara ba tare da an samu bakar duhu da aka yi hasashe ba. Wata takarda mai farar fata ta makamashi, wadda Majalisar Ministocin Japan ta amince da ita a watan Oktoban 2011, ta ce "amincin da jama'a ke da shi kan amincin makamashin nukiliyar ya lalace sosai" sakamakon bala'in Fukushima, tare da yin kira da a rage dogaro da al'ummar kasar kan makamashin nukiliya. An rufe da yawa daga cikin tashoshin nukiliya na Japan, ko kuma an dakatar da ayyukansu don duba lafiyarsu. Na ƙarshe na 54 reactors na Japan Tomari-3 ya tafi layi don kulawa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2012., ya bar Japan gaba ɗaya ba tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya ba a karon farko tun 1970. Duk da zanga-zangar, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012 an sake kunna raka'a 3 na Kamfanin Wutar Nukiliya ta Ōi. Tun daga watan Satumbar 2012, raka'a na 3 da 4 ne kawai tashoshin makamashin nukiliyar Japan da ke aiki da su, duk da cewa birnin da lardin Osaka sun bukaci a rufe su. Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Makamashin Nukiliya na Amurka da Japan, yarjejeniya ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke da nufin tsara tsarin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka fasahar makamashin nukiliya, wanda aka rattaba hannu kan Afrilu 18, 2007. An yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar ita ce ta farko da Amurka ta rattaba hannu don bunkasa fasahohin makamashin nukiliya tare da wata kasa, ko da yake Japan na da yarjejeniya da Australia, Canada, China, Faransa, da kuma Birtaniya A karkashin shirin, Amurka da Japan kowannensu zai gudanar da bincike kan fasahar reactor mai sauri, fasahar zagayowar man fetur, na'urar kwamfyuta ta zamani da ƙirar ƙira, ƙanana da matsakaita reactors, kariya da kariya ta jiki; da sarrafa sharar nukiliya, wanda kwamitin hadin gwiwa zai gudanar da shi. Ci gaban yerjejeniyar ya kasance cikin rudani tun lokacin da Fukushima I ta yi hatsarin nukiliya. Kamfanin Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) kamfani ne na gwamnati wanda ke da hannu wajen binciken makamashin burbushin mai, da dai sauransu. A cikin 2013, ma'aikatanta na kamfanoni sun fara fitar da Methane clathrate daga ma'ajin ajiyar teku. l Malaysia Malaysia tana sarrafa sashin makamashinta sosai. Daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa shekara ta 1992, Gwamnatin Sabah ta mallaki masana'antar iskar gas ta Sabah don gudanar da ayyukan albarkatun iskar gas na Sabah, wanda ke Labuan, Malaysia, wanda aka sanya don zama mai zaman kansa An sayar da shukar methanol ga Petronas kuma tana aiki a yau azaman Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd An sayar da tashar wutar lantarki ga Sabah Electricity Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabiya tana da wasu dokoki game da makamashi, musamman dokar mai da iskar gas. Saudiyya ita ce ƙasar da ta fi kowacce ƙasa samar da mai a duniya don haka dokarta ta makamashi na da matukar tasiri a kan samar da makamashi a duniya baki ɗaya. A karkashin dokar kasar Saudiyya, duk arzikinta na mai da iskar gas na gwamnati ne: “Dukkanin dukiyar da Allah Ya yi wa kasala, ko ta kasa ko ta kasa ko ta ruwa na ƙasa, a cikin ƙasa ko na ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati., sune dukiyar ƙasa kamar yadda doka ta ayyana. Shari’a ta bayyana hanyoyin da ake amfani da su, da kariya, da bunƙasa irin wannan dukiya domin amfanin ƙasa, tsaronta, da tattalin arzikinta.” Har ila yau, ana ba da izinin harajin makamashi musamman; Sashe na 20 na dokar asali ya ce, “Ana sanya haraji da kudade ne bisa adalci kuma sai lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso. Ƙaddamarwa, gyara, sokewa, da keɓancewa kawai doka ta halatta." Ma'aikatu biyu na Masarautar Saudiyya ne ke da alhakin bangaren makamashi: Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da na Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki. Dokokin kasar kuma sun kafa wasu hukumomin da ke da wasu hurumin doka, amma ba su da ka'ida. Wadannan sun haɗa da Saudi Aramco, asali na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Masarautar da California-Arabian Standard Oil, amma yanzu gaba daya mallakar Masarautar, da Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies. Najeriya Najeriya ce ƙasa mafi yawan arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka kuma ita ce ta 11 a duniya wajen samar da man fetur. Dokar makamashi a ƙasar ta shafi man fetur da iskar gas, da sauran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, tana da doka da siyasa mai karfi a cikin makamashin da ake sabunta shi na samar da wutar lantarki a ƙasar. Haka kuma aikin samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ya samu gindin zama a dokar makamashi a ƙasar. Singapore Tsohuwar Dokar Man Fetur ta Turkiyya ta shafe shekaru 70 tana aiki har zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ta kafa sabuwar dokar man fetur mai lamba 6491. Daga cikin wasu tanade-tanade, yana tsawaita shekarun da aka halatta na izinin hakowa, da rage farashi, da kuma kawar da mulkin mallaka na jiha. Ƙasar Ingila Ƙasar Ingila ta fara shirin barin al'ummar Turai tun daga watan Janairun 2020. Amurka Wannan sashe ya shafi dokar Amurka, da kuma jihohin da suka fi yawan jama'a ko mafi yawan samar da makamashi. A cikin Amurka, ana sarrafa makamashi da yawa ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, da kuma hukumomin gudanarwa na jihohi. Kowace jiha, Gwamnatin Tarayya, da Gundumar Columbia suna karɓar wasu harajin harajin abin hawa Musamman, waɗannan harajin haraji ne akan man fetur, man dizal, da mai Yayin da yawancin jihohi a yammacin Amurka suka dogara ga haraji mai yawa (haraji akan hakar ma'adinai), yawancin jihohi suna samun ɗan ƙaramin adadin kudaden shiga daga irin waɗannan hanyoyin. Duba kuma Sakamakon rikicin makamashi na 2000s Gabaɗayan batutuwan makamashi Tsarin makamashi Kiyaye makamashi Tattalin arzikin makamashi Kasuwannin makamashi da abubuwan haɓaka makamashi Karyawar ruwa Seismicity da aka jawo Jerin batutuwan makamashi Albarkatun makamashi na duniya da amfani Tarihin kasuwar mai ta duniya daga 2003 Musamman dokoki da manufofi Atomic Energy Basic Law Koyarwar hakkoki Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos Sauƙi Dokokin keken lantarki Manufar makamashi na Tarayyar Turai Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Makamashi Tauraron Makamashi Tsaron makamashi Tariff ɗin ciyarwa Amfanin man fetur da dizal da farashi Jerin hukumomin kula da makamashi Jerin kararrakin muhalli Manufar makamashin nukiliya Petrobangla Bangladesh State Energy Corporation Tankunan tunani da ƙungiyoyi na ilimi Alliance don Ajiye Makamashi Cibiyar Makamashi, Man Fetur da Dokokin Ma'adinai Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli Sabunta Makamashi da Haɗin gwiwar Haɓaka Ƙarfafa Makamashi RETSscreen Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu Jami'ar Laval Jami'ar Wyoming Sabuntawa da madadin hanyoyin makamashi Madadin motsawa Tsabtace Makamashi Trends Tsabtace Tech Nation Ƙarfafa ƙarfin hasken rana Ingantacciyar amfani da makamashi Abin hawa lantarki Ƙarfin geothermal dumamar yanayi Green banki Hydro One Tushen wutar lantarki mai ɗan lokaci Taron Taro na Kasa da Kasa Kan Mai Jerin batutuwan makamashi masu sabuntawa ta ƙasa makamashin teku Tsarin ginin hasken rana mai wucewa Plug-in matasan Kasuwancin makamashi mai sabuntawa Zafi mai sabuntawa Hasken rana Zane mai dorewa The Clean Tech Revolution V2G Kyaututtuka da ma'auni Ashden Awards ISO 14001 Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED) Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Klause Bosselmann, Ƙa'idar Dorewa (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) GT Goodman, WD Rowe, Gudanar da Hadarin Makamashi (New York: Academic Press 1979) An samo a Biblio Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizon Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka Cibiyar Cibiyar Harkokin Makamashi ta yanar gizo Sashen Muhalli, Makamashi, da Albarkatun gidan yanar gizon Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka Dokar makamashi a gidan yanar gizon Cornell Law School LLM a cikin Dokar Makamashi a Makarantar Law ta Vermont Jaridar Dokar Makamashi Journal of World Energy Law Business, da takwarori-bita, da hukuma jarida na Association of International Petroleum Negotiators, buga ta Oxford University Press. Energy Law Net, gidan yanar gizo mai hulɗa don lauyoyin makamashi Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Pace Energy Climate Center Dokar makamashi ta Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com Jerin masana'antun makamashi na Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com Yanar Gizo na Masana'antar Makamashi a Yau Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
12248	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Jaridu%20a%20Azerbaijan	Jerin Jaridu a Azerbaijan	Akwai kamfanonin jaridu 3500 da ake buga jaridu a kasar Azerbaijan. Mafiya yawansu ana bugasu ne da harshen Azerbaijani. Saura kuma 130 ana buga su da harsunan Rashanci 70, Turanci 50, da sauran harsunan Turkanci, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Larabci, Pasha, Armeniyanci, da sauransu. Ana ganin jarudun na kasar Azerbaijan a matsayin ingantattu kuma futattu matuka wajen iya kawo labaru masu inganci. Kasa shine Jeri na jaridun da ake wallafawa a kasar ta Azerbaijan Jaridu Wanda ake bugawa kullum class="sortable wikitable" width="10%" Take width="6%" Wallafawa width="15%" Matsayi width="2%" kirkira width="20%" Mamallaki width="5%" Harshe width="23%" Fuskantarwa width="23%" Jam'iyyar data goyi bayanta a zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 Crime and Criminal Kullum Broadsheet 2016 Aqil Yusifov Azerbaijani New Azerbaijan Party Adalat Daily Broadsheet 1990 Agil Abbas Azerbaijani Right-center New Azerbaijan Party Azadliq Daily Broadsheet 1989 Ganimat Zahid Azerbaijani Left-wing National Council of Democratic Forces Azerbaycan Kullum Berliner 1918 Gwamnatin Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Right-wing New Azerbaijan Party Bakinskiy Rabochiy Kullum Broadsheet 1906 Agabak Asgarov Rashanci Right-center New Azerbaijan Party Bizzim Yol Kullum Broadsheet 2000 Bahaddin Gaziyev Azerbaijani Left-center Echo Kullum Broadsheet 2001 Rauf Talishinsky Rashanci Liberal Ekspress]] Kullum Broadsheet 1995 Mushfig Safiyev Azerbaijani Left-center Kaspi Kullum Broadsheet 1999 Intellekt Azerbaijani Right-center Khalg Gazeti Kullum Broadsheet 1919 Mahal Ismayilogly Azerbaijani Right-wing\|\| New Azerbaijan Party Khalg Cebhesi Gazeti Kullum Broadsheet 2001 Elchin Mirzabeyli Azerbaijani Left-wing National Council of Democratic Forces Respublika Kullum Broadsheet 1990 GGwamnatin Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Right-wing, populist New Azerbaijan Party Sherg Kullum Broadsheet 1996 Akif Ashirli Azerbaijani Right-wing Tezadlar Kullum Broadsheet 1993 Asif Marzili Azerbaijani Right-wing Üç nöqta Kullum Broadsheet 1998 Khoshgadam Hidayatgizy Azerbaijani Right-wing Yeni Musavat Kullum Broadsheet 1989 Rauf Arifoglu Azerbaijani Left-wing, populist National Council of Democratic Forces Zaman Kullum Broadsheet 1991 Fetullah Gulen Azerbaijani Left-center Maifita sati-sati class="sortable wikitable" width="10%" Take width="6%" Wallafawa width="15%" Matsayi width="2%" Kirkira width="20%" Mamallaki width="5%" Harshe width="23%" Fuskantarwa width="23%" Jam'iyyar data goyi bayanta a zaben shugaban kasa na 2013 Azernews Lahadi\|\| Berliner 1997 Fazil Abbasov English Centre-right New Azerbaijan Party Nedelya Jivaya Gazeta Lahadi Berliner 1997 Unknown Russian Centre-right New Azerbaijan Party Masu fita na kasa Azerbaijan Lankaran Lankaran Nakhchivan Şərq Qapısı Shaki Shaki Shakinin Sasi Sumgayit 365 Gün Jaridu na musamman Wasanni Futbol+ Mai kawo labarun wasanni na yau da gobe Jaridun musamman Ədəbiyyat qəzeti ana bugawa wata-wata Qoroskop ana bugawa wata-wata Tumurcuq ta yara, ana bugawa wata-wata Takardun rabawa kyauta Birja wadda ake rabawa kyauta na sati sati Sauran jaridu Akinchi (1875–1877) sati-sati Bauer und Arbeiter (1924) sati-sati Çeşmə (1991–1995)- Kullum Dövran (1997–2000) sati-sati Gündəlik Azərbaycan (2005–2007) Kullum. Istiglal (1932–1934) Kullum Komanda (2008–2014) Kullum, jarida mai sharhi kan wasannin Kwallon Kafa Lenins Weg (1932–1936) sati-sati Müxalifət (1991–2007) Kullum Zerkalo (1990–2014) Kullum Manazarta
16425	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh	Sikh	Sikh addini ne wanda ake kiran mabiyansa "Sikh" ko kuma "Silba" a turance. Kalmar Sikh na nufin Dalibi ko mai samun horo ko mai neman sani. Littafinsu mai tsarki shine Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Yawancin kafofin suna kiran Sikh addini ne na kadaitawa wato masu Ubangiji ɗaya, A cewar Eleanor Nesbitt, fassarar Ingilishi ta Sikh a matsayin addinin tauhidi "suna yin kuskure ne don ƙarfafa fahimtar Semitic na tauhidi, maimakon fahimtar Guru Nanak na ɗaya da aka bayyana ta wurin mutane da yawa. Sai dai kuma, abin da ba shi da shakku shi ne girmamawa kan 'daya' Kimanin mutane miliyan 28 mabiya addinin Sikh ne, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama na biyar a cikin addinai a duniya. Sanannen wuri inda ake yin wannan addinin shine a cikin Asiya da Amurka Sikh yawanci ana gane su ta Turban (wanda Sikh ke kira Dastaar ko Pagri), babban abin sawa wanda maza da mata zasu iya sawa. Sikh sun isa Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1897 kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a buɗe Yammacin duniya da gina Hanyar Panama. An kawo Sikh zuwa duniya a kusa da 1469 ta Guru Nanak Dev, na farko daga cikin "Gurus Goma" (Guru na nufin babban masani ko malami). Guru Nanak ya kawo Maganar Allah ta bayyana a duniya. Ta hanyar Waƙoƙin yabo da Addu'o'insa (Shabads), ya yi wahayi kuma ya ɗaukaka ɗan adam don yin rayuwa ta gaskiya, adalci da ruhaniya. Wadannan Waƙoƙin da Addu'o'in an tattara su cikin Siri Guru Granth Sahib. Babu kamarsa a cikin manyan litattafan addinai na duniya, yayin tattara Guru Granth Sahib, Sikh Gurus ba wai kawai rubuce-rubucen nasu ba ne, har ma ya haɗa da rubuce-rubucen sauran tsarkaka na zamani daga addinin Hindu da Islama (gami da tsarkaka waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan ɓangarorin da ba a taɓa gani a cikin Tsarin Caste na Hindu), wanda ya yi imani da ɗayantakar Allah kuma ya yi Allah wadai da camfi da camfe-camfe. Bugu da ari, haɗin Guru Granth Sahib da Sikh Gurus da kansu suka yi, maimakon kasancewa masu yin su da mabiyan su suyi. A cikin 1699, Guru Gobind Singh, Guru na Goma, ya kafa Khalsa kuma ya ba Sikhs wata alama ta daban da ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin da duk Gurus ya koyar. Anyi wannan bikin ne a Vaisakhi kuma ana tunawa dashi kowace shekara. Ofaya daga cikin mahimman bukukuwan da Guru Gobind Singh ya kafa a wannan ranar shine bikin baftisma na Khande di Pahul, inda aka fara Sikh a cikin Khalsa kuma ana buƙatar su kiyaye 5 Ks, kakkars ko kakke waɗanda ke abubuwan imani ne. Guru Granth Sahib ne aka baiwa Guruship ta hanyar karshen mutum Sikh Gurus, Guru Gobind Singh Ji a cikin 1708. Kafin wucewa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji ya yanke hukunci cewa Sikhs su ɗauki Granth Sahib a matsayin Guru na gaba da madawwami.Guru Ji ya ce "Sab Sikhan ko hukam hai Guru Manyo Granth" ma'ana "An umarci dukkan Sikh da su ɗauki Granth a matsayin Guru". Don haka a yau, idan aka tambaya, Sikh ɗin za su gaya muku cewa suna da jimillar Gurus 11.(10 Gurus a cikin surar mutum, da kuma madawwami shabad Guru, Siri Guru Granth Sahib). Imani Guru Granth Sahib ba kawai littafi ne mai tsarki na Sikh ba, ana girmama shi kuma ana ɗaukarsa azaman mai rai kamar yadda yake a hukumance Guru na har abada (Malamai). Shri Guru Granth Sahib ba mutum ɗaya bane ya rubuta shi amma tsarkaka ne daga dukkanin al'ummomi da addinai. Malami ne na kowa da kowa don dukkan addinai suna ba da saƙon Allah ɗaya da girmamawa ga dukkan mutane na kowane addini. Shika-shikan Imani Babu wani abu da ya wuce ko waje da Allah ɗaya. Don haka, sabili da haka babu wani abu da aka ƙirƙira ko halakarwa, yayin da halitta da lalata har yanzu ɓangare ɗaya ne kawai Akwai. Burin rayuwa shine maida hankali akan kasancewa tare da Allah. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar tunani, addu'a, da kasancewa tare da wasu waɗanda suke da manufa ɗaya da dai sauran su Ubangiji Sikhism yana koyar da cewa Allah yana wanzuwa har abada, ba za a iya gani ba, kuma ba shi da jiki. Saboda haka, Allah bashi da jinsi. An koyar da cewa Allah ne ya halicci duniya, zai iya halakar da ita, kuma ya ci gaba da gudana. Ana ɗaukar Ubangiji mara iyaka, Alfa da Omega, ba shi da farko ba shi da ƙarshe. Sikh suna bautar Allah, kuma suna yin zuzzurfan tunani akan sunan Allah ta hanyar maimaitawa mai zafi (mai zafi). Sun yi imani cewa komai bangare ne na Allah kuma Allah bangare ne na komai. Mai kyau, mara kyau, tsaka tsaki ba su dace da Allah da ɗan adam ba, kamar yadda falsafar Sikh ke nuna cewa an haifi ɗan adam kyakkyawa cikin ɗabi'a. Ceto Mabiya duk suna ƙoƙarin zuwa ceto, ma'ana suna ƙoƙari su karya tsarin sake haihuwa kuma su zama ɗaya tare da Allah. Abin da ke hana mutane zuwa haɗin kai shine karma mara kyau. An koyar da karma mara kyau don haifar da girman kai, fushi, haɗama, haɗuwa da sha'awa. Sikh suna ƙoƙari su nisanci waɗannan abubuwan. Sikhs kuma sunyi imani cewa wani yanki na Allah yana cikin komai a cikin duniya. Da zarar mutum ya gano Allah a ciki kuma ya daina binciken wani to zai iya samun ceto. Gidajen Ibadah Ana kiran wani gidan ibada na Sikh Gurdwara (ma'ana "gidan Guru"). Wuri ne na bautar a addinin Sikh. Haihuwa, mutuwa, wankan shiga addinin da bikin aure ana yin su a cikin haikalin. Dukkanin addinai suna da kofofi guda hudu. Lokacin da mutum ya shiga cikin haikalin, dole ne a rufe kansa. Babu kujeru a cikin haikalin saboda haka mutane suna zaune a ƙasa. Haikalin kuma yana aiki azaman dafa abinci. Magurka ɗin shine wurin da ake bayarda abinci na idi, masu hidimar suka shirya kuma suka dafa shi. Duk abincin da aka yi a wurin ana raba shi ga duk jama'ar da suka ziyarci haikalin a ranar. Abincin shine mai cin ganyayyaki kuma ana kiran sa Langar Haikali na Zinare a Amritsar shine sanannen haikalin a duk cikin addinin Sikh. An rufe shi da zinare A cikin Gurdwara, babu wani wuri ko wurin zama na musamman da za a iya keɓance ko keɓe wa kowane mai girma, saboda ana ɗauka duka daidai suke. Sabis ɗin ya ƙunshi raira waƙa na liturgy, da kuma bayanin tarihin Sikh, al'ada, da tiyoloji. A cikin al'adun gargajiyar Indiya, mutane masu girman kai da marasa ƙarfi an rarrabe da ƙarfi. Don magance wannan matsalar ta zamantakewar jama'a, ɗakin dafa abinci na garin Sikh, ko langar, yana buƙatar kowa ya zauna gefe da gefe kuma ya ci abinci tare, don haka koyar da ra'ayin daidaito ta hanyar ragargaza duk shingen da ake fuskanta. Kowane babban birni a cikin Amurka da Kanada yana da Sikh gurdwaras kuma a buɗe suke ga kowa. Vaisakhi Vaisakhi wani muhimmin biki ne wanda Sikh keyi. Vaisakhi kuma ana kiranta Basaki. Bikin girbi ne a yankin Punjab. Ana yin Vaisakhi a ranar farko na watan Basak, a kalandar Sikh Guru da ikon addini Kalmar guru ta fito daga Sanskrit gurū, wanda ke nufin malami, jagora, ko mai ba da shawara. Hadisai da falsafar Sikhism an yi su ne ta hanyar gurus goma daga 1469 zuwa 1708. Kowane malami ya ƙara da ƙarfafa saƙon da wanda ya gabata ya koyar. Wannan ya haifar da kirkirar addinin Sikh. </br>Kuma Guru na har abada shine Sri Guru Granth Sahib, wanda ba littafi bane kawai amma yana ƙunshe da rubutun kowane Guru. Baya ga abin da ke sama, Sikhs kuma sun yi imani da bhagats goma sha biyar ko waliyyi s, gami da wasu daga sauran Ƙa'idodi, wadanda manyan Gurus goma suka shigar da kalmominsu da ayyukansu cikin Sikhism. Mafi shaharar wadannan bhagats shine waliyyin Sufi na Punjabi, Hazrat Baba Farid 5 Ks Khalsa ƙungiyar sojoji ce ta Sikh. Dole Sikh ya bi 5 Ks: Samun gashin mara mara yankewa. Ana kiran wannan Kesh. Ko namiji ko mace,ana buƙatar mutum ya ci gaba da rufe Kesh ɗinsa. Mutane yawanci sukan rufe Kesh dinsu da rawani, ko kuma gyale (Chunni). A katako tsefe a gashin kansu. Wannan shi ake kira Kanga. Wannan yana nuna tsabta wanda shine muhimmin ɓangare na Sikhism. Munduwa karfe Wannan don kariya ne da tunatarwa ta zahiri cewa ɗayan yana ɗaure da Guru. Wannan shi ake kira Kara. Wannan ya nuna cewa Allah bashi da farko kuma bashi da karshe. Abun kwalliya na auduga wanda dole ne ya kasance koyaushe. Ana kiran wannan Kachera. Tunatarwa ce don nisantar sha'awa da abin da aka makala. Takobi Ana sa wannan don kare imanin mutum da kare masu rauni a cikin su. Ana kiran wannan Kirpan. Ana amfani dashi ne kawai don kare kai. Yawancin waɗannan yanzu suna walda. Manazarta Sauran yanar gizo Sikhs.org Sikh Missionary Society (UK) ƙungiyar da ba ta riba ba da aka sadaukar don inganta addinin Sikh, al'ada da tarihi Haƙuri na Addini BBC Siknet Sikhism Menene Sikhism Sikh Wiki Sikh Karsewa Fassarar Turanci na matani masu tsarki Addini Pages with unreviewed
51535	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational%20Corporation%20of%20Nigeria	Transnational Corporation of Nigeria	Kamfanin Transnational Corporation plc (ko Transcorp Group), kungiya ce mai ban sha'awa tare da saka hannun jari na dabarun da kuma manyan abubuwan da ke cikin baƙi, kasuwancin gona da makamashi. Kamfanin da aka ambata a fili tare da masu hannun jari daban-daban na kimanin masu saka hannun jari 290,000, sanannun kadarorinta sun haɗa da Transcorp Hotels plc (Transcorp Hilton Hotel, Abuja da Transcorpi Hotels, Calabar); Transcorp Ughelli Power Limited da Energy Limited (mai aiki da OPL 281). Asalin An kafa Kamfanin Transnational Plc a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2004. Manufar asali ita ce Transcorp zai zama babban kamfani, kamar kamfani na Koriya ta Kudu. Kasuwancin Transcorp Otal din Transcorp Hilton, Abuja otal din taurari 4 mai dakuna 670. Otal din Transcorp, Calabar otal mai dakuna 146 da ke cikin birnin Calabar, Jihar Cross River, Najeriya. Teragro Commodities Limited reshen kasuwancin gona, mai gudanar da Teragro Benfruit Plant, Jihar Benue, Najeriya. Teragro Limited tana gudanar da shuka mai mai da hankali a yankin Middle Belt na Najeriya sakamakon albarkatun noma da ke akwai. Transcorp Energy Limited wanda aka kafa a cikin 2008 don binciken man fetur, mai aiki na OPL 281. Yana da cikakken mallakar Transcorp. Transcorp Power Limited (TPL) mai shi kuma mai gudanar da Ughelli Power Plant wanda gwamnatin Najeriya ta mallaki tare da sauran tashoshin wutar lantarki na Najeriya. Shuka tana da ƙarfin shigarwa na 1000MW. Kamfanin yana cikin Jihar Delta kuma yana da damar samun 480 MW tun daga Nuwamba 2015. TUPL ta biya cikakken biyan dala miliyan 300 ga masana'antar. Abubuwan da aka samu Otal din Hilton, Abuja: A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, Transcorp ta sami kashi 51% na hannun jari a cikin Hilton Abuja don adadin dala miliyan 105 (daidai a lokacin zuwa N13.7billion) bayan wani gasa mai yawa. Sauran kashi 49% mallakar Ofishin Kasuwancin Jama'a (BPE) ne. Rumens Road: Transcorp ya sami Rumens Road Apartments a 1 Rumens Road, Ikoyi, Legas a cikin 2005 don N377m. Oil Blocs: Transcorp ya sami tubalan mai guda biyu a cikin zagaye na Mayu 2006, an karfafa su a cikin tubalan mai ɗaya, OPL 281. Mallaka na OPL 281 mai block, wanda a baya Ma'aikatar albarkatun man fetur ta soke shi, an mayar da shi ga Transcorp a watan Fabrairun 2011 bayan biyan ma'aunin sa hannu. Transcorp tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Equity Energy Resources (EER), da kuma kamfanin makamashi na Afirka ta Kudu SAC-Oil Holdings na Afirka ta Tsakiya, don karɓar daidaito da samar da albarkatun da za su kawo rukunin mai zuwa aiki. Otal din Metropolitan, Calabar: Transcorp ta sami Otal din Metropolitano mai dakuna 146 a Calabar (yanzu an sake sanya shi Transcorp Hotels Calabar) a watan Yunin 2010. Benfruits Plant: A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2010, Transcorp ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hayar tare da Gwamnatin Jihar Benue don masana'antar ruwan 'ya'yan itace na Benfruits a Markurdi, Jihar Benure. Ughelli Power Plant: A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, Transcorp Ughelli Energy Limited (TUPL) ta lashe kyautar dala miliyan 300 don sayen Ughelli Electric Plant, ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki guda shida na Kamfanin Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) wanda Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta mallaka. Kamfanin Ughelli shine kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai zafi wanda ke cikin Jihar Delta, Najeriya tare da shigar da ƙarfin 1000MW amma a halin yanzu yana samar da 330MW wanda ke da asusun 8% na jimlar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya. TUPL ta cika iyakar ajiya ta kashi 25 cikin dari ta hanyar biyan adadin dala miliyan 75 ga BPE a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2013 kuma a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2013, TUPL ta biya BPE dala miliyan 225, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 75 cikin dari na farashin dala miliyan 300 na ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Ughelli. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya a hukumance ta mika kamfanin ga Transcorp Ughelli Power Limited. Haɗin gwiwar kwanan nan A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, Kamfanin Transnational Corporation of Nigeria plc da General Electric (GE) sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsari don hadin gwiwa don magance bukatun ababen more rayuwa na Najeriya, tare da jaddada bangarorin wutar lantarki da sufuri musamman sufuri na jirgin kasa. GE, jagora na duniya a cikin ƙira, masana'antu, wadata, shigarwa da kiyaye fasaha da aiyuka don bangaren wutar lantarki, ya tabbatar da jajircewarsa na sauƙaƙe ƙarni na 10,000MW na ƙarin wutar lantarki a Najeriya a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa daidai da yarjejeniyar da take da ita tare da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya, wanda aka sanya hannu a watan Maris na 2012. Haɗin waje Gidan yanar gizon Kamfanin Transcorp Group Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Kamfanoni Kamfanoni a Abuja Kamfanoni a
25815	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ios	Ios	Ios, Io ko Nio Greek pronunciation: os], Ancient Greek na gida Nios tsibiri ne na Girka a cikin ƙungiyar Cyclades a Tekun Aegean. Ios tsibiri ne mai tuddai tare da tuddai har zuwa teku a mafi yawancin ɓangarorin, yana tsakanin rabin Naxos da Santorini. Tana da tare da yanki na Yawan jama'a ya kai 2,024 a cikin shekara ta 2011 (ƙasa daga 3,500 a ƙarni na 19). Ios yana cikin ɓangaren yankin Thira. Chora Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ios tana kan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ormos a arewa maso yamma. Akwai hanya zuwa saman tudun kusa da Chora, mai suna bayan kalmar Helenanci don babban ƙauyen a tsibirin. Chora ƙauyen farar fata ne kuma mai hawa -hawa, cike da matakala da kunkuntar hanyoyi waɗanda ke sa ba a iya samun damar shiga motoci. A yau, babban hanyar ta ƙauyen an mamaye shi gabaɗaya ta hanyar yawon shakatawa tare da gidajen abinci, kantin sayar da kaya, mashaya da gidajen cin abinci na baƙi. Baya ga tashar jiragen ruwa da ƙauyen Chora, Ios yana da wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na shimfida gidaje a bayan manyan rairayin bakin teku (Theodoti, Kalamos, Manganari). Tun daga shekara ta 1990, magajin tsibirin Pousseos ya yi aiki kan ci gaban Ios don jawo hankalin nau'ikan masu yawon bude ido. Tare da taimakon Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Turai an gina wasu hanyoyi, dukkansu an yi musu shimfida, kuma masanin gine -ginen nan na Jamus Peter Haupt ya ƙirƙiro wani filin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a saman tudun ƙauyen. Suna Dangane da Plutarch ana tsammanin sunan ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci don violets (Ia) saboda galibi ana samun su a tsibirin kuma shine mafi yarda da ilimin halitta. Hakanan an nuna cewa sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Phoenician iion, ma'ana "tarin duwatsu". Pliny Dattijon ya kuma rubuta cewa sunan ya fito ne daga Ionians waɗanda ke zaune a tsibirin. A zamanin Ottoman an kira tsibirin Anza ko Aina, kuma sunansa na yanzu an kafa shi a hukumance a cikin karni na 19 bayan sama da shekaru 2000 na amfani. A zamanin d the a ana kiran tsibirin (Phiniki), wanda aka sanya wa suna da kuma ta Phoenicians kuma a cikin karni na 3, lokacin da tsibirin ya shiga League of Islanders, wataƙila an ba shi suna Arsinoe na ɗan lokaci bayan matar Ptolemy II A yau mazauna Tsibirin Cycladic suna kiran tsibirin Nio, sunan da ya samo asali daga zamanin Byzantine. Sunan Little Malta, wanda aka samo a cikin rubutun matafiya a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, yana da alaƙa da kasancewar 'yan fashin dindindin a tsibirin. A cikin yaruka masu rubutun Latin, sunan tsibirin shine Nio ko Io. Geography da geology Siffar Ios tayi kama da murabba'i, tare da matsakaicin girman gefen 15 km (9.3 mi) da 7 km (4.3 mi) bi da bi. Tsawon mafi tsayi yana cikin hanyar NW, daga karatza cape zuwa Achlades Peninsula kuma shine 17.5 km (10.9 mi) tsayi, yayin da mafi tsayi mafi tsayi, a cikin jagorancin AD, shine 14 km (8.6 mi) dogon. Ios yana da 86 km (53.4 mi) na gabar teku, wanda 32 km (19.9 mi) re yashi rairayin bakin teku. Mafi girman tudu (723 m, 2372 ft) shine Kastro ganiya kuma ana kiranta Pyrgos wanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin, yayin da ke kusa da Kastro akwai manyan kololuwa uku na gaba: Xylodema (660 m, 2165 ft), Kostiza (586 m, 1923 ft) da annabi Iliya (490 m, 951 ft). Ios ya ƙunshi kusan duwatsun metamorphic, wanda akan iyakance iyakancewar quaternary. Shirin Homer Idan aka samu munanan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar ƙasa, gobarar daji da dai sauransu Municipality na Ios ya shirya wani babban shiri da ake kira Homer (Girkanci: wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwar duk mutanen Iiti. Yawan jama'a Dangane da ƙidayar mutanen Girka na shekara ta 2011 a Ios suna zaune mutane daga shekara ta 2084 zuwa 1754 daga cikinsu suna zaune a Chora. Daga shekara ta 1940s zuwa farkon shekara ta 1970s, yawan mutanen tsibirin sun ragu akai -akai. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan sabon abu shine ƙaurawar ƙaura, yanayin annoba na lokacin kuma zuwa ƙaramin adadin, asarar maza masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 45 yayin yaƙin. Abinci Tsibirin ya shahara saboda cheeses na gida. An fi yin su a cikin kayan miya na birni ta amfani da madara daga awaki ko tumaki. Mafi shahararrun shine "skotíri" cuku mai tsami tare da ƙanshin ƙanshin rani. Shahararrun jita -jita na Ios sune "tsimediá" furannin kabewa da aka cika da shinkafa da "mermitzéli" sha'ir na hannu). Ilimi A cikin shekara ta 1827 shugabannin yankin Ios sun rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga gwamnatin juyin juya hali na Girka suna neman a buɗe makaranta a tsibirin. A cikin shekarun 1850 an buɗe makarantar farko wacce ta ƙunshi ɗaliban ɗalibai na kowane zamani. Irin makarantar da ake gudanarwa ana kiranta Skolarcheion (Girkanci: kuma yayi daidai da makarantar firamare tare da wasu darussan asali na makarantar sakandare. Yawancin ɗalibai a lokacin ba su kammala karatu ba saboda lokacinsu ya shagala wajen taimaka wa danginsu a cikin filayen. Wannan ya haifar da kaso mai yawa na yara marasa karatu. Iyalan masu arziki sun tura yaransu makarantun tsibiran da ke kusa. Daga shekara ta 1936 aka kafa makarantar firamare ta farko. A cikin shekara ta 1972 an buɗe makarantar yara ta farko kuma a cikin shekara ta 1980 makarantar sakandare ta farko wacce ke da wasu manyan darussan sakandare. A yau, a Chora akwai makarantar yara, makarantar sakandare, babban sakandare da makarantar sakandare ta EPAL. Tarihi Tarihi Ios daga zamanin prehistoric kuma godiya ga amincin tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan hanyoyin teku zuwa Crete. Masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun gano farkon sasantawar Cycladic akan tudun Skarkos da sauran wuraren tarihi na tsibirin. Ios yana ƙarƙashin rinjayar Minoan sannan kuma na wayewar Mycenaean. Wataƙila 'yan Phoenicians mosy sun isa tsibirin kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa ƙarni na 9 BC. Ios ya zama Ionian a wani lokaci bayan, kamar yadda membarsa a cikin Ionic Amphictyony ya shaida. Daga shekara ta 534 BC tsibirin ya biya haraji ga Athens. Lokaci na gargajiya da Hellenistic Ios birni ne mai mahimmanci kuma mai ƙarfi a zamanin gargajiya da Hellenistic. Faduwarta ta fara ne daga mamayar Rumawa, lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita azaman wurin gudun hijira, kuma ta ci gaba a zamanin Rumawa. Tsibirin ya sami murmurewa a lokacin Duchy na Naxos, amma mulkin Ottoman ya katse shi. Palaiokastro, gidan da aka lalata na Venetian daga karni na 15 ya ta'allaka ne a arewacin tsibirin. Ios yana da mahimmancin isa a lardin Insulae na Rome don ya zama abin kallo na Metropolis na Rhodes, amma daga baya ya ɓace ya ɓace. Numismatics A cikin karni na 3 da na 2 BC kafin Ios ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu tsibirin, ta haƙa tsabar kuɗin ta, yawancin su ana iya samun su a Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Berlin da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Akwai tsabar kudi 28 daban-daban. Suna kwatanta Homer, itacen dabino ko Athena, kamar yadda ake bauta mata a tsibirin. Yawancin su suna da ma'anar writing rubutun mutanen Ios. 1820s Kodayake Ios ba shi da rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi, amma tana ɗaya daga cikin tsibiran farko don ɗaga tutar juyin-juya hali a lokacin da aka fara Yaƙin 'Yanci na Girka a shekara ta 1821. Ios ya shiga yaƙin sojan ruwa a Kusadasi a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, acikin shekara ta 1821, haka kuma a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Biyu a Astros a cikin shekara ta 1823 kuma a Majalisar Dokoki ta Uku a Troezen acikin shekara ta 1827. Zamanin zamani A cikin zamani na zamani, tsibirin ya fara fitowa a cikin shekara ta 1970s a matsayin sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ga matasa a Turai. A yau Ios tana riƙe da suna a matsayin tsibiri na matasa da nishaɗi, tare da kyawawan kayan aikin yawon shakatawa, marina mai tsari a tashar jiragen ruwa da isasshen hanyar sadarwa. A cikin Ikklisiya, yankinta yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na Metropolis na Orthodox na Girka na Thera, Amorgos da Tsibirin Cocin Girka. Mutuwar Homer Labarin Tsibirin yana da alaƙa da Homer sosai, saboda a cewar labari, Homer ya mutu a Ios. An yi la'akari da babban mawaƙin almara na Helenawa, labari ya ba da labarin cewa ya mutu ne saboda ya karya maganar Pythian. A cewar Pausanias, Homer ya ziyarci Delphi oracle don tambayar Pythia game da iyayen sa da asalin sa. Pythia ta amsa da zancen "Gidan mahaifiyar ku shine tsibirin Ios, wanda zai karɓe ku lokacin da kuka mutu, amma yakamata ku kula da ƙyanƙyasar ƙananan yara." Mawaƙin, duk da haka, ya karya magana kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Ios. Can sai ya ga wasu kananan yara suna kamun kifi a gabar teku. Ya tambayi abin da suka kama sai yaran suka amsa da cewa: "Duk abin da muka samu mun bar shi kuma duk abin da ba mu samu ba mu tafi da shi". Yaran suna maganar kwari. Wadanda suka same su, sun kashe su, amma wadanda ba su same su ba, sun sanya su a kawunan su. Homer bai sami amsar ba, amma ya tuna gargadin Pythia. Ya firgita ya gudu da sauri. Hanyar tana da laka kuma mawaƙin cikin sauri ya zame ya faɗi, ya buga kansa ya mutu kusan nan take. Dangane da wata sigar, Homer ya mutu saboda baƙin cikin da bai warware wuyar warwarewa ba, yayin da sigar ta uku ta ce ya riga ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma ya tafi Ios saboda ya san zai mutu. Tabbas, mutuwar Homer ba ta dogara ne akan bayanan tarihi ba, amma akan tatsuniyoyi da al'adun da suka watsu daga al'adar baka. Pausanias kawai ya rubuta sanannen labari. Graf Pasch van Krienen balaguro A cikin shekara ta 1771, wani adadi na Dutch mai suna Pasch di Krienen bayan ya karanta labarin, ya zo Ios don neman kabarin. Wani limamin cocin Saint Aikaterini Chapel ya sanar da shi cewa akwai wurin da marmara kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna da rubutu. An gaya masa cewa an gina su tun bayan mutuwar Homer amma ya dage kuma tare da taimakon Spyridon Valettas ya sami kaburbura uku kuma na ƙarshe yana da rubuce -rubuce game da Homer ciki har da wanda ke nufin a nan ƙasa ƙasa ta kasance mai alfarma shugaban jarumi Homer. Lokacin da ya sami wannan, Pasch ya tabbata cewa kabarin mallakar mawaƙin almara ne amma ya fahimci wasu kurakuran nahawu akan dutsen kabarin kuma ya fara shakkar sahihancin sa. Bayan ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa da kuɗi, sai ya yanke shawara ya daina bayan ya kuma sami kaburbura biyu a Agia Theodoti Yankunan rairayin bakin teku Ios yana jan hankalin ɗimbin matasa masu yawon buɗe ido, yawancinsu sun kasance suna bacci akan jakunkunan baccin su a shekarun 1970 a sanannen rairayin bakin teku na Mylopotas bayan biki cikin dare. A yau an haɓaka rairayin bakin tekun Mylopotas zuwa madaidaicin wurin yawon buɗe ido kamar Platys Gialos da Paradise Beach na Mykonos. Yanayi Ios yana da yanayi mai zafi na Bahar Rum tare da m hunturu da lokacin bazara mai daɗi. Mai kama da sauran tsibiran Cyclades, akwai kusan iska daga arewa a lokacin bazara, wanda aka sani da meltemi, wanda ke daidaita yanayin zafi. Lokaci Sanannen mutane Tsoho Critheïs, mahaifiyar Homer Na zamani Spyridon Valetas (1779-1843), masani, memba na Filiki Eteria Lakis Nikolaou (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949 ya mutu), shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Jean-Marie Drot (1929-2015), marubuci kuma masanin fim wanda ya ƙaunaci tsibirin kuma ya kafa Gidan Tarihin Jean Marie Drot a Ios Hotuna Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Municipality of Ios Pages with unreviewed
25465	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA	CA	CA ko ca na iya nufin to: Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Air China (lambar jirgin saman IATA CA) CA Technologies, kamfanin software na Amurka Cayman Airways, kamfanin jirgin saman tsibirin Cayman Channel America, gidan talabijin na Amurka da ya lalace Classic Army, wani ɗan asalin Hong Kong wanda ke kera samfuran airsoft Kamfanin jiragen sama na Continental, jirgin saman Amurka ne Majalisar Halitta, mai haɓaka wasan PC Crédit Agricole, babban bankin Faransa Gwamnati da siyasa Ofishin Ofishin Jakadancin, sashin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Canadian Alliance, tsohon jam'iyyar siyasa ta Kanada Center Alliance, jam'iyyar siyasa ta Australiya da aka fi sani da Team Nick Xenophon Ƙungiyar Jama'a, wata ƙungiya ta siyasa a Trinidad da Tobago Haɗin iko, ƙaramar hukuma a cikin Burtaniya Kwamitin alƙawura, ƙungiya ce ta Majalisar Philippines Conservatives waje, reshen ketare na Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Burtaniya Ƙungiyar Ƙasar, ƙungiyar siyasa ta Biritaniya Kotun daukaka kara Hukumar Kwastam, hukuma ce ta Taiwan Makarantu Kwalejin Kanada, makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa a Kobe, Japan Cary Academy, makarantar shirya kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Cary, North Carolina, Amurka Claiborne Academy, makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, Amurka Clarksville Academy, makarantar shirye-shiryen kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Clarksville, Tennessee, Amurka Colorado Academy, makarantar shirye-shiryen kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Lakewood, Colorado, Amurka Concord Academy, makarantar shirya kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Concord, Massachusetts, Amurka Kwalejin Connections, makarantar kan layi da ke Baltimore, Maryland, Amurka Culver Academies, makarantar kwana da shirin sansanin bazara a Culver, Indiana, Amurka A wasanni California Angels, tsohon sunan ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwallon baseball a halin yanzu da aka sani da Mala'iku Los Angeles Club Africain, kulob ne na wasanni da yawa daga Tunis, Tunisia Cricket Australia, hukumar gudanarwa don ƙwararru da wasan cricket mai son zama a Ostiraliya Cruising Association, ƙungiyar membobin Burtaniya don matuƙan jirgin ruwa Cycling Australia, hukumar gudanarwa ta kasa don tseren keke a Australia Sauran ƙungiyoyi Caterers 'Association, tsohon ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Burtaniya Cocaine Anonymous, shirin matakai goma sha biyu Hadin Halitta, wani bangare na Ƙirƙirar (addini), ƙungiya mai farin jini A ilimin harsuna Ça, wakilin nuna Faransa Ca (Indic), glyph a cikin dangin Brahmic na rubutun Ca (Javanese), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese Yaren Katalan (ISO 639 alpha-2 code language) ca, yankin yanki na Wikipedia na Catalan Bambanci daban -daban, nazarin tsari na harsuna biyu Lissafi, kimiyya, da fasaha Biology da magani <i id="mwaw">CA</i> (mujallar), mujallar likita <i id="mwbg">Ca</i> (asu), dangin goro Ca., taƙaitawa ga Candidatus, don sunayen masu biyan haraji waɗanda ba a bayyana su gaba ɗaya ba Ciwon daji Carbonic anhydrase, dangin enzymes Carcinoma, wani nau'in ciwon daji Kamun zuciya Kimiyya Calcium (Ca) Catecholamine, sinadarin Organic Cellulose acetate, wani nau'in filastik Abstracts Chemical, littafin Sabis na Abstracts Chemical Cyanoacrylate, sinadaran sinadarai Lissafi da aiki da na'ura mai kwakwalwa Cell automaton, ƙirar lissafi mai ma'ana Ikon takardar shaida, wani yanki da ke ba da takaddun dijital don sadarwa mai aminci Binciken daidaituwa, dabarun ƙididdiga iri -iri Algorithm na al'adu, nau'in lissafin juyin halitta a kimiyyar kwamfuta Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Centiampere (cA), siginar SI na wutar lantarki Hukumar Takaddun Shaida (CA), mahaɗan da ke ba da takaddun dijital <i id="mwmg">CA</i> -class submarine, yakin duniya na biyu na jirgin ruwan tsakiyar tsakiyar Italiya Injin Nissan CA, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan motocin Nissan Aberration na chromatic, murdiya a cikin ruwan tabarau na gani Samun damar sharaɗi, a cikin injiniyan watsa shirye -shirye Noma na kiyayewa, tsarin abinci Tattaunawar Tattaunawa, nazarin magana cikin mu'amala Wurare Kogin Cả, a Laos da Vietnam Lardin Cádiz, Spain California, jihar Amurka ta gajartar gidan waya Kanada, ta lambar ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 .ca, lambar ƙasar Intanet ta Kanada Birnin Carlisle, United Kingdom, ta lambar akwatin gidan waya Lardin Catamarca, Argentina Amurka ta tsakiya Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, ramin gada a fadin yankin Tokyo Bay a Japan, wanda aka ƙidaya a matsayin CA Sauran amfani CA-, ƙirar hanya don manyan hanyoyin ɓangaren babbar hanyar sadarwa ta Tsakiyar Amurka Ca Mè Mallorquí, wani jinsin kare ne da ya fito daga kasar Andalus centiare, 1 murabba'in mita Akawun Akawu Al'amuran jama'a, kalmar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da cibiyoyin sojoji ke amfani da ita Fasahar sadarwa (disambiguation) Yarjejeniyar sirri Asusun na yanzu (disambiguation), a cikin tattalin arziƙi Duba kuma Darasi na A
39157	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Mboro%20National%20Park	Lake Mboro National Park	Tafkin Mburo National Park wurin shakatawa ne,na kasa da ke gundumar,Nyabushozi, gundumar Kiruhura kusa da Mbarara,a Uganda Wuri Tafkin Mburo National Park yana cikin gundumar Kiruhura a yankin yammacin Uganda, kimanin gabas Mbarara da kusan ta hanyar yammacin Kampala,. Tarihi An fara kallon tafkin Mburo a cikin 1933 a matsayin wurin farauta mai sarrafawa kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa wurin ajiyar wasa a cikin 1963. Makiyaya Banyankole Bahima ne suka zaunar da yankin, wadanda suka saba kiwon shanun Ankole, kuma har yanzu suna yi. Mazaunan sun ci gaba da yin kiwo a cikin wurin ajiyar, lamarin da masu rajin kare hakkin. yammacin yammacin duniya suka yi fatali da shi, wadanda suka kira su "mahara" a shekarar 1981, amma an kore su daga filayensu bayan da aka mayar da shi matsayin gandun dajin na kasa a shekarar 1983, kamar yadda wasu suka yi fata. Yamma. Matakin da,gwamnatin Obote ta ɗauka, an yi niyya ne, a wani ɓangare, don raunana Banyankole, waɗanda ke goyon bayan 'yan tawayen Obote. Ya zo ne a lokacin da Operation Bonanza ya yi wa mutane 300,000, kisan kiyashi a yakin Bush,na Uganda Da yake ba a biya wa makiyayan da aka kora diyya na wuraren kiwo da suka bata ko kuma a taimaka musu da sake tsugunar da su ba, da yawa sun ci gaba da nuna kyama ga ingantawa. An raba filin kiwo da ke wajen wurin shakatawa zuwa ƙananan jeri da filayen noma na rayuwa. A cikin 1985, gwamnatin Obote ta biyu ta fadi kuma mazauna tafkin Mburo na baya sun sake mamaye filin shakatawa, suna korar ma'aikatan wurin shakatawa, lalata abubuwan more rayuwa, da kashe namun daji. Kasa da rabin asalin filin dajin da gwamnatin National Resistance Movement ta sake duba shi a 1986. A cikin wurin shakatawa har yanzu akwai wurare masu mahimmanci na al'adu, irin su Rubanga, inda aka taɓa yin hadayu ga alloli, Ruroko shine wurin da Bachwezi na almara ya rayu, kuma Kigarama shine inda shafukan (bayi) na sarki suke zama. Dabbobin daji Wurin yana karbar bakuncin zebra, hippopotamus, impala, warthog, eland na kowa, bauna na Afirka da kuma nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 300. Masu farauta na iya haɗawa da zaki, damisa, ƙuraye, kwayoyin halitta, civets, jackals da cats serval, kuma tun 2015 akwai yawan raƙuman Rothschild IUCN tana ɗaukar yankin da aka karewa a matsayin 'rashin kiyayewa zaki' a cikin 2005, duk da cewa zakoki ba sa faruwa a nan. A shekarun 1980 ne ‘yan asalin kasar suka kawar da zakuna, amma a farkon shekarar 2015 an samu rahotannin cewa zaki daya na yawo a yankunan Miriti, Kashara, Warukiri da Rwonyo. Domin mazauna yankin suna ganin wannan matsala ce, mafita da aka bayar ita ce a canza zakin zuwa gidan namun daji. A lokaci guda kuma, kula da wuraren shakatawa ya yi ta ra'ayin sake shigar da zakuna zuwa wurin shakatawa. Zakin da ke yawo a yankin a karshe ya kai hari tare da raunata mutane uku, lamarin da ya sa dimbin jama’ar da suka fusata suka far wa dabbar da duwatsu da sanduna. Hukumar kula da namun daji ta Uganda ta yanke shawarar kashe dabbar, saboda al’ummar yankin sun fusata kuma lamarin ya zama hadari. Ana tsammanin ya yi ƙaura daga Kagera Game Reserve aTanzaniya Matsalar da masu kiwo ke fuskanta a wurin shakatawa shine sauye-sauyen mazaunin, da ke faruwa a kan lokaci. Yawancin wuraren da a da suka kasance ciyayi a wurin shakatawa sun canza zuwa daji ko dazuzzuka kamar yadda nau'in bishiyoyin shrubby na Acacia hockii suka mamaye wadannan yankuna. Ita kuwa acacia tana kare sauran daji da nau'in bishiya, wadanda suke girma cikin sauri da kauri. Wannan shukar,dazuzzukan na tilastawa dabbobi shiga wuraren kiwo da ke kewaye da kuma filayen masu zaman kansu, yana sa su zama masu jin haushi kamar kwari Uganda ta yi kokarin tsara wadannan wuraren zuwa wuraren farauta da ake sarrafa su don wasanni, amma masu mallakar filaye suna korafin kudaden da ake samu da ake samu a ayyukan al'umma kamar makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da hanyoyi maimakon magance kalubalen kowane mutum da ke haifar da matsalar dabbobi. Sayan injin tono don kula da wuraren zama, tsarin mulkin gobarar daji daban-daban, shingen shinge, canza dabbobin da suka wuce gona da iri, kiwo na namun daji don masana'antar farauta, yawon shakatawa na al'umma, ba da izinin ƙarin kamfanonin farautar wasanni da ƙara yawan adadin kuɗi na iya rage wannan; An ba wa al'ummar yankin damar toshe 'Acacia don itacen wuta, amma wannan ya nuna ba shi da amfani. Ana ɗaukar kuraye da bushbuck, musamman dabbobi masu matsala. Duba kuma Gundumar Mbara Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Za a juya raƙuman raƙuman ruwa zuwa wurin shakatawa na Lake Mburo Shafin hukuma na hukuma Tafkin Mboro Official Travel Guide Tafkin Mboro Information Portal Tafkin Mboro National Park Official Website Lake mburo national
33079	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridie%20Gallagher	Bridie Gallagher	Bridget "Bridie" Gallagher (7 Satumba 1924 9 Janairu 2012) mawaƙiyar kasar Ireland ce, wacce aka fi sani da suna "Yarinyar Donegal". An yi mata kallon "tauraron pop na farko a duniya". Gallagher ta yi suna a cikin 1956 tare da rikodinta na "Ƙaunar Mahaifa" kuma ta sami lambar yabo na duniya tare da fassarar almara na "The Boys From County Armagh". A lokacin aikinta, wanda ya kwashe sama da shekaru sittin, ta bayyana a manyan filaye da yawa a fadin duniya. Ta kuma yi wakoki irin su Gidan Donegal shahararru ne. Sana'a Gallagher ta fara rera waƙa a cikin cibiyar 'creeslough' tare da ƙungiyar Ceili na gida wanda Bill Gallagher ya fara. Gidan 'Creeslough' na Jim Mc Caffrey ne kuma Bridie za ta kara ziyartan zauren 'Creeslough' da ke garinta a duk tsawon aikinta na ci gaba. Ba da daɗewa ba (Billy Livingstone) ya ga gwanin Bridie a cikin 1950s (babu dangantaka da mijinta) wanda ya kasance gwaninta don rikodin Decca, kuma ta tafi garin 'Belfast' wanda zai zama tushenta, a nan ne ta auri Robert (Bob) Livingstone kuma ta haifi yara biyu maza, Jim da Peter. Ɗaya daga cikin ɗan nata, Peter ya mutu a wani hatsarin mota a 1976 kuma ɗayan ya ci gaba da rangadi tare da Gallagher. Gallagher tana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan mutanen da suka halarta a Albert Hall London, tare da mutane sama da 7,500, rikodin da ba a taɓa daidaita shi ba yayin da ya ci gaba da zama wurin zama. Gallagher ya zama sananne a duniya kuma ya yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin duniya, Amurka, Kanada, Turai, Australia kuma an san shi da "Yarinyar Donegal". Bridie ya taka leda a yawancin fitattun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, gami da Royal Albert Hall na London, Gidan Opera na Sydney da Hall na Carnegie a New York. Bridie ya yi waƙa galibi ballads ko kuma kamar yadda daga baya aka san su da Ƙasa da Irish. Daya daga cikin fitattun wakokinta shine "The Boys From The County Armagh", wanda ya siyar da kwafi sama da 250,000, wanda shine mafi girman siyarwa dan Irish a wancan lokacin. Bridie kuma ya yi rikodin Cottage ta Lee wanda marubucin Irish Dick Farrelly ya rubuta Farrelly ya sami shahara a duk duniya tare da waƙarsa ta al'ada, The Isle of Innisfree wanda asalinsa ya shahara a duniya don Bing Crosby kuma darektan fim, John Ford ya zaɓe shi a matsayin babban jigon kiɗan fim ɗinsa, "The Quiet Man". Gallagher tana da nata wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo akan RTÉ haka kuma da yawa bayyanuwa a talabijin (RTÉ, BBC, UTV, da bakin teku zuwa bakin teku a Amurka). Rayuwa ta sirri Gallagher ta zauna a Belfast tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1976 ta rasa danta mai shekaru 21 a wani hatsarin babur. Mutanen Creeslough sun karrama ta a ranar 10 ga Yuli 2000 tare da wani taron bikin murnar aikinta. Membobin danginta daga Creeslough da Donegal sun halarci taron tare da ƴan uwanta mata biyu da danginsu waɗanda suka yi tattaki daga Glasgow zuwa wurin tare da kiyasin taron magoya baya 2,500. An fito da wani plaque na yabo ga Gallagher. Washegari Majalisar Donegal County ta karrama ta lokacin da suka yi mata liyafar jama'a. Shugaban majalisar Charlie Bennett a wajen bikin ya ce "Bridie ta ba da haske ga masu fasaha da yawa da suka bi bayanta kuma na tabbata da yawa daga cikinsu suna kallonta a matsayin abin koyi yayin da suka fara sana'arsu a duniyar waka." Gallagher ta mutu a gidanta a Belfast a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2012 yana da shekara 87. An binne ta ne a garin Creeslough. Hotuna Marasa aure A Mother's Love's a Blessing/ I'll Remember You Love, In My Prayers (1956) The Boys From the County Armagh/ Kilarney and You (July 1957) The Girl from Donegal Take this Message to my Mother (1958) At the Close of an Irish Day Two Little Orphans (1958) The Hills of Donegal My Mother's Last Goodbye (1958) I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget Poor Little Orphan Boy (1958) Hillside in Scotland Johnny Gray (1958) The Kylemore Pass Cutting the Corn in Creeslough (1958) Goodbye Johnny The Faithful Sailor Boy (1958) I Found You Out/ It's A Sin To Tell A Lie (December 1958) If I Were a Blackbird The Moon Behind the Hill (1959) Moonlight in Mayo In The Heart of Donegal (1959) I Left Ireland and My Mother Because we were Poor Star of Donegal (1959) Noreen Bawn Moonlight on the River Shannon (1959) Hills of Glenswilly The Old Wishin' Chair (1959) Orange Trees Growing in Old County Down The Crolly Doll (1959) I'll Always Be With You Stay With Me (May 1959) Irish Jaunting Car Johnny My Love(1960) My Lovely Irish Rose Don't Forget To Say I Love You (1960) Homes of Donegal Ballyhoe (1960) Rose of Kilkenny Shall My Soul Pass Through Old Ireland (1960) The Castlebar Fair Home To Mayo (April 1962) Christmas in Old Dublin Town/ I'll Cry Tomorrow (November 1962) A Little Bunch of Violets/ The Bonny Boy (1966) The Wild Colonial Boy/ Poor Orphan Girl (1967) Destination Donegal The Turfman From Ardee (1967) The Glen of Aherlow Henry Joy (1967) Cottage on the Borderline Rose of Mooncoin (December 1967) Swinging in the Lane 5,000 Miles From Sligo (October 1970) If I Had My Life To Live Over Golden Jubilee (1971) Just Like Your Daddy/ No Charge (March 1976) A Mother's Love's a Blessing The Road To Creeslough (October 1976 wasan kwaikwayo The Girl From Donegal, No. 1 (1958) A1: The Girl From Donegal A2: Take This Message to My Mother B1: At The Close of an Irish Day B2: Two Little Orphans The Girl From Donegal, No. 2 (1958) A1: My Mother's Last Goodbye A2: The Faithful Sailor Boy B1: Killarney and You B2: The Road by the River The Girl From Donegal, No. 3 (1958) A1:Hill of Donegal A2: I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget B1: The Boys From County Armagh B2: The Poor Orphan Boy Bridie Gallagher (1959) A: Moonlight on the Shannon River B1: I Left Ireland And Mother Because We Were Poor B2: The Hills of Glenswilly Bridie Gallagher (EP) (1959) A1: I Found You Out A2: Two-Faced Moon B1: It's A Sin To Tell A Lie B2: Somebody Cried at Your Wedding Bridie Gallagher Sings Irish Jaunting Car and other Irish Favourites (1960) A1: Irish Jaunting Car A2: My Lovely Irish Rose B1: Johnny Me Love B2: Rose of Kilkenny The Girl From Donegal, No. 1 (1958) A1: The Girl From Donegal A2: Take This Message to My Mother B1: At The Close of an Irish Day B2: Two Little Orphans The Girl From Donegal, No. 2 (1958) A1: My Mother's Last Goodbye A2: The Faithful Sailor Boy B1: Killarney and You B2: The Road by the River The Girl From Donegal, No. 3 (1958) A1:Hill of Donegal A2: I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget B1: The Boys From County Armagh B2: The Poor Orphan Boy Bridie Gallagher (1959) A: Moonlight on the Shannon River B1: I Left Ireland And Mother Because We Were Poor B2: The Hills of Glenswilly Bridie Gallagher (EP) (1959) A1: I Found You Out A2: Two-Faced Moon B1: It's A Sin To Tell A Lie B2: Somebody Cried at Your Wedding Bridie Gallagher Sings Irish Jaunting Car and other Irish Favourites (1960) A1: Irish Jaunting Car A2: My Lovely Irish Rose B1: Johnny Me Love B2: Rose of Kilkenny The Girl From Donegal, No. 1 (1958) A1: The Girl From Donegal A2: Take This Message to My Mother B1: At The Close of an Irish Day B2: Two Little Orphans The Girl From Donegal, No. 2 (1958) A1: My Mother's Last Goodbye A2: The Faithful Sailor Boy B1: Killarney and You B2: The Road by the River The Girl From Donegal, No. 3 (1958) A1:Hill of Donegal A2: I'll Forgive But I'll Never Forget B1: The Boys From County Armagh B2: The Poor Orphan Boy Bridie Gallagher (1959) A: Moonlight on the Shannon River B1: I Left Ireland And Mother Because We Were Poor B2: The Hills of Glenswilly Bridie Gallagher (EP) (1959) A1: I Found You Out A2: Two-Faced Moon B1: It's A Sin To Tell A Lie B2: Somebody Cried at Your Wedding Bridie Gallagher Sings Irish Jaunting Car and other Irish Favourites (1960) A1: Irish Jaunting Car A2: My Lovely Irish Rose B1: Johnny Me Love B2: Rose of Kilkenny Dogayen Wasa A Gida Tare da Bridie Gallagher (1962) Ƙananan Bunch of Violets (1966) A cikin Zuciyar Donegal (1968) Bridie Gallagher Ya Rera Buƙatun Irish (1970) Half Door (1978) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje DDTV: BRIDIE GALLAGHER TANA WAKAR 'SON UWA MAI ALBARKA' manazarta Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with
22523	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Nouabal%C3%A9-Ndoki	Filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki	Filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki shine wurin shakatawa na ƙasa a Jamhuriyar Congo. An kafa shi a cikin 1993, a arewacin lardin Kongo, gida ne ga giwayen daji, manyan birai, gami da gorillas na ƙasan yamma da ƙananan ƙabilu na chimpanzees da bongo. Yankin 3,921.61 km2 (1,514.14 sq mi) ne na gandun dazuzzuka mai tsafta ba tare da mazaunin ɗan adam a ciki ba kuma tare da ɗimbin yawan mutane a cikin yankin da suke da ƙananan ƙananan yankin. Dazuzzuka suna da dumbin halittu masu dauke da nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda 300, gami da tsirrai da nau'in bishiyoyi 1,000 wadanda suka hada da mahoganies masu hatsari. A wani taron Ministocin gandun daji na Hukumar Kula da Gandun Dajin Afirka ta Tsakiya (COMIFAC), an warware shi don a kafa a cikin Kogin Kwango, Kogin Sangha na Yankin Kare na Kasa Uku (TNS) tare da jimlar yanki 11,331 km2 (4,375 sq mi wanda ya hada da Dzanga Sangha na Musamman da kuma Filin shakatawa na Dzanga-Ndoki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, da Filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki a Congo-Brazzaville, da kuma Filin shakatawa na Lobéké a Kamaru. A shekarar 2012, an baiwa dukkan wuraren shakatawa uku na kasar matsayin matsayin Triniti na Sangha. An gudanar da filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park a karkashin yarjejeniyar Kawancen Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu (PPP), wanda aka sanya hannu a cikin 2013 tsakanin Gwamnatin RoC da WCS. Yarjejeniyar ta samar da Fondation Nouabalé-Ndoki (FNN), wanda aka wakilta WCS a matsayin Sashin Kula da Yankin Park har zuwa 2038. Tarihi Tunanin kirkirar wuraren shakatawar ya samo asali ne a shekarun 1980 tare da fahimtar cewa giwayen da ke yawo wadanda suka yi tafiye-tafiye a cikin yankin gaba daya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa uku ana bukatar kariya daga masu farautar su da masana'antar sare bishiyoyi. An tsara shirye-shiryen kafa gandun namun daji na Nouabale-Ndoki ne a 1991 daga kungiyar Kula da Dabbobin daji (WCS) da Gwamnatin Kwango tare da tallafi daga USAID a matsayin aikin haɗin gwiwa na ƙetare iyaka. Hakanan ya ƙunshi cigaban hulɗa tare da ƙananan hukumomi, yanki da na ƙasa. A ƙarshe an kafa shi a watan Satumba na 1993 wanda ya mamaye yanki na 392,169 ha (969,070 acres) tsakanin Sangha na arewa maso gabas da arewa maso yammacin Sashen Likouala na Congo. A shekarar 1999, kamfanin katako na CIB (Congolaise Industrielle du Bois) da jama'ar gari suka hada hannu da (WCS) da Gwamnatin Congo don kirkirar wani abin da zai rage tasirin shiga filin shakatawa. A cikin 2001, an faɗaɗa yankin shakatawa tare da wani ɓangare na rangadin makwabta da aka sani da Gouloago triangle don haɗawa da wannan wurin shakatawa. Kamfanin katako na kasar Jamus ya mika hakkinta sama da 100 km2 (39 sq mi) na Goualougo Triangle a karkashin hayar sa domin a hade shi da gandun dajin, sannan kuma ya yanke shawarar hana farauta. Yayin da ake gudanar da ayyukan sare itace (musamman nau'ikan biyu na Mahogony na Afirka don katako mai girma) sun gudana a yankuna da yawa na gandun daji a arewacin Kongo zuwa iyakantaccen sikelin, wannan wurin shakatawar babu irin wannan aikin. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yana da fa'ida ga kiyayewa da haɓaka yawan rayuwar rayuwar daji da mazaunin dazuzzuka a wurin shakatawar. labarin ƙasa da yanayi Yankin da aka kiyaye, wanda wani bangare ne na Sangha River Tri-National Protected Area (STN) ya malalo galibi daga Kogin Sangha, wani yanki ne na Kogin Congo. Wani ɓangare na gandun daji har yanzu bai yiwu ba kuma ya kasance ba a bincika shi ba. Gandun daji ne mai dausayi na yankuna masu zafi wadanda suke wani yanki na magudanan ruwan Kogin Kongo. Wannan wurin shakatawa, tare da sauran wuraren shakatawa guda biyu da aka keɓe a cikin babbar Sangha Reserve, an keɓe ta daga duk wani aikin tattalin arziki da ya shafi hanyoyi da kuma tsangwama na mutane, wanda ya haifar da kiyaye shi a matsayin gandun daji mai ruwan sama. Gidan shakatawa yana cikin yankin gandun daji na Kwango wanda ya samar da kashi 11% na yawan yankin. An sake kebe shi zuwa wuraren da aka kiyaye, wuraren da aka tsarkake da aka fi sani da Bai da Yanga, yankuna biyu na yanayi don amfanin makiyaya, wuraren farauta da aka kebe wa ma'aikata, yankunan kariya wadanda ke aiki a matsayin yankunan farautar farauta, yankunan farauta ga al'ummar yankin, da kuma wurare masu tsarki shafuka. Gidan shakatawa yana da yanayi mai ɗumi kuma yana samun, a matsakaita, 1,250 mm (49 in) na ruwan sama a shekara. Lokacin damina shine watan Agusta zuwa Nuwamba kuma lokacin rani shine Disamba zuwa Fabrairu. Shuke-shuke sun haɗa da tarin nau'o'in mahoganies. Dabbobin daji Yawancin masu samar da kayayyaki suna gudanar da safari a cikin wurin shakatawar don ba da gudummawar ayyukan kiyayewa da wayar da kan jama'a game da namun daji da duwatsu masu daraja a ciki. Kongo Travel and Tours, babban tushe ne na bayanin tafiye-tafiye game da wurin shakatawa da tafiye-tafiye na yanzu da yanayin yanayi, kuma yana da kasafin kuɗi da ƙarin hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye a cikin wurin shakatawa tun daga 1,799 na kwanaki 8, kowane mutum. Fauna Akwai nau'ikan dake zaune a wurin shakatawa. National Geographic Society ya lura cewa wurin shakatawar na iya kasancewa mafi yawan rayuwar rayuwar daji ta kowace murabba'in mil na kowane wuri a Afirka. Mafi shahararrun nau'ikan halittu ne na birrai. Akwai birai masu launi (launin fari da fari, colobus ja), da gorillas masu ƙoshin ƙasa, chimpanzees, da birai guenon da aka ɓullo. Gandun dajin ya dauki bakuncin fiye da nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 300. Wasu daga cikin mahimman halittu sune gaggafa, ungulu, mujiya, lalatattun hankulan ungulu, da kuma jijiyar wuya. Hakanan akwai giwayen dajin Afirka da baƙon gaske, bauna daji, damisa, bongo, da shuɗi mai duhu. Hakanan kada da kwari masu shan jini suma suna daga cikin jinsunan dajin. An gudanar da karatun Herpetofauna a cikin takamaiman yankuna huɗu na wurin shakatawa. Wadannan karatuttukan sun samar da 20 amphibian da 14 masu rarrafe a gefen kudu na wurin shakatawa; daga cikin wadannan, nau'ikan kwado sune Aubria masako, Amietophrynus regularis, Cryptothylax greshoffii, Hyperolius balfouri, H. brachiofasciatus, Leptopelis brevirostris da L. calcaratus meridionalis. Hakanan ana ganin aku a yankin wurin shakatawa. Giwayen daji suna samar da sarari ta hanyar share dajin don sauran dabbobi su motsa. Gwanayen ƙaho tare da kilo 12 (kilogiram 5.4) sama da lamba 100 a cikin 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi). A cewar wani labari na Pygmy, wani dabba mai rarrafe mai dogon wuya, da ake kira Mokele-mbembe ya kashe giwaye da babban kahon gabanta. Mbeli Bai yanki ne na musamman mai nisan kilomita 3 (2 sq mi) a cikin wurin shakatawar wanda ke da wadataccen gorillas, tare da rahoton gorillas 180 na yammacin yamma. Hakanan ya ƙunshi nau'ikan biri da yawa, kuma tara daga cikinsu suna da yawan jama'a 50 a kowace 1 km2 (0.39 sq mi). Nau'in biri da aka samo anan shine bakaken fata-da-fari da jajajaja, gashin baki da rawanin guenon, mangabeys masu launin toka da sauran mutane. Flora Bishiyoyi da tsirrai suna bunƙasa a cikin wannan yanayin. Filin shakatawa na Ndable-Ndoki babban dazuzzuka ne mai dausayi. Gida ne na nau'ikan iri iri 24 daban. Ko yaya, babban ciyayi shine na Gilbertiodendron dewervei (G. dewevevri a yankin tsauni kuma nesa da koyar da ruwa a manyan yankuna; gauraye da gandun daji suma fasali ne. Dajin yana da “bais” da yawa ma'ana "yankuna da aka share". Fiye da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 1000 da bishiyoyi daban-daban an gano su. G. dewevevri shi ne irin na shekara-shekara wanda ake shuka shi kuma ana "tunanin cewa cinya mai yiwuwa ne ya faru ne don magance samar da iri ta hanyar koshi." An bayyana halayenta a matsayin "79% na tushe daga sama 10 cm a tsawo nono da 88% na asalin yankin." Waɗannan ƙwayoyin sun lalace ne ta ƙwaro. Koyaya, sune asalin tushen abinci ga yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar rodents, duikers (Cephelophus spp.), Aladu (Putamoechoerus porcus da Hylochoerus meinertzhagen), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), giwaye, musamman gorillas. Matakan kiyayewa Kokarin kiyayewa bai tsaya ga Filin shakatawa na Nuabale-Ndoki shi kadai ba har ma da sauran wuraren shakatawa guda biyu na yankin guda uku, da kuma dukkanin Yankin Kare na Yankuna Uku na Sangha wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 96% na yankin ƙasar. Kasashen da suka kafa ƙungiyar ta ƙasashe uku a ƙarƙashin shirin iyakokin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙokarin Asusun Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) su ne Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Kongo da Kamaru. Wannan ƙoƙari na ƙungiya ya tabbatar da aiwatar da ayyukan da suka dace da suka shafi ɓarna, bincike da inganta yawon buɗe ido zuwa dazukan ruwan sama. Babban fasalin wannan ƙoƙari shi ne tarurrukan da ake gudanarwa lokaci-lokaci na gwamnatocin shakatawa uku, da kuma shugabannin ƙasashe uku. Ana yin sintiri a wuraren shakatawa ta hanyar sintiri na hadin gwiwa na yau da kullun don tabbatar da cewa farauta, fasa-kwaurin hauren giwa da kamun kifi ba tare da izini ba da makaman wuta ba su faruwa a wurin shakatawa. Masu ziyara za su iya ziyartar wurin shakatawa kawai a cikin rukuni a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa da aka shirya da ƙwararrun masu yawon shakatawa na rayuwar daji. Matakan kiyayewa ana samun tallafi daga kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Fasaha ta Jamus (GTC) a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kamaru, da Asusun Kula da Dabbobin Duniya na Yanayi (WWF) da Kungiyar kiyaye namun daji (WCS New York) a Kongo. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri asusun amintattu, wanda yake cike da kuɗi, don kiyaye wuraren shakatawa. Har ila yau, filin shakatawa na ƙasa yana da ayyukan bincikensa da yawa waɗanda USAID-CARPE, US Fish Wildlife Service, U.S.Z da Columbus Zoo, da MacArthur Foundation ke tallafawa da kuɗi. Dangane da tallafi na ƙasashe masu yawa, wannan wurin shakatawa yanzu ba a ɗauke shi da muhimmanci ga ƙasa kawai ba, har ma da yankin da aka amince da shi na kiyayewa mai mahimmancin gaske, tare da ingantattun kayan more rayuwa, ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da kuma taimakon tattalin arziki. Kariya A baya, an iyakance fasahar kariya ga masu gadi. Koyaya, yanzu, suna amfani da masu ganowa don kama masu laifi waɗanda ke cutar dajin. Masu gadin filin shakatawa na Nouabalé-Ndoki suna da ƙungiya da aka sani da 'eco-guards'. 'Masu tsaron lafiyar' suna karkashin kulawar MFEE (Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Muhalli). Tare da MFEE eco-guards, an tabbatar da cewa babu wani aikin ɗan adam da ya saba doka wanda ya faru a wurin shakatawa kamar su farauta. Baya ga masu gadin, jama'ar yankin na Ba'Aka suna kuma samar da kayayyakin masarufi na cikin gida don inganta dorewa da kiyaye dazuzzuka a wurin shakatawar.
22336	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20%C6%98asashen%20Duniya%20Ta%20Bada%20Agajin%20Gaggawa	Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya Ta Bada Agajin Gaggawa	Kungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Bada Agajin Gaggawa Ga Mutane IFRC ƙungiya ce ta taimakon agaji a duniya da ke kaiwa ga mutane miliyan 160 kowace shekara ta hanyar 192 kungiyoyin na Duniya ta 192. .Tana aiki kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan bala'i da na gaggawa don biyan buƙatu da haɓaka rayuwar mutane masu rauni. Yana yin hakan ba tare da nuna wariya ba game da ƙasa, launin fata, jinsi, imanin addini, aji da ra'ayoyin siyasa. IFRC wani bangare ne na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Movement tare da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross (ICRC) da kuma Nationalungiyoyin 192asa na 192. Thearfin IFRC ya ta'allaka ne da hanyar sadarwar sa kai, ƙwarewar al'umma da 'yanci da tsaka tsaki. Yana aiki don inganta ƙa'idodin agaji, a matsayin abokan haɗin gwiwa a cikin ci gaba da kuma magance bala'i. Yana lallashe masu yanke shawara suyi aiki don bukatun mutane masu rauni. Yana aiki don ba da ƙarfi ga al'ummomin lafiya da aminci, rage lahani, ƙarfafa ƙarfi da haɓaka al'adun zaman lafiya a duniya. Tarihi Kafata A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1919, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, wakilai daga Kungiyoyin Red Cross ta liedasashen Allied Powers (Masarautar Ingila, Faransa, Italiya, Japan, da Amurka) sun hallara a Paris don kafa kungiyar Red Cross (LORCS) wanda burinta ya bayyana shine "karfafawa da hadin kai, don ayyukan kiwon lafiya, kungiyoyin da ke da kungiyar Red Cross da kuma inganta kirkirar sabbin Kungiyoyi". Henry P. Davison ne, wanda a lokacin shine shugaban kwamitin Red Cross na Amurka “Kwamitin Yaki”, da wannan shirin tare da goyon bayan Woodrow Wilson, Shugaban Amurka na Amurka. Janar David Benden ne ya taimaka wa Davison wanda ya zama Babban Darakta na farko. Wannan sabuwar tarayyar ta kirkiri kungiyar ta faɗaɗa aikin ƙasa da ƙasa na kungiyar Red Cross fiye da maƙasudin aikin Kwamitin Internationalungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya (ICRC) don haɗa da taimakon agaji dangane da abubuwan larurar da ba ta hanyar rikici ba. Baya ga daidaito na ayyukan agaji da bala'oi da bala'oi na gaggawa suka haifar, aikin ƙungiyar shi ne taimaka wa kuungiyoyin nasa da aka kafa da ci gaban su, musamman a lokacin zaman lafiya. Baya ga bayar da taimako ga waɗanda annoba ta shafa, bala’o’i na ƙasa (girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa) da kuma yunwa, an haɓaka wasu ayyuka biyu a cikin shekarun farko na gasar. Kuma Babban aiki shine inganta kiwon lafiya ta hana cututtuka da haɓaka horon ma'aikatan jinya da masu sa kai. Sauran ayyukan shine ƙirƙirar iorananan Red Cross a cikin kungiyoyi duniya, waɗanda suka gabatar da yara da ɗalibai ga Red Cross tare da kwasa-kwasan ilimi daban-daban kuma ta saka su cikin ayyukan taimako na zahiri. Kafa kungiyar, a matsayin ƙarin kungiyar Red Cross ta duniya tare da ICRC, ba tare da rikici ba. Kungiyar ta ICRC, a wani matakin, tana da matukar damuwa game da yiwuwar hamayya tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Tushen layin ana ganinsa a matsayin ƙoƙari na lalata matsayin jagoranci na ICRC a cikin kungiyar kuma don sauya ayyukan da ƙwarewar sannu-sannu zuwa ɗayan hukumomi. Kazalika, Davison ba ya son haɗawa da kungiyar na kasashe madu karfi waɗanda suka sha kaye, wato Jamus, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria da Turkey, wanda hakan ya saba wa ka'idar ICRC ta duniya. Bugu da ƙari, farkon wasannin ya kasance mai sauri saboda ya ɗauki kwanaki 154 tsakanin yarda da Shugaba Wilson da haɗa shi. Wannan saurin samuwar ya tilasta Davison yanke hanya kuma ya bar maganganun da ba a warware su ba kamar bayyanannen tsarin doka da ayyukanta, ayyukanta da kuɗaɗen shiga. An tattauna damuwa game da zaman tare tsakanin layin da ICRC a yayin Taro na Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross sau uku a jere a shekarun (1921, 1923, 1926). Dokokin da aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1928 a taron XIIIth na Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross a Hague sun fayyace kuma sun tabbatar da matsayin kowace ƙungiya. A cikin wannan shekarar, aka kafa "Majalisar Dinkin Duniya" don daidaita ayyukan hadin gwiwa tsakanin ICRC da kungiyar, aikin da daga baya Kwamitin Tsaro na Red Cross da Red Crescent suka karbe shi A cikin shekarata 1920, “Babban Kwamitin, wanda aka kirkireshi daga wakilan Allies masu nasara”, maraba da ƙarin Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa; 27 daga cikin al'ummomin membobi 31 an wakilta a cikin shekarata 1920. Kuma A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ƙungiyar ta karɓi ciungiyoyin 25asa na 25, gami da Red Crescent na Masar da Red Lion da Sun na Iran. Bayan bin Dokokin Red Cross ta Duniya a cikin shekarata 1928 (wanda aka sake sabuntawa a shekarar 1952 da 1986, wanda aka yiwa kwaskwarima a 1995 da 2006), Kungiyoyin Red Cross ta Nordic (Denmark, Finland, Sweden da Norway) sun dawo cikin ƙungiyar bayan sun yi murabus shekaru uku da suka gabata saboda rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a cikin motsi na kungiyar Red Cross. Kungiyar Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent na Tarayyar Soviet sun shiga ƙungiyar yayin taron Taron Duniya na XVth a cikin 1934. A tsakiyar shekarata 1930s, wasan ya zama gama gari na gaske, tare da registeredungiyoyin Kungiyoyin 58 masu rajista. Sakatariya a kan tafiya Hedikwatar kungiyar, mai suna sakatariya, an kafa ta ne da farko a Geneva. Lig ɗin ya ƙaura sakatariyarsa daga Geneva zuwa Paris a cikin shekarata 1922 tare da takaitaccen kasafin kuɗi da rage ma'aikata. Bukatar ƙaura daga ICRC don haɓaka haɓakar ƙungiyar ta ainihi wani ɓangare ne na yanke shawara. A ranar 5 ga Satumba, shekarata 1939, 'yan kwanaki bayan mamayar da sojojin Jamus suka yi wa Poland, an tura ma'aikatan gasar a Paris zuwa Geneva. Kungiyar ta yi imanin cewa za ta iya tabbatar da ci gaban aikinta daga ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki kamar Switzerland. Har wa yau, ofisoshin sakatariyar suna nan a Geneva, amma sai a 1959 ne sakatariyar ta koma hedkwatarta ta yanzu a Petit-Saconnex. Abinda Aka Cimma A cikin shekarun farko na gasar, aikin ya kasance mai tasiri sosai kuma ya ƙunshi yawancin rikodin bayanai da ƙididdigar da za a raba tare da Kungiyoyin Duniya. Manufa ta fara gudanar da ayyukanta a kan yanayin yanayin wadanda suka kamu da cutar typhus a Poland, da kuma ci gaba da yada bayanai zuwa ga kasashen da ke kewaye da su don hana yaduwar irin wadannan cututtukan. Aikin tallafi na farko da aka gabatar a gasar bayan girgizar kasa da aka yi a shekarata 1923 a Japan wanda ya kashe kusan mutane 200,000 kuma ya bar wasu da yawa da suka ji rauni kuma ba su da matsuguni. A karo na farko, Nationalungiyoyin Red Cross na 35asa ta 35 sun halarci aikin haɗin gwiwa na ICRC da ƙungiyar, wanda aka ba da kuɗin rikodin na franc Swiss miliyan 277. Lig ɗin ya fara bayar da buƙatun a cikin shekarata 1925 amma ba a ba da roko ba koyaushe don duk bala'i. A cikin shekarun 1920s da 1930s bala'in ya kasance ƙaramin aiki, a bayan lafiyar jama'a, jinya da ayyukan matasa. Kungiyoyi na Kasashe, tare da taimakon ƙungiyar a cikin shekarata 1920s, sun kasance a shirye mafi kyau don magance bala'i kuma saboda haka ba sa buƙatar taimako na waje. Bugu da kari, Babban Tsananin ya haifar da rashin tsaro na tattalin arziki a duk duniya, yana mai kiran kungiyar da ta sadaukar da kai sosai ga shirye-shiryen talauci. Shekarun 1930s sun ga yadda ake amfani da mota, ci gaban kayan ababen hawa saboda haka ƙaruwar zirga-zirga da asarar rayuka. Ligin ya zama jagora a rigakafin taimakon farko don hatsarin hanya, ta hanyar kafa a 1932 Kwamiti na Dindindin kan Taimako na Farko kan Hanyoyi, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu motoci daban-daban. Yayin da duniya ke gab da zuwa wani yaƙin, ayyukan layin sun ragu sosai. Ko ta yaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyar da ICRC ya ci gaba da haɓaka. Ligin ya ba da tallafi ga ICRC a ƙarshen 1930s, musamman a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Sifen da Yaƙin Sino-Japan na biyu, ta hanyar gabatar da ƙararraki da kafa wuraren rabon abinci da magunguna ga fararen hula. Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwa, wanda ICRC ta kirkira a shekarata 1941, ya kafa umarnin hadin gwiwa da ICRC, yana tabbatar da ci gaba da ba da goyon baya ga kungiyoyi Ƙasashen Duniya cikin yaƙin da ke ta ƙaruwa. Wannan yarjejeniyar ta kuma karawa kungiyoyin masu mazan kansu 'yanci kuma ta ba su damar ci gaba da ayyukansu na agaji na farar hula ba tare da haifar da saɓani da jayayya, jihohin da ke tsaka tsaki ba. Bayan an kwashe shekaru shida ana hutu, kwamitin gwamnonin ya yi taronsa na farko a watan Oktoba na shekarar shekarata 1945. Lokacin yakin bayan yakin ya samar da sabon karfin motsawa ga gasar yayin da ta dawo da alakarta da kungiyoyin andasa kuma ta ba da taimako ga yankunan da yaƙi ya shafa. A watan Disambar 1948 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gayyaci kungiyar Red Cross Societies, tare da ICRC da AFSC, don shiga cikin shirin agajin gaggawa na dala miliyan 32 da ke aiki tare da Falasdinawa 'yan gudun hijira. An ba League ɗin alhakin Lebanon, Syria da Jordan Biyo bayan mummunan yanayi da ya addabi wasu sassan duniya tsakanin shekarata 1951 da 1954, ayyukan agaji na laliga sun fara aiki kuma ba su da cikakken bayani gaba ɗaya. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ƙungiyar ta ba da buƙatu da yawa kuma ta nuna ƙwarewa sosai a ayyukan agajin bala'i. A ƙarshen shekarata 1950s, an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin adadin Crossungiyoyin Red Cross da Kungiyoyin Casa na Red Crescent da aka sani saboda mulkin mallaka A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, akwai sama da al'ummomi 100 a duniya. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1963, gasar tare da ICRC tare suka karɓi kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya A shekarar 1983, kungiyar Red Cross ta ciungiyoyin an sauya mata suna "ofungiyar Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent" don nuna yawan reflectungiyoyin Nationalungiyoyin operatingasa da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin alamar Red Crescent. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ƙa'idodi bakwai masu mahimmanci na Harkar, kamar yadda aka karɓa a taron XXth na Duniya na Red Cross a 1965, an haɗa su cikin ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar. Sunan ƙungiyar ya sake canzawa yayin Babban Taron na 1991 zuwa aikin da yake a yanzu na yanzu "kungiyar nada Redasashen Duniya ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Society" (IFRC). A cikin 1997, ICRC da IFRC sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Seville wanda ya kara bayyana ayyukan kungiyoyin biyu a cikin Harkar. Har zuwa farkon shekarata 1990s duk ayyukan agaji an amsa su a matsayin Tarayya ɗaya a cikin tsari da yawa. An yi amfani da al'ummomin kasa masu ba da gudummawa don ba da tallafi ta Sakatariyar Tarayya, tare da kuɗi da albarkatun ɗan adam don tallafa wa Tarayyar don magance bala'i a ƙarƙashin daidaitawa da jagorancin Sakatariyar Tarayyar. Mayar da hankali a wancan lokacin ta kasance ne daga ƙungiya ɗaya, tare da manufa ɗaya, manufa ɗaya don tallafawa 'yar'uwar jan giciye ko kuma jinjirin wata jamaa da bala'i ya shafa. Guguwar Mitch ta shafi ƙasashe kaɗan a Amurka ta Tsakiya a 1998. Za a iya ɗaukar ƙoƙarin agaji na bala'i ɗayan ayyukan magance bala'i wanda ya canza yanayin sassaucin ra'ayi tsakanin membobin Tarayyar Duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hulɗar da juna ya zama sabon ƙa'ida, kuma rage yawan jan gicciye daga ƙasashe masu arziki da ke amsa bala'i da faɗaɗa ayyukan ci gaba suna ci gaba da haɓaka a cikin shekarun 2000s, gami da ƙaruwar al'ummomin jajayen jinjirin da ke aiki a duniya. A cikin 2004, IFRC ta fara aikinta mafi girma har zuwa yau bayan bala'in tsunami a Kudancin Asiya Fiye da Nationalungiyoyin 40asashe 40 sun yi aiki tare da masu ba da agaji sama da 22,000 don kawo agaji ga dimbin waɗanda abin ya shafa da aka bar su ba tare da abinci da wurin kwana ba kuma suna cikin haɗarin annoba. Dabarun 2020 jagoranta shirin gama kai na IFRC don tunkarar manyan matsalolin agaji da ci gaban wannan shekaru goma IFRC ta himmatu wajen ceton rayuka da sauya tunani Ayyuka masu nauyi IFRC tana daidaita tsakanin Red Cross da Kungiyoyin Red Crescent a duk faɗin duniya. IFRC tare da ICRC suna tallafawa kafuwar sabbin Soungiyoyin Nationalasa a cikin ƙasashen da babu wata hukuma ta hukuma. Kungiyar duniya ta karɓi memba a cikin IFRC kawai bayan ICRC ta amince da ita. IFRC tana aiki tare da Kungiyoyin kasashen da abin ya shafa da ake kira Hostungiyar Nationalasa ta Hostungiyar (HNS) da Soungiyoyin ofasashe na wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke son bayar da taimako wanda ake kira kungiyar kasashe (PNS). Daga cikin taron ƙasashen duniya na 190 da aka shigar da su ga Babban Taron IFRC a matsayin cikakkun membobi ko masu sa ido, kimanin 25-30 suna aiki a kai a kai kamar PNS a wasu ƙasashe. Wadanda suka fi aiki sune kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka, da Red Cross ta Burtaniya, da Red Cross ta Jamus, da kuma kungiyar Red Cross ta Sweden da Norway Wani babban aiki na IFRC wanda ya sami kulawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan shine jajircewarta don yin aiki da daidaitaccen tsari, hana amfani da ma'adinai a duniya da kuma kawo taimakon likita, halayyar mutum, da na zamantakewar jama'a ga mutanen da ma'adinan ƙasa suka ji rauni. Ayyukan da aka bayyana na IFRC za'a iya taƙaita su kamar haka: don inganta ka'idodin jin kai da dabi'u don tallafawa Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa don tallafawa ayyukan inda ake samun kuɗi Red Cross Red Crescent ita ce babbar hanyar sadarwar jin kai a duniya tare da: Kusan masu aikin sa kai miliyan 11.6 Fiye da ma'aikata 473,000 da aka biya Fiye da Redungiyar Red Cross da Red Crescent sama da 165,000 fiye da rassa rassa Mutane miliyan 19.4 da suka ba da gudummawar jini ga hidimomin jini na Societyungiyar Jama'a a duk duniya Fiye da mutane miliyan 11 suka sami horo a Taimakon Farko ta byungiyoyin Nationalasa Fiye da mutane miliyan 106.5 suka isa ta Sabis na Tsawon Lokaci da Ci Gaban Shirye-shirye Fiye da miliyan 49.5 suka isa cikin 2016 ta hanyar amsar bala'i da dawo da shirye-shirye da wuri Jimlar kudin shiga sama da biliyan 23.4 na Switzerland a cikin 2016, tare da jimlar kashe-kashe sun wuce biliyan 23.1 na Switzerland Kungiyoyi IFRC tana da sakatariya a Geneva Hakanan yana da ofisoshin yankuna biyar da ofisoshi da yawa na ƙasashe da yawa a duk duniya. Babban sakataren shi ne Jagan Chapagain (Nepal). IFRC tana karkashin jagorancin kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya kunshi shugaban kasa, mataimakan shugaban kasa guda hudu, shugaban hukumar kudi da wakilan kungiyar Kasa ta 20. Mafi girman ƙungiyar IFRC ita ce Babban Taron wanda ke taruwa kowace shekara biyu tare da wakilai daga dukkanin Nationalungiyoyin Nationalasa. Daga cikin sauran ayyuka, Babban Taron yana zaɓar shugaban ƙasa. Shugaban IFRC na yanzu shi ne Francesco Rocca, wanda shi ma ya cika matsayin shugaban kungiyar Red Cross ta Italiya Shugabannin Tarayya the president of the IFRC is Francesco Rocca (Italian Red Cross). The vice presidents are Annemarie Huber-Hotz (Swiss Red Cross), Miguel Villarroel (Venezuela Red Cross), Abdoul Azize Diallo (Senegalese Red Cross Society), Kerem Kinik (Turkish Red Crescent), Chen Zhu (Red Cross Society of China). 1919–1922: Henry Davison (American Red Cross) 1922–1935: John Barton Payne (American Red Cross) 1935–1938: Cary Travers Grayson (American Red Cross) 1938–1944: Norman Davis (American Red Cross) 1944–1945: Jean de Muralt (Swiss Red Cross) 1945–1950: Basil O'Connor (American Red Cross) 1950–1959: Emil Sandström (Swedish Red Cross) 1959–1965: John MacAulay (Canadian Red Cross) 1965–1977: José Barroso Chávez (Mexican Red Cross) 1977–1981: Adetunji Adefarasin (Nigerian Red Cross Society) 1981–1987: Enrique de la Mata (Spanish Red Cross) 1987–1997: Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander (Venezuela Red Cross) 1997–2001: Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg (Norwegian Red Cross) 2001–2009: Don Juan Manuel Suárez Del Toro Rivero (Spanish Red Cross) 2009–2017: Tadateru Konoe (Japanese Red Cross Society) 2017–present: Francesco Rocca (Italian Red Cross) Kudade da batun su IFRC ana daukar nauyinta ne ta hanyar gudummawar da doka ta ba ta daga Soungiyoyin Nationalungiyoyin Jama'a, isar da sabis na filin ga abokan shirin, da kuma gudummawar son rai daga masu ba da taimako kamar gwamnatoci, hukumomi da daidaikun mutane. Sharuɗɗan gudummawar doka na kowace Societyungiyar areasa an kafa ta ta Hukumar Kuɗi kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita. Fundingarin kuɗi, musamman don ayyukan agaji ba da tsammani, ana ɗaukaka su ta hanyar kiran gaggawa. Daga 2005 zuwa 2015, Shugaban Hukumar Kudi ya kasance Mista Chrystold Chetty (Seychelles) da Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar ita ce Ms Kathryn Forbes (Amurka). Daga 2016, Shugaba shine Mista Abdulkader Husrieh. An zabi Ms Kathryn Forbes a matsayin Shugabar Kwamitin binciken kudi da Hadari yayin da aka zabi Mista Chrystold Chetty a matsayin mamba a Kwamitin Tsaro na Red Cross da Red Crescent. Alamar taken da sanarwa Alamar IFRC haɗuwa ce ta jan giciye da kuma jinjirin wata mai launin fari a bango na fari, wanda ke kewaye da jan madaidaicin kusurwa ba tare da ƙarin rubutu ba. Jan gicciye, asalin alama ce ta Harkar, yana hagu yayin da jinjirin jaririn ya bayyana zuwa dama. Per Humanitatem ad Pacem shine taken farko na IFRC (Mataki na 1 na Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya). Bayanin manufa na IFRC, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin "Dabarar 2010" ita ce inganta rayuwar mutane masu rauni ta hanyar tattara ikon dan Adam Daga 1999 zuwa 2004, taken da ake yi na dukkan ayyukan Harka na Kasa da Kasa shine Ikon ofan Adam A watan Disambar 2003, taron kasa da kasa karo na 28 a Geneva ya zartar da taken taron Kare Mutuncin Dan Adam a matsayin sabon take ga dukkanin Harkar. Alamar hukuma ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Movement da aka buga a watan Afrilu 2016 an bayyana shi a matsayin jar giciye da alamun alam masu launin jan an haɗa su gefe ɗaya, kewaye da kalmomin "INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT" a ɗayan ko wasu daga cikin yarukan hukuma (Larabci), Sinanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Rashanci ko Sifen). An bayyana shi don amfani lokacin da ICRC, Federationungiyar ofasa ta ofasa ta Red Cross da Cungiyoyin Red Crescent da Redungiyar Crossasa ta Crossasa da Redungiyoyin Cungiyar Crescent suna aiki tare don dalilai na gaggawa na jin kai, ko jigo ko kamfen na damuwar duniya. Ka'idodin Asali guda bakwai waɗanda ke jagorantar aikin IFRC da membobinta sune: ɗan adam, rashin nuna bambanci, tsaka tsaki, 'yancin kai, sabis na son rai, haɗin kai da kuma gama gari. Dangantaka tsakanin Kungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya da Red Crescent Movement IFRC ta shiga rikici da ICRC a lokuta daban-daban, da farko kuma lokacin da kungiyar Red Cross ta Amurka ta yi barazanar maye gurbin ICRC tare da kirkirar kungiyar a matsayin "ainihin Red Cross ta duniya" bayan yakin duniya na farko Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa game da matsayin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun taimaka wajen daidaita dangantaka, farawa da yarjejeniyar 1928, Yarjejeniyar Seville ta 1997 kuma kwanan nan thearin Mearin na 2005. Yarjejeniyar Seville ta ba IFRC jagora a duk wani yanayin gaggawa wanda ba ya faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rikice-rikicen yaƙi (wanda a cikin haka ICRC ke ɗaukar nauyi). Rikicin kungiya yanzu ya ragu. Bayani Manazarta rukunin yanar gizo shafin hukuma Crossungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya da Movementungiyar Cungiyar Red Crescent Pages with unreviewed translations Tarihi Kungiyoyi Shugabannin
20780	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombino%20%28mawa%C6%99i%29	Bombino (mawaƙi)	Omara "Bombino" Moctar (a cikin Tifinagh an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan asalin Abzinawan Neja ne mai rera waƙoƙi da kuma kiɗa. Ana rera waƙarsa a cikin Tamasheq kuma galibi ana magance damuwar siyasa a Turag. Hakanan shine babban memba na Rukunin Bombino Bombino batun fim ne na Agadez, Kida da Tawaye. Tarihin rayuwa Matasa da farkon kiɗa Bombino an haife shi ne a shekarar 1980) a Tidene, Nijar, sansanin Abzinawa kimanin kilomita( 80 arewa maso gabashin Agadez Shi dan ƙabilar Ifoghas ne, wanda yake na tarayyar Kel Air Abzinawa. Bayan barkewar tawayen Buzaye a shekara ta (1990), Bombino, tare da mahaifinsa da kakarsa, an tilasta su gudu zuwa makwabciya Algeria don aminci. A wannan lokacin, ziyartar dangi sun bar guitar, Bombino ya fara koya wa kansa yadda ake wasa. Daga baya ya yi karatu tare da shahararren makaɗa jita Abzinawa, Haja Bebe. Bebe ya nemi shi da ya shiga kungiyar sa inda ya sami lakabin "Bombino", wanda aka samo shi daga kalmar Italia "bambino", ma'ana 'karamin yaro'. Yayin da suke zaune a Aljeriya da Libya a shekarun samartakarsa, Bombino da abokansa sun kalli bidiyon Jimi Hendrix, Mark Knopfler da sauransu don koyon salonsu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙa da makiyayi a cikin hamada kusa da Tripoli. Zuwa shekara ta( 1997), Bombino ya koma Agadez kuma ya fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙa. Rikodi da rikici a Nijar Mai shirya fina-finai Hisham Mayet ya yi nasarar bin diddigin Bombino da rukunin sa na ƙungiyar lantarki Bombino a cikin 2007 yayin wani bikin aure. Ana iya jin waɗannan rikodin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon wakoki da yawa a cikin salon 'bushewar jita a kan fitowar madaidaiciyar Mitar '2009, Rukunin Bombino Guitars daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 Daga baya a cikin 2007, rikice-rikice sun sake kunno kai a Nijar kuma daga ƙarshe ya rikide zuwa wani Tawayen Abzinawa Gwamnati, da fatan dakile tawayen ta kowane fanni, ta hana guitar ta Abzinawa, saboda ana ganin kayan aikin wata alama ce ta tawaye. Bombino ya yi tsokaci a wata hira da aka yi da shi, "Ban gjiua tata a matsayin bindiga ba sai dai kamar guduma wacce da ita za a taimaka wajen gina gidan Abzinawa." Bugu da kari, an kashe wasu abokan waka Bombino biyu, wanda hakan ya tilasta shi yin gudun hijira a makwabciyar Burkina Faso Ayyukan duniya, da komawa gida Daga nan Bombino ya shiga Tidawt, ƙungiyar mawaƙi Hasso Akotey ta ƙasar Nijar, wanda hakan ya haifar da karon farko a Arewacin Amurka yayin da aka kawo makada don nunawa a fasahar fasahar Abzinawa wacce Cantor Center for Visual Arts ta shirya Yayin da yake wurin, saxophonist Tim Ries ya gayyace Tidawt a cikin sabon kundin wakokinsa na The Rolling Stones versions, Stone's World: The Rolling Stones Project Volume 2, inda suka yi wasa a cikin murfin Hey Negrita wanda kuma ya ƙunshi mambobin ƙungiyar Keith Richards da Charlie Watts Daga baya Bombino ya ce bai taba jin labarin Rolling Stones ba, ganin cewa mawakan farin dutse ba su da karfi a Afirka. A watan Janairun 2010, Bombino ya sami damar komawa gidansa a Agadez Don murnar kawo ƙarshen rikicin, an shirya wani babban taron kade kade a masalacin babban masallacin Agadez, bayan samun alfarmar Sarkin Musulmi Bombino da tawagarsa sun yi wa mutane sama da dubu wasa a waƙar, duk suna rawa kuma suna murnar ƙarshen gwagwarmayar su. Hakanan an yi rikodin bidiyon don shirin fim, Agadez, Kida da Tawaye Yayin da Bombino ke zaman gudun hijira a Burkina Faso, mai shirya fim Ron Wyman, da jin kaset na kaset ɗin sa, sai ya yanke shawarar bin sahun sa. Wyman ya ƙarfafa Bombino don yin rikodin kiɗan sa da kyau. Bombino ya yarda, kuma su biyun, tare da taimakon Chris Decato, sun samar da faifai tare a cikin Agadez Rikodin sun ƙare a cikin faifan sa Agadez, wanda aka fitar a watan Afrilu 2011. Agadez ya fara aiki ne a saman Shafin Duniyar iTunes. Nasarar Agadez ta jawo hankalin taurarin kiɗa da yawa zuwa Bombino gami da Dan Auerbach na ƙananan Maɓallan A watan Yunin 2012, Auerbach ya fara samar da kundi na biyu na Bombino na kasa da kasa mai taken Nomad Nonesuch Records ne ya saki Nomad a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2013 kuma ya fara aiki a lamba ta daya a kan iTunes World Chart da Billboard World Chart. A halin yanzu, yaƙi ya sake ɓarkewa a ƙasar ta Mali, kuma bayan ‘yan watanni bayan haka Bombino da Tinariwen sun yi wani wasan kwaikwayo a Paris, inda suka tabbatar da ra’ayin kidan nasu a matsayin na tawaye da gaske. Bombino ya fara rangadi a Amurka a watan Mayu 2013. Yawon shakatawa ya hada da bayyana a manyan bukukuwan kiɗa, ciki har da Bonnaroo da bikin The Newport Folk Festival A cikin 2013, an kuma gayyaci Bombino don buɗe wa Robert Plant, Amadou & Mariam da Gogol Bordello A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2016, Bombino ya saki Azel Wanda David Longstreth na Dirty Projectors ya kirkira, kundin ya kawo jita na Bombino yana wasa a gaba yayin da yake kasancewa mai gaskiya ga ƙauyukan sahara yayin da yake waƙa a cikin yaren mahaifinsa na Tamasheq. Pitchfork's Andy Beta ya lura sosai musamman cewa rikodin "yana ba da cikakkiyar maimaitawar ƙyamar shuɗi wanda yake ingantacce kuma mai buri." Don kundin faifan sauti na shida, Deran, Bombino da aka rubuta a Casablanca a Studio HIBA, gidan dautkar hoto mallakar sarkin Morocco. A watan Mayu 2018, gabanin fitowar kundin, bulogin kiɗan, Noisey, ya kira Bombino "'san wasan Jita na Bayan haka, ranar da aka saki Deran, Bombino ya yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Shred" ta New York Times, wani laƙabi wanda daga nan kafofin watsa labarai da yawa suka karɓe shi. Deran an sake shi bisa hukuma a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2018, kuma an karbe shi tare da yaɗawa don yabo ga duka kidan sa da kuma karɓar al'adu da al'adun gargajiya. Jason Heller na NPR ya rubuta cewa wasan kwaikwayon Bombino akan kundin "yayi magana kuma yana numfashi cikin ƙarni da yawa." An zabi Deran a cikin rukunin Mafi Kyawun Kundin Kwallan Duniya a lambar yabo ta Grammy ta 61 na Shekaru. Bombino shine dan wasan Nijar na farko da aka zaba don kyautar Grammy. Kaɗe-kaɗe 2009 Rukunin Bombino Guita daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 laukaka Frequencies 2010 Agamgam 2004 (Reaktion) 2011 Agadez Cumbancha 2013 Nomad Nonesuch 2016 Azel Partisan 2017 La Sombra ta Mazaunin (baƙon aiki) 2018 Deran Partisan 2020 Rayuwa A Amsterdam Partisan Manazarta Yanar gizon Bombino Bombino akan Cumbancha Agadez, gidan yanar gizo na Kiɗa da Tawaye Mawaƙan Nijar Mutanen Nijar Mutanen Afirka
61716	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinta%20jirgin%20ruwa	Vinta jirgin ruwa	No Vinta wani jirgin ruwa ne na gargajiya daga tsibirin Mindanao na yankin [[Filipin\|Philippine dake a kasar isIand Mindanao Tausug da yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin tsibirin na Sulu, da kudancin Mindanao ne ke kera jiragen. Vinta ,ana siffanta su da launuka masu launi na lu'u-lu'u bukay da kuma bifurcated prows da sterns, wanda yayi kama da bakin kada. Ana amfani da Jirgin Vinta wajen kamun kifi azaman tasoshin kamun kifi, haka Kuma jiragen Vinta ana amfani da su wajen dakon kaya, da jiragen gida. Ƙananan nau'ikan Jiragen vinta da aka yi amfani da su don kamun kifi an san su da tondaan. An fi amfani da sunan "vinta" a yankin Zamboanga, Basilan, da sauran sassan ƙasar Mindanao. An kuma san shi da pilang ko pelang a tsakanin Sama-Bajau da ke tsibirin Tawi-Tawi; dapang ko depang a cikin Tausug dake a Sulu and balanda ko binta Yakan Hakanan ana iya kiransa gabaɗaya da lepa-lepa, sakayan, ko bangka, waɗanda sunayen asali ne na ƙananan jiragen ruwa. Bayani Jirgin Vinta yana da ƙuƙumma mai zurfi da kunkuntar da aka yi daga keel ɗin dugout baran mai siffar U wanda aka gina tare da katako guda biyar 5 a kowane gefe da gefe. Yawancin lokaci yana kusa da a tsayi. Siffar da ta fi bambamta na ƙwanƙolin vinta ita ce fiɗa, wanda aka zana shi da kamannin raɗaɗin bakin kada buaya Ya ƙunshi sassa biyu, ɓangaren ƙasa kuma ana kiransa saplun, yayin da ɓangaren sama mai walƙiya kuma ana kiransa palansar, duka biyun galibi ana zana su da fa'idar okil Ƙarshen yana da tsawo na sama guda biyu 2 sangpad-sangpad wanda ko dai ya fito daga baya a cikin siffar V, ko kuma an raba shi da sarari a tsakiya. Ƙashin baya na iya ko a'a ya ƙunshi sassaƙaƙƙun okil kamar farar fata. A al'adance ana yin katako na Vinta daga itacen lawan ja yayin da dowels, ribbs, da kuma wani lokacin sassa na outrigger ana yin su ne daga itacen bakawan (mangrove). An rufe kwandon da bene mai cirewa da aka yi da katako ko tsagaggen bamboo. Yana da tsari mai kama da gida wanda aka sani da palau Ana amfani da wannan a matsayin wurin zama na musamman na vinta waɗanda Sama-Bajau ke amfani da su a matsayin jirgin ruwa. Ana iya saukar da palau don mai da jirgin ruwan gida zuwa jirgin ruwa mai tafiya. Koyaya, ana yin hakan ne kawai lokacin da ya zama dole don vinta wanda ke aiki azaman jiragen ruwa. Lokacin tafiya, vinta yawanci ana yin paddled ko poed a cikin ruwa mara zurfi da kwanciyar hankali, tare da tsayawa akai-akai akan hanyar don kayayyaki. Suna tafiya ne kawai lokacin da suke tsallaka teku tsakanin tsibirai cikin gaggawa. Vinta suna da bamboo outrigger floats guda biyu katig waɗanda ke goyan bayan booms batangan Manyan jiragen ruwa na iya samun batangan guda huɗu ga kowane mai fita waje. Masu iyo suna da ɗan diagonal, tare da tukwici na gaba ya fi fadi fiye da na baya. Har ila yau, tukwici na gaba na masu iyo suna wucewa ta gaba da karkata zuwa sama, yayin da tukwici na baya ba su wuce na baya ba. Ƙarin buƙatun sa'am kuma suna fitowa daga ƙwanƙwasa da manyan abubuwan haɓaka. Waɗannan suna ba da tallafi don lulluɓe na katako lantay waɗanda ke aiki azaman kari na bene. Yawancin lokaci ana damfarar Vinta tare da jirgin ruwa na murabba'in murabba'in a cikin gida wanda aka sani da bukay, akan mashin biped da aka rataye kusa da sashin gaba. An yi wa waɗannan al'ada ado tare da launuka masu launi na tsaye na gargajiya na Sama-Bajau na ja, blue, kore, rawaya, da fari. Samfurin da launukan da ake amfani da su yawanci keɓaɓɓu ne ga wani dangi ko dangi. Ƙananan nau'ikan jirgin ruwa na vinta da ake amfani da su don kamun kifi ana kiransu "tondaan." Yawancin lokaci ba a yi musu ado ba kuma ba su da abin da aka makala na sama da kuma masu tsauri. Ana damfarar su da matsi da jirgin ruwa a kowane lokaci, kodayake ana iya kafa falau na wucin gadi a tsakiyar jirgin ruwa idan ya cancanta. Vinta na zamani yawanci tondaan ne maimakon manyan kwale-kwalen gidaje. Kamar sauran jiragen ruwa na gargajiya a Philippines tun daga shekarun 1970, kusan koyaushe suna motsa jiki kuma sun rasa tudun ruwa. Tare da balangay, an kuma yi amfani da vinta mai ɗaukar nauyi a cikin ƙungiyoyin farar hula na Marina Sutil ("Navy Light") na Zamboanga City da mazaunan Mutanen Espanya a Mindanao da Visayas a ƙarshen 18th zuwa farkon karni na 19th, a matsayin dakarun tsaro. da Moro Raiders sassaƙaƙe Yawancin lokaci ana sassaƙa Vinta da ƙirar okil, kama da lepa da kwale-kwalen djenge na mutanen Sama. Motifs guda uku da aka fi sani sune dauan-dauan (tsari-kamar ganye), kaloon (layi mai lankwasa), da agta-agta (tsararrun kifi). Ana amfani da su duka ukun wajen sassaƙa ƙirar buaya na fira. An Yi vinta kwalliyar vinta ado da gemu ɗaya zuwa uku na zane-zanen lankwasa wanda aka fi sani da bahan-bahan (ma'ana "lankwasa" ko "curving"), waɗanda suke tunawa da raƙuman ruwa. A cikin sabbin jiragen ruwa, ana iya fentin waɗannan zane da launuka iri ɗaya da na jirgin ruwa, amma da zarar fentin ya ƙare, yawanci ba a sake fentin shi ba. Sake ginawa A cikin 1985 an yi jigilar vinta Sarimanok daga Bali zuwa Madagaska don yin kwafin tsoffin fasahohin teku. Birnin Zamboanga na bikin vintas a cikin Regatta de Zamboanga na shekara-shekara a lokacin bikin Zamboanga Hermosa na birnin kowace Oktoba. Mahalarta taron yawanci masuntan Sama-Bajau ne daga yankunan gabar tekun Zamboanga. Yawancin waɗannan "vinta" na zamani duk da haka, ba vinta ba ne, amma wasu nau'ikan bangka ne (kamar bigiw waɗanda kawai suke amfani da jirgin ruwa mai ƙima (sau da yawa ba ya aiki). A cikin 2016, Jolo, Sulu, kuma ya fara gudanar da bikin Vinta na shekara-shekara kowace Fabrairu 14. Sauran amfani "Vinta" kuma sunan wani raye-rayen Moro ne da ke tunawa da ƙaura na Filipino zuwa cikin tsibirai. A cikin raye-raye, masu rawa suna kwaikwayon motsi na vinta (jiki) ta hanyar daidaitawa cikin haɗari a saman sanduna. Makarantun PAREF a Philippines sun ɗauki vinta a matsayin alamarsu. Gallery Duba kuma Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
34765	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Ram%C3%ADrez	Cristian Ramírez	Cristian Leonel Ramírez Zambrano Spanish pronunciation: Kɾistjan miɾes] an haifi 12 Agusta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ecuador-Rasha wanda ke taka leda a hannun Krasnodar na Firimiyar Rasha Mai sauri, mai hankali, ambidextrous da babban dribbler shine halayen Ramirez wanda ya haifar da manema labarai na ƙasashen waje suna kwatanta shi da Roberto Carlos Aikin kulob Independiente Jose Teran Tun da farko ya fara tare da CSCyD Brasilia, Independiente Jose Teran ne ya sanya hannu a 2009. Matashin dan wasan baya mai ban sha'awa, har ma idan aka kwatanta shi da almara Roberto Carlos, fitowar sa ta farko a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2011, a kan El Nacional, yana kammala cikakkiyar tsammanin kowa akan iyawarsa a filin wasa, kuma ya fara yawancin 2011 Serie A wasanni. A duk lokacin kakar, ya kasance mai tsaron gida mai ban mamaki kuma mai kai hari kan manyan kungiyoyin gasar, kamar LDU Quito, Deportivo Quito, da Barcelona SC Har ila yau, ya sami suna mai ban tsoro, bayan da ya tsaya kan waƙoƙinsa yana yiwa matasa ƙwararrun Ecuador irin su Fidel Martinez da Renato Ibarra karshen shine yayin wasan farko na Ramirez. Ramírez ya ci gaba da wasa tare da farawa goma sha ɗaya don kakar 2012. Bayan ya sami kulawar duniya da yawa, ya yi gwaji tare da Borussia Dortmund, duk da cewa kulob din ba zai iya rattaba hannun sa ba saboda dokokin UEFA na takaita sanya hannun 'yan wasan kasashen waje a karkashin 18, da kuma gwajin kwanaki 10 tare da Harry Redknapp na Tottenham Hotspur., wanda ya fara ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2012. Fortuna Düsseldorf A 25 Janairu 2013, ya sanya hannu ga Jamus Bundesliga kulob Fortuna Frankfurt 1. FC Nürnberg A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2014, an tabbatar da cewa za a ba Cristian aro zuwa Nürnberg don kakar 2014 2015. Ferencváros A ranar 2 watan ga Afrilu 2016, Ramírez ya zama zakaran League na Hungary tare da Ferencvárosi TC bayan ya sha kashi a hannun Debreceni VSC 2 1 a Nagyerdei Stadion a cikin 2015 16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I. Krasnodar A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru 4.5 tare da kulob din Krasnodar na Firimiyar Rasha. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 2021, Krasnodar ya cire shi daga cikin tawagar da aka yi wa rajista da RPL na sauran kakar 2020 21 saboda rauni. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu 2021, ya tsawaita kwangilar da Krasnodar zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2025. Ƙididdigar sana'a Kulob Aikin duniya Ramírez ya fara buga wa Ecuador wasa a cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara ta 2011, waɗanda suka halarci Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta U-17 ta Kudancin Amurka ta 2011, kuma da kyar ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-17 ta 2011 Ramírez ya nuna kwarewar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙarfin tunani a gasar cin kofin duniya ta U-17 ta 2011 don samun nasarar kare irin su Jamus, Panama da Burkina Faso. Ya kasance a cikin wannan gasa inda nan take ya burge yanayin kulob na duniya. Tun daga watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar U-20, don samun damar shiga gasar ta U-20 ta 2013. An kira Ramírez don wasannin sada zumunci da Argentina da Honduras a ranar 15 da 20 ga watan Nuwamba 2013. Ya fara wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Honduras. Manufofin duniya Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Ecuador da farko. Daraja Ferencváros Hungarian League 2015–16 Kofin Hungary (2): 2014–15, 2015–16 Kofin Gasar Hungarian 2014–15 Rayuwa ta sirri A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2021, ya sami zama ɗan ƙasa na Rasha bayan ya buga wasa a cikin ƙasar tsawon shekaru 4.5. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40322	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukwane	Tukwane	Tukwane shine tsari da kayayyakin samar da tasoshi masu daukar ruwa da sauran abubuwa ta hanyar sarrafa yumbu da sauran kayan yumbu, waɗanda ake gasa su don ba su nau'i mai ƙarfi da dorewa. Manyan nau'ikan sun haɗa da kayan ƙasa, kayan dutse da ain. Wurin da maginin tukwane yake yin irin waɗannan kayan ana kiransa tukwane (jam'i "tukwane"). Ma'anar tukwane, wanda ASTM International ke amfani da shi, shine "duk kayan aikin yumbu da aka gasa/kona waɗanda ke ɗauke da yumbu lokacin da aka kafa su, ta hanyar fasaha, da kuma A cikin tarihin fasaha da ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, musamman ma na zamanin da da kuma zamanin da, "tukwane" sau da yawa yana nufin tasoshin ruwa ne kawai, kuma siffofi masu sassaka na kayan abu ɗaya ana kiran su "terracottas". Tukwane yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin ƙirƙirar ɗan adam, wanda ya samo asali kafin lokacin Neolithic, tare da abubuwa masu yumbu kamar al'adun Gravettian Venus na Dolní Věstonice figurine wanda aka gano a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech tun daga 29,000-25,000 BC, da tasoshin da aka gano a ciki. Jiangxi, China, wanda ya kasance tun 18,000 BC. An samo kayan tarihi na farko na Neolithic da pre-Neolithic, a cikin Jōmon Japan (10,500 BC), Gabas mai Nisa na Rasha (14,000 BC),. nkin Saharar Afirka (9,400 BC), Kudancin Amurka 9,000s-7,000s BC), da Gabas ta Tsakiya (7,000s-6,000s BC). Ana yin tukwane ta hanyar samar da yumbu (yawanci yumbu) jiki zuwa abubuwan da ake so da dumama su zuwa yanayin zafi (600-1600). °C) a cikin wuta, rami ko kiln kuma yana haifar da halayen da ke haifar da canje-canje na dindindin ciki har da ƙara ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi na abu. Yawancin tukwane masu amfani ne kawai, amma wasu kuma ana iya ɗaukar su azaman fasahar yumbura. Ana iya yin ado da jikin yumbu kafin ko bayan an gasa shi. Ana iya raba tukwane da aka yi da yumbu zuwa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: yumbu, kayan dutse da alin. Waɗannan suna buƙatar ƙarin takamaiman kayan yumbu, da haɓaka yanayin zafi mafi girma. Dukkanin ukun an yi su ne da nau'in glazed da marasa gilashi, don dalilai daban-daban. Hakanan ana iya ƙawata duka ta dabaru daban-daban. A cikin misalai da yawa rukunin da ke cikinsa yana bayyana nan da nan a gani, amma ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. fritware na duniyar Islama ba sa amfani da yumbu, don haka a zahiri faɗuwa waje da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi. Tukwane na tarihi na ire-iren waɗannan nau'ikan galibi ana haɗa su azaman ko dai kayan ''lafiya'', masu tsada da tsada sosai, kuma suna bin ƙayataccen ɗanɗanon al'adun da abin ya shafa, ko kuma "sanannen", "jama'a" ko "kauye" kayayyaki, galibi ba a yi musu ado ba, ko kuma haka kawai, kuma galibi ba su da kyau. Yin girki a cikin tukwane na yumbu ya na samu ƙasa da farin jini da zarar tukwane na ƙarfe sun samu, amma har yanzu ana amfani da su don yin jita-jita waɗanda suka dogara da halayen dafa abinci, kamar biryani, cassoulet, daube, tagine, jollof rice, kedjenou, cazuela, da gasa. wake Manyan ire-ire Kayan ƙasa Siffofin farko na tukwane an yi su ne daga yumbu waɗanda aka gasa a ƙananan zafin jiki, da farko a cikin gobarar rami ko a buɗe wuta. An yi su da hannu kuma ba a yi musu ado ba. Ana iya harba kayan aikin ƙasa ƙasa da 600 °C, kuma yawanci ana yin wuta a ƙasa da 1200 °C. Saboda biscuit earthenware mara glazed yana da ƙura, yana da iyakacin amfani don ajiyar ruwa ko azaman kayan tebur. Koyaya, kayan ƙasa suna da ci gaba da tarihi tun daga lokacin Neolithic zuwa yau. Ana iya yin shi daga nau'ikan yumbu iri-iri, wasu daga cikinsu suna wuta zuwa buff, launin ruwan kasa ko baƙar fata, tare da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin ma'adinan ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da launin ja-launin ruwan kasa. Ana kiran nau'ikan launin ja-jajayen nau'ikan terracotta, musamman lokacin da ba'a sanya gilashi ko amfani da su don sassaka ba. Ci gaban yumbu glaze sanya yumbu mai yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwar yuwuwa, haɓaka shahara da amfani da tasoshin tukwane. Ƙarin kayan ado ya samo asali a cikin tarihinsa. Kayan dutse Kayan dutse tukwane ne da aka harba a cikin kiln a matsanancin zafi, daga kusan 1,100. °C zuwa 1,200 °C, kuma ya fi ƙarfi kuma ba mai ƙura ba ga ruwa. Sinawa, wadanda suka kera kayan dutse da wuri, sun ware wannan tare da alin a matsayin kayan harba masu yawa. Sabanin haka, ana iya samar da kayan aikin dutse ne kawai a Turai. Ya kasance ƙwararren Jamus har zuwa Renaissance. Kayan dutse yana da matukar wahala kuma mai amfani, kuma yawancin sa koyaushe ya kasance mai amfani, don dafa abinci ko ajiya maimakon tebur. Amma "kyakkyawan" dutse yana da mahimmanci a China, Japan da Yamma, kuma ana ci gaba da yin su. Yawancin nau'ikan masu amfani kuma sun zo ana yaba su azaman fasaha. Layin Ana yin tanda ta kayan dumama, gabaɗaya gami da kaolin, a cikin kiln zuwa yanayin zafi tsakanin Wannan ya fi yadda ake amfani da shi don sauran nau'ikan, kuma samun waɗannan yanayin zafi ya kasance gwagwarmaya mai tsayi, da kuma fahimtar abubuwan da ake buƙata. Tauri, ƙarfi da translucence na ain, dangane da sauran nau'ikan tukwane, ya taso ne musamman daga vitrification da samuwar mullite ma'adinai a cikin jiki a waɗannan yanayin zafi. Ko da yake an fara yin sinadirai a kasar Sin, al'adar Sinawa ba sa gane shi a matsayin wani nau'i na musamman, suna hada shi da kayan dutse a matsayin "high-fired", sabanin nau'in kasa na "marasa karfi". Wannan ya rikitar da batun lokacin da aka fara yin shi. Daular Tang (AD 618-906) ta sami digiri na nuna haske da fari, kuma ana fitar da adadi mai yawa. Matsayin fari na zamani bai kai ba sai daga baya, a cikin karni na 14. Har ila yau, an yi amfani da Porcelain a Koriya da Japan daga ƙarshen karni na 16, bayan da aka samo kaolin da ya dace a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe. Ba a yi shi sosai a wajen Gabashin Asiya ba har sai karni na 18. Archaeology Nazarin tukwane na iya taimakawa wajen ba da haske game da al'adun da suka gabata. Binciken masana'anta (duba sashe da ke ƙasa), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin masana'anta na tukwane, muhimmin ɓangare na ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi don fahimtar al'adun archaeological na wurin da aka tono ta hanyar nazarin masana'anta na kayan tarihi, irin su amfani da su, tushen kayan aiki, ƙirar kayan ado, launi. na alamu, da dai sauransu. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar halaye, ƙwarewa, halaye, fasaha, kayan aiki, kasuwanci, da dai sauransu na mutanen da suka yi da kuma amfani da tukwane. Haɗin gwiwar carbon yana bayyana shekaru. Shafukan da ke da irin nau'in tukwane suna da al'adu iri ɗaya, waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon da ke da halaye daban-daban na al'adu amma tare da wasu ruɗewa suna nuni da musayar al'adu kamar kasuwanci ko zama a kusa ko ci gaba da zama, da sauransu. Misalai sune baƙar fata da ja, kayan ja, al'adun Sothi -Siswal da al'adun Grey Ware fentin Yadudduka shida na Kalibangan misali ne mai kyau na yin amfani da nazarin masana'anta wajen gano al'adun da suka bambanta wanda a baya aka yi tunanin al'adar wayewar Indus Valley (IVC) ce. Tukwane yana da ɗorewa, kuma gutsuttsura, aƙalla, galibi suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci bayan da kayan tarihi da aka yi daga kayan da ba su da ƙarfi sun lalace a baya. Haɗe da wasu shaidu, nazarin kayan aikin tukwane yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka ra'ayoyi kan ƙungiya, yanayin tattalin arziki da haɓaka al'adu na al'ummomin da suka samar ko suka sami tukwane. Har ila yau, nazarin tukwane na iya ba da damar yin tsokaci game da rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ada, addini, zamantakewar zamantakewa, halin maƙwabta, halayen duniyarsu da ma yadda al'ada ta fahimci sararin samaniya. Tarihi akan tukwane galibi suna da mahimmanci don saduwa da al'adun da ba su da rubutu kuma galibi suna taimakawa wajen saduwa da al'adun tarihi. Binciken abubuwan ganowa, galibi ta hanyar kunnawa neutron, yana ba da damar gano tushen yumbu daidai kuma ana iya amfani da gwajin thermoluminescence don samar da kimanta ranar harbe-harbe na ƙarshe. A binciken da aka harba tukwane tun kafin tarihi, masana kimiyya sun koyi cewa a lokacin harbi mai zafi, kayan ƙarfe a cikin yumbu suna rubuta ainihin yanayin filin maganadisu na duniya a daidai lokacin. Tushen abu Binciken masana'anta "Jikin yumbu" kuma ana kiransa "manna" ko "fabric", wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa 2, "matrix na yumbu" wanda ya ƙunshi hatsi na ƙasa da 0.02. mm hatsi wanda za'a iya gani ta amfani da na'ura mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ko na'urar duban microscope na lantarki (SEM), da kuma "haɗin yumbu" waɗanda manyan hatsi ne na yumbu kuma ana iya gani da ido tsirara ko ƙaramin ƙaramin iko na binocular. Ga masana ilimin ƙasa, nazarin masana'anta na nufin tsarin sararin samaniya na ma'adanai a cikin dutse. Ga masu binciken Archaeologists, "binciken masana'anta" na tukwane ya ƙunshi nazarin matrix na yumbu da haɗawa a cikin jikin yumbu da zafin wuta da yanayi. Ana yin nazari ne don bincika waɗannan 3 dalla-dalla: yadda aka yi tukwane misali kayan aiki, zane kamar sura da salo, da sauransu. kayan adonta, irin su alamu, launuka na alamu, zamewa (glazing) ko kayan ado mara kyau shaidar irin amfani. Yadudduka shida na Kalibangan misali ne mai kyau na nazarin masana'anta. Jikin yumbu da abubuwan ma'adinai Jiki (ko jikin yumbu) kalma ce don babban nau'in tukwane na yanki, ƙarƙashin kowane kyalli ko kayan ado. Babban sashi na jiki shine yumbu Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ake kira yumbu. Abubuwan da ke sa su bambanta sun haɗa da: Plasticity, rashin lafiyar jiki; gwargwadon yadda za su sha ruwa bayan harbe-harbe; da raguwa, girman raguwar girman jiki yayin da ake cire ruwa. Jikin yumbu daban-daban kuma sun bambanta ta hanyar da suke amsawa lokacin da aka harbe su a cikin kiln. Ana iya yin ado da jikin yumbu kafin ko bayan harbi. Kafin wasu matakai na siffa, dole ne a shirya yumbu. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yumbu daban-daban sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'adanai waɗanda ke ƙayyade halayen tukwane da aka samu. Za a iya samun bambance-bambancen yanki a cikin kaddarorin kayan albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su don samar da tukwane, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da kayayyaki waɗanda ke da alaƙa na musamman ga yanki. Ya zama ruwan dare ga yumbu da sauran kayan da za a haɗa su don samar da jikin yumbu wanda ya dace da takamaiman dalilai. Abun gama gari na jikin yumbu shine kaolinite ma'adinai. Sauran ma'adanai a cikin yumbu, irin su feldspar, suna aiki a matsayin sauye -sauye wanda ke rage yawan zafin jiki na jiki. Anan jerin nau'ikan yumbu daban-daban da ake amfani da su don tukwane. Kaolin, wani lokacin ana kiransa yumbu na china saboda an fara amfani da shi a China. An yi amfani da shi don poselin. Yunbun Ball: Ƙaƙƙarfan filastik, yumɓu mai laushi mai kyau, wanda zai iya ƙunsar wasu kwayoyin halitta. Za a iya ƙara ƙananan kuɗi zuwa jikin ain don ƙara yawan filastik. Laka mai Wuta: Laka mai ɗanɗano ƙananan kaso fiye da kaolin, amma yawanci filastik. Yana da nau'i na yumbu mai jure zafi sosai wanda za'a iya haɗa shi tare da sauran yumbu don ƙara yawan zafin jiki kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman sinadari don yin nau'in nau'in dutse. Dutsen dutse: Ya dace da ƙirƙirar kayan dutse. Yana da halaye da yawa tsakanin yumbu na wuta da yumbu, yana da hatsi mafi kyau, kamar yumbu na ball amma ya fi jure zafi kamar yumbun wuta. Jajayen yumbu na yau da kullun da yumɓu na shale suna da kayan lambu da ƙazanta na ferric oxide waɗanda ke sa su amfani da bulo, amma gabaɗaya ba su gamsar da tukwane ba sai ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman na ajiya na musamman. Bentonite: Laka mai mahimmanci na filastik wanda za'a iya ƙarawa a cikin ƙananan yawa zuwa gajeren yumbu don ƙara yawan filastik. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29990	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mutanen%20New%20York	Ƴancin mutanen New York	Humans of New York HONY bulogi ne ya haɗa hoto da littafin hotuna da hirarraki da aka tattara akan titunan birnin New York An fara a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2010 ta mai daukar hoto Brandon Stanton, 'yan Adam na New York sun ci gaba da girma ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun Littafin ya shafe makonni 31 akan jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times. Daruruwan shafukan yanar gizo na "'Yan Adam" tun daga lokacin mutane a garuruwa daban-daban na duniya suka kirkiro da HONY. A watan Maris na shekarata 2016, Stanton ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga Donald Trump wanda ya yadu a Facebook, inda ya samu sama da mutane miliyan 2.3 da sama da hannun jari sama da miliyan 1.1, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi rabawa a tarihin Facebook. Stanton ya tattara hotuna a kusan kasashe 20 da suka hada da Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, da Pakistan. A cikin Janairu 2015, ya yi hira da Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a Ofishin Oval. Har ila yau, a cikin shakarar 2015, Stanton ya rufe rikicin ƙaura na Turai tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) don kamawa da raba abubuwan da suka ji daɗi na 'yan gudun hijirar a Turai da ke tserewa yaƙe-yaƙe a Gabas ta Tsakiya A watan Satumban shekarata 2016, Stanton ya yi hira da 'yar takarar shugabancin Amurka Hillary Clinton. Blog Birnin New York Brandon Stanton ya fara shafin sa a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. Da farko, ya shirya tattara hotuna 10,000 na New York kuma ya tsara su akan taswirar birnin. Ba da daɗewa ba aikin ya samo asali, duk da haka, lokacin da Stanton ya fara tattaunawa da batutuwansa kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan maganganu da labaru tare da hotunansa. Tare da wannan sabon tsari, blog ɗin ya fara girma cikin sauri. A cikin 'yan watanni, HONY ya shahara sosai har lokacin da Stanton ya sabunta matsayinsa na Facebook da gangan da harafin "Q", sakon nasa ya sami mutane 73 a cikin minti daya. Al'ummar New York sun sami sha'awa fiye da miliyan 18 a shafin Facebook. Wani wuri A cikin Disamba shekarata 2012, Stanton ya kwashe makonni biyu yana tattara hotunan titi a Iran. Bayan harin bam na Marathon na Boston, Stanton ya kwashe tsawon mako yana tattara hotunan titina a Boston, Massachusetts. A lokacin taron shekarar 2014 SXSW, ya shafe mako guda a Austin, Texas, inda aka gudanar da taron, don tattara hotuna na Texans. A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2014, Stanton ya fara wani "Yawon shakatawa na Duniya" na kwanaki 50 tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da tattara hotuna da labaru a kasashe goma sha biyu: Iraki, Jordan, Isra'ila, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan ta Kudu, Ukraine, Indiya Nepal, Vietnam, da kuma Mexico A watan Agusta Na shekarata 2015, Stanton ya tafi Pakistan don ɗaukar hoto. Ya yi amfani da aikin da ya yi wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da kokarin Syeda Ghulam Fatima na taimaka wa masu sana'ar bulo 'yan Pakistan wadanda suka zama ma'aikata Dangane da hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR), Stanton ya je Turai ne a shekarar 2015 domin kamo bakin haure da ‘yan gudun hijira da ke neman mafaka a Turai daga kasashensu na asali, wadanda galibi wuraren yaki ne. Wannan ya haifar da tallafi da yawa, gudummawa, da wayar da kan jama'a game da rikicin ƙaura na Turai Stanton ya bayyana a cikin wata hira da BBC cewa dole ne ya yi amfani da sabon salon hirar ga wadannan batutuwa, domin bai dace a yi tambaya kan abubuwan da suka gabata ko kuma nan gaba ba. A yayin bala'in COVID-19 Stanton ya karɓi ƙaddamarwa daga kowa a cikin duniya a karon farko, yana tambayar mabiyansa "mafi kyawun labarunsu, masu ɗaukaka" don ƙarfafa mutane yayin rikicin. Da yake ba da dalilinsa, ya ce "Ina tsammanin abin da ke da taimako shine waɗannan allurai da tunatarwa na rayuwa ta al'ada, farin ciki na yau da kullum, farin ciki na yau da kullum, soyayya ta al'ada. Littattafai Littafin farko na Stanton dangane da hoton hoto, wanda kuma ake kira Humans of New York, an sake shi a watan Oktoba 2013. An buga ta St. Martin's Press, littafin ya sayar da kwafi 30,000 a cikin preorders kadai. An yi hira da Stanton gabanin sakin Bill Weir don labarin ABC News Nightline mai taken "'Mutane na New York': Hoton Gone Viral". Littafin ya kasance a kan <nowiki></nowiki>The New York Times</nowiki> Best Seller list for 31 weeks and was the number one Non-fiction Best Seller for one week in 2013 and again in 2014 A cikin Oktoba shekarata 2015, Stanton ya saki littafinsa na biyu, Humans of New York: Stories, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan labarun da aka tattara a cikin aikinsa. Littafin debuted a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015 a lamba daya a kan kuma ya kasance lamba daya sake a wata mai zuwa. Tallafawa Mutanen New York sun ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na taimakon agaji da dama. Bayan Hurricane Sandy, Stanton ya yi tafiya zuwa yankunan da aka fi fama da su a cikin birnin New York don daukar hotunan mazauna, masu sa kai, da masu amsawa na farko da suka rayu ta hanyar lalata. Daga nan sai Stanton ya ha]a hannu da wanda ya kafa Tumblr David Karp don kaddamar da shirin tara kudade na Indiegogo ga wadanda guguwar ta shafa. Tare da ainihin burin sun tara $86,000 a cikin sa'o'i 12 na farko kuma sun kai jimillar $318,530 a ƙarshen yakin. Duk abin da aka samu ya tafi zuwa ga Stephen Siller Tunnel to Towers Foundation, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta iyali wacce ta taka rawa sosai a ƙoƙarin Guguwar Sandy. A cikin shekarata 2013, HONY ya ƙaddamar da wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na Indiegogo don taimakawa mai daukar hoto Duane Watkins da matarsa sun ɗauki ɗa daga Habasha. Makasudin $26,000 kuma an wuce shi cikin mintuna 90 kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe ya tara jimillar $83,000. Kuɗaɗen da suka wuce gona da iri sun tafi asusu na ilimi don yaron da aka ɗauke da 'yar uwarsa. A cikin shekarar 2014, Stanton ya kafa wani kamfen na Indiegogo don aika wani yaro da ya dauki hoto tare da danginsa hutu zuwa wani wurin kiwon dabbobi a Colorado bayan ya san cewa burin yaron shine ya mallaki doki. A cikin mintuna 15 da ya wallafa wannan kudiri a shafinsa na Facebook, an cimma burin dalar Amurka 7,000 da ta tara jimlar $32,167. Bayan biyan kuɗin tafiya, Stanton ya ba da gudummawar sauran dala 20,000 ga Cibiyar Riga ta New York Therapeutic Riding, ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa wajen samar da hawan doki ga yara masu nakasa. Madogaran da ba na farko da ake buƙata A cikin Janairu shekarata 2015, Stanton ya yi hoto da hira da wani yaro mai shekaru 14 daga Brownsville, Brooklyn, Vidal Chastanet, wanda ya ce babban tasirinsa shi ne shugaban makarantarsa a Mott Hall Bridges Academy, Nadia Lopez. Stanton ya yi amfani da Indiegogo don tara sama da $1,419,509 a cikin gudummawa daga masu ba da gudummawar 51,476 waɗanda suka ba wa ɗaliban Mott Hall dama kamar ziyarar harabar kwaleji, shirye-shiryen bazara, da asusun tallafin karatu. A sakamakon yakin, Stanton, dalibi, da shugabansa an gayyaci su ziyarci Fadar White House a shekarun 2015. Daga baya a cikin 2015, Stanton ya ziyarci Pakistan da Iran don jerin hotuna masu tafiya a cikin watan Agusta. Ya kammala sashe kan Pakistan ta hanyar bayyana Syeda Ghulam Fatima, shugabar kungiyar Bonded Labour Liberation Front, kungiyar da ke aiki don 'yantar da ma'aikatan da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan bada lamuni Tallafin Indiegogo na Stanton na gaba ya tara sama don ƙungiyar. A cikin Mayu shekarata 2016, Stanton ya raba jerin tambayoyi tare da marasa lafiya na yara a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan Kettering a Birnin New York. Bayan jerin abubuwan, ya ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Indiegogo don tallafawa binciken ciwon daji na yara a Memorial Sloan Kettering da kuma ayyukan tallafi na tunani da zamantakewa ga marasa lafiya da danginsu. A cikin kwanaki uku na farko sama da mutane 10,000 sun ba da gudummawar sama da dala 350,000, kuma a cikin makonni uku yakin neman zaben ya samu sama da dala miliyan 3.8 daga mutane sama da 100,000. A cikin watan Agustan 2016, a cikin jerin hotuna mai taken, "Raunuka marasa ganuwa," Stanton ya gabatar da hirarraki da tsoffin sojojin Amurka daga yakin Iraki da Afghanistan. Jerin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar sa-kai, Headstrong Project, don ba da haske game da gwagwarmayar lafiyar ɗan adam. Yaƙin neman zaɓe mai alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ya zarce burin $100,000 a cikin sa'o'i kaɗan kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka fiye da rabin dala miliyan. Stanton ya ziyarci Rwanda a watan Satumba shekarata 2018. Tun daga ranar 16 ga Oktoba, shekarata 2018, ya fara ba da labarin kisan gillar da aka yi a shafinsa ta hanyar tattaunawa da hotuna da dama daga mutanen da abin ya shafa. A shafinsa, ya bayyana manufarsa: “A cikin makon da na yi a kasar Rwanda, na mai da hankali kan labaran mutanen da suka dauki matsayi a lokacin kisan kare dangi. Waɗannan ƴan kabilar Hutu ne da suka yi kasada da rayukansu don kare ƴan Tutsi. A Ruwanda ana kiran su da 'Masu Ceto.'" A hade tare da jerin shirye-shiryen, ya shirya wani kamfen na GoFundMe don cin gajiyar Gidan Marayu na Gisimba da ke Ruwanda da Gidan Gisimba da aka tsara amma ba a gina a Uganda ba. Ya karawa kamfen din da daga asusun Patreon na HONY, da kuma ga kowace gudummawar da ta wuce gudummawar 5,000th. Gangamin ya cimma burinsa na a cikin sa'o'i 18. Stanton ya kuma goyi bayan wani kamfen na ƙungiyar Little Hills, wanda ke shirin gina asibitin yara na farko na Rwanda. DKNY A cikin shekarar 2013, wani fan ya lura cewa an yi amfani da hotunan HONY ba tare da izini ba a cikin nunin taga DKNY a wani shago a Bangkok Bayan samun labarin cin zarafi, Stanton a bainar jama'a ya nemi DKNY ya ba da gudummawar a cikin sunansa ga babin YMCA a unguwar Bedford-Stuyvesant na birnin New York. An raba buƙatun tallafin sama da sau 40,000 akan Facebook, kuma bayan matsananciyar matsin lamba a shafukan sada zumunta, DKNY ta ba da uzuri ga jama'a tare da amincewa da ba da gudummawar Stanton yayi amfani da Indiegogo don tara ƙarin $103,000. Mutanen New York: Jerin A kan Agusta 29, 2017, daftarin aiki Humans of New York: The Series dangane da blog, farko a kan Facebook Watch a matsayin wani ɓangare na cewa premium abun ciki dandali ta ƙaddamar. Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2017, Stanton yayi hira da New Yorkers sama da 1200 akan bidiyo. Kashi na ɗaya ya ƙunshi sassa goma sha uku waɗanda suka tashi daga tsawon mintuna goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin da biyar kuma sun tabo jigogi gama gari a cikin hirarrakin. Tun daga watan Disamba na shekarata 2017, shi ne jerin abubuwan da aka fi bi akan Facebook Watch..<ref name="huffingtonpost"></ref> Duba wasu abubuwan Mutane da sunan Bombay Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30384	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kididdigar%20cikakken%20hanyoyin%20samun%20ku%C9%97in%20muhalli	Kididdigar cikakken hanyoyin samun kuɗin muhalli	Ƙididdigar cikakken kuɗin muhalli EFCA hanya ce ta lissafin farashi wanda ke gano farashi kai tsaye da kuma rarraba farashi kai tsaye ta hanyar tattarawa da gabatar da bayanai game da yiwuwar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da fa'idodi ko fa'ida.a takaice, game da "Tsarin ya kasu Kashi uku "ga kowane zaɓi madadin. Har ila yau, an san shi da lissafin kuɗi na gaskiya TCA amma, kamar yadda ma'anar "gaskiya" da "cikakke" su ne ainihin ra'ayi, masana sunyi la'akari da kalmomi biyu masu kasancewa Na iya Zama matsala. Tun da farashin da fa'idodi yawanci ana la'akari da su dangane da muhalli, tattalin arziƙi da tasirin zamantakewa, cikakken ko ƙoƙarin farashi na gaske ana kiransa da "layin ƙasa sau uku". Yawancin ma'auni yanzu suna wanzu a wannan yanki ciki har da Sawun Muhalli, alamun yanayi, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Ƙaddamar da Muhalli na gida don fuskantar layi sau uku ta amfani da ma'aunin ecoBudget. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya (ISO) tana da ƙa'idodi da yawa da aka yarda da su masu amfani a cikin FCA ko TCA ciki har da iskar gas, jerin ISO 26000 don alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni da ke zuwa a shekarata 2010, da ma'auni na ISO 19011 don dubawa ciki har da duk waɗannan. Saboda wannan juyin halitta na kalmomi a cikin jama'a amfani da musamman, kalmar cikakken farashi a halin yanzu an fi amfani da ita wajen lissafin gudanarwa, misali kula da kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma kudi. Sannan Kuma Amfani da sharuɗɗan FCA ko TCA yawanci suna nuna ƙarancin ra'ayin mazan jiya na ayyukan gudanarwa na yanzu, da haɓaka haɓakawa ga GAAP don magance fitar da sharar gida ko shigar da albarkatu. Ra'ayoyi Cikakkun lissafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi mahimman ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke bambanta shi da daidaitattun dabarun lissafin kuɗi Kuma Jeri mai zuwa yana haskaka ainihin ƙa'idodin FCA. Yin lissafin kuɗi don: Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya (duba bayanin da ke ƙasa); Ƙirar ɓoye da abubuwan waje; Kudin sama da kai; Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba; Farashin bisa ga tsarin rayuwar samfurin. Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya Ƙididdigar kuɗi don samun ko amfani da albarkatu. Ƙididdiga shine ƙimar tsabar kuɗi na albarkatun kamar yadda ake amfani da shi. Misali, kuma ana yin fitar da abin hawa ne lokacin da aka sayi abin hawa, amma farashin abin hawa yana faruwa ne tsawon rayuwar sa (misali, shekaru goma). Sannan Dole ne a ware kudin abin hawa na wani lokaci domin duk shekara da aka yi amfani da shi yana taimakawa wajen rage darajar abin hawa. Boyayyen farashi Ana nuna ƙimar kayayyaki da ayyuka azaman farashi ko da ba a haɗa kuɗaɗen kuɗi ba. Sannan Wata al'umma na iya samun tallafi daga jiha, misali, don siyan kayan aiki. Wannan kayan aiki yana da daraja, duk da cewa al'umma ba su biya shi da tsabar kuɗi ba. Kuma Kayan aiki, saboda haka, yakamata a kimanta su a cikin binciken FCA. Tallafin gwamnati a masana'antar samar da makamashi da abinci yana rage farashin gaske ta hanyar farashin samfur mai arha. Wannan magudin farashin yana ƙarfafa ayyuka marasa dorewa kuma yana ƙara ɓoye ɓarna na waje da ke tattare da samar da mai da kuma aikin noma na zamani. Kudin sama da kai tsaye FCA tana lissafin duk kuɗaɗen kai da kai tsaye, gami da waɗanda aka raba tare da sauran hukumomin jama'a. Kudin sama da kai tsaye na iya haɗawa da sabis na doka, tallafin gudanarwa, sarrafa bayanai, lissafin kuɗi, sannan da siye. Kudin muhalli kamar farashin kai tsaye sun haɗa da cikakken kewayon farashi a duk tsawon rayuwar samfurin Kimanin Zagayowar Rayuwa wasu daga cikinsu ma ba sa nunawa a cikin layin ƙasan kamfanin. Hakanan yana ƙunshe da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ƙayyadaddun kuɗin gudanarwa da sauransu. Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba Fitar kuɗin da ya gabata da na gaba sau da yawa ba sa bayyana akan kasafin kuɗi na shekara a ƙarƙashin tsarin lissafin kuɗi. Kudin da suka gabata (ko na gaba) sune farkon saka hannun jari masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da ayyuka kamar siyan motoci, kayan aiki, ko wurare. Filayen gaba (ko ƙarshen baya) kuɗi ne da ake kashewa don kammala ayyuka kamar rufe kayan aiki da kulawa bayan rufewa, ritayar kayan aiki, da fa'idodin lafiya da ritaya bayan aiki. Misalai Gudanar da sharar gida Jihar Florida tana amfani da kalmar lissafin cikakken farashi don sarrafa shara. A cikin wannan misalin, FCA wata hanya ce ta tsari don ganowa, tarawa, da bayar da rahoton ainihin farashin sarrafa shara Kuma Tana yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma na gaba, ƙima (sabis da sabis na tallafi) farashi, da farashin aiki. Integrated m tsarin kula da sharar ya ƙunshi ayyuka da hanyoyi daban-daban na ƙazamin shara na birni (MSW). Ayyuka sune tubalan ginin tsarin, wanda zai iya haɗawa da tarin sharar gida, aiki da tashoshin canja wuri, jigilar kaya zuwa wuraren sarrafa sharar gida, sarrafa sharar gida da zubar da shara, da sayar da kayayyaki. Sannan Hanyoyi su ne kwatancen da MSW ke bi a cikin tsarin sarrafa tsattsauran ra'ayi (watau ma'anar tsara ta hanyar sarrafawa da kuma halin da ake ciki) kuma sun haɗa da sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa makamashi, da zubar da ƙasa Ana raba farashin wasu ayyuka tsakanin hanyoyi. Fahimtar farashin ayyukan MSW yakan zama dole don tattara farashi na gabaɗayan tsarin sharar gida, kuma yana taimaka wa gundumomi tantance ko za su samar da sabis da kanta ko kwangilar sa. Koyaya, a cikin la'akari da canje-canjen da suka shafi nawa MSW ya ƙare har ana sake yin fa'ida, takin, jujjuyawa zuwa makamashi, Kuma ko cika ƙasa, ya kamata manazarcin ya mai da hankali kan farashin hanyoyin daban-daban. Fahimtar cikakken farashi na kowane hanyar MSW muhimmin mataki ne na farko a cikin tattaunawa ko za a canza magudanar ruwa na MSW wata hanya dabam. Amfani Gano farashin sarrafa MSW Lokacin da gundumomi ke kula da ayyukan MSW ta hanyar kuɗin haraji na gabaɗaya, farashin gudanarwa na MSW na iya yin asara tsakanin sauran abubuwan kashewa. Tare da FCA, manajoji na iya samun ƙarin iko akan farashin MSW saboda sun san menene farashin. Duba cikin kololuwa da kwaruruka a cikin kashe kuɗi na MSW Yin amfani da dabaru irin su raguwa da amortization, FCA tana samar da ingantaccen hoto na farashi na shirye-shiryen MSW, ba tare da murdiya ba wanda zai iya haifar da mayar da hankali kawai akan kashe kuɗin kuɗi na shekara. Bayyana farashin MSW ga ƴan ƙasa a sarari FCA tana taimaka muku tattarawa da tattara bayanan da ake buƙata don bayyana wa ƴan ƙasa abin da ainihin sarrafa shara ke kashewa. Ko da yake wasu mutane na iya tunanin cewa sarrafa sharar gida kyauta ne (saboda ba a biya su ta musamman don ayyukan MSW ba), wasu na iya ƙima darajar sa. FCA na iya haifar da lambobin "layi na ƙasa" waɗanda ke magana kai tsaye ga mazauna. Bugu da ƙari, sannan kuma jami'an jama'a na iya amfani da sakamakon FCA don amsa takamaiman matsalolin jama'a. Ɗauki hanya mai kama da kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW Ta hanyar mai da hankali kan farashi, FCA tana haɓaka mafi kyawun tsarin kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW. Masu amfani da kaya da ayyuka suna ƙara tsammanin ƙima, kuma wanda ke nufin daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin inganci da farashin sabis. FCA na iya taimakawa wajen gano dama don daidaita ayyuka, kawar da rashin aiki, da sauƙaƙe ƙoƙarin ceton farashi ta hanyar ingantaccen tsari da yanke shawara. Haɓaka matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin yin shawarwari tare da masu siyarwa Lokacin la'akari da keɓantawar sabis na MSW, ƙwararrun manajojin sharar gida na iya amfani da FCA don koyon abin da farashinsa (ko farashi) don yin aikin. Kuma A sakamakon haka, FCA mafi kyawun matsayi na hukumomin jama'a don yin shawarwari da yanke shawara. FCA kuma na iya taimaka wa al'ummomi masu gudanar da ayyukan jama'a su tantance ko farashinsu yana da gogayya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ƙimar haɗakar da ta dace na ayyukan MSW FCA tana ba manajoji ikon kimanta farashin kowane kashi na tsarin sharar su, kamar sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa-makamashi, da kuma share ƙasa. FCA na iya taimaka wa manajoji su guje wa kura-kurai na gama gari a cikin tunani game da sarrafa sharar gida, musamman ga kuskuren kula da farashin da aka kauce masa azaman kudaden shiga. Kyakkyawan tsarin MSW Kamar yadda ƙarin al'ummomi ke amfani da FCA kuma suna ba da rahoton sakamakon, manajoji za su iya "ma'auni" ayyukansu zuwa al'ummomi iri ɗaya ko ƙa'idodi. Wannan kwatancen na iya ba da shawarar zaɓuɓɓuka don "sake aikin injiniya" ayyuka na yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da birane, gundumomi, da garuruwa suka san abin da ake kashewa don sarrafa MSW da kansa, kuma za su iya gano duk wani tanadi da zai iya fitowa daga aiki tare. Abinci da Noma A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an sami kulawa mai yawa don Cikakkun Kuɗi na Ƙididdiga (FCA) ko Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya (TCA) a fagen abinci da aikin gona. A cikin shekarata 2013 da 2016, Amintaccen Abinci mai Dorewa ya shirya tarurruka biyu kan Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya a Abinci da Noma, a Burtaniya da Amurka bi da bi. FAO ta buga karatu guda biyu a cikin shekarar 2014 da 2015 tare da TCA-bincike na tasirin asarar abinci ("Food wastage sawun: cikakken kididdigar ƙididdiga" da kuma wani TCA-bincike na jimlar tasirin samar da abinci na duniya akan Babban Jarida. ("Tasirin Babban Jari na Halitta a Aikin Noma" A cikin rahoton farko, FAO ta zo ga ƙarshe cewa ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun ɓarnawar abinci a kan jarin halitta ya kai dala biliyan 700 a duk shekara yayin da ɓoyayyun tasirin zamantakewa ya kai dala biliyan 900. A cikin rahoton na biyu, hukumar ta FAO ta yi kiyasin lalacewar muhallin da ake noman abinci a duniya ya kai dala biliyan 2330 a kowace shekara. Dalilai na reno An gano dalilai daban-daban na ɗaukar FCA/TCA. Mafi mahimmancin abin da ke da alaƙa ya haɗa da hasashen kasuwa ko matsalolin ƙa'ida da ke da alaƙa da yin watsi da cikakken sakamako na gabaɗayan tsari ko taron da aka lissafa. Kuma A cikin tattalin arzikin kore, wannan shine babban abin damuwa da tushe ga sukar matakan kamar GDP Bangaren jama'a sun yi niyyar matsawa zuwa matakai na dogon lokaci don gujewa zargin nuna son kai ga wasu hanyoyin warware matsalolin da ke da alama suna da ma'ana ta kudi ko tattalin arziki a cikin gajeren lokaci, amma ba na dogon lokaci ba. Masu yanke shawara na kamfani wani lokaci suna kiran matakan FCA/TCA don yanke shawarar ko za a fara tunowa, gudanar da aikin kula da samfur na son rai (nau'i na tunawa a ƙarshen rayuwar amfanin samfur). Kuma Ana iya ƙarfafa wannan a matsayin shinge ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba waɗanda sharar da samfur ta shafa. Na'urori masu tasowa na FCA, irin su Mataki na Halitta, mayar da hankali kan waɗannan. A cewar Ray Anderson, wanda ya kafa wani nau'i na FCA TCA a Interface Carpet, ya yi amfani da shi don yin watsi da yanke shawara da ke kara yawan Sawun Ecological da kuma mayar da hankali ga kamfanin a fili a kan dabarun tallace-tallace mai dorewa. Ilimin halittu na birni da yanayin masana'antu suna fuskantar FCA da gaske ɗaukar ginin da aka gina a matsayin nau'in halittu don rage sharar kansa. Duba wasu abubuwan Lissafin muhalli Gyaran farashin muhalli Asusun riba da asarar muhalli Abubuwan waje Ma'anar Ci gaba na Gaskiya Farashin dama Lamunin gurɓatawa Jimlar farashin mallaka Kudin rayuwa gabaɗaya Bayanan kula Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
16144	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbani%20Darego	Agbani Darego	Agbani Darego, MFR (an haife tane a ranar 22 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1982) 'yar Nijeriya ce kuma sarauniyar kyau ce wacce aka ɗora mata sarautar Miss World a shekarar 2001. Ita ce 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta ci gasar sarauniyar kyau ta Duniya. Rayuwar farko Abonnema 'yar asali Darego an kuma haife ta ne a Legas a matsayin ɗiya ta shida cikin yara takwas a wurin mahaifanta. Tana da shekara biyu, iyayen ta suka sake komawa Fatakwal inda ta girma a cikin D-Line. Darego ta halarci makarantar Nursery da Firamaren ta a Bereton Montessori, kuma tana 'yar shekara goma aka tura ta makarantar kwana a kokarin kare ta daga mahaifiyarta wacce ta kamu da cutar kansa ta mama. Mahaifiyarta, Inaewo, ta kasance tana da sana’ar sayar da shinkafa da shagunan sayar da sutura, amma ta mutu shekara biyu bayan komawar ’yarta zuwa makaranta. Darego ta yi magana game da yadda asara ta shirya ta don ƙalubale masu wuya a nan gaba. Yayinda take matashiya, Darego ta dade tana son zama abar koyi, kuma tayi saurarar gasar samfurin samfurin M-Net Face of Africa duk da burin mahaifinta mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, amma ba a zaba ta a matsayin ta karshe ba. Darego ta halarci kwalejin 'yan mata ta gwamnatin tarayya, Abuloma. Bayan ta kammala karatunta na sakandare sai ta halarci Jami’ar Fatakwal inda ta yi karatun Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Lissafi. Gasa A shekara ta 2001, Darego ta zama zakara mafi kyawu a Najeriya. Saɓanin yadda ake yaɗawa, Darego ba ta maye gurbin Valerie Peterside ba bayan da aka ƙwace kujerar daga baya kamar yadda ta yi takara a takarar Miss Nigeria. Bayan 'yan watanni kuma ta kasance mai takara a Miss Universe, kuma ta zama' yar Nijeriya ta farko da ta sanya cikin manyan 10 da suka kai wasan dab da na ƙarshe, ta kammala ta bakwai baki ɗaya. Ita ce kadai mafi hamayya goma da ta sanya karamar wasika sabanin bikin nuna bikini yayin gasar ninkaya. A watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar, ta zama 'yar asalin Afirka ta farko da ta cinye taken Sarainiyar kyau ta Duniya (Wadanda suka ci Afirka a baya Penelope Coelen da Anneline Kriel daga Afirka ta Kudu,' yan asalin Turai ne, kuma Antigone Costanda, wanda ya wakilci Misira a sgekarar 1954 na asalin Girka ne). Nasarar Darego ta samu karbuwa sosai a cikin kasarta, kuma aikinta na shekara guda ya hada da tafiye-tafiye na fatan alheri da gabatar da shirye-shirye a madadin sarauniyar, da kuma girmamawa ta kasa da MFR. Salo Kafin lashe MBGN, Darego ta fito a tallace-tallace na kayan kwalliya kamar su sarka Collectables, kuma waɗannan mata yadda ake bukatar sa a Miss Universe aka gayyace ta Naomi Campbell su shiga a Frock 'n' Roll sadaka fashion show a Barcelona, nan da nan sulhu a tallan kayan kawa da yawa tare da trump Gudanar da Samfura a Amurka. Jim kaɗan bayan mulkinta a matsayin Miss World sai rassa na London da Paris na Next Model Management suka wakilce ta kuma suka kulla yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku tare da L'Oréal, inda ta zama ta biyu ta Blackan Bakar fata da ta cim ma wannan abin bayan Vanessa Williams, kuma hotun ta ne Annie Leibovitz, babban suna a cikin hoton hoton Amurkawa na hoto na Vogue. Sauran nau'ikan da ta tsara sun hada da Avon, Christian Dior, Sephora, Target, da Macy's. Darego ya kuma fito a mujallar Elle, Marie Claire, Allure, Trace, Stitch, Cosmopolitan, da kuma mujallu na Essence, suna aiki tare da masu zane da yawa ciki har da Oscar de la Renta, Marc Bouwer, Tommy Hillfiger, Ralph Lauren, da Gianfranco Ferre. A cikin mahaifarta Darego ta bayyana a cikin kamfen talla na kamfani mai suna Gentle Touch tare da samfurin Oluchi, kuma ta zama fuskar kamfanin Arik Air. Har ila yau, ta yi amfani da murfin Kamfanoni cikakke, Mania, Wannan salon na yau, Genevieve, Loveaunar Gaskiya, da TW Magazine. Sauran aiki Darego ta yanke hukunci game da gasar sarauniya mai yawa, kayan kwalliya da kuma samfurin wanda ya haɗa da Miss World na shekarar 2014, Miss England na shekarar 2002, Mr. Scotland na shekarar 2002, and Elite Model Look Nigeria na shekarar 2012 and da shekarar 2014. A shekara ta 2010, ta ƙaddamar da salon nuna gaskiya da salon nuna Stylogenic a gidan talabijin na Najeriya, kuma bayan shekaru uku ta ba da sanarwar zangonta na denim, AD ta Agbani Darego, wanda ya haɗa da wando, riguna, tabarau da jakunkuna. Nasarori Bayan nasarar da ta samu a shekara ta 2001, Darego ta amshi lambar girmamawa daga Majalisar Sarakunan Legas. Saboda yawan ayyukanta na aiki, Darego ta bar Jami'ar Port Harcourt, amma bayan ta koma New York inda aka sanya mata hannu a Next Model Management, Ford Models, da Trump Models, sai ta yi rajista tare da Jami'ar New York don nazarin Ilimin halin ɗan Adam, ta kammala karatu a watan Mayu na shejarar 2012. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017, Darego ta auri abokin aikinta Ishaya Danjuma, dan biloniya Janar Theophilus Yakubu Danjuma, a wani bikin da aka gudanar a Marrakesh. Tare, suna da ɗa wanda aka haifa a watan Satumba na shekarar 2018. Manazarta Mata a Najeriya Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
48194	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalar%20zaizayar%20%C6%99asa%20a%20Najeriya	Matsalar zaizayar ƙasa a Najeriya	Matsalar zaizayar kasa a Najeriya, yana cigaba da faruwa tun kafin shekarar 1980, kuma yana shafar al'umma manya da ƙanana. Bala'i ne na muhalli, tattalin arziki, da na jin kai wanda ke haifar da lalacewar ƙasa, asarar rayuka, da dukiyoyi na miliyoyin daloli. An kiyasta adadin gullies a ƙasar ya kai 3,000. Suna faruwa ne saboda ƙasa mai yashi da ta kasa jurewa da kwararar ruwa daga ƙarshe kuma ta gusar da su, ta bar gibin da ke haɗiye gidaje da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Maguguwa da yankunan da aka yi fama da zazzaɓi a Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya sun ninka sau uku daga kashi 1.33% (1,021). km 2 a cikin shekarar 1976 zuwa kusan 3.7% (2,820 km 2 a shekara ta 2006 ya sanya yankin ya zama yanki mafi fama da cutar a ƙasar. Dalilai Gullies suna faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da ruwa, zaizayar tana faruwa, musamman, a cikin gullies, wanda ke girma da zurfi tare da kowane ruwan sama. Yawancin magudanan ruwa sun zama kwazazzabai, wanda zai iya zama dozin ko ɗarurruwan ƙafa. Wasu matakai na yanayi na iya haifar da gullies, kamar yawan ruwan sama, ƙarancin shigar ƙasa da sifar kamawa mara kyau. Tsarin samuwar gully yana hanzarta ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya: yumɓu mai yashi da yashi mai yashi. Waɗannan nau'ikan ƙasa ne waɗanda ke da yawan yashi fiye da yumɓu, loam, ko silt. Nau'in ƙasa kowane nau'in ƙasa yana ƙayyade yadda ruwa ke gudana ta cikinsa. Nau'in ƙasa tare da mafi yawan halayen yashi suna ba da damar aljihun sararin samaniya wanda ruwa ke motsawa cikin sauƙi. Don haka, ƙasa mai yashi ba ta da ikon ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki da tallafawa rayuwar shuka. Ba tare da shuke-shuke sun shimfiɗa tushensu zuwa cikin ƙasa ba kuma suna ƙarfafa ta, yiwuwar zaizayar ƙasa yana ƙaruwa. Tunda zaizayar ƙasa tana taka rawar gani sosai wajen raguwar ƙasa a wannan yanki, yana da muhimmanci a yi la’akari da takin zamani da ban ruwa lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin shuka amfanin gona. Sauyin yanayi a Najeriya yana da matuƙar tasiri ga tsarin gully. Ga yankin da galibi yake bushewa, tsananin ruwan sama yakan kai ga ambaliya da ruwa mai yawa a wuri guda. Ana iya la'akari da ruwan sama a Najeriya na tashin hankali, tare da yawan ɗigon ruwan sama da yawan adadin da ake fitarwa a kan ɗaya. Tsarin ƙasa ba zai iya ɗaukar ruwa ba kuma don haka ya ɓace, kuma ba tare da ciyayi ba, tsarin yana haɓaka. Koyaya, a Najeriya, manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da samuwar gully ana iya danganta su da ayyukan ɗan Adam kamar: Ƙirar hanya mara kyau, ginawa da ƙarewar magudanar ruwa ba zato ba tsammani: Lokacin da magudanan ruwa ba su ƙare da kyau ba, magudanar ruwa a cikin su, yawanci tare da matsa lamba, za su tarwatsa ƙasa a ƙasa, haifar da gullies maimakon gudana zuwa ƙananan wuraren da aka kama. Hanyoyin sarrafa shara mara kyau: rashin kyawun tsarin kula da sharar kamar zubar da shara cikin magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa suna hana kwararar ruwa yadda ya kamata. Wannan aikin yana haifar da ambaliya kuma idan ba a kiyaye shi ba, yana iya haifar da zazzagewar saman ƙasa. Ayyukan amfani da ƙasa mara ɗorewa: ayyuka irin su yashi mara kyau yana cire saman ƙasa da aikin noman da ke da alaƙa da noman amfanin gona yana sassauta ƙasan saman, samar da hanyoyi don zubar da ruwa. Duk da cewa rikicin ya ta'allaƙa ne a garuruwa da jihohi da dama a yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, lamarin ya shafi dukkan 'yan Najeriya a fakaice. Gidaje da gine-gine suna rugujewa akai-akai, yayin da gullies ke faɗaɗawa da kowane lokacin damina. Ba tare da kulawa ba, lamarin zai canza yankin a ƙarshe ya zama ƙasa mara kyau Hoton hoto Yanayin yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya ya nuna rashin lafiyarsa ga zaizayar ruwa. Akwai nau'o'i uku a yankin: filayen fili da ƙasa, tudu, da tsaunuka. Tsaunuka masu tsaunuka, waɗanda suka ƙunshi shimfidar wurare na cuesta, suna da juriya ga zaizayar ƙasa saboda yanayin ƙasa, amma suna zama hanyoyin da ruwa zai zubar da ƙasa. Masanin ilimin yanayin ƙasa, G. Ofomata, ya gano dangantaka tsakanin gangaren tuddai da tsananin yazawar da ke faruwa. A kan gangaren kashi 15 cikin 100, an sami asarar ƙasa gabaɗaya fiye da madaidaicin kashi 1 cikin ɗari. Ba tare da la'akari da idan sun kasance mai ma'ana ko maɗaukaki ba, ƙwanƙolin ƙasa na cikin haɗari saboda rashin kyawun yanayin ƙasa da kuma kusurwar da ƙasa za ta iya rushewa. Tasiri Akwai matakai guda biyu na tasiri wanda ya haifar da tsarin gully: Tasirin Muhalli Rashin ƙasar noma yana haifar da ƙarancin ciyayi, wanda ba zai iya tallafawa ƙasa ba, don haka yana haifar da zazzaɓi. Ana samun karuwar zubewar rafuka da ke haifar da ambaliya, wanda ke yin illa ga rayuwar ruwa a Najeriya, kamar characin da 'yan fashi da makami. Tare da haɓakar daɗaɗɗen ruwa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa, ingancin ruwa yana raguwa kuma magudanan ruwa suna iya buƙatar magani a kayan aikin ruwa. Mamman dabbobi, tsuntsaye, da tsire-tsire suna fama da matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Tasirin dan Adam Asarar kayayyakin more rayuwa da suka hada da tituna, gidaje, da sauran gidaje. Asarar hanyoyin abinci saboda ƙarancin ƙasar noma. Dubban mutane ne suka rasa matsugunansu biyo bayan aukuwar lamarin. Manyan tsoma baki A shekarar 2010, shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan ya bukaci ofishin bankin duniya na Najeriya da ya taimaka wajen magance Ƙalubalen da ke tattare da zaizayar guguwa, da taɓarɓarewa filaye da kuma rashin tsaro a ƙasar. Wannan buƙata ta haifar da samar da Hukumar Kula da Yazara da Ruwan Ruwa ta Najeriya (NEWMAP), aikin da ya shafi bangarori daban-daban na tsawon shekaru takwas da nufin magance zaizayar guguwa a Kudancin Najeriya da kuma lalacewar ƙasa a Arewacin Najeriya. Manufar ci gaban NEWMAP ita ce rage lallacewar zaizayar ƙasa a cikin magudanan ruwa da aka yi niyya tare da tarin dalar Amurka miliyan 508 tare da ƙarin tallafin dala miliyan 400. Kafin wannan shiga tsakani, an kasa shawo kan ƙalubalen zaizayar guguwa, musamman saboda gazawar wajen tsara tsarin da ya dace da kuma rashin jajircewar da mutanen yankin suka yi na ɗaukar mataki. Duk da haka, a wasu yankuna kamar Madona gully site, Awhum Community State Enugu, da kuma Okudu jihar Imo, an yi amfani da wasu ayyuka masu ɗorewa bisa kyawawan ayyuka. Waɗannan matakan sun magance matsalar zaizayar guguwa a yankunan. Duba kuma Zaizayar ƙasa Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
12542	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayobami%20Adebayo	Ayobami Adebayo	bámi (an haife tane ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1988) marubuciya, yar Najeriya ne. Farkon rayuwa da ilimi bámi an haife shi a Legas, Nigeria, a shekara ta 1988; Bayan haka, dangin ta sun tafi Ilesa sannan kuma suka tafi Ile-Ife, inda ta fi yawancin yaranta a Jami’ar Ma’aikatan Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo Ta yi karatunta ne a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, ta samu digirin ta na biyu da a adabin Ingilishi, sannan a shekarar 2014 ta je karantar da rubuce-rubuce ta Creative Writing (MA Prose fiction) a Jami’ar Gabas ta Anglia, inda aka ba ta Bursary International. Ta kuma yi karatu tare da Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie da Margaret Atwood Rubutun aiki A shekarar 2015, Financial Times ta lissafa a matsayin daya daga cikin taurarin kyawawan litattafan Najeriya. Littafin tarihinta na farko, kasance tare da Ni, an buga shi a cikin shekarar 2017 ta Canongate Litattafai don girmamawa mai girma, kuma aka ba ta jerin sunayen kyaututtukan kyaututtuka na Wellcome Kyautar Baileys's for Fiction, kazalika da lambar yabo ta 9mobile ga Littattafai, wanda labari ya lashe a shekarar 2019. An kuma kasance cikin jerin sunayen ga Dylan Thomas Prize na Duniya Kafin wallafa littafin Kwani ya kasance yana cikin jerin mutanen da a cikin jerin sunayensu <i id="mwQQ">?</i> Kundin rubutun, kyauta don almara mai inganci, wanda Babban Edita shine Ellah Allfrey Michiko Kakutani a bita ta kasance tare da Ni don Jaridar New York Times ta bayyana a matsayin "mashahurin mai ba da labari", ta kara da cewa: "Tana yin rubutu ba wai kawai da alherin kwarai ba amma ta ainihin hikima game da soyayya da rashi da kuma yiwuwar fansa. Ta rubuta wani littafi mai karfi na birgima da bugun zuciya." ta kasance marubuciya a mazaunin Ledig House Omi, Hedgebrook, Cibiyar Al'adar Sentyan, Ox Art Bow School, Art na Siena Art Institute, da Ebedi Hills. Ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan takarar neman gurbin karatun Miles Morland a cikin shekarar 2014 zuwa shekarar 2015. A shekarar 2019 ta kasance baƙo a bikin Aké Arts and Book Festival Bibliography Littattafai Kasance Tare dani Littattafan Canongate, 2017 Sauran rubuce-rubuce Daya daga Adebayo labaran da aka sosai yaba a 2009 Commonwealth Short Story Competition An buga wakoki da labarunsa a cikin mujallu da dama da kuma tarihi, ciki har da East Jasmine Review, Magafina Magazine, Saraba Magazine, Kalahari Review, Lawino Magazine, Da yake Magana don tsararrakin: Anthology of New African Writing, Off Coast: Maine's International Journal of poetry, Ilanot Review, gambit: Sabo Afirka Writing, da kuma New matan Afirka An kasa da kasa anthology na rubutu da mata na Afirka lõkacin saukarsa. Ta kuma rubuta rubuce-rubuce wadanda bana zube ga Elle UK da BBC Kyaututtuka 2019: Kyautar 9mobile ga Littattafan Zauna tare dani Tunani Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizon hukuma Noor Brara, "Labari na ƙauna:" Kasance tare da Ni, "Littafin Tarihi na Bako Daga Ayobami Adebayo, ya binciko sabbin hanyoyin fitowar mata da kuma alaƙa", Vogue, 9 Agusta 2017. Alice O'Keeffe, "Ayòbámi Adébáyò: 'Ya kamata mu yanke wa kanmu irin farin ciki da kama"', The Guardian, 26 Fabrairu 2017. Tattaunawa The Kwani? Aikin rubutun, 2013. "Ayobami Adebayo Q&A: 'A cikin 3018, zan so in zama mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ga robots'", New Statesman, 25 Nuwamba 2018.
21432	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayuh	Bidayuh	Bidayuh suna ne na gama gari don yawancin kungiyoyin asalin da aka samo a kudancin Sarawak, Malaysia da arewacin West Kalimantan, Indonesia, a tsibirin Borneo, waɗanda suke da kamanceceniya da yare da al'ada (duba kuma batutuwan da ke ƙasa). Sunan Bidayuh na nufin 'mazaunan ƙasa'. Asali daga yammacin Borneo, an fara amfani da sunan gama gari Land Dayak a lokacin Rajah James Brooke, White Rajah na Sarawak. A wasu lokuta, ana kiransu da ƙananan mutanen Klemantan Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan indan asalin ƙasar a cikin Sarawak da Yammacin Kalimantan kuma suna zaune a cikin garuruwa da ƙauyuka kusa da Kuching da Serian a cikin jihar Malaysia ta Sarawak, yayin da a lardin Indonesiya na West Kalimantan sun fi yawa a arewacin Sanggau Regency A cikin Sarawak, yawancin Bidayuh ana iya samun su cikin 40 kilomita arba'in daga yankin da aka sani da Greatching Kuching, a tsakanin Kuching da Serian Division Su ne kabilu na biyu mafi girma a Dayak a Sarawak bayan Iban kuma ɗayan manyan kabilun Dayak a Yammacin Kalimantan. Yankunan zama Yankunan Bidayuh da ke cikin Sarawak sune Lundu, Bau, Penrissen, Padawan, Siburan, da Serian Kuma Yawancin ƙauyukan Bidayuh ana iya samun su a yankunan karkara na Lundu, Bau, Padawan, Penrissen, da gundumar Serian. Yankin ya ci gaba har zuwa iyakar Yammacin bodan Kalimantan inda suke zaune a Kembayan, Noyan, Sekayam, da gundumar Jangkang a cikin Sanggau Regency. Yankin da suke zaune yafi yawa a cikin tafkin Kogin Sarawak kuma daga tsaunuka zuwa wani daji mai tsaunuka, wanda a al'adance ake yin sa ta hanyar noma da farauta wanda ya danganci gonakin da suke zaune daga ƙauyukan iyayen da ke kan tsaunuka don kariya. Yau, kusan duk gargajiya longhouse kauyuka an maye gurbinsu da mutum gidaje, da hanyoyi, da akwai wasu plantation aikin noma da kuma a rage girmamawa a kan girman na ƙasar tudu Makki. Fruit itatuwa, musamman Durian, kasance muhimmanci dukiya saka alama. Tsarin gine-gine da al'adun gargajiya na Bidayuh shine babban gidan, yanzu an karɓa a matsayin alama. Harsuna/Yaruka Akwai kusan yaruka ashirin da biyar 25 na Bidayuh (Land Dayak) da ake magana a Sarawak, Malaysia, waɗanda za a iya haɗa su zuwa gungu guda huɗu na yarukan da ake fahimta gaba ɗaya: Gabas, Tsakiya, Highland, da Yamma. A cikin Sarawak, yawanci ana cewa akwai manyan rukuni na harshe guda uku Yaren Biatah Singai-Jagoi Yaren Bukar Sadong amma waɗannan na iya wargajewa har ma da jerin da aka ambata a ƙasa kamar yadda yawancin mazauna karkara za su iya bambanta su har zuwa ƙauyen ta hanyar banbanta sananan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙamus da magana. Kowane yanki yana magana da yaren kansa: Lundu yayi magana Jagoi, Salako da Lara Bratak, Singai, Krokong, da Jagoi suna magana da Singai-Jagoi Penrissen tana magana da Bisitang yayin da mutanen Kampung Bunuk ke magana da Bunuk (Segu-Benuk). Yankin Siburan yana magana da Biatah Bidayuhs da ke zaune kusa da Seriyan kamar Tebakang, Mongkos, Tebedu zuwa Tanjung Amo kusa da iyakar Kalimantan Indonesia suna magana da Sadong Bidayuhs da ke zaune kusa da Seriyan kamar Baki, Baru, Taee, da Tarat suna magana da yaren Bukar Bidayuhs a cikin Padawan suna magana da yarukan da yawa amma masu alaƙa kamar Bi-Annah, Pinyawa, Braang, Bia Bisepug, da Emperoh Bipuruh Bidayuh Moden yana magana da harsunan da aka gauraya, yaren cakuda tsakanin Padawan da yaren Jagoi (Semeba, Tematu, Bumbok, da Sudad). Yarukan basu fahimtar juna kuma ana amfani da Ingilishi ko Malay azaman yarukan gama gari. Batutuwan harshe Bidayuhs na Sabiyanci suna da yare na musamman da aka sani da Bukar & Sadong yaren Bidayuh, wanda Bidayuhs daga wasu Gundumomin ba zai iya fahimtarsa ba. Anan ga wasu misalan bambance-bambance a cikin yaruka daban-daban da ake magana da su da Seriyanci, tare da kwatankwacin Yaren Ingilishi da Malay nasu. Hakanan akwai harsunan Philippine guda biyu, Kapampangan da Tagalog Addini da imani Bidayuhs na gargajiya ne na gargajiya, kuma har yanzu akwai waɗancan abubuwan imani. A Brooke Family zamanin gan zuwa na Kirista mishaneri daga shekarar 1848, kawo ilimi da kuma na zamani magani, yayin da wani irin tsari da kuma ya faru a Dutch Borneo a kan Dutch sarrafawa gefe. Mafi yawan Bidayuh yanzu Krista ne, yawancinsu Roman Katolika ne. Kusan kashi 70% na mutanen Bidayuh sun canza sunansu na gargajiya zuwa na Turanci tunda sun koma addinin kirista kuma yawancin ‘yan asalin garin Bidayuh da ke garin Sarawak ba sa yin al’adunsu na gargajiya kuma, suna raunana al’adunsu na’ yan asalin Sarawak. Mutanen Bidayuh sune dangin mafi kusa na mutanen Melanau kuma ance suna da kakana daya kafin su rabu zuwa kabilu daban-daban. Asalin Bidayuhs galibi Maguzawa ne ko masu rayarwa, amma, a 50% ya juya zuwa Kiristanci. Za su sami manyan bukukuwa kamar Gawai Dayak, wanda bikin ne don faranta ran padi don girbi mai kyau. Yawancin kauyukan Bidayuh suna da ko dai Roman Katolika ko cocin Anglican ko masallaci Mutanen Biatah, wadanda suke zaune a yankin Kuching, mabiya darikar Anglican ne, yayin da mutanen yankin na Bau mabiya darikar Katolika ne. Wasu sanannun coci kuma ana kafa su a wasu ƙauyuka kamar SIB (Sidang Injil Borneo) wanda ake kira da Borneo Evangelical Church, Baptist Church, Assemblies Of God church, da sauran majami'u kamar SDA, Latter Rain. The Bidayuh of Bukar has a unique tradition of hanging the bodies of the dead on trees and leaving them to rot away. The skeletons are left on trees as a reminder of the dead. The tradition is rarely done nowadays. Salako da mutanen Lara Koda yake gwamnatin Malaysia ta sanya su a matsayin "Bidayuh", amma al'adun Salako da na Lara ba su da kamannin sauran kungiyoyin Bidayuh kuma al'adunsu na baka suna da'awar asalinsu da tarihin hijirarsu. A lugga, Salako na daga wata bishiyar dangin harshe wacce take daga gidan Malayic Dayak (iyali daya da Iban Lara, duk da cewa an fi alakanta ta da Bidayuh (Jagoi-Singai), suna magana da harshe kusan ba mai fahimtar juna kwata-kwata tare da Bidayuh amma suna daga bishiyar dangin harshe ɗaya wanda yake Land Dayak Hatta ayyukansu na al'ada da al'adunsu sun banbanta da sauran Bidayuhs (duk Bidayuhs suna da kusan al'ada da al'adun gargajiya). Al'adu Kayan gargajiya Bidayuh suna da kayan tarihi wadanda suka hada da nau'ikan agung wadanda suka hada da manyan rataye, dakatarwa ko kuma rikewa, gongs masu kamala mukabala wadanda suke aiki a matsayin mara matuki ba tare da kayan kade-kade ba. Rawar gargajiya Ngiyar Kayan gargajiya Yawancin abincin Bidayuh na gargajiya sune: Tempoyak goreng, soyayyen durian da aka dafa tare da naman alade da lemongrass condiment Rotung, sago dafaffe a cikin gora Kubar, pancakes mai sago mai dadi manna sago manna Manok pansoh, kaza da ganyen tapioca dafaffe da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin itacen gora Tobah'', naman namun daji ko naman alade, da kifi Sanannen Bidayuhs Anding Indrawani Zaini, tauraruwar Akademi Fantasia, samfuri, jarumi kuma mawaƙa. Ya kasance daga gauraye Melanau -Bidayuh iyaye. Bryan Nickson Lomas, tsohon Malaysia kasa da ruwa dan wasa. Shi ne ɗan ƙaramin ɗan wasan Malaysia wanda ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara a 2004 yana da shekara 14. Dewi Liana Seriestha, Miss World a shekarar 2014 Top 25 da Miss Talent don Miss World Beauty Sarauniyar. Tana cikin hadaddiyar iyayen Bidayuh-Indonesiya. James Dawos Mamit, tsohon mataimakin minista a majalisar ministocin Malaysia. Pandelela Rinong, 'yar wasan tseren ruwa ta kasar Malesiya. Anyi Katib, tsohon bishop din Anglican na Diocese na Kuching Michael Manyin, Ministan Sarawak. Richard Riot Jaem, ministar majalisar Malaysia. Tony Eusoff, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da samfurin. Venice Elphi, dan wasan kwallon kafa na Malesiya, ya buga wa ATM FA wasa Manazarta Sanarwa Hanyoyin haɗin waje Itacen yare na kabilanci Harshen Bidayuh: Jiya, Yau da Gobe Littafin akan yaren Bidayuh da ake samu don siye daga SIL, ko zazzage shi daga SIL: samun dama kyauta Taron Atur Simayang: Eucharist mai tsarki a Bukar Anglican litattafan eucharistic wanda Richard Mammana ya tsara Pages with unreviewed
6631	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Iwobi	Alex Iwobi	Alexander Chuka Iwobi ih WOH ih- bee (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu,shekara ta 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kulob ɗin Premier League na Everton da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Iwobi ya fara taka leda a Arsenal, inda ya buga wasanni 149 kuma ya ci kwallaye 15, ya kuma lashe kofin FA a shekara ta, 2017. A watan Agustan shekara ta, 2019, ya koma Everton kan farashin fam miliyan 28 na farko. Iwobi ya wakilci Ingila har zuwa matakin kasa da 18. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Najeriya a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2018 da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar, 2019 da shekara ta, 2021, inda ya zo na uku a gasar shekara ta, 2019. Rayuwar farko da ta sirri An haifi Iwobi a Legas kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru hudu, bayan dan takaitaccen zama a Turkiyya, kuma ya girma a Newham, London. Kawun mahaifiyarsa tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Jay-Jay Okocha. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Arsenal Iwobi ya koma Arsenal ne tun yana makarantar firamare, a shekarar, 2004, kuma kulob din ya kusa sake shi yana dan shekara 14 kuma yana da shekara 16. Ya fara shiga cikin wasan farko a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan gasar cin kofin League da West Bromwich Albion a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2013. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dogon lokaci tare da Arsenal a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015. A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, Iwobi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar, inda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Sheffield Laraba da ci 3-0 a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin League. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki hudu bayan nasarar da suka yi da Swansea City da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Liberty, a matsayin maye gurbin Mesut Ozil. Iwobi ya fara buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ne a minti na 85 da ya buga wasan da suka buga da Bayern Munich da ci 5-1. Iwobi ya fara ne a rukunin farko na gasar cin kofin FA na shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016 zagaye na 3 da na 4 a gida da Sunderland da Burnley. Bayan da aka fara gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na farko a wasan da suka doke Barcelona da ci 3-1, Iwobi ya cigaba da zura kwallaye biyu a gasar Premier biyu na farko da ya yi nasara a kan Everton, da Watford, bi da bi. A kakar wasa ta gaba, Iwobi ya canza lambar tawagarsa daga 45 zuwa 17, bayan Alexis Sánchez ya dauki lamba 7 daga tashi Tomáš Rosický. Ya cigaba da taka leda a duk lokacin kamfen din cin kofin FA na Arsenal na shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, inda ya ci 2-1 da Chelsea a wasan karshe. Ya cigaba da samun nasara tare da Arsenal a gasar "Community Shield" na shekara ta, 2017, inda Arsenal ta doke Chelsea a bugun fenareti. A watan Janairun shekarar, 2018, an fitar da wani faifan bidiyo da ake zargin Iwobi ya nuna a wajen wani shagalin dare sa’o’i 36 kafin a buga wasa. A watan Mayun shekarar, 2018, bayan da kocin Arsenal, Arsène Wenger ya bayyana cewa zai bar kungiyar, Iwobi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wani abin burgewa kuma ya ce abin bakin ciki ne amma abin burgewa. A cikin watan Agusta shekara ta, 2018, ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi na dogon lokaci tare da kulob din, wanda aka ruwaito har zuwa shekara ta, 2023. A cikin watan Janairu shekara ta, 2019, Iwobi ya kasance batun wariyar launin fata daga 'yar wasan Indiya Esha Gupta, jakadiyar Arsenal. A watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, bayan gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2019, ya ce yana fata komawa buga kwallon kafa tare da Arsenal. Everton A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2019, Iwobi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Everton. A cewar BBC, Arsenal ta karbi kudin farko na fam miliyan 28, wanda ya kai fam miliyan 34 tare da ywuwar karawa. Kwanaki goma sha biyar bayan sanya hannu, Iwobi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin sa'a na karshe a maimakon Gylfi Sigurðsson a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Aston Villa. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin EFL, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Everton a ci 4–2 a Lincoln City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 1 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 3–2, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu da aka ware domin yabo daga kociyan kungiyar Marco Silva daga baya. Ayyukan kasa Iwobi wanda ya cancanci wakilcin Ingila ko kuma ƙasar haihuwarsa Najeriya, Iwobi ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa a matsayin matasa, wanda tare da wanda ya lashe Garkuwan Nasara a shekarar, 2011. Iwobi ya buga wa Ingila wasanni 11 a matakin kasa da kasa, amma ya cigaba da bayyana wa Najeriya a shekarar, 2015. A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba ne ya buga wasansa na farko a Super Eagles, inda ya maye gurbin Ahmed Musa a minti na 57 a wasan sada zumunci da DR Congo da ci 2-0 a Visé na kasar Belgium. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar, 2016 Ba ya cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 na karshe. A watan Agustan shekarar, 2017 Iwobi ya fice daga cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da za su buga wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na watan saboda rauni. A watan Oktoban shekarar, 2017, Iwobi ne ya ci wa Najeriya kwallo a wasan da ta doke Zambia da ci 1-0 wanda hakan ya sa Super Eagles ta samu gurbi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasa 23 da Najeriya ta buga a gasar kuma ya buga wasanni ukun da Super Eagles ta yi waje da su a matakin rukuni. A watan Afrilun shekarar, 2019, ya ce yana so ya yi koyi da kawunsa Jay-Jay Okocha ta hanyar lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika. An saka shi cikin ‘yan wasan Najeriya da za su buga gasar shekara ta, 2019. A gasar ya ce ba zai yi watsi da sanya Najeriya a matsayin wadda ta fi so ba. Bayan kammala gasar ya ce yana fatar komawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arsenal. An saka sunan Iwobi a cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekara ta, 2021 da aka jinkirta a shekarar, 2022. An ba shi jan kati mintuna biyar bayan da ya shigo wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka buga da Tunisia, wasan da Najeriya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 0-1. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 23 Janairu 2022. Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Najeriya. Girmamawa Arsenal Kofin FA 2016-17 FA Community Shield 2015, 2017 Gasar cin Kofin EFL 2017-18 UEFA Europa League ta biyu: 2018-19 Ingila U16 Garkuwar Nasara 2011 Najeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku 2019 Mutum Gwarzon dan wasan matasa na CAF 2016 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016 (a madadin) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Alex Iwobi at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
60431	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaitaccen%20zafin%20jiki%20da%20matsa%20lamba	Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba	Matsakaicin zafin jiki da matsa lamba STP sune nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban na yanayi don ma'aunin gwaji da za a kafa don ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin saitin bayanai daban-daban. Mafi yawan ma'auni da aka fi amfani da su sune na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry (IUPAC) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST), ko da yake waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne a duniya. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun kafa ma'anoni daban-daban na madadin ma'anar ma'auni don daidaitattun yanayin su. A cikin masana'antu da kasuwanci, daidaitattun yanayi don zafin jiki da matsa lamba sau da yawa ya zama dole don ayyana daidaitattun yanayin tunani don bayyana adadin iskar gas da ruwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa kamar ƙimar yawan kwararar iska (yawan gas ɗin ya bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki da matsa lamba). daidaitattun mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya (Sm 3 /s), da na al’ada mai kubik a sakan daya (Nm 3 /s). Duk da haka, yawancin wallafe-wallafen fasaha (littattafai, mujallu, tallace-tallace na kayan aiki da injuna) kawai suna bayyana "ma'auni" ba tare da fayyace su ba; sau da yawa musanya kalmar da tsofaffi "yanayin al'ada", ko "NC". A lokuta na musamman wannan na iya haifar da rudani da kurakurai. Kyakkyawan aiki koyaushe yana haɗawa da yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. Idan ba a bayyana ba, ana tsammanin wasu yanayin yanayin ɗakin, kusa da matsa lamba 1, 293 K (20 °C), da zafi 0%. Ma'anoni A cikin ilmin sunadarai, IUPAC ta canza ma'anarta na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba a cikin 1982: Har zuwa 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 1 101.325 kPa) Tun daga 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 10 5 Ba (100 kpa, 1 bar NIST yana amfani da zafin jiki na 20 C (293.15 Ku, 68 °F) da cikakken matsi na 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). Hakanan ana kiran wannan ma'aunin zafin jiki na al'ada da matsa lamba (wanda aka rage shi azaman NTP Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba da NIST ke amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen thermodynamic shine 298.15 K (25 C, 77 F da 1 mashaya (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). NIST kuma yana amfani da "15 °C (59 °F)" don biyan diyya na yanayin zafi na samfuran mai da aka tace, duk da cewa waɗannan dabi'u biyu ba su dace da juna ba. Matsayin ma'auni na ISO 13443 don iskar gas da makamantansu sune da 101.325 kPa; da bambanci, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ɗauki Amfanin da ya gabata Kafin 1918, ƙwararru da masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo na raka'a sun ayyana daidaitattun yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba don bayyana adadin gas a matsayin da A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, mafi yawan amfani da daidaitattun yanayin magana ga mutanen da ke amfani da tsarin mulkin mallaka ko na Amurka shine da 14.696 psi (1 atm) saboda kusan masana'antun man fetur da iskar gas ne ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. Ma'anar da ke sama ba su kasance mafi yawan amfani da su ba a kowane tsarin raka'a. Amfani na yanzu Yawancin ma'anoni daban-daban na daidaitattun yanayi a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa kaɗan daga cikinsu, amma akwai ƙari. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasu ma'auni a baya. Misali, IUPAC tana da, tun 1982, ta ayyana ma'auni na ma'ana kamar 0 °C da 100 kPa (1 bar), sabanin tsohon mizaninsa na 0 °C da 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Sabuwar darajar ita ce ma'anar matsa lamba na yanayi a tsayin kusan mita 112, wanda ya fi kusa da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na mazaunin ɗan adam (194 m). Kamfanonin iskar gas a Turai, Australia, da Kudancin Amurka sun karɓi 15 °C (59 °F) da 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi. Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Daidaitawa (ISO), Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) kowanne yana da ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin ma'auni da ka'idoji daban-daban. Matsayin Duniya A cikin motsin jiragen sama da na ruwa International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) shine ƙayyadaddun matsi, zafin jiki, yawa, da saurin sauti a kowane tsayi. Matsayin Matsayi na Duniya shine wakilcin yanayin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin Amurka wannan bayanin an ƙayyadadden yanayin yanayin US Standard Atmosphere wanda yayi daidai da "International Standard Atmosphere" a kowane tsayi har zuwa ƙafa 65,000 sama da matakin teku. Daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje Saboda yawancin ma'anoni na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba sun bambanta da zafin jiki sosai daga daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (misali 0 °C da 25 °C), sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da "misali yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje" (waɗanda aka zaɓa da gangan don bambanta da kalmar "misali yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba", duk da ma'anarsa kusa da ainihi idan aka fassara shi a zahiri). Duk da haka, abin da yake "misali" zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje da matsin lamba babu makawa yana da nasaba da yanayin ƙasa, ganin cewa sassa daban-daban na duniya sun bambanta ta yanayi, tsayi da kuma yanayin amfani da zafi sanyaya a wuraren aiki. Misali, makarantu a New South Wales, Ostiraliya suna amfani da 25 °C da 100 kPa don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje. ASTM International ta buga Standard ASTM E41-Terminology da ke da alaƙa da kwandishan da ɗaruruwan yanayi na musamman don takamaiman kayan da hanyoyin gwaji Sauran ƙungiyoyin ma'auni kuma suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gwaji na musamman. Molar ƙarar gas Yana da mahimmanci a nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba lokacin da ake bayyana ƙarar molar iskar gas kamar yadda yake da lokacin bayyana ƙarar iskar gas ko ƙimar kwararar juzu'i. Bayyana ƙarar molar gas ba tare da nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba yana da ma'ana kaɗan kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar iskar gas a kusa da STP kuma a matsa lamba na yanayi tare da daidaito wanda yawanci ya isa ta amfani da ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas Za'a iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar kowane iskar gas a daidaitattun daidaitattun yanayi kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa: Vm 8.3145 273.15 101.325 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 273.15 100.000 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa Vm 8.3145 288.15 101.325 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 298.15 101.325 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 298.15 100.000 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.696 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole) Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.730 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi Littattafan fasaha na iya zama da ruɗani saboda yawancin marubuta sun kasa yin bayani ko suna amfani da daidaitaccen iskar gas ɗin R, ko takamaiman madaidaicin iskar gas Dangantakar da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu shine R s R m, inda m shine yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin gas. Ƙididdiga na US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) yana amfani da 8.31432 m 3 ·Pa/(mol·K) a matsayin darajar R Duk da haka, USSA, 1976 ta gane cewa wannan darajar ba ta dace da ƙimar Avogadro akai-akai da kuma Boltzmann akai-akai Duba kuma Environmental chamber ISO 1 standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications Reference atmospheric model Room temperature Standard sea-level conditions Standard state
52908	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Halim%20Mahmoud	Abdul Halim Mahmoud	Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (Arabic) (12 ga watan Mayu 1910- 17 ga watan Oktoba aka haife shi 1978; 2 Jumaada al-awal 1328 AH 14 Al-Qi Canaldah 1398 AH) ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Imam na al-Azhar daga 1973 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1978. Wasu sun kira shi "mai son zuciya da ƙaunatacce" an san shi da tsarin zamani na koyarwa a Jami'ar Al-Azhar, yana wa'azi da daidaitawa da kuma rungumar kimiyya ta zamani a matsayin aikin addini. Ƙuruciya An haifi Abdel-Halim Mahmoud a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1910 a ƙauyen Abou Ahmed (yanzu Al Salam), a cikin Gwamnatin Sharqia, kilomita 50 a arewa maso gabashin Alkahira, Misira. Ya haddace Alkur'ani tun yana ƙarami sannan ya fara karatunsa a Jami'ar Al-Azhar inda ya kammala a 1932. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Faransa, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Falsafa daga Jami'ar Paris La Sorbonne a 1940. Ra'ayoyi A cewar masana Moshe Albo da Yoram Meital, jigogi da suka sake faruwa a rubuce-rubucen Mahmoud sune:muhimmancin ilimi da ilimi; fifiko na ɗabi'ar Musulunci da ɗabi'a; bambancin tarihin Musulmi; haɗin ruhaniya da shari'ar Musulmi; ƙin yarda da Sauran (misali, Yamma, Zionist, kwaminisanci, na duniya, da kuma ridda); hauhawar tauhidin Musulunci da doka; da kuma buƙatar sake fasalin siyasar Masar da al'umma daidai da ginshiƙan Islama. Dokar Musulunci Mahmoud ya kasance mai goyon baya na maye gurbin dokar farar hula ta Masar da Sharia Ya yi jayayya cewa Hudud (waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a waɗanda aka ba da umarni kuma an gyara su) hukuncin yanke hannun ɓarawo Allah ne ya ba da umarnin kuma lokacin da Ibn Saud ya aiwatar da shi ya kawo doka da oda ga Saudi Arabia duk da cewa dole ne a aiwatar da shi sau bakwai kawai. A gefe guda, Mahmoud ya ba da fatwa na shari'a wanda ke tallafawa mafi ƙarancin shekaru goma sha shida na aure ga 'yan mata, duk da cewa ya yarda da cewa al'adar Shari'a ba ta ƙayyade ainihin shekarun ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa "al'ummomin da suka ci gaba sun sanya shekarun aure a goma sha shida, kuma wannan ya dace". Kimiyya Ga Mahmoud, "duk wani gyare-gyare ko a matakin mutum ko a matakin al'umma ya fara da kimiyya, ya zama kimiyya addini ko kayan aiki..... Ko mun fara hanyar sake fasalin daga mahimmancin kimiyyar ka'ida ko daga na kayan aiki ko kimiyyar kwarewa, dole ne a cika kokarinmu da manufa. Wannan manufar wajibi ne ga Musulunci, saboda kimiyya dole ne ta zama tushen hanyar zuwa ga Allah. Lalle ne, ilimi wani nau'i ne na bauta da kuma wani nau'in jihadi. A lokacin da yake Babban Imam, Al-Azhar ya ga sauye-sauye da farfadowa da ba a taɓa gani ba, gami da gabatar da sabbin fannoni, hanyoyin koyarwa da salon gudanarwa. Sufanci Ana kuma tunawa da Abdel-Halim Mahmoud don farfado da Sufism ta hanyar rubuce-rubucensa da laccoci game da batun. An rinjaye shi sosai daga Sudanese Sufi Sheikh Mohammed Osman Abdu al-Burhany wanda ilimin sa ya tsara ra'ayinsa game da Sufism. "Abd al-Halim Mahmud (1910-1978) ana tunawa da shi a matsayin tsohon shugaban al-Azhar wanda ya rubuta abubuwa da yawa game da Sufism. Ana kiransa da taken girmamawa, 'al-Ghazali, a cikin karni na 14 A.H.'2, taken da aka ba shi saboda ikonsa na musamman na haɗa bangarorin da ba su dace ba da kuma bangarorin addinin Islama (wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa masu sabawa a kallo na farko). Ya zama mai tasiri a cikin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970, lokacin Sadat wanda farfadowar Islama ta fara tasowa a Masar. "Abd al-Halim ya gabatar da tasawwuf a matsayin hanyar kimiyya wacce za ta ba mutane damar fahimtar ainihin gaskiyar. An bayyana ainihin tasawwuf a matsayin ilimi (ma Destiny) na yankin metaphysical. Metaphysics shine kimiyya na bayyana ɓoyayyun fannoni na Allah da kuma bayyana annabce-annabce. Ya jaddada bambancin da yake da shi na 'mysticism'-ya ba da shawarar cewa tasawwuf ba hanya ce kawai ta camfi ba, amma filin kimiyya ne (Mahmud Al-Munqidh: 224-233). Chanin Abd al-Halim ya ambaci Chanin Abbas Mahmud al- Chanin Abbad (d. 1964) a cikin cewa Chanin Abbalah wani yanki ne na ilimi wanda babu kimiyyar jiki, fahimta (fikr), ko kuma nau'ikan fahimta daban-daban (basira da dai sauransu) da ke da damar shiga. Tasawwuf shine kawai kimiyya da za ta iya shiga wannan masarautar, saboda kodayake wasu kimiyyar suna da alaƙa da ikon ɗan adam, tasawwuf ba (wanda aka ambata daga ibid. 352-353). "Abd al-Halim's Sufism ya kunshi abubuwa uku- Sukiya, Jihad, da kuma Sukiya. Na farko shi ne da'awar, ilimin Shari'ar Musulunci. Ya jaddada muhimmancin rayuwa bisa ga shari'a, kuma ya tsara cewa ya kamata a fahimci Dokar Islama kuma a yi ta yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, ya ambaci aikin Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, wanda ya bayyana cewa Allah zai albarkaci waɗanda suka aikata bisa ga ilimin su na Dokar ba tare da la'akari da yadda jahilci suke ba amma zai azabtar da waɗanda suka yi watsi da dokar ba tare da sanin su ba. Na biyu shi ne jihadi, ƙoƙarin sanya kanka a cikin gaskiyar zamantakewa da kuma warware matsalolin da mutum ke fuskanta. Yanayin Abd al-Halim na Sufi ba a nuna shi ta hanyar manufar 'masu sihiri' (waɗanda ke zaune a ɓoye, suna yin tsattsauran ra'ayi). Ya bayyana cewa dole ne Sufi ya himmatu ga warware matsalolin lokacin, kuma ya ba da misalin Chan Abd al-Qadir al-Jazai'rli (d.1883), wanda ya yi yaƙi don kare Aljeriya daga Faransa (ibid. 15-16). Na uku shi ne "bautar Allah": kasancewa daidai da sadaukarwa. Lokacin da aka kai ga shi, an ba da shi, kuma Allah ya ba mai bi da Rahama (ibid. 12) Tushen Manhaj al-islah al-islami fi-al-mujtam''' (Hanyar Gyara Musulunci a cikin Al'umma''), Abdel-Halim Mahmoud, Alkahira: Janar kungiyar Littafin Masar (GEBO), 2005. "Babban Imamai na Al-Azhar (Shuyukhul Azhar) a www.sunnah.org. Manazarta Haɗin waje Gidauniyar Abdel-Halim Mahmoud Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
56206	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20RCZ	Peugeot RCZ	Peugeot RCZ wata coupé ce ta wasanni 2+2 wadda PSA Group ya tsara kuma ya tallata shi a ƙarƙashin kamfanin Peugeot kuma Magna Steyr ya haɗu tsakanin 2009 da 2015. An fara halarta a filin Nunin Auto Frankfurt a 2009. Tarihi An nuna motar a matsayin motar ra'ayi na 308 RCZ a 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show An ƙera RCZ a matsayin motar wasan kwaikwayo amma bayan da ta sami babban yabo, Peugeot ya sanya RCZ cikin samarwa, yana riƙe da yawa daga ra'ayi. RCZ tana da rufin kumfa sau biyu wahayi daga Zagato An ƙaddamar da shi zuwa samarwa a cikin Afrilu 2010 kuma ana samunsa a kusan ƙasashe 80 RCZ an gabatar da shi bisa ka'ida a Nunin Auto Frankfurt a 2009. Injin mai suna dogara ne akan jerin Yarima yayin da dizal wani bangare ne na jerin HDi An ƙirƙira RCZ a ƙarƙashin sunan lamba "T75". An tattara RCZ na 30,000 a watan Yuni 2011. An gina RCZ na 50,000 a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2013 kuma an yi masa fentin ja. Bayan lokacin samarwa na kusan shekaru shida, Peugeot RCZ na ƙarshe ya haɗu a cikin shuka na Magna Steyr Graz a cikin Satumba 2015. Ƙayyadaddun bayanai RCZ shine tsawo, fadi da a tsayi da kuma wheelbase na Injin Kayan aiki RCZ ta ba da zaɓi na zaɓin lantarki mai zafi da daidaitacce wurin zama tare da ƙwaƙwalwar direba, kujerun fata da dashboard da aikin taimakon tudu. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da ƙafafun alloy 19-inch da tsarin sauti na JBL. Za a iya zaɓar fakitin zaɓi na Elan ko Sportif don canza launi na rufin, madubin kofa da gasa na gaba.Yayin da RCZ ke da kujerun baya, ba ga manya su zauna cikin kwanciyar hankali. RCZ Hybrid4 Concept An sanar da ra'ayin RCZ Hybrid4 tare da 2.0 L HDi FAP injin motar lantarki da aka haɗa zuwa akwatin gear mai sarrafawa mai sauri 6. Yawan man da aka yi hasashe shine a cikin gauraye sake zagayowar, fitarwa 95 g/km na CO RCZ R A cikin Nuwamba 2012, Peugeot sun ba da sanarwar aniyarsu ta gina RCZ mai ƙarfi, mai daidaita aiki. A watan Yulin 2013, an fitar da hotunan hukuma na farko na motar. RCZ R yana da injin turbocharged 1.6l wanda zai iya samar da (wanda ya sa ya zama injin mafi ƙarfi na wannan ƙaura a cikin kowane motar samarwa) da na juzu'i, yana ba shi damar 0-62 mph (100 km/h) lokacin 5.9 da babban gudun iyaka zuwa Hakanan yana fasalta haɓakar birki na 380mm Alcon da dakatarwa, raguwar nauyi mai mahimmanci da kuma bambancin gaban Torsen, kamar wanda aka samu akan mk2 Ford Focus RS, don rage madaidaicin madaidaicin tuƙi da motar gaba mai tuƙi tare da wannan matakin. fitarwar wutar lantarki. RCZ R ya ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin Janairu 2014 akan 31,995. 305 RCZ Rs ne kawai aka kawo zuwa Burtaniya daga cikin 3,054 da aka kera. Bugawa na musamman RCZ Allure bugu ne na musamman na 1.6 THP156 tare da watsa Tiptronic mai sauri 6 da ƙafafu 18-inch. Kwalta yana da iyakanceccen bugu (raka'a 500) na RCZ. Ya haɗa da 19-inch baki da azurfa gami ƙafafun, baƙi kujerun wasanni na fata. RCZ Brownstone ƙayyadaddun bugu ne wanda ake samu shi kaɗai a cikin Jamus a cikin fenti mai launin ruwan ƙarfe mai ƙarfe tare da ratsin tseren azurfa. A ciki, an gama sigar ta musamman da launin ruwan kasa, tare da fata Cohiba da datsa Alcantara. Ana samun Magnetic na RCZ na musamman a cikin Burtaniya, tare da samarwa iyakance ga raka'a 170. Ana samun samfura a cikin baƙar fata mai launin lu'u-lu'u tare da kujerun wasanni na fata na Flame Red ko fari tare da kujerun wasanni na fata na fata, tare da madaidaicin rufin rufin matte da gasa baƙar fata, birki calipers da madubin kofa. Har ila yau, suna da sitiyarin motsa jiki na fata mai laushi mai laushi da ɗan gajeriyar ledar motsi. Ana samun RCZ Raidillon a Belgium da Luxembourg tare da samarwa iyakance ga guda 55. Launin ƙarfe mai salo Guaranja Brown ya keɓanta da wannan sigar. A ciki, fata na Cohiba Nappa da kayan kwalliyar Alcantara suna da ƙarin wasiƙar "Raidillon" a baya. liyafar da kyaututtuka The Peugeot RCZ ta sami lambar yabo ta Top Gear 2010 Coupe of the Year award', sau uku a jere Auto Express Mafi kyawun Coupé na Shekara', da Auto Express readers Special Kyautar Zane ta 2010' da Kyautar Kyautar Mafi Kyau' Red Dot don ƙira. Daga 2010 zuwa 2014, an ba da kyautar Peugeot RCZ sau biyar a jere Motar Wasanni mafi kyau' ta mujallar Diesel Car A cewar Ian Robertson, editan DieselCar: 'Peugeot RCZ tana ba da ƙwarewar tuƙi mai lada, sarrafa ƙarfi da rarrabuwar kawuna, da ƙarfin dizal mai fa'ida. Haƙiƙa shine ƙanƙara akan kek don salon wasan motsa jiki na jima'i'. Matt Saunders na Autocar idan aka kwatanta da RCZ R da kyau ga abokan hamayyarsa, yana kwatanta Audi TT a matsayin 'maras ban sha'awa don tuki da kuma tsufa a yanzu', da Mini Coupé JCW 1.6 a matsayin 'babu kusa da fineness kamar Peugeot.' Motorsport Ana amfani da sigar RCZ da aka gyara a gasar tseren tseren Peugeot RCZ Italiya tsere ɗaya Motar da aka yi amfani da ita ana kiranta da RCZ Peugeot Sport, wacce ke nuna ƙarin ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga 200 zuwa 250. bhp, haɓakar birki da daidaitacce mai ɓarna na baya tsakanin daidaitattun shirye-shiryen motsa jiki kamar rage nauyi da kejin juyi. Siffofin tsere na RCZ kuma sun yi nasara cikin nasara a cikin sa'o'i 24 na Nürburgring, suna da'awar nasarar aji tare da bambance-bambancen dizal a cikin 2010 da 2011 kuma tare da RCZ Peugeot Sport a cikin 2012. Tallace-tallace da samarwa
42971	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Razak%20%28%C9%97an%20wasan%20%C6%99wallon%20kafa%29	Abdul Razak (ɗan wasan ƙwallon kafa)	Abdul Razak (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya Ya fara aikinsa da Manchester City, inda ya buga wasanni goma kuma ya lashe FA Community Shield a shekarar 2012 Bayan barinsa a cikin shekarar 2013, ya sami ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da kulake a Rasha, Ingila, Girka da Sweden. Razak ya buga wa tawagar ƙasar Ivory Coast wasanni biyar daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarar 2013, kuma ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afrika na shekarar 2013 Aikin kulob Manchester City Bayan ya bar Crystal Palace 's matasa kafa a shekarar 2008, Razak ya shiga Manchester City Elite Development Squad a watan Yulin shekarar 2010. Duk da haka, ba a zaɓe shi don buga wasansa na farko don EDS ba har sai 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 lokacin da yake ɗaya daga cikin goma sha ɗaya da aka fara a cikin ƙungiyar EDS da ta doke Bury Reserve team 2-0 a Ewen Fields a gasar cin kofin Manchester Senior Kwanaki biyu kacal bayan haka, Razak ya kasance dan wasan farko na ban mamaki na farko, wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin David Silva a cikin mintuna na karshe na wasan Premier da West Bromwich Albion a ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011, nasara 3-0 a wasan. City of Manchester Stadium Tawagar farko da ya buga ba zato ba tsammani ta sa Razak ya zama matashin matashi na tara da ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar Manchester City karkashin koci Roberto Mancini a cikin sama da shekara guda na shugabancin kungiyar a kungiyar. Washegarin da ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar farko ta Manchester City Razak an kara da shi cikin tawagar farko. A wasansa na biyu na tawagar EDS bayan kwanaki uku an nuna wa matashin ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast jan kati kai tsaye don ƙalubalantar kalubalan da suka yi a minti na 51 na gasar Premier Reserve ta Arewa da Bolton Wanderers Ya fara wasansa na farko a ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar 2011 a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta uku da Birmingham City, yana wasa na mintuna 86 kafin a maye gurbinsa da Luca Scapuzzi Ya ƙare wannan kakar tare da buga wasa ɗaya yayin da Manchester City ta lashe gasar Premier ta shekarar 2011-2012 a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a ranar ƙarshe ta kakar. A ranar 28 ga watan Oktobar 2011, an ba Razak aro zuwa kulob din Championship Portsmouth kan yarjejeniyar wata daya. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko da Derby County washegari, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda ya sauya minti na 62 a wasan da Portsmouth ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. Bayan wata daya da Pompey da wasanni uku, Razak ya koma Manchester City. A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun 2012, Razak, tare da ɗan'uwan City Gai Assulin sun shiga ƙungiyar Brighton & Hove Albion ta Championship a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta watanni uku. A ranar 12 ga watan Agustan 2012, Razak ya kasance madadin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin da City ta ci 2012 FA Community Shield 3-2 da Chelsea a Villa Park A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar 2012, Razak ya shiga kulob na gasar zakarun Turai na uku, Charlton Athletic, akan yarjejeniyar lamuni na watanni uku. Bayan wata ɗaya, ya koma Manchester City bayan ya buga wasanni biyu na farko. Aikin baya-baya A ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar 2013, Razak ya koma kulob ɗin Anzhi Makhachkala na Rasha kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa, tare da wata magana mai jawo cewa da zarar ya bayyana wa Anzhi canja wuri ya zama na dindindin. A ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba, an kunna magana. A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2014, Razak ya koma gasar Premier, lokacin da ya shiga West Ham United kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci. A watan Afrilun wannan shekarar, ya bar kulob ɗin ba tare da ya buga wasan farko na ƙungiyar ba. Razak ya taka leda a kungiyar OFI Crete FC a Super League Greece kafin ya dawo Ingila don horar da Doncaster Rovers A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, ya rattaba hannu kan Rovers don sauran kakar League One. A cikin watan Janairun 2017, Razak ya koma AFC Eskilstuna zuwa IFK Göteborg akan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. Bayan bayyanar biyar kawai da lamuni a baya ga AFC, a cikin Fabrairu 2018 ya bar wani tawagar Sweden, IK Sirius Fotboll A cikin Fabrairun 2020, ya sanya hannu ga Örgiryte IS, abokan hamayyar IFK. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Razak ya buga wasansa na farko a tawagar kwallon kafar Ivory Coast da Rasha a wasan sada zumunci a watan Agustan 2012. An saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Ivory Coast a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2013 kuma yana cikin rukunin farko Les Éléphants a wasansu na uku da Algeria Kididdigar aiki Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Girmamawa Manchester City FA Community Shield 2012 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abdul Razak at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1992 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40767	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Nietzsche	Friedrich Nietzsche	Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche tʃə,-tʃi/; German: dʁɪç vɪlhɛlm tʃə] (listen ko tsʃə]; 15 Oktoba 1844-25 Agusta 1900) ɗan falsafa kuma Bajamushe ne, mawaƙin prose, cultural critic, philoologist, kuma mawaki wanda aikinsa ya yi tasiri mai zurfi akan falsafar zamani. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin masanin ilimin falsafa kafin ya koma falsafa. Ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya taba rike Shugabancin Falsafa na gargajiya a Jami'ar Basel a 1869 yana da shekaru 24. Nietzsche ya yi murabus a shekara ta 1879 saboda matsalolin lafiya da suka addabi shi mafi yawan rayuwarsa; ya kammala yawancin rubutunsa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin 1889, yana da shekaru 44, ya sha wahala a rugujewa kuma daga baya ya rasa cikakkiyar ikon tunaninsa, tare da gurgunta kuma mai yiwuwa lalatawar jijiyoyin jinice. Ya rayu sauran shekarunsa a cikin kulawar mahaifiyarsa har zuwa mutuwarta a 1897 sannan tare da 'yar uwarsa Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. Nietzsche ya mutu a shekara ta 1900, bayan ya kamu da ciwon huhu da bugun jini da yawa. Rubutun Nietzsche ya ta'allaka aakakaakan cece-kuce na falsafa, wakoki, cultural critic, da almara yayin da yake nuna sha'awar aphorism da irony. Fitattun abubuwa na falsafarsa sun haɗa da tsattsauran ra'ayinsa na sukar gaskiya don neman hangen nesa; sharhi na asali game da addini da ɗabi'a na Kirista da ka'idar da ta danganci ɗabi'a na master-slave; tabbatar da kyawawan halaye na rayuwa don mayar da martani ga "mutuwar Allah" da kuma babban rikicin nihilism; ra'ayin Apollonian da Dionysian sojojin; da kuma siffanta batun ɗan adam a matsayin furci na son rai, tare da fahimtar juna a matsayin nufin iko. Hakanan ya haɓaka ra'ayoyi masu tasiri kamar da koyarwarsa na dawowar har abada. A cikin aikinsa na baya, ya ƙara shagaltu da ikon kirkire-kirkire na mutum don shawo kan al'adu da ɗabi'a don neman sabbin dabi'u da lafiya mai kyau. Ayyukansa sun shafi batutuwa masu yawa, ciki har da fasaha, ilimin falsafa, tarihi, kiɗa, addini, tragedy, al'adu, da kimiyya, kuma ya zana wahayi daga tragedy na Girkanci da kuma adadi irin su Zoroaster, Arthur Schopenhauer, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Richard Wagner da Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Bayan mutuwarsa, 'yar'uwar Nietzsche Elisabeth ta zama mai kula da kuma editan rubutunsa. Ta gyara rubuce-rubucensa da ba a buga ba don dacewa da akidarta ta Jamusanci, sau da yawa suna sabawa ko ɓoye ra'ayoyin Nietzsche, waɗanda ke adawa da kyamar Yahudawa. Ta hanyar bugu nata da aka buga, aikin Nietzsche ya zama alaƙa da fascism da Nazism; Masana na ƙarni na 20 irin su Walter Kaufmann, RJ Hollingdale, da Georges Bataille sun kare Nietzsche daga wannan fassarar, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka ba da gyare-gyaren littattafansa. Tunanin Nietzsche ya ji daɗin sabunta shahararsa a cikin 1960s kuma tun daga lokacin ra'ayoyinsa sun yi tasiri sosai ga masu tunani na ƙarni na 20 da farkon 21 a cikin falsafar musamman a makarantun falsafar nahiyar kamar su wanzuwar zamani, postmodernism da post-structuralism da kuma fasaha, adabi, wakoki, siyasa, da al'adu masu shahara. Rayuwa Matashi (1844-1868) An haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba 1844, Nietzsche ya girma a garin Röcken (yanzu wani yanki ne na Lützen), kusa da Leipzig, a lardin Prussian na Saxony. An ba shi suna bayan Sarki Friedrich Wilhelm IV na Prussia, wanda ya cika shekaru 49 a ranar haihuwar Nietzsche (daga baya Nietzsche ya bar sunansa na tsakiya Wilhelm). Iyayen Nietzsche, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813–1849), fasto Lutheran kuma tsohon malami; da Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler) (1826–1897), sun yi aure a shekara ta 1843, shekara kafin haihuwar ɗansu. Suna da wasu 'ya'ya biyu: diya, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, an haife ta a 1846; da ɗa na biyu, Ludwig Joseph, an haife shi a 1848. Mahaifin Nietzsche ya mutu daga ciwon kwakwalwa a shekara ta 1849; Ludwig Joseph ya mutu bayan wata shida yana da shekaru biyu. Iyalin sai suka koma Naumburg, inda suka zauna tare da kakar mahaifiyar Nietzsche da yayyen mahaifinsa biyu da ba su yi aure ba. Bayan mutuwar kakar Nietzsche a 1856, iyalin sun koma gidansu, yanzu Nietzsche-Haus, gidan kayan gargajiya da cibiyar nazarin Nietzsche. Nietzsche ya halarci makarantar yara maza sannan ya yi makaranta mai zaman kanta, (private school) inda ya yi abokantaka da Gustav Krug da Wilhelm Pinder, dukansu uku sun fito daga iyalai da ake girmamawa sosai. Bayanan ilimi daga ɗaya daga cikin makarantun da Nietzsche ya halarta sun lura cewa ya yi fice a tauhidin Kirista. A 1854, ya fara zuwa Domgymnasium a Naumburg. Domin mahaifinsa ya yi aiki ga jihar (a matsayin fasto) Nietzsche mara uba ya sami tallafin karatu don yin karatu a Schulpforta da aka sani na duniya (da'awar cewa an yarda da Nietzsche akan ƙarfin iliminsa na ilimi an yi watsi da shi: maki ya kasance. ba kusa da saman ajin ba). Ya yi karatu a can daga 1858 zuwa 1864, sun zama abokai tare da Paul Deussen da Carl von Gersdorff. Ya kuma sami lokacin yin aiki akan wakoki da kade-kade. Nietzsche ya jagoranci "Jamus", ƙungiyar kiɗa da adabi, a lokacin bazara a Naumburg. <ref name="Wicks"><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWicks2014">Wicks, Robert (2014). A Schulpforta, Nietzsche ya sami muhimmin tushe a cikin harsuna- Girkanci, Latin, Ibrananci, da Faransanci don samun damar karanta mahimman tushe na farko; ya kuma dandana a karon farko ba tare da rayuwar danginsa ba a cikin ƙaramin gari mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Jarabawar karshen zangonsa a watan Maris 1864 ya nuna 1a cikin Addini da Jamusanci; a 2a a cikin Girkanci da Latin; a 2b a cikin Faransanci, Tarihi, da Physics; da kuma "lackluster" 3a cikin Ibrananci da Lissafi. Nietzsche ya kasance mawaki amateur. Ya tsara ayyuka da yawa don murya, piano, da violin wanda ya fara a 1858 a Schulpforta a Naumburg lokacin da ya fara aiki akan abubuwan kiɗan. Richard Wagner ya yi watsi da kiɗan Nietzsche, ana zarginsa da yin ba'a ga kyautar ranar haihuwar wani abun piano da Nietzsche ya aika a 1871 ga matarsa Cosima. Jagoran ɗan ƙasar Jamus Hans von Bülow shi ma ya bayyana wani ɓangaren Nietzsche a matsayin "mafi kyawun daftarin kade-kade a takardan kiɗan da na daɗe da fuskanta". Yayin da yake Schulpforta, Nietzsche ya bi batutuwan da aka yi la'akari da su ba su dace ba. Ya zama sananne da aikin mawallafin marubuci Friedrich Hölderlin wanda ba a san shi ba, yana kiransa "mawaƙin da na fi so" kuma ya rubuta makala inda ya ce mawaƙin ya tada hankali zuwa "mafi kyawun manufa". Malamin da ya gyara rubutun ya ba shi alama mai kyau amma ya yi sharhi cewa Nietzsche ya kamata ya damu da kansa a nan gaba tare da mafi koshin lafiya, mafi kyau, kuma mafi yawan marubuta "Jamus". Bugu da ƙari, ya saba da Ernst Ortlepp, ɗan wasa, mai saɓo, kuma sau da yawa mawaƙin buguwa wanda aka same shi ya mutu a cikin rami makonni bayan ganawa da matashi Nietzsche amma wanda zai iya gabatar da Nietzsche ga kiɗa da rubuce-rubuce na Richard Wagner. Wataƙila a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Ortlepp, shi da wani ɗalibi mai suna Richter sun dawo makaranta a buguwa kuma suka ci karo da wani malami, wanda ya sa Nietzsche ya rage daga farkon ajinsa kuma ya ƙare matsayinsa na prefect. Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
48725	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iswandy%20Ahmad	Iswandy Ahmad	Iswandy bin Ahmad, wanda kuma ake kira da YB Iswandy Ahmad, mai ba da shawara ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Brunei wanda a da yake riƙe da mukamin Memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Brunei, a ƙarƙashin rukunin mutanen da suka sami bambanci. Ya kan gudanar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban jagoranci ga matasan kasar nan kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan kungiyoyin farar hula. Ayyukan jin kai nasa sun haɗa da aiki akan wayar da kan HIV/AIDS da bayar da shawarwari, horar da matasa, da samar da aikin yi. Bugu da ƙari, yana aiki a matsayin Jagoran Mai Koyarwa a Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Insan Academy (PI). Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko da ilimi Iswandy ya samu 5 Kamar yadda a lokacin da na yi Shahada ta Ilimin Firamare (PCE), yanzu Assessment Primary School (PSR), jarrabawa. Domin karatunsa na farko, ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Berakas Zai ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin gudanarwa, digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci, difloma kan aiki da matasa, da takardar shaidar koyar da ilimin sakandare. An bukaci ya yi aiki a makarantar gwamnati da zarar ya sami shaidar karatunsa, ya nemi a ajiye shi a gundumar Temburong a wata makaranta a matsayin ƙalubale. A maimakon haka, an ba shi damar shiga makarantar gwamnati da ke tsakanin mintuna 5 da zama. A ƙarshe zai ƙi tayin kuma ya karɓi ɗaya daga makarantar masu zaman kansu Shawara Tare da tabbatar da shari'o'i 28, Brunei tana da mafi girman adadin sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a cikin 2015, kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida sun ruwaito a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2016. Bisa ga binciken da majalisar ta yi, Iswandy ya ce mutane da yawa da ke shiga cikin "halaye masu haɗari" da kuma kara yawan sanin jama'a game da kwayar cutar HIV ne ke da alhakin karuwar cutar HIV Yunkurin ma'aikatar lafiya na warware matsalar ya kamata ya sami karin taimako daga hadin gwiwa da sauran hukumomin gwamnati, in ji shi, yayin da majalisar ta damu matuka game da hauhawar adadin masu kamuwa da cutar. Kara ilimi da wayar da kan jama'a game da rigakafin cutar kanjamau ya kamata a ba da fifiko, musamman a tsakanin al'ummomi masu rauni, kamar matasa da maza masu jima'i da wasu maza An kammala taron shugabannin matasa na Brunei karo na biyu a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2019, tare da yin kira ga matasa da su inganta ayyukansu na jama'a don samar da ingantaccen tsarin kananan hukumomi. Iswandy Ahmad, ya yarda cewa tallafin matasa ya samu ci gaba, amma ya nuna rashin sa hannu a cikin kananan hukumomi kamar hukumomin tuntuɓar ƙauye da mukim A wata hira da aka yi da shi, Ahmad ya jaddada bukatar kara shiga cikin wadannan cibiyoyi. Ya bayyana cewa manajoji na yanzu na majalisar tuntuba na kauye da mukim galibi tsofaffi ne, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a samu wadanda za su gaje su. Kwarewar da aka samu ta hannun jama'a daga tushe na da matukar kima domin ya shafi ba wai kawai bangaren gudanarwa ba har ma da bangaren tattalin arziki na gwamnati. Karamar hukuma tana da matuƙar mahimmanci yayin da take haɓaka fahimtar al'umma da damuwa ga maƙwabtansu. Yayin da suka yi la'akari da sa ido kan ayyukan da matasa ke jagoranta, suna nufin tsofaffin daliban shirin su kasance masu kuzari kuma ba sa son takura ayyukansu da matsin lamba. Babban makasudin kafa kungiyar ta BYLC a kodayaushe shi ne yin aiki a matsayin mai taimaka wa matasa wajen bayar da gudummawar ci gaban kasa. Taron karo na biyu na taron babban taron ɗan adam na farko na Brunei, INITIATE, zai gudana ne a ranar 19 ga Mayu 2022, tare da mai da hankali kan ƙirƙirar al'adun wurin aiki mai juriya a cikin sabon al'ada. A cewar Iswandy, wanda ya kafa Perspective Insan, batun taron zai mayar da hankali kan yadda al'adun aiki suka canza, da bukatar juriya, da kuma menene makomar aiki za ta kasance yayin da al'ummar kasar ke murmurewa daga annobar COVID-19 Shirin wayar da kan jama'a kan cutar HIV ga Takwarorina da Matasa Ayyukansa na jami'in kula da tsofaffin ɗalibai a ofishin jakadancin Amurka da ke Bandar Seri Begawan sun haɗa da ƙarfafa ƙarin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin waɗanda suka kammala shirin, da kuma tsarawa da sarrafa ƙungiyoyin matasa da tsofaffin ɗalibai. Har ila yau yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa shirin wayar da kan jama’a kan cutar kanjamau (HAPPY), wanda ya horar da matasa sama da 5000 tun lokacin da Majalisar Darussalam ta kasar Brunei ta kaddamar da shi a shekarar 2007. Aikin HAPPY kuma ya sami karramawa da suka hada da lambar yabo ta aikin samari, lambar azurfa ta B-@aktif, da lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Youth Azurfa. Brunei Darussalam Majalisar Kanjamau A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2015, Ranar AIDS ta Duniya (WAD) 2015 taron, RED (Sake Koyarwa, Ƙarfafawa da Ƙira): Wani taron Gangamin Red Ribbon yana faruwa. Shugaban majalisar kanjamau yana magana ne a gefen taron. Iswandy ya ce majalisar ta lura da karuwar sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ta bangarori biyu. Majalisar ba ta keɓance wata ƙungiya ta musamman da shirye-shiryenta ba, ban da haka. Ya ci gaba da cewa dabarun su a kodayaushe ya kasance a kasa, tun daga shugabannin kananan hukumomi da sauran al’umma. Iswandy Ahmad, shugaban kungiyar kanjamau ta Brunei Darussalam (BDAIDSC), ya bayyana cewa baiwa masu aikin sa kai damar tafiyar da al’amura da shirye-shirye na daya daga cikin hanyoyin da majalisar ke bi wajen inganta rayuwar al’ummar mazabar ta. BDAC za ta goyi baya da jagorantar membobin da masu sa kai don aiwatar da wani taron nasara, amma suna da yanci don tsarawa da sarrafa nasu shirye-shirye da ayyukansu. Ya fayyace cewa BDAC na baiwa masu aikin sa kai damar bayyana ra’ayoyinsu da bukatunsu, kuma BDAC za ta tallafa musu wajen cimma burinsu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 2016. An sake zabar Iswandy a matsayin shugaban BDAIDSC a yayin babban taron shekara-shekara na kwanan nan a Cibiyar Inganta Lafiya (HPC) a 2023, kuma yana ci gaba da jagorantar kungiyar. Rayuwa ta sirri Iswandy ta yi aure kuma tare suna da ɗa. Ya sami mahaifinsa shine mafi tasiri a rayuwarsa saboda koyarwarsa da jagorarsa. Yana kuma aiki a Kamfanin Brunei Methanol (BMC) a matsayin Jami’in Hulda da Masu Ruwa da tsaki. Kyaututtuka Ganewa da kyaututtukan Iswandy sun haɗa da: Oda na Setia Negara Brunei Class Hudu (PSB) Sabis ga Medal Jiha (PIKB) (2016) Kyautar Matasan ASEAN (2009) Kyautar Sabis na Matasa (2013) Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Iswandy Ahmad on LinkedIn Iswandy Ahmad on Instagram Iswandy Ahmad on Facebook Iswandy Ahmad on Twitter One Young World 2011 Plenary Global Health Iswandy Ahmad Meet My Country: Brunei, With Hon. Iswandy Ahmad and Dr. Vanessa Teo Rayayyun mutane Mutanen
25737	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA%20%28video%20game%20industry%29	AAA (video game industry)	Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images A cikin masana'antar wasan bidiyo, AAA (lafazi kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta Triple-A rarrabuwa ce ta yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da ita don rarrabe wasannin da matsakaiciya ko babban mawallafi ya samar, wanda galibi ke da babban ci gaba da kasafin kuɗi fiye da sauran matakan wasanni. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010, an yi amfani da kalmar "AAA+" don bayyana nau'in wasannin AAA waɗanda suka samar da ƙarin kudaden shiga akan lokaci, a cikin salo iri ɗaya don yawan wasannin kan layi da yawa, ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin -sabis-sabis kamar lokacin wucewa fakitin faɗaɗawa Hakanan an yi amfani da irin wannan ginin "III" (Triple-I) don bayyana manyan wasannin ƙima a cikin masana'antar wasan indie. Tarihi Kalmar "AAA" ta fara amfani da ita a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990s, lokacin da wasu ƙananan kamfanoni masu ci gaba suka fara amfani da magana a taron wasannin caca a Amurka. An aro kalmar daga ma'aunin haɗin gwiwar masana'antar bashi, inda sharuɗɗan "AAA" ke wakiltar mafi kyawun damar da za ta iya cimma burinsu na kuɗi. Daya daga cikin na farko video wasanni da za a samar a blockbuster ko AAA sikelin ya Squaresoft 's Final Fantasy VII (1997) wadda kudin kimanin. Wajen samar da, yin shi da mafi tsada video wasan taba samar up har sai, tare da unprecedented cinematic CGI samar dabi'u, movie -like gabatar, orchestral music, kuma m saje da gameplay da tsauri cinematic camerawork Yaƙin tallansa mai tsada shima ba a taɓa ganin irin sa ba don wasan bidiyo, tare da haɗin gwiwar samarwa da tallan tallan da aka kiyasta ya zama Bayanin kasafin kudin samarwarsa ya wuce na Sega AM2 's Shenmue (1999) wanda aka kiyasta ya kashe Ta ƙarni na bakwai na kayan wasan bidiyo (a ƙarshen shekara ta 2000s) ci gaban wasan AAA akan Xbox 360 ko PlayStation 3 consoles game yawanci ana kashewa a cikin ƙananan dubun miliyoyin daloli 15m zuwa 20m) don sabon wasa, tare da wasu jerin abubuwan. samun maɗaukakin kasafin kuɗi mafi girma alal misali Halo 3 an kiyasta cewa yana da farashin ci gaba na 30m, da kasafin tallan 40m. A cewar wani whitepaper buga for EA wasanni (Dan Lido Turai) na bakwai tsara ga wani ƙanƙancewa a cikin yawan video wasan tasowa gidaje da samar da AAA matakin lakabi, Munã rage daga kimanin 125 zuwa kusa da 25, amma tare da wani wajen m fourfold karuwa a yawan ma'aikata da ake buƙata don haɓaka wasan. Takaddun Triple-A da aka samar a ƙarshen shekara ta 1990s da farkon shekara ta 2000s sun kawo sauyi zuwa ƙarin wasannin da ke haifar da labarai waɗanda suka haɗa abubuwan labarai da wasa. Tallace-tallacen kafofin watsa labarai na farko tun farkon shekaran1990 ya kawo abubuwa kamar cutcenes, kuma ci gaban da aka samu a cikin zane- zanen 3D na ainihi a tsakiyar shekaran 1990 ya ci gaba da fitar da sabbin hanyoyin gabatar da labarai; duka abubuwan an haɗa su cikin Final Fantasy VII Tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi, masu haɓakawa sun sami damar samun sabbin hanyoyin haɓaka don gabatar da labari azaman ɓangaren kai tsaye na wasan kwaikwayo maimakon shiga cikin abubuwan da aka riga aka yi, tare da Half-Life ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan sabbin wasannin labarai don kusan kawar da yanke-yanke don fifita hanyoyin labarai na mu'amala. A lokacin ƙarni na bakwai, wasannin AAA (ko “blockbuster”) sun yi tallace-tallace a irin wannan matakin zuwa manyan fina-finai, tare da talabijin, allon talla da tallan jarida; Hakanan ana ganin dogaro mai ɗorewa akan jerin abubuwa, sake kunnawa, da kuma irin IP ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi, don rage haɗarin. Kudin da aka kashe a ƙarshen ƙarni ya haura ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli ƙimar da aka kiyasta na Babban Sata Auto V kusan 265m. Hakanan yanayin ya haifar da haɓaka yanayin wasan indie a ƙarshen ƙarshen bakan ci gaba, inda ƙananan farashi ya ba da damar ƙira da ɗaukar haɗari. A kusan lokacin sauyawa daga ƙarni na bakwai zuwa na ƙarfafawa, wasu sun ɗauki farashin haɓaka AAA a matsayin barazana ga zaman lafiyar masana'antar. Ma'aikata da farashi don wasannin ƙarni na takwas sun ƙaru; a Ubisoft, haɓaka wasan AAA ya ƙunshi mutane 400 zuwa 600 don buɗe wasannin duniya, rarrabuwa a wurare da yawa da ƙasashe. Rashin nasarar wasa guda don biyan kuɗin samarwa na iya haifar da gazawar ɗakin studio Iyayen Activision sun rufe Radical Entertainment duk da siyar da kimanin raka'a miliyan 1 akan na'ura wasan bidiyo a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan sakin. Wasannin Triple-A kuma sun fara rasa keɓancewa da sabon abu; wani yanayi na yau da kullun shine kewayon masu harbi na "launin toka mai launin toka" wanda ya jawo shaharar Medal of Honor da Call of Duty jerin amma bai yi kaɗan ba don haɓaka haɓaka wasan. Daraktan wasan Ubisoft Alex Hutchinson ya bayyana samfurin ikon amfani da ikon mallakar AAA a matsayin mai cutarwa, yana mai cewa yana tunanin hakan ya haifar da ko dai ƙungiyar mayar da hankali -samfuran da aka gwada da nufin haɓaka riba, da/ko turawa zuwa ga mafi girman amincin zane da tasiri a farashi mai zurfi ko wasa. Ƙuntataccen haɗarin haɗari a fagen AAA da tsayar da sabbin dabarun wasan ya haifar da haɓakar wasannin indie a farkon shekara ta 2010, waɗanda ake ganin sun fi gwaji. Wannan kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kasuwar "AA" a cikin masana'antar, manyan ɗakunan studio waɗanda ba su kan sikelin masu haɓaka AAA ba amma suna da ƙarin ƙwarewa, kuɗi, da sauran abubuwan da za su sa su bambanta da ƙaramin ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ɗakunan studio na indie. Sharuɗɗan da ke da alaƙa AAA+ NA cikin amfani gabaɗaya, kalmar AAA+ Triple-A-Plus na iya nufin wani juzu'i na wasannin AAA waɗanda suka fi siyarwa ko suna da ƙimar samarwa mafi girma. Koyaya, akwai aƙalla ma'anoni guda biyu na musamman. Na farko ya bayyana wasannin AAA tare da ƙarin hanyoyin samar da kudaden shiga, gabaɗaya ta hanyar siye ban da farashin wasan gindi. Sha'awar riba ya sa wallafa a look at madadin kudaden shiga model, inda 'yan wasa ci gaba da ba da gudummawa kudaden shiga bayan da farko saya ba, ko dai ta hanyar premium model, DLC, online kafa, da kuma sauran siffofin biyan. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010s manyan masu shela sun fara mai da hankali kan wasannin da aka ƙera don samun dogon wutsiya dangane da samun kuɗi daga masu amfani da mutum, kwatankwacin yadda wasannin MMO ke samar da kuɗi waɗannan sun haɗa da waɗanda ke da faɗaɗawa ko abubuwan wucewa na yanayi kamar su Kaddara, Filin Yaƙi, da jerin Kira na Layi da waɗanda ke haifar da kudaden shiga daga siyar da abubuwan cikin-wasa, wani lokacin kayan kwalliya kawai, kamar Overwatch ko League of Legends Wani lokaci ana kiran taken wannan nau'in a matsayin "AAA+". A cikin shekara ta 2016, Gameindustry.biz ya bayyana wasannin AAA+ a matsayin samfuran da ke "haɗa ƙimar samarwa na AAA da kayan kwalliya tare da Software azaman Sabis (SaaS) don ci gaba da kasancewa 'yan wasa cikin watanni ko ma shekaru". AA (Biyu-A) Wasannin "AA" ko Double-A wasannin bidiyo ne na tsakiyar kasuwa waɗanda galibi suna da wani nau'in ci gaban ƙwararru kodayake yawanci a waje da manyan ɗakunan shirye-shirye na farko na manyan masu haɓakawa; waɗannan na iya kasancewa daga manyan ƙungiyoyin masu haɓaka indie ban da manyan ɗakunan da ba indie ba. Doubleauki biyu-A suna ɗaukar nauyin mutane 50 zuwa 100 a girma. Studio mai haɓaka biyu-A yawanci mai tallafawa zai goyi bayansa amma ba ainihin ɓangaren wannan mai bugawa ba, don haka yana da ɗan ƙarin 'yanci don ƙira da gwaji idan aka kwatanta da ɗakunan studio-A guda uku, kodayake har yanzu za a ƙuntata shi ta takamaiman maƙasudi masu iyakance haɗari da manufofi daga tushen kuɗin su. Wasannin Biyu-A kan yi farashi idan aka kwatanta da (har zuwa shekara ta 2021) ana ƙimar wasannin sau uku-A a. Misalan wasannin da ake ganin sunaye biyu-A sun haɗa da Filin Wasan PlayerUnknown, DayZ (babban wasa a cikin nau'in wasan tsira da Tsakanin Mu An yi amfani da III Triple-I don nufin wasannin da aka ba da kuɗi ("indie") da suka dace da matakin inganci kwatankwacinsu a filin su; watau, wasannin indie waɗanda ke da babban kasafin kuɗi, iyaka, da buri; sau da yawa ƙungiyar haɓakawa ta haɗa da ma'aikatan da ke da ƙwarewar aiki akan cikakkun taken AAA. Misalan wasannin III sun haɗa da Magabata: The Adamkind Odyssey, Hellblade: Hadayar Senua, da Shaidu AAAA Farawa daga shekara ta 2020 har zuwa ƙaddamar da PS5 da Xbox Series X, ɗakunan studio guda biyu sun fara amfani da kalmar AAAA Quadruple-A don bayyana wasannin da ke zuwa a cikin ci gaba. Studio ɗin Microsoft, The Initiative, yana aiki akan taken sa na farko da ba a sanar da shi ba don Xbox wanda aka bayyana kansa a matsayin wasan AAAA, yayin da Ubisoft ya sanar da Beyond Good and Evil 2 da Skull & Kasusuwa duka wasannin AAAA ne. Duk da sanarwar, babu wata ma'anar da aka amince da ita don kalmar AAAA ko abin da ta ƙunsa. Olivia Harris na ScreenRant ya lura a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2020 cewa "[t] lokacin AAAA yana yawo a cikin 'yan watannin nan akan layi, amma masana'antar wasan ba ta karɓe shi ba," ya kara da cewa "abin da sunan AAAA har ma yana nufin shine har yanzu ba a sani ba, saboda har yanzu babu abin da zai hau sama da ikon taken AAA. Tare da ƙarni na gaba na masu ta'azantar da sakewa daga baya a wannan shekarar, wataƙila wannan sabon matakin fasaha zai haifar da sabon wasan wasanni fiye da matsayin masana'antar kamar yadda yake a halin yanzu, ko kuma wataƙila ita ce sabuwar ƙaƙƙarfan kuzarin da aka haɗa har zuwa Taimaka wasannin su fice a fagen gasa mai ban mamaki. Sauran sharuddan Masana'antar wasan bidiyo na wasan bidiyo ba ta da kwatankwacin fim ɗin B, wanda aka yi don TV, ko yanayin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo. Koyaya, taken kamar Mutuwar Tsara da Binary Domain an yiwa lakabi da "Wasannin B" saboda haɓaka bin al'adun gargajiya ko kuma samun babban yabo mai mahimmanci duk da lamuran da aka amince da su, tare da masu sukar sau da yawa suna lura cewa irin wannan burin na wasan a fuskar iyakokin kasafin kuɗi yana ƙara ga fara'a na wasan (halin da aka saba da shi tsakanin fina -finan B) Wasanni irin wannan su ne banda kuma, lokacin da ba a karɓe su sosai ba, galibi ana kiransu lakabin "ciniki mai ciniki Hakanan an yi amfani da kalmar shovelware don bayyana wasannin da aka yi da sauri ba tare da kulawa sosai ga ingancin samfurin don yin siyar da sauƙi ga masu siye ba, a matsayin kwatancen kayan shebur a kan tari. Haɗin wasan bidiyo mai lasisi don fina-finai galibi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin shebur, alal misali. Duba kuma Nintendo Seal of Quality Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed
30288	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazka	Kazka	Kazka (mai salo a duk iyakoki; Ukraine, transl. Tatsuniyar gizo ƙungiya ce ta Ukrainian wacce ke yin pop tare da abubuwan jama'a na lantarki Tun lokacin da aka kirkiro shi a shekarar 2017, mawaƙin Oleksandra Zaritska, dan wasan sopilka Dmytro Mazuriak da Multi-instrumentalist Mykyta Budash sun zama "nasara na shekara". Mai gabatarwa kum manajan kungiyar shine Yuriy Nikitin da kamfanin Mamamusic. Tarihi Kazka ya fito a ranar 1 ga Maris, din shekarar 2017, tare da fitowarsu na farko da aka saki "Sviata" transl. Mai Tsarki wanda nan da nan ya zama abin bugawa a Ukraine. Da farko, band kunshi vocalist Oleksandra Zaritska da Multi-instrumentalist Nikita Budash (guitar, keyboard), wanda kuma aiki a kan tsari da kuma sauti injiniya "Sviata" kuma shine bidiyon farko na ƙungiyar. Serhii Tkachenko ya jagoranci bidiyon, wanda shine aikin ɗan ƙaramin aiki a cikin inuwa ja, wanda ke nuna membobin ƙungiyar da adadin tsoffin alamomin Slavic Dazhbog, Star of the Virgin Lada, Zervan, Koliada, Star of Hereest, Bilobog da sauransu). Shiga cikin X-Factor A cikin shekara ta 2017, ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen Ukraine na X-Factor 8 tare da waƙar su "Sviata". Andrii Danylko shi ne jagoran ƙungiyar. Bayan sakamakon zaben mai kallo, kungiyar ta bar shirin a kashi na 5. Dama bayan barin wasan kwaikwayon, Kazka ya saki na biyu "Dyva" transl. Mu'ujiza wanda a ranar da aka fara shi ya mamaye ginshiƙi na iTunes A ƙarshen shekara, an kuma sanya wa ƙungiyar lakabi "Best Debut of the Year" ta mujallar kan layi ta Karabas Live. A farkon shekarar 2018, Dmytro Mazuryak, wanda ke buga sama da 30, ya shiga ƙungiyar. A ranar 6 ga Janairu, an san cewa ƙungiyar za ta shiga cikin zaɓi na ƙasa don Gasar Waƙar Eurovision A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, Kazka ya yi a farkon wasan kusa da na karshe na zaɓi tare da waƙar "Dyva". Sakamakon zaben da masu kallo da alkalan kotun suka fitar, Kazka ya zo na shida kuma ya kasa kai wa wasan karshe. Karma A ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 2018, albam ɗin ƙungiyar ya fara fitowa Karma an fitar da su akan layi. Kundin yana da waƙoƙi goma, uku daga cikinsu an fitar da su a baya: "Sviata", "Dyva", "Sama" transl. Shi kaɗai "Movchaty" transl. Don Ci gaba da Natsuwa (rufin waƙar Skryabin da Iryna Bilyk da sabbin waƙoƙi guda shida. Ƙungiyar ta gabatar da kundin waƙar kai tsaye a wasan kwaikwayo na farko na solo a Kyiv 's Atlas Club a ranar 1 ga Yuni. Waƙar "Sviata" guda ɗaya an yi mata suna "Best Pop Band Song" kuma an gane ƙungiyar a matsayin "Mafi kyawun halarta" ta gidan rediyon ƙasa Kraina FM A karon farko har abada, ƙungiyar masu magana da Ukrain ta shiga Global Shazam Top 10. Kazka ya sami cikakken rikodin tsakanin masu fasaha na Ukrainian dangane da adadin ra'ayoyi kuma ya sanya shi zuwa Top 100 mafi kyawun bidiyo akan YouTube An ba wa mawaƙan lambar yabo akai-akai tare da taken "Nasara na Shekara" da kuma, don waƙar "Plakala" transl. Ta yi kuka sun sami lambar yabo ta "Hit of the Year" kuma suna nunawa a cikin ƙimar mafi kyawun waƙoƙin Ukraine bisa ga Apple Music Ƙungiyar ta mamaye jadawalin a ƙasashe da yawa, ciki har da Ukraine, Latvia, Bulgaria, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Rasha, Colombia, da sauransu.A lokacin rani shiga cikin bukukuwan Ukrainian daban-daban kamar BeLive a Kyiv, Impulse a Kharkiv, da MRPL City a Mariupol A cikin kaka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da yawon shakatawa na Karma na ƙasa don tallafawa kundin. Drummer Ievhen Kostyts da wasu mawakan mawaƙa guda uku (Vasylyna Tkachuk, Daryna Salii da Yaryna Sizyk) sun haɗu da su a wannan rangadin. A cikin hunturu 2018 ƙungiyar ta sanar da balaguron zuwa Amurka da Turai a cikin shekarar 2019. "Plakala" Ƙungiyar ta sami nasara da "Plakala", wanda ya buga rikodin biyu tsakanin waƙoƙi a cikin CIS Kazka ya zama rukuni na farko daga CIS don zama matsayi na 8th a cikin dukkan nau'o'i kuma na 3rd a cikin nau'in pop na duniya na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan duniya Top 10 Global Shazam Kazka ya zama cikakken mai rikodin rikodi a cikin masu fasahar Ukrainian a cikin adadin ra'ayoyi kuma yana cikin Top 100 mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa akan YouTube Bidiyon kiɗan "Plakala" ya zama bidiyon yaren Yukren na farko don samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 200 akan YouTube. Ya zuwa yanzu an duba shi sama da sau miliyan 204 don haka ya zama mafi kyan gani a Ukraine a cikin shekarar 2018. Kazka ya sami lambar yabo ta "Hit of the Year" bisa ga M1 Music Awards kuma an ambace shi a cikin ƙimar kiɗan Apple na mafi mashahuri waƙoƙi a Ukraine. Boris Barabanov, ya taƙaita sakamakon shekara ta 2018, ya kira waƙar "Plakala" ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙin 16 na shekarar da ta gabata. Ya yi nuni da cewa wakar ta zama waka mafi shahara a gidajen rediyon kasar Rasha, kuma wannan ita ce wakar harshen Ukraine ta farko a cikin shekaru masu yawa, wadda ta kai kololuwar tsarin kasar Rasha. Nirvana A cikin Afrilun shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar ta sanar a shafin ta na Facebook cewa tana aiki akan kundi na biyu. Kundin yana mai taken Nirvana An fitar da kundin a watan Disamban shekarar 2019. "Apart" da Vidbir 2019 A cikin shekarar 2019, ƙungiyar ta yi gasa a cikin Vidbir 2019 don gwadawa a matsayin wakilan Ukraine a gasar Eurovision Song Contest 2019 A zagaye na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, sun kare a matsayi na 2 kuma sun cancanci zuwa wasan karshe. Wasan karshe ya gudana ne a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2019. Sun kare a matsayi na 3. Bayan wanda ya yi nasara da wanda ya zo na biyu ya ki amincewa da tayin da gidan rediyon ya yi na wakiltar Ukraine a gasar Eurovision, Kazka ma ya ki amincewa da tayin nasu. Svit A ranar 5 ga Nuwamban shekarata 2021, ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundi na uku na studiyo Svit Yan kungiyar Oleksandra Zaritska jagora vocals Mykyta Budash keyboards, guitar Dmytro Mazuriak kayan aikin iska (2018-present) Wakoki Albam na Studiyo Singles Haɗin kai 2019 Tua feat. KAZKA "Bedingungslos" 2019 KAZKA Plakala [R3HAB Remix] 2019 KAZKA CRY [tare da R3HAB] Duba kuma Pop music a Ukraine Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography a Kazka official site Oleksandra Zaritska a IMDb Kungiyoyin mawaka a Ukraine K Kungiyoyin waka na Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
31329	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Witness	Global Witness	Global Witness wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa da aka kafa a cikin 1993 wacce ke aiki don karya alakar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, rikici, talauci, cin hanci da rashawa, da take hakkin dan Adam a duk duniya. Kungiyar tana da ofisoshi a London da Washington, DC Global Witness ta bayyana cewa ba ta da wata alaka ta siyasa. Gillian Caldwell ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin babban darekta a watan Yuli 2015 kuma an nada Mark Stephens Shugabanci a cikin Maris 2016. A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Mike Davis ya zama Shugaba na Global Witness. Binciken da Global Witness ta yi a watan Afrilun 2014 ya nuna cewa an kashe kusan sau uku fiye da adadin masu kare muhalli da aka kashe a 2012 fiye da shekaru 10 da suka gabata. Global Witness ta ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 147 a cikin 2012, idan aka kwatanta da 51 a 2002. A Brazil, an kashe masu fafutuka 448 masu kare albarkatun kasa tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2013, a Honduras 109, Peru 58, Philippines 67, da Thailand 16. Yawancin wadanda ke fuskantar barazana, talakawa ne da ke adawa da kwace filaye, ayyukan hakar ma'adanai da kuma cinikin katako na masana'antu, wadanda galibi ana tilasta musu barin gidajensu kuma suna fuskantar barazanar lalata muhalli. An kashe wasu kuma saboda zanga-zangar da ake yi kan madatsun ruwa na ruwa da gurbatar yanayi da kuma kare namun daji. A shekara ta 2019, Shaidun Duniya sun rubuta irin waɗannan mutuwar guda 212 a cikin shekara. Bayanan martaba Global Witness ta bayyana cewa manufofinta ita ce fallasa cin hanci da rashawa na albarkatun ƙasa da tsarin kasuwanci na ƙasa da ƙasa, don fitar da yakin da ke kawo karshen rashin adalci, rikice-rikicen da ke da alaka da albarkatu, da haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafin muhalli. Kungiyar ta binciko yadda lu'u-lu'u da sauran albarkatun kasa za su iya samar da kudade ko kuma rura wutar cin hanci da rashawa. Tana gudanar da bincike a kan yadda wasu mutane na musamman da kamfanoni na kasuwanci ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan da suka shafi haramtacciyar dazuzzuka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da cin hanci da rashawa a masana'antar mai, iskar gas da ma'adinai. Hanyar Shaida ta Duniya ta haɗu da bincike na bincike, buga rahotanni da kuma gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe. Ana yaɗa rahotanni zuwa ga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. An yi niyya ne don tsara manufofin duniya da canza tunanin ƙasa da ƙasa game da hakowa da cinikin albarkatun ƙasa da tasirin da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin dorewa zai iya haifar da ci gaba, 'yancin ɗan adam da kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tattalin arziki Aiyuka Global Witness ta yi aiki a kan lu'u-lu'u, mai, katako, koko, gas, zinariya da sauran ma'adanai. Ta gudanar da bincike da nazarin shari'a a Cambodia, Angola, Laberiya, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kazakhstan, Burma, Indonesia, Zimbabwe, Turkmenistan da Ivory Coast Har ila yau, ya taimaka wajen kafa manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa irin su Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Tsarin Kimberley, da Buga Abin da Ka Biya haɗin gwiwa. (Shaidan Duniya ya janye daga Tsarin Kimberley a 2011, yana mai cewa ba ya aiki.) Kamfen na farko na ƙungiyar ya haɗa da yin aiki da cinikin katako na haramtacciyar hanya tsakanin Cambodia da Tailandia wanda ke ba da tallafin ƴan ta'addar Khmer Rouge Global Witness ta yi gardamar cewa ana iya amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, kuma an yi amfani da su, don tallafawa sojoji da ƴan bindigar da ke kisan kai, fyaɗe, da sauran cin zarafin ɗan adam akan farar hula. Ya ce "ana iya amfani da albarkatun kasa don yin shawarwari da wanzar da zaman lafiya" kuma "zai iya zama mabuɗin kawo ƙarshen talaucin Afirka". Kambodiya Kamfen na farko na Witness na Duniya shine a Cambodia a cikin shekarun 1990 inda Khmer Rouge ke safarar katako zuwa Thailand. Jaridar Observer ta danganta dakatarwar da “cikakkiyar rahoton da Global Witness ta yi”. Bayan wani rahoto da ke alaƙanta dangin Firayim Minista Hun Sen da wasu manyan jami'an gwamnati, an nakalto dan uwan Firayim Minista Hun Neng, wanda shi ma gwamnan lardin ne a wata jaridar Cambodia yana cewa idan wani daga Global Witness ya koma Cambodia, zai "ku buge su har sai kawunansu ya karye." A cikin 2009, Global Witness ta fitar da Ƙasa don Siyarwa, rahoto kan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rabon lasisin albarkatun ƙasa na Cambodia. A cikin 2010 rahoton, Shifting Sand, an buga shi. Ya bincika yashi don fitarwa zuwa Singapore. Rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa, fitattun ƴan majalisar dattawan Cambodia biyu ne suka mamaye cinikin. Lu'u-lu'u na jini A cikin 1998 Global Witness ta fitar da rahoton, A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict, yana bayyana irin rawar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na duniya ke takawa wajen bayar da tallafi ga yakin basasar Angola Saliyo A matsayin wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na yaƙi da lu'u-lu'u masu rikici, Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Tsarin Shaida ta Kimberley (KCPS). An kafa tsarin ba da takardar shaida na gwamnatocin duniya don dakatar da cinikin lu'u-lu'u na jini, wanda ke buƙatar gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa jigilar lu'u-lu'u ba ta da rikici. Kamar sauran ƙasashe na kudu da hamadar Sahara (SSA), Saliyo na da albarkatun mai da ma'adinai a cikin rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa, yawan talauci, da rikice-rikice. Ƙarƙashin yunƙurin ƴan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin Charles Taylor, wanda ya mamaye masana'antar lu'u-lu'u, ana cinikin lu'u-lu'u don bindigogi tare da Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Wannan ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ita kaɗai ta sami kuɗin da ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 125. A shekara ta 1998, Global Witness ta ce lu’u-lu’u ne ke haddasa waɗannan rikice-rikice. Sakamakon binciken da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2000, an tabbatar da cewa ana safarar duwatsun daga gabashin Saliyo ta Laberiya, daga baya kuma zuwa kasuwannin duniya. Ɗinkin Duniya ta sanya takunkumi kan lu'u-lu'u na Laberiya a cikin Maris 2001. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2000, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da wani kuduri a Antwerp don ƙarfafa ikon masana'antar lu'u-lu'u na toshe tallace-tallacen lu'u-lu'u masu rikici. Bayan haka, tare da karuwar matsin lamba na duniya daga Global Witness da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, an gudanar da tarurruka tare da kasashe masu samar da lu'u-lu'u sama da shekaru uku, wanda aka kammala a kafa tsarin tabbatar da lu'u-lu'u na duniya a watan Janairu 2003. Tsarin ba da takardar shaida kan fitarwa da shigo da lu'u-lu'u, wanda aka fi sani da KCPS, an kira shi da kudurin, inda ya kafa doka a dukkan kasashe na karbar jigilar lu'u-lu'u kawai da aka rufe a hukumance tare da takardar shaidar KP da ke ba da tabbacin cewa ba su da rikici. Duk wanda aka samu yana safarar lu'u-lu'u masu rikici za a tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka, yayin da kuma za a sanya takunkumi kan mutanen da aka samu suna cinikin wadannan duwatsun daga barayin lu'u-lu'u a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Diamond Bourses. Tsarin Kimberley (KP) a Saliyo ya kasance mai inganci wajen iyakance kwararar lu'ulu'u masu rikici. Mafi mahimmanci, KP ya taimaka wajen maido da zaman lafiya da tsaro a cikin rayuwar wadannan mutane, kuma, ta hanyar samar da kwanciyar hankali a cikin wadannan yanayi, ya sa su ci gaba. An yi nasara wajen isar da lu'u-lu'u masu yawa zuwa kasuwannin duniya, da haɓaka kudaden shiga na gwamnati, da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin ci gaba. A cikin 2006, an fitar da lu'u-lu'u kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 125 bisa doka daga Saliyo, idan aka kwatanta da kusan babu guda a cikin shekarun 1990. Duk da nasarar da ya samu, bayan shekaru tara, a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2011, Global Witness ta sanar da cewa ta fice daga KP, inda ta bayyana cewa ba a gyara manyan kurakuran shirin ba yayin da gwamnatoci suka daina nuna sha'awar yin garambawul. Mai, gas, da ma'adinai Ƙididdiga ta Duniya don samun ƙarin fahimi a ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai. Memba ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Buga Abin da kuke Biyan (PWYP), wanda ke ba da shawarar "bayyana wajabcin biyan kuɗin kamfani da kuɗaɗen shiga na gwamnati daga ɓangaren mai, iskar gas, da ma'adinai". Sama da ƙungiyoyin jama'a 300 a duniya memba ne na PWYP. Sauran waɗanda suka kafa PWYP sun hada da CAFOD, Oxfam, Save the Children UK, Transparency International UK, da George Soros, Shugaban Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a. Global Witness ta taimaka wajen kafa Initiative Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), wanda Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Tony Blair ya sanar a lokacin taron koli na duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa a Johannesburg a watan Satumba 2002 kuma Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi a watan Disamba 2003. EITI sakamakon ƙoƙarin masu fafutukar PWYP ne. Yanzu haka ana tallafa mata da mafi yawan kamfanonin mai, haƙar ma'adinai da iskar gas da masu saka hannun jari na hukumomi, jimillar dalar Amurka tiriliyan 8.3. Global Witness memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya ta EITI kuma tana zaune a kan hukumar EITI. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Global Witness tana aiki kan batutuwa da dama a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC). Sashin gidan yanar gizon su na DRC ya karanta cewa, "'Yan siyasa, sojoji da ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun wawashe dukiyar kasa tare da yin amfani da ita wajen wadatar da kansu wajen cutar da jama'a." Global Witness ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da su dakatar da cinikin ma'adanai da ke ruruta wutar yaƙi a gabashin Kongo. Global Witness ta bayyana albarkatun rikice-rikice a matsayin "albarkatun dabi'a waɗanda cin zarafi da cinikayya a cikin wani yanayi na rikici suna ba da gudummawa, amfana daga ko haifar da aiwatar da manyan take hakki na bil'adama, take haƙƙin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa ko kuma cin zarafi da ya kai ga laifuka ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa." Dazuzzuka Global Witness ta yi ayyuka da yawa a kan gandun daji. Ta fitar da rahotanni kan yadda katako ya taimaka wajen samar da kudaden yakin basasa a Laberiya da kuma duba yadda ake fasa kwaurin katako daga Burma zuwa China. A baya-bayan nan ne dai Global Witness ta kaddamar da shari'ar kotu a kasar Faransa kan kamfanin DLH da suka yi zargin sayan katako daga wasu kamfanonin ƙasar Laberiya a lokacin yakin basasa tsakanin shekara ta 2001-2003, inda ta ke bayar da goyon baya ga gwamnatin Charles Taylor. Global Witness ta kwatanta dazuzzuka a matsayin "matsayi na ƙarshe a kan sauyin yanayi", tare da sare itatuwa ya kai kashi 18 cikin ɗari na jimillar hayaƙin carbon dioxide na duniya. Dangane da kokarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na kulla yarjejeniya kan Rage hayaki mai guba daga saran gandun daji da lalata gandun daji (REDD) Global Witness ta ce: "REDD na da matukar hadari ga gandun daji da kuma al'ummomin cikin gida kuma za ta yi nasara ne kawai idan ƙungiyoyin farar hula sun tsunduma a matsayin mai zaman kanta mai sa ido don tabbatar da hakan. ana amfani da kudin ne bisa dokokin kasa da ƙa'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa." Global Witness ta soki tsarin da Bankin Duniya ya amince da shi na karfafa aikin noman noma na masana'antu a matsayin hanyar bunkasar tattalin arziki a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda a cewarta, an sha nuna gazawa. Madadin haka, Global Witness tana ba da shawarar dabarun gudanarwa waɗanda ke amfanar al'ummomin da suka dogara da gandun daji, ƙasashensu na asali, muhalli, kuma suna ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin "kadara ta duniya". Kwanan nan Kamfanonin da ba a san su ba Global Witness na ƙalubalanta a kan kamfanoni da ba a san su ba da kuma don rajistar mallakar fa'ida Kamfanoni da ba a san su ba al'adar kasuwanci ce ta doka amma ana iya amfani da su don dalilai kamar su halatta kuɗaɗen haram, ba da tallafin ta'addanci, ko guje wa haraji. Bankuna A shekara ta 2009 Global Witness ta ƙaddamar da wani kamfen kan rawar da bankuna ke takawa wajen magance cin hanci da rashawa. Rahotonta, Undue Diligence, ya bayyana sunayen wasu manyan bankunan da suka yi kasuwanci tare da gwamnatocin rashawa. Ya kara da cewa, "ta hanyar karbar wadannan kwastomomi, bankuna suna taimaka wa wadanda ke amfani da kadarorin gwamnati wajen arzuta kansu ko kuma musgunawa jama'arsu" kuma "wannan cin hanci da rashawa ya hana talakawan duniya damar fitar da kansu daga kangin talauci da kuma barin su dogaro da kansu. yarda." Shaida ta Duniya tana kan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Taskforce akan Mutuncin Kudi da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, kuma memba ne na BankTrack, da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a ta UNCAC. A cikin Mayu 2009, ma'aikaciyar Global Witness, Anthea Lawson, ta ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Sabis na Kuɗi na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan "Asara Babban Ƙasa, Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Rawar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Yamma". A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga The Guardian mai kwanan wata 9 ga Fabrairu 2010, Ms Lawson ta zargi bankunan Burtaniya da "sun nuna hadin kai" a cikin cin hanci da rashawa. Sudan Global Witness ta yi kamfen na tabbatar da gaskiya a masana'antar mai na Sudan. Global Witness ta buga Fueling Mistrust a watan Yunin 2009, wani rahoto da ke nuna bambance-bambancen da ya kai kashi 26 cikin 100 tsakanin alƙaluman da gwamnatin Sudan ta wallafa da na babban kamfanin mai da ke aiki a yankin, CNPC ya wallafa. Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin arewaci da kudanci ta yi tanadi kan yarjejeniyar raba kuɗaɗen shigar da ake samu daga man fetur. Lu'u-lu'u na Zimbabwe A watan Yuni na 2010, Global Witness ta soki Zimbabwe saboda manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka yi a filayen Lu'u-lu'u na Marange. Ta buga wani rahoto na Return of the Blood Diamond wanda ya soki tsarin tabbatar da tsarin Kimberley saboda rashin mayar da martani mai inganci ga rikicin Zimbabwe. A cikin Yuli 2010 Tendai Midzi, yana rubutawa a cikin The Zimbabwe Guardian, ya zargi Global Witness da Partnership Africa Canada da kasancewa "amma abin kunya ne na gwamnatocin yammacin da suke wakilta". Malaysia Global Witness ta fallasa cin hanci da rashawa a cinikin filaye a cikin gwamnatin Taib Mahmud, babban ministan jihar Sarawak a Malaysia ta faifan bidiyo mai taken "Cikin Jihar Inuwar Malaysia." Bidiyon ya nuna hotunan tattaunawa da dangin Taib da lauyansu inda wakilan Global Witness suka nuna a matsayin masu son saka hannun jari. 2020: An kashe masu fafutukar kare muhalli 227 a duk duniya A cikin 2019, Global Witness ta rubuta kisan gillar masu fafutukar kare muhalli 212, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama shekara mafi muni tun lokacin da aka fara wannan rikodin, a cikin 2012. Wannan ya haura daga adadin 197 da aka kashe a cikin 2018. 2020 ya ƙara ƙaruwa a lokuta, tare da kashe 227. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Global Witness and Partnership Africa Canada ta kasance tare da Majalisar Wakilan Amurka da ƴan majalisar dattijai suka gabatar da sunayensu don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2003 don aiki kan alakar rikici da lu'u-lu'u a ƙasashen Afirka da dama. Wanda ya ci kyautar Gleitsman Foundation don gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa (2005) Wanda ya ci nasara a Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya Mujallar Manufofin Ƙasashen Waje ga Ƙaddamar da Ra'ayoyin Ci gaba a Kyautar Ayyuka (2007) Wanda ya karɓi Kyautar Allard don Mutuncin Ƙasashen Duniya (2013 Mai Girma Magana) Charmian Gooch, ɗaya daga cikin uku da suka kafa Daraktocin Duniya na Duniya, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ted a cikin 2014. Burin ta shine "mu san su waye suke da iko da kamfanoni, don kada a daina amfani da su ba tare da sunansu ba wajen cin mutuncin jama'a." Bari mu kunna ra'ayi na duniya, mu canza doka, tare da kaddamar da sabon zamani na bude kofa a kasuwanci.' Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Skoll don Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a 2014 Wanda ya lashe kyautar David da Goliath Foundation na Sheila McKechnie Foundation na 2021, don nasarar yaƙin neman zaɓe na dakatar da tallafin biliyoyin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke bayarwa na albarkatun mai a ketare. Adam McGibbon mai fafutukar sheda ta Duniya ne ya haɗa gangamin. Kuɗin shiga Mafi yawan tallafin Shaidu na Duniya suna zuwa ne daga tallafi da gidauniyoyi, gwamnatoci, da ƙungiyoyin agaji suke bayarwa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu amfanar su shine Cibiyar Buɗaɗɗiyar Jama'a, wacce kuma ke ba da tallafin Human Rights Watch. Global Witness kuma yana karɓar kuɗi daga gwamnatocin Norway da na Burtaniya, Gidauniyar Adessium, da Oxfam Novib. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a jaridar The Guardian a shekara ta 2007, Patrick Alley, dtaya daga cikin daraktocin da suka kafa, ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa karbar kudi daga gwamnatoci na iya nuna son kai ga yakin neman zaɓensu: “Kasancewar jagorancin yakin neman zabe, maimakon jagorancin kudade, yana nufin cewa ba a hada da ‘yancin kai namu ba. in ji gardama. "Ma'aikatar ciniki da masana'antu ta taba tambaya ko muna so mu sanya hannu kan wata magana ta sirri. Mun ce ba za mu ɗauki kuɗaɗen a karkashin wadannan sharudda ba. Babu wata gwamnati da ta taɓa ƙoƙarin sanya wani hani." Daga Disamba 2008 zuwa Nuwamba 2009 Kudin shiga na Shaidun Duniya ya kai £3,831,831. A cikin wannan, kusan kashi 61 cikin 100 sun fito ne a matsayin tallafi daga amintattu da gidauniyoyi masu zaman kansu, kashi 33 cikin 100 daga gwamnatoci, kashi uku daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu, sannan kashi uku daga cikin kudaden ruwa na banki da sauran hanyoyin. Global Witness ta ce tana kashe kashi 75 cikin 100 na kudadenta wajen yakin neman zabe, kashi bakwai kan harkokin sadarwa da tara kuɗaɗe, sannan kashi 18 cikin 100 na tallafi da gudanar da mulki. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
8744	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Ibn%20Affan	Usman Ibn Affan	Uthman ibn Affan (larabci: Usman, Osman, Uthman. ya kasan ce yayi rayuwa ne daga shekara ta (577 zuwa 17ga watan Yunin shekara ta 656). An kuma haife shi ne a shekara ta 577 (45 BH) wanda ke garin ɗaif, dake a Saudiya, ya kuma rasu ne a shekara ta 17 ga watan wanda tayi dai dai da (17 Dhūl Al-Qa‘dah 35 AH) (shekara ta 656 (ya rayu tsawon shekaru 77) an birne shi ne a garin Madinah, wanda ake kira Jannatu al-Baqi dake Madinah. Yakasance sirikin Manzon Allah tsira da aminci su tabbata agareshi, wanda ya aura masa 'ya 'ya biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan sa, shine ake kiransa da suna (zunnuraini) wato me ma'abocin Haske 2, Halifan Musulunci na Uku, Ɗaya daga cikin Halifofi shiryayyu, Ɗaya daga cikin Sahabbai Goma 10 waɗanda akaiwa bushara da gidan Aljannah tin a nan gidan Duniya, ɗan zuri'ar Banu Umayyah daga ƙabilar Kurayshawa. Sanda Sayyidina Umar yarasu da shekaru 59/60, Uthmān, yana da shekaru 64/65 a duniya sai ya gaji Umar bin Khaddab bayan rasuwarsa. Uthman ibn Affan Yayi Halifanci daga 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 644 zuwa 17 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 656. Ƙarƙashin jagorancin Uthman, Khalifancin Rashidun ya faɗaɗa zuwa Fars Iran ta yau) a cikin 650, da wasu yankuna na Khorāsān Afganistan a yau) a shekara ta 651. An fara cin Armeniya a cikin 640s. Haka kuma mulkinsa ya yi ta fama da zanga-zanga da tashe -tashen hankula wanda a karshe ya kai ga tayar da makamai da kuma kashe shi Usman bin Affan yarasu ne sanadiyar farmaki da aka afka masa. An samu wasu yan tada kayar baya game da addinin Musulunci tare da kin shugabancin sa. Wanda suka afka masa alhali yana karatun alqurni. Tarihi ya nuna an kashe shi ne akan zalunci wanda hakan yasa aka haura katangar gidansa sannan aka kashe shi. Ali Ibn Abi-Talib ne ya gaje shi bayan rasuwarsa. Matayensa; "Ummu 'Amr; Asma'u bintu Abi Jahal, Ruqayyah bintu Muhammad, Ummu Kulthum bint Muhammad, Fakhitah bintu Ghazwan_ Ummu al-Banin bintu Uyayna, Fatima bintu al-Walid Daughter of Khalid ibn Asid Umm 'Amr Umm Najm bint Jundub Ramla bint Shayba, Bunana Na'ila bint al-Furafisa, Zaynab bintu Hayyan. Bakurayshe (Banu Umayya) Mahainfinsa: Affan ibnu Abi al-'As Mahaifiyarsa: Arwa bintu Kurayz. Uthman ya auri yar Manzon Allah Ruqayyah, kuma bayan ta rasune, Manzon Allah yasake aura masa yar'sa Umm Kulthum. Dukkaninsu sun kasance manyan ya'yan Manzon Allah Muhammad kuma yayye ga Fatimah yar Manzon Allah matar Aliyu bin Abi Dalib, saboda ya aura yayan Manzon Allah biyu ne yasa ake kiransa da Dhū al-Nurayn ("Wanda ya mallaki Haske biyu"). tarihin usman Ibn affhan khalifa na uku bayan wafati monzon allah saw an zabeshi bayan wafati sayyidina Umar r.t bayan ya rasu sai aka zabi sayyidina Ali Ibn abu dalib a tarihin sayyidina usman mutun ne mai imani mai tsoran allah Wanda malanmai sunyi fadi cewa yasamu kyautar aljanna har sau hudu sannan mutun ne mai tsananin kunya allah kabamu ikon fadin gaskiya kuma katsareni daga sharrin mai sharrin dan albarkacin sayidil anbiya ina kaunar rasulallahi da ahali da sahabai nai baki daya da duk Wanda yabi tafarkine ya allah ka tabbatar da mu akan addinin ka na musulumci damu da iyayanmu da kannan mu da iyalan mu da duk Wanda yake musulmi da kuma wadanda basuyi imani ba allah kashiresu albarkacin masu imani daga naku Hassan Salifou ango kunkuzutt Hijira zuwa Madina A cikin 622, Uthman da matarsa, Ruqayya, suna cikin rukuni na uku na musulmi da suka yi hijira zuwa Madina Da isarsa Usman ya zauna tare da Abu Talha bn Thabit kafin ya shige gidan da ya saya ba da jimawa ba. Uthman yana daga cikin hamshakan attajiran Makka, ba ya buqatar taimakon kuxi daga ‘yan’uwansa Ansari, domin ya kawo makudan dukiyar da ya tara masa zuwa Madina. Yawancin Musulmin Madina manoma ne da ba su da sha'awar kasuwanci, kuma Yahudawa sun fi yin ciniki a garin. Uthman ya fahimci cewa akwai babbar dama ta kasuwanci don inganta kasuwanci a tsakanin musulmi, kuma nan da nan ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai ciniki a Madina. Da aiki tukuru da gaskiya, kasuwancinsa ya bunkasa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin attajirai a Madina. Rayuwa a Madina Lokacin da Ali ya auri Fatimah, Usman ya sayi garkuwar Ali akan dirhami dari biyar An ware dari hudu a matsayin mahar sadaki domin auren Fatimah, a bar dari a kan duk wasu abubuwan da aka kashe. Daga baya, Uthman ya mayar wa Ali sulke a matsayin kyautar aure. Yaƙe-yaƙe A cewar RVC Bodley, a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad, Uthman ba wani fitaccen mutumi ba ne, ba a sanya shi ga kowace hukuma ba, kuma ba shi da wani bambanci a kowane yakin da Muhammadu ya yi. A lokacin yakin Badar, Muhammadu ya ba wa Uthman uzuri don kula da Ruqayya bint Muhammad, wadda take fama da rashin lafiya. Uthman ya yi kaurin suna wajen fifita 'yan uwa. Wata hanyar da ya nuna haka ita ce dabi'arsa ta raba ganima a tsakanin 'yan uwansa ba tare da masu fada ba. A lokacin mamayar Hamra al-Asad an kama wani dan leken asirin Makka, Muawiyah bn Al Mugheerah, kani ga Uthman bn Affan. A cewar malamin musulmi Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Uthman ya ba shi mafaka bayan samun izini daga Muhammad, kuma Muhammad ya gaya masa cewa idan aka sake kama shi bayan kwanaki 3 za a kashe shi. Don haka ne aka ba Muawiyah wa’adin kwanaki uku, sannan ya shirya raqumi da guzuri don komawar sa Makka. Uthman ya tafi tare da Muhammad zuwa Hamra-al-Asad, kuma Muawiyah ya wuce gona da iri. Ko da yake ya gudu a lokacin da sojoji suka dawo, Muhammad ya ba da umarnin a bi shi da kashe shi. An aiwatar da umarnin. shekarun Muhammad na karshe A shekara ta 632, shekarar da Muhammadu S.A.W ya rasu, Uthman ya halarci aikin Hajjin bankwana. Uthman kuma ya kasance a wajen taron Ghadir Khumm, inda a cewar majiyoyin Shi'a, yana cikin wadanda suka yi mubaya'a ga Ali Zaman Halifa Abubakar (632-634) Uthman ya kasance yana da alaka ta kud da kud da Abubakar, domin a dalilinsa ne Uthman ya musulunta. Lokacin da aka zabi Abubakar a matsayin halifa, Usman ne farkon wanda ya yi mubaya’a bayan Umar A lokacin yakin Ridda (yakin Ridda), Uthman ya kasance a Madina, yana mai ba Abubakar shawara. Akan mutuwarsa Abubakar ya yi wasiyya da Usman, yana mai cewa Umar ne zai gaje shi. Zaben Uthman Umar, a kan gadon rasuwarsa ya kafa kwamitin mutum shida domin zabar halifa na gaba a tsakaninsu. Wannan kwamiti ya kasance Ali Usman bin Affan Abdurrahman bin Awf Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas Zubayr bin al-Awwam Talha Umar ya ce bayan rasuwarsa kwamitin ya cimma matsaya ta karshe cikin kwanaki uku, sannan halifa na gaba ya yi rantsuwa a rana ta hudu. Idan Talha ya shiga cikin kwamitin a cikin wannan lokaci, zai shiga cikin shawarwarin, amma idan bai koma Madina a cikin wannan lokaci ba, sauran membobin kwamitin za su iya ci gaba da yanke shawara. Abd al-Rahman bin Awf ya janye cancantar nada shi a matsayin halifa domin ya zama mai gudanarwa ya fara aikinsa ta hanyar tattaunawa da kowane memba na kwamitin daban. Ya tambaye su wa za su kada kuri'unsu. Da aka tambayi Ali bai amsa ba. Da aka tambayi Uthman sai ya zabi Ali, Zubairu ya ce ga Ali ko Uthman, Saad ya ce ma Uthman Usman hamshakin attajiri ne wanda ya yi amfani da dukiyarsa wajen tallafa wa Musulunci duk da haka babu wani lokaci kafin halifancinsa da ya nuna wani hali na shugabanci ko kuma ya jagoranci runduna. Amma duk da haka, masu zaɓe sun zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takara ɗaya tilo mai ƙarfi ga Ali kamar yadda shi kaɗai zai iya har ya kai ga abokin hamayyar Ali na kusa da Muhammad. RVC Bodley ya yi imani da cewa bayan kashe Umar Ali ya yi watsi da halifanci kamar yadda ya saba da yin mulki bisa ka’idojin da Abubakar da Umar suka kafa, kuma Usman ya yarda da wadannan sharudda wadanda ya kasa girmama su a lokacin halifancinsa na shekaru goma. Sarautar Halifa (644-656) In about AD 650, Uthman began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd ibn Thabit to use caliph Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Qur'an. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. Yayin da ‘yan Shi’a ke amfani da Alkur’ani daya da Musulmi ‘yan Sunna, amma ba su yi imani da cewa Uthman ne ya fara hada shi ba. ‘Yan Shi’a sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alkur’ani kuma ya hada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Manazarta
42687	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam%20Kamara	Mariam Kamara	Mariam Issoufou Kamara (an haife ta Afrilu 1979, a Saint-Étienne, Faransa) ƴar Nijar ce. Ƙirar ta ta mai da hankali kan buɗe wuraren zama da yin amfani da kayan da ake samar wa a cikin gida ga al'ummomin Afirka: siminti, ƙarfe da aka sake yin fa'ida da ɗanyen ƙasa. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Mariam Issoufou Kamara a shekara ta alif 1979. Burin Kamara na farko shine ta zama injiniyan kwamfuta, inda ta samu digirin farko a jami’ar Purdue a fannin kwamfuta (2001) sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta daga Jami’ar New York (2004). Ta yi aiki a fannin kwamfuta na tsawon shekaru bakwai kafin ta yanke shawarar canza sana'a kuma ta zama mai zane-zane don cika burinta na samartaka. A shekara ta 2013, Kamara ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Washington. Kundin nata, Mobile Loitering, ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi a wuraren jama'a na Nijar. An nuna aikin maigidanta a Triennale di Milano a cikin 2014 a baje kolin Babban Chance Babban Canji na Afirka. Aiki Ta kafa kungiyar gine-ginen united4design (2013) a lokacin da take zaune a Amurka, kuma bayan dawowarta Nijar ta kafa wani kamfanin gine-gine da bincike mai suna Atelier Masomi (2014), wanda ke mayar da hankali kan budaddiyar wuraren zama a cikin gine-ginen gida. Ƙungiyar gine-ginen ƙasa da ƙasa da ke shiga cikin United4design sun yi aiki a kan ayyuka a Amurka, Afghanistan da Nijar. Zane-zane na Kamara sun ƙunshi gine-gine masu siffofi na geometric kuma sun dogara da kayan aiki guda uku da aka samar da su ga al'ummomi da yawa: siminti, ƙarfe da aka sake yin fa'ida da ƙasa. A cikin 2017, ta koyar da karatun birane a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar Brown da ke Rhode Island. A shekara ta 2022, an naɗa Kamara a matsayin cikakkiyar Farfesa na Architecture Heritage da Ɗorewa a ETH Zurich a Switzerland. Manyan ayyuka Yamai 2000 Babban aikinta na farko shine a yamai 2000, rukunin gidaje da aka gina a cikin 2016 kuma an tsara shi tare da haɗin gwiwar Yasaman Esmaili, Elizabeth Golden da Philip Sträter. Aikin yana magance matsalolin sararin samaniya da ke da alaƙa da simintin tsarin gidan ƙuruciyar Kamara da aka gina a Yamai a shekarun 1960. Sakamakon shine sifofi huɗu da aka yi ta hanyar haɗa ƙasa da siminti waɗanda aka haɗa tare. Wani abin lura shi ne benci a gaba wanda ke ba da damar sake dawo da fa'adar gargajiya tarukan gida na abokai da 'yan uwa da ke faruwa akai-akai a sararin da ke tsakanin gida da titi, wanda kuma wurin taro ne na tarihi. Hikma en Dandaji A shekara ta 2018, ta sake yin aiki tare da Yasaman Esmaili don samar da aikin Hikma ("hikima" a cikin Larabci) a Dandaji, wanda ke yankin Tahoua a Nijar. Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar fasahar ginin ƙasa, aikin wani haɗaɗɗen al'adu ne wanda ya haɗa da masallaci, ɗakin karatu da cibiyar al'umma. Ayyukansu sun haɗa nau'ikan ilimi guda biyu "ba tare da saɓani ba, tsakanin ilimin duniya da imani." Ga kowane aiki, shirye-shiryen Kamara shine mabuɗin. Ga kowace irin nasarorin da ta samu, Kamara na gudanar da binciken filin don kara fahimtar tsammanin mazauna nan gaba: ta yaya suke rayuwa kuma ta yaya suke karɓa? Yaya kwanciyar hankali za su kasance, a cikin kwanciyar hankali a al'ada? Me zai basu damar rage zafin cikin gidansu? Aikin Legacy Restored Center don haka yana buƙatar watanni shida na lura. A sakamakon haka, tana ba wa ɗan ƙasa sarari ga duk mazauna ƙauyen Dandaji, inganta ilimin mata da ƙarfafa kasancewarsu a cikin al'umma. Aikin ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu a Lafarge Holcim Awards (2017), gasar mafi girma na gine-gine mai ɗorewa na duniya. Cibiyar Al'adun Yamai Kamara tana aiki tare da masanin gine-ginen Birtaniya na Ghana, David Adjaye, don tsara sabuwar cibiyar al'adu a Yamai. Bët-bi Museum A watan Mayu 2022, alƙalai sun zaɓi Kamara don jagorantar ƙirar sabon gidan kayan tarihi na Bët-bi a Senegal. Gidauniyar Josef da Anni Albers da 'yar uwarta Le Korsa za su tallafa wa aikin, kuma ana shirin buɗe shi a cikin 2025. An samu kyaututtuka 2017: Kyautar LafargeHolcim don ci gaba mai ɗorewa: Lambar azurfa a rukunin Duniya Lambar zinare a rukunin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Afirka 2018: Rolex Mentor da Kyautar Ƙarfafa Arts Initiative wanda ke ba ta damar yin aiki tare da mai zane David Adjaye 2019: Kyautar Yarima Claus a Netherlands Aikin da aka zaɓa Kamara, Mariam. Loitering Mobile: Amsa ga buƙatun sararin samaniya a cikin Nijar bayan mulkin mallaka, yanayin birni mai yawan jinsi Diss. 2014. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hotunan Hikma en Dandaji na Kamara Zane na zanen makarantar mata a Balkh, Afghanistan na Kamara da Yasaman Esmaili Yanar Gizo na Atelier Masomi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1979 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19965	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Adamawa	Masarautar Adamawa	Masarautar Adamawa (German; jihar gargajiya ce da ke Fombina, yankin da yanzu ya dace da yan kunan jihar Adamawa da jihar Taraba a Kasar Najeriya, kuma a baya ma a lardunan Arewa uku na Kamaru (Far North, North, da Adamawa), gami da minorananan sassa na Chadi da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Modibo Adama, kwamandan Sheikh Usman dan Fodio, mutumin da ya fara jihadin Fulani a shekara ta 1809 ne ya kafa ta. An motsa babban birnin sau da yawa har sai da ta zauna a Yola, Nijeriya a gefen Kogin Benuwai a Nijeriya a kusa da shekara ta 1841. A lokacin mutuwar Adama masarautar sa ta game wasu sassan Najeriya ta zamani da kuma Arewacin Kamaru. Yana daga cikin fasaha a zamanin Khalifanci na Sakkwato, kuma dole ne ta jinjina wa shugabannin da ke Sakkwato. Tarihin farko Fula ta fara zama a yankin a cikin karni na 14. Masarautar Adamawa karni na goma sha tara ta kasance a kudu da Tafkin Chadi, da kuma gabashin kasar Hausa, a tsakanin lattoci 6 da 11 na Arewacin, da kuma masu tsawon 10 da 14 na Gabas. Iyakokin waje suna da wuyar daidaitawa dai-dai, saboda yana da wahala a bambance tsakanin mutanen da Fulanin suka yiwa mulkinsu, da kuma wadanda kawai suka afkawa don bayi, ba tare da kafa wata hanyar alaƙa ta gudanarwa ba. Dangane da wasu ƙididdiga, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, bayi sun kasance kusan kashi 50% na yawan Masarautar Adamawa da ke Fulɓe, inda ake kiransu jeyaɓe (jeyado ɗaya). Dangane da yankin da ke karkashin mulkin Fulani, masarautar ta shimfida daga yankunan kudu da jihar Adamawa kusa da Tibati, a Kudu, zuwa Diamare, a arewa, daga gangaren Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara Highlands a yamma, zuwa masarautar Baya, Laka, Mundang da kasar Musgum ta gabas. Masu gudanarwa na Burtaniya na farko da suka kawo rahoto daga Yola, sun sanya yankin na Adamawa tsakanin murabba'in kilomita 35,000 zuwa 40,000 ko tsakanin kilomita 90,650 da 103,600. Sakamakon yarjejeniyoyin Turai a cikin shekara ta 1893 da shekara ta 1894, ana iya samun wasu sassan Masarauta a yau a Chadi, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Najeriya da Kamaru, waɗanda suka riƙe kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na jimlar yankin Masarautar. Tsawon yawancin ƙasar yana kusan sama da matakin teku. Yankin Adamawa da kansa duk da haka, ana kiran shi Lesdi Hossere ta Fulbe, ya tashi zuwa sama da kuma ya samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, daga inda rafukan ruwa ke kwarara zuwa cikin kogin Benuwai, da kuma cikin tafkin Tafkin Chadi. Babban tsaunuka tsakanin 5,000 da 7,000 ft ko tsakanin mita 1,525 zuwa 2,150 sama da matakin teku, ana samunsu zuwa yankin iyakar yamma na masarautar tare da wasu yankuna na Kasar Najeriya da Kamaru, wadannan sune sassan yankin Kamaru-Bamenda-Adamawa-Mandara masu tsaunuka wadanda suke da tsayi kusan sama da matakin teku kusa da bakin teku kuma a hankali yana raguwa arewa, zuwa kusan kusa da Yola, babban birin masarautar. Arewacin Yola, waɗannan tsaunuka na tsaunuka suna ci gaba da tsaunukan Mandara sama da kafin daga baya a zagaye Balma, zuwa cikin tafkin chad. A kudancin yankunan da masarautu ne halin bakin ciki da gandun daji na m Leaved Savannah Woodland ko gona da ciyayi da irin. Kasar ta zama ƙara yawan filayen buɗe ciyawa zuwa arewa. Ciyawar wani abu ne mai matukar tasiri ga mazaunin Fulani a Adamawa, kuma a lokacin jihadi, hakan bai ba da wata babbar matsala ba ga fadada ikon soja bisa doki da doki. Farkon zuwan Fulbe zuwa Adamawa ya fito ne daga kasar Bornu, amma kokarin da Kurt Strümpell, mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Jamus a Garoua (a shekara ta 1906-1910), don sake gina hanyoyin yin hijira daga al'adun gargajiya, ya nuna cewa Fulani da yawa sun shigo Adamawa, ta hanyar kasar Hausa, da kuma kamar kwarin Benue. Waɗannan ƙaura sun koma rukuni ɗaya na dangi ɗaya ko ƙananan kabilu, kuma lambobin sun bambanta sosai, dangane da dalilan ƙaura. Wasu sun yi tafiyar tazara kaɗan, yayin da wasu suka yi haka, a kan tazara mai nisa a cikin ƙarnoni. Manyan dangin Fulani, da suka shigo Adamawa, su ne Mbewe ko Beweji, Ngara'en ko FeroBe, WollarBe, Yillaga, Ba'en, da Kiri'en. Kowane rukuni na da'awar suna da halaye na musamman, amma na kowa ga Fulanin, su ne siffofinsu na zahiri: launin fata mai kyau, hancin ruwa, leɓɓaɓɓen lebe, madaidaicin gashi, da yarensu na Fulfulde, wanda ke nuna su daga yawan mutanen Sudan. mutanen da ke kusa da su. Sarakuna Sarakunan masarautar Adamawa, wadanda suka dauki taken "Baban-Lamido" sune kamar haka: Manazarta Passarge, Adamaua, (Berlin, 1895) Adamawa Encyclopædia Britannica akan layi. 28 ga Agusta, 2005. Masarautu a Nijeriya Sarakuna Sarakunan
8698	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Dan%20Fodiyo	Usman Dan Fodiyo	Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo An haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da hamsin da huɗu, 1754 a garin Marratta, a yankin Agadez, Jamhurriyar Nijar Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da goma sha bakwai, 1817 a cikin garin Sokoto. Sunan Shehun malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da Fodiyo kalmar fullanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu, mahaifiyar sa kuma mai suna malama Maimunatu. Yana da yara sama da ashirin da bakwai da matan da ya aura hudu (ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu Ƴaƴayen sa biyu wadanda aka fi sani sune, ɗan sa namiji mai suna Muhammadu Bello da kuma ƴarsa mai suna Nana Asma'u. Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi ko Shehu. Shine kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Hausa. Tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da musulunci a wajen sama da shekara 400 kafin a haife shi amma a dede wannan lokacin Alummar kasar hausa suna surka addinin musulunci da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin kakaranta littafinsa na Wasikatul Ikhwan. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin Musulunci ne, Marubuci, kuma wanda ya kafa Daular Musulunci cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sakkwato.Ya kasance malamin Fulani, malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shine ya kafa ƙungiyar Khalifancin Sakkwato.. Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin Fulani na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin Sunnah ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato Imam Malik wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar Najeriya. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma Sultan na Sakkwato na farko. A matsayinsa na malamin addinin musulunci kuma mai karantarwa akan Mazhabar Malikiyya ya rayu a garin Gobir har zuwa alif dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu 1802, ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da huɗu 1804 har zuwa alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sha biyu 1812, ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar Fulanin dake zaune a cikin Masarautun Hausa tun daga farkon shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari hudu 1400. A yankin da ke arewacin Najeriya a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar Malikiyya makaranta ta fiƙhu (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci hakana kuma yana bin ɗarikar ƙadiriyya a ɗarikun sufaye. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi addini musulunci, mulki, al'adu, da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta dokokin Shari'a da amfani da haraji mai yawa.. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin mujaddadi mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayin annabawa saboda jahilci. Tashin ci gaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jahadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da sha takwas har zuwa na sha tara. Ya biyo bayan jahadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar alif 1650 zuwa alif 1750, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na Islama. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jahadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. [ana bukatar hujja] Farkon rayuwa An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan Safar a shekarar alif 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne. Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwarsa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban malikiyya ne a fannin ilimi na addini da Fikihu. Ilimi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shaykh Jibril B.Umar, Shaykh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-ammin, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shaykh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa. Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikancin Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani, wanda shine ya samar da ɗarikar Ƙadiriya. Jihadin Fulani Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga Musulunci, da kuma yaƙan sarakunan Haɓe, bayan Sarkin Gobir mai suna Yumfa ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga Musulunci, hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yin hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar alif 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda Abdullahi ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar alif 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin Alƙalawa, wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shine babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin na Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a shekarar alif 1804.(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓa mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto.. Kano Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar Fulani na Daneji. Da yaje Sakkwato ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na Kano mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu Zaria, da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar Fulani suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a Kano, sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekarar alif 1809. Bayan rasuwarsa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo. A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna a Dutsen Dala, Gwauron Dutse, Magwan da Fanisau. Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljana ko gunki mai suna Tsunburbura, Barbushe shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, Barbushe yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai Barbushe ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo Musulunci. Katsina A Katsina kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa Ummarun Dallaje shugaban Fulani a matsayin mariƙin tutar Musulunci kuma sarki. Magaji Halidu shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amsa garin Katsina a gurinshi a shekarar alif 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar alif 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar Haɓe mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da Rumawa, domin ƙwace garin Katsina, inda ya kafa tantinsa a Matazu, amman an yaƙe shi. Daura Sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu sarki ne na Haɓe a shekarar alif 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekarar alif 1805 har zuwa Shekarar alif 1807, sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu ya gudu ya bar Daura saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a Daura. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna Malam Ishi'aku, Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar Hausa, da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar Daura daga hannun Fulani. Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa. Mulki Iyali da dangi Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson Musa Jakolo ne.. An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo (1761-1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (1777-1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka: Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (1793- Nuwamba 1817) da Nana Asma'u (1793-1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta. Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad. An kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar: Muhammad Sa'ad (1777-kafin 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi. Khadija (c.1778-1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta Muhammad Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa (c.1770-1855), babban sakataren Shaykh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa (1803-1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi. Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubaya'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a 1817. Muhammad Buhari (1785-1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sakkwato. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar Tambuwal, kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi Ibrahim Dasuki. Hauwa, wacce aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina Zuhudu. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai: Muhammad Bello (1781-1837), Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami. Abu Bakr Atiku (1783-1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki tsakanin 1837 da 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri. Fatima (1787-1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto Hajjo, wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato. AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki. Shatura, wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin Ahmadu Rufa'i (1812-1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin Silame sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (1867-1873). Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi: Amina Ibrahim Dasuki Hajara Uwar Deji Maryam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Maryam ƴan Shehu malama ce kamar 'yar uwarta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An fara aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekarun 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekarun 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (r. 1881-1892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwanta Sarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (r. 1883-1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yi, ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (1840-1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din Muhammad Muhammad Ahmad. Malam Isa (1817-c.17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shaykh Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yamma. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (1867-1873). Ayyuka Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai. A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.” Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73. Karatu Writings of Usman dan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, (page:233-236) Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u.Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack,eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. Omipidan Teslim Usman Dan Fodiyo (1754–1817) OldNaija Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman dan Fodiyo. Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624 Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774–1804) Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. Usman Muhammad Bugaje. Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland, (1996). Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469–472 Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487 R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. Hugh A.S. Johnston Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966. J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959. 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110). Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, Afro-American History University of Massachusetts. (1986). Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub 2007) F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48. M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies,Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L.Pouwels (eds).The History of Islam in Africa Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. Bunza Bibiliyo Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. ISBN 978-135-166-7 Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. ISBN 978-125-085-2. OCLC 238787986. Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, (1793-1864). Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. ISBN 978-2165-84-0. OCLC 316802318. Staudinger, Paul. (1990). In the heart of the Hausa states. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN 0-89680-160-8. OCLC 21559544. Writings of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, ISBN 978-12858702-43 (page:233-236) Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997. Omipidan Teslim Usman Ɗan Fodiyo (1754-1817) OldNaija Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Ɗan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). ISBN 0-8101-1115-2 Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). ISBN 0-7201-1857-3 Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman ɗan Fodio. Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624 Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987) Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo's Teachings (1774-1804) Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Ɗan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995. Usman Muhammad Bugaje. Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland, (1996). Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978. Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469-472 Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487 R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972. Hugh A.S. Johnston Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. ISBN 0-19-215428-1. S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966. J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959. 'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Ɗan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110). Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-78430-1 Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, Afro-American History. University of Massachusetts. (1986). Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub 2007) ISBN 1-55876-378-3 F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48. M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77). David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000. Bunza Lapidus, Ira M.(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano.Kano Millennium:100 years in History. ISBN: 978-881-0958-6 Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3. OCLC 624196914. ·Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710 ·The Sokoto Caliphate history and legacies, 1804-2004. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366. Diddigin bayanai African Legends SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo WebPulaaku Sokoto Online Arewa House Hadin waje African Legends SIIASI Uthman Dan Fodiyo WebPulaaku Sokoto Online Manazarta Haifaffun 1754 Mutuwan 1817 Mutanen Najeriya Sarakunan Hausawa Sarakuna Sarakunan Sakkwato Hausa Fulani Mutane Marubuta
35042	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Omar%20al-Baghdadi	Abu Omar al-Baghdadi	Hamid Dawud Mohamed Khalil al-Zawi 1959 18 Afrilun shekarar 2010), wanda aka sani da Abu Hamza al-Baghdadi da Abu Omar al-Qurashi al-Baghdadi b oʊ r ku l d i AH -boo OH -mar ahl bahg- DAHD -ee shi ne shugaban kungiyar gwagwarmayar Mujahideen Shura Council da magajinsa, Islamic State of Iraq, wadda ta yaki sojojin Amurka da kuma abokansu na Iraqi a yakin Iraqi Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Abu Omar Hamid Dawud Muhammad Khalil al-Zawi a shekara ta 1959 a kauyen Al-Zawiyah, kusa da Haditha a cikin Al-Anbar Governorate Ya kuma fito daga Quraisha Al-Arajiyah. Ya kuma kammala makarantar ‘yan sanda a Bagadaza kuma ya kuma yi aikin ‘yan sanda a Hadiza. A shekarar 1993, an kore shi daga aikin ‘yan sanda saboda akidar Salafawa. Bayan ya bar aikin ‘yan sanda, ya yi aiki a wani shagon gyaran kayan lantarki kuma ya zama limamin masallacin al-Asaf. Bayan mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Iraki a shekara ta 2003 ya kafa wata karamar kungiyarsa ta masu tayar da kayar baya tare da shiga cikin rikicin Iraki A wani lokaci, an kama shi bayan da sojojin Amurka suka bincike gidansa bisa zarginsa da garkuwa da mayakan Larabawa na kasashen waje. An dauke shi zuwa tashar jirgin saman Al Asad kuma an bincika kwamfutarsa. Ya yi mubaya'a ga Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad bayan ganawa da Abu Muhammad al-Lubnani da Abu Anas al-Shami Ana nan Abu Omar ya tafi ta hanyar kunya 'Abu Mahmud'. Wani sanannen abin da ya faru dangane da Abu Umar shi ne lokacin da yake tafiya daga Hadiza zuwa Bagadaza a mota tare da iyalansa. A gabansa akwai wata motar rakiyar ‘yan bindiga da ke binciken hanyar don duba ko akwai shingayen binciken ababen hawa na Amurka. Bayan motar rakiyar ta tashi, akwai shingen binciken da ya tsaya a kan titin ya tilasta masa shiga cikin birnin Hit domin dubawa. Daya daga cikin masu gadin ne ya bukaci ya nuna masa katin shaida, sannan ya gabatar da katin shaida na Al-Arajiah. Sai sojan ya yi mamaki ya zaci Abu Umar dan shi'a ne Sai ya ce masa, Sayyid ta yaya za ka zo wurin nan, kasancewar wadannan wuraren cike suke da ’yan ta’adda, kuma idan sun san kai sai su kashe ka. Ya ce masa akwai labari daga Hadiza cewa akwai wani babban dan ta’adda da ya bar Hadiza tare da rakiyar iyalansa, kuma ya nufi gabas, kuma dole ne a binciki duk motocin. Bai binciki motar Abu Omar ba, ya shaidawa Amurkawa cewa babu bukatar a bincike shi. Abu Omar aka barshi ya bar shingen binciken. Bayan aikin da ya yi a Anbar, an mayar da shi Bagadaza inda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Shura da Majalisar Shari'ah ta kungiyar. kunyarsa a lokacin shi ne Abu-Marwah. Ya kuma kasance mai kula da harkokin tsaro a lardin Bagadaza na wani dan lokaci. Bayan haka, ya zama gwamnan Diyala na kungiyar. Rikici kan ainihi A cikin watan Yuli na shekarar 2007, kakakin sojojin Amurka Birgediya Janar Kevin Bergner, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Abu Omar al-Baghdadi ba ya wanzu, kuma a zahiri wani tsoho ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Iraqi ne ya karanta duk bayanan nasa na sauti. Wanda ake tsare da shi mai suna Khaled al-Mashhadani, wanda ya ayyana kansa a matsayin mai shiga tsakani ga Osama bin Laden, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al-Baghdadi wani hali ne na almara da aka kirkira don ba da fuskar Iraqi ga wata ƙungiyar da ke karkashin ikon kasashen waje. A cikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, mai magana da yawun wata kungiyar masu tayar da kayar baya, Hamas-Iraq, shi ma ya yi ikirarin cewa al-Baghdadi kage ne da kungiyar Al-Qaeda ta yi don dora fuskar Iraki a kan kungiyarsu. Sai dai daga baya jami'an sojin Amurka sun yi imanin cewa wani kwamanda na gaske ne ya mayar da matsayin al-Baghdadi. Rahoton kama ko mutuwa Ma'aikatar cikin gidan Iraki ta yi ikirarin cewa an kama al-Baghdadi a Bagadaza a ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2007, amma daga baya aka ce wanda ake magana ba shi ba ne. A ranar 3 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2007, ma'aikatar cikin gidan Iraki ta ce sojojin Amurka da na Iraki sun kashe al-Baghdadi a arewacin Bagadaza. A ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2009, AFP ta ruwaito cewa sojojin Iraki sun kama shi, kuma a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu gwamnatin Iraki ta fitar da hotuna don tabbatar da hakan ga masu shakka. Kungiyar Islamic State in Iraq ta musanta wannan da'awar wanda a cewar Cibiyar SITE ta fitar da faifan al-Baghdadi yana musanta ikirarin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Iraqi ta ci gaba da dagewa cewa mutumin da aka kama shi ne Baghdadi, amma an fitar da kaset da sakonni daga Baghdadi a cikin shekarar 2009 da 2010. Mutuwa A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, an kashe al-Baghdadi lokacin da wani harin hadin gwiwa na sojojin Amurka da na Iraki suka kai hari a wani gida kudu maso yammacin Tikrit An kuma kashe ministan yakin ISI Abu Ayyub al-Masri da dan al-Baghdadi a harin tare da kama wasu 16. Firayim Ministan Iraki Nouri al-Maliki ya sanar da kashe al-Baghdadi da al-Masri a wani taron manema labarai a Bagadaza tare da nuna wa manema labarai hotunan gawarwakinsu. "Dakarun kasa ne suka kai harin, wadanda suka kewaye gidan, da kuma ta hanyar amfani da makamai masu linzami", in ji al-Maliki. Al-Maliki ya kara da cewa, "A yayin aikin, an kama kwamfutoci dauke da sakwannin imel da sakonni zuwa ga manyan 'yan ta'adda biyu, Osama bin Laden da [mataimakinsa] Ayman al-Zawahiri Kwamandan sojojin Amurka Gen. Raymond Odierno ya yaba da aikin. "Mutuwar wadannan 'yan ta'adda na iya zama mafi muni ga al-Qaida a Iraki tun farkon tashin hankalin", in ji shi. "Har yanzu da sauran aiki amma wannan wani gagarumin ci gaba ne na kawar da Iraki daga 'yan ta'adda". Mataimakin shugaban kasar Joe Biden ya ce kashe-kashen "mai yiyuwa yin barna" ga kungiyar ta'addanci a can da kuma tabbatar da cewa jami'an tsaron Iraki na samun galaba. A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2010 ne aka wallafa wani bayani mai shafi hudu na kungiyar Da'esh ta kasar Iraki a wani shafin yanar gizo na 'yan ta'adda da safiyar Lahadin da ta gabata ta tabbatar da mutuwar al-Masri da Al-Baghdadi, yana mai cewa: "Bayan doguwar tafiya mai cike da sadaukarwa da yaki da karya da ta wakilai, mahara biyu sun sauka domin shiga kungiyar shahidai,” in ji sanarwar. "Muna shelanta cewa al'ummar musulmi sun rasa biyu daga cikin jagororin jihadi, da biyu daga cikin mutanenta, wadanda ba a san su ba a matsayin jarumai a tafarkin jihadi." Ministan sharia na ISI, Abu al-Walid Abd al-Wahhab al-Mashadani, ya ce shugabannin biyu na halartar wani taro ne a lokacin da sojojin makiya suka fafata da su tare da kai farmaki ta sama kan inda suke. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi ne ya gaje shi, wanda ya zama halifan Daular Musulunci ta Iraki da Levant (ISIL). Duba kuma Afrilu 23, 2009 'Yan kunar bakin wake na Iraki Abu Suleiman al-Nasar Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
14603	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundumomin%20Ghana	Gundumomin Ghana	Gundumomin Ghana ƙananan hukumomi ne na Ghana na ƙasa-da-ƙasa, ƙasa da matakin yanki. Akwai gundumomi 216. Tarihi An sake tsara gundumomin Ghana a cikin 1988/1989 a cikin yunƙurin rarraba gwamnatoci da taimakawa ci gaba. Sauye-sauyen da aka yi a ƙarshen 1980s ya rarraba Yankuna na Ghana zuwa gundumomi 110, inda yakamata majalisun ƙananan hukumomi su yi ma'amala da ƙaramar hukuma. Zuwa 2006, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin gundumomi 28 ta hanyar rarraba wasu asali 110, suna kawo adadinsu zuwa 138. A watan Fabrairun 2008, an sami ƙarin gundumomi kuma wasu an haɓaka su zuwa matsayin birni. Wannan ya kawo adadin ƙarshe zuwa gundumomi 170 na Ghana. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ƙara ƙarin gundumomi 46 tun 28 ga Yuni 2012 wanda ya kawo jimillar gundumomi 216. Nau'in Gundumomi Gundumomi Gundumomin Talakawa suna da mafi ƙarancin adadin mutane dubu saba'in da biyar. Karamar Hukumar Karamar gundumomin birni suna da mafi ƙarancin adadin mutane dubu casa'in da biyar. Babban birni Babban gundumomin birni suna da mafi ƙarancin yawan mutane dubu dari biyu da hamsin. Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa Majalisun Gundumomi Ana gunduma gundumomi da Majalisun Gundumomi, waɗanda Ministan karamar Hukumar ya kafa, kuma suke aiki a matsayin mafi girman ikon siyasa a kowace gunduma. Sun kunshi: Hakimin Gundumar, wanda Shugaban Jamhuriya ya nada mutum daya daga kowane yanki na zabe a cikin gundumar da aka zaba ta hanyar babban zaben manya memba ko memba na majalisar dokoki daga mazabun da suka fada cikin yankin ikon majalisar gundumar sauran mambobin da ba za su wuce kashi talatin cikin dari na yawan mambobin majalisar gundumar da Shugaban kasa ya nada tare da tuntubar shugabannin gargajiya da sauran kungiyoyin masu sha'awar yankin ba. Hakimin Gundumar Shugaban Jamhuriya ne ya nada Babban Hakimin Gundumar kuma yana aiki a matsayin wakili na Gwamnatin Tsakiya a gundumar. Mai ci yanzu yana shugabanci a taron Kwamitin Zartarwa na Majalisar Gundumar, kuma yana da alhakin: ayyukan yau da kullun na zartarwa da ayyukan gudanarwa na Majalisar Gundumar kulawa da sassan majalisar gundumar da Kwamitin Zartarwa Kwamitin zartarwa yana aiwatar da zartarwa da daidaita ayyukan Majalisar Gunduma, kuma yana da mambobi masu zuwa: Hakimin Gundumar, wanda ke matsayin shugaba shugabannin ƙananan kwamitocin masu biyowa na kwamitin zartarwa: Shirye-shiryen ci gaba, Ayyukan zamantakewa Ayyuka Adalci da Tsaro Kudi da Gudanarwa shugaban karamin kwamiti na wucin gadi na kwamitin zartarwa wanda Majalisar Yankin ta zaba duk wasu membobi guda biyu da membobin majalisar gundumar suka zaba, akalla daya daga cikinsu mace ce Shugaban Majalisar Kowace Majalisar Yankin tana zaɓar ɗan Majalisar da ke jagorantar taron, wanda ke yin taro kuma yake jagorantar tarurrukan Majalisar Gundumar. Ayyukan Majalisun Gundumomi A matsayina na gwamnatocin siyasa da mulki a kan gundumomi, babban aikin Majalisun Gundumomi shi ne inganta ci gaban tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Dokar karamar Hukumar ta 2016 kuma ta yi aiki tare da Majalisun Gundumomi don: tsarawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsare, shirye-shirye da dabaru don haɗakarwa da albarkatu masu mahimmanci don ci gaban gundumar gabaɗaya. inganta da tallafawa ayyukan ci gaba da ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma a cikin gundumar da kuma kawar da duk wani cikas ga yunƙuri da ci gaba. daukar nauyin karatun daliban daga gundumar don cike wasu bukatun ma'aikata na gundumar musamman a bangaren ilimi da kiwon lafiya, tabbatar da cewa daukar nauyin ya daidaita kuma ya daidaita tsakanin dalibai maza da mata. fara shirye-shirye don haɓaka ababen more rayuwa da samar da ayyukan birni da aiyuka a gundumar. su kasance masu alhakin ci gaba, ingantawa da kuma kula da matsugunan mutane da kuma mahalli a gundumar. a cikin hadin gwiwa da hukumomin tsaro na kasa da na gida da suka dace, su kasance masu kula da tsaro da lafiyar jama'a a gundumar. tabbatar da shirin isa ga kotuna a cikin gundumar don ci gaban adalci. yi aiki don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun gargajiya a cikin gundumar. farawa, tallafawa ko aiwatar da karatun da zai iya zama dole don sauke duk wani aikin su. Dokar ta kuma ba Majalisun Gundumomi tare da hukumomi masu zuwa: Tallace-tallace, kamar yadda Dokar Tallace-tallace ta bayar, 1989 (P.N.D.C.L. 230) Lasisin giya, kamar yadda Dokar lasisin lasisin giya, 1970 (Dokar 331) Kula da wutar daji, kamar yadda Dokar Kulawa da Rigakafin wutardaji ta bayar, 1990 (P.N.D.C.L. 229) Kashe waɗannan ƙa'idodi na Dokar Laifin Laifuka, 1960 (Dokar 29) a cikin gundumarta: sashe na 296 dangane da zubar da shara a titi; kuma sashi na 300 dangane da batacciyar shanu. Lissafin Gundumomi Yankin Ahafo Yankin Ahafo na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Babban birnin yankin shine Goaso. Bangare ne na Yankin Brong-Ahafo kuma ya ƙunshi gundumomi 6, ƙananan hukumomi 3 da gundumomi na yau da kullun 3. Wadannan su ne: Asunafo North Municipal Asunafo South District Asutifi North District Asutifi South District Tano North Municipal Tano South Municipal Yankin Ashanti Yankin Ashanti na Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 30. Wannan ya kunshi 1 Metropolitan, Municipal 11 da 18 na gundumomi na yau da kullun. Wadannan su ne: Adansi North District Adansi South District Afigya-Kwabre District Ahafo Ano North Municipal Ahafo Ano South District Amansie Central District Amansie West District Asante-Akim Central Municipal Asante Akim North District Asante Akim South Municipal Asokore Mampong Municipal Atwima Kwanwoma District Atwima Mponua District Atwima Nwabiagya Municipal Bekwai Municipal Bosome Freho District Botsomtwe District Ejisu-Juaben Municipal Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipal Kumasi Metropolitan Kwabre East District Mampong Municipal Obuasi Municipal Offinso North District Offinso South Municipal Sekyere Afram Plains District Sekyere Central District Sekyere East District Sekyere Kumawu District Sekyere South District Yankin Bono Yankin Bono na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Brong-Ahafo na lokacin kuma ya kunshi gundumomi 12, kananan hukumomi 5 da kuma gundumomi 7 na gari. Wadannan su ne: Banda District Berekum East Municipal Berekum West District Dormaa Central Municipal Dormaa East District Dormaa West District Jaman North District Jaman South Municipal Sunyani Municipal Sunyani West District Tain District Wenchi Municipal Yankin Gabashin Bono Yankin Gabashin Bono na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Ya kasance wani yanki na Yankin Brong-Ahafo na Ghana kuma ya ƙunshi gundumomi 11, ƙananan hukumomi 4 da kuma gundumomi 7 na yau da kullun. Wadannan su ne: Atebubu-Amantin Municipal Kintampo North Municipal Kintampo South District Nkoranza North District Nkoranza South District Pru East District Pru West District Sene East District Sene West District Techiman Municipal Techiman North District Yankin Tsakiya Yankin tsakiyar Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 20. Waɗannan sun kunshi manyan birane 1, na gari 6 da kuma gundumomi na yau da kullun 13. Wadannan su ne: Abura/Asebu/Kwamankese District Agona East District Agona West Municipal Ajumako/Enyan/Essiam District Asikuma/Odoben/Brakwa District Assin Central Municipal Assin South District Awutu Senya East Municipal District Awutu Senya West District Cape Coast Metropolitan Effutu Municipal Ekumfi District Gomoa East District Gomoa West District Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem Municipal District Mfantsiman Municipal Twifo-Ati Morkwa District Twifo/Heman/Lower Denkyira District Upper Denkyira East Municipal Upper Denkyira West District Yankin Gabas Yankin Gabashin Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 26 waɗanda suka haɗu da na birni 9 da kuma gundumomi na gari 17. Wadannan su ne: Akuapim North Municipal Akuapim South District Akyemansa District Asuogyaman District Atiwa District Ayensuano District Birim Central Municipal Birim North District Birim South District Denkyembour District East Akim Municipal Fanteakwa District Kwaebibirem Municipal Kwahu Afram Plains North District Kwahu Afram Plains South District Kwahu East District Kwahu South District Kwahu West Municipal Lower Manya Krobo District New-Juaben Municipal Nsawam Adoagyire Municipal Suhum Municipal Upper Manya Krobo District Upper West Akim District West Akim Municipal Yilo Krobo District Babban Yankin Accra Babban yankin Accra na Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 17 waɗanda suka haɗu da manyan birane 2, na birni 10 da kuma gundumomi talakawa 5. Wadannan su ne: Accra Metropolitan Ada East District Ada West District Adenta Municipal Ashaiman Municipal Ga Central Municipal Ga East Municipal Ga North Municipal Ga South Municipal Ga West Municipal Kpone Katamanso District La Dade Kotopon Municipal La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal Ledzokuku Municipal Krowor Municipal Ningo Prampram District Shai Osudoku District Tema Metropolitan Yankin Arewa Yankin Arewacin Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 15; 1 birni, 3 na birni da kuma gundumomi na gari 11. Wadannan su ne: Gushiegu District Karaga District Kpandai District Kumbungu District Mion District Nanton District Nanumba North Municipal Nanumba South District Saboba District Sagnarigu Municipal Savelugu-Nanton District Tamale Metropolitan Tatale-Sangule District Yendi Municipal Zabzugu District Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas Yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Arewacin Ghana na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 6, na birni 2 da kuma gundumomi na talakawa 4. Wadannan su ne: Bunkpurugu-Nyankpanduri District Chereponi District East Mamprusi Municipal Assembly Mamprugu Moaduri District West Mamprusi Municipal District Yunyoo-Nasuan District Yankin Oti Yankin Oti na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disambar 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Ghana na Volta na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 8, na birni 2 da ƙananan gundumomi 6. Wadannan su ne: Biakoye District Jasikan District Kadjebi District Krachi East Municipal Krachi Nchumuru District Krachi West District Nkwanta North District Nkwanta South Municipal Yankin Savannah Yankin Savannah na Ghana an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar zaben raba gardama a watan Disamba na 2018. Yana daga cikin yankin Arewacin Ghana na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 7, na birni 1 da gundumomi talakawa 6. Wadannan su ne: Bole District Central Gonja District East Gonja Municipal North Gonja District Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District Tolon District West Gonja Yankin Gabas ta Gabas Yankin Gabashin Gabas na Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 13, na birni 3 da kuma gundumomi 10 na gari. Wadannan su ne: Bawku Municipal Bawku West District Binduri District Bolgatanga Municipal Bongo District Builsa North District Builsa South District Garu-Tempane District Kassena Nankana East Municipal Kassena Nankana West District Nabdam District Pusiga District Talensi District Yankin Yammacin Yamma Yankin Yammacin Gana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 11, na birni 4 da kuma gundumomi na yau da kullun 7. Wadannan su ne: Daffiama-Bussie-Issa District Jirapa Municipal Lambussie Karni District Lawra Municipal Nadowli-Kaleo District Nandom District Sissala East Municipal Sissala West District Wa East District Wa Municipal Wa West District Yankin Volta Yankin Volta na Ghana ya kasance yana dauke da gundumomi 17, na birni 5 da kuma gundumomi na talakawa 20. Waɗannan su ne: Yanzu yana da jimillar gundumomi 18 waɗanda suka ƙunshi 6 na birni da kuma gundumomi na yau da kullun 12 tun lokacin da aka shata yankin a cikin Disamba 2018 Adaklu District Afadjato South District Agotime Ziope District Akatsi North District Akatsi South District Anloga District Central Tongu District Ho Municipal Ho West District Hohoe Municipal Keta Municipal Ketu North Municipal District Ketu South Municipal Kpando Municipal District North Dayi District North Tongu District South Dayi District South Tongu District Yankin Yamma Yankin Yammacin Ghana ya ƙunshi gundumomi 13, babban birni 1, na birni 8 da kuma gundumomi na talakawa 4. Wadannan su ne: Ahanta West Municipal Ellembele Municipal Jomoro Municipal Mpohor District Nzema East Municipal Prestea-Huni Valley Municipal Sekondi Takoradi Metropolitan Shama District Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal Wassa Amenfi Central District Wasa Amenfi East Municipal Wasa Amenfi West Municipal Wassa East District Yankin Arewa Maso Yamma Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ghana an ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar raba gardama a cikin Disamba 2018. Yana daga cikin Yankin Yammacin Ghana na lokacin. Ya ƙunshi gundumomi 9, na birni 3 da kuma gundumomin talakawa 6. Wadannan su ne: Aowin Municipal Bia West District Bia East District Bibiani/Anhwiaso/Bekwai Municipal Bodi District Juaboso District Sefwi Akontombra District Sefwi Wiawso Municipal Suaman
50308	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky%20Oppenheimer	Nicky Oppenheimer	Nicholas F. Oppenheimer (an haife shi 8 Yuni 1945) ɗan kasuwan hamshakin attajirin Afirka ta Kudu ne. Ya kasance shugaban kamfanin hakar lu'u-lu'u na De Beers da na reshensa, Kamfanin Kasuwancin Diamond, kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Anglo American Shi ne mutum na uku mafi arziki a Afirka. Rayuwar farko Oppenheimer dan Bridget ne (née McCall) da Harry Oppenheimer, kuma jikan Anglo American wanda ya kafa Ernest Oppenheimer (ƙarni na farko da ya shugabanci De Beers, daga 1929). Mahaifinsa dan asalin Jamus Bayahude ne. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Ludgrove, Makarantar Harrow da Christ Church, Oxford, inda ya karanta Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki, yana samun Oxford MA Sana'ar kasuwanci Oppenheimer ya shiga Anglo American a 1968, an nada shi darekta a 1974, sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaba a 1983. Ya yi murabus a 2001, ya ci gaba da zama ba darekta ba har zuwa 2011. An nada shi mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Siyar da Kasuwanci ta wancan lokacin (yanzu Kamfanin Kasuwancin Diamond a cikin 1984, kuma mataimakin shugaban kamfanin De Beers Consolidated Mines a 1985. An kuma nada shi shugaban Kamfanin Trading na Diamond a 1985. Shugaban kungiyar De Beers daga 1998 zuwa 2012, ya yi ritaya lokacin da aka sayar da hannun jarin iyali ga Anglo American. Oppenheimer ya fito ne a cikin Lissafin Masu Arziki <i id="mwLw">na Sunday Times</i> 2018 a matsayin mutum na 23 mafi arziki a cikin Burtaniya, tare da bayar da rahoton fam biliyan 5.5. An sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa arziki a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin jerin Forbes na Billionaires na Duniya na 2019, tare da rahoton arziki kamar dalar Amurka biliyan 7.3 kuma, kuma, a cikin jerin 2020, tare da rahoton dalar Amurka $7.6. biliyan a watan Agusta 2020. Tallafawa Iyalin Oppenheimer sun jagoranci mafi yawan ƙoƙarinsu na taimakon jama'a don kiyaye abubuwan tarihi da mahimmancin al'adu na yankin Kudancin Afirka, da kuma haɓaka haɓakar al'umma a fagagen ilimi, lafiya, kiyaye yanayi da fasaha. Nicky Oppenheimer da dansa Jonathan Oppenheimer sun kafa gidauniyar Brenthurst a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin wata hanya ta ba da gudummawa ga muhawara kan dabaru da manufofi don karfafa ayyukan tattalin arzikin Afirka da ba da damar ci gaba mai hade da dorewa Iyali kuma sun daɗe suna shiga cikin lamuran muhalli da kiyayewa Iyalin Oppenheimer sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da De Beers don kafa hanyar Diamond a cikin 2006 don haɓaka yuwuwar kaddarorin su don kiyayewa, bincike da dalilai na wayewar muhalli. Hanyar Diamond ta haɗu da shafuka 8 a arewacin Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya taso daga Namaqualand a bakin tekun yamma, zuwa Kimberley, arewa zuwa Tswalu a cikin Kalahari, da lambunan Brenthurst a Johannesburg, gabas zuwa Tsarin Halittar Ezemvelo da arewa zuwa Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve. a lardin Limpopo. Tun da 2015 Oppenheimer shima amintaccen Rhodes ne. Kyauta A cikin 2003, Technikon Witwatersrand ya ba Oppenheimer digiri na girmamawa. Ya karbi odar shugaban kasa na girmamawa (2004) daga tsohon shugaban kasar Botswana, Festus Mogae, da kuma zumuncin girmamawa (2009) daga Makarantar Kasuwancin London Rayuwa ta sirri A 1968, ya auri Orcillia "Strilli" Lasch, 'yar masana'antu tycoon Helli Lasch; duka biyun Anglican ne. An haifi mahaifinsa Bayahude kuma ya koma Anglicanism. Wallafa Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography daga De Beers Wuraren Wuraren Waltham na Oppenheimer da Farm Hira a cikin The Guardian, 2005 Bayanan martaba a cikin The Economist, 2003 Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1945 Yan
26005	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS	GS	GS na iya tsayawa ga to: Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Gold Standard, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Switzerland wacce ke ba da ƙarin ƙimar alama ga Credits Carbon Goldman Sachs, ɗaya daga cikin manyan bankunan saka hannun jari na duniya GS (ƙungiyar Sweden), ƙungiyar ƙwadago a Sweden GS Group, wani kamfanin Koriya ne wanda ya fice daga LG Group Makarantar Janar na Jami'ar Columbia, ɗaya daga cikin kwalejoji uku na karatun digiri a Jami'ar Columbia a New York City Tianjin Airlines, ta lambar IATA Kiɗa GS Boyz (a bayyane G-Spot Boyz), ƙungiyar hip hop ta Amurka daga Arlington, Texas, Wurare Gansu, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice GS) Jojiya ta Kudu da Tsibirin Sandwich ta Kudu (lambar ƙasa ta ISO GS), Ƙasar Kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da magani G <sub id="mwJg">s</sub> alpha subunit, a subtype na G-furotin guda biyu rabe Ciwon Gilbert, cutar enzyme na hanta wanda zai iya haifar da matakan bilirubin na jini Cutar Gitelman, cuta ce mai rikitarwa ta koda Damuwar Geopathic, yanayin ilimin kimiyya Kwamfuta GS, halin rarrabuwa na rukuni a cikin saitin lambar sarrafawa ta C0 .gs, lambar ƙasa ta Intanit babban matakin yanki na Kudancin Jojiya da Tsibirin Sandwich ta Kudu GS rajista, a cikin tsarin kwamfuta na X86 Ghostscript, ɗakin software na kyauta don sarrafa PostScript da Tsarin Fayil ɗin Fayil (PDF) Apple IIGS, mafi girman samfurin a cikin layin kwamfutar Apple II Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha GS, lambar rahoton METAR don graupe ko ƙanƙara ƙasa da a diamita Roland GS, ƙarin kayan aikin kiɗa na lantarki na MIDI ta musamman ta Roland Corporation g-force, auna a "g" Geprüfte Sicherheit, alamar aminci yana bayyana akan kayan fasaha Gangaren glide, wani ɓangare na tsarin saukar da kayan aiki da jiragen sama ke amfani da su Yankin ƙasa, a cikin tsarin sararin samaniya Wasanni Galatasaray SK, kulob din wasannin Turkiyya An fara wasanni, ƙididdigar ƙwallon baseball Gudun kankara Slalom, horon kankara mai tsayi Mai harbi makasudi, matsayi a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Golden State Warriors, ƙwararren ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta NBA da ke Oakland, California GS Pétroliers (ƙwallon hannu), ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya Motoci Motoci Citroën GS, jerin gwanon motoci na Faransa Geely Emgrand GS, ɗan ƙaramin crossover na China Lexus GS, sedan zartarwa na Japan MG GS, ƙaramin SUV na Burtaniya Gyara layi Buick Gran Sport, wani jerin shirye-shiryen kunshin wasanni na Amurka Toyota G Sports, jerin fakitin manyan ayyukan Jafananci Babura BMW GS, jerin babur guda biyu na baje-koli/kan babur Suzuki GS jerin, jerin babur na Jafananci Sauran amfani Gagasan Sejahtera, gamayyar gamayyar jam'iyyun siyasa masu adawa da Islama a Malaysia Jadawalin jadawalin (ma'aunin biyan ma'aikatan farar hula na Amurka), prefix wanda ke nuna darajar albashi a cikin ma'aikatan farar hula na Amurka Sauti na Rukuni, nau'in kiɗan Jafananci Pokémon Zinariya da Azurfa, ragin jerin wasannin Pokémon na wasannin bidiyo Duba kuma G (rarrabuwa) (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with GS All pages with titles beginning with GS All pages with titles beginning with gs All pages with titles containing GS All pages with titles containing gs All pages with titles containing GS S (rarrabuwa) SG
27496	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteri%20Tebandeke	Esteri Tebandeke	Esteri Tebandeke (an haife ta ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, 1984). ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce a Uganda, ƴar rawa kuma mai zane na gani. Ta kammala karatun digiri a Makarantar Masana'antu da Fine Art ta Margaret Trowell a Jami'ar Mkerere Ta taka rawa a cikin fina-finan Sins of the Parents (2008), Master on Duty (2009), Sarauniyar Katwe (2016) da Broken Shadow (2016) shine farkon fitowar ta a cikin almarar kimiyya Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ester a Kampala, Uganda, kuma yar asalin Teso ce. Ita ce ta shida a cikin yara takwas kuma dangin ta suna zaune a Uganda. Esteri ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta ƴan mata ta St. Joseph a Uganda kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da raye-raye na makaranta. Sana'a Rawa Esteri ta fara aiki a matsayin ƴar wasan raye-raye ta zamani a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya yi wasa da kamfanonin raye-raye daban-daban a Uganda wato Keiga Dance Company, Kamfanin rawa na Stepping Stones, Kamfanin rawa na Mutumizi, Kamfanin Rawar Guerrilla dadai sauransu. Ta gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo a dandalin fasaha daban-daban wato; Makon Rawar Uganda, Bikin Watsa Labarai na Rawa (duka nunin raye-raye na zamani na shekara-shekara), Bayimba International Festival of Arts da Umoja International Festival da farko a matsayin ɗalibi da malami na shekaru 3 don ambaci kaɗan. Ayyukanta ba kawai Uganda ba ne kawai amma ta kuma shiga cikin ayyuka a Kenya, Rwanda, Madagascar, Afirka ta Kudu, Tanzaniya, Amurka, da Habasha. Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a La Mama a New York a cikin 2012, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Artwater Village a 2013 da New Orleans Fringe a 2014. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Ta kasance ƴar wasan kwaikwayo tun sheekarar 2008 tana yin wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai iri-iri a Uganda. Shirinta na farko na Theatre, Lion and The Jewel inda ta nuna Sidi, Kaya Kagimu Mukasa ne ya bada umarni. Sauran ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Maria Kizito shugabar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai ilimin halin dan Adam wasan kwaikwayo na farfesa na Jami'ar Brown, Erik Ehn game da shari'ar mata masu zaman kansu wadanda suka taimaka wajen kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda. Ita ce ja-gora a cikin shirin mai na Cooking Oil, wasan kwaikwayo na marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo Deborah Asiimwe wadda ta samu lambar yabo, wanda aka yi a Uganda da Amurka. Sauran ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da likitan kwakwalwa da ke damun hankali a cikin samar da Jikin mace a Uganda a matsayin filin yaƙi a yaƙin Bosnia da kuma matar da ta damu a cikin Tarihin Aure A ƙarshen 2015, Esteri ya yi balaguro zuwa yankin Arewacin Uganda tare da ƙungiyar masu fasaha don tattara labarai da fatan mayar da waɗannan wasannin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda za a gabatar da su ga masu sauraro a duniya. Shirin Circle Circle, wanda Jerry Stropnicky ya jagoranta, wani mai aikin wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka ya ba ta kyakkyawar fahimta game da yin amfani da labari a matsayin hanyar da za ta taimaka wa mutane su jimre da ɓangarori daban-daban na rayuwa kamar rauni. Ta kuma himmatu wajen ba da umarni kuma ta yi aiki a kan aikin wasan kwaikwayo, Afroman Spice daga rukunin Afroman, duk rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na mata. An fara gudanar da aikin ne a Kampala a watan Yunin 2015 kuma tun daga lokacin an fara shi a Kasuwar Watsa Labarai ta Afirka (MASA) da ke Ivory Coast kuma an shirya shi don nunawa a Ruwanda, Tunisiya da Nijar a cikin 2016. A matsayinta na malami ta sauƙaƙe zaman horo tare da sauran ayyukan fasaha da kuma sha'awarta don samun ƙarin ƙwarewar rayuwa da kuma raba abin da ta sani tare da wasu a cikin ƙwararrun yanayi yana motsa ta don yin aiki tare da mutane daga kowane ɓangare na rayuwa. Kwarewarta ta kuma haɗa da koyar da yara a makarantu daban-daban a kusa da birnin Kampala. Fim Esteri ta samu rawar farko ta wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani ɗan gajeren fim a ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen shirin Maisha Film Lab shirin horar da fina-finai mara riba na Uganda wanda darakta mai lambar yabo Mira Nair ta kafa don ƴan fim na Gabashin Afirka da Kudancin Asiya. Ta yi aiki a cikin Zunuban Iyaye na Judith Adong a cikin 2008 da Jagora akan Ayyuka a cikin 2009 ta Joseph Ken Ssebaggala. Aikinta na fina-finai na baya-bayan nan ya kasance a nan ba da jimawa ba da za a fito da shirye-shiryen Hotuna na Walt Disney Sarauniyar Katwe, tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Academy Award Lupita Nyong'o da David Oyelowo Da yake magana game da fim ɗin, Esteri ta bayyana tasirin da Sarauniyar Katwe ta yi mata a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa:“Kafin fim ɗin, na ji tsoron mafarkina saboda suna da girma sosai. Amma yanzu na fi jin tsoro—sun fi girma.” Mira Nair, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ta zaburar da ita a harkar fim a wata ƙasida da ta yi a baya-bayan nan ta bayyana ta a matsayin "mutum mai haske." A nakalto shahararren maxim na Mira Nair:"Idan ba mu ba da labarin kanmu ba, ba wanda zai iya."Don haka, ta himmatu wajen haɓaka labarai daga ƙasarta ta haihuwa, Uganda da kuma nahiyar Afirka waɗanda ke magana da jigogi masu mahimmanci na cikin gida amma tare da jan hankalin duniya. Tana binciken yuwuwar haɓaka abun ciki na Uganda tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙirƙira iri-iri a Gabashin Afirka da bayanta. Esteri an nuna fina-finanta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da darakta a bukukuwa da yawa kamar bikin fina-finai na Toronto International, Bikin Fina-Finan BFI London, Luxor African Film Festival, Raindance Film Festival, Uganda Film Festival, Durban International Film Festival, Africa International Film Festival. Ester yana cikin ƙungiyar masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da ake haɓakawa tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗaliban fina-finai daga Uganda, Kenya, Ghana da Jamus. An harbe wannan aikin a wurin a Accra, Ghana kuma a halin yanzu yana kan samarwa. Little Black Dress, fitowar darekta na farko ɗan gajeren fim ne wanda aka yi harbi a wurin a Nairobi, Kenya a cikin Afrilu 2019. Fim din dai an fara shi ne a gasar 2019 na Africa International Film Festival da aka gudanar a birnin Lagos na Najeriya da kuma gasar a bikin Luxor African Film Festival. A matsayin mai zane mai tasowa kuma mai zane-zane, Esteri yana fatan nunawa duniya abin da ake nufi da zama dan Uganda a wannan zamani. Rayuwa ta sirri Ester ta yi aure tun 2011 ga Samuel Tebandeke, wani mai shirya fina-finai dan kasar Uganda. A halin yanzu tana zaune a Kampala, Uganda. Ayyuka Fim Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://www.playbill.com/article/cooking-oil-a-new-play-set-in-developing-africa-gets-nyc-reading-may-28-prior-to-uganda-com-168784 http://www.soulographie.org/the-plays/maria-kizito/ http://www.bestofneworleans.com/blogofneworleans/archives/2014/11/19/review-maria-kizito https://web.archive.org/web/20160511201644/http://www.nofringe.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20160525055333/http://www.masa.ci/en/ https://www.yahoo.com/music/queen-katwe-esther-tebandeke-working-224100032.html http://blueimp.site Manazarta Mutanen Uganda Ƴan Fim Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba