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13335 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Chastain | Jessica Chastain | Jessica Michelle Chastain (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 1977) yar fim ce kuma Ba’amurkiya ce. An san ta a fina-finan tare da Feminism jigogi, ta kyautu kan ta sun hada da Golden Globe Award da gabatar da ita har saunbiyu a Academy Award. Time Magazine sunsa daya daga cikin mutane 100 da suka fi fice a duniya a shekara ta, 2012. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Sacramento, California, Chastain ta haɓaka sha'awar yin aiki tuna ƙarama. A shekara ta,1998, ta yi ta sana'a mataki halarta a karon kamar yadda Shakespeare 's Juliet Bayan da ta fara karatun digiri a makarantar Juilliard, an rattaba hannu a kan wata baiwa ta ma'amala da mai gabatar da gidan telebijin John Wells Ta kasance tauraron baƙo mai maimaitawa a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da Dokar & Umarni: Jarabawa ta Juri Ta kuma yi rawar gani a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayon na Anton Chekhov The Cherry Orchard a shekarar, 2004 da Oscar Wilde na masifar Salome a shekarar, 2006. Chastain ta yi fim din ne a karon farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Jolene na shekarar (2008), kuma ta samu karbuwa sosai a shekarar, 2011 saboda rawar da take takawa a cikin finafinan rabin dozin, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo Take da Tsarin Rayuwa Ayyukanta a matsayinta na masu son jama'a a cikin Taimaka ta sami damar zaɓaɓɓiyar lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Supportarfafa Talla A shekara ta, 2012, ta ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award kuma ta karɓi wani zaɓi don Academy Award don Mafi Kyawun resswararren forwararru don rawar da aka yi game da manajan CIA a cikin thean wasan Zero Dark talatin Chastain ta sanya ta ta farko ta hanyar Broadway a cikin farfado da The Heiress a cikin shekarar. Takaddun nata mafi girma sun fito tare da finafinan almara na kimiyya Interstellar na shekarar (2014) da Martian na shekarar (2015), da kuma fim din ban tsoro It babi na biyu na shekarar (2019), kuma ta ci gaba da karɓar yabo saboda rawar gani a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar, (2014) da Miss Sloane na shekarar (2016), da Wasan Molly na shekarar (2017). Chastain itace wanda ta kafa kamfanin samar da Freckle Films, wanda aka kirkireshi don inganta bambancin fim. Tana da hankali game da lamuran lafiyar kwakwalwa, da jinsi da daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Tana aure da mai zartarwa na kamfanin Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, wanda ke da 'ya mace.
Farkon rayuwa da asali Jessica Michelle Chastain an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 1977, a Sacramento, California, ga Jerri Renee Hastey (ean Chastain) da kuma mawaƙa Michael Monasterio. Iyayenta dukkansu matasa ne lokacin da aka haife ta. Chastain ya ƙi yin tattauna batun asalin danginsa a fili; an cire ta daga Monasterio, kuma ta ce babu uba da aka jera sunayensu na haihuwa. Tana da ’yan’uwa mata biyu da’ yan’uwa biyu. 'Yar uwarta Juliet ta kashe kanta a shekara ta, 2003 bayan shekaru da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Mahaifiyarta da mahaifiyarta, Michael Hastey, sun girma Chastain a Sacramento. Tace mahaifin mahaifiyarta shine mutum na farko da ya fara tabbatar mata da kwanciyar hankali. Tana da dangantaka ta kusa da kakarta, Marilyn, wanda ta lasafta ta a zaman wani wanda "ya yi imani da ni koyaushe". Chastain ta fara nuna sha'awar yin aiki tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai, bayan da kakarta ta ɗauke ta ta samar da Yusufu da Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Kullum sai ta kan sanya wasannin kwaikwayo tare da sauran yara, kuma suna ɗaukar kanta a matsayin darektan zane-zane. A matsayina na dalibi a makarantar El Camino Primary School a Sacramento, Chastain yayi gwagwarmayar ilimi. Ta kasance lolo kuma ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin wacce ta dace a makaranta, a ƙarshe ta sami mafita a cikin wasan kwaikwayon adabi. Ta bayyana yadda ta saba zuwa makaranta don karanta Shakespeare,, wanda wasan kwaikwayon da ta yi ya kasance tare da ita bayan halartar bikin Oregon Shakespeare tare da takwarorinta. Tare da halarta da yawa a lokacin babban shekararta a makaranta, Chastain bai cancanci yin digiri ba, amma daga baya ya sami difloma ta girma Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin garin Sacramento daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1997, lokacin da take memba a kungiyar mahawarar kungiyar. Da take magana game da ƙuruciyarsa, Chastain ta ce: I [grew up] with a single mother who worked very hard to put food on our table. We did not have money. There were many nights when we had to go to sleep without eating. It was a very difficult upbringing. Things weren't easy for me growing up.. A shekara ta, 1998, Chastain ta gama karatunta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka kuma ta fara ficewa a matsayin Juliet a masana'antar Romeo da Juliet wanda TheatreWorks, wani kamfani a yankin San Francisco Bay Area. Samfurin ya kai ta ga yin duba ga makarantar kwaleji ta Juilliard da ke New York City, inda ba da daɗewa ba ta karɓa kuma ta ba da tallafin karatu ta wanda actress Robin Williams ta ba shi A shekararta ta farko a makarantar, Chastain ta sha wahala daga damuwa kuma ta damu matuka game da faduwa daga shirin, tana kashe yawancin lokacinta karatu da kallon fina-finai. Daga baya ta yi nuni da cewa rawar da ta taka cikin nasarar samar da The Seagull a cikin shekararta ta biyu ya taimaka wajen karfafa kwarin gwiwa. Ta yi karatun digiri a makarantar tare da Digiri a fannin Fine Arts a shekara ta, 2003.
Aiki
2004-2010: Matsayin Farko Jim kadan kafin a kammala digirinsa daga Juilliard, Chastain halarci wani taron for karshe-shekara dalibai a Los Angeles, inda ta sanya hannu zuwa wani gwaninta gudanar da yawa da talabijin m John Wells. Ta ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, kuma ta fara duba ayyukan yi. Tun da farko ta ga wannan tsari yana da wahala, wanda ta yi imanin ya kasance ne sakamakon wasu mutane da ke da wahala ta rarrabe ta a matsayin jan goshi ba tare da sanya ido ba. A ta talabijin halarta a karon, The WB cibiyar sadarwa ta shekarar, 2004 matukin remake na shekarar, 1960 gothic sabulu wasar kwaikwayo ta waka Dark Inuwar, ta jefa a matsayin Carolyn Stoddard PJ Hogan ne ya jagoranci jirgin, amma ba a dauki jerin shirye-shiryen ba don watsa shirye-shirye. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ta bayyana a matsayin mai baƙon wasan kwaikwayo akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na likita ER tana wasa da wata mace da ta bayyana a matsayin "mai tabin hankali", wanda hakan ya sa ta sami ƙarin sassan da ba a saba gani ba kamar waɗanda hadarin ya ritsa da su ko kuma masu tabin hankali. Ta ci gaba da fitowa a cikin irin waɗannan rawar a cikin wasu jerin jerin talabijin daga shekarar, 2004 zuwa 2007, ciki har da Veronica Mars na shekarar (2004), Kusa da Gida na shekarar (2006), <i id="mwyA">Blackbeard</i> (2006), da Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005-2006) A shekara ta, 2004, Chastain ya ɗauki matsayin Anya, budurwa mai kirki, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown na wasan kwaikwayo na Anton Chekhov na wasan The Cherry Orchard a Massachusetts, wanda ke wasa tare da Michelle Williams.. Har ila yau, a wannan shekara, ta yi aiki tare da Playwrights sãsanni a kan wani samar da Richard Nelson 's Rodney ta Wife a matsayin' yar wani dami tsakiyar-shekaru film actor. Ba a sami karɓar abin da ta yi ba a wurin mai sukar lamirin Ben Brantley na jaridar New York Times, wanda ta yi tunanin cewa "ta wata hanya za ta ci gaba da yin launi yayin da maraice ke ci gaba". Lokacin da take aiki a kan wasan kwaikwayon, Nelson ta ba da shawarar zuwa ga Al Pacino, wanda ke neman actress don tauraruwa a cikin fitowar Oscar Wilde na masifar Salome.. Wasan kwaikwayon yana ba da labarin mummunan labari game da tarihin rayuwar jima'i. A cikin wasan, Salome ɗan shekaru 16 ne, amma Chastain, wanda ya kasance 29 a lokacin, an jefa shi saboda hakan. Wasan an shirya shi ne a shekara ta, 2006 a Wadsworth Theater da ke Los Angeles, kuma daga baya Chastain ta lura cewa ta taimaka wajen jawo hankalinta ga wasu daraktocin kungiyar. Da take rubutu game da bambancin ra'ayi, mai sukar lamirin Steven Oxman ya soki hotonta a wasan: "Chastain ba ta da matsala da Salome, ba ta da tabbacin ko ta kasance mai iya yaudarar 'yar iska ko' yar iska ce, attajiri". Chastain tayi film debut dinta a shekara ta, 2008 acikin shirin Dan Ireland's drama da suna Jolene. wanda aka gudanar da fim din kan wani karamar labari na E. L. Doctorow wanda wakar Dolly Parton' "Jolene" ta tunzura shi da rerwa. Fim yabi rayuwar wata ya ce da aka ci zarafin ta tun tana karamarta,har kusan shekaru goma. Yadda Chastain ta taka rawa a fim an yabe ta sosai daga masu reviewaer na New York Observer, wanda ya ce itace kadai fitacciyar yar'wasa a shirin. Ta lashe kyautar Babbar jaruma a Seattle International Film Festival. A shekara ta, 2009, fito a shirye-shirye kanana kamar Stolen na shekarar, (2009) ta fito a bangaren Desdemona acikin Public Theatre production na Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, tare da John Ortiz amatsayin wadanda suka gudanarda shirin da Philip Seymour Hoffman amatsayin Iago. Ta yi rubutu ma The New Yorker, Hilton Als ya yabi Chastain saboda samun "a beautiful maternal depth" acikin rawar da taka a shirin.
A cikin shekara ta, 2010, Chastain ta fito a shirin John Madden mai suna The Debt, inda ta fito amatsayin matashiya Mossad wanda aka aika Gabashin Berlin a shekarar, 1960s domin ta kamo tsohon likitan Nazi wanda yake gudanar da binciken magani a concentration camps. Ta raba matakin ta da Helen Mirren, wanda suka rika fitowa amatsayin mutuum daya a shirin a mabanbantar lokacin rayuwa. Sai da sukayi aiki tare kafin suka fito a shirin ta dan samun damar lakantar murya da dabi'ar yadda wanda suka fito a madadin ta take yi. Chastain ta dauki darussan harshen German da krav maga, Kuma ta karanci littafai akan likitan Nazi Josef Mengele da tarihin Mossad. William Thomas na Empire ya kira fim din da suna "smart, tense, well-acted thriller", Kuma ya fahimci Chastain "pulses with strength and vulnerability" in her part. Kuma ta fito amatsayin Mary Debenham acikin shirin British television series Agatha Christie's Poirot, akan novel din Agatha Christie's 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express.
2011–2013: Breakthrough and rise to fame Bayan gwagwarmayar neman nasara a fim, Chastain yana da fitarwa guda shida a cikin shekarar, 2011, kuma ya sami yabo sosai don yawancin su. Farkon rawar shine kamar matar Michael Shannon ta halin Jeff Nichols Take Tsari, wasan kwaikwayo game da mahaifin da ke cikin damuwa wanda yayi ƙoƙarin kare danginsa daga abin da ya yi imanin cewa iska ce mai zuwa. An nuna fim din ne a bikin nuna fina-finai na Sundance na shekarar, 2011, kuma wani mai sukar lamirin Tim Robey na Daily Telegraph ya nuna yadda bangaren Chastain yake tallafawa aikin tallafin labarin.. A Coriolanus, karbuwa game da bala'in Shakespearian daga darekta-actor Ralph Fiennes, Chastain ya buga Virgilia. Matsayinta na gaba ya kasance ne da Brad Pitt, a matsayin mahaifiyar mai ƙauna na yara uku a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji na Terrence Malick, Itace Rai, wanda ta yi fim a shekara ta, 2008. Chastain ta sa hannu a fim din ba tare da karban wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada daga Malick ba, kuma ta inganta al'amuran da tattaunawa da Pitt da dama. Ta dauki sashenta a matsayin "kyautar alheri da duniyar ruhu"; a cikin shiri, ta yi zuzzurfan tunani, ta karanci zane-zane na Madonna, sannan ta karanta waqoqin Thomas Aquinas Fim ɗin an shirya shi ne a bikin Baje kolin fina-finai na Cannes na shekarar, 2011 don maraba daga masu sauraro, kodayake masu sufa sun yaba masa kuma sun sami nasarar Palme d'Or Justin Chang na iri-iri cinye fim a "waƙar yabon Allah, domin a ɗaukaka halitta, wani exploratory, sau da yawa mystifying waka" da kuma yaba Chastain don wasa ta kashi da "heartrending shigewa". Babban nasarar da Chastain ya samu a wannan shekarar ta zo da wasan kwaikwayon The Taimakawa, hadin-gwiwar Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer da Emma Stone, wanda aka kafa akan littafin Kathryn Stockett na wannan sunan Chastain ya buga Celia Foote, wacce ke son jama'a a shekara ta, 1960s Mississippi, wacce ke haɓaka abokantaka da budurwa bakar fata (wacce Spencer ta buga). An jawo Chastain zuwa matsayin halayyar wariyar launin fata kuma ta haɗu da kuzarta da himma; a shirye-shiryen, ta kalli fina-finai na Marilyn Monroe kuma ta bincika tarihin Tunica, Mississippi, inda halayyarta ta tashi. Taimako ya samu 216 miliyan a ofishin akwatin don zama fim ɗin Chastain da aka fi gani sosai har zuwa wannan lokacin. Manohla Dargis na jaridar New York Times ya yaba da ilmin sunadarai tsakanin Chastain da Spencer, kuma Roger Ebert ya yaba mata saboda "bata da lafiya da kamuwa da cuta". kungiyar ta Taimaka ta sami lambar yabo ta Actwararrun Actwararruwar Screenwaƙwalwar Guwaƙwalwa na Guild Award don Fitaccen Cast kuma Chastain ta sami lambar yabo ta Oscar ta farko a cikin Mafi kyawun Actungiyar Tallafawa, ban da BAFTA, Golden Globe da SAG da aka gabatar a cikin rukuni guda, duk waɗannan sun rasa ga Spencer.
Aikin farko na Chastain na shekara biyu sun kasance a cikin Wilde Salomé, wanda aka tsara dangane da samarwarta ta shekarar, 2006 a cikin Salome, da kuma babban abin zargi da ake wa lakabi da Kashe filayen Texas Aikin Chastain a cikin shekara ta, 2011, musamman a Taimako, Take Tsari da Itace na Rayuwa, sun sami lambobin yabo daga kungiyoyin masu sukar da yawa. Biyu daga fina-finai na Chastain a shekarar, 2012 wadanda aka shirya a bikin Fim na 65 na Cannes mai ban dariya Madagascar 3: Ana So Mafi Tsarin Turai da wasan kwaikwayo na Laifi A cikin tsohon, wanda ya zama alama ta uku a jerin jerin mutanen Madagascar, Chastain ya furta Gia da Jaguar da lafazin Italiyanci. Tare da jimlar 747 a duk duniya Miliyon, fim ɗin a matsayin babban aikinta. A cikin doka ba, wanda ya danganta da Haramcin Matt Bondurant- novel Gundumar Wettest a Duniya, Chastain ya yi rawa da rawa wanda ya rikide zuwa rikici tsakanin 'yan uwan bootlegging uku yan Shia LaBeouf, Tom Hardy, da Jason Clarke sun taka rawa. Fim din ya sami cikakken ra'ayoyin jama'a masu inganci, tare da Richard Corliss yana neman Chastain ya cika da "ƙazantarwar lalata, lalata ha'inci". A cikin gwaji na biopic na marubucin CK Williams, mai taken Launi na Lokaci na shekarar (2012), wanda ɗaliban Jami'ar New York James Franco suka jagoranta, Chastain ya yiwa mahaifiyar ƙaramar Williams. Wani ɗan gajeren sashi wanda Chastain ta yi fim a cikin Terrence Malick's To the Wonder na shekarar (2012) an shirya shi daga fim ɗin ƙarshe, kuma saboda shirya rikice-rikice, ya watsar da fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayon Oblivion da Iron Man 3 duka biyu a shekara ta, 2013. Ta maimakon sanya ta Broadway halarta a karon a wani Tarurrukan na shekarar 1947 play The gado, wasa da muhimmancin Catherine Sloper, a butulci yarinya wanda canza a cikin wani iko mace.. Tun farko Chastain ba ta yarda da rawar ba, saboda tsoron matsananciyar damuwa da ta fuskanta lokacin wasanninta na farko. Daga karshe ta yarda bayan ta gano wata alaƙa da Sloper, tana mai cewa: "Ba ta jin daɗi kuma na kasance hakan". Samun aikin an shirya shi ne a Walter Kerr Theater daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2012 zuwa watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2013. Brantley ta nuna rashin gamsuwa da aikin da Chastain tayi, tana mai cewa tana "yin biris da tunani a cikin" kuma cewa lokacin tattaunawarta ba wani abu ne mai sauki ba. A ofishin akwatin, ya fito kamar yadda wani mai barci ya buge. The film received generally positive reviews, with Richard Corliss finding Chastain to be filled with "poised, seductive gravity". Kathryn Bigelow 's mai fafutukar Zero Dark talatin ya nuna fim din ƙarshe na Chastain na ƙarshe na shekara ta, 2012. Fim din ya ba da labarin wani labari mai cike da rudani wanda ya shafe shekaru 10 na kisan Shugaban Osama bin Laden bayan harin 11 ga watan Satumbar An jefa Chastain a matsayin Maya, ƙwararren mai binciken CIA mai tausayawa wanda ya taimaka kashe Bin Laden. Abubuwan da ke da wahalar magana sun sa ba shi da kyau ga Chastain yin fim. Ta sha wahala daga rashin kwanciyar hankali yayin da take aiki kuma lokaci guda ta yi ta barin kafa cikin hawaye domin ta kasa ci gaba. Chastain bai iya haɗuwa da wakilin ɓoye na wanda Maya ke dogara da shi ba kuma ta dogara ne akan binciken marubutan Mark Boal Zero Dark talatin ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci amma ya kasance mai jayayya game da yanayin azabtarwa wanda aka nuna yana ba da amfani mai mahimmanci a cikin binciken Bin Laden.. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone ya rubuta cewa Chastain ya buga Maya "kamar hadari mai iska a cikin abin da ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, ba shi da wata ma'ana wanda zai yanke zurfin jijiyoyinmu". Roger Ebert ya lura da irin kyawun da Chastain yake da shi, kuma ya yi kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta iyawar ta da irinta da mai wasan Meryl Streep Saboda rawar da ta yi, Chastain ta lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award don Kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo kuma ta sami Makarantar koyon karatun, BAFTA da SAG don gabatar da mafi kyawun Actress. Chastain gaba dauki kan gubar rawa na wani mawaki wanda aka tilasta kula ga ta saurayi ta dami nieces a cikin tsoro film Mama na shekarar, (2013). An jawo hankalin ta ga ra'ayin wasa mace ta banbanta da rawar “uwa mai kyau” da ta taka a baya, kuma ta danganta yanayin halayyar ta a kan mawaƙin Alice Glass Mawaƙin Richard Roeper ya ɗauki rawar da ta yi a matsayin tabbacin kasancewarsa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan ƙarni. A lokacin bude finafinan karshen mako a Arewacin Amurka, Chastain ya zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin shekaru 15 da ya jagoranci manyan mukamai a cikin manyan fina-finai biyu Mama da Zero Dark Thirty a Box Office. Daga nan sai ta zama tauraro a matsayin babban abin mamakin macen da ta ɓaci wanda ya rabu da mijinta (wanda James McAvoy ya buga sakamakon wani lamari mai ban tsoro da ya faru a cikin wasan kwaikwayon ɓatar da Eleanor Rigby na shekarar (2013), wanda ita ma ta samar. Marubucin marubuci marubuci Ned Benson ya rubuta labarin ne daga hangen miji na Rigby, daga nan ya rubuta wani sigar daban daga mahallin Rigby game da dagewar Chastain. An fitar da nau'ikan fim guda uku Shi, Ita, da Su Ba ta sami masu sauraro da yawa ba, amma mai sukar AO Scott ya yaba wa Chastain saboda "bambance-bambance na takaitaccen tsarin yanki tsakanin mai tauri da mara wahala, yana nuna madaukakiyar iko ko da halayenta suna rasa shi, da kiyaye daidaituwarta koda kuwa fina-finai na fina-finai da nunin nishaɗi zuwa wajan melodrama Chastain ya fito a cikin fina-finai uku a cikin shekara ta, 2014. Ta yi rawar gani a cikin Miss Julie, wanda aka daidaita fim din Agusta Strindberg ta 1888 mai suna, daga darekta Liv Ullmann Ya ba da labari mai ban tausayi na labarin da aristocrat na Anglo-Irish wanda aka jima'i da niyyar yin barci tare da mahaifin mahaifinsa (wanda Colin Farrell ya buga Chastain ya ja hankalin mata game da mata Ullmann akan batun. Fim din kawai ya sami taƙaitaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. Yayin yin fim ɗin Miss Julie a Ireland, Chastain ya karɓi rubutun Christopher Nolan 's fiction fiction film Interstellar na shekara ta (2014). Tare da kasafin kuɗi na 165 Miliyon, babban furotin, Matthew McConaughey da Anne Hathaway, ana yin fim da yawa ta amfani da kyamarorin IMAX An jefa Chastain a matsayin yarinyar 'yar girma ta halin McConaughey; An kusantar da ita ga aikin don ruhin motsin zuciyar da ta samu a tsakanin mata da daughterya .yan. Drew McWeeny na gidan nishaɗin HitFix ya lura da irin rawar da Chastain ke nunawa a cikin ɓangaren tallafi. Fim din ya samu sama da dala 675 miliyan daya a duniya don zama babban fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Chastain..
A shekara ta, 2015, Chastain ta dauki nauyin wani kwamandan a fim din almara na Ridley Scott The Martian Starring Matt Damon a matsayin masanin kere-kere kuma wanda ke makale a duniyar Mars ta hanyar 'yan saman jannati wanda halayen Chastain ya umarce shi, fim din ya samo asali ne daga littafin tarihin Andy Weir na wannan sunan Chastain ta sadu da 'yan saman jannati a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jet Propulsion da Johnson Space Center, sannan kuma ta danganta rawar da Tracy Caldwell Dyson ta yi, wanda ta dauki lokaci a Houston. Martian ta zama fim dinta na biyu don cin ribar sama da 600 miliyan biyu a jere shekaru. Chastain ya zama tauraro a matsayin macen da ta shirya makirci tare da dan uwanta (wanda Tom Hiddleston ya buga don tsoratar da sabuwar amaryarsa (wanda Mia Wasikowska ta buga a wasan Guillermo del Toro na soyayya mai suna Crimson Peak Ta kusanci ɓangaren ƙauyen tare da tausayawa, kuma a shirye-shiryen karanta waƙoƙin kabarin da kallon fina-finan Rebecca (1940) da Menene Ya Faru da Baby Jane? (1962). Del Toro ya sanya ta don bayar da dama ga wani ɓangaren da ya ɗauka a matsayin psychopathic amma Peter Debruge na Variety ya gan ta "mara kyau matsananciyar damuwa" kuma ya kushe ta saboda gaza isar da yanayin rashin tsaro da halin ta. Hakanan kuma, David Sims na Slate ya yaba mata saboda nuna halayyar ta "kishin girmanta". Conversely, David Sims of Slate praised her for portraying her character's "jealous intensity to the hilt".
Bayan nuna alamun rawar da ya taka sosai, Chastain ya himmatu don neman bangaren mai haske.. Ta same ta a cikin babban fim din wasan kwaikwayo mai suna The Huntsman: War's War na shekarar (2016), wanda ya kasance duka biyu kuma madogara ne ga fim din shekarar, 2012 na White White da Huntsman An jawo hankalin ta kan batun yin wasan jaruma mace wacce kwarewar ta ke daidai da wadanda suka jagoranci maza, amma ba a karban fim din ba Daga nan sai ta zama tauraro a matsayin jigon mawaki, a lobbyist, a cikin mai fafutukar siyasa Miss Sloane, wacce ta sake hada kai da John Madden. Chastain ya karanta littafin tarihin <i id="mwAtY">Capitol na hukuncin</i> wanda Jack Abramoff yayi bincike game da al'adar yin kauracewa a Amurka, ya kuma sadu da masu kaunar mata don yin nazarin yadda suka dace da yanayin salon. Ganawa da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau a duniyar, Peter Travers ya yaba wa Chastain saboda nasarar da ya jawo masu sauraro zuwa rayuwar Sloane, da kuma yin rubuce-rubuce ga jaridar Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang ya kira wasan kwaikwayonsa "rundunar da ta dace da magana ta musamman da murkushe rikice rikicewar tunani. Chastain ta karbi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi Kyawun Bestan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo don rawar da ta yi. Chastain ta nuna Molly Bloom, tsohuwar mai tsere wacce ke gudanar da ayyukanta na caca wanda ya kai ta ga FBI ta kama ta, a wasan fitar da finafinan Aaron Sorkin, Wasan Molly na shekarar, (2017). Ta yarda da sashin saboda sha'awar yin aiki tare da Sorkin, wanda rubutun ta yaba da shi. Maimakon dogaro da bayanan jama'a na Bloom, Chastain ya sadu da Bloom don bincika halayen halayensa da rashin haɗarinsa. Ta kuma bincika duniyar duniyar poker kuma ta yi hira da wasu daga abokan cinikin Bloom. Peter Debruge ya yaba da rawar da ta kasance "ɗayan manyan ɓangarorin mata na allo" kuma ya faɗi nasarorin nasa ga "gwaninta ta ɓacin rai" da rubutun Sorkin. Ta samu lambar yabo ta Golden Globe ta biyar ga shi. A cikin shekara ta, 2018, ta karbi bakuncin wani taron na Asabar Night Live kuma ya faɗi abin da aka tsara na gaskiya Spheres: Songs of Spacetime Ta yi wani fim a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na Xavier Dolan Mutuwar & Rayuwa na John F. Donovan, amma an yanke rawar da ta taka a bayan samarwa yayin da Dolan ta gano cewa halin ta bai dace da labarin ba.
Ayyuka masu zuwa Daga cikin sauran alkawuran da ta yi, Chastain za ta yi wasa tare da Eddie Redmayne a cikin Kyakkyawan Nurse, mai fafutuka game da batun bin kadin Charles Cullen da kuma nuna mawakan kasar Tammy Wynette da ke gaban George Brolin na George Jones a cikin George George da Tammy A matsayinta na mai samarwa, za ta sake haduwa da Octavia Spencer a cikin wani fim mai ban dariya, wanda ta yi shawarwari kan karin albashi ga Spencer.
Rayuwar mutum Duk da mahimmancin kafofin watsa labaru, Chastain ya kasance mai tsaro game da rayuwarta na rayuwa, kuma ya zaɓi kar halartar taron abubuwan jabu da abokin tarayya. Tana daukar kanta a matsayin "mara kunya", kuma a shekara ta, 2011 ta ce tana jin daɗin al'amuran cikin gida kamar tafiya-kare da wasa ukulele, maimakon rabuwa. Ta ambaci 'yar wasan kwaikwayon Isabelle Huppert a matsayin wani tasiri, don sarrafa iyali, yayin da kuma take "rawar-fito" a fim. Chastain ƙaunar dabba ce, kuma ya karɓi kare mai kare Ta kasance mai wanzuwa ga mafi yawan rayuwarta; Bayan matsalolin kiwon lafiya sai ta fara yin lalata Ita ce mai saka hannun jari ga Beyond Meat, kamfanin maye gurbin nama A cikin shekara ta, 2000s, Chastain ya kasance tare da dangantaka ta dogon lokaci tare da marubuci-darektan Ned Benson wanda ya ƙare a cikin shekara ta, 2010. A shekara ta, 2012, ta fara yin amarya da Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo, dan asalin Italiyan dan gidan Passi de Preposulo, wanda ke zartarwa a matsayin kamfanin Moncler A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2017, ta auri Preposulo a gidan iyayenta da ke Carbonera, Italiya A cikin shekara ta, 2018, ma'auratan suna da diya ta hanyar maye. Suna zaune a New York City.
Advocacy
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35167 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuwa%20Arab | Shuwa Arab | IRBaggara Arabs
Mutanen Bangaran "Makiyayan shanu" ko Larabawan Chadi rukuni ne na kabilun Afirka a yankin Larabawa da ke zaune a yankin Sahel na Afirka musamman tsakanin tafkin Chadi da kudancin Kordofan, wanda suke da mutane sama da miliyan shida. Ana kiran su Bangare a Sudan, Abbala, da Har ila yau, an san shi a gabashin Chadi da iyal DJINED da kuma Shuwa Arab a Kamaru, Najeriya da yammacin Chadi. Kalmar Shuwa ance ta samo asalin ne daga yaren Kanuri. Bangaran suna magana da harsuna dabam dabam, wanda aka sani da Larabcin Chadi. Duk da haka Bangāran na Kudancin Kordofan, saboda tuntuɓar masu zaman kansu da kuma Larabawan kasar Sudan makiyayan raƙuma ne na Kordofan, ya haifar da tasirin Larabci na Sudan a cikin yare na wannan yanki. Har ila yau, suna da salon rayuwa na yau da kullum na al'ada, kiwon shanu, ko da yake a zamanin yanzu da yawansu suna rayuwa irin na kowanne mutum. Amma duk da haka, a tare ba dole ba ne dukkansu su ɗauki kansu al'umma ɗaya, wato, ƙabila ɗaya. An gabatar da kalmar "al'adar bangaran a shekarar alif 1994 ta Braukämper. Amfani da kalmar bangāran a siyasance a Sudan yana nuni da gungun kabilu masu magana da harshen Larabci masu alaka ta kud da kud da ke zaune a yankunan kudancin Darfur da Kordofan wadanda suka yi cudanya da 'yan asalin mutanen dake zaune da su a yankin, a cikin musamman mutanen Fur, mutanen Nuba da fula Da yawa dai kawai zuriyar ƙabilun ƴan asalin da aka riga aka yi su ne kawai. Mafi yawa daga cikin "Larabawa Bangaran" suna zaune a Chadi da Sudan, tare da 'yan tsiraru a Najeriya, Kamaru, Nijar, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da Sudan ta Kudu Wadanda har yanzu makiyaya ke yin hijira a kan lokaci tsakanin wuraren kiwo a lokacin damina da wuraren koguna a lokacin rani.
Harshensu na asali dangane da masana ilimi na da sunaye daban-daban, kamar Larabci na Chadi, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga yankunan da ake magana da harshen. A mafi yawancin karni na 20, wannan yare da masana ilimi suka san shi da "Shuwa Arab", amma "Shuwa" kalma ce ta yanki da kuma zamantakewar al'umma da ta fada cikin rashin amfani a tsakanin masana ilimin harshe da suka kware a cikin harshen, wanda maimakon haka suna kiransa "Larabcin Chadi" ya danganta da asalin masu magana da harshen da ake tuntubar su don wani aikin ilimi.
Asali da rarrabuwa Kamar sauran kabilun da ke magana da harshen Larabci a Sudan da Sahel, kabilar Baggara suna da'awar cewa sun samo asali ne daga kabilar Larabawan Juhaynah. Koyaya, shaidar farko da aka rubuta na matsugunan Larabawa a wannan yanki shine a cikin shekarar alif 1391 lokacin da sunan Mai, Sarkin Bornu na Kanuri, Abu 'Amr Uthman b. Idris ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Sarkin Musulmi Mamluk, Barquq, yana korafin yadda Judham da sauran Larabawa suka mamaye yankinsa suna bautar da talakawansa Sunan daya daga cikin manyan kabilun Baggara yana da alaka da wata muhimmiyar kabilar Larabawa ta Larabawa. Beni Halba Braukamper ya kafa tarihin samar da al'adun Baggara zuwa karni na 17 a Wadai, tsakanin Bornu da Darfur, inda Larabawa, masu kiwon rakumi, suka hadu da Fulani masu kiwon shanu da suka yi hijira zuwa gabas, kuma daga cikin wannan hulɗar ta taso ne abin da Braukämper ya taso. ya kirkiro al'adun baggaara na Larabci (makiyaya) wanda a yau ya tashi daga yammacin Sudan (Kordofan da Darfur) zuwa Najeriya (Borno). Larabawan Najeriya sune wakilai na yammaci. Ƙabilun Baggara a Sudan sun haɗa da: Rizeigat, Ta'isha, Beni Halba, Habbaniya, Salamat, Messiria, Tarjam, da kuma Beni Hussein a Darfur, da Messiria Zurug, Messiria Humr, Hawazma, Habbaniya da kuma Awlad Himayd a Kordofan, da Beni Selam a White Nile.
Mutanen Messiria, daya daga cikin mafi girma da kuma mafi muhimmanci kabilu na Larabawan Baggara ana samun su a Chadi, Darfur da Kordofan. Mafi yawan mutanen Messiria suna zaune ne a Kordofan da Chadi tare da mafi yawan jama'a a Darfur. A Darfur ana samun su ne musamman a Niteiga, wani yanki da ke arewacin Nyala. Bayan al'ummar Messiria a Niteiga, akwai wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Larabawa da yawa a Darfur waɗanda ke da'awar alaƙa da Messiria, kamar su Ta'alba, Sa'ada, Hotiyya, da Nei'mat. Tare da waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ya kamata a haɗa da Jebel "Messiria" a Jebel Mun, a yammacin Darfur, wanda ke magana da harshen Nilo-Saharan, Mileri, mai alaka da Tama. Mutanen Mileri na Jebel Mun ba a daukarsu a matsayin Larabawa a al'adance amma shugabanninsu sun dade suna jaddada wata zuriyar Larabawa ta Messiria. Kabilar Baggara suna da dangi masu rakuma, wanda aka fi sani da Abbala. Kabilar Abbala na Sudan galibi suna zaune ne a Arewa da yammacin Darfur. Kabila mafi girma kuma mai kama da kalmar Abbala ita ce Rizeigat ta Arewa, wadda ta ƙunshi sassa 5; the Mahamid, Mahariyya, Nuwaiba, Irayqat and Atayfat. Ƙabilar Awlad Rashid waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su a Darfur su ne, waɗanda galibi ke zaune a Chadi.
Karamar al'ummar Baggara/Shuwa Arabs", hakika su Abbala ne, wadanda ke zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Nijar ana kiransu Larabawan Diffa na yankin Diffa. Mafi yawancinsu sun yi hijira ne daga kasar Chadi, tun daga farkon saboda fari na shekarar 1974, tare da samun karin a shekarun 1980 saboda yakin kasar Chadi. Yawancin Larabawan Diffa na ikirarin zuriyar Mahamid na Sudan da Chadi.
Tarihi Mutanen Bangaran /Shuwa na Darfur da Kordofan su ne kashin bayan tawayen Mutanen Mahdi dan bijerwa mulkin Turko na Masar a Sudan a shekarun 1880. Shugaban Mahdi na biyu, Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, shi kansa Bangarene na kabilar Ta'aisha. A zamanin Mahi (1883 98) dumbin dubunnan mutanen Bangaran sun yi hijira zuwa Omdurman da tsakiyar Sudan inda suka ba da dakaru da yawa ga sojojin Mahdi.
Bayan sun sha kashi a yakin Karari na alif 1898, ragowar sun koma gida zuwa Darfur da Kordofan. Karkashin tsarin mulkin Biritaniya na kaikaice, kowace babbar kabilar Baggara ta kasance karkashin babban jigonta nazir Yawancinsu 'yan jam'iyyar Umma ne, wanda Sadiq el Mahdi ya jagoranta tun a shekarun 1960.
Manyan kabilun Bangaran na nufin sun sami lambar yabo ta (taimakon kasa) daga Sarakunan Musulunci na Fur a shekarun 1750s. Sakamakon haka, ƙabilu huɗu mafi girma na Bangare na Darfur— Rizeigat, Habbaniya, Beni Halba da Ta'isha— sun shiga cikin rikicin na Darfur ne kawai. Duk da haka, Bangare na da hannu sosai a wasu rikice-rikice a Sudan da Chadi. Tun daga shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Sudan ta dauki makamai da dama daga cikin kabilun yankin da suka hada da Rizeigat na kudancin Darfur da Messiria da Hawazma na makwabciyarta Kordofan a matsayin mayakan sa kai domin yakar rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan a yankunansu. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyin gaba da Murahleen, waɗanda suka ɗora mahara da suka kai hari a ƙauyukan kudanci don kwashe dukiya da bayi. Mutanen Bangare (da ƙungiyoyinsu) sun amshi makamai daga gwamnatin Sudan don shiga yaƙi da sojojin 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan. An fara kai hare-hare kan kauyukan Bangare a tsaunukan Nuba. Gwamnatin Sudan ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta hanyar yi wa al'ummar Bangaran alkawarin cewa ba za su tsoma baki ba don haka za su iya kwace dabbobi da filaye. Sun kafa magabatan Janjaweed wani sojan da bai shahara ba. A lokacin yakin basasar Sudan na biyu an sace dubban mata da yara kanana na Dinka daga bisani 'yan kabilar Missriya da Rezeigat suka mayar dasu bayi. Hakazalika an yi garkuwa da wasu yara da ba a san adadinsu ba daga kabilar Nuba. A yankin Darfur, gwamnatin kasar ta shirya wata rundunar mayakan Beni Halba domin fatattakar dakarun SPLA karkashin jagorancin Daud Bolad a shekarar 1990-91. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ƙungiyoyin Bangare daban-daban sun yi shawarwarin sulhu na cikin gida da dakarun SPLA. Shugabannin manyan kabilun Bangare sun bayyana cewa ba su da sha'awar shiga fadan.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Bayanan kula de Waal, Alex and Julie Flint. 2006. Darfur: A Short History of a Long War. London: Zed Books. ISBN 1-84277-697-5.
Scheinfeldt, Laura B, et al. 2010. Working toward a synthesis of archaeological, linguistic, and genetic data for inferring African population history. In John C. Avise and Francisco J. Ayala, eds., In the light of evolution. Volume IV: the human condition. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Series: Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia
United States Department of State. 2008-06-04. Trafficking in Persons Report 2008—Sudan.
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Kara karantawa Braukämper, Ulrich. 1994. Bayanan kula game da asalin al'adun Larabawa na Baggara tare da magana ta musamman ga Shuwa. A cikin Jonathan Owens, ed., Larabawa da Larabci a yankin tafkin Chadi Rüdiger Köppe. Jerin SUGIA (Sprache und Geschichte a Afirka); 14.
Larabawan Najeriya
Kabilun Kasar Sudan
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
38883 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Allotey | Francis Allotey | Articles with hCards
Francis Kofi Ampenyin Allotey FGA OV (9 Agustan shekarar 1932 2 Nuwamba 2017 masanin lissafin lissafin, na kasar Ghana Tare da Daniel Afedzi Akyeampong, ya zama dan Ghana na farko da ya sami digiri na uku a kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya samu a sheakara ta 1966.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Allotey, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1932 a garin Fante na Saltpond a tsakiyar Ghana ga Joseph Kofi Allotey, babban mai sayar dy, mai sana'ar sutura daga dangin Royal Dehyena kayayyaki da Alice Esi Nyena Allotea na Enyan Owomase da Ekumfi Edumafa, a cikin Yankin Tsakiyar Ghana. Mahaifinsa ya mallaki kantin sayar da littattafai A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Allotey ya ciyar da lokacinsa na kyauta a kantin sayar da littattafai na mahaifinsa yana karanta tarihin rayuwar shahararrun masana kimiyya wanda ya sa ya sha'awar kimiyya. Ya girma a Roman Katolika Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Katolika ta St. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya halarci Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ghana da kuma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Borough na London Ya yi digiri na biyu da na uku daga Jami'ar Princeton, wanda aka ba shi a 1966 kuma a baya Diploma, na Kwalejin Imperial, wanda ya samu a shekara ta 1960. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan Pakistan Abdus Salam, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ya koyar da shi a matsayin dalibi a Kwalejin Imperial. A lokacinsa a Princeton, masana kimiyya da yawa irin su Robert Dicke, Val Fitch, Robert Oppenheimer, Paul AM Dirac da CN Yang sun ba shi jagoranci.
Sana'a An san shi da Allotey Formalism wanda ya taso daga aikinsa na kallon kallon X-ray mai laushi Shi ne wanda ya karɓi kyautar yarima Philip Golden Award na Burtaniya a shekarar 1973 saboda aikinsa a wannan yanki. Mutumin da ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Afirka, a cikin 1974, ya zama cikakken farfesa na farko na Ghana a fannin lissafi kuma shugaban Sashen Lissafi sannan kuma shugaban tsangayar Kimiyya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah Ya kuma kasance shugaban cibiyar kula da kwamfutoci ta KNUST kafin ya hau mukaminsa na mataimakin shugaban jami’ar. Daga cikin abokan aikin Allotey akan tsangayar lissafi a KNUST akwai Atu Mensa Taylor (ya rasu a shekarar 1977), dan Ghana na uku da ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi. Taylor ya karbi DPhil nasa (1967) daga Oxford a karkashin masanin lissafi na Welsh, John Trevor Lewis, wanda kuma ya sami MA a can shekaru da yawa a baya. Allotey shi ne shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana kuma memba na kun,giyoyin kimiya na kasa da kasa da suka hada da Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics Scientific Council tun 1996. Ya kuma kasance shugaban cibiyar nazarin Physics ta Ghana kuma shi ne ya kafa kungiyar Physical Society ta Afrika. Ya taka rawar gani wajen ganin Ghana ta shiga kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta kungiyar tsafta da aiyuka a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin kasashen Afirka na farko da suka shiga kungiyar. Ya yi aiki tare da IUPAP da ICTP don karfafa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar bita da taro don wayar da kan jama'a a nahiyar. Allotey shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra, Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Afirka, Ghana Ya kasance ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Cibiyar Physics Ya kasance mai girmamawa Fellow na Nigerian Mathematical Society da sauransu. Ya tuntubi cibiyoyi da yawa na duniya kamar UNESCO, IAEA da UNIDO Ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa, babban taro na 7 na Intergovernmental Bureau of Informatics (IBI). Ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen ci gaban ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa a Afirka tare da yin aiki kafada da kafada da kungiyoyi irin su IBM International da kuma International Federation for Information Processing. A shekara ta 2004, shi ne ɗan Afirka tilo a cikin fitattun masana kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi 100 a duniya da aka ambata a cikin wani littafi mai suna, Dalibai ɗari na zama masanin kimiyya An kafa Makarantar Graduate na Farfesa Francis Allotey a cikin 2009 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra Cibiyar tana ba da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Injiniyan Software da shirye-shiryen digiri a Fasahar Sadarwa da Falsafa. Gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award a shekara ta 2005, kuma ta sadaukar da tambarin aikawa da sakon karramawa. A cikin 2009 ya sami Order of Volta kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah African Genius Award a 2017. Ya taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Afirka a Ghana a 2012.
Rayuwa ta sirri Allotey ya fara auren Edoris Enid Chandler daga Barbados, wanda ya hadu da shi a lokacin da suke karatu a Landan Suna da yara biyu Francis Kojo Enu Allotey da Joseph Kobina Nyansa Allotey. Chandler ya mutu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1981. Sannan ya sake yin aure da Ruby Asie Mirekuwa Akuamoah. Tare suka yi renon ’ya’yanta biyu, Cilinnie da Kay. Akuamoah ya mutu a watan Oktoba, 2011. Gabaɗaya, Allotey yana da ’ya’ya huɗu da jikoki 20.
Mutuwa da jana'izar jiha Francis Allotey ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2017. Gwamnatin Ghana ta yi masa jana'izar jana'izar ne saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha a Ghana. An kama gawarsa a garinsu, Saltpond, yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje AIMS Ghana
Allotey profile
Haifaffun |
35421 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinki | Dinki | Yin dinki sana'a ce ta daure ko hada abubuwa ta amfani da dinki da aka yi da allurar dinki da zare dinki yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin fasahar yadi, wanda ya taso a zamanin Paleolithic Kafin kirkirar yadudduka na kadi ko saka, masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun yi imanin mutanen zamanin Dutse a duk fadin Turai da Asiya sun dinka gashin gashi da kayan fata ta amfani da kashi, antler ko na hauren giwa da allura da “zaren” da aka yi da sassa daban-daban na jikin dabba ciki har da sinew, catgut, da veins. Tsawon shekaru dubbai, duk dinki ana yin su da hannu. Kirkirar na'urar dinki a karni na 19 da hadakar na'ura mai kwakwalwa a karni na 20 ya haifar da yawan samarwa da fitar da kayan dinki zuwa waje, amma har yanzu ana yin dinkin hannu a duniya.[1] Kyakkyawar dinkin hannu wata siffa ce ta tela mai inganci, kayan kwalliyar kwalliya, da yin suturar al'ada, kuma masu fasahar masaku da masu sha'awar sha'awa suna bi da su azaman hanyar kirkira. [abubuwan da ake bukata]
Sanin farko da aka yi amfani da kalmar “dinki” shi ne a karni na 14.[1]
Tarihi
Asalin dinki yana da tsohon tarihi da aka kiyasta zai fara a zamanin Paleolithic[1]. An yi amfani da dinki wajen dinke fatun dabbobi wuri guda domin sutura da matsuguni. Inuit, alal misali, sun yi amfani da sinew daga caribou don zaren zaren da allura da aka yi da kashi;[2] ’yan asalin yankin Amurka da Prairies na Kanada sun yi amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin dinki don harhada matsugunan tipi.[3] An hada dinki da sakar ganyen tsiro a Afirka don kirkirar kwanduna, irin wadanda masu saka Zulu suka yi, wadanda suka yi amfani da siraran lefen dabino a matsayin “zaren” wajen dinke fidadden ganyen dabino da aka saka a cikin nada. 4] Sakar kyalle daga filaye na halitta ya samo asali ne a Gabas ta Tsakiya a wajajen shekara ta 4000 BC, kuma watakila a farkon zamanin Neolithic, da dinkin zane ya kasance tare da wannan ci gaba.[5]
A lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, Turawa da za su iya ba da ita sun yi aikin dinki da dinki. Muhimmancin mahimmancin dinki an nuna shi ta wurin matsayi mai daraja na "Ubangiji Sewer" a yawancin nadin sarauta na Turai daga tsakiyar zamanai. Misali shi ne Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl na Sussex wanda aka nada Lord Sewer a nadin sarautar Henry VIII na Ingila a shekara ta 1509. Yin dinki a galibi sana'ar mace ce, kuma yawancin dinki kafin karni na 19 yana da amfani. Tufafi ya kasance jari mai tsada ga yawancin mutane, kuma mata suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsawaita tsawon rayuwar kayan tufafi. An yi amfani da dinki don gyarawa. Tufafin da suka shude za a juye su a ciki don a ci gaba da sawa, wani lokacin kuma sai an ware su a sake hada su don dacewa da wannan manufa. Da zarar tufafin ya lalace ko kuma a yayyage, za a cire shi kuma a dinka zanen da za a sake amfani da shi a cikin sababbin tufafi, a yi shi zuwa kwankwasa, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi. Yawancin matakan da ake amfani da su wajen yin tufafi daga karce (saka, yin kira, yankewa, gyare-gyare, da sauransu) na nufin cewa mata sukan yi musayar kwarewarsu ta wata fasaha da juna.[1] Ayyukan allura na ado irin su kwankwasa fasaha ce mai kima, kuma 'yan mata masu lokaci da hanyoyin za su yi aiki don gina kwarewar su a wannan yanki. Tun daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa karni na 17, kayan aikin dinki irin su allura, fil, da pincushions sun kasance a cikin wando na yawancin matan turawa.[2] An yi amfani da tsuntsun dinki ko dinkin dinki a matsayin hannu na uku kuma sun kasance mashahurin kyaututtuka ga masu sana'a a karni na 19.[3][4] An daraja kayan ado na ado a al'adu da yawa a duniya. Ko da yake mafi yawan dinkin dinki a cikin wakar Yamma a al'adance na Biritaniya, Irish ko Yammacin Turai asalinsu, ɗinkin da ya samo asali daga al'adu daban-daban an san su a duk faɗin duniya a yau. Wasu misalan su ne madaidaicin Buɗaɗɗen Cikewa na Cretan, Couching Romania ko Couching Oriental, da ɗinkin Jafananci.[1] Dinkin da ke da alaƙa da yin ado ya bazu ta hanyar hanyoyin kasuwanci waɗanda ke aiki a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Hanyar siliki ta kawo fasahohin yin ado na kasar Sin zuwa yammacin Asiya da gabashin Turai, yayin da fasahohin da suka samo asali daga Gabas ta Tsakiya suka yadu zuwa Kudancin da Yammacin Turai ta hanyar Maroko da Spain.[2] Matsugunan daular Turawa kuma sun yada fasahohin sakawa da dinki a duk duniya. Duk da haka, akwai misalan fasahar ɗinki na asali ga al'adu a wurare masu nisa daga juna, inda sadarwar al'adu ta kasance mai wuyar tarihi. Misali, hanyar juyawa appliqué da aka sani ga yankunan Kudancin Amurka kuma an san shi zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya.[2]
Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya canza samar da masaku daga gida zuwa masana'anta. A farkon shekarun juyin juya halin masana'antu, injinan sun samar da tufaffi gabaɗaya. Na'urar dinki ta farko a duniya ta kasance a shekarar 1790 ta Thomas Saint.[1] A farkon shekarun 1840, wasu injinan dinki na farko sun fara bayyana. Barthélemy Thimonnier ya gabatar da injin dinki mai sauƙi a cikin 1841 don samar da kayan aikin soja ga sojojin Faransa; Jim kadan bayan haka, gungun masu sana’ar dinki sun kutsa cikin shagon Thimonnier suka jefar da injin din daga tagogin, suna ganin cewa injin din zai sa su daina aiki.[2] A cikin shekarun 1850, Isaac Singer ya ƙera na'urorin ɗinki na farko waɗanda za su iya aiki cikin sauri da kuma daidai kuma sun zarce aikin ɗinki ko tela da hannu.
Yayin da ake samar da riguna da yawa a gida daga ’yan uwa mata, ana kuma samar da tufafin da aka kera don masu matsakaicin matsayi da injin dinki. Shagunan zufa masu cike da ma'aikatan injunan ɗinki marasa biyan kuɗi sun girma zuwa ɗaukacin gundumomin kasuwanci a manyan biranen London da New York City. Don ci gaba da tallafawa masana'antar, an yi aikin guntu don kuɗi kaɗan daga matan da ke zaune a cikin marasa galihu. Aikin allura yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan sana'o'in da ake ganin karɓuwa ga mata, amma ba ta biya albashin rai ba. Mata masu aikin nesa sukan yi aiki na tsawon awanni 14 don samun abin da za su iya dogaro da kansu, wani lokacin kuma ta hanyar hayar injin dinki da ba za su iya saya |
48008 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habo | Habo | Habo, wanda kuma aka sani da epistaxis, misali ne na zubar jini daga hanci Jini na iya gangara zuwa cikin ciki, kuma yana haifar da tashin zuciya da amai A lokutan da yayi tsanani, jini na iya fitowa daga cikin hanci biyu. Bai cika faruwa ba, amma zubda jini na iya saka karfin hawan jini ya ragu. Hakanan jini na iya fitowa daga duct na nasolacrimal kuma ya fita daga ido. Abubuwan daka iya kawoshi sun hada da sun haɗa da rauni, ciki har da sanya yatsa a cikin hanci, masu ba da jini, hawan jini, shan barasa, rashin lafiyar yanayi, yanayin bushewa habo ya kasu gida biyu: na daya shine na gaba, wanda ya fi kowane yawa da na baya, wanda ba shi da yawa amma ya fi tsanani. Jinin na gaba gabaɗaya yana fitowa daga plexus Kiesselbach yayin da jini na baya gabaɗaya yana fitowa daga jijiya sphenopalatine Sakamakon ganewar asali shine ta hanyar kallo kai tsaye. kariya daga faruwar hakan na iya haɗawa da amfani da jelly na man fetur a cikin hanci. Da farko, magani gabaɗaya shine aikace-aikacen matsa lamba na akalla mintuna biyar akan ƙasan rabin hanci. Idan wannan bai wadatar ba, ana iya amfani da tattarawar hanci Tranexamic acid kuma na iya taimakawa. Idan zubar jini ya ci gaba, ana ba da shawarar endoscopy Kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na mutane sun taba yin habo a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu. Kusan kashi 10% na jinin hanci suna da tsanani. Jinin hanci ba kasafai yake yin kisa ba, wanda ya kai 4 kawai daga cikin miliyan 2.4 da suka mutu a Amurka a shekarar 1999. Ciwon hanci ya fi shafar wadanda ke kasa da shekara 10 zuwa sama da 50. Abubuwan da ke kawo habo Habo na iya faruwa saboda dalilai da dama. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani sun haɗa da rauni daga tsokalar hanci, rauni wanda ya tsananta (kamar haɗarin abin hawa), ko shigar da wani abu a cikin hanci (mafi yawa a yara). Dangantakar zafi na muhalli (ciki har da gine-gine masu zafi na tsakiya), cututtuka na hanyoyin iska, mura, rhinitis ko abubuwan da zasu iya canzawar hanci na iya haifar da kumburi da kaurarawar na fata din dake a cikin hanci, haifar da yiwuwar zubar da jini daga hanci.
Yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar habo da suna iya warkewa da kansu sannan kuma ba sa buƙatar kulawar likita., saidai kuma idan jini na hanci yana zowa bayan lokaci zuwa lokaci ko kuma bai amsa maganin gida ba,irin wannan yana buƙatar bincike. An jera wasu daga cikin dalilan dake kawo habo kamar haka Thrombocytopenia thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Cutar von Willebrand
Hemophilia
Cutar sankarar bargo
HIV
Ciwon hanta na yau da kullun -cirrhosis yana haifar da rashi na factor II, VII, IX, X
Abincin abinci Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide) E220 (a matsayin abinci mai kiyayewa da ake amfani dashi musamman a cikin giya, busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa, da sauransu. Sulfites a matsayin masu kiyaye abinci
Salicylates da ke faruwa a cikin wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan
dalilin kumburi granulomatosis tare da polyangiitis
Tsarin lupus erythematosus
Magunguna Anticoagulation warfarin, heparin, aspirin, da dai sauransu). Magunguna masu lalacewa (musamman cocaine Nasal sprays (musamman tsawaitawa ko rashin amfani da kwayoyin steroids na hanci)
Dalilin ciwon daji Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Melanoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Zubar da hanci na iya zama alamar ciwon daji a yankin sinus, wanda ba kasafai ba ne, ko ciwace-ciwacen da ke farawa daga gindin kwakwalwa, kamar meningioma Saboda wuri mai mahimmanci, zubar jinin hanci da ciwace-ciwacen daji ke haifarwa yawanci yana da alaƙa da wasu alamomi, kamar matsalolin ji ko hangen nesa.
Mai rauni Nakasar jiki misali septal spurs)
Ciwon kai (yawanci bugun fuska kamar naushi, wani lokacin yana rakiyar karayar hanci Jiki na waje (kamar yatsu yayin ɗaukar hanci Dijital rauni
Barotrauma na kunne na tsakiya (kamar daga zuriya a cikin jirgin sama ko hawan hawan ruwa)
Karyewar kashi na hanci
Karya/katsewa
Tiyata misali septoplasty da aikin endoscopic sinus tiyata Jinin hanci na iya kasancewa saboda karyewar kasusuwan fuska wato maxilla da zygoma.Mai rauni
Jijiyoyin jini
Hemorrhagic telangiectasia (cutar Osler-Weber-Rendu)
Angioma
Aneurysm na carotid artery
Pathophysiology Mucosa na hanci yana dauke da wadataccen jini wanda zai iya rushewa cikin sauƙi kuma ya haifar da zubar jini. Fashewa na iya zama na kai tsaye ko kuma ya fara ta ta hanyar rauni. An ba da rahoton zubar da jini a cikin kashi 60% na yawan jama'a tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin waɗanda ba su kai shekaru goma ba da kuma sama da shekaru 50 kuma suna bayyana a cikin maza fiye da mata.
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17755 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafisa%20Ali | Nafisa Ali | Nafisa Ali (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Janairn, shekara ta alif 1957), 'yar fim ɗin Indiya ce kuma 'yar Siyasa daga Majalisar Wakilai ta Indiya kuma 'yar gwagwarmaya ce ta zamantakewa.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Nafisa Ali a garin Kolkata, diyar Ahmed Ali, mutumin musulmin Bengali da kuma Philomena Torresan, wata ‘yar Roman Katolika wacce take da asalin Anglo da Indiya. Kakan Nafisa ta wajen uba, S. Wajid Ali, fitaccen marubuci ne ɗan Bengali. Mahaifiyar mahaifinta ('yar'uwar mahaifinta) ita ce Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah, 'yar jaridar Pakistan ce kuma mai son mata. Nafisa ma tana da alaka da kawataccen mai gwagwarmayar kwatar 'yanci na Bangladesh kuma soja Bir Pratik Akhtar Ahmed. Mahaifiyar Nafisa yanzu ta zauna a Australia. Nafisa ta tafi Sr. Cambridge daga La Martiniere Calcutta. Ta kuma karanci Vedanta wanda Swami Chinmayananda ta koyar, wanda ya fara cibiyar Cibiyar Fahimtar Duniya ta Chinmaya.
Mijinta sanannen dan wasan polo ne kuma Arjuna wanda aka karrama, Col RS Sodhi mai ritaya. Bayan aure, ta zaɓi daina aiki kuma ta mai da hankali ga 'ya'yanta uku:' ya'ya mata Armana, Pia da ɗa Ajit. Bayan hutun shekaru 18 ta dawo harkar fim.
Ayyuka Nafisa Ali tana da nasarori a fannoni da dama. Ta kasance zakaran wasan ninkaya na kasa daga shekarun 1972–1974. A shekara ta 1976, ta lashe taken Femina Miss India, ta wakilci Indiya a gasar Miss International aka ayyana ta biyu a matsayi na biyu. Ali shima dan wasa ne a Calcutta Gymkhana a shekara ta 1979.
Yin aiki Ta yi fina -finai da yawa a Bollywood, wadanda suka hada da Junoon a shekara ta (1978) tare da Shashi Kapoor, Manjo Saab tare da Amitabh Bachchan shekara ta (1998), Bewafaa (2005), Life In A Metro shekara ta (2007) da Yamla Pagla Deewana shekara (2010) tare da Dharmendra.
Ta kuma yi wani fim a Malayalam mai suna Big B shekara ta (2007) tare da Mammootty, kuma tana da alaƙa da Action India, ƙungiyar da ke aikin faɗakar da cutar kanjamau.
Harkar siyasa Nafisa Ali ta fafata a zaɓen Lok Sabha a shekara ta 2004 ba daga Kudancin Kolkata ba. Ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2009, ta yi takarar Lok Sabha daga LuVE a tikitin Jam’iyyar Samajwadi bayan Kotun Koli ta dakatar da Sanjay Dutt bisa wani hukunci da ta yanke. Daga nan ta sake komawa jam’iyar Indian National Congress a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 kuma ta ce za ta dawo majalisar har abada.
Rayuwar mutum Tana auren Kanar Ravinder Singh Sodhi wani dan wasan polo wanda ya ci lambar Arjuna. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005, an nada ta shugabar kungiyar Fina-Finan yara ta Indiya (CFSI).
A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2018, Ali da aka kamu da mataki 3 peritoneal da ovarian ciwon daji.
Filmography Junoon (1979)
Aatank (1996)
Major Saab (1998)
Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar (2001)
Bewafaa (2005)
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006)
Babban B (2007) a matsayin Maryamu Malama
Rayuwa a cikin. Metro (2008)
Guzaarish (2010)
Lahore (2010)
Yamla Pagla Deewana (2011)
Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3 (2018) a matsayin Raj Mata Yashodhara
Duba kuma Jerin 'yan matan Indiya shafi
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Nafisa Ali Hira da Nafisa Ali
Rubutawa kan Nafisa Ali
Shafin Nafeesa Ali
Wasan ninkaya na mata a indiya
Haihuwan 1956
Yan Wasan ninkaya daga Mumbai
Yan fim a indiya
Yan Wasan ninkaya ta mata a indiya
Kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta mata a indiya
Pages with unreviewed |
52865 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmau%20al-Assad | Asmau al-Assad | Asma Fawaz al-Assad (née Akhras; an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975) ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Siriya. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Landan ga iyayen Siriya, ta auri shugaban Siriya na 19 kuma na yanzu, Bashar al-Assad.
Assad ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko a kimiyyar kwamfuta da wallafe-wallafen Faransanci. Tana da aiki a banki na saka hannun jari kuma an shirya ta don fara MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da ta auri Bashar al-Assad a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000. Ta yi murabus daga aikinta na banki na saka hannun jari bayan bikin auren ma'auratan kuma ta kasance a Siriya, inda aka haifi 'ya'yansu uku. A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da kungiyoyin gwamnati da ke da alaƙa da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake fasalin da aka dakatar saboda barkewar yakin basasar Siriya.
Tare da mijinta Bashar, Asma an dauke ta daya daga cikin "manyan 'yan wasan tattalin arziki" a Siriya kuma tana kula da manyan bangarorin kasuwanci na Siriya, banki, sadarwa, dukiya da masana'antun teku. A sakamakon yakin basasar Siriya da ke gudana, rikici wanda ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Assad yana ƙarƙashin takunkumin tattalin arziki da ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Siriya, yana mai da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tarayyar Turai (EU) don samar mata da kayan aiki da taimakon kuɗi, don ta sami wasu kayayyaki, da kuma rage ikonta na tafiya a cikin EU. A Burtaniya, a halin yanzu tana cikin wani bincike na farko a cikin sashin laifukan yaki na 'yan sanda na Metropolitan tare da zarge-zargen da suka shafi "tsarin tsarin azabtarwa da kisan fararen hula, gami da amfani da makamai masu guba" da kuma tayar da ayyukan ta'addanci.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Assad Asma Fawaz Akhras a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975 a Landan ga Fawaz Akheras, likitan zuciya a asibitin Cromwell, da matarsa Sahar Akhras (née Otri), diflomasiyya mai ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Siriya a Landan. Iyayenta Musulmai ne na Sunni kuma 'yan asalin Siriya ne, daga birnin Homs Ta girma a Acton, London, inda ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta Twyford Church of England sannan daga baya ta zama makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu, Kwalejin Sarauniya, London. Ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Ayyukan kudi Bayan kammala karatunta daga King's College London, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan tattalin arziki a Deutsche Bank Group a cikin sashen gudanar da kudade tare da abokan ciniki a Turai da Gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga sashen banki na saka hannun jari na JP Morgan inda ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙware a fannin kimiyyar halittu da kamfanonin magunguna. Ta yaba da kwarewarta ta banki tare da ba ta "tunani na nazari" da kuma ikon fahimtar] bangaren kasuwanci na gudanar da kamfani".
Tana gab da neman MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da, a hutu a gidan kawunta a Damascus a shekara ta 2000, ta sake saduwa da Bashar al-Assad, abokiyar iyali.
Bayan rasuwar Hafez al-Assad a watan Yunin 2000, Bashar ya zama shugaban kasa. Asma ta koma Siriya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000 kuma ta auri Bashar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Aure ya ba mutane da yawa mamaki tunda babu rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai game da soyayya da soyayya kafin bikin. Mutane da yawa sun fassara ƙungiyar a matsayin sulhu da alamar ci gaba zuwa ga gwamnatin sake fasalin yayin da Asma ta girma a Ƙasar Ingila kuma tana wakiltar yawancin Sunni, ba kamar Alawite Bashar ba.
Bayan bikin auren, Asma ta yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Siriya zuwa ƙauyuka 100 a cikin 13 daga cikin gwamnatocin Siriya 14 don yin magana da Siriya da kuma koyon inda ya kamata ta jagoranci manufofinta na gaba. Ta ci gaba da kirkirar tarin kungiyoyi da ke aiki a karkashin bangaren agaji na gwamnati, wanda ake kira Syria Trust for Development; kungiyoyin sun hada da FIRDOS (ƙananan bashi na karkara), SHABAB (ƙwarewar kasuwanci ga matasa), BASMA (taimaka yara da ke fama da ciwon daji), RAWAFED (ci gaban al'adu), Kungiyar Siriya don nakasassu, da Cibiyar Binciken Ci gaban Siriya, da nufin yin niyya ga al'ummomin karkara, ci gaban tattalin arziki, 'yan ƙasa masu nakasa, da ci gaban al'adun yara da mata, bi da bi da bi. Mafi sanannun sune cibiyoyin MASSAR da ta kirkira, wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin al'umma don yara su koyi zama ɗan ƙasa. Saboda wannan aikin, ta sami wuri a matsayin daya daga cikin Mujallar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta 411 "Larabci mafi tasiri a Duniya".
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Vogue: A Rose in the Desert (article later withdrawn) at archive.today (archived 25 February 2011)
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
22116 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20%C9%97an%27adam%20a%20Bosnia%20da%20Herzegovina | Hakkokin ɗan'adam a Bosnia da Herzegovina | Tarihin 'yancin ɗan adam na Bosniya da Herzegovina ya kasance an dauki tsawon shekaru daga ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci waɗanda suka haɗa da Majalisar dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kotun Turai na' Yancin Dan Adam da kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai, da kuma na duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida irin su Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International An soki gwamnatin Bosniya da Herzegovina saboda nuna wariya na kabilanci da addini a yadda take mu'amala da tsirarun kabilu da addinai kamar mutanen Romani da yahudawa An kuma soki gwamnatin kasar kan yadda take kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da suka biyo bayan yakin Bosniya da kuma gazawarta wajen wadata masu neman mafakar da kayan abinci kamar abinci, matsuguni da kuma taimakon likita. Kuma a cewar BH Novinari, kungiyar ‘yan jaridar ta Bosniya, yancin yada labarai batu ne a Bosniya da Herzegovina, inda ‘yan jaridu ke fuskantar hare-hare, barazana da matsin lamba daga gwamnati. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na 'yancin dan adam sun kuma bayar da rahoton katsalandan a cikin aikin su daga gwamnati. Tarayyar Turai ta soki gwamnatin ta Bosniya saboda jinkirin da take yi na shigar da karar laifukan yaki a cikin gida daga yakin Bosniya biyo bayan rufe Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa game da Tsohuwar Yugoslavia a watan Disambar shekarar 2017.
Tarihi Rikicin kabilanci sananne ne a cikin al'ummar Bosniya. Manyan kabilun uku su ne; Bosniaks, wadanda galibinsu Musulmai ne, da Croats, wadanda suke Katolika, da kuma Republika Srpska wadanda ke bin darikar Orthodox ta Sabiya. Wannan rikicin na kabilanci ya haifar da Yakin Bosniya wanda ya gudana tsakanin shekarar 1992 zuwa shekarar 1995 biyo bayan samun 'yancin kan Bosnia da Herzegovina daga Tarayyar Yugoslavia. Yakin ya haifar da mutuwar 100 000. Laifin laifukan yaƙi da take hakkin ɗan adam da kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa suka aikata. An kawo mafi yawan adadin laifukan yaƙi a kan Sabiyawan.
Nuna wariyar launin fata da na addini A shekarar 2019 Bankin Duniya ya wallafa wani rahoto da ya gano cewa nuna wariya ga mutanen Roma babbar matsala ce a kasashen Yammacin Balkan, ciki har da Bosnia da Herzegovina. Rahoton ya gano cewa mutanen Roma, wadanda suka kunshi kashi 1.7% na al'ummar Bosniya, suna da wahalar samun ayyukan yau da kullun kamar kiwon lafiya, ilimi, aikin yi da kuma gidaje fiye da wadanda ba 'yan Rome ba. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a cikin Rahotonta na shekara-shekara na 2020 cewa nuna wariya ga kabilu da tsirarun addinai ya kasance babban batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Bosniya da Herzegovina. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ta Bosniya ya haramtawa wasu tsirarun kabilu irin su yahudawa da kuma ‘yan kabilar ta Rome, wadanda su ne manyan kungiyoyin tsiraru biyu a kasar tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar. Matsalolin da ke cikin Tsarin Mulki na Bosniya da Herzegovina sakamako ne na Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Dayton, wacce aka sanya hannu a cikin shekarar 1995 a ƙarshen Yaƙin Bosniya. Saboda gagarumar rawar da kishin kasa da siyasar nuna kabilanci ke takawa a cikin al'umar Bosniya, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Bosniya ya tanadi cewa Shugabancin gwamnati dole ne ya kunshi mambobi guda uku da aka zaba kai tsaye. Memba na shugaban kasa guda daya Bosniaks, Croats da Serbia ke zaba kowannensu. Dole ne dan takarar shugaban kasa ya kasance yana da 1 daya daga cikin wadannan asalin na kabilanci kuma bai cancanta ba idan sun kasance memba na wasu karin kabilun, wanda ke hana kananan kabilu, kamar Romawa da yahudawa, tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa, da kuma duk wanda yake zuwa fiye da ɗaya daga cikin manyan kabilun uku. Bugu da ƙari, Bosniaks, Croats da Sabiyawa na iya zaɓar ɗan takara ɗaya ne kawai daga ƙabilarsu. Wadannan takunkumin da suka shafi kabilanci kan cancantar tsayawa takarar zaben da aka zaba suna da sabani, kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa irin su Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam sun soki lamarin. A cikin shari'ar shekarar 2009 na Sejdić da Finci v. Bosnia da Herzegovina, Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin Mulkin Bosniya ya nuna wariya kuma ya saba wa Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Yancin Dan Adam Dervo Sejdić, mutumin Roma, da Jakob Finci, wani Bayahude, sun shigar da kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam cewa ba su cancanci tsayawa takarar Shugaban kasa da Majalisar Wakilan Jama'ar Bosniya da Herzegovina ba saboda kasancewarsu na kananan kabilu, duk da cewa dukkan mutanen biyu 'yan kasar ta Bosniya ne.
Laifukan yaki Duk cikin Yaƙin Bosniya tsakanin shekarar 1992-zuwa 1995, an sami yawan cin zarafin ɗan adam. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsarkake kabilanci, zartar da hukunci ba bisa doka ba, fyade da azabtarwa. A watan Disambar shekarar 2017, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Yugoslavia, kotun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kirkiro don hukunta laifukan yaki da suka faru a yakin Bosnia, aka rufe. Kotunan cikin gida tun daga wannan lokacin suke da alhakin gurfanar da laifukan yaƙi da na cin zarafin bil'adama waɗanda suka faru yayin yaƙin. Rahoton Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ofishin Babban Kwamitin Kula da Hakkin Dan-Adam a kan Bosnia da Herzegovina ya ba da rahoton damuwar cewa kotunan cikin gida na Bosniya da Herzegovina sun yi jinkirin kammala shari'ar laifukan yaki. Wadanda aka yi wa fyade da azabtarwa a lokacin yakin suna fuskantar kalubale da yawa wajen samun adalci na shari'a, suna fuskantar 5,000 a kudin kotu idan harkarsu ba ta yi nasara ba.
Masu neman mafaka da wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu Ya zuwa shekara ta 2020, an ci gaba da sanya ‘yan Bosniya 96,421 a matsayin wadanda suka rasa muhallinsu daga yakin Bosniya, wanda ya kare a shekarar 1995. Kashi 58 cikin 100 na ‘yan Bosniya da suka bar kasar a matsayin‘ yan gudun hijira a lokacin Yaƙin har yanzu ba su dawo ba. Shirin Gidaje na Yankin da gwamnati ta bayar da kudi ya gina gidaje 1000 domin sake tsugunar da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da wadanda suka dawo. Dukkanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da na Amnesty International sun soki yadda gwamnatin Bosniya take gudanar da ayyukan kwararar ‘yan gudun hijira kwanan nan. Sukar sun hada da gwamnatoci masu jinkirin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen neman mafaka da gazawar samar da abinci na asali, matsuguni da kuma kula da lafiya ga masu neman mafakar.
Masu kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin fararen hula Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito a rahotonta na shekara ta 2019 na Duniya cewa masu kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na fuskantar tsangwama a cikin aikin su. Sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda sun ba da tarar cin zarafin jama'a ga mutanen da ke halartar tarukan jama'a da zanga-zanga. Kungiyar Tsaro ta 'Yan Jarida ta Turai ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin shekarar 2014 Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, babbar jam'iyyar siyasa a Republika Srpska, ta fitar da jerin sunayen' yan jarida da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba wadanda suke ganin cewa "ba su dace ba". Human Rights Watch ta kuma ruwaito cewa Republika Srpska ta kirkiro wata doka da za ta ba su damar sa ido kan ayyuka da kudaden kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke karbar gudummawar kasashen waje.
'Yancin yada labarai 'Yancin aikin yan jarida na cikin tsarin Mulkin kasar Bosniya. Freedom House ta rarraba aikin jaridar Bosniya da na Herzegovina a matsayin kyauta. A cewar dandamalin Majalisar Turai na Inganta Kariyar 'Yan Jarida da Tsaron' Yan Jarida, tun daga shekarar 2015 an kai "hare-hare bakwai kan lafiyar jiki da mutuncin 'yan jarida", shida da suka faru na "cin mutunci ko tursasawa' yan jarida", da wasu "wasu hare-hare guda hudu wadanda ke da matukar tasiri kan 'yancin yada labarai". A cewar dandamalin, goma sha biyar daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ba a warware su ba kuma an warware su ko kuma gwamnatin Bosniya ta magance su. A cewar kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch, 'yan jarida na fuskantar musgunawa, matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin siyasa, hare-hare masu karfi da tursasawa ciki har da barazanar kisa. Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa BH Novinari, kungiyar ‘yan jarida a Bosniya da Herzegovina, sun ba da rahoton take hakkin‘ yan jarida 41 a shekarar 2019.
Yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi Auren jinsi ɗaya doka ce a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. Ba a yarda da auren jinsi ɗaya ba hakana da alaƙa da doka ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Bosniya. Ana barin mutane masu canza jinsi su canza jinsi na doka. A cikin rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na 2019 game da Bosnia da Herzegovina, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Kwamitin Da ke Kan Azabtarwa sun nuna damuwa kan rashin binciken da hukumomi ke yi game da laifukan nuna kiyayya da aka aikata wa 'yan madigo,' yan luwadi, masu jinsi biyu da kuma jinsi. Madigo da tashin hankali da laifukan ƙiyayya ga membobin ƙungiyar LGBT sun bazu a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2008, fararen hula bakwai da wani jami'in 'yan sanda sun ji rauni ta hanyar zanga-zangar adawa da LGBT a bikin Queer Festival na Sarajevo. Wadanda suka shirya bikin sun samu barazanar kisa ba a san su ba har zuwa bikin. An kwantar da mutane shida tare da raunuka a kai kuma daya daga cikin maharan ‘yan sanda sun tsare. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2019 aka gudanar da faretin LGBT na Bosnia na farko a Sarajevo, babban birnin ƙasar. Jami'an 'yan sanda dubu daya sun kasance don kare masu zanga-zangar daga tashin hankali da laifukan kiyayya. An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa a Sarajevo ta ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da LGBT a daidai lokacin da ake fareti.
Hakkokin mata Kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Ofishin Jakadancin Turai da ke Bosniya da Herzegovina ta ba da rahoton cewa cin zarafin mata matsala ce da ta zama ruwan dare a cikin al’ummar ta Bosniya. Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, mata ba su da wakilci sosai a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati. A lokacin Yaƙin Bosniya tsakanin shekara ta 1992 zuwa 1995, an sami wata annobar lalata da yara. Babu wani adadi na hukuma da ke kan yawan matan da aka ci zarafinsu yayin Yaƙin, duk da haka kimantawa tsakanin 20, 000 da 50, 000. Tsarin shari'ar Bosniya ya kasance ba mai da martani game da hukunta maza da suka yi lalata da juna yayin yakin. Wadanda abin ya shafa na fuskantar barazanar rasa dubban kudin tarayyar Turai a kudin kotu idan suka kai karar Republika Srpska saboda lahanin da lalata da sojojinsu suka yi lokacin yakin.
Amsoshin duniya Kungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai shahararriyar kungiyar gwamnatoci ce wacce ke gudanar da aiki a cikin Bosnia da Herzegovina. Suna aiki don dawo da zaman lafiya da jituwa a yankin da kuma inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa na Bosnia da Herzegovina, gami da Romawa da jama'ar yahudawa. Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna da ofishi a Bosniya da Herzegovina, inda suke da burin tallafa wa gwamnati wajen cimma matsayin duniya a daidaiton jinsin Dan Adami.
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34841 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20basasar%20Najeriya | Yaƙin basasar Najeriya | Yaƙin basasar Najeriya (wanda ya fara daga 6 watan Yuli 1967 har zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Najeriya da Biafra ko yakin Biafra, yakine da aka gwabza tsakanin Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Biyafara, kasa ce mai ballewa wacce ta tabbatar 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya. a shekarar 1967. Janar Yakubu Gowon ne ya jagoranci Najeriya, yayin da Laftanar Kanar Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu ya jagoranci kasar Biafra Biafra dai na wakiltar kishin kasa ne na kabilar Ibo, wadanda shugabancinsu ke ganin ba za su iya zama tare da gwamnatin tarayya karkashin muradun Hausa-Fulani Musulmi na Arewacin Najeriya ba. Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, tattalin arziki, kabilanci, al'adu da addini wanda ya biyo bayan mayar da Najeriya mulkin mallaka daga Birtaniya a hukumance daga 1960 zuwa 1963. Abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin a 1966 sun hada da juyin mulkin soji, juyin mulki, da kuma masu kyamar Igbo a Arewacin Najeriya Gudanar da ayyukan hakar mai da ake samun riba a yankin Neja Delta shi ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma ya kasance wani bangare na goyon bayan Faransa ga Biafra. A cikin shekara guda, sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya sun yi wa kasar Biafra kawanya, inda suka kuma kame cibiyoyin mai a gabar teku da kuma birnin Fatakwal An sanya shingen ne a matsayin manufar da aka yi niyya a lokacin da aka samu tashe-tashen hankula wanda ya haifar da yunwar da fararen hular Biafra ke yi. A cikin shekaru biyu da rabi da aka yi ana yakin, an sami asarar rayukan sojoji kusan dubu dari 100,000 gaba daya, yayin da tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 2 Miliyoyin fararen hula na Biafra sun mutu saboda yunwa. A tare da Yaƙin Vietnam na lokaci ɗaya, Yaƙin basasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko a tarihin ɗan adam da aka tallata ta hanyar talabijin zuwa sassa na duniya. A tsakiyar shekarar 1968, hotunan yaran Biafra masu fama da tamowa da yunwa sun cika kafafen watsa labarai na kasashen Yamma Halin da masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra ke fama da shi ya zama sanadin ci gaba a kasashen ketare, lamarin da ya ba da damar samun karuwar kudade da kuma shaharar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa. Biafra ta sami tallafin jin kai na kasa da kasa daga fararen hula a lokacin tashin jirgin saman Biafra, lamarin da ya karfafa kafa kungiyar likitocin da ba su da iyaka bayan karshen yakin. Birtaniya da Tarayyar Soviet su ne manyan masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Najeriya, yayin da Faransa, Isra'ila (bayan 1968) da wasu kasashe suka goyi bayan Biafra Matsayin Amurka a hukumance daya ne na tsaka-tsaki, la'akari da Najeriya a matsayin "hakin Biritaniya", amma wasu na fassara hakan akan ƙin amincewa da Biafra da fifita gwamnatin Najeriya.
Fage
Bangaren kabilanci Ana iya danganta yakin basasa da hadewar turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1914 na Northern protectorate, Lagos Colony da Southern Nigeria protectorate (daga baya aka sake masa suna Gabashin Najeriya wanda aka yi niyya don ingantacciyar gwamnati saboda kusancin wadannan guraben Duk da haka, canjin bai yi la’akari da bambance-bambancen al’adu da addinan mutanen kowane yanki ba. Gasa don neman iko na siyasa da tattalin arziki ya ta'azzara tarzoma. Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga kasar Burtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960, da yawan jama'a 45.2 miliyan daya kunshi fiye da 300 kabilu da al'adu daban-daban Lokacin da Najeriya ta yi mulkin mallaka, manyan kabilun ta uku su ne Igbo, wadanda suka kafa kusan kashi 60-70% na al'ummar Kudu maso Gabas; Hausa-Fulani na Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 67% na al'ummar yankin arewacin kasar; da Yarbawa, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 75% na al'ummar yankin Kudu maso Yamma. Duk da cewa wadannan kungiyoyi suna da nasu na asali, amma a shekarun 1960, jama’a sun watsu a fadin Najeriya, inda dukkanin kabilun uku suka samu wakilci a manyan biranen kasar. Lokacin da yakin ya barke a 1967, har yanzu akwai 'yan kabilar Igbo 5,000 a Legas Sarakunan gargajiya da Musulmi Hausa-Fulani a Arewa sun kasance mazan jiya da suka hada da sarakuna da suka hada da Sarkin Musulmi. An dauki wannan Sultan a matsayin tushen duk wani iko na siyasa da ikon addini. Tsarin siyasar Yarbawa a kudu maso yamma, kamar na Hausa-Fulani, shi ma ya kunshi jerin sarakuna, Oba Sarakunan Yarbawa kuwa, ba su da mulkin kama-karya fiye da na Arewa. Tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa na Yarbawa saboda haka ya ba da damar haɓaka motsi sama, bisa ga abin da aka samu maimakon dukiya da mukami da aka gada.
Siyasa da tattalin arzikin tarayya Turawan mulkin mallaka sun raba Najeriya gida uku Arewa, Yamma da Gabas—wani abu ne da ya kara ta’azzara bambance-bambancen da aka samu na tattalin arziki da siyasa da zamantakewa a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Najeriya. An raba kasar ta yadda Arewa ta fi yawan al’umma da yawa fiye da sauran yankuna biyu idan aka hade. Har ma a yau yawan jama'a ya kasance babban batu na siyasa a Najeriya. A kan haka ne aka bai wa yankin Arewa mafi yawan kujeru a Majalisar Tarayya da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka kafa. A cikin kowace shiyya guda uku, kabilun da suka fi rinjaye, Hausa-Fulani, Yarbawa, da Igbo, sun kafa jam’iyyun siyasa wadanda duk asalinsu na yanki ne kuma suka dogara da kabilanci Jam’iyyar NPC ta Arewa; Kungiyar Action a Yamma (AG); da Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) a Gabas. Duk da cewa wadannan jam’iyyu ba su kasance daya kadai ba ta fuskar kabilanci ko yankinsu, tarwatsewar Nijeriya ya yi sanadin kasancewar wadannan jam’iyyu da farko sun kasance a yanki daya da kabila daya.
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44195 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Kabir%20Nuhu-Koko | Muhammad Kabir Nuhu-Koko | Articles with hCards
Muhammad Kabir Nuhu-Koko, wanda aka fi sani da Kabiru Nuhu-Koko, ko MK Nuhu-Koko, ya kasance injiniyan gine-gine ne a Najeriya, kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda ya yi aiki a ma'aikatar ayyuka ta tarayya a Legas daga 1984-1989. Daga nan ya koma babban bankin Nijeriya a shekarar 1990, ya kuma zama mataimakin darakta a sashen saye da sayarwa har ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2019. Nuhu-koko ya kuma kasance shugaban kungiyar tsofaffin dalibai na Unity Schools (USOSA) daga 2013 zuwa 2015.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Nuhu-koko a Birnin Kebbi, Jihar Kebbi Najeriya daga cikin Iyalan Marigayi Alhaji Nuhu Balarabe Koko, fitaccen malami, kuma tsohon sakatare na dindindin a ma'aikatar ilimi ta jihar Sakkwatto. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, danginsa sun yi ƙaura daga wurare daban-daban saboda yanayin aikin koyarwar mahaifinsa.
Ilimi na farko Nuhu-koko ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Turaki a jihar Sakkwato 1972-1977.
Sakandare da ilimin gaba da sakandare Ya shiga Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Kano a shekarar 1977, sannan ya wuce babbar Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri (B.Sc) a fannin Gine-gine a shekarar 1983. sannan ya samu digiri na biyu (M.Sc.) a fannin Fasahar Gine-gine a shekarar 1988.
Aiki Nuhu-koko ya fara aikinsa ne a matsayin Injiniyan gine-gine a lokacin da yake aiki da Hukumar Raya Kogin Neja (NRBDA) Ilorin, wannan wani bangare ne na aikin matasa masu Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC) 1983-1984. Ya ci gaba da aiki da ma’aikatar ayyuka ta tarayya Legas, a matsayin karamin ma’aikacin injiniya daga 1984-1989. A lokacin da yake a ma’aikatar ayyuka ta tarayya da ke Legas, ya yi wani gagarumin gwaji da ya kafa tushen rahoton ‘Amfanin da kwanson kwakwar manja wurin yin kankare’, wanda ya gabatar a Taron shekara-shekara na gwaji da sarrafa kayayyaki karo na 21. da yin Bincike a 1990. Yana daga cikin karatun digirinsa na biyu, kuma an yi magana da shi sosai a makarantun Najeriya. Ya fara aiki a babban bankin Najeriya a shekarar 1990, aikin da yasa shi komawa babban birnin tarayya, Abuja Nuhu-koko ya ci gaba da aiki a bankin CBN inda ya shafe shekaru 30 yana gudanar da ayyukansa, ya kuma kula da wasu ayyukan gine-gine na bankin. Daga karshe ya kai matsayin shugaban sashen tsare-tsare, da aiwatar da ayyuka, saya da saida kadarorin da tallafi na bankin CBN. Sashen bankin da ke kula da duk manyan kwangiloli, saye da sayar da kadarori, kwangila da ayyukan gine-gine. Ya karbi wannan mukamin ne daga hannun mataimakin gwamnan na yanzu Edward Adamu, wanda daga nan ne aka kara masa girma zuwa mukamin Darakta, sashen kula da ma’aikata.
A shekarar 2013, Nuhu-koko ya tsaya takarar shugabancin kungiyar tsoffin daliban makarantar Unity School (USOSA) kuma ya yi nasara. Ya kasance Shugaban USOSA daga 2013-2015. A matsayinsa na Shugaban USOSA ya himmatu wajen ba da himma don ƙarin kudade na kwalejojin Gwamnatin Tarayya (Makarantar Unity) yana nuna rashin jin daɗinsa game da ruɓewar makarantun, tare da ayyana yaƙin gabaɗaya ga duk wanda yake so a soke su. Ya kuma jajirce wajen samar da isasshen tsaro ga makarantun hadin kai, musamman wadanda ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, inda rikicin ‘yan tada kayar baya ya lakume rayukan mutane da dama ciki har da dalibai. Center of Excellence University of Ibadan
Center of Excellence University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Center of Excellence Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 2013, yayin da ya wakilci tsohon gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Nuhu-koko ya gabatar da kudi naira biliyan 10 a matsayin kudaden shiga tsakani ga jami'ar Usman Dan Fodio, Sakkwato. Ya bayyana kudaden a matsayin wani bangare ne na CBN na CSR da nufin gina ababen more rayuwa, iyakarf aiki da ma’aikata ga jami’ar. Da yake jawabi ga manema labarai, ya ce;
Kyaututtuka da karramawa A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2016 ne kungiyar matasan Arewa ta karrama Nuhu-Koko da lambar yabo ta Sir Alhaji Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Platinum Leadership Award. Haka kuma shi ne wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Najeriya Arise Merit Award 2013 don 'Uplifting Nigerian Educational Standard'. Alhaji Nuhu-Koko kuma yana rike da sarautar 'Shettiman Koko' a mahaifarsa ta Koko Rayuwarsa Ya auri marigayi Rabi Abdu Gusau (Diyar Alhaji Abdu Gusau kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya 3 tare. Nuhu-Koko ya sake yin aure a shekarar 1996 ga Hadiza Nuhu-koko, yanzu haka yana da ‘ya’ya 5 da jikoki 4.
Duba kuma Edward Lametek Adamu
Sanusi Lamido Sanusi
Manazarta Hausawa
Haihuwan 1959
Rayayyun |
58233 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Olabisi%20Onabanjo | Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo | Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo, Ago-Iwoye jami'a ce mallakar gwamnati dake Ago-Iwoye, jihar Ogun, Najeriya. An kafa jami'ar ne ranar 7 ga watan Yuli 1982 a matsayin Jami'ar Jihar Ogun (OSU) kuma an sauya sunan zuwa Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 2001, don girmama Olabisi Onabanjo, wanda ƙoƙarinsa a matsayin gwamnan farar hula na jihar Ogun a lokacin ya kafa jami'ar. Dalibai da yawa har yanzu suna kiran cibiyar a matsayin OSU, taƙaitaccen sunan tsohon.
Jami'ar ta sami adadin masu digiri 10,291 da masu karatun digiri na biyu 1,697.
Tarihi
An kafa jami'ar ne ranar 7 ga watan Yuli 1982. Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo tana da cibiyoyi da yawa. Babbar harabar jami'ar da ke Ago-Iwoye shi ne ake kira Permanent Site (PS) ta dalibai da kuma karamin Campus wanda ya kasance gidan Kwalejin Kimiyya har sai da aka koma wuri na din-din-din a cikin Janairu 2013. Faculty of Agriculture ya na Aiyetoro, Faculty of Engineering ya na Ibogun, College of Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences and Pharmacy suna cikin Shagamu. Dalibai da tsofaffin daliban Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo ana yiwa laƙabi da 'Great OOUITES.'
Ana isar da bayanai da ayyuka a tsakanin ɗalibai ta hanyar tashar makaranta da kuma fitattun mujallu masu zaman kansu/hanyoyin kafofin watsa labarun kamar 'OOU Fola 'OOU Media' 'OOU Campus Mirror' 'OOU Press club', 'OOU Update', 'OOU Gazette 'OOU Premium', 'OOU Parrot', 'Cikin Mujallar OOU', 'OOU Vanguard','OOU Voice', da wasu 'yan kaɗan.
Karamin harabar makarantar OOU, Cibiyar Ci gaba da Ilimi (CCED) yanzu ita ce sashin karatun digiri na farko, Diploma da Jupeb yayin da babbar harabar itace hedkwatar shirye-shiryen karatun Digiri na farko.
Mataimakan shugaban Jami'ar Farfesa John Olubi Sodipo, (Nuwamba 1982-Disamba 1990)
Farfesa T. O Bamkole, (Janairu 1991-Maris 1995)
Farfesa O. Y Oyeneye, (Afrilu 1995-Nuwamba 1999)
Farfesa Layi Ogunkoya, (Nuwamba 1999-Maris 2001)
Farfesa Afolabi Soyode, (Afrilu 2001-Jan 2006)
Farfesa Odutola Osilesi (2006-2009)
Farfesa Sofola Olusoga, (2009)
Farfesa Wale Olaitan (2009-2013)
Farfesa Saburi Adejimi (Agusta 2013 Mayu 2017)
Farfesa Ganiyu Olatunji Olatunde (Mayu 2017 Oct 2022) Farfesa Ayodeji Johnson Olayinka Agboola (Oct 2022 Har zuwa yau)
Makarantu da Sassa Jami’ar na da manyan makarantu guda goma da jimillar sassa hamsin da uku waɗanda suka bazu a harabar jami'ar a jihar. Sun haɗa da:
Faculty of Science
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa shida, sun haɗa da:
Department of Chemical Sciences
Department of Mathematical Sciences
Department of Microbiology
Department of Plant Science and Applied Zoology
Department of Physics
Department of Earth Sciences
Faculty of Education
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa biyar, sun haɗa da:
Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling
Department of Educational Management and Business Studies
Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education
Department of Science and Technology Education
Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education
Faculty of Law
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa huɗu, sun haɗa da:
Department of Commercial Law
Department of International Jurisprudence
Department of Private Law
Department of Public Law
Faculty of Art
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa biyar, sun haɗa da:
Department of English and Performing Arts
Department of Religious Studies
Department of History and Diplomatic Studies
Department of Nigerian and Foreign Languages
Department of Philosophy
Faculty of Social Management Sciences
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa biyar, sun haɗa da:
Department of Accounting/Banking and Finance
Department of Business Administration
Department of Economics
Department of Geography and Regional Planning
Department of Political Sciences
Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa bakwai, sun haɗa da:
Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion
Department of Chemical Pathology
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
Department of Morbid Anatomy Histopathology
Department of Physiology
Department of Anatomy
Faculty of Clinical Sciences
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa bakwai, sun haɗa da:
Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care
Department of Medicine
Department of Anaesthesia
Department of Surgery
Department of Radiology
Department of Paediatrics
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Faculty of Pharmacy
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa biyar, sun haɗa da:
Department of Pharmacy/Biopharmacy
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Pharmaceutics/Pharmaceutical Technology
Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Faculty of Engineering and Environmental Sciences
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa shida, sun haɗa da:
Department of Computer Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Fine and Applied Arts
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Department of Architecture
Faculty of Agricrultural Sciences
Wannan Makaranta ta ƙunshi sassa ukku, sun haɗa da:
Department of Crop Production
Department of Animal Production
Department of Home and Hotel Management
Duba kuma
Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo
Manazarta
Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a |
48988 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20muggan%20kwayoyi%20na%20gabashin%20Afirka | Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka | Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka na nufin sayarwa da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da ake yi a kasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Somaliya, da Habasha. Mafi yawan nau'o'in magungunan da ake sayarwa a Gabashin Afirka sune tabar heroin, marijuana, hodar iblis, methamphetamine, da kuma khat, dukkansu haramun ne a kasashen gabashin Afrika.
Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka ya ba da rahoton cewa adadin da aka bayar da rahoton kama muggan kwayoyi tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2006 bai isa ya kammala cewa tsarin fataucin da yiwuwar shan muggan kwayoyi na da ban tsoro. Duk da haka, ƙarancin adadin da aka ruwaito a hukumance ba alamar aiki ba ce. Maimakon haka, yana nuna rashin kula da kan iyakoki, da rashin fahimtar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma raunin tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Ko da yake bincike kan illar cinikayyar miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka ya ragu da na sauran yankuna, ana alakanta fataucin muggan kwayoyi da cin hanci da rashawa, ta'addanci, HIV da matasa.
Hasali ma, fataucin muggan kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka na karuwa sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Yayin da yankin ke fama da karancin wadataccen kayan masarufi saboda karuwar bukatarsa ta magunguna, kasashen gabashin Afirka ma sun shiga cikin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa. Saboda shahararrun hanyoyin safarar mutane zuwa Turai da Amurka kamar hanyar Balkan da ake samun ƙarin sa ido, magunguna daga Asiya suna bi ta ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka zuwa Afirka ko kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa Turai da Amurka. Mujallar Al’amuran Duniya ta bayyana a shekara ta 2012 cewa UNODC ta ba da rahoton cewa an samu karuwar masu shan hodar Iblis a Gabashin Afirka a tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2010. Hakazalika, adadin kamun da aka yi wa maganin tabar heroin a manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na gabashin Afrika ya karu kusan sau goma tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2013. Irin wadannan bayanai na nuni da cewa ana ci gaba da samun bunkasuwar kasuwancin yankin gabashin Afirka, kuma kasashe na kara mayar da martani kan safarar miyagun kwayoyi.
Fage da Tarihi Saboda tarihinta da tarihinta, Gabashin Afirka ita ce kyakkyawar tashar shiga don jigilar magunguna daga Asiya Hanyoyin kasuwanci na tarihi da suka ratsa tekun Indiya zuwa Asiya da yankin kudu da hamadar sahara sun saukaka zirga-zirgar kayayyakin doka tsawon shekaru da dama. A cikin 1970s, duk da haka, saboda mummunan tasirin rikicin bashi na Afirka da shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarinsa, halaltattun hanyoyin kasuwanci sun ƙara zama hanyar haramtattun abubuwa tare da sassauƙar tsangwama daga hukumomi.
Yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewar ƙasashe da yawa a gabashin Afirka ya ƙara ƙarfafa fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Karancin ayyukan tilasta bin doka da sabon shiga cikin haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a duk fadin yankin ya sa gwamnatoci ba su da kayan aiki don hana fasa kwauri. Bugu da kari, cin hanci da rashawa ya karfafa ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, domin zabuka a kasashe irin su Kenya na samun kudaden shiga daga ribar da ake samu daga haramtattun muggan kwayoyi don samun karfin siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, cin hanci don yin watsi da ayyukan aikata laifuka ya zama abin damuwa a yankin a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.
Fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a gabashin Afirka ana iya samo shi tun tsakiyar shekarun 1980, lokacin da masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi suka fara amfani da kasashen gabashin Afirka a matsayin wuraren safararsu. Kungiyoyin da ke yaki da miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya ne suka shirya da kuma gudanar da cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka tun asali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka daga Kenya da Tanzaniya su ma sun fara taka rawa sosai.
Da farko, cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta Gabashin Afirka yana cinikin magunguna biyu kawai: tabar wiwi da tabar wiwi Na karshen wani nau'in tabar heroin ne wanda aka zafafa cikin tururi ana shakarsa, ko kuma a hada shi da marijuana a cikin hadin gwiwa da za a sha. Tun da aka yi amfani da tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa ba tare da allura ba, an yi watsi da matsayinta na haɗarin lafiyar jama'a. An riga an shigar da muggan kwayoyi a farkon kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi zuwa kasashen yammacin Afirka kuma sun kasance a wuraren yawon bude ido a duk gabashin Afirka.
A ƙarshen 1990s, an maye gurbin tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin cinikin magunguna na duniya da sabon nau'in tabar heroin. Farin tabar heroin, wanda kuma aka sani da farin foda tabar heroin, ya fi ƙarfin gaske fiye da sauran nau'ikan tabar heroin da allura. Ba kamar tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa ba, baya buƙatar tsarin dumama mai rikitarwa don haka yana da sauƙin amfani. Tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, tabar heroin ta farar fata ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a gabashin Afirka kanta don amfanin gida da fataucin duniya, musamman a Kenya da Tanzaniya.
Amfani da gida da safarar marijuana da farar tabar heroin ya ci gaba har cikin 2000s. Methamphetamines kuma ya zama miyagun ƙwayoyi na yau da kullun; fara kama su a shekarar 2008. Akwai karancin bayanai da bincike na masana da suka shafi methamphetamines a Gabashin Afirka, duk da cewa an samu karuwar kamuwa da cutar tun na farko. Cocaine wani magani ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka kwanan nan. A cewar ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODA), akwai manyan dalilai guda hudu da ke taimakawa wajen karuwar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Na ɗaya, karuwar buƙatu a cikin faɗuwar nahiyar Afirka ya ƙirƙira da faɗaɗa kasuwar magunguna. Na biyu, tare da yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa a ciki da wajen Afirka, jigilar kayayyaki kuma ya taimaka wajen jigilar magunguna. Na uku, Gabashin Afirka ba shi da isassun matakan shawo kan fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, wanda ya bai wa masu harkar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi damar shiga ciki da wajen yankin cikin sauki. A karshe, UNODC ta yi nuni da cin hanci da rashawa a kwastam da tabbatar da doka a matsayin abin da ke haifar da bunkasar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi.
Supply da Bukatar
Shigarwa Yawancin kasashen Afirka ba su da isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa kayan aiki da ilimi don samar da magunguna a cikin gida na kasuwanci don dacewa da bukatun kasa da kasa da na cikin gida. Cannabis ɗaya ne daga cikin magungunan da aka saba samarwa a cikin gida. Amma, hatta samar da wiwi a gabashin Afirka bai wadatar ba don biyan buƙatu daga Turai, Amurka, da ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka saboda haramcin doka kan samarwa da kuma rashin tsarin samar da yawa. Irin wannan karancin magunguna na cikin gida ya sanya kasashen gabashin Afirka suka fi dogaro da kayayyakin kasa da kasa.
Mafi akasarin samar da haramtattun magungunan da ake fataucinsu a Gabashin Afirka na zuwa ne daga Asiya. Kamfanoni biyu na Gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Afganistan da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, su ma su ne manyan kasashe biyu masu samar da miyagun kwayoyi a duniya. A cikin 2020, samar da opium na Afganistan ya kai kusan kashi 85% na samar da opium a duniya da kuma kashi 80% na masu amfani da opium a duk duniya, wanda aka yi cinikinsa zuwa Gabashin Afirka.
Bukata Bukatar da ke kara rura wutar cinikayyar muggan kwayoyi ta gabashin Afirka ta fito ne daga kasashen duniya da kuma na cikin gida. A tarihi, bukatu ya fi zuwa daga kasashen yammacin duniya, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kasashen gabashin Afirka sun kafa kansu a matsayin masu amfani da miyagun kwayoyi. Alal misali, Tanzaniya—musamman a tsibiran Zanzibar —ta sami ƙaruwar yawan shan muggan ƙwayoyi a cikin gida. Kashi 7% na al'ummar Zanzibari ana daukar su a matsayin masu shan miyagun kwayoyi. Yawan karuwar amfani da muggan kwayoyi da shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a kasashen Gabashin Afirka ya nuna cewa bukatar cikin gida ita ma tana karuwa akai-akai.
Asalin bukatar kasashen yamma ya fito ne daga cibiyoyin yawon bude ido da aka bunkasa kafin shekarun 1980. Wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a Gabashin Afirka sun ga kwararowar masu yawon bude ido na Turai, Afirka ta Kudu, da Amurkawa, wadanda suka haifar da bukatar marijuana da tabar heroin a yankin. Tun daga shekarun 1980, yakin da ake yi da kwayoyi a Amurka ya kara karfafa Gabashin Afrika a matsayin wani yanki na cinikin miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa saboda an rufe gasar fasa kwaurin kwayoyi a Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu.
Hanyoyin Shiga
Iska Birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya da birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha sun zama muhimman wuraren shigar da haramtattun kwayoyi a nahiyar da ake safarar su ta jiragen sama. Filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta na kasa da kasa da ke Nairobi ya samu matsayi na rukuni na daya daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Amurka a shekarar 2017, wanda ya bai wa matafiya daga Amurka damar tashi kai tsaye zuwa Nairobi maimakon tafiya a Amsterdam ko Heathrow. Wannan sauyin matsayi ya sa Kenya ta zama babbar hanyar jigilar kayayyaki, musamman ma jiragen sama daga kasashen gabashin Afirka makwafta kamar Uganda, Tanzania, Habasha, da Rwanda. Sakamakon haka, yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke shawagi a ciki da wajen Nairobi ya sanya Nairobi wani muhimmin batu a hanyoyin jiragen sama. Hakazalika, filin jirgin saman Bole na Addis Ababa yana fuskantar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 22 a duk shekara, kasancewar daya daga cikin filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na nahiyar. Tsakanin 2019 zuwa 2020, 'yan sandan Habasha sun kama masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi kusan 100 a filin jirgin saman Bole. Bugu da kari, hukumar 'yan sanda ta tarayya, kama miyagun kwayoyi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata ya kai kilogiram 402 na hodar Iblis daga Latin Amurka da kilogiram 1377 na tabar wiwi. Fataucin muggan kwayoyi ta filin jirgin sama na Bole ya yi yawa musamman saboda Sashin Ayyuka na Magunguna na Narcotics yana da manyan matsalolin ababen more rayuwa. Sashen ba shi da ƙwararrun jami'ai, fasahar bincikar yanar gizo, karnuka masu ƙwari, wuraren gwaji a wurin, ko tsarin leƙen asiri wanda ke kai hari kan takamaiman jirage.
Teku Fitacciyar hanyar da ta dauki nauyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi daga Afghanistan ita ce hanyar teku. Kwayoyin da aka tattara cikin hankali, ciki har da opium, heroin, da methamphetamine daga Afghanistan suna tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar Tekun Makran, wanda ke kan iyakokin kudancin Iran da Pakistan. A tashar jiragen ruwa da ke gabar tekun Makran, ana rarraba magungunan a cikin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi a cikin kananan fakiti masu nauyin kilo 3 zuwa kilo 6. Daga can, jiragen ruwan kamun kifi suna bi ta cikin Tekun Indiya, kuma suna isa wuraren shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a gabashin Afirka kamar Zanzibar a Tanzaniya, ko Pemba da tsibiran Quirimbas a Mozambique. A ƙarshe, ƙarancin ƙarancin raƙuman ruwa da manyan yashi a yankin suna ba da damar yanayi mai kyau ga masu fasa kwauri don guje wa bincike. Har ila yau, ana safarar tabar heroin mafi girma ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya, amma ana ɓoye a cikin kwantena masu ɗauke da sassan motoci, kayan aiki, da kayayyakin amfanin gona daga Pakistan. Ana kuma safarar Cocaine daga Brazil a cikin kwantena na kaya.
Daga nan sai wadannan kwayoyi su kan tashi zuwa babban kasa, kuma ana safarar su ta kasa zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka kamar Afirka ta Kudu Ana kuma safarar kwayoyi ta ruwa daga Dar Es Salaam zuwa Comoros,
Nau'in Magunguna Daga cikin nau'ikan magungunan da ake fataucin su a ciki da wajen gabashin Afirka, abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su wajen fitar da su sun hada da tabar wiwi, tabar wiwi, hodar iblis, methamphetamine, da kuma a yanzu haka.
Heroin Tun daga 2006, amfani da tabar heroin a Afirka ya karu da sauri fiye da kowace nahiya. Ya zuwa yanzu, Afirka a halin yanzu tana samun karuwar yawan amfani da muggan kwayoyi, wanda hakan ke kara kara yawan bukatar ta na tabar heroin. Ta fuskar amfani, Gabashin Afrika na samun kusan kashi 9% na cinikin tabar heroin a duniya. Yawan kame tabar heroin da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Maritime Forces (CMF) ta yi ya nuna yadda yankin Gabashin Afirka ke kara tsunduma cikin kasuwancin tabar heroin a duniya. Jimlar sama da kilogiram 674 a cikin 2012, ba a yin cinikin tabar heroin a ƙananan yawa. Ana jigilar magungunan ne daga Afganistan da Pakistan ta hanyoyin ruwa da jiragen sama zuwa kasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya da Habasha. Bugu da kari, hukumar kula da muggan kwayoyi ta kasa da kasa (INCB) ta yi nuni da cewa, yankin gabashin Afrika, ya kasance sanannen hanyar safarar tabar heroin daga kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa wasu sassan duniya.
Wiwi An fara shigar da tabar wiwi ne a Gabashin Afirka lokacin tsakiyar zamanai ta hannun ‘yan kasuwa Musulmi daga Masar da Jazirar Larabawa. Marijuana ta sami ƙarin kulawa a matsayin batun bincike na likitanci a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma yawancin ƙasashen Afirka sun fara tattauna batun halatta maganin. Malawi na daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da maganin, kuma a halin yanzu gwamnatinta na ba da damar yin gwajin nau'in tabar wiwi masu inganci. Gwamnatin Malawi ta zama ta farko a Gabashin Afirka don halatta noma, siyarwa, da fitar da tabar wiwi a watan Fabrairun 2020. Duk da haka, noman tabar wiwi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka domin haɓakar waɗannan amfanin gona na baiwa manoman da ke fuskantar matsalolin kuɗi su bi sabbin hanyoyin tattalin arziki.
Hodar Ibilis Fataucin Cocaine ya fi zama ruwan dare a Arewacin Afirka, amma maganin yana samun karuwa a Gabashin Afirka duk da kasancewar yanki mai nisa da hanyoyin safarar hodar iblis. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, an sami wasu manyan kame a Gabashin Afirka. Daga 2005 da 2010, kamuwa da hodar iblis a gabashin Afrika ya karu da sau hudu. Yayin da matsakaita masu tasowa a gabashin Afirka ke ba da gudummawa ga karuwar bukatar hodar iblis, gwamnatocin gabashin Afirka da dama na nuna damuwa game da karuwar samu da kuma yawaitar shan hodar a yankin. Tare da tabar heroin, ana gudanar da zabuka a kasashe irin su Kenya, inda aka yi amfani da ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen da ta samu wajen gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kuma kara karfin siyasa.
Methamphetamine Methamphetamine ya mamaye kasuwar magunguna ta duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yana iya yin mugun tasiri a kan al'ummomi na kowane yanayi na tattalin arziki saboda yalwar araha da wadatar magungunan. Yayin da hukumomi a Gabashin Afirka ba su gano wani babban aiki na kera methamphetamine ba, sun bayar da rahoton kwace wasu kananan kwayoyin da ake yi na safarar su zuwa Asiya. Ta fuskar samarwa, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya sun fi shahara kuma masu fafutuka a yankin. Haka kuma, ana samun karuwar kasuwannin haramtattun kwayoyi na methamphetamine a gabashin Afirka, sakamakon fafatawa tsakanin "Mexican meth" daga Najeriya da "Pakistani meth" daga Afganistan ya sa kowannensu ya kwace ikon kasuwancin yankin.
Khat Khat dai magani ne da ake amfani da shi a ƙasar Habasha wanda ake sha a kasashen gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Habasha, Yemen, Somaliya, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda. Masu amfani da khat suna la'akari da tasirinsa na psychotropic ya fi ƙarfin tabar wiwi. Yakin basasar Somaliya da sakamakon tarwatsewar al'ummar Somaliya a fadin Afirka ba kawai ba, har ma da wasu kasashe sun jawo hankalin jama'a kan sha da fataucin Khat da ke faruwa a gabashin Afirka. A kasar Kenya, ana sayar da jakin da ake nomawa a cikin gida a duk fadin kasar tare da fitar da shi zuwa kasashen da ke makwabtaka da kasar da ke da yawan bukatuwar da ake samu. Duk da yake cin karen da fatauci ba haramun ba ne a kasashe irinsu Kenya da Uganda, inda masu sana’ar kera kakin ke da burin sayar da su don samun riba, yawan cin karen da ake samu musamman a tsakanin matasa ya haifar da yunƙurin tafiye-tafiyen cikin gida da ƙoƙarin hana ciniki da cin abinci.
Tasiri Bincike kan illar da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ke haifarwa a kasashe da al'ummar gabashin Afirka bai zama ruwan dare ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna na nahiyar, amma ya nuna cewa tasirin cinikin magungunan na gabashin Afirka ya yadu a bangarori da dama. Hukumomin 'yan sandan Afirka ba su da ƴan albarkatu da ƙarancin ƙarfin yin rikodin ƙididdiga na laifuka; amma idan sun yi, sau da yawa ba sa bambance tsakanin ayyukan laifuka na al'ada da na kasa da kasa. Yawancin guraben karatu da ke magana kan illar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta Gabashin Afirka an samo su ne daga ƙaramin adadin bayanai masu inganci, da nazarin shari'ar da ba su da ƙididdiga masu yawa don tabbatar da da'awarsu.
Cin hanci da rashawa Kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, wani kamfani ne mai riba
a wanda ke shafar matakan cin hanci da rashawa a gwamnatoci. Kasashe sun fi fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa tare da raunana jihohi da rashin isassun tsarin aiwatar da doka. A cewar Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka gano dangantaka tsakanin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma shigar da jami'an gwamnati. Cin hanci da rashawa ya haifar da damuwa sosai a gabashin Afirka saboda raunin tattalin arziki da na hukumomi na iya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an gwamnati da ma'aikata tare da 'yan kuɗi kaɗan. Haka kuma, rashin ma'auni na laifuffukan da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka yana da matsala tare da haɗa kai da wasu hukumomi. Yana ba da damar haɓakar ƙwayoyi a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na naƙasassu, tare da ƙarfafa tsarin ƙungiyoyin fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta yi rahoton cewa fataucin muggan kwayoyi na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki saboda da wuya ribar da ake samu ba bisa ka'ida ba ta shiga cikin dogon lokaci da jarin jari mai dorewa. Cin hanci da rashawa na dakushe karfin jihar na bunkasa cibiyoyi masu inganci wadanda ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen kafa doka da tattalin arziki mai karfi. Bugu da kari, mujallar harkokin kasa da kasa ta bayyana damuwa game da yadda Kenya ke kara fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa yayin da ake samun karuwar kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka.
Ta'addanci Ana amfani da ribar da ake samu daga haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Gabashin Afirka don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci da sauran ƙungiyoyin tada kayar baya; duk da haka, ba a san matakin da aka ce ƙungiyoyin ke samun kuɗi ta hanyar cinikin ƙwayoyi ba. Hukumar Yaki da Muggan Kwayoyi ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin cewa wani kaso mai yawa na kungiyoyin da aka yiwa lakabi da kungiyoyin ta'addanci na kasashen waje suna da alaka kai tsaye da cinikin miyagun kwayoyi. Kungiyoyi da dama da ake zargi da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci a gabashin Afirka, musamman Al-Shabaab. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Al-Shabaab sun shahara, kamar Cibiyar Matasa Musulmi ta Kenya, wadda ke daukar matasa 'yan kasashen waje yin yaki da Al-Shabaab. Irin wadannan kungiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda sun taimaka wajen safarar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma ma’aikata a gabashin Afirka da kuma tsakanin kasashen Afirka. Halin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na kasa da kasa na nufin Amurka da sauran kasashen yammacin duniya za su iya gurfanar da wadanda aka kama a gabashin Afirka idan aka samu alaka da kungiyoyin ta’addanci, ko da kuwa wadanda aka kama ba sa safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen yammacin Turai. Magungunan suna tallafawa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma suna ba su damar ci gaba da aiki. Bugu da kari, wadannan kungiyoyi sukan yi safarar sikari da albarkatun kasa kamar gawayi a ciki da wajen yankin.
HIV An yi la'akari da yin allura da allurar rigakafin cutar kanjamau a kasashen gabashin Afirka. Musamman a kasashen Mozambik, Tanzania, Madagascar, da Kenya, wadanda suke shan kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Masu amfani da kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau kafin su kai shekaru 25 idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, kuma alkaluma na nuni da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'a. Annobar cutar kanjamau ta afka wa wasu kasashe fiye da wasu; Kenya ta fi fama da rikici. Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin ma'aikatan jima'i shine babban abin da ya haifar da batun. Masu yin jima'i suna yin allurar kwayoyi kafin ko bayan saduwa. Saboda rashin kudi, an tilasta musu yin amfani da gurbataccen allura. Tare da rashin sanin cutar kanta, kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar allura ya haifar da karuwar masu cutar kanjamau a tsakanin masu jima'i, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cutar a fadin kasar. Heroin shine sanannen dalilin yada kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar allura. A karni na 21, allura ta zama hanyar da ta fi shahara wajen shigar da tabar heroin a jiki. Akwai kusan masu amfani da tabar heroin 10,000 a Nairobi da kuma wasu masu amfani da 8,000 a kusa da garuruwan bakin teku a Kenya. Daga wannan yawan jama'a, kiyasin kashi 68% zuwa 88% na da cutar kanjamau, wanda ke danganta amfani da maganin allura da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a Kenya. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta bayyana cewa, "amfani da muggan kwayoyi ya kasance babban dalilin yaduwar cutar kanjamau a kasashe masu tasowa, sau da yawa sakamakon raba sirinji da sake amfani da su." Mutane kaɗan ne ke sane da haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da sake amfani da sirinji. Bugu da kari, a kasar Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 20% na yawan jama'a na dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Haɗuwa da yaduwar cutar kanjamau, allurar magunguna, da rashin kula da lafiya da wayar da kan jama'a da ke tattare da waɗannan ayyuka masu haɗari suna nuna yanayi mai haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da matsalar lafiyar jama'a. Masu bincike a Tanzaniya da Kenya sun gano cewa adadin masu cutar kanjamau a cikin samfurin masu amfani da tabar heroin ya wuce kashi 50 cikin 100, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin kashi 13%.
Matasa Afirka ita ce nahiyar da ta fi matasa a duniya. Yayin da akasarin duniya ke fuskantar yawan tsufa, kashi sittin cikin dari na 'yan Afirka ba su kai shekaru 25 ba Bukatar shan muggan kwayoyi daga matasa ya haifar da yawaitar shan miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta ce "bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da muggan kwayoyi a kasashe masu tasowa 'yawanci suna faduwa a tsakanin shekarun 15-44, kodayake yawancin suna cikin tsakiyar shekaru ashirin." Misali, a cikin 2021, an kiyasta kashi 11% na yawan matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 24 shekaru suna amfani da muggan kwayoyi a Kenya. Nazarin shari'a sun samar da shaida don sake tabbatar da damuwar da ke da alaka da yaduwar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma yawan matasa. Har ila yau, wannan mujalla ta bayyana cewa masu bincike da ke aiki a yankunan bakin teku da na cikin gida na Tanzaniya sun gano cewa "ban da tabar wiwi, tabar heroin ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi, kuma ya kasance cikin samari masu shekaru masu aiki." Yin amfani da kwayoyi a cikin samari na iya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki, da rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a.
A halin yanzu, kasashe da dama a Afirka, irin su Tanzaniya da Mauritius, suna haɓaka shirye-shiryen methadone don dakile bala'in alluran magunguna, wanda shine babban dalilin cutar HIV. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna barin ƙauracewa ta hanyar ba da magani don rage alamun cirewa. Dubban mutane ne ke shiga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye yanzu domin a shawo kan shaye-shaye, da kuma gujewa barazanar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ta hanyar allura da gurbatattun allura.
Martani Dangane da karuwar cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka, rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Yayin da martanin kowace ƙasa ya bambanta, lokuta a Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda an fi rubutawa da yin nazari akai-akai.
Kenya Yawan adadin tabar heroin da hodar iblis ana jigilar su zuwa Kenya daga Pakistan, Iran da Latina Amurka ta hanyoyin jiragen sama da na teku zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Cibiyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi da suka hada da ‘yan kasar Kenya sun kulla alaka da jami’an shari’a da kuma na hukumomin tabbatar da doka da oda domin samun mukamai, musamman a harkokin siyasa, ta hanyar ribar kwaya. Dangane da mayar da martani, Kenya ta aiwatar da Dokar Kula da Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin cuta (Control) a cikin 1994 kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin jama'a don ƙarfafa matsaya mai ƙarfi game da cinikin ƙwayoyi. Manufofin sun taimaka wajen kwace kilogiram 1000 na hodar iblis da kuma tan 1.5 na jarumai, wasu daga cikin manyan kame-kamen da aka yi a nahiyar. A cikin 2021, Majalisar Dokokin Kenya ta zartar da gyara ga dokar 1994. Yana da nufin fayyace sigogin shari'a game da hukuncin da ya shafi fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, sabunta jerin abubuwan da aka yarda da su wajen kera kwayoyi, karfafa hukumci ga jami'an tilasta bin doka da ke ba da taimako ko aikata haramtacciyar fatauci da mallakar kwayoyi, da sauransu. Kenya ta kara karfafa hukumomin tsaron teku, ciki har da Hukumar Kula da gabar teku ta Kenya (KCGS) don kara yin rigakafi da tilasta safarar miyagun kwayoyi a ciki da wajen kasar. A cikin 2020, KCGS ta ha] a hannu da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da Muggan Muggan Kwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC) Shirin Laifukan Maritime na Duniya (GMCP) don mai da hankali kan haɓaka iyawa da taimakawa kare ruwan Kenya daga fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Tanzaniya Majalisar dokokin Tanzaniya ta kirkiro da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Magunguna don magance amfani da muggan kwayoyi da fataucin muggan kwayoyi ta hanyar daidaitawa da mai da hankali. Hukumar Kula da Muggan Kwayoyi ta hada kai da EU-ACT Project don gudanar da manyan tarurruka guda biyu tare da manyan mahalarta taron kasancewar shugabannin hukumomin tabbatar da doka a Afirka da Turai. A yayin waɗancan tarurrukan, mahalarta sun tattauna sosai kan hanyoyin haɓakawa da raba bayanan sirrin teku. Har ila yau, hukumar da ke kula da yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na gudanar da wani aiki mai suna JODARI, wanda ya shafi kamun kifi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a gabar tekun Tanzaniya bisa ga shawarwarin UNODC. A cikin 2021, Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya don kasancewarta mafi kyawun cibiyar da ke kula da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar yadda aka gane shirye-shiryen horarwa masu ƙarfi ban da adadi mai yawa na kama. Duk da nasarar da aka samu da karbuwa a baya-bayan nan, Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Magunguna tana shirin faɗaɗa dabarunta don magance karuwar yawan sha da fataucin tabar a Tanzaniya.
Uganda Gwamnatin Uganda ta amince da Dokar Magungunan Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin Halitta a cikin 2016 don ayyana matakin da ya dace kuma mafi ƙaranci ga laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Dokar dai ta hada da daukar matakan ladabtarwa da dama don dakile karuwar yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Uganda. Misali, mallakar haramtattun kwayoyi na iya haifar da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 zuwa 25, fataucin-wanda aka ayyana ya hada da ko da kananan adadin fasa-kwaurin-ana iya hukunta shi da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma rashin bayyana takardun magani na narcotics na iya haifar da 5. hukuncin shekara.
Nassoshi Afirka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwanci%20a%20Rundunar%20Ruwa%20ta%20Najeriya | Kasuwanci a Rundunar Ruwa ta Najeriya | Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya (NMN) ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa, ma'aikatan su da kungiyoyin tallafi mallakar 'yan Najeriya kuma suna shiga cikin cabotage da cinikayya ta duniya tare da Najeriya.
Asalin An kafa Sashen Ruwa na Najeriya a cikin shekara ta 1914 kuma ya ba da hadin kai tare da Royal Navy wajen kama Kamaru a yakin duniya na farko Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya ta shiga cikin hukuma a shekarar 1956, tare da ma'aikata 200 daga Ma'aikatar Sojan Ruwa, tare da ayyukan share ma'adinai, jarrabawar tashar jiragen ruwa da ayyukan kula da jiragen ruwa.
Makarantar Horar da Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1952, ta ba da horo na asali a cikin aikin jirgin ruwa ga Sojojin Ruwa, Sojojin Kasuwanci, Sashen Ruwa na Cikin Gida da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jirgin Rukunin Najeriya.
Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ta kafa layin jigilar kayayyaki na Najeriya a shekarar 1959.
Duk da zuba jari mai yawa da tallafi, kamfanin mallakar jihar bai iya yin gasa da layin Turai ba.
Yawancin saka hannun jari sun tafi don wadatar da manyan 'yan siyasa.
Wani littafi na 1964 ya bayyana ayyukan da aka yi a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, wanda ya ba da koyo ga masu sana'a da Jami'an Cadetships ga masu neman zama Jami'an Kewayawa ko Injiniya.
A cikin 1988 Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasa ta ba da layin jigilar kaya na Najeriya guda shida "mai ɗaukar kaya na kasa", gami da layin sufuri na Najeriya, layin Green na Najeriya, Afirka Ocean Line, layin jigihar Nigerbras, layin Brawal da layin Kudancin Amurka na Najeriya. NMA tana da shirye-shiryen fadada wannan matsayi ga kamfanoni na cikin gida don rage ikon cinikayya ta hanyar layin mallakar kasashen waje.
Koyaya, a shekara ta 1992 masu jigilar kayayyaki na ƙasashen waje suna ɗaukar sama da 80% na kaya.
Kamfanonin hakar mai sun yi watsi da dokoki don amfani da jiragen ruwa na Najeriya kuma a maimakon haka sun samar da tankunansu don jigilar mafi yawan mai zuwa masana'antun su a kasashen waje.
Masana'antar ta sami wakilci a taron kasa da kasa ta hanyar mambobin Ofishin Sojan Ruwa na Kasuwanci da Kungiyar Manyan Ma'aikatan Jirgin Ruwa.
Thomas Kemewerigha, shugaban kasa na wannan ƙungiyar, ya bayyana shi a cikin wata hira ta 2010 a matsayin ƙungiyar kwadago da ke da alaƙa da Kungiyar Kwadago (TUC) da kuma Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Sufuri ta Duniya (ITF).
Matsayi da ayyukan Kodayake Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya tana da dogon tarihi, ba kungiya ce da aka amince da ita ba.
Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaro ta Najeriya (NIMASA) ta gudanar da bincike a 2007 bayan ta ji cewa Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya ba da izinin kafa rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya.
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 Darakta Janar na NIMASA ya ce a cikin wata wasika ga Shugaban kasa cewa "ba a san abin da ake kira Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya a cikin dokar da ta kafa NIMASA (NIMASA ACT 2007) ko kuma Dokar Jirgin Ruwa ta Nigeria ta 2007 wacce ta ba da aikin Hukumar Tsaro ta Ruwa ga NIMASA".
Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka sanar da haramtacciyar kungiyar da ke kiran kanta "Nigerian Merchant Navy" a watan Yulin 2010, saboda zargin da ake yi na wasu mambobin kungiyar, Kemewerigha ya ce haramcin bai shafi Jami'an Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Najeriya da Babban Ma'aikatan Sufurin Ruwa ba, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin Jaridar Tarayya. Ya ce "Mun rubuta wasiƙu da yawa tun daga shekara ta 2006, lokacin da muka gano wani asiri na Merchant Navy. Mun rubuta wa 'yan sanda, sojan ruwa, SSS da kowane hukuma amma babu wani abu da aka yi. Kemewerigha ya bayyana aikin Sojan Ruwa na Kasuwanci a matsayin "a cikin jigilar ruwa, jiragen ruwa, tanki, ayyukan kogi, hanyoyin ruwa na ciki, bakin teku, jiragen sabis, sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa, FPSO".
Ya yi magana game da amfani da kayan aiki a ƙasa, wanda ƙungiyarsa ba ta yarda da shi ba. Ya ce cadets sun sa tufafi, wanda yake daidai da tufafin Sojan Ruwa ban da lambar, don haka za su iya samun sufuri kyauta.
Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Kasuwanci tana fama da rashin bin doka a cikin ruwan yankin.
A watan Yulin 2010, Comrade Kingsley Enahoro ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke karantawa a wani bangare: "Dokar zartarwa da dukkan mambobin yankin kamun kifi na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya suna so su sanar da Gwamnatin Tarayya Jiha da kuma Jama'a ta Duniya game da barazanar da kisan da ma'aikatan jirgin suka sha a sakamakon tashin hankali na masu satar teku a cikin ruwan Najeriya Kamaru".
Kemewerigha ya kasance mai sukar NIMASA, wanda ake nufi da kare jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, yana mai cewa duk da duk kuɗin da NIMASA ta karɓa ba su iya kula da helikofta ɗaya a cikin yanayin da ya dace da jirgin sama ba.
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya tana la'akari da lissafin dokar samar da kafa rundunar tsaro da tsaro ta Najeriya.
In May 2011 the Nigerian Senate was considering a bill for an Act to Provide for the Establishment of the Nigerian Merchant Navy Security and Safety Corps.
Kungiyoyin da ba a ba da izini ba A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 jaridar Nigerian Tribune ta wallafa wani rahoto mai taken "Sojojin Ruwa sun gano makircin rushe Najeriya" wanda ya ce rundunar sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya ta ba da rahoton gano shirye-shiryen da wata kungiya karkashin jagorancin Commodore Benson Edema ta yi don rushe kasar.
An nakalto Sojojin Ruwa suna cewa kungiyar ta dauki matasa kuma ta horar da su wajen amfani da makamai, ta sanya su a cikin kayan aikin sojan ruwa.
Wannan ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da wani abin da ya faru a baya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 inda aka tura "Commodore" Benson Edema zuwa hannun Sojan Ruwa na Najeriya bayan an kama shi da zargin kai hari ga maza na Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Jihar Legas.
Edema ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya tattara mutane 10,000 zuwa "Nigerian Merchant Navy Corps" tare da aikin 'yan sanda a hanyoyin ruwa na kasar.
Edema, wanda bai taɓa zama Commodore na Sojan Ruwa ba amma ya kasance mai walda tare da layin jigilar kaya na Najeriya (NNSL) daga 1994 zuwa 1996, an kama shi saboda zargin da ake yi.
Da yake amsawa ga rahoton Tribune, Darakta Janar na rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya, Commodore Allen Edema, ya yi kira ga Shugaba Umaru Yar'Adua ya bincika rundunar sojin ruwa ta Najeriya.
Edema yana bayyana rahoton Tribune a matsayin "ƙididdigar ƙarya marar tushe da ake nufi da yaudarar jama'a, ya haifar da ƙiyayya da rashin gaskiya ga rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya waɗanda ke aiki game da kasuwancin su na halal a cikin doka". Edema ya ci gaba da da da'awar cewa Sojojin Ruwa suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya kuma zargi Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa da Tsaro ta Najeriya da karɓar biyan kuɗi daga jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje waɗanda ya kamata su dauki ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Najeriya. Ya yarda cewa NMA ta shiga horo, amma ya ce horo ya kasance a cikin jirgin ruwa da kuma tsaron teku da tsaro.
A watan Agustan 2010 "Commodore" Aderemi Olatinwo, Darakta Janar na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, ya yi kira ga amincewa da rundunar Sojan ruwa mai cin gashin kanta don gudanar da ayyukan tsaron bakin teku.
A cewar Olatinwo, Najeriya tana da bakin tekun da ya fi dacewa a duniya, tare da man fetur da aka sace da kuma makamai da sauran kayan smuggling.
A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 shugaban rundunar NMN Legas, Kyaftin Ichukwu Agaba, ya ce NMN ta samo asali ne daga Ma'aikatar Marine ta mulkin mallaka, wacce ke da aikin tabbatar da aminci a kan hanyoyin ruwa, dakatar da fashi da hana mamayewar kasashen waje. Ya lura cewa akwai "tsarin siyasa mai karfi don haramta rundunar sojan ruwa", kuma ya ce NMN tana fama da fitar da su daga gidan su na Legas tun shekara ta 2009.
Agaba ya ce ana horar da ma'aikatan NMN don yaki da laifuka a ƙasa da teku. Da aka tambaye shi game da bambancin matsayi tsakanin NMN da Navy, Agaba ya kauce wa tambayar amma ya jaddada matsayin tsaro na NMN.
Kwalejin da ba su da lasisi A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009 rundunar sojan ruwa ta kama mutane biyu kuma ta mika su ga 'yan sanda saboda gudanar da Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Kasuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan jirgin ruwa, MT James, a Legas.
Masu aiki na Makarantar Kasuwancin Jirgin Sama da Jirgin Ruwa ta Legas (LAMBS) suna ba da horo ga ƙungiyar samari kan yadda za su kewaya jirgin ruwa, da kuma horo na soja, don haka za su iya cancanta a matsayin ma'aikatan Sojan Ruwa.
Wasu daga cikin daliban sun fara sa tufafin Sojan Ruwa yayin da suke bakin teku.
A cewar mai magana da yawun sojan ruwa ne kawai Kwalejin Ruwa ta Najeriya a Oron, Akwa Ibom, da Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa a tsibirin Victoria, Legas sun sami lasisi don horar da ma'aikatan sojan ruwa.
An kafa wata Kwalejin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasuwanci a cikin 2008 a Iperu a Jihar Ogun.
An yi rajista tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa a karkashin Ayyukan Kamfanin da Allied Matters (CAMA). Don ingantaccen horo ga cadets na ma'aikatar an yi rajista da wani kamfani tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci don shawo kan mafi yawan cadets, Merchants Navy Shipping Line Limited.
A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 Kyaftin Bola Nuga, Kwamandan Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa, ya ce akwai karancin injiniyoyin ruwa da injiniyoyin jirgin ruwa. Kwalejin Maritime a Oron da Kwalejin Kimiyya a tsibirin Victoria, Legas ba su iya biyan bukatun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ba, kuma jami'o'in ba su ba da darussan da ake buƙata. An kafa makarantar don taimakawa wajen cika rata, mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki.
A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 Kwamandan Janar na NMN, Commodore Aderemi Latinwo, ya ce makarantar tana motsawa daga Iperu zuwa Iwopin a cikin Karamar Hukumar Ogun Waterside ta Jihar Ogun.
Shugaban makarantar, Bola Nuga, ya yaba da mai mulkin Iwopin, Oba Julius Adekoya da tsohon shugaban kasar Olusegun Obasanjo don taimakawa makarantar ta sami tsohuwar Iwopin Paper Mill a matsayin sabon tushe na aiki.
A watan Janairun 2011 'yan sanda sun kama Aderemi Latinwo da wasu manyan jami'ai uku na NMN, wadanda suka yi zargin cewa suna gudanar da makarantar kimiyya ta karya.
Rear Admiral Emmanuel Ogbor ya zargi Latinwo da gabatar da kansa a matsayin Commodore.
Ya bayyana cewa Latinwo bai taba kasancewa a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya ba. Ya kuma ce makarantar ba ta yi rajista da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci ba ko kuma Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta amince da ita, don haka ba ta da ikon aiki.
Sunday Adelani, Daraktan Sadarwa na NMN, ya bayyana kamawar a matsayin wani yunkuri na lalata makarantar da masana'antar teku a Najeriya. Ya bayyana cewa Kwalejin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasuwanci wata cibiyar doka ce kuma an yi rajista da ita, wacce Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta amince da ita. Adelani ya ce Ministan Cikin Gida, Kyaftin Emmanuel Ihenacho "shi ne kyaftin daga kafawar Sojan Ruwa na Kasuwancin Najeriya, kuma shi ne abokin aji na Commodore Olatinwo a makarantar. Don haka ba daidai ba ne a ce Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya karya ce. Adelani ya ce "Ga kowa ko rukuni na mutane don lalata hoton wani matsayi mai daraja kamar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, musamman saboda muhimmancin dabarunsa ga tattalin arzikin Al'ummai ba shi da kyau kuma mugunta". Ya ce ya kamata Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya su daina tsananta wa Sojojin Kasuwancin Najeriya kuma a maimakon haka su kalli shi a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yar'uwa tare da ƙarin manufofi.p
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya
Sojoji
Sojojin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13698 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taribo%20West | Taribo West | Taribo West (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1974) tsohon ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka rawa a matsayin mai tsaron gida Zai fi kyau ana tunawa da shi saboda salonsa daban-daban masu launuka iri-iri. Bayan da ya lashe kofuna da dama tare da Auxerre a kwallon kafa ta Faransa, West ta ci gaba da bugawa kungiyoyin biyu na Milanese, Internazionale da kuma Milan.Ya kuma fito a cikin manyan wasannin Ingila da na Jamus. A matakin kasa da kasa, West ya bugawa Najeriya wasanni 42 tsakanin shekarar 1994 da shekara ta 2005,ya halarci Gasar Kofin Duniya biyu da Gasar Afirka biyu.Ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a gasar Olimpics ta shekarar 1996, inda ya lashe lambar zinare.
Kuwan kula da kulab
Shekarun farko An haife shi a garin Port Harcourt, West ya gano Litinin Sinclair, wanda ya dauke shi buga wasa don Sharks Ya fara wasa tare da Obanta United a 1989, kafin ya dawo Sharks a 1990. Daga nan West ta buga wa Enugu Rangers a 1991, kafin ta koma kungiyar Julius Berger a cikin shekarar 1992.
Sabuwa Bayan gwaji da aka samu a farkon 1993, West ta koma kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa karkashin jagorancin Guy Roux.Ya kasance akan benci a lokacin wasan cin Kofin UEFA na 2-2 da suka buga da Tenerife a ranar 15 ga Satumban 1993, amma ya kasa fitowa a karon farko.West daga baya ya buga wasansa na farko na gasa a kungiyar a wasan da suka buga 0-0 a gasar Toulouse ranar 5 ga Maris 1994. Ya kasance kungiya ta farko a karon farko a kakar wasa mai zuwa,inda ya buga wasanni 31 a dukkan gasa.A cikin shekarun 1995 zuwa 1976,West ta taimakawa Auxerre lashe gasar Premier ta farko a tarihin kungiyar, tare da 'yan wasa irin su Laurent Blanc da Sabri Lamouchi, da sauransu.Sun kuma lashe kofin kasar, ta haka suka tara biyu West baya sanya bakwai da ya buga a cikin 1996-1997 UEFA Champions League, a matsayin kulob din da aka shafe ta a cikin kwata kusa da na karshe da m zakarun Borussia Dortmund.
Internazionale da Milan A watan Yunin shekarar 1997, West ta koma kungiyar Internazionale ta Italiya, kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a lokacin da suka yi nasara a kan 1-0 a Coppa Italia a kan Foggia a ranar 3 Satumba 1997. Bayan haka, West ta zira kwallon farko a wajan Internazionale a wasan farko a gasar Serie A da ci1-1 a kan Atalanta ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1997. Ya kuma zira kwallaye lokacin nasara a kan Schalke 04 a wasan cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Cup a shekarar 1997 98. A ƙarshe, Internazionale ta lashe gasar wanda Ronaldo da Iván Zamorano suka jagoranci, tare da an kori West a wasan karshe a Lazio A kakar wasa mai zuwa, West ta buga wasanni 21 a gasar, saboda kungiyar ta bata damar samun gurbi a gasa ta UEFA Ya kasa yin komai a kakar wasa ta 1999-2000, kasancewa sau uku a madadin da ba a amfani da shi. A cikin taga canja wuri na hunturu 2000, West ta juya zuwa abokiyar karawarta Internazionale ta Milan Ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa ne a ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 2000, yayin da ya maye gurbin Andriy Shevchenko lokacin rauni a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 a kan Juventus A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2000, West ta sami nasarar cin kwallaye daya tilo a ragar Milan a wasan da ci 4-0 a kan Udinese Ingila da Jamus A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2000, West ya koma kulob din Derby County na Turanci, a farkon aro na watanni uku. Ya fara wasa na farko a Rams ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2000, yana wasa cikakke mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 a kan Bradford City A watan Janairun shekarar 2001, West ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da kungiyar Derbyshire har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2001. Ya taimaka kungiyar ta guji fitarwa, inda ya buga wasanni 18, yayin da Derby ta sami nasara 31 daga cikin maki 42 tare da ita a jeri. A watan Mayun shekarar 2001, West daga baya ya bar kungiyar saboda "alkawuransa na kasa da kasa". A Nuwamba shekarar 2001, West ta koma kulob din Jamus 1. FC Kaiserslautern a kan canja wurin kyauta. Ya fara wasa na farko a kungiyar a wasan farko da suka fafata a kan St. Pauli a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2001, ya fara wasa ya kuma sami jan kati a wasan, kafin a sauya shi a minti na 81. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2002, kulob din ya sake shi West saboda "jituwa gaba daya". Ya buga wasanni 10 gaba daya a kakar 2001-02 A watan Agusta shekarar 2002, West ta horar tare da kungiyar Manchester City ta Ingila na kwana 10. A ƙarshe ya gaza samun kwangila saboda rashin ƙoshin lafiya.
Aikin wasa a duniya West ya kasance mamba na Flying Eagles a Gasar Cin Matasan Afirka na 1993 Daga baya ya ci wa Najeriya kwallaye 42 a duniya, inda ya fara halartar wasan farko a Sweden a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1994. Har ila yau West ta kasance memba a cikin 'yan wasan Olympics wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta shekarar 1996 Ya buga kowane minti daya na gasar. Bayan shekaru biyu, West ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasa 22 da za su fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekarar 1998, tare da Jay-Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu, da sauransu. Sun kai mataki na biyu na gasar, Denmark ta kawar da su a zagaye na 16. A cikin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2000, West ta taka cikakkiyar mintuna 90 a duk wasannin Najeriya a gasar, yayin da suka kammala tseren zuwa Kamaru Ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a bugun feniti na shekarar 2002, wanda ya kare a matsayi na uku. Bugu da ƙari, West ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar a shekarar 2002 FIFA World Cup Ya buga wasanni biyu a cikin Group of Mutuwa yayin da Najeriya ta kammala a saman tebur, bayan Sweden, Ingila da Argentina Bayan kammala gasar, Kocin Najeriya Festus Onigbinde ya zargi West saboda rashin nasarar da kungiyar ta yi, yana mai cewa dan wasan ya “bijirewa umarnin sa. A watan Janairun shekarar 2004, West ya samu rauni a lokacin horon kungiyar wanda hakan ya hana shi buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika Ya dawo taka leda ne a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2005, ya buga wa Super Eagles wasan karshe a wasan sada zumunci tsakaninta da Libya Rayuwar mutum
Addini da imani Ckaikken mabiyin Kirista ne mai ibada, West ya yarda yayi amfani da tsafi kafin wasanni yayin aikinsa na kwararrun dan wasa. Daga ƙarshe ya zama fasto bayan kwanakinsa na kwallon kafa. A cikin shekarar 2014, West ya kafa cocin da ake kira "Shelter in the Storm Miracle Ministries of All Nation" a Legas.
Jayayya ta zamani A shekara ta 2010, an ba da rahoton cewa West da wasu 'yan wasan Najeriya na duniya,kamar Jay-Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu da Obafemi Martins suna da shekaru fiye da yadda suke ikirari shekarun su.A watan Afrilun 2013, Žarko Zečević,tsohon sakatare-janar na Partizan,ya ce West yana da shekaru 12 fiye da shekarun da aka sanshi dashi.Jim kadan bayan haka,West ya musanta wannan zargi. HOTO
Kididdigar aiki nassi:
Kasa da kasa
Kyautuka
Kulob Sabuwa Championnat de Faransa 1995–96 Coupe de Faransa 1993–44, 1995–96 Internazionale Kofin Uefa 1997–98 Partizan Kungiya ta farko ta Serbia da Montenegro 2002-03
Kasa da kasa Najeriya Gasar Olympics 1996 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Gasar tsere 2000
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Taribo West at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Taribo West at FootballDatabase.eu
Taribo West FIFA competition record
Taribo West at National-Football-Teams.com
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1974
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
31356 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Via%20Campesina | Kungiyar Via Campesina | La Vía Campesina (daga harshen kasar Spaniya, lit. kungiya ce ta manoma ta duniya wacce aka kafa ta a 1993 a Mons, Belgium, wadda kungiyoyi 182 suka kafa a kasashe 81, da kuma bayyana kanta a matsayin "ƙungiya manoma ta duniya wacce ke gudanar da harkokin kananan manoma da tsaka-tsakinsu, ma'aikatan noma, matan karkara, da al'ummomi asali na nahiyar Asiya, Afirka, Amurka, da Turai".
Via Campesina tana ba da shawarwari ga noman gandu, kuma ita ce ƙungiyar da ta ƙirƙira kalmar "mulkin abinci". La Vía Campesina na gudanar da kamfen don kare haƙƙin da manoma ke na samun iri, da dakatar da cin zarafi da cin zarafin mata, da yin gyare-gyaren noma, da ma gaba ɗaya don amincewa da haƙƙin manoma.
Tarihi
Asali da kuduri Tun daga shekarun 1980 gwamnatocin ba su ƙara shiga tsakani a cikin karkarar gefen gari, wanda ya raunana ikon kamfanoni a kan ƙungiyoyin manoma yayin da suke rayuwa a cikin aikin gona ya zama mai wahala. Sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin manoma na kasa sun fara kulla alaka da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, tun daga Latin Amurka sannan kuma a duniya.
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ƙananan manoma sun fito ne daga sabon fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙin da ya taso a cikin 1990s; a lokacin, haƙƙin ɗan adam da tsare-tsaren ci gaba sun haɗu waɗanda suka faɗaɗa daga haƙƙin siyasa da na jama'a don haɗawa da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kungiyar manoman noma ta yi yunkurin kalubalantar akidar hegemonic na neoliberalism a fannin tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma samo hanyoyin da za su kare hakkin ma'aikata a duniya.
Dangantaka da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa Kungiyoyin manoma daga Turai, Latin Amurka, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka, Amurka ta tsakiya da Afirka ne suka kafa kungiyar a cikin 1993. Gidauniyar ta biyo bayan taron da aka yi na babban yarjejeniyar haraji da kasuwanci ta Uruguay (GATT), inda aka rattaba hannu tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyar kungiyar cinikayya ta duniya (WTO) kan aikin noma da kasuwanci mai alaka da yancin mallakar fasaha (TRIPS). Wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun haifar da koma baya daga mutane da yawa a duniya saboda mayar da hankali kan matsalolin fasaha maimakon 'yancin ɗan adam na samun abinci, musamman ga waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Duniya. Ana ci gaba da dunkulewar duniya a wannan lokaci, wanda ya shafi masana'antu da dama ciki har da noma. La Vía Campesina ta bai wa ƙananan manoma fage don jin muryoyinsu game da yadda waɗannan canje-canje ke tasiri rayuwarsu. Wannan yunkuri ya bunkasa kuma yanzu an amince da shi a matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawar duniya kan abinci da noma. An gabatar da shi a fage da dama na duniya, kamar:
Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO);
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Sabbin Tsirrai (UPOV);
Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (HRC); Ƙungiyar Ƙirar Hannu ta Duniya (WIPO).
Via Campesina ta shiga cikin tattaunawar na sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, wanda babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a watan Disamba 2018.
Abubuwan fifiko A cewar shafin yanar gizo na La Via Campesina, manyan batutuwan ƙungiyoyin suna haɓaka ikon mallakar abinci; neman sake fasalin aikin gona; ikon mutane a kan ƙasa, ruwa, yankuna; tsayayya da ciniki-free; inganta shahararriyar ƙauyen mata; kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam, haƙƙin ma'aikatan ƙaura; inganta aikin agroecology; inganta tsarin tsaba na manoma; kara yawan shigar matasa a harkar noma. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyar ta ba da muhimmanci sosai kan batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da 'yancin mata, tare da karfafa adawa da kamfanonin kasashen waje Har ila yau, ta mayar da hankali kan samun karbuwa ga jawabin da ya shafi ikon mallakar abinci, da maido da kalmar "baƙauye" da kuma sake haifar da asalin ƙauyen ƙauye a kan iyakokin ƙasa da al'adu. La Vía Campesina kuma yana haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) don ƙarfafa kasancewarsu a duniya. Yanke shawarar demokradiyya shine tsakiyar manufar La Vía Campesina, kuma an sadaukar da ita ga wakilci na gaskiya da haɗin kai na duk mahalarta, yin canje-canjen tsari idan ya cancanta. Ana buƙatar ra'ayoyin mutane a duniya don tantancewa da haɓaka samar da abinci na duniya da ikon mallaka. Wani ɓangare na wannan ƙoƙari na daidaito tsakanin membobin ƙungiyoyi shine ƙirƙirar ainihin ƙauyen ƙauye. Maido da wannan shaidar an kira shi "sake mayar da al'umma". Bisa ga Desmarais (2008), kalmar "baƙauye" a cikin Turanci yana da ma'anar da ke da alaka da feudalism, amma a cikin wasu harsuna da mahallin, ma'anar ita ce mafi girma; campesino ya fito ne daga kalmar campo, ma'anar "ƙasa", wanda ke danganta mutane zuwa ƙasa. Wannan ma'anar 'yan ta'adda shine dalili guda daya da yasa kungiyar ta zabi kin fassara sunanta zuwa turanci.
Lambobin yabo A cikin Nuwamban 2018, La Vía Campesina ta sami kyautar XV Navarra International Prize for Solidarity (Premio Internacional Navarra a la Solidaridad). A cikin watan Yunin 2018, ƙungiyar masu cin gashin kansu, jam'i da al'adu da yawa, waɗanda ke da cikakken 'yancin kai daga kowace alaƙar siyasa ko tattalin arziki, an ba da lambar yabo ta Lush Spring Prize Prize Award. A cikin shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta sami lambar yabo daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Latin Amurka don Agroecology SOCLA "saboda fahimtar misalinta na gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar neman aikin gona da haƙƙin manoma, wajen aiwatar da aikinta na kula da ƙasa." ciyar da duniya, kiyaye ɗimbin halittu da sanyaya duniya, ta hanyar ci gaba da neman ikon mallakar abinci a Latin Amurka." A cikin shekara ta 2004, La Vía Campesina ta sami lambar yabo ta International Human Rights Award ta Global Exchange, a San Francisco.
Ƙungiya La Vía Campesina ƙungiya ce ta asali, tare da fafutuka a matakin gida da na ƙasa. Membobin sun fito daga kasashe 81, an tsara su zuwa yankuna 9. Kwamitin kula da harkokin kasa da kasa na da namiji daya da mace daya a kowane yanki da kuma matasa daya a kowace nahiya, kowannensu ya zaba daga kungiyoyin mambobi na yankinsu. Tare da kusan kungiyoyi 182 na gida da na ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na motsi, La Via Campesina tana wakiltar manoma miliyan 200 da aka kiyasta a fadin duniya. A cewar Menser (2008), La Via Campesina misali ne na nasara da faɗaɗa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da dimokuradiyyar haɗin gwiwa saboda tsarinta na daidaitawa don tabbatar da wakilci na gaskiya.
Taro Wakilai daga kowane yanki suna haduwa a taron kasa da kasa kusan kowace shekara hudu. An gudanar da tarurrukan da suka gabata a Mons a 1993, Tlaxcala City a 1996, Bangalore a 2000, São Paulo a 2004, Maputo a 2008, Jakarta a 2013, da Derio a cikin 2017. Sakatariyar kasa da kasa tana canza wurinta na tsakiya kowace shekara 4 bisa shawarar da aka yanke a taron kasa da kasa. Wuraren da suka gabata sune Belgium (1993-1996), Honduras (1997-2004), da Indonesia (2005-2013). Tun daga watan Satumban 2013, sakatariyar ta kasance a Harare, Zimbabwe. Babban Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na yanzu shine Elizabeth Mpofu, wacce ke mai da hankali kan cin zarafin mata, muryoyin matasa, da 'yancin iri na duniya.
Shigar da mata An yi watsi da bambancin jinsi a matsayin abun la'akari na wannan tafiyai. A lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan sanarwar Managua wanda ya fara zuwa La Vía Campesina duk mutane 8 da suka halarta maza ne. Matan ƙauye sun fara shiga tsakani da yunƙurin neman yancin mata a taron ƙasa da ƙasa a Tlaxcala a 1996. A wannan taron, sun yanke shawarar kafa wani kwamiti da aka sadaukar don kare hakkin mata da batutuwan jinsi, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama Hukumar Mata ta Vía Campesina. Matan da ke cikin kwamitin sun kuma ba da gudummawa sosai wajen gyara daftarin ginshiƙi kan ikon mallakar abinci wanda aka gabatar a taron kolin abinci na duniya a 1996. Sun haɗa da kiwon lafiya a matsayin la'akari da samar da abinci ba tare da sinadarai na noma ba, da kuma mahimmancin shigar mata cikin canje-canjen manufofi saboda yawanci an hana mata shiga siyasa. Matan La Vía Campesina har yanzu suna aiki don samun wakilci da haɗin gwiwar matan manoma, musamman a matsayi na jagoranci.
Samar da abinci La Vía Campesina ta gabatar da haƙƙin mallakar abinci a taron kolin abinci na duniya a shekara ta 1996 a matsayin "yancin jama'a na samun abinci mai lafiya da kuma ta sauki da aka samar ta hanyoyi masu dorewa da kuma hakkinsu na ayyana nasu tsarin abinci da noma." Kalmar nan "dace ta al'ada" tana nuna cewa abincin da ake da shi kuma ya dace da al'adun mutanen da ke cinyewa. Misali, kayayyakin alkama da ake ba da tallafi da shigo da su ba za su shiga karkashin wannan nau’in ba a kasar da abinci na masara ya kasance tushen abincin gargajiya.
Samar da isasshen abinci vs. Tsaron abinci Samar da abinci ya bambanta da amincin abinci An bayyana tsaron abinci a matsayin "hanzarin jiki, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki don samun isasshe, lafiyayye, abinci mai gina jiki... a kowane lokaci don saduwa da abubuwan da ake ci na [yawan jama'a] da abubuwan abinci don rayuwa mai kuzari da lafiya" ta D. Moyo Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa ta Amirka a 2007. Tsaron abinci ya fi mayar da hankali kan samar da abinci ga kowa da kowa ta kowace hanya da ta dace, ta hanyar samar da gida ko kuma shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. A sakamakon haka, manufofin tattalin arziki da suka shafi tsaro abinci yawanci suna jaddada noman masana'antu wanda zai iya samar da abinci mai rahusa.
Tsarin abinci Friedmann ya bayyana cewa tsarin abinci a matsayin "tsarin da aka kafa don samarwa da cin abinci akan sikelin duniya". Tsarin tsarin abinci yana da alamar canji a cikin samar da abinci wanda ke haifar da gagarumin canji na zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arziki. Halin da ake ciki na samar da abinci a duniya ana iya kiransa da "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni" saboda yawan samar da abinci da sarrafa abinci a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Misali, kamfanoni na Amurka suna da iko kan samar da abinci ta hanyar ba da kwangila ga kananan manoma, wanda ke ba su damar shiga da riba ba tare da fuskantar hadarin noma ba, kamar yanayi da cututtuka. Tsarin abinci shine sakamakon "gwagwarmayar siyasa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu fafutuka" don sarrafa yadda aka tsara samar da abinci da kuma ra'ayi, a cewar McMichael. Tsarin tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya zo ne da ka'idar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda ya samo asali ne ta hanyar inganci da sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci, kuma ya bayyana cewa ya kamata kasashe su mayar da hankali ga kokarinsu da albarkatunsu wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka inda suke da wata fa'ida dangane da sauran al'ummomi (wato kayayyaki da suka dace). sun fi kyau wajen samarwa), kamar yadda Philip McMichael ya ambata. Tsarin abinci na kamfanoni ya wanzu na shekaru 100 na ƙarshe kawai, idan aka kwatanta da shekarun millenni kafin haɓaka masana'antu da juyin juya halin kore Duba kuma
Ci gaba da karatu Desmarais, Annette Aurélie (2007): La Vía Campesina: Duniyar Duniya da Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa, Bugawar Fernwood, Martínez-Torres, María Elena, da Peter M. Rosset, "La Vía Campesina: Haihuwa da juyin halitta na motsi na zamantakewar al'umma", Journal of Peasant Studies, 2010
Hanyoyin haɗin ciki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Vía Campesina Shafin gida na Turanci
Mu ne La V í a Campesina bidiyo na gabatarwa
Jerin Membobi
Bayyana Hakkokin Makiyaya Mata da Maza Takardun Manufofin La Vía Campesina International Nyeleni Newsletter, muryar Ƙungiyar Abinci ta Abinci, wanda V í a Campesina ke ciki.
Buga Rubutun Ƙungiya 2016
War on Want's V í a Campesina aikin page
V í a Campesina: yunƙurin zamantakewar al'umma mai tasowa a kan gidan yanar gizon Cibiyar Tsara
Dubban Maris a Cancún a La V í a Campesina's "Ranar Ayyukan Duniya don Adalci na Yanayi", rahoton bidiyo na Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!
Manazarta Kungiyoyin muhalli
Siyasan noma
Samar da isasshen abinci
Gumurzun hakkin muhal
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15679 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Okoh | Julie Okoh | Juliana (Julie) Omonukpon Omoifo Okoh (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1947) a Ubiaja. yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Nijeriya, mai ilmantarwa, mai rajin ƙyamar mata. wadda ta kasance farfesa a ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Fatakwal daga 2004 zuwa 2017. Bayan ta yi karatu a Amurka da Kanada, sai ta sami digiri na uku a Jami’ar Bordeaux III a 1991. Tattaunawa game da al'amuran da suka shafi mata a cikin al'umma, wasanninta sun haɗa da The Mannequins (1997), Edewede (2000) da Dooofofin Rufe (2007)
Tarihin rayuwa Juliana Omonukpon Omoifo da aka haifa a Ubiaja da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya jihar Edo, ‘yar Augustine Azamuoisa Omoifo, malami kuma magatakarda a kotu, da matarsa, mai dinki da manajan shago. An haife ta a cikin gida mara kyau, ita ce ta biyar a cikin 'ya'ya takwas. Duk iyayenta sun kasance masu aiki da al'adu: mahaifinta yana son kida kuma yana kaɗa guitar yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai ba da labarin gargajiya wacce ta halarci rawar Ikhio-raye-raye. Tana da aure ga Joseph Donatus Okoh (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), farfesa a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Fatakwal. Suna da yara hudu. Bayan ta kammala karatunta na firamare a Ubiaja, Juliana Omoifo ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lady of Lourdes da ke Uromi. Sannan ta sami aiki a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje a Legas inda ta yi jarabawar GCE a matakin talakawa da na ci gaba. Godiya ga kyawawan sakamako, ta sami damar halartar kwas na shekaru uku a horo a matsayin sakatariyar harshe biyu a Cibiyar Horar da Tarayya. A cikin 1972, an ba ta izinin shiga Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago inda ta kammala karatun Faransanci da Adabin Ingilishi a 1976. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a Adabin Faransanci daga Jami'ar Alberta (1979). Daga baya ta halarci jami’ar Bordeaux don yin karatun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci da Ingilishi, inda ta samu digiri na biyu a shekarar 1989 da kuma digiri na uku a 1991. A shekarar 2000 da 2001, Okoh ta kasance a kasar Amurka inda ta kasance abokiyar aikin Fulbright a Kwalejin Smith, inda take karbar aiyuka a matsayin bako malami a Jami'ar Jihar ta North Carolina da kuma Jami'ar Massachusetts a Amherst. A cikin 2004, ta fara aiki mai tsayi a matsayin farfesa a ka’idar wasan kwaikwayo da suka a Jami’ar Fatakwal. Julie Okoh tayi ritaya a shekarar 2017. A wata laccar da aka yi wa laƙabi da "Zuwa Gidan Wasannin Mata a Najeriya", wanda ta gabatar a watan Oktoban 2012, Okoh ya kammala da cewa: Batun daidaiton jinsi da ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin mata ya zo mai nisa, kuma adabin mata ya taka rawar gani wajen kawo sauye-sauye game da ɗabi'un mata. Duk da haka, har yanzu yaƙi mai tsawo yana nan gaba, saboda zai ɗauki dogon lokaci kafin daidaiton jinsi da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma don a fahimta da kuma yarda da ita yadda ya dace. Amma ni, na zaɓi hanyar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mumbarina don wannan dalili. Na yi ƙoƙarin zuwa duniya tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo bisa ƙa'idodin mata da dabaru.
Littattafai Okoh ta rubuta kuma ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo sama da 30, da yawa daga cikinsu an buga su, da kuma rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci da labarai a cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi kan wasan kwaikwayo, al'adu da kuma batun jinsi. Daya daga cikin rawar da ta taka rawar gani ita ce Edewede wacce aka fara yi a Jami'ar Fatakwal a 1998. Yana da nufin shawo kan matan Najeriya cewa cire jiki al'ada ce da ya kamata a guje mata, tare da gabatar da ita a matsayin wata al'ada mai cutarwa. Wasan kwaikwayon ya hada da raye-rayen gargajiya na mata da wakoki, wani lokacin kuma. Yin amfani da yajin aiki mai tsayi azaman na'urar, mata suna jefa kuri'a don hana cirewa. Hakanan Excision shi ne taken A Cikakken Lokaci, wanda a cikinsa ake ƙarfafa masu sauraro don shiga cikin jefa ƙuri'a ko waƙa da tafawa. 1997: Maski: Wasan Wasanni ne da Makarantu 1997: Mannequins 2000: Edewede Washegari Sabuwar Rana 2000: Cikin Cikakken Lokaci 2002: Waye Zai Iya Yaƙin Alloli? 2005: Aisha 2007: Dooofofin Rufe 2008: Jarrabawa 2009: Haunting Past: Drama 2010: Matarmu Har abada: Wasan kwaikwayo 2014: Kuka don Demokradiyya 2018: Hanyar Thorny
Kyauta Okoh an bata kyautuka da yawa. Sun hada da: 2000: Babban Masanin Fulbright
2011: Kyautar Gwanin Rayuwa daga ofungiyar ofwararrun aterwararrun ateran Wasan Kwaikwayo na Nijeriya (SONTA)
Manazarta Mata
Ƴan |
30522 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20ruwa%20a%20India | Gurbataccen ruwa a India | Gurbacewar ruwa Sauran hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi sun hada da kwararar ruwa a noma da kananan masana'antu marasa tsari. Galibin koguna da tafkuna da ruwan sama a Indiya sun gurbace saboda masana'antu da najasa da ba a kula da su da kuma datti.
Batutuwa
Najasa mara magani Akwai babban tazara tsakanin tsarawa da maganin sharar gida a Indiya. Kuma Matsalar ba wai kawai Indiya ba ta da isassun ƙarfin jiyya har ma da cewa masana'antar kula da najasa ba sa aiki kuma ba a kula da su.
Galibin cibiyoyin kula da najasa na gwamnati na ci gaba da kasancewa a rufe a mafi yawan lokuta saboda rashin tsari ko rashin kulawa ko rashin ingantaccen wutar lantarki da za a iya sarrafa ta, tare da ma’aikatan da ba sa aiki da kuma rashin kulawa. Sannan Kuma Ruwan sharar da ake samu a waɗannan wuraren yakan shiga cikin ƙasa ko ƙafewa. Sharar da ba a tattara ba tana taruwa a cikin birane yana haifar da rashin tsafta da fitar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke shiga cikin ruwa da ƙasa. Najasa da ake fitarwa daga birane, garuruwa da wasu kauyuka shine babban abin da ke haddasa gurbatar ruwa a Indiya. Ana buƙatar saka hannun jari don cike gibin da ke tsakanin najasar da Indiya ke samarwa da kuma ƙarfin sarrafa najasa a kowace rana. Manyan biranen Indiya suna samar da lita miliyan 38,354 a kowace rana (MLD) na najasa, amma ikon kula da najasa na birni shine kawai 11,786 MLD. Yawancin kogunan Indiya sun gurɓata sosai sakamakon fitar da najasa a cikin gida.
Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tsakiya, Ma'aikatar Muhalli Dazuzzuka ta Gwamnatin Indiya, ta kafa cibiyar kula da ingancin ruwa ta kasa da ta kunshi tashoshi 1,429 na sa ido a cikin jihohi 28 da 6 a cikin Tarayyar Turai a kan koguna da wuraren ruwa daban-daban a fadin kasar. Kuma Wannan ƙoƙarin yana kula da ingancin ruwa a duk shekara. Cibiyar sa ido ta hada da koguna 293, tafkuna 94, tankuna 9, tafkuna 41, koguna 8, magudanan ruwa 23, magudanan ruwa 18 da rijiyoyi 411 da aka rarraba a fadin Indiya. Ana nazarin samfuran ruwa akai-akai don sigogi 28 ciki har da narkar da iskar oxygen, ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sigogin da aka kafa na duniya don ingancin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari 9 alamar karafa da ragowar magungunan kashe qwari guda 28 ana nazarin su. Hakanan ana yin sa ido kan yanayin halitta akan takamaiman wurare.
Binciken kimiyya na samfuran ruwa daga shekarata 1995 zuwa 2008 ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin cuta yana da tsanani a cikin ruwa na Indiya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda fitar da ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar da ba a kula da shi ba, galibi daga cikin biranen Indiya.
kwayoyin halitta A cikin shekarar 2010 sa ido kan ingancin ruwa ya gano kusan dukkan koguna da manyan matakan BOD (ma'auni na gurɓataccen abu tare da kwayoyin halitta). An sami mafi munin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, a cikin tsari mai raguwa, Kuma a cikin kogin Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), sai kogin Kali (364), kogin Amlakhadi (353), canal Yamuna (247), kogin Yamuna a Delhi (70) da kogin Betwa (58). Don mahallin, samfurin ruwa tare da BOD na kwanaki 5 tsakanin 1 da 2 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa, 3 zuwa 8 mg O/L yana nuna tsaftataccen ruwa mai matsakaici, 8 zuwa 20 yana nuna ruwan iyaka, kuma sama da 20 MG O/L yana nuna rashin lafiya ga muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa.
Matakan BOD sun yi tsanani a kusa da birane da manyan garuruwa. Kuma A yankunan karkara na Indiya, matakan kogin BOD sun wadatar don tallafawa rayuwar ruwa.
Matakan Coliform Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha da Godavari, suna daga cikin mafi yawan gurɓataccen ruwa na coliform a Indiya. Kuma Don mahallin, coliform dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 104 MPN/100 ml, zai fi dacewa ba ya cikin ruwa don a yi la'akari da shi lafiya ga amfanin ɗan adam, da kuma ban ruwa inda coliform na iya haifar da barkewar cuta daga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin aikin gona. A cikin shekarata 2006, kashi 47 cikin ɗari na kula da ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton adadin coliform sama da 500 MPN/100 ml. A cikin shakarar 2008, kashi 33 cikin 100 na duk tashoshin sa ido kan ingancin ruwa sun ba da rahoton jimlar matakan coliform da suka wuce waɗannan matakan, suna ba da shawarar ƙoƙari na baya-bayan nan don ƙara kayan aikin sarrafa gurɓataccen gurɓatawa da haɓaka masana'antar jiyya a Indiya, na iya canza yanayin gurbatar ruwa. Magance najasa a cikin gida da kuma yin amfani da najasar da aka gyara don ban ruwa na iya hana gurɓacewar ruwa, rage buƙatar ruwa mai daɗi a fannin ban ruwa da kuma zama hanyar ban ruwa. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, kasuwar masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha ta Indiya tana haɓaka kowace shekara a ƙimar kashi 10 zuwa 12 cikin ɗari. {Asar Amirka ita ce mafi girma da ke ba da kayan aikin jiyya da kayayyaki zuwa Indiya, tare da kashi 40 cikin 100 na kasuwa na sabon shigarwa. A wannan adadin na fadada, da kuma ɗauka cewa gwamnatin Indiya ta ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare, manyan zuba jari a masana'antun sarrafa magudanar ruwa da samar da kayan aikin wutar lantarki, an kiyasta Indiya za ta kusan rubanya karfin maganin ruwa har sau uku nan da shekarata 2015, kuma karfin samar da magani zai dace. Bukatun kula da ruwan najasa na Indiya na yau da kullun nan da shekarata 2020.
Magani Kula da ruwa a Indiya yana samun taki. Yunkurin farfado da Ganga da gwamnatin kungiyar kwadago ta yi, na tsaftace Yamuna na daga cikin kokarin da gwamnati ta fara. Yunkurin dawo da kogin Chennai na tsaftace kogin Cooum, Adyar da ke Chennai da ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi irin su Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Indiya (EFI) ke jagoranta na tsabtace tafkuna da tafkuna a ƙasar ana ganinsu a matsayin gagarumin ci gaba wajen kiyaye ruwa.
Wasu matsalolin Wani bincike na hadin gwiwa da PRIMER da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi ta Punjab suka yi a shekarar 2008, Kuma ya nuna cewa a kauyukan da ke kusa da Nullah, fluoride, mercury, beta-endosulphan da kuma maganin kashe kwari na heptachlor sun wuce iyaka da aka halatta (MPL) a cikin kasa da ruwan famfo. Bugu da ƙari, ruwan yana da babban taro na COD da BOD (sunadarai da buƙatun oxygen na biochemical), ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic da chlorpyrifos pesticide. Ruwan ƙasa kuma ya ƙunshi nickel da selenium, yayin da ruwan famfo yana da yawan gubar dalma, nickel da cadmium. Ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina na kara tabarbare matsalar gurbatar ruwa a Indiya, yayin da take wanke-wanke da fitar da datti da gurbatacciyar kasa zuwa cikin kogunanta da dausarta. Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara a Indiya ya kai kimanin murabba'in cubic biliyan 4000. Daga wannan, tare da yanayin gine-ginen Indiya a cikin shekarata 2005, albarkatun ruwa da ake da su a cikin koguna sun kai kimanin mita biliyan 1869. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi wajen rarraba ruwan sama a kasar a kowace shekara, albarkatun ruwa da ake amfani da su, ciki har da ruwan kasa, an yi iƙirarin ya kai kimanin mita biliyan 1122. Yawancin wannan ruwa ba shi da lafiya, saboda gurbatar yanayi yana lalata ingancin ruwa. Gurbacewar ruwa ta iyakance adadin ruwan da ake samu ga masu amfani da Indiya, masana'anta da kuma noma.
Musamman koguna
Ganges Fiye da 500 mutane miliyan suna zaune a gefen kogin [Ganges]. Kimanin mutane 2,000,000 ne suka saba yin wanka a kowace rana a cikin kogin, wanda mabiya addinin Hindu ke daukarsa mai tsarki. Gurbacewar kogin Ganges babban haɗari ne ga lafiya. Gwamnatin Tsakiyar Indiya ta kafa NRGBA, akan 20 Fabrairu shekarar 2009 ƙarƙashin Sashe na 3 (3) na Dokar Kare Muhalli, a shekarata 1986. Ya kuma ayyana Ganges a matsayin "Kogin Kasa" na Indiya. Kujerar ta hada da Firayim Ministan Indiya da manyan ministocin jihohin da Ganges ke bi ta cikin su.
The Yamuna Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2012, kogin Yamuna mai tsarki na Delhi yana dauke da kwayoyin cutar coliform 7,500 a cikin 100cc na ruwa. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama, kungiyoyin matsa lamba, kungiyoyin kula da muhalli, da kuma ’yan kasa, sun dukufa wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na tsaftace kogin. Ko da yake Indiya ta sake sake fasalin manufofinta na ruwa na kasa a cikin shekarata 2002 don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar al'umma da kuma daidaita tsarin kula da ruwa, tsarin tsarin mulkin ƙasar yana tabbatar da cewa ta kasance "bayani na niyya kawai." Alhakin kula da harkokin ruwa ya rabu tsakanin ma'aikatu da sassa daban-daban guda goma sha biyu ba tare da hadin kai ba. Kuma Ma’aikatun gwamnati da sashen ayyuka na jiha sun kasa shawo kan matsalar, duk da cewa ta kashe shekaru da dama da dala miliyan 140 wajen gudanar da wannan aiki.
Sauran Buddha Nullah, rafi na ruwa na yanayi, wanda ke ratsa yankin Malwa
Kogin Mithi, wanda ke ratsa cikin birnin Mumbai, ya gurbace sosai. Gurbacewar Kogin Mithi
Gurbacewar Kogin Mula
Gurbacewar Kogin Gomti
Gurbacewar kogin Vrishabhavati
Duba wasu abubuwan Kasa Alkali
Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa
Matsalolin muhalli a Indiya
Jihohin Indiya da yankunan ƙungiyar sun sami matsayi ta hanyar yawaitar bayan gida
Ruwan ƙasa a Indiya
Dokar Rikicin Ruwan Kogin Interstate
Ban ruwa a Indiya
Siyasar Ruwa ta Kasa
Albarkatun ruwa a Indiya
Karancin ruwa a Indiya
Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Indiya
Yamuna Mission
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Indiya Ruwa Portal
Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Ruwa, Tsaftar Tsafta da Tsaftar UNICEF na 2010 https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/84986-.html
Yamuna Mission
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19518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikrimata%20Ibn%20Abi%20Jahl | Ikrimata Ibn Abi Jahl | Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl Amr Ibn Hisham 634 ko 636) ya kuma kasance babban abokin hamayya da ya zama abokin Annabin Musulunci Muhammad (S A W) kuma kwamandan musulmi a Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda da mamayar Syria Ya mutu a lokacin Yaƙin Yarmouk Rayuwar shi Mahaifin Ikrima shi ne Amr dan Hisham dan al-Mughira, shugaban wata kungiyar kabila ta Kuraishawa ta mutan Makhzum wanda Musulmi suke kira "Abu Jahl" (mahaifin jahiliyya) saboda tsananin adawarsa ga annabin Islama Muhammadu An kashe mahaifin Ikrima yana yakar Musulmi a yakin Badar a shekarar 624. A yakin Uhud, inda Kuraishawa suka ci Musulmai, Ikrima ya umarci bangaren hagu na bangaren hagu; dan uwansa Khalid dan al-Walid ya ba da umarnin bangaren dama. Rashin Makhzum a Badar ya rage tasirinsu kuma ya ba da damar ga Mutan Abd Shams ƙarƙashin Abu Sufyan don karɓar ragamar a kan Muhammad. Koyaya, tasirin Ikrima, wanda a wancan lokacin babban mashahurin shugaban Makhzum, a Makka ya karu zuwa ƙarshen 620s. Ya nuna adawa ga tattaunawar da aka yi da Muhammad a Hudaybiyya kuma ya warware yarjejeniyar lokacin da shi da wasu Kuraishawa suka kai wa Banu Khuza'a hari. Lokacin da Muhammad ya ci Makka da yaƙi a 630, Ikrima ya tsere a matsayin ɗan gudun hijira zuwa Yemen inda Makhzum ke da alaƙar kasuwanci. Daga baya Muhammad (S A W) ya yi afuwa ga Ikrima, a bayyane bayan matar Ikrima da dan uwan mahaifinta na farko Umm Hakim bint al-Harith, wadanda suka musulunta suka shigar da kara. A cewar masanin tarihi al-Waqidi, Muhammad ya nada Ikrima a matsayin mai karbar haraji na kungiyar kungiyar Hawazin a shekarar 632. Ikrima tana cikin yankin Tihama tsakanin Yemen da Makka lokacin da Muhammad ya mutu. A cewar Blankinship, bayan ya musulunta, Ikrima ya dukufa ga sabon addinin sa "mafi yawan kuzarin da ya nuna adawarsa da farko" ga Musulunci. Bayan rasuwar Muhammad, babban makusancin annabin Islama Abu Bakr ya zama khalifa (shugaban al'ummar musulmin) kuma ya nada Ikrima don jagorantar kamfen din adawa da kabilun Larabawa masu tawaye a yakin Ridda (632-633), wanda ya gan shi yana ba da umarnin balaguro a kewayen. duk yankin Larabawa, tare da mayar da hankali musamman a Yemen. Zuwa 634, Abu Bakr ya sake sanya Ikrima da rundunarsa, wadanda suka fito daga Tihama, arewacin Yemen, Bahrayn da Oman, don sake karfafa rundunar Khalid a yakin da Musulmi suka ci Siriya Ikrima watakila an kashe shi ne yana yakar Rumawa a yakin Ajnadayn a Falasdinu a shekara ta 634, duk da cewa ana kuma iya cewa an kashe shi a yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636.
Iyali A cewar masanin tarihi al-Ya'qubi (a shekara ta 898), Ikrima ya auri Qutayla bint Qays bin Ma'dikarib, 'yar'uwar shugaban gidan Kindite Banu Mu'awiya, al-Ash'ath bin Qays An aiko ta daga Yemen don ta auri Muhammad amma ta zo ne bayan annabin Islama ya mutu sannan daga baya aka aurar da ita ga Ikrima. Hadisai na Musulunci galibi sun yarda Ikrima ya mutu bai haihu ba, kodayake masanin tarihi na ƙarni na 8 Sayf ibn Umar ya ambaci ɗa mai suna Amr da Ibn Hazm (wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1064), mai yiwuwa ne ya samo bayanansa daga Sayf, ya kira wannan ɗan Umar. Masanin tarihin Michael Michael Lecker ya tabbatar da cewa auren Ikrima da Qutayla ya zama matsala ga malaman musulmai daga baya kamar yadda aka hana sake auren matan Muhammad. Lecker yana riƙe da al'adar Islama ta ƙididdige ainihin rahoton da marubutan musulmai na gargajiya suka yi amfani da shi cewa Qutayla ta haifa Ikrima "ɗa mai rauni", wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin "mafi amintacce". Ikrima ta kuma auri Asma bint al-Nu'man bn Abi al-Jawn, wata matar kirki daga Muhammadu wacce ba a ta da auren ta ba. Ya aure ta bayan ɗan gajeren aure da dangin Ikrima dangin Makhzumite al-Muhajir bn Abi Umayya Matar Ikrima Ummu Hakim ta auri khalifa Umar r 634–644 wani lokaci bayan mutuwar Ikrima.
Duba kuma Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi, abokin gaba
Jerin yakokin Muhammadu
Manazarta 1. a b c d Hinds 1991 p. 139.
2. Umari 1991 pp. 53–54.
3. Donner 1993 p. 53, note 340.
4. Landau-Tasseron 1998 p. 17.
5. Landau-Tasseron 1998 p. 19.
6. Blankinship 1993 p. 77, note 443.
7. a b Blankinship 1993 pp. 77–78, note 443.
8. a b Hinds 1991 p. 138.
9. Blankinship 1993 pp. 77–78.
10. Gordon et al. 2018 p. 697.
11. Blankinship 1993 p. 99, note 535.
12. a b Lecker 1998 p. 20.
13. Donner 1993 p. 185 note 1131, 190 note 1156.
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21464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20El%20Ahmadi | Karim El Ahmadi | Karim El-Ahmadi Aroussi Larabci an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta alib dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyar "1985") shi ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Maroko da ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaron gida na Al-Ittihad daga Saudi Arabia. El-Ahmadi an haife shi ne a Netherlands kuma ya buga wa FC Twente da Feyenoord wasa kafin ya koma Premier League tare da Aston Villa a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) sannan daga baya ya koma Feyenoord a watan Satumbar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu (2014).
Rayuwar Farko El Ahmadi an haife shi kuma ya girma a Enschede, Overijssel, Netherlands. Iyayensa duka 'yan asalin kasar Morocco ne, wanda ya bashi damar mallakar dan kasar ta Morocco kuma ya wakilci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco.
Klub din
UDI Tun yana dan shekara (9) El Ahmadi ya fara buga kwallon kafa a karamar kungiyar Enschede ta UDI 'Yan kallo daga Twente sun lura da shi da sauri kuma an gayyace shi ya shiga makarantar su.
FC Twente Ranar (21) ga watan Maris a shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu (2004) El Ahmadi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar farko ta Twente a wasan waje da FC Utrecht (2-0) inda ya buga minti cassa'in (90). El Ahmadi ya iya buga karin wasanni guda biyu (2) da Groningen da RBC Roosendaal amma tare da dawowar A wasan karshe na kakar a karawar da suka yi da RKC Waalwijk a ranar tara (9) ga watan Mayun (5) shekarar dubu biyu da hudu (2004). El Ahmadi ya ba Kimensenen taimako don yin (3-2) amma RKC Waalwijk ya ci kwallaye a ƙarshen minti don yin 3-3).
Lokaci mai zuwa shekarar 2004 zuwa 2005) El Ahmadi ya fara zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin wasanni biyu na gaba da Ajax da RKC Waalwijk a farkon kakar.A karawar da suka yi da Heerenveen a ranar ashirin da takwas (28) ga watan Agustan (8) shekarar dubu biyu da hudu (2004). El Ahmadi ya yi wasa na mintina cassa'in (90) kuma ya kafa ma Blaise Nkufo kwallo a wasan da ci (4-1). A ranar goma sha uku (13) ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu 2004) El Ahmadi ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke NEC da ci biyu da nema.A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, El Ahmadi ya buga wasannin lig-lig goma sha shida (16) galibi yana wasa a fagen gefe. Sannan ya zama a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta yau da kullun.
a cikin wadansu shekaru ya samu Kan shi a wajen mutane goma Sha ɗaya masu buga wasanni, hakan ya sa shi ya buga wasanni har sau takwas A kakar wasanni ta shekarar (2007 zuwa 2008) mai zuwa,Twente ta fara shan wahala bayan kulob din ya sayar da Bakırcıoğlu ga Ajax sannan kuma aka sayar da Sharbel Touma ga kungiyar Borussia Mönchengladbach ta Jamus. Ko da mafi muni Patrick Gerritsen ya ji rauni a kafa yana jagorantar El Ahmadi don samun ƙarin lokacin wasa a cikin sahun farawa. A karshen watan Yulin El Ahmadi ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewarsa har zuwa shekara ta (2011). Manajan Fred Rutten ya ce a sabon kwantiragin: "Ga kulob din yana da kyau mu rike 'yan wasa irin wannan," A karshen kakar (2007 zuwa 2008 El Ahmadi ya buga wasanni guda talatin da uku (33) da farko yana wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin FC Twente ta cancanci zuwa gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA, duk godiya ga saurin ci gaba daga dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron gida.
Feyenoord A ranar goma sha shida (16) ga watan Afrilu (4) a shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas (2008) an sanar da cewa El Ahmadi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar tare da kulob din Feyenoord na Dutch don canja wurin a 4.3 miliyan). Bayan raunin raunin da ya hana shi buga wasan sai ya fara zama na farko a ranarbiyu (2) ga watan Oktoba (10) a shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas (2008) yana zuwa ya maye gurbin Luigi Bruins a gasar cin kofin UEFA -match da Kalmar FF, wanda Feyenoord ta ci (2-1). Ya fara buga wasan sa na farko a karawa da NEC kafin ya dawo bayan mintuna hamsin da takwas (58) kuma wasan ya kare ne da rashin nasara a gidan (0-2) a ranar (5 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta (2008). A ranar (9 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2008) El Ahmadi ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke Utrecht da ci (5-2). A ranar ashirin da biyu (22) ga watan Fabrairun (2) a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) El Ahmadi ya ci wa kulob din kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke De Graafschap da ci (2-0). Tun da ya fara zama na farko, ya taka leda akai-akai a cikin sahun farawa wanda ya haifar da sha'awar ƙungiyar Jamus Hamburger SV. A farkon watan Afrilu El Ahmadi, ya ji rauni a idon sawu kafin ya dawo a wasan karshe na kakar, rashin nasara da ci (3-2) a kan Roda JC. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an alakanta shi da abokan hamayyar kungiyar PSV Eindhoven, amma, babu wani tayi da ƙungiyar tayi. A kakar wasanni ta shekarar (2009 zuwa 2010) a karkashin mai kula da kungiyar Mario Been, an tura El Ahmadi a tsakiyar fili tare da karuwar matasa Leroy Fer da Jonathan de Guzmán Wasa a wannan matsayin, ya buga wasannin lig-lig guda ashirin da shida (26). A zagayen kwata fainal na gasar cin kofin KNVB, ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya zura kwallo ga kyaftin Giovanni van Bronckhorst a wasan da suka doke PSV Eindhoven da ci (3-0) a ranar ashirin da bakwai (27) ga watan Janairun (1) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma (2010). Daga baya Feyenoord zai kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin KNVB, wanda ya sha kashi da ci (6-1) jumulla a kan Ajax. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar (2009 zuwa 20010) El Ahmadi ya haɗu da wata ƙungiyar Jamus, Schalke (04) Bayan bada aro a kungiyar Al Ahli, El Ahmadi ya dawo feyenoord. A karkashin kociyan kungiyar Ronald Koeman ya samu damar zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya wanda ya kulla kawance da Jordy Clasie da Otman Bakkal A ranar goma sha daya (11) ga watan Satumba (9) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) ya ci kwallonsa ta farko tun daga shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) a wasan da suka doke NAC Breda da ci (3-1). A ranar goma sha shida (16) ga watan Oktoba (8) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) El Ahmadi ya sake zira kwallaye a wannan kakar a wasan da suka lallasa VVV-Venlo da ci (4-0).
Lamuni ga Al Ahli Club Bayan da ya buga wasanni guda goma sha biyar (15) a kakar (2010 zuwa 2011) a Feyenoord, El Ahmadi ya koma kungiyar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta Al Ahli a kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida domin kulob din ya bunkasa kudaden da ake bukata don sayen sabon dan wasan a ranar( 25) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (2011). A ranar hudu (4) ga Fabrairu (2) shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a wasan da suka tashi( 0-0) da Al Dhafra SCC. A ranar ashirin da hudu (24 )ga watan Maris (3) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya (2011) ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da ci (2-2) da Ittihad Kalba Yayin bashi El Ahmadi ya bayyana a wasanni guda goma (10) kuma ya ci kwallo daya. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya bayyana cewa yana son sake buga wasan Kwallon Kafa na Turai a kakar wasa mai zuwa kuma matakin gasar Al Ahli ya yi 'kasa sosai'idan aka kwatanta da 'kungiyoyi mafi rauni a gasar ta Holland' Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Al Ahli, Abdullah Saeed Al Naboudah,ya ce kulob din na son sa hannu El Ahmadi na din-din-din, duk da haka, kungiyoyin biyu sun kasa cimma matsaya. A ranar ashirin da shida (26) ga watan Yuni a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) kafofin watsa labaru na Burtaniya da na Dutch sun alakanta El Ahmadi da sauyawa zuwa Aston Villa na Premier League ta Ingila.Jim kaɗan bayan haka,sabon manajan Villa Paul Lambert ya tabbatar da sha'awar sa ga dan wasan.A ranar biyu (2) ga watan Yuli a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) El Ahmadi ya kammala musayar sa daga Feyenoord zuwa Aston Villa kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya kai kusan (£2,000,000). Wannan ya sanya shi zama dan wasa na farko da Lambert ya sanya a matsayin manajan Aston Villa, kuma na biyu da Aston Villa ta saya a bazara bayan dan kasar Australia Brett Holman ya koma daga AZ. A ranar goma sha hudu (14) ga watan Yulin a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012) El Ahmadi ya fara taka leda a wasan da suka doke Burton Albion da ci (2-1) a filin wasa na Pirelli,yana nuna mutumin da ya nuna kwazo. A ranar ashirin da biyar (25 ga watan Agusta, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gida kuma ya zira kwallaye a mintuna saba'in da hudu (74) a wasan da Aston Villa ta doke Everton da ci (3-1). Bayan da ya fara wasa mai kyau duk da rashin nasarar bude wasannin Premier biyu a kakar wasa ta bana,an zabi El Ahmadi a matsayin dan wasan kungiyar na watan Agusta. Daga baya a kakar, El Ahmadi bai fita daga kungiyar ba saboda rauni kuma ya buga wasanni guda ashirin da hudu (24) a duk wasannin. El Ahmadi ya fara kakar wasanni ta (2013 zuwa 2014 a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, yana nuna kwazo mai kyau a tsakiyar fili, gami da zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi (3-2) da Manchester City Aston Villa ta ci nasara a kan Chelsea, El Ahmadi tsere rauni bayan Chelsea Dan wasan Ramires ya bayyana a dũka a kan El Ahmadi. Sakamakon haka, an kori Ramires daga wasan. Hakanan an aika manajan Chelsea José Mourinho zuwa 'yan kallo bayan abin da ya faru.
Komawa zuwa Feyenoord A ranar daya (1) ga watan Satumba a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha hudu (2014) El Ahmadi ya sake komawa Feyenoord don wani kudin da ba a bayyana ba, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a De Kuip har zuwa shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai (2017). A ranar ashirin da biyu (22) ga watan Afrilu (4) a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) ya taka leda a yayin da Feyenoord ya ci wasan karshe na Karshen shekara ta (2017 zuwa 2018) na KNVB Cup da ci (3-0) da AZ Alkmaar Al-Ittihad A ranar tara (9) ga watan Yulin a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) El Ahmadi ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar Al-Ittihad ta Saudi Arabiya Ayyukan duniya El Ahmadi ya buga wa kungiyoyin matasa na kasar Holland wasa, amma ya zabi ya wakilci Morocco a Gasar FIFA ta Matasan Duniya ta shekarar dubu biyu da biyar (2005) a Netherlands. A cikin watan Mayu (5) shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas (2018) an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa guda ashirin da uku (23) na kasar Morocco da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 a Rasha.
Rayuwar mutum El Ahmadi Musulmi ne mai bin addini.
Statisticsididdigar aiki
Na duniya
Daraja Eredivisie Gwarzo: 2016–17
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2011–12
Kofin KNVB Gwarzo: 2015-16, 2017-18 Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2009-10
Garkuwan Johan Cruijff 2017
Ashirin da biyu Kofin KNVB:
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2003-04
Al Ittihad Kofin Sarki
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2019 Kofin Saudi Arabia
Wanda ya zo na biyu: 2019
Kowane mutum Footan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Holand na Shekara 2016-17
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
32556 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarauta%20na%20Akan | Sarauta na Akan | A yawancin sassan yammacin Afirka, akwai tsohuwar al'adar sarauta, kuma mutanen Akan sun haɓaka tsarin kansu, wanda ya kasance tare da tsarin dimokuradiyya na kasar. Kalmar Akan ga mai mulki ko ɗaya daga cikin fadawansa daban-daban ita ce "Nana" nænə/). A zamanin mulkin mallaka, Turawa sun fassara shi da "shugaba", amma wannan ba daidai ba ne. Wasu majiyoyin kuma suna magana akan “sarakuna”, wanda kuma ba haka yake ba, musamman a maganar da aka fada. Kalmar “shugaba” ta zama ruwan dare ko da a tsakanin mutanen Ghana na zamani, ko da yake zai fi kyau a yi amfani da kalmar “Nana” ba tare da fassara ba a duk inda zai yiwu.
Tarihi Tushen sarautar Akan an san shi, kodayake rubuce-rubucen ba su da yawa. Lokacin da Akan ke zama a Bonoman, a cikin lokacin kafin 1300, Bonos ya riga ya yi amfani da tsarin sarauta. Babban sarki yana da matsayi da za a iya kwatanta shi da na sarki mai cikakken imani.
Lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Ghana a shekara ta 1957, an amince cewa a mutunta tsarin sarauta.
Lokacin yanzu An karɓi sarauta bisa hukuma. ’Yan siyasa suna tambayar sarakuna shawara domin yawanci sun fi kusanci da mutane. Babban kwamitin shi ne Majalisar Sarakunan Kasar da ke Kumasi. Akwai kuma Majalisar Sarakunan Yanki. Idan aka samu matsala tsakanin sarakuna, Majalisar Sarakunan tana da aikin shari’a ta yanke hukunci a kan irin wadannan batutuwa.
Matsayi A cikin ƙabilar Akan akwai ƙungiyoyin dangi daban-daban, kamar su Ashanti, Bono, Akyem, Kwahu, Akwapim, Assin, ko Fante, [Denkyira]. Mafi girman matsayi na gaba dayan makarantar sarautar Akan shine babban sarki.
An sanya su a ƙasan shugaban Paramount sune ƙananan shugabannin. Za a iya kwatanta karamin shugaba da mai gari, sai dai ofishinsa na gado ne sabanin wanda aka zaba. Sarakunan suna da yankunansu, kuma baya ga kula da su, suna da aiki a kotunan manyan sarakunansu a matsayin ministoci. Yawancin ayyukan gargajiya ne, yayin da wasu an ƙirƙira su kwanan nan:
Wani sarki ne ke yin hukunci da yanke hukunci kan tambayoyin siyasa da tattalin arziki a yankinsa. Lokacin da aka sanya shi, yana karɓar sunan stool. Yawanci, duk sarakunan da ke cikin zuriyar sarauta suna da suna iri ɗaya an ƙara wa'adi don bambanta su duka.
Omanhene Fassarar Turanci na take Omanhene shine Babban Babban Babban Sarki. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, Sarauniya da kansu za su kasance masu kula da sarauta har sai an zaɓi namijin da ya dace daga Gidan Sarauta a matsayin shugaba. Wannan da matsayin Obaapanin ko Sarauniya su ne kawai ake samun su ta hanyar zuriya daga dangin da ke mulki.
Krontihene Krontihene shine mai kula da ƙasa kuma mai ba da umarni na biyu bayan Omanhene.
Ankobeahene Ankobea na nufin wanda ya zauna a gida ko bai je ko’ina ba. Ankobeahene shine mai kula da fada.
Obaatan Obaatan yana nufin "iyaye" kuma rawar mace ce. Alamarta ita ce kwai, daga cikinsa ne duk sauran sarakuna suka fito. Ita ce mai ba Omanhene shawara. Lokacin da stool ɗin Omanhene ba kowa, Obaatan ya ba da shawarar wanda ke kan gaba. Ana sa ran ta yi la'akari da dukkan abubuwa kamar halayen 'yan takarar da ake da su, zuriyarsu ta sarauta da kuma gudunmawar da suke bayarwa ga gidan sarauta. Yawancin zuriya da tsarin haihuwa ana ba da la'akari mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin zaɓin. Ko da yake ana samun shi a wasu hadisai, matsayin Obaatan bai dace da tsarin sarautar Akan daidai ba. Wanda ya ba da shawara kuma ya zabi Omanhene a cikin Akans shine Obaahemaa (ko uwar Sarauniya).
Tufohene “Shugaban yaki” shi ne shugaban duk kamfanonin Asafo da kuma ministan tsaro (ko shugaban ‘yan bindiga). Tufohene ya fassara sako-sako a cikin Akan a matsayin 'shugaban 'yan bindiga', Asafohene Asafohene shine shugaban kamfani guda ɗaya na Asafo.
Manwerehene Shugaban ciki.
Sanaahene Shugaban baitul mali.
Adontehene Akwai mukamai guda hudu da ke kwatanta bangaren soji. Adontehene shi ne wanda ke zuwa gaban sojoji.
Nkyidomhene Yakan tattara sojojin da suka bari, ya mayar da su wurin sojoji. A lokacin Odambea, Nkyidom koyaushe suna zama a cikin palanquin na ƙarshe.
Nifahene Nifahene yana rike da gefen dama na kafa sojojin.
Benkumhene Benkumhene yana rike da bangaren hagu na kafa sojoji (kuma a tsarin mulkin zamani wanda aka fi sani da bangaren hagu).
Akyempimhene Idan akwai abin da za a raba ko raba, Akyempimhene (ko mataimakin sarki) dole ne ya yi shi. Shi ne ɗan fari na sarki. Yana kuma kāre sarki, mahaifinsa, kowane sarki yana yanke shawara ko zai ba da sarauta ga ɗansa na gaske ko kuma na kusa. Hakanan yana jin daɗin isa a cikin palanquin bayan Asantehene ya zauna; shi kadai ke da wannan ikon yin haka. Shi ne kuma shugaban dukkan sarakunan Kumasi. Otumfuo Opoku Ware (Katakyie) ya kirkiro wannan take. Yawanci 'ya'yan farko na sarakuna su ne suke hawan wannan sãƙi. Shi ne kuma shugaban dangin Kyidom (Fekuo). Saboda tsarin gado na matrilineal, 'ya'ya maza ba sa maye gurbin ubanninsu a matsayin sarakuna kai tsaye. An zabo sarakuna da yawa daga cikin ‘ya’yan marigayin na makusanta mata. Don haka wannan laƙabi hanya ce mai dacewa ta ɗaukaka ɗan sarki ba tare da bata wa sarautar rai ba.
Mankrado Aikin Mankrado shine tsarkakewa. Ya sanya ganye a cikin ruwa, sannan ya yayyafa shi akan Omanhene. Haka kuma gishiri a aljihunsa kodayaushe ya ke domin ya kyautata ma Omanhene.
Guantuahene Taken Guantuahene sabon salo ne na kwanan nan. Guantoahene shi ne wanda mutane za su iya juya zuwa gare shi don tsari da jinƙai.
Nsumankwahene Nsumankwahene yana kallon baka. Wannan take kuma wani ɗan ƙaramin halitta ne. Nsumankwahene shugaban ruhaniya ne na al'umma/al'ummomi. A da, babban firist ne ya yi wannan aikin.
Nkosuohene Nkosuohene ne ke da alhakin ci gaban yankin. An halicci Nkosuohene don girmama wanda ba dole ba ne ya zama dan gidan sarauta. Ashanti ne suka kirkira, an karrama wasu ’yan kasashen waje da aka zaba da wannan lakabi wanda ya yaba da gudummawar da ba na sarauta ba.
Tawagar
Okomfo Mutum mafi mahimmanci a cikin tawagar shugaban shine firist ko firist (Okomfo). A al’adance, firist yana gaya wa sarki lokacin da ya dace a soma yaƙi ko kuma a yi aure, alal misali.
Matan Kwanciya Akwai kuma matar stool. Ko da sarki ya yi aure ko bai yi aure ba, idan aka nada shi, za a aura masa da karamar yarinya. Samun matar aure wajibi ne, kuma auren mata fiye da daya ya halatta a Ghana. A yau, aikin alama na aure ya isa, duk da haka. Yayin faretin, wata mata ce ta zauna a gaban sarki.
Okyeame Basarake yana da masana harshe ɗaya ko fiye (Okyeame). Basarake ba ya yin magana a bainar jama'a, sai dai yana isar da saƙo ta hanyar masanin ilimin harshe, wanda kuma ke da alhakin zubar da layya.
Uwar Sarauniya Lakabin uwar Sarauniya na iya danganta da matsayi na babbar sarauniya, sarauniya ko sarauniya. Mai martaba Akan daidai yake da na maza, "Nana". Lokacin amfani da Ingilishi, 'yan Ghana sukan ce "uwar sarauniya". Wannan matar ba lallai ba ce mahaifiyar sarki ba, duk da cewa tana da alaka da shi. Matsayinta a cikin tsarin shine sanya ido kan yanayin zamantakewa, kuma an san uwar Sarauniya mai iya kai tsaye ko ta zarce sarki mai mulki ta fuskar iko da daraja. Misali mai kyau na faruwar haka shine lamarin Sarauniya Yaa Asantewaa. Ana sa ran uwar Sarauniya (ko Ohemaa) za ta nada wani a matsayin shugaba idan ya zama fanko. A wasu wuraren, Abusuapanyin (ko shugaban dangi) yana yin wannan aikin tare da shawarwari tare da sauran ƴan uwa a maimakon haka.
Regalia
Kayan ado na sirri A lokuta na musamman, sarakunan kan sanya rigar gargajiya, wanda ya kai tsayin yadi shida, an nannade shi a jiki kuma ana sawa a matsayin toga. Shuwagabannin mata suna saka yadudduka guda biyu waɗanda za su iya zama nau'i daban-daban.
Kayan adon suna da yawa kuma an yi amfani da su da zinariya. A zamanin yau, yawancin sarakuna suna sanya zinare na kwaikwayo. Tufafin kai yakan ɗauki siffar kambi. Ana iya yin shi da ƙarfe ko na baƙar fata, an yi masa ado da ƙarfe. Sarakuna suna da takalma na gargajiya, kuma sanya takalma alama ce a gare su. Idan shugaba ya sauka, sai ya cire takalminsa.
Wuƙar tashi (Bodua) Lokacin hawa a cikin palanquin, hakimai suna riƙe da wuƙar tashi a hannu ɗaya da takobin biki a ɗayan. An yi whisk ɗin tashi da gashin dabba.
Takobi (Afena) Ana amfani da gajeren takobin biki don hadayar dabba. Shugaban ya taba makogwaron dabbar a alamance da takobinsa kafin wani ya yanke ta da wuka mai kaifi.
Palanquin (Apakan) A lokacin durbar, wadda fareti ce ta musamman, ana ɗaukar wasu sarakuna a cikin palanquin. Subchiefs dole su yi tafiya. Palanquins na iya samun siffar kujera ko na gado.
Kwanciya (Dwa) Maimakon sarauta, sarakunan Akan suna zama a kan kujera. Idan sun mutu, a kan yi musu fenti baki a ajiye a cikin ɗaki mai tsarki. Ana kiran wannan ɗaki mai tsarki Nkonwafie (gidan kwanciya). Idan marigayi sarki ne ya fara zama a kan wannan kujera, sunan mutumin ya zama na farko I. Duk wanda ya zauna a kan wannan kujera a nan gaba za a kira shi da sunan sarki na farko amma zai yi II a liƙa. Sunan ya zama sunan sabon sarki.
Laima (Bamkyim) Manyan laima da aka yi da siliki da sauran yadudduka masu arziƙi ana amfani da su don inuwar sarki da nuna daga nesa cewa shugaba na gabatowa.
Manazarta
Mafari Da yake babu bayanai da yawa da aka rubuta, dole ne a nakalto kafofin baka:
Mr. Anthony Alick Eghan, Yamoransa (Yankin Tsakiya, Ghana)
Kofi Owusu Yeboah, Ejisu-Onwe (Yankin Ashanti)
Adabi Antubam, Kofi, Ghana's Heritage of Culture, Leipzig, 1963
Kyerematen, A. A. Y., Panoply of Ghana, London, 1964
Meyerowitz, Eva L. R., Akan Traditions of Origin, London, 1952
Meyerowitz, Eva L. R., At the Court of an African King, London, 1962
Obeng, Ernest E., Ancient Ashanti Chieftancy, Tema, Ghana, |
30248 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Appiah | Jackie Appiah | Jackie Appiah (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1983) yar wasan Ghana ce haifaffiyar Kanada. Domin aikinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, ta sami kyautuka da nadiri da yawa, ciki har da kyaututtukan kyaututtuka na ƙwararrun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin jagora a lambar yabo ta shekarar, 2010 Africa Movie Academy Awards; kuma Best Actress in a Supporting Role a Africa Movie Academy Awards a shekara ta, 2007. Ta samu nadi biyu a matsayin Best Actress in a Leading Role da Best Upcoming actress a Africa Movie Academy Awards a shekara ta, 2008.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Jackie Appiah a Kanada a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1983. Ita ce ta ƙarshe a cikin yara biyar. Ita ’yar asalin Kanada ce ’yar Ghana, kamar yadda aka haife ta a Toronto. Ta yi kuruciyarta a Kanada, kuma ta koma Ghana tare da mahaifiyarta tana da shekara 10. An fi saninta da sunanta, Appiah. Appiah ta auri Peter Agyemang a shekara ta, 2005 kuma tana da ɗa guda. Mahaifin Appiah shine Kwabena Appiah (kanin marigayi Joe Appiah, shahararren lauya a Kumasi), a halin yanzu yana zaune a Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Rigima A shekarar, 2020 ne aka yada jita-jita cewa Jackie Appiah ta samu juna biyu ga shugaban kasar Laberiya, George Weah. Sai dai ta yi watsi da wannan jita-jita ta shafinta na Instagram tana mai cewa: "Dariyar da ke kawar da karya da labaran karya."
Aiki Fitowar Appiah akan allo ya zama na yau da kullun lokacin da Edward Seddoh Junior, marubucin hings We Do For Love, inda ta taka rawar Enyonam Blagogee. Daga baya ta shiga cikin Tentacles, Games People Play, Sun-city da sauran shirye-shiryen TV da yawa.
Appiah ta tuna cewa ta kasance mai jin kunya a karon farko da ta fara shirin: "Wani shiri ne na Fina-Finan Venus mai suna Divine Love kuma dole ne in taka rawar Kate, jarumar. Ban yi imani da yin kyau sosai ba. Na yi fumble amma mutane da yawa ba su lura ba." Duk da tashin hankalinta, farkon lokacin ta ce ta yi nasarar burge kowa da kowa.
Appiah ta ce mafi kyawun aikinta shine a cikin 'yar Mummy ta Venus Films. Fim din ya ba da labarin Bartels Family inda ta taka rawar Princess, 'yar. "Na ji daɗin yadda na yi kuma na yi farin ciki da rawar da na taka". Yanzu Appiah tana ganin masana’antar fim ta cikin gida ta canza da kyau. Tana tsammanin cewa wasu za su ga nasarar ta na ƙarshe.
Nasarar Nollywood da nasara An riga an san Appiah da Nollywood ta hanyar fina-finan Ghana masu yawa da suka samu nasara ciki har da Beyoncé The President Daughter, Princess Tyra, Passion of the Soul, Pretty Queen, The Prince's Bride, The King is Mine da The Perfect Picture. Fitattun fina-finanta na Nollywood sun haɗa da Black Soul da Bitter Blessing, tare da ɗan wasan Nollywood Ramsey Noah da My Last Wedding, tare da ɗan wasan Nollywood Emeka Ike.
A shekarar 2013 ta lashe kyautar gwarzuwar jarumar duniya a bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Papyrus Magazine Screen Actors Awards (PAMSAA)na shekarar, 2013. wanda aka gudanar a Abuja, Najeriya.
Ayyukan haɓakawa Ana iya ganin fuskar Appiah akan allunan talla da tallace-tallacen TV da yawa a Ghana gami da tallan GSMF kan kariya daga cutar HIV AIDS. Ta samu nasara a fuskar U.B a wani tallan da ta yi musu a tallace-tallacen TV kuma a halin yanzu ita ce fuskar IPMC ta tallace-tallace da allunan talla. "GSMF" ita ce tallarta ta farko ta talabijin.
Filmography
Rayuwa ta sirri Jackie ta auri Peter Agyemang a shekara ta, 2005 wanda ta haifi ɗa guda, Damien. Sun rabu bayan shekara uku da aure.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
39972 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C9%93en%20Gwamnan%20Jihar%20Legas%202023 | Zaɓen Gwamnan Jihar Legas 2023 | Za a gudanar da zaɓen gwamnan jihar Legas a shekarar 2023 a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2023, domin zaben gwamnan jihar Legas, a daidai lokacin da zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas da sauran zabukan gwamnoni ashirin da bakwai da zabukan sauran ‘yan majalisun jihohi. Za a gudanar da zaɓen ne makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa da na ƴan majalisar dokokin kasar Gwamnan jam’iyyar APC mai ci Babajide Sanwo-Olu na iya sake tsayawa takara kuma jam’iyyarsa ta tsayar da shi takara.
Zaɓen fidda gwani da aka shirya gudanarwa tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yunin 2022, ya sa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta tsayar da Sanwo-Olu takara ba tare da hamayya ba a ranar 26 ga Mayu yayin da jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party ta tsayar da Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran a ranar 25 ga Mayu. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour wanda ya fice daga jam'iyyar PDP a watan Mayu ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Labour Tsarin zaɓe Ana zaɓen gwamnan jihar Legas ne ta hanyar yin gyaran fuska biyu Idan za a zaɓe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne ɗan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin jihar Idan babu ɗan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin ɗan takara da na gaba da ya samu kuri’u mafi yawa a kananan hukumomi.
Fage Jihar Legas jiha ce mai yawan jama'a, jihar kudu maso yamma daban-daban wacce babbar cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce tare da kasancewa babbar cibiyar al'adu, ilimi, da sufuri. Ko da yake tana fuskantar cunkoson jama'a da kuma nakasar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, ta samu ci gaba zuwa daya daga cikin mafi girman tattalin arziki a Afirka A siyasance, zaɓen 2019 ya kasance ci gaba da mulkin jam’iyyar APC a jihar inda shugaba mai ci Muhammadu Buhari ya samu nasarar lashe jihar da kashi 12% kuma jam’iyyar ta rike dukkan kujerun majalisar dattawa uku yayin da ta samu nasara a zaben ‘yan majalisar wakilai A matakin jiha ma, jam’iyyar APC ta ci gaba da rike rinjayen ƴan majalisar dokokin kasar amma zaɓen fidda gwanin takarar gwamna ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a jam’iyyar APC, wanda shi ne karon farko da wani gwamna mai ci a Najeriya ya sha kaye a zyaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. Dan takararsa na farko, Sanwo-Olu, ya ci gaba da lashe babban zaben da kaso 54%.
Gabanin wa'adin mulkin Sanwo-Olu, manufofin gwamnatinsa sun hada da inganta harkokin sufuri, lafiya da muhalli, ilimi da fasaha, nishadantarwa da yawon bude ido, zamanantar da tattalin arziki, da tsaro. Dangane da ayyukansa, Sanwo-Olu ya sami yabo game da ƙididdiga na tattalin arziki da na ilimi, gyare-gyaren ababen more rayuwa, sabunta birane, martaninsa na farko na COVID-19, da wasu haɓakar sufurin jama'a. Koyaya, an soki gwamnatinsa da rashin rarraba kayan abinci na COVID-19, rikice-rikicen BRT da Legas NURTW, rashin sarrafa kudi, da kuma zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Sanwo-Olu ya kuma sha suka kan yadda ya tafiyar da zanga-zangar karshen watan Oktoba na shekarar 2020 na kungiyar kawo karshen SARS, musamman kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Lekki lokacin da sojoji da Sanwo-Olu suka nemi a kula da jama'a suka kashe masu zanga-zangar da dama tare da harbin da ya biyo bayan harbin Sanwo- Gwamnatin Olu ta yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike na shari’a da ke tabbatar da kisan kiyashin inda a maimakon haka ta rubuta wata farar takarda da ta musanta cewa an rasa rayuka.
Zaɓen firamare Za a gudanar da zabukan fidda gwani, tare da duk wani kalubalen da za a iya samu kan sakamakon farko, tsakanin 4 ga Afrilu da 3 ga Yuni 2022 amma an tsawaita wa'adin zuwa 9 ga Yuni.
Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na jam’iyyar APC sun yi kira ga Gwamna Sanwo-Olu da ya sauka daga mulki, domin a kyale ɗan takara Musulmi ya tsaya takara tun da ba Musulmi ya zama Gwamna ba tun 2011 sai dai wasu na cewa a bar Sanwo-Olu ya tsaya takara karo na biyu kafin a tsayar da musulmi dan takara a 2027 ko kuma a ce wa'adin farko na Sanwo-Olu shi ne karin wa'adin tsohon Gwamna Akinwunmi Ambode (musamman). kamar yadda Ambode ya fito daga Legas Gabas yayin da Sanwo-Olu ya fito daga Legas ta tsakiya). Wani abin da zai iya janyo cece-kuce ga Sanwo-Olu, shi ne amincewar da majalisar ba da shawara kan harkokin mulki ta jam’iyyar APC ta Legas da kuma jagoranta, tsohon Gwamna Bola Tinubu suka yi. GAC ita ce jam’iyyar APC ta jiha mafi karfi kuma amincewar Sanwo-Olu ta kai shi ga samun nasara a zaben fidda gwani na 2019 amma ta jinkirta yanke shawarar amincewa da Sanwo-Olu a farkon 2022. Jinkirin ya haifar da tambayoyi na farko game da ko Tinubu da GAC za su goyi bayan takarar Sanwo-Olu na sake tsayawa takara amma duk da jinkirin da aka samu, GAC ta amince da Sanwo-Olu a watan Afrilu 2022. Sai dai kuma amincewar ya jawo ce-ce-ku-ce a kansa yayin da magoya bayan sauran masu neman tsayawa takara suka yi la'akari da hakan a matsayin 'tsakatar da dimokradiyya' da kuma ci gaba da jan ragamar jam'iyyar Tinubu. A ranar farko, cece-kuce ta kunno kai kan kwatsam da bata lokaci da abokan hamayyar Sanwo-Olu wato Abdul-Ahmed Olorunfemi Mustapha da Wale Oluwo suka yi, lamarin da ya sa Sanwo-Olu bai samu nasara ba. Oluwo ya lura cewa kwamitin tantancewar bai taba gabatar da rahotonsa a bainar jama'a ba kuma an hana Mustapha shiga filin firamare a jiki. Da yake Sanwo-Olu shi ne dan takara daya tilo, ya lashe zaben fidda gwani a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu. A jawabinsa na karbar, Sanwo-Olu ya godewa wakilan yayin da ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan gwamnatinsa. Yayin da Mustapha da Oluwo da farko suka ki amincewa da zaben fidda gwani da kuma shirin kalubalantar sakamakon zaben, daga karshe suka ki daukaka kara.
Wanda aka zaɓa Babajide Sanwo-Olu Governor (2019-present) Abokin takara- Femi Hamzat Mataimakin Gwamna (2019-present)
Kwamitin tantancewa ya soke shi Abdul-Ahmed Olorunfemi Mustapha tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati Wale Oluwo tsohon kwamishinan makamashi da albarkatun ma'adinai
An ƙi Abdulhakeem Abdullateef tsohon kwamishinan harkokin cikin gida (2015–2019) Tokunbo Abiru Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta Gabas (2020-yanzu) kuma tsohon kwamishinan kudi (2011-2013) Akinwunmi Ambode tsohon Gwamna (2015-2019) Tayo Ayinde Shugaban Ma'aikata (2019-present) Femi Gbajabiamila Dan Majalisar Wakilai na Surulere I (2003-present) da Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai (2019-present) Femi Hamzat Mataimakin Gwamna (2019-present), 2015 dan takarar gwamna a APC, kuma tsohon kwamishinan kimiyya da fasaha Hakeem Muri-Okunola Shugaban Ma'aikata na Jiha (2018-present) Seyi Tinubu: Shugaban Kamfanin Loatsad Promomedia kuma dan tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Bola Tinubu
Sakamako
Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party Gabanin zaben fidda gwani, dan takara Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran da kungiyar sa ta Lagos4Lagos sun sauya sheka daga jam’iyyar APC zuwa PDP a wani gangami da ya samu halartar gwamnonin PDP da ke kan karagar mulki da shugaban jam’iyyar na kasa Iyorchia Ayu Manazarta sun bayyana cewa taron ya nuna goyon bayan jam’iyyar ta kasa kan takarar Adediran; sai dai wasu 'yan takara biyar sun shiga takarar fidda gwani a watannin bayan sauya shekar. Wani abin lura ga jam’iyyar shi ne shekarun da aka yi fama da rikice-rikicen cikin gida da suka dabaibaye jam’iyyar PDP ta Legas, amma an sasanta rikicin tun a farkon shekarar 2022. A ranar zaɓen fidda gwanin ‘yan takara hudu ne suka janye yayin da sauran ‘yan takara biyu suka ci gaba da zaben fidda gwani a kaikaice a Ikeja wanda ya kare a Adediran wanda ya fito takarar jam’iyyar bayan sakamako ya nuna ya samu sama da kashi 97% na kuri’un wakilan. Wani dan takara daya tilo da ya je zaben fidda gwani, David Kolawole Vaughan, ya amince da sakamakon kuma ya yi alkawarin marawa Adediran baya yayin da Adediran ya inganta salon sulhu da nufin hada kan jam’iyyar gabanin babban zabe. Makonni bayan zaben fidda gwanin ya mamaye neman abokin takarar Adediran, inda jam’iyyar ta fitar da jerin sunayen mutane biyar: Funke Akindele, Teslim Balogun, Kolawole Vaughan, Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour, da Yeye Shobajo A ranar 12 ga watan Yuli ne aka bayyana Akindele—yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai shirya fina-finai—a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar a wani faifan bidiyo a shafinta na Instagram da aka tabbatar. Masana sun lura da nadin a matsayin wani misali na siyasar shahararru a tsakanin wasu fitattun mutane da ke neman mukami.
Wanda aka zaba Abdul-Azeez Olajide Adediran Jagoran kungiyar Lagos4Lagos Movement kuma dan jarida Abokiyar gudu- Funke Akindele ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma furodusa
An cire a firamare David Kolawole Vaughan mai zanen kaya
Janye Adedeji Doherty: tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar PDP na jihar Legas (2019-2020) kuma dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar PDP a 2015 da 2019 Shamsideen Ade Dosunmu: 2011 dan takarar gwamna a PDP kuma tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya (2007-2009) Wale Gomez dan kasuwa (zai tsaya takarar sanata a Legas ta tsakiya Jim-Kamal Olanrewaju: dan kasuwa Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour 2019 PDP ta tsaya takarar Sanata a Legas ta Yamma (ya fice bayan zaben fidda gwanin da ya samu nasarar shiga zaben fidda gwani na LP da ya sake tsayawa takara)
An ƙi Jimi Agbaje 2015 da 2019 PDP takarar gwamna da 2007 DPA dan takarar gwamna Babatunde Gbadamosi 2020 PDP Legas ta Gabas dan takarar sanata, 2019 ADP takarar gwamna, kuma 2015 dan takarar gwamnan PDP Abiodun Oyefusi 2019 PDP Dan takarar sanata a Legas ta gabas
Ƙananan jam'iyyun
Gangamin Bayan zabukan fidda gwani na manyan jam’iyyar, masana na kallon Adediran da Sanwo-Olu a matsayin manyan ‘yan takara a fili amma sun lura cewa jam’iyyar Labour wacce ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri sakamakon yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Peter Obi —na iya kawo kalubale ga manyan jam’iyyun. Sai dai kuma jam’iyyar LP ta jihar ta fada cikin rikici dangane da zaben fidda gwani na gwamna inda dan takara na asali Ifagbemi Awamaridi ya sha ki sauka daga mukaminsa na dan siyasa Gbadebo Rhodes-Vivour, wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar a watan Agusta. Kodayake Emmanuel Badejo na The Nation ya ɗauka cewa rikicin yana nufin LP "ba ta da damar da yawa [nasara]," ya kuma lura cewa wanda aka zaɓa na LP zai iya zama mai ɓarna ga Adediran saboda goyon bayan da suka samu. tushe. Duk da haka, rikicin LP ya ƙare tare da Rhodes-Vivour ya fito a matsayin wanda aka zaba da kuma haɓakar jam'iyyar da ya ba da damar damar Rhodes-Vivour. A halin da ake ciki, yayin da aka fara yakin neman zabe, Adediran ya kai wa Sanwo-Olu hari a watan Yuli inda ya zargi gwamnatinsa da yin amfani da hukumomin gwamnatin jihar wajen toshe tallan PDP, yana mai cewa hukumomin talla da PDP suka yi kwangilar sun mayar da kudaden jam’iyyar saboda barazanar da jihar Legas ta yi musu. Hukumar Sa hannu da Talla (LASAA). LASAA ta musanta wannan da'awar kuma ta lura cewa alhakinta ba ya haɗa da tallace-tallace a kan allunan tallace-tallace saboda kawai hukumar ta tsara tsarin allon talla da kansu. A nasa bangaren, Sanwo-Olu ya yi ikirarin cewa Adediran ba shi da kwarewa yayin da Adediran ya zargi Sanwo-Olu da gazawa a ofishin sa kafin ya ci gaba da gazawarsa a matsayinsa na gwamna. Hakazalika, wani faifan murya ya fito a watan Agusta inda wani wanda ake zargin jami’in LASAA ne ya ce allunan tallan APC ne kadai ke samun amincewa ga wani mai goyon bayan jam’iyyar LP. A martanin da ta mayar, LASAA ta musanta sahihancin faifan sautin kuma ta sake lura da cewa aikinta bai hada da tallan da ke kan allunan talla ba. A watan Oktoba da Nuwamba, 'yan jarida sun fara nazarin karfi da raunin kowane babban dan takara yayin da Adediran da Rhodes-Vivour suka fara cece-kuce kan wata yarjejeniya da ake zargin Adediran ya yi zargin cewa zai zabi Rhodes-Vivour a matsayin abokin takararsa a watan Mayu. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, an fitar da kuri'ar farko na jama'a wanda NOI Polls ta gudanar kuma Gidauniyar Anap ta gabatar an fitar da shi, wanda ke nuna babban jagora ga Sanwo-Olu.
Gudanarwa
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Ta gundumar sanata Sakamakon zaben da gundumar majalisar dattawa ta gudanar.
Ta mazabar tarayya Sakamakon zaben mazabar tarayya.
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31091 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Rahmoune | Mohamed Rahmoune | Mohamed Rahmoune ya kasance shugaban mai kishin kasa na Aljeriya, a lokacin yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.
Ilimi An haifi Rahmoune a shekara ta 1940 a garin Soumâa, mai tazarar kilomita 53 gabas da birnin Algiers, a cikin dangin marabitic na Kabyl da suka fito daga masanin tauhidi Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453).
Haihuwarsa a lokacin tsakiyar yakin duniya na biyu yana nufin kawar da rayuwar fararen hula a Aljeriya na Faransa da kuma kafa tsarin mulki na musamman tare da dakatar da halartar kawunsa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959) a cikin mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaka a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma wakilin 'yan asalin Aljeriya.
Duk da wannan yanayi na ban mamaki, ya fara karatu a shekarar 1945 tare da dan uwansa Djillali hukunce-hukuncen Alqur'ani da harshen Larabci a cikin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki kamar sauran 'yan uwansa, karkashin kulawa da kulawa na mufti da muqaddam Ali Boushaki (1855-1965) da sauran limamai da malamai.
Kisan gillar da aka yi a watan Mayu na shekara ta alif 1945, a nasu bangaren, daga karshe ya rufe hukuncin da aka yi wa tsaunukan Aljeriya da mazauna karkara cewa tsarin shiga zaben kananan hukumomi ba zai iya kwace hakkin jama'a da na siyasa da ake da'awa tun bayan zaben shekarar dubu 1920 a Aljeriya, kuma haka yake tun lokacin da Mohamed Rahmoune ya hade tun yana karami a cikin tsarin da kawai ya ga 'yancin kai da makamai a hannun zamaninsa.
Daga cikin 'yan uwansa na kurkusa wadanda suka yi masa wahayi a Soumâa da kishin kasa da kishin kasa akwai dan uwansa Yahia Boushaki (1935-1940) wanda ya dauki nauyinsa kuma ya tallafa masa daga shekarar 1951 don shirya shi ga ayyuka masu tsauri da yanke hukunci na yunkurin tayar da kayar baya a kan sojojin Faransa.
Yakin 'Yanci Tun bayan barkewar juyin juya halin Aljeriya a lokacin yana dan shekaru 14 kacal, ya kasance cikin shiri sosai a siyasance da kuma ta zahiri don shiga cikin makiya da jajanta wa mayaƙan Aljeriya wajen yaƙi da sojojin maƙiya da nufin kawar da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga ƙasar Aljeriya.
Amma bayan bikin taron kogin Soummam a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1956 da kuma tsarin juyin juya hali na kasar Aljeriya, an damka wa 'yan ta'addan Mohamed wadanda suke da shekaru sama da 16 daukar makamai don tayar da tarzoma don ci gaba da shi ta hanyar kai hari ga muradun 'yan mulkin mallaka a garuruwa, irin su Thénia (tsohon Ménerville) wanda ke da nisan kilomita 3 kacal a arewacin garinsu na Soumâa.
Don haka, ya shiga tare da dan uwansa Bouzid Boushaki, wajen dasa bom a ofishin gidan waya a tsakiyar kasar Thénia, da kuma ayyukan zagon kasa iri-iri a yankunan noma na 'yan mulkin mallaka da ke kewayen wannan birni na layin dogo.
Bayan da dan uwansa Djilali Rahmoune ya rasu a matsayin shahidi (shahid) a fagen girmamawa a shekarar 1957, ya shiga sahun rundunar soji ta kasa (ALN) a gunduma ta uku, shi ne na farko a wilaya ta hudu na tarihi, inda ya shiga cikin sahu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa.
Kurkuku Bayan shiga wani harin kwantan bauna da sojojin kasar Faransa suka kai a shekara ta 1957 a kusa da garin Beni Amrane, an kama Mujahid Rahmoune tare da wasu sojojin da suka tsira domin kai su sansanin azabtarwa da cin zarafi na Ferme Gauthier da ke arewacin garin Souk El Had.
Daga nan sai aka gana masa azabar wutar lantarki da munanan raunuka yayin da aka binne shi tare da dan uwansa Bouzid Boushaki a cikin ramukan rumfunan ruwan inabin da masu azabtarwa Scarfo da Mathieu suka mayar da su zuwa sansanin taro da kuma kawar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Yayin da yawancin fursunonin da ake tsare da su a wannan mugunyar wurin azabtarwa suka shiga cikin wahala da cin zarafi da aka yi musu, aka boye gawarwakinsu da gawarwakinsu a cikin rijiyoyi ko kuma a jefa su cikin ruwan kogin Isser, an mayar da Rahmoune bayan ‘yan makonni na azabtarwa zuwa gidan yari Serkadji a Kasbah na Algiers tare da shugabannin yankin na juyin juya hali domin gurfana a gaban kotu.
Gudu Rahmoune ya samu nasarar tserewa daga gidan yarin Boghar a shekara ta 1959 tare da wasu mayaka mujahidai guda hudu, kuma hakan ne bayan ya murmure bayan yakin shekarar 1957 da kuma nau’ukan azaba da ya sha.
Bayan ya tsallaka rafin Chahbounia tare da abokansa, sojojin sojojin juyin juya hali na Aljeriya suka dauke shi zuwa hedkwatar wilaya ta tarihi ta hudu domin ganawa da Kanar M'Hamed Bougarra, wanda daga baya aka nada shi sakataren soji a farko yankin wannan wilaya mai tarihi.
Daga nan sai ya bukaci kwamandan juyin juya halin Musulunci da ya sanya shi yankin Sour El Ghozlane (tsohon Aumale) wanda ya san shi sosai kuma yana da alaka mai karfi a cikin juyin juya hali, inda ya ci gaba da yunkurinsa na kawo cikas ga Turawa da sojojin Faransa.
Yayin da yake tafiya a shekarar 1960 zuwa tsaunin Dirrah da ke kallon Sour El Ghozlane don gudanar da daya daga cikin ayyukan soji da ya ke kitsawa, ya fuskanci arangama kai tsaye da sojojin Faransa makiya, inda ya samu munanan raunuka a gwiwarsa.
Wannan rauni na ƙuntatawa ya sa ya yi wuya a gare shi ya motsa a cikin maquis, wanda ya sauƙaƙa wa sojojin Faransa su sake kama shi kuma su kai shi cibiyar azabtarwa (ofishi na biyu) a Sour El Ghozlane.
An sake tsare Rahmoune a gidan yarin Boghar, kuma na tsawon watanni 7 nan da nan a gidan yarin CMS inda sojojin Faransa suka gana masa azaba akai-akai.
Ya kasance fursuna a CMS har zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1962, 'yan makonni kafin tsagaita wuta a ranar 19 ga Maris a jajibirin samun 'yancin kai.
Mutuwa Moudjahid Rahmoune ya mutu a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2022 a gidan danginsa a Thénia yana da shekaru 82.
An binne shi a washegari a makabartar Djebanat El Ghorba da ke kudancin Thénia a gefen ƙauyen Soumâa a gaban danginsa da abokansa da kuma wata tawaga ta gwamnatin Aljeriya.
Duba kuma Malikiyya
Sufiyya
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin hukuma na ma'aikatar mujahidai a kasar Aljeriya.
Shafin hukuma na kungiyar Mujahidiyya ta kasa a kasar Aljeriya. Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia Shafin Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Manazarta Haihuwan 1940
Mutuwan 2022
Musulunci
Musulmai
Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
'Yan siyasa
Pages with unreviewed |
30142 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasyl%20Slipak | Vasyl Slipak | Articles with hCards
Vasyl Yaroslavovych Slipak yaren Ukraine 20 Disamba 1974 29 Yuni 2016) mawaƙin opera ne na kasar Ukraine baritone. Daga 1994 ya akai-akai yin wasa a Faransa a wurare irin su Paris Opera da Opéra Bastille. Don wasan opera da ya keyi, Slipak ya samu kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da "Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Namiji" don Waƙar Toreador. An kashe wani sojan sa kai na kasar Ukraine, Slipak a lokacin yakin Donbass ta hanyar wani maharbi na Rasha kusa da kauyen Luhanske, a yankin Bakhmut. Baya ga wasan opera, an ba shi lakabin Jarumin Yukren saboda aikinsa na sojan sa kai.
Aikin Opera An haife shi a 1974 a Lviv, Slipak yana son raira waƙa tun lokacin ƙuruciyarsa. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 11, Slipak ya shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yara Lviv Dudarik. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Lviv Conservatory A lokacin karatunsa, Slipak ya halarci wata gasa ta murya a birnin Clermont na Faransa, inda ya lashe gasar. A cikin 1996, Slipak ya sami gayyatar yin wasan kwaikwayo a Opéra Bastille a Paris. A 1997 Slipak ya sauke karatu daga Lysenko Music Academy a Lviv, sa'an nan aka gayyace shi zuwa Paris Opera inda ya zama mawakin opera. A shekara ta 2011, ya kasance a saman filinsa, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun maza a gasar Armel Opera Competition and Festival a Szeged, Hungary, don yin waƙar Toreador daga opera Carmen.
Repertoire Escamillo Carmen Georges Bizet
Figaro Auren Figaro Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ramfis Aida Giuseppe Verdi
Boris Godunov <i id="mwPQ">Boris Godunov</i> Modest Mussorgsky
Igor Svyatoslavich Prince Igor Alexander Borodin
Prince Gremin <i id="mwRQ">Eugene Onegin</i> Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Il Commendatore (Don Pedro), Masetto Don Giovanni Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Lindorf, Dapertutto, Coppélius, Miracle Tales na Hoffmann Jacques Offenbach
Sparafucile Rigoletto Giuseppe Verdi
Sarastro, Kakakin Haikali, Firistoci uku The Magic Flute Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Don Giovanni Don Giovanni Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Colline La bohème Giacomo Puccini
Méphistophélès <i id="mwYQ">Faust</i> Charles Gounod
Banco <i id="mwZQ">Macbeth</i> Giuseppe Verdi
Mainfroid, Sicilian, mai bin Procida Les vêpres siciliennes Giuseppe Verdi
Philippe II Don Carlos Giuseppe Verdi
Basilio Mai Barber na Seville Gioachino Rossini
Ralph La jolie fille de Perth Georges Bizet
Count Rodolfo La sonnambula Vincenzo Bellini
Don Alfonso Così fan tutte Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Aljani <i id="mwgQ">Aljanin</i> Anton Rubinstein
Forester, Badger, Harašta, mafarauci The Cunning Little Vixen Leoš Janáček
Mutuwa, Lasifika Der Kaiser von Atlantis Viktor Ullmann
Mutuwa Slipak ya koma Ukraine kuma yayi wasa a Euromaidan a cikin 2014. A cikin 2015, Slipak ya shiga yakin da ake yi da 'yan aware masu goyon bayan Rasha a matsayin memba na Bataliya ta 7 na Rundunar Sa-kai na Yukren na Sashen Dama Ya ɗauki alamar kiran soja Mif, magana akan aria da ya fi so na Mephistopheles daga opera Faust (alamar kiransa na yau da kullun ita ce tatsuniya Bayan yakin Donbass, Slipak ya shirya ci gaba da aikinsa a Paris.
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, da misalin karfe 6 na safe, wani maharbi ya kashe Slipak a kusa da Luhanske. An bada labarin rayuwar Slipak a fim din gaskia na 2018. Shugaban kasar Ukraine Petro Poroshenko ya ba Slipak lakabin Jarumin kasar Ukraine bayan mutuwarsa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wassyl Slipak Foundation
(kontagon)
Haifaffun 1974
Mutuwan 2016
Baritones na kasar Ukraine
Kisa ta hanyar harbi da bindiga a kasar |
49290 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius%20rupee | Mauritius rupee | Mauritius rupee alamar Re (maɗaukaki) da Rs (jam'i); ISO code MUR pronounced [ʁupi] kudin kasar Mauritius Rupi ɗaya yana rarraba zuwa cents 100. Ana kuma kiran wasu kudade da yawa rupee Tsabar kuɗi A cikin 1877, an gabatar da tsabar kudi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 20, tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku a cikin tagulla, biyu mafi girma a azurfa. Samar da tsabar kudin ya ƙare a cikin 1899 kuma bai sake farawa ba har zuwa 1911, tare da tsabar azurfa ba a sake samar da su ba har zuwa 1934, lokacin da Re. Re. Re. 1/- an gabatar da tsabar kudi. A cikin 1947, an gabatar da cents 10 na cupro-nickel, tare da cupro-nickel ya maye gurbin azurfa a 1950.
A cikin 1971 an gabatar da sabon saitin tsabar kudi da takardun banki ta Royal Mint. Wannan saitin yana da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II akan faifai da kewayon dalilai na sheda a baya. Christopher Ironside OBE ne ya tsara wasu daga cikin ƙirar baya na wannan saitin wanda ya haɗa da Rs. 10/-, Rs. 200/- da Rs. 250/- (fitar 1988).
A cikin 1987, an gabatar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi wanda, a karon farko, bai nuna hoton sarki ba (Mauritius bai zama jamhuriya ba sai 1992) amma na Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Wannan tsabar kudin ta ƙunshi ƙarfe-plated-karfe 1c da 5c (5c ya ragu sosai a girman), nickel-plated-steel 20c da Re. da kuma kofi-nickel Re. 1/- da Rs. 5/- Cupro-nickel Rs. 10/- an gabatar da su a cikin 1997. Tsabar kudi a halin yanzu suna yawo sune 5c, 20c, Re. Re. 1/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- da Rs. 20/-. Tsabar kudi a kasa Re. 1/- a cikin ƙimar ana ɗaukar su azaman ƙarami-canji. Ba a ganin tsabar kuɗin 1c a cikin yawo shekaru da yawa, kuma jerin ƙarshe na 1 cent tsabar kudi da aka bayar a 1987 ana ganin su ne kawai a matsayin kayan tattarawa.
A shekarar 2007, wani bi-metallic Rs. 20/- an fitar da tsabar kuɗi don tunawa da cika shekaru 40 na Bankin Mauritius, kuma wannan ya zama tsabar kuɗi a gabaɗaya.
Takardun kuɗi Gwamnati ta ba da takardun banki na farko mai kwanan wata 1876 a cikin ƙungiyoyin Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- da Rs. 50/-. Re. 1/- An ƙara takardun banki a cikin 1919. A cikin 1940, an yi abubuwan gaggawa na 25c da 50c da Re. 1/-. A 1954, Rs. 25/- da Rs. 1,000/- an gabatar da su.
An kafa bankin kasar Mauritius ne a watan Satumban 1967 a matsayin babban bankin kasar kuma shi ne ke da alhakin samar da takardun kudi da tsabar kudi tun lokacin. Bankin ya ba da bayanansa na farko a cikin 1967, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu: Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 25/-, da Rs. 50/-, duk ba su daɗe ba kuma suna nuna hoton Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II akan ƙetare. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an yi wa wasu majami'u kwaskwarima da sabbin sa hannun Gwamnan Bankin da Manajan Darakta amma ba a canza su ba.
A cikin 1985, Bankin Mauritius ya fitar da sabon saitin takardun banki na Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 20/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/- da Rs. 1,000/-. Binciken kud da kud na waɗannan takardun kuɗi yana nuna ɗimbin ɓangarori masu ban sha'awa waɗanda kamfanoni biyu na bugu na banki (Bradbury Wilkinson da Thomas de La Rue) suka buga. An kuma tsara takardun banki a lokuta daban-daban saboda akwai wasu ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma daidaitattun fasalulluka waɗanda ke bayyana akan duk ƙungiyoyin. Daban-daban tsarin ƙididdige adadin kuɗin banki, nau'ikan zaren tsaro daban-daban, bambancin ƙira da girman Coat of Arms na Mauritius, bugu na latent ultraviolet daban-daban, bambance-bambancen da ba su dace ba a cikin girman haɓaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin bambance-bambancen. Wannan batu ya kasance har zuwa 1998.
A cikin 1998, Bankin Mauritius ya yi wani sabon batu na takardun kudi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 7, wato. Rs 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- da Rs. 2,000/-. Waɗannan takardun kuɗi suna da daidaitaccen tsari kuma an ba su duka a lokaci ɗaya a cikin Nuwamba 1998. Thomas de la Rue Limited ne ya buga duk takardun kuɗin wannan fitowar a Ingila. An cire waɗannan takardun banki na farko daga rarrabawa a cikin watan Yuni 1999 bayan takaddama saboda odar rubutun (Turanci, Sanskrit, Tamil) kamar yadda aka ce al'ummar Tamil sun isa Mauritius kafin al'ummar Indiya ta Arewa masu alaƙa da Hindi.
Bankin na Mauritius ya yi sabon fitowar sa na takardun kudi, wanda har yanzu yana nan, bayan Yuni 1999.
A halin yanzu ana yawo da takardun banki
Zane-zane mai ban mamaki Kowace ƙungiya tana ɗauke da hoton wani fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Mauritius da aka zana hannu, wanda ya bayyana a hagu.
Babban bayanin kula ya ce Bankin Mauritius Hoton yana tsakiyar hagu na bayanin kula kuma a ƙasan hoton akwai sunan mutumin da ke cikin hoton da shekarar haihuwarsu zuwa shekara ta mutuwa. A kasa-hagu akwai rigar makamai na Mauritius Akwai kuma zanen ginin Bankin Mauritius da kuma hoton mutum-mutumin adalci a bayan kowace darika a tsakiyar littafin. Darajar bayanin kula yana cikin kusurwar sama-dama tare da alamar "Rs" a gaban ƙimar. Ƙarƙashin ƙima a kusurwar sama-dama akwai fasalin don taimakon nakasassu. Wannan ƙari ne ga bambance-bambancen masu girma dabam tsakanin takardun banki na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Gefen hagu na bayanin kula yana faɗi ƙimar lambobi na bayanin kula, tare da alamar "Rs" zuwa hagu na ƙimar, an rubuta ta gefen hagu zuwa sama. A saman ƙimar lambobi a gefen hagu shine lambar serial na bayanin kula. Serial number kuma tana kan tsakiyar dama na bayanin kula. A saman tsakiya na bayanin akwai jihohi "Wannan bayanin kula Ne Legal Tender For", sannan ta bayyana ƙimar bayanin da aka rubuta a cikin Turanci (misali: "Dari ɗaya"), kuma a ƙasan ta an rubuta "Rupees". A ƙasa cewa yana faɗi ƙimar bayanin kula a Tamil, kuma ƙasa da haka yana faɗi ƙimar bayanin kula a cikin Bhojpuri Hindi A ƙasa akwai sa hannun Gwamnan Bankin Mauritius kuma a gefensa akwai sa hannun Manajan Darakta, ko kuma yana iya samun sa hannun Mataimakin Gwamna na ɗaya, sannan Gwamna, sai Mataimakin Gwamna na biyu. A ƙasa wancan shine shekarar da aka buga takardar.
Sake tsarawa A saman hagu na bayanin kula a baya ya ce "Bankin Mauritius". Yankin hagu na bayanin kula ya ce darajar lambobi na bayanan, tare da alamar "Rs" a gefen hagu, an rubuta shi a gefe hagu. A saman dama na bayanin kula yana da darajar lambobi na bayanan tare da alamar "Rs" a hagu na darajojin. Kowace ƙungiya tana ɗauke da hoto daban-daban, wanda ke nuna fannoni daban na Mauritius. Ana iya samun darajar rubutun Devanagari na bayanin kula a gefen hagu na ƙasan vignette, tare da raguwar Devangari ta rupee, Sino" ("ru") a gaban darajojin. Ana iya samun darajar lambobi na Tamil da Gujarati na bayanin kula a gefen dama na kasan vignette. Darajar Tamil tana sama da darajar Gujarati.
Siffofin don tabbatar da sahihanci Jin takardan banki
Alamar ruwa mai girma uku a cikin nau'i na dodo Lokacin da aka riƙe shi har zuwa haske ana iya kallon kan dodo a fili.
Duba-ta cikin nau'in harsashi: wannan hoton yana cika lokacin da aka duba shi da hasken kai tsaye.
Zaren tsaro na taga yana karanta "Bankin Mauritius" lokacin da aka riƙe shi har zuwa haske, ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin ƙungiyar ci gaba da ke gudana ta cikin takarda. Idan aka duba lebur, ana iya ganin wuraren ƙarfe a saman takardar.
Hoton da aka zana a cikin tawada Intaglio Hoton sirri: idan aka duba a matakin ido, hoton "BM" ya zama bayyane.
Karan rubutu "BM": ƙarƙashin gilashin ƙara girma, waɗannan haruffa a bayyane suke don gani.
Ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet: alkaluman da suka dace da ƙimar fuskar banki sun bayyana.
Rs 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/-, Rs. 2,000/- takardun banki
Iridescent band a cikin zinariya: lokacin da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin haske, wannan rukunin yana hangowa kuma yana ɓacewa lokacin da aka canza kusurwar kallo.
Rs 100/-, Rs. 200/- takardun kudi
Azurfa ƙarfe tawada: Ƙarfa mara nauyi ta azurfa tana gudana daga sama zuwa ƙasa a gaba, hagu na bayanin kula. Har ila yau, tsiri mai ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin adadin ƙimar ƙimar dama na sama.
Rs 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- takardun banki
Foil na Azurfa: hotuna daban-daban guda biyu, adadi mai ƙima ko siffar geometric, ana iya gani idan an duba su ta kusurwoyi daban-daban.
Rs 2,000/- takardar kudi
Hologram mai ɗauke da hotunan dodo da ƙimar "2000"
Rs 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- takardun banki
Hologram mai ɗauke da hotunan dodo da ɗarika akan Rs. 200/- takardar kuɗi, barewa da maƙasudin akan Rs. 500/- bayanin banki da Hasumiyar Bankin Mauritius da maƙasudin akan Rs. 1,000/- takardar kudi. Rs 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 500/- takardun kudi
Siffofin tsaro da aka sabunta da canjin kayan daga takarda zuwa polymer. Rs 2,000/- bayanin kula Fasalolin tsaro da aka sabunta da canjin abu daga takarda zuwa polymer.
Nassoshi Webarchive template wayback links
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
52821 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Shah%20Durrani | Ahmad Shah Durrani | Ahmad Shāh Durrānī (Pashto: Dari: wanda aka fi sani da Ahmad Shāhi Abdālī __wolwolwol__), shi ne wanda ya kafa Daular Durrani kuma an dauke shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa Afghanistan ta zamani. A watan Yulin shekara ta 1747, an nada Ahmad Shah a matsayin Sarkin 'yan Afghanistan ta hanyar loya jirga a Kandahar, inda ya kafa babban birninsa. Da farko tare da goyon bayan kabilun Pashtun, Ahmad Shah ya tura gabas zuwa Mughal da Maratha Daular Indiya, yamma zuwa ga rushewar Daular Afsharid ta Iran, da arewa zuwa Khanate na Bukhara na Turkestan. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ya faɗaɗa ikonsa daga Khorasan a yamma zuwa Arewacin Indiya a gabas, kuma daga Amu Darya a arewa zuwa Tekun Larabawa a kudu.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya hau mulki, Ahmad Shah ya ɗauki sunan Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "Sarkin, Pearl of Pearls", kuma ya canza sunan kabilarsa ta Abdali zuwa "Durrani" bayan kansa. Kabarin Ahmad Shah Durrani yana cikin tsakiyar Kandahar, kusa da Kirka Sharif (Shrine of the Cloak), wanda ya ƙunshi mayafin da aka yi imanin cewa annabin Musulunci Muhammad ne ya sa shi. 'Yan Afghanistan galibi suna kiran Ahmad Shah a matsayin Ahmad Shāh Bābā, "Ahmad Shah Uba".
Shekaru na farko Mahaifin Ahmad, Mohammad Zaman Khan, shi ne Gwamnan Herat kuma shugaban kabilar Pashtun Abdali, yayin da kuma mahaifiyarsa, Zarghona Anaa, 'yar Khalu Khan Alakozai ce kuma ta kasance daga kabilar Alakozai. An haifi Ahmad a Herat (sa'an nan Sadozai Sultanate of Herat, yanzu Afghanistan), ko Multan (sa'annan Mughal Empire, yanzu Pakistan) a cikin 1720-1722 a lokacin mutuwar mahaifinsa, lokacin da jagorancin Abdali ke sarrafa yankin Herat.
A watan Yunin shekarar 1729, sojojin Abdali a karkashin Zulfiqar sun mika wuya ga Nader Shah Afshar, sabon mai mulkin Farisa. Koyaya, nan da nan suka fara tawaye kuma suka mallaki Herat da Mashad. A watan Yulin 1730, ya ci Ibrahim Khan, kwamandan soja kuma ɗan'uwan Nader Shah. Wannan ya sa Nader Shah ya sake karbar Mashad kuma ya shiga tsakani a gwagwarmayar Harat. A watan Yulin 1731, Zulfiqar ya koma babban birninsa Farah inda yake aiki a matsayin gwamna tun 1726. Bayan shekara guda ɗan'uwan Nadir Ibrahim Khan ya mallaki Farah. A wannan lokacin Zulfiqar da saurayi Durrani sun gudu zuwa Kandahar inda suka nemi mafaka tare da Ghiljis. Daga baya Hussain Hotak, mai mulkin Ghilji na yankin Kandahar ya sanya su fursunonin siyasa.
Nader Shah ya kasance yana tattara Abdalis a cikin sojojinsa tun a kusa da 1729. Bayan sun ci Kandahar a 1738, an saki Durrani da ɗan'uwansa Zulfiqar kuma an ba su manyan ayyuka a gwamnatin Nader Shah. An sanya Zulfiqar Gwamna na Mazandaran yayin da Durrani ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai kula da Nader Shah. Ghiljis, wadanda suka fito ne daga yankunan gabashin yankin Kandahar, an kore su daga Kandahar don sake zama Abdalis tare da wasu Qizilbash da sauran Farisawa.
Durrani ya tabbatar da kansa a cikin hidimar Nader Shah kuma an inganta shi daga mai kula da kansa (yasāwal) don ya umurci Abdali Regiment, sojan doki na sojoji da jami'ai dubu huɗu. Rundunar Abdali ta kasance wani ɓangare na sojojin Nader Shah a lokacin da ya mamaye Daular Mughal a 1738.
Tarihin da ya shahara ya nuna cewa Shah zai iya ganin baiwa a cikin matashin kwamandansa. Daga baya, a cewar labarin Pashtun, an ce a Delhi Nader Shah ya kira Durrani, kuma ya ce, "Ku zo gaba Ahmad Abdali. Ka tuna Ahmad Khan Abdali, cewa bayan ni Sarkin zai wuce ku. Nader Shah ya dauke shi ne saboda "mutuntakarsa mai ban sha'awa da jaruntaka" kuma saboda "amincinsa ga masarautar Farisa".
Samun iko Mulkin Nader Shah ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani a watan Yunin 1747 lokacin da masu tsaronsa suka kashe shi. Masu gadi da ke da hannu a kisan sun yi hakan a asirce don hana Abdalis zuwa ceton Sarkin su. Koyaya, an gaya wa Durrani cewa daya daga cikin matansa ne ya kashe Shah. Duk da haɗarin kai musu hari, rundunar Abdali karkashin jagorancin Durrani ta yi gaggawar ceton Shah ko tabbatar da abin da ya faru. Bayan sun isa alfarwar Shah, sai kawai suka ga jikinsa kuma suka yanke kansa. Bayan ya yi masa hidima da aminci, Abdalis sun yi kuka saboda sun kasa shugaban su, kuma sun koma Kandahar. Kafin koma Kandahar, ya "cire" hatimin sarauta daga yatsa na Nader Shah da lu'u-lu'u na Koh-i-Noor da aka ɗaure "a kusa da hannun maigidansa da ya mutu". A kan hanyarsu ta komawa Kandahar, Abdalis sun "karɓi" Durrani a matsayin sabon shugabansu. Saboda haka ya "yi amfani da alamar sarauta" a matsayin "mai mulkin Afghanistan".
Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na Durrani a matsayin shugaban shine ya ɗauki sunan Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "Sarki, Pearl of Pearls".
Duba kuma Jerin sarakunan Afghanistan
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Tarihin Ƙabilar Abdali Yaƙin Panipat na Uku, 1761
Shahararrun Diamonds: Koh-I-Noor
Hare-haren Ahmad Shah Abdali
Labarin Koh-i |
60638 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami%20Sundaranand | Swami Sundaranand | Swami Sundaranand; (Afrilu 1926-23 Disamba 2020) ɗan Yogi ɗan Indiya ne, mai ɗaukar hoto, marubuci, kuma ɗan dutse wanda yayi jawabai a Indiya game da barazanar kogin Ganges da asarar dusar ƙanƙara ta Himalayan saboda ɗumamar duniya.
Tarihin Rayuwa Swami Sundarananda dalibi ne na babban malamin yoga Swami Tapovan Maharaj (1889-1957), wanda ya rubuta a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20th game da rayuwar yogic a cikin Himalayas a cikin littafin yoga na gargajiya Wanderings acikin Himalayas (Himagiri Vihar). Sundaranand ya zauna tare da Swami Tapovan acikin yankin Gangotri wanda ba a iya isa ba, a tushen Ganges, wanda ake la'akari da daya daga cikin wurare masu tsarki na Indiya.
Tun daga 1948, yana zaune kusa da Ganges a Gangotri, yana da ƙafa 10,400, acikin ƙauyen bukka (kuti) wanda ubangidansa Swami Tapovan Maharaj yayi masa wasici bayan rasuwarsa a 1957. A can, Swami Sundaranand ya rayu cikin kadaici kuma cikin mafi tsananin lokacin sanyi ba tareda jin daɗi ko jin daɗi ba. Ya shaida kusa da guguwar Gangotri Glacier daga inda Ganges ke fitowa, kuma ya ba da tarihin sadaukarwarsa ga kyawawan dabi'un Himalayas na Indiya a matsayin ƙwararren mai daukar hoto. Gidan kayan tarihi da aka keɓe don kariyar muhalli da jagorar ruhaniya, mai ɗauke da hoton Swami Sundaranand na Himalayan, yanzu yana cikin matakan tsarawa. Za a kasance a Gangotri akan kadarorin Sundaranand da ubangidansa.
A matsayinsa na mai son zuciya, ya ɗauki alƙawarin brahmacharya sadhu acikin 1948 kuma yana sadaukar da rayuwarsa kullum ga zurfin tunani da sauran ayyuka na ruhaniya. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban mai bada shawara don kiyaye muhalli na Himalayas, Ganges da tushen sa a Gangotri.
Ya ɗauki hotuna sama da 100,000, sama da shekaru 50, na dusar ƙanƙara ta Gangotri acikin Himalaya ta Indiya. Ya bi ta Indiya don wayar da kan jama'a game da saurin raguwar Gangotri.
Wanda akeyi masa lakabi da Sadhu Who Clicks" saboda daukar hotonsa, shi ma fitaccen mai hawan dutse ne, wanda ya haura sama da kololuwar Himalayan 25, kuma ya haura sau biyu tare da Sir Edmund Hillary da Tenzing Norgay. Sir Edmund Hillary ya biya Swami Sundaranand a shekarun 1980 a bukkarsa ta Gangotri. Na Gangotri glacier, Swami Sundaranand ya ce:A shekara ta 1949, sa’ad da na fara ganin dusar ƙanƙara, naji kamar an kawar da dukan zunubana kuma na sami sake haifuwa da gaske. Amma yanzu, ba zai yiwu a fuskanci wannan Ganga na baya ba.Swami Sundaranand shine marubucin littafin Himalaya: Ta hanyar Lens of a Sadhu tare da hotuna sama da 425 da suka shafe shekaru 60 na aikinsa. Littafin ya kuma ƙunshi wasiƙar amincewa daga tsohon Firaministan Indiya Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Yayi ƙoƙari ya kama madawwami acikin yanayi da kuma rubuta yankin kamar yadda yake a da tare da kulawa ta musamman kan dasa shuki na bege da zaburarwa don magance matsalolin muhalli na yankin. An gina wurin duba da alluna daga Gangotri kuma an sadaukar da aikin Swami da ƙoƙarinsa.
Swami Sundaranand shine batun wani fim ɗin da aka harba a gidansa da ke Gangotri mai taken Lokaci na Musamman tare da Swamiji. Cibiyar Nazarin Healing Arts ce ta shirya fim ɗin kuma Victor Demko ne ya bada umarni.
Ra'ayi kan ɗumamar yanayi Acikin shekaru sittin da suka gabata, Swami Sundaranand yayi amfani da haɗin gwiwar bukatunsa don wayar da kan jama'a game da Ganga. "Lokacin da na fara zuwa wannan yanki, yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun sassa na Himalayas," in ji shi. “Yana da wuya ayi tunanin tsaftar Ganga da yawan ciyayi da namun daji na Himalayan da sukayi yawa a lokacin. Ba mu san abin da muka lalata ba."
Swami Sundaranand ya zauna a Gangotri tun 1948, lokacin da ya zama mai murabus, kuma ya isa can daga Andhra Pradesh. A cikin kalamansa: “Da yawa sun canza tun daga lokacin. Ko da yake iska tana sanyi a nan, rana tana da zafi. Yana ƙara zafi kowace shekara. Mutane sun ce dumamar yanayi ce. Na ce gargadi ne na duniya."
Gurbacewar Ganga a cikin filayen ta kasance abin da akayi ta maimaitawa, amma, a cewar Sundaranand, babbar barazana ita ce gurbatar muhalli a tushen. Ya alakanta hakan ne da yadda ba a kula da gine-ginen otal-otal da ashram a Gangotri da kuma zubar da shara daga wadannan wurare kamar najasa da shara acikin Ganga. A cewarsa, "babu masu son muhalli da aka bari a nan, sai masu son kudi". Kowace shekara, yayin da garin haikalin ke rufe a lokacin damina mai tsanani, gine-ginen da ba a kula da shi bada sare itatuwa yana kan ƙololuwar sa. A cewar sadhu, “An sare bishiyoyin bhoj da yawa acikin Bhojbasa, akan hanyar Gaumukh. Tun da farko, a kan tafiyata zuwa dusar ƙanƙara ta Gaumukh, na iya hango dabbobin da ba kasafai ba kamar damisar dusar ƙanƙara da barewa. Ba kasafai ake ganin su yanzu ba”.
Sadhu kuma ya kasance mai hazaka mai hazaƙa a lokacin da ya yi tattaki zuwa glacier a cikin shekaru 10-15 da suka wuce, ya ga dusar kankara tana ja da baya cikin sauri fiye da kowane lokaci. A cewarsa, Gaumukh bai kai 1 ba km daga Bhojbasa, amma yau, 4 ne km daga nesa kuma cewa kowace shekara, glacier yana ja da baya da akalla mita 10. Ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa gurbacewar ganga daga tushensa da kuma narkar da dusar kankara na Himalayan su ne ainihin batutuwan da masu kula da muhalli ke buƙata cikin gaggawa, maimakon adawa da gina madatsun ruwa.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ya shagaltu da sa'o'i 3 na zuzzurfan tunani a rana, kuma wani lokaci yanayin zuzzurfan tunani da daddare har zuwa wayewar gari. Mafi mahimmancin sassan rayuwarsa sune tunani, japa da pranayama. Sa'ad da yake ƙarami ya kasance ƙwararren hatha yogi, yana ƙware a matsayi 300, kuma ya cigaba da aiwatar da shi kullun. Ya kasance mai himma sosai ga yanayin da ya rayu tsawon shekaru arba'in kuma ya gaskata cewa "Allah ba ya zama acikin temples ko masallatai yana warwatse ko'ina acikin farfajiyar yanayi."
Sundaranand ya mutu a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2020 a wani asibiti mai zaman kansa a Dehradun. Ya rasu yana da shekaru 96. An gano shi da COVID-19 kuma ya murmure a farkon Oktoba.
Littafi Mai Tsarki Himalaya: Through the Lens of a sadhu. Tapovan kuti prakashan. August 2001. ISBN 978-81-901326-0-2.
Filmography Lokacin Keɓaɓɓu tare da Swami-ji (157 mins, fim, 2008, Cibiyar Waraka Arts Manazarta Mutattun 2020
Haifaffun 1926
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
49470 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20drive | Flash drive | Kebul flash drive Kebul flash drive (kuma ana kiransa babban babban yatsan yatsan hannu a Amurka, ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin UK Pen Drive a cikin ƙasashe da yawa) [1] [bayanin kula 1] na'urar adana bayanai ce wacce ta haɗa da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha tare da haɗin kebul na USB. Yawanci abin cirewa ne, ana iya sake rubuta shi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da fayafai na gani. Yawancin nauyin nauyin kasa da 30 g (1 oz). Tun lokacin da aka fara bayyana a kasuwa a ƙarshen 2000, kamar yadda yake tare da duk sauran na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta, ƙarfin ajiya ya tashi yayin da farashin ya faɗi. Tun daga watan Maris na 2016, ana siyar da filasha da ko'ina daga 8 zuwa 256 gigabytes (GB[bayanin kula 2]), yayin da 512 GB da terabyte 1 (TB[bayanin kula 3]) ba su da yawa.[4][5] Tun daga 2018, filasha TB 2 sune mafi girma da ake samu ta fuskar iyawar ajiya.[6] Wasu suna ba da izini har zuwa 100,000 rubuta goge hawan keke, ya danganta da ainihin nau'in guntun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka yi amfani da su, kuma ana tsammanin za su ƙare a zahiri tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 100 a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada (lokacin ajiya na shelf[bayanin kula 4]).
Abubuwan gama-gari na filasha na USB sune don ajiya, ƙarin bayanan baya, da canja wurin fayilolin kwamfuta. Idan aka kwatanta da faifan diski ko CD, sun fi ƙanƙanta, sauri, suna da ƙarfi sosai, kuma sun fi ɗorewa saboda ƙarancin sassa masu motsi. Bugu da ƙari, ba su da rauni ga tsangwama na lantarki fiye da faifan floppy, kuma ba su da lahani ta hanyar karce (saɓanin CD). Koyaya, kamar kowane ma'ajiyar walƙiya, asarar bayanai daga ɗigowa kaɗan saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki na tsawon lokaci da yuwuwar gazawar mai sarrafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba saboda ƙarancin masana'anta na iya sa ya zama mara dacewa ga adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Ƙarfin riƙe bayanai yana tasiri ta hanyar firmware na mai sarrafawa, sakewar bayanan ciki, da algorithms gyara kuskure.[7][8]
TARIHI Tushen fayafai na USB shine ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya, nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kofa mai iyo da Fujio Masuoka ya ƙirƙira a farkon 1980s. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana amfani da transistor MOSFET-ƙofa a matsayin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa.[9][10] Mutane da yawa sun yi iƙirarin kasancewa masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, da Oron Ogdan na M-Systems, wani kamfani na Isra’ila, sun shigar da takardar haƙƙin mallaka mai taken “Architecture for a Universal Serial Bas-Based PC Flash Disk”.[11][3] Daga baya an ba da takardar shaidar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2000 kuma waɗannan mutane galibi ana gane su a matsayin masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB.[12] Hakanan a cikin 1999, Shimon Shmueli, injiniya a IBM, ya ƙaddamar da bayanin ƙirƙira yana mai tabbatar da cewa ya ƙirƙira kebul na filasha.[3][13] Wani kamfani na kasar Singapore mai suna Trek 2000 International shi ne kamfani na farko da aka san ya sayar da kebul na flash drive, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ya kirkiro na'urar.[14] Daga karshe Pua Khein-Seng, wani injiniya dan kasar Malaysia, wasu kuma sun amince da shi a matsayin mai yuwuwa ya kirkiro na'urar.[15] Idan aka ba da waɗannan da'awar ƙirƙira, takaddamar haƙƙin mallaka da ke tattare da kebul ɗin filasha ya taso tsawon shekaru. Duk Trek 2000 Fasahar International da Netom na Netom sun zargin wasu da ke burge wasu naúrar kan layi. [17] Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan ƙararrakin, tambayar wanene ya fara ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB ba a daidaita ba kuma ana ci gaba da da'awar.
Haɓaka fasaha Sau da yawa ana auna lash drive ta adadin da suke canja wurin bayanai. Ana iya ba da ƙimar canja wuri a megabytes a sakan daya (MB/s), megabits daƙiƙa guda (Mbit/s), ko a cikin masu ninkawa na gani kamar "180X" (sau 180 150 KiB/s).[19] Farashin canja wurin fayil ya bambanta sosai tsakanin na'urori. Filashin filasha na ƙarni na biyu sun yi iƙirarin karantawa har zuwa 30 MB s kuma suna rubuta kusan rabin wannan adadin, wanda ya kusan sau 20 cikin sauri fiye da ƙimar canja wurin ka'idar da ta gabata, USB 1.1, wanda ke iyakance ga 12 Mbit/ s (1.5 MB/s) tare da lissafin sama da ƙasa.[20] Ingantacciyar hanyar canja wurin na'urar tana da tasiri sosai ta tsarin samun damar bayanai.[21] A shekara ta 2002, kebul na filasha suna da haɗin kebul na 2.0, wanda ke da 480 Mbit s azaman ƙimar canja wuri babba; Bayan da aka yi lissafin ƙididdiga na ƙa'idar da ke fassara zuwa 35 MB s ingantaccen kayan aiki. A shekara ta 2010, madaidaicin damar ajiya na na'urorin ya kai sama da 128 GB.[23] USB 3.0 ya kasance yana jinkirin fitowa a cikin kwamfyutocin. A cikin 2010, yawancin samfuran kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka har yanzu suna ɗauke da USB 2.0 kawai.[22] A cikin Janairu 2013, kamfanin fasaha Kingston, ya fitar da filasha tare da TB 1 na ajiya.[24] Na farko USB 3.1 irin-C flash drives, tare da karantawa rubuta gudun kusan 530 MB/s, an sanar a watan Maris 2015.[25] A watan Yuli na 2016, ana siyar da filasha masu ƙarfin 8 zuwa 256 GB akai-akai fiye da waɗanda ke da iko tsakanin 512 GB da 1 TB.[4] [5] A cikin 2017, Fasahar Kingston ta sanar da fitar da filasha 2-TB.[26] A cikin 2018, SanDisk ya sanar da 1TB USB-C flash drive, mafi ƙarancin irinsa.[27]
FASAHAR USB A kan kebul na USB, ƙarshen na'urar yana sanye da filogi na USB guda ɗaya; wasu faifan filasha kuma suna ba da filogi na USB, sauƙaƙe musayar bayanai tsakanin na'urori daban-daban.
A cikin casing ɗin akwai ƙaramin allon da'ira da aka buga, wanda ke da wasu nau'ikan wutar lantarki da ƙaramin adadin na'urorin haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira (ICs). yayin da ɗayan kuma shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar flash. Direbobi yawanci suna amfani da ajin na'urar ma'ajiya ta USB don sadarwa da mai masaukin baki.[28].
Flash memory Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta haɗe da yawan tsofaffin fasaha, tare da ƙananan farashi, ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki da ƙananan girman da aka samu ta hanyar ci gaba a fasahar ƙirƙira na'urar semiconductor. Ma'ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogara ne akan fasahar EPROM da EEPROM na baya. Waɗannan suna da ƙayyadaddun iya aiki, suna jinkirin karantawa da rubuce-rubuce, suna buƙatar haɗaɗɗen keɓan kayan aikin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya sake rubutawa kawai bayan shafe dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin guntu.
Masu zanen kayan masarufi daga baya sun haɓaka EEPROMs tare da yankin gogewa ya rabu zuwa ƙananan “filaye” waɗanda za a iya goge su daban-daban ba tare da shafar sauran ba. Canja abubuwan da ke cikin wani wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya haɗa da kwafi gabaɗayan filin cikin ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kashe-chip, goge filin, canza bayanai kamar yadda ake buƙata a cikin ma'ajin, da sake rubuta su cikin filin guda. Wannan yana buƙatar goyon bayan kwamfuta mai yawa, kuma tsarin EEPROM na filasha na tushen PC sau da yawa yana ɗaukar nasu tsarin microprocessor. Filashin filasha sun fi ko žasa ƙaramin sigar wannan.
Haɓaka hanyoyin mu'amalar bayanai masu saurin gudu kamar USB sanya tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na semiconductor tare da ma'ajin da aka samu ta hanyar da ta dace, da haɓakar ƙanana, babban sauri, tsarin microprocessor mara ƙarfi ya ba da damar shigar da wannan cikin ƙaramin tsari. Samun shiga serial yana buƙatar ƙarancin haɗin lantarki don guntuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da yadda ake yin layi ɗaya, wanda ya sauƙaƙa kera na'urorin gigabyte masu yawa.
Kwamfutoci suna samun tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filashin na zamani sosai kamar faifan diski, inda tsarin sarrafawa ke da cikakken iko akan inda ainihin ke adana bayanai. Haƙiƙanin rubutun EEPROM da matakan gogewa, duk da haka, suna kama da tsarin da aka bayyana a baya.
Yawancin 'yan wasan MP3 masu rahusa suna ƙara ƙarin software da baturi zuwa daidaitaccen ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha don haka zai iya zama mai rikodin sake kunna kiɗan. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan wasan kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman filasha na al'ada, don adana fayiloli kowane iri.
Mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci Dangane Da Flash Drive Akwai yawanci sassa biyar zuwa filasha:
Filogi na USB yana ba da haɗin kai na zahiri zuwa kwamfutar mai masaukin baki. Wasu faifan kebul na USB suna amfani da filogi na USB wanda baya kare lambobin sadarwa, tare da yuwuwar toshe shi cikin tashar USB a yanayin da ba daidai ba, idan nau'in haɗin ba daidai bane.
Kebul na ajiya mai sarrafa taro ƙaramin microcontroller tare da ƙaramin ROM akan guntu da RAM.
NAND flash memory guntu (s) adana bayanai (NAND flash yawanci ana amfani dashi a cikin kyamarorin dijital).
Crystal oscillator yana samar da siginar babban agogon na'urar kuma yana sarrafa fitar da bayanan na'urar ta hanyar madaidaicin kulle-kulle.
Murfi yawanci an yi shi da filastik ko ƙarfe, yana kare kayan lantarki daga damuwa na inji har ma da gajerun da'irori
NASSOSHI Merriam Website
Romano, Benjamin J. (2008-04-29). "Microsoft device helps police pluck evidence from cyberscene of crime". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
"The Largest Flash Drives Digital Trends". Digital Trends. 2018-07-23. Retrieved |
21654 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awer%20Mabil | Awer Mabil | Awer Bul Mabil (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 1995) shi ne ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya ɗan asalin Sudan ta Kudu wanda ke wasa a matsayin dan wasan gefe na FC Midtjylland da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya Mabil ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Cibiyar Horar da Nationalasashe ta Kudu da kuma tare da Adelaide United Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a Campbelltown City, kafin ya fara buga wasa a cikin A-League na Adelaide United a shekara ta 2013.
Rayuwar farko Awer Bur Mabil an haife shi ne ga iyayen Sudan ta Kudu a Kakuma, wanda ke arewa maso yammacin Kenya. Shi da danginsa sun zauna a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Kakuma har zuwa shekara ta 2006 lokacin da suka koma Australia. Ya fara buga kwallon kafa a sansanin tun yana dan shekara 5, yana mai cewa: "Za mu fita waje kawai mu fara taka leda. Ba shi da tsari kuma akwai sauran abin yi da za a yi. Klub din Adelaide United ce ta sanya hannu kan Mabil a cikin A-League a shekarar 2012 daga Campbelltown City a FFSA National Premier League bayan Mabil ya nuna wasanni da yawa da ke nuna saurin sa da kwarewar dribbling don ya fi karfin masu tsaron baya da yawa a FFSA National Premier League Mabil ya fara buga wasan farko ne a Adelaide United a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2013 a wasan A-League na 2012-13 da Perth Glory Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Wellington Phoenix a wasan zagaye na 17 a zagaye na 17 na kakar shekarar 2013 zuwa 14 A-League, bayan da ya dawo a matsayin na biyu.
FC Midtjylland A watan Yulin shekarar 2015, Mabil ya sami nasarar komawa kulob din Superliga na Danish, FC Midtjylland don farashin canjin da aka ruwaito ya zarce AU 1,300,000 Awer Mabil ya fara buga wa Super Midliga ta Denmark wasa a kungiyar FC Midtjylland a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2015 da Randers FC a MCH Arena a cikin Herning a matsayin mai maye gurbin minti na 83 don Daniel Royer A 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2015, Mabil ya buga wasan farko na UEFA Europa League a gida zuwa Napoli, yana zuwa don Mikkel Duelund a minti na 73
Lamuni ga Esbjerg fB A watan Agusta shekarar 2016, an ba Mabil rance ga Esbjerg fB don ba shi damar samun ƙarin lokacin wasa da haɓaka. Mabil ya fara taka leda ne a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2016, ya fara wasan da AGF amma an kore shi daga fili a minti na 44. Esbjerg ya koma cikin rukunin farko na Danish, kuma Esbjerg ya ba da sanarwar cewa Mabil na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa tara da za su bar ƙungiyar.
Lamuni ga Paços de Ferreira A watan Yulin shekarar 2017, an ba da rancen Mabil zuwa Paços de Ferreira don ba shi damar ci gaba da samun damar farko. Paços de Ferreira ya sake faduwa a karshen kaka ta 2017-18 na Firayim Minista na Laliga, duk da haka Mabil ya burge yayin da yake karbar lamuni sau biyu kuma ya ba da karin taimako 3 a wasanni 26 da ya buga.
Komawa zuwa FC Midtjylland Mabil ya fara taka leda sosai lokacin da ya dawo Denmark, ya zira kwallaye a raga sannan ya yi rijistar taimaka biyu a wasanni shida da ya fara a kakar. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, Mabil ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya kara biyu a wasan da Midtjyllands ta doke Vejle BK da ci 5-0, inda ya zira kwallaye hudu a raga ya kuma ci takwas. A ranar 30 watan Satumba shekarar 2020, ya taimakawa burin Sory Kaba tare da gicciye a wasan da 4-1 ta doke Slavia Prague a wasan zagayen wasa na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar 2020-2021 wanda ya cancanci FC Midtjylland don wasan farko na UEFA Champions League Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba a waccan shekarar a kan Ajax daga bugun fenariti a wasan da ci 3-1.
Ayyukan duniya A watan Agusta shekarar 2013, Australiya ta kira Mabil don Gasar COTIF a L'Alcúdia, Spain. FFA ta yi amfani da gasar don shirya 'yan wasa don nasarar nasarar cancantar cancantar su ta Championship ta 2014 AFC U-19 A watan Maris na shekarar 2014, FIFA ta ba shi izinin yin wasa ga Australia bayan aikin shekara guda don samun takardar shaidar haihuwa da kuma samun keɓewa daga dokokin cancantar FIFA. Ya buga wa Australia wasa a shekarar 2014 AFC U-19 Championship, yana wasa a dukkan wasanninsu uku, abokan hamayyar su ne Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates da Indonesia. After showing impressive form with FC Midtjylland, Mabil was called up to the senior team for the first time. Participating in the Socceroos first training camp under new coach Graham Arnold.
A ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2018 Mabil ya fara buga wa Australia wasan farko a karawa da Kuwait a wasan sada zumunci na kasa da kasa a filin wasa na Al Kuwait Mabil ya shigo hutun rabin lokaci ne ya maye gurbin Mathew Leckie kuma ya zira kwallon farko ga babbar kungiyar a minti na 88 don ba Australia damar cin ta hudu kuma ta karshe a wasan da suka doke Kuwait da ci 4-0 a wasan farko na Graham Arnold na biyu tare da kungiyar kasar Australiya. Tomi Juric da Thomas Deng ne suka taimaka wa kwallon ta Mabil. Mabil ya yi bikin cin kwallon ne tare da aboki na yarinta da wani dan gudun hijirar Sudan ta Kudu Deng, wanda shi ma ya fara buga wa Australia tamaula. Awer ya sadaukar da burin, bayan wasan, ga mahaifiyarsa.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya
Manufofin duniya Australia score listed first, score column indicates score after each of his goal.
Daraja
Kulab Adelaide United
Kofin FFA 2014
Midtjylland
Superliga ta Danish 2019–20
Kofin Danish 2018–19
Kowane mutum Playerungiyar Matasan Nationalasa ta Gwarzon Gwarzo: 2012–13 FFA U20 Gwarzon Gwarzon Namiji na Shekara 2014
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Awer Mabil at WorldFootball.net
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kenya
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Asturaliya
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21385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najeriya%20Baptist%20Convention | Najeriya Baptist Convention | Nijeriya Baptist Convention ne Baptist Kirista denomination, da yake da alaka da Baptist Duniya, Alliance, a Najeriya Rev. Dr. Israel Adélaní Àkànjí MFA shine shugaban ƙasa. Hedikwatar ofishin tana Ibadan, Najeriya Kungiyar tana da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa guda uku wadanda ke kula da ayyukan Minista Rev. Dr. Dickson Madoghwe, Gudanarwa da Albarkatun Jama'a, Deacon Emmanuel Musa Ubandoma, da Kudi Zuba Jari, Deacon Joseph Abiodun Oloyede. Kungiyar kuma tana da Daraktoci da ke jagorantar sassa da dama a karkashin ta. Majalisar zartarwa ta kungiyar tana karkashin jagorancin Shugaban Taron. Shugaba mai ci shi ne Rev. Dr. Amos Achi Kunat.
Tarihi Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya ta samo asali ne daga wata manufa ta ƙasashen waje na Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Kudancin Amurka a shekara ta 1849 tare da nadin Rev. Thomas Jefferson Bowen a matsayin mishan na farko zuwa ƙasar. Ya isa yankin Badagry na jihar Legas ta yanzu a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1850. An kafa Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya a hukumance a cikin shekara ta 1914. Ya fara wasu taron na Baptist a Yammacin Afirka musamman a Ghana (yanzu Ghana Baptist Convention da kuma a Saliyo, yanzu Baptist Convention of Saliyo Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙungiya da aka fitar a cikin shekara ta 2020, ta ɗauki majami'u guda 13,654 da mambobi guda 8,000,637.
Cibiyoyin Likita Kungiyar Baptist ɗin ta Najeriya tana aiki da asibitoci da cibiyoyin koyar da kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Baptist Medical Center a Ogbomoso, wanda yanzu ake kira asibitin koyarwa na jami'ar Bowen, ya kasance ɗayan manyan asibitoci kuma ana amfani dashi azaman asibitin koyarwa na jami'a ta jami'ar Bowen dake Iwo, tun daga watan Disambar shekara ta 2009. Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya tana aiki da wasu manyan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Baptist (tare da Makarantun Nursing da Midwifery) da ke Eku da Saki; da sauran kananan asibitocin Baptist a fadin Najeriya. Sauran sun hada da asibitin Oliveth Baptist, tsaunin Oliveth, Oyo, jihar Oyo.
Cibiyoyin ilimi Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya ta kafa da kuma sarrafa dubban makarantun firamare da na sakandare wadanda akasarin su an dauki su ne a lokacin mulkin kama karya na soja kuma ana aiki da su a matsayin cibiyoyin gwamnati. A cikin shekara ta 2001, an kafa Makarantun Ofishin Jakadancin Baptist don kula da makarantun da aka mayar da su ga Babban Taron. Gwamnatin Legas ta ba da makarantunta hudu (4) da aka karba a shekara ta 1976. Makarantun Baptist Baptist suna karkashin jagorancin Dr. Tide Olalere kuma a yanzu haka suna kula da Makarantun Sakandare goma sha biyar (15) da kuma makarantun firamare biyu (2). Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya yanzu tana aiki da Jami'ar Bowen, wanda aka yiwa lakabi don girmama Rev. Thomas Jefferson Bowen, Ba'amurke dan Ba'amurke dan mishan na farko daga Yarjejeniyar Kudancin Baptist. Jami'ar Bowen tana a Iwo a cikin jihar Osun, kuma tana cikin tsohuwar tsohuwar kadada 1,300 (5 harabar Kwalejin Baptist, cibiyar koyar da malamai a kan wani kyakkyawan tsauni kusa da garin. Jami'ar Bowen ta buɗe a cikin shekara ta 2002 a matsayin cibiyar zama tare da ɗaliban 500 tare da kuma rajista na yanzu game da ɗalibai guda 3,000, da kuma ƙimar ƙarfin ɗalibai akalla guda 5,500. Tunanin jami'ar Baptist ta Najeriya an kirkireshi ne a shekara ta 1938, kuma aka amince dashi a shekara ta 1957 ta Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya. Bowen University ne "ɗauki cikinsa a matsayin cibiyar na koyo da kuma bincike na fifiko, hada ilimi kyau tare da soyayya na bil'adama, haifa daga wani mai tsoron Allah hali, daidai da Baptist hadisin na da'a hali, zamantakewa alhakin da mulkin demokra koyaswarsa hidima".
Cibiyoyin ilimin tauhidi Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Najeriya tana da cibiyoyin koyar da ilimin tauhidi guda goma don fastoci, mafi girma shine makarantar koyar da ilimin tauhidin ta Baptist ta Nigeria da aka kafa a shekara ta 1898 a Ogbomoso, wanda ke ba da digiri na farko, masters da kuma digiri. A cikin shekara ta 1950s, wani binciken makarantun hauza na Afirka da Bishop Stephen Neill (na Asusun Ilimin tauhidin) ya sanya Seminary tauhidin na Najeriya a matsayin ɗayan manyan makarantun sakandare a Afirka. Cibiyoyin ilimin tauhidi sune: Makarantar Tauhidin tauhidin tauhidin ta Najeriya, Ogbomoso
Baptist tauhidin Seminary, Kaduna
Makarantar Tauhidin tauhidin Baptist, Eku.
Baptist College of Theology, Legas
Kwalejin Baptist na tauhidin, Oyo
Baptist College of Theology, Owerri
Kwalejin Baptist na Tiyoloji, Benin City
Baptist College of Theology, Igede-Ekiti
Makarantar Fastocin Baptist, Jos
Makarantar Fastocin Baptist, Gombe.
Duba kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki
Haihuwa
Hidimar bautar (bisharar bishara)
Yesu Kristi
Cocin Muminai
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar Yanar Gizo
http://www.baptistcoftl.org https://www.nigerianbaptist.org/about-us/policies-and-practices/ Najeriya
Cocin Najeriya
Coci
Kiristoci yan Najeriya
Kiristoci
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34547 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullalliyar%20Kasa | Kullalliyar Kasa | Ƙasar da ba ta da yankin da ke da alaƙa da teku ko kuma bakin teku ko harshen Teku ya gege ta. A halin yanzu akwai ƙasashe 44 da kuma Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci biyar da suke a tsakiyar ƙasashe kuma ba suyi iyaka da kowanne sashen na Teku ba. Kazakhstan ita ce kasa mafi girma a duniya da ba ta da ruwa. A cikin 1990, akwai ƙasashe 30 ne kawai a duniya. Rushewar Tarayyar Sobiyat da Czechoslovakia wargajewar Yugoslavia ƙuri'ar raba gardama na ƴancin kai na Ossetia ta Kudu, da Eritrea, da Montenegro, da Sudan ta Kudu, da kuma Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk da ayyana ƴancin kai na Kosovo bai ɗaya ya haifar da sabbin ƙasashe 15 da ba su da tudu da kuma wasu jahohi 5 da aka amince da su ba su da tudu yayin da tsohuwar ƙasar Czechoslovakia ta daina wanzuwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1993.
Gabaɗaya, zama kullalliyar ƙasa yana haifar da wasu naƙasu na siyasa da na tattalin arziki waɗanda samun damar shiga ruwan duniya zai gagara. Saboda haka, al’ummai manya da ƙanana a cikin tarihi sun yi ƙoƙari su sami ruwa mai yawa, har da kashe kuɗi mai yawa na dukiya, zubar da jini, da jarin siyasa Za'a iya rage lahanin tattalin arziƙin da ke cikin ƙasa ko kuma ya ta'azzara dangane da girman cigaba, kewaye hanyoyin kasuwanci da yancin ciniki, shingen harshe, da sauran la'akari. Wasu ƙasashe da ba su da ƙasa a Turai suna da wadata, irin su Andorra, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, San Marino, Switzerland, da Vatican City, waɗanda duk, ban da Luxembourg, memba na NATO, akai-akai yin aiki da tsaka tsaki a al'amuran siyasar duniya. Duk da haka, 32 daga cikin ƙasashe 44 da ba su da ƙasa, ciki har da dukan ƙasashen Afirka, Asiya, da Kudancin Amirka, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ware su a matsayin ƙasashe masu tasowa (LLDCs). Tara daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha biyu da ke da mafi ƙanƙanta Alamar Cigaban Ɗan Adam (HDI) ba su da ƙasa. Shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa suna da nufin rage rashin daidaito sakamakon batutuwa irin waɗannan, kamar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai ci gaba mai dorewa Goal 10, wanda ke da nufin rage rashin daidaito sosai nan da 2030.
Muhimmanci A tarihance, kasancewa kullalliyar ƙasa yana da illa ga cigaban kasa. Yana katse wata al'umma daga muhimman albarkatun teku kamar kamun kifi, da kuma hana ko hana shiga cinikin teku kai tsaye, wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Don haka, yankunan bakin teku, ko yankunan da ke cikin tekun da ke da damar shiga Tekun Duniya, sun kasance masu wadata da yawan jama'a fiye da yankunan da ba su da damar shiga Tekun Duniya. Paul Collier a cikin littafinsa mai suna The Bottom Billion yayi gardama cewa zama mara gida a wata unguwa mara kyau na daya daga cikin manyan “tarko” ci gaba guda hudu da za a iya rike kasa da su. Gabaɗaya, ya gano cewa idan maƙwabciyar ƙasa ta sami ci gaba mai kyau, ta kan kai ga ci gaba mai kyau ga ƙasar kanta. Ga ƙasashen da ba su da tudu, tasirin yana da ƙarfi musamman, saboda an iyakance su a harkar kasuwanci da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Ya ce, "Idan kana bakin teku, kana yi wa duniya hidima, idan ba ka da ƙasa, kana yi wa makwabtaka hidima." Wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa kasancewar babu kasa yana da fa’ida domin yana haifar da “shamakin farashi na dabi’a” da ke kare ktasar daga shigo da kayayyaki masu sauki. A wasu lokuta, wannan ya haifar da ingantaccen tsarin abinci na gida. Kullallun lsashe masu tasowa suna samun tsada sosai na jigilar kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe masu tasowa na bakin teku (a Asiya kasafin 3:1). Kafin tafiye-tafiyen jirgin sama ya bunkasa, tafiye-tafiyen fasinja kuma ya sami cikas, yana buƙatar wuce iyakokin iyaka don isa ga jiragen ruwa na fasinja na ƙasa da ƙasa, watakila tare da buƙatun biza.
Matakan da za a guje wa zama marar gida Kasashe sun ɗauki matakin shawo kan rashin kasa ta hanyar samun kasa da ta isa teku:
Jamhuriyar Ragusa, a cikin 1699, ta ba da garin Neum ga Daular Ottoman saboda ba ta son samun iyakar ƙasa da Jamhuriyar Venice Wannan ƙamar hukuma Bosnia da Herzegovina ta gaji kuma a yanzu tana ba da iyakataccen hanyar ruwa, ta raba yankin Croatian na gabar tekun Adriatic gida biyu. Tun da Bosnia da Herzegovina sabuwar ƙasa ce, ba a gina titin jirgin ƙasa da tashoshi ba don buƙatar ta. Babu tashar jiragen ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya tare da ɗan gajeren bakin teku a Neum, yana mai da shi yadda ya kamata ba tare da ƙasa ba, kodayake akwai shirye-shiryen canza wannan. Maimakon haka ana amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa na Ploče a Croatia.
Ƙungiyar Kongo ta Duniya, wadda ta mallaki yankin da ke zama Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Kongo a yanzu, an ba da kyautar ƙasa mai ƙunci ta hanyar Angola don haɗa ta da teku ta taron Berlin a 1885.
Bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya, a cikin yarjejeniyar Versailles, wani yanki na Jamus ya ba da "hanyar Poland ga sabuwar Jamhuriyar Poland ta biyu, don shiga tekun Baltic Wannan ya ba Poland ɗan gajeren bakin teku, amma ba tare da babban tashar jiragen ruwa ba. Wannan kuma shine dalili na yin Danzig (yanzu Gdańsk tare da tashar jiragen ruwa na Free City of Danzig, wanda aka ba Poland damar shiga kyauta. Duk da haka, Jamusawa sun sanya cikas ga wannan damar shiga cikin 'yanci, musamman ma lokacin da ya shafi kayan soja. Dangane da mayar da martani, ƙaramin tashar kamun kifi na Gdynia ya ƙaru sosai.
Sakamakon musayar yanki na 2005 tare da Ukraine, Moldova ta karɓi yankin bakin teku mai tsayin mita 600 (yadi 650) na Danube (wanda shine hanyar ruwa ta duniya daga baya ta gina tashar jiragen ruwa ta Giurgiulești a can.
Yarjejeniyar ciniki Kasashe na iya yin yarjejeniya kan samun jigilar kayayyaki kyauta ta ƙasashen maƙwabta:
Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta buƙaci Jamus ta ba wa Czechoslovakia hayar shekaru 99 na sassan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Hamburg da Stettin, ba da damar cinikin tekun Czechoslovakia ta kogin Elbe da Oder Poland ta mamaye Stettin bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, amma Hamburg ta ci gaba da kwangilar ta yadda wani bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa (a yanzu ake kira Moldauhafen har zuwa 2028 zai iya amfani da shi don cinikin teku ta magajin Czechoslovakia, Jamhuriyar Czech Danube hanya ce ta ruwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, don haka Ostiriya, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, da Slovakia suna da amintaccen damar shiga Tekun Bahar Rum (ana ba da damar iri ɗaya zuwa sassan cikin ƙasa na Jamus da Croatia, kodayake Jamus da Croatia ba su da ƙasa). Duk da haka, jiragen ruwa masu tafiya a cikin teku ba za su iya amfani da Danube ba, don haka dole ne a yi jigilar kaya ta wata hanya, kuma yawancin kayan da ake shigo da su zuwa kasashen Ostiriya da Hungary suna amfani da sufuri na kasa daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Atlantic da Mediterranean. Irin wannan yanayin ya kasance ga kogin Rhine inda Switzerland ke da hanyar shiga jirgin ruwa, amma ba jiragen ruwa ba. Luxembourg yana da irin wannan ta hanyar Moselle, amma Liechtenstein ba shi da hanyar shiga jirgin ruwa, ko da yake yana kusa da Rhine, saboda Rhine ba shi da tafiya zuwa sama.
Mekong wata hanya ce ta ruwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta yadda Laos maras kankara ta sami damar shiga Tekun Kudancin China (tunda Laos ta sami ƴancin kai daga Indochina na Faransa Duk da haka, ba za a iya kewayawa sama da Khon Phhapheng Falls Tashoshi masu kyauta suna ba da damar jigilar kaya zuwa jiragen ruwa masu nisa ko tasoshin kogi.
Yarjejeniyar TIR ta ba da damar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ba tare da cajin kwastan ba, galibi a Turai.
Sakamakon siyasa Rasa hanyar shiga teku gabaɗaya babbar asara ce ga al'umma, ta fuskar siyasa, ta soja, da tattalin arziki. Waɗannan su ne misalan ƙasashen da ba su da tudu.
Yancin Eritrea, wanda yakin 30 na ƴancin kai na Eritriya ya kawo, ya sa Habasha ta zama marar ruwa a cikin 1991. Sojojin ruwa na Habasha sun yi aiki daga tashar jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje na wasu ƙarin shekaru.
Matakin da Montenegro ya yanke na yin watsi da Ƙungiyar Jiha ta Sabiya da Montenegro ya sa ƙungiyar tarayya ta Sabiya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a halin yanzu Bolivia ta rasa iyakarta zuwa Chile a yakin Pacific kuma ta yarda da ita a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka sanya hannu a cikin 1884 da 1904. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙarshe ta ba da wuraren ajiyar tashar jiragen ruwa da kulawa ta musamman don jigilar kayayyaki daga da zuwa Bolivia ta tashar jiragen ruwa da ƙasa na Chile. Kasashen Peru da Argentina kuma sun ba da kulawa ta musamman ga jigilar kayayyaki. Jirgin ruwan Bolivian mai cike da ruwa, wanda bai wanzu a lokacin Yaƙin Pacific, an ƙirƙira shi daga baya kuma duka jiragen ƙasa kuma suna aiki a tafkin Titicaca da koguna. Al'ummar Bolivia a kowace shekara suna bikin Dia del Mar mai kishin ƙasa (Ranar Teku) don tunawa da asarar yankin da ta yi, wanda ya haɗa da birnin Antofagasta da ke bakin teku da kuma abin da ya tabbatar da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma'auni na tagulla a duniya. A farkon karni na 21, zaɓin hanyar bututun iskar gas daga Bolivia zuwa teku ya haifar da tashin hankalin jama'a, yayin da mutane ke adawa da zaɓi na shimfida bututun ta cikin yankin Chile.
Ostiriya da Hungary suma sun rasa damar shiga tekun sakamakon yarjejeniyar Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) da Yarjejeniyar Trianon (1920) bi da bi. A baya can, ko da yake Croatia tana da iyakacin ikon mulkin mallaka a cikin Masarautar Hungary, birnin Fiume Rijeka a bakin tekun Croatian an gudanar da shi kai tsaye daga Budapest ta wani gwamna da aka nada a matsayin wani yanki na corpus, don samar wa Hungary da tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasa da kasa kawai a cikin lokutan. 1779-1813, 1822-1848 da 1868-1918. Mafi mahimmancin tashar jiragen ruwa a Austria sune Trieste da Pula, yanzu a Italiya da Croatia.
A shekara ta 1801, mulkin Nizam na Jihar Hyderabad ya ɗauki siffar da ake tunawa da shi a yanzu: na wata ƙasa mai sarauta mai ƙasa da yankuna a tsakiyar Deccan, wanda Birtaniya ta Indiya ta yi iyaka da kowane bangare, yayin da shekaru 150 a baya tana da babban bakin teku a kan Tekun Bengal wanda turawan Ingila suka hade. Mai yiyuwa ne daya daga cikin musabbabin yakin Paraguay shi ne rashin samun damar shiga teku kai tsaye na Paraguay (ko da yake ana takaddama; duba labarin da aka danganta).
Lokacin da Entente Powers suka raba tsohuwar daular Ottoman karkashin yarjejeniyar Sèvres a ƙarshen yakin duniya na 1, an yi wa Armeniya alkawarin wani yanki na Trebizond vilayet (wanda ya yi daidai da lardunan Trabzon da Rize na zamani a Turkiyya Wannan zai ba Armeniya damar shiga Tekun Bahar Duk da haka, yerjejeniyar Sèvres ta ruguje tare da Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Turkiyya kuma yerjejeniyar Lausanne (1923) ta maye gurbinta, wadda ta tabbatar da mulkin Turkiyya a yankin.
A cikin 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta balle daga Sudan, wanda ya sa na farko ya zama marar ruwa. Har yanzu dai ana ci gaba da samun rikici kan rijiyoyin mai a Sudan ta Kudu tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan dokar teku a yanzu ta bai wa kasar da ba ta da tudu damar shiga da fita daga cikin teku ba tare da biyan harajin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta jihohi ba. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana da shirin aiwatar da ayyuka don taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa marasa iyaka, kuma Babban Sakatare-Janar na yanzu shine Anwarul Karim Chowdhury Wasu ƙasashe suna da dogon bakin teku, amma yawancinsa ƙila ba za a iya amfani da su cikin sauƙi don kasuwanci da kasuwanci ba. Alal misali, a farkon tarihinta, tashar jiragen ruwa na Rasha kawai suna kan Tekun Arctic kuma an rufe su a yawancin shekara. Burin samun iko da tashar ruwa mai dumi shine babban abin da ya motsa Rasha ta fadada zuwa Tekun Baltic, Bahar Black, da Tekun Fasifik A ɗaya ɓangaren kuma, wasu ƙasashen da ba su da tudu na iya samun damar shiga tekun tare da faffadan kogunan da za su iya kewayawa. Alal misali, Paraguay (da Bolivia zuwa ƙarami) suna samun damar shiga teku ta kogin Paraguay da Paraná Ƙasashe da yawa suna da bakin teku a kan gawawwakin ruwa marasa ƙarfi, kamar Tekun Caspian da Tekun Gishiri Tun da yake waɗannan tekuna suna cikin tasirin tafkuna ba tare da samun damar yin ciniki mai zurfi ba, har yanzu ana ɗaukar ƙasashe irin su Kazakhstan a matsayin marasa ruwa. Kodayake Tekun Caspian yana da alaƙa da Bahar Black ta hanyar Canal Volga-Don da mutum ya yi, manyan jiragen ruwa masu tafiya cikin teku ba su iya wucewa.
Da digiri Ƙasashen da ba su da tudu na iya zama iyaka da wata ƙasa guda da ke da damar shiga teku kai tsaye, biyu ko fiye da irin waɗannan ƙasashe, ko kuma a kewaye su da wasu ƙasashe marasa tudu, wanda hakan zai sa ƙasar ta kasance mai ninki biyu.
Ƙasar da ƙasa ɗaya ce ta kulle ta Ƙasashe uku a duniya kullallun ƙasashe ne waɗanda ƙasa ɗaya ce kadai ta kulle su (kewayayyun ƙasashe):
Lesotho, ƙasa ce da Afirka ta Kudu ta kewaye San Marino, ƙasa ce da Italiya ke kewaye.
Vatican City, ƙasa ce da Italiya ke kewaye da ita musamman Rome Ƙasar da ƙasashe biyu suka kulle ta Ƙasashe bakwai da ba su da ƙasa suna kewaye da maƙwabta biyu kacal da ke da iyaka da juna (ƙasashen da ba su da iyaka):
Andorra (tsakanin Faransa da Spain Bhutan (tsakanin China da Indiya Eswatini (tsakanin Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu Liechtenstein (ɗaya daga cikin "ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa biyu", tsakanin Austria da Switzerland Moldova (idan watsi da Transnistria da ba a san shi ba, tsakanin Romania da Ukraine Mongolia (tsakanin China da Rasha Nepal (tsakanin China da Indiya Zuwa wannan rukunin za a iya ƙara yankuna uku da ba su da ƙasa, biyu daga cikinsu jihohi ne na gaskiya waɗanda ba su da cikakken ƴanci:
Kudancin Ossetia (tsakanin Jojiya da Rasha jihar de facto
Transnistria (tsakanin Moldova da Ukraine de facto jihar
Yammacin Kogin Jordan (tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan yankin da gwamnatin Falasdinu ke gudanarwa a wani ɓangare
Mai ƙasa sau biyu Ƙasa tana da "ƙasa sau biyu" ko "ba ta da ƙasa sau biyu" idan aka kewaye ta da ƙasashen da ba su da ƙasa kawai (suna buƙatar haye kan iyakokin ƙasa aƙalla biyu don isa bakin teku). Akwai irin waɗannan ƙasashe guda biyu:
Liechtenstein a tsakiyar Turai, Austria da Switzerland kewaye. Uzbekistan a tsakiyar Asiya, kewaye da Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, da Turkmenistan Zuwa wannan rukunin za a iya ƙara yanki guda ɗaya wanda ba shi da ƙasa sau biyu wanda ke da gaskiya ba tare da sanin ko iyaka na duniya ba Artsakh (wanda kuma aka sani da Jamhuriyar Nagorno-Karabakh a cikin Caucasus, gabaɗaya Azerbaijan ta kewaye shi sai dai wata ƴar ƴar ƴan taɗi na ƙasa zuwa Armeniya wadda ke ƙarƙashin ikon dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Rasha. A da tana kan iyaka da Armeniya da Iran, ta zama marar iyaka sau biyu saboda asarar yankuna da aka sha yayin yakin Nagorno-Karabakh na 2020 Bayan rugujewar Daular Roman Mai Tsarki, Masarautar Württemberg ta zama ƙasa mai ninki biyu, tana iyaka da Bavaria, Baden, Switzerland, Grand Duchy na Hesse Wimpfen exclave), Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, da Hohenzollern-Hechingen Na biyun sun kasance ba tare da ƙasa ba tsakanin juna, Württemberg da Baden. A cikin 1866 sun zama wani yanki na Prussia, suna ba Württemberg iyaka da wata ƙasa ta bakin teku amma duk wata hanya zuwa gaɓar teku za ta iya kaiwa aƙalla iyakoki biyu. Birnin Frankfurt na 'yanci wanda ke da ƴancin kai tsakanin 1815 zuwa 1866 ya kasance marar iyaka sau biyu yayin da yake kan iyaka da Zaɓaɓɓen Hesse, Grand Duchy na Hesse, Hesse-Homburg, da Nassau A cikin Tarayyar Jamus akwai wasu jahohi da dama da ba su da ƙasa waɗanda kawai ke da iyaka da jihohin da ba su da ƙasa da kuma wuraren da ba su da ƙasa na jihohin bakin teku: Grand Duchy na Hesse, Hesse-Homburg, Nassau (duk har zuwa 1866), Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Saxe-Hildburghausen (duka biyun). har zuwa 1826), da Reuss, layin dattijo (har zuwa 1871). Duk waɗannan sun yi iyaka da Prussia amma ba babban yankin da ke da damar shiga teku ba.
Babu ƙasashen da ƙasa biyu ce ta kulle su daga haɗewar Jamus a 1871 har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin duniya na ɗaya Liechtenstein ta yi iyaka da daular Austro-Hungarian, wacce ke da gabar tekun Adriatic, sannan Uzbekistan ta kasance wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha, wacce ke da damar shiga teku da teku.
Tare da rushe Austria-Hungary a cikin 1918 da ƙirƙirar Ostiriya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta, Liechtenstein ta zama ƙasa ɗaya tilo mai ninki biyu har zuwa 1938. A cikin Anschluss waccan shekarar, Ostiriya ta shiga cikin Nazi Jamus, wanda ke da iyaka a Tekun Baltic da Tekun Arewa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Ostiriya ta sake samun ƴancin kai kuma Liechtenstein ta sake zama marar gida biyu.
Uzbekistan, wacce ta kasance wani bangare na Daular Rasha sannan kuma Tarayyar Sobiyet, ta sami ƴancin kanta tare da wargajewar karshen a shekarar 1991 kuma ta zama kasa ta biyu mai ninki biyu.
Duk da haka, matsayin Uzbekistan sau biyu ba tare da izini ba ya dogara ne akan taƙaddama matsayi na Tekun Caspian wasu ƙasashe, musamman Iran da Turkmenistan, suna da'awar cewa Tekun Caspian ya kamata a la'akari da shi a matsayin teku na gaske (musamman saboda ta wannan hanyar za su sami manyan filayen mai da iskar gas wanda zai sa Uzbekistan ta zama ƙasa mai sauƙi marar iyaka tun lokacin da maƙwabtan Turkmenistan da Kazakhstan ke samun damar shiga Tekun Caspian.
Jerin kullallun ƙasashe da wasu jahohin da ba a san su ba Has a coastline on the saltwater Caspian Sea
Not fully recognized
Landlocked by a single country
Doubly landlocked
Ana iya haɗa su cikin rukunoni masu zuwa kamar haka: Tarin Gabas, Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka (10): Burkina Faso, Burundi, Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka, Chadi, Habasha, Mali, Nijar, Ruwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, da Uganda
Tarin Gabas, Kudancin, da Yammacin Turai (9): Austria, Czechia, Hungary, Kosovo (an gane da su), Liechtenstein, Arewacin Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia, da Switzerland
Tari na Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya (6): Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, da Uzbekistan
Tarin Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (4): Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, da Zimbabwe
Rukunin Kudancin Amurka (2): Bolivia da Paraguay
Rukunin Yammacin Asiya (2): Armeniya da Azerbaijan
Lura:
Idan an haɗa Artsakh (ba a san shi ba), to, Armeniya, Artsakh, da Azerbaijan sun kafa ƙungiyar Yammacin Asiya maimakon.
Idan Transnistria (ba a gane shi ba) an haɗa shi, to Moldova da Transnistria sun kafa nasu rukunin Gabashin Turai.
Idan ba don ba na bakin teku a Moanda, DR Congo za ta haɗu da gungu na Afirka guda biyu zuwa ɗaya, wanda zai zama babban gungu mafi girma a duniya.
Ana iya la'akari da gungu na Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya da kuma rukunin Yammacin Asiya masu jujjuyawa, tare da Tekun Caspian mara ƙasa Mongoliya kusan wani yanki ne na wannan gungu kuma, an raba shi da Kazakhstan da kawai, a faɗin ƙasar Sin ko Rasha.
Akwai kasashe 14 masu zuwa "guda ɗaya" marasa iyaka (kowace ɗayansu ba ta da iyaka da wata ƙasa):
Turai (7): Andorra, Belarus, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk (wanda aka sani da shi), Luxembourg, Moldova, San Marino, da Vatican City Mai Tsarki Mai Tsarki Asiya (5): Bhutan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, da Kudancin Ossetia (an san da su)
Afirka (2): Eswatini da Lesotho
Kullallun ƙasashe ta nahiya Idan ana ƙirga Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, da Kudancin Ossetia a matsayin wani yanki na Turai, to Turai ce ke da mafi yawan kullallun ƙasashe 19, gami da jahohi uku da aka sani ba su da ƙasa. Idan an haɗa waɗannan ƙasashe uku masu wucewa a cikin Asiya, to, Afirka da Turai sun fi yawa, a 16. Dangane da matsayin Yammacin Kogin Jordan da kasashe uku masu wucewa, Asiya tana da tsakanin 11 da 15, gami da jihar Artsakh da ba a san ta ba. Amurka ta Kudu tana da kasashe biyu kacal. Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya su ne kawai nahiyoyin da ba su da ƙasa (ban da Antarctica, wadda ba ta da ƙasa). Oceania (wanda yawanci ba a la'akari da nahiya ba amma yanki ne na yanki) kuma ba shi da kullalliyar ƙasa. Ban da Papua New Guinea, wanda ke da iyaka da Indonesia (ƙasa mai wucewa), duk sauran ƙasashe a cikin Oceania ƙasashen tsibiri ne ba tare da iyakar ƙasa ba.
Duk kullallun ƙasashe banda Bolivia da Paraguay suna cikin Afro-Eurasia Ko da yake wasu ƙasashen tsibirin suna raba aƙalla iyakar ƙasa ɗaya da wata ƙasa, babu ɗayansu da ba shi da ƙasa.
Nassoshi Amurka
Afirka
Ƙasashe
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
43139 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymma%20Zyubina | Rymma Zyubina | Articles with hCards
Rimma Anatolyevna Zyubina (Ukraine: Rimma Anatolyivna Zyubina; an haife ta a watan Agustan 23, 1971, Uzhhorod) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Yukren kuma yar fim, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Telejin, jigon jama'a. Ana daukar ta a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta daya a tsakanin shekarun 2017-2019 dangane da kiyasin "Wasannin da aka dauka a Ukraine". Ta lashe lambobin yabo da dama na wasan kwaikwayo, ta lashe kyautar Kiev Pectoral Prize har sau biyu, da kuma sauran kyaututtuka na kasa da kasa.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Rimma Zyubina a [[Uzhgorod]] aTranscarpathia. Tsakanin shekaru uku zuwa bakwai ta zauna a Hungary saboda mahaifinta soja ne. Ya kasance a garin Hungary ne, bayan ganin wasan kwaikwayo na "Cinderella", inda 'yar'uwarta ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan, inda ta fara mafarkin zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Tun tana yarinya, ta ke nazarin ballet, tayi karatu a makarantar waka, kuma ta shiga bagaren wasan kwaikwayo na yara "Rovesnik", wani studiyo na wasan kwaikwayo a Transcarpathian Drama Theater, inda ta taka rawar a wasanni da daban daban tun tana da shekaru 17. Ta kammala karatu da sakamako daga Uzhgorod Al'adu da ilimi School, bayan haka aka gayyace ta zuwa wasannin sinima da dama amma ta zabi Kiev National University of Culture da Arts. Bayan shekara guda na karatu, ta koma Uzhgorod kuma ta sami aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida.
Sana'a Bayan wani lokaci, ta sake komawa Kiev, inda ta yi aiki a da dama a sinimomi daba daban a kuma lokaci guda: a cikin ƙwararrun gidan wasan kwaikwayo-Studio na Chamber Play, a cikin matasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a gidan wasannin Drama da Barkwanci sannan kuma a gefen hagu na Dnieper. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Golden Gate da kuma a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Constellation. A cikin shekara ta 1992, ta fara fitowa a talabijin a cikin fim ɗin Game da Mad Love, maharbi da ɗan sama jannati. Tun 1992 ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen Eniki-Beniki kuma tun 1994 Lego Express don edition na yara na Farko National Channel na Ukraine.
Rayuwarta Ta yi aure da darektan wasan kwaikwayo na Ukraine Stanislav Moiseev, a 1998 sun haifi ɗa, Daniel.
Rayuwar Jama'a Itace Jakada na Gidauniyar Crab don Taimakawa Yara masu fama da cutar kansa. Har ila yau, a kan aikin sa kai, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin ɓangare na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Lugansk Music and Drama Theatre, wanda ya koma Severodonetsk na dan lokaci.
Kyaututtuka
Kyautar Jihar Ukraine Order of Princess Olga III digiri (2020)
Kyauta 1992 Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da kasa na Yara da Matasa Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ("Magic Little Girls")
1994 Bikin Kyiv ƙwararrun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (Yana Sanyi Backstage)
2003 "Kyiv Pectoral" Mafi kyawun Actress ("Uncle Vanya")
2008 "Kyiv Pectoral" Mafi kyawun Actress ("'Yar'uwa ta Hudu")
2008 International Festival "Theater. Chekhov. Yalta Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Mata a cikin samar da Chekhov ("Uncle Vanya")
2016 KiTi Film FestivalBest Actress (Echo)
2016 Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya Mannheim Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman na Heidelberg ("Nest Dove")
2017 Kyautar Jiha. Lesya Ukrainka ("Trumpeter")
2017 "Golden Jiga"Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ("Nest Dove")
2017 Bikin Fim na Duniya "Ƙauna ita ce hauka" Bulgaria, VarnaBest Actress ("Kurciya Nest")
2022 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Fina-finai, Miami, Amurka. Mafi kyawun Jaruma. Fim "Valera"
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwar 1971
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
7011 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Tinubu | Bola Tinubu | Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu (An haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris a shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da hamsin da biyu (1952) Miladiyya. Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu ya kasance gwararren dan siyasar Najeriya ne, kuma shugaban kasar Najeriya tun daga ranar 29 ga watan mayun shekara ta 2023.
Ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan jihar Legas daga shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1999) zuwa shekarata dubu biyu da bakwai (2007), haka yayi Sanata mai wakiltar Legas ta yamma na wani gajeren lokaci a jamhuriya ta uku (Third republic).
Bola Ahmed Tinubu shahararran dan siyasa ne a Najeriya wanda ke da sarautar Asiwaju a kasar Yarabawa, kuma Jagaban a Borgu ta Jihar Neja, ya shahara a fagen siyasa da mulki a Najeriya baki daya.
Ana kallon Asiwaju a matsayin wanda ya dade yana jan zarensa tun daga dawowar Najeriya kan mulkin demokaradiyya ta alif dubu daya da dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1999), Tinubu ya kasance a matsayin uba a fagen siyasa sakamakon karfin fada a ji da yake da shi a siyasar kasar ta Yarbawa da ma Najeriya baki daya.
Haka kuma ya kafa mutane da dama a Najeriya inda ya yi musu hanya suka samu mukamai a tarayya da jihohi. (Ihayatu talk) 21:37, a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2023 (UTC))
Tarihin Rayuwar Tinubu
An haife shi a Jihar Legas, cikin iyalin Tinubu da suka yi fice a jihar ta legas a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar alif dubu daya da dari Tara da hamsin da biyu(1952).
Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. John's da ke Aroloya da makarantar Children's Home a Ibadan, da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.
Daga nan sai ya wuce Kwalejin Richard Daley a Birnin Chicago da ke kasar Amurka, bayan samun gurbin yin karatu a Kwalejin. Daga baya ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar jihar Chicago, a Illinois inda ya kammala ya kuma fito da Digiri a Harkokin Kasuwanci. Tinubu ya kuma samu kyautar dalibi da yafi kwazo a Jami'ar da kuma shaidar karramawa a bangaren Akanta da Hada-Hadar kudi. Da zuwansa Amurka a shekarar 1975 da taimakon mahaifiyarsa, matashin mai hazaka, da kuma ke da himmar ganin ya cimma burinsa. Ya shiga yin ayyuka da za su kawo masa kudi kamar wanke tukwane a gidajen sayar da abinci da aikin gadi da kuma tuka motar-haya domin taimaka masa a bangaren karatunsa. Baiwar da yake da ita ce ta sa ya shiga jerin dalibai masu hazaka na Kwalejin Richard Daley da kuma ta kai har ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar jihar Chicago a shekarar 1979 inda ya fito da digiri a bangaren Kasuwanci.
A shekararsa ta farko a Jami'ar Chicago, an karrama shi da mukamin malami mai taimakawa (tutor), domin taimakon wasu 'yan uwansa dalibai da ke wananan ajuzuwa.
Yan uwansa dalibai da dama sun yaba taimakonsa a bangaren karatunsu wanda har ta kai su ga samun sakamako mai kyau.
A tsawon shekaru da ya yi a jami'a, Tinubu ya kasance dalibi mafi hazaka wanda ya yi ta samun kyautar dalibi mai gwazo da kuma shaidar karatu a bangaren Akanta da hada-hadar kuɗi, inda kuma ya kare digirinsa da sakamako mai daraja ta sama.
A matsayinsa na mai hankoron abubuwa masu kyau da za su zo, Bola ya tsaya tare da yin nasara a takarar shugaban ɗaliban nazarin Akanta da Hada-hadar kuɗi na jami'ar jihar Chicago a shekarar sa ta karshe.
Iyali
Asiwaju Bola Tinubu yana da mata ɗaya mai suna Oluremi Tinubu, wadda sanata ce mai wakiltar Jihar Legas ta tsakiya.
Ta kasance mai fafutikar kare Hakkin jama'a da kuma mai ilimi da ake mutuntawa.
Tana kuma gudanar da ayyukan jinkai wanda aka karrama da lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON).
Suna da 'ya'ya da kuma jikoki.
Aiki da kasuwanci
Kafin kammala karatunsa na digiri, Bola Tinubu ya samu aiki da kamfanin harkar akantanci na Arthur Anderson. Daga bisani kamfanin Deloitte Haskins (wanda ake kira da deloitte Haskins and Touche a yanzu) suka dauki hayarsa, bayan nan kuma sai ya yi aiki da GTE Service Corporation, wani babban kamfanin sadarwa a kasar Amurka. A kamfanin Deloitte Haskins and sells, matashi kuma kwararre Bola ya fadada kwarewarsa ta hanyar shiga ayyukan dubawa da gudanarwa na General Motors da yin aiki a Babban Bankin Kasa na Chicago da kamfanin Procter and Gamble da International Harvester da General Electric da sauran kamfanoni. Bayan ganin kwarewarsa, kamfanin Deloitte sal ya dauki hayar Bola a matsayin jagoran mambobi da ke sa ido a kamfanin.
Dawowarsa Najeriya
Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya da kuma samun gogewa a bangaren hada-hadar kudi, Tinubu ya fara aiki da Kamfanin Mai na Mobil a matsayin babban mai bincike wanda ta kai har ya zama ma'ajin kamfanin.
A matsayinsa na mutumin da ba ya manta mafararsa da kuma alakarsa da al'umma, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya kasance mutumin da ya dauki hidimtiwa al'umma da muhimmanci. Ko da a Mobil, ya jagoranci hada-hada daban-daban na tara-kudi domin tallafa wa shirye-shiryen ci-gaban al'umma a Jihar Legas. Ya kuma jagoranci kungiyar Primrose, wata kungiyar siyasa da ke hankoron kawo canji a siyasar Jihar Lagos. Haka nan, Bola Tinubu ya yanke shawarar shiga aikin hidimar al'umma gadan-gadan ta hanyar ajiye babban matsayi da yake da shi a kamfanin Mobil.
Fara Harkokin Siyasa
Shigarsa ta farko fagen siyasa, ya fara ne da shiga sahu wajen kafa jam'iyyar SDP da shi. A shekarar 1992, aka zabe shi a matsayin Sanata da ke wakiltar Yammacin Jihar Legas. A Majalisar Dattijai, ya samu nasarar zama shugaban kwamitin da ke kula da bankuna, kuɗi da kasafi na Majalisar Dattawa wanda babban kwamiti ne na Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya. Bayan soke zaben shugaban kasa na ran 12 ga watan Yunin, 1993 da Gwamnatin Mulkin Soja Ta IBB tayi da kuma kara wa'adin mulkin soja, Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya Shiga sahun gaba cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar masu rajin kare dimokradiyya da aka fi sani da NADECO. Sun tunkari gwamnatin mulkin soji na wancan lokaci wajen ganin an dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Bola Tinubu ya sha barazana ga rayuwarsa da musgunawa wanda har ta kai ga kamawa tare da tsare shi wanda hakan ya sa ya gudu ya bar kasar. Duk da haka bai karaya ba a gwagwarmayarsu ta neman tsarin dimokradiyya inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar ta NADECO da ke gudun hijira, inda ya ci gaba da hankoron ganin mulkin dimokradiyya da tsarin shugabanci a Najeriya. Neman da kungiyar NADECO ke yi daga baya ta sami yin nasara. Yayin da mulkin soja yazo karshe, Bola Tinubu ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1998 domin shiga sahun gaba na kawo cigaba da fahimtar juna. Tinubu ya shiga sahun mutane da suka kafa jam'iyar siyasa mai son ci gaba ta Alliance for Democracy (AD), inda ya samu nasarar zamantowa mai yi wa jam'iyyar takarar kujerar gwamna a jihar Legas.
Zama Gwamnan Legas
Bayan samun nasarar zama gwamnan Jihar Legas a zabukan 1999, Tinubu ya jagoranci jihar har na tsawon shekara 8.
Bayan shigar sa ofis a watan Mayun 1999, Bola Tinubu ya jawo hazikan mutane a cikin gwamnatinsa, wanda tare suka tsara kyakkyawan shiri na shugabancin Jihar lagos.
Ajanda 10 da gwamnatinsa ta mayar da hankali a kai sun kunshi bangaren ilimi da lafiya da samar da ayyukan yi da rage talauci, da samar da wutar lantarki da ruwan sha da tsarin zirga-zirga mai kyau da kula da muhalli da doka-da-oda da samar da abinci da kuma farfado da bangaren aikin gwamnati.
Gwamnatin Tinubu, ta inganta tare da gyara tsarin mulki ta hanyar kirkiro da sabbin ma'aikatu irinsu ma'aikatar gidaje da ma'aikatar wasanni da ci gaban matasa da kuma ta harkokin mata da rage talauci.
A tsawon mulkinsa, Asiwaju Tinubu ya kawo hazikai da kuma kwararru a cikin gwamnatinsa a matsayin kwamishinoni da kuma masu ba shi shawara a bangarori da suka kware.
Ta hanyar tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa, gwamnatin Asiwaju Tinubu ta kara kasafin kudin Jihar Legas daga naira biliyan 14.200 a shekarar 1999 zuwa Naira biliyan 240.866 a shekarar 2007 domin Jihar ta samar da karin ababen more rayuwa ga al'ummarta.
Gwamnatin Tinubu ta ci gaba da kiyaye rabon kasafin kudi na shekara da akalla kashi 60-40 bisa dari a kan kudin da ake kashewa na manyan ayyuka don tabbatar da an samar da ababen more rayuwa ga al'umma.
Asiwaju Tinubu, ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire da sabbin tsare-tsare ya cire Jihar Lagos daga samun kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na Naira biliyan 14.64 a shekarar 1999 zuwa Naira biliyan 60.31 a shekarar 2006. Ya zuwa watan Maris din 2007, jihar ta samu kudin haraji a wata da ya kai naira biliyan 8.2.
Wannan gagarumin kokari da gwamnatinsa ta samu a jihar Lagos ya biyo bayan bijiro da tsare-tsare da kuma aiwatar wa kamar kirkiro da tsarin bankin laturoni da tsarin sa ido a kudaden da ake tarawa da kaddamar da tsarin a na'ura mai kwakwalwa.
Sannan akwai tsarin biyan haraji na laturoni da sake tsara gudanar da ma'aikatar kula da kudaden haraji na jihar da sake fasalta tsarin karbar kuɗin haraji da samar da bayanan masu biyan haraji.
Jihar Legas karkashin jagorancin Bola Ahmed Tinubu ta zama abin koyi a bangaren tafiyar da aikin gwamnati da kirkire-kirkire da harkokin kudi.
A watan Satumban, 2002, Legas ta kasance jiha ta farko a Najeriya da ta tara kudaden shiga masu yawa don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa. Jihar ta samu kudade ta hanyar karbo takardun lamuni domin aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba kamar gyara hanyoyi da gina rukunin gidajen milenia da gina harkokin samar da ruwa da gyara kotuna da samar da wuraren zubar da shara da gina azuzuwa da sauran su. Jajircewar Tinubu da taimakon baiwar sa ta siyasa, Bola Tinubu ya hangi barazanar magudin zabe a 2003 daga Jam'iyyar PDP mai Mulki, inda abokansa a yankin kudu-maso-yamma suka saduda da kin yin kamfe na sake zabarsu, amma Tinubu ya bijiro da wani yakin neman zabe mai ma'ana kan irin nasarori da ya samu.
Sauran gwamnonin Jam'iyar AD a jihohin Ondo da Osun da Ekiti da Ogun da kuma Oyo dukkansu sun gamu da cikas wajen sake zabarsu a shekarar 2003, a inda jam'iyyar PDP ta samu nasara. Bola Tinubu ya kasance mutum daya tilo da ya samu nasara a karkashin jam'iyar AD. Da irin nasarorin da ya samu a shugabancin Jihar Lagos, ya samu nasarar kalubalantar gwamnatin tarayya ta fuskar siyasa da kuma shari'a. Saboda jajircewarsa a wannan lokaci, Bola Tinubu ya kasance mutum daya tilo da ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen hana Najeriya zama kasa mai tsarin jam'iyya daya.Ya kasance gwamnan jam'iyyar AD daya tilo a cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya. Duk da haka, bai karaya ba, inda ya shiga sahun gaba wajen karfafa 'yan siyasa da ke son ci gaba.
A 2007, 'yan siyasar da ke son ci gaba a kudu-maso-yammacin Najeriya suka dawo da martabarsu.
Don sake zama babban dan siyasa na bangaren adawa, Bola Tinubu ya taka rawa wajen kirkiro da sabuwar jam'iyar ci gaba mai suna Action Congress (AC), wadda daga baya ta koma Action Congress of Najeriya (ACN).
Jajircewar Tinubu ce ta kare Jihar Legas daga mamayar Jam'iyyar PDP, sai dai tsarin da ya bullo da shi ya taimaka masa wajen sake farfado da akidar siyasa wanda daga baya ya dawo da ci gaban shugabanci a fadin kudu maso yamma da kuma Jihar Edo.
Idan za a rubuta tarihin wannan lokaci, Tinubu zai kasance a matsayin mutumin da ya tsaya tsayin daka wajen kawo tsarin siyasar ci gaba a yankin kudu-maso-yamma da kuma Najeriya.
Za a san shi a matsayin mutumin da ya jajirce wajen hana jam'iyar PDP cimma burinta na gudanar da tsarin jam'iyya daya a kusa. Wadanda suke da ra'ayin mulkin dimokuradiyya a Najeriya, tilas ne su jinjina gudummawar da Asiwaju Tinubu ya bayar.
Kafa jam'iyyar APC
A zaɓen 2015, Asiwaju ya zama babban mai goyon bayan haɗewar jam'iyyarsa da wasu jam'iyyun adawa biyu Jam'iyyar CPC da kuma Jam'iyar ANPP domin kawo karshen mulkin Jam'iyar PDP.
Jam'iyyun guda uku sun hade daga baya inda suka samar da jam'iyar All Progressive Congress (APC).
Duba da rawa da ya taka wajen kafa jam'iyyar, an bai wa Tinubu mukamin jagoran jam'iyyar na kasa.
A nan ma, ya sadaukar da burinsa na siyasa, domin karfafa jam'iyyar da ba ta fifiko a kasa baki daya.
A shekarar 2015, jam'iyyar ta APC ta samu nasarar lashe zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2015, wanda karon farko da jam'iyyar adawa ta kada shugaba mai mulki a Najeriya. Tinubu ya taimaka wa Jam'iyyar ta APC wajen samun nasara.
Takarar shugabancin Najeriya a jam'iyyar APC
A Ranar 22 Ga Watan Yuni Na Shekarar 2022 Bola Tinubu Yayi Sa'ar samun Tikitin takarar a Jam’iyyarsa Ta APC Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya samu nasarar ce da kuri'u dubu 1271 da masu zabe sama da dubu 2300 suka kwashe dare suna kadawa. Tsohon gwamnan Rivers Rotimi Amaechi ya zo na biyu da kuri'u 316, sai Mataimakin shugaban Najeriya Yemi Osinbajo a matsayi na uku da kuri'u 235 sai kuma shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya Ahmed Lawan da ya samu kuri'u 152.
'Yan takara 14 da suka fafata a zaɓen sun haɗa da Mista Chukwuemeka Nwajuba, Fasto Tunde Bakare, Mista Ahmed Rufa’i, Sanata Rochas Okorocha, Mista Jack Rich, Gwamna Ben Ayade, Gwamna David Umuahi, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, Sen. Ahmed Yarima, Dr Ahmed Lawal, mataimakinsa. -Shugaban kasa Yemi Osinbajo, Mista Rotimi Amaechi, Gwamna Yahaya Bello da Mista Ogbonnaya Onu.
Lashe Zaben Shekarar 2023
A ranar 1 ga Watan Maris 2023, Shugaban hukumar INEC, Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu ya sanar da tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas, Bola Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2023 da kuri'a miliyan 8,794,726.
Tsohon matainmakin shugaban Najeriya, Atiku Abubakar ne ke biye masa da kuri'u miliyan 6,984,520. Sai kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar Labour, Peter Obi wanda ya samu kuri'a miliyan 6,101,533. Tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano, Sanata Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso ne ya zo na hudu da kuri'u miliyan 1,496,687. Amma Sai Dai Jam'iyyun adawa na PDP da LP sun ce ba za su karbi sakamakon ba bisa zargin tafka magudi a mazabu da dama, inda kuma suka ce za su garzaya kotu. An Rantsar da Ahmed Bola Tinubu a Ranar Litinin Ashirin da tare ga watan Mayu a Shekara ta Dubu biyu da a Shirin da Ukku.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1952
Gwamnonin Jihar |
10189 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Ashanti | Yankin Ashanti | Yankin Ashanti ta kasance daya daga cikin yankin gwamnatin kasar Ghana; babban birnin yankin ita ce Kumasi. Yankin Ashanti yana kudancin Ghana kuma shi ne na uku mafi girma a cikin yankuna 16 na gudanarwa, wanda ya mamaye fadin kasa ko kashi 10.2 na yawan fadin kasar Ghana. Dangane da yawan jama'a, shi ne yanki mafi yawan jama a da ke da yawan jama'a 4,780,380 bisa ga ƙidayar 2011, wanda ya kai kashi 19.4% na yawan jama'ar Ghana. An san yankin Ashanti da manyan mashaya zinare da kuma samar da koko Babban birni kuma babban birnin yanki shine Kumasi
Wuri da girmansa Yankin Ashanti yana tsakiyar tsakiyar Ghana. Ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin tsayin 0.15W da 2.25W da latitudes 5.50N da 7.46N. Yankin yana da iyaka da yankuna shida na siyasa goma sha shida, Bono, Bono Gabas da Ahafo a arewa, yankin gabas a gabas, yankin tsakiya a kudu da yankin yamma a kudu maso yamma. An raba yankin zuwa gundumomi 27, kowannen shugaban gundumar.
Tattalin Arziki
Bude ido
Wuraren shakatawa Bobiri Forest Butterfly Sanctuary
Bomfobiri Namun Daji
Digya National Park
Kogyae Strct Nature Reserve
Owabi Forest Reserve and Bird Sanctuary
Wuraren shan iska Cibiyar Al'adu ta Kasa
Ratray Park
wurraren tarihi Komfo Anokye Sword site
Manhyia Palace Museum
Kumasi Fort and Military Museum
Gidan kayan tarihi na Sojojin
Prempeh II Jubilee Museum
Gine-ginen Gargajiya na Asante
Ya Asantewaa Museum
Ana gudanar da bukukuwa da dama a yankin, manyan wadanda suka hada da Akwasidae da Adae Kese Wadannan bukukuwa ne na addini da wasu 'yan kabilar Akan wadanda 'yan kabilar Ashanti suke gudanarwa. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan ne domin tunawa da shuwagabanni da jarumai na baya. Ko da yake sun mutu, an yi imanin cewa ruhinsu yana raye kuma suna sha'awar al'amuran masu rai, suna kallon ayyukansu, da kuma tuntuɓar su a lokacin bikin Adae.
Bukukuwa Ana gudanar da bukukuwa da dama a yankin, manyan wadanda suka hada da Akwasidae da Adae Kese Wadannan bukukuwa ne na addini da wasu 'yan kabilar Akan wadanda 'yan kabilar Ashanti suke gudanarwa. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan ne domin tunawa da shuwagabanni da jarumai na baya. Ko da yake sun mutu, an yi imanin cewa ruhinsu yana raye kuma suna sha'awar al'amuran masu rai, suna kallon ayyukansu, da kuma tuntuɓar su a lokacin bikin Adae.
Papa Festival
Kente Festival
Yaa Asantewaa Festival
Bikin Mmoa Nni Nko
Nkyidwo Festival
Sauran abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido Kasuwar Kejetia
Patakro shrine
Buga tufafin Adinkra a Ntonso
Kauyen Adanwomase Kente
Bonwire Kente Village
Ahwiaa Woodcarving Village
Yawan jama'a Cibiyar yawan jama'ar yankin Ashanti tana cikin gundumar Kumasi Metropolitan Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2000, yankin yana da yawan jama'a 3,612,950, wanda ya sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a; duk da haka, yawansa (148.1 a kowace murabba'in kilomita) ya yi ƙasa da na Tsakiya (162.2/km 2 Yankin. Galibin al'ummar yankin Ashanti sun fito ne daga kabilar Akan kuma 'yan asalin kasar ne tun haihuwa (94.2%) tare da kashi 5% (biyar) bisa dari na 'yan Ghana. Karamin kaso (5.8%) na al’ummar kasar sun samo asali ne daga wajen Ashanti da Akanland ko Ghana, wanda ya kunshi kashi 3.7 bisa dari musamman daga kasashe biyar masu amfani da turancin Ingilishi na ECOWAS da kashi 2.1 daga sauran kasashen Afirka. Al'ummar da ba 'yan Afirka ba da ke zaune a yankin shine kashi 1.8 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a. 'Yan kabilar Akan su ne ke da rinjaye a yankin, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 94.2% na 'yan kasar ta haihuwa. Babban kashi (82.9%) na al'ummar Akan shine Ashanti Sufuri Filin jirgin saman Kumasi ne ke aiki da yankin Ashanti, wanda ke tafiyar da jiragen cikin gida. Manyan tituna guda biyar na kasa N4, N6, N8, N10 da N6 da kuma wasu ‘yan titin yankin irin su R52 da R106 da ke hidimar yankin
N6 ya hada Kumasi ta Kwame Nkrumah Circle da Nsawam da N4 zuwa Accra. Haka kuma yankin na da alaka da shiyyar ta tsakiya da N8 da kuma N10, dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga Yemoransa da ke shiyyar tsakiya N10, duk da haka, ya haɗu da babban birnin yankin na Kumasi
Ilimi
Manyan manyan makarantu The Ashanti region has three public universities. In addition to that, there are a number of private universities and colleges which have spread throughout the region.
Universities
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
Ghana Baptist University College, Kumasi
Spiritan University College, Ejisu
Garden City University College, Kenyasi, Kumasi
Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (formerly Kumasi Campus of University of Education, Winneba)
National Institute Of Information Technology, Kumasi Campus NIIT.
Kumasi Technical University, K-Poly
IPMC, Kumasi Campus
Akrokerri College of Education
St. Monica's College of Education, Mampong
Christian Service University College, Odeneho Kwadaso
Wesley College of Education
St. Louis College of Education
Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (formerly Mampong Campus of University of Education, Winneba)
Mampong Technical College of Education (MAMTECH)
S.D.A. College of Education, Agona
Hotuna
Manazarta Yankunan kasar |
35532 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Lew%2C%20West%20Virginia | Jane Lew, West Virginia | Jane Lew birni ne, da ke a gundumar Lewis, a yammacin Virginia, a ƙasar Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 409 a lokacin ƙidayar 2020.
Tarihi An ba wa al'ummar sunan Jane Lew, mahaifiyar asalin mai gidan.
Geography Jane Lew yana a (39.109203, -80.407624), tare da Hackers Creek a arewacin Lewis County. Dangane da Ofishin Kididdiga ta Amurka, garin yana da jimlar yanki na wanda ƙasa ce kuma ruwa ne.
Alkaluma
ƙidayar 2010 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 409, gidaje 195, da iyalai 111 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan jama'a ya kasance Akwai rukunin gidaje 213 a matsakaicin yawa na Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.8% Fari, 0.2% Ba'amurke, 0.2% Asiya, da 0.7% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.2% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 195 ne, kashi 24.1% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 42.6% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 10.8% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 3.6% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 43.1% ba dangi bane. Kashi 38.5% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 19% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.10 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.72.
Tsakanin shekarun garin ya kasance shekaru 41.8. 19.3% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 8.2% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 24.5% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 30.5% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 17.6% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na garin ya kasance 47.4% na maza da 52.6% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 406, gidaje 209, da iyalai 117 da ke zaune a garin. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 1,635.2 a kowace murabba'in mil 627.0 /km2). Akwai rukunin gidaje 220 a matsakaicin yawa na 886.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (339.8/km 2 Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 98.03% Fari, 0.25% Ba'amurke, da 1.72% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.23% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 209, daga cikinsu kashi 17.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 40.7% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 11.0% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 44.0% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 40.7% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 18.7% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 1.94 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.58.
A cikin garin, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 15.0% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 7.9% daga 18 zuwa 24, 28.8% daga 25 zuwa 44, 24.6% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 23.6% waɗanda shekarunsu suka kai 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 44. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 84.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 79.7.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin garin shine $23,571, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $30,000. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $29,464 sabanin $16,667 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na garin shine $16,540. Kusan 5.3% na iyalai da 7.9% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 2.9% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 11.5% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka.
Fitattun mutane May H. Gilruth, mai zane kuma mai zane
Patrick S. Martin, memba na Majalisar Dattijai ta West Virginia
Joseph Marcellus McWhorter, lauya, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa
William Neely, actor kuma marubuci
Chub Watson, dan wasan kwando na Kwalejin Davis & Elkins da Jami'ar Marshall
Yanayi Yanayin da ke wannan yanki yana da yanayin zafi da yawa da kuma hazo daidai gwargwado a duk shekara. Bisa ga tsarin Köppen Climate Classification, Jane Lew yana da yanayin yanayi mai zafi, wanda aka rage "Cfa" akan taswirar yanayi.
Ilimi Jane Lew Elementary School. Jane Lew ta kasance tana da makarantar sakandare tana aiki Makarantar Jane Lew daga 1912 har zuwa 1966, lokacin da ta haɗu tare da wasu makarantu biyu na gida don yin Makarantar Sakandare ta Lewis County. Jane Lew High kuma ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta maza a cikin 1922.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29964 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranar%20tunawa%20da%20%C6%B4ancin%20bil%27adama%20ta%20amruka | Ranar tunawa da ƴancin bil'adama ta amruka | The Freedom Riders National Monument wani abin tunawa ne na Ƙasar Amurka a Anniston, Alabama wanda Shugaba Barack Obama ya kafa a cikin Janairu shekarata 2017 don kiyayewa da tunawa da 'Yancin 'a lokacin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa ce ke gudanar da wannan abin tunawa. Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Riders National Monument na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa na kasa guda uku da aka tsara ta hanyar shelar Shugaba Obama a ranar 12 ga Janairu, shekarar 2017. Na biyu shi ne abin tunawa na Ƙasar Haƙƙin Bil'adama na Birmingham kuma na uku, Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Sake, an sake sanya shi azaman National Historical Park a ranar Maris 12, shekarata 2019.
Shafukan Abin tunawa na 'Yancin Riders na Kasa ya ƙunshi wurare biyu, ɗaya a cikin garin Anniston kanta da ɗayan a wajen gari.
Tashar Bus ta Greyhound Wurin farko da aka sanya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin tunawa na ƙasa shine tsohon wurin ajiyar bas na Greyhound a 1031 Gurnee Avenue a Anniston, inda, a ranar 14 ga Mayu, shekarata 1961, ƴan zanga-zanga suka kai hari ga hadaddiyar ƙungiyar fararen fata da baƙi 'Yanci Riders waɗanda suka nemi kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata a cikin bas ɗin tsakanin jahohi. ’Yan zanga-zangar sun sare tayar motar bas din, suka yi jifa da duwatsu, suka karya tagogin bas din, sannan suka bi motar bayan ta tashi daga ma’ajiyar. A yau bangon ginin da ke kusa da tsohon ma'ajiyar ajiyar yana dauke da bangon da ke da alaƙa da bayanin abin da ya faru. An sanya irin wannan bangon bango kusa da tsohon tashar Trailways inda sauran 'Yan Riders na Freedom suka isa a 1961. Tsohon tashar Greyhound daga baya mallakin birnin Anniston ne kafin bayar da gudummawarsa ga gwamnatin Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka tara waɗanda ke ɓangare na Anniston Civil Rights and Heritage Trail, kuma ana tunawa da shi tare da alamar tarihi, wanda aka gina a cikin shekarata 2016. Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar birnin Anniston, sun sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ginin da buɗe shi ga jama'a, amma tun daga watan Mayu shekarata 2017 an rufe shi ga baƙi.
Wurin kona bas Wuri na biyu da aka haɗa cikin sabon abin tunawa na ƙasa shine na bas ɗin da ke cin wuta, wanda ke wajen Anniston kusa da Old Birmingham Highway/ Hanyar Jiha 202 wasu nesa da tashar Greyhound. A nan ne motar bas din ta karye saboda tayoyin da ta tashi. ’Yan bangar da suka bi ta daga ma’ajiyar bas din, sun ci gaba da kai farmakin, inda suka jefa “wani dam din daurin wuta a cikin motar bas din da ta fashe bayan dakika kadan” lamarin da ya sa motar ta kone kurmus. Mutanen sun far wa fasinjojin ne yayin da suke kokarin guduwa. Mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa Joseph "Little Joe" Postiglione ya dauki hoton bas din yayin da ta kone; Hoton da aka samu ya zama alamar motsin kare hakkin jama'a. Alamar Tarihi ta Alabama, wacce aka gina a cikin shekarata 2007 a ƙarƙashin kulawar babin Theta Tau na Omega Psi Phi fraternity, alama ce ta wurin kona bas ɗin. An ba da sanarwar a cikin shekarata 2010 cewa an ba da gudummawar kadada biyar na ƙasar da ke kewaye da wurin da motar bas ɗin ta ƙone ga gundumar Calhoun don haɓaka wurin shakatawa; Shirye-shiryen farko sun yi kira ga shimfidar hanyar tafiya, tare da kafa allunan fassara a wurin. Abubuwan da za a iya yiwuwa a nan gaba sun haɗa da mutum-mutumi na Hank Thomas, wanda ya tsira daga lamarin, wanda mazaunin Janie Forsythe na kusa ya ba shi ruwa. Tun lokacin da aka nada abin tunawa na kasa, Ma'aikatar Parking ta Kasa, Calhoun County, da Kwamitin Tunawa da 'Yanci na Freedom Riders sun fara aiki tare don samar da wani shiri don fassara shafin; Alabama Power ya ba da kuɗi don ƙoƙarin a shekarata 2015. An kafa wata alamar da ke nuna kasancewar wurin shakatawa a nan gaba a cikin shekarata 2012. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sanya shi a wurin an lalata shi, amma an yi gyare-gyare cikin sauri. Gidan da aka kona a yau yana kewaye da gidaje masu zaman kansu.
Tarihin abin tunawa Zayyana abin tunawa na kasa ya biyo bayan ziyarar da Sakatariyar Harkokin Cikin Gida Sally Jewell da Daraktan Sabis na Parks Jonathan Jarvis suka kai wurin a watan Oktoba 2016. Shugabannin gida a Anniston da Calhoun County, waɗanda suka yi fafutuka don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa. Sauran wadanda suka goyi bayan kafa ta sun hada da Sanata Richard Shelby Wakili Mike Rogers, wanda ya gabatar da wani doka don zayyana wuraren tarihi na Freedom Riders National Park a Yuli shekarar 2016; da gwamna Robert J. Bentley An gudanar da bikin sadaukarwa a ranar 13 ga Mayu, shekarata 2017, a cikin garin Anniston, a ranar da ke gaban bikin cika shekaru 56 da aukuwar lamarin; Wasu masu sauraro sun yi tafiya daga nesa zuwa Denmark Tsohon Rider Freedom Hank Thomas, wanda shi ne mutun na karshe da ya tsira daga konawar bas, ya yi jawabi. Cibiyar baƙo ta wucin gadi, gami da tashar da baƙi za su iya siyan tambarin fasfo na National Parks, an kafa shi a yankin liyafar Anniston City Hall. A cikin shekarata 2017, Ma'aikatar Kula da Gandun Wuta ta Ƙasa ta nemi taimako daga jama'a game da tsarawa da fassarar Babban Monument na Ƙasa. Jami'an tarayya da na gida sun fara tsara tsare-tsare na yau da kullun na gudanarwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2017. A cikin Maris Na shekarata 2018, Majalisar Birnin Anniston ta ba da izini ga Jami'ar Jihar Jacksonville don gudanar da nazarin tasirin tattalin arziki don abin tunawa.
Duba wasu abubuwan Babban abin tunawa na 'Yancin Bil'adama na Birmingham
Abin tunawa na Gida na Medgar da Myrlie Evers
Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya
Rajista na Kasa na Lissafin Wuraren Tarihi a cikin Calhoun County, Alabama
Jerin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa na Amurka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Sabis na Kasa na hukuma
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20802 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad%20Al-Muwallad | Fahad Al-Muwallad | Fahad Mosaed al-Muwallad An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudiyya da ke buga wa ƙungiyar Al-ittihad. Ya fara aikin sa da Al-Ittihad yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida (16). A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011 ya zura kwallo na biyu manufa domin Saudi Arabia da Croatia a shekarar 2011 U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya a Colombia, wanda alama ta farko da taba duniya burin a shekaru 16. A cikin shekara ta 2012 yayin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar Al-Ittihad, ya shiga wasan ne a matsayin mai sauyawa a cikin mintuna 10 da suka gabata kuma ya ci kwallon da ta ci Guangzhou Evergrande FC don cancantar tare da tawagarsa zuwa Semi-final na AFC Champions League. Tare da Saudi Arabia, ya kuma ci kwallon da ta ci China a wasan cancantar cin Kofin Asiya. Allyari da kuma musamman ya kuma zura ƙwallo wanda ya tura Saudi Arabiya zuwa Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2018 a Rasha,kuma an san shi da samun saurin kowane ɗan Asiya har abada..
Rayuwar farko da nasara An haifi Fahad Al-Muwallad a Jidda,a kasar Saudi Arabiya kuma tun yana ƙarami ya zama sananne sosai a matsayin shahararren ɗan wasan kwallon ƙafa a yankin. Daga nan sai wani ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ta Barcelona ya tunkareshi bayan ya ganshi ya sanya kyawawan halaye. Ya yi watsi da tayin sannan ya ci gaba da shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Al-Ittihad daga shekara 6, ya yi aiki a kan sahu ya fara samun kulawar kafofin yaɗa labarai na ƙasa lokacin da ya fara atisaye tare da ƙungiyar farko a lokacin yanada shekaru 15. A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, yana ɗan shekara 16, Fahad al-Muwallad ya yi fito na fito da Al-Raed Bayan buga ƙarin wasanni akai-akai a Saudi Professional League, Fahad ya shahara da saurin gudu da kuma ƙwarewar fasaha yayin nuna kwalliya a gaban raga.
Klub din
Al-Ittihad
Lokacin 2012–13 Fahad ya ci gaba da burgewa kuma a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, Fahad ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kan Al-Raed a wasan da aka tashi 2-2. A lokacin kakar wasan shekara ta 2012/13, Fahad ya fara shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hazikan ƙwallon ƙafa na Asiya, bayan ya zira ƙwallaye da yawa ga Al-Ittihad daga reshe. Daga baya Fahad ya ƙara ɗaga hankalin kasashen duniya yayin da, yana ɗan shekara 17, ya zura ƙwallaye a raga a wasan kusa dana ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun turai da ƙungiyar Marcelo Lippi ta Guangzhou Evergrande wacce ta tura Al-Ittihad zuwa wasan kusa dana ƙarshe. Haka kuma Fahad ya haskaka gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai inda shi, na farko, ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa dana karshe da Al-Ittihad ta doke Al-Fateh sannan kuma ya ci a wasan karshe a wasan da suka tashi 4-2 akan Al-Shabab da aka buga a gaban sama da 50,000 a filin. Filin wasa na Duniya Fahd Daga baya an zabi Fahad a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai MVP (Mafi Ingantaccen Dan wasa) saboda haddar da yake yi a filin kwallon kafa a duk gasar. Fahad ya kammala kakar 2012/13 da kwallaye 10 masu ban sha'awa a wasanni 26 a duk gasa.
Lokacin 2013-14 Fahad ya bude asusun sa na sabuwar kaka a wasan El-Clasico na Saudi Arabiya a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, inda ya saka Al-Ittihad a gaba bayan wayo ta hanyar kwallo daga hannun Saud Kariri Koyaya Al-Ittihad ta ci wasan 5-2 a filin wasa na King Fahd International amma fahad din Fahad ya sami yabo daga manajan Al-Ittihad Beñat San José da masana. Daga baya Fahad ya zira kwallaye a muhimmiyar wasa da Al-Ettifaq, inda ya buda hanya da karfin tsiya zuwa saman kusurwar hagu na raga, ya bar mai tsaron gidan Al-Ettifaq Mohammad Sharifi mara motsi. Duk da haka wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi ga Al-Ittihad kamar yadda Hasan Kadesh ya rama wa Al-Ettifaq, wanda ya haifar da kammala wasan a cikin kunnen doki 1-1. Fahad shima yayi matukar burgewa a gasar cin kofin zakarun turai na AFC akan wasu manyan kungiyoyi a duk fadin Asiya. A ranar 13 ga Mayun shekara ta 2014, Fahad ya ci kwallaye 2 masu ban mamaki a karawar karshe 16 da ya yi da takwaransa na Saudiyya Al-Shabab da aka buga a filin wasa na King Fahd International Stadium.Bayan wucewar wayo daga Mukhtar Fallatah, Fahad ya ruga da gudu tare da saurin wucewa, ya doki mai tsaron gidan zuwa kwallon sannan kuma ya buga kwallon a gaban sa don aikawa da jama'a cikin fyaucewa.Daga baya Fahad ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan inda ya zira kwallaye a ragar mai tsaron gidan Al-Shabab Waleed Abdullah Al-Ittihad ta ci nasara 3-1.Fahad ya kammala kaka da kwallaye 5 a wasanni 36 a duka wasannin.Fahad ya sami yabo daga manajan Al-Ittihad Khalid Al Koroni saboda inganta wasan sa a wannan kakar ta hanyar samun karin taimako kuma ya bayyana Fahad a matsayin "gwanin ban mamaki".
Lokacin 2014-15 Fahad ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a sabon kamfen a wasan da suka doke Al-Faisaly da ci 2-1 a filin wasa na King Abdul Aziz saboda ana ci gaba da aikin gine-gine a sabon filin wasa na Al-Ittihad King Abdullah Sports City Stadium wanda aka shirya gudanar da shi. damar sama da 60,000. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2014, Fahad ya ci kwallon nasara a wasan da suka doke Al-Khaleej da ci 2-1 wanda ya jefa kwallon kusa da kusa da gidan golan Al-Khaleej Moslem Freej. Wannan ita ce kwallon farko da Fahad ya ci a sabon filin wasa na King Abdullah Sports City A ranar 21 ga Maris din 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallo a ragar Al-Khaleej tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Moslem Freej. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015, Fahad ya ci fanareti wanda ya zama silar yanke hukunci a nasarar da suka samu kan 1-0 a kan Hajer, Fahad ya kware a bugun fenariti a saman kusurwar hagu ta kafar da ta wuce mika hannu na tsohon Al -Shine mai tsaron ragar Ittihad Mustafa Malayekah A ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015, a wasan zagaye na 16 na Kofin Zakarun Turai, Fahad ya fito daga benci don ya jefa kwallaye biyu a raga a ragar Al-Fateh a wasan da ci 4-1 da aka buga a filin wasa na Prince Abdullah bin Jalawi Manajan Al-Ittihad Victor Pițurcă ya bayyana makasudin burin Fahad a matsayin "jarumtaka" kuma ya ce "Fahad yana samun ci gaba a kowace rana, idan ya ci gaba da yin wasa kamar yadda yake, zai yi nisa, yana da duniyar a kafa". 27 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallon sihiri a wasan da Al-Ittihad ta doke Al-Taawon da ci 4-3. A 25th minti na wasan, Jamal Bajandouh Squared da ball to Fahad a gefen yankin, Fahad sa'an nan shãfe shi, sama da buga wani ferocious bicycle harbi da cewa ya tashi da Al-Taawon golan Sultan Al-Ghamdi a cikin mayar da net Fahad ya kuma ci fanareti a wasan daya buga inda ya kware wajen tura Sultan Al-Ghamdi zuwa inda bai dace ba yayin da yake sanya kwallo a daya bangaren na raga. A ranar 15 ga Mayun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya sake zira kwallo mai ban mamaki a cikin "Derby of Jeddah" wanda ya ci kwallon farko a minti na 84 bayan ya yanke ciki ya kuma harba wata iska mai karfin gaske a saman kusurwar dama ta raga da ta wuce mara taimako Abdullah Al-Maiouf a cikin raga ta Al-Ahli Ko yaya dai Salman Al-Moasher ya yi nasarar wuce gona da iri a minti na 89 don daure lamuran, wasan ya kare 1-1. A ranar 31 ga Mayun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallo a wasan El-Clasico na Saudiyya, a wasan kusa da na karshe na Kofin Zakarun Turai a filin wasa na King Fahd International Stadium, inda ya harba kwallon daga bugun fanareti, inda ya soke budewar daga mai tsaron baya na Al-Hilal Digão Koyaya wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi ga Al-Ittihad yayin da suka ci gajiyar wasan suka ƙare da nasarar da ci 4-1 ga Al-Hilal Fahad ya kammala kakar wasan 2014/15 da kwallaye 10 a wasanni 24, yayin da ya samu yabo daga masana kan wasu wasanni da suka gabata a Saudi Arabia League da kuma Kofin Zakarun Turai Ayyukan duniya A watan Mayun shekara ta 2018, aka raɗa masa suna a Saudi Arabia ta farko tawagar ga 2018 gasar cin kofin duniya a Rasha Koyaya, rawar da ya taka a gasar cin kofin duniya an dauke shi a matsayin babban abin takaici, saboda rashin iyawarsa da kuma shirun nasa a wasu lokuta masu mahimmanci. Daga karshe Saudi Arabiya ta fado daga wasan rukuni-rukuni, bayan da ta sha kashi 0-5 a hannun Rasha da kuma 0-1 a hannun Uruguay Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Kididdigar da ta dace daidai da wasa ta buga 5 Yuni 2021.
Manufofin duniya Sakamako da sun lissafa burin Saudi Arabia da farko. Daraja Al Ittihad
Kofin Sarakuna 2013, 2018
Kofin Yarima mai Sarauta 2016–17
Saudi wacce ta zo ta biyu a gasar: 2013, 2018
Kowane mutum
Kofin Sarki na Gwanayen Mafi Kyawun Valan wasa: 2013
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Saudiyya
Wasannin FIFA
Wasanni
Wasa
Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed |
25055 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Koeman | Ronald Koeman | Ronald Koeman
Yakasance dan kasar Holand ne kuma kwararren me koyar da yan wasa na kulob din Barcelona.Yakasnce dan wasa ne ta klobin sannan daga bisani ya jagoranci kungiyar kwallan kafa ta kulob din barcelona.
Shekarun Haihuwa Ronald koeman (An haifa shi a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1963).
Garin Haihuwa An haife shi a kasar Netherlands.
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21237 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilli%20Henoch | Lilli Henoch | Lilli Henoch (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1899 ta kuma mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1942) ta kasance Bajamushiya ce, yar wasan tsere ce da tsalle-tsalle, wacce ta kafa tarihin duniya har sau hudu, kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun kasar Jamus har sau 10, a fannoni daban daban guda hudu. Henoch ta kafa tarihin duniya a cikin discus (sau biyu), harbin da aka saka, da kuma abubuwan nisan mita 4 100 Ta kuma ci gasar zakarun ƙasar ta Jamus a harbi sau huɗu, tseren mita 4 re 100 sau uku, discus sau biyu, da kuma tsalle mai tsayi Bayahude ce, kuma a lokacin Holocaust din an kori da ita da mahaifiyarsa ta hanyar Nazis.
Rayuwar farko Henoch Bayahudiya ce, kuma an haife ta me a Königsberg, East Prussia (Jamus). Mahaifinta Dan kasuwa ne, ya mutu a shekara ta 1912. Ita da dangin ta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Berlin, kuma daga baya mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure.
Waƙa da filin aiki Henoch ta kafa tarihin a duniya a cikin discus, shot shot, da kuma tare da abokan aikinta abubuwan nisan mita 4 100. Tsakanin shekarar 1922 da shekara ta 1926, ta ci gasar zakarun ƙasar Jamus 10: a harbe-harbe, 1922-25; discus, 1923 da 1924; dogon tsalle, 1924; da kuma gudun mita 4 100, 1924–26. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Henoch ya shiga Kungiyar Wasannin Berlin (BSC), wanda kusan yahudawa kwata ɗaya ne. Ta kuma rasa damar shiga cikin wasannin Olympics na lokacin bazara na shekarar 1924, saboda ba a ba wa Jamus damar shiga cikin Wasannin ba bayan Yaƙin Duniya na A cikin shekarar 1924, ta horar da ɓangaren mata a Bar Kochba Berlin Ta kasance memba na kungiyar wasan hockey ta BSC, wacce ta lashe gasar Hockey ta Berlin a shekarar 1925.
Discus Ta kafa tarihin duniya a cikin discus a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1922, da nisan mita 24.90. Ta ci amanar wannan a ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1923, tare da jifa na mita 26.62. Ta ci gasar Jamus ta kasa a discus a shekarar 1923 da shekara ta 1924, kuma ta ci lambar azurfa a shekarar 1925.
Tsalle mai tsayi A cikin shekarar 1924, Henoch ya lashe Gasar Long Jump Championship ta Jamus, bayan da ya ci lambar tagulla a taron a shekarar da ta gabata.
Shot sa A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1925 Henoch ya kafa tarihin duniya wanda ya kafa tarihi tare da jefa mita 11.57. Ta lashe gasar zakarun kasar ta Jamus a harbi wanda aka buga a 1922-25, kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa a 1921 da 1926.
4 100 gudun ba da sanda A shekarar 1926, ta yi wasan farko a kan mita 4 100 relay na duniya sakan 50.40 a Cologne, ta karya tarihin da ya gabata na tsawan kwanaki 1,421 da dakika guda. Ta lashe gasar zakarun ƙasar ta Jamus a wasan tseren mita 4 100 a 1924–26.
Dash 100 mita A shekarar 1924, ta lashe lambar azurfa a mita 100 a gasar kasa ta Jamus.
Tashin hankali bayan tashin hankali na Nazi Bayan Adolf Hitler ya hau mulki a 1933, Henoch da duk wasu yahudawa sun tilasta barin membobin BSC, ta sabbin dokokin Nazi. Daga nan sai ta shiga Jcherdischer Turn-und Sportclub a shekarar 1905 (Jewish Gymnastics and Sports Club a shekarar 1905), wacce ta takaita ga yahudawa kawai, wacce ta taka leda da hannu kuma ta kasance mai koyarwa. Ta kuma zama malamin motsa jiki a makarantar firamare ta yahudawa. Saboda ita Bayahudiya ce, gwamnatin Jamus ba ta ba ta damar halartar wasannin Olympics na bazara na shekarar 1936 ba Kashewa Gwamnatin Nazi ta Jamus ta kori Henoch, mahaifiyarsa mai shekaru 66, da dan uwanta zuwa Riga Ghetto a cikin Latvia da Nazi ta Jamus ta mamaye a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1942, lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ita da mahaifiyarta an ɗauke su daga ghetto kuma ƙungiyar kashe hannu ta Einsatzgruppen sun harbe ta a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1942, tare da wasu adadi da yawa na yahudawa da aka kwaso daga gehetto. Dukkansu an binne su a babban kabari kusa da Riga, Latvia Yayanta ya ɓace, ba tare da wata alama ba.
Zauren shahara da tunawa An shigar da Henoch cikin Zauren Wasannin Yahudawa na Kasa da Kasa a shekarar 1990. A cikin shekarar 2008, an girka Stolperstein don girmama ta a gaban tsohon gidan ta a Berlin.
Duba kuma Jerin zaɓaɓɓun 'yan wasan yahudawa da filin wasa
Manazarta
Kara karantawa "Lilli Henoch. Fragmente aus dem Leben einer jüdischen Sportlerin und Turnlehrerin Ehlert, Martin-Heinz, Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte des Sports, Volume 3, Fitowa ta 2, shafi na 34-48, 1989
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Lilli Henoch da Martha Jacob 'Yan Wasannin Bayahude Biyu a Jamus Kafin da Bayan 1933", na Berno Bahroa, Wasanni a Tarihi, Juzu'i na 30, Fitowa ta 2, shafuffuka na 267-87, 2010
Mutuwan 1942
Haifaffun 1899
Yahudawa
Yahudawa mata
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24146 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Gine%20Gine%20na%20Musulunci%20a%20Kasar%20Sin | Tsarin Gine Gine na Musulunci a Kasar Sin | Tsarin gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin ko na Musulunci a kasar Sin kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita don nuna al'adun gargajiya na Musulmai a ƙasar Sin daga babban yankin kasar ko na kasar Sin tun daga farkon zamani zuwa yanzu. Tare da ci gaban Musulunci a cikin al'adun Han na kasar Sin, wani gini na musamman ya fito daidai da koyarwar Musulunci. Ya zama misali don haɗa abubuwan gine -gine na gargajiyar Sinawa da na Musulunci tare don masallatai da sauran gine -gine. Addinin Musulunci ya samu gindin zama a China tun a shekaru 1400 da suka gabata. Zuwa yanzu Musulmai a China sune ke da rashin rinjaye da kaso tsakanin 0.45% zuwa 1.8% na gaba ɗaya jama'ar a wata ƙididdiga da akayi ta baya-bayan nan. Ƴan Ƙabilar Hui sune sukafi yawan Musulmi a cikin su, Yankin Xinjiang, shi yafi kowanne yanki yawan Musulmai inda yan kabilar Uyghur sukafi yawa. Haka nan ma akwai musulmai a yankunan Ningxia, Gansu da Qinghai.
Gabatarwar Musulunci 616–18 Miladiyya Ana danganta ginin Masallacin Huaisheng da ɗan uwan Annabi Muhammad na biyu, Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas Sahaban Annabi Muhammadu ne suka fara gabatar da Musulunci a China a 616 18 AD. Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, Sayid, Wahab ibn Abu Kabcha da wani Sahaba. Wahab ibn abu Kabcha (Wahb abi Kabcha) yana iya kasancewa dan al-Harth ibn Abdul Uzza (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Kabsha). An lura a wasu asusun cewa Wahab Abu Kabcha ya isa Canton ta teku a cikin 629 CE. Sa`ad bn Abi Waqqas, tare da Sahabbai uku, wato Suhayla Abuarja, Uwais al-Qarani, da Hassan ibn Thabit, sun dawo China daga Arabia a shekarar 637 ta hanyar Yunan-Manipur-Chittagong, sannan suka isa Arabiya ta teku. Wasu kafofin sun fara gabatar da Musulunci a China zuwa 650 Miladiyya, zama na uku na Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, lokacin da aka aiko shi a matsayin wakilin hukuma ga Sarki Gaozong a lokacin Halifa Uthman Tarihin Musulunci a China ya koma farkon shekarun Musulunci. Dangane da tarihin almara na Musulman China, shekaru goma sha takwas bayan rasuwar Muhammad, Khalifa na uku na Musulunci, Uthman ibn Affan ya aika da tawaga ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas, kawun Muhammad na mahaifiya, zuwa ga Sarkin Gaozong na ƙasar Sin.
Hamada Hagras inda ya rubuta cewa Majiyoyin tarihi na kasar Sin sun nuna cewa Sinawa ba su ji labarin Musulunci ba sai a cikin 639 AD, a cewar tsohon Littafin Tang Jiu Tangshu Sarkin Taizong (626-649) ya karbi ofishin jakadanci daga sarakunan Sassanid na karshe. Yazdegerd III yana neman taimako akan sojojin larabawa masu mamayewa na kasarsa. Duk da haka, sarkin ya guji taimaka masa Dangane da tarihin almara na Musulman kasar Sin, ofishin jakadancin da Uthman Halifa na uku ya aiko da Musulunci zuwa China a cikin 651, kasa da shekaru ashirin bayan rasuwar annabi Muhammad Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas, kawun annabi ne da kansa ya jagoranci ofishin jakadancin. Daga nan sai sarki Gaozong, sarkin Tang wanda ya karbi wakilin ya ba da umarnin gina masallacin Tunawa a Canton, masallaci na farko a kasar, don tunawa da annabi. Yayin da masana tarihi na zamani ke cewa babu wata shaida ga Waqqās kansa da ya taɓa zuwa China, sun yi imanin cewa jami'an diflomasiyya da 'yan kasuwa na Musulmi sun isa Tang China a cikin' yan shekarun da suka gabata daga farkon Zamanin Musulmi Al'adar daular Tang, tare da manyan abokan hulɗarta tare da Asiya ta Tsakiya da manyan al'ummomin (asalinsu ba Musulmi ba) na 'yan kasuwa na Asiya ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Asiya waɗanda ke zaune a biranen China, waɗanda suka taimaka gabatar da Musulunci. Hamada Hagras wanda a cikinsa ya ba da rahoton cewa "Musulunci ya isa China a zamanin Tang a cikin 651, lokacin bazara na shekara ta biyu na zamanin Sarki Gaozong a cikin wannan shekarar ita ce ofishin jakadancin Larabawa na farko zuwa kotun daular Tang, Wannan shine farkon hulda kai tsaye tsakanin Sinawa da Larabawa An fara lura da Larabawa a cikin rubutattun rubuce -rubucen Sinawa, a ƙarƙashin sunan Dashi a cikin tarihin daular Tang (618 907), (Tashi ko Dashi shine fassarar Tazi sunan da mutanen Farisa ke amfani da Larabawa). Bayanan da aka fara daga 713 suna magana game da isowar jakadiyar Dashi. Manyan matsugunan Musulmai na farko a China sun ƙunshi Araban kasuwa Larabawa da Farisa. Majiyoyin Larabawa sun ce Qutayba ibn Muslim ya dauki Kashgar daga China a takaice ya janye bayan yarjejeniya amma masana tarihi na zamani gaba daya sun yi watsi da wannan ikirarin. Halifancin Umayyawa na Larabawa a cikin 715 AD ya nemi Ikhshid, sarki kwarin Fergana, kuma ya naɗa sabon sarki Alutar akan kursiyin. Sarkin da aka hambarar ya tsere zuwa Kucha (kujerar Anxi Protectorate ya nemi China ta shiga tsakani. Sinawa sun tura sojoji 10,000 karkashin Zhang Xiaosong zuwa Ferghana Ya ci Alutar da sojojin mamayar Larabawa a Namangan sannan ya sake sanya Ikhshid akan karagar mulki.
Gine -ginen Musulunci na kasar Sin a zamanin Tang Tsarin gine -ginen addinin Musulunci na ƙasar Sin na farko shi ne Babban Masallaci a Xian an gina shi a cikin 742 (gwargwadon yadda aka zana shi a kan allon dutse a ciki), da Masallacin Daxuexi Alley da ke Xi'an (Bisa ga rubutun sarki Jiajing na daular Ming; an gina masallaci a 705)
Gine-ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Song-Liao Akwai misalai da yawa na gine -ginen Musulunci a lokacin daular Song da Liao; Masallacin Niujie da ke Beijing Saukakken Sinanci Sinawa na gargajiya pinyin Niújiē lǐbàisì Wade Giles Niu-chieh Li-pai-ssu "Oxen Street House of Worship" ko Sinanci pinyin Niújiē Qīngzhēnsì' Wade Giles Niu-chieh Ch'ing-chen-ssu "Masallacin Titin Oxen") shine masallaci mafi tsufa a Beijing, China An fara gina shi a shekarar 996 a lokacin daular Liao kuma an sake gina shi tare da fadada shi a karkashin Sarkin Cheng Hua na daular Ming wanda ya ba da tallafin kuɗi na masallaci a 1474, da Sarkin Kangxi (r. 1661–1722) na daular Qing da Masallacin Huaisheng da ke Guangzhou.
Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Yuan Akwai misalai da yawa na gine -ginen Musulunci a lokacin Yuan kamar Masallacin Beijing Dongsi wanda ya faɗaɗa a zamanin daular Ming, Masallacin Tongzhou na Beijing Masallacin Qanjhou Qingjing wanda ke da kawai misalin ƙofar dutse, Masallacin Hangzhou Fenghuang Wannan lokacin ya kasance da abubuwan gine -ginen Musulunci kamar manyan ƙofar shiga, ƙofofi, yankunan canji, amfani da tubali da duwatsu.
Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Ming A zamanin daular Ming, an fara gina dakunan karatu a cikin masallatai a Shaanxi daga baya kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar Sin.
Gine -ginen Musulunci na ƙasar Sin a zamanin Qing
Gongbei Gongbei Sin PinYin Gǒngběi; daga Larabci Persian ma'ana "Dome", "cupola"), shi ne wani ajali amfani da mutanen Hui a Arewa maso Yammacin China don haɗaɗɗun wuraren ibada na Musulunci ta'allaƙa ne akan kabarin babban malamin Sufi, musamman wanda ya kafa menhuan (ƙungiyar Sufi ta China, ko "zuriyar tsarkaka"). Kabarin da kansa galibi ana ɗora shi da dome Irin wannan wurin ana kiransa dargah a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Musulunci.
Tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1966, an lalata ƙaburbura da yawa na Sufaye a Ningxia da duk arewa maso yammacin China gaba ɗaya, waɗanda hukumomi ke kallon su a matsayin kayan tarihi na tsohon tsari na “feudal” da alamomin addinin da a ka soki, da kuma dalilai masu amfani (“ɓata mahimmanci kasar gona Da zarar an sake samun 'yancin addini a cikin shekarun 1980, kuma yawancin ƙasar ta koma hannun manoma, an lalata gongbei sau da yawa.
Manazarta Gine-gine
Musulunci
Tarihin Sin
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34362 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunketts%20Creek%20Bridge%20No.%203 | Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 | map_captionPlunketts Creek Bridge No. 3
map_typePlunketts Creek Bridge No. 3
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Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 wata gada ce mai ruguza masonry dutse a kan Plunketts Creek a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek, gundumar Lycoming a jihar Pennsylvania ta Amurka. An gina shi tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1875, mai yiwuwa kusa da 1840, lokacin da aka gina titin da ke kan rafin da ke tsakanin ƙauyukan Barbours da Proctor da ba a haɗa su ba. Tafiya daga baki, gadar ita ce ta uku da ta haye rafin, saboda haka sunanta.
Gadar ta kasance tsawo, tare da baka wanda ya kai fadi, da fadin titin Ya ɗauki hanya ɗaya ta zirga-zirga. A cikin karni na 19, katako, fata, da masana'antun kwal da ke aiki tare da rafin sun yi amfani da gadar da hanyarta. A farkon karni na 20, waɗannan masana'antu sun kusan barin gaba ɗaya, kuma ƙauyuka sun ƙi. Yankin da gadar ta yi aiki ya koma mafi yawa zuwa gandun girma na biyu kuma an yi amfani da shi don shiga filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania da kuma gonar ciyawar jiha.
Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 an dauke shi "mahimmanci a matsayin cikakken misali na ginin gada na tsakiyar karni na 19", kuma an ƙara shi zuwa National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988. Ko da yake an gyara ta bayan wata babbar ambaliyar ruwa a shekara ta 1918, ambaliya mai tarihi a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1996, ta lalata gadar sosai, kuma ta rushe a cikin Maris 1996. Kafin ambaliya ta 1996 kimanin motoci 450 ne ke wucewa a kowace rana. Daga baya waccan shekarar, an gina gada mai maye gurbin kuma an rubuta tsohon tsarin dutse ta Tarihin Injiniya na Amurka An cire shi daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002.
Tarihi
Mazaunan farko da suna Plunketts Creek yana cikin Kogin Susquehanna na Yammacin Kogin Susquehanna farkon mazaunan da aka yi rikodin su ne Susquehannocks Yawansu ya ragu sosai saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yaƙe da Al'ummai biyar na Iroquois, kuma a shekara ta 1675 sun mutu, sun ƙaura, ko kuma an haɗa su cikin wasu kabilu. Kwarin Kogin Susquehanna na Yamma ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Iroquois, waɗanda suka gayyaci ƙabilun da suka yi gudun hijira, ciki har da Lenape (Delaware) da Shawnee don zama a cikin ƙasashen da Susquehannocks suka bar. Yaƙin Faransanci da Indiya (1754–1763) ya haifar da ƙaura na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da yawa zuwa yamma zuwa rafin Kogin Ohio. Ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1768, Birtaniya sun sami Sabon Sayi daga Iroquois a cikin Yarjejeniyar Fort Stanwix, ciki har da abin da yake yanzu Plunketts Creek. Matsala ta farko tare da rafin da turawan mulkin mallaka ya yi tsakanin 1770 da 1776. Ana kiran Plunketts Creek don Kanar William Plunkett, likita, wanda shine shugaban farko na alƙali na Northumberland County bayan an kafa shi a 1772. A lokacin rikice-rikice da ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka, ya yi wa mutanen da suka ji rauni ya yi yaƙi da ’yan ƙasar. Plunkett ya jagoranci wani balaguro na Pennsylvania a cikin Yaƙin Pennamite-Yankee don tilastawa ƙaura daga Connecticut, waɗanda suka yi iƙirari kuma suka zauna a filaye a cikin Wyoming Valley kuma Pennsylvania ta yi iƙirarin. Don ayyukansa, an bai wa Plunkett fili fili guda shida wanda ya kai a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 1776, kodayake ba a bincika ƙasar ba har sai Satumba 1783. Ƙasar Plunkett ta haɗa da bakin raƙuman ruwa, don haka an ba Plunketts Creek sunansa. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1791, yana da kimanin shekaru 100, kuma an binne shi a Northumberland ba tare da wani alamar kabari ko abin tunawa ba (sai dai rafin da ke ɗauke da sunansa). An kafa gundumar Lycoming daga gundumar Northumberland a cikin 1795. Lokacin da aka kafa garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin gundumar Lycoming a cikin 1838, asalin sunan da aka gabatar shine "Plunkett Township", amma rashin goyon bayan Plunkett ga juyin juya halin Amurka wasu shekarun baya ya sa wasu suyi imani da amincinsa yana tare da Daular Burtaniya. Zargin da ake yi na nuna juyayinsa na aminci ya sa aka ƙi sunan da aka tsara. Bayar da sunan garin don rafi maimakon sunan sa ana ganin sa a matsayin sulhu mai karbuwa.
Kauyuka da hanya A cikin 1832, John Barbour ya gina katako a kan Loyalsock Creek kusa da bakin Plunketts Creek. Wannan ya ci gaba zuwa ƙauyen Barbours Mills, a yau da ake kira Barbours. A cikin karni na 19th, Barbours yana da maƙera da yawa, otal mai zafin rai, ofis ɗin gidan waya, masana'antar katako da yawa, makaranta, kantin sayar da kaya da kera wagon. A cikin 1840, an gina wata hanya daga arewa daga Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek, ta haye ta sau da yawa. Wannan ita ce ranar farko da za a fara aikin ginin gadar, amma tashar titin gundumar da ta tsira a kan ginin ba ta ambaci gadoji ko mashigar ruwa don tsallaka rafin ba. Gadar tana bakin Coal Mine Hollow, kuma hanyar da take kan itacen katako ne da masana'antun kwal waɗanda ke aiki a cikin garin Plunketts Creek Township a cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20th. Creeks a cikin garin sun ba da wutar lantarki zuwa niƙa 14 a cikin 1861, kuma zuwa 1876 akwai injinan katako 19, injin shingle, masana'antar woolen, da masana'anta A ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, waɗannan masana'antu sun tallafa wa mazauna ƙauyuka biyu a cikin Garin Plunketts Creek.
A cikin 1868 an kafa ƙauyen Proctorville a matsayin garin kamfani na masana'antar fata ta Thomas E. Proctor, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1873. Proctor, kamar yadda aka sani yanzu, arewa da Barbours tare da Plunketts Creek, kuma babbar hanyar zuwa gare ta ta haye gada. An yi amfani da bawon bishiyar hemlock na gabas wajen aikin tanning, kuma ƙauyen ya fara zama a tsakiyar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka. Ma'aikatar fatu ta dauki ma'aikata "daruruwan" aiki a kan albashi tsakanin cent 50 zuwa $1.75 a rana. Wadannan ma'aikata sun rayu a cikin 120 gidajen kamfanoni, wanda kowannensu yakan biya dala 2 a wata don yin haya. A cikin 1892, Proctor yana da shagon aski, maƙera biyu, tsayawar cigar, Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall, shagon fata, tashar labarai, gidan waya (wanda aka kafa a 1885), makarantar ɗaki biyu, shaguna biyu, da kantin wagon. Hanyar da ke tsakanin Barbours da Proctor ta ratsa Plunketts Creek sau hudu kuma gadoji hudu an lissafta su cikin tsari, suna farawa daga kudu maso kudu a Barbours kusa da baki kuma suna hawa sama. Yayin da shaidu irin su taswirori ke nuna cewa an gina gada ta uku kusa da 1840, tabbataccen tabbaci na farko na wanzuwarsa shine binciken da aka yi don mayar da hanyar tsakanin gadoji na biyu da na uku a 1875. An maye gurbin gada ta farko akan Plunketts Creek da gada da aka rufe a 1880, kuma gada ta biyu ta maye gurbin a 1886. A wannan shekarar, hanyar da ke tsakanin gadoji ta biyu da ta uku ta sake motsawa, ta koma matsayinta na farko a yammacin rafin. Ƙarshen fata ta tafin kafa an ɗauko ta a kan gada ta keken doki kudu zuwa Little Bear Creek, inda aka musanya shi da "kore" boye da sauran kayayyaki da aka kawo arewa daga Montoursville Daga nan aka kai su arewa gadar zuwa Proctor. Fatukan, waɗanda aka yi wa tangar fata don yin fata, sun fito ne daga Amurka, har zuwa Mexico, Argentina, da China Bawon Hemlock, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen aikin tanning, an ɗauko shi zuwa masana'antar fatu daga har zuwa nesa da lokacin rani da hunturu, ta amfani da keken keke da sleds. Haɓakar katako akan Plunketts Creek ya ƙare lokacin da katakon budurwar ya ƙare. A shekara ta 1898, tsohuwar hemlock na girma ya ƙare kuma an rufe shi kuma an rushe kamfanin Proctor Tannery, wanda ke da kamfanin Elk Tanning.
Karni na 20 Ƙananan katako ya ci gaba a cikin magudanar ruwa a cikin karni na 20, amma an yi ta shawagi na ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin gadar Plunketts Creek zuwa Loyalsock Creek a 1905. A cikin 1918, ambaliya a kan rafin ya lalata hanya tsawon a bangarorin biyu na gadar, kuma ya haifar da "tsattsauran ra'ayi da fashe gada kanta". Gadar ta bukaci gyara da sake ginawa. A cikin 1931, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ta zartar da doka wacce ta ba wa jihar alhakin farashin titi da gada don yawancin manyan tituna na kananan hukumomi. Wannan ya fara aiki a cikin 1932, tare da sauke Plunketts Creek Township da Lycoming County na alhakin. Ba tare da katako da masana'antar fatu ba, al'ummar Proctor da Barbours sun ragu, haka kuma zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan hanya da gadoji a tsakanin su. Ofishin gidan waya na Barbours ya rufe a cikin 1930s kuma ofishin gidan waya na Proctor ya rufe a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1953. Kauyukan biyu kuma sun rasa makarantunsu da kuma kusan dukkanin kasuwancinsu. Proctor ya yi bikin cika shekaru ɗari a 1968, kuma labarin jarida na 1970 akan taron shekara-shekara na "Proctor Homecoming" karo na 39 ya kira shi "tsohon garin tannery da ke kusa". A cikin 1980s, kantin sayar da na ƙarshe a Barbours ya rufe, kuma tsohon otal (wanda ya zama kulob na farauta) ya tsage don yin hanyar sabuwar gada a kan Loyalsock Creek. Plunketts Creek wuri ne na katako da yawon shakatawa tun lokacin da aka kafa ƙauyuka, kuma yayin da masana'antu suka ragu, yanayin ya dawo. Dazuzzuka na biyu na girma tun daga lokacin sun mamaye mafi yawan wuraren da aka yanke. Majalisar dokokin jihar Pennsylvania ta ba da izinin mallakar filaye da aka yi watsi da ita don filayen Wasannin Jihar Pennsylvania a cikin 1919, kuma Hukumar Wasannin Pennsylvania (PGC) ta sami dukiya tare da Plunketts Creek don Lamba na Ƙasar Wasan Jiha 134 tsakanin 1937 da 1945. Babban kofar shiga Lands Game Lands 134 tana arewa da wurin gadar, a gefen gabas na rafin. PGC ta kafa Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya a cikin 1945 a wani yanki na filayen Wasan Jiha 134 don kiwon turkey daji. An canza gonar zuwa samar da pheasant na ringneck a cikin 1981, kuma, tun daga 2007, ɗaya ce daga cikin gonakin wasan wasan Pennsylvania guda huɗu waɗanda ke samar da dabbobi kusan 200,000 kowace shekara don sakin ƙasa a buɗe don farautar jama'a. Farmakin Wasannin Jiha ta Arewa ta Tsakiya yana cikin kwarin Plunketts Creek, kudu da Proctor da arewacin gada. Bude karshen mako na lokacin kamun kifi yana kawo ƙarin mutane zuwa ƙauyen Barbours a bakin Plunketts Creek fiye da kowane lokaci na shekara. A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1988, an ƙara gadar zuwa National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP), a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙididdiga da yawa (MPS) na Babbar Hanya Mallaka ta Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Sashen Sufuri, TR. MPS sun haɗa da gadoji 135 mallakar Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Pennsylvania (PennDOT), 58 daga cikinsu na nau'in baka ne na dutse. Yayin da mutum NRHP form na gada ya kawo rahoton bincike na 1932 (shekarar da jihar ta karɓi kulawar ta), form ɗin MPS cikin kuskure ya ba da ranar ginin gadar a matsayin 1932.
Ambaliyar ruwa da halaka A cikin Janairu 1996, an yi babban ambaliyar ruwa a duk faɗin Pennsylvania. Farkon lokacin sanyi na 1995–1996 ya yi sanyi da ba a saba gani ba, kuma ƙanƙara mai yawa da aka samu a cikin rafukan gida. Babban guguwa a ranar 6-8 ga Janairu An samar da har zuwa na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda aka biyo bayan Janairu 19-21 da fiye da ruwan sama tare da yanayin zafi sama da da iska har zuwa Ruwan sama da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara sun haifar da ambaliya a ko'ina cikin Pennsylvania da cunkoson kankara ya sa hakan ya fi muni a koguna da yawa. A wani wurin kuma a gundumar Lycoming, ambaliyar ruwa a Lycoming Creek a ciki da kusa da Williamsport ta kashe mutane shida tare da haddasa asarar miliyoyin daloli. A kan Plunketts Creek, cunkoson kankara ya haifar da rikodin ambaliya, wanda ya haifar da babbar lahani ga gadar dutsen tsakiyar karni na 19. A ƙasa a cikin Barbours, ruwan ya kasance a cikin abin da ake kira "ƙauyen mafi muni a tarihi". Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 daya daga cikin biyu da aka lalata a gundumar Lycoming, kuma a ranar 31 ga Janairu an nuna hoton gadar da ta lalace a shafin farko na Williamsport Sun-Gazette tare da taken "Wannan tsohuwar gadar dutsen da ke kan Plunketts Creek dole ne. canza." A cikin gundumar Sullivan da ke maƙwabta, gadar Sonestown Covered, kuma a kan NRHP, ambaliyar ta lalace sosai har ta kasance a rufe don gyarawa har zuwa ƙarshen Disamba 1996. A duk faɗin Pennsylvania, waɗannan ambaliya sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 20 da kuma gadoji 69 na birni ko na jihohi ko dai an “lalata ko kuma an rufe su har sai an tabbatar da amincin su”. Lokacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa ba za a iya gyara gadar ba, PennDOT ya ba da kwangilar gaggawa don gadar wucin gadi kafin karshen watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da "motocin gaggawa wadanda ba za su iya tafiya kai tsaye daga Barbours" zuwa Proctor da kuma bayan haka ba. Gadar wucin gadi ta kashe $87,000 kuma ta kasance fadi. Hotunan shigar da gadar a cikin Tarihin Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka (HAER) an ɗauki su a cikin Janairu, kuma HAER "an shirya fakitin takardu a matsayin raguwa don rushewar gaggawa" na gadar, wacce ta rushe a watan Maris. An kammala gadar maye gurbin dindindin a cikin 1996, kuma an cire tsohuwar gadar daga NRHP a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2002.
Bayani da gini Plunketts Creek Bridge No. 3 wata gada ce mai tarkace masonry dutse gada, wacce take fuskantar gabas yamma akan Plunketts Creek. Gabaɗaya tsayinsa ya kasance kuma bakansa na madauwari guda ɗaya ya kai Faɗin benen gadar ya kasance kuma hanyarsa ta kasance fadi, wanda zai iya ɗaukar hanya ɗaya kawai na zirga-zirga. Kafin ambaliyar ruwan da ta kai ga lalata gadar, motoci kusan 450 ne ke tsallaka gadar a kullum. Kusurwoyin waje na bangon reshe sun kasance baya, wanda ya haɗu tare da tsayin tsayin ya jagoranci zuwa jimlar yanki na ana jera su akan NRHP. Gadar ta ta'allaka ne a kan abubuwan da aka yi wa ado da siminti bayan an fara gina ta. An goyan bayan baka ta hanyar voussoirs da aka yi da "dutsen tarkace marasa tsari", ba tare da dutsen maɓalli ba. Har ila yau, babu wani dutse da ya ba da kwanan wata ko wasu bayanan ginin. Hannun hanyoyin sun kasance gefen bangon fuka-fuki da aka gina da duwatsun tsage- tsafe, kuma bangon spandrel ya kasance saman da tarkace da aka yi da “tsararrun duwatsu masu kauri”. Titin titin gadar ya tsaya kai tsaye a saman bakanta. Wannan ya haifar da "ƙunƙuntaccen bango a kambin baka" da kuma "tushen dutse mai fitowa" a saman wannan bangon spandrel na kowane gefe. Yawancin gadoji na dutse suna da ɗorewa masu ƙarfi ba tare da ado ba; wannan gada ta dandali crnellation kasance a ado siffa. Gine-gine da bayyanar da aka yi wa gadar ta zama ta musamman tsakanin gadajen dutse 58 na Pennsylvania wanda aka zaɓe ta don NRHP. Pennsylvania tana da dogon tarihin gadoji na dutse, gami da mafi tsufa irin wannan gada da ake amfani da su a cikin Amurka, gadar 1697 Frankford Avenue akan Pennypack Creek a Philadelphia Irin waɗannan gadoji yawanci suna amfani da dutse na gida, tare da nau'ikan ƙarewa iri uku. Rubble ko ginin gine-gine na aji na uku sun yi amfani da duwatsu kamar yadda suka fito daga dutsen; dutse mai murabba'i ko masonry na aji na biyu sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi wa ado da murabba'i; kuma ashlar ko masonry na farko sun yi amfani da duwatsun da aka yi musu ado da kyau kuma a tsanake. Rubble masonry shine mafi sauri kuma mafi arha don gini, kuma yana da mafi girman juriya Yawancin tsoffin gadoji na dutse a Pennsylvania an gina su ne ta amfani da fasahohin ginin gine-gine. An fara aikin ginin gadar dutse tare da tono harsashin ginin ginin. Sannan wani tsari na wucin gadi da aka sani da cibiya ko tsakiya zai kasance da katako ko ƙarfe. Wannan tsari ya goyi bayan baka na dutse yayin gini. Da zarar an gina baka na dutse, ana iya ƙara ganuwar spandrel da bangon reshe. Sa'an nan kuma aka gina gadon titin, tare da cika (dutse maras kyau ko datti) don tallafawa shi yadda ake bukata. Gabaɗaya an saita bangon bango da duwatsun baka a bushe don tabbatar da dacewa mai kyau, sannan an saita su a turmi Da zarar an gama gadar kuma turmin ya taurare sosai, sai a sauke cibiyar a hankali sannan a cire. A cikin Maris 1996, bayan tsayawa tsakanin shekaru 156 zuwa 121, baka na gada mai lamba 3 ta rushe.
Lura
Duba kuma Jerin gadoji da Rubutun Injiniya na Tarihi na Amurka ya rubuta a Pennsylvania
Jerin gadoji akan Rajista na Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a Pennsylvania
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48212 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20shakatawa%20na%20Chadi%20Basin | Gidan shakatawa na Chadi Basin | Gidan shakatawa na Chadi Basin wani wurin shaƙatawa ne na ƙasa a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, a cikin Chadi Basins, tare da jimlar yanki kusan 2,258 km2.
Gidan shakatawa ya ragargaje, tare da bangarori uku. Yankin Chingurmi-Duguma yana cikin Jihar Borno, a cikin yankin muhalli na Savanna na Sudan.
Yankunan Bade-Nguru da Bulatura suna cikin Jihar Yobe a cikin yankin muhalli na Sahel.
Tarihi Gidan shakatawa na Chad Basin yana cikin tsohuwar Daular Kanem-Bornu, wanda ya wanzu daga karni na 9 zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na jihohin Borno da Yobo na yanzu. Kafin karni na 10, an kafa Daular kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin daular Afirka da aka tsara da kyau a siyasa daidai da daular Mali da Songhai. Daular Borno ta wancan lokacin ta bunkasa a cikin Basin na al'ada na Tafkin Chadi, inda filin shakatawa na Chadi ke tsaye.
Matsayi Gidan shakatawa ya haɗu da tsohon Chingurmi-Dugoma Game Reserve, Gorgoram da Zurgun Baneri Forest Reserves, da Bulature Oasis. Ya zuwa 1999 ba a bincika shi ba, don haka ba a kafa iyakokin da kyau ba. Manoma da yawa, makiyaya da masunta suna amfani da wurin shaƙatawa. Duk da zuba jari mai yawa a cikin masauki ga masu yawon bude ido, bangarorin wurin shakatawa kawai suna jan hankalin baƙi ɗari a kowace shekara saboda rashin namun daji mai ban mamaki. A shekara ta 2008, ma'aikatan ofishin wurin shakatawa a Maiduguri ba su san komai game da wurin shakatawa ba, an watsar da masauki, kuma masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar bangarorin wurin shakatawa dole ne su ɗauki motoci masu banƙyama kuma su shirya don yin sansani.
Saboda rashin tsaro a yankin, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta dakatar da ayyukan da bincike na ɗan lokaci a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Chadi a cikin 2021; an kuma dakatar da ayyukan a cikin Ginin Kasa na Kainji da Kamuku National Park.
Sashin Chingurmi-Duguma Yankin Chingurmi-Duguma yana cikin Karamar Hukumar Bama ta Jihar Borno, kusa da Waza National Park a Jamhuriyar Kamaru, a kusa da daidaitattun 11.75000°N 14.25000°E 11.65000; 14.25000.
Yana da yanki na 1,228 km2, tare da shimfidar wuri.
Yankin arewa yana cikin yankin Sahel yayin da yankin kudancin yana da yanayin muhalli na Sudan Guinea savanna, kuma ya haɗa da gandun daji na Acacia-Balanites da aka raba ta hanyar tsananin giwa da sorghum.
Ruwa daga kogin Dorma ya ambaliya da yawa daga cikin bangaren a lokacin ruwan sama, yana haifar da wuraren ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke jan hankalin tsuntsayen ruwa da sauran namun daji.
Ginin baƙar fata mai ƙwallo (Balearica pavonina) yana da yawa, amma ana ɗaukarsa mai rauni.
Guineafowl mai kwalkwali (Numida meleagris) ma yana da yawa.
Demoiselle cranes (Grus virgo) ziyara a cikin hunturu, da kuma adadi mai yawa na fararen storks (Ciconia ciconia).
Wani rahoto na 2007 ya kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin giwaye 100 a cikin sashin, wanda har yanzu yana iya ƙaura zuwa da kuma daga wurin shakatawa na Waza.
Hukumomin gandun daji na Kamaru da Najeriya suna aiki tare don hana farautar namun daji da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da darajar kiyayewa ta dogon lokaci.
IUCN ta yi tattaunawa game da sanya bangaren da kuma Waza National Park wani yanki mai kariya na kasa da kasa.
Yankin Bade-Nguru Wetlands Yankin Bade-Nguru Wetlands yana daga cikin wuraren Hadejia-Nguru, kuma yana da yanki na 938 km2 a kusa da daidaitattun 12.66667°N 10.50000°E 12. 66667; 10.50000.
Yana kwance a kudu maso yammacin yankunan karamar hukuma na Bade da Jakusko na Jihar Yobe.
Sashin ya haɗa da Dagona Waterfowl Sanctuary, wani muhimmin wurin hutawa ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura.
Har ila yau, ya haɗa da wuraren ajiyar gandun daji guda biyar.
Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana tsakanin 200600, a lokacin ƙarshen Mayu Satumba.
Tare da rage ambaliyar ruwa saboda madatsun ruwa da kuma watakila canjin yanayi, kuma tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, yanayin yana lalacewa. Akwai karuwar gasa tsakanin mutane da namun daji. Manoma sun fitar da guba don kashe Quelea quelea mai lalata amfanin gona, a cikin aiwatar da kashe nau'in da ba a yi niyya ba. Yankin da ke gefen yanzu yana zuwa ƙarƙashin noma kuma ana rufe bishiyoyi a cikin gandun daji.
Sashin Bulatura Yankin Bulatura yana cikin yankin karamar hukumar Yusufari na Jihar Yobe, kuma yana da yanki na 92 km2 a kusa da daidaitattun 13.25000°N 11.00000°E 13.24000; 11.00000.
Yankin yana da jerin kwari masu santsi da aka raba ta hanyar yashi mai kyau. Kwarin suna dauke da wadatattun ajiyar potash.
Bayani Wuraren shaƙatawa a Najeriya
Wuraren |
18329 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imambara%20Zadibal | Imambara Zadibal | Imambara Zadibal shine Imbara na farko da aka gina a cikin Kwarin Kashmir ta Kaji Chak, minista a lokacin mulkin Sultan Mohammad a shekara ta 1518. Wannan Imbara an ƙone ta an lalata ta da yawa.
Tarihi Imambara Zadibal ɗayan tsoffin kayayyakin tarihi na Kashmir, yana cikin jihar Jammu da Kashmir, waɗanda Indiya ke gudanarwa. Yana cikin yankin Zadibal a cikin Srinagar zuwa yamma da sansanin. An gina shi a cikin 1518, Kaji Chak, wanda yake minista tare da Sultan Mohammed Shah, ya gina wannan wurin bautar. Wannan ginin mai hawa biyu yana daya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren tarihi a kwarin Kashmir. Yana zaune a kan layin gine-ginen Farisa, wannan wurin bautar ya tsufa kuma wannan sanannen wuri ne na yawon shakatawa. Daga 1548 AD zuwa 1872 AD, ginin ya cinna wuta sau goma sha ɗaya kuma an sake gina shi kowane lokaci. Kwanan nan, tsohuwar Imambara aka saukar da ita 2004 don sake fasali da sake gina wurin bautar da ke tsaye a yau. Wurin ibadar yana da girma don ɗaukar baƙi fiye da 32,000 a lokaci guda.
Akwai labarai daban-daban game da ginin Imambara Zadibal, amma tarihi ya ce Tajik Shah ya ba da kyautar ƙasar zadibal ga Mir Shamshud din Iraqi, wanda ya gabatar da addinin Shi'a ga Kashmir kuma ya rinjayi jami'an gwamnatin wancan lokacin.
Sannan dangin Mir Shamshud ɗin Iraqi, wanda kabarinsa ba shi da 'yan kaɗan kaɗan daga Imambara Zadibal, sun zauna a wurin. Zuriyarsa ta biyar sun gina masallacinsu na sirri kuma sun zauna kusa da farkon karni na ashirin da daya. Sun ware filaye masu amfani don samar da kudi don kula da masallaci. Sun riƙe haƙƙin mallaka ga kansu amma sun ba maƙwabtansu damar yin addu'a a can.
Ta zama babbar cibiyar karatun mabiya Ahlul baiti. Dattawan dangin Markdar zasu koyar game da addini. Sun kuma gina Hamam don amfani dashi azaman masaukin baƙi don matafiya masu zuwa daga Baltistan da sauran yankuna masu nisa. A lokacin Maharaja Ghulab Singh wanda yake son ya rike dukkan cibiyoyin karkashin ikon mulkinsa ta hanyar wakilansa (Jalalis) ta yadda babu wanda zai iya yi masa tawaye. Sannan rikici ya ɓarke tsakanin Jalalis da Markdars. Ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 150.
A lokacin Firayim Minista na Kashmir Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, 'Yan kasuwar sun ba da gudummawar Imambara ga' yan Shi'a kuma daga baya ƙungiyar Shi'a ta ɗauki nauyin kula da ita. Shiungiyar Shia ta sayi ƙasar da ke kusa da Imambara daga Markdars ta yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban, gami da musayar yare da biyan kuɗi. Kwanan nan, Marigayi Molvi Iftikhar Hussein Ansari ya gyara Imambara.
Gine-gine Saurin tsarin gine-ginen Fasiya, Imambara Zadibal gini ne mai hawa biyu. Ana yin sa ne da tubalin gabas. Tubalin Maharaji ya mamaye yanki mai girman murabba'in mita 75. Wannan gidan ibada yana da rawanin bene da yawa da ake kira Gulam Gardish. Akwai tsakiyar matakin ƙasa ana kiransa Pokhr. Hakanan yana da babban ɗakin hoto tare da ƙofofi huɗu.
A halin yanzu, tsarin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar All Jammu da Kashmir Shi'a Association, waɗanda ke kula da shi. Tsarin da muke gani a yau yana ci gaba da aikin gini.
Bukukuwa Musulmin Shia 'yan tsiraru ne a Kashmir. A cikin kwanaki 10 na farko na Muharram, Imambada Zadibal ya zama cibiyar makoki da taron addini a Zadibal. Mabiya Shia suna shiga cikin juyayin, galibi suna ƙarewa ne a lokacin bikin Ashura, lokacin da babban jerin gwano ke bi ta titunan Zadibal suna karewa a Imambada Zadibal. Ana ci gaba da zaman makoki daga ranar farko ta Muharram zuwa takwas ga watan Musulunci na watan Rabi al Awwal, bayan haka ana bikin Eid al Zahra, wanda aka fi sani da Eid e Shuja. Wannan ya kawo karshen zaman makoki na watanni biyu.
Gini da lalata Immabara Zadibal ya lalace kuma an sake gina shi da yawa. Daga lokacin Sultan Nazuk Shah na Mirza Douglat a 1548 AD har zuwa lokacin Maharaja Ranbir Singh a 1872 AD, wannan hasken ya ƙone kusan sau goma sha ɗaya.
A lokacin da aka gina Imambara Zadibal, gini ne mai ɗaukaka kuma mutane a yankin Kashmir suna alfahari da shi. Koyaya, Mirza Hyder Kashgari Douglat ya sanyawa wannan ɗakin tsafin wuta a cikin 1548 AD. Daulat Chak ya fara sake gina shi a cikin 1551.
Zafar Kupawari ya sanyawa Imambara Zadibal wuta a karo na biyu a shekarar 1553. Makiyan Ahlul Baiti sun sake kona shi a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Mughal Shah Jahan.
A shekarar 1682 Miladiyya, lokacin da Emperoro Aurangzeb Alamgir ke mulki, an sake cinnawa Imambara Zadibal wuta. A shekarar 1719 Miladiyya, an kona ta a karo na biyar yayin arangamar Mukhtawi Khan. Tana cin wuta a karo na shida a shekarar 1748 Miladiyya daga makiya Ahlul Baiti. Sun sake yin hakan a cikin 1763. Imambara Zadibal ya sake kamawa da wuta a watan Yunin 1801, lokacin mulkin Afghanistan a Kashmir, gab da Ashura.
A watan Yulin 1830, wurin ibadar an yi kisan kiyashi lokacin da Jammu da Kashmir suke ƙarƙashin ikon Sikh. A wannan ranar, an yi wa 'yan Shi'a da yawa kisan gilla. Wannan ya faru ne a filin shakatawa na Ali da ke Zadibal ko Margibal.
An sake gina Imambara Zadibal tare da taimakon kuɗi daga wani Ministan Sultan na Nasr-ud-din na Awadh. An aika wannan tallafin zuwa Haji Baqir Khan Irani, wanda ya ba da aikin sake ginin wannan ginin ga Hatim Mir.
A watan Satumba na 1872, an sake cinnawa ginin wuta a ƙarƙashin mulkin Maharaja Ranbir Singh. Ya kasance Dogra mai mulkin J&K. A wannan lokacin, sarkin ya ba da taimakon kuɗi na kusan Rs. Lakhs 3 don gyara Imambara da dawo da shi yadda yake da cigaba a yanzu. Duk lokacin da dakin ibadar ya shiga cikin wuta, mabiya Annabi Muhammad da Ahlul Baiti sukan kasance masu gamsuwa ne kawai su sake gina shi gaba daya.
Wuri Isar wannan wurin ibadar yana da sauki saboda yana kusa da Babbar Hanya Srinagar. Imambara tana tsakiyar Zadibal, kuma tana kusa da tafkin Khushal Sar da Hari Parbat Fort wanda yawancin mutane ke kira Qilla. Tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Srinagar. Tafiyar awa ce ta mota. Filin jirgin saman Sheikh ul Alam yana da 'yan kilomitoci kaɗan daga Imambara. Hakanan ana samun sabis na taksi a cikin garin Srinagar.
Sauran yanar gizo Guruwar Gado: Imambara Zadibal da Tsananta ta
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48534 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage%20canjin%20yanayi | Rage canjin yanayi | Daban-daban na rage sauyin yanayi. Daga hannun hagu daga sama zuwa agogo: makamashi mai sabuntawa hasken rana da wutar iska a Ingila, jigilar jama'a da wutar lantarki a Faransa, misali na abinci mai gina jiki, da aikin sake gandun daji a Haiti don cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Rage sauyin yanayi mataki ne na iyakance sauyin yanayi ta hanyar rage fitar da iskar gas ko cire waɗancan iskar gas daga sararin samaniya. Yunƙurin da aka samu a matsakaicin yanayin zafin duniya na baya-bayan nan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hayaƙi daga burbushin man da ke ƙonewa gawayi, mai, da iskar gas Ragewa zai iya rage fitar da hayaki ta hanyar canzawa zuwa tushen makamashi mai dorewa, adana makamashi, da haɓaka aiki Bugu da ƙari, CO za a iya cirewa daga yanayin ta hanyar fadada gandun daji, maido da wuraren dausayi da kuma amfani da wasu na'urori na halitta da na fasaha, waɗanda aka haɗa su tare a ƙarƙashin lokaci na carbon sequestration. Ƙarfin hasken rana da ƙarfin iska suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage sauyin yanayi a mafi ƙarancin farashi idan aka kwatanta da kewayon sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Ana magance bambancin kasancewar hasken rana da iska ta hanyar ajiyar makamashi da ingantattun grid ɗin lantarki, gami da watsa wutar lantarki mai nisa, sarrafa buƙatu da haɓaka abubuwan sabuntawa. Za a iya rage hayakin da ke fitowa daga ababen more rayuwa da ke kona man fetur kai tsaye, kamar motoci da na’urorin dumama, ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta yadda za a rika amfani da su ta hanyar wutar lantarki maimakon mai. Ana inganta ingantaccen makamashi ta amfani da famfunan zafi da motocin lantarki Idan matakan masana'antu dole ne su haifar da carbon dioxide, kama carbon da adanawa na iya rage yawan hayaƙi. Fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona sun haɗa da methane da nitrous oxide Ana iya rage fitar da hayaki daga aikin noma ta hanyar rage sharar abinci, canzawa zuwa mafi yawan abinci mai gina jiki, ta hanyar kare muhalli da inganta hanyoyin noma. Manufofin rage sauyin yanayi sun haɗa da: farashin carbon ta hanyar harajin carbon da ciniki mai fitar da iskar carbon, sauƙaƙe ƙa'idodi don tura makamashi mai sabuntawa, rage tallafin mai, da karkatar da albarkatun mai, da tallafin makamashi mai tsafta Manufofin na yanzu an kiyasta za su samar da dumamar yanayi da kusan 2.7 °C da 2100. Wannan dumamar yanayi ya zarce manufar yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015 na takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa kasa da 2. C kuma zai fi dacewa zuwa 1.5 °C. A duniya, iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 2 °C na iya haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki mafi girma fiye da farashin tattalin arzikin a baya.
Ma'anoni da iyaka Babban manufar rage sauyin yanayi—don dorewar yanayin muhalli ta yadda za a iya kiyaye wayewar ɗan adam—yana buƙatar a yanke hayaki mai gurbata yanayi sosai. Don haka, kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatin tarayya kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) ya ayyana ragewa (sauyin yanayi) a matsayin "sa baki na dan Adam don rage hayaki ko bunkasa nitsewar iskar gas Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana sarrafa hasken rana (SRM) azaman fasahar rage yanayi Ba tare da alaƙa da rage yawan iskar gas ba, SRM zai yi aiki ta hanyar canza yadda duniya ke karɓar hasken rana. Misalai sun haɗa da rage adadin hasken rana da ke isa saman ƙasa, rage kaurin gani da rayuwar girgije, da canza yanayin haske. IPCC ta bayyana SRM a matsayin "dabarun rage haɗarin yanayi" ko "ƙarin zaɓi" amma ba azaman zaɓi na rage sauyin yanayi ba. Ana iya tunkarar matakan ragewa a cikin layi daya, saboda babu wata hanya guda da za ta iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ko 2°C. Ana iya karkasa irin waɗannan matakan misali kamar haka:
Dorewa makamashi da sufuri mai dorewa
Kiyaye makamashi (wannan ya haɗa da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi Don samar da aikin noma da hanyoyin masana'antu: aikin noma mai dorewa da manufofin masana'antu kore
Haɓaka nutsewar carbon cirewar carbon dioxide (wannan ya haɗa da rarrabuwar carbon Kauwar Carbon Dioxide (CDR) an ayyana shi azaman “Ayyukan Anthropogenic suna cire carbon dioxide CO daga sararin samaniya da kuma adana shi cikin dindindin a cikin tafkunan ƙasa, ƙasa, ko tafkunan teku, ko cikin samfuran. Ya haɗa da haɓaka da yuwuwar haɓakar ɗan adam na ilimin halitta ko geochemical CO nutsewa da kama iskar carbon dioxide da ajiya kai tsaye (DACCS), amma ban da ɗaukar CO na halitta wanda ba ayyukan ɗan adam ke haifar da shi kai tsaye ba." Kalmomi a wannan yanki har yanzu suna ci gaba. Kalmar geoengineering (ko injiniyan yanayi wani lokaci ana amfani dashi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya don duka CDR ko SRM (gudanar da hasken rana), idan ana amfani da fasahohin a sikelin duniya. Ba a amfani da kalmomin geoengineering ko injiniyan yanayi a cikin rahoton IPCC.
Hanyoyin fitarwa da alƙawura Fitar da iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse, yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi Mafi yawa shine carbon dioxide daga kona burbushin halittu gawayi, mai, da iskar gas Fitar da dan Adam ya haifar ya karu da iskar carbon dioxide da kusan kashi 50% sama da matakan masana'antu kafin a fara aiki. Fitowar hayaki a cikin 2010 ya kai tan biliyan 56 (Gt) a shekara, fiye da kowane lokaci. A cikin 2016, makamashi (lantarki, zafi da sufuri) yana da alhakin 73.2% na watsi da GHG, tsarin masana'antu kai tsaye don 5.2%, sharar gida don 3.2% da noma, gandun daji da amfani da ƙasa don 18.4%. Samar da wutar lantarki da sufuri sune manyan masu fitar da hayaki: mafi girma tushe guda ita ce tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da kashi 20% na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Yanke dazuzzuka da sauran canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa suma suna fitar da carbon dioxide da methane Mafi girma tushen hayakin methane na ɗan adam shine noma, da iskar gas da hayaƙin gudu daga cikin masana'antar burbushin mai. Babban tushen methane na noma shine dabbobi Ƙasar noma tana fitar da sinadarin nitrous oxide, wani ɓangare saboda takin zamani An magance matsalar iskar gas daga firji a siyasance yanzu haka kasashe da yawa sun amince da gyaran Kigali. Carbon dioxide CO shine mafi yawan iskar gas da ake fitarwa, yayin da methane hayaki kusan yana da tasiri iri ɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) da iskar gas (F-Gases) suna taka ƙaramin rawa. Dabbobi da taki suna samar da kashi 5.8% na duk hayakin da ake fitar da iskar gas, ko da yake wannan ya dogara da lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na iskar gas daban-daban. Ana auna iskar gas na Greenhouse (GHG) a cikin daidaitattun CO da aka ƙaddara ta yuwuwar dumamar yanayi (GWP), wanda ya dogara da rayuwarsu a cikin yanayi. Akwai hanyoyin lissafin iskar gas da ake amfani da su da yawa waɗanda ke canza juzu'in methane, nitrous oxide da sauran iskar gas zuwa daidaitattun carbon dioxide Ƙididdiga ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin tekuna da maɓuɓɓugar ƙasa don ɗaukar waɗannan iskar gas. Gurɓataccen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci (SLCPs) ciki har da methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), tropospheric ozone da carbon baƙar fata suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci daga kwanaki zuwa shekaru 15, yayin da carbon dioxide zai iya zama a cikin yanayi na shekaru dubu. Ana ƙara amfani da tauraron dan adam don ganowa da auna hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sare bishiyoyi. Tun da farko, masana kimiyya sun dogara da ko ƙididdige ƙididdiga na hayaƙin iskar gas da bayanan da gwamnatocin suka bayar da kansu.
Yanke hayakin da ake buƙata Rahoton na shekara-shekara na "Rahoton Gap na Gap" na UNEP ya bayyana a cikin 2022: "Don samun kan hanyar iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 C, dole ne a rage yawan hayaki na GHG a duniya da kashi 45 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da hasashen fitar da hayaki a karkashin manufofin a halin yanzu a cikin takwas kawai. shekaru, kuma dole ne su ci gaba da raguwa cikin sauri bayan 2030, don guje wa gajiyar ƙarancin ƙarancin iskar gas na yanayi." Rahoton ya kuma yi tsokaci cewa kamata ya yi duniya ta mai da hankali kan "samun sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki mai fa'ida" maimakon mayar da hankali kan sauyi da ake samu. A cikin 2022, Kwamitin Gudanar da Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) ya fitar da rahoton kimantawa na shida kan sauyin yanayi, yana mai gargadin cewa hayaki mai gurbata yanayi dole ne ya kai kololuwa kafin shekarar 2025 a karshe kuma ya ragu da kashi 43 cikin 100 nan da 2030, domin a iya takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5. C (2.7 °F). Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, António Guterres, ya fayyace cewa saboda wannan "Dole ne manyan masu fitar da hayaki su rage fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga wannan shekara".
Alƙawari Climate Action Tracker ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021 kamar haka: zafin duniya zai tashi da 2.7 °C zuwa ƙarshen karni tare da manufofin yanzu kuma ta 2.9 °C tare da manufofin da aka amince da su na ƙasa. Zazzabi zai tashi da 2.4 °C idan kawai alkawuran na 2030 aka aiwatar, ta 2.1 °C idan kuma an cimma burin dogon lokaci. Idan duk makasudin da aka sanar sun cika cikakkar cimma matsaya, hauhawar zafin duniya zai kai 1.9 C kuma zuwa 1.8 °C zuwa shekara ta 2100. Dukkan bayanai game da duk alkawurran yanayi ana aika su zuwa tashar Ayyukan Aiki ta Duniya Nazca Al'ummar kimiyya suna duba cikarsu. Yayin da mafi yawan manufofin da aka kafa na 2020 ba a tantance su ta wata tabbatacciyar hanya da dalla-dalla ko kafafen yada labarai suka bayar da rahotonsu ba, duniya ta gaza cimma mafi yawa ko duk burin kasa da kasa da aka sanya a waccan shekarar Kamar yadda taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 ya faru a Glasgow, ƙungiyar masu binciken da ke gudanar da aikin Climate Action Tracker sun ba da rahoton cewa na ƙasashen da ke da alhakin kashi 85% na hayaƙi mai gurɓata yanayi, dokoki huɗu ne kawai (wanda ke da alhakin kashi 6% na hayaƙin duniya) EU, UK, Chile da Costa Rica sun buga cikakken tsarin manufofin hukuma shirin da ke bayyana matakai da hanyoyin da za a iya cimma burin rage 2030.
Fitowar hayaki da ci gaban tattalin arziki Wasu sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki shine babban abin da ke haifar da hayaƙin CO 2 Ko da yake daga baya (a ƙarshen 2022) wasu sun ce haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ba ya nufin ƙarin hayaƙi. Yayin da tattalin arziƙin ya haɓaka, buƙatar makamashi da kayayyaki masu ƙarfi suna ƙaruwa, yana haɓaka hayaƙin CO 2 A gefe guda kuma, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen fasaha da haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na iya haɗawa da ƙwarewa a wasu sassan tattalin arziki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ke da ƙarfin makamashi, musamman ma'adinan makamashin carbon, to za a sami dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ba su da ƙarfin makamashi, misali sashin sabis, to za a iya samun rauni tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi.
Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun fi mayar da hankali ne akan hasashen Kuznets na muhalli" (EKC), wanda ya nuna cewa a farkon matakan ci gaba, gurbatar yanayi da GDP na kowane mutum yana tafiya a hanya guda. Bayan wani matakin samun kudin shiga, hayakin kowane mutum zai ragu yayin da GDP na kowane mutum ya karu, don haka samar da dangantaka mai jujjuyawa-U tsakanin GDP ga kowane mutum da gurbatar yanayi. Koyaya, wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziƙi ba su goyi bayan ko dai fassarar kyakkyawan fata na hasashen EKC ba watau cewa matsalar haɓakar hayaƙi za ta warware kanta ko kuma fassarar rashin fahimta watau, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da alaƙa da haɓakar hayaƙi. Maimakon haka, an ba da shawarar cewa akwai ɗan sassauci tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi.
Ƙananan makamashin carbon Tsarin makamashi, wanda ya haɗa da bayarwa da amfani da makamashi, shine babban mai fitar da CO Ana buƙatar raguwa cikin sauri da zurfi a cikin CO da gurɓataccen iskar gas daga ɓangaren makamashi don iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa ƙasa da 2. °C. Matakan da IPCC ta ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: "Rage burbushin mai, ƙara yawan samar da makamashi daga ƙananan makamashin carbon da sifili, da ƙarin amfani da wutar lantarki da sauran masu ɗaukar makamashi". Kusan duk yanayin da dabaru suna tsammanin babban habɓakar amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da ƙarin matakan ingantaccen makamashi. Dole ne a hanzarta tura makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa sau shida daga 0.25% girma na shekara-shekara a 2015, zuwa 1.5%, don kiyaye dumamar yanayi a ƙarƙashin 2. °C. Gasa na makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa shine maɓalli ga saurin turawa. A cikin 2020, iska mai iska da hasken rana sune tushen mafi arha don sabbin samar da wutar lantarki a yankuna da yawa. Ko da yake abubuwan sabuntawa na iya samun ƙimar ajiya mafi girma waɗanda ba a sabunta su ba na iya samun ƙarin farashin tsaftacewa. Farashin carbon na iya haɓaka gasa na makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Rana da makamashin iska Iska da rana na iya zama tushe don ɗimbin makamashi mai ƙarancin carbon a farashi mai ƙima. IPCC ta yi kiyasin cewa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa guda biyu suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage fitar da hayaki kafin 2030 a farashi mai rahusa. :43Solar Photovoltaics (PV) ya zama hanya mafi arha don samar da wutar lantarki a yawancin yankuna na duniya. Girman hotunan hoto ya kasance kusa da ma'ana kuma yana kusan ninki biyu a kowace shekara uku tun daga 1990s. Wata fasaha ta daban tana da ƙarfin hasken rana (CSP) ta amfani da madubai ko ruwan tabarau don tattara babban yanki na hasken rana akan mai karɓa. Tare da CSP, ana iya adana makamashi don 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan, samar da wadata da maraice. Dumamar ruwan hasken rana ya ninka tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2019. Yankunan da ke saman arewaci da kudancin latitudes suna da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfin iska. Gonakin iskar da ke bakin teku sun fi tsada amma raka'o'in suna ba da ƙarin kuzari a kowane ƙarfin da aka girka tare da ƙarancin canji. A yawancin yankuna, samar da wutar lantarki ya fi girma a cikin hunturu lokacin da PV ya ragu; saboda wannan dalili, haɗuwar iska da hasken rana suna haifar da ingantaccen tsarin daidaitawa.
Sauran abubuwan sabuntawa Sauran ingantattun nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa sun haɗa da wutar lantarki, makamashin halittu da makamashin ƙasa:
Wutar lantarki ita ce wutar lantarki da ake samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa kuma tana taka rawar gani a kasashe kamar Brazil, Norway da China. amma akwai iyakoki na yanki da batutuwan muhalli. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan bakin teku.
Bioenergy na iya samar da makamashi don wutar lantarki, zafi da sufuri. Bioenergy, musamman biogas, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki da za a iya aikawa Duk da yake kona shuka-samu biomass sake CO shuke-shuke janye CO daga yanayi yayin da suke girma. Yadda ake samar da man fetur, jigilar kayayyaki da sarrafa shi yana da matukar tasiri ga hayakin rayuwa. An fara amfani da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa a cikin jirgin sama. Ƙarfin geothermal ƙarfin lantarki ne da aka samar daga makamashin ƙasa A halin yanzu ana amfani da samar da wutar lantarki na geothermal a cikin ƙasashe 26, yayin da ake amfani da dumama ƙasa a ƙasashe 70.
Haɗewar makamashi mai sabuntawa Samar da wutar lantarki da iska da hasken rana baya daidaita buƙatu. Don isar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki daga madaidaitan hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana, tsarin wutar lantarki yana buƙatar sassauci. An gina yawancin grid ɗin wutar lantarki don hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ba na tsaka-tsaki ba kamar masana'antar wutar lantarki. Yayin da aka haɗa yawancin makamashin hasken rana da iska a cikin grid, dole ne a yi canje-canje ga tsarin makamashi don tabbatar da cewa samar da wutar lantarki ya dace da buƙata. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don sa tsarin wutar lantarki ya zama mai sauƙi. A wurare da yawa, samar da iska da hasken rana suna dacewa a kowace rana da ma'auni na yanayi: ana samun iska mai yawa a cikin dare da lokacin hunturu lokacin da makamashin hasken rana ya ragu. Haɗa yankuna daban-daban ta hanyar layin watsawa mai nisa yana ba da damar ƙarin sokewa daga canji. Ana iya canza buƙatun makamashi cikin lokaci ta hanyar sarrafa buƙatun makamashi da kuma amfani da grid mai wayo, daidai lokacin da samar da makamashi mai canzawa ya fi girma. Za a iya samar da ƙarin sassauci daga haɗin gwiwar sassa, wanda ke haɗa sashin wutar lantarki zuwa sashin zafi da motsi ta hanyar tsarin wutar lantarki da motocin lantarki. Gina karfin wutar lantarki don samar da iska da hasken rana zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa an samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki ko da a lokacin rashin kyawun yanayi. A cikin yanayi mafi kyau, ana iya rage samar da makamashi idan ba a iya amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa ko adanawa. Ajiye makamashi yana taimakawa shawo kan shingen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita da kuma samuwa ita ce famfo-ajiya na lantarki, wanda ke buƙatar wurare tare da manyan bambance-bambance a tsayi da samun ruwa. Batura, musamman baturan lithium-ion, ana kuma baza su ko'ina. Batura yawanci suna adana wutar lantarki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Farashin da ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin batura ya sa ba su da amfani ga babban ajiyar makamashi da ake buƙata don daidaita bambance-bambancen yanayi na samar da makamashi. Ma'ajiyar ruwa da aka zuga tare da iya aiki na tsawon watanni da yawa an aiwatar da shi a wasu wurare.
Makaman nukiliya Makaman nukiliya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan sabuntawa don wutar lantarki. A gefe guda, haɗarin muhalli da tsaro na iya wuce fa'idar. Ginin sabbin injinan nukiliya a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar kusan shekaru 10, wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da haɓaka jigilar iska da hasken rana, kuma akwai hadarin bashi Duk da haka ana tsammanin sun fi arha a China, kuma ƙasar tana gina sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Kudin tsawaita rayuwar tashar makamashin nukiliya yana da gogayya da sauran fasahohin samar da wutar lantarki, gami da sabbin ayyukan hasken rana da iska.
Maye gurbin kwal da iskar gas
Rage buƙatu Buƙatar samfura da sabis waɗanda ke haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas ana iya rage su ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku. Da fari dai, ana iya rage buƙata ta hanyar sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a da al'adu, alal misali canje-canjen abinci. Na biyu, ana iya rage bukatar makamashi da sauran hidimomin da ake fitarwa ta hanyar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, kamar kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwar jama'a A ƙarshe, canje-canje a fasaha na ƙarshen amfani na iya rage buƙatar makamashi (misali, gida mai rufin da yake fitarwa ƙasa da gidan da ba shi da kyau). Zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa waɗanda ke rage buƙatar samfur ko ayyuka suna taimaka wa mutane yin zaɓi na sirri don rage sawun carbon ɗin su, misali a cikin zaɓin abubuwan sufuri ko abincin su. Wannan yana nufin akwai fannonin zamantakewa da yawa tare da ayyukan rage buƙatar-gefe. Misali, mutanen da ke da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sukan ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin iskar gas fiye da waɗanda ke da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar rage fitar da hayakinsu da inganta manufofin kore, waɗannan mutane za su iya zama "abin koyi na salon rayuwa mai ƙarancin carbon". Koyaya, akwai sauye-sauye na hankali da yawa waɗanda ke tasiri da kwarin gwiwar mutane don rage buƙatun su kamar wayar da kan jama'a da haɗarin haɗari Manufofin gwamnati na iya tallafawa ko hana zaɓuɓɓukan rage buƙatu na rukunin yanar gizo. Misali, manufofin jama'a na iya haɓaka ra'ayoyin tattalin arziƙin madauwari waɗanda zasu taimaka rage sauyin yanayi. Rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi yana da alaƙa da raba tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin madauwari Haɓaka yawan jama'a ya haifar da haɓakar hayaƙin gas a mafi yawan yankuna, musamman Afirka. Duk da haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da babban tasiri fiye da karuwar yawan jama'a. Shi ne hauhawar kudaden shiga, sauye-sauyen amfani da tsarin abinci, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba a kan filaye da sauran albarkatun kasa, kuma yana haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin iskar carbon. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, "A cikin hadin gwiwa tare da manufofin da ke kawo karshen amfani da man fetur da kuma karfafa amfani mai dorewa, manufofin mutuntaka da ke rage yawan karuwar jama'a ya kamata su kasance wani bangare na mayar da hankali kan yanayin yanayi." An san cewa "ci gaban ilimin mata da lafiyar haihuwa, musamman tsarin iyali na son rai, na iya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen rage karuwar yawan jama'a a duniya".
Kiyaye da haɓaka kwatankwacin carbon Don rage matsin lamba akan yanayin halittu da habɓaka ƙarfin su na sarrafa carbon, canje-canje sun zama dole a aikin noma da gandun daji, kamar hana sare gandun daji da maido da yanayin halitta ta hanyar sake dazuzzuka Yanayin da ke iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 °C yawanci yana aiwatar da babban amfani da hanyoyin kawar da carbon dioxide a cikin ƙarni na 21st. Akwai damuwa ko da yake game da yawan dogaro da waɗannan fasahohin, da tasirin muhalli. Duk da haka, yuwuwar rage yiwuwar maido da yanayin halittu da rage juzu'i suna daga cikin kayan aikin ragewa waɗanda za su iya samar da mafi yawan raguwar hayaki kafin 2030. Zaɓuɓɓukan rage ƙasa ana kiran su "zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa AFOLU" a cikin rahoton IPCC na 2022 akan ragewa. Gajarta tana nufin "noma, gandun daji da sauran amfanin ƙasa" :37Rahoton ya bayyana yuwuwar rage tasirin tattalin arziki daga ayyukan da suka dace a kusa da gandun daji da muhalli kamar haka: "Kiyayewa, ingantattun gudanarwa, da maido da gandun daji da sauran halittun dazuzzuka filayen dausayi na gabar teku, filayen ciyawa, savannas da ciyayi)". Ana samun babban yuwuwar ragewa don rage sare itatuwa a yankuna masu zafi. An kiyasta karfin tattalin arzikin wadannan ayyukan zai zama 4.2 zuwa 7.4 Giga ton na CO 2 daidai a kowace shekara. :37
Dazuzzuka
Kiyayewa Binciken Stern akan tattalin arziki na sauyin yanayi ya rigaya ya bayyana a cikin 2007 cewa hana sare dazuzzuka wata hanya ce mai matukar tsada ta rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Kusan kashi 95 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne a wurare masu zafi, inda akasari ke haddasa shi ta hanyar share fage domin noma. Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun kiyaye gandun daji shine ba da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa daga yankin jama'a zuwa mazaunanta na asali. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa sau da yawa tana zuwa ga kamfanoni masu hako masu ƙarfi da dabarun kiyayewa waɗanda ke keɓance har ma da fitar da mutane, wanda ake kira kare gandun daji galibi suna haifar da ƙarin amfani da ƙasa yayin da mazaunan asali sannan suka juya zuwa aiki don kamfanonin hakar su tsira. Haɓaka yana haɓaka dazuzzuka don kama cikakkiyar damar muhallinsu. Wannan dabara ce ta ragewa yayin da dazuzzukan na biyu da suka sake girma a cikin gonakin da aka yi watsi da su ana samun ƙarancin bambance-bambancen halittu fiye da na asali tsoffin dazuzzukan da kuma dazuzzukan na asali suna adana 60% fiye da carbon fiye da waɗannan sabbin gandun daji. Dabarun sun haɗa da sake ginawa da kafa hanyoyin namun daji Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50808 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Hughes%20%28mai%20ginin%20gine-gine%29 | Dorothy Hughes (mai ginin gine-gine) | Eugenie Dorothy Hughes, MBE FRIBA (26 Yuni 1910 16 Agusta 1987) 'yar ƙasar Kenya ne,'kula yar siyasace,mai kawo sauyi kuma mai fafutukar naƙasa. Ta kafa Majalisar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Kenya kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar nakasassu ta wasanni. A matsayinta na mace ta farko da ta fara gine-ginen gabashin a Afirka,ta mallaki kamfani nata kuma an fi saninta da ƙirarta na Cathedral of the Holy Family a Nairobi.
Tarihin Rayuwa Eugenie Dorothy Ullman an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1910 a Landan. Iyayenta sun koma garin Rift Valley na Eldoret a gundumar Uasin Gishu,a cikin 1913, suna gini na biyu a wannan garin.Ta girma a Kenya amma ta koma London don yin makaranta, tana halartar Makarantar Architectural Association School of Architecture. Ta koma Kenya kuma ta auri wakilin Ford na Kenya,John Hughes, wanda daga baya ta kafa Hughes Motors.Daga baya, ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya 6. Hughes ta zama Fellow na Royal Institute of British Architects a 1946. Ta bude wani kamfani na gine-gine, Hughes da Polkinghorne, suna zayyana irin su Golden Beach Hotel, Murangi House, Asibitin Gimbiya Elizabeth,Rift Valley Sports Club, da St. Mary's School, Nairobi,da dai sauransu. A cikin 1950, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) saboda aikinta na zane a asibitoci a Kenya,kamar Asibitin tunawa da Yaƙin Nakuru. Tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1951 Hughes ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar mata ta gabashin Afirka,wadda aka kafa don inganta wani shiri da kuma tattara kudade don magance karancin asibitoci a Nairobi; Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaba na 1951-1952. A cikin 1955 an zaɓi Hughes don yin aiki a majalisar birnin Nairobi kuma galibin mazabar Afrikaner ne suka zabe ta a 1956 don wakiltar mazauna Uasin Gishu a Majalisar Dokoki.A cikin 1959,an zabe ta a matsayin wakiliya a 1960 Lancaster House Conference a London don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Kenya. Hughes ta rasa kujerarta a zabukan 1961 musamman saboda addininta na Katolika da kuma zama memba a jam'iyyar New Kenya.Zaben fidda gwanin ta kasance ne kawai ga farar fata,mazabar da a baya suka zabe ta yawanci ba farar fata ba ne,kuma jam’iyyar New Kenya ta kasance jam’iyya ta farko mai yawan kabilu a Kenya. Bayan rashin nasarar zaben, Hughes ta mayar da hankalinta ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar Cheshire Homes na nakasassu. Hughes ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin shirya taron kasa da kasa kan jin dadin jama'a da aka gudanar a Nairobi a watan Yuli, 1974 kuma ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kenya.Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Wasannin Nakasassu ta Kenya.
Babban aikin ƙira na Hughes shine na Cathedral of the Holy Family wanda ta tsara a cikin 1960. An san ta da salon zamani da gilashin da ba na alama ba,ginin ta kuma ƙunshi marmara carrara da wurin zama na 4,000.Ban da babban bagade,akwai bagadai biyu na gefe,da majami'u biyu da kuma ɗakunan sujada takwas.A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Archdiocese na Nairobi. A cikin ƙarshen 1960s,ta ƙirƙira wani haɗin gwiwa zuwa Hukumar Raya shayi ta Kenya (KTDA) wacce ke gudanar da mashahuriya gidan rawa mai siffa mai tashi sama wanda aka sani da kiɗan benga na gida,da kuma Afro-Caribbean calypso da soukous rhythms. Kulob din, wanda take a gundumar ja-haske na Nairobi a kan titin Koinange, ta bi sauye-sauyen sunaye daban-daban amma a cikin gida an san ta da F1, Madhouse,ko Maddi,har zuwa rushewar 2014. Dukkan wadannan gine-ginen jaridar Daily Nation ta jera su cikin jerin manyan gine-gine a Kenya. A ƙarshen rayuwa, Hughes ta ba da gudummawar gidanta a Mũthangari,a yankin Lavington na Nairobi ga ƙungiyar Opus Dei a matsayin gidan dindindin na Kwalejin Kibondeni.Ta yi aiki tare da membobin Opus Dei shekaru da yawa don samar da damar ilimi ga 'yan mata a Nairobi. Ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1987 a Tunbridge Wells,Kent, Ingila kuma an binne ta a makabartar St.Austin, Mũthangari, Nairobi, Kenya.
Manazarta
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50939 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Coutts | Marion Coutts | Articles with hCards
Marion Coutts(an haife shi a shekara ta 1965)ɗan ƙasar Biritaniya ce,mai ɗaukar hoto,mai shirya fina-finai,marubuci,kuma mawaƙa,wanda aka sani da aikinta a matsayin mai zanen shigarwa da kuma shekaru goma a matsayin mace ta gaba ga ƙungiyar Dog Faced Hermans.A cikin shekarar 2014 ta buga tarihinta mai mahimmanci,The Iceberg.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Marion Coutts a Najeriya kuma ya girma a Burtaniya.Iyayenta ministocin Salvation Army ne waɗanda ta yi balaguro da yawa tare da su. Cocin da suka halarta yana da al'adar kiɗa mai ƙarfi wanda ke ƙarfafa 'yan mata su yi kidan tagulla,kuma suna da shekaru 10 Coutts sun fara buga ƙaho don ƙungiyar Ceto mai girma.
Iyalin Coutts sun zauna a Landan sannan Scotland inda ta ci gaba da zuwa kwaleji, inda ta sami BA a Fine Art a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Edinburgh daga 1982 zuwa 1986.
Kiɗa While attending college,Coutts joined an improvisational musical project called Volunteer Slavery.Named after an album by Rahsaan Roland Kirk,the group consisted of three men and three women who"mostly banged on things,"including guitars,oil drums,and other percussion. Coutts played trumpet and another woman played sax,and their first gig was a benefit in support of the UK miners' strike.The group persisted for a year-and-a-half without writing any formal songs, though a demo tape was recorded and has resurfaced on the internet.
Kare ya fuskanci Hermans A cikin 1986 mambobi uku na Bautar Sa-kai sun so su ci gaba da kasancewa ƙungiya mai mahimmanci,kuma Coutts sun nuna sha'awar zama mawaƙinsu.Sun sanya wa kansu suna Dog Faced Hermans,bayan wani bayani da ba a sani ba a cikin wani fim na Frankenstein,kuma sun fara rarraba waƙar su zuwa gajarta, waƙoƙin sauri waɗanda har yanzu suna kiyaye wasu abubuwan gwaji na Bautar Sa-kai.Baya ga rubutawa da rera waƙoƙi,Coutts ta buga kararrawa kuma ta ƙara ƙahonta,tana ba ƙungiyar sauti na musamman.
Kare ya fuskanci Hermans ya zagaya Burtaniya kuma ya fitar da wasu bayanan har sai ya koma Amsterdam a 1989.A cikin wannan lokacin,Coutts ya yi shekara guda a Poland a kan tallafin karatu na Majalisar Burtaniya don halartar Makarantar Jiha don Fasaha a Wroclaw Poland.A cikin 1990 ta sake shiga ƙungiyar ta a Netherlands,kuma ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fitar da wasu albam huɗu. Sun zagaya Turai da Arewacin Amurka kafin a watse a cikin 1995 tare da mambobi daban-daban da suka watsu zuwa sabbin ayyuka a duniya.Coutts ta koma Burtaniya don ta mai da hankali kan fasaharta.
Sauran bayyanar Coutts kuma ya yi rikodin a kan sakewa tare da kungiyoyin kiɗa na Dutch The Ex, Instant Composers Pool,da Dull Schicksal;tare da kungiyoyin Burtaniya Spaceheadsda Honkies;tare da {ungiyar {asar Amirka,Allah ne Mataimakina a kan Zama na Peel na 1994,kuma tare da Tom Cora.Bayan hutun kiɗan,ta yi rikodin a kan waƙoƙin haɗawa biyu,amma ba a taɓa jin fitowar kiɗan daga gare ta ba tun 1998.
Fasahar gani Coutts an san ta da fim ɗin da ba na layi ba da salon bidiyo,sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da sassaka don ƙirƙirar shigarwa mai zurfi, wani lokaci tare da abubuwan da ke gayyatar masu kallo don shiga cikin aikin. Domin Fresh Air na 1999ta gina saitin tebur na ping-pong guda uku ba bisa ka'ida ba,wanda ya kwafi taswirar Battersea na London,Regent's,da Hyde Park,kowanne ya raba ta hanyar gidan wasan tennis.A wannan shekarar Eclipse ya ɗauki ƙaramin lambun lambun da ke cike da hazo na wucin gadi,daidai a Gidan Gasworks na London.Majalisar 2000 ta ɗora fim ɗin tauraro mai yawo akan lectern katako.A cikin Decalogue na shekara ta 2001,Coutts ya ƙera saiti na tenpin tare da kowane Dokoki Goma.
Ƙungiyar Cult ta 2002 ta yi kira ga masu kallo da su matse tsakanin tsarin ginshiƙai na rectangular kuma su kalli idanun wani baƙar fata mai maƙarƙashiya a kan masu kallon bidiyo tara.Artforum ya ce,"Cult ta haifar da da'irar dutse na tarihi da kuma zane-zanen cat na Masar a tsohuwar Masar,allahn cat Bastet ita ce mataimaki na farin cikin iyali."Da farko shigar a London's Chisendale Gallery,da gallery ya bayyana aikin:Mai kallo ya fara sanin ƙungiyar daga nesa,allon saka idanu yana samar da tushen haske kawai.Motsawa kan dandamali kuma a tsakanin allo,ana sanar da baƙi cewa kowane cat yana motsi,amma da kyar.Daga kowane matsayi, biyu ko uku ne kawai daga cikin fuskokin kuliyoyi ke gani. Kowanne kyanwa yakan shiga zagaye na budewa da rufe idanunsu,na farkawa da barci kuma kowace zagayowar ta kasance ba tare da daidaitawa da makwabta ba.Coutts ta nemi tsohon Dog Faced Hermans guitarist Andy Moor don ya zira kwallaye da yawa daga cikin gajerun fina-finanta.Shot on super-8,fim dinta na 2000 Epic ya biyo bayan balaguron doki mai girman rayuwa yayin da ake bi da shi a cikin birnin Rome.2002's Babu Mugun Tauraro,mai suna don rabin na biyu na sanannen palindrome,ya nuna makusantan tsutsotsi masu rai da ke mamaye garin yumbu.Moor kuma ya zira kwallaye ashirin da shida Things, fim din da Coutts ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi da Henry Wellcome ya tattara wanda ita kanta ba a taɓa yarda ta taɓa ba.
Rayuwa ta sirri da koyarwa A cikin 1996 Coutts sun kammala Makarantar Fasaha ta London Cibiyar Ilimi"Masu fasaha a Makarantu"Shirin Koyarwa kuma sun sami Takaddun Takaddun Ilimin Manyan Malamai na Birni da Guilds a 1997.Daga 1996 zuwa 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da fasaha mai kyau kuma ta koyar da darussa a cikin shirye-shiryen fayil,bayan haka ta zauna a Roma akan tallafin karatu.A cikin 2001 ta ɗauki Fellowship na MOMART a Tate Liverpool,sannan kuma Kettle's Yard Fellowship a Kwalejin St John's, Cambridge a 2003.
A cikin 1997 Coutts ya fara dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tom Lubbock wanda ya rubuta don sashin fasaha don jaridar Burtaniya The Independent. Mutanen biyu sun yi aure a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun zauna a gidaje daban-daban a arewa da kudancin London. Lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu Eugene a 2007,sun zauna a Brixton.
A cikin 2001 Coutts ya fara koyarwa da koyarwar baƙo a Jami'ar Goldsmiths,yana ɗaukar matsayi na dindindin a 2007.A halin yanzu,ta kasance mai koyar da ziyara don Sculpture,City da Guilds na London Art School a cikin 2002 da 2003, malami mai ziyara sannan kuma abokin bincike a Makarantar Fasaha da Zane ta Norwich a kai da kashe daga 2004 zuwa 2009,kuma mataimakiyar malami.a Jami'ar Arts,London daga 2005 zuwa 2010.
A shekara ta 2008,an gano mijinta yana da ciwon kwakwalwa wanda ya juya ya zama glioblastoma multiforme.An gaya masa cewa yana da kusan shekaru biyu ya rayu,sun ƙaura zuwa asibiti a 2010. Ya mutu daga ciwon daji a shekara ta 2011.
Rubutu Kafin rashin lafiyar Lubbock,Coutts ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin mai zane-zane kawai ba marubuci ba.Jin ta kasa haifar da komai yayin da mijinta ke jinya,sai ta koma rubutu.A cikin 2009 bayan aikin tiyata na farko na Lubbock da zagaye na chemotherapy,Coutts ya fara rubuta abubuwa a cikin jerin takaddun Kalma.Da farko waɗannan gutsuttsura,ko"kananan ruwan tabarau"kamar yadda Coutts ke kiran su,al'ada ce mai sassauƙa,wanda daga ƙarshe ta shiga cikin sarƙoƙi na rubutu kuma ta gane a matsayin babban aiki.
A cikin 2012 Coutts ta ba da gudummawar gabatarwa ga littafin tarihin da mijinta ya fitar bayan mutuwarsa,Har sai ƙarin Sanarwa,Ina Raye.A wannan shekarar ta gyara tarin rubutun Lubbock, The English Graphic.
A cikin 2014 Coutts ya buga littafin The Iceberg,wani memoir na mawaƙa da mai sha'awar"game da mutuwar mijinta. Memoir ya fara ne a wurin binciken Lubbock na 2008 kuma ya bi shi,Coutts, da ɗansu Eugene(wanda ake kira"Ev"a cikin littafin)har ta hanyar jiyya da mutuwarsa a 2011.Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta yaba wa littafin,tana mai cewa, '''Ana iya taƙaita shirin The Iceberg cikin jumla:Mutum ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu.Lallai,ɗan ƙaramin abu ya faru a cikin mai zane ya juya lissafin marubuci Marion Coutts na shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na rayuwar mijinta.Duk da haka yana da ban mamaki,mai lalacewa."An zaɓi Iceberg don kyaututtukan adabi da yawa, kuma an ba Coutts lambar yabo ta Wellcome Book Prize a cikin 2015.
Ayyuka
Hotuna Albums masu Fuskantar Kare Hermans:
Mutane Fly(Lissafi,1988)
Lokaci Bomb na Kullum(Vinyl Drip, 1989)
Tubalan Hankali Ga Duk Zamani( Konkurrel Records/Project A Bomb, 1991)
Hum of Life(Konkurrel/Project A Bomb,1993)
Bump and Swing(Konkurrel/ Madadin Tentacles,1994)
Waɗannan Zurfafa Buds (Konkurrel/Alternative Tentacles, 1994)
Sculpture da shigarwa Fresh Air(1998)
Kyauta(2000)
Decalogue(2001)
Don Fallen(2001)
Annabi(2001)
Sibyl(2001)
Al'ada(2002)
Everglade(bidiyo,2003)
Kudi(2003)
Tenner(2003)
abdefg(2007)
Rukunin Karatu(2008)
Abubuwa Ashirin da Shida(fim 16mm,2008)
Fim da bidiyo Almara(2000)
Babu Mugun Taurari(2002)
Dutsen(2005)
Littattafai Marion Coutts(FVU,2003)
Har sai ƙarin Sanarwa,Ina Raye (gabatarwa,Granta,2012)
Iceberg(Atlantic,2014)
nune-nunen Yorkshire Sculpture Park(2000)
Shirya matsala a Arnolfini a Bristol (2001)
Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil a Mexico City(2002)
Firstsite a Colchester(2002)
Hotunan Arewa na Fasahar Zamani a Sunderland(2002)
Cult a Chisenhale Gallery a London (2002)
Za a Ci gaba... a Helsinki Kunsthalle (2005)
Tablet a London(2005)
Amsa ga Roma a Tarin Estorick, Sabuwar Cibiyar Fasaha da Chisenhale Gallery.
Kyauta Kyautar Littafin Barka da Zuwa 2015
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon mawaki
Marion Coutts akan Discogs
Haihuwan 1965
Rayayyun |
57625 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa | Béjaïa | Miguel Morro (1510) a matsayin Mataimakin Bishop na Mallorca (Balearic Spain) (1510 Fernando de Vera y Zuñiga, Augustinians (OESA) (1614.02.17 1628.11.13), a matsayin Mataimakin Bishop na Badajoz (Spain) (1614.02.17 1628.11.13); Daga baya Babban Bishop na Santo Domingo, a karshe Archbishop-Bishop na Cusco (Peru) (1629.07.16 mutuwa 1638.11.09)
François Perez (1687.02.05 mutuwa 1728.09.20), a matsayin Apostolic Vicar na Cochin (Vietnam) (1687.02.05 1728.09.20)
Antonio Mauricio Ribeiro (1824.09.27 mutuwa a matsayin Mataimakin Bishop na Évora (Portugal) (1824.09.27 George Hilary Brown (5 Yuni 1840 har zuwa 22 Afrilu 1842), a matsayin na farko kuma kawai Apostolic Vicar na Lancashire District (Ingila) (1840.06.05 1850.09.29), daga baya Titular Bishop na Tlous (1842.04.22 18250),09. Bishop na farko na magaji ya ga Liverpool (1850.09.29 1856.01.25)
Yanayi Béjaïa,kamar yawancin biranen da ke bakin tekun Aljeriya,suna da yanayi na Rum( Köppen climate classification Csa tare da dumi,bushewar lokacin rani da sanyi mai sanyi.
Demography Yawan mutanen birnin a shekarar 2008 a sabuwar ƙidayar jama'a ya kai 177,988.
Tattalin Arziki Matsakaicin arewacin bututun mai Hassi Messaoud daga Sahara,Béjaïa ita ce babbar tashar mai ta yammacin Bahar Rum.Abubuwan da ake fitarwa,ban da ɗanyen mai,sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe, phosphates,giya,busassun ɓaure,da plums.Har ila yau,birnin yana da masana'antun saka da kwalabe.
Titin dogo na Béni Mansour-Bejaïa ya ƙare a Béjaïa.Filin jirgin saman birnin Abane Ramdane Airport ne.
Cevital yana da babban ofishinsa a cikin birni.
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta birnin JSM Béjaïa kuma a halin yanzu tana buga gasar Ligue Professionnelle 2 ta Algeria.
Garuruwan Twin garuruwan 'yan'uwa Béjaïa tana da dangantakar abokantaka a hukumance tare da:
Glasgow, Scotland, since 1995
Brest
Bad Homburg
Kauyuka Ilougane
Fitattun mutane Nihad Hihat(an haife shi a shekara ta 1994),ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne
Rebiha Khebtani(1926-2006),ɗan siyasa
Duba kuma Turawa sun mamaye Arewacin Afirka kafin 1830
Jerin fitilun fitulu a Aljeriya
Saldae, don tarihin Roman da titular Katolika na lokaci guda duba
Mutane masu alaƙa
Abu al-Salt
Fibonacci
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bgayet.Net
History of Béjaïa
GigaCatholic, with titular incumbent biography links
Google map of Béjaïa
Biranen |
40442 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuncin%20Kisa | Hukuncin Kisa | Hukuncin kisa, wanda kuma aka sani da hukuncin kisa, shine tsarin da state ta amince da shi na kashe mutum da gangan a matsayin hukunci na ainihin ko laifin da ake zato, yawanci bin tsari mai izini, tsarin mulki da kammala cewa mutumin yana da alhakin saba ka'idoji. wannan warrant ɗin ya ce hukunci. Hukuncin da ke ba da umarnin a hukunta wanda ya yi laifi irin wannan shi ne hukuncin kisa, kuma aikin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ne. Fursunan da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa kuma yana jiran kisa an yanke masa hukuncin kisa kuma ana kiransa da "mai hukuncin kisa".
Laifukan da ake yanke wa hukuncin kisa ana san su da manyan laifuffuka, ko kuma sun bambanta dangane da hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, amma yawanci sun haɗa da manyan laifuffuka a kan mutum, kamar kisan kai, kisan kai na jama'a, ƙarar laifukan fyade (sau da yawa ciki har da yara). cin zarafin jima'i), ta'addanci, fashin jiragen sama, laifuffukan yaki, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama, da kisan kare dangi, tare da laifuffukan da suka shafi gwamnati kamar yunkurin kifar da gwamnati, cin amanar kasa, leken asiri, tayar da zaune tsaye, da satar fasaha, da dai sauransu. Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta, ayyukan sake maimaitawa, da fashi da makami, da yin garkuwa da su, baya ga fataucin muggan kwayoyi, da fataucin muggan kwayoyi, da mallakar muggan kwayoyi, manyan laifuka ne ko ingantawa. Duk da haka, jihohi sun kuma sanya hukuncin kisa, na ɗabi'a mai yawa, don akidar siyasa ko addini da ayyuka, don matsayi fiye da ikon mutum, ko kuma ba tare da yin amfani da wani muhimmin tsari ba. Kisan shari'a shi ne da gangan kashe wanda ba shi da laifi ta hanyar hukuncin kisa. Misali, kisa da aka yi bayan gwaje-gwajen wasan kwaikwayo a Rasha a lokacin The great purge na 1937-1938 wani kayan aikin danniya ne na siyasa.
Asalin, kalmar capital (lit. "na kai", wanda aka samo ta hanyar great na Latin daga "kai") yana nufin kisa ta hanyar fille kai, amma ana aiwatar da hukuncin ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da rataya, harbi, allurar mutuwa, jifa, wutar lantarki, da iskar gas.
Kamar yadda na 2022, 55 kasashe suna riƙe da kisa, 109 kasashe sun gaba daya soke shi de jure ga dukan laifuffuka, bakwai sun soke shi saboda na yau da kullum laifuffuka (yayin da kiyaye shi ga musamman yanayi kamar laifukan yaki), da kuma 24 abolitionist a aikace. Ko da yake yawancin ƙasashe sun soke hukuncin kisa, sama da kashi 60% na al'ummar duniya suna rayuwa ne a ƙasashen da ake ci gaba da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, kamar China, Indiya, Amurka, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Masar, Saudiya, Iran, Japan, da Taiwan. Hukuncin kisa na da cece-kuce a kasashe da jihohi da dama, kuma matsayi na iya bambanta tsakanin akidar siyasa ko yankin al'adu daya. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa hukuncin kisa ya keta hakkokin bil'adama, yana mai cewa "'yancin rayuwa da 'yancin rayuwa ba tare da azabtarwa ko rashin tausayi, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko hukunci ba." Ana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya, wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karbe a 1948. A cikin Tarayyar Turai (EU), Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniya ta Muhimman Hakki na Tarayyar Turai ya hana yin amfani da hukuncin kisa. Majalisar Turai, mai kasashe 46, ta nemi soke amfani da hukuncin kisa daga mambobinta kwata-kwata, ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta 13 ta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama. Koyaya, wannan ya shafi ƙasashe membobin da suka sanya hannu kuma suka amince da shi, kuma ba su haɗa da Armeniya da Azabaijan ba. Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da shi, a tsawon shekaru daga 2007 zuwa 2020, kudurori guda takwas wadanda ba su da alaka da su da ke kira da a dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a duniya, da nufin soke hukuncin kisa.
Tarihi Kusan dukkanin al'ummomi suna amfani da kisan gilla na masu laifi da 'yan adawa tun farkon wayewar duniya. Har zuwa karni na sha tara, ba tare da inganta tsarin gidan yari ba, yawanci babu wata hanyar da za ta iya aiki don tabbatar da hana masu aikata laifuka. A zamanin da ake aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da kansu sau da yawa sun haɗa da azabtarwa da hanyoyi masu raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, irin su karyewar dabaran, keelhauling, sawing, rataye, zane, da kwata, konawa a kan gungumen azaba, flaying, yankan jinkirin, tafasa mai rai, gicciye, mazzatello, busa daga bindiga, schwedentrunk, da scaphism. Sauran hanyoyin da ke bayyana a cikin almara kawai sun haɗa da mikiya na jini da bijimin jarumtaka.
Amfani da kisa na yau da kullun ya kai zuwa farkon tarihin da aka yi adana. Yawancin bayanan tarihi da al'adun gargajiya daban-daban na nuna cewa hukuncin kisa wani bangare ne na tsarin shari'arsu. Hukunce-hukuncen jama'a don aikata ba daidai ba gabaɗaya sun haɗa da diyya na kuɗin jini daga wanda ya yi kuskure, hukuncin jiki, gujewa, kora da kisa. A cikin al'ummomin kabilanci, ramuwa da kauracewa galibi ana daukar su isa a matsayin wani nau'i na adalci. Amsar laifuffukan da ƙabilu, dangi ko al'ummomi maƙwabta suka aikata sun haɗa da neman uzuri na yau da kullun, diyya, rikicin jini, da yaƙin kabilanci.
Rikicin jini ko vendetta yana faruwa ne lokacin da sasantawa tsakanin iyalai ko ƙabila ya kasa ko kuma tsarin sasantawa bai kasance ba. Wannan nau'i na adalci ya kasance ruwan dare kafin bayyanar tsarin sasantawa bisa tsarin addini ko tsarin addini. Yana iya haifar da laifi, jayayyar ƙasa ko ka'idar girmamawa. "Ayyukan ramuwar gayya suna nuna ikon haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa don kare kansu da kuma nunawa abokan gaba (da kuma abokan haɗin gwiwa) cewa rauni ga dukiya, hakkoki, ko kuma mutum ba zai kasance ba tare da hukunci ba." A yawancin ƙasashen da ke aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, yanzu an keɓe shi don kisan kai, ta'addanci, laifuffukan yaƙi, leƙen asiri, cin amanar ƙasa, ko kuma wani ɓangare na shari'ar soja. A wasu ƙasashe laifuffukan jima'i, irin su fyaɗe, fasikanci, zina, lalata, luwaɗi, luwaɗi, da na dabba suna ɗaukar hukuncin kisa, haka kuma laifukan addini kamar Hudud, Zina, da Qisas, irin su ridda (wasu ƙin bin addini na hukuma)., sabo, moharebeh, hirabah, Fasad, Mofsed-e-filarz da maita. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da hukuncin kisa, fataucin muggan ƙwayoyi da galibi mallakar muggan ƙwayoyi ma babban laifi ne. A kasar Sin, ana yanke hukuncin kisa kan fataucin mutane da manyan laifuka na cin hanci da rashawa da kuma laifukan kudi. A cikin sojoji a duniya kotunan soji sun zartar da hukuncin kisa saboda laifuffuka kamar su tsoro, ja da baya, rashin biyayya, da kuma tada zaune tsaye.
Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
52683 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakol | Pakol | Pakol (Khowar: Shina: Pashto: mai laushi ne, mai laushi, mai launi, mai lauri, wanda aka saba sawa a Afghanistan da Pakistan. Yawanci ana yin sa ne da ulu kuma ana samun sa a cikin launuka daban-daban, kamar launin ruwan kasa, baƙar fata, launin toka, hauren giwa, ko ja ta amfani da walnut. An yi imanin cewa Pakol ya samo asali ne a Chitral, ko Gilgit-Baltistan a Pakistan.
Bayyanawa Ana sanya pakol kamar beret: mai sa zai iya daidaitawa da daidaita girman don dacewa da yanayi, yanayi da girma kuma ana iya amfani dashi don ayyuka da yawa idan an buƙata. Pakol kanta tana da amfani sosai kuma tana da dadi. Yana da kyau musamman ga yanayin sanyi. Maza suna sa pakol duk shekara a yanayin sanyi, saboda hat ɗin yana aiki da kyau don kariya daga sanyi, iska, da rana. Saboda kyawawan ulu na halitta da aka yi amfani da shi don yin pakol, kai ba ya gumi, ko daskarewa, komai abin da yanayin yake. Abubuwan suna da hygroscopic, duk da haka hular ba ta jin rigar a yanayin ruwan sama, kuma ba ta bushe. Wannan ya sa ya zama tufafi masu kyau ga Pakistan da Afghanistan.
Yana da murfin ulu na hannu, wanda aka kafa tare da shimfiɗa, mai zagaye, wanda aka kewaye shi da ƙananan ƙuƙwalwa. Yawancin lokaci fari ne, launin toka, ko launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa. Tsarin ƙirar ƙwallo yana ba da damar ja shi ƙasa don rufe kunnuwa da wuyansa a yanayin sanyi da mirgina shi don yanayin zafi. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa na yin ado da tufafi, wani lokacin yawanci sanya furanni ko gashin tsuntsaye a cikin hular, musamman don lokutan biki. Kayan da aka haɗa a kusa da tushe yana ba da daidaitawa da sassauci na amfani. Ta hanyar karfafawa ko sassauta igiyar, mai sa shi yana iya riƙe hular kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Asalin da tarihi Pakol ya samo asali ne a Chitral, ko kuma daidai a Gilgit, Astore da yankunan da ke kewaye da Gilgit-Baltistan a Pakistan. Gidan ulu ya kasance babban kayan ado na mutanen Shina da mutanen Kho (wanda aka fi sani da Chitralis), na ƙarni da yawa. Har ila yau, al'ummomin Afghanistan da yawa kamar su Pashtuns, Tajiks da Nuristanis sun karbe shi kwanan nan. An karbe shi da farko a tsakanin Pashtuns na Pakistan a matsayin maye gurbin babban turban, musamman a cikin manyan biranen, kamar misali a Peshawar, saboda 'yan kasuwa na ƙauye, waɗanda kuma ke da alhakin yada shahararren Chitrali ko pakol, da farko suna fadada kasuwancin su, daga ƙarshe sun mamaye babban yanki na tsohon birnin Peshawar. Sai kawai a cikin kabilun da ke kan iyakar Afghanistan turban na gargajiya na Pashtun har yanzu yana da mashahuri. Koyaya, hotuna daga Peshawar daga ba da daɗewa ba, har yanzu suna nuna birni da turbans suka mamaye maimakon maza da ke rufe kawunansu da pakol.
Kwanan nan, an kuma gabatar da shi a cikin kwarin Kashmir ta hanyar baƙi na yanayi na kabilun Shins da suka fito daga yankunan Gurez da Tuleil a arewacin gundumar Bandipore ta Kashmir. A yau pakol da mutane na kowane matsayi na zamantakewa da asali daga Pakistan da Afghanistan ke sawa, da kuma a wasu sassan Indiya, kamar a Jammu da Kashmir da Delhi.
Kausia da ƙin haɗin Makidoniya Wasu marubutan sun kwatanta wannan kayan ado na musamman da kausia da mutanen Makidoniya na dā suka sa. Daga nan sai ya zama mai jaraba ga wasu marubuta su haɗa pakol da kamfen ɗin Indiya na Alexander the Great a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu BC. An kuma haɗa pakol da masarautun Girka-Bactrian da Indo-Girkanci na ƙarni masu zuwa. Koyaya, pakol ba shi da alaƙa ta tarihi tare da kausia. Dangane da wani kuskuren imani game da wurin asalinsa kai tsaye, pakol yana da tarihin kwanan nan a Lardin Nuristan, inda ake sawa a ko'ina a yau, yana dawowa ba da tsufa fiye da ƙarshen karni na sha tara, amma wannan kayan kwalliya ma ƙarami ne a cikin Gundumar Chitral da ke makwabtaka.
Asalin kai tsaye na pakol an sanya shi a cikin iyakar arewacin Pakistan ta zamani, a cikin Gilgit-Baltistan na yanzu, kuma yana cikin sararin samaniya mai zurfi na irin wannan siffar da aka sa a kan iyakar kasar Sin Turkestani Indiya. An sa murfin mai sauƙi tare da rolled-rim a duk yankin, daga inda ya bazu zuwa yamma, zuwa yankin Chitral inda aka sa shi sosai a ƙarshen 1920s. A bayyane yake a wani lokaci mutanen Chitral da yankunan da ke kusa da su sun fara haɗawa da ƙarin kayan zagaye don samar da kambi mai laushi. Wannan karkatarwa ta zamani ba fasalin da sojojin Alexander zasu iya ɗauka a ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu KZ ba.
Asalin, ganowa da takardu a Gilgit da Chitral Bambancin zamani na pakol ya samo asali ne daga Chitral. Har ila yau, an san hat din da khapol, wanda aka samo daga kalmar kapaal wanda ke nufin kai a cikin harshen Khowar. Babban tushen samarwa shine Chitral a Pakistan. An ambaci Pakol a cikin littafin Donatus O'Briens na 1895 a kan harshen Chitral, inda yake kwatanta tufafin kabilanci na mutanen Kho ya ce:
"Kayan da yawancin maza ke sawa ya kunshi baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka da aka yi a cikin siffar jaka kuma an mirgine shi har sai ya dace da kwanyar. Daga baya a cikin 1896 George Scott Robertson ya bayyana "Chitrali Cap".
John Biddulph a cikin kabilun Hindoo Koosh (1880), ya yi magana game da "kashin gashi mai laushi" kuma ya danganta shi ga mutanen Shina na Gilgit, Astore da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a arewacin Pakistan na yanzu. Biddulph ya kuma ce a wasu sassan yammacin arewacin Pakistan na zamani, kamar Wakhan, Chitral da Sarikol, mutane sun kasance suna sa ƙananan turbans.
"A Chitral, Wakhan da Sirikol maza suna sanye da ƙananan turbans. A cikin Gilgit, Astor, da kuma mafi yawan Yaghestan ana amfani da murfin ulu da Mista Drew ya ambata. A cikin rukunin Shin mata marasa aure ana rarrabe su da fararen murfi, wanda matan Shin masu aure ba sa sawa.
Magana ta farko game da pakol don haka yana nufin iyakar arewacin Pakistan ta zamani, yayin da a lokaci guda a yankunan da suka fi kusa da yamma da kudu, gami da Chitral, mutane har yanzu sun fi son sa turban. Wannan zai nuna cewa a cikin ƙasashe har ma da yamma, har yanzu ba a san pakol ba.
Shahararren pakol ya koma yamma a ƙarshen shekarun 1920, lokacin da Georg Morgenstierne ya ziyarci gundumar Chitral kuma ya ɗauki hotunan mazauna garin suna sanye da pakol, kodayake hotunan suna nuna cewa pakol ba shi da kambi mai laushi na zamani na Chitrali kuma ya fi kama da nau'in pakol har yanzu ana sawa a Hunza, wanda zai iya wakiltar "asalin" nau'in Pakol.
Yakin Kafiristan da tallafin da Nuristanis suka yi Pakol wani sabon abu ne na baya-bayan nan a lardin Nuristan, ana gabatar da shi daga makwabciyar Chitral a wani lokaci a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Dangane da rubuce-rubuce na farko, mazaunan Kafiristan, Nuristanis, sun tafi ba tare da wani kayan kwalliya ba. Har ila yau, suna amfani da aske kawunansu, suna barin ƙaramin yanki a kan kambi inda aka bar gashi ya girma, yana rataye sau da yawa har zuwa kugu.
A farkon tushen pakol a Nuristan ta George Scott Robertson, yana nufin pakol a matsayin hular Chitrali kuma ya bayyana cewa an sanya ta ne kawai a cikin kwarin Bashgul, kwarin gabas na Kafiristan mai iyaka da Chitral, kuma an samu hular daga Chitral. a gabas ta hanyar ciniki. Sabili da haka, an nuna a ɗan gajeren gabatarwar zuwa Afghanistan, musamman ga Nuristan na pakol. Wannan batu dai ya tabbata ne da gyalen da mutanen da aka zana a cikin manya-manyan sassaken katako da aka fi sani da gandauw s, wanda Kafirai suka shahara da shi, wanda duk ya samo asali ne tun kafin Afganistan ta mamaye Kafiristan a karshen shekarun 1890, inda aka nuna mutanen sanye da su. rawani. Bugu da ƙari, tsofaffi da matasa sun fara a cikin Kalash, yanzu suna zaune a kan iyaka a Pakistan, kuma a al'adance suna sanye da rawani, yayin da duk sauran ke sanye da pakol.
Pakols dole ne ya bazu cikin sauri tsakanin mazauna yankin, yanzu an sake masa suna Nuristanis, bayan kuma a wani bangare sakamakon nasarar da Abdul Rahman Khan na Afghanistan ya yi wa Kafiristan. Bude kwarin don kara hulɗa da kasuwanci, da kuma juyowa ga jama'a zuwa Islama, ya sa mazauna su watsar da salon gashin kansu na baya kuma su rufe kawunansu da hat. Amincewa da takamaiman kayan tufafi don nuna sabon ainihi, musamman na addini, an kafa shi sosai a tarihi.
Shahararren farko a Afghanistan A cikin shekarun 1980s, pakol ya sami karbuwa a manyan sassan Afghanistan a matsayin wanda aka fi so a sanya kayan ado na Mujahideen, wanda ya yi yaƙi da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Afghanistan da magoya bayansu na Soviet. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mutanen da ke sanye da pakol shine shugaban soja na kwarin Panjshir Ahmad Shah Massoud A cikin waɗannan shekarun, mutane daga ko'ina cikin Afghanistan, amma musamman daga cikin mutanen Tajik na Panjshir, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin da ke kan iyaka da Nuristan, sun sa pakol don nuna adawarsu ga gwamnati.
A shekara ta 1992 Mujahideen sun mallaki babban birnin Kabul, kuma tun lokacin da Tajiks daga arewa maso gabashin kasar suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Jihar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, pakol din su ya zama babban abin hawa na babban birnin Afghanistan. Koyaya, yakin basasa tsakanin jam'iyyun Mujahideen daban-daban ya ci gaba tare da sabon bayyanar Taliban, waɗanda galibi Pashtuns ne daga kudancin ƙasar kuma suna adawa da pakol da ke sanye da Mujahideens daga arewa maso gabas. Taliban sun kasance suna sa turbans, kayan gargajiya na Pashtun, wanda ya fi dacewa da nau'ikan duhu na Kandahar, yayin da abokan adawar su suka ci gaba da sanya pakol.Lokacin da Taliban suka mallaki Kabul a watan Satumbar 1996, pakol ya ɓace daga tituna, sai kawai ya dawo lokacin da a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2001, Northern Alliance tare da taimakon sojojin Amurka suka sami nasarar kawar da Taliban. A wannan lokacin pakol ya sake samun shahara, yayin da Pashtuns daga kudu da kudu maso gabashin kasar, wadanda suka kasance tushen kungiyar Taliban, har yanzu sun fi son sanya turban.
Shahararren farko a Indiya Mutanen Shina na arewacin Jammu da kwarin Gurez na Kashmir (ciki har da Tulail) sun sa pakol a al'ada a Indiya. An kuma sa Pakol a cikin kwarin Kashmir a wasu lokuta na tsawon shekaru, inda 'yan gudun hijira na Shins Dards, daga Gurez suka gabatar da shi. Wani marubuci tare da jaridar da ke cikin kwarin, ya ce game da murfin cewa ya zama sananne a cikin shekarun 1950 bayan Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, Babban Ministan Jammu da Kashmir ya yi wasa. Pakol ya zama sananne a wasu sassan Indiya, kamar a Delhi, 'yan Afghanistan da ke zaune a Indiya suna sayar da shi. Har ila yau, ya sami karbuwa a yankunan da Musulmai suka fi yawa a arewacin Indiya, musamman yankunan da ke kusa da wuraren ibada inda bambancin da aka karkatar ya fi shahara.
Nau'o'in pakol daban-daban A cikin Pakistan da Afghanistan, akwai nau'ikan pakol daban-daban da kabilun da yankuna daban-daban ke sawa. Wadannan bambance-bambance sun kasance a cikin siffofi da salo, kuma wani lokacin na musamman ne ga wani yanki ko kabilanci.
Pakol na gargajiya Hat din pakol na gargajiya yana da taushi, hat din ulu wanda yake kwance, kuma ana mirgine rims a cikin tufafin kai don a sa. An yi shi da ulu kuma ya zo da launuka daban-daban, yawanci launuka na ƙasa na halitta sune mafi yawanci ake sawa. An fi sawa a lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, Afghanistan kuma kwanan nan a kwarin Kashmir.
Chitrali pakol Chitrali pakol ne ke sa da Chitral Scouts na Arewacin Pakistan. Yana da fari, yana da alamar alama, kuma yana da gashin tsuntsu. An dauke shi alamar mutunci da girmamawa tsakanin al'ummar Chitrali kuma yawanci suna gabatar da shi ga sanannun baƙi. Wannan salon pakol na musamman ne ga yankin. Gimbiya Diana, Kate Middleton da Yarima William sun sa shi yayin ziyarar da suka kai Pakistan.
Pakol mai laushi Twisted pakol wani bambanci ne na pakol; yana da yadudduka biyu kuma rims suna karkatarwa. An yi shi da ulu mai tsabta kuma ya zo da launuka da girma daban-daban. Twisted pakol ya zama ruwan dare a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Afghanistan da Kashmir. Yana da nauyi kuma ana iya daidaita shi da sauƙi fiye da na gargajiya.
Waziristan Pakistan An sa shi a Waziristan, yankunan kabilanci na Pakistan, irin wannan pakol yawanci kuma kusan na musamman ne Pashtuns na Waziristan kamar Mahsud, Dawar, da Wazir. Babban bambanci tsakanin Waziristan pakol, da pakol na yau da kullun, shine cewa ya fi girma a girmansa, kuma gefuna suna da tuddai masu lankwasawa. Yana da banbanci ga yankunan Waziristan kuma an yi shi da ulu mai tsabta, yana samuwa a launuka daban-daban, kamar pakol na gargajiya. Har ila yau, kabilun Kin Pashtun ne ke sawa a fadin iyaka a Afghanistan a lardunan Paktia da Khost; yawanci ana yin musu ado da furanni, Ba kamar Chitralis waɗanda ke yin ado da gashin tsuntsaye ba. An dauke shi tufafin maza na yau da kullun.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olu%20Jacobs | Olu Jacobs | Articles with hCards
Oludotun Baiyewu Jacobs, (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arba'in da biyu (1942A.c), wanda akafi sani da sana'a da Olu Jacobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya kuma mai gudanarwar fina-finai. Ya fito a matsayin tauraro a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Burtaniya da dama da fina-finai na duniya. Olu Jacobs ya samu yabo daga mutane da yawa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ’yan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a zamaninsa. Tare da Pete Edochie, kafofin watsa labaru da yawa, masu sharhi na fina-finai, masu sharhi, da sauran ƴan wasan kwaikwayo suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a kowane lokaci, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar al'adu. Ana ganinsa a matsayin tsani tsakanin tsofaffin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma sabbi.
Jacobs yayi fice a fannin harkar fim a Najeriya. Tare da kwarewar a fannin harkan wasan kwaikwayo fiye da shekaru 40, ana kallonsa a matsayin gada tsakanin tsofaffi da sababbin nau'in 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. horarwa, a Royal Academy of Arts ban mamaki, Ingila, ya yi aiki tare da daban-daban repertoire sinimomi a kasar Birtaniya da kuma alamar tauraro a cikin wasu kasashen duniya fina-finai.
A cikin shekara ta (200) ya lashe kyautar African Movie Academy Award don Mafi hazakar Jarumi a rawar Jagoran fim. Olu Jacobs ya banbanta kansa a matsayin ubangida a Nollywood, inda ya bayar da kyakkyawar turba ga ’yan fim da dama da suka fito a masana’antar. Soyayyar wasan kwaikwayo ta samo asali ne daga wurin shagalin shagalin shekara na Marigayi jarumin fina-finai, Hubert Ogunde wanda aka gudanar a Otal din Colonial dake Kano, daga nan ya wuce Ingila inda ya karanci wasan kwaikwayo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts da ke Landan. An bayyana shi a matsayin 'daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Nollywood, mafi kyawun aikin fassara da kuma mafi kyawun sarrafa kalmomi'. Domin sadaukarwar da ya yi ga aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo sama da shekaru 50 da suka wuce, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta masana'antu saboda fitattun nasarorin da ya samu a wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta (2013) Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards.' Hakanan, AMAA ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Nasarar Rayuwa a gare shi a cikin shekara ta (2016). Olu Jacobs ya auri tsohuwar yar wasan kwaikwayo Joke Silva. Ma'auratan sun kafa kuma suna aiki da Lufodo Group, kamfanin watsa labaru wanda ya ƙunshi shirya fina-finai, rarrabawa kadarori da kuma sha'anin fasahohin Lufodo Academy of Performing.......
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Oludotun Baiyewu Jacobs ga iyaye 'yan asalin Egba Alake. Ya yi kuruciyarsa a Kano kuma ya halarci makarantar Holy Trinity inda ya kasance memba a kungiyoyin muhawara da wasan kwaikwayo. Ya samu kwarin gwuiwar samun damar yin wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin da ya halarci bikin shekara-shekara na Cif Hubert Ogunde a Otal din Colonial Hotel da ke Kano. Bayan haka, ya sami takardar visa kuma ya tafi Ingila don yin karatun acting.
A Ingila, Jacobs ya sami horo a Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts da ke Landan. Daga nan ya fito a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da shirye-shirye daban-daban na Burtaniya a cikin shekara ta( 1970) a ciki har da The Goodies, Till Death Us Do Part, Barlow at Large, The Venturers, Angels, 1990, The Tomorrow People and The Professionals). A cikin a shekara ta (1978) ya taka rawar Shugaba Mageeba a cikin gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo wanda Michael Codron yayi kokarin gabatar da Sir Tom Stoppard a shirinsa na Night and Day.
A cikin shekara ta (1980) s Jacobs ya fito a cikin fina-finai na duniya da dama, ciki har da fim din yakin John Irvin The Dogs of War, Roman Polanski 's adventure-comedy Pirates a shekara ta (1986) da kuma fim din iyali-kasada Baby: Sirrin Lost Legend a shekara ta (1985). A talabijin ya kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo a TVS 's The Witches da Grinnygog Daga baya Jacobs ya fito a fina -finan Nollywood sama da fim guda (120) Ana yi masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan jaruman Nollywood na Najeriya.
Rayuwa ta sirri Jacobs ya auri yar wasan Nollywood Joke Silva tun a shekara ta (1989) Suna da yara. Da aka tambaye shi dalilin da ya sa har yanzu matarsa ke da sunanta, Jacobs ya amsa: “Ita ce tata. Lokacin da na hadu da ita, yar wasan kwaikwayo ce da aka fi sani da Joke Silva to me zai hana aurena yanzu ya hana ta da masu sauraronta sunanta<Ita ce Miss Joke Silva wacce ita ce Mrs. Barkwanci Jacobs. Yana da sauƙi kamar wancan. Yanzu mutane sun fara faɗin abin da suke so. Har ma sun rubuta cewa mun rabu da kowane irin kaya. Lokacin da take aiki, ita ce Joke Silva amma ita ce Mrs. Barci Jacobs a gida. Jita-jita ya nuna cewa Olu Jacob ya mutu a cikin shekara ta (2021) amma ya halarci Afriff a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2021) inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Award. Matarsa Joke Silva daga baya ta bayyana yanayin lafiyarsa a wata hira da Chude Jideonwo cewa yana fama da Dementia tare da jikin Lewy.
Lambobin Yabo Olu Jacobs ya sami karramawa da lambar yabo ta masana'antu saboda fitattun nasarorin da ya samu wajen wasanninsa na kwaikwayo a kyautar Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards da aka gabatar a shekara ta (2013).
Zababbun Shirye-shiryensa
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Olu Jacobs at the TCM Movie Database
Manazarta Yan Najeriya da sukayi karatu a Ingila
'Yan wasa maza daga sinima ta yarbawa
Memba na Order of the Federal Republic
'Yan wasan gidan telebijin maza 'yan Najeriya
Jaruman fim maza na karni na 21
Jaruman fim maza na karni na 20\
Tsaffin daliban makarantar Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Haihuwan 1942
Fitaccen jarumi na Africa Movie Academy Award winners
Jaruman fim maza 'yan Najeriya
Jaruman fim maza yarbawa
Jarumai maza daga Abeokuta
Rayayyun |
20608 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igede | Igede | Mutanen Igede ƙabilun Najeriya a Yankin Binuwai na Lower Nigeria .'Yan asalin ƙaramar hukumar Oju da Obi ne a Najeriya, inda alkaluman yawan mutane a shekarar 2006 suka kai kimanin mutane 267,198. Koyaya, yawancin mutanen Igede sun tarwatse a duk faɗin jihar da ƙasar. Misali, ana kuma amfani da yaren Igede a Jihar Kuros Riba ta Nijeriya, kuma yawancin al'ummomin Igede sun wanzu a Jihar Osun da Jihar Ogun Harshen Igede memba ne na rukunin Benuwe-Kongo a cikin yaren Nego-Congo.
Yanayin wuri An ƙirƙiro ƙaramar Hukumar Oju ne a shekarar 1976 kuma tana da iyaka tare da kananan hukumomin Obi na yanzu, Ado, Konshisha da Gwer ta Gabas ta Jihar Benuwai, Ebonyi da Izzi na kananan hukumomin Ebonyi, da Yala karamar Hukumar Kuros Riba Yana da hedikwata a Garin Oju.
An kirkiro karamar hukumar Obi ne a shekarar 1996 kuma tana da hedikwata a Obarike-Ito. Karamar hukumar ta samo sunanta ne daga rafin Obi wanda ke gudana a yankin kuma ya raba iyaka da kananan hukumomin Ado, Otukpo da Oju na jihar Benue.
Tarihi
Asali: Al'adar baka Igede sun gano asalinsu daga Sabon Gida Ora a cikin jihar Edo ta yanzu. An ce su zuriyar Agba ne, wani babban sarki a Sabon Gida Ora. Fadan da ya barke tsakanin Igede da ‘yan asalin Ora ya sa suka yi hijira daga wannan yankin zuwa jihar Benuwai ta yanzu ta hanyar Nsukka a jihar Enugu. Wannan labarin na tarihi a cikin tarihin Igede ana yawan ambata shi cikin waƙa da wasan kwaikwayo, misali rikodin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo "Ego ny'Igede".
Asali: Bayanan tarihin Bayanan tarihin suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan cirani daga lardin Ogoja waɗanda suka ƙara karɓar al'adu da al'adun Idoma Gudanarwa da siyasa A siyasance, Igede ya faɗa ƙarƙashin gundumar sanatan Benue ta Kudu.
Al'adun Igede Igede galibi manoma ne da ke noma masara, rogo, gyada da dawa. Igede gida ne na shahararren bikin Igede-Agba, wani biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda kuma ke nuna lokacin girbin doya a watan Satumba. Tufafin gargajiya na Igede shuɗi ne masu launin shuɗi, baƙi, da fari.
Fitattun mutanen Igede Ode Ojowu, Babban Mashawarcin Shugaba Obasanjo da Shugaba mai kula da tsare-tsare na kasa Oga Okwoche, Tsohon Jakadan Najeriya a Faransa Peter Okwoche, mai masaukin baki na shirin BBC Focus on Africa TV na mujallar labarai ta labarai Sunayen Igede Da Ma'anar Haisa
Lissafin da ke ƙasa akwai sunayen Igede da ma'anar su na turanci. An tsara wannan jeri a rukuni biyu, duka Nau'in Maza da Mata, jerin sunaye a cikin 1-10 na na mata ne yayin da 11-20 na na maza ne bi da bi.
Adiya -Yana nufin sarauniya
Erima- ma'ana "Allah ya ji kukana"
Agbo Ma'ana mace mai iko Ohiama Ma'ana kyakkyawar yarinya
Omeje Ma'ana mace mai sarauta
Onwanyi -Yana nufin kyakkyawar budurwa Aladi Ma'ana sabon farawa Ojobo Ma'ana Allah mai girma Egbe -Yana nufin mace mai hayayyafa Inori Ma'ana mace mai kyau, mai laushi mai laushi Agocha mutum mara tsoro wanda ke yaƙi da makiyansa. Adegwu, Ukenya Babban firist na gari Oko Odugbo tsuntsu da ke ci gaba da cin 'ya'yan itacen dabino Onda abin al'ajabi, abin da mutum ba zai iya bayanin Onah ba shugaban gidan Adoga wanda kowa ya dogara da shi a gidan Akwuma wanda zai iya yin aure -da hannu sun kayar da kambin jarumai Edor mai kyau don saka jari ga yaro Edu Edeh wanda ke yaƙi da mutanensa Ogbaji ƙato wanda ake girmamawa a cikin al'umma
Sunaye da Sunaye Na Mata Igede
Iyaji Ma'anar tsoro don rayuwa Ogeyi Ma'ana karami mai girman kai amma ana girmama shi da babbar daraja Erima macen da duk Inori ke so Ma'ana mace kyakkyawa, mai fatar jiki mai santsi.
Odu Ma'ana mace mai kuɗi
Eko Ma'ana kira zuwa ga ɗaukan aiki Uduma Ma'ana mace mai aiki Abeyi Ma'ana mace mai hikima, wayo da kyau wacce ke kiyaye sirrin danginta Ocheri-Nuna wata mace mai kyau Onwaji -Yana nufin yarinyar da aka haifa bayan dogon lokaci na rashin haihuwa Ugwodenyi (Ugwo) -Bin bashi yana lalata abota Oganya Ma'ana shugabar mata Onyeje Ma'ana waye ya san gobe
Sunayen Igede da Ma'ana
Eje Ma'ana babban mafarauci wanda ya kashe damisa Ebah Ma'ana ƙwararren ɗan ganga Egiri Ma'ana wanda mahaifiyarsa ta daɗe a cikin ɗakin haihuwa kafin ta haihu. Ode Ma'ana mutum ne mai magani, mai maganin gargajiya Ominyi -Mai nufin wanda ya kashe giwa Akira -Mana ma'anar mai rikodin Eworo -Ma'anar masquerade Ajah Ma'ana da aka haifa yayin rashin fahimtar iyaye Ahonye -Maing da rago amma mai kyau Ajigo Ma'anarsa haifaffiyar mahaifiya yana nika kan nika dutse Ijeh Ma'ana daya a kan tafiya Abi Ma'ana daya da hangen nesa Ohiero Ma'ana babban manomi Ogireji Ma'ana wanda yake da doya da yawa kuma ya ci yunwa a cikin gidansa Omiragi -Ma'ana wanda ya kashe damisa Onwakpo Ma'ana wanda ya kashe bauna
Manazarta Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'umma
Kabila
Harsunan Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
58866 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren%20B.%20Buckley | Lauren B. Buckley | Lauren B. Buckley ƙwararriya ce ta ilimin halittu kuma farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta a Jami'ar Washington.Ta yi bincike kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da siffofi na tarihin rayuwa da martani ga sauyin yanayi na duniya.
Articles with hCards
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Lauren Buckley ta girma a Tsibirin Conanicut, Rhode Island. Ta fara sha'awar ilimin halitta yayin da take binciken tsibirin mahaifarta tare da iyayenta, duka masanan halittun ruwa ne.
Buckley ta sami Digirin girma a Bachelor of Arts a ilmin halitta da lissafi a Kwalejin Williams a 2000.Ta gudanar da bincike a matsayin dalib ta digiri a Jami'ar Stanford, inda ta sami digiri na uku a 2005.Bayan lokacinta a Stanford, Buckley ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittar Muhalli da Haɗin Kan (NCEAS)da Cibiyar Santa Fe.Buckley ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar North Carolina Chapel Hill, matsayin da ta rike daga 2009 zuwa 2013.A cikin 2013,ta shiga jami'a a Sashen nazarin halittu na Jami'ar Washington, kuma ta kasance farfesa daga 2019 zuwa gaba.Lab ɗinta, Buckley Lab, yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Washington,kuma tana gudanar da bincike kan daidaitawa da martanin muhalli na halittu ga canjin yanayi na duniya.
Bincike
Samfuran canjin yanayi Ayyukan Buckley ta mayar da hankali kan inganta ƙirar ƙira da hasashen ƙwayoyin halitta ga canjin yanayi ta hanyar haɗa filin da bayanan gwaji.Ta nuna cewa samfuran da aka fi amfani da su a cikin bincike na canjin yanayi ba su da isasshen tsinkaya game da nau'ikan da halayen jama'a,yayin da suke yin watsi da mahimman abubuwan da suka haɗa da yanayin yanayin zafin jiki, ɗabi'a,girma da ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta,waɗanda duk ke haifar da dacewa da jin daɗin jinsuna da aiki. Samfuran rarraba nau'ikan injiniyoyin da ta haɓaka sun haɗa da muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halittu don inganta hasashe da kuma tantance gaba ɗaya na wasu nau'ikan halitta zuwa wasu tsarin.Wani babban abin da ke damun waɗannan gyare-gyaren ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira shine nawa kwayoyin za su iya motsawa don dacewa da yanayin canjin yanayi,da kuma yadda wannan ƙarfin ya canza idan aka yi la'akari da nau'ikan nau'ikan biotic da abiotic.
Nazarin Ectotherm Buckley ta yi amfani da tsari iri-iri don nazarin martanin ectotherms ga yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi.Da farko da karatunta,binciken farko na Buckley ya mayar da hankali sosai kan yanayin yawan ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa.Ta hanyar nazarin yawan ɗimbin tsibiri,ta ƙididdige tasirin ƙaƙƙarfan makamashi a matsayin mahimman abubuwan iyakance ga yawa, yawa, da tsarin al'umma na yawan ectotherm.Ta kuma yi nazari tare da bayyana mahimmancin shigar da sifofin ilimin halittar jiki da na tarihin rayuwa cikin samfura yayin da ake hasashen iyakokin kewayon da canjin nau'ikan.
Binciken nata na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin kwari inda za a iya amfani da bayanan tarihi don gwada hasashen martani ga sauyin yanayi.Musamman ma ta mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka dace da canjin yanayi ga wani nau'in, idan aka yi la'akari da sifofin halittu da muhalli,waɗanda galibi ba a kula da su a cikin binciken canjin yanayi.
Ayyukanta sun kasance kayan aiki don fayyace ayyuka da dacewa sakamakon damuwa mai zafi ga nau'in ectothrm, kuma ya ba da hankali ga raunin nau'in tsakiyar latitude zuwa canjin yanayi Buckley ya kuma yi nazari kan tasirin da dama masu canji a kan ikon da aka ba nau'in don amsa canjin yanai, musamman ma haɓakar zafin zai. Bugu da ari, ta zana mahimman alaƙa tsakanin haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar filastik da sauye-sauye na phenological mara kyau wanda zai iya rage dacewa da kuma rushe hulɗar muhalli, da kuma rawar da filastik ke takawa wajen rage tasirin canjin yanayi. sarin binciken kwari na farko shine Colias butterflies da al'ummomin ciyawa a Colorado.
Koyarwa Buckley tana koyar da darussan nazarin halittu na farko a Jami'ar Washington, gami da BIOL 315: Tasirin Halittu na Canjin Yanayi da BIOL 421: Ilimin Halitta da Juyin Halitta na Dabbobi. Azuzuwanta sun yi daidai da bincikenta, suna jaddada hulɗar da ke tsakanin ilimin halitta da canjin yanayi.
Wayar da kan jama'a da aikin TrenCh Buckley ta sami tallafin NSF CAREER don ci gaba da haɓaka aikin Fassara Canjin Muhalli (TrEnCh). Manufar aikin TrenCh shine haɓaka kayan aiki don ganin tasiri da martani na canjin yanayi da sauyin yanayi akan halittu. Yana ba da buɗaɗɗen tushe, bayanai masu ƙima don ƙirar ƙira da ƙima tare da mafi girma daki-daki da daidaito fiye da ƙirar gargajiya waɗanda ke amfani da sigogi na gaba ɗaya. Aikin ya haɗa nau'o'in buɗaɗɗen tushen bayanai na tarihi da abubuwan lura don haɓaka yada abubuwan, da haɗa jama'a zuwa hanyoyin samun damar fahimtar tasirin yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da ake samu ta hanyar aikin shine TrenchR, kunshin don ƙirar makamashi na kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da harshen shirye-shirye na R. Har ila yau, aikin na TrenCh yana amfani da hoton infrared don mafi kyawun tattara bayanai game da yanayin zafi na ectotherms, da kuma fayyace yiwuwar tasirin canjin yanayi a kan tafiyar da yanayin zafi.
An tsara ɓangaren TrenCh-ed na aikin don ba wa ɗalibai damar yin hulɗa tare da bayanai da kuma lura da alaƙar yanayi a cikin martanin kwayoyin halitta.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
Zaɓi wallafe-wallafe Buckley, LB, Cannistra, AF, John, A. (2018). Yin amfani da ilimin halitta don yin hasashen illolin sauyin yanayi. Haɗuwa da ilimin halitta, 58 (1), 38-51.
Buckley, LB, Kingsolver, JG (2012). Hanyoyi na aiki da phylogenetic don hasashen martanin jinsuna ga canjin yanayi. Bita na shekara-shekara na Ecology, Juyin Halitta, da Tsare-tsare, 43, 205-226.
Burrows, MT, Schoeman, DS, Buckley, LB, Moore, P., Poloczanska, ES, Brander, KM, Richardson, AJ (2011). Takin canjin yanayi a cikin yanayin ruwa da na ƙasa. Kimiyya, 334 (6056), 652-655.
Buckley, LB, Urban, MC, Angilletta, MJ, Crozier, LG, Rissler, LJ, Sears, MW (2010). Shin injin zai iya sanar da nau'ikan rarraba nau'ikan? Haruffa ecology, 13 (8), 1041-1054.
Buckley, LB, Jetz, W. (2008). Haɓaka jujjuyawar jinsuna da mahalli a duniya. Abubuwan da aka gabatar na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Kasa, 105 (46), 17836-17841.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Littattafan Lauren Buckley da Google Scholar ya tsara
Lauren Buckley a shafin Twitter
Rayayyun mutane
Yanayi
Jami'ar Washington
Living people
Stanford university alumni
Evaluation |
61302 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Kleinfeld%20ne%20adam%20wata | Klaus Kleinfeld ne adam wata | Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (an haife shi 6 Nuwamba 1957 a Bremen, Jamus) tsohon shugaban ne kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Arconic Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld shugaban zartarwa Arconic Kleinfeld tsohon shugaban ne kuma Shugaba na Alcoa Inc., kuma tsohon shugaban kasa da Shugaba na Siemens AG. Shugaban Alcoa Siemens AG Kleinfeld ya sauka a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba na Arconic a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an nada shi darektan shirin Neom na Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia Neom An sanar da shi a watan Yulin 2018 cewa za a kara Kleinfeld daga darektan Neom zuwa mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Muhammad bin Salman a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2018, kuma cewa Nadhmi Al-Nasr zai gaji shi a matsayin darektan ne na Neom. Yarima Muhammad bin Salman Nadhmi Al-Nasr
A watan Agustan 2007, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin COO na New York, Alcoa Inc. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada Kle infeld a matsayin Shugaba na Alcoa, wanda ya gaji Alain Belda. Alcoa Alain Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilu 2017.
Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Munich, Siemens AG na Jamus daga Janairu 2005 har zuwa Yuli 2007. Kokarin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens. Koyaya, aikin kuɗi na kamfanin ya bunƙasa. A baya, Kleinfeld ya canza Siemens Management Consulting ya zama abokin tarayya mai tasiri ga kasuwancin duniya. Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka.
A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na gwamnatin Jamus ya gano kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri wanda Siemens ke kula da shi don samun kwangila. kudade masu lalacewa Masu bincike ba su sami wata hujja game da laifin da Kleinfeld ya yi ba kuma ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kansa ba. A shekara ta 2009, Kleinfeld, tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin Siemens, sun amince da biyan Siemens kuɗi don warware batun farar hula. A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.
Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a 1982 ta hanyar shiga kamfanin ba da shawara kan talla.
Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi An haifi Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1957 a Bremen, Jamus Bremen Jamus Ya sami digiri na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Georg August da ke Göttingen, Jamus da Ph.D. a cikin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Würzburg da ke Würzburg, Jamus. Jami'ar Georg August Jami'ar Göttingen Jami'ar Würzburg
Ayyuka A shekara ta 1982, Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan talla. A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga Ciba-Geigy, kamfanin samar da magunguna na kasa da kasa wanda ke zaune a Basel, Switzerland, inda ya kasance manajan samfur a sashin magunguna na kamfanin. Ciba-Geigy Basel, Switzerland
Siemens AG A shekara ta 1987, Kleinfeld ya shiga Siemens AG mai zaman kansa a Munich, kamfanin injiniya da sabis na fasaha na duniya wanda ke zaune a Amurka da Jamus. Munich Siemens AG Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin kamfanin tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan binciken tallace-tsallace. Binciken tallace-tallace A cikin 1990, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting, abokin tarayya na duniya na cikin gida don kasuwancin Siemens tare da babban rawar da ya taka wajen sake fasalin yawancin rukunin kasuwancin Siemens a duniya.
A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an kara Kleinfeld zuwa babban jami'in aiki (COO) na Siemens USA. babban jami'in aiki Rashin tattalin arziki a Amurka ya yi mummunar tasiri ga riba kuma Kleinfeld ya yi la'akari da dabarun gagarumin don inganta aikin kamfanonin Siemens. Ya kuma nemi gyara, siyarwa ko rufe ayyukan kamfanonin da aka samu kwanan nan da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar siyarwa. An rage ayyukan da ba su da riba daga 24 zuwa 8, kuma wasu matakan rage farashin sun adana kimanin dala miliyan 100. Daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Yuni 2007, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Siemens USA. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld a kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanonin Siemens. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld mataimakin shugaban Siemens AG.
A shekara ta 2004, Kleinfeld ya ba da shawarar al'adun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu hannun jari, yana matsawa kungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus su saki dokokin aiki da kuma tsawaita makon aiki na Jamus daga 35 zuwa 40, ba tare da ƙarin albashi ba. Kleinfeld ya ce ma'aikatan Jamus "dole ne su daidaita kuma su fahimci yadda duniya take" don ci gaba da yin gasa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tallace-tallace sun karu da kashi 16, ribar ta karu da kashi 35, kuma hannun jari ta karu da shekaru 40. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Heinrich von Pierer. Heinrich von Pierer
Shirin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens. Saboda tsarin mulkin Jamusanci na gargajiya guda biyu, kwamitin kulawa wanda ya hada da wakilan ƙungiyar kwadago da masu hannun jari sun ki amincewa da tsare-tsaren sake fasalin Kleinfeld. Duk da yake dabarunsa suna kallon da kyau ta hanyar 'yan jaridar kudi na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai na Jamus sun soki Kleinfeld, galibi saboda rashin alhakin zamantakewa game da ma'aikatan Siemens. alhakin zamantakewa
Kafin matsayinsa na Shugaba, Kleinfeld ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting a matsayin abokin tarayya ga kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, duk kungiyoyin Siemens sun kai ko sun wuce iyakokin da aka yi niyya a karon farko.
Binciken cin hanci A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, binciken zamba da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya zama sananne. Binciken daga baya ya gano cewa Siemens yana kula da kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri a waje da Jamus wanda kamfanin ya yi amfani da shi don samun kwangila. kudade masu lalacewa Da zarar binciken ya zama na jama'a, Kleinfeld ya hayar masana shari'a da masu binciken waje don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa da sake fasalin ayyukan lissafi da sarrafawa na cikin gida na kamfanin da kuma kawar da yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su dace ba. Binciken mai zaman kansa daga baya ya gano cewa kamfanin ya biya daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin cin hanci, wanda ya kasance doka a Jamus har zuwa 1999, amma cewa "babu wata alama ta mummunar hali ko kuma cewa Kleinfeld yana da wani ilmi game da abubuwan da suka faru" da suka shafi abin kunya. cin hanci SEC ta gabatar da tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa a kan Siemens. SEC Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin Siemens da membobin kwamitin an zarge su da "rashin hana cin hanci da rashawa". Ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kan Kleinfeld ba kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ambaci hadin gwiwar Siemens da bincike mai zaman kansa da Kleinfeld ya fara a matsayin dalilai na rage hukuncin kudi na Siemens.
A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne. A watan Satumbar 2009, Siemens ta yi barazanar gurfanar da Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin gudanarwa saboda gazawar kulawa kuma ta ba da tayin sasantawa don biyan kamfanin na miliyoyin daloli a cikin tarar da lalacewar "sunansa". Kleinfeld ya amince da warware lamarin na Yuro miliyan 2.
Alcoa da Arconic A shekara ta 2003, Kleinfeld ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin Alcoa, inda ya karbi dala miliyan 2.3 a hannun jari a ranar farko. A watan Agustan 2007, Alcoa ta nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kasa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Alain JP Belda. Alain J. P. Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa.
A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kleinfeld ya fara rufe wasu wuraren narkewa masu tsada. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ambaci wani baya a cikin masana'antun sararin samaniya da kuma karuwar bukatar kayayyakin aluminum masu sauƙi a cikin masana-antun motoci da gine-gine saboda "canjin tarihi" zuwa ga man fetur da ingancin makamashi. Ginin motar sararin samaniya Kleinfeld ya jagoranci rarraba kamfanin tare da ƙarin fasahar kayan aiki masu yawa, injiniya da masana'antu, kuma ya ba da umarnin sayen kamfanoni uku don sanya Alcoa cikin kasuwancin sararin samaniya. Ya aiwatar da dabarun don rage dogaro da kamfanin akan kayayyaki, yana kula da tasowa don zama jagora na duniya a cikin ƙarfe mai sauƙi, da haɓaka sunansa don ƙwarewar masana'antu.
A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, Alcoa ta kammala canjin ta tare da sanarwar cewa za ta rabu zuwa kamfanoni biyu na jama'a a shekara mai zuwa wani mai suna Alcoa Corp., da kuma wani wanda ya ƙunshi mai suna Alcao Inc., Arconic, wanda zai riƙe Alcoa Inc.'s darajar-ƙara tsakiyar- da kuma ƙasa kasuwanci. Alcoa Corp. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, Alcoa ta raba aikinta na aluminum daga sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ba da kasuwannin sararin samaniya da na motoci. Kamfanin da aka riƙe shi ne sabon kamfani da aka kirkira Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld ya kasance a matsayin shugaban Arconic da Shugaba bayan rabuwa. Alcoa Corp. Da farko ya ba da shawarar zama shugaban kamfanin a lokacin canji, amma an ƙi tayin; Kleinfeld ba shi da alaƙa da sabon kamfanin.
Shirye-shiryen ilimi na STEM A karkashin jagorancin Kleinfeld, Alcoa ta goyi bayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban ma'aikata na STEM (kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi) don horar da ilimantar da dalibai da malamai a duniya. STEM Wani yanki na Yuli 2012 wanda Kleinfeld da Richard Haass, shugaban Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da gwamnati don rage gibin ƙwarewar STEM tsakanin kasuwar ma'aikata da masana'antun. Majalisar Richard Haass kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje A watan Satumbar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya nada Kleinfeld a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa 2.0 don ci gaba da kokarin Alcoa na kula da jagorancin Amurka a cikin fasahohin da ke tasowa.
Yin murabus daga Arconic A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kamfanin Elliott Management Corporation ya kaddamar da gasar wakilai a kan kamfanin. Kamfanin Gudanar da Elliott Elliott ya yi kira ga korar Kleinfeld a fili, yana mai nuna rashin aikin kamfanin, ya rasa hasashen riba, da rashin inganci. A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Kleinfeld ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kwamitin Arconic, bayan ya aika da wasika ba tare da izini ba ga Elliott.
Klaus Kleinfeld ya kafa tare da Abokan SPAC "Constellation" wanda aka jera a kan NYSE a cikin 2021. Ya kafa kamfaninsa na saka hannun jari "K2 Elevation" wanda ke saka hannun jari da haɓaka kamfanoni na duniya a cikin fasahar fasaha da ɓangaren biotech. A halin yanzu fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi ayyukan a Jamus, Austria, da Amurka. Yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa da kuma kungiyoyi daban-daban.
Kwamiti Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Bilderberg, Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Brookings, Kwamitin Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, Kwamitin Amurka na Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Metropolitan Opera. Kungiyar Bilderberg Brookings Cibiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Metropolitan Opera A shekara ta 2009, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha (USRBC), wanda ke inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin Amurka da Rasha. Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha. A cikin 2013, Kleinfeld ya shiga Kwamitin Daraktocin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da China kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaba na Duniya na Firayim Minista na kasar Sin. Firayim Ministan kasar Sin.
A baya, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a kwamitin kula da Bayer AG daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ya kasance darektan Citigroup Inc. daga 2005 zuwa 2007, kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Siemens AG daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Bayer AG Citigroup Inc. Siemens AG Mista Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Morgan Stanley da Hewlett Packard Enterprise har zuwa Afrilu 2017. Kamfanin Morgan Stanley Hewlett Packard Shi memba ne na allon sa ido na NEOM, Konux da Ferolabs. Kleinfeld shi ne Sanata mai daraja na Lindau Nobel Laureates Taron kuma memba ne na kwamitin Metropolitan Opera, New York Kyaututtuka da karbuwa A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Legend in Leadership daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabannin Yale. Har ila yau, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award daga Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. Kwamitin Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an nada Kleinfeld Shugaba na Shekara a 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards Rayuwa ta mutum Kleinfeld yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Birgit, da yara biyu. Abin sha'awa na Kleinfeld shine wasanni (marathon, tseren kankara, wasan tennis).
Littattafai Samar da Makomar. 'Yan Kasuwancin Siemens 1847-2018. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cibiyar Tarihi ta Siemens, Hamburg 2018, ISBN 9-783867-746243. __hauhauhau__ ISBN __hauhauhau__ 9-783867-746243
Kamfanin Kasuwanci da dabarun Tarayyar Kasuwanci, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, ISBN 3-929115-16-6 Kamfanin Kasancewa da dabarun Kasuwanci __hauhauhau__ ISBN __hauhauhau__ 3-929115-16-6
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Shugabannin da Babban Jami'an Siemens AG
Haihuwan 1957
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
49152 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birr%20Habasha | Birr Habasha | Birr ita ce sashin kuɗin kuɗi a Habasha An raba shi zuwa santim 100 A cikin 1931, Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie na 1 a hukumance ya bukaci al'ummomin duniya su yi amfani da sunan Habasha (kamar yadda aka riga aka san ta a cikin gida na akalla shekaru 1,600) a maimakon Abyssinia exonym, kuma Bankin Abyssinia da ya ba da shi kuma ya zama Bankin. na Habasha Don haka, ana iya la'akari da kudin kafin 1931 a matsayin bir Abyssiniya da kudin bayan 1931 da kudin Habasha, ko da yake kasa daya ce kuma kudin gaba daya da bayanta.
Biliyan 186 ne ke yawo a shekarar 2008 (dala biliyan 14.7 ko Yuro biliyan 9.97).
Tarihi
Birni na farko, 1800-1936 A cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th, Maria Theresa thalers da tubalan gishiri da ake kira "amole tchew" (Amole) sun yi aiki a matsayin kuɗi a Habasha. An san thaler a gida da Birr (a zahiri ma'anar "azurfa" a cikin Ge'ez da Amharic ko talari (Talari). An karɓi Maria Theresa thaler bisa hukuma a matsayin daidaitaccen tsabar kudi a cikin 1855, kodayake ana amfani da rupee Indiya da dalar Mexico a cikin kasuwancin waje.
Talari na Habasha (thaler, dala, birr) ya zama ma'auni a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1893 kuma an samar da dala 200,000 a Mint na Paris a 1894 don Menelik II Talari, daidai da Maria Theresa thaler, an raba shi zuwa 20 ghersh (kuma gueche ko gersh, daga qirsh Ottoman ko 40 bessa (ƙaramin tsabar jan karfe).
Wani sabon tsabar kudin Habasha ya bayyana kusan 1903. Sabuwar azurfar ta kasance tana da nauyi da inganci kamar na tsohuwar, amma a yanzu an sami bir kwata da gyale na azurfa, na ƙarshen 1/16 na nauyin kuɗin Kuɗin asusun yanzu ya zama 1 birr' 16 ghersh 32 bessa An kafa bankin Abyssinia a shekara ta 1905 ta Emperor Menelik da kungiyar bankunan Turai da ke bayan bankin kasa na Masar Menelik ne ya bude bankin a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1906. Kuɗin Habasha ya sami karɓuwa a hankali a hankali, kuma Bankin Abyssinia ya shigo da Maria Theresa thalers A lokacin yakin duniya na daya, bankin ya ci gaba da sayo kusan 1,200,000 na wadannan tsabar kudi duk shekara. Bankin Abyssinia ya sanya takardun banki a cikin 1915. Waɗannan bayanan kuɗi an ƙirƙira su da birr cikin Amharic da thaler cikin Ingilishi. 'Yan kasuwa da 'yan kasashen waje ne suka yi amfani da su amma ba a yarda da su gabaɗaya ba. Koyaya, bayanin kula ya karu sosai bayan 1925.
Sarki Haile Selassie ya sayi Bankin Abyssinia a 1931 akan fan 235,000 domin ya zama cibiyar Habasha zalla. An sake tsara shi azaman Bankin Habasha A lokaci guda, an ƙididdige kuɗin kuma an gabatar da alamar nickel da tsabar tagulla, bir ɗin ya zama daidai da 100 metonys (sau da yawa rubuta matonas Rubutun da ke kan bayanan bankin ya fito a cikin Amharic, Faransanci, da Ingilishi.
A tsakiyar 1930s, yaduwar ya ƙunshi Maria Theresa da Menelik talari Lira ta Italiya, 1936-41 Ba da dadewa ba bayan mamayar Italiya da yunƙurin rikiɗewar Habasha zuwa Italiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, an ƙaddamar da Lira ta Italiya (15 Yuli 1936) kuma an cire takardun kuɗin Habasha daga yaɗuwa akan 3 lire kowace talalar (Birr). A kokarin da ake na kara amfani da kudin takardar Italiya, an daga darajar kudin azurfa (Maria Theresa thalers) zuwa lire 4.50, sannan zuwa 5.00, kuma daga karshe, a mataki, zuwa 13.50. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun ajiye tsabar kuɗin Habasha da takardun banki.
Tsabar kudi na Italiyanci na yau da kullun da takardun banki na Banca d'Italia sun yadu bayan 15 Yuli 1936. An ba da izini ga bayanin kula na musamman tare da jajayen rubutu don Italiyanci Gabashin Afirka a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1938, kuma an buga adadi mai yawa. Ba a fayyace ba, duk da haka, yaushe, a ina, da kuma menene ainihin waɗannan bayanan na musamman suka yaɗa.
Shilling na Gabashin Afirka, 1941–45 A lokacin yakin Gabashin Afirka na 1941, sojojin Birtaniya sun zo da kudin Indiya, Masar, Birtaniya, da Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka, kuma duk an karbi su a cikin kudade na hukuma. An ba da izinin tsabar tsabar Italiyanci da bayanin kula har zuwa 50 lire su ci gaba da rarrabawa don zama ɗan canji; An cire manyan majami'u akan kudi lire 24 akan kowace shilling. Maria Theresa thalers an ba su damar yaduwa da ƙimar 1s d (ko 45 lire). Shilling na Gabashin Afirka ya zama kuɗin asusu a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1942; Daga ƙarshe ya zama takardar izinin doka kawai kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1945.
An yi amfani da bayanan kula na yau da kullun na Hukumar Kuɗi ta Gabashin Afirka don yaɗawa a Habasha.
Birni na biyu, 1945-yanzu An sake dawo da kudin a shekarar 1945 akan kudi naira 1 2 shillings. An yi amfani da sunan dalar Habasha a cikin rubutun Turanci akan takardun banki. An raba shi zuwa santim 100 (wanda aka samo daga santimita na Faransa). Sunan birr ya zama sunan hukuma, ana amfani da shi a duk harsuna, a cikin 1976.
Alamar Birr da aka gabatar An sami shawarwari daban-daban don alamar birr, galibi bisa ga Ge'ez fidel b bə Alamar da aka ba da shawara ta ƙunshi bə tare da sassaƙaƙe biyu a kwance a gefen hagu.
Biniam ne ya ƙirƙira alamar a ƙarƙashin sunan "@dbeniam" a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2020 akan shafin Twitter Tsabar kudi
Birni na farko Tsakanin 1894 da 1897 tsabar tagulla an gabatar da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin tare da azurfa 1 ghersh 1 birr, da zinariya 1 aiki A cikin 1931, an gabatar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi da suka ƙunshi jan karfe 1 da 5 metonys, da nickel 10, 20 da 50 metonnyas.
Birni na biyu A cikin 1944 (EE1936 a cikin kalandar Habasha an sake dawo da tsabar kudi, tare da jan karfe 1, 5, 10 da 25 santim da azurfa 50 santim. An fitar da jerin na biyu a cikin 1977 (EE1969). Ya ƙunshi aluminum 1 santim, brass 5 da santim 10, cupro-nickel 25 da santim 50, da bi-metallic 1 birr. Batutuwa na baya-bayan nan su ne:
5 santim 2006 (EE1998)
10 santim 2004 (EE1996)
25 santim 2016 (EE2008; kuma ana kiranta semuni 50 santim 2016 (EE2008)
1 Birr 2016 (EE2008; bi-metallic Kwanakin, kamar sauran almara, sun bayyana a cikin Amharic, harshen hukuma na Habasha.
Ganewa da bayyanar Bayan samun kusan dukkanin tatsuniyoyi a cikin harshen Amharic, akwai siffofi guda biyu waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen gano kuɗin Habasha nan da nan. Tsabar da aka fara kwanan watan, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan kafin 1977 (EE1969), suna ɗauke da zaki mai rawanin rawani mai gicciye. Ana iya ganin wannan a hoton da ke kusa. Daga baya tsabar kwanan wata, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan 1977 (EE1969) ko kuma bayan, suna kwatanta kan zaki mai ruri, tare da magudanar ruwa.
An kashe tsabar kudi a mintoci da dama, ciki har da Paris, Berlin, da Addis Ababa. Tsabar kudi ba tare da alamar ma'auni ba gaba ɗaya an buga su a Addis Ababa. Tsabar da aka buga a Paris suna da ko dai alamar "A" tare da cornucopia da alamomin fasces, ko alamun cornucopia da tocilan privy ba tare da "A".
Takardun kuɗi
Birr na farko Bankin Abyssinia ya gabatar da takardun banki na 5, 10, 100 da 500 a shekarar 1915. An buga takardun kudi na talari 280,000. Rubutun da ke kan bayanan ya kasance cikin Amharic da Faransanci. An ƙara bayanin kula mai nauyin 50 a cikin 1929, wanda a lokacin sama da talari miliyan 1.5 a cikin bayanin kula ke yawo.
Bankin Habasha ya ba da bayanin kula a cikin 1932 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10, 50, 100 da 500 talari. An ba da bayanin kula 2-talari mai kwanan wata 1 ga Yuni 1933 don girmama ma'auratan Imperial. A ƙarshen 1934, wasu talari miliyan 3.3 a cikin bayanin kula suna yawo.
Birr na biyu A ranar 23 ga Yulin 1945, Bankin Jiha na Habasha ya gabatar da takardar kuɗi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 da 500. An kafa Babban Bankin Habasha ta hanyar shela ta 207 na 27 Yuli 1963, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1964. Babban bankin kasar Habasha ya dauki nauyin samar da takardar kudi a shekarar 1966 kuma ya fitar da dukkan nau'o'i ban da tsabar kudi 500. An fitar da takardun banki a cikin jerin masu zuwa:
2020 darikoki A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2020, Habasha ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da sabbin takardun banki na 10, 50, 100, da kuma 200, tare da fitar da na ƙarshe a rarrabawa don biyan buƙatun fitar da babban takardar kuɗi don magance hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Tsofaffin al'amurran da suka shafi 10, 50, da 100 na tsabar kudi sun kasance a cikin watan Disamba. Gwamnatin tarayya ta bayar da rahoton cewa sama da biliyan 113 kwatankwacin dala biliyan 3.6 ya rage a boye a bankuna. Gwamnatin tarayya ta kuma yi imanin cewa ana amfani da wadannan kudade ne domin kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a kasar Habasha. A cikin wata guda kawai, bankunan Habasha sun samu tsabar kudi biliyan 14, kusan dala miliyan 500 a tsarinsu wanda ake sa ran zai karu yayin da muke kan gaba a karshen shekarar 2020. Matakin, wanda Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed ya sanar, an ruwaito shi a matsayin wani matakin rigakafin cutarwa, jabun da sauran almundahana da ke shafar zaman tattalin arziki. Ya kuma bayyana cewa kasar ta kashe kudi naira biliyan 3.7 (dala miliyan 101.2) wajen buga sabbin takardun kudi. Kamfanoni da daidaikun jama'a za su iya tsabar kudi har dala miliyan 1.5 kawai 41,000). Har ila yau, fitar da tsabar kudi daga bankunan bai kamata ya wuce dala 100,000 ($2,737). Tsohuwar takardar kuɗi na bir 5, yayin da za su ci gaba da zama na doka, za a maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi.
Bakar kasuwar Habasha canjin kudin waje
Takaitawa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje A gallery na takardun banki na Habasha
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27051 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20Korona%20a%20Cikin%20Sanannun%20Al%27adu | Cutar Korona a Cikin Sanannun Al'adu | Magana game da cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin sanannun al'adun sun fara ne yayin da cutar ke ci gaba da gudana. Duk da mummunan tasirin cutar ta COVID-19, ta haɗu da mutane ta hanyoyin nishaɗi waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe haɓaka da haɓaka al'adun pop.
Fage da jigogi Cutar kwalara ta Korona (Covid-19) ta mamaye duniya a farkon watannin shekarar 2020, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, wanda ke gudana har zuwa November 2021. Baya ga ita kanta cutar, yawancin jama'a sun yi fama da kulle-kulle, karancin abinci da gajiyawar annoba Wannan Kuma ya sanya zamanin annoba ya zama lokacin damuwa na musamman. Barkewar cutar ta kori wasu mutane don neman tsira cikin lumana a kafafen yada labarai, amma wasu zuwa ga annoba ta almara (watau aljanu apocalypses a matsayin wani nau'in tserewa.
Jigogi sun haɗa da yaduwa, keɓewa da asarar sarrafawa.
A cikin kafofin watsa labarai An saka cutar ta ɓarke a cikin labarun shirye-shiryen talabijin da ke gudana kafin ɓarkewar cutar kuma an mai da hankali kan sababbi, tare da sakamako masu gauraya. Da yake rubutu game da <i id="mwIw">Pandemonium na</i> BBC mai zuwa na gaba a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2020, New York Times ya tambaya, "Shin muna shirye mu yi dariya game da Covid-19? Ko kuma, akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa, ko kuma a iya gane shi ta hanyar ban dariya, game da rayuwa a lokacin annoba, tare da dukan rashin jin daɗi da koma baya, ba tare da la'akari da al'adunsa ba (tafawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da dokoki (masu rufe fuska, don Allah). Fim da talabijin
Abin tsoro Fim ɗin mai ban tsoro mai watsa shiri, fim ɗin allo na kwamfuta, an ƙirƙira shi kuma an sake shi yayin bala'in kuma ya ta'allaka ne kan halayen halayen allahntaka da aka kai wa hari bayan gudanar da bincike ta hanyar zuƙowa Abin ban dariya A fim Borat M Moviefilm, wani mabiyi da 2006 mockumentary film Borat, aka saki a kan Amazon Prime Video a watan Oktoba 2020. Ya ƙunshi ɗan jaridar Kazakh ɗan jaridar Borat Sagdiyev Sacha Baron Cohen da ke yawo a cikin Amurka tare da yin hulɗa da Amurkawa yayin bala'in. Ƙarshen fim ɗin cikin raha ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Kazakhstan ce ta ƙirƙira COVID-19, wacce ta yi amfani da Borat don yada shi tare da fara cutar.
Fim ɗin Locked Down, game da heist na kayan ado a lokacin bala'in, an sake shi akan HBO Max a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2021, bayan an yi fim ɗin a cikin Satumba 2020 kuma ya saita bazarar da ta gabata. An samu gaurayawan sake dubawa.
Wasan kwaikwayo/mai ban sha'awa Wasan Gone jerin gidan yanar gizo ne mai ban sha'awa na Indiyawa wanda Nikhil Bhat ya jagoranta, wanda aka harbe shi gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin gidaje kuma an ba da umarni daga nesa yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Indiya An fara shi a Voot a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2020. Nunin ya biyo bayan mutuwar wani majiyyaci na COVID-19 tare da layin da ke samun rikici a kowane bangare.
Jerin wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na Amurka The Good Doctor da Grey's Anatomy sun fara watsa shirye-shiryen su na 4 da kakar 17, bi da bi, a cikin Nuwamba 2020. Dukansu sun nuna tasirin COVID-19 akan haruffan da ke aiki a, da marasa lafiya na, asibitin da aka saita nunin gami da maimaita haruffan da suka kamu da cutar.
Jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka 9-1-1 ya fara nuna lokacinsa 4 a cikin Janairu 2021. Lamarin buɗewa mai lamba 47, "Sabuwar Abun Al'ada" ta ƙunshi jerin labaran da ke tattare da cutar ta COVID-19 da tasirin sa ga duka masu maimaitawa da kuma daidaikun mutane na yau da kullun.
Songbird, wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na soyayya na Amurka wanda Adam Mason ya ba da umarni kuma Michael Bay ya shirya, wanda "COVID-23" ya sa duniya ta kasance cikin kulle-kulle tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda aka yi fim a Los Angeles a lokacin bala'in bala'in duniya tare da rugujewa. samarwa. Amsar farko ba ta da kyau, tare da masu sukar suna jayayya cewa yana "Cirar Kuɗi a kan wahalar ɗan adam" da kuma "jifa mai mafarki mai ban tsoro a kan wutar masu ra'ayin makirci." An kwatanta shi a matsayin fim ɗin Amurka na farko da aka samo gabaɗaya daga cutar, an sake shi a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2020 zuwa sake dubawa gabaɗaya. Aƙalla takwas daga cikin fina-finai 75 da aka sanar don 2021 Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma sun haɗa da COVID-19.
Putham Pudhu Kaalai transl. Wani sabon alfijir fim ne na anthology na Indiya na Tamil na 2020, wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun sassan fina-finai biyar. An harbe shi gabaɗaya yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Indiya kuma an saita shi a kan yanayin kulle-kulle na ƙasar na tsawon kwanaki 21 a cikin Maris 2020, gajerun fina-finai guda biyar suna magana game da bege, ƙauna, da sabon farawa yayin bala'in. Fim ɗin ya fito akan Amazon Prime Video akan 16 Oktoba 2020.
Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn transl. Lambar da Karthik ya buga gajeriyar fim ce ta 2020 na Indiya ta Tamil wanda Gautham Menon ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Mabiyi ga Vinnaithandi Varuvaayaa (2010), taurarin Silambarasan da Trisha suna sake dawo da rawar da suka taka a wannan fim. An yi fim ɗin da farko ta amfani da iPhone kuma an sake shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2020 akan YouTube Hakan ya biyo bayan mai shirya fina-finai Karthik wanda ke gida yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Tamil Nadu ba tare da aiki ba yayin da aka rufe gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, yana shafar aikinsa na marubucin allo. Yayin da yake fuskantar shingen marubuci, ba da jimawa ba ya kira tsohuwar budurwarsa Jessie, wacce ta tsere sakamakon barkewar cutar a cikin birnin New York kuma tana cikin kulle-kulle a Kerala Bayan kiran waya, Karthik ya ci gaba da rubutunsa kuma ya tsara Kamal Kadambari Labarin Soyayya.
Coronavirus fim ne na yaren Telugu na Indiya wanda ke bincika rayuwar dangi mai matsakaicin matsayi a cikin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a Indiya An saki fim ɗin a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2020.
Eeswaran fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya na Tamil na 2021 wanda Suseenthiran ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Yana ba da labarin rikicin dangi a lokacin da kuma sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 a Indiya.
Fensir zuwa Jugular wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya na 2021 wanda Matthew Victor Pastor ya jagoranta. An saita yayin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a Melbourne shine kashi na biyu a cikin jerin fina-finai na 2020 wanda Matthew Victor Pastor ya jagoranta. An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fina- Finan Duniya na Moscow karo na 43 a cikin Afrilu 2021.
Gajere Pablo Larrain ya haɗu da ɗan gajeren tarihin tarihin fim mai suna Na gida, wanda aka ƙirƙira lokacin kuma yana ba da labarai game da lokacin kulle-kulle na COVID-19. An bukaci kowane daraktoci 17 da su shirya fim mai tsawon minti biyar zuwa bakwai, ta amfani da kayan aikin da aka samu a gida kawai, kuma ga jama'a. An ƙaddamar da aikin a cikin Maris kuma an sake shi bayan watanni uku kawai a watan Yuni, ta hanyar Netflix.
Bidiyon kiɗa Bidiyon kiɗan hukuma na waƙar Phenom ta Thao & the Get Down Stay Down an yi rikodin ta gabaɗaya ta hanyar "tsararriyar grid na app Zoom yayin da membobin ƙungiyar ke keɓe a gida. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗan da ya fito daga zamaninmu na keɓewa," ya ɗauki kwanaki takwas don kammalawa.
Don faifan kiɗan na hukuma "Rasa Wani" ta masu fasaha Kygo, da Jamhuriyya ɗaya, sun yi amfani da manyan hotunan allo na kore da hotunan daji yayin da suke aiki nesa da juna saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19. Don bidiyon kiɗan Kygo “Yanci” mai nuna Zak Habila, an harbe shi dabam da gidajensu kuma ya mai da hankali kan rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin umarnin gida.
Aribum Anbum transl. Ilimi da Soyayya fassara. Hikima da Ƙauna waƙar Indiya ce ta Tamil da aka saki ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2020 ta Think Music India akan YouTube don amsa cutar ta COVID-19 a Indiya Ghibran ne ya shirya waƙar da kuma waƙar Kamal Haasan Mawaka 12 ne suka rera shi kuma mawaƙan suka naɗa daga gidajensu. Kalmomin waƙar suna magana ne game da bukatar yin amfani da zuciyarmu da basirarmu don yaƙi da rikicin. Bidiyon ya kuma ƙunshi hotunan yadda ɗimbin ƴan ci-rani ke gudun hijira daga biranen ƙasar.
Jadawalin saki Sakamakon rufe gidajen kallon fina-finai, wasu fina-finai da aka yi niyya da farko don fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a maimakon haka sun fara fitowa akan ayyukan yawo. Disney's Mulan ya fara fitowa akan Disney a cikin Satumba 2020, kuma an fitar da fim ɗin Warner Brothers Wonder Woman 1984 a ranar 25 ga Disamba akan HBO Max.
Wasu fina-finai, kamar shigarwar James Bond Babu Lokacin Mutuwa, an dage su sama da shekara guda saboda cutar.
Kiɗa Yayin da mutane suka juya zuwa kiɗa don sauƙaƙe motsin zuciyar da bala'in ya haifar, masu sauraron Spotify sun nuna cewa nau'ikan gargajiya, yanayi, da yara sun girma saboda COVID-19 yayin da ya kasance iri ɗaya ga Pop, Ƙasa, da Rawa. Daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan na ƙarshe, duk da haka, ƙasar ta bayyana ita ce mafi ƙarfin juriya, tare da shaharar da ta karu da kashi 15.8%.
Sauran misalan kiɗan da COVID-19 ya yi tasiri sun haɗa da:
Markus J. Buehler a Massachusetts Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha ta haifar da wata m ci daga wani sonification algorithm da kuma tsarin da cutar 'S (karu) gina jiki. Bayan kyakkyawan kyakkyawan sakamako na sakamakon bincike, yana iya bayar da wata hanyar gano yuwuwar wuraren dauri don maƙasudin warkewa kuma ta haka ne ke taimakawa tare da jiyya.
Mawaƙan Australiya Tim Minchin da Briggs ne suka shirya waƙar HouseFyre jagororin Firayim Minista Scott Morrison mai ban sha'awa a cikin watannin da suka gabata yayin da suke keɓe a gidajensu. An yi fim ɗin faifan bidiyon daga wayoyinsu ta hannu, tare da kuɗin da aka samu daga siyar da waƙar da aka yi don tara kuɗi don masu fasaha na asali.
Mawaƙin iMarkkeyz ya sake haɗa wani bidiyo na Instagram ta mai rapper Cardi B don fitar da waƙar "Coronavirus" a tsakiyar Maris. Ya kai lamba 1 akan ginshiƙi na iTunes na da na 9 a Amurka, kuma ana kiransa "farko na farko na abin da ɗan tarihi na gaba zai iya kira cutar annoba".
Tsohon sojan Burtaniya Kyaftin Tom Moore ya tara fiye da $55 miliyan don Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Biritaniya (NHS) a tsakiyar barkewar cutar a makon da ya cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa tare da wani nau'in Ba za ku taɓa yin tafiya Shi kaɗai tare da mawaƙa Michael Ball da NHS Voices of Care Choir, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi tsufa da ya yi fice. sigogin kiɗan kuma suna da'awar lamba ɗaya ta Burtaniya.
Littafin Laburare na Jama'a na New York ya buga kundi na "filayen sauti" rikodin sauti na yanayi mai tayar da hankali na birni Rasa Sauti na New York (ciki har da sautin zirga-zirgar sa'a mafi girma, wasan ƙwallon baseball, gidan cin abinci mai aiki, da na ɗakin karatu na ɗakin karatu). dakin karatun kansa). An sake shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, an watsa shi a Spotify a cikin makon farko sama da sau 200,000 kuma magajin gari ya yaba wa jama'a.
Opera ta kasa ta Finnish ta samar da opera Covid fan tutte, wanda aka fara a Helsinki a cikin Maris 2020. Wasan opera ta ɗauki makinta daga Mozart 's Così fan Tutte, tare da ainihin libertto ta Minna Lindgren tana tattaunawa game da tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 ta 2020 akan rayuwa a Finland Wani daidaitawa da aka tsara don ba da aikin yi ga mawaƙa da kuma nishaɗantarwa ga abokan ciniki, shine farfaɗowar kide-kide na raye-raye da ake yi yayin hutu a cikin abincin gidan abinci, irin su Sydney Symphony Orchestra string trio wanda ke wasa don masu cin abinci lokacin da aka sake buɗe gidan abinci a Sydney Opera House.
NPR 's "Morning Edition Song Project" yana gayyatar mawaƙa don ƙaddamar da waƙoƙin asali game da abubuwan da suka samu na musamman yayin bala'in COVID-19.
Taurarin Pop Justin Bieber da Ariana Grande sun fitar da wata waka mai suna "Stuck With U", wadda ta kasance mai tara kudade ga gidauniyar yara masu amsawa ta farko. Bidiyon kiɗan da ke rakiyar ya ƙunshi mashahurai daban-daban a cikin hira ta bidiyo, tare da "squares na Grande da Bieber suna waƙa a ware a gidajensu da rajistar bidiyo daga magoya baya da shahararrun abokai, ciki har da Kylie da Kendall Jenner, Stephen da Ayesha Curry da Chance the Rapper tare da matarsa, Kristen Corley."
Adabi Littafin Lockdown na Peter May, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 2005 kuma yana bayyana cutar ta duniya, an ƙi asali don bugawa don rashin gaskiya. Lokacin da wani fan ya nemi ya rubuta wani abu da ya shafi cutar ta COVID-19, marubucin ya ce ya yi tunani game da hakan na minti daya kafin ya “gane cewa na riga na yi shi.” An buga shi a watan Afrilu 2020.
Marubucin almara mai ban tsoro da allahntaka Stephen King ya ba da baya ga saitin Billy Summers daga 2020 zuwa 2019, ta yadda haruffan su iya haduwa a fili kuma su hau jirgin ruwa.
Paolo Giordano, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan Italiya kuma marubucin da ya lashe lambar yabo na Premio Strega, ya buga tunaninsa game da barkewar kwayar cutar a cikin wata makala mai taken Yadda Contagion ke Aiki a cikin Maris 2020. An fassara shi cikin sauri zuwa fiye da harsuna 20.
Italian virologist kuma marubucin Roberto Burioni buga Virus. Babban Kalubale jarrabawar yadda annoba ke tsara wayewa a cikin Maris 2020. Abubuwan da aka samu sun tafi wajen bincike kan kwayar cutar.
Mawallafin Italiyanci Garzanti ya buga Komai zai yi kyau tarihin gajeriyar labarai ashirin da shida da kasidu game da keɓewa daga yawancin marubuta ciki har da marubuciyar yara Elisabetta Gnone Riba daga siyar da littafin e-littafin ya tafi asibitin Paparoma John XXIII a Bergamo
An yi wahayi zuwa da yawa idan aka kwatanta martanin COVID-19 a cikin Burtaniya da sitcom na Burtaniya Dad's Army, masanin tarihin Ingila kuma marubuci Niles Schilder ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce hudu don kungiyar Dad's Army Appreciation Society, uku daga cikinsu sun kalli yadda haruffan jerin za su yi aiki. tare da annoba.
Yin zane-zane Madrid ta Teatro Real fito modified version of Verdi ta La Traviata inda COVID-19 jiki distancing hani da aka kafa a cikin samarwa. Masu wasan kwaikwayo sun fara kan mataki sanye da abin rufe fuska na tiyata, shirin yana nuna grid na layukan jajayen layukan da aka ɗora tsawon mita 2 a ƙasa, tare da ɗora dukkan motsin ƴan wasan don su rabu, kuma an zaɓi opera da kanta kamar yadda shirin ke ɗauke da tarin fuka Tamas Detrich, darektan Stuttgart Ballet, ya ba da umarni takwas ayyukan rawa na zamani "wanda aka halicce su a cikin da kuma waɗannan yanayi masu wuyar gaske", uku daga cikinsu an gabatar da su a taron farko na kamfanin bayan rufewar Response 1.
ƙwararrun ƴan rawa da kamfanoni, na gargajiya da na zamani, sun yi fim kuma sun buga sabbin ayyuka waɗanda suka amsa jigogi na keɓewa. Ko dai ta hanyar a cikin choreography kanta (misali Rhiannon Faith's Drowntown a cikin wurin (misali wuraren jama'a marasa amfani Taylor Stanley a wajen Cibiyar Lincoln, Choreography na Kyle Abraham ko fasahar yin fim (misali a Flying Home ta ƙungiyar rawa ta titi BirdGang ta hanyar yanzu duka-ma sanannen yanki mai salo na zuƙowa").
Nunin da aka yi imanin shine farkon farkon wasan kwaikwayo a ko'ina cikin duniya tun lokacin da cutar ta fara wani salon wasan kwaikwayo ne na shahararren wasan kwaikwayon talabijin na yara Bluey mai suna Bluey's Big Play, The Stage Show. Bayan watanni na jinkiri, wasan kwaikwayo wanda Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Windmill ya kirkira daga wani asali na asali na mahaliccin Bluey Joe Brumm tare da sabon waƙa na mawaƙin Bluey, Joff Bush ya fara halarta a Brisbane a ƙarshen Disamba 2020 a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Queensland.
Fasahar gani A watan Afrilu, mai zanen titi Banksy ya buga wani sabon yanki na fasahar bangon alamar kasuwancinsa wannan lokacin yana cikin gidan wanka nasa, yana yin nuni da warewar da ake buƙata tare da coronavirus a matsayin jigon da "beraye masu hauka" a matsayin batunsa. Ya buga hotunan ta a yanar gizo. A watan Yuli ya ci gaba da jigon berayen, tare da rubutaccen rubutu na berayen sanye da wasa da abin rufe fuska a cikin karusar London.
Masu zane-zane a Burtaniya sun zana hotunan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kasa kyauta, a matsayin hanyar gane gudummawar da suke bayarwa, da nufin gudanar da nune-nunen da zarar annobar ta lafa.
Damien Hirst ya samar da nau'ikan sabon zane -zane guda biyu mai suna Butterfly Rainbow daya azaman zazzagewa kyauta "don tayar da ruhohi", wani kuma wanda za'a siyar dashi a iyakanceccen bugu azaman mai tara kuɗi don Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya.
Sculptor Antony Gormley ya ƙirƙiri Hold yayin da yake cikin kulle-kulle-wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan adam wanda aka yi da yumbu mai duhu, "ya kwantar da kansa tsakanin makamai masu rauni, murƙushe gwiwoyi da kafadu. Yatsu sun dunkule ciki" wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "kokarin yin wata manufa mai kama da yanayin da muke ciki". An "nuna shi akan layi" a White Cube gallery.
Artist Sara Shakeel halitta jerin dijital images karfafa dace wanke hannuwa da kuma godiya ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da suke nuna duka biyu collaged da artist ta sa hannu kyalkyali da kuma lu'ulu'u ne.
Mawaƙin Italiyanci Giovanni Guida ya ƙirƙira [Kuma za ku ji a warke daga duk cututtuka kuma zan kula da ku], a grattage hoto na Allah yakar cutar a wani abun da ke ciki referencing Michelangelo ta halittar Sun kuma Moon. Kafofin yada labaran Italiya sun bayyana aikin da cewa ya tafi "kwayoyin cuta".
Mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar China Ai Weiwei ya ƙirƙiro "wani rukuni na farko" na mashin tiyata 10,000 tare da hotuna da aka buga a hannu na "kwayoyin sunflower, namomin tatsuniyoyi da ɗan yatsa na tsakiya". Za a siyar da kayan ta hanyar eBay tare da bayar da gudummawa ga Human Rights Watch, Refugees International da Médecins Sans Frontières.
Fiye da raye -rayen ban dariya 70 sun shiga cikin Binciken Babban Na gode na 2020. Kowane tsiri ya ƙunshi alamomi shida na ma'aikata waɗanda ke da mahimmanci yayin bala'in.
Don bugu na 2020 na bikin daukar hoto na shekara-shekara Cortona akan Motsawa Yana masu shirya sun ba da izini ga masu daukar hoto don nuni mai taken Aikin gani na COVID 19 bikin fasahar Italiyanci na farko tun lokacin da aka fara gaggawar lafiya. An kuma samar da nunin gani da ido.
Titin Artist Banksy ya tara sama da £3 don NHS, tare da samar da aikin da zai ci gaba da kasancewa a asibiti. Hoton yana da girman 1m x 1m, kuma an rataye shi tare da haɗin gwiwar shugabannin asibitin a cikin falo kusa da dakin gaggawa. Hoton ya nuna wani yaro rike da wani adadi na wata ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rufe fuska sanye da hula. An dauki wannan zanen baki da fari a matsayin "haraji na duniya" ga ma'aikata a Babban Asibitin Southampton An yi amfani da zane-zane don tara kuɗi don asibiti.
A lokacin annoba, Google Arts da Al'adu sun ƙirƙira gidajen tarihi dubu don mutane su "ziyartar" waɗannan gidajen tarihi kusan daga gida. Wadannan gidajen tarihi sun hada da Hammer Museum a LA, Anne Frank House, National Museum of Indonesia, Ghent Altarpiece a Belgium da dai sauransu. Google Arts da Al'adu sa baƙi su zama globetrotters kama-da-wane kuma su ga zane-zane da nune-nune daga gidajen tarihi sama da dubu 1200 a duniya. Hakanan yana ba da damar Zuƙowa ga mutane don bincika ayyukan fasaha dalla-dalla. Ghent Altarpiece a Belgium kuma ya haɗa da cikakkun bayanai game da ayyukan don sanya ƙwarewar koyo na baƙi kamar yadda ya kai ziyara cikin mutum. Google Arts Al'adu.
Mawallafin Francisca Lita Sáez ya ƙirƙiri zane-zane uku waɗanda ke nuna kwarewar likitoci yayin bala'in Covid-19 na Spain. Ayyukan zane-zane na acrylic da pastel duk suna nuna adawar mutanen da ba su da kariya da cutar ta Covid-19, wacce ke da wahalar sarrafawa. Haɗin gwaninta na likitoci da fasaha yana nuna alamar gani na girman asibiti da yaƙin ɗan adam don rayuwa. Ayyukan zane-zane guda uku sune Barazana, 2020, Yaƙi mara daidaituwa, 2020, da Dakatar da Cutar, 2020.
Shafukan yanar gizo Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta shafi tsarin gidan yanar gizon, ayyuka, da kuma yadda mutane ke hawan intanet. Shafukan yanar gizo kamar Brokerage, Live Hirarraki, da Shafukan Yawo na Bidiyo, Kasuwancin E-Ciniki, da Fasahar Kuɗi sun canza tsarin gidan yanar gizon su don dacewa da yanayin rashin tausayi da COVID-19 ya kawo wa al'ummarmu. Duk da wannan, wasu gidajen yanar gizo sun ga karuwar ra'ayoyin shafi da ko tallace-tallace, yayin da wasu zaɓaɓɓun wasu a cikin takamaiman masana'antu ba su yi sa'a ba.
Tallace-tallacen dijital Tun farkon barkewar cutar, yawancin kamfanonin yanar gizon dole ne su canza dabarun tallan dijital su don ko dai jawo ƙarin ziyartan shafi, umarni ko hana tallace-tallacen yaudara waɗanda za su iya rage amincin gidan yanar gizo da zirga-zirga.
Don hana bayanan da ba su da tushe, Facebook ya cire tallan tallace-tallace sama da miliyan bakwai da aka jera a matsayin bayanan da ba daidai ba dangane da cutar ta COVID-19. Tare da sauran dabarun talla, masu tallan dijital sun ga ya dace don daidaita yanayin al'umma na hanyoyin da suka dace na mu'amala da wannan ƙwayar cuta. Ta yin hakan, sun canza saƙonsu ga jama'a ta haɗa da ayyukan nisantar da jama'a, zama a gida, tsabta, da kuma amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin tallan su. Misali, NORAD, Rundunar Tsaron Jiragen Sama ta Arewacin Amurka, ta ce za ta ci gaba da bin diddigin Santa Claus a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2020, duk da barkewar cutar. Don NORAD don kiyaye yara lafiya da sanin yakamata, sun 3D hotunan zane mai ban dariya na Santa Claus sanye da abin rufe fuska yayin hawa sleigh.
Shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwancin e-commerce Wani ginshiƙi daga Bazaarvoice.com yana nuna haɓakar Shekara-shekara ("YoY") a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi na kowane wata da ƙididdiga na tsari daga 1 ga Janairu Yuni 30, 2020, matsakaicin daga gidajen yanar gizo na e-commerce (ECOM) daban-daban 6,200.
Kamar yadda aka gani daga ginshiƙi, kafin manyan keɓancewar jihar baki ɗaya, ECOM ya riga ya fara ganin haɓakar ra'ayoyin shafi da umarni daga Janairu Maris, yana ƙaruwa 14% a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi da 19% cikin umarni. Lokacin da tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya ba da COVID-19 Gaggawa na Kasa a tsakiyar Maris, duka ra'ayoyin shafi da kididdigar oda sun karu zuwa 96% da 88%, bi da bi. Ilimin halin ɗan adam da ke faruwa a bayan wannan haɓakar amfani da ECOM shine tunda yawancin mutane a wannan lokacin suna cikin tsoron mutum-mutumi da madadin Brick-in-Mortar waɗanda har yanzu suke buɗe a lokacin.
Manyan wuraren ECOM masu tasowa a cikin bala'in daga mafi girman haɓakar YoY zuwa aƙalla sune Toys da Wasanni, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Kayayyakin Wasanni, Hardware, Gida Lambu, Nishaɗi, Kayayyakin Dabbobi, Kayan Lantarki, da Abinci/ Abin sha/Taba. Shafukan yanar gizo na ECOM masu tasowa sun haɗa da waɗanda ke siyar da samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a lokutan bala'i, kamar gidajen yanar gizon kaya. Shafukan yanar gizo na jaka da jaka sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yanar gizo kawai don ganin an rage sama da kashi 10 cikin 100 a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi da kirga oda.
Fasahar kudi Cutar ta COVID-19 ta yi sa'a, kamar ECOM, ta gabatar da iskar wutsiya zuwa amfani da gidan yanar gizo. Masu sharhi kan harkokin kudi sun yi hasashen cewa ga masu biyan kuɗi da yawa, hakan na iya haifar da sabbin halaye na siye waɗanda za su iya barin kamfanonin cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi da zarar rikicin ya ƙare. Shafukan yanar gizo na hanyar sadarwar katin kiredit kamar Visa.com, PayPal.com, da Mastercard.com sun ga kallon shafi da girman girman biyan kuɗi da aka matsa lamba ta hanyar rufe kasuwancin wucin gadi, haɓakar rashin aikin yi, da raguwar balaguron ƙasa. Saboda nisantar da jama'a da matsuguni na baya-bayan nan, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kuma ga mutane suna haɓaka kashe kuɗinsu akan layi, kamar yadda aka gani tare da haɓakar shaharar ECOM. Koyaya, don gidajen yanar gizo irin su Squareup.com, tare da ayyukan Brick-in-Mortar da yawa, rikicin ya yi musu mummunan tasiri.
Shafukan dillalai Tare da mutane da yawa da aka kora, marasa aikin yi, rashin kuɗi, ko kuma sun gaji da lokaci mai yawa a hannunsu daga cutar ta COVID-19 da matsuguni, da yawa sun faɗa cikin kasuwancin dillali azaman sabon sha'awa ko aiki. Misali, Robinhood, wani dandali na saka hannun jari da aka kafa a cikin 2013, ya ba da damar rikicin don cin moriyarsu ta hanyar jawo miliyoyin mutane su zama wani bangare na dandalin su tun farkon barkewar cutar. Sun yi hakan ne ta hanyar tallata dandalin ciniki mai sauƙin amfani ga waɗanda za su so su zama masu saka hannun jari.
Taɗi kai tsaye da gidajen yanar gizo masu yawo na bidiyo Makarantu da kasuwancin duniya sun canza tsarin kasuwancin su zuwa hanyar koyo da aiki ta kan layi. Sakamakon sabon ƙa'idar taɗi ta kan layi da hanyoyin yawo na bidiyo, gidajen yanar gizo irin su Zoom.us sun ga babban ci gaba a cikin ziyarar shafi da ƙarar mai amfani. Waɗannan gidajen yanar gizon sun ba abokan ciniki damar; tsoron kamuwa da cutar; hanyar sadarwa mara haɗari, koyo, da aiki.
A kafofin sada zumunta
Yawancin memes (musamman a cikin nau'ikan nishaɗin fasaha, waƙoƙi, da bidiyoyi) an ƙirƙira su, kuma an raba su tsakanin ɗimbin ɗimbin masu ƙirƙira abun ciki mai son daga cikin gidajensu a lokacin kadaici lokaci kanta.
Juyawa Yayin bala'in cutar, aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarun TikTok ya fi girma, yana ba da rance ga sabbin abubuwa da yawa a cikin al'adun gargajiya na dijital ciki har da wasannin bidiyo kamar Ketare dabbobi, Daga cikinmu da Tasirin Genshin, burodin ayaba, memes Tiger King memes., da keɓe masu ciwo. Karuwar shaharar TikTok ya haifar da haɓaka abubuwan kamanni a kan sauran dandamali na kafofin watsa labarun, kamar Instagram Reels da YouTube Shorts Amfani da kafofin watsa labarun Kodayake amfani da kafofin watsa labarun ya ƙaru gabaɗaya, ayyukan aika aika ya ragu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar rashin samun ƙasa don rabawa ko ma jin laifi ko jin tsoron koma baya bayan halartar ayyuka marasa aminci. Masu amfani da yawa sun ji cewa bai dace a raba saƙon farin ciki ko na murna a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai daɗi ba. Don haka, karuwar ayyukan kafofin watsa labarun ya haifar da damuwa ga masu amfani da su, wanda ya sa su bar shafukan yanar gizon kafin su sake shiga.
Damuwa A farkon barkewar cutar, wani bincike da Gao J. Zheng ya gudanar ya nuna yadda matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yawaita, wanda ke da nasaba da yawaitar shiga shafukan sada zumunta. Lokacin da aka aiwatar da odar zaman-gida, matasa sun nuna rashin jin daɗi fiye da sauran rukunin shekaru saboda da yawa sun yi kuskuren tunanin ba sa cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin. Kafofin watsa labarun sun kasance daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da irin wannan takaici. Misali, yawancin posts akan TikTok suna mai da hankali kan damuwar matasa saboda nisantar da jama'a da warewa. Irin waɗannan halaye marasa kyau sun yadu cikin sauri akan TikTok.
Ba kamar TikTok ba, wanda yawancin masu amfani da shi matasa ne, gaba ɗaya halin cutar ta bambanta akan Twitter Misali, wani bincike akan masu amfani da Twitter yayin bala'in yana nuna gabaɗayan ingantattun ra'ayoyi. Daga cikin masu amfani da Twitter, masu amfani da 48,157 (51.97%) sun bayyana ra'ayoyin masu kyau, yayin da 31,553 (34.05%) ba su da tsaka tsaki, da sauran tweets wanda ya kai 12,936 (13.96%) ya nuna mummunan motsin rai. Babban dalilin da ke bayan shaharar ra'ayi mai kyau shine yawancin mutane har yanzu suna godiya ga gwamnati da ma'aikatan lafiya duk da damuwar su.
A cikin wasanni COVID-19 ya tilasta wa wahala da yanke shawara ta hanyar kuɗi akan masana'antar wasanni. Kusan duk wani babban taron wasanni a masana'antar taron-abun-zuwa an soke shi, an motsa shi, ko kuma a jinkirta shi a tsakiyar barkewar. A matsayin rashin jin daɗi na abubuwan da suka kunno kai daga rikicin, masu sha'awar wasanni sun kasance cikin damuwa yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyin da suka fi so aka tilasta su janye daga takamaiman gasa ko ma kakar wasa gaba ɗaya. Misali, a cikin Maris 2020, a lokacin Sweet 16, an tilasta wa Rams janye matsayinsu a gasar bayan 'yan wasa da yawa sun kama kwayar COVID-19. Jadawalin haɓaka kudaden shiga na 2019-2020 na YoY da aka jera akan Mujallar Forbes ya nuna cewa haɓakar kuɗin shiga na YoY ya ragu sosai don manyan wasannin motsa jiki saboda waɗannan sokewar.
Jadawalin 2020 daga Mujallar Forbes yana nuna kwatancen haɓakar kudaden shiga na manyan wasannin wasanni daga 2019-2020.
Don wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020, an hana masu kallo na kasashen waje daga halartar wasannin a Japan ba tare da dawo da kashi 100 ba. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara yawan allurar rigakafin, kuma Major League Baseball ya ba da labarin don samar da wuraren rigakafin a cikin filayen wasan su. Alurar riga kafi na 'yan wasan ya kasance batun da'a, idan ya kasance bisa doka da ka'ida. NBA ta sanar da allurar rigakafin ba dole ba ne, amma 'yan wasan da aka yi wa allurar za su kasance masu sassauƙa. A cewar ESPN, NBA na barin ’yan wasan da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi kada su sanya abin rufe fuska a wuraren horarwa, tare da tafiye-tafiye na yanci. Kafin yin rigakafin, NBA na ci gaba da yin kumfa, inda ba a ba wa 'yan wasa damar barin ba. 'Yan wasan da ke cikin kumfa suna sanye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin don nisantar da jama'a. Ana buƙatar masu ba da rahoto waɗanda ke son shiga cikin kumfa don zazzabi da duban oxygen da gwajin COVID. An canza kujerun 'yan wasan NBA, kuma sun zama masu nisa a cikin jama'a. Ba tare da magoya bayansu ba, wasu tsofaffin kociyan NBA har yanzu suna sanye da abin rufe fuska yayin wasannin. Popovich, kocin mafi tsufa a cikin NBA, wanda ke da shekaru 77, ya ce "Ba na so in mutu", lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da sanya abin rufe fuska.
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
34213 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makeen | Makeen | Makeen Pashto ko Makin birni ne a Kudancin Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kan iyaka da Arewacin Waziristan. Iyakar da gundumar Barmal ta Afghanistan, Pakistan tana da zuwa yamma. Makeen yana cikin tsakiyar yankin Mahsud na Pashtuns.
Makin Subdivision yana da makarantun tsakiya guda bakwai (ciki har da biyu na 'yan mata), da manyan makarantu biyu (babu na 'yan mata).
Tarihi
Birtaniya Raj A ƙarshen karni na 19, Makeen ya kasance cibiyar ƙungiyoyin tawaye da yakin basasa wanda Mulla Powinda, shugaban kabilar Pashtun ya jagoranta, a kan sojojin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya Raj.
A cikin 1919-1920, Yaƙin Anglo-Afghanistan na Uku ya haifar da tawayen Waziristan. Lieutenant William Kenny ne ya jagoranci farmakin da sojoji suka kai wa Mahsuds, wanda aka kashe a lokacin wani farmaki a Kotkai, wanda ke kudu maso gabashin Makeen. Ya sami Victoria Cross na bayan mutuwa don gallantry, lambar yabo mafi girma na tsarin girmamawa na Burtaniya. Wani bangare na wannan kamfen shine yadda Sojojin Indiya na Birtaniyya suka yi amfani da wutar lantarki mai inganci a Waziristan. Mahukuntan Mahsud sun yi asarar rayuka da dama yayin fadan da aka yi a Ahnai Tangi kuma wadannan ne suka jikkata, da kuma lalata kauyukan nasu bayan wata guda da sojojin sama na Royal suka yi, wadanda suka fatattaki Mahsud na wani dan lokaci. A cikin 1921-1924, Indiyawan Burtaniya sun gudanar da aikin gina hanya a yankin wanda ya haifar da ƙarin rikici yayin yakin 1921-1924. A cikin 1925, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Biritaniya ta gudanar da yakin ruwan bama-bamai na Yakin Pink a karkashin umarnin Wing Commander Richard Pink a kan Mahsuds. Bayan sama da kwanaki 50 na tashin bama-bamai, shugabannin kabilun sun nemi zaman lafiya don kawo karshen tashin bam, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin. Yakin Pink shine aikin farko na iska na Royal Air Force wanda aka gudanar mai zaman kansa daga Sojojin Burtaniya ko Navy na Royal Rikici ya sake barkewa a shekara ta 1936 yayin da Mahsud da sauran kabilu suka shiga yunkurin da Faqir Ipi (Mirzali Khan) ya jagoranta na adawa da Birtaniya, wanda ya haifar da wani yakin da ya ci gaba har zuwa 1939.
Yaki da ta'addanci A shekara ta 2007, Makeen ya zama cibiyar ayyukan ta'addanci daga Baitullah Mehsud, shugaban kungiyar 'yan gwagwarmaya Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan. A cewar jami'an Pakistan da mataimakansa, yana da ɗaruruwan ƙwararrun fedayen da ke shirye su kashe kansu a matsayin 'yan kunar bakin wake bisa umarninsa. A cewar wani rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka fitar a watan Satumban 2007, shi ne ke da alhakin kusan kashi 80% na hare-haren kunar bakin wake a Afghanistan. A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2007, Baitullahi yana garin Makeen lokacin da ake zarginsa da alhakin kashe Benazir Bhutto a Rawalpindi yayin wata waya da jami'an leken asirin Pakistan suka kama. Wani rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Benazir, ya bayyana cewa gwamnati ta yi gaggawar zarge shi kuma ta yi yuwuwar fuskantar barazana "daga wasu sassa na Pakistan" kanta. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2009, wani harin da jiragen yakin Amurka mara matuki suka kai kan wasu wurare uku da ake zargin Baitullahi ya yi amfani da su ya kashe sama da mutane 30, yayin da aka lalata motoci biyu a wani harin da aka kai a watan Maris na 2009. Mai ba da rahoto David Rohde na jaridar New York Times, da mai fassarasa Tahir Ludin, da direbansu Asadullah Mangal, wadanda Taliban suka yi garkuwa da su a wajen Kabul a watan Nuwamba 2008, ana tsare da su a Makeen a lokacin harin da jiragen yaki na watan Maris na 2009. Rohde ya ba da rahoton cewa yankin "ya cika da mayakan Uzbek, Larabawa, Afghanistan da Pakistan." Bayan harin da jiragen yakin Taliban suka kai, sun kama wani dan kasar da ake zargi da yin leken asiri tare da kashe shi, wanda aka rataye gawarsa da aka yanke a kasuwar Makeen. Baitullahi ya kuma tsallake rijiya da baya a wani harin da Amurka ta kai a watan Yunin 2009 wanda ya kashe mutane sama da 60 a Makeen, amma a watan Agustan 2009, wani harin da jiragen Amurka mara matuki ya yi nasarar kashe shi da matarsa. Makeen ya kasance hari na Operation Rah-e-Nijat a cikin 2009, wani babban hari ta sama da sojojin Pakistan suka yi a kan Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, wanda saboda haka dubban iyalai suka tsere zuwa sansanonin IDP a Tank da Dera Ismail Khan A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2009, sojojin Pakistan sun shiga tare da share wani babban yanki na Makeen.
Tarihin zamani Makeen shine mahaifar Naqeebullah Mehsud, wanda aka kashe a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2018 yayin wata arangama da ‘yan sanda na karya da dan sanda Rao Anwar ya shirya a Karachi Kungiyar Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM), karkashin jagorancin Manzoor Pashteen, ta kaddamar da yakin neman adalci ga Naqeebullah Mehsud bayan kashe shi.
Yanayi Tare da yanayi mai dumi da matsananciyar yanayi, Makeen yana fasalta yanayin yanayin tsaunuka masu zafi tare da ruwan sama iri ɗaya Cfb ƙarƙashin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen Matsakaicin zafin jiki a Makeen shine 12.3 °C, yayin da yawan hazo na shekara ya kai 1,079 mm. Akwai hazo mai yawa ko da a cikin watanni masu bushewa. Disamba shine watan mafi bushewa tare da 21 mm na hazo, yayin da Yuli, watan da ya fi ruwa, yana da matsakaicin ruwan sama na 201 mm.
Yuni shine watan mafi zafi na shekara tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 20.9 °C. Mafi sanyi watan Janairu yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 0.9 °C.
Fitattun mutane Mulla Powinda
Naqeebullah Mehsud
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29190 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Masallacin%20Sana%27a | Babban Masallacin Sana'a | Babban Masallacin Sana'a (Larabci: Al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr tsohon masallaci ne a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a duniya. An ce an kafa masallacin ne a farkon zamanin Musulunci, wanda aka ce zai kasance a shekara ta 633. Yayin da ba a san takamaiman ranar da za a gina masallacin ba, gyare-gyaren farko da aka rubuta ya faru ne a karkashin Halifa Al-Alid I a farkon karni na 8, wanda ke nuna mai yiwuwa a baya. kwanan watan gini. Rahotanni sun ce an gina masallacin ne a wani bangare na spolia daga fadar Ghumdan ta zamanin Himyarite da kuma cocin Kirista na Axumite na al-Qalis wanda a da ya mamaye wurin. Babban Masallacin shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi shahara a cikin masallatai sama da dari a cikin tsohon birnin Sana'a.
An gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin karni na 8, karni na 13, da kuma a zamanin Ottoman. Wani muhimmin abin da aka gano na kayan tarihi shi ne rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka gano a wurin lokacin da aka sake gyarawa a shekara ta 1972. A yau, babban masallacin Sana'a yana cikin wurin tarihi na UNESCO na tsohon birnin Sana'a.
Wuri Birnin Sana'a shi ne cibiyar soji na daular Sabeawa kafin zuwan musulunci kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar daular Himyari. Masallacin, wanda Annabi Muhammad ya ba da umarni a gina shi a cikin lambun gwamnonin Farisa, an gina shi ne a kan rugujewar fadar Ghumdan ta Sheba, tsakanin yankuna biyu na Sana'a, Al-Quati da Al-Sailah. An gina Babban Masallaci a kusa da Suq, wanda tuni aka yi shi a lokacin da aka gina shi.
A shekarun baya-bayan nan, tsarin gine-ginen birni, fadadawa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a ya yi tasiri matuka, sakamakon gina babban masallacin da aka yi da wasu masallatai biyu a bangaren arewa na birnin.
Gine-gine An gina babban masallacin ne da wani salo na tsakuwa, wanda ke da nasaba da irin wannan tsohon aikin dutsen Axumite na Abyssiniya. An sassaƙa da fenti na katako da aka yi da itacen lacunari.
Tsakar gida tana auna mita 80 zuwa 60 (260 ft 200 ft), tare da wuraren addu'o'in da aka tsara su ta hanyar arewa zuwa kudu. Zauren da ke da hanyoyi guda uku masu daidaita gabas zuwa yamma an gina su ne da kayayyakin zamanin jahiliyya da aka kawo daga wasu wurare. A cikin tsakar gida akwai wani tsari mai zaman kansa tun daga karni na 16. Ginin daular Usmaniyya ne da ya yi kama da dakin Ka'aba a Makka, duk da haka, ana zargin cewa ba a hade su biyun ba saboda sauye-sauyen kayan kayyakin launi, wanda wata dabara ce ta ablaq, tun kafin Musulunci a yankin. Wannan ginin da farko ya zama taskar masallacin, sannan ya zama wurin ajiyar wakafi kuma yana da babban dakin karatu da sauran tsoffin rubuce-rubucen. Watakila tun asali wannan ginin ya kasance yana da sigar ruwa kamar tafkin alwala a karkashinsa ga masu son yin tsarki yayin ziyartar masallaci.
Wuraren dutse na ciki na rufin masallacin an ba da shawarar su zama fasalin gine-gine na Byzantine na Daular Axumite. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa daular Axumite ta kafa babban cocinta a cikin birnin Sana'a da kuma ragowar wannan majami'ar, da kuma daga fadar Gumdan da wuraren ibada na Kirista da Yahudawa a cikin babban masallacin. Ƙarin shaida na wannan alaƙa wani rubutu ne a cikin yare kafin zuwan Musulunci na yankin, Sabaic, a cikin tallafin baka na dutse da aka sake amfani da shi yana nuna yana da alaƙa da gine-ginen Byzantine.
Minaret yammacin kasar da aka gina a lokacin da Sarauniya Arwa bint Ahmad ta sake ginawa, ta yi kama da na masallatan zamanin da aka gina a birnin Alkahira, saboda alaka ta kut da kut da daular Fatimi a Masar.
Tarihi A wajajen shekara ta 630 miladiyya (6H), a cewar majiyoyin Musulunci na farko, an ce Annabi Muhammad ne ya ba da umarnin gina babban masallacin Sana'a, kuma an san masallacin a matsayin masallacin farko da aka gina a wajen addinin Musulunci. garuruwa masu tsarki na Makka da Madina. A wannan zamani na bayan Hijira (622-632 AD), Sana'a ita ce cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci. Yawancin abubuwan binciken archaeological da aka gano a cikin Babban Masallaci sun tabbatar da hujjar gina shi zuwa zamanin Muhammadu yana raye, ciki har da spolia da dama daga Cathedral na Axumite da kuma daga fadar Himyarite Ghumdan. A karni na 7, ragowar Sana'a kafin jahiliyya sun lalace sosai lokacin da ta zama cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci a farkon shekarun Hijira. Wannan yana tabbatar da abubuwan gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka samu a cikin babban Masallacin kafin Musulunci.
Daga shekara ta 705 zuwa 715 (86-96 AH), khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid na daya ya fadada masallacin. Wani rubutu da aka samu a harabar masallacin ya kasance a shekara ta 753 CE, a zamanin Abbasiyawa.
A shekara ta 876/7 CE, ambaliyar ruwa sau biyu ta yi barna sosai ga masallacin, bayan haka kuma aka gyara shi gaba daya.
A farkon karni na 9, an gina minaret a gefen gabas. A shekara ta 911 AD, Karmatis ya mamaye birnin, ya lalata masallacin.
A karni na goma sha biyu, shekara ta 1130 miladiyya, sarauniyar Isma’ili Arwa bint Ahmad ta gyara masallacin da yawa. Ita ce ke da alhakin sassaka silin na masallacin na gabas da yamma da kuma fikafikan arewa. An gina minaret na yammacin masallacin a matsayin wani bangare na wannan gyara.
A farkon karni na 16, an yi wa masallacin gyaran fuska da wani katafaren fili da kuma shimfidar farfajiyar masallacin.
Ganowa A shekara ta 1972-73, lokacin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka cire filasta, sun gano wasu kayan tarihi 65, da suka hada da tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce da fatu masu yawa, da kuma rubutun Sana’a, wanda ma’aikatan gini suka gano a lokacin da suke gyaran bangon soro. An kuma bankado wasu rubuce-rubucen larabci da ba kasafai suke yi ba, wadanda ke da alaka da farkon Musulunci, zamanin Banu Umayyawa, da fadar Sheba na Ghamdan da lalata shi. Daya daga cikin Alkur’ani da aka samu a nan an ce Imam Ali ne ya rubuta ko kuma ya hada shi, wanda dakin karatu na masallaci ke adana shi. Abubuwan dauri na farko da aka samu a masallacin sun samu rubuce-rubuce sosai daga malamai kamar Ursula Dreibholz (1997).
Sauran abubuwan binciken kayan tarihi da aka gano a Babban Masallacin sun hada da ragowar rumbuna da tsoffin gine-ginen da ke da alaka da babban birnin kasar lokacin da ke dauke da Cocin Axumite na al-Qalis, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 2006.
Kiyayyewa Babban Masallacin yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO, wanda aka keɓe a cikin 1986 a matsayin jerin No. 345, karkashin Sharuɗɗa: (iv) (v) (vi), wanda ya haɗa da masallatai 103, hammams 14 da gidaje sama da 6,000 na Sana'a, waɗanda aka gina su kafin ƙarni na sha ɗaya. Kiyaye Babban Masallacin, wanda ke da kima na musamman na addini da na tarihi, Cibiyar Horar da Tarihi da Bincike ta UNESCO ta tallafa wa Asiya da Pacific (Shanghai). Binciken irin barnar da masallacin ya yi a tsawon shekaru aru-aru ya hada da hujjojin ambaliyar ruwa, ruwan sama, da kasa da kasa, da tsofaffin na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin sadarwa, da magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, barna da yake-yake, da kuma raunin tsofaffin gine-gine da ke daura da masallacin.
Ana ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare a cikin 2003 a cikin matakai, kamar gyaran tsarin lantarki. An sake gyara plaster ɗin, gami da maido da tsohuwar filastar gargajiya da aka fi sani da qudad. An inganta shimfidar fale-falen, an kuma maido da ma'adanai. An gyara wuraren alwala da kuma bandaki na zamani. An kuma yi wasu gyare-gyare a bangaren samar da ruwan sha da magudanar ruwa, da kuma kawar da tsoffin gine-ginen da ba su dace da abubuwan tarihi da na masallacin ba.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Finster, Barbara, "Die Freitagsmoschee von Ṣan‘ā’," Baghdader Mitteilungen 9 (1978), p. 92-133; 10 (1979), p. 179-192.
Finster, Barbara. "Die Grosse Moschee von Ṣan‘ā," Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen 1, 1982, p. 197-211, 3, 1986, p. 185-193.
Finster, Barbara. "Survey islamischer Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler im Yemen Die Große Moschee von Ṣan‘ā'", Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen, III, 1986 (1987), 185–193.
Costa, Paolo. “La Moschea Grande di San’a,” Annali. Instituto Orientale di Napoli 34 (N.S. 24) (1974), pp/ 487–506.
Costa, Paolo. Studies in Arabian Architecture, London: Routledge, 1994, chapter II “The Great Mosque of |
23884 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebisi%20Shank | Adebisi Shank | Adebisi Shank Ya kasance uku-yanki instrumental dutse uku daga Wexford, Ireland kunshi garaya Lar Kaye, bass garaya Vincent McCreith da ɗan ganga Michael Roe. An sanya hannu ga ƙungiyar Richter Collective a Ireland, kafin a rufe alamar rikodin a watan Disamba na 2012, Manyan Abubuwa masu ban tsoro a Burtaniya, Gidan Sargent a Amurka da Parabolica a Japan. Sunan su yana nuni ne ga halin Oz Simon Adebisi. An bayyana salon kiɗan nasu a matsayin "mahaukaci mai rikitarwa" A watan Satumba na 2014, ƙungiyar ta ba da sanarwar rabuwarsu, tare da kowane memba yana bin hanyoyi daban -daban. Sun fito da kundin faifan studio guda uku da kuma wani ƙaramin wasa a cikin aikin su.
Tarihi The band formed in August 2006, after both drummer Mick Roe and guitarist Lar Kaye, who worked together in math rock band Terrordactyl, collaborated with bass player Vinny McCreith, who at the time worked on a solo chiptune project named The Vinny Club. The group's name, which derives from the Oz character Simon Adebisi, was picked by guitarist Larry Kaye when they needed a name quickly. Not long after their formation, in July 2007, the band released their first EP, titled This is the EP of a band called Adebisi Shank. They released the EP on DIY label Armed Ambitions and this led to the band later in 2007 touring across continental Europe with Marvins Revolt.
A farkon 2008 sun zagaya Japan, suna tallafawa LITE da sakin EP akan sabon tambarin Jafan, Parabolica.
A cikin 2010 an kuma zaɓe su don Kyautar Kiɗa na Zaɓi kuma sun taka a Vicar Street a gaban taron jama'a da aka sayar. Sun sha kashi a Tarihin Yawon shakatawa na farko Door Cinema Club.
Don sakin kundi na biyu, ƙungiyar ta rattaba hannu kan alamar Amurka da kamfanin gudanarwa Sargent House, suna ba da tallafin alamar Arewacin Amurka da gudanarwar duniya. Wannan sanya hannu yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar saboda koyaushe suna da sha'awar ziyartar Amurka; duk da haka, suna son yin hakan ne kawai idan za su iya samun alamar rikodin don tallafa musu. Kafin sakin faifan ɗakin karatun su na biyu, a cikin 2010, ƙungiyar ta buga yawon shakatawa na kwanaki 14 a cikin Jamhuriyar Ireland da Arewacin Ireland, gami da bayyanar bikin a Indiependence, Castlepalooza, Off The Cuff da Glasgowbury. A cikin 2011 ƙungiyar ta lashe Mafi Kyawun Album, Mafi kyawun Dokar Rock da Kyakkyawan ƙira a The Digital Socket Awards 2011, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan da masu rubutun ra'ayin kiɗan Irish suka shirya. A ƙarshen 2012, Kaye ya bayyana cewa ya ƙirƙiri wani babban rukunin ƙungiyar electropunk mai suna No Spill Blood A band aka kafa tare da mambobin daga sauran makada kamar Kuduro wanda yake so ya Mutu Elk, kuma Magic Aljihuna da kuma fito da su halarta a karon EP a ranar 31 ga Yuli 2012.
A cikin watan Yuli na 2012 ƙungiyar ta tsunduma kan wani sabon balaguron Tunez wanda ya ratsa Ireland, wanda ya ba ƙungiyar damar fara halarta da yin sabon abu, wanda ba a saki ba.
A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2013, ƙungiyar ta ba da sanarwar kammala kundi na uku mai zuwa, bayan da ta fitar da shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2014, don ingantattun bita daga magoya baya da masu suka. A ranar 24 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar, kungiyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su rabu bayan yawon shakatawa na kasashen waje na karshe. Bandungiyar ta ce Kaye da McCreith za su ci gaba da kasuwancin kiɗa, tare da Kaye yana wasa tare da sauran ƙungiyarsa All Tvvins, kuma McCreith zai kasance yana samarwa da haɗawa, da kuma wasu aiki tare da wasannin bidiyo kuma a matsayin mai yin solo a ƙarƙashin sunan VMC Sound. Hakanan yana da shirye -shiryen ci gaba da Duo na Macizai. Roe, a gefe guda, malamin kasuwanci ne a kwalejin kiɗan Dublin BIMM.
Halaye
Salon kiɗa Adebisi Shank yana da salon kiɗan da aka bayyana a matsayin "mahaukaci mai rikitarwa math- rock" kuma sun bayyana kansu a matsayin robot-rock Allmusic ya bayyana su a matsayin fusing "frenetic hardcore- impact math rock with the epic range of post-rock, the freewheeling heavy of heavy karfe, and the dancefloor-shredding sensibility of electronic dance music Duk da kasancewa ƙungiyar makada, ƙungiyar tana amfani da gurɓataccen sautin murya a cikin waƙoƙi, suna kula da muryoyin su kamar suna cikin ƙungiyar kiɗan su, tare da ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa ba za su taɓa yin amfani da "sautin tsafta" a cikin kiɗan su ba. Bandungiyar ta haɗa da kayan kida daban -daban a cikin tarin su, ta amfani da: gita, ganguna, masu haɗawa, marimbas, ƙaho, vocoder, gungu -gungu da "kayan kida waɗanda ba mu da tabbas har yanzu an ƙirƙira su.
An kwatanta salon ƙungiya da makaɗan dutsen lissafin lissafi kamar Don Caballero da Battles,haka nan kuma suna da salon su idan aka kwatanta da "jituwa masu nasara na tsibirin Fang tare da daidaitaccen ilimin lissafi na Battles, the genre- wasan hawan igiyar ruwa na Daft Punk da tsananin rashin lafiya.Tasirin band ɗin ya bambanta, wanda ya fito ta nau'o'i daban -daban, gami da: Yarima, Leonard Cohen, Radiohead, Oingo Boingo, Nirvana, Sarauniya, Thin Lizzy, Paul Simon, Adalci, Andrew WK, Jamie Lidell, Caribou, Vangelis, Steely Dan, Thomas Dolby, Arthur Russell, The Beach Boys, Smashing Pumpkins, Heads Heads, My Bloody Valentine, Fleetwood Mac, Steve Reich, Debussy, Dream Tangerine, OutKast, Lindsey Buckingham, Burt Bacharach, Le Butcherettes, The Brecker Brothers, R. Kelly, Éric Serra, Michael Jackson Wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa An bayyana wasan kwaikwayon na rayuwa na Adebisi Shank a matsayin wanda ba a so. Wani muhimmin sashi na hoton ƙungiyar da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa shine ɗan wasan bass Vincent McCreith sanye da abin rufe fuska. Abun rufe fuska ya rufe dukkan fuskarsa kuma yayi kama da mayafi. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi a cikin wata hira game da manufar abin rufe fuska McCreith yayi sharhi yana cewa: "Na ƙi ƙungiya ta zama shahararre kawai saboda 'yan wasan bass suna da kyawu da kyawawan idanu
Membobi Lar Kaye guitar (2006–2014)
Vincent McCreith bass guitar (2006 2014)
Michael Roe- ganguna, feat. Irfan (2006-2014)
Binciken hoto
Albums ɗin Studio
Ƙara wasan kwaikwayo
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Hanyoyin waje Yanar gizon hukuma (wanda aka adana)
Adebisi Shank
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
47887 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Stockholm%20akan%20Abubuwan%20gur%C9%93ataccen%20Halittu%20na%20dindindin | Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan Abubuwan gurɓataccen Halittu na dindindin | Yarjejeniya ta Stockholm akan masu gurɓacewar ƙwayoyin halitta yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, wacce aka rattaɓa hannu akan 22 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm kuma tana aiki daga 17 ga Mayu 2004, wanda ke da nufin kawar da ko ƙuntata samarwa da amfani da abubuwan gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta (POPs).
Tarihi A cikin 1995, Majalisar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta yi kira da a ɗauki matakin duniya kan POPs, wanda ta ayyana a matsayin "kayan sinadarai da ke dawwama a cikin muhalli, suna tarawa ta hanyar yanar gizon abinci, kuma suna haifar da haɗari. na haifar da illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli”.
Bayan wannan, Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasashen Duniya (IFCS) da Shirye-shiryen Ƙasa da Ƙasa akan Kare Sinadarai (IPCS) sun shirya kima na masu laifi 12 mafi muni, da aka sani da dozin dozin INC ta sadu da sau biyar tsakanin Yuni 1998 da Disamba 2000 don fayyace babban taron, kuma wakilai sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm akan POPs a taron masu ikon mallaka da aka kira daga 22 zuwa 23 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm, Sweden. An kammala shawarwarin taron gunduma a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2001 a Stockholm. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2004 tare da amincewa da wasu jam'iyyu 128 na farko da masu sanya hannu 151. Masu rattaɓa hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun amince da haramta tara daga cikin goma sha biyu na dattin sinadarai, da iyakance amfani da DDT wajen magance zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma daƙile samar da dioxins da furans ba da gangan ba.
Bangarorin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun amince da wani tsari da za a iya bitar abubuwan da suka dawwama masu guba da kuma ƙara su cikin yarjejeniyar, idan sun cika wasu sharuɗɗa na dagewa da barazanar wuce gona da iri. An amince da sabin sabbin sinadarai na farko da za a ƙara a cikin yarjejeniyar a wani taro a Geneva ranar 8 ga Mayu 2009.
Tun daga Satumba 2022, akwai ƙungiyoyi 186 a taron (jihohi 185 da Tarayyar Turai Sanannen ƙasashen da ba su amince da su ba sun haɗa da Amurka, Isra'ila, da Malesiya.
An amince da Yarjejeniyar Stockholm zuwa ga dokokin EU a cikin Ƙa'ida (EC) No 850/2004. A cikin 2019, an maye gurbin na ƙarshe da Regulation (EU) 2019/1021.
Taƙaitaccen tanadi Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin yarjejeniyar sun haɗa da buƙatar ƙasashen da suka ci gaba su samar da sabbin hanyoyin kuɗi da kuma matakan kawar da samarwa da amfani da POPs da aka samar da gangan, kawar da POPs da aka samar ba tare da gangan ba, da sarrafa da zubar da sharar POPs ta hanyar da ta dace. Ana yin taka-tsantsan a ko'ina cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, tare da takamaiman nassoshi a cikin gabatarwa, manufa, da tanadin gano sabbin POPs.
Kwamitin Nazari na Gurɓatattun Halitta Lokacin ɗaukar ƙa'idar, an yi tanadi don hanya don gano ƙarin POPs da ƙa'idojin da za a yi la'akari da su wajen yin hakan. A taron farko na taron jam'iyyun (COP1), wanda aka gudanar a Punta del Este, Uruguay, daga 2-6 Mayu 2005, an kafa POPRC don yin la'akari da ƙarin ƴan takarar da aka zaɓa don jeri a ƙarƙashin babban taron.
Kwamitin dai ya ƙunshi ƙwararru 31 ne da ɓangarorin ƙungiyoyin shiyya 5 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya suka gabatar da sunayensu tare da duba wasu sinadarai da aka zaba a matakai uku. Kwamitin ya fara tantance ko abun ya cika sharuddan tantance POP daki-daki a cikin Annex D na taron, dangane da dagewar sa, da sarrafa halittu, yuwuwar jigilar muhalli mai tsayi (LRET), da kuma guba. Idan an yi la'akari da wani abu don cika waɗannan buƙatun, kwamitin ya tsara bayanan haɗari bisa ga Annex E don kimanta ko yuwuwar abu, sakamakon LRET, don haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam da ko muhalli don haka yana ba da garantin aikin duniya. A ƙarshe, idan POPRC ta gano cewa aikin duniya yana da garantin, yana haɓaka ƙimar sarrafa haɗari, a cewar Annex F, yana nuna la'akari da la'akari da tattalin arzikin zamantakewar da ke da alaƙa da yuwuwar matakan sarrafawa. Bisa ga wannan, POPRC ta yanke shawarar bayar da shawarar cewa COP ya lissafa abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da ke tattare da yarjejeniyar. POPRC tana taro kowace shekara a Geneva, Switzerland, tun lokacin da aka kafa ta.
Taron na bakwai na kwamitin nazarin gurbatar muhalli na dindindin (POPRC-7) na Yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan gurɓataccen yanayi (POPs) ya gudana ne daga ranar 10 zuwa 14 ga Oktoba 2011 a Geneva. An gudanar da POPRC-8 daga 15 zuwa 19 Oktoba 2012 a Geneva, POPRC-9 zuwa POPRC-15 an gudanar da su a Roma, yayin da POPRC-16 ya buƙaci a gudanar da shi akan layi.
Abubuwan da aka jera Da farko akwai wasu sinadarai guda goma sha biyu ("datti dozin") da aka jera a rukuni uku. Sinadarai guda biyu, hexachlorobenzene da polychlorinated biphenyls, an jera su a duka nau'ikan A da C. A halin yanzu, ana jera sinadarai guda biyar a cikin rukunan biyun.
Sabbin sinadarai da aka gabatar don haɗawa cikin Annexes A, B, C POPRC-7 yayi la'akari da shawarwari guda uku don jeri a cikin Annexes A, B da/ko C na yarjejeniyar: chlorinated naphthalenes (CNs), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) da pentachlorophenol (PCP), salts da esters. Shawarar ita ce matakin farko na aikin POPRC wajen tantance wani abu, kuma yana buƙatar POPRC ta tantance ko sinadarin da ake samarwa ya cika ma'auni a cikin Annex D na yarjejeniyar. Ma'auni don isar da sinadarai da aka tsara zuwa matakin shirye-shiryen bayanin haɗarin haɗari sune nacewa, haɓakar halittu, yuwuwar jigilar muhalli mai tsayi (LRET), da kuma illa.
POPRC-8 ya ba da shawarar hexabromocyclododecane don jeri a cikin Annex A, tare da keɓancewar keɓancewa don samarwa da amfani a cikin faɗaɗa polystyrene da extruded polystyrene a cikin gine-gine. An amince da wannan shawara a taron ƙungiyoyi na shida a ranar 28 ga Afrilu-10 ga Mayu 2013.
POPRC-9 ya ba da shawarar di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- da octa-chlorinated napthalenes, da hexachlorobutadiene don jeri a cikin Annexes A da C. Hakanan ya kafa ƙarin aiki akan pentachlorophenol, gishiri da esters., da decabromodiphenyl ether, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, salts da perfluorooctane sulfonyl chloride.
POPRC-15 ya ba da shawarar PFHxS don jeri a cikin Annex A ba tare da keɓancewar keɓancewa ba. A halin yanzu, methoxychlor, dechlorane da, UV-328, chlorpyrifos, perfluorocarboxylic acid mai tsayi mai tsayi da matsakaicin sarkar chlorinated paraffins ana duba su.
Rigingimu Ko da yake wasu masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa yarjejeniyar ce ke da alhakin ci gaba da yawan mace-mace daga zazzaɓin cizon sauro, amma a zahiri yarjejeniyar ta ba da izinin amfani da lafiyar jama'a na DDT don sarrafa sauro maganin zazzaɓin cizon sauro). Akwai kuma hanyoyin hana yawan DDT da ake sha ta hanyar amfani da sauran hanyoyin magance zazzabin cizon sauro kamar fuskar taga. Muddin akwai takamaiman matakan da aka ɗauka, kamar amfani da DDT a cikin gida, to ana iya amfani da ƙayyadaddun adadin DDT ta hanyar da aka tsara. Daga hangen nesa na ƙasa masu tasowa, rashin bayanai da bayanai game da tushe, sakewa, da matakan muhalli na POPs suna hana tattaunawa akan takamaiman mahadi, kuma yana nuna buƙatar bincike mai karfi. Wani gardama kuma zai kasance wasu POPs (waɗanda ke ci gaba da aiki, musamman a cikin Arctic Biota) waɗanda aka ambata a cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, amma ba sa cikin Dirty Dozen kamar perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). PFOS suna da amfani da yawa na gabaɗaya kamar masu cire tabo amma suna da ƙaddarorin da yawa waɗanda zasu iya sa ta zama haɗari saboda gaskiyar cewa PFOS na iya zama mai juriya ga rushewar muhalli. PFOS na iya zama mai guba dangane da karuwar mutuwar zuriya, raguwar nauyin jiki, da rushewar tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Abin da ya sa wannan fili ya jawo cece-kuce shi ne tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa da zai iya yi a tsakanin ƙasashe da kasuwanci daban-daban.
Yarjejeniyar da ke da alaƙa da sauran shawarwarin da ke gudana game da gurɓatawa Yarjejeniyar Rotterdam akan Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Farko na Farko don Wasu Sinadarai masu haɗari da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin Kasuwancin Ƙasashen Duniya
Yarjejeniyar Kan Gubawar Iska Mai Tsawon Iyakoki (CLRTAP)
Yarjejeniyar Basel akan Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su
Yarjejeniyar Minamata akan Mercury
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Chasek, Pam, David L. Downie, da JW Brown (2013). Siyasar Muhalli ta Duniya, Bugu na shida, Boulder: Westview Press.
Downie, D., Krueger, J. da Selin, H. (2005). "Manufar Duniya don Sinadarai masu guba", a cikin R. Axelrod, D. Downie da N. Vig (eds. Muhalli na Duniya: Cibiyoyi, Doka Manufofi, Bugu na 2, Washington: CQ Press.
Downie, David da Jessica Templeton (2013). "Masu Gurbacewar Halittu Masu Dorewa." Littafin Jagora na Siyasar Muhalli na Duniya New York: Routledge.
Porta, M., Gasull, M., López, T., Pumarega, J. Rarraba yawan jinin jini na gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta a cikin wakilan samfurori na yawan jama'a. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanki don Samar da Tsabtace (CP/RAC) Buga Fasaha na Shekara-shekara 2010, vol. 9, ku. 24-31 PDF Selin, H. (2010). Mulkin Duniya na Sinadarai masu Hatsari: Kalubale na Gudanar da matakai da yawa, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
14649 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki%20Minaj | Nicki Minaj | Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (An haife ta ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1982),wadda akafi sani da Nicki Minaj /m ɪ n ʒ ita ne mai Trinidadian-American rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, da kuma model.An haife ta a gundumar Saint James na Port of Spain kuma ta tashi ne a gundumar Queens da ke New York City, ta sami karbuwa a wurin jama'a bayan ta saki kayan hadawa na Playtime Is Over (2007), Sucka Free (2008), da Beam Me Up Scotty (2009) farkon aikin ta,Minaj aka san ta da kayayyaki da kuma wigs, ta bayyana kwarewa,da kuma yin amfani da alter egos da wasulla,da farko British cockney.Bayan fara waka tare da Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment, a shekara ta (2009 Minaj ta saki studio album din tana farko, Pink Friday (2010),wanda ta karba lamba daya a Amurka Billboard 200 ginshiƙi kuma aka bokan sau uku platinum ta Recording Industry Association of America RIAA). Kundin ya samar mada Minaj Billboard Hot 100 zama na farko acikin biyar, "Super Bass"
Kundin wakokinta na biyu, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (2012) ya ga Minaj ta matsa zuwa ga rawar-pop tare da mai da hankali kan waƙar ta. An fara faifan kundin a saman jadawalin a kasashe da yawa,wanda ya haifar da Billboard Hot 100 guda daya acikin biyar, "Starships". Minaj na uku da na hudu na kundin faifai, The Pinkprint (2014) da Queen (2018), sun nuna ficewa daga salon raye-rayen rawar rubuce-rubucen da ta gabatar da kuma komawa tushenta na hip hop,tare da tsohuwar da ke haifar da Billboard Hot (100) na farko a cikin- guda biyar Anaconda Yanayinta a kan remix na Doja Cat's"Say So da 6ix9ine" haɗin gwiwar. Trollz",duka an sake su a cikin shekarar (2020) sun nuna alamar farko da na biyu a ɗaya a cikin Hot (100) bi da bi, tare da na biyu, sun sa ta zama ta biyun 'yar wasan mata da fara fitowa a saman jadawalin bayan Lauryn Hill shekara ta (1998).
A wajen kiɗa, aikin fim na Minaj ya haɗa da rawar murya a cikin animated films Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) da The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019) gami da matsayin tallafi a cikin finafinan ban dariya na The Other Woman (2014) da kuma Barbershop: The Next Cut (2016). Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin alkali a lokacin twelfth season na American Idol a shekara ta (2013). An ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu fasahan saurin na rap a kowane lokaci, Minaj ta sayar da kimanin fayafayan rikodin miliyan( 100 a duk duniya, yana mai da ta ɗaya daga cikin world's best selling music artists. A tsawon rayuwar ta, Minaj ta sami yabo da yawa, gami da kyaututtukan kiɗa na Amurka guda shida, BET Awards goma sha biyu, kyaututtukan kiɗa na MTV Video Music Awards guda huɗu, <i id="mwaA">Kyaututtukan</i> Kiɗa na <i id="mwaA">Billboard</i> guda huɗu, da Mata biyu na <i id="mwag">Allon</i> Kyautuka a cikin Wakokin An kuma zabe ta don( 10) Grammy Awards. Minaj itace mafi girman-ranked mace rapper a kan allon-tallan jerin saman artists na shekarar( 2010s). A cikin shekara ta (2016 Minaj ta kasance cikin jerin Lokaci na shekara-shekara na mutane( 100) masu tasiri a duniya..
Rayuwar farko Onika Tanya Maraj an haife ta ne a Saint James a ranar( 8) ga watan Disamba, shekarar (1982)Mahaifinta, Robert Maraj, babban jami'in harkokin kuɗi kuma mawaƙiyan bishara na ɗan lokaci, na Dougla ne (Afro-Trinidadian mahaifiyar da Indo-Trinidadian mahaifin zuriya.Mahaifiyarta, Carol Maraj, ita ma mawaƙa ce ta bishara tare da asalin Afro-Trinidad. Carol ta yi aiki a cikin ɓangarorin biyan kuɗi da na lissafi a lokacin ƙuruciya ta Minaj.Mahaifin Minaj ya kasance mai yawan shan giya da sauran kwayoyi, kuma yana da saurin fushi, tana ƙona gidansu a cikin watan Disamba shekarar ta (1987).Tana da wani dattijo mai suna Jelani, wata ƙanwarta mai suna Maya, ƙanin ta mai suna Micaiah, da kuma ƙanwarta mai suna Ming.
Yayinda yake karamin yaro, Minaj da dan uwa sun zauna tare da kakanta a Saint James. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta koma Bronx a cikin New York City don halartar Kwalejin Monroe, kawo dangin zuwa Queens lokacin da Minaj ke da shekara biyar. A lokacin, dangin suna da gida a titin 147th. Minaj ya tuna, "Bana tunanin cikin gidana. Mahaifiyata ta motsa ni, amma ba ta da tsayayyar gida. Na so na zama mai tsayayyen gida. Minaj ta sami nasarar saurarar karatun shiga Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art da kuma Arts, wanda ke mai da hankali kan zane da zane-zane Bayan kammala karatu, Minaj ta so zama 'yar fim, sai aka sanya ta a wasan Off-Broadway A Cikin Abin da Ka Manta a shekarar ta (2001).
A lokacin da take da shekaru( 19) yayin da take fama da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai jiran aiki a wani Red Lobster a cikin Bronx, amma an kore ta saboda rage darajar kwastomomi. Ta ce an kore ta daga "aƙalla ayyuka (15" )saboda dalilai iri ɗaya..
Ayyuka Manazarta |
31635 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Eson%20Johnson%20Ecoma | Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma | Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma (yayi rayuwa tsakanin 29 Nuwamba 1930 30 Agusta 1999) masanin shari'a ne na Najeriya kuma babban alkalin jihar Cross River da aka nada a watan Maris na alif 1990. An kira shi zuwa kungiyar Lauyoyin Turai a watan Yuni, 1961 da kuma Lauyan Najeriya a watan Agusta 1963.
Tarihin Rayuwa da ilimi Mai shari'a, Hon. Justice Samuel Eson Johnson Ecoma (wanda akafi sanai da Hon. Justice SEJ Ecoma), haifaffen Itigidi, karamar hukumar Abi ta jihar Cross River, Nigeria, shine lauyan farko daga Itigidi. Ya yi baftisma kuma an tabbatar da shi a Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, kuma ya halarci makarantu da yawa saboda yawan canjin da mahaifinsa Mista Eson Johnson Ecoma wanda ya kasance jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ya yi aiki a jihar Calabar da sauran tashoshi na Old Calabar da kuma sauran wurare a wajen Lardin Calabar wato: Makarantar Firamare ta Garin Duke, Calabar; Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Eket Umuda Isingwu Methodist School, Umuahia Aggrey Memorial College, Arochukwu Makarantar Sakandare ta Garin Duke, Calabar; da Makarantar Maraice ta Excelsior, Calabar.
Mai shari'a Ecoma ya kuma halarci makarantar "North Western Polytechnic", Birnin Kentish, Landan inda yayi karatun General Certificate of Education a mataki na gaba kafin ya sami shiga Jami'ar College London a matsayin dalibi na ciki don karanta Law. A lokacin wannan lokacin da ya dace, ya kuma shiga cikin Honourable Society of Grey's Inn. An kira Mai shari'a Ecoma zuwa Baran Ingilishi a watan Yuni, 1961.
Ayyuka Mai shari'a ya dawo Najeriya a watan Agusta, 1963 kuma ya kafa wata kotu mai zaman kanta a Enugu, wanda aikin ya mamaye duk yankin Gabashin Najeriya na lokacin. Daga baya ya koma Abakaliki har zuwa lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke, aka tilasta masa ya gudu daga Abakaliki zuwa Afikpo, zuwa Okigwe da Mbano inda ya zauna har zuwa Janairu, 1970 lokacin yakin basasa ya kare.
Bayan yakin basasar Najeriya a shekarar 1970, ya koma jiharsa ta asali, a lokacin da ake kiranta da Kudu maso Gabas aka nada shi kwamishinan farar hula (Kwamishanan kula da harkokin raya kasa) a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Kudu maso Gabas a lokacin a watan Maris, 1970. Birgediya UJ Esuene, Mai Girma Gwamna. A cikin Maris, 1972, an nada shi Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Shari'a kuma aka tura shi zuwa Ma'aikatar Shari'a. Ya rike wannan mukamin na tsawon shekara guda kadai daga watan Maris, 1973, aka nada shi Alkalin Babbar Kotun Jihar Kudu maso Gabas. A ranar 11 ga Maris 1990, aka nada shi Babban Alkalin Jihar Kuros Riba, ya rike har ya yi ritaya a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 1995.
A tsawon lokacin da ya rike mukamin Alkali, ya kuma yi aiki a kotuna da dama, wato: Memba ne a Hukumar Bincike Kan Ma’aikatar Tashoshin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NPA) Bala’in Catwalk- Nuwamba/Disamba 1972; 9 ga Yuni 1977 sunan da aka sanya a cikin jerin masu sasantawa na Cibiyar sasanta rikicin Zuba Jari ta Duniya da ke Washington, DC, Amurka; Kotun zabe mai lamba 3 na jihar Kaduna a lokacin zaben 1979; Kwamishina guda ɗaya na binciken Njua Bano/Odajie Mbube da Kachuan Irruan/Idum Mbube 1984; Shugaban Hukumar Bincike Kan Raya Aikin Noma ta Jihar Kuros Riba (ADC) 1985; Yuni 1987- Sake nada shi a matsayin Mai sasantawa na Cibiyar sasanta rigingimun Zuba Jari ta Duniya da ke birnin Washington, DC, Amurka, tare da haɗa su da duk sauran nauyin da ke kan Alƙalin Babban Kotun, ta hanyar buɗe Ƙimar Laifuka da kuma magance al'amuran jama'a.
Alkalai
A lokacin da yake Alkali, Mai shari'a Ecoma ya yi aiki a Ogoja daga 1978 zuwa 1979, Uyo daga 1979 zuwa 1983, da Ikom daga 1983 zuwa 1985 inda aka mayar da shi Calabar. Daga 1985, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkali sau uku (Agusta 1987 zuwa Oktoba 1987, 14 Satumba zuwa 14 Nuwamba 1988, da kuma daga 10 Janairu zuwa 10 Maris 1990), kuma ya tsaya sau uku (Yuli 1984 zuwa Agusta 1984, Agusta 1985). zuwa Satumba 1985, da Agusta zuwa Satumba 1986).
Nasarorin da ya samu, Mai shari'a Ecoma ya halarci taruka masu zuwa a gida da waje, wato: Taron Alƙalan Nijeriya a Legas, 1974; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Legas, 1978; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Ilorin, 1982; Taron Alkalan Najeriya duka a Abuja, 1988; Karatun Shari'a a 1989; Taron Commonwealth don Halayen Shari'a a Auckland, New Zealand, Afrilu 1990; Taron Shari'a a Calabar, Mayu 1990; Taron Shari'a a Fatakwal, 1991; Karatun Shari'a a Enugu, Oktoba Nuwamba 1991; Taron Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya a Barcelona, Spain, Oktoba 1991; Bita na Shari'a a Uyo, Mayu/Yuni 1992; (A matsayin Wakili) Taron Kasa na ‘Yan Majalisun Jihohi a Abuja, 29 ga Yuni zuwa 1 ga Yuli 1992; Taron Commonwealth na 10 a Nicosia, Cyprus, 3 ga Mayu zuwa 7 ga Mayu 1993; da Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya 16th Biennial Conference a Manila, Philippines, 25 Oktoba zuwa 30 Oktoba 1993.
Mai shari'a Ecoma yana daya daga cikin Alkalai daga Jihar Cross River da aka nada don rangadin garuruwan Amurka tsakanin Yuni zuwa Yuli, na shekarar 1981. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Babban Alkalin Jihar Kuros Riba, ya kuma yi ayyuka kamar haka: A matsayinsa na Bencher a Majalisar Ilimin Shari’a; a matsayin Daraktan Cibiyar Shari’a ta Najeriya; A matsayin Memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Ba da Shawara; a matsayin memba na kwamitin tantance ‘yan takara da za a kira zuwa ga Lauyoyin Najeriya; kuma a matsayin memba na kwamitin bayar da shawarwarin manyan lauyoyi na Najeriya A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin babban alkali, an kara samar da wasu sassan shari’a da ya kai adadin bakwai. Haka kuma an kara gundumomin Majisterial sannan aka kirkiro kotunan gargajiya domin kawo adadin daga 56 zuwa 74. A lokacin nasa kuma an nada Alkalai hudu da wasu alkalai kadan.
Abubuwan nishadi Mai shari'a Ecoma ya kasance mai himma da ƙwazo a wasan Tennis na Lawn, kuma ya kasance memba mai hazaka a wuraren nishaɗi kamar haka: Ogoja Recreation Club; Uyo Recreation Club; da Ikom Recreation Club. Ya kuma taka rawar Organ sosai kuma ya kasance mai son karanta litattafai.
Kyaututtukan bayan mutuwa Lambar yabo ta Gwamnatin Jihar Cross River- Oktoba shekara ta 2005
lambar yabo na Ikom Recreation Club 2008
Manazarta
Bayanan kula Grey's Inn. (1960). Graya: Mujallar Membobin Gidan Gida na Grey, Juzu'i na 11. London: Gidan Gida na Grey, shafi na 131.
Jihar Cross River (Nigeria). (1986). Karshen rahoton gwamnatin jihar Kuros Riba ta Najeriya kan rahoton kwamitin bincike kan hukumar bunkasa noma ta jihar Cross River (ADC). Calabar: Printer na Gwamnati, shafi na 2.
Afrika Wanene. (1981). London: Africa Journal Limited, shafi na 360.
Fawehinmi, G. (1988). Bench da Bar a Najeriya. Lagos: Nigerian Law Publications Ltd., shafi na 11, 93 (Lamba 338) da 700 (Lamba 3827).
Fawehinmi, G. (1992). Tsarin Kotuna a Najeriya Jagora [1992]. Legas: Nigerian Law Publications Ltd., shafi na 311, 312 da 314.
Mutane daga jihar Cross River
Membobin Gray's Inn
Alkalan Najeriya
Tsaffin daliban kwalejin London
Mutuwar 1999
Haihuwan 1930
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmah%20yar%20Saud%20Al%20Saud | Basmah yar Saud Al Saud | Basmah bint Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Arabic; an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu(v1964)) yar Saudiyya ce kuma yar gidan Al Saud wanda shahararriyar yar'kasuwa ce. Ta share wani lokaci na yarinta a Beirut, Lebanon. Sakamakon Yakin Basasa na Lebanon, da ita da mahaifiyarta, Princess Jamila bint Asad Ibrahim Marei, sun ƙaura zama tsakanin London da Amurka. Gimbiya Basmah sananniya ce akan gabatar da Dokar Fourth Way. Gimbiya Basmah ita ce ƙaramar yarinya a wurin mahaifinta Sarki Saud. Mahaifiyarta Gimbiya Jamila ta yi ƙaura zuwa Saudi Arabiya daga birnin Latakia da ke tashar jirgin ruwa na Siriya. Ta kuma auri Abduan sarki Abdulaziz sarki kuma sarki Saud, wanda ya sami 'ya'ya bakwai. Part of Basmah's childhood was spent in Beirut, Lebanon. As a result of the Lebanese Civil War, she and her mother moved between London and the United States. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, maza dauke da makamai su 8 suka kama Basmah bint Saud lokacin da ta yi kokarin barin Saudi-Arabia don neman kulawar likita a Switzerland, kuma tun daga yanzu ba ta sake zama a gaban jama'a ba. An ba da rahoton cewa ana tsare da ita a gidan yarin Al-Hayer.
Farkon Rayuwa An haife ta ne a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, shekarar alif 1964, a Riyad, Saudi Arabiya, Basmah (ko Basma) ita ce ta 115 kuma ƙarama daga cikin yaran Sarki Saud Mahaifiyarta wata mace ce ‘yar kasar Siriya ce, Jamila Merhi, wacce aka zaba don mijinta na gaba yayin da ta ziyarci Makka kan aikin hajji An haife Basmah ne a ƙarshen watanni na ƙarshen mahaifinta, a wannan watan aka hamɓare shi a matsayin mai mulki na ainihi a juyin mulkin. Ta gan shi sau biyu kawai lokacin da take shekaru biyar, shekarar mutuwarsa. Mahaifiyarta sun tafi da ita zuwa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin, babban birnin Lebanon na Beirut Lokacin da yakin basasa na Lebanon ya barke a shekarar alif 1975, dangin sun gudu zuwa Biritaniya Karatu A Beirut, Basmah bint Saud ta halarci makarantar Faransa. A Burtaniya, ta halarci makarantar ‘yan mata ta Hertfordshire da kwaleji a Landan, kafin ta shafe shekaru biyu tana karatu a Switzerland Basmah ta yi karatun likitanci, ilimin halayyar dan adam da kuma adabin Turanci a jami’ar Beirut Arab. A shekarar alif 1979, ta kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Shugabannin Amurka. Basmah ta yi tafiya tsakanin manyan biranen Turai da Amurka, inda ta yi karatu a jami’o’i daban-daban, kafin ta koma tare da mahaifiyarta zuwa Syria a shekarar alif 1983. Wadannan jami'o'in sun hada da Richmond a cikin Jami'ar Amurka a Lausanne, Switzerland, inda ta yi karatun kimiyyar zamantakewa. A shekarar alif 1984, ta sami Digiri na BSc (Hons) a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Amurka, sannan a shekarar alif 1986, ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da kimiyyar siyasa.
Rayuwar ta A shekarar alif 1988, Princess Basmah ta auri Shuja bin Nami bin Shahin Al Sharif, memba ne a gidan Al Sharif. Sun rabu a shekarar 2007. Ita ce mahaifiyar yara biyar. ‘Ya’yanta, mata uku da’ ya’ya maza biyu, Saud, Sara, Samahir, Sohood da Ahmad.
Baƙi Gimbiya Basmah ta ce wata kungiya ce ta yi mata aika-aika don mayar da kudi 320,000 zuwa asusun banki a kasar Masar. Barazanar ta kasance ta buga kayan gani da ke nuna shan sigarin ta da kuma sumbata a gaban kyamarar PC ba tare da mayafi a kai ba. Basmah ta ce an sace kayan ne daga kwamfutarta na sirri. Ko yaya, ta buga rikodin tattaunawa tsakanin ta da mai baƙar fata a shafinta na yanar gizo na YouTube. Ta ce a Saudi Arabia ba daidai ba ne mata su fito ba tare da sanya hijabi ko sigari a cikin jama'a ba.
Kasuwanci Bayan Basmah bint Saud ta sake maigidanta Saudiyya, ta kafa jerin gidajen abinci a Saudi Arabiya kuma tana shirin fadada wadannan zuwa Biritaniya. A shekara ta 2008, ita ma ta kafa kamfanin Media, ban da kamfanonin dillalai, wadanda kuma ke shirin fadada.
Ra'ayoyi Basmah bint Saud mai gabatar da kara ne dan kawo sauyi. Ta kasance mai aiki a matakin kungiyoyi daban-daban na zamantakewa da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Ta fara bayyana ra'ayinta a kafafan yada labarai na larabawa da na kasa da kasa, suna rubuta kasidu kan mawuyacin halin rayuwar Saudis, musamman na mata. Ko yaya, sukar da take yi ba ta magana da dangin sarki kai tsaye sai dai gwamnonin Saudiyya da sauran masu rike da mukaman na tsakiya. Da take rubutawa ga jaridar Al Madina a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2010, Basmah bint Saud ta ce ba za ta iya samun tushen Kur'ani ko na Islama ba ga wata hukuma don inganta nagarta da hana mataimakin, sannan ta kara da cewa kama da harbin da byan sandan addini suka yi. ga ba daidai ba ra'ayi game da addinin musulunci Ta bayar da goyan baya ga yin garambawul a cikin dokokin musulinci na Saudiyya dangane da haramcin hada haduwa tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma yin zabin ga matan musulmai da za su rufe mai kyau ko a'a. Jarida da sanya hotonta a yanar gizo sun jawo zargi, sannan ta fada wa jaridar The Independent cewa jami'an Saudiyya sun fara wallafa labaran da take yadawa. A gefe guda, ta nace cewa matsayinta daga Jeddah zuwa Acton ba saboda matsin lamba bane daga masarautar Saudiyya. Basmah bint Saud ya tambaye cikin rashin amfani da musulunci fiqh a Saudi jama'a, jayayya cewa addini kafa bukatar a sauya domin cewa shi taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zamani al'umma da kuma inganta halin da ake ciki na mata a cikin mulkin. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2012, Basmah ya gaya wa BBC cewa akwai canje-canje da yawa da za ta so ta gani a Saudi Arabiya amma ba lokacin ne da za a ba mata damar tuƙi ba, An ba wa matan Saudiyya dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin Sarki. Salman da Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman Basmah ya yi kira ga sauye-sauye dangane da kundin tsarin mulki, dokokin kashe aure, tauye tsarin ilimi, an yi cikakken gyara ga aiyukan zamantakewa da canje-canje a aikin mahram (mai kula da maza, yawanci dangi ne, da ake son dukkan matan Saudiyya su kasance). Bayan cutar da dan kasar Saudiyya a matsayin hukuncin da Masarautar ta yanke, Princess Basmah ta yi Allah wadai da ita, tana mai cewa ba za a taba amincewa da dalilan jin kai ba.
Dokar Fourth Way Ta hanyar cibiyar bincike, GURA, wanda ke a London, registeredungiyar Turai ta yi rajista da andungiyar Tarayyar Turai a cikin shekarar 2014. Gimbiya Basmah ta sami kyauta a cikin girmamawa ga kulawar ƙasa da ƙasa, canje-canje na yanki, ci gaba na ƙasa, kafa cibiyoyin horo a fannoni daban-daban da suka shafi al'adar Dokar Hanya Hanya ta huɗu a kan duniya, kamar tsaro, tattalin arziki da gudanarwa. An lura cewa kasashe da yawa, kamar Amurka da Biritaniya, suna daukar shawarwari daga Dokar Hanya Hanya yayin da suke yanke shawara kan batun hankali, muhalli da kuma tattalin arziki wanda sauran cibiyoyin bincike na kasa da kasa ba su tattauna ba. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin shi ne shawarar Shugaba Obama na Amurka a cikin shekarar 2014 don aiwatar da wata doka don sanya ido kan shafukan yanar gizo na zamantakewar jama'a da kuma haɓaka ƙa'idoji na musamman a kanta. Wannan ra'ayin ya tashi ne lokacin da Princess Basmah ta ba da shawararta a cibiyar bincike a Jami'ar Yale da ke New York a 2011. Shugabannin kwamitocin daga Google, Yahoo da Microsoft sun halarci karatun ta. An kuma amince da sashe da yawa daga Dokar Hanya Hudu wacce ta kware kan 'yancin ɗan adam a Biritaniya bayan da ta ba da wani laƙabin lacca a Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 2012. A watan Yuli na shekara ta 2015, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karɓi duk shawarwarin da Princess Basmah ta bayar a cikin Hanya ta Hanya Hanya ta Hudu yayin zaman ta a Biritaniya. A shekarun (2011 da -2014).
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Official website
Basmah bint Saud Al Saud on Twitter
Pages with unreviewed |
51535 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational%20Corporation%20of%20Nigeria | Transnational Corporation of Nigeria | Kamfanin Transnational Corporation plc (ko Transcorp Group), kungiya ce mai ban sha'awa tare da saka hannun jari na dabarun da kuma manyan abubuwan da ke cikin baƙi, kasuwancin gona da makamashi. Kamfanin da aka ambata a fili tare da masu hannun jari daban-daban na kimanin masu saka hannun jari 290,000, sanannun kadarorinta sun haɗa da Transcorp Hotels plc (Transcorp Hilton Hotel, Abuja da Transcorpi Hotels, Calabar); Transcorp Ughelli Power Limited da Energy Limited (mai aiki da OPL 281).
Asalin An kafa Kamfanin Transnational Plc a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2004. Manufar asali ita ce Transcorp zai zama babban kamfani, kamar kamfani na Koriya ta Kudu.
Kasuwancin Transcorp Otal din Transcorp Hilton, Abuja otal din taurari 4 mai dakuna 670.
Otal din Transcorp, Calabar otal mai dakuna 146 da ke cikin birnin Calabar, Jihar Cross River, Najeriya.
Teragro Commodities Limited reshen kasuwancin gona, mai gudanar da Teragro Benfruit Plant, Jihar Benue, Najeriya. Teragro Limited tana gudanar da shuka mai mai da hankali a yankin Middle Belt na Najeriya sakamakon albarkatun noma da ke akwai.
Transcorp Energy Limited wanda aka kafa a cikin 2008 don binciken man fetur, mai aiki na OPL 281. Yana da cikakken mallakar Transcorp.
Transcorp Power Limited (TPL) mai shi kuma mai gudanar da Ughelli Power Plant wanda gwamnatin Najeriya ta mallaki tare da sauran tashoshin wutar lantarki na Najeriya. Shuka tana da ƙarfin shigarwa na 1000MW. Kamfanin yana cikin Jihar Delta kuma yana da damar samun 480 MW tun daga Nuwamba 2015. TUPL ta biya cikakken biyan dala miliyan 300 ga masana'antar.
Abubuwan da aka samu Otal din Hilton, Abuja: A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, Transcorp ta sami kashi 51% na hannun jari a cikin Hilton Abuja don adadin dala miliyan 105 (daidai a lokacin zuwa N13.7billion) bayan wani gasa mai yawa. Sauran kashi 49% mallakar Ofishin Kasuwancin Jama'a (BPE) ne.
Rumens Road: Transcorp ya sami Rumens Road Apartments a 1 Rumens Road, Ikoyi, Legas a cikin 2005 don N377m.
Oil Blocs: Transcorp ya sami tubalan mai guda biyu a cikin zagaye na Mayu 2006, an karfafa su a cikin tubalan mai ɗaya, OPL 281. Mallaka na OPL 281 mai block, wanda a baya Ma'aikatar albarkatun man fetur ta soke shi, an mayar da shi ga Transcorp a watan Fabrairun 2011 bayan biyan ma'aunin sa hannu. Transcorp tana haɗin gwiwa tare da Equity Energy Resources (EER), da kuma kamfanin makamashi na Afirka ta Kudu SAC-Oil Holdings na Afirka ta Tsakiya, don karɓar daidaito da samar da albarkatun da za su kawo rukunin mai zuwa aiki.
Otal din Metropolitan, Calabar: Transcorp ta sami Otal din Metropolitano mai dakuna 146 a Calabar (yanzu an sake sanya shi Transcorp Hotels Calabar) a watan Yunin 2010.
Benfruits Plant: A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2010, Transcorp ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hayar tare da Gwamnatin Jihar Benue don masana'antar ruwan 'ya'yan itace na Benfruits a Markurdi, Jihar Benure.
Ughelli Power Plant: A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2012, Transcorp Ughelli Energy Limited (TUPL) ta lashe kyautar dala miliyan 300 don sayen Ughelli Electric Plant, ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki guda shida na Kamfanin Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) wanda Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta mallaka. Kamfanin Ughelli shine kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai zafi wanda ke cikin Jihar Delta, Najeriya tare da shigar da ƙarfin 1000MW amma a halin yanzu yana samar da 330MW wanda ke da asusun 8% na jimlar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya. TUPL ta cika iyakar ajiya ta kashi 25 cikin dari ta hanyar biyan adadin dala miliyan 75 ga BPE a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2013 kuma a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2013, TUPL ta biya BPE dala miliyan 225, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 75 cikin dari na farashin dala miliyan 300 na ƙarfin wutar lantarki na Ughelli. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya a hukumance ta mika kamfanin ga Transcorp Ughelli Power Limited.
Haɗin gwiwar kwanan nan A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, Kamfanin Transnational Corporation of Nigeria plc da General Electric (GE) sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsari don hadin gwiwa don magance bukatun ababen more rayuwa na Najeriya, tare da jaddada bangarorin wutar lantarki da sufuri musamman sufuri na jirgin kasa. GE, jagora na duniya a cikin ƙira, masana'antu, wadata, shigarwa da kiyaye fasaha da aiyuka don bangaren wutar lantarki, ya tabbatar da jajircewarsa na sauƙaƙe ƙarni na 10,000MW na ƙarin wutar lantarki a Najeriya a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa daidai da yarjejeniyar da take da ita tare da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya, wanda aka sanya hannu a watan Maris na 2012.
Haɗin waje Gidan yanar gizon Kamfanin Transcorp Group
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Kamfanoni
Kamfanoni a Abuja
Kamfanoni a |
23709 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.C.R.A.C.%20Crabbe | V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe | Vincent Cyril Richard Arthur Charles (V.C.R.A.C.) Crabbe JSC, FGA (29 ga Oktoba 1923 7 Satumba 2018) masanin shari'a ne na ƙasar Ghana. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alkali na Kotun Koli na Ghana a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta biyu da ta uku. Kafin ya zama alkali, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Daftarin a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma ya samar da dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta farko za ta zartar. Ya kafa kuma ya shugabanci hukumar zabe, wacce ita ce ta farko, da za ta gudanar da zaben Ghana na 1969. Ya kasance jigo a cikin tsarawa da sake duba kundin tsarin mulki da yawa a Ghana da Commonwealth.
Rayuwar farko An haifi V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1923 a garin Ussher da ke Accra, Gold Coast ga Richard Arthur Crabbe, Babban Magatakardar Kotuna (mafi girman ma’aikatan Sabis na Shari’ar Gold Coast), da matarsa Stella Akoley Lartey. Mahaifin Charles ya rasu watanni goma sha ɗaya bayan an haife shi. Daga cikin 'yan uwansa akwai Edward Ffoulkes Crabbe wanda shine babban magatakardar majalisar kasa da Samuel Azu Crabbe wanda shine babban alkalin kasar Ghana na 5.
Crabbe ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati da ke kusa da gidan yari na James Fort sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa Makarantun Manyan Samari na Gwamnati, Kinbu. A cikin 1939 ya shiga Accra Academy inda ya zauna don Takaddun Shedar Cambridge Junior da Senior, ya kammala a 1943. Bayan wannan, ya yi karatu a takaice a Makarantar Sakandaren Odumase na wata shida.
Daga nan Crabbe ya tafi ya fara aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Runduna ta Biyu a Hedikwatar Rundunar 'Yan sandan Gold Coast. A lokacin tarzomar Fabrairu 1948, an sanya Charles ya kasance cikin jama'a, yana tattara bayanan sirri na Hukumar 'Yan sanda. Lokacin da yake aiki tare da 'yan sanda, ya yi karatu mai zaman kansa don wani Intermediate B.A. digiri ta hanyar rubutu tare da Wolsey Hall, Oxford. Daga 1950 zuwa 1952, Crabbe ya karanci Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar City College London Moorgate, London.
A watan Agusta 1952, an shigar da shi Haikali na ciki don karanta doka. Ya yi hakan ne ta amfani da Babban Takaddar Shedar Cambridge da ya samu daga Kwalejin Accra. Ya kammala karatun shekara uku na yau da kullun a cikin shekaru biyu kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1955, bayan an ba shi izinin yin aiki. A wannan shekarar an yi masa rajista a matsayin memba na Garin Gold Coast.
Aiki
Daftarin Dokoki da Zabe A cikin 1955 Crabbe ya shiga cikin Babban Lauyan Janar na Ghana ya fara aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mai ba da shawara. A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 1958, an nada shi a matsayin Lauyan Majalisar Dokoki na farko, inda ya zama dan Afirka na farko da aka nada, an soke taken a Ghana ba da dadewa ba don Lauyan Gwamnati. Tare da lauyan New Zealand Fred Boyce, ya tsara dokoki, Dokoki da Ayyukan Majalisar da Majalisar Dokoki ta zartar a ranar samun 'yancin kan Ghana.
A shekarar 1963, shugaban kasa na lokacin Nkrumah ya tura shi aiki zuwa Uganda inda aka mai da shi Babban Lauyan Majalisa da Mai Ba da Shawara Kan Tsarin Mulki ga Gwamnatin Uganda sannan ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Uganda na 1966.
A watan Agustan 1968 aka nada shi Kwamishinan Zabe na wucin gadi na Ghana don gudanar da Zaben 1969. Crabbe ya kafa hukumar zabe ta farko da Ghana ta taba yi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina na Musamman ga Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na 1969 kuma Mai tsara Dokoki zuwa Majalisar Mazabu ta 1969 wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin 1969 na Ghana.
Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Mazabu na 1979 kuma ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1979. Ya yi aiki tare da Kwamitin Binciken Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kenya kuma shi ne Jagoran ƙungiyar Masu Zane -zanen da suka tsara Tsarin Mulkin Kenya. Ya yi aiki da Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na Zambiya don tsara Tsarin Mulkin Zambia tare da Hukumar Binciken Fiajoe don bitar Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1992. Crabbe yayi aiki tare da Justice P.N. Bhagwati, tsohon Babban Jojin Indiya da Mai Shari'a Kayode Eso na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya don ba da shawara kan kafa Kotun Tsarin Mulki a Afirka ta Kudu.
A cikin 1999 an nada Crabbe a matsayin Kwamishinan Dokar Ka'ida. Ya yi shekaru da yawa kwamishinan duba Dokar Dokar Ghana a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma a cikin wannan ofishi ya sake duba Dokokin Ghana daga 1852 zuwa 2004 a cikin kundin bakwai kafin ya yi ritaya daga mukamin gwamnati.
Ya kasance Shugaban Coalition of Democratic Election Observers Ghana (CODEO) wata hukuma a karkashin Cibiyar Ci gaban Demokradiyya ta Ghana (CDD-Ghana).
Sabis akan Bench An nada Crabbe a matsayin alkalin babbar kotu a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1966, jim kadan bayan dawowarsa daga Uganda. A 1968, lokacin da aka nada shi Kwamishinan Zabe na wucin gadi na Ghana, yana tare da matsayin Alkalin Kotun daukaka kara. A shekarar 1970, Firayim Minista Kofi Abrefa Busia ya nada shi kuma ya nada shi Alkalin Kotun Koli na Ghana. Bayan juyin mulkin soji wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin Busia a 1972, an dakatar da kotun koli. Lokacin da aka dawo da tsarin shari'a Crabbe ba a aika shi zuwa kotun koli ba amma ya koma babban kotun. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alkalin babbar kotu daga 1972 zuwa 1975. A shekarar 1976, an tura shi kotun daukaka kara a matsayin alkali sannan a 1979 ya koma kotun koli.
Gudummawa ga Ilimin Shari'a Daga 1958 zuwa 1963, Crabbe ya kasance malami kuma malami a cikin shekarun kafuwar Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana har ya tafi Uganda. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Malami a Cibiyar Ci gaban Shari'a ta Duniya a Rome, Italiya. Daga 1974 zuwa 1998, ya kasance Darakta na Tsarin Sakatariyar Commonwealth na masu tsara dokoki na Yankin Afirka ta Yamma, Yankin Kudancin Afirka da Yankin Caribbean. Ya kasance farfesa ne na tsara daftarin Dokoki a Cave Hill Campus, Barbados na Jami'ar West Indies. Crabbe ya kasance Farfesa na Shari'a a Kwalejin Jami'ar Mountcrest da ke Accra har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2018.
Rayuwar mutum Crabbe yana da yara shida. Ya kuma kasance Freemason, na gundumar Grand Lodge na Ghana a ƙarƙashin United Grand Lodge na Ingila.
Daraja Kodayake an yi la'akari da shi azaman mai karɓar lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Sahabin Umarnin Volta a 1979, ba a taɓa gayyatar Crabbe don saka hannun jari ba. An karrama shi a matsayin abokin girmamawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Najeriya. A cikin 2006, sarakuna da mutanen Ngleshie Alata, Jamestown sun ba shi Takaddar girmamawa. A watan Nuwamba na 2013 ya sami digirin girmamawa na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, bayan da ya taimaka wa cibiyar ta kafa Kwalejin Shari'a. A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2015, a Metropolitan Ball a Accra, ya karɓi Takaddar Karramawa daga Babban Jami'in Babban Taron Majalisar Accra. A ranar 15 ga Maris 2017 ya gabatar da lacca na farko kan jigon, The Philosophy of Man bayan an zabe shi Abokin Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana.
Mutuwa da jana'izar jiha Ya rasu yana da shekaru 94 a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2018 a Accra, Ghana. An yi jana'izar sa a jihar, wanda ya samu halartar manyan mutane da membobin kungiyar lauyoyi, a ranar Alhamis 4 ga Oktoba 2018 a Cibiyar Taro ta Kasa da Kasa ta Accra.
Adabi Amoak, Kwesi (2016) "Unfinished journey the life and times of V.C.R.A.C. Crabbe a legal luminary" Sakumo, Ghana: Smartline Limited
Manazarta Mutuwan |
18129 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad%20Al-Faqih | Sa'ad Al-Faqih | Sa'ad Rashed Mohammad al-fakih an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1957 a Az Zubayr, Iraq kuma aka sani da Sa'ad Al-Fagih, shi ne Musulmi Saudi kasa kuma tsohon likita wanda shi ne shugaban Harkar Musulunci garambawul a Arabia (Mira). Yana zaune a London Ya kasance babban ɗan wasa a shirya "Wasikar Buƙatu" na shekara ta 1991 da "Memorandum na Nasiha" shekara mai zuwa. Duk wasu takardu sun samu amincewar wasu manyan mutane, wadanda suka hada da Sheikh Bin Baz, Al-Uthaymeen da Salman Al-Ouda, sannan aka gabatar da su ga sarki a lokacin, Fahd A shekarar 1994, aka kafa kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam kuma aka nada Al-Faqeeh a matsayin shugaban ofishin ofishinta na Landan, tare da wani dan adawar Saudiyya, Mohammad al-Massari a matsayin kakakin. Sun rabu biyu, kuma al-Faqih ya ci gaba da kafa MIRA a shekarar ta 1996.
Al-fakih ta kungiyar adawa da na yanzu sociopolitical da addini da manufofin na Saudi Arabia Kodayake yana yakin neman sake fasalin addini, ya fi son kada a kira shi Wahabbist Ya ci gaba da cewa addinin Islama yana bayar da fatawar raba iko, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, nuna gaskiya da kuma yancin mata, sabanin abin da yake ci gaba da ra'ayin Saudiyya. Shima mai kin jinin sarauta ne, yana mai tabbatar da cewa gwamnatin Saudiyya ta rasa halaccin addini.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Saad al-Faqih a kudancin Iraki daga dangin Najdi Ya kasance farfesa a aikin tiyata a Jami'ar Sarki Saud da ke Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa watan Maris shekarar 1994. An daure shi ne saboda shiga cikin harkar garambawul a kasar. Bayan fitowar sa daga kurkuku, ya zama darektan ofishin London na Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (CDLR), babbar kungiyar adawar Saudiyya a wancan lokacin, wacce ke adawa da gwamnatin Saudiyya a matsayin wacce ba ta Musulunci ba. Ya bar CDLR ya sami MIRA a 1996.
Zargin Tallafin Ta'addanci A watan Disambar shekara ta 2004, baitul malin Amurka ta zargi al-Faqih da kasancewa cikin kungiyar Al Qaeda, kuma ta yi zargin cewa ya ci gaba da kulla alaka da kungiyar tun shekarar 1998. Bayan kwana biyu, an kara sunayen al-Faqih da MIRA a cikin jerin sunayen kwamitin na UN 1267 na mutane da kuma wadanda suke ko suke da alaka da al-Qaeda. Bayanin na Baitul malin ya ambaci alakar da Al-Faqih ya yi da Osama bin Laden, Khalid al-Fawwaz, Mustafa Setmariam Nasar, da kuma wani dan boko mai ra'ayin akida wanda ke rubutu, ko kuma yake rubutawa, da sunan Lewis Attiyatullah. Sa'ad Al-Faqih ya tabbatar da cewa hukumomi, kamar gwamnatin Amurka, suna son su zage shi saboda suna kawance da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta yanzu, wacce yake adawa da ita kuma ya musanta duk zarge-zargen.
BBC biyar ta ruwaito ikirarin cewa a shekarar 1996, Saad Al Faqih ya sayi wayar tauraron dan adam ta Exact-M 22 ga Osama bin Laden, zargin da ba a ma bincika shi ba, kuma ba wata kotu a duniya ta tuhume shi. Al-Faqeeh ya tabbatar da cewa shi da MIRA "sun dukufa kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya." Tuni aka cire shi daga jerin takunkumi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan kwamitin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da shawarar Ombudsman na cire shi. Shugaban kwamitin, wakilin dindindin na Jamus Peter Wittig, ya sanar a cikin wata sanarwa a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2012 cewa "bayan cikakken nazari", an cire Dr Al-Faqih da Mira. Ya kara da cewa "Babbar tambayar da kwamitin zai yi la’akari da ita ita ce ko akwai wadatattun bayanai da za su bayar da ingantacciyar hanyar da za ta tabbatar da cewa wani mutum, kungiya, aiki, ko kuma wani abu yana da alaka da al-Qaeda," in ji shi. Rahotanni sun ce Birtaniya da Jamus sun goyi bayan cire Dr Faqih, yayin da Amurka da Saudiyya na cikin wadanda ke adawa da shi. Dr Al-Faqih ya ce "an yi gwagwarmaya sosai" don ficewa daga jerin takunkumin. "Duk abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru takwas da suka gabata shi ne, wani maras laifi, mai son zaman lafiya, yana aiki a karkashin doka, ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da wata makarkashiya daga azzalumai a cikin Tekun Fasha da goyon bayan manyan kasashe," kamar yadda ya shaida wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na Reuters.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ganawar 2003 tare da MEIB
Ganawa ta 2005 tare da Jamestown Foundation
Tattaunawa ta 2006 tare da jaridar Asia Times Cirewa daga jerin takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin |
60924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Said | Nicholas Said | Nicholas Said (an haife Mohammed Ali ben Sa'id, 1836–1882) matafiyi ne, mai fassara, soja, kuma marubuci.
Rayuwa An haife shi a Kukawa, daular Bornu, Said ya fada cikin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara. Mahaifinsa, Barça Gana, ya kasance sanannen janar kuma ƙwarewarsa na koyon harsuna, duk da haka, ya kai ga ɗaukaka matsayinsa na zamantakewa. Bayan ya koyi harshen Larabci a lokacin kuruciyarsa a Afirka ta Tsakiya, cikin sauri ya koyi harshen Turkawa na Ottoman na bayinsa. Da yake nuna ƙwarewa a cikin harshen Rashanci, ya zama bawan Rasha Yarima Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, wanda ya ba shi koyar dashi da Faransanci bayan ya gane ƙwarewarsa na musamman na harshe. A lokacin tarihin tarihinsa na 1872, ya ba da rahoton sanin yaren Kanuri, Mandara, Larabci, Baturke, Rashanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci da Faransanci, da kuma ɗan gogewa da yaren Armeniya. Sa'id ya yi balaguro da yawa a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Daular Rasha, daga baya ya tashi zuwa Caribbean, Kudancin Amurka, Kanada, da Amurka. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa da tafiye-tafiyensa, Sa'id ya yi tir da irin zaluncin da Usman dan Fodio ya yi wa kasarsa, ya bayyana hajjinsa zuwa Makka, ya tuna da wata dama da ya samu da Sarkin Musulmi, sannan ya yi tunani a kan musuluntarsa zuwa Kiristanci a Riga. Daga shekarun 1863 zuwa 1865, Sa'id yayi aiki a cikin Sojan Tarayyar Turai lokacin yakin basasar Amurka. Ba kamar yawancin Ba’amurke Ba-Amurke waɗanda suka yi aiki a Sojojin Amurka a lokacin yaƙin, Said ko kakanninsa ba su taɓa bautar da su a Amurka ba. Maimakon haka, Said da son rai ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka sannan ya ba da kansa don yin yaƙi. Kusan ƙarshen yaƙin, ya nemi a haɗa shi da Sashen Asibiti domin ya sami damar yin karatun likitanci. Wani rahoto na dan jarida na 1867 ya nuna cewa, bayan yakin, Said ya ƙaunaci wata Ba'amurkiya kuma ya aure ta. An ba da rahoton cewa sun zauna a St. Stephens, Alabama, inda Said ya rubuta abubuwan tunawa. Rayuwar Said daga baya ba ta da tabbas, amma wani asusun ya mutu yana mutuwa a Brownsville, Tennessee. Domin yana zaune a Kudu-zaman sake ginawa, bai bayyana hidimarsa a cikin Sojojin Amurka ba a cikin tarihinsa. Hoton ganima na Said yana fitowa sanye da kakin sojan Amurka, a lokacin da ake makala shi da Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta 55, ya tsira.
Iyali a Borno Said ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan Kanouri wanda aka haifa a "Kouka" (yanzu Kukawa), kusa da tafkin Chadi, ɗan Janar (Katzalla) Barca Gana da wata mata Mandara mai suna Dalia. Mahaifiyarsa ce ta girma Said. A cewar Said, mahaifinsa yana da mata hudu, kuma yana da "babba, dogo, kuma daidai gwargwado; yana kama da kato fiye da na talaka." "Mahaifina ya bambamta kansa sosai a karkashin Sarkinmu Mohammed El Amin Ben Mohammed El Kanemy, Washington na Bornou. Shi ne ta'addancin... makiya kasarmu, kuma duk inda ya bayyana makiya sun gudu. Wani matafiyi dan kasar Ingila ne ya bayyana bajintar sojan mahaifin Said wanda ya samu damar shaidawa Barca Gana a fada. Dixon Denham ya raka wani balaguron soji inda sojojin Bornu karkashin Barca Gana suka hadu da na Larabawa masu kai hari bayi da na Sarkin Musulmin Mandara. A wajen yakar sojojin Daular Sakkwato, Denham ya ruwaito cewa, “Wani Basarake Fellatah da hannunsa ya kakkabe mayakan Bornu guda hudu, a lokacin da Barca Gana, wanda karfinsa yake da girma, ya jefi mashi daga tazarar yadi talatin da biyar, ya shimfida arna low. Rahoton Denham ya kara da jarumtar Barca Gana, "Janar na Bornu ya kashe dawakai uku a karkashinsa ta hanyar kibau masu guba." Yayin da Denham ya danganta rayuwar sa ga bajintar Barca Gana a fagen fama, ya kuma lura cewa dole ne a hana Barca Gana barin mutumin da ya ji rauni a baya, saboda Janar din ba ya son karkatar da albarkatun soji don adana dan kasada wanda ko da ba haka ba ne. musulmi. Shawarar daya daga cikin jam'iyyarsa cewa Allah yana so a kiyaye Denham, Barca Gana ya ba Denham kariya.
Ba a haifi Nicholas Said ba sai bayan shekaru bayan yakin da mahaifinsa ya yi da Daular Sokoto, wanda Denham ya tuna. (Jules Verne daga baya zai sake ba da labarin a cikin littafinsa na tsawon makonni biyar a cikin Balloon, amma ya jefa Denham a matsayin jarumi maimakon Barca Gana, duk da cewa Denham ya tsira ne kawai saboda mayakan Fulani sun so su kama tufafinsa don amfani da "shaida" cewa Kiristoci sun kasance. ana amfani da su wajen yaki a cikin sojojin Bornu-Mandara Said ya ba da rahoton haduwarsa ta farko da wani bature, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin mai bincike na Jamus Heinrich Barth:
“Lokacin da nake dan shekara goma sha biyu, sai ga wani katon ayari ya zo daga Fezzan, sai aka ce wani Sarra ne (bare) na cikin jam’iyyar. Wannan ya ba da farin ciki sosai, musamman a tsakaninmu yara, domin mun ji labarai masu ban mamaki game da su. Misali, an gaya mana cewa turawan ’yan cin nama ne, kuma duk bayin da suka saya ba don wani abu ba ne sai kayan abinci. Tabbas, wani bature ya iso, sai Sarki ya ba shi masauki a Gabashin Kouka. Na fara ganinsa wata rana yana cikin kasuwa, wajen Kouka, sai na gudu daga gare shi.”
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22863 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagai | Zagai | Zagai Mamund Zagai Mamund
Zagai is the 2nd largest town in Mamund district Bajaur.
Population
Zagai Village have 45678 population in 2017.
History
Zagai have a great history in depeats british in 1857.
Education
Zagai town have 4 government schools.
Details
Zagai Mamond is a manifestation of national unity
Apart from the plains, Bajaur has a large population at the confluence of mountains and hills. Zagai is a historical village located at the foot of Mira Ali Baba, the historic hill of Mamond, which is home to Malakhel and Yusuf Khel. Two young IT experts Ziauddin Khan Mamund and Engineer Shakeel Ahmad Khan had repeatedly invited me to visit this historic village. Don't get tired of talking about modern conveniences. It would not be out of place to call Zagai Mamond, the home of Maulana Fazal Mehmood Makhfi, a great freedom fighter, a village or a town equipped with modern facilities. The population of Zagai is between 30,000 and 40,000. An invaluable thing about Zagai Mamond is that there are three big mosques here, Miki Masjid, Bilal Masjid, Madina Masjid. All three are located at a distance of one or two meters from each other. People from far and wide of the village pray to him in mosques. There is no restriction on anyone praying in the mosque. In all mosques, prayers are offered at intervals of five minutes so that no one is deprived of praying in congregation. The first is the Mukki Mosque and the historic mosque in which Fakhr Afghan Bacha (may Allah have mercy on him) stayed on the occasion of his visit to Bajaur. It is mentioned many times in history. The Bilal Mosque is a masterpiece of ancient architecture. Its beams are of real size and it weighs a lot. Seeing this, one wonders how it was brought and installed here.
The educational ratio in Zagai is about 80%. The 18-room primary school here is probably a record in itself. The people here are mostly educated and well versed. There are 4 government schools. The foundation stone of Madrasa Nashr-ul-Uloom in Zagai was laid in 1972. Who is busy lighting the candle of knowledge of religion.
One of the features of Zagai Mamond is the Malakhel Welfare Committee consisting of the youth here who have been engaged in welfare work since 2016. Helping the poor on every sad occasion, Eid and other important occasions and these same youths have set up the best sewerage system of the village like this town. The streets of the entire village were often paved by the same committee while the rest of the work was done by Ziauddin Khan Mamund with the help of MNA Gul Zafar Khan. Nowhere in the whole village will you see dirty water flowing in the streets.
Another feature of this village is that all the mosques and houses here have 24 hours fresh water from springs. In this village, solar lights are installed at a distance of 9, 10 yards in every street which keeps the whole village lit up in the darkness of night. There is also a bazaar for women in the main streets of this village where all kinds of shopping for women are available. The greatest feature of this village is that there is no enmity in this whole village, all the people are peaceful and in each other's hands. Another feature of this village is that there are people of only one problem, there is no difference. The mountains of this village are rich in natural minerals, there are precious stones in its mountains. The British have also been living on the hill of this village for a long time. Their remains are found during excavations. There are a lot of tourism opportunities in this village. More conveniences for the people of this village have been created since the time when Dr. Hamid-ur-Rehman of PTI carried out the work of Link Road towards Mena Mamond some time ago.
The modern village, the manifestation of harmony and love, continued to shine brightly.
Manazarta
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23299 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli | Muhalli | Muhalli ko haƙƙin muhalli wani babban falsafa ne, akida, da harkar zamantakewa game da damuwa dan kare muhalli da inganta lafiyar muhalli, musamman kamar yadda ma'auni na wannan kiwon lafiya ke neman hada tasirin canje-canje ga muhalli akan mutane, dabbobi, tsire-tsire da abubuwan da ba su da rai. Yayin da muhalli ya fi mayar da hankali kan yanayin muhalli da yanayin da ke da alaka da akidar kore da siyasa, ilimin kimiyya ya haɗu da akidar zamantakewar zamantakewa da muhalli. An fi amfani da ilimin ilimin halitta a cikin harsunan nahiyar Turai, yayin da ake amfani da muhalli a cikin Ingilishi amma kalmomin suna da ma'anoni daban-daban.
Muhalli yana ba da shawarar kiyayewa, maidowa da haɓaka yanayin yanayi da mahimman tsarin ƙasa abubuwa ko matakai kamar yanayin yanayi, kuma ana iya kiransa motsi don sarrafa gurɓatawa ko kare nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi. Saboda wannan dalili, ra'ayoyi kamar ƙa'idar ƙasa, ɗa'a na muhalli, bambancin halittu, ilimin halittu, da hasashen biophilia adadi galibi.
A mahimmin sa, muhalli wani yunƙuri ne na daidaita dangantaka tsakanin ɗan adam da tsarin halitta daban-daban waɗanda suka dogara da su ta yadda za a ba da dukkan abubuwan da suka dace daidai gwargwado. Matsakaicin ma'auni da sakamakon wannan ma'auni yana da rigima kuma akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don matsalolin muhalli da za a bayyana a aikace. Muhalli da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli galibi ana wakilta su da launin kore, amma masana'antun tallace-tallace sun tsara wannan ƙungiyar don dabarar da aka fi sani da greenwashing. Muhall,i yana adawa da rashin muhalli, wanda ya ce duniya ba ta da rauni fiye da yadda wasu masana muhalli ke kula da su, kuma ta nuna yanayin muhalli a matsayin wuce gona da iri ga gudummawar ɗan adam ga canjin yanayi ko adawa da ci gaban ɗan adam.
Ma'anoni Muhalli yana nuni da harkar zamantakewa wanda ke neman yin tasiri a tsarin siyasa ta hanyar fafutuka, fafutuka, da ilimi don kare albarkatun ƙasa da muhalli.
Masanin muhalli shine mutum wanda zai iya yin magana game da yanayin mu na halitta da kuma kula da albarkatunsa mai dorewa ta hanyar canje-canje a manufofin jama'a ko halayen mutum. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ayyuka masu goyan baya kamar bayanan amfani, ayyukan kiyayewa, saka hannun jari a cikin albarkatu masu sabuntawa, ingantattun inganci a cikin tattalin arzikin kayan, canzawa zuwa sabon tsarin lissafin kamar tattalin arzikin muhalli, sabuntawa da sake farfado da haɗin gwiwarmu tare da rayuwar da ba ɗan adam ba ko ma zaɓi don samun. daya kasa yaro don rage amfani da matsa lamba a kan albarkatun.
Ta hanyoyi daban-daban (misali, fafutuka da zanga-zanga), masu rajin kare muhalli da kungiyoyin kare muhalli suna neman baiwa duniyar halitta babbar murya a cikin harkokin dan adam. Gabaɗaya, masana muhalli suna ba da shawarar kula da albarkatun ƙasa mai dorewa, da kariya (da maidowa, idan ya cancanta) na yanayin yanayi ta hanyar canje-canjen manufofin jama'a da halayen mutum. A cikin amincewa da ɗan adam a matsayin mai shiga cikin tsarin halittu, motsi ya dogara ne akan ilimin halitta, lafiya, da 'yancin ɗan adam.
Tarihi Damuwa game da kare muhalli ya sake faruwa a nau'i daban-daban, a sassa daban-daban na duniya, cikin tarihi. Ana iya samun farkon ra'ayoyin kare muhalli a cikin Jainism, addini daga tsohuwar Indiya wanda Mahavira ya farfado a karni na 6 BC. Jainism yana ba da ra'ayi da ke cikin hanyoyi da yawa masu jituwa tare da ainihin dabi'un da ke da alaƙa da gwagwarmayar muhalli, kamar kariyar rayuwa ta rashin tashin hankali, wanda kuma zai iya samar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin muhalli don kare muhalli na duniya. Koyarwar Mahavira a kan fahimtar juna tsakanin dukkan masu rai—da kuma abubuwa biyar na duniya, ruwa, iska, wuta, da sararin samaniya—sune tushen tunanin muhalli a yau. A Gabas ta Tsakiya, Halifa Abubakar a shekara ta 630 miladiyya ya umurci sojojinsa da cewa "Kada ku cutar da itatuwa, kuma kada ku kona su da wuta," kuma "Kada ku kashe ko daya daga cikin garken abokan gaba, sai dai abincinku." Litattafan likitanci na Larabci daban-daban a cikin ƙarni na 9 zuwa 13 sun yi magana game da muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, gami da batun ƙazantawa. Marubutan irin wadannan littafai sun hada da Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Al-Razi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay, Isaac Israel ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, Ibn al-Quff, da Ibn al-Nafis. Ayyukansu sun shafi batutuwa da dama da suka shafi gurɓata yanayi, kamar gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen ruwa, gurɓataccen ƙasa, da kuma yadda ake sarrafa ƙazamin ƙazamin gari. Sun kuma haɗa da kididdigar tasirin wasu yankuna na tasirin muhalli. A Turai, Sarki Edward I na Ingila ya haramta kona da sayar da "kwal-kwal" a cikin 1272 ta hanyar shela a Landan, bayan hayakinsa ya zama abin bacin rai a ko'ina cikin birnin. Wannan man da aka saba yi a birnin Landan saboda karancin itacen da ake yi a yankin, an sanya masa suna na farko ne saboda ana iya samunsa da aka wanke a wasu gabar ruwa, inda aka kwashe shi a kan keken keke.
Dokokin muhalli na farko Asalin motsin muhalli ya kasance a cikin martani ga karuwar gurɓataccen hayaki a cikin yanayi a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Fitowar manyan masana'antu da ci gaban ci gaban da ake samu a cikin kwal ya haifar da gurɓacewar iska da ba a taɓa gani ba a cibiyoyin masana'antu; bayan shekara ta 1900 babban adadin fitar da sinadarai na masana'antu ya kara karuwa na sharar dan adam da ba a kula da su ba. Na farko manyan-sikelin, dokokin muhalli na zamani sun zo a cikin nau'i na Biritaniya's Alkali Ayyukan Manzanni, wuce a 1863, don tsara deleterious iska gurbatawa (gaseous hydrochloric acid) bayar kashe ta hanyar Leblanc tsari, amfani da su samar da soda ash. An nada wani sifeton Alkali da wasu kananan sifetoci hudu domin dakile wannan gurbatar yanayi. A hankali an faɗaɗa nauyin da hukumar ke ɗauka, wanda ya ƙare a cikin Dokar Alkali ta 1958 wanda ya sanya dukkan manyan masana'antu masu nauyi waɗanda ke fitar da hayaki, ƙura, ƙura da hayaƙi ƙarƙashin kulawa.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32657 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Wallis | Diana Wallis | Diana Paulette Wallis, FCIL (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1954 a Hitchin, Hertfordshire 'yar Burtaniya ce kuma tsohuwar memba ta Liberal Democrat ta Majalisar Turai (MEP) na Yorkshire da Humber. An fara zaben ta a shekarar 1999 sannan aka sake zabe a shekarar 2004 da kuma a shekarar 2009. Ta yi murabus daga kujerarta a watan Janairun 2012 kuma ta ci gaba da bin ɗimbin ayyuka na ilimi, shari'a da na sasantawa.
A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2013, an zaɓi Wallis matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Shari'a ta Turai, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai da aka kafa don farawa, gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe bincike, ba da shawarwari da kuma ba da jagoranci mai amfani a fagen ci gaban shari'a na Turai tare da manufar inganta Turai. hadewar doka (European legal integration). An sake zabe ta a shekarar 2015 a karo na biyu, wanda ya kai har zuwa shekara ta 2017.
Wallis ta yi takara da Haltemprice da Howden a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Yorkshire a shekara ta 2015 da shekarar 2017 don babban Zabe na Burtaniya kuma daga baya ya bar waccan jam'iyyar a cikin Maris 2019. Daga baya ta koma kungiyar Change UK kuma an zabe ta a matsayin jagorar dan takarar Yorkshire da Humber a zaben Majalisar Turai na 2019.
Farkon aiki Wallis ta karanta Tarihi a North London Polytechnic, inda ta kammala a matsayin BA. Ta kara karatu a Jami'ar Kent, inda ta sami digiri na Master of Arts (MA), Liege, Zurich da Chester. Kafin a zabe ta a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi aiki sama da shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya mai kara (lauya), musamman a Landan inda ta ci gaba da bin hanyar shiga Turai. Wallis ta kasance malama a Jami'ar Hull a cikin dokar kasuwanci ta Turai daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekarar 1999. Wallis kuma ya kasance kansila a Majalisar gundumar Humberside kuma mataimakin shugaban majalisar hadaka ta Riding na Gabas daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekarar 1999.
Dan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai An zabi Wallis a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a lokuta uku a jere daga 1999, 2004 da 2009 (tenuwowi na 5th, 6th da 7th na majalisar Turai). A zamaninta ta rike mukamai da dama kuma ta rubuta rahotannin majalisa masu yawa.
Mataimakiyar Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai A shekara ta 2007, Diana Wallis ta zama mace ta farko ta Biritaniya a kowace shekara ashirin da aka zaba a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, sannan kuma ta zama 'yar Burtaniya mai sassaucin ra'ayi ta farko da ta yi hakan. Bayan sauya sheka zuwa wa'adi na shida na majalisa a shekara ta 2009, zauren majalisar ta sake zabar ta a matsayin wa'adi na biyu.
A matsayinta na mamba na Ofishin Majalisar, wanda ya hada da Shugaban kasa, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Quaestor, kundinta ya mayar da hankali kan gaskiya da samun damar yin amfani da takardu (ma'ana a karkashin dokokin cikin gida na majalisar cewa ta sanya hannu kan kararrakin samun damar yin amfani da takardun majalisar a karkashin doka 1049/2001). Arctic da high arewa, Tambaya Time (tare da wani mataimakin shugaban kasa) da kuma Academy of Turai Law tushen a Trier (Jamus). Ayyukanta na gaba a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kasa sun haɗa da jagorantar taron majalisar Turai da maye gurbin shugaban majalisar a fagen kasa da kasa (Arctic and high north) ko kuma a taron hukuma. Wallis musamman ta jagoranci kiran ranar hukuma don tunawa da kisan gillar Srebrenica na shekarar 1995 kuma ya halarci taron tunawa da Potocari, Bosnia da Herzegovina, a madadin Majalisar Turai. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugaban kasa don bayyana gaskiya, ta jagoranci doguwar tattaunawa da majalisar ta yi da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a cikin shekarar 2011 zuwa rajista na farko na nuna gaskiya ga wakilan sha'awa da ke neman yin tasiri ga yanke shawara na cibiyoyin EU (wanda aka fi sani da lobbyists), tare da Doka da Oda na Halaye. Rijistar Fassara ta haɓaka har ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na ƙungiyoyin rajista da sauran mutane (sama da 10,000 a jimillance) kuma Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da sabis na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ke gudanarwa tare. Bugu da ƙari, ta buɗe rumbun adana bayanan majalisar da aka zaɓa kai tsaye tun daga lokacin shugabanta na farko (1979), Simone Veil, a gabanta a Paris a ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekarar 2008. A matsayinta na mataimakiyar shugabar kasa ta taka rawa a manyan fannukan aiki guda biyu wadanda manufarsu ita ce gyara, a daya bangaren aikin zaman majalisar, a daya bangaren kuma, majalisar gaba daya.
Jagorancin wakilan kasa A matsayin ta na memba na ƙungiyar siyasa ta matakiyar Turai ALDE a majalisar Turai, Wallis ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats a majalisar Turai 2000-2004, sannan daga watan Yuni shekara ta 2006 zuwa watan Janairu shekarar 2007.
Kwamitin Harkokin Shari'a Kwamitin Kasuwar Cikin Gida da Kariyar Abokan ciniki (wanda aka haɗa a baya) A lokacin da take matsayin memba na fiye da shekaru goma a kwamitocin JURI da IMCO, Wallis ta jagoranci aiki a madadin kungiyarta ta siyasa ("Coordinator"), kuma tana da alhakin mai ba da rahoto ga wasu dokoki da suka wuce ta majalisar, ciki har da Brussels I "da" Rome II Dokokin waɗanda su ne manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu na dokar ƙasa da ƙasa masu zaman kansu ta Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kasuwancin Hatimi, Dokar da ke kafa dokar da ta dace da wajibcin kiyayewa. Har ila yau, ta kasance mai ba da rahoto kan wasu batutuwan da ba na doka ba, ciki har da rawar da alkalai na kasa suka taka a cikin tsarin shari'a na EU, e-ciniki, e-buga, gyara gama gari, e-Justice, horo na shari'a, sulhu, dokar mabukaci, da dokar kwangilar Turai.
Kwamitin Ƙorafe-Ƙorafe da Binciken Rikici a Rayuwa Mai Adalci Har ila yau Wallis ta kasance cikakkiyar mamba a kwamitin korafe-korafe inda ta rika rubuta rahotanni kan yadda ake aiwatar da dokokin EU a fadin kasashe mambobin kungiyar da kuma rawar da hukumar Tarayyar Turai ke takawa wajen sa ido kan wadannan ka'idoji. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto ga kwamitin bincike kan al'amuran rayuwa na adalci, ita ce marubuciyar wani rahoto wanda babban rinjaye a majalisar ya amince da shi kuma ya ba da shawarwari da dama kafin rikicin tattalin arziki da kudi na shekarar 2008, ciki har da "ƙarin gaba". ƙarfafa kulawar hankali da ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida a cikin ƙungiyar", don guje wa irin wannan yanayin da ke sake afkuwa a nan gaba. Bayan shiga yarjejeniyar Lisbon a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2009, Wallis ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mai ba da rahoto a cikin kafa Tsarin Jama'a na Turai, wanda ke ba da damar mafi ƙarancin 'yan ƙasa miliyan 1 daga adadi mai mahimmanci. Membobin ƙasashe don neman yunƙurin doka daga Hukumar Turai.
Wakilan dangantaka da Switzerland, Iceland, Norway Har zuwa shekara ta 2007, ta kasance shugabar tawaga don dangantaka da Switzerland, Iceland da Norway da kwamitin hadin gwiwa na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EEA) kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar memba a waccan kwamitin da kuma sauran ayyukanta na majalisar.
Karin aikin majalisa A tsawon lokacinta na MEP, Wallis ta rubuta cikakkun rahotanni guda 28 ban da na fasaha zalla, da kuma tsokaci 16, ta yi tambayoyi 40 a rubuce da na baki na Hukumar da Majalisar (a lokacin wa'adin majalisar 2004-2009). Ta yi nasarar yin gwajin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce guda biyu har zuwa lokacin da Majalisar ta amince da su daya a cikin 2007 akan Lambar Gaggawa ta Turai 1-1-2 (wanda ya sami sa hannun MEP 530, wanda shine rikodin ya zuwa yanzu), kuma daya a cikin 2008 akan Haɗin kai na gaggawa don murmurewa. bacewar yara.
Neman shugabancin majalisar Turai da murabus A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2011 Wallis ta sanar da cewa aniyarta na tsayawa takarar shugabancin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a matsayin 'yar takara mai cin gashin kanta bisa ga 'yan majalisa 40 daga kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban. Sauran 'yan takarar su ne Martin Schulz da Nirj Deva. An zabi Martin Schulz a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2012, kamar yadda aka yi tsammani, kuma bisa yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin wasu kungiyoyin siyasa, inda Wallis ta samu kuri'u 141.
A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu,shekarar 2012, kwanaki biyu bayan rashin nasarar ta na zama shugabar majalisar, Wallis ta sanar da yin murabus, wanda ya fara aiki daga 31 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2012. Maigidanta Stewart Arnold ne ya kamata ya maye gurbin Wallis wanda ita ma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Majalisa, wanda ya kasance na biyu a jerin 'yan takarar Democrat masu neman kujerar a zaben shekarar 2009, amma ya ki amincewa da nadin. kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci gaba da samun Jam'iyyar Yorkshire tare da Richard Carter. An nada Rebecca Taylor, wadda ita ce ta uku a jerin sunayen.
Ayyukan da ba na majalisa ba na baya da na yanzu Diana Wallis ta cigaba da fafutukar da ba na kujerar majalisa ba a lokacin zamanta na majalisa, wanda daga baya ta ci gaba.
Dimokuradiyya da daidaiton jinsi Wallis tana da ra'ayi ta musamman game da batutuwan da suka shafi dimokuradiyya kai tsaye kuma a cikin shekarar 2001 ta haɗu da kafa Cibiyar Initiatives and Referendum Institute Turai IRI-Turai wacce manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wa dimokuradiyya ta zamani kai tsaye a duk faɗin duniya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2006, ta dauki nauyin taron IRI-Turai a Brussels, don tattauna hanyoyi daban-daban a duk fadin Turai game da batun dimokiradiyya kai tsaye, musamman yakin da ake yi na gabatar da shirin 'yan kasa a matakin Turai. Ita mamba ce ta Hukumar Initiative Referendum Institute Turai. Wannan wani tunani ne wanda ke da sha'awa ta musamman ga dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi dimokiradiyya kai tsaye.
Kafin da kuma bayan shiga yarjejeniyar Lisbon, ta taka rawar gani wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da yunƙurin 'yan ƙasar Turai. Diana Wallis ta kasance mai goyon bayan ƙara yawan mata a wuraren yanke shawara. A ci gaba da nada hukumar Barroso ta biyu a shekarar 2009, ta hada kai da kaddamar da wani kamfen na "aika mata biyu" da nufin tabbatar da a kalla mata biyu daga cikin manyan mukamai a cibiyoyin EU da ke karba-karba a waccan shekarar, da kuma buri na ƙara yawan wakilcin mata a cikin cibiyoyin EU gabaɗaya. A cikin wannan tsarin ta gana da shugaban hukumar Jose-Manuel Barroso a wani yunƙuri na ƙara daidaiton jinsi a cikin Kwalejin Kwamishinonin.
Batutuwan shari'a, sulhu da sasantawa Ayyukan Diana Wallis da dama a fagen shari'a sun haɗa da:
A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2013, an zaɓi Wallis Shugaban Cibiyar Shari'a ta Turai, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don farawa, gudanarwa da sauƙaƙe bincike, ba da shawarwari da kuma ba da jagoranci mai amfani a fagen ci gaban shari'a na Turai tare da manufar inganta Turai. hadewar doka. An sake zabe ta a shekara ta 2015 a karo na biyu, wanda ya kasance har zuwa shekarar 2017.
tun shekara ta 2012, Dogara na Academy of Turai Law, Trier (ERA, Trier) wanda ke ba da horo ga masu aikin shari'a a ko'ina cikin Turai.
memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar sasantawa ta duniya.
daga shekarar 2017, memba na Kwamitin Amintattu na BIICL. Babban Malami a Makarantar Shari'a a Jami'ar Hull (Jami'ar yankinta inda a baya ta koyar da ɗan lokaci a cikin shekarar 1990s tana haɓaka wani tsari kan Dokar Kwatanta don dokar haɗin gwiwa da masu karatun digiri).
Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantake da Shari'a a Jami'ar Oxford. tun shekarar 2012, Memba na UK Law Society's Kwamitin EU.
Tun daga shekarar 2015, Cibiyar Sasanci na Kasuwanci don Ingantacciyar Ƙwarar Rigima (CEDR) mai shiga tsakani da memba na Cibiyar Yarjejeniya ta Masu sasantawa;
Tun shekarar 2012, Mai Zaman Kanta Mai Zaman Kanta/Shugaban Kwamitin Haɗin Kan Kan Wasiƙar Deposit Deposit Legal Ba Bugawa An ƙirƙira bisa ga Dokokin Ba da Deposit na Dokokin Ba Bugawa na shekarar 2013
Ayyukan harshe Daga shekara ta 2002 zuwa shekarar 2009, Wallis ta kasance shugaban Cibiyar Fassara watau Institute of Translation & Interpreting ta Burtaniya.
Diana Wallis tana iya sarrafa harshenta da yarukan Faransanci da Jamusanci da kuma yaren kasar Iceland.
Kamfen masu alaƙa da lafiya Wallis memba ce na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Ƙungiyoyin Gaggawa ta Turai (EENA).
Ta kammala gasar Marathon na London a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009 a cikin sa'o'i 5 da mintuna 22, tayi gudune don tallafawa Gidauniyar Binciken Endometriosis ta Duniya Manazarta
Wallafa-wallafe D. Wallis, Expectations for the Final Common Frame of Reference, ERA Forum, 2008
D. Wallis, Governing Common Seas; From a Baltic Strategy to an Arctic Policy Journal of Baltic Studies, 2011
D.Wallis (ed), European Property Rights and Wrongs, Connexia, 2001
Wallis D, ‘Foreword’ Hardacre A, How the EU Institutions Work and How to Work with the EU Institutions, John Harper Publishing, June 2011
Wallis D (ed), The Spitsbergen Treaty: Multilateral Governance in the Arctic (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Applied International Law Network 2011)
Wallis D, ‘Foreword’ in Schonewille M and Schonewille F (eds), The Variegated Landscape of Mediation: A Comparative Study of Mediation Regulation and Practices in Europe and the World (Eleven International Publishing 2014)
Wallis D, Common European Sales Law and the Media: Reduction of Complexity or Scaremongering?’ in Lehmann M (ed), Common European Sales Law meets Reality (Sellier 2014)
Wallis, D. (2015). 'Looking for the ‘Justice’ in EU civil and private law?; Verfassungsblog, 3 July 2015.
Wallis D, European rights: there is no going backwards (LSE BrexitVote blog, 14 April 2016) http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/brexitvote/2016/04/14/european-rights-there- is-no-going-backwards/ accessed 16 May 2016
Diana Wallis, On the Importance of Sharing National Law so as to Shape Future Trans-National Legal Solutions, The Italian Law Journal Vol. 02 No. 01 (2016)
Diana Wallis, Designing a Holistic and Justice Based Approach to Mediation and Consumer ADR in the EU in B. Vadell, M. Lorenzo (eds) Electronic Mediation: A Comparative Approach, Comares 2017 D. Wallis, Arctic Law and Governance, Timo Koivurova, QUI Tianbao, Sebastien Duyck and Tapio Nykånen (Eds), Book Review, European Journal of Comparative Law, Winter 2017
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon Diana Wallis na sirri
Bayanin Diana Wallis a Majalisar Turai
Mutanen Debrett na Yau
Bayanin Diana Wallis akan Micandidate
Mata a cikin Yanke shawara: Hira da Diana Wallis
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
41832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Daura | Tarihin Daura | Tarihin Daura
Gabatarwa A sanin kowa ne cewar, kowace al'umma da kuma kowace kasa a duniya nan tamu, tana da tarihin asalin kafuwarta, al'adunta da kuma dabi'unta wadanda take alfahari da su. Su ne kuma suke bambanta kasa ko al'umma da waninta. Ta hanyar ilmin tarihi da al'adu da dabi'un kasa ne ake sanin mashahuran mutanen kowace kasa, da kuma irin gudunmuwar da suka bayar wajen daukaka martabar kasarsu ko al'ummarsu, har sun kai fagen zama ababen koyi ga na bayansu. Har ma ta kai ana yin misali da halayen da dabi'un da suka bari don amfanin ya'yannsu da jikokinsu. Masana tarihivbda al'adu da kuma dabi'u na kowacce kasa ko al'umma, yawanci sukan yi amfani ne da kuma tabbatar da sahihancin abin da za su bayyana dangane da tarihin ko al'adun al'umma ko kuma dabi'unta. Yawancin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su sune: Na daya, hanyar "Kunne ya gimi-kaka". Wato tarihin baka, irin na wane yaji ga wane, shi kuma ya fada wa wane. Hanya ta biyu, ita ce alamu na zahiri' da za a iya dogara dasu wajen tabbatar da kumakasancewar kasar ko dabi'unta ko kuma al'adunta. Wadanda sun hada da abubuwa kamar su gine-ginen mutanen kasar, tanadaddun kayan tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihi da aka hako na mutanen da, wadanda suka yi zama a wurin, shekara da shekaru da suka wuce. Hanya ta uku, ita ce ta rubutattun tarihi, ko dai wadanda mutanen da suka rubuta da kansu ko kuma wadanda na bayan su suka rubuta, suka bari ta yin amfani da hanya ta daya da ta biyu. Tarihin kafuwar daular Daura da asalin sarautarta da kuma kafuwar kasashen Hausa, an same shi ne ta wadannan hanyoyi da aka bayyana a sama.
Kasar Daura na da matsayi na musamman a tarihin kasar Hausa. Labarin da ake da shi game da asalin Hausa Bakwai, ya nuna mana cewa daga Daura ne aka fara juyin nan da ya kawo canje-canje a sarautun kasashen Hausa. Tarihin ya nuna mana cewa, mata ne suka fara yin sarautar Daura. Ana kiran wadannan sarauniyoyi Magajiya.
A zamanin Magajiya Shwata ne wani bako sa aka fi sani da suna Bayajida ya zo Daura. Labarin zuwan Bayajida, ya ce shi mutumi nkasar Bagadaza ne a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Daura ne ya kashe Macijiya da ta addabi mutanen gari. Wannan bajinta da kuma ya yi, ta zama sanadin da ya auri Magajiya. Bayan mutuwar Bayajida da Magajiya, sai sarautar Daura ta koma ga dansu Bawo. Daga nan ne kuma sarautar ta koma hannun maza.
Labari ya nuna mana cewa, 'ya'yan Bawo ne suka yi sarautar kasashen Hausa shida. Wadannan kasashe su ne Daura,Kano,Katsina,Zazzau,Gobir da Rano. Wadanda da Bayajida ya haifa kafin ya iso Birnin Daura a garin gabas, mai suna Biram, ya yi sarauta a gabas ta Biram, (Garun Gabas) wadda ita ce cikon Hausa Bakwai.
Ba mu da cikakken tarihin Daura daga labarin kafuwar mulki, sai bayan jihadin Usman Dan Fodyo da ya auku a farkon karni na goma sha tara.
Shi Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo, malami ne da ake zaune a kasar Gobir. Shi kuma Bafilatani ne. Yana da almajirai a ko'ina cikin kasar Hausa. Jihadin da ya hubanta domin gyaran addini, an fara shi a kasar Gobir. Bayan an cinye Gobir, sai Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kafa sabuwar daula ta Musulunci. Haka kuma almajiransa suka gabatar da jihadi a sauran kasashen Hausa, suka tumbuke mulkin Sarakunan Hausa, suka kafa nasu a kasashen mulkin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo.
Mallam Isyaku ne almajirin Shehu USman Dan Fodiyo da ya shugabanci jihadi a kasar Daura. Mallam Isyaku ya mamaye garin Daura bayan Sarkin Daura Abdullahi, wanda aka fi sani da Sarki Gwari Abdu, ya fice daga garin tare da jama'arsa.
Mallam Isyaku ne Sarki Fulani na Farko a Daura. Zuri'arsa ta ci gaba da mulkin Daura har 1906 lokacin da aka mayar da sarakunan Daura na asali.
Sarakunan Daura sun yi gudun Hijira na shekara dari daga lokacin da sarkin Gwari Abdu ya fita har zuwa lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan gadon sarautarsu na Daura a cikin 1906.
Sarakunan Daura sun kafa mulkinsu a wurare da dama, a lokacin da suke gudun hijira. Sun zauna a Murya da Yekuwa garuruwan da yanzu ke cikin Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Sun kuma zauna a Yardaje, Toka da Acilafiya kafin su kafa mulkinsu a Zangon Daura wurin da ska fi dadewa. Daga nan ne kuma Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan sarautar Daura, wato aka mayar da su gidansu na iyaye da kakanni.
Kasar Daurata samu ci gaba a lokacin Sarkin Abdurrahman wanda ya yi shekara 55 a kn gadon Sarautar Daura (daga 1911-1966) Allah ya jikansa, ya rahamce shi,amin. Da kuma zamanin Sarki Bashar, wanda ya gaji Sarki Abdurrahman a cikin 1966 kuma yake sarautar Daura har zuwa lokacin da Allah ya dauki ransa a ranar Asabar 24 ga Fabarairu 2007.
A ranar Alhamis 1 ga watan Maris 2007 aka dorawa Alhaji Umar Faruk Umar wanda kane ne ga Marigayi Sarkin Daura Muhammadu Bsshar nauyin rikon wannan kasa a matsayinsa na Sarkin Daura na sittin (60). Allah bashi ikon daukar wannan nauyin ya kuma kare shi daga mahassada amin.
Asalin Mutanen Daura da Kafuwar Masarautar Daura Abu ne mawuyaci kwaraia ce an tabbatar da ainaihin asalin kafuwar kowace irin al'umma ko kasa ba tare da an tabo matsugunnin farko na dan Adam ba. Har yanzu dai babu wani bigire (wuri) takamaimai inda marubuta tarihi suka hadu a kan cewa shi ne inda dan Adam ya fara zama; wasu su ce a nahiyar Afrika ne; wasu su ce a kasashen nahiyar Sin ne; wasu su ce a kasashen Hindu ne; wasu ma sun ce a kasashen Turai ne da dai sauran sassa na kasashen duniyarnan tamu. Duk da haka, masan tarihi da masana dabi'u da al'adun dan Adam da na kasashe da dauloli, sun hadu a kan cewar bigire (wuri) na farkon da dan Adam ya fara wayewa da kuma nuna basira da hikima da zaman duniya mahaliccinsa ya yi masa baiwa da su, shi ne wurin da yanzu aka fi sani da kasashen Gabas ta tsakiya. Daga wannan yanki na duniyanan ne za mu gutsuri tarihin kafuwar masarautar Daura da mutanen Daura. Kusan dukkan litattafan tarihin da suka yi bayanin kafuwar Daular Daura, sun tsamo tarihinne daga cikin mashahurin kundin tarihin nan da aka fi sani da suna "GIRGAM" wanda aka ce a halin yanzu akwai wani sashe na kundin yana can Damagaram. Shi kuma ya karbe shi ne daga wurin Sarki NUu a yayin da yake zaune a Zango sanadiyyar aukuwar mulkin Fulani a Daular Daura. Wani sashe na wannan kundi kuma an ce yana wata cibiyar ajiyar kayan tarihi a Ingila. Shi kuma Turawa ne suka yi dabarar dauke shi daga fadar Daura, a yayin da suke mulkin kasar nan. Har yau kuma ba su dawo da shi ba. Abubuwan da shi wannan littafi Girgam ya nuna shi ne cewar tun zamanin Kana'ana dan Sayyadina Nuhu. mutane ke zaune a wurin da ake kira Falasdinu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane na Kan'ana ne suka yi hijira daga inda suke zaune wato Falasdinu a karkashin jagorancin wani da ake kira Najibu, suka yiwo kudu maso yamma har sai da suka iso wurin da a yanzu ake kira (Lubayya) Libya. A da can kuma duk wannan sashe yana karkashin kasashen Misra ne. A wannan wuri ne su mutanen Najibu suka zauna shekaru masu yawan gaske, har ma suka yi auratayya tsakaninsu da mutanen da suka tarar a wurin, wato kabilar Kibdawa (Coptics) wadanda suka kasance masu bakar fata ne. Sun hayayyafa da wawadannan mutane, ta yadda bayan shekaru masu yawa, sai ya kasance launin jikin jikokin mutanen Najib mutanen Kan'an ya jirkice daga launi irin na Larabawa ya komo na bakaken mutane.
A dai dai lokacin da Najib yayi zango a kasashen Masar sai dan sa Abdukl-Dar ya wuto zuwa kasashen Tura bulus inda ya zauna na wani dan lokaci har ma ya nemi sarauta a daya daga cikin biranen amma mutanen suka ki yarda da su ba bashi. Ganin haka, sai Abdul dar ya taso daga kasashen Turabulus, shi da mutanen sa wadanda suka biyoshi daga inda suka rabu da mahaifinsa wato Masar, suka fuskanci Kudu. Suna tafiya suka ratsa hamadar rairayin nan ta sahara har suka iso wani dausayi mai ni'ima da koramuda ake kira "Gigido". Wurin da aka fi sani da tsohion birni. A wannan wuri mai ni'ima ne suka tsaida shawarsu su zauna. Zaman Abdul dar da mutanensa a wannan wuri "Dausayi" shi ya haifar da kafuwar da garin da yanzu aka sani da sunan 'Daura'. Domin kuwa sanadiyar zamansu a wannan wuri m ai dausayi da koramu, ya sa suka saki jiki har suka kafa gari wanda ya kasaita hae ya zama Daula mai fadi wanda ta mamaye 'yan karkaru dakwe kusa da ita har ma da masu nisa da ita. Bayan mutuwar Abdul dar 'ya'yansa da jikokinsa mata ne suka ringa yin Sarautar wannan daular da ake kira Daura. Ana kiransu da sarautar MAgajiya. Ga sunayensu: Kufuru, Gini, Yakumo, Yakunya, Walzamu, Yanbamu, Gizir-gizir, Innagari, da Daurama itace ta karshe da tayi sarauta a tsohon birni. Itace ta matsa kudu ta kafa garin Daura na yanzu. Daga sunanta ne aka sam i sunan wannan gari Daura, kuma sarautar Daura ta tashi daga MAgajiya ta koma Daurama. Bayan mutuwarta a Daura ga sauran matan da sukayi sarauta: Gamata, Shata, Batatuma, Sandamata, Jamata, Hamata, Zama da Shawata.
Masana Tarihi su suna cewa a zamanin Daurama Shawata ne Bayajidda yazo Daura. Domin itace magajiya ta goma-sha bakwai kuma ta karshe a jerin sarautar mata.
ko da yake anyi bayani cewa, Abduldar da mutanensa sun zauna a Dausayin Gigidohar suka kafa Daula, da kuma bayanin kaurar Sarauniya Daurama zuwa inda garin Daura yake a yanzu, ba wai ana nifin babu wasu mutane da ke zaune a wanna nwuri bane sam sam. A'a, akwai mutane wadanda ke zaune a karkara mai dausayi, tun kafin zuwan su Abduldar da mtanensa. sai dai su wadannan mutane ba wai suna zaune ne a tattare ba, kowa yana zaune ne da iyalinsa da danginsa. Galibinsu mafarauta ne da asu hakar tam. Kuma suna yawo daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan. Basu da wani tsari na Shugabanci ko Addini, balle wani hali na ci gaba ko zamantakewa da dabi'u irin na al'ummar da kanta ya waye ko ya fara wyewa. misali, akwai irin wannan mutane a kewaye da Gigido har ma yawansu na farauta da hakar tama da kuma hanyoyin neman Abinci kan dauke su zuwa wurare masu nisa. Kamar yanda aka same su a wurare kamar Gindin dutsen Dala a kano, kasashen da yanzu aka sani da sunayen Katsina, Rano, Gobir, Zazzau, Gaya, Garun gabas da sauran wuraren da suka zamo kasashe HAusa a yau. Tun da yake irin wadannan mutane ba'a zaune suke wuri gida ba, kuma basu da tsari na shuganci sai ya kasance suna zaune ne cikin tsoro da rashin aminci.
Zuwan Abduldar dausayin Gigido shi ya haifar da kafuwar daular Daura. Bayan mutuwarsa mata suka ringa yin sarautar kasar Daura. Tarihin da aka Samo daga Girgam ya nuna mana cewa mata goma sha bakwai sukayi sarautar Daura kafin sarauta ta koma hannun maza.
Zuwan Bayajida
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31835 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon%20Mallakar%20Abinci | Ikon Mallakar Abinci | Mallakar abinci tsarin abinci ne wanda mutanen da ke noma abinci, suke rarrabawa, kuma suke amfani da abinci har wayau suke da alhakin sarrafa wa da samar da tsarin shukawa da rarraba abincin. Wannan tsarin ya sha bambam da tsarin abinci na masana'antu a yau, inda kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci ke da alhakin sarrafa tsarukan abinci na duniya. Mallakar abinci tana jaddada muhimmanci akan tattalin arzikin abinci na gargajiya, wadatar abinci mai dorewa, kuma ta daidaita kan tsarin samar da abinci da suka dace da al'du. Canje-canjen yanayi da rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci sun yi tasiri sosai ga mutanen karkara da kuma damar samun abinci na al'ada yayin da suke ba fuskantar kamuwa da wasu cututtuka; saboda wannan dalilai, ikon mallakar abinci ta'allak ne akan mutanen asalin yanki. Kungiyoyin duniya da dama sun magance wadannan bukatu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da kasashe da dama da ke daukar manufofin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin doka. Masu sukar fafutukar neman 'yancin abinci sun yi imanin cewa an kafa tsarin ne bisa zato mara inganci; anyi watsi ne da asalin matsalolin da ake fuskanta; kuma tsarin na fama da rashin haɗin kai don shawarwarin mafita.
Ma'ana Mambobin kungiyar manoma ta Via Campesina ne suka fara kirkiro kalmar "mallakar abinci" a shekarar 1996, sannan daga bisani kungiyoyin duniya da dama, ciki har da Bankin Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka fara amfani da kalmar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, "Sanarwar Nyéléni ta ba da ma'anar da ƙasashe 80 suka karɓa; a shekara ta 2011 kasashen Turai sun fara amfani da kalmar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, aƙalla ƙasashe bakwai sun haɗa tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokinsu.
Tarihi Hakan yazo daidai da ɗan lokaci tare da ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar Slow Food, tarihin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin kungiya za'a iya cewa bai dade ba. Duk da haka, kungiyar tana samun karbuwa yayin da kasashe da yawa ke daukar matakai masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da tsarin abinci wanda ke magance rashin daidaito na abinci.
Tarukan duniya A taron shekara ta 2007 don ikon mallakar abinci a Sélingué, Mali, wakilai 500, ƙasashe sama da 80 sun amince da "Sanarwar Nyéléni wanda ke cewa a wani bangare:Mallakar abinci shine haƙƙin al'umma don samun lafiyayyen abinci mai dacewa da al'ada da ake samarwa ta ingantacciyar hanya da muhalli mai dorewa, da kuma haƙƙinsu na ayyana tsarin abincinsu da yanayin noman su. Tsarin na sanya waɗanda ke samar da abinci, rarrabawa da kuma cin abincin a tsakiyar tsarin abinci da manufofi maimakon buƙatun kasuwanni da kamfanoni. Yana kare muradu da shigar da na gaba. Tsarin yana ba da dabaru don yin tsaye da wargaza tsarin kasuwancin kamfanonin abinci da tsarin abinci na yanzu, da kuma hanyoyin abinci, noma, kiwo da tsarin kiwon kifi wanda manoman gida suka tsara. Mallakar abinci yana ba da fifiko kan tattalin arziki na gida da na ƙasa da kasuwanni kuma yana ba wa kananan manoma da masu noman gandu damar aikin noma, kamun kifi, kiwo da kiwon dabbobi, da samar da abinci, rarraba su da kuma ci ko amfani dasu bisa dorewar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A cikin watan Afrilun 2008 Ƙididdigar Kimiyya da Fasaha Noma da Kiwo ta Duniya (IAASTD), wani kwamiti ne na gwamnatoci da ke ƙarƙashin tallafin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya, sun samar da ma'anar kamar haka: "An ayyana ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin 'yancin mutane da ƙasashe masu iko domin su tantance manufofinsu na noma da tsare-tsaren abinci ta hanyar yarda da amincewar mutane."
Kasancewa daga cikin manufofin gwamnati Batutuwa na samar da abinci, rarraba su da samun damar isa gare su ba abu bane mai sauki na siyasa ko kuma ba tare da an soke tsarin ba. Misali, amincewa da juyin yanayi na samar da abinci wato "Green Revolution" a kasashe da dama na fadin duniya ya kara samar da abinci a duniya amma bai "warware" matsalolin yunwa ba a duniya. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda wannan hanzarin bai magance damar samun fili ko rarraba ikon tattalin arziki ba. Wasu kuma sunyi jayayya da cewa ikon mallakar abinci ya dogara ne akan zato mara kyau game da rawar da noma ke takawa ga manufofin gwamnati. Bangarorin noma na ikon mallakar abinci sun sanya kungiyar a yanayi na rikici da cigaban duniya, haɓaka masana'antu, da sauran tsare-tsare. A cikin watan Satumba 2008, kasar Ecuador ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sanya tsarin ikon mallakar abinci a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, an fara tsara wata doka wacce ake sa ran za ta fadada wannan tanadin tsarin mulki ta hanyar hana kwayoyin halittu da aka gyara, da kare yankuna da dama na kasar daga fitar da albarkatun ta da ba za a iya sabunta su ba, da kuma hana shuka abinci iri daya tak a fili. An tsara dokar ne ta yadda zata wanzuwarhalittu a matsayin mallakar fasaha na gaba daya da kuma amincewa da Hakkokin Muhalli. Tun daga nan kasashen Venezuela, Mali, Bolivia, Nepal da Senegal; da kuma na baya-bayan nan Masar (Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na 2014) sun kara tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu ko dokokin ƙasashen su.
Mallakar abincin asali
Batutuwan Duniya
Yanayi Canjin yanayi yana yin tasiri matuka ga damar samar da abinci na al'umma na asali, wanda ya hada da mutanen tsibirin Pacific da waɗanda ke yankin kankara na duniya wato "Circumpolar North", saboda hauhawar matakan teku ko zaizayar ƙasa.
Ire-Iren Abinci Masu fafutuka kan tsarin sun yi iƙirari da cewa ikon mallakar abinci na asali na a matsayin ire-iren abinci na yau da kullun saboda abincin mutane na asalin yakan zama ingantaccen abinci a al'adance, waɗanda ke wajen waɗannan al'ummomin ke so. Sinadaran abinci wadanda suka zama ginshiƙan abincin al'adu, waɗanda ke da wahala ga waɗannan al'ummomin su samu, ana asarar su saboda ƙarin buƙatu na samun su daga mutanen asali da ke wajen yankin.
Mallakar abinci na mutanen asalin Amurka ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka sun sami matsala ta kai tsaye wajen samu da shirya abincinsu na asali kuma hakan ya haifar da matsaloli na lafiya, kamar ciwon siga da cututtukan zuciya. Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali a Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa kauracewa abincin asali da mutane sukayi ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adun gargajiya, haɓaka hanyoyin samar da abinci n gargajiya, yancin abinci, da ikon mallakar iri. Tsarin mallakar abinci da wadatar abinci ga mutanen asalin yanki na da alaƙa ta kut da kut da wurin da suke zama. Hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya na Amurka suna da alaƙa da ƙasashen kakanni na al'ummar Amurka, musamman ga waɗanda ke rike da al'adunsu. Alal misali, an koyar da shi a cikin Muckleshoot cewa "ƙasar da ke ba da abinci da magunguna da muke bukata wani bangare ne na mu." An bayyana rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya da cewa yana da alaƙa da katsewar alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta gargajiya da mutanensu, canjin da Rachel V. Vernon ta kwatanta da cewa tana da alaƙa da "wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da kuma asarar 'yancin kai da mulki." Kasashen da suka riga sun yi mulkin mallaka sun kasance masu fa'ida kuma suna bunƙasa tare da abinci na gargajiya. Saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yake, ƴan asalin ƙasar a farkon ƙarni na 20 sun samu matsala sosai wajen iya siye da shirya abincinsu. Baya ga wannan, ƙaura daga ƙasashen kakanni na ƙara iyakance hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Yawancin ’yan asalin ƙasar Amurka yanzu suna zama a cikin hamadar abinci Saboda rashin isassun abinci ko hana samun abinci, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna fama da rashin daidaituwar abinci idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'ar Amurka. A abubuwan da aka tanada, "'abin da aka sarrafa sosai, da sukari mai yawa, mai mai yawa, da abincin da aka sarrafa," ya kara ba da gudummawa ga al'amuran kiwon lafiya a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ke haifar da ƴan asalin ƙasar a Amurka suna da mafi girman adadin ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya a cikin al'ummar. Baya ga wannan, galibin ƴan asalin ƙasar suma suna rayuwa ne ba tare da an ware su ba, don haka ana ƙara cire su daga hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Saboda al'ummar asalin Amurkawa suna da kima a kasar Amurka, sun sami taimako kaɗan don gyara hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Kamar yadda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Indiyawan Amirka ta ayyana, ikon mallakar kabilanci yana tabbatar da cewa duk wani shawara game da ƙabilun game da dukiyoyinsu da ƴan ƙasa an yi su tare da sa hannu da yardarsu. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta amince da ƙabilun Amirkawa a matsayin gwamnatoci daban-daban, masu adawa da "ƙungiyoyin sha'awa na musamman, daidaikun mutane, ko wani nau'in ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu."
Tarihi Kafin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suna da abinci iri-iri na al’adunsu, suna samun abinci ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam a tsakanin kabilu. Dangane da yankin, ’yan asalin ƙasar suna samun abincinsu ta hanyar farauta, kamun kifi, taro, da noma. Hanyoyin abinci na asali sun ta'allaka ne akan 'yan'uwa mata uku ko masara, wake, da squash, a matsayin madaidaitan abincinsu. Farauta, tarawa, da kamun kifi sune farkon hanyoyin tattara abinci.
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun wargaza waɗannan ma'auni masu ma'amala da muhalli bayan "gano Amurka" Christopher Columbus a 1492. Bayan zuwan Turawa, ’yan asalin Amurka sun kwashe kayansu har ma da yunwa a matsayin dabarar mulkin mallaka a kan ƙasashen ’yan asali. Mazaunan Turawa sun shigo da dabbobin gida cikin Amurka, suna kawo sabbin cututtuka tare da su. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi niyya kan shagunan abinci musamman kuma sun canza abincin ƴan asalin Amirkawa sosai, ikonsu na samun albarkatu, da samar da abinci. Sabbin tsarukan abinci da sabbin mazauna Amurkawa suka samar, sun tilastawa asalin Amurkawa dogaro da abinci da aka sarrafa da yawa akan wuraren ajiyar Indiya da al'ummomin ƴan asalin gaba ɗaya. An tilasta wa kabilun asali shiga wani yanayi na rashin abinci kuma an sanya su cikin wani wuri a cikin al'umma inda ba za a iya samun damar samun wasu hanyoyin samun lafiya ko abincin da ake nomawa ba. Tare da asarar ikon mallakar abinci, an kuma yi asarar filaye, yayin da Indiyawan suka ƙaura da tilastawa. Bayan majalisar ta zartar da dokar kasa da kasa ta Indiya a shekara ta 1851, an tilasta wa duk 'yan asalin ƙasar shiga wuraren ajiyar Indiya, sun rasa ikon noma ƙasa da dogaro da hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya.
Ayyuka Asalin mazauna ƙasar Amirka a yau suna fafutukar neman yancin abinci a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin lafiya, suna komawa ga abincinsu na al’ada don waraka. Komawa cin abinci na gargajiya yana da ƙalubale, idan akayi la'akari da tarihin ƙaura da kashe al'adu Anyi rasa ko kuma asarar yawancin tarihin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka na abincin al'adun gargajiya kuma suna da wahala a kara kirkiransu. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin abinci na 'yan asalin kasar Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar sun yi gudun hijira daga gidajen abinci na gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ana zargin cewa hanya mafi inganci don samun wadatar abinci ga ’yan asalin yanki ita ce karin tsare-tsare wajen samar da abinci. Wasu masu fafutuka kuma suna jayayya game da ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin hanyar warkar da raunukan tarihi da kuma hanyar mallakar yankunan daga masu mulkin mallaka. A cikin {asar Amirka, Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Abinci ta Amirka, suna aiki don ilmantarwa da tsara manufofi da suka shafi tsaro na abinci da noma. Wani rukunin da ya mayar da hankali kan buƙatar abinci da ikon mallakar makamashi shine White Earth Anishnaabeg daga Minnesota, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abinci iri-iri, dasa shuki da girbin su ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, nau'in lalatawa. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna haɗuwa don kafa manufofin ikon mallakar abinci da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin abinci na gida a taron koli kamar Diné Bich'iiya' Summit a Tsaile, Arizona, wanda ya mai da hankali kan abincin gargajiya na Navajo. Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali suma galibi suna bayar da muhimmanci wajen samun ikon mallakar iri, kuma galibi akan haƙƙin masu kiwo. Adana iri yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka saboda yana samarwa waɗancan al'ummomin ingantaccen tushen abinci kuma yana bada mahimmanci ga al'adu. Bugu da kari, masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya cewa ceton iri wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci wajen samar da tsarin noma wanda zai iya dacewa da sauyin yanayi.
Bincike da ayyukan ikon mallakar abinci A cikin shekara ta 2021, cikakken bita na wallafe-wallafe na IFS (Mallakan Abinci na Ƙasa) da ingancin ka'idodin ikon mallakar abinci sun kammala da cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Canada suna da samun karin kiba, rashin abinci, da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 fiye da yawan jama'a. Ayyukan gwamnati da ke tallafawa tsarin abinci na asali sun kasance sabbin yunƙuri na ɗaga al'ummomin ƴan asalin kuma suna cikin matakan ci gaba masu son ci gaba. Wasu ƙasashe sun ɗauki shirye-shiryen abinci na 'yan asalin shekaru kafin Amurka, gami da Kanada. An ƙirƙiri Jagoran Abinci na Kanada (CFG) a cikin Janairu 2019 a matsayin hanyar haɗa nau'ikan abincin al'adu, maimakon kafa ƙa'idodin abinci a kan al'adu ɗaya ko kaɗan jagorar ya haɗa da abincin 'yan asalin ƙasa da kuma haɗa ƴan asalin ƙasar cikin shawarwari. A cikin shekara ta 2021, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Mallakar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin. An ƙera wannan yunƙurin don "haɓaka hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya" kamar yadda, kama da Kanada, shirye-shiryen USDA ba su ƙunshi hanyoyin abinci da abinci na 'yan asalin a tarihi ba. Usda ta hadu da kungiyoyi sun riga sun yi hidimar zean asalinsu: Majalisar Dabbobi Aregrad Majalisar Noma da Noma ta Tsammani da Noma Ƙaddamarwa Ayyukan da ba na gwamnati ba, irin su aikin tsari na "Good Life" a Ecuador, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da 'yan asalin al'umma ne ke jagorantar su. "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" ta nuna cewa akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a bi ta hanyar ci gaban al'ummar 'yan asalin da ba su haɗa da tallafin gwamnati ko samar da jihohi ba. A Ecuador, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun haɓaka aikin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" wanda ke nisanta daga fahimtar jari-hujja da yammacin duniya game da abin da al'umma ke buƙata, kuma a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka nasarar al'umma ta hanyar jituwa da mutane, yanayi, da kare ƙasarsu da gaske suna aiki. kai tsaye a cikin al'ummar ƴan asalin ƙasar don kwato ikon abinci. Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka sun ɗauki irin wannan samfuri zuwa aikin "Good Life" na Ecuador. A California, ƙungiyar UC Berkeley, CARES (Kimanin Al'umma na Sabunta Makamashi da Dorewa) yana aiki tare da PPN (Pinoleville Pomo Nation) a Ukiah, California, don tallafawa ikon mallakar kabilanci. Wannan al'ummar 'yan asalin ta kasance tana aiki tare da CARES tsawon shekaru don tsara gidaje masu ɗorewa da makamashi waɗanda ke nuna al'adunta.
Ikon mallakar iri Ana iya bayyana ikon mallakar iri a matsayin haƙƙin “haɓaka da musanya irr daban daban.” Tsarinyana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ikon mallakar abinci, kamar yadda masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri ke jayayya da aiwatar da aikin ceton iri a wani ɓangare a matsayin hanyar haɓaka wadatar abinci. Wadannan masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa ceton iri yana ba da damar rufaffiyar tsarin abinci wanda zai iya taimakawa al'ummomi samun 'yancin kai daga manyan kamfanonin noma. Mallakar iri ta bambanta da ikon mallakar abinci a cikin fifikonta kan ceton iri musamman, maimakon tsarin abinci gaba ɗaya. Masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya don ceto iri bisa la'akari da muhalli, ba kawai adalcin abinci ba. Suna jayayya da cewa ceto iri ya cika muhimmiyar rawa na maido da ɗimbin halittu ga noma, da samar da nau'ikan tsirrai waɗanda suka fi jure canza yanayin yanayi ta fuskar sauyin yanayi.
Mullakar abinci tare da amincin abinci An kirkiri ikon mallakar abinci ne a matsayin martani ga masu fafutuka game da samar da abinci ta ko yaya, babban jawabin duniya kan samar da abinci da manufofi. Wannan na ƙarshe ya jaddada samun isassun abinci mai gina jiki ga kowa, wanda zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar abinci daga ƙasarsa ko kuma daga shigo da kayayyaki na duniya. A cikin sunan inganci da haɓaka yawan aiki, don haka ya yi aiki don haɓaka abin da ake kira "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni": manyan ma'auni, masana'antu na masana'antu dangane da samarwa na musamman, tattara ƙasa da sassaucin ra'ayi Masu sukar harkar samar da abinci sun yi iƙirarin cewa rashin kula da tattalin arziƙin siyasa na tsarin abinci na kamfanoni yana rufe mata ido da illolin wannan gwamnatin, musamman yadda ake korar ƙananan masana'antun da kuma lalacewar muhallin duniya. Da yake rubutawa a cikin Bayanan Abinci na Farko, faɗuwar shekara ta 2003, Peter Rosset ya yi jayayya da cewa "Ikon mallakar abinci ya wuce manufar samar da abinci [Tsaron abinci] yana nufin cewa... [kowa] dole ne ya sami tabbacin samun abin da zai ci kowace rana[,] amma bai ce komai ba game da inda abincin ya fito ko yadda ake samar da shi.” Mallakar abinci ya haɗa da tallafi ga masu karamin karfi da gonaki, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu, maimakon samar da masana'antu a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya kaɗan. A cikin wani littafin, Food First ya bayyana "Mallakar abinci" a matsayin "dandali na farfado da karkara a matakin duniya bisa daidaiton rabon filayen noma da ruwa, sarrafa manoma kan iri, da kananan gonaki masu albarka da ke wadata masu amfani da kiwon lafiya, abincin da ake nomawa na al'ada. Hakanan an kara kwatanta tsarin ikon mallakar abinci da adalcin abinci, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan kabilanci da rashin adalcin aji da alakar su da abinci, yayin da mallakar abinci yana nufin hukuma kan tsarin samar da abinci.
Sukar juyin yanayin tsirrai Juyin tsarin shuke-shuke, wanda ke nufin ci gaban da aka samu a kiwo a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 wanda ya inganta amfanin gona daga manyan amfanin gona na hatsi, wasu masu goyon bayan samar da abinci ne suka amince da shi a matsayin labarin nasara wajen kara yawan amfanin gona da yaki da yunwa a duniya. Manufar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan bincike, haɓakawa da canja wurin fasahar noma, irin su nau'in iri da takin zamani, ta hanyar saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu da na jama'a waɗanda suka kawo sauyi a harkar noma a ƙasashe da dama, tun daga Mexico da Indiya. Koyaya, da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci suna sukar juyin yanayin samar da abinci kuma suna zargin waɗanda ke ba da shawararsa da cewa suna bin tsarin fasaha na al'adun Yammacin Turai da yawa wanda bai dace da bukatun yawancin ƙananan masana'antu da manoma ba. Yayin da juyin yanayin halayyar shuke-shuke na iya samar da abinci mai yawa, yunwar duniya ta ci gaba saboda bai magance matsalolin samun dama ba. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa juyin juya halin koren ya gaza canza babban rabon ikon tattalin arziki, musamman damar samun filaye da ikon siye. Masu sukar sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa juyin shuke-shuke ya ƙara yin amfani da maganin ciyawa ya haifar da barna a muhalli da kuma rage ɗimbin halittu a wurare da dama.
Ra'ayoyin ilimi
Ka'idar Tsarin Abinci A matsayinsa na kungiya na zamantakewa, masu nazarin tsarin abinci suna da ra'ayi akan ikon mallakar abinci. Tare da tasirinsa na Marxist, masana ilimin tsarin abinci suna sha'awar yadda lokutan rikici tsakanin wani tsarin abinci ke bayyana tashin hankali na yare wanda ke motsa motsi tsakanin irin waɗannan jeri (watau lokutan canji). A cewar babban masanin ka'idar Philip McMichael, tsarin tsarin abinci koyaushe yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi da sabani. Ƙarfafa tsarin mulki ba ya da ƙwaƙƙwara kamar yadda ya ƙunshi, ko kuma ya dace da waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula. A cewar McMichael, "noman duniya" a karkashin yarjejeniyar WTO akan aikin gona ("abinci daga ko ina") yana wakiltar daya iyaka na "cibanin tsakiya" na mulkin yanzu. Yana da sha'awar yuwuwar tsarin ikon mallakar abinci don ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin wannan da sandar sa ta gaba, tushen agroecology ("abinci daga wani wuri") wanda ƙungiyoyin abinci daban-daban suka ba da shawarar. Bayar da yanke shawara daban-daban, aikin kwanan nan na Harriet Friedmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "abinci daga wani wuri" an riga an haɗa shi ƙarƙashin tsarin juyin tsirrai na gaggawa (cf. Campbell 2009).
Suka
Zato na asali mara kuskure Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bayar da Abinci ta bin diddigin zato ba daidai ba ne, suna masu nuni da cewa ƙananan manoma ba lallai ba ne salon rayuwarsu da aka zaɓa ba kuma manoma a ƙalla ƙasashe masu ci gaba da wanda suka cigaba ba sa fuskantar kalubale iri ɗaya. Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin ikon mallakar abinci na iya yin daidai game da kura-kuran akidar tattalin arziƙin ɗaiɗaiɗai, amma an yi shiru game da gaskiyar cewa yawancin yunwa a zahiri ta faru ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin gurguzu da na gurguzu waɗanda suka bi manufar wadatar abinci (cf. Shekarar 2011).
Tsarin siyasa-na shari'a Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin ra'ayin ikon mallakar abinci game da siyasa ko al'umman hukunce-hukuncen da ake ba da umarnin kiranta na neman dimokaradiyya da sabunta "dan kasa na noma" A cikin bayanan jama'a, ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci ta buƙaci ɗaukar tsauraran matakai daga gwamnatocin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi (a cikin jigon ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, Gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa na Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) A wani wurin kuma ta yi kira ga kungiyoyin farar hula ta duniya da su yi aiki a matsayin abin dubawa ga cin zarafi daga hukumomin kasa da na kasa. Wadanda ke da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da ikon mallakar jihohi za su yi jayayya da yiwuwar cewa za a iya daidaita ikon mallakar ƙasashe da na al'ummomin gida (duba kuma muhawara game da al'adu da yawa da 'yancin cin gashin na 'yan asalin a Mexico Rikicin noma? A cikin ƙaƙƙarfan sake tabbatar noma na ƙauye da ƙauye, an karanta motsin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin ƙalubale ga labaran zamani na ƙasƙantar birni, masana'antu na noma, da kawar da manoma. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhawarar da ke gudana game da mahimmancin aikin noma a cikin Marxism na gargajiya, Henry Bernstein yana da mahimmanci ga waɗannan asusun. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa irin waɗannan nazarin sun kasance suna gabatar da yawan masu noman noma a matsayin haɗin kai, nau'in zamantakewa guda ɗaya da tarihin duniya, wanda ya kasa yin lissafin:
Manyan bambance-bambancen zamantakewar jama'a (Arewa/Kudu, jinsi da matsayi);
dabi'un masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ra'ayin tsiratar da al'adu na motsi wanda ya fito a matsayin wani bangare na koma baya ga masu ra'ayin yin kama da juna na duniya (Boyer yayi magana akan ko ikon mallakar abinci shine labari ko rashin ci gaba Berstein yayi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan asusun. ba zai iya tserewa wani populism (ko agrarianism Don amsa ga Bernstein, duba McMichael (2009) Duba kuma 2007-2008 rikicin farashin abinci a duniya
Kame kasa
Permaculture
Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali
Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya
Bayanan kafa
Adabi Annette Desmarais, Nettie Wiebe, da Hannah Wittman (2010). Mallakar Abinci: Sake Haɗin Abinci, Hali da Al'umma. Littattafan Farkon Abinci. ISBN 978-0-935028-37-9
Choplin, Gérard; Strickner, Alexandra; Trouvé, Aurélie [Hg.] (2011). Mallakar abinci zuwa sabuwar manufar noma da abinci a Turai (Ernährungssouveränität Für eine andere Agrar- und Lebensmittelpolitik a Europa). Mandelbaum Verlag. ISBN 978-3-85476-346-8
Kadada biyar da 'Yanci
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dandalin Turai don Mallakar Abinci Krems, Austria, Agusta 2011
Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta Yan asalin ƙasar
Haɗin Kan Mulkin Abinci na Ƙasar Amirka
Nyéléni Na farko International Forum for Food Sovereignty (Sélingué, Mali Fabrairu 2007) da kuma kasa da kasa Newsletter muryar motsi ga Abinci.
Yaƙi akan shirin Mulkin Abinci na So
"MASARAUTAR ABINCI: zuwa ga dimokuradiyya a cikin tsarin abinci" na Michael Windfuhr da Jennie Jonsén, FIAN. ITDG Bugawa takarda aiki. 64pp ku. 2005. Yana ba da bayanai akan Tsarin Manufofin Mulkin Abinci. Haɗi zuwa manyan bayanai da takaddun da aka samar cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai PDF mai saukewa.
"Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Duniya don Mallakar Abinci" Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO na kasa da kasa IPC cibiyar sadarwa ce ta duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO da suka damu da batutuwa da shirye-shiryen ikon mallakar abinci. IPC tana aiki azaman hanyar watsa bayanai kan ikon mallakar abinci da batutuwan da suka shafi samar da abinci.
Mulkin abinci da matasan karkara (MIJARC)
Michel Pimbert, 2010. IIED. Zuwa ga Mallakar Abinci. Maido da tsarin abinci mai cin gashin kansa
"Menene mulkin mallaka?" Harkar Ci gaban Duniya
Mallaka
'Yancin Abinci
Ikon mallakar abinci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29269 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji | Ciwon Daji | Ciwon daji, ko ciwon daji na iyali, cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta wanda gadaje maye gurbi a cikin daya ko fiye da kwayoyin halitta ya sa wadanda abin ya shafa ga ci gaban ciwon daji kuma yana iya haifar da farkon farkon wadannan ciwon daji. Ciwon daji sau da yawa yana nuna ba kawai babban haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa ba, har ma da haɓakar ciwace-ciwacen farko masu zaman kansu.
Yawancin waɗannan cututtukan suna haifar da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen kare tantanin halitta daga juyewar kansa. Sauran kwayoyin halittar da za a iya shafa su ne kwayoyin gyaran DNA, oncogenes da kwayoyin da ke cikin samar da jini angiogenesis Misalai na gama-gari na ciwon daji da aka gada sune ciwon daji na nono-ovarian na gado da ciwon daji marasa polyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome).
Fage Ciwon daji na gado yana ƙarƙashin kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin ɗari na duk cututtukan daji kuma akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji sama da 50 waɗanda za a iya gane su. Fahimtar ilimin kimiyya game da cututtukan ciwon daji na haɓakawa sosai: ana samun ƙarin cututtukan cututtuka, ilimin halitta yana ƙara bayyana, kuma gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta yana inganta ganowa, jiyya, da rigakafin cututtukan daji. Idan aka yi la’akari da yawaitar ciwon nono da ciwon hanji, cututtukan da aka fi sani da su sun haɗa da ciwon daji na nono-ovarian na gado da kuma ciwon daji marasa polyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome).
Wasu cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da cututtukan cututtukan daji na gado. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da gwajin kwayoyin halitta tare da adrenocortical carcinoma ciwon daji na carcinoid yaduwa ciwon daji tube fallopian ciwon daji na peritoneal na farko; leiomyosarcoma medullary thyroid ciwon daji paraganglioma pheochromocytoma; ciwon daji na koda na chromophobe, hybrid oncocytic, ko oncocytoma histology; ciwon daji na sebaceous da ciwace-ciwacen jima'i tare da tubules na annular. Likitocin kulawa na farko na iya gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon daji na gado.
Genetics na ciwon daji Kwafi biyu na kowane kwayar halitta suna nan a cikin dukkan sel na jiki kuma kowannensu ana kiransa allele Yawancin ciwon daji na ciwon daji ana yaɗa su ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta A cikin waɗannan lokuta, allele guda ɗaya kawai dole ne ya kasance a wurin don mutum ya sami yanayin cutar kansa. Mutanen da ke da allele guda ɗaya na al'ada da kuma allele ɗaya mara kyau ana kiran su heterozygous Mutum mai heterozygous da mutumin da ke da allura biyu na al'ada homozygous za su sami damar 50% na haifar da yaron da abin ya shafa. An san maye gurbin da ke cikin kwayoyin halittar da aka gada a matsayin maye gurbi na germline da kuma ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin al'ada na al'ada yana haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji. Wannan shi ake kira da Knudson ta biyu-hit hasashe, inda farkon bugu na kwayar halitta shine maye gurbi kuma bugun na biyu yana faruwa daga baya a rayuwa. Kamar yadda kawai allele ɗaya ke buƙatar canzawa (kamar idan aka kwatanta da duka a cikin abin da ake kira "ciwon daji na lokaci-lokaci"), mutum yana da babbar dama ta bunkasa ciwon daji fiye da yawan jama'a.
Kadan sau da yawa, ana iya yaɗuwar ciwon siga a matsayin halin koma baya na autosomal Dole ne a canza nau'ikan cututtukan da kuma da cutar kansa. Mutumin da ke da allale guda biyu ana kiransa da homozygous recessive Duk iyaye biyu dole ne su sami aƙalla kuskure guda ɗaya don yaro ya zama mai ɗaukar homozygous. Idan iyaye biyu suna da allele guda ɗaya da allele guda ɗaya heterozygous to suna da damar 25% na samar da ɗan luwaɗi na homozygous (yana da tsinkaya), 50% damar samar da ɗan heterozygous (mai ɗaukar kwayar cutar) da 25% damar haifar da yaro tare da alleles guda biyu na al'ada.
Misalan cututtukan ciwon daji na autosomal sune autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (Canale-Smith Syndrome), ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann (ko da yake kashi 85 cikin 100 na lokuta na ɗan lokaci ne), -Dubé ciwo, Carney ciwo, familial chordoma, Cowden ciwo, dysplastic nevus ciwo tare da familial melanoma, iyali adenomatous polyposis, gadon nono-ovarian ciwon daji, gadon yaduwa na ciki ciwon daji (HDGC), Gada nonpolyectal cancer color (Lynch ciwo), Howel-Evans ciwo na esophageal ciwon daji tare da tylosis, yara polyposis ciwo, Li-Fraumeni ciwo, mahara endocrine neoplasia type 1/2, mahara osteochondromatosis, neurofibromatosis type 1/2, babu basal-cell carcinoma ciwo (Gorlin ciwo). Peutz–Jeghers ciwo, Familial prostate ciwon daji, hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell ciwon daji (LRCC), hereditary papillary renal ciwon daji, hereditary paraganglioma -pheochromocytoma ciwo, retinoblastoma, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau cuta da kuma Wilm's tumor cuta Misalan cututtuka na ciwon daji na autosomal sune ataxia-telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, MUTYH polyposis, Rothmund-Thomson ciwo, Werner ciwo da Xeroderma pigmentosum Misalai Ko da yake ciwon daji yana nuna haɗarin ciwon daji, haɗarin ya bambanta. Ga wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtuka, ciwon daji ba shine farkon fasalinsu ba.
Fanconi anemia Fanconi anemia cuta ce da ke da fa'idar bakan asibiti, gami da: farkon farawa da haɗarin ciwon daji; gazawar kasusuwa da rashin haihuwa Babban bayyanar cututtuka na wannan cuta shine wadanda ke da alaka da hematopoeisis (samar da jini ta hanyar kasusuwa waɗannan sun haɗa da anemia aplastic, myelodysplastic syndrome da kuma m myeloid cutar sankarar bargo Ciwace-ciwacen hanta da squamous cell carcinomas na esophagus, oropharynx da uvula sune ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen da aka danganta da FA. Abubuwan da aka haifa sun haɗa da: skeletal anomalies (musamman wadanda ke shafar hannu), cafe au lait spots da hypopigmentation Har zuwa yau, kwayoyin halittar da aka sani suna haifar da FA sune: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCJ, FANCL, FANCM, FANCN, FANCO, FANCP da BRCA2 (wanda aka sani da FANCD1). Gadon wannan ciwo da farko shine recessive autosomal, amma FANCB za a iya gado daga uwa ko uba x-chromosome x-linked recessive gadon Hanyar FA tana da hannu wajen gyaran DNA lokacin da aka haɗa nau'i biyu na DNA ba daidai ba interstrand crosslinks Hanyoyi da yawa ana daidaita su ta hanyar FA don wannan ciki har da gyaran ɓangarorin nucleotide, fassarar fassarar da sake hadewar homologous Familial adenomatous polyposis Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) wani ciwo ne mai rinjaye na autosomal wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kansar launin fata Kusan 1 cikin 8000 mutane za su kamu da wannan cuta kuma tana da kusan 100% shiga Mutumin da ke da wannan cuta zai sami ɗaruruwa zuwa dubbai na adenoma mara kyau a ko'ina cikin hanjin su, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta zai ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji. Sauran ciwace-ciwacen da ke karuwa a yawan sun hada da; osteomas, adrenal adenomas da carcinomas, thyroid ciwace-ciwacen daji da kuma desmoid ciwace-ciwacen daji Dalilin wannan rashin lafiya shine maye gurbin APC gene, wanda ke shiga cikin tsarin -catenin Kuskuren APC yana haifar da -catenin don tarawa a cikin sel kuma kunna abubuwan rubutun da ke cikin yaduwar kwayar halitta, ƙaura, bambance-bambance da apoptosis (mutuwar kwayar halitta).
Gadon nono da ciwon daji na kwai Ciwon daji na ciwon nono-ovarian na gado cuta ce da ta mamaye ta ta hanyar maye gurbi na kwayoyin halittar BRCA1 da BRCA2 A cikin mata wannan cuta da farko yana ƙara haɗarin nono da kansar kwai, amma kuma yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankara na fallopian tube da papillary serous carcinoma na peritoneum. A cikin maza ana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar prostate Sauran cututtukan daji da ke da alaƙa da wannan ciwon sun haɗa da ciwon daji na pancreatic, kansar nono na namiji, ciwon daji na launin fata da kuma ciwon daji na mahaifa da cervix Maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta sun kai kusan kashi 7% da 14% na ciwon nono da ovarian, bi da bi, kuma BRCA1 da BRCA2 ke da kashi 80% na waɗannan lokuta. BRCA1 da BRCA2 duka kwayoyin cutar ciwon tumo ne da ke da hannu wajen kiyayewa da gyara DNA, wanda hakan ke haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta. Maye gurbi a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna ba da damar ƙarin lalacewa ga DNA, wanda zai haifar da ciwon daji.
Gadon ciwon daji mara polyposis Ciwon daji wanda ba shi da polyposis na gado, wanda kuma aka sani da cutar Lynch, ciwo ne na kansa wanda ya mamaye kansa wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kansar launin fata. Ana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA mismatch gyara (MMR), musamman MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 da PMS2 Bugu da ƙari, ciwon daji na launin fata da yawa sauran ciwon daji suna karuwa a mita. Wadannan sun hada da; ciwon daji na endometrial, ciwon ciki, ciwon daji na ovarian, ciwon daji na ƙananan hanji da ciwon daji na pancreatic Ciwon daji na hanji wanda ba shi da polyposis kuma yana da alaƙa da farkon farawar kansar launin fata. Kwayoyin halittar MMR suna da hannu wajen gyara DNA lokacin da tushe akan kowane madaidaicin DNA ba su daidaita ba. Ƙwayoyin halittar MMR marasa lahani suna ba da damar ci gaba da sakawa da goge maye gurbi a yankuna na DNA da aka sani da microsatellites Waɗannan gajerun jerin DNA masu maimaitawa sun zama marasa ƙarfi, suna haifar da yanayin rashin zaman lafiya na microsatellite (MSI). Ana samun maye gurbin microsatellites sau da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen farawa da ci gaba, kuma MSI na iya inganta rayuwar sel, wanda zai haifar da ciwon daji.
Paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma ciwo na gado Yawancin lokuta na paraganglioma na iyali suna haifar da maye gurbi a cikin succinate dehydrogenase (succinate: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) ƙananan kwayoyin halitta SDHD, SDHAF2, SDHC, SDHB PGL-1 yana da alaƙa da maye gurbin SDHD, kuma yawancin mutanen PGL-1 tare da paraganglioma sun shafi ubanni maimakon iyaye mata. PGL1 da PGL2 sun mamaye autosomal tare da bugawa PGL-4 yana hade da maye gurbin SDHB kuma yana da alaƙa da haɗarin pheochromocytoma mafi girma, da kuma ciwon daji na renal cell da ciwon daji na thyroid wanda ba medullary ba.
Li-Fraumeni ciwo Li-Fraumeni ciwo ne mai autosomal rinjaye ciwo da farko lalacewa ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin TP53 gene, wanda ƙwarai yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa sosai da farkon farkon waɗannan ciwon daji. Ciwon daji masu alaka da wannan cuta sun hada da; sarcomas nama mai laushi (sau da yawa ana samun su a cikin yara), osteosarcoma, ciwon nono, ciwon daji na kwakwalwa, cutar sankarar bargo da adrenocortical carcinoma Mutanen da ke da ciwon Li-Fraumeni sau da yawa suna da cututtukan daji na farko masu zaman kansu da yawa. Dalilin babban nau'in asibiti na wannan cuta na iya kasancewa saboda wasu maye gurbi da ke gyara cutar. Sunadaran da aka samar ta hanyar TP53 gene, p53, yana da hannu a cikin kama sake zagayowar tantanin halitta, gyaran DNA da apoptosis Ƙila p53 bazai iya aiwatar da waɗannan matakai yadda ya kamata ba, wanda zai iya zama dalilin samuwar ƙwayar cuta. Saboda kawai 60-80% na mutanen da ke da cutar suna da maye gurbi a cikin TP53, sauran maye gurbi a cikin hanyar p53 na iya shiga cikin ciwo na Li-Fraumeni.
polyposis mai alaƙa da MUTYH polyposis mai alaƙa da MUTYH yana raba mafi yawan fasalulluka na asibiti tare da FAP; Bambance-bambancen shine cewa cuta ce ta autosomal recessive cuta ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar gyaran DNA na MUTYH Ciwon daji tare da ƙarin haɗari a cikin wannan cuta sune ciwon daji na launi, adenoma na ciki da adenoma duodenal.
Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome Nevoid basal cell carcinoma ciwo, wanda kuma aka sani da Gorlin ciwo, ya kasan ce kuma wani autosomal rinjaye ciwon daji ciwo a cikin abin da hadarin basal cell carcinoma yana da yawa sosai. Cutar tana da alamun basal cell nevi, jaw keratocysts da skeletal abnormalities. Ƙididdiga na ciwon basal cell carcinoma na rashin lafiya ya bambanta, amma yana da kusan 1 a cikin 60000. Kasancewar basal cell carcinoma ya fi girma a fari fiye da mutane baƙi; 80% da 38%, bi da bi. Odontogenic keratocysts ana samun su a cikin kusan 75% na mutanen da ke da cutar kuma galibi suna faruwa a farkon rayuwarsu. Mafi yawan cututtukan kwarangwal suna faruwa a kai da fuska, amma sau da yawa wasu wuraren suna shafa kamar kejin haƙarƙari Abubuwan da ke haifar da maye gurbi na wannan cuta yana faruwa a cikin kwayar halittar PTCH, kuma samfurin PTCH shine mai hana ƙari da ke cikin siginar tantanin halitta Kodayake ainihin aikin wannan furotin a cikin ciwon basal cell carcinoma ba a san shi ba, yana da hannu a cikin hanyar siginar bushiya, wanda aka sani don sarrafa ci gaban kwayar halitta da ci gaba.
Von Hippel-Lindau cuta Cutar von Hippel-Lindau cuta ce mai wuyar gaske, yanayin halitta mai ƙarfi da ke haifar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane ga ciwace-ciwace marasa kyau da marasa kyau. Mafi yawan ciwace-ciwacen daji a cikin cutar Von Hippel-Lindau sune tsarin juyayi na tsakiya da hemangioblastomas na retinal, carcinomas na renal fili, pheochromocytomas, ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta na pancreatic, cysts pancreatic, ciwace-ciwacen endolymphatic sac da epididymal papillary cystadenomas. Cutar Von Hippel-Lindau ta samo asali ne daga maye gurbi a cikin kwayar cutar ta von Hippel-Lindau a kan chromosome 3p25.3.
Xeroderma pigmentosum Xeroderma pigmentosum cuta ce ta autosomal recessive cuta wacce ke da hankali ga hasken ultraviolet (UV), haɓakar haɗarin kunar rana a jiki da haɗarin cututtukan fata Haɗarin ciwon daji na fata ya fi sau 10000 fiye da na mutane na yau da kullun kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan kansar fata da yawa, gami da melanoma da cututtukan fata waɗanda ba melanoma ba. Hakanan, wuraren da aka fallasa rana na harshe, lebe da idanu suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. Xeroderma pigmentosum na iya haɗuwa da wasu cututtuka na ciki da kuma ciwace-ciwacen daji. Baya ga ciwon daji, wasu sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da xeroderma pigmentosum suna hade da neurodegeneration Xeroderma pigmentosum na iya haifar da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta 8, wanda ke samar da enzymes masu zuwa: XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPE, XPF, XPG da Pol XPA-XPF su ne enzymes gyare-gyaren cirewar nucleotide waɗanda ke gyara DNA mai lalacewa da hasken UV da kuskuren sunadaran zasu ba da damar gina maye gurbin da hasken UV ya haifar. Pol shine polymerase, wanda shine enzyme wanda ke shiga cikin kwafin DNA. Akwai polymerases da yawa, amma pol shine enzyme wanda ke yin kwafin UV mai lalacewa DNA. Maye gurbi a cikin wannan kwayar halitta zai haifar da kuskuren pol enzyme wanda ba zai iya kwafin DNA tare da lalacewar hasken UV ba. Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi na wannan kwayar halitta suna da juzu'in XP; Cutar bambance-bambancen XP.
DNA gyara lahani da ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji Yawancin ciwon daji na ciwon daji suna faruwa ne saboda raunin da aka gada a iya gyara DNA gurbin da aka gada ya kasance a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, ko dai ba za a bayyana gene ɗin gyaran ba ko kuma a bayyana shi a wani tsari da aka canza. Sa'an nan aikin gyaran zai iya zama kasala, kuma, saboda haka, lalacewar DNA za ta yi taruwa. Irin wannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da kurakurai yayin haɗin DNA wanda ke haifar da maye gurbi, wasu daga cikinsu na iya haifar da ciwon daji. Gyare-gyaren DNA na gyaran layin Germ wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kansa an jera su a cikin Tebur.
Ƙididdigar hanyoyin hanyoyin gyaran DNA sune HRR homologous recombinational gyara, SSA sub-hanyar HRR, NHEJ ba homologous karshen hadawa, BER tushe gyara gyara, TLS translesion kira, NER nucleotide excision gyara gyara, MMR mismatch gyara Binciken kwayoyin halitta Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don gano maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ko chromosomes da ke wucewa ta cikin tsararraki. Mutanen da suka gwada ingancin samun maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ba lallai ba ne a la'anta su don haɓaka cutar kansa da ke da alaƙa da maye gurbin, duk da haka suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a. Ana ba da shawarar cewa mutane su sami gwajin kwayoyin halitta idan tarihin lafiyar danginsu ya haɗa da: Iyali da yawa masu ciwon daji, wani a cikin danginsu wanda ya kamu da cutar kansa tun yana ƙanana ko kuma ta wata ƙabila Tsarin binciken kwayoyin halitta hanya ce mai sauƙi, mara lalacewa. Duk da haka, kafin a gwada kwayoyin halitta don maye gurbin mai haƙuri yawanci dole ne ya je wurin mai ba da lafiya kuma ya bi ta hanyar shawarwari daya-daya, inda suke tattauna tarihin kansa da na iyali na ciwon daji. Kwararren likita zai iya tantance yiwuwar majiyyaci ya sami maye gurbin kuma zai iya jagorance su ta hanyar gwajin kwayoyin halitta. Yana da mahimmanci cewa wannan shawarwarin ya faru saboda yana tabbatar da cewa mutumin ya ba da izini don shiga gwajin kwayoyin halitta, ya sani kuma ya fahimci matakai, fa'idodi da iyakancewar hanya kuma ya fi sanin sakamakon sakamakon gwajin ji. Ana iya yin gwajin ta hanyar amfani da ruwan jiki ko ƙwayoyin majiyyaci, wannan ya haɗa da; jini (wanda shine ya fi kowa), jini, ruwan amniotic har ma da sel daga ciki na bakin da aka samo daga buccal swab Ana aika wannan kayan zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman na kwayoyin halitta inda masu fasaha za su bincika shi, ana mayar da sakamakon gwajin zuwa ma'aikacin lafiya wanda ya nemi bincike kuma an tattauna sakamakon tare da mai haƙuri. Za a iya samun gwajin kai tsaye ga mabukaci ba tare da ƙwararren likita ba amma ba a ba da shawarar ba saboda mabukaci ya rasa damar tattauna shawararsu tare da ƙwararrun ilimi. Dangane da Laburaren Magunguna na Ƙasa a cikin gwajin ƙwayoyin halittar Amurka a Amurka farashin farashi daga $100-$2000 ya danganta da nau'in da ƙaƙƙarfan gwaji.
Ayyukan rigakafi Gwajin kwayoyin halitta yana da mahimmanci kamar idan gwajin ya fito tabbatacce sun fi sanin lafiyar kansu da lafiyar dangin dangi. Tare da taimako da shawarwari daga kwararrun likitoci za su iya ɗaukar matakai don rage girman haɗarin ci gaban ciwon daji ta hanyar:
motsa jiki na yau da kullun
Abincin lafiya, daidaitacce
Kula da lafiyayyen nauyi
Ba shan taba ba
Kasance cikin aminci a ƙarƙashin hasken rana mai cutarwa
Akwai wasu nau'o'in ayyukan rigakafi, misali ga nono na gado da kuma Ciwon daji na Ovarian zai kasance ta hanyar tiyata: A hysterectomy shine cire duk ko wasu daga cikin mahaifa, yayin da mastectomy yana cire nono mastectomy biyu ma'ana cewa nono biyu). an cire su), wannan na iya ƙara shekaru akan tsawon rayuwarsu Wani ma'auni na rigakafi shine gwajin cutar kansa na yau da kullun da kuma duba. Idan mutum yana da cutar Lynch to sai a yi masa tiyatar colonoscopy na yau da kullun don bincika idan akwai wani canji a cikin sel ɗin da ke rufe bangon hanji, an tabbatar da binciken akai-akai yana ƙara matsakaicin shekaru 7 akan tsawon rayuwar mutumin da ke fama da shi. daga cutar Lynch kamar yadda gano wuri da wuri yana nufin daidaitattun matakan rigakafi da tiyata za a iya ɗauka cikin sauri. Ana kuma ba da shawarar duba nono akai-akai ga matan da aka gano suna da maye gurbi na BRCA, haka kuma, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa maza masu haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar prostate saboda maye gurbi na BRCA na iya rage haɗarinsu ta hanyar shan aspirin Aspirin yana da amfani sosai wajen rage yawan ciwon daji; duk da haka, dole ne a sha shi akai-akai sama da aƙalla tsawon shekaru biyar don yin tasiri.
Yawaitar maye gurbi a cikin kabilu daban-daban Sau da yawa maye gurbi ya fi zama ruwan dare a wasu ƙabilu, wannan saboda jinsi na iya bin kakanninsu zuwa wuri ɗaya, rikitattun kwayoyin halitta daga kakanni sukan bi ta cikin tsararraki wanda shine dalilin da ya sa wasu ƙabilun suka fi kamuwa da maye gurbi, ta haka sai karuwa suke. yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kansa [61]. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wannan na iya zama da amfani saboda yana iya taimakawa ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya tantance haɗarin majiyyaci na maye gurbi kafin a gwada su. Ciwon daji na Werner yana da yawan 1 cikin 200,000 masu rai a cikin Amurka, amma yana shafar mutane a Japan a cikin 1 cikin 20,000-40,000. 1 a cikin 40 Ashkenazi Yahudawa suna da maye gurbi na BRCA, wannan babban bambanci ne daga yawan jama'a a Amurka inda 1 a cikin 400 ke shafar. Yahudawan Ashkenazi na cikin hatsarin kamuwa da ciwon nono na gado da kuma ciwon daji na kwai kuma ana ba da shawarar cewa su yi gwajin kwayoyin halitta don ganin ko suna da maye gurbi da kuma duba cutar kansa akai-akai.
Duba kuma Tarin dangi
Manazarta Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
49353 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAYFAWA%20DYNASTY | SAYFAWA DYNASTY | SAYFAWA DYNASTY suna ne na sarakan Musulunci a daular Kenem-Borno sun fara zama a Kenem a Arewacin kasar Chadi kuma bayan shekara ta 1930 suka dawo Borno a cikin kasar najeriya
SARAKAN SAYFAWA A KANEM
Sarautar ta fara a kanem sai a 1930 ta koma a kanem-borno sarakan sun fara tun daga farko da tsawon waadin da suka yi a bisa karagar sarautar da aka samo daga tarihi a kasar Afrika ga sunayen sarakunan na da tsawon mulkin su a nan kasa sunayen sarakunan (mai) haihuwa 1857[4][5] Palmer 1936[6][3] Urvoy 1941[7][1]
(12) Hume 1086–1097 1086–1097 1085–1097
(17) Dunama Dibbalemi 1221–1259/60 1221–1259 1210–1224
(47) Ali Gajideni 1472–1504 1476–1503 1473–1507
(48) Idris Katakarmabe 1505–1526 1503–1526 1507–1529
(53) Idris Alauma 1572–1603 1570-1602/3 1580–1617
List of rulers of the Sayfawa dynasty according to John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).[8][9]
sunayen sarakunan da farawa da karshen (1085 1256)
(wadanda suka gaji daular Duguwa wadanda suka yi zamani a 784)
1 Hume 1085 1097
2 Dunama I 1097 1150
3 Biri I 1150 1176
4 Bikorom (or Dala, or Abdallah I) 1176 1194
5 Abdul Jalil (or Jilim) 1194 1221
6 Dunama Dibbalemi 1221 1256
Kanem-Bornu (c. 1256 c. 1400)
Dunama Dibbalemi 1256 1259
7 Kade 1259 1260
8 Kashim Biri (or Abdul Kadim) 1260 1288
9 Biri II Ibrahim 1288 1307
10 Ibrahim I 1307 1326
11 Abdullah II 1326 1346
12 Selma 1346 1350
13 Kure Ghana es-Saghir 1350 1351
14 Kure Kura al-Kabir 1351 1352
15 Muhammad I 1352 1353
16 Idris I Nigalemi 1353 1377
17 Daud Nigalemi 1377 1386
18 Uthman I 1386 1391
19 Uthman II 1391 1392
20 Abu Bakr Liyatu 1392 1394
21 Umar ibn Idris 1394 1398
22 Sa'id 1398 1399
23 Kade Afunu 1399 1400
Bornu Empire (c. 1400 1846)
24 Biri III 1400 1432
25 Uthman III Kaliwama 1432 1433
26 Dunama III 1433 1435
27 Abdullah III Dakumuni 1435 1442
28 Ibrahim II 1442 1450
29 Kadai 1450 1451
30 Ahmad Dunama IV 1451 1455
31 Muhammad II 1455 1456
32 Amr 1456
33 Muhammad III 1456
34 Ghaji 1456 1461
35 Uthman IV 1461 1466
36 Umar II 1466 1467
37 Muhammad IV 1467 1472
38 Ali Gajideni 1472 1504
39 Idris Katakarmabe 1504 1526
40 Muhammad V Aminami 1526 1545
41 Ali II Zainami 1545 1546
42 Dunama V Ngumaramma 1546 1563
43 Dala (or Abdullah) 1563 1570
44 Aissa Koli 1570 1580
45 Idris Alooma 1580 1603
46 Muhammad Bukalmarami 1603 1617
47 Ibrahim III 1617 1625
48 Umar III 1625 1645
49 Ali III 1645 1685
50 Idris IV 1685 1704
51 Dunama VI 1704 1723
52 Hamdan 1723 1737
53 Muhammad VII Erghamma 1737 1752
54 Dunama VII Ghana 1752 1755
55 Ali IV ibn Haj Hamdun 1755 1793
56 Ahmad ibn Ali 1793 March 1808
57 Dunama IX Lefiami 1808 1810
58 Muhammad VIII 1810 1814
Dunama Lefiami (an maida) 1814 1817
59 Ibrahim 1817 1846
60 Ali Delatumi |
40000 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular%20Musulunci%20ta%20Hobyo | Daular Musulunci ta Hobyo | Sultanate of Hobyo Somali wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sultanate of Obbia, masarautar Somaliya ce ta karni na 19 a arewa maso gabas da tsakiyar Somaliya da gabashin Habasha. Yusuf Ali Kenadid ne ya kafa ta a cikin 1870s. kuma ya kasance ɗan uwan Sarkin Musulmi Osman Mahamuud ne, wanda ya mulki daular Majeerteen Sultanate.
Gudanarwa Kamar yadda yake a daular Majeerteen Sultanate, Sarkin Musulmi na Hobyo yana da iko mai ƙarfi a lokacin wanzuwarsa kuma ya mallaki dukkan wani iko na dunƙulewar ƙasa ta zamani: tsarin mulki mai aiki, basaraken gado, mai suna aristocrats, tutar jaha da kuma kwararrun sojoji. Kamar Masarautar Majeerteen, wani misali ne na jajircewar al'ummar Migiurtini na kiyaye al'ummar gargajiya da 'yancin su. Dukan sarakunan biyu kuma sun kiyaye rubuce-rubucen ayyukansu, wanda har yanzu akwai.
Tarihi
Rise of the Sultanate Sarkin garin Hobyo ya samo asali ne daga baraka a tsakanin Majeerteen. Zaɓen Yusuf Ali a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi da Bah Lelkase da Bah Yaqub suka yi a Alula (wanda tun zamanin Sarki Xawaadane aka naɗa shi gidan Bah Yaquba) shi ne tushen rikicin daular.
Da farko dai burin Ali Yusuf Kenadid shi ne ya karɓe ikon masarautar Majeerteen da ke makwabtaka da ita, wadda a lokacin ne ɗan uwansa Sarki Osman Mahamud yayi mulki. Duk da haka, bai yi nasara a wannan aikin ba, kuma a ƙarshe an tilasta masa yin hijira zuwa Yemen. Shekaru goma bayan haka, a cikin 1870s, Kenadid ya dawo daga yankin Larabawa tare da ƙungiyar musketeers Hadhrami da gungun laftanar masu biyayya. Tare da taimakonsu, ya sami nasarar cin galaba a kan ƙabilun Hawiye na yankin ya kuma kafa daular Hobyo a shekara ta 1878.
A karshen ƙarni na 19, dukkan sarakunan Somaliya na da suka shiga yarjejeniya da ɗaya daga cikin masu mulkin mallaka, Abyssinia, Birtaniya ko Italiya, A ƙarshen 1888, Sultan Kenadid ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da Italiyanci, ya mai da mulkinsa ya zama mai kare Italiya. Abokin hamayyarsa, Sarki Osman zai rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya makamanciyar ta ta Sarkin Musulmi a shekara mai zuwa. Dukansu sarakunan sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin ba da kariya don ci gaba da manufofinsu na faɗaɗa, tare da Kenadid na neman yin amfani da goyon bayan Italiya a rikicinsa da Sarkin Omani na Zanzibar kan wani yanki da ke kan iyaka da Warsheikh, baya ga gwagwarmayar da yake yi kan masarautar Majeerteen tare da Sarki Osman. A yayin rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi, masu mulkin sun kuma yi fatan yin amfani da manufofin daular turai ta yadda za su ƙara tabbatar da ci gaba da 'yancin cin gashin kan yankunansu.
Sharuɗɗan kowace yarjejeniya ta bayyana cewa Italiya za ta kawar da duk wani tsoma baki a cikin gwamnatocin sarakunan. Domin samun makamai na Italiya da tallafin shekara-shekara, Sultans sun amince da mafi ƙarancin kulawa da rangwamen tattalin arziki. Italiyawa kuma sun amince da aikewa da wasu jakadu kaɗan don inganta duka sarakunan da bukatunsu.
Sai dai alaƙar da ke tsakanin Hobyo da Italiya ta yi tsami ne a lokacin da Sultan Kenadid ya ki amincewa da shawarar Italiya na ba wa tawagar sojojin Burtaniya izinin sauka a cikin masarautarsa domin su ci gaba da yakinsu da Sarkin Diiriye Guure, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan da Sojojin sa na Dervish forces. Da yake kallon barazanar da Italiyawa ke yi, Sultan Kenadid daga karshe an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Aden a Yemen sannan zuwa Eritrea, kamar yadda ɗansa Ali Yusuf, magajin gadon sarauta ya yi. Sai dai ba kamar yankunan kudanci ba, sarakunan arewa ba su kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin kai tsaye ba saboda yarjejeniyar da suka ƙulla da Italiya a baya.
Tawayen Umar Samatar Ko da yake sun yi galaba a kan sojojin sarkin, har yanzu jama'a ba su yarda da mulkin Italiya ba tare da yaki ba. Kwamishina Trivulzio, wanda aka naɗa tare da kula da Hobyo, ya ba da rahoton motsin mutane ɗauke da makamai zuwa kan iyakokin masarautar kafin da kuma bayan hadewar. Yayin da ake shirye-shiryen ci gaban Corpo Zaptié zuwa Majeerteen, wata sabuwar barazana ta fito. Ɗaya daga cikin kwamandojin Sultan Ali Yusuf, Omar Samatar, ya kai hari tare da kama El Buur a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1925.Jama'ar yankin sun goyi bayan Omar, kuma nan suka sami cikakken juyin juya hali a hannunsu bayan Omar ya bi diddigin nasarar da ya samu a baya tare da kama El-Dhere. Corpo Zaptié yayi ƙoƙari amman bai yi nasarar kwato El-Bur daga hannun Omar. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, Italiyanci sun gudu zuwa Bud Bud, 'yan banga sun yi wa ƴan gaba daya kuma sun ragu cikin karfi da warwarewa. An shirya wani yunƙuri na uku, amma kafin a kashe kwamandan rundunar, Laftanar-Kanar Splendorelli, an yi masa kwanton ɓauna aka kashe shi a tsakanin Bud Bud da Bula Barde Hankalin Italiya ya tashi, kuma Hobyo ta zama kamar bata ce komai ba yayin da Omar ya miƙe tsaye don sake kwace garin Hobyo da kanta. A yunƙurin ceto lamarin, gwamna De Vecchi ya nemi bataliyoyin biyu daga Eritrea kuma ya ɗauki umarnin kansa. Tawayen nan ba da jimawa ba ya mamaye kan iyakoki zuwa cikin Benaadir da Western Somaliland, kuma Omar ya ƙara ƙarfi.
Bala'in da ya afku a Hobyo ya girgiza masu ra'ayin Italiya a Roma. Ba da jimawa ba zargi ya hau kan Gwamna De Vecchi, wanda ake zargin rashin iya aiki da hawan Omar. Rome ta umurci De Vecchi cewa zai karɓi ƙarfafa daga Eritrea, amma cewa kwamandan bataliyoyin Eritriya shine ya ɗauki umurnin soja kuma De Vecchi ya kasance a cikin Mogadishu kuma yana iyakance aikin gudanarwa. Kwamandan zai kai rahoto kai tsaye zuwa Roma, yana ƙetare De Vecchi gaba ɗaya.
Da yake lamarin ya ruɗe sosai, De Vecchi ya tafi da tsohon Sarkin Musulmi Ali Yusuf zuwa Mogadishu. Mussolini ya lashi takobin sake kwato garin Hobyo gaba ɗaya, sannan ya zarce zuwa Majeertin ta kowace hanya. Ko da mayar da Ali Yusuf aka yi la'akari. Duk da haka, dangin sun riga sun goyi bayan Omar Samatar, don haka wannan bai kasance wani zaɓi ba kamar yadda zai bayyana.
Kafin ƙarfafawar ya isa, De Vecchi ya zaɓi tsohuwar dabarar rarraba da mulki, kuma ya ba da lada mai yawa, kuɗi da daraja ga kowane dangin da ya zaɓi ya tallafa wa Italiyawa. Idan aka yi la'akari da fafatawa tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Iritiriya da aka daɗe ana yi da su tun da dadewa, abin mamaki ne ba a yi yunƙurin yin wannan dabarar ba da wuri, kuma ta zama mafi nasara fiye da sojojin Eritrea wajen dawo da tawaye.
Sojojin sun ƙara karfi da bataliya daga Eritriya, Italiya sun sake kwace El-Buur a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1925, suka tilasta Omar Samatar ya koma yammacin Somaliland.
Makarantar Sakandare ta Cumar-Samatar da ke tsakiyar Galkaka ana kiranta da sunan Omar Samatar don tunawa da gwagwarmaya da sadaukarwa.
Duba kuma Yusuf Ali Kenadid
Majeerteen Sultanate
Sarki Osman Mahmud
Jerin Daulolin Musulmin Sunna
Usmaniya
Yasin Osman Kenadid
Manazarta
Bayanan kula The Majeerteen Sultanates
Emblem Flag
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sarakunan |
60896 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyar%20Shuwaka | Miyar Shuwaka | Miyar Shuwaka Sananniyar miyace a kasar hausawa wanda take da matukar amfani
Yanda Akeyin Miyar Abubuwan da za a bukata
Ganyen Shuwaka
Manja
Naman shanu
Kayan ciki
Kifi banda
Danyen kifin karfasa
Magi
Kori
Kifin ‘cryfish’
Attarugu
Hadi
A kankare fatar danyen kifin karfasa sannan a dora a wuta hade da magi da ruwa sannan a dafa har sai ya yi laushi sosai sannan a sauke. A cire kashin cikin kifin gaba daya, sannan a zuba a turmi a daka shi har sai ya yi laushi sannan a kwashe a ajiye a gefe.
A wanke naman shanu da kayan ciki a dora a kan wuta da gishiri kadan. Sannan a wanke bandar kifi a cikin ruwan zafi a cire kayar kifin.
Bayan naman da kayan cikin sun nuna sannan a zuba su a cikin tukunya tare da bandar kifin da kifin ‘cryfish’ da kuma dakakken kifinkarfasar. Sannan a dora wankakkiyar shuwaka a wuta da jajjagen attarugu da kori.
Sannan a gauraya su a zuba magi da manja. Idan ganyen shuwakar ya nuna sai a sake gauraya girkin a sauke. Za a iya hada wannan irin miyar da kowane irin tuwo.
Amfanin Miyar Shuwaka wata ciyawace mai launin kore(greenish) wacce take girma a sassa daban daban a kasashen Nahiyar Afrika dama wasu a nahiyar Turai zuwa wasu yankuna na kasashen Larabawa (Arabs countries). A harshen Turanci ana kiranta da suna BITTER LEAF,su kuma Yarbawa suna ambatonta da suna EWERU,a yayinda kabilar Igbo suke yi mata laqabi da suna ONUGBU.
Komai na wannan ciyawar daci ke dashi kama daga ganyenta (leaves),saiwarta(roots) da itaciyarta waton (stem).
Kabilar Igbo suna amfani da ganyen su yi abinci musamman miya
,su kuma Yarbawa sun dauki shiwaka a mastsayin magani wanda suka tarar kakanninsu na amfani da ita tun azal.
A kasar Hausa musamman a arewacin Najeriya,mata masu jego su suka fi yawan amfani da shiwaka da mata masu shayarwa.
Bisako amfanin wannan ciyawar ya fi gaban a nanata bawai ga mata kadaiba harta ma ga maza.Da dama abinda wasu suka dauki shiwaka kayan matane kawai.A dalili da haka yasa na zurfafa bincike akan shiwaka da kuma yin rubutu na musamman akan alfanon da take da shi ga lafiyar al'umma.
Wannan ciyawar kamar yanda nace kusan komai nata daci ke gare shi,wanda hakan na karantar damu cewa rayuwa fa daci ke gareta.Mutanen da sun fi son abu mai daci fiye da abubuwan dake da zaki ,a yayinda mutanen wannan zamanin suka fi bukatar shan kayan zaki da maiko kawai wanda shi yasa ga cutukka nan birjit a cikin al 'umma domin mafiyawan cutukan dake damuwarmu nada alaqa da abincin da muke ci.mun fi son mu ci biskit da chocolate mu sha yoghurt mu kwankwadi coke da ice cream.
Dukda yake yawan shan abu mai daci nada illa ga jiki musamman ga hanta(liver) sai dai kuma dacin dake ga shiwaka baya illata jiki asali maganine na musamman ga jiki.Na sha jin kareri kan shuwaka na illata jiki dan daci ke gareta,wannan ba gaskiya bane,indai an sha a yanda aka shawani cutarwa a tare da ita.dacin dake gareta ba irin na madaci ko bedi bane.
Shuwaka na wanke hanta daga kwayoyin cuta
.Hanta ita ce abu mafi nauyi a cikin jikin dan adam inda hantar babban mutum (adulta) ke da nauyin kilogram 1 zuwa 3 waton (1 to 3kg).zuqar suga da kwankwadar giya da shan magungunna barkatai na illata hanta(liver) wanda kusan duk abinda ya shafi hantar mutum to a hakika jiki zai fuskanci barazanar kamuwa da curuta.
2.koda (kidney) wata muhimmiyar halittace dake aikin fitarda duk waste materials daga cikin jiki kamar fitsari wanda shiwaka na taimakon kodar sosai dan karfafa aikinta.
3.Shiwaka na maganin ciwon ciki musamman ga jarirai,idan aja ga jariri yana ta mulle mulle yana tsuwa to sai uwar ta nemi shuwaka ta sa6e ta zuba ruwan pure water sai ta tace da kyau ta sha lita daya bayan awa daya sai ta shayarda jinjirin nono a hakika za a ga waraka da yardar Allah.
4.Diabeties-Ina masu fama da ciwon suga shekara da shekarru to ga magani sahihi kuma mujarribun sai dai akoi bukatar bayani anan wajen sosai ta yanda za ayi amfani da shuwaka da kuna yanda za a sarrafata.
5.Idan kana fama da yawan tinane tinane to sai a tace shiwaka a sanya dan garin dabino kadan haka sai a zuba zuma a sha cup daya a kullum.kwakwalwa zata washe.
6.Kasala marar misaltuwa -A nemi ganyen shiwaka a sa6e a sha liter daya da safe haka za a maimaita da yamma.Ayi haka na tsawon wata daya.
7.Gudawa Idan anci wani abinci wanda ya lalata ciki to a sha shiwaka.
8.Arthrities shi ma a sha shiwaka a kullum ayi suraci da ruwanta.za ayi mamaki
9.Rashin cin abinci a koshi shima sai a sha shiwaka
10.Gudawa ga yaranda ke shan nono a sabili da rikicewar nonon sai uwar ta tace shiwaka ta sha a sanda zata konta,haka idan gari ya waye zata sha.
11.Wankin dattin ciki
12.Maganin tsutsar ciki 13.Bayan gari mai tauri 14.Stroke
15.Rashin yin bacci(Insomnia)
16.Cutukan da ake dauka ta saduwa(sexually transmitted Diseases 17.Kumburin ciki da zafin ciki
18.Basir mai kumbura dubura.
19.Zafin ciki (internal heat) ko kaga kana bayan gari amma hayaqi na tashi a ciki 20.karin ruwan nono ga mata masu shayarwa anan sai a rinka yin kununta ana sha.
21.Tana tsaftace nonon da ya gur6ace 22.Pneumonia da tarin sanyi 23.cutukkan fata sai a sa6eta a shafawa wajen dake da matsalar.
24.Indigestion 25.Malaria sai a rinka sha ana suraci da ruwanta ko wanka dasu amma da duminsu.
26.Weight loss- sassauta nauyin jiki sai a fake shan shiwaka bayan anci abinci sannan aje a motsa jiki da kyau.a yi haka na tsawon wata daya.za a ga canji
27.ANTIBIOTIC ce ina nufin tana kashin kwayoyin cuta na bacteria.
28.Idan kana neman ka tsaftace cikinka daga yawan tugugi da tsuwa to sai ka gyara shiwaka ka sha.
29.Mata masu fama da matsalar rashin haihuwa to a fake amfani da shiwaka.
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16682 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jima | Jima | Jima Hanya ce da ake sarrafa fata a gyara ta don a yi wani amfani na daban da ita, ko kuma jima sana'a ce ta gyara fatar dabba ta hanyar ciccire gashin jikin fatar da sauran abubuwan da ba'a so. Jima a kasar Hausa ta kasu kashi biyu, akwai na gargajiya sannan kuma akwai ta zamani.
Aiki Masu jiman zamani kuma sukan yi aikin fatu ta hanyoyin zamani don yin jakunkuna da takalma da rigar kujerun zama da kuma ita kanta fatar a kan gyarata don sayarwa ga sauran ƙasashe.
Ana iya amfani da fatar kowacce dabba wajen jima a nan kasar Hausa, a nan kasar Hausa an fi amfani da fatun kada da jimina da macizai da fatun awaki da tumakai da sauransu.
Jimar gargajiya ta kumshi mutanen da suke sarrafa fata su juya ta zuwa nau’i daban–daban wanda suke dunka layu da bante da rigar wuka (kube) da jakunkunan fata da linzami da takalmi da sirdin doki da sulke na fata.
Yadda ake Jima Jima sana’a ce ta gyaran fata, wadda ake ciccire gashi da sauran abubuwan da ba a bukata daga jikin fata, a mayar da ita fes, domin yin wani abin amfani da ita. Masu yin wannan sana’a su ake kira Majema. Haka nan, gurin da ake yin wannan sana’ar ma a kan kira shi da sunan Majema.
Asalin sana'ar Jima
Sana’ar jima sana’a ce da aka same ta a wurin Larabawa, an samu wannan sana’a a kasar Hausa can lokutan baya da Larabawa ke zuwa fatauci. Daga cikin irin wadannan masu zuwa fataucin akwai malamai masu karatun Alqur’ani, cikinsu kuwa akwai wadanda ke sarrafa fata domin yin shimfida wadda ake kira buzu, da kuma yin jaka wadda ake kira gafaka domin adana Alqur’ani da sauran takardun karatu. Zuwan su kasar Hausa sai ya zama suna koyawa almajiransu irin wadannan sana’o’i bayan karatu da suke koya musu. Wannan shi ne asalin samuwar wannan sana’a ta jima a kasar Hausa.
Kayan Aiki Kayan aikin Jima sun hada da:
Majema: Shi ne asalin gurin da ake gudanar da sana’ar jima. A nan ake yi mata komai.
Kwatarniya: Mazubi ce da masu sana’ar ginin tukunya suke yi. A cikinta ake wanke fata da kuma jikata domin cire gashi da sauran abubuwa.
Bagaruwa: Sinadari ce da ake cire gashin fata da ita.
Toka da Kanwa: Su ne sidaran farko da ke rukar da gashin fata domin a cire shi daga jikin fata cikin sauki.
Kashin Kaji/Tattabaru: Shi ne sinadari na biyu da yake rudar da sauran ƙananan gashi a jikin fata domin a cire shi cikin sauƙi.
Kartaji: Shi ne abin da ake tuje gashi da kuma nama daga jikin fata.
Gwafa: Ana kafa ta domin daura igiyar shanya a jikinta.
Igiya: Ita ake daura wa a jikin gwafa a shanya fata a kanta.
Turmi: Kala biyu ne, akwai rabi wanda ake dora fata a jikinsa a tuje gashinta da kartaji. Sai kuma ainihin turmi wanda ake zuba fata a kirɓa ta a ciki idan za a tura (idan za a yi mata launi) ta.
Taɓarya: Da ita ake kirɓa fata a cikin turmi.
Kartaji
Turmin da ake yin Gurza, Katsi da kuma Karni
Turmi da Taɓaryar Kirɓi
Kayayyakin da Ake yi da Fata
Abu ne mai wahala a ƙididdige abubuwan da ake yi da fata bayan an jeme ta. Kaɗan daga ciki akwai:
1. Sutura: Tun da can asali kuma har zuwa yau ɗin nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin sutura. Suturar da ake yi da fata akwai riga, takalmi, hula, da majanyi (Belt), da sauransu. Kayan Kwalliya: Akan yi abubuwa da suka shafi kwalliya kamar irin su abin maƙalla makulli (key holder).
2. Jakakkuna: Ana yin jakakkuna manya da ƙanana, irin na da da kuma na zamanin yanzu da muke ciki. Jakakkuna irin na da akwai gafaka (jaka ce da ake saka Alƙur’ani a ciki da sauran takardun karatu. Wannan na daga cikin tushen kawo wannan sana’a cikin Ƙasar Hausa), akwai burgami (jakar mafarauta), akwai zabira (jakar wanzamai), taiki (jaka ce mai kamar buhu da mutanen da ke amfani da ita wajen zuba kayayyaki kamar irin su hatsi da sauransu), sannan kuma akwai salka (ita ma jaka ce ta fata da ake zuba ruwa a ciki), da sauransu.
3. Kayan Yaƙi da Farauta: Haka nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin kayayyakin yaƙi da kuma farauta. Daga cikin irin waɗannan kayayyaki akwai: Warki (fata ce ake jeme ta iya tsawon dabbar, wacce mafarauta ke ratayawa a jiki domin samun kariya daga sara ko harbi. A wasu lokutan kuma akan bar ta da gashin nata sai dai a ɗame ta kawai. Sannan wasu sukan kira ta da buzu), sannan kuma akwai garkuwa (fata ce ta giwa da ake busar da ita sannan a ƙamar da ita ta yi tauri, mayaƙa sukan kare harbin kibiya ko mashi da ita), akwai kube (kusan wata irin nau’in jaka ce da ake saka takobi, adda, ko wuƙa a ciki. Wato gidan takobi, adda ko wuƙa), akwai kuma safi, da ake sakawa a ƙotar wuƙa, takobi ko adda domin basu kariya daga tsagewa. Kayan ƙira: Ana yin kayan ƙira kamar zuga-zugi da fata. Kayan Kiɗa: Da fata ake yin marufin mafiya yawan kayan kiɗan gargajiyar Hausa, kamar irin su ganga, dundufa, kotso, kalangu, da sauransu.
4. Guga: Wata aba ce da ake ɗebo ruwa da ita daga cikin rijiya. Kayan fatake: Kilago, fata ce gyararriya da fatake ko mayaƙa ke amfani da ita wajen yin tanti a sahara ko daji.
5. Kayan Shimfiɗa: Akwai buzu (fata ce akasari ta rago da malamai ke amfani da ita wajen yin shimfiɗa idan za su yi karatu ko salla), akwai kuma tabarma ta zamani (Carpet), akwai kuma rigar fulo, da sauransu. Ƙafar Guragu.
Shanyar Fata
Kamalalliyar Fata
Amfanin Jima
Amfanin jima yana da yawa. Daga ciki akwai:
Samar da ayyukan yi. Haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙi. Samar da sutura. Yadda Ake Jima
Ana yin sana’ar jima a mataki-mataki kamar haka:
Jiƙon Gashi: Matakin jiƙo shi ne matakin farko da idan an kawo fata ake karkaɗe ta a wanke ta da ruwa domin cire abubuwan da ba a so da suka haɗa da ƙasa ko gishiri.
Sanwa: A wannan mataki ana samun ruwa ne a zuba a kwatarniya sannan a zuba toka, da kanwa da kuma katsi (turɓayar gaurayen masu rini) a cikin ruwan sannan a zuba fatar a ciki. Wannan shi ne sanwa. Fata takan ɗauki tsawon kwanaki biyu a kan sanwa. A wannan mataki gashi yake laushi wanda ko da hannu ma ana iya cisge shi.
Gurza: Gurza ita ce cire gashi daga jikin fata. A nan ana ɗora fata a kan turmi sai kuma a kawo kartaji a kankare gashin da ke jikinta. Kwaloko: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa haɗe da kashin kaji ko na tattabaru a cikin kwatarniya sannan a kawo fatar a zuba a ciki. Amfanin wannan shi ne cire ɗan sauran gashin da ya rage. Katsi: Shi ne cire ƙananan gashin da ya rage a jikin fata. Ana yin katsi ne ta hanyar ɗora fata a kan turmi sannan a kankare ta da kartaji. Tsomi/Cuɗa: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa a cikin kwatarniya sannan sai a samu bagaruwa a zuba a ciki, sai kuma a zuba fatar a ciki. Fata tana kwana ɗaya a wannan mataki. Karni: Shi ne cire naman da ke jikin fata. Bayan an cuɗe fata kuma sai a sake ɗora ta a kan turmi, a wannan karon kuma cikinta ake kankarewa domin fitar da sauran naman da masu fiɗa suka rage. Yadda Ake Karni
Cuɗa/Daɗi: Cuɗa ita ce zuba ruwa da bagaruwa a cikin kwatarniya bayan an yi mata karni. Fata takan ɗauki kwana guda a cikin wannan ruwa.
Wanki: Ana zuba fata a cikin zallan ruwa a wanke ta. Shanya: Mataki ne da ake ɗora fata a kan igiya domin ta bushe. Launi: A wannan mataki ne ake yi wa fata launin da ake so, wanda ka iya zama ja, shuɗi ko ruwan ɗorawa. A wannan mataki ana yi wa fata abubuwa kamar haka: Shafa mangyaɗa. Jiƙa fata da ruwa ta hanyar yayyafa ruwan a kan fatar. Kirɓi: Mataki ne na launi da ake saka fata a turmi bayan an jiƙa ta da ruwa a kirɓa ta. Sai kuma a zuba kayan turi a launa fatar a cikin kwatarniya. Sai kuma a matse fatar daga ruwan turi. Sai a sake shanya ta a kan igiya. Ja: Mataki ne da ake ɗame fata da sauran danshinta na turi. Ana take gefen fata da ƙafa sannan a ja ta a ɗame ta. Naɗi: Mataki ne da ake naɗe fatar a kifa biyu bayan an ɗame ta.
Diddigin bayanan waje Alhassan A., Musa U.I., da Zarruƙ R.M. (1982). Zaman Hausawa Don Makarantun Gaba da Firmare.
Durumin Iya M.A. (2006). Tasirin Kimiyya da Ƙere-Ƙeren Zamani a kan Sana'o'in Hausawa na Gargajiya. KABS Printing Services (NIG), Durumin Iya, Kano-Nigeria.
Ƙwalli K.M. (1996). Kano Jalla Babbar Hausa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Yakasai K. I. (Babu shekarar bugu). A San Mutum A Kan Cinikinsa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a).
Bibiliyo
Madauci, Ibrahim. (1968). Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. ISBN 978-169-097-6.OCLC 489903061.
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27079 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwajin%20COVID-19%20Cikin%20Saurin%20Antigen | Gwajin COVID-19 Cikin Saurin Antigen | Gwajin saurin antigen na COVID-19, wanda kuma akai-akai ake kira COVID-19 gwaje-gwajen kwarara ta gefe, gwaje-gwajen saurin antigen ne da ake amfani da su don gano kamuwa da cutar SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19 Suna saurin aiwatarwa tare da ƙaramin horo, suna ba da fa'idodin tsada, farashi kaɗan na sauran nau'ikan gwajin COVID-19 kuma suna ba masu amfani sakamako a cikin mintuna 5-30. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen antigen cikin sauri a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a zaman wani ɓangare na gwajin taro ko hanyoyin tantance yawan jama'a. Ana tsammanin suna da mahimmanci don gano mutanen da ke da asymptomatic kuma suna iya yada cutar zuwa wasu mutane, waɗanda ba za su san sun kamu da cutar ba. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan gwaji na COVID-19, kamar PCR, waɗanda galibi ana ganin su zama gwaji mai amfani ga mutane masu alama, saboda suna da haɓakar hankali kuma suna iya gano lokuta daidai.
Tarihin ci gaban fasahar gwaji na saurin COVID-19 Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don COVID-19 sun fito daga manyan saka hannun jari ta shirin Burtaniya Moonshot mai rikitarwa, shirin 100 biliyan don tantance tsari, haɓakawa da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi don gwajin COVID-19. Rapid gwaje-gwaje da farko zauna a cikin wannan din kimantawa bututun dab da yawa wasu putative COVID-19 gwaji da fasahohi kamar fitila, Lampore, batu na kula PCR, taro spectrometry da samfurin pooling. Koyaya, yayin da aka ci gaba da kimantawa, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun fito a matsayin mafi nasara nau'in gwajin COVID-19 a cikin wannan shirin don dacewa da gwajin PCR na yanzu.
Jagorar kasa da kasa don amfani da fasahar gwajin saurin COVID-19 da haɓakawa Dalilin farko na kimiyya don yuwuwar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da jagorar duniya don haɓaka fasahar gwaji cikin sauri an haɓaka ta hanyar jagorar wucin gadi daga WHO wacce ta nuna fa'idodin da za a iya samu. Rahoton ya lura cewa gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun fi sauƙin aiwatarwa, kuma suna da fa'idodi masu tsada. Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da su wajen barkewar cutar, don gano cutar da wuri da kuma sa ido kan yanayin cututtuka. Daga baya, kuma daga baya ga ƙungiyar nazarin da ke ƙaruwa da sauri, wannan shawarar ta fadada ta Hukumar Turai. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da fasahar gwaji cikin sauri don tantance yawan jama'a inda adadin ingancin gwajin ya yi girma ko kuma ya yi yawa. Ya zuwa Janairu 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da karfafa matsayinsu, tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri, lura da cewa "ya kamata bincike ya tabbatar da cewa gwajin antigen mai sauri na iya gudanar da gwajin da kansu Gwajin kai tare da ko ba tare da jagorar kwararru ba. kuma za a iya la'akari."
Karatun Farko Ofaya daga cikin ingantaccen binciken don gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri an kammala ta Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila, Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Manchester, kuma Farfesa Richard Body da Dr Lennard Lee suka ƙaddamar. An kaddamar da binciken Falcon-C19 a cikin kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga Satumba. An dauki majiyyaci na farko a filin wasa na Manchester City Etihad carpark a sabuwar cibiyar gwajin COVID-19. Binciken ya haɓaka cikin sauri har ya haɗa da wuraren bincike na al'umma 14 a duk faɗin Burtaniya. An rufe binciken ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, bayan kammala gwajin mutane 878. Binciken ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin binciken bincike na COVID-19 mafi sauri a Burtaniya a cikin ƙasar. Binciken ya ba da tabbataccen shaida cewa na'urorin gwaji masu sauri sun iya ɗaukar sakamako mai kyau tare da daidaito mai girma. Jimlar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri guda 4, gami da Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test da Orientgene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette, an inganta su a cikin wannan binciken, ta amfani da samfuran swab daga duka alamomi da masu asymptomatic.
A daidai lokacin da ake fitar da bincike na wucin gadi na wannan binciken na Burtaniya, Amurka ta tabbatar da cewa za a sayi gwaje-gwajen gaggawa miliyan 100 daga Abbott kuma za a tura su a duk fadin kasar don fara irin wannan karatun na Amurka, don kammala karatun da Jami'ar Oxford ta fara.
Nazarin ƙima a duk faɗin duniya A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Slovakia ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta fara gwajin yawan jama'a ta hanyar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri. Ma’aikata 60,000 ne suka yi gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri miliyan biyar waɗanda suka yi amfani da gwajin antigen SD Biosensor kuma suka yi swabbing a kan jama'a. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar a yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantance yawan jama'a. Nazarin bincike guda biyu da aka buga a farkon 2021, ɗaya daga farfesa Martin Kahanec daga Jami'ar Turai ta Tsakiya da mawallafinsa da kuma wani na Martin Pavelka daga Makarantar Tsabtace & Magungunan Tropical na London da ƙungiyarsa sun ba da shawarar cewa tasirin guguwar kaka na saurin antigen. gwajin da aka yi a Slovakia ya taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar a kasar, kodayake a cewar tsohon binciken sakamakon gwajin yawan jama'a kan cutar na wucin gadi ne kuma ya fara bazuwa bayan kimanin makonni biyu.
Burtaniya ta ci gaba da ci gaba da shirin ci gaban gwaji cikin sauri ta hanyar amfani da gwajin sauri na Innova, tare da haɓaka cikin gaggawa yayin da shari'o'in COVID-19 ke ƙaruwa a duk faɗin Turai. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, Firayim Minista, Boris Johnson ya fara aikin tantance Liverpool a duk faɗin birni a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakar fasahar fasaha. An kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin fadada matukan gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a sassa da yawa waɗanda ba a taɓa yin gwajin ba. Wadannan sun hada da dalibai a Jami'o'in da suka yi fama da barkewar cutar. Wannan da farko ya fara ne a Jami'ar Durham wanda ke da abubuwan more rayuwa da ƙwarewa don gudanar da shirin gwaji cikin sauri, amma an faɗaɗa yawancin Jami'o'in Burtaniya kuma ya ba da damar tsarin ƙaura na ƙasa don samun ɗalibai a gida lafiya don Kirsimeti. An kuma aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa don ma'aikata don rage yiwuwar watsawa ga marasa lafiya, ƙananan hukumomi da gidajen kulawa don ba da damar ziyartar mazauna. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2020, Wales ta kammala gwajin gabaɗayan gundumar farko a Merthyr Tydfil. A wannan lokacin, an kuma aiwatar da gwaji a duk makarantu a cikin Amurka don ɗalibai masu alamun cutar da kuma cikin gidajen kulawa na Portuguese da makarantu.
Sashen gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin duniya don haɓaka kimanta gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri wanda ya ƙaddamar da babban aikin aiwatar da gwajin cutar cikin sauri a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, tare da taimakon yarjejeniya daga gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates wanda ke iyakance farashin don Kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga.
Austria ta fara gwajin jama'a a fadin kasar a ranar 5 ga Disamba kuma ta ba da umarnin gwaje-gwaje miliyan bakwai da suka kunshi gwajin SD Biosensor da Siemens Clinitest (aka Orientgene).
A tsakiyar watan Disamba, an yi nazari da yawa da ke tabbatar da inganci da nasarar amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don gano mutane da COVID-19 ciki har da karatu a cikin Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Amurka. Waɗannan karatun duk sun ba da damar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don shiga daidaitattun dabarun gwajin COVID-19 na ƙasa. Gwajin gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya yanzu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a makarantu a Kanada, wuraren balaguro a Indonesia, da kuma cikin Indiya.
Damuwa game da amfani Mutane da yawa sun tayar da damuwar cewa daidaiton gwaje-gwaje masu sauri ba su da kyau kamar yadda ake yin gwajin COVID-19 na PCR. Bayanan da aka fitar daga allon babban birni na Burtaniya a Liverpool sun nuna cewa sojojin da suka yi gwajin gwajin sun sami aikin gwajin kwararrun masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, bin wasu matukan jirgi a Indiya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙananan batutuwa a cikin al'ummar kimiyya-psychological inda aka yi muhawara game da ko gwaje-gwaje masu sauri na iya haifar da tabbatacciyar ƙarya da canji a ɗabi'a. Koyaya, an tabbatar da canjin tunani game da amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri bayan buga daga Amurka. Farfesa Michael Mina ya yi hasashen cewa har yanzu gwaje-gwaje masu sauri za su kasance da amfani yayin da aka gano masu kamuwa da cuta, da fa'idodin da aka samu daga maimaita gwajin sauri da samun sakamako cikin sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan gwaji. Babbar jami'ar kula da lafiya ta Burtaniya, Dokta Susan Hopkins, ta kuma lura cewa gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun samar da hanyar gano "mutanen da ba za mu iya samu ba".
Da yake lura da ikon gano lamura cikin sauri, da kuma la'akari da ci gaba da tabarbarewar lamura a Turai, hukumar ta Tarayyar Turai ta gana a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta samar da tsarin gama gari na Turai don "amfani, tabbatarwa da fahimtar juna na gwaje-gwaje masu sauri", da aiwatar da Yuro miliyan 100 don siyan gwaje-gwaje daga Roche da Abbott Stella Kyriakides, kwamishiniyar Lafiya da Kariyar Abinci ta ce "Gwajin maganin antigen cikin sauri yana ba mu sauri, dogaro da martani mai sauri don ware lokuta na COVID. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar cutar."
Wasu mutane sun nuna damuwa game da jinkirin ɗaukar nauyi da jigilar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da yuwuwar asarar rayuka da ka iya faruwa a sakamakon. Wata ƙungiyar ilimi daga Kanada ta lura cewa rabin mace-mace a gidajen kulawa a farkon farkon cutar za a iya hana su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri.
Amincewa da tsarin duniya don amfani don gwajin COVID-19 Bayan nasarar binciken da yawa a duk duniya don nazarin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri daga watan Agustan 2020, ƙungiyoyin da ke da tsari a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun amfani da gwaji a matsayin "sabuwar hanyar magance cutar". A ranar 16 ga Disamba, FDA ta zama hukuma ta farko don amincewa da gwajin saurin Abbott. An ba da izini na gaba don gwajin gida na Ellume COVID-19.
Health Canada kuma ta amince da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa tare da mai ba su shawara, Farfesa David Juncter tare da lura da "mafi kyawun gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da inganci sosai wajen gano masu kamuwa da cuta" kuma kwararre kan cututtukan cututtuka Jean Longtin yana mai cewa "Zai ba mu damar yin sauri fiye da kwayar cutar kuma mu nemo cutar. tuntuɓar mutum a cikin awa ɗaya ko biyu, maimakon jira awa 24".
MHRA ta Burtaniya ta tabbatar da amincewarsu da gwajin gaggawar Innova don gwajin amfani da kai a ranar 23 ga Disamba. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a duniya na wannan ci gaba na gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya, Sir John Bell, Farfesa Regius a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Oxford ya ce "Gwajin da sauri ya kasance babban abin kariya daga cutar sankara saboda suna da sauri, arha kuma ana samun su don maimaita amfani da su. A cikin watan Yuni 2021, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna a Amurka ta ba da sanarwar Tunawa da Class 1 na Innova LFT saboda rashin daidaiton su.
Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin "komawa ga al'ada" Spain ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don sauƙaƙe komawa zuwa al'ada tare da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa da ake samu a cikin kantin magani, da kuma wasan kide-kide na kiɗan kyauta da aka gudanar a Barcelona ga mutanen da suka yi gwajin sauri. An ɗauki irin wannan hanya a Albaniya don ba da damar bukukuwan kiɗa. Koyaya, ƙwararrun masana da yawa ba su da tabbas game da wannan hanyar suna gaskanta cewa "gwajin gaggawa ba shine mafita don sake farawa rayuwa ta al'ada ba" amma ana iya amfani dashi tare da wasu mahimman matakan rigakafin kamuwa da cuta kamar sa PPE mai dacewa, wanke hannu akai-akai da zamantakewa. nisantar ba da damar mutane su sami wannan muhimmin lokacin tare da waɗanda suke ƙauna yayin da suke taimakawa don kiyaye su.
Sabbin nau'ikan COVID-19 A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2020, an gano wani sabon nau'in cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin Burtaniya, VOC-202012/01 Nauyin ya bazu cikin sauri a duniya. Tare da yaɗuwar amfani da wannan nau'i na gwajin COVID-19 a duniya, akwai damuwa cewa wannan bambance-bambancen zai sa gwajin sauri ya ƙare. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓaka fasahar fasahar Burtaniya ta haɓaka kwararar ruwa, a cikin sa'o'i 24, dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Ingila sun sami damar tabbatar da gwajin saurin ci gaban duniya bai shafa ba kuma suna iya gano sabon bambance-bambancen. Wannan saboda saurin gwajin gabaɗaya yana hari akan furotin nucleocapsid ne ba furotin mai karu ba. Wasu nau'ikan ko da yake, kwanan nan an gano su waɗanda ke shafar wasu saurin gwaji har zuwa ninki 1000. Abin farin ciki, yawan waɗannan maye gurbi na nucleocapsid (musamman D399N) har yanzu yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin duniya a 0.02%.
Amfanin ɗan adam don gwaje-gwaje masu sauri Baya ga amfani da al'umma na yau da kullun, an kuma yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jin kai yayin bala'in. Bayan ambaliya a Jakarta a Indonesia a ranar 2 ga Disamba, an yi gwajin gaggawa a matsugunan ambaliyar ruwa. Bugu da kari, bayan rufe iyakokin kasa a Turai biyo bayan bullar sabuwar matsalar Burtaniya kafin Kirsimeti, direbobin manyan motoci kusan 6,000 ne suka makale ba tare da abinci ba, sun dakatar da isar da abincin Kirsimeti yadda ya kamata. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara na Faransa ne suka yi gwajin gaggawa cikin sa'o'i 24 a tashar. Gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun baiwa manyan motocin dakon kaya damar hawa kan hanya da kammala jigilar kayayyaki da komawa ga iyalansu don Kirsimeti, yana nuna yuwuwar amfanin duniya na samun gwajin COVID-19 mai sauƙin aiwatarwa. Kungiyar likitoci ta Médecins Sans Frontières ta amince da yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga, tare da lura da cewa "Gwajin antigen na COVID-19 na iya ba da sakamako cikin sauri da aiki, tare da tabbatar da gano mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar a matakin al'umma".
Amurka da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri Bayan da aka fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin saurin haɓaka fasahar gwaji tare da Burtaniya, ƙarin kimanta gwaje-gwajen cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyoyin gwajin yawan jama'a a Amurka ya tsaya cik sakamakon rikicin kusan dala biliyan 900 na agajin COVID-19 da ke ƙunshe a cikin Haɗin gwiwar 2020 Dokar Kasafin Kudi, 2021 An soki dokar saboda ba musamman saka hannun jari na zobe a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin tsada-tattalin arziki da ingantaccen nau'i na gwajin yawan jama'a. Masana kimiyya a Amurka, irin su Farfesa Michael Mina na Jami'ar Harvard, sun lura cewa gwaje-gwajen sun kasance "masu ƙarfi sosai ga duk abin da mutane ke yi" kuma "gwajin gida don COVID-19 na iya rage yawan kamuwa da cuta". Farfesa William A. Haseltine, shi ma na Harvard, ya ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi, a cikin wata kasida a cikin mujallar Forbes da ke ba da shawara "Gwajin da za a yi cikin gaggawa, zai iya dakatar da yaduwar cututtuka da mutuwa" da kuma labarin da Farfesa Annie ya yi. Sparrow na Dutsen Sinai, New York yana ba da shawarar "Gwajin Rahusa Yana da Muhimmanci ga Nasara ta Cutar Kwalara" bisa la'akari da "gaggawa na nau'in B117 mai saurin yaduwa da sauri a cikin Burtaniya, da irin wannan nau'in daga Afirka ta Kudu". Koyaya, saurin gwajin gida don COVID-19 yana samuwa ga mutane a bainar jama'a a cikin Janairu 2021, bin amincewar FDA ta farko. Masu ba da inshorar lafiya a Amurka sun biya waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ga mutanen da ke da alamun COVID-19, ko waɗanda ke da kusanci da mai kamuwa da cuta ko tare da wani da ke nuna alamun. Wani labarin a cikin Washington Post ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman fa'idar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Amurka ba za a iya cimmawa ba har sai "gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe gwajin mutanen da ba su da lafiya saboda watsar da wadancan mutanen babban bangare ne na barkewar", yayin da ake gwada wadannan mutane. inshorar lafiya bai rufe shi ba. Bayan zaben sabon shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2021, Amurka ta sake fara saka hannun jari a cikin saurin bunkasa fasahar fasahar tare da buga umarnin zartarwa na shugaban kasa.
Darajar kasuwar duniya Bayan yawaitar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a duk duniya, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da darajar kasuwa ta dala biliyan 15; duk da haka, ana sa ran kasuwar za ta daina daga 2024 saboda allurar rigakafin yawan jama'ar duniya a ƙarshen 2023. A cikin Amurka, kasuwa don saurin gwaje-gwaje shine dalar Amurka biliyan 3.9 tare da ƙimar haɓaka> 20% a asibitoci, asibitoci, Asiya Pacific amma kuma azaman gwajin masu amfani. Manazarta kasuwannin kasa da kasa sun yi hasashen cewa masu kera gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri za su fuskanci karuwar bukatu yayin da mutane da yawa suka fara amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don gano mutanen da ke da alamun sauki. Yawancin masu sharhi da masana kimiyya daga Amurka sun nuna damuwa ko cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta sami damar biyan bukatun duniya tare da kera daruruwan miliyoyin gwaje-gwajen da za a buƙaci don gwaji akai-akai.
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas | Hamas | Hamas Ƙungiya ce mai sarƙaƙƙiya a cikin rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. Hamas, a taƙaice cikakken sunan shine Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyya" ko kuma Islamic Resistance Movement, ƙungiya ce ta Falasdinawa mai kokarin kare martabar Falasdinawa. An kafa shi a cikin, shekara ta alif 1987, a lokacin Intifada na farko (yunwar Falasdinu) kan mamayar Isra'ila, Hamas ta zama fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin hadadden rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu.
Tarihi Don fahimtar Hamas, dole ne mu fara bincika tarihin da ta samo asali. Rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya samo asali ne tun a karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 lokacin da Yahudawa 'yan ci rani suka fara isa kasar Falasdinu, a lokacin Daular Usmaniyya Rikicin ya tsananta ne da kafa kasar Isra'ila a shekara ta alif 1948, wanda ya haifar da guguwar kaura da korar Falasdinawa, wanda aka fi sani da Nakba bala'i). A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, wannan rikici ya rikide zuwa gwagwarmayar bangarori daban-daban kuma mai zurfi don neman yanki, 'yancin kai, da kuma asalin kasa.
Kafuwa Hamas an kafa shi ne a tsakiyar Intifada ta farko, wani shahararren boren Palasdinawa na adawa da mulkin Isra'ila. yankunan da aka mamaye. Da farko, Hamas ta mayar da hankali kan samar da ayyukan jin kai da kuma samun karbuwa a tsakanin Falasdinawa saboda ayyukan agaji. Wadanda suka kafa ta, wadanda suka hada da Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, sun nemi hada karfi da karfe wajen yakar mamayar Isra’ila tare da sadaukar da kai ga ka’idojin Musulunci. Ƙirƙirar Hamas ta nuna gagarumin sauyi a fagen siyasar Falasɗinawa, yayin da ta ba da wani zaɓi ga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasɗinawa (PLO) da Yasser Arafat ke jagoranta.Wings na siyasa da na soja: Hamas na aiki tare da manufar duality. Tana da reshen siyasa, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da mulki da diflomasiyya, da kuma wani reshe mai dauke da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da Izzad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, mai alhakin ayyukan soji. Wannan tsari guda biyu ya baiwa Hamas damar shiga cikin juriya da makamai da kuma shiga harkokin siyasa.
Harkar Siyasa da na Soja Hamas na aiki da manufa biyu. Tana da reshen siyasa, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da mulki da diflomasiyya, da kuma wani reshe mai ɗauke da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da Izzad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, mai alhakin ayyukan soji. Wannan tsari guda biyu ya baiwa Hamas damar shiga cikin juriya da makamai da kuma shiga harkokin siyasa.
Matsayin Siyasa Yunkurin siyasar Hamas ya zo ne ta hanyar zaɓen demokraɗiyya a shekara ta 2006, lokacin da ta sami rinjayen kujeru a Majalisar Dokokin Falasɗinu. Wannan nasara ta haifar da gagarumin kalubale ga shugabancin Palasdinawa na gargajiya karkashin jagorancin kungiyar Fatah ta PLO. Sai dai takun sakar siyasa tsakanin Hamas da Fatah ya haifar da rabuwar kai a yankunan Falasdinawa, inda Hamas ke iko da yankin Zirin Gaza, kuma Fatah ke rike da madafun iko a yammacin gabar kogin Jordan.
Saka Hamas a kungiyar ta'addanci Amurka, Isra'ila, da Turai. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta ayyana kungiyar Hamas a matsayin kungiyar ta’addanci saboda yadda take da hannu wajen cin zarafin fararen hula da suka hada da hare-haren kunar bakin wake da kuma hare-haren rokoki da aka kai kan garuruwan Isra’ila. Wannan ayyana ta dagula alakar kungiyar ta kasa da kasa da kuma damar shiga harkokin diflomasiyya.
Manufofi
Manufofin Hamas da aka bayyana sun hada da kafa kasar Falasdinu mai cin gashin kanta a yankunan da Isra'ila ta mamaye, tare da gabashin Kudus a matsayin babban birninta. Ta yi watsi da halaccin kasar Isra'ila tare da yin kira ga 'yancin komawa ga 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu. Don cimma manufofinta, Hamas tana amfani da haɗin gwiwar gwagwarmayar siyasa, diflomasiyya, da juriya na makamai.
Rikici da Tsagaita wuta
Hamas ta shiga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa tare da Isra'ila, musamman a shekarar 2008-2009, 2012, da 2014, wanda ya haifar da hasarar rayuka a duka biyun. bangarorin. Wadannan rikice-rikice na faruwa sau da yawa saboda dalilai kamar hare-haren rokoki daga Gaza ko ayyukan sojojin Isra'ila. Tsagaita bude wuta na lokaci-lokaci da kokarin shiga tsakani, wanda Masar da masu ruwa da tsaki na kasa da kasa suka dauki nauyi suka yi, sun rage tashin hankali na wani dan lokaci amma ba su kai ga warware rikicin ba.
Halin Jin kai a Gaza Zirin Gaza da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Hamas, ya fuskanci kalubalen jin kai da suka hada da matsalar tattalin arziki, rashin isassun hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da ilimi, da hana zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki. Ci gaba da kulle-kullen da Isra'ila ta yi, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Masar, ya ta'azzara wahalhalun, wanda ke haifar da mummunan yanayin rayuwa ga Gazan.
Jujjuyawar yaƙe-yaƙe Dangantakar Hamas da sauran masu fafutuka na yankin ta samo asali a tsawon lokaci. Yayin da ta samu goyon baya daga kasashe irin su Iran, Qatar, da Turkiyya, kawancen nata ya koma mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayin yankin. Hamas ta kuma fuskanci kalubale, kamar tabarbarewar dangantakarta da Siriya sakamakon yakin basasar kasar Siriya.
Shirye-shiryen Diflomasiya Kokarin kulla yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai dorewa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu an shafe shekaru da dama ana ci gaba da yi, wanda ya kunshi bangarori daban-daban na kasa da kasa, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, da kasashen Larabawa makwabta. Shigar da Hamas ta yi a cikin wannan yunkurin na diflomasiyya ya kasance wani batu mai cike da cece-kuce, domin sau da yawa ba a cire shi saboda ayyana ta ta'addanci.
Kalubale da Al'amura Matsayin Hamas a rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya kasance wani al'amari mai sarkakiya mai sarkakiya. Yayin da wasu ke kallonta a matsayin halastacciyar kungiyar gwagwarmaya mai fafutukar kare hakkin Falasdinu, wasu kuma na Allah wadai da ita saboda amfani da tashin hankali da kuma kin amincewa da kasar Isra'ila. Kalubalen cimma matsaya mai ɗorewa kan rikicin suna da yawa kuma sun haɗa da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa, rigingimun yanki, da kuma labaran tarihi masu gasa.
2006 zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisa Hamas ta kauracewa babban zaben Falasdinawa na shekarar 1996, da zaben shugaban kasar Falasdinu na shekarar 2005, amma ta yanke shawarar shiga zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin Falasdinu a shekara ta 2006, wanda shi ne na farko da ya gudana bayan rasuwar Yassir Arafat. EU ta yi fice a cikin shawarar cewa za a gudanar da zaben dimokuradiyya a yankunan. A dai dai lokacin da ake shirin gudanar da zaben, Condoleezza Rice ta gwamnatin Amurka, da Tzipi Livni ta Isra'ila da kuma firaministan Birtaniya Tony Blair, duk sun bayyana ra'ayinsu dangane da kyale Hamas ta yi takara a tsarin dimokuradiyya. Hamas ta yi gudu a kan wani tsarin gwamnati mai tsafta, da yin garambawul ga tsarin tafiyar da almubazzaranci, da kuma batun rashin bin doka da oda. Jam'iyyar PA wadda ta yi kaurin suna da cin hanci da rashawa, ta zabi Marwan Barghouti a matsayin dan takararta na kan gaba, wanda ke zaman daurin rai da rai a Isra'ila. Amurka ta ba da gudummawar dala miliyan biyu ga PA don inganta yanayin watsa labarai. Isra'ila ta kuma taimaka wa PA ta hanyar barin Barghouti ya yi hira da shi a gidan yari ta gidan talabijin na Larabawa da kuma barin Falasdinawa 100,000 a Gabashin Kudus su kada kuri'a.
Muhimmin zaben dai ya gudana ne jim kadan bayan da Isra'ila ta kwashe matsugunan ta a Gaza Ficewar, wanda aka aiwatar ba tare da tuntubar Fatah ba, ya ba da kuɗi ga ra'ayin Hamas cewa tsayin daka ya tilasta Isra'ila barin Gaza. A cikin wata sanarwa da kungiyar Hamas ta fitar ta bayyana hakan a matsayin tabbatar da dabarunsu na tsayin daka da makami ("Shekaru hudu na tsayin daka ya zarce shekaru 10 na cinikin") kuma Muhammed Deif ya danganta "Yancin Gaza" ga 'yan uwansa "ƙaunar shahada"
Kungiyar Hamas dai da niyyar nuna karfinta ta hanyar amincewa ba wai ta hanyar tashin hankali ba, tana mai sanar da cewa za ta kauracewa kai hare-hare kan Isra'ila idan har Isra'ila ta daina kai hare-hare kan garuruwa da kauyukan Falasdinawa. Shirin nata na zaben ya yi watsi da tsarin Musulunci, ya yi magana game da ikon mallakar yankunan Falasdinawa, ciki har da Kudus (tabbatacciyar amincewa da samar da kasashe biyu), yayin da ba ta amince da komai ba game da ikirarinta ga dukkanin Falasdinu. Ya ambaci "juriya da makamai" sau biyu kuma ya tabbatar a cikin labarin 3.6 cewa hakki ne a tsayayya da "ta'addanci na mamaya". Wani Kirista Bafalasdine ya fito cikin jerin 'yan takara.
Hamas ta samu kujeru 76, ban da hudu da masu zaman kansu da ke goyon bayan Hamas suka samu, sai Fatah 43 kawai Masu sa ido na kasa da kasa sun yi la'akari da zaben da cewa ya kasance "mai gasa da dimokiradiyya na gaske". Kungiyar ta EU ta ce an gudanar da su fiye da yadda aka gudanar da zaben wasu kasashe mambobin kungiyar, kuma ta yi alkawarin ci gaba da bayar da tallafin kudi. Masar, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun bukaci Amurka da ta baiwa Hamas dama, kuma bai dace a hukunta Falasdinawa kan zabin da suka zaba ba, matsayin da kungiyar kasashen Larabawa ta amince da shi wata guda bayan haka. Alkawarin EU bai dade ba; Bayan watanni uku, ta keta ka'idojinta game da zaɓe na 'yanci, ba zato ba tsammani ta dakatar da tallafin kuɗi ga gwamnatin Hamas, ta bin misalin Amurka da Kanada. A maimakon haka ta dauki nauyin bayar da kudade kai tsaye ga mutane da ayyuka, da biyan albashi ga mambobin Fatah kawai, masu aiki ko akasin haka. Hamas ta dauki nauyin gudanar da mulkin Gaza ne bayan nasarar zaben da ta yi, tare da kawo sauye-sauye. Ya gaji halin da ake ciki na rashin bin doka da oda, tun da takunkumin tattalin arziki da Isra'ila, Amurka da Quartet suka kakaba, sun gurgunta albarkatun gudanarwa na PA, wanda ya haifar da bullar ƙungiyoyin mafia da yawa da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci waɗanda aka tsara bayan Al Qaeda Da yake rubutu a cikin Harkokin Waje, Daniel Byman ya ce daga baya:
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22339 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Nakasassu%20Ta%20Duniya | Kungiyar Nakasassu Ta Duniya | Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Nakasassu ta duniya (IDA), wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1999, kungiya ce wacce ta mai da hankali kan inganta wayar da kan mutane da nakasassu a duk duniya. IDA tana aiki tare da Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (na NGO), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), har ma da gwamnatocin jihohi domin kirkirar doka, bayar da kudaden shirin nakasassu a kasashe masu tasowa da kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, da kuma yin shawarwari ga nakasassu a kewayen duniya. IDA na aiki sosai tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma musamman suna amfani da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Nakasassu (UNCRPD) a matsayin ƙa'idar aikinsu. A ranar 7 ga Yunin shekarata alib 2013, inda ta kasance cikin haɗin doka kuma an ba ta matsayin doka a matsayin mahaɗan. Abin da wannan ke nufi shi ne cewa tana da ƙarfi a cikin ikon iya sasantawa da ingantattun sharuɗɗa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.
Shugabanci Kungiyar hadin kan nakasassu ta Duniya tana ƙarƙashin cikakkiyar mambobinta kuma ta hanyar Hukumar IDA, wacce ta ƙunshi wakilai daga kowane ɗayan mambobinta. Duk membobin IDA ƙungiyoyi ne masu rinjaye-jagoranci kuma sun haɗu da nakasassu da danginsu. Ayyuka na yau da kullun na Alliance suna aiwatar da su ne ta Sakatariyar IDA, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mutane goma sha huɗu, waɗanda ke zaune a biranen New York da Geneva, waɗanda ke kula da kuma jagorantar ajanda. Shugaban wannan sakatariyar shine Babban Darakta Vladimir Cuk. A cewar LinkedIn, Cuk yana da digiri na biyu a karatun nakasa, kuma a baya ya rike mukamin darakta na Sakatariyar New York na IDA. Vladimir Cuk ya kasance yana da hannu sosai tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin aikinsa don inganta ayyukan da ke inganta rayuwar nakasassu. A wani jawabi da ya gabatar wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Cuk ya bayyana matsaloli a kan yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke rarraba mutanen da ke da nakasa, tana mai fargabar cewa za ta ba wa kasashen ikon bin sahun aiwatar da sabbin sauye-sauye. "Idan ba za mu iya ba da shawarwari bayyanannu ba, kasashen membobin suna da uzurin da ba za su rarraba bayanai ba. Don haka a wurinmu tuta ce mai ja, kuma muna cikin matukar damuwa muna ganin wadannan sabani a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Duk ya kuma halarci taron kwamitin kasa da kasa na kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Cross inda ya nemi kasashen da su tsara matakan kula da nakasassu a lokacin bala’o’i da rikice-rikicen jin kai. Duk ya ce "A cikin kasashen biyu masu arziki da matalauta, muna samun rahotanni cewa nakasassu ne na karshe da za a kai kuma na karshe da za a ceto. Kuma Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar da ba ta dace ba ga nakasassu”.
Ofishin Jakadancin UNCRPD ta kirkiro wani tsari dangane da yadda ya kamata kasashe su bi da nakasassu. Burin IDA shine aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji akan ƙasa ta ƙasa ɗaya. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishina kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNOHCHR), inda ta fito karara ta bayyana aikinsu, "jariran da ke da nakasa ana kashe su a yankuna daban-daban a fadin duniya saboda bukatar iyalai ko kuma shirye-shiryen kula da wani yaro dauke su wani nauyi. Manufar IDA ita ce sauya yadda mutane ke daukar nakasassu. A wurare da yawa a duniya ana ɗaukar nakasassu a matsayin marasa aibi ko kuma kamar yadda IDA ta sanya shi "nauyi." Ta hanyar himmar su ta shekarar 2030, IDA na fatan samun sabbin ayyuka da za su fara aiki don cimma wannan asarar tabin nan da 2030.
IDA na aiki don taimakawa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don aiwatar da burin su na ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda ke samar da tsarin daidaitattun kasashe da ya kamata su bi. IDA na da sha'awar maƙasudin 8 wanda musamman ya ambaci mutanen da ke da nakasa waɗanda ke da ikon zama membobin ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawa
Shawara IDA, tare da kungiyoyin membobinta, sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam don ba da shawarar a kula da adalci ga mata da yara masu nakasa. An gabatar da wannan shawarar ne ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara da kuma Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya Kan Mata da Ayyukan Laifi. Wannan Kwamitin yana mai da hankali ne kan yiwa mata adalci; duk da haka, IDA ta faɗaɗa wannan don haɗawa da mata masu nakasa saboda wannan yawan yana da rauni. Shawarwarin ya zayyano ayyuka da dama da suke son ganin an kawar da su kamar fyade da mata nakasassu da kuma tilasta zubar da yara da za su nakasa. A cikin shekarata 2018 IDA tare da haɗin gwiwa da Disungiyar Nakasa da Ci Gaban Internationalasa ta Duniya, sun rubuta takarda a matsayin mayar da hankali kan yadda ƙasashe ke buƙatar canza hanyoyin ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗensu don ingantawa nakasassu da kyau. Waɗannan batutuwa sun haɗa da sauya lafazin dokoki don tabbatar da nakasassu suna da 'yancin samun damar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa da suka ci gaba, babu wani ɗan ƙasa da aka hana shi damar samun shirye-shiryen zamantakewar jama'a kamar walwala, amma a ƙarƙashin ƙasashe masu tasowa wannan haƙƙin ba ya wanzu.
Ayyuka na yanzu Ta kungiyar Kurame ta Duniya IDA na karbar kudade daga gwamnatin Finland don samar da albarkatu ga kurame a kasashen Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco da Tunisia.
Memberungiyar kungiyarSyungiyar sun da isasa tana aiki a kan ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyar lafiyar zuciya ta duniya don mutanen da ke fama da cutar. Wannan zai ba likitocin duniya saitin jagorori kan yadda za a kula da mutanen da ke fama da cutar rashin lafiya.
Memba din kungiyar ta hasasashe ta gabatar da takunkumi na ɓangare na uku a cikin shari'ar kotun Romania Stoian v Romania don ba da shawara don ƙarin shiga cikin tsarin makarantar Romaniya.
IDA tare da Ingila suna da shirye-shiryen karbar bakuncin taron koli na duniya, tare da shugabannin duniya da ‘yan kasuwa, domin ciyar da hakkin mutane nakasassu gaba. A cikin Janairu shekarata 2018, IDA ta sadu da wasu masu ba da shawara game da nakasa, kuma ta gabatar da nazarin yanayin nakasassu a kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Sunyi hakan ne duk don nuna gazawa game da yadda kasashe ke kula da lamuran hada kai, da kuma haskaka ci gaba a lokuta da canje-canje masu kyau suka faru.
Kungiyoyi da membobin su Syasar Cutar Kasa da Kasa (DSI)
Internationalasashen Duniya (II)
Federationungiyar ofasashe Masu Jin Ilimin ofasa (IFHOH)
Federationungiyar forasa ta Duniya don Spina Bifida da Hydrocephalus (IF)
Blungiyar Makafi ta Duniya (WBU)
Ofungiyar Kurame ta Duniya (WFD)
Ofungiyar afungiyoyin Shaƙatawa ta Duniya (WFDB)
Networkungiyar Sadarwar Duniya ta Masu amfani da waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (WNUSP)
Membebin kungiyoyin membobin yanki sune:
Disungiyar nakasa ta Afirka (ADF)
Arabungiyar Larabawa ta Nakasassu (AODP)
Disungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EDF)
Networkungiyar Latin ta Networkungiyoyin -ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Nakasassu da Iyalansu (RIADIS)
Disungiyar Rashin Lafiya ta Pacific (PDF)
IDA tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wajen gabatar da DPO game da matsayin haƙƙin mutane masu nakasa bisa ga yawancin abubuwan da aka lura da su yanzu da kuma bisa ga sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.
Bayani
Manazarta Kawancen Nakasa Na Kasa da Kasa
Internationalasashen Duniya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Shugabanci
Shawara
Ayyuka na |
21140 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Kimiyya%20ta%20Najeriya | Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya | Makarantar Kimiyya ta Nijeriya ita ce makarantar kimiyya ta jami'ar Nijeriya An kafa makarantar kimiyya a ranar 18 ga Janairun shekara ta 1977, a matsayin hadaddiyar kungiyar manya-manyan masana kimiyya a Nijeriya, amma aka kafa ta a shekara ta 1986. Ita ce kungiyar kimiyyar koli a Najeriya. Makarantar tana aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kimiyya ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, tana ba da kuɗaɗen haɗin gwiwar bincike, da kuma kamfanonin fara kimiyya. Kwalejin ke kula da ita ta majalissarta, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin shugaban makarantar, bisa ga jerin Dokoki da Bye-laws Membobin majalisa da shugaban ƙasa zaɓaɓɓe ne daga, da byan uwanta. Hakanan membobin makarantar suna zaɓaɓɓe ta hanyar Fellowan uwan da ke akwai. A halin yanzu akwai Membobi 233 da aka yarda su yi amfani da taken FAS, ba tare da kuma an nada sabbin Fellowan Uwa 10 ba kowace shekara. Shugaban kasar na yanzu shi ne Farfesa Kalu Mosto Onuoha, farfesa a fannin Pure da Applied Geophysics Makarantar Kimiyya ta Najeriya ita ce wakiliyar kasa ta Najeriya a kan irin wadannan kungiyoyi kamar majalisar kimiyyar kasa da kasa (ICSU) kungiyar lamuran dukkan kungiyoyin kimiyyar da kungiyoyin kwadago da kuma Inter-Academy Partnership (IAP) kungiyar ce ta dukkanin makarantun kimiyya na kasa. a duniya. Makarantar kuma memba ce ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Afirka (NASAC).
Tsari da mulki Kwalejin ke kula da ita ta majalissarta, wanda ke karkashin jagorancin shugaban makarantar, bisa tsarin dokoki da na Bye-laws. Membobin majalissar, shugaban da sauran hafsoshi an zabe su daga kuma ta hanyar Kungiyarta.
'Yan uwa Manyan membobin makarantar sune kamar haka: masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi daga Nijeriya waɗanda aka zaɓa su zama abokan aikin makarantar bisa la’akari da cewa sun bayar da “gagarumar gudummawa wajen haɓaka ilimin ilimin halitta, gami da Injiniya, Kimiyya, Lissafi da Kimiyyar Likita”. Hanyar zama ɗan'uwan makarantar kwazo shine tsari. Ya fara ne ta hanyar zaɓar ɗan takarar da ya cancanta ta hanyar ɗan takarar makarantar, sau da yawa ana magana da shi a matsayin babban ɗan takarar da dole ne ya kasance a cikin fagen ilimi iri ɗaya da ɗan takarar. Zai gabatar da fom din takara a madadin dan takarar da aka tsayar kuma lokacin gabatarwar ya kare na tsawon wata daya, daga Yuni zuwa Yuli. Bayan haka, kwamitocin sashe za su gayyace dan takarar don tantancewa kafin a ba da shawara ga majalisar da shugaban kasa ya jagoranta don takaitaccen jerin sunayen. Ana gabatar da candidatesan takarar da aka zaɓa ga babban taron don zaɓe. Don samun nasara, dole ne 'yan takara su sami akalla rabin yawan kuri'un da aka jefa. An zaɓi zaɓaɓɓu ne har tsawon rai, kuma suna da haƙƙin amfani da taken na baya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya (FAS). Hakkoki da nauyi na Fellow suma sun haɗa da nauyin ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga makarantar kimiyya, haƙƙin tsayawa takarar mukaman kansila, da haƙƙin zaɓar sabbin Fellowan Uwa. Ba a zaɓi Fellowan Uwa goma (10) a kowace shekara ba.
Majalisar Majalisar kungiya ce ta membobi guda17, wadanda suka hada da jami'ai (shugaban kasa, ma'aji, Sakatarori uku-daya daga ilimin kimiyyar jiki, daya daga ilimin kimiyyar halittu- Sakataren harkokin waje da sakataren harkokin jama'a). Majalisar an dora mata alhakin daidaita manufofin makarantar gaba daya, kula da duk harkokin kasuwanci da suka shafi makarantar, yin kwaskwarima, yin ko soke Dokokin Tsaya na makarantar. Ana zaɓar membobi kowace shekara ta hanyar zaɓen gidan waya. Shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban kasa, sakatarori 3, da kuma ma'aji dukkansu jami'ai ne na makarantar. Jami'an a cikin shekara ta 2020 sune:
Shugaba: Farfesa Kalu Mosto Onuoha, FAS
Mataimakin Shugaban kasa: Farfesa Ekanem Braide, FAS
Ma'aji: Farfesa Olukayode Adebowale, FAS
Sakataren Halittu: Farfesa Timothy Obi, FAS
Sakataren Jiki: Farfesa Abubakar Sambo, FAS
Sakataren Harkokin Waje: Farfesa Olusegun Ekundayo, FAS
Sakataren Harkokin Jama'a: Farfesa Olatunde Farombi, FAS
Shugaba Farfesa Ekanem Ikpi Braide ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2021. Ita ce Pro-Chancellor na Jami'ar Arthur Jarvis kuma ita ce mace ta farko da za ta shugabanci.
Shugabannin da suka gabata Farfesa Victor Adenuga Oyenuga (1977- 1978)
Farfesa Farfesa Cyril Agodi Onwumechili (1979 1980)
Farfesa Umaru Shehu (1981- 1982)
Farfesa Emmanuel Emovon (1983 1984)
Farfesa Augustine Njoku Obi (1985- 1986)
Farfesa Ifedayo Oladapo (1987 1988)
Farfesa Caleb Olaniyan (1989 1990)
Farfesa Akpanoluo Ikpong Ikpong Ette (1991 1992)
Farfesa Anthony Afolabi Adegbola (1993 1994)
Farfesa Awele Maduemezia (1995 1996)
Farfesa Lateef Akinola Salako (1997 1998)
Farfesa Anya Oko Anya (1999 2000)
Farfesa Alexander Animalu (2001- 2002)
Farfesa Gabriel Babatunde Ogunmola (2003 2006)
Farfesa David Okali (2006 2008)
Farfesa Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe (2008- 2013)
Farfesa Oyewale Tomori (2013- 2017)
Farfesa Kalu Mosto Onuoha (2017-2020)
Duba kuma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya
Makarantar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya karo na 5
Jerin abokan aikin kwalejin kimiya ta Najeriya
Manazarta Masana ilimi a Najeriya
Masana Ilimi
Kungiyoyi a Najeriya
Makarantu
Makarantun Gwamnati
Pages with unreviewed |
2148 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir%20Bhutto | Benazir Bhutto | Benazir Bhutto (An haifeta ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, 1953) a birnin Karachi, dake ƙasar Pakistan. `Yar siyasace.
Farkon rauywa da Karatu
Benazir Bhutto ta soma karatu a makarantar Nursery ta Lady Jennings da ke Karachi. Bayan shekaru biyu sai ta sami shiga makarantar Firamare ta Mary Convent da ke Muree, in da ta kammala karantunta na Firamare tattare da sakamako mai kyau.
Bayan ta kammala karatun gaba da Firamare, a watan Afirilu na shekarar 1969, Bhutto ta shiga jami'ar Havert da ke ƙasar Amurka, in da ta kammala karatun Jami'a a watan Yuni na 1973, tare da samun digiri na farko a fannin ilimin kimiyyar siyasa, da tattali.
A shekarar 1976, Benazir Bhutto ta koma cigaba da karatu a jami'ar Oxford da ke London don neman babbar digiri. Ta kammala karatun in da ta koma Pakistan cikin watan Yuni na shekara 1977
Soma Siyasa
Kodayake dai bayan kammala karatunta, Benazir Bhutto ta so ta yi aiki a ƙetare, to amma mahaifin ta ya nemi ta komo gida ta shiga siyasa domin ta tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar dokoki, sai dai kuma kash, shekarun Bhutto ba su kai na tsayawa takarar shiga majalisar ƙasa ba, don haka ne mahaifin Bhutto Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, ya umurce ta da ta taimaka masa wajen tafiyar da harkokin siyasa. An zaɓi mahaifin Bhutto a muƙamin Firaminista, to amma kuma a yayin da ta koma gida Pakistan don taimakawa mahaifinta ne sojoji suka yi masa juyin mulki.
Hukunci da daurin talala
Hukuncin kisa ga mahaifinta
Gwamnatin Janar Zia Ul Haq, ta zartas da hukuncin kisa kan mahaifin Bhutto a cikin shekarar 1979,
ɗaurin talala
Sa'anan akayi wa Bhutto ɗaurin talala na shekaru uku. A shekarar 1984, anyi wa Bhutto izinin barin Pakistan, don haka ta je tayi zaman ta a London tare da yan'uwanta su biyu. Benazir Bhutto ta koma Pakistan domin ta halarci taron jana'izar ɗan'uwanta wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1985, to sai dai gwamnatin Pakistan ta kuma kame ta bayan ta zarge ta da lefin shiga zanga-zangar nuna ƙyamar gwamnati.
Siyasa
Rawar gani
Benazir Bhutto a bisani ta kasance mai taka rawar gani cikin jami'iyyar (PPP), wato jamaiyyar mahaifinta. Kodayake ba ta iya zama cikin ƙasar Pakistan ba, to amma tana bada gudummawa gaya ga jama'iyyar ta( PPP) kafin kuma a bisani ta zama shuagabar jamia'iyyar, in da ta gaji mahaifinta, lokacin da ta koma gida Pakistan bayan mutuwar shugaba Janar Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Wannan ne ma ya baiwa jama'iyyar Bhutto ta “Pakistan People Party”, damar lashe zaɓen majalisar dokokin ƙasar da aka yi a ranar 16 ga watan Nuwambar 1988, sa'annan kuma aka rantsar da ita a muƙamin Firaminista a gwamnatin haɗin gambiza a ranar 2, ga watan Disambar 1988. Wannan ne ma ya sa Bhutto ta shiga tarihin ƙasar a matsayin mace ta farko kuma mafi ƙarancin shekaru da ta hau muƙamin Firaminista a Pakistan, don kuwa duka-duka shekarunta 35 ne da haihuwa a lokacin.
Juyin mulki
An kifar da gwamnatin Bhutto a 1990, in da Nawaz Sharif ya hau muƙamin Firaminista, to amma an kuma zaɓen ta a shekarar 1993, duk da hakan ba ta kai labari ba, don kuwa shugaba Farooq Leghari, ya zargi gwamnatin Bhutto da lefin rashawa. Bayan hamɓarar da gwamnatin Bhutto, a bisani ta fuskanci zarge-zarge da dama, mussaman kan yadda aka ce tana baiwa gwamnatin taliban a ƙasar Afghanistan goyon baya, don haka ne ma ƙasashen duniya irin su Faransa da Andalus wato Spain, da Swizaland, suka zargi Bhutto da laifin aikata laifufuka daban-daban a ƙasashen su da suka shafi na hada-hadar ƙudi, to amma jama'iyyarta ta (PPP) ta fito fili ta ƙaryata zarge-zargen.
A shekara ta 2002, shugaban Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, ya yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Pakistan gyara, wanda hakan ya hamarta wa duk wani daya riƙe muƙamin Firaminista hawa mulki fiye da sau biyu, wanda hakan ya zama wata katangar da ta yi haramci ga Bhutto neman muƙamin Firamnista. A ranar uku, ga watan Agustan 2003, an zaɓi Benazir Bhutto, mamba cikin cibiyar Miinhaj ul-Quran ta duniya. Ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cibiyar har zuwa 2004, lokacin da ta koma Dubai da ke tarayar Daular Larabawa in da ta ci gaba da zama tare da iyalanta, da suka haɗa da ‘ya'yanta uku, da mijinta, da kuma sauran iyalan ta. Benazir Bhutto ta bayyana aniyarta ta komawa Pakistan a shekara ta 2007, domin shiga siyasa gadan-gadan, kodayake shugaba Musharraf ya yi barazanar cewa zai haramta mata damar tsayawa takara, to amma kuma a bisani an yaɗa raɗe-raɗin cewar wata ƙil gwamnatin Musharraf ce ta kuma baiwa Bhutto damar komawa siyasa bayan wata ganawar da suka yi da ita a shekara ta 2004 Mafaka
Bayan tayi zama na neman mafakar siyasa na kimanin shekaru takwas a tsakanin Dubai da London, Benazir Bhutto ta koma ƙasar Pakistan a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, don sake komawa fagen siyasa da zummarta ta tsayawa takara a babban zaɓen ƙasar na shekara ta 2008. To sai dai kuma a kan hanyarta ta komawa birnin Karachi a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, Bhutto ta fuskanci hare-haren boma-bomai har saw biyu, da suka fashe jim kaɗan bayan ta baro babban filin saukar jiragen sama na Jennah. Du da cewar Bhutto bata sami koda ƙwarzani ba daga hare haren, to amma aƙalla magoya bayan ta su 136, ne suka mutu, sa'anan wasu 450, suka sami munanan raunuka, cikin waɗanda suka mutu akwai wasu Mutane 50, waɗanda suka yi kamun hannu na zobe, don kare Bhutto daga hare-haren ƙunar baƙin wake.
Allah wadai
A ranar uku, ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2007, Shugaban Pakistan Pervez Musharraf, ya sanar da kafa dokar ta ɓaci a kan dalilan rashin cikkaken tsaro a ƙasar, kana kuma ya sauke babban Jojin ƙasar ya naɗa wani, tare kuma da kamewa da kuma tsare wasu dake adawa da gwamnatinsa. Bhutto ta yi Allah wadai da wannan manufa ta Musharraf don haka ne ma aka soma fuskantar sa-in-sa tsakanin Bhutto da gwamnatin Musharraf, lamarin da ya kai ga yi wa Benazir Bhutto ɗaurin talala a ranar 8, ga watan Nuwamba, kwanaki biyar bayan kafa dokar ta ɓaci. Bayan anyi ta gwa-gwa-gwa, a bisani dai Musharraf ya sako ta, don haka ne ma ta sami zarafin shigar da takardarta ta neman tsayawa takarar zaɓe na ‘yar majalisa daga mazaɓar Larkana, a ranar 24, ga watan Nuwambar 2007.
Hari
Shugaba Musharraf ya sauka daga kan muƙamin shugaban mulkin soja, sannan ya kuma ɗaukar rantsuwa a muƙamin shugaban farar hula a ranar 30, ga watan Nuwamba, 2007. Kana ya cire dokar ta baci a ranar 16, ga watan Dizambar shekarar, biye da kudirin yin zaɓe a watan Janairu na 2008. A ranar takwas ga watan Disamba na 2007, wasu ‘yan bindiga su uku, sun kutsa kai ofishin jama'iyyar Bhutto dake kudu maso yammacin lardin Baluchistan, in da suka kashe magoya bayan Benazir Bhutto su uku.
Dalilin mutuwa
Benazir Bhutto, ta gamu da sanadin ajalin ta ne dai a ranar 27 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 2007, bayan wani ya harbe ta da bindiga kafin a bisani ya ta da bom da ya hallaka shi, a yayin da Bhutto ke ƙoƙarin fita daga harabar data gudanar da wani gangami na jama'iyyarta ta (PPP) a garin Rawalpindi. An ce aƙalla Mutane 22 suka mutu a wannan hari, wasu da dama suka sami raunuka. An sanar da mutuwar Bhutto ne dai a bayan an kai ta babban Asibitin Rawalpindi, in da Allah ya yi mata cikawa, kuma an sanar wa duniya rasuwarta da misalin ƙarfe 6, da minti 16, na rana agogon Pakistan, ko kuma ƙarfe 2 da miniti 16, agogon Nigeriya da Niger. Ƙasashen duniya da dama sun yi Allah wadai da kashe Bhutto, in da wasu ke ɗora laifin harin kan gwamnatin Musharraf, zargin da shugaba Musharraf ya ƙaryata.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1953
Mutuwan |
22167 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadar%20Kalahari | Hamadar Kalahari | Hamadar Kalahari babbar Hamada ce mai bushiyoyi masu tsayi a Kudancin Afirka wadda ta kai tsawon kilomita murabba'i 900,000 (sq mi 350,000), wadda ya mamaye yawancin kasashen Botswana, da wasu sassan Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu.
Bai kamata a rude shi da hamadar bakin teku ta Angola, Namibia, da Afirka ta Kudu ba, wanda sunansa asalin Khoekhoegowab kuma yana nufin "babban wuri".
Bayanin Lantarki Kalahari ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Tswana ta Kgala, ma'ana "babban ƙishirwa", ko Kgalagadi, ma'anar "wuri mara ruwa"; Kalahari yana da faffadan yankuna da jan yashi ya rufe ba tare da wani ruwa na dindin ba.
Tarihi Ba kodayaushe hamadar Kalahari ke kasancewa busasshiyar hamada ba. Burbushin fure da dabbobi daga Gcwihaba Cave, Botswana, ya nuna yankin ya kasance yana da ruwa da sanyi aƙalla daga 30 zuwa 11,000 BP, musamman bayan 17,500 BP.
Casar magabata
Labarin kasa Ruwa na kwararowar hamada ta hanyar kwarin busassun kwari ne, kwanon ruwansha na lokaci-lokaci da kuma manyan kwanukan gishiri na Makgadikgadi Pan a Ƙasar Botswana da Etosha Pan a Namibia. Kogin da yake din-din ne, mai suna Okavango, ya kwarara zuwa wani yanki da ke yankin arewa maso yamma, inda ya samar da fadama wadanda ke da albarkatun namun daji. Tsohon busassun kogunan ruwa-wanda ake kira omuramba-ya ratsa tsakiyar arewacin arewacin Kalahari tare da samar da wuraren tsafta na ruwa lokacin damina.
Yankin hamada, tare da manyan filaye na kyakkyawan kiwo bayan ruwan sama mai kyau, Kalahari yana tallafawa dabbobi da tsire-tsire fiye da hamada ta gaske, irin su Namib Desert da yamma. Akwai ruwan sama kadan kuma yanayin zafi yana da yawa sosai. Yankunan da suka bushe galibi suna karɓar milimita 110-200 (4.3-7.9 a) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara, kuma mafi ƙanƙan ruwa sama da milimita 500 (20 a). Tafkin Kalahari da ke kewaye ya mamaye sama da murabba'in kilomita 2,500,000 (970,000 sq mi) wanda ya zarce zuwa Botswana, Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kutsa cikin sassan Angola, Zambiya da Zimbabwe.
Akwai kwanon rufi da yawa a cikin Kalahari, gami da Groot-vloer Pan da Verneukpan inda shaidar akwai wani yanayi mai ƙamshi wanda ya kasance a cikin tsohuwar tsarin ɗaukar ruwa. Wannan da sauran kwanon rufi, har da gindin kogi, an rubuta su sosai a Sciforums ta hanyar labarin da Walter Wagner ya yi game da manyan wuraren da ke da ruwa na Kalahari. Kalahari yana da fadi kuma ya fadada arewa sosai inda kuma akwai wadatattun tituna masu yawa.
Yanayi Arewa da gabas, kusan inda busassun gandun daji, savannahs da tabkuna masu gishiri suka fi rinjaye, canjin yanayin yana da danshi-danshi maimakon na dausayi. Kudu da yamma, inda yawanci ciyayi ke da tsibirin savanna ko ma na yankin hamada ne, canjin yanayin shine "Kalaharian" mai bushe bushe. Yanayin Kalaharian yana da karko (matsakaita na shekara-shekara wanda ya fi girma ko daidai da 18 C, a kololuwa ya kai 40 C zuwa sama, tare da ma'anar zafin wata-wata na watan mafi tsananin sanyi a ƙasa da 18 C), kuma yana da bushe-bushe tare da bushewa lokaci a lokacin "sanyi", mafi tsananin sanyi watanni shida na shekara. Yankin kudu ne mai kwatankwacin yanayin Sahelian tare da lokacin damuna a lokacin bazara. An sanya tsawan matsayin bayanin dalilin da yasa yanayin Kalaharian baya zama na wurare masu zafi; tsayinta ya fara daga mita 600 zuwa 1600 (kuma gaba daya daga mita 800 zuwa 1200), wanda hakan ke haifar da yanayi mai sanya hankali fiye da na Sahel ko Sahara. Misali, sanyin hunturu ya zama ruwan dare daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, wani abu da ba kasafai ake gani a yankunan Sahelian da ke da dumi ba. A saboda wannan dalili, yanayin zafi na bazara na iya zama mai zafi sosai, amma ba a kwatanta shi da yankuna masu ƙarancin tsawo a cikin Sahel ko Sahara ba, inda wasu tashoshi ke yin rikodin matsakaicin yanayin watan da ya fi zafi a kusan 38 C, yayin da matsakaicin zafin wanda ya fi zafi wata a cikin kowane yanki a cikin Kalahari bai taɓa wuce 29 C ba, kodayake yanayin zafi na wani lokaci yakan kai kusan 45 C (113 F) (44.8 C a Twee Rivieren Rest Camp a 2012).
Lokacin rani yana ɗaukar watanni takwas ko sama da haka, kuma lokacin damina yawanci daga ƙasa da wata ɗaya zuwa watanni huɗu, ya dogara da wuri. Yankin kudu maso yammacin Kalahari yanki ne da ya fi bushe, musamman wani karamin yanki da ke yamma da kudu maso yamma na Tsaraxaibis (Kudu maso Gabashin Namibia). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara wanda ya fara daga kusan 110 mm (kusa da danshi) zuwa fiye da 500 mm a wasu yankuna na arewa da gabas. A lokacin bazara a duk yankuna ruwan sama na iya zuwa da tsawa mai karfi. A cikin busassun busassun wurare na Kalahari, sama da awanni 4,000 na hasken rana ana yin rikodin kowace shekara a kan matsakaita.
A cikin Kalahari, akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu na yanayin sararin samaniya, wanda Kalahari High anticyclone ya mamaye:
Arewa da Arewa maso yamma na Kalahari na fuskantar canzawa "Yankin Haɓakawa Tsakanin Yankuna (ITCZ) Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar. "ITCZ yanki ne na haɗuwa da iskar kasuwanci tare da takwarorinsu na ƙira waɗanda masu binciken yanayi ke kira" Mitar yanayin yanayi da kuma masu jirgin ruwa "Doldrum" ko "Pot-au-noir": ITCZ na samar da ruwan sama a lokacin damina, yayin da iskar kasuwanci ta nahiyar ke haifar da rani;
Sauran Kalahari suna karkashin iskar kasuwanci ta teku, wanda yawanci ya zubar da danshinsu yayin da suke tsallakawa da kuma haye Babban Kasan Kudancin Afirka kafin su iso kan Kalahari.
Akwai manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasan Kalahari; Kogon Numfashin Maciji, alal misali, shine mafi girma daftarin rubuce-rubuce marasa tafkin ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Irin waɗannan wuraren ajiyar na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na ragowar tsoffin tafkuna; Hamadar Kalahari ta kasance wani wuri mai dausayi sosai. Tsohuwar Tafkin Makgadikgadi ta mamaye yankin, ta rufe Bankin Makgadikgadi da kewayensa, amma ya kafe ko ya bushe kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila ya taɓa rufewa kusan tsawon kilomita murabba'i 120,000 (46,000 sq mi). A zamanin da, akwai wadatar danshi don noma, tare da dikes da madatsun ruwa ke tara ruwan. Wadannan yanzu suna cike da laka, ɓata, ko ba a amfani da su, kodayake ana iya ganin su ta hanyar Google Earth.
Kalahari yana da tarihin canjin yanayi mai rikitarwa a cikin shekaru miliyan da suka gabata ko makamancin haka, daidai da manyan canje-canje na duniya. Canje-canje a cikin shekaru 250,000 na ƙarshe an sake sake su daga maɓuɓɓuka na bayanai daban-daban, kuma suna ba da shaidar duka manyan tafkuna masu yawa da lokutan bushewa fiye da yanzu. Yayin karshen yankin na Kalahari ya fadada ya hada da wasu sassan yammacin Zimbabwe, Zambiya da Angola.
Kayan lambu da furanni Saboda karancin danshi, Kalahari yana tallafawa nau'ikan fure iri-iri. Rasar flora ta ƙasar ta haɗa da bishiyoyin acacia da sauran ganye da ciyawa da yawa. 'Ya'yan itacen kiwano, wanda aka fi sani da ƙahon ƙaho, melano, kokwamba mai ƙahon Afirka, jelly melon, ko gourd mai shinge, yana da matukar damuwa ga wani yanki a cikin Hamadar Kalahari (takamaiman yankin da ba a san shi ba).
Ko da inda "hamadar" Kalahari ya bushe ya isa ya zama hamada a ma'anar saukar ruwa, bawai yana maganar hamada sosai saboda tana da murfin ƙasa sosai. Babban yankin da bashi da murfin ƙasa shine a kudu maso yamma Kalahari (kudu maso gabashin Namibia, arewa maso yamma na Afirka ta kudu da kudu maso yamma na Botswana) a kudu da Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Misali a cikin gundumar gundumar ZF Mgcawu ta Afirka ta Kudu, yawan adadin ciyayi na iya zama ƙasa da 30.72% a kan mara kariya (daga kiwo) gonakin gona a kudu da Twee Rivieren Rest Camp da 37.74% a cikin kariya (daga kiwon shanu) Kudu Yankin Afirka na Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park: wadannan yankuna da ke kudu maso kudancin Kalahari xeric savanna sune hamadar hamada. Koyaya, a cikin sauran Kalahari da suka rage, banda kwanon gishiri a lokacin rani, murfin ciyayi na iya zama mai yawa a fili, har zuwa kusan 100% a wasu yankuna masu iyaka.
A yankin kusan 600,000 km2 a kudu da yamma da Kalahari, ciyawar itace mafi yawan savanna. Wannan yankin shine ecoregion da Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya bayyana a matsayin Kalahari xeric savanna AT1309. Hankula irin ciyawar savanna sun hada da Schmidtia, Stipagrostis, Aristida, da Eragrostis; wadannan suna cakude da bishiyoyi kamar su rakumi (Acacia erioloba), grey camelthorn (Acacia haematoxylon), bishiyar makiyaya (Boscia albitrunca), blackthorn (Acacia mellifera), da kuma ganye mai tarin azurfa (Terminalia sericea).
A wasu yankuna inda yanayi ke bushewa, ya zama hamada ta hamada ta gaskiya tare da kasa wacce ba ciyawa ta rufe ta gaba daya: "bude" sabanin "rufaffiyar" ciyayi. Misalan sun hada da arewacin Hukumar Gundumar ZF Mgcawu,, kanta a arewacin Afirka ta Kudu, da Keetmanshoop Karkara a kudu maso gabashin Namibia. A arewa da gabas, akwai busassun dazuzzuka da suka mamaye yanki sama da 300,000 km2 wanda tekun Rhodesian da nau'ikan itaciya da yawa sun yi fice. Ana kiran waɗannan yankuna Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands AT0709.
A waje da "hamada" ta Kalahari, amma a cikin tafkin Kalahari, wani ciyayi mai cutar halophytic a arewa ya dace da kwanon rufi, tabkuna wadanda suka bushe gaba daya a lokacin rani, kuma wataƙila na tsawon shekaru a lokacin fari, kamar a Etosha (Etosha Pan halophytics AT0902 da Makgadikgadi (Zambezian halophytics AT0908).
Daban-daban ciyayi sun dace da ruwan sha mai kyau na Okavango Delta, wani yanayi da ake kira Zambezian da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye AT0907.
Fauna Kalahari yana da gida ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu ƙaura da yawa. A da wuraren hutu ne na namun daji tun daga giwaye zuwa rakumin dawa, da kuma masu farauta irin su zakuna da cheetah, a yanzu bakin kogin galibi wuraren kiwo ne, duk da cewa ana iya samun damisa cheetahs. Yankin yanzu yana da ciyayi sosai kuma shingen shanu sun hana cunkoson namun daji. Daga cikin hamada na Kudancin duniya, Kalahari ya fi kama da wasu hamadar Ostiraliya a cikin yanayin latitude da yanayin yadda yake.
Ko da yake akwai speciesan ƙananan cututtukan gargajiya, ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban a yankin, gami da manyan masu lalata irin su zaki (Panthera leo), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), damisa (Panthera pardus), hyena mai hangowa (Crocuta crocuta), launin ruwan kasa hyena (Hyaena brunnea), da karen daji na Cape (Lycaon pictus pictus). Tsuntsayen ganima sun hada da tsuntsayen sakatare (Sagittarius serpentarius), dorinar mikiya (Polemaetus bellicosus) da sauran mikiya, katuwar mujiya (Bubo lacteus) da sauran mujiya, falcons, goshawks, kestrels, and kites. Sauran dabbobin sun hada da wildebeest, springbok da sauran dabbobin ruwa, na kwalliya (Hystrix africaeaustralis) da jimina (Struthio camelus).
Wasu daga cikin yankuna a cikin Kalahari yankuna ne masu dausayi, kamar su Makgadikgadi Pans na Botswana. Wannan yanki, alal misali, yana tallafawa nau'ikan nau'ikan halophilic, kuma a lokacin damina, dubun dubatan flamingos sukan ziyarci wadannan kwanukan.
Babbar barazanar da ke tattare da rayuwar namun daji ita ce shingen da aka gina don kula da garken shanun kiwo, aikin da ke kuma cire murfin tsiren na savanna kanta. Hakanan masu kiwon shanu za su ba da guba ko farautar masu farauta daga yankin kewayen, musamman masu kai hari ga diloli da karnukan daji.
Yankunan da aka kare An kafa waɗannan yankuna masu kariya a cikin Kalahari irin su:
Central Kalahari Game Reserve
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
Khutse Game Reserve
Tswalu Kalahari
Yawan jama'a Mutanen San sun rayu cikin Kalahari tsawon shekaru 20,000 a matsayin masu tara farauta. Suna farautar daji tare da baka da kibau masu guba kuma suna tattara tsire-tsire masu cin abinci, kamar su 'ya'yan itace, kankana da goro, da ƙwari. 'Yan San suna samun yawancin bukatunsu na ruwa daga tushen tsire-tsire da guna na hamada da aka samo a kan ko ƙarƙashin ƙasan hamada. sau da yawa yana adana ruwa a cikin ɓawon ƙwaryar ƙwai na jimina. 'Yan San suna zaune a bukkoki da aka gina daga kayan gida an yi firam ɗin da rassa, kuma an yi rufin da ciyawa da dogon ciyawa. Yawancin dabarun farautarsu da dabarun tattara su sun yi kama da kabilunmu da suka gabata. Tarihinsu ya hada da almara na allahn Chikara, yana kare su daga yunwa da mutuwa ta hanyar sadaukar da ransa ta hanyar farautar su a cikin silar barewa da sauran naman daji da suke farautar abinci. Bux makiyin Chikara ne kuma yana cikin macizai waɗanda ake samunsu da adadi mai yawa a yankin hamadar Kalahari. Tswana, Kgalagadi, da Herero da ke magana da Bantu da wasu tsirarun Turawa ma da ke zaune a cikin hamada Kalahari. Birnin Windhoek yana cikin Kogin Kalahari.
Kalahari, San da lu'ulu'u A cikin 1996, De Beers ya kimanta yiwuwar hakar lu'u-lu'u a Gope. A shekarar 1997, fara fatattakar 'yan kabilar San da Bakgalagadi da ke cikin babban Game na Kalahari daga yankinsu. A cikin 2006, wata Babbar Kotun Botswana ta yanke hukunci a kan kabilun San da Bakgalagadi da ke wurin, ganin cewa korar da aka yi musu ya saba wa doka. Gwamnatin Botswana ta ba da izini ga De Beers 'Gem Diamonds/Gope Exploration Company (Pty) Ltd. don gudanar da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a cikin ajiyar.
Mazauna tsakanin Kalahari Botswana:
Gaborone
Ghanzi
Orapa
Tshabong
Tshane
Namibia:
Gobabis
Mariental
Afirka ta Kudu:
Noenieput
Rietfontein
Duba Kuma Karoo
Kgalagadi (disambiguation)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Media related to Kalahari at Wikimedia Commons
"Cry of the Kalahari"
Kalahari desert's forgotten influence on carbon |
11529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Umaru%20Musa%20Yar%27adua | Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua | Jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa, dake cikin birnin Katsina wacce akafi sani da suna Jami’ar Jihar Katsina, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jihar Katsina mai lamba 7 na Satumbar, 2006. Dr. Umaru Mutallab ne Shugaban Jami'ar, yayin da Farfesa, Sunusi Mamman mataimakin shugaban jami'ar wato, (Vice Chancellor).kuma ya gaje shugabancin ne daga hannun tsohon shugaban Prof. Idris Isah Funtua.
Tarihi An kirkiro Jami’ar a sheakara ta 2006 a Jihar Katsina. don zama tushen ci gaban tattalin arziki, fasaha da siyasa na Jahar ta hanyar samar da ƙwararrun masaniyar ɗan adam ta hanyar salon koyarwa na fuska da fuska da na nesa. Burin gwamnati ne da al'ummar jihar Katsina su kafa jami'ar da zata shiga jerin kwararrun Jami'oin duniya ta hanyar sadarwa na zamani wato(ICT). Jami'ar ta fara shirye-shiryen karatun ne a cikin watan Janairun, shekarar 2007 a wani rukunin lokaci na wucin gadi wanda ke Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina.
Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Katsina ta yanke shawarar canzawa makarantar suna daga "Jami'ar Jahar Katsina" watau (Katsina State University) zuwa "Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa, Katsina" (Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa University, Katsina) a ranar 08 ga watan Aprelu, shekarar 2009. Anyi hakan ne don nuna yabo na musamman ga tsohon gwamna kuma shugaban kasa na lokacin, Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa Matawallen Katsina. Bayan kwana daya da canjin sunan makarantar, shugaban kasan Nijeriya na lokacin, Marigayi Umaru Musa yarduwa ya bada fili mai girman hekta 1029.33 akan hanyar Dutsin-ma, don gina jami'ar a wurin na dun-dun-dun. Anyi taron bude makarantar a ranar 09 ga watan Aprelu, shekarar 2009.
Tallafin Naira Biliyan 4
Ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2022 Gwamnatin Tarrayya Ta Tallafa wa Jami'ar da Naira Biliyan 3 don ƙara bunƙasa ta gami da yin sabbin Gine-gine a Jami’ar.
Har wayau kuma Gwamnatin jihar ta ƙara Naira Biliyan 1 akai don fara aiwatar da aikin gadan-gadan.
Gine-ginen dai da za'a yi sun haɗa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na lacca, da shingen gudanarwa, ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje, wuraren kiwo da sauransu.
Tsarin Karatu An tsara makarantan don bada Ilimin digiri tun daga digiri na farko (Undergraduate degree), digiri na biyu (Masters degree) da digiri na uku "Daktanci" (Doctoring degree) har zuwa digiri ta qoli "Farfesanci" (Professorship). Akwai fannuka daban daban wanda suka hada da; Fannin Kimiyya,
Fannin fasaha
Fannin Karatun Alqalanci, da
Fannin Karatun Koyarwa Fannin Likitanci
Fannin Kimiyya Wannan fanni ne da ya kunshi sassa na karatun binciken abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai dake cikin duniya da wajen duniya. Ana kiran wannan fanni "Science", kuma wannan fanni a wannan jami'a yana da sassa kaman haka;
Sashen lissafi (Mathematics and Computer Science),Biology,Chemistry, Physics da kuma Sashen karatun Geography. Ana kiran sakamakon wannan fanni Bsc" wato (Bachelors of science) kuma anfi sannin wannan Fanni a turance da "Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences". Fannin kimiyya da Fasaha
Wannan fanni ya kunshi kwasa-kwasai da suka jibanci fasahan rayuwa da kuma ilimin zamantawar dan-adam. Wannan kwasa-kwasai sun hada da;
Karatun Tarihi (History), Yaruka (Languages) kamansu Turanci, Larabci, Faransanci da sauransu.
Har wa yau akwai sashen karatun addinai,daban Dayan kamar Musulunci da kuma Kiristanci wato "Islamic Studies" da kuma"Christian religious Studies". Ana kiran sakamakon wannan fanni da B.A" (Bachelors of Art). Fannin karatun Alƙalanci Wannan fanni anfi saninshi a turance da Faculty of Law" wanda ya jiɓanci karatun alqalanci ko lauyanci. A karkashin wannan fannin akwai sassa kaman,
Sashen Alqalanci na Shari'ar Musulunci (Islamic Shari'a Law) Fannin Karatun Koyarwa
Wato "Faculty of Education" a turance. Wannan fannin ya jibanci koyar da ilimin malumta ko koyarwa. Wannan fanni ya shafi horar da malamai a fannin kimiya da fasaha da kuma Alqalanci baki daya.
Manazarta Jami'o'i a |
29821 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallazawa | Gallazawa | Azabtarwa (Gallazawa) ita ce da gangan ajiwa mutum ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala. Dalilan azabtarwa Kuma sun haɗa da hukunci, cire ikirari, wata tambayoyi don bayani, ko tsoratar da wasu.
Jihohi sun sha azabtar da su a tsawon tarihi, tun daga zamanin baya har zuwa yau. A karni na sha takwas da na sha tara, kasashen yamma sun soke amfani da azabtarwa a hukumance a tsarin shari'a, amma ana ci gaba da amfani da azaba. Ana kuma amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa, sau da yawa a hade; Mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki shi ne duka. Tun daga karni na ashirin (20), masu azabtarwa da yawa sun gwammace hanyoyin da ba su da tabo ko na tunani don ba da ƙin yarda. Masu azabtarwa suna aiki a cikin muhallin ƙungiya mai izini wanda ke sauƙaƙe da ƙarfafa halayensu. Wadanda aka azabtar da su na farko su ne talakawa da marasa galihu da ake zargi da aikata laifuka na yau da kullun. A wasu lokuta kuma ana ganin hukuncin kotuna da hukunce-hukuncen kisa a matsayin nau'in azabtarwa, ko da yake wannan yana da cece-kuce a duniya.
Babban makasudin azabtarwa shine a lalata hukumar da halayen wanda aka azabtar; kowane nau'i na azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri na jiki ko na hankali ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Hakanan azabtarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mai aikata laifin da cibiyoyi. Binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna gaba ɗaya adawa ga azabtarwa, koda yake wasu tsirarun mutane suna goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa a wasu lokuta. An haramta azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi, ƙarƙashin duka dokokin al'ada na duniya da yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban; sau da yawa wannan yana dogara ne akan hujjar cewa azabtarwa ta keta mutuncin ɗan adam. Yin adawa da azabtarwa ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam bayan yakin duniya na biyu, kuma azabtarwa na ci gaba da kasancewa muhimmiyar batun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ko da yake lamarin ya ragu, yawancin ƙasashe har yanzu ana azabtar da su kuma ya yaɗu a duk faɗin duniya.
Ma'anoni Azaba (daga kalmar Latin murgudawa) an bayyana shi a matsayin ganganci na ciwo mai tsanani ko wahala ga wanda aka azabtar, wanda yawanci ana fassara shi a matsayin wanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon mai laifi. Dole ne a yi maganin don wata manufa ta musamman, kamar tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya yi ikirari, ba da bayanai, ko hukunta su. Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kawai tana la'akari da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi. Yawancin tsarin shari'a sun haɗa da wakilai da ke aiki a madadin jihar, kuma wasu ma'anar za su ƙara ƙungiyoyin da ba na jiha ba, ƙungiyoyin laifuka, ko masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a wuraren kulawa na jihohi (kamar asibitoci). Mafi fa'idodin ma'anar sun ƙunshi kowa a matsayin mai yuwuwar mai yin laifi. Matsakaicin tsananin da za a iya rarraba a matsayin azabtarwa shine mafi yawan rikice-rikice na ma'anar azabtarwa; A tsawon lokaci, ƙarin ayyuka ana ɗaukar azabtarwa. Hanyar manufa, wanda masana irin su Manfred Nowak da Malcolm Evans suka fi so, ya bambanta azabtarwa da sauran nau'i na zalunci, rashin tausayi, ko wulakanci ta hanyar la'akari kawai manufar da aka yi amfani da ita ba don haka ba. tsanani. Sauran ma'anoni, irin su wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Inter-Amurka don Hanawa da azabtar da ko Kuma azaba, suna mayar da hankali kan manufar mai azabtarwa "don shafe halayen wanda aka azabtar."
Tarihi
sharewa A mafi yawan tsofi, na da, da farkon al'ummomin zamani, ana ɗaukar azabtarwa bisa doka da ɗabi'a kuma ana aiwatar da su. Akwai shaidar archaeological na azabtarwa a farkon Neolithic Turai, kimanin shekaru 7,000 da suka wuce. Ana yawan ambaton azaba a majiyoyin tarihi akan Assuriya da Achaemenid Farisa Ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da azabtarwa duka biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin shari'a da kuma a matsayin hukunci, ko da yake wasu masana tarihi sun raba tarihin azabtarwa daga tarihin azabtarwa. A tarihi, ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin amintacciyar hanya don fitar da gaskiya, hukunci da ya dace, da kuma hana laifukan da za a yi a gaba. An tsara azabtarwa bisa doka tare da tsauraran ƙuntatawa akan hanyoyin da aka yarda; Hanyoyi na yau da kullum a Turai sun haɗa da rack da strappado. Sannan Kuma A yawancin al'ummomi, ana iya azabtar da 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar shari'a kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman don wani babban laifi kamar cin amana, sau da yawa kawai lokacin da wasu shaidun sun kasance. Sabanin haka, an sha gallazawa wadanda ba ’yan kasa ba kamar baki da bayi. azabtarwa ba kasafai ba ne a farkon tsakiyar Turai amma ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin 1200 zuwa 1400. Saboda alkalai na tsakiyar zamanai sun yi amfani da babbar ma'auni na musamman, wani lokaci sukan ba da izinin azabtarwa inda dalilai masu ma'ana suka ɗaure mutum da babban birni. laifi idan ba shaidu biyu ba, kamar yadda ake bukata a yanke wa wani laifi idan babu wani ikirari. Har yanzu azabtarwa wani tsari ne mai tsada da aiki wanda aka yi amfani da shi kawai don manyan laifuffuka. Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su an zarge su da kisan kai, cin amana, ko sata. Kotunan majami'u ta Tsakiya da Inquisition sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin tsari iri ɗaya kamar kotunan duniya. Daular Usmaniyya da Qajar Iran sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokuta da dalilai masu ma'ana da suka daure wani da wani laifi, ko da yake a al'adance shari'ar Musulunci ta dauki shaidar da aka samu a karkashin azabtarwa a matsayin rashin yarda.
Sharewa da ci gaba da amfani A cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai, azabtarwa ta kasance doka, amma aikinta ya ƙi. A lokacin da aka soke shi, a cikin ƙarni na Sha takwas 18th da farkon 19th, azabtarwa ya riga ya zama mahimmanci ga tsarin shari'ar laifuka na ƙasashen Turai. Ka'idodin dalilin da yasa aka soke azabtarwa sun haɗa da haɓakar ra'ayoyin wayewa game da darajar ɗan adam, rage ma'aunin shaida a cikin shari'o'in laifuka, ra'ayoyin da suka fi dacewa da suka daina ganin zafi kamar yadda yake. fansa ta ɗabi'a, da faɗaɗa gidajen yari a matsayin madadin kisa ko hukunci mai zafi. Yin amfani da azabtarwa ya ragu bayan an shafe shi kuma an ƙara ganin shi a matsayin wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. Ba a sani ba idan azabtarwa kuma ta ragu a cikin jihohin da ba na Yamma ba ko Turawa a cikin karni na sha tara. A kasar Sin, an haramta azabtar da shari'a wanda aka yi fiye da shekaru dubu biyu, tun daga daular Han bulala, da lingchi rarrabuwa a matsayin hanyar kisa a 1905. karni na ashirin da ashirin da daya. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da azabtarwa sosai don shawo kan juriya; azabar mulkin mallaka ya kai kololuwa a lokacin yake-yaken ‘yan mulkin mallaka a karni na ashirin. An kiyasta cewa an azabtar da mutane 300,000 a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Aljeriya (1954-1962), da Ingila da Portugal suma sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a yunƙurin ci gaba da daulolinsu. Ƙasashe masu zaman kansu a Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Asiya sau da yawa suna amfani da azabtarwa a cikin karni na ashirin, amma ba a sani ba ko wannan karuwa ne fiye da matakan karni na sha tara. Amfani da azabtarwa a Turai ya karu saboda ƙirƙira ƴan sandan sirri, Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na II, da haɓakar ƙasashen gurguzu da na facist. Hakanan gwamnatocin gurguzu da masu adawa da kwaminisanci sun yi amfani da azabtarwa a lokacin yakin cacar baki a Latin Amurka, tare da kiyasin mutane Kimanin 100,000 zuwa 150,000 da gwamnatocin da Amurka ke marawa baya suka azabtar da su. Ƙasashen da ba a cika samun azabtarwa ba a cikin karni na ashirin, su ne tsarin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi na yammacin duniya, to amma ko da a can an yi amfani da azabtarwa ga tsirarun kabilu ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka daga masu zaman kansu, da kuma lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na kasashen waje. Bayan harin 9/11, gwamnatin Amurka ta fara wani shirin azabtarwa a ketare a matsayin wani bangare na yakin ta da ta'addanci." An bayyana yadda Amurka ke azabtar da mutane a Abu Ghraib a fili, wanda ya ja hankalin duniya. Ko da yake gwamnatin George W. Bush ta yi watsi da haramcin azabtarwa na kasa da kasa, ta sanya wa hanyoyinta lakabi "ingantattun dabarun tambayoyi" kuma ta musanta cewa azabtarwa ne. Wani bincike na 2016 ya kammala cewa azabtarwa ta ragu a kasashe 16 tun daga 1985 amma yawanci a wasu ƙasashe ma, koda yake ya kara tsananta a wasu.
Yaduwa Ko da yake 'yan kaɗan ne idan kowace ƙasa ta yarda da azabtarwa, yawancin ƙasashe suna aikata shi. Haramcin azabtarwa bai hana jihohi azabtarwa gaba daya ba; maimakon haka, suna canza waɗanne fasahohin da ake amfani da su, ƙaryatawa, ɓoyewa, ko fitar da shirye-shiryen azabtarwa. Yin auna yawan azabtarwa yana da wahala saboda yawanci ana aikata shi a asirce, kuma ba da rahoton irin waɗannan lokuta yana shafar bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam cin zarafi ya fi fitowa fili a cikin al'ummomi masu buɗe ido inda ake da niyyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ko da yake an mayar da hankali a kwanan nan don haɗawa da wasu wuraren da ake tsare da su, irin su tsare-tsare na shige da fice ko wuraren tsare matasa, akwai ƙididdiga masu yawa a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa saboda ba su haɗa da mutanen da ba sa son bayar da rahoto. Azaba da ke faruwa a wajen tsarewa gami da hukuncin wuce gona da iri, tsoratarwa, da sarrafa taron jama'a a tarihi ba a ƙidaya su ba. Akwai ma karancin bayanai kan yawaitar azabtarwa kafin karni na ashirin. Dimokuradiyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba sa iya cin zarafin 'yan kasarsu, amma suna cin zarafi, ciki har da azabtar da 'yan kasa da aka sani ko musamman wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba wadanda ba za su yi la'akari da dimokuradiyya ba. Masu jefa ƙuri'a na iya goyan bayan tashin hankali ga ƙungiyoyin da aka gani a matsayin barazana; manyan cibiyoyi ba su da tasiri wajen hana azabtarwa ga tsiraru ko baki. Yawancin canje-canjen siyasa, irin su sauyi zuwa dimokuradiyya, ana yawan ambaton su a matsayin dalilin canje-canje a cikin abin da ya faru na azabtarwa. Ana iya azabtar da azabtarwa lokacin da al'umma ke jin tsoro saboda yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikice-rikice, amma nazarin ya kasa zana alaka mai dacewa tsakanin amfani da azabtarwa da hare-haren ta'addanci. Ana azabtar da wasu sassa na jama'a, waɗanda aka hana su kariya daga azabtarwa da wasu ke jin daɗi. Ana azabtar da fursunonin siyasa ko a lokacin rikici na makamai sun sami kulawar da ba ta dace ba. Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar da su ana zargin su da laifuka; Adadin wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito ne daga matalautan al'ummomi ko marasa galihu, musamman samari marasa aikin yi, talakawan birni, da mutanen LGBT Talauci na dangi da rashin daidaiton da ya haifar musamman yana barin matalauta cikin mawuyacin hali. Sauran kungiyoyi musamman masu saurin azabtarwa sun hada da 'yan gudun hijira da bakin haure, kabilanci ko kabilanci, 'yan asali, da mutanen da ke da nakasa Ba a ganin cin zarafi na yau da kullun ga matalauta da marasa galihu a matsayin azabtarwa, kuma masu yin ta suna ba da hujjar tashin hankalin a matsayin halaltacciyar dabarar 'yan sanda, yayin da wadanda abin ya shafa ba su da kayan aiki ko kuma tsaye don neman mafita. Laifin rashin matsuguni, aikin jima'i, ko aiki a cikin tattalin arziki na yau da kullun na iya ba da uzuri ga cin zarafin 'yan sanda akan matalauta. Ana ganin azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu na musamman, rashin kula da wannan tashin hankalin na yau da kullum.
Yin zalunci Yawancin masu azabtarwa suna kallon ayyukansu a matsayin bautar babbar manufa ta siyasa ko akida wacce ke ba da hujjar azabtarwa a matsayin halaltacciyar hanya ta kare ƙasa. Al'adun azabtarwa suna da daraja kamun kai, horo, da ƙwarewa a matsayin kyawawan dabi'u, suna taimakawa masu azabtarwa su ci gaba da kasancewa mai kyau. Masu azabtarwa waɗanda ke yin wahala fiye da wajibi don karya wanda aka azabtar ko yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba (ramuwar gayya, jin daɗin jima'i) takwarorinsu sun ƙi su ko kuma sun sauke wani aiki. sau da yawa masu laifin suna kallon waɗanda ake azabtarwa da su a matsayin manyan barazana da maƙiyan ƙasa Masifa Jessica Wolfendale, ta yi jayayya cewa tun da "yanke hukuncin azabtar da mutum ya ƙunshi ƙin ganin matsayin wanda aka azabtar a matsayin mutum a matsayin ƙayyadaddun abin da za a iya yi musu", an riga an ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a matsayin waɗanda ba su kai cikakken ɗan adam ba a da. ana azabtar da su. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Pau Pérez-Sales ya gano cewa mai azabtarwa zai iya yin aiki daga dalilai iri-iri kamar sadaukar da kai, riba, shiga rukuni, guje wa azabtarwa, ko guje wa laifi daga ayyukan azabtarwa na baya. Haɗin kai da ƙoƙarin halin da ake ciki yana kai mutum ya zama mai azabtarwa. A yawancin lokuta inda ake amfani da azabtarwa bisa tsari, masu azabtarwa ba su da hankali ga tashin hankali ta hanyar fallasa su ta jiki ko ta hankali yayin horo. Wolfendale ya bayar da hujjar cewa horon soja yana da nufin haifar da biyayya marar tambaya, don haka ya sa jami'an soji su zama masu azabtarwa. Ko da lokacin da gwamnati ba ta ba da umarnin azabtarwa ba, masu aikata laifuka na iya jin matsin lamba na tsara don azabtarwa saboda ana ganin ƙin a matsayin rauni ko rashin namiji. Manyan jami'an 'yan sanda da na musamman sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa, watakila saboda tsantsan yanayinsu da kuma kariya daga sa ido. azabtarwa na iya zama illa na karya tsarin shari'ar laifuka wanda rashin kudi, rashin 'yancin kai na shari'a, ko cin hanci da rashawa yana lalata ingantaccen bincike da shari'a na gaskiya ’Yan sandan da ba su da ma’aikata ko kuma ba su da horo sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa yayin da suke yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma tambayoyi. A wasu ƙasashe, irin su Kyrgyzstan, ana iya azabtar da wadanda ake zargi a ƙarshen wata saboda ƙimar aiki. Masu azabtarwa ba za su iya ci gaba ba in ba tare da goyon bayan wasu da ke goyon bayan faruwar ta ba da kuma da yawa daga masu kallo da suka yi watsi da azabtarwa. Soja, hankali, ilimin halin dan Adam, likitanci, da ƙwararrun shari'a na iya taimakawa wajen gina al'adar azabtarwa. Ƙarfafawa na iya ba da fifiko ga yin amfani da azabtarwa a matakin hukuma ko daidaikun mutane; wasu masu aikata laifin suna samun kwarin gwiwa ne da fatan ci gaban sana'a. Ofishin gwamnati ya rarraba alhakin azabtarwa, yana taimaka wa masu aikata laifuka su ba da uzuri ga ayyukansu. Ci gaba da ɓoyewa da kuma ɓoye cin zarafi daga jama'a yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye shirin azabtarwa, wanda za'a iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kama daga tantancewa kai tsaye, musun ko lalata azabtarwa a matsayin wani abu dabam, don kawar da cin zarafi daga waje. yankin jiha. Tare da musun hukuma, azabtarwa yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi daga waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin hukunci (ba a gurfanar da su ba) ga masu laifi Laifukan laifuka don azabtarwa ba su da yawa. Azaba yana da wuya ko ba zai yuwu a ɗauka ba, yana miƙe zuwa mafi tsananin fasaha da manyan ƙungiyoyin waɗanda abin ya shafa sama da abin da manyan masu yanke shawara suke so. Haɓaka azabtarwa yana da wahala musamman a cikin ayyukan yaƙi da tawagar. azabtarwa da takamaiman dabarun azabtarwa sun yaɗu a tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, musamman ma sojojin da ke dawowa gida daga yaƙe-yaƙe na ketare, amma wannan tsari ba a fahimta ba.
Manufar
Hukunci Azabtarwa ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da, kuma har yanzu ana aiki a cikin karni na 21st. Lokacin da tsarin shari'a ya lalace ko kuma gidajen yari sun cika da yawa, 'yan sanda na iya hukunta samari nan take su sake su ba tare da wata tuhuma ba; wannan al'ada ta zama ruwan dare a kasashe da dama na duniya. Ana iya yin irin wannan azabtarwa a ofishin 'yan sanda gidan wanda aka azabtar, ko kuma wurin jama'a. A Afirka ta Kudu, an lura da 'yan sanda suna mika wadanda ake zargi ga 'yan banga. Ana yawan aikata irin wannan tashin hankali a bainar jama'a domin a hana wasu. Yana nuna wariya ga ƴan tsiraru da ƙungiyoyin wariya kuma yana iya samun goyon bayan ra'ayin jama'a, musamman idan mutane ba su amince da tsarin shari'a na hukuma ba. Rarraba hukuncin kotuna a matsayin azabtarwa yana da cece-kuce a duniya, ko da yake an hana shi karara a karkashin yarjejeniyar Geneva. Wasu marubuta, irin su John D. Bessler, sun yi iƙirarin cewa hukuncin kisa wani nau'i ne na azabtarwa da ake yi don hukunci. Ana iya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ta hanyoyi na ban tausayi, kamar jifa, konewa, ko yanke gungu. A farkon Turai na zamani, kisa jama'a wata hanya ce ta nuna ikon gwamnati, da ba da tsoro da biyayya, da hana wasu yin haka. Cutarwar tunani na hukuncin kisa, alal misali, al'amarin jeri na mutuwa, wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa nau'i na azabtarwa na tunani. Wasu kuma suna bambanta hukuncin jiki tare da tsayayyen hukunci daga azabtarwa, saboda ba ya neman karya nufin wanda aka azabtar.
Tsayawa Hakanan ana iya amfani da azabtarwa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba don tsoratar da mutane ban da wanda aka azabtar kai tsaye ko kuma hana adawa da gwamnati. An yi amfani da azabtarwa don hana bayi tserewa ko tawaye. masu kawo sauyi sun yi jayayya cewa saboda azabtarwa da aka yi a asirce, ba zai iya zama abin hanawa ba. A cikin karni na ashirin, sanannun misalan sun haɗa da Khmer Rouge da gwamnatoci masu adawa da gurguzu a Latin Amurka, waɗanda sukan azabtar da su da kuma kashe wadanda aka kashe a matsayin wani ɓangare na bacewar tilas Hukumomin da ba su da ƙarfi sun fi fuskantar azabtarwa don hana adawa; Yawancin gwamnatocin kama-karya ba su da tasiri wajen gano abokan hamayya, wanda ke haifar da danniya mara hankali. Ko da yake wasu masu tayar da kayar baya suna amfani da azabtarwa, da yawa sun rasa abubuwan da suka dace don shirin azabtarwa kuma a maimakon haka suna tsoratar da kisa. Bincike ya gano cewa azabtarwa na jihohi na iya tsawaita tsawon rayuwar ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci, da ƙara ƙarfafa masu tayar da kayar baya don yin amfani da tashin hankali, da kuma tayar da 'yan adawa. Masu bincike James Worrall da Victoria Penziner Hightower suna jayayya cewa tsarin azabtarwa na gwamnatin Siriya a lokacin yakin basasa na Siriya ya nuna cewa amfani da yaduwa na iya yin tasiri wajen sanya tsoro a cikin wasu kungiyoyi ko unguwannin lokacin yakin basasa. Wani nau'i na azabtarwa don hana shi shine cin zarafi ga baƙi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a lokacin turawa a kan iyakokin waje na Tarayyar Turai
Ikirari A cikin tarihi, ana amfani da azabtarwa don cire furci daga fursunoni. A shekara ta 1764, dan kasar Italiya Cesare Beccaria ya yi tir da azabtarwa a matsayin "tabbatacciyar hanya ta wanke 'yan iska masu karfi da kuma la'antar raunana amma marasa laifi." An bayyana irin wannan shakku game da tasirin azabtarwa tsawon ƙarni a baya, ciki har da Aristotle. Yin amfani da azabtarwa don tilasta wa waɗanda ake tuhuma yin ikirari yana da sauƙi ta hanyar dokokin da ke ba da damar tsare da yawa kafin shari'a. Bincike ya gano cewa tambayoyin tilastawa ya fi tasiri fiye da tambayoyin tunani don fitar da ikirari daga wanda ake zargi, amma a cikin haɗari mafi girma na ikirari na ƙarya. Yawancin waɗanda aka azabtar za su faɗi duk abin da mai azabtarwa yake so ya ji don kawo ƙarshen azabtarwa. Wasu da suke da laifi sun ƙi yin ikirari a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa, musamman idan sun yi imanin cewa ikirari zai kawo ƙarin azabtarwa ko azabtarwa kawai. Tsare-tsaren shari'a na zamanin da sun yi ƙoƙarin kiyayewa daga haɗarin ikirari na ƙarya a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ta hanyar buƙatar waɗanda suka yi ikirari su ba da cikakkun bayanai game da laifin da za a iya gurbata da kuma ba da izinin azabtarwa kawai idan an riga an sami wasu shaidu a kan wanda ake tuhuma. A wasu ƙasashe, ana azabtar da abokan hamayyar siyasa don tilasta su su yi ikirari a bainar jama'a a matsayin wani nau'i na farfagandar ƙasa. An yi amfani da wannan dabara a gwaje-gwajen nunin Gabashin Bloc da kuma a Iran.
Tambayoyi Yin amfani da azabtarwa don samun bayanai yayin tambayoyi yana da adadi kaɗan na azabtarwa a duniya; amfani da azabtarwa don samun ikirari ko tsoratarwa ya fi yawa. Ko da yake an yi amfani da azabtarwa ta tambayoyi a yaƙe-yaƙe na al'ada, ya fi zama ruwan dare a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe ko rikici na makamai na duniya Yanayin lokacin bam yana da wuyar gaske, idan ba zai yiwu ba a duniyar gaske, amma an kawo shi don tabbatar da azabtarwa don yin tambayoyi. Hotunan almara na azabtarwa a matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar tambayoyi sun haifar da rashin fahimta da ke tabbatar da amfani da azabtarwa. Gwaje-gwaje na gwada ko azabtarwa ta fi tasiri fiye da sauran hanyoyin tambayoyi ba za a iya yin su ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a da aiki. Yawancin malaman azabtarwa suna shakka game da ingancinsa wajen samun sahihin bayanai, ko da yake azabtarwa wani lokacin yana samun basirar aiki. wasu masu azabtarwa ba sa bambanta tsakanin tambayoyi da ikirari.
Hanyoyin An cim ma azabtarwa ta hanyar fasaha iri-iri da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tarihi da kuma a duk faɗin duniya. Duk da haka, akwai kamanceceniya masu kama da juna a cikin hanyoyin azabtarwa saboda akwai ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin da za a iya haifar da ciwo yayin da rage haɗarin mutuwa. Masu tsira sun ba da rahoton cewa ainihin hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita ba ta da mahimmanci. Yawancin nau'ikan azabtarwa sun haɗa da abubuwa na zahiri da na hankali, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta, ana haɗa hanyoyin da yawa. Hanyoyi daban-daban na azabtarwa sun shahara a ƙasashe daban-daban. An fi amfani da ƙananan hanyoyin fasaha fiye da na zamani kuma yunƙurin haɓaka fasahar azabtarwa ta kimiyya ta kasance gazawa. Haramcin azabtarwa ya sa an yi sauye-sauye zuwa waɗanda ba sa barin tabo don sanya azabtarwa ta fi jin daɗi ga mai azabtarwa ko jama'a, ɓoye ta daga kafofin watsa labarai, da hana wadanda aka azabtar da su daga shari'a. Yayin da suke fuskantar ƙarin matsin lamba da bincike, dimokuradiyya ta jagoranci sababbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan azabtarwa. Duka ko rauni a fili shine mafi yawan nau'in azabtarwa na jiki. Suna iya zama ko dai ba su da tsari ko kuma su mai da hankali ga wani sashe na musamman na jiki, kamar yadda a cikin falanga tafin ƙafafu maimaita bugun kunne biyu, ko girgiza wanda aka tsare ta yadda kawunansu ya koma baya da baya. Sau da yawa, ana dakatar da mutane a wurare masu raɗaɗi kamar rataye Falasdinawa ko juye-juye tare da duka. kuma ana iya yi wa mutane wuƙa ko huda raunuka, a cire musu farce, ko kuma a yanke sassan jikinsu. Har ila yau ana yawan konewa, musamman konewar sigari, amma kuma ana amfani da wasu kayan aikin da suka haɗa da ƙarfe mai zafi, ruwan zafi, rana, ko acid. Ana amfani da tilastawa wasu abubuwa daban-daban, gami da ruwa, abinci, ko wasu abubuwa, ko allurai azaman nau'ikan azabtarwa. Ana amfani da wutar lantarki sau da yawa don azabtarwa, musamman don guje wa wasu hanyoyin da za su iya barin tabo. Ciwon asphyxiation (ciki har da hawan ruwa yana azabtar da wanda aka azabtar ta hanyar yanke isar da iskar su. azabtarwa ta ilimin halin ɗan adam ya haɗa da hanyoyin da ba su ƙunshi wani abu na zahiri ba, wasu waɗanda ba su haɗa da sarrafa jiki ba tare da taɓawa ba, da hare-hare na zahiri waɗanda a ƙarshe ke kai hari ga hankali. Barazanar kisa, kisa na izgili, ko tilastawa shaida azabtar da wani mutum yawanci ana ba da rahoton cewa sun fi muni fiye da azabtarwa ta jiki kuma suna da alaƙa da mummunan sakamako. Sauran dabarun azabtarwa sun haɗa da rashin barci, cunkoso ko kullewa kawai, hana abinci ko ruwa, rashin hankali (kamar sutura fallasa zuwa matsanancin haske ko amo (misali azabtarwa na kiɗa da kuma wulakanci (wanda zai iya zama). dangane da jima'i ko kuma a kan addinin wanda aka azabtar da shi ko kuma na kasa). Matsayin azabtarwa yana aiki ta hanyar tilasta wa mutum ya ɗauki matsayi, sanya nauyinsu akan wasu tsokoki, haifar da ciwo ba tare da barin alamar ba, misali tsaye ko tsutsa na tsawon lokaci. kuma ana amfani da fyade da cin zarafi azaman hanyoyin azabtarwa. Bambance-bambancen al'adu da daidaikun mutane suna shafar yadda hanyoyin azabtarwa daban-daban ke fahimtar wanda aka azabtar. Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙasashen Larabawa ko na Musulmai sun ba da rahoton cewa tsiraici tilas ya fi duka ko keɓe.
Tasiri Azaba na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mutum zai iya fuskanta. azabtarwa na nufin karya nufin wanda aka azabtar da lalata hukumar da halin wanda aka azabtar. Jean Améry wanda ya tsira daga azaba ya yi jayayya cewa shi ne "mafi munin al'amari da ɗan adam zai iya riƙe a cikin kansa" ya dage cewa "duk wanda aka azabtar, ya zauna a azabtar da shi." Yawancin wadanda aka azabtar, ciki har da Améry, sun mutu ta hanyar kashe kansu. Masu tsira sukan fuskanci matsalolin zamantakewa da na kuɗi. Halin da ake ciki yanzu, kamar rashin tsaro na gidaje, rabuwar iyali, da rashin tabbas na neman mafaka a cikin ƙasa mai aminci, yana tasiri sosai ga jin dadin masu tsira. Mutuwa ba sabon abu bane sakamakon azabtarwa. Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na iya haɗawa da neuropathy na gefe, lalacewar hakora, rhabdomyolysis daga lalacewar tsoka mai yawa, raunin kwakwalwa, kamuwa da jima'i, da ciki daga fyade An ba da rahoton jin zafi na yau da kullun da nakasa da ke da alaƙa, amma akwai ɗan bincike kaɗan game da wannan tasiri ko yiwuwar jiyya. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da azabtarwa a kan waɗanda suka tsira sun haɗa da damuwa, damuwa, damuwa, da damuwa barci. Binciken da ba a kula da shi ba game da wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa sun gano cewa tsakanin 15 da 85 bisa dari sun hadu da ka'idojin bincike don cututtukan cututtuka na post-traumatic (PTSD), tare da haɗari mafi girma ga azabtarwa na tunani idan aka kwatanta da azabtarwa ta jiki. azabtarwa yana haifar da haɗari mafi girma na mummunan sakamako fiye da kowane sanannen ɗan adam. Ko da yake ra'ayi na al'ada shine tsoro yana haifar da rauni, Pérez-Sales yayi jayayya cewa asarar iko yana bayyana rauni a cikin wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa. Kamar yadda azabtarwa wani nau'i ne na tashin hankali na siyasa, ba duk masu tsira ba ko ƙwararrun gyare-gyare suna goyan bayan yin amfani da nau'ikan kiwon lafiya don ayyana kwarewarsu, da yawancin waɗanda suka tsira suna fuskantar juriya na tunani Wadanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa, iyalansu, da sauran mutane a cikin al'umma na iya buƙatar tallafi na dogon lokaci, magani, tunani da zamantakewa. Yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa ba sa bayyanawa sai dai idan ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya ya tambaye su musamman. Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum sun nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga amma ƙananan ƙananan asibiti a cikin alamun PTSD waɗanda ba su ci gaba da biyo baya ba. Sauran sakamakon, kamar damuwa na tunani ko ingancin rayuwa, ba su nuna wani fa'ida ba ko kuma ba a auna su ba. Yawancin karatu sun fi mayar da hankali kan alamun PTSD, kuma akwai rashin bincike kan hanyoyin haɗin kai ko haɗin kai. Ko da yake akwai ƙarancin bincike game da sakamakon azabtarwa a kan masu aikata laifuka, za su iya samun rauni na halin kirki ko alamun rauni kamar wadanda aka azabtar, musamman ma lokacin da suka ji laifi game da ayyukansu. azabtarwa yana da illa ga cibiyoyi da al'ummomin da suke aikata ta kuma suna lalata ƙwarewar sana'a. Masu azabtarwa suna manta da mahimman ƙwarewar bincike saboda azabtarwa na iya zama hanya mafi sauƙi don cimma ƙimar yanke hukunci ta hanyar tilastawa kuma galibi ikirari na ƙarya fiye da aikin ɗan sanda mai cin lokaci. Wannan deskilling yana ƙarfafa ci gaba da ƙara amfani da azabtarwa. Rashin amincewa da azabtarwa na jama'a na iya cutar da sunan kasa da kasa na kasashen da ke amfani da azabtarwa, tayar da 'yan adawa, ƙarfafa mummunar adawa ga jihar azabtarwa, da kuma ƙarfafa abokin gaba ga abokan gaba. kansu suna amfani da azabtarwa.
Ra'ayin jama'a Bincike ya gano cewa yawancin mutane a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya suna adawa da amfani da azabtarwa gaba ɗaya amma wasu tsiraru suna son tabbatar da amfani da shi a wasu lokuta. Wasu mutane suna da ra'ayi dabam-dabam game da azabtarwa, yayin da wasu kuma yarda da azabtarwa ya dogara da mahallin, tare da ƙarin mutane da ke son ba da izini ga azabtarwa ga wani wanda aka bayyana a matsayin dan ta'adda, musulmi, ko mai laifi. Taimakawa ga azabtarwa a cikin takamaiman lokuta yana da alaƙa da imani mara kyau game da tasirin azabtarwa. Mutanen da ba addini ba sun fi goyon bayan amfani da azabtarwa fiye da masu addini. Ga mutanen da suke da addini, ƙara yawan addini yana ƙara adawa ga azabtarwa. Ra'ayin jama'a yana da mahimmancin ƙuntatawa game da amfani da azabtarwa ta jihohi, kuma adawa da azabtarwa na iya karuwa bayan kwarewa na danniya na siyasa. A gefe guda kuma, lokacin da jama'a suka goyi bayan azabtarwa ga wasu sassa na jama'a, kamar masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ko wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, wannan zai iya sauƙaƙe amfani da azabtarwa.
Hani A cikin duniyar yau, kusan ko'ina ana ɗaukar azabtarwa a matsayin abin ƙyama. Ana sukar azabtarwa a kan dukkan manyan tsare-tsare na ɗabi'a, gami da deontology, consequentialism, da ɗabi'a masu kyau. Wasu masana falsafa na wannan zamani suna jayayya cewa azabtarwa ba a yarda da ita ta dabi'a ba, yayin da wasu ke ba da shawarar keɓance ga ƙa'idar gama gari a cikin rayuwa ta ainihi daidai da yanayin lokacin bam. Haramun da aka yi wa azabtarwa, wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin dabbanci da zalunci, ya samo asali ne daga muhawarar da aka yi game da kawar da shi. A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, ƙasashe sun fara yin Allah wadai a duniya saboda amfani da azabtarwa. Saboda azabtarwa ta zama alamar banbance tsakanin wayewa da dabbanci, ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa sun buƙaci a hana azabtarwa da azabtarwa-ko da an yi wa mutanen mulkin mallaka. An ƙarfafa haramcin a cikin karni na ashirin don mayar da martani ga amfani da azabtarwa daga Nazi Jamus da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda aka yi Allah wadai da shi sosai duk da sirrin da gwamnatocin suka yi. An gigita da zaluncin Nazi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, wanda ya haramta azabtarwa. azabtarwa ita ce al'amarin farko da ya tunzura samar da fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama A cikin 1969, shari'ar Girkanci shine karo na farko da wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa (Hukumar Turai ta Hakkokin Dan Adam ta gano cewa wata jiha ta aikata azabtarwa. A farkon 1970s, Amnesty International ta kaddamar da yakin duniya na yaki da azabtarwa, ta nuna yadda ake amfani da ita duk da haramcin kasa da kasa, kuma daga karshe ya kai ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT) a 1984 na iya hana amfani da shi ta gwamnatocin da ke da dalilai da dama na amfani da azabtarwa. azaba ta kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya. Haramcin azabtarwa wani al'ada ne na yau da kullun a cikin dokokin duniya, ma'ana cewa an haramta shi ga duk jihohi a kowane yanayi. Yawancin malaman fikihu suna ba da hujjar cikakken hani na shari'a game da azabtarwa bisa keta mutuncinta CAT da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta mayar da hankali kan rigakafin azabtarwa, wanda aka rigaya an haramta shi a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a ƙarƙashin wasu yarjejeniyoyin kamar Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa akan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa. CAT ta ƙayyade cewa azabtarwa dole ne ya zama laifi na shaidar da aka samu a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa ba za a iya shigar da ita a kotu ba, kuma an haramta fitar da mutum zuwa wata ƙasa inda zai iya fuskantar azabtarwa. Ko da yake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa, alkalai a ƙasashe da yawa suna ci gaba da amincewa da shaidar da aka samu ta hanyar azabtarwa ko cin zarafi. Wani bincike na 2009 ya gano cewa kashi 42 cikin 100 na jam'iyyun CAT suna ci gaba da yin amfani da azabtarwa a cikin tsari. A cikin dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a lokacin rikice-rikice na makamai, Dokar Lieber ta 1863 ta fara haramta azabtarwa. An gurfanar da azabtarwa a lokacin shari'ar Nuremberg a matsayin laifi ga bil'adama. An amince da azabtarwa ta duka Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 da Dokar Rome ta 1998 na Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifukan Duniya a matsayin laifin yaki A cewar Dokar Roma, azabtarwa kuma na iya zama laifi ga bil'adama idan an aikata shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na harin da aka tsara a kan farar hula.
Rigakafi Azabtarwa laifi ne dama kuma yana yaduwa a cikin yanayin tsare mutane ba tare da izini ba. Ana iya kawar da haɗarin azabtarwa da kyau tare da kariya mai kyau, aƙalla a cikin kwanciyar hankali. Wani bincike na 2016 wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun ta Ƙarfafa ta yi ya gano cewa ma'auni mafi karfi da ke da alaƙa da yawan azabtarwa shine ayyukan tsarewa. Ziyarar ƙungiyoyin sa ido masu zaman kansu zuwa wuraren da ake tsare da su na iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan azabtarwa. Saboda ba za a iya amfani da tanadin doka a aikace ba, yin aiki ya fi dacewa da abin da ya faru na azabtarwa fiye da haƙƙin doka. Canje-canje ga tsarin shari'a na iya zama marasa tasiri musamman a wuraren da doka ta iyakance haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma a yi watsi da ita akai-akai. A ilimin zamantakewa, azabtarwa yana aiki azaman al'ada, ƙoƙarin rigakafin takaici saboda masu azabtarwa na iya samun hanyar kewaye dokoki. Ana iya guje wa kariya daga azabtarwa a tsare ta hanyar lakada wa waɗanda ake tuhuma duka yayin zagaye ko kan hanyar zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda. Gabaɗaya horar da 'yan sanda don inganta ikonsu na bincikar laifuka ya fi tasiri wajen rage azabtarwa fiye da takamaiman horo da aka mayar da hankali kan 'yancin ɗan adam. gyare-gyaren 'yan sanda na ci gaba yana da tasiri lokacin da cin zarafi ya kasance cikin tsari. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Darius Rejali ya soki binciken rigakafin azabtarwa don rashin gano "abin da za a yi idan mutane ba su da kyau; cibiyoyi sun karye, rashin ma'aikata, da cin hanci da rashawa; kuma tashin hankali na yau da kullum shine na yau da kullum."
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32106 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%20Nzechukwu | Kennedy Nzechukwu | Kennedy Ikenna Nzechukwu (an haife shi a watan Yuni 13, 1992) ɗan Najeriya ne gwarzo mai zanen yaƙi wanda ya fafata a rukunin Haske mai nauyi na Ƙarshen Fighting Championship.
Fage Nzechukwu ya tashi daga Najeriya zuwa Amurka tare da iyalansa a shekarar 2010. Ya fara horar da fasahar fadace-fadace lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta kawo shi Fortis MMA a cikin 2015 don koyan wasu horo. Ya halarci koleji, amma ya bar karatu don ya ci gaba da yin sana'a a fagen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa bayan an gano mahaifiyarsa tana da ALS.
Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha
Farkon aiki Bayan aikinsa na mai son, Nzechukwu ya zama kwararre, inda ya samu nasara kai tsaye guda biyu a kungiyar Xtreme Knockout. Daga nan aka gayyace shi don yin gasa a cikin jerin masu fafutuka na Dana White. Fadan nasa ya faru ne a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2017, a Dana White's Contender Series 7 da Anton Berzin. Ya ci nasara ta hanyar yanke shawarar raba amma bai sami kwangila ga UFC ba. Daga nan ya koma zagaye na yanki kuma ya sami nasarar buga ƙwanƙwasa biyu a cikin XKO da Legacy Fighting Alliance.
Jerin Gasar Dana White Daga nan ne aka gayyaci Nzechukwu karo na biyu zuwa jerin masu gasa na Dana White, a wannan karon yana fuskantar Dennis Bryant a Dana White's Contender Series 16 a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2018. Ya ci nasara ta hanyar buga wasan zagaye na farko kuma ya sami kwangila ga UFC.
Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe Nzechukwu ya fara wasansa na UFC da Paul Craig a ranar 30 ga Maris 2019 a UFC akan ESPN 2. Ya yi rashin nasara ta hanyar shakewar triangle a zagaye na uku. Nzechukwu ya fuskanci Darko Stošić a ranar 3 ga Agusta, 2019, a UFC akan ESPN: Covington vs. Lawler. Ya ci nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara baki daya. Nzechukwu ya fuskanci Carlos Ulberg a ranar 6 ga Maris, 2021, a UFC 259 Ulberg ya fara da karfi, inda ya yi wa Nzechukwu rauni da bugun fanareti da bugun fanareti, amma da sauri ya gaji, wanda hakan ya sa Nzechukwu ya yi nasara a fafatawar ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na biyu. Wannan fada ya ba shi kyautar Yakin Dare. Nzechukwu ya fuskanci Danilo Marques, wanda ya maye gurbin Ed Herman a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2021, a UFC Fight Night 190. Bayan da aka fi sarrafa shi don yawancin fadan, ya tattara ya ci nasara ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na uku. Wannan yaki ya ba shi kyautar <i id="mwUQ">Darare</i>. An shirya Nzechukwu zai fuskanci Jung Da Un ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2021, a UFC Fight Night 195. Koyaya, an dage wasan zuwa UFC Fight Night 197 a kan Nuwamba 13, 2021, saboda dalilai da ba a san su ba. Nzechukwu ya sha kashi ne a fafatawar ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a zagaye na daya. Nzechukwu, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Ihor Potieria, ya fuskanci Nicolae Negumereanu a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2022, a UFC 272 Ya yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. 8 daga cikin maki 15 na kafofin watsa labarai sun ba Nzechukwu, yayin da 6 ya ci ta kunnen doki, daya kawai ya ba Negumereanu.
Gasa da nasarori
Hadaddiyar fasahar martial Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe
Yaƙin Dare (Lokaci ɗaya) Ayyukan Dare (Lokaci Daya)
Mixed Martial Art Records |Loss
|align=center|9–3
|Nicolae Negumereanu
|Decision (split)
|UFC 272
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|Loss
|align=center|9–2
|Jung Da Un
|KO (elbows)
|UFC Fight Night: Holloway vs. Rodríguez
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:04
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|Win
|align=center|9–1
|Danilo Marques
|TKO (punches)
|UFC Fight Night: Gane vs. Volkov |align=center|3
|align=center|0:20
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|Win
|align=center|8–1
|Carlos Ulberg
|KO (punches)
|UFC 259
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:19
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|Win
|align=center|7–1
|Darko Stošić
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on ESPN: Covington vs. Lawler
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
|Newark, New Jersey, United States
|Loss
|align=center|6–1
|Paul Craig
|Submission (triangle choke) |UFC on ESPN: Barboza vs. Gaethje |align=center|3
|align=center|4:20
|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
|Win
|align=center|6–0
|Dennis Bryant
|TKO (head kick and punches)
|Dana White's Contender Series 16
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:48
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|Win
|align=center|5–0
|Corey Johnson
|TKO (punches)
|LFA 40
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:18
|Dallas, Texas, United States
|Win
|align=center| 4–0
|Andre Kavanaugh
|TKO (punches)
|XKO 40
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:40
|Dallas, Texas, United States
|Win
|align=center|3–0
|Anton Berzin
|Decision (split)
|Dana White's Contender Series 7 |align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|Win
|align=center|2–0
|Thai Walwyn
|Decision (unanimous)
|XKO 34
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Dallas, Texas, United States
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Matt Foster
|TKO (punches)
|XKO 33
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:06
|Dallas, Texas, United States
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20270 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Affleck | Ben Affleck | Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekararta alif 1972),Ba'amurke ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, furodusa, marubucin rubutu, da kuma taimakon jama'a. Kyaututtukan da ya samu sun hada da kyaututtuka biyu na Kwalejin da kuma lambar yabo ta Golden Globe sau uku. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana yaro lokacin da ya haska a cikin jerin ilimantarwa na PBS The Voyage of the Mimi (a shekarata alif 1984, 1988). Daga baya ya fito a fim na ban dariya mai zaman kansa mai zuwa da zamani mai suna Dazed and Confused (a shekarata alif 1993) da fina-finai daban-daban na Kevin Smith, ciki har da Mallrats (a shekarata alif 1995), Chasing Amy (a shekarata alif 1997) da Dogma (a shekarata alif 1999). Affleck ya sami karbuwa sosai lokacin da shi da abokinsa na yaronta Matt Damon suka sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da Kwalejin Karatu don Mafi Kyawun Allon fim don rubuta Kyakkyawan Farauta (1997), wanda su ma suka yi fice a ciki. Daga nan ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban mutum a fina-finai na studio, ciki har da fim na bala'i Armageddon (a shekarata alif 1998), wasan kwaikwayo na yaƙi Pearl Harbor (a shekarata 2001), da masu ban sha'awa The Sum of All Fears da Changing Lanes (duka 2002).
Bayan koma baya na aiki, a lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin Daredevil da Gigli (duka a shekarar 2003), Affleck ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don nuna George Reeves a cikin noir biopic Hollywoodland a shekarar 2006). Farkon daraktansa, Gone Baby Gone (a shekarar 2007), wanda shi ma ya rubuta tare, ya samu karbuwa sosai. Sannan ya bada umarni, tare da rubutawa tare da taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi (The Town a shekarar 2010)) sannan ya bada umarni kuma ya haskaka a cikin shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Argo (a shekarar 2012); dukansu sun kasance masu mahimmanci da nasarorin kasuwanci. Ga na biyun, Affleck ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da BAFTA don Babban Darakta, da kuma Golden Globe, BAFTA, da kuma Academy Award don Kyakkyawar Hoto. Ya yi fice a cikin fitaccen fim mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl (a shekarar 2014), a cikin fitattun fina-finai Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (a shekarar 2016), Justice League (a shekarar 2017), Zack Snyder's Justice League (a shekarar 2021) da The Flash (a shekarar 2022) kuma a cikin aikin masu ban sha'awa Akawun (a shekarar 2016) da Triple Frontier (a shekarar 2019). Ya sami yabo don aikinsa a matsayin mai horar da kwando a wasan kwaikwayo na Way Way Back a shekarar 2020).
Affleck shine wanda ya kirkiro da shirin na Gabashin Kwango, bayar da tallafi da kuma bayar da tallafi ga kungiyar ba da agaji. Shi ma babban mai goyon bayan Jam’iyyar Democrat ne. Affleck da Damon sune mamallakan kamfanin samar da fina-finai na Pearl Street Films.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1972 a Berkeley, California. Iyalinsa sun koma Massachusetts lokacin da yake shekara uku, suna zaune a Falmouth, inda aka haife ɗan'uwansa Casey, kafin su zauna a Cambridge. Mahaifiyarsa, Christopher Anne "Chris" Boldt, ta kasance malamin makarantar firamare ne da ya yi karatu a Harvard. Mahaifinsa, Timothy Byers Affleck, ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai son wasan kwaikwayo wanda "galibi ba shi da aikin yi." Ya yi aiki lokaci-lokaci a matsayin masassaƙi, injiniyan motoci, littattafai, masanin lantarki, mashayi, da mai kula da aikin Harvard. A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da manajan tsere tare da Kamfanin Theater na Boston. A lokacin yarinta na Affleck, mahaifinsa ya bayyana kansa "mai tsanani, matsala mai wahala game da shaye-shaye", kuma Affleck ya tunatar da shi yana shan "duk rana kowace rana". Mahaifinsa ya kasance "mai matukar wahalar gaske" zama tare kuma yana jin wata annashuwa yana da shekara 11 lokacin da iyayensa suka sake shi, kuma mahaifinsa ya bar gidan danginsa. Mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da shan giya mai yawa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama ba shi da gida, ya kwashe shekara biyu yana zaune a titunan Cambridge. Lokacin da Affleck ya kasance ɗan shekara 16, mahaifinsa ya shiga wurin gyara a Indio, California. Ya zauna a wurin har tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu don kula da larurar sa, kuma yayi aiki a can a matsayin mai ba da shawara game da jaraba.
Affleck ya girma ne a cikin masu siyasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Shi da ɗan'uwansa, Casey, sun kasance kewaye da mutane waɗanda ke aiki a cikin zane-zane, suna halartar wasan kwaikwayo a kai a kai tare da mahaifiyarsu, kuma ana ƙarfafa su su yi nasu fim na gida. David Wheeler, wani aboki na dangi, daga baya ya tuna da Affleck a matsayin "yaro mai tsananin haske da son sha'awa". 'Yan uwan sun nemi matsayi a cikin tallace-tallace na gida da kuma shirya fina-finai saboda ƙawancen mahaifiyarsu tare da daraktan fim ɗin yankin Cambridge, kuma Affleck ya fara aiki da ƙwarewa yana ɗan shekara bakwai. Mahaifiyarsa ta adana ladansa a cikin asusun amintar da kwaleji, kuma tana fatan ɗanta daga ƙarshe zai zama malami, yana damuwa da cewa wasan kwaikwayo ba shi da tsaro kuma "aikin banza". Lokacin da Affleck yakai shekaru 13, yayi fim a shirin talabijin na yara a Meziko. Ya koyi yin magana da Sifaniyanci a cikin shekara ɗaya da ya yi tafiya a cikin ƙasar tare da mahaifiyarsa da ɗan'uwansa.
A matsayin Cambridge Rindge da ɗalibin makarantar sakandaren Latin, Affleck ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sami ilhamar malamin wasan kwaikwayo Gerry Speca. Ya zama abokai na kusa da ɗan’uwa dalibi Matt Damon, wanda ya san shi tun yana ɗan shekara takwas. Kodayake Damon ya girmi shekaru biyu, su biyun suna da "sha'awa iri ɗaya" kuma dukansu suna so su bi aiki. Sun yi tafiya zuwa New York tare don yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma adana kuɗi don tikitin jirgin ƙasa da na jirgin sama a cikin asusun banki na haɗin gwiwa. Duk da yake Affleck yana da babban maki na SAT, ya kasance ɗalibin da ba a mai da hankali ba tare da rashin halartan taro. Ya shafe 'yan watanni yana karatun Sifaniyanci a Jami'ar Vermont, wanda aka zaba saboda kusancinsa da budurwarsa ta lokacin, amma ya tafi bayan ya karye kwanyarsa yayin wasan kwallon kwando. A lokacin 18, Affleck ya koma Los Angeles, yana nazarin al'amuran Gabas ta Tsakiya a Kwalejin Occidental na shekara guda da rabi.
Ayyuka
1981–1997: Wasan yara da Farauta Mai Kyau Affleck ya yi aiki a matsayin sana'a a lokacin yarinta amma, a cikin nasa kalmomin, "ba wai a ma'ana ina da mahaifiya da ke son ɗauke ni zuwa Hollywood ko dangin da ke son samun kuɗi daga wurina ba Na yi wani irin abu. "Ya fara fitowa, yana dan shekara bakwai, a wani fim mai zaman kansa da ake kira The Dark End of the Street (1981), wanda Jan Egleson, wani aboki dangi ya ba da umarni. Babbar nasarar da ya samu a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin tauraro na jerin yara na PBS The Voyage of the Mimi (1984) da The Second Voyage of the Mimi (1988), wanda aka samar don karatun aji shida na kimiyya. Affleck ya yi aiki a kan Mimi daga shekara takwas zuwa goma sha biyar a duka Massachusetts da Mexico. Tun yana saurayi, ya fito a cikin ABC bayan makaranta Musamman da ake So: Cikakken Mutum (1986), fim din talabijin na Hannu na Baƙo (1987), da kuma tallan Burger King na 1989.
Bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare, Affleck ya koma New York a takaice don neman aiki. Daga baya, yayin karatu a Kwalejin Occidental da ke Los Angeles, Affleck ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin ɗalibai. A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, yana da jerin "bangarorin buga-buga, daya zuwa na gaba". Ya buga dan Patrick Duffy a cikin fim din talabijin na Daddy (1991), ba a bayyana shi ba a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kwando a fim din Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992), kuma yana da rawar tallafi a matsayin dalibin makarantar firamare a Makarantar Makaranta (1992). Ya taka leda a makarantar sakandare a cikin gidan talabijin na NBC Against the Grain (1993), da kuma dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na makarantar sakandare a cikin Jiki don Mutu don: Labarin Aaron Henry (1994). Fitaccen rawar da Affleck ya taka a wannan lokacin shine fitinannen makarantar sakandare a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Richard Linklater Dazed and Confused (1993). Linklater ya so wani dan wasa mai son gaske don mummunan aiki kuma, yayin da Affleck ya kasance "babba kuma mai son zartarwa," ya kasance "mai wayo ne kuma cike da rayuwa na dai so shi." Daga baya Affleck ya ce Linklater ya taimaka a cikin lalata tsarin shirya fim a gare shi.
Rawar da fim din Affleck ya fara takawa a matsayin dalibi mara fasaha a kwalejin wasan kwaleji Glory Daze (1995), tare da Stephen Holden na The New York Times yana mai cewa "aikinsa mai kyau ya samu daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin mugunta da bakin ciki buhu". Sannan ya taka rawa a fim din fim din Kevin Smith mai suna Mallrats (1995), kuma ya zama abokai da Smith yayin daukar fim din. Affleck ya fara fargabar cewa za a mayar da shi wani aiki na "jefa mutane a cikin akwatunan su", amma Smith ya rubuta masa jagora a cikin wasan barkwanci mai suna Chasing Amy (1997). Fim din ya kasance nasarar Affleck. Janet Maslin ta jaridar New York Times ta yaba da kyakyawan sauƙin da Affleck ta taka, inda ta haɗu da “kyawun sua tare da sanadin wasan barkwanci”. Owen Gleiberman na Nishadi na mako-mako ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai kyau da sauri-wayo" wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin da Affleck ya zama tauraron dan wasan Koriya na baya-bayan nan da ya dawo cikin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani mai zuwa Go All Way (1997), Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya same shi "mai kyau", yayin da Janet Maslin na The New York Times ta lura cewa nasa "flair don comic kai-shakku sanya karfin ra'ayi."
Nasarar 1997 na Kyakkyawan Farauta, wanda Affleck ya rubuta tare da aiki da shi, ya nuna alama mai sauyawa a cikin aikin sa. Nunin allo ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1992 lokacin da Damon ya rubuta rubutu mai shafi 40 don ajin koyar da wasan kwaikwayo a jami'ar Harvard. Ya nemi Affleck ya yi wasan kwaikwayon tare da shi a gaban aji kuma, lokacin da Damon daga baya ya koma gidan da ke Los Angeles na Affleck, sai suka fara aiki da rubutun sosai. Fim ɗin, wanda suka rubuta galibi a lokacin da ba a inganta shi, an saita shi ne a garinsu na Cambridge, kuma an ɗauko shi ne daga abubuwan da suka samu. Sun sayar da fim din ga Castle Rock a 1994 lokacin da Affleck ke da shekaru 22. A yayin aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaba, sun karbi bayanai daga mutanen masana'antar da suka hada da Rob Reiner da William Goldman. Bayan doguwar takaddama da Castle Rock game da daraktan da ya dace, Affleck da Damon sun lallashi Miramax da ta sayi fim din. Abokan biyu sun koma Boston na tsawon shekara guda kafin daga karshe fim din ya fara aiki, wanda Gus Van Sant ya bada umarni, kuma suka hada da Damon, Affleck, Minnie Driver, da Robin Williams. Bayan fitowar ta, Janet Maslin ta jaridar The New York Times ta yaba da "fim mai kaifin hankali da tabawa", yayin da Emanuel Levy na Iri-iri ya same shi "mai ban dariya, mara son jiki, mai motsi da fushi". Jay Carr na The Boston Globe ya rubuta cewa Affleck ya kawo “kyakkyawar tausasawa” zuwa ga matsayinsa na babban aboki mai aiki da halayen Damon na halayen lissafi. Affleck da Damon a ƙarshe sun sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma lambar yabo ta Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Hoton Allo. Affleck ya bayyana wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa a matsayin "mai kamar mafarki": "Ya kasance kamar ɗayan waɗannan al'amuran a cikin tsohuwar fim lokacin da wata jarida ta zo tana jujjuya baki daga allon zuwa allon. Ka sani, 100 Million Box Office! Awards! "Shi ne saurayi mafi karancin shekaru (yana da shekara 25) da ya taba cin lambar Oscar don rubutun allo.
1998–2002: Matsayin mutum mai jagoranci Armageddon, wanda aka fito dashi a 1998, ya kafa Affleck a matsayin jagora mai haƙiƙa don fina-finan studio na Hollywood. Har yanzu ba a saki Good Will Hunting ba yayin aikin jefa simintin kuma, bayan gwajin allon na Affleck, darekta Michael Bay ya kore shi a matsayin "gwanin birgewa". Wanda ya shirya shi Jerry Bruckheimer ya gamsu da cewa Affleck zai zama tauraruwa, amma ana bukatar mai wasan ya rage kiba, ya zama mai rauni, kuma ya toshe haƙora kafin a fara fim. Fim din, inda ya haskaka a gaban Bruce Willis a matsayin mai zane-zane mai zane-zane wanda NASA ta ɗora masa tare da dakatar da maganin tauraron sama daga yin karo da Duniya, nasarar nasarar ofishin ce. Daphne Merkin ta The New Yorker ta ce: "Affleck ya nuna kyakkyawar ƙawa ta Paul Newmanish kuma a bayyane yake ga tauraro." tauraruwarsa ta lokacin-budurwarsa Gwyneth Paltrow. Lael Loewenstein na Iri-iri ya faɗi cewa Affleck "yana yin wasu kyawawan ayyukansa, yana nuna cewa wasan kwaikwayo na iya zama ainihin kiransa," yayin da Janet Maslin na The New York Times ta same shi "mai ban dariya". Shakespeare a cikin Love ya lashe kyaututtuka bakwai na Kwalejin, gami da Mafi kyawun hoto, yayin da thean wasan suka sami lambar yabo ta Aan wasan kwaikwayo na Awararrun forwararru don standingwarewar Ayyuka ta aan wasa. Bayan haka Affleck ya fito a matsayin karamin sheriff a cikin fim mai ban tsoro na Phantoms. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa 'yan wasa kamar Affleck da Peter O'Toole suka yarda suka fito a fim din "junky": "Damben da Affleck ya nuna ya nuna yana karanta hirar tasa a karon farko, kai tsaye daga katin da aka nuna."
Affleck da Damon sun sake haduwa ta fuskar allo a fim din Kevin Smith wanda yake Dogma (bayan sun fito a fina-finan Smith da suka gabata, Mallrats da Chasing Amy), wanda aka fara a 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Janet Maslin ta jaridar New York Times ta yi nuni da cewa su biyun, suna wasa da mala'iku da suka faɗi, "sun kawo babbar fahimta mai ma'ana ga wayayyun maganganun Mista Smith da tunanin dabbobin daji". Affleck ya kasance tare da Sandra Bullock a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Force of Nature (1999), yana wasa da ango wanda ƙoƙarin sa zuwa bikin auren sa ya kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar abokin tafiya mai kyauta. Owen Gleiberman na Nishadi Mako-mako ya faɗi cewa Affleck "yana da saurin lalacewa da kuke so a cikin gwarzo mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa," yayin da Joe Leydon na Iri-iri ya yaba da "nasarar da ya samu na taka rawa a kan kyawawan halayensa a cikin wasan motsa jiki mai ban dariya" Bayan haka sai Affleck ya bayyana a gaban Courtney Love a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da ba a gani ba a cikin wasan Cigarettes 200 (1999).
Yana da sha'awar aikin shugabanci, Affleck ya yi inuwar John Frankenheimer a duk lokacin da aka gabatar da wasannin Reindeer Games (2000). Frankenheimer, wanda yake jagorantar fim dinsa na karshe, ya bayyana Affleck da cewa "yana da matukar nasara, kyakkyawar dabi'a game da shi. Na dade ina yin hakan kuma da gaske yana daya daga cikin masu kyau." Ya fito a gaban Charlize Theron kamar Laifi mai taurin kai, tare da Elvis Mitchell na The New York Times da ke jin daɗin zaɓin jefa ƙuri'a wanda ba zato ba tsammani: "Affleck yakan ba da shawarar ɗaya daga cikin Kennedys da ke wasa Clark Kent Yana kama da bai taɓa rasa wata liyafa ba ko barcin dare. Yana wasa, Kodayake, kuma ɗan sauƙaƙinsa ya yi amfani da Wasannin Reindeer. A.O. Scott na The New York Times ya ji cewa Affleck ya "gano" wasan kwaikwayon Alec Baldwin a Glengarry Glen Ross, yayin da Peter Rainer na mujallar New York ya ce "yana yin jerin gwano a kan Baldwin na aria, kuma kowannensu yana da dariya da zalunci fiye da na gaba Sannan ya gabatar da muryar Yusufu a cikin rai mai rai: Sarkin Mafarki. A fim dinsa na karshe na 2000, Affleck ya fito a gaba da budurwarsa Paltrow a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Bounce. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya yaba da “tsananin bayanin da kuma cikakken bayani” game da aikin nasa: “Hotonsa na wani saurayi, wanda ya bayyana kansa da izgili da‘ mutum mutumin ’wanda ba shi da rabi kamar yadda yake so ya bayyana ya kusa to tabbatacce. Affleck ya sake haɗuwa tare da darekta Michael Bay saboda wasan kwaikwayon yaƙi da ake yiwa Pearl Harbor (2001). A.O. Scott na The New York Times ya ji Affleck da Kate Beckinsale "sun yi abin da za su iya da layinsu, kuma su haskaka tare da haskakawar taurarin fina-finai na gaskiya". Koyaya, Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya rubuta "kyakkyawa kyakkyawa Affleck ba zai iya gamsar da shi cewa zai taɓa yin abin da aka ƙi ba na kwanan wata, da yawa ya rasa ƙaunar rayuwarsa ga babban amininsa". Bayan haka Affleck ya sanya kyakkyawar farauta tare da Damon da Van Sant a cikin Kevin Smith's Jay da Silent Bob Strike Back (2001), sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasan barkwanci na Daddy da Them (2001), kuma suna da rawar tallafi a cikin ba a gani ba Dabba Na Uku (2002). Ya nuna mai nazarin CIA Jack Ryan a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Babban Taron Duk Fargaba (2002). Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya ji an bata masa suna a rawar da Harrison Ford da Alec Baldwin suka taka a baya: "Duk da cewa Mista Affleck na iya yin kira a lokacin da yake taka rawa ga samari masu kwazo zuwa ga balaga, kawai bai rasa gravitas na rawar ba. "Affleck ya sami" gogewa mai ban mamaki "wanda ya zama mai ban sha'awa Canza Lanes (2002), sannan daga baya ya ambaci Roger Michell a matsayin wanda ya koya daga matsayin darakta. Robert Koehler na Iri-iri ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗayan wasan kwaikwayon da “aka yi sosai”: “Tafiya cikin hazo na ɗabi’a ya tilasta masa yin wasa cikin ciki da tunani fiye da yadda ya taɓa yi.”
Affleck ya kara shiga harkar telebijin da fim a farkon 2000s. Shi da Damon sun kafa finafinan Pearl Street a 1998, suna bayan titin da ya gudana tsakanin gidajen yarintarsu. Kamfaninsu na gaba na samarwa mai suna LivePlanet, wanda aka kafa a 2000 tare da Sean Bailey da Chris Moore, sun nemi shigar da Intanet a cikin gidan talabijin na yau da kullun da kuma samar da fina-finai. Babbar nasarar LivePlanet ita ce jerin shirye-shiryen shirin Project Greenlight, wanda aka watsa akan HBO sannan daga baya Bravo, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ba masu yin fim a karon farko damar ba da damar shirya fim. Project Greenlight an zaba shi ne don Kyautar Emmy Primetime na Gaskiya na Gaskiya a 2002, 2004 da 2005. Push, Nevada (2002), wanda Affleck da Bailey suka kirkira, suka rubuta kuma suka samar dashi, wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na ABC mai ban al'ajabi wanda ya sanya wasan-mai-kallo cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Caryn James na The New York Times ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon "jijiya, tunani da wayo na rubutu", amma Robert Bianco na USA Today ya bayyana shi a matsayin "buga-kashe" na Twin Peaks. ABC ta dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan lokuta bakwai saboda ƙimanta ƙima. Bayan lokaci, sai aka mayar da hankali kan LivePlanet daga ayyukan masarufi zuwa samar da fim na gargajiya. Affleck da abokan aikin sa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da fim tare da Disney a 2002; ya ƙare a cikin 2007.Affleck ya ƙara shiga cikin harkar talabijin da shirya fim a farkon 2000s. Shi da Damon sun kafa finafinan Pearl Street a 1998, suna bayan titin da ya gudana tsakanin gidajen yarintarsu. Kamfaninsu na gaba na samarwa mai suna LivePlanet, wanda aka kafa a 2000 tare da Sean Bailey da Chris Moore, sun nemi shigar da Intanet a cikin gidan talabijin na yau da kullun da kuma samar da fina-finai. Babbar nasarar LivePlanet ita ce jerin shirye-shiryen shirin Project Greenlight, wanda aka watsa akan HBO sannan daga baya Bravo, wanda ya mai da hankali kan ba masu yin fim a karon farko damar ba da damar shirya fim. Project Greenlight an zaba shi ne don Kyautar Emmy Primetime na Gaskiya na Gaskiya a 2002, 2004 da 2005. Push, Nevada (2002), wanda Affleck da Bailey suka kirkira, suka rubuta kuma suka samar dashi, wani jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na ABC mai ban al'ajabi wanda ya sanya wasan-mai-kallo cikin wasan kwaikwayon. Caryn James na The New York Times ya yaba da wasan kwaikwayon "jijiya, tunani da wayo na rubutu", amma Robert Bianco na USA Today ya bayyana shi a matsayin "buga-kashe" na Twin Peaks. ABC ta dakatar da wasan kwaikwayon bayan lokuta bakwai saboda ƙimanta ƙima. Bayan lokaci, sai aka mayar da hankali kan LivePlanet daga ayyukan masarufi zuwa samar da fim na gargajiya. Affleck da abokan aikin sa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da fim tare da Disney a 2002; ya ƙare a 2007.
2003–2005: Faduwar aiki da sanannen tabloid Duk da yake Affleck ya kasance tabloid adadi mai yawa na aikinsa, ya kasance batun karuwar kula da kafofin watsa labarai a 2003 saboda dangantakarsa da Jennifer Lopez. A ƙarshen shekara, Affleck ya zama, a cikin maganganun GQ, "ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa fallasa duniya". Sanannen sanannen tabloid dinsa yayi daidai da jerin finafinan da basu samu karbuwa ba.
Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Daredevil (2003), wanda Affleck ya zama tauraron jarumi makaho. Affleck ya kasance mai son yin littafin barkwanci, kuma, a cikin 1999, ya rubuta wani jigo na kare Shaidan Kevin Smith game da soyayyarsa da halayen Daredevil. Fim ɗin ya kasance cikin nasara ta kasuwanci, amma ya sami gauraye martani daga masu sukar. Elvis Mitchell na The New York Times ya ce Affleck "ya ɓace" a cikin rawar: "Babban mutum, Mista Affleck ya firgita da rawar da yake da shi ta fuska ɗaya Mista Affleck don nuna karimcinsa a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo. A shekarar 2014, Affleck ya bayyana Daredevil a matsayin fim daya tilo da ya yi nadamar yinsa. Nan gaba ya zama ɗan ƙaramin rukuni a cikin wasan barkwanci Gigli (2003), tare da Lopez. Fim din ya kusan nuna tsoro, tare da Manohla Dargis na jaridar Los Angeles Times yana mai cewa "Affleck ba shi da sara ko laya da zai iya jujjuya abubuwan da suka gabata (ko abin da ya gabata)." darekta Marty Brest tun bayan fitowar fim din, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗayan manyan daraktoci na gaske". A fim dinsa na karshe na 2003, Affleck ya yi fice a matsayin injiniyan da ya juya baya a fim din Paycheck (2003). Peter Bradshaw na jaridar The Guardian ya yi tsokaci game da "layin lalata da kai" na Affleck kuma yana mamakin dalilin da yasa ya kasa samun ingantattun rubutun. Manohla Dargis na jaridar Los Angeles Times ya ga cewa "ba daidai ba ne" don a soki Affleck, ganin cewa "yana da irin wannan shekarar mai wahala".
Bayanin sanarwa mara kyau na Affleck ya ci gaba a cikin 2004 lokacin da ya yi fice a matsayin mijinta wanda aka yi masa rasuwa a cikin wasan barkwanci mai suna Jersey Girl, wanda mai haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci Smith ya jagoranta. Stephen Holden na jaridar The New York Times ya bayyana Affleck a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo "wanda hazakarsa ta dusashe yayin da sanannen labarinsa ya yadu," yayin da Joe Leydon na Iri-iri ya sami matsayinsa na asali a matsayin uba "yana shafar". Daga baya a waccan shekarar, ya fara fitowa a gaban James Gandolfini a cikin wasan barkwanci mai tsira da Kirsimeti. Holden ya lura a cikin jaridar The New York Times cewa fim din "ya samo wata dabara ta amfani da halayen rashin yarda na Ben Affleck. Murmushi irin na mai wasan kwaikwayo, farin ciki mai kyau da kuma zagin frat-boy swagger ya dace da halayensa." A wannan lokacin, da ingancin rubutun da aka baiwa Affleck "yana ta kara tabarbarewa" kuma ya yanke shawarar yin hutun aiki. Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta wallafa wani yanki a kan faduwar aikin kamfanin na Affleck a karshen shekarar 2004. Labarin ya lura da cewa, ba kamar masu sukar fina-finai da 'yan jaridu na tabloid ba, "kwararrun masana masana'antu kadan ne ke yin murna saboda wahalar da Affleck ya sha".
2006–2015: Fitowa a matsayin darakta Bayan ya auri ’yar fim Jennifer Garner a 2005, kuma ya yi wa ɗansu na farko maraba, Affleck ya fara dawowa cikin aiki a shekara ta 2006. Bayan rawar da ya taka a cikin mutumin da ba a gani sosai game da Town da kuma ƙaramin rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Smokin 'Aces, Affleck ya sami yabo saboda aikin sa kamar George Reeves a cikin noir biopic Hollywoodland. Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya yaba da "aikin gwargwadon gudummawa Wannan ana jinsa ne, aikin nishaɗi daga wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wasunmu sun yi saurin rubutawa." Geoffrey Macnab na The Guardian ya ce "da kyau" an kama mutumin cakuda mai ni'ima, laulayi da kuma kaddara An ba shi Kofin Volpi a bikin Fina Finai na Venice kuma an zabe shi don Gwanin Zinare don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi. Hakanan a cikin 2006, ya yi fice a cikin Smith's Clerks II.
A cikin 2007, Affleck ya fara gabatar da fim dinsa na farko tare da Gone Baby Gone, wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi a cikin wata unguwar masu aiki a cikin garin Boston, tare da dan uwansa Casey a matsayin mai binciken sirri na neman wani matashi da aka sace. Affleck co ya rubuta labarin fim din, wanda ya danganta da littafin Dennis Lehane, tare da abokinsa na yarinta Aaron Stockard, tun da farko ya ambaci aniyarsa ta daidaita labarin a 2003. Ya buɗe don sake dubawa mai ban sha'awa. Manohla Dargis na The New York Times ya yaba da fim ɗin "ƙwarewa ga gwagwarmayar gaske", yayin da Stephen Farber na The Hollywood Reporter ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai tunani, mai daɗaɗa rai, [kuma] an kashe shi da kyau".
Duk da yake Affleck ya yi niyyar "ci gaba da ba da fifiko kan bayar da umarni" ci gaba a cikin aikinsa, ya yi fim a cikin fina-finai uku a cikin 2009. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya mai suna He Just Not That Into You, sunadarai tsakanin Affleck da Jennifer Aniston an yaba Affleck ya taka rawar gani a majalisa a wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya same shi "yana da kyau a cikin rawar rawar fim ɗin," amma David Edelstein na New York Magazine ya yi tsokaci game da Affleck: "Yana iya zama mai hankali da tunani a rayuwa [amma] a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ƙafafunsa suna juyawa a hankali kuma. "Yana da rawar tallatawa a matsayin mashaya a fim din ban dariya mai ban mamaki wanda aka cire. Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya bayyana aikinsa da cewa "abin farin ciki ne", yayin da Manohla Dargis na The New York Times ya bayyana shi "aikin gaske". A cikin 2010, Affleck ya fito a cikin Kamfanin Kamfanin Maza a matsayin babban daraktan tallace-tallace wanda aka ba shi aiki ba a lokacin rikicin kuɗi na 2007-2008. David Denby na The New Yorker ya bayyana cewa Affleck "ya ba da mafi kyaun aikinsa tukuna", yayin da Richard Corliss na Time ya gano cewa "ya fare faifan Bobby daga hubris zuwa wulakanci"
Bayan nasarar nasarar kasuwanci ta Gone Baby Gone, Warner Bros. ya kulla kyakkyawar alakar aiki da Affleck kuma ya bashi zabin rubutun Studio. Ya yanke shawarar jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi Garin (2010), wanda ya dace da littafin Chuck Hogan na Yariman ɓarayi. Ya kuma sake rubuta fim din kuma ya fito a fim din a matsayin dan fashin banki. Fim ɗin ya zama abin ban mamaki a ofisoshin ofishi, kuma ya sami babban yabo ga Affleck. A.O. Scott na jaridar The New York Times ya yaba da "kwarewarsa da yarda da kai a matsayinsa na babban darakta," yayin da Roger Ebert na Chicago Sun-Times ya ce: "Affleck yana da kayan babban darakta. Komai yana nan. mai birgewa, yana aiki kafada da kafada da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, yana da natsuwa. "Har ila yau a 2010, Affleck da kamfanin samar da Damon, Pearl Street Films, sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar samar da kayan farko a Warner Bros.
Ba da daɗewa ba Affleck ya fara aiki a kan aikinsa na darektansa na gaba, Argo (2012), don Warner Bros. Wanda Chris Terrio ya rubuta kuma ya fito da Affleck a matsayin jami'in CIA, fim ɗin ya ba da labarin shirin CIA don ceton jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka shida a lokacin da Iran ta yi garkuwa da 1979. rikici ta hanyar ƙirƙirar samarwa don babban fim ɗin almara na kimiyya. Anthony Lane na The New Yorker ya ce fim din ya ba da "karin hujja cewa ba mu yi kuskure game da Ben Affleck ba". Peter Travers na Rolling Stone ya ce: "Affleck yana ɗaukar mataki na gaba a cikin abin da ya zama kamar babban aikin jagorantar Yana jagorantar jahannama daga gare ta, yana ƙusoshin saurin hanzari, dariyar ɓatacciyar hanya, rashin jin daɗin jijiya." Babban nasarar da aka samu mai matukar muhimmanci da kasuwanci, Argo ya sami lambar yabo ta Kwalejin, da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe, da kuma lambar yabo ta BAFTA don mafi kyawun hoto. Castan wasan sun sami lambar yabo ta Aan wasan kwaikwayo na allo don rawar gani da Outan wasa. Affleck da kansa ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award, Directors Guild of America Award, da BAFTA Award for Best Director, ya zama darakta na farko da ya lashe wadannan kyaututtukan ba tare da gabatar da lambar yabo ga Kwalejin Karatu ba don Darakta Mafi Kyawu.
Shekarar da ta gabata Affleck ya taka rawar gani a wasan kwaikwayon gwaji na Terrence Malick Zuwa Abin mamaki. Malick, babban aminin mahaifin Affleck ne, ya fara haduwa da jarumin a shekarun 1990 domin bashi shawara game da makircin Good Will Hunting. Peter Bradshaw na jaridar The Guardian ya ji daɗin "aikin nuna mutunci da sanin ya kamata," yayin da The New Yorker's Richard Brody ya bayyana Affleck a matsayin "mai kwazo kuma mai kwazon aiki" wanda "ke gabatar da ma'anar tunani da son rai". Ayyukan da Affleck ya yi a matsayin mai gidan karta an dauke shi a matsayin babban abin haskakawa game da yadda aka kayatar da Runner Runner (2013). Betsy Sharkey na jaridar Los Angeles Times ta nuna cewa "an kashe mutum daya ne kawai, kuma Affleck ya taka shi kamar Bach kontrato duk bayanin da aka buga da kyau." Daga nan sai ya mayar da aikinsa a shirinsa na darekta don zama tauraro mijin da ake zargi da kisan kai a cikin tarihin David Fincher mai ban sha'awa Gone Girl (2014). Fincher ya jefa shi wani bangare saboda ya fahimci yadda yake ji idan aka yada shi ta hanyar kafofin yada labarai na tabloid: "Abin da mutane da yawa ba su sani ba shi ne mahaukaci ne, amma tunda ba ya son hakan ya zama mara dadi, sai ya yi kasa-kasa da shi. Ina tsammanin ya koyi yadda ake yin wasan tsere a kan laya. "David Edelstein na Mujallar New York ya lura cewa salon jagorancin Fincher yana da" tasiri "ga aikin Affleck:" Ban taba tunanin zan rubuta wadannan kalmomin ba, amma yana dauke da fim. Yana da ban tsoro. "Justin Chang na Iri-iri ya sami Affleck" wanda aka tsara shi da kyau Wannan juzu'i ne na juyawa, yana buƙatar gwargwadon taka tsantsan da nuna jin daɗi, kuma ya ƙusance shi gaba ɗaya. "A cikin 2015, Affleck kuma Damon's Project Greenlight ya farfado da HBO na tsawon lokaci ɗaya.
2016 present: Rawar da ya taka a Batman da cigaba da jagorancin Ganin yadda sunan Affleck ya karu a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai, sai ya yanke hukuncin zama Batman a fim din jarumai na 2016 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Dave Itzkoff na The New York Times ya dauke shi a matsayin "wani abu ne mai rikitarwa". [154] Kodayake zaɓen 'yan wasan ya gamu da fushin magoya baya sosai, Ayyukan Affleck a ƙarshe ya sami kyakkyawan liyafar Andrew Barker na Iri-iri sun same shi "mai cike da nasara, mai kwarjini," yayin da Brian Truitt na Amurka A yau ya ji daɗin "ƙarfinsa" da "abin mamakin motsin rai" game da halin. Affleck ya sake maimaita matsayinsa na Batman sau biyu, yana yin fito-na-fito a cikin Kungiyoyin Kashe Kan Su (2016) da tauraro a cikin Justice League (2017). Justiceungiyar Adalci ta jawo ra'ayoyi mabanbanta daga masu sukar; Todd McCarthy na Hollywood Reporter ya rubuta cewa Affleck "ya yi kama da ya fi son zama kusan ko ina amma a nan.
Baya ga alkawurran Batman da dama, Affleck ya fito a wasu fina-finai guda biyu a shekarar 2016. Ya fito a matsayin akanta mai taka-tsantsan a cikin shirin mai kayatarwa The Accountant (2016), wanda ya kasance nasarar kasuwancin da ba a zata ba. Peter Debruge na Iri-iri ya ji halin "yaro-na gaba-gaba" halin "don haka ya zama al'ada kuma ba mai wasan kwaikwayo ba cewa yawancin wasan kwaikwayon nasa suna jin kallon ɗaya daga cikin ƙawayen ku ne a kan allo" ya kasance "mai matukar dacewa" ga rawar. Stephen Holden na jaridar New York Times ya yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa Affleck, "yana mai gani matacce kuma mai bakin ciki," ya sadaukar da kansa ga fim din. Live by Night, wanda Affleck ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya shirya, kuma ya yi tauraro a ciki, an sake shi a ƙarshen 2016. An samo asali ne daga littafin Dennis Lehane mai suna iri daya, wasan kwaikwayon zamanin haramtacciyar kungiya ya samu karbuwa sosai ba tare da an dawo da dala miliyan 65 ba. David Sims na The Atlantic ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rikici mai ban sha'awa na fim" kuma ya soki wasan kwaikwayon "tsayayye, mara dadi" na Affleck. Ya lura cewa ɗayan wasan kwaikwayon na ƙarshe "an shirya shi da ban mamaki, aikinsa mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi a bi, wanda ke tunatar da ku irin ƙwarewar da Affleck ke da kyamara". A watan Oktoba 2016, Affleck da Damon sun yi fito-na-fito sau daya don karatun raye-raye na Kyakkyawan farauta a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Skirball da ke New York.
A yayin sake buguwa da shaye-shaye, Affleck bai yi aiki a shekarar 2017. Ya sauka daga matsayin darakta kuma marubucin jaridar The Batman, yana mai cewa "ba zai iya fasawa ba." Shekaru daga baya, ya ce shi yanzu ba shi da "sha'awar" labarin kuma aboki ne sun shawarce shi da ya sauka domin lafiyar sa. Wasaukar fim ɗin mai fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi mai suna Triple Frontier an dage shi da watanni shida don karɓar jinyar sa game da "al'amuran kiwon lafiya". Bayan da aka saki Triple Frontier a cikin 2019, Rodrigo Perez na Lissafin waƙa ya nuna cewa darekta JC Chandor "yana samun nisan miloli da yawa daga labarin Sad Affleck kuma wataƙila daraktan da ɗan wasan sun jingina da ra'ayin." Daga baya a cikin 2019, Affleck ya yi wani kamannin kamanni a cikin Jay da Silent Bob Reboot, kasancewar ba su da dangantaka da Kevin Smith tun lokacin da aka yi Clerks II a 2006. Affleck ya taka rawar tallafi a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya a cikin Dee Rees mai ban sha'awa na siyasa Abubuwan Lastarshe da yake So (2020). Fim din Netflix, wanda aka yi fim a tsakiyar shekarar 2018, ya samu korafe-korafe marasa kyau daga masu suka, with Tomris Laffly of Variety yana bayanin ayyukan Affleck a matsayin "an cire mara kyau"
Fitaccen rawar da Affleck ya taka a matsayin mai shan giya a cikin wasannin motsa jiki mai suna The Way Back (2020) ya sami yabo sosai. Jigogin fim ɗin sun kasance "kusa da gida" don Affleck. Ya sake koma baya yayin gabatarwa a cikin shekarar 2018 kuma an dauki fim din a kwanakin bayan da ya baro lafiyarsa; Affleck ya yarda ya sanya albashin sa a rakiya kuma ya kasance tare da mai horarwa mai hankali. Richard Lawson na Vanity Fair ya ce yana da wuya a guji fim din "meta angle": "Affleck yana gudanar da aikinsa na san kai tare da tawali'u na karimci yana ba da aikin da aka gina ba daga tarihi ba ko kuma lokacin babban mai wasan kwaikwayo, amma maimakon daga rikitattun bayanai na wani mutum a cikin wani plateaued wahala David Sims na The Atlantic ya yaba da "dabara", "yanayin rauni" da "katako na zahiri" na aikinsa, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi ƙarancin kuma mafi yanayin" aikinsa. Saboda cutar ta COVID-19, an rufe gidajen sinima a sati na biyu na fitowar fim ɗin kuma Warner Bros. Ya karɓi kyautar nominan wasa mafi kyau a iceabi'ar ritabi'ar Masu Canta
A watan Oktoba 2021, Affleck zai sami rawar tallafi a fim ɗin leyarshen Duel wanda Ridley Scott ya jagoranta; ya kuma rubuta zane-zane na fim din tare da Matt Damon da Nicole Holofcener. Affleck ya yi fim don nuna goyon baya a cikin wani abin da ya dace da littafin The Tender Bar, wanda George Clooney ya jagoranta. A shekarar 2022, Affleck zai kasance tauraruwa a gaban Ana de Armas a cikin shirin mai ban sha'awa na Adrian Lyne mai suna Deep Water, wanda ya dace da littafin Patricia Highsmith. Bugu da kari, duka Affleck da Michael Keaton sun yarda su rama matsayinsu kamar Batman a cikin Flash (2022).
Affleck yana da ayyuka da dama na bada umarnin jagorantar ci gaba, gami da karbuwa na "The Big Goodbye: Chinatown and the last Years of Hollywood", karbuwa daga "King Leopold's Ghost", fim na Yaƙin Duniya na II wanda yake mai da hankali a kan Sojan Fatalwowi, da wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi game da shari'ar ta mallakar zamba da akayi wa McDonald.
Ayyukan jin kai
Gabatarwar Kwango Bayan tafiye-tafiye a yankin tsakanin 2007 da farkon 2010, Affleck da Whitney Williams sun haɗu da organizationungiyar ba da agaji ta Gabashin Kongo Initiative a 2010. ECI tana matsayin mai bayar da tallafi ga kasar Congo, da kungiyoyin bada agaji. Tana bayar da horo da kayan aiki ga hadin gwiwar manoma na Kwango yayin bayar da hadin gwiwa da kamfanoni wadanda suka hada da Theo Chocolate da Starbucks. ECI kuma tana da niyyar wayar da kan jama'a da kuma kawo canjin manufofi a Amurka.
Affleck ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce game da matsalolin da ke fuskantar gabashin Congo don jaridar Washington Post, Politico, the Huffington Post, Time, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Lokaci. Ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattaunawar tattaunawa a lokuta da dama, gami da Cibiyar Nazari da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa, the Global Philanthropy Forum, and the Clinton Global Initiative. Yayin ziyarar Washington DC, Affleck ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Afirka, Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya da 'Yancin Dan Adam, Kwamitin Kula da Ayyukan Makamai, Kwamitin Hulda da Kasashen Waje na Majalisar Dattawa, da kuma Kwamitin Kasa na Kudaden Majalisar Dattawa kan Jiha. Ayyuka na Foreignasashen Waje, da kuma Ayyuka Masu Alaƙa.
Sauran Dalilan Sadaka Affleck mai tallafawa ne ga A-T Yara na Yara. Yayin daukar fim din Force of Nature a 1998, Affleck ya yi abota da dan shekaru goma Joe Kindregan (1988–2015), wanda ke da cutar da ba kasafai ake samu ba ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), da danginsa. Ya tsunduma cikin neman kudi don AT, kuma shi da Kindregan sun ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Daidaitawa kan Ayyuka na Majalisar, kan Kiwon Lafiya Ayyukan Dan Adam, da Ilimi a 2001, suna neman sanatoci su goyi bayan binciken kwayar halitta da kuma ninka ta kasafin kudin na Cibiyoyin Kiwan Lafiya na Kasa. A 2007, Affleck shine babban mai jawabi a bikin kammala karatun sakandare na Kindregan a Fairfax, Virginia. Kindregan ya fito a matsayin kari a cikin Argo (2012). A cikin 2013, don bikin ranar haihuwar Kindregan na 25 da "shekaru 15 na abota tare da Joe da danginsa," Affleck da Garner sun dace da gudummawar da aka bayar don A-T Yara Project. Affleck ya fito a cikin CinemAbility (2013), fim din fim wanda ke binciko hotunan Hollywood na nakasassu.
A wani bangare na rangadin da USO ta dauki nauyi, Affleck ya ziyarci jiragen ruwan da aka girka a Tekun Fasha a shekarar 2003, da sojoji a sansanin Ramstein na Jamus a shekarar 2017. Shi mai goyon bayan gurguntattun Sojojin Amurka ne. Ya dauki fim din sanarwa ta sanarwa ga kungiyar a cikin shekarar 2009 da 2014. Ya kuma ba da kansa a madadin Operation godiya.
Affleck memba ne na Ciyar da Majalisar Nishaɗin Amurka. Ya bayyana a Babban Bankin Abincin Boston a 2007, da kuma a bankin abinci na Denver a 2008. Affleck ya yi magana a taron ciyar da Amurka a Washington D.C. a shekara ta 2009, kuma ya yi fim ɗin sanarwar sanarwar jama'a game da sadaka a 2010. Affleck da Ellen DeGeneres sun ƙaddamar da Ciyar da Smallananan Changean Yakin Amurka Kamfen a 2011. Har ila yau, a waccan shekarar, shi da Howard Graham Buffett sun sake rubuta wani labari a jaridar The Huffington Post, inda suka nuna "karuwar karuwar yawan mutanen da ke fama da matsalar abinci wadanda ba su cancanci shirin abinci mai gina jiki na tarayya ba". A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Affleck ya shirya gasa ta shahararre ta yanar gizo don cin gajiyar sadaka, ya ba da gudummawar kai tsaye kuma ya bukaci wasu su tallafa wa "mawuyacin halinmu yara sun rasa damar cin abincin da suka dogara da shi, abokai da danginsu fuskantar matsaloli na aiki, tsofaffi, da iyalai masu karamin karfi. Affleck babban mai tallafi ne ga kungiyar bada agaji ta rashin gida marassa matsakaiciya na Midnight Mission, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin sadaka da ke "taimaka wa wadanda ke cikin bukata da gidaje, horo, ci gaba da kuma murmurewa". Ya ba da kansa a ciki kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sadaka. Ya kuma ba da kansa a Manufar Atlanta.
Siyasa
Ra'ayin Siyasa Affleck ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi." Ya girma ne a cikin "dangin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi". A cikin 2000, ya yi magana a wani taron gangami a Jami'ar Harvard don tallafawa karin albashin rayuwa ga dukkan ma'aikata a harabar; mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da jami'a. Daga baya ya ba da labarin wani shirin fim, mai suna (2002), game da zama-da aka shirya ta Harvard Campaign Living Wage Campaign. Affleck da Sanata Ted Kennedy sun yi taron manema labarai a kan Capitol Hill a 2004, suna matsawa kan ƙarin mafi ƙarancin albashi. Ya yi magana ne a wani taron manema labarai na 2007 a Fadar Shugaban Kasa ta Boston don nuna goyon baya ga kokarin hadewar SEIU ga ma’aikatan asibiti masu karamin albashi. Yayin Yajin Marubuta a 2008, Affleck ya nuna goyon baya ga masu zaba.
Affleck zaɓi ne na zaɓi. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekara ta 2000, ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin "yana da matukar karfi a cikin yancin mace na zabi". A shekarar 2012, ya goyi bayan yakin Zane-Layi, yana mai bayyana hakkokin haihuwa kamar "na asali". Affleck ya daɗe yana goyon bayan halatta auren 'yan luwadi, yana mai cewa a 2004 cewa yana fatan yin waiwaye game da batun auren "tare da wani abin kunya game da yadda abin ya kasance a da." Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, ya nuna cewa "abin takaici ne da ban haushi" a nuna cewa mambobin al'umman da ba su da 'yanci daidai. Ya bayyana tare da dan uwansa na gay a cikin yakin Iyaye da Abokan 'Yan Madigo da' Yan Luwadi na 2005.
Affleck ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai tare da Sanata mai wakiltar New York Chuck Schumer a shekarar 2002, don nuna goyon baya ga wani kudurin dokar hana yaduwar ta’addancin Nukiliya. A cikin 2003, ya soki yadda ake amfani da Dokar 'Yan kishin Kasa "abin tambaya da karfi" da kuma sakamakon hakan "cin zarafi kan' yancin jama'a". Wani mai rahoto a jaridar Washington Post ya ji Affleck yana Allah wadai da mamayar da Isra’ila ta yi wa Gaza a wajen taron Washington a shekarar 2009. Steven Clemons, wanda ya halarci tattaunawar, ya ce Affleck ya saurara "ga wani abin da aka dauka Abin da Affleck ya yi magana game da wannan daren yana da hankali, mai sarkakiya kuma yana da ma'ana sosai." Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a wata hira da New York Times Affleck ya nuna cewa ra'ayoyinsa sun fi kusanci da na jam'iyyar Labour ta Isra'ila fiye da Likud.
Affleck ya soki rage harajin Bush a lokuta da dama. A shekarar 2007, ya dauki fim din sanarwar baje kolin jama'a don Rarraba Mun Kasa, wani kamfen na AARP maras bangaranci da ke neman araha, ingantaccen kiwon lafiya ga dukkan Amurkawa.
A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2008, Affleck ya nuna damuwarsa game da tunanin makircin da ke nuna cewa Barack Obama Balarabe ne ko kuma Musulmi: matsala. "A shekarar 2012, ya yaba wa shugabancin Sanata John McCain kan kare Huma Abedin daga hare-haren kin jinin Musulmi. Affleck ya shiga tattaunawa game da alakar ka'idoji masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Musulunci yayin bayyanar 2014 a Real Time tare da Bill Maher. A cikin hirar da jaridar Guardian ta yi da shi a shekarar 2017, ya ce: "Na yi imani sosai da cewa babu wanda ya kamata a nuna wa wariyar launin fata ko addininsa. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman ka'idoji masu sassaucin ra'ayi."
Affleck na goyon bayan Kwaskwarimar ta Biyu, kuma ya ce a cikin 2012 cewa ya mallaki bindigogi da yawa, duka don harbi da kwarangwal da kuma danginsa. A shekarar 2020, ya ce tafiye-tafiye zuwa jeren bindigogi tun yana saurayi ya sanya shi "ba shi da dadi idan ya tuna abubuwan da suka faru, idan aka yi la’akari da masifun da ke tafe da matasa da bindigogi.”
Affleck ya bayyana tare da Sanata Barack Obama a wani taron gangami a 2006 don nuna goyon baya ga Shawara ta 87, wacce ke kokarin rage amfani da mai a madadin makamashi. Ya bayyana a wani bidiyon fadakarwa kan dumamar yanayi wanda Cibiyar Kula da Ci gaban Amurka ta Asusun ta samar a 2007. Har ila yau a waccan shekarar, Affleck ya yarda cewa shi "ba ya da kyau sosai game da zama kore" alhali, a shekarar 2014, ya sanya sunan "Chevelle na shekarar 1966" a matsayin yardarsa ta laifi. A cikin 2016, Affleck yayi fim don amincewa don Rezpect Our Water, takardar koke akan layi don dakatar da aikin Dakota Access Pipeline.
Ayyukan da yayi tare da jam'iyyar Democratic Affleck ya yi rijista don yin zabe a matsayin dan Democrat a shekarar 1992, kuma ya yi yakin neman zabe a madadin wasu ‘yan takarar shugabancin Democrat da dama. Ya goyi bayan Al Gore a makonnin ƙarshe na kamfen ɗin shugabancin 2000, yana halartar taruka a California, Pennsylvania, da Florida. Koyaya, Affleck bai sami damar kada kuri'a ba saboda batun rajista a New York, inda yake zaune a lokacin, sannan daga baya ya yi barkwanci, "Zan kada kuri'a sau biyu a gaba, cikin yanayin gaskiya na Boston."
Affleck ya yi wa Shugaba Barack Obama yakin neman zabe. Ya bayyana tare da Sanatan na wancan lokacin a wani taron gangami a shekara ta 2006, inda ya gabatar da shi a matsayin "shugaban da ya fi dacewa ya fito daga kowane bangare, a ganina, a kalla shekaru goma". Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Obama a 2007, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga dan takarar a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008. Affleck ya bukaci masu jefa kuri'a da su "taimaka wajen kafa tarihi" a cikin yakin MoveOn.org, kuma ya bayyana sau da yawa yayin Babban Taron Demokuradiyya na 2008. A cikin makon zaben shugaban kasa, ya fito ne a daren Asabar din don nuna goyon baya ga Sanata John McCain cikin raha. Affleck bai yi yakin neman sake zaben Obama a 2012 ba, duk da cewa har yanzu yana goyon bayan sa.
Affleck ya goyi bayan yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Hillary Clinton a 2016. Ya fara haduwa da Clinton a Camp David a 1998 kuma, a lokacin da take ‘yar takarar majalisar dattijai a 2000, ya gabatar da ita a wani taron gangami na jami’ar Cornell kuma ya taimaka wajen tara kudi don kamfen dinta. Affleck ya nuna aikin da Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa take yi tare da yara, mata da “iyalai masu aiki”. Ya goyi bayan Obama a lokacin zaben share fage na 2008, yana mai lura da cewa, Clinton ta "matsa zuwa tsakiyar" a yayin yakin neman zaben. Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Clinton a lokacin zaben fidda gwani na 2016. A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016, Affleck ya yi rikodin sanarwar ba da sanarwa ga masu kada kuri'a a New Hampshire, kuma kamfen din Clinton ya kira shi a matsayin "Hillblazer" daya daga cikin mutane 1,100 da suka ba da gudummawa ko suka tara akalla dala 100,000. Cibiyar Siyasa mai da martani ta ba da rahoton cewa ya tara dala 149,028.
A lokacin karshen matakan zaben fidda gwani na dan takarar shugaban kasa na shekarar 2020, Affleck ya ce yayin wata hira da aka yi da Sifen: “Ina son Bernie, ina son Biden, ina son Warren amma abin da ya fi yawa; Ba na son Trump.” A lokacin da Biden ya zama dan takarar Democrat, ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun yakin neman zabensa.
A 2002, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben Dick Gephardt, kuma ya bayyana a cikin litattafan kamfen din tsohuwar abokiyar karawarta Marjorie Decker, tana takara a matsayin kansila na gari a Massachusetts. Ya ba da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na duka Dennis Kucinich da Wesley Clark a 2003. A cikin 2005, ya ba da gudummawa ga asusun kamfen na Deval Patrick, dan takarar Gwamnan Massachusetts. A 2006, Affleck ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din magajin garin Cark Booker na Newark, kuma ya gabatar da dan majalisa Joe Courtney da Chris Murphy a taruka a Connecticut. Ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na 2008 na Patrick Murphy na Pennsylvania, da kuma kamfen na Sanatocin 2010 na Kirsten Gillibrand. Affleck ta dauki nauyin karbar kudi a 2012 ga dan takarar majalisar dattijai Elizabeth Warren, ta amince da ita a wani bidiyo na Kamfen Kamfen din Kamfen Canjin, kuma sun bayar da gudummawar kamfen. A shekarar 2013, ya dauki nauyin karbar kudi ga Cory Booker, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din Majalisar Dattawa na duka Booker da Alison Lundergan Grimes. Ya bayar da gudummawa ga yakin neman zaben dan takarar majalisar dattijai Kamala Harris a 2015 da kamfen din majalisa na Melissa Gilbert a shekarar 2016. A shekarar 2017, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen din sake zaben sanata na Elizabeth Warren da Chris Coons, da kuma yakin neman zaben Adam Schiff. A cikin 2018, ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen na majalisa na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sharice Davids da Leann Jacobsen, da kuma ga dan takarar gwamna na Michigan Abdul El-Sayed. A shekarar 2019, Affleck ya ba da gudummawar kudaden yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na Cory Booker da Kamala Harris, kuma ya dauki nauyin tara kudi ga Booker. Haka kuma a cikin 2019, ya ba da gudummawa ga kuɗaɗen yakin neman zaɓe na Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez da Ilhan Omar. A cikin 2020, ya yi magana a wani taron nuna goyon baya ga Whitney Williams, 'yar takara a zaben gwamnan Montana na 2020.
A farkon shekarun 2000, sau da yawa Affleck ya nuna sha'awar tsayawa takarar siyasa, wata rana, amma tun 2007, ya musanta duk wani buri na siyasa kuma ya yi ta maimaita magana game da bukatar sake fasalin kudin kamfen. A shekarar 2005, jaridar Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa Virginia Democrats na kokarin shawo kan Affleck ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dattijai. Mai yada labaransa ya yi watsi da jita-jitar. A shekarar 2012, masana siyasa da masana dabarun Democrat da suka hada da Bob Shrum da Tad Devine sun yi hasashen cewa Affleck na tunanin tsayawa takarar kujerar sanata a Massachusetts. Affleck ya musanta jita-jitar, kuma ya yi barkwanci cewa "shi ma ba zai jefa hular ta a cikin zobe don gudanar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba."
Rayuwar mutum
Aure da yara Affleck ya auri yar fim Jennifer Garner daga 2005 zuwa 2018, kuma suna da yara uku tare. Sun fara soyayya ne a tsakiyar 2004, bayan sun kulla abota a tashar Pearl Harbor (2001) da Daredevil (2003). Sun yi aure a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2005, a wani bikin Turkawa da Caicos masu zaman kansu. Victor Garber, wanda ya jagoranci bikin, da abokin aikinsa, Rainer Andreesen, su ne kadai baƙi. Sun sanar da rabuwarsu a watan Yunin 2015, tare da Affleck wanda ke ci gaba da zama a masaukin baki a gidan har zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2017. Sun hada kai sun raba aure a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoba 2018. A shekarar 2020, Affleck ya bayyana kisan a matsayin "babban nadamar rayuwata" da kuma "wani abin da ya faru mai zafi, koda kuwa kana kan mafi kyawun sharadi kuma ka yarda shine mafi kyawun zabi."
Affleck da Garner suna da 'ya'ya uku tare:' ya'ya mata Violet Anne (an haife ta a watan Disambar 2005) da Seraphina Rose Elizabeth (an haife shi a Janairu 2009), da ɗa Samuel Garner (an haife shi a Fabrairu 2012). A cikin takaddun saki, Affleck da Garner sun nemi haɗin kan 'ya'yansu na zahiri da na doka.
Duk da yake Affleck ya yi imanin cewa hankalin paparazzi "wani bangare ne na yarjejeniyar" na taurari, ya yi magana game da hotunan da aka dauka a gidansa na musamman da kuma sha'awar paparazzi ga yaransa musamman, wanda ya ce ya zama "babban kudi" don masu daukar hoto suna jira a wajen gidansa. A shekarar 2013, Affleck da Garner sun shirya wa ‘yan majalisa wani biki a gidansu don nuna goyon baya ga kudirin dokar da za ta kare‘ ya’yan shahararrun daga masu daukar hoto; diyar su mai shekaru shida tayi wani jawabi game da abubuwan da suka faru da ita. Garner ya kuma ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Shari’ar Majalisar California don goyon bayan kudirin, wanda daga baya ya zama doka. Duk da cewa har yanzu ana iya daukar hotunan yara, halayyar da ke "firgitawa, damuwa, azaba, ko firgita" yara haramun ne, kamar yadda kwanto ke kwanto a wajen ayyukansu daban-daban. Duk da dokar, masu daukar hoto suna jira koyaushe a wajen makarantar 'ya'yansu kuma ana bukatar taimakon' yan sanda wani lokacin idan sun matso sosai. A cikin 2014, Affleck yayi jayayya don nuna goyon baya ga tsarin salon mulkin Burtaniya wanda ke buƙatar kafofin watsa labarai su ɓata fuskokin yara a cikin hotunan da aka buga.
Affleck, Garner da 'yarsu Violet sun sami umarnin hana su a shekarar 2008 a kan Steven Burky, Garner wanda ya dade yana bin sahun. An kama Burky a cikin Disamba 2009 a gaban makarantar sakandaren 'yarsu. An tuhume shi da aikata laifuka biyu na sa-in-sa, wanda ya ki amsa laifinsa saboda hauka. A watan Maris na 2010, aka yanke masa hukunci cewa mahaukaci ne, an tura shi zuwa asibitin mahaukata na jihar California, kuma an umurce shi da ya kaurace wa dangin Affleck na tsawon shekaru 10 idan an sake shi.
Dangantaka da Jennifer Lopez Affleck yana da dangantaka ta watanni 18 tare da Jennifer Lopez daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Bayan haduwa a kan saitin Gigli a ƙarshen 2001, sun fara farawa ne a watan Yulin 2002 lokacin da Lopez ya nemi saki daga mijinta na biyu Cris Judd. Daga baya suka yi aiki tare kan bidiyon kide-kide "Jenny daga Block" da fim din Jersey Girl (2004). Dangantakar su ta sami yaduwar yada labarai sosai. Tabloids suna kiran ma'auratan da "Bennifer", wani hoto mai kyau wanda Vanity Fair ya bayyana a matsayin "farkon irin wannan alamar tabloid". Sun shiga shaƙatawa a watan Nuwamba na 2002 amma an daga ɗaurin aurensu a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2003 tare da sanarwar kwana huɗu saboda "kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da yawa". Sun ƙare yarjejeniyar su a cikin Janairu 2004.
Watanni daga baya, Affleck ya nuna wasu maganganun kafofin watsa labaru suna da tushe a cikin wariyar launin fata, aji da wariyar launin fata: "Ana tunaninmu da mutane iri biyu ne." A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya tura baya ga "ra'ayin ban sha'awa" cewa shi ya kamata a kalli dangantakar a matsayin kuskure, kuma ta waiwaya kan al'adun tabloid a lokacin "inda ya shafi mutum daya kuma kowa ya mai da hankali a kansu Me Britney Spears ta yi? Ban da samun mutane da damewa. Amma ina tsammani haka ne muna yin shi a al'adance. Yana da tsauri. "Affleck ya yarda cewa" akwai hanyoyin da na bayar da gudummawa a kai yana ambaton bidiyon kide-kide da hirar neman talla tare da Gigli. Ya ce ɗayansu "ba da tsammanin" irin kulawar da za a ba su ba: "Ina tsammanin ni da Jen mun yi kuskure a cikin cewa mun ƙaunaci juna, muna cikin farin ciki kuma wataƙila ma za a iya samunsa."
A cikin 2010, Lopez ya ce rashin jin daɗin Affleck tare da bincikar kafofin watsa labaru shine dalili ɗaya da ya raba kuma, a cikin 2020, ya tuna "wasu manyan alaƙar gaske waɗanda ke da ma'ana da yawa a gare ni waɗanda da gaske ba za su iya rayuwa a ƙarƙashin hasken ba. A shekarar 2016, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "farkon zuciyarta ta farko": "Ina ganin lokaci daban, daban, wa ya san abin da ka iya faruwa." Affleck da Lopez sun ci gaba da hulɗa a cikin shekarun bayan sun rabu sun yi magana mai kyau game da juna a cikin manema labarai. A watan Afrilu na 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa ma'auratan sun sake saduwa.
Sauran dangantaka Affleck ya fara haduwa da 'yar fim Gwyneth Paltrow a watan Oktoba 1997 bayan haduwa da su a wani abincin dare na Miramax, kuma daga baya sun yi aiki tare a kan Shakespeare a cikin Love (1998). Kodayake sun fara watsewa ne a watan Janairun 1999, watanni bayan haka, Paltrow ya shawo kan Affleck ya hada gwiwa da ita a Bounce (2000) kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ci gaba da dangantaka. Sun sake rabuwa a cikin Oktoba 2000. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2015, Paltrow ta ce ita da Affleck sun kasance abokai.
Affleck yana da dangantaka mai nisa tare da mai samar da talabijin a New York Lindsay Shookus daga tsakiyar 2017 zuwa tsakiyar 2018; sun sake yin kwanan wata a farkon 2019. Shookus shi ne shugaban sashen ba da tallafi na daren Asabar, wasan kwaikwayo wanda Affleck ya dauki bakunci sau biyar tun 2000. Affleck wacce take kwanan wata 'yar Cuban Ana de Armas, wacce ta sadu da ita a cikin ruwan zurfin a farkon shekarar 2019, daga farkon 2020 zuwa farkon 2021.
Lafiya Akwai tarihin jaraba da tabin hankali a cikin dangin Affleck. Kakanninsa biyu ‘yan giya ne. Kakarsa ta wajen uba, wacce ke yawan shaye-shaye da mashaya, ta kashe kanta tana da shekara 46. Kawun mahaifinsa ya kasance mashayi ne wanda ya mutu sakamakon raunin harbin kansa. Goggonsa ta kasance mashawariyar jarumar mata. Affleck ya halarci tarurrukan tallafawa Al-Anon tun yana yaro saboda lamuran jarabawar mahaifinsa. Hisan uwansa mai maye ne.
Abin shan kansa na Affleck ya zama damuwa lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar. Mahaifiyarsa ta tura shi zuwa wani sansanin jeji na waje don matasa masu hatsarin gaske, tun da farko sun yi la’akari da shirin dawo da zama. Affleck ya zama mai hankali a cikin shekarunsa na ashirin, yana bayyana a cikin hira ta 1998 cewa giya ta kasance "mai hadari" a gare shi. Ya karɓi maganin zama don jaraba a 2001 kuma ya kula da laulayin sa na shekaru daga baya. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya ƙi tattauna giyar sa dalla-dalla [7] sannan daga baya ya bayyana shi a matsayin lokacin da yake "shan giya daidai gwargwado". "Na yi tunani, 'Ina so ne kawai in sha kamar mutum na al'ada. Ina so in sha giya a abincin dare.' Kuma na sami damar yin kusan shekara takwas. ”Affleck a hankali ya fara shan“ ƙari kuma mafi yawa ”kuma, a ƙarshe, yana shan har sai da ya“ mutu ”a kan dare. Garner ya goyi bayan gwagwarmayar Affleck game da shaye-shaye a lokacin da bayan aurensu sannan ya ce a shekarar 2020 cewa halartar tarurrukan Al-Anon ya ba ta ikon canza "rawa" na dangantakar su. Affleck ya dawo cikin jinyar zama a shekarar 2017 and, following a public document relaback and intervention, again in 2018. A ƙarshen 2019, TMZ ta yi fim da shi yana tuntube kan titin Los Angeles; ya yarda washegari cewa yana da "taqaitaccen bayani" bayan sama da shekara daya da nutsuwa. Daga baya ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin abin kunya: "Ina ma dai hakan ba ta faru ba. Ina matukar fatan da ba a yanar gizo ba ne yarana za su gani."
Affleck yana fama da damuwa da kunchin rayuwa, kuma ya sha magungunan rage damuwa tun yana shekara 26. Ya ce ya yi amfani da barasa don sauƙaƙa jin daɗin "rashin jin daɗi" a koyaushe kuma ya faɗi cewa "ya ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo don asali, ba tare da wata alamar shakka ba, na yarda da kaina cewa ni mashayi ne." Ya bi shiri mai matakai goma sha biyu. A lokacin da ake buga jaridu don Hanyar Baya a 2020, Affleck ya bude baki game da jarabar sa amma ya ci gaba da cewa yana jin "mai rauni ne" kuma ba ya nufin "ci gaba da magana game da wannan batun har abada", yana cewa, "Ina ganin darajar idan akwai daraja a wurina magana game da kasancewa mai shan giya, shine wannan bai kamata ya zama kai waye ba. Wannan ba lallai ne ya zama tambarin a kanka ba.
Gwarewan Caca Affleck ya lashe Gasar Poker ta Jihar California ta 2004, inda ya dauki kyautar farko ta 356,400 kuma ya cancanci shiga gasar karshe ta World Poker Tour 2004. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun mutane, tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Tobey Maguire, wadanda suka halarci wasannin caca na Molly Bloom a tsakiyar shekarun 2000. A shekara ta 2014, an nemi Affleck da ya guji yin blackjack a Hard Rock Hotel a Las Vegas, bayan jerin nasarori da aka samu ya haifar da shakku kan cewa yana kirga katuna, wanda wannan wata doka ce ta caca da cacar baki ta cinye. Affleck ya sha musanta rahotannin tabloid na jarabar caca.
Addini Affleck ya fito ne daga mabiyan Furotesta, amma dangin sa ba su da addini. Yayinda yake jarirai, kowanne daga cikin 'ya'yansa uku sunyi baftisma a matsayin membobin Cocin Hadaddiyar Methodist. A shekara ta 2008, ya lissafa Linjilar Matta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da suka kawo sauyi a rayuwarsa kuma, a shekarar 2012, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda ba shi da imani. A shekarar 2015, Affleck ya fara halartar hidiman cocin Methodist mako-mako a Los Angeles tare da danginsa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da imaninsa a cikin 2020, Affleck ya ce "ya kasance mini gwagwarmaya": "Ba ni da wata ma'anar wani mutum mai hazo daga can yana tura maballin, wannan yana da wuya a gare ni, amma shirin mai matakai goma sha biyu shine tushen bangaskiya Bangaskiya tayi min kyakkyawan aiki a murmurewa
Tarihin Magabata Yawancin kakannin Affleck Ingilishi ne, Irish, Scottish da Jamusanci. Babban kakan mahaifin Affleck, Heinrich Boldt, wanda, yana da shekaru 12, ba da gangan ya gano Curmsun Disc ba, wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Prussia a ƙarshen 1840s. Affleck ya fito ne a cikin jerin tarihin asalin PBS na Neman Tushen ku a shekarar 2014. Lokacin da aka gaya ma sa cewa wani magabaci ya kasance mai mallakar bayi a Georgia, Affleck ya amsa: "Allah. Yana ba ni wani irin yanayi mai ban tsoro don ganin alaƙar halittu da hakan. Amma, ka sani, akwai shi, wani bangare ne na tarihinmu Mun fi son ware kanmu daga wadannan abubuwan ta hanyar tafiya kamar, 'Tarihin bushewa ne kawai, kuma yanzu an gama shi'. ”Wasikun imel da aka bankado daga imel din Sony na 2015 badakalar satar bayanai ta nuna cewa, bayan daukar fim din, wakilin kamfanin na Affleck ya yi wa imel wasika a fim din inda ya ce jarumin ya ji "ba shi da dadi" game da bangaren, wanda ba a saka shi cikin watsa labarai na karshe ba. PBS ta ƙaryata game da ƙididdigar wasan kwaikwayon da umarnin Affleck, kuma mai gabatar da shirin, farfesa Henry Louis Gates Jr., ya ce: "Mun mai da hankali kan abin da muke jin cewa su ne abubuwan da suka fi ban sha'awa a cikin kakanninsa".
Zargin Nima Haka Yayin motsin Me Too a cikin 2017, mata biyu sun zargi Affleck da halayen da bai dace ba. Jaruma Hilarie Burton ta bayyana cewa, a lokacin da aka nuna a iska a TRL Uncensored a 2003, Affleck "ya nade hannunsa a kusa da ni, kuma ya zo ya gyara tsalle na hagu". Affleck ya ba da amsa a kan Twitter: "Na yi wa Ms. Burton rashin dacewa kuma ina neman afuwa da gaske." kamar dai cikin ladabi ne yake kore ni daga hanya. Dangane da badakalar Harvey Weinstein, Affleck ya yi alƙawarin ba da gudummawar duk wata fa'ida ta gaba daga fim dinsa na farko na Miramax ga ƙungiyoyin agaji da ke tallafa wa waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu ta hanyar lalata kuma ya ce ya sani kawai cewa Weinstein "mara hankali ne kuma mai yawan zalunci." A cikin wani sakon Tweeter, 'yar fim Rose McGowan ta amsa: "Ka yi karya." Ta ce ta hadu da Affleck ne bayan Weinstein ya ci zarafinta ta hanyar lalata lokacin bikin Fim din Sundance a 1997 kuma ta gaya masa, yayin da take kuka, cewa ta "ta fito ne daga Harvey's kuma ya ce, 'Goddamnit, na ce masa ya daina yin hakan.' "A cikin imel ɗin da ya fallasa game da shari'ar McGowan, Affleck ya ce:" Ban taɓa ganin Rose a kowane otal a Sundance ba. Ba ta taɓa gaya mini ba kuma ban taɓa taɓa ba ya nuna cewa wani ne ya kai mata hari. "A cikin hirar 2019, Affleck ya ce:" Ba na son shiga cikin labarin wasu mutane saboda ina jin kamar wadannan labaransu ne kuma suna da damar fada kamar yadda dayawa ko kadan daga wadanda suke so na yarda da Rose na goyi bayanta ina matukar son an d na yaba da jajircewarta kuma ina yi mata fatan alheri. "A shekarar 2020, McGowan ya yi karin haske game da kalaman nata:" Ba kamar na yi ruri a Ben Affleck bane. Ban taba ce masa, 'Fyade kawai aka yi min ba.' Wannan kawai ya fi dacewa a nuna ma'anar wannan ci gaba na kowa ya sani kuma kowa yana cikin ta, ba da sani ba ko kuma ba da himma. Filmography da kyaututtuka Affleck ya fito a fina-finai sama da 50, kuma ya sami yabo da yawa a duk tsawon rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma darakta. Ya fara samun yabo ne a matsayin marubuci a lokacin da ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Kwalejin da aka fi sani da fim mai kyau don farauta mai kyau (1997), wanda ya rubuta tare da Matt Damon. A matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo, ya sami kyautar zinare ta duniya don wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi a Hollywoodland (2006). Fim din Argo (2012), wanda ya shirya, ya shirya tare, ya kuma haska shi, ya ci lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Directors Guild Award don Gwarzon Darakta, da kuma Golden Globe Award, BAFTA, da Masu Shirya Kungiyoyi. da kuma Kyautar Karatu domin Kyakkyawan Hoto.
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ben Affleck on Facebook
Ben Affleck at |
13281 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayisha%20Osori | Ayisha Osori | Ayisha Osori lauya ce a Najeriya, marubuciya, mai ba da shawara kan ci gaban kasa,'yar jarida kuma' yar siyasa da aka santa da aiki akan da kyakkyawan shugabanci, daidaituwa tsakanin jinsi, halartar tattalin arziki da siyasa da kuma kawo karshen tashin hankali ga mata a Najeriya. Littafin nata mai suna ''so Ba ya nasarar zabe'' ya ba da haske game da siyasar Siyasa ta musamman. Ita ce tsohuwar shugabar asusun tallafawa mata na Najeriya Olufunke Baruwa ta gaje shi.
Ilimi Ayisha Osori tayi karatun Lauya a Jami'ar Lagos da Harvard Law School Tana riƙe da Masters a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a daga makarantar Gwamnati na Harvard Kennedy An kira ta zuwa Bars na Najeriya da New York a 1998 da 2000 bi da bi. A shekarar 2013 ita a matsayin Eisenhower Fellow, an gayyace ta zuwa Amurka kuma ta shafe makonni bakwai tana haduwa da manyan kungiyoyi da kuma shugaban kungiyar Eisenhower Fellowship, Colin Powel Aiki Ayisha ta yi aiki a kan wasu ayyuka da yawa a cikin Harkokin Jama'a da na masu zaman kansu ciki har da aiwatarwa tsarin aiki, gudanarwa na kasuwanci da gudanarwa, sadarwa, gudanarwar ƙungiyoyin jama'a, gudanar da ayyukan da shawarwari na tushen batutuwa. Baya ga rike manyan mukamai na gudanarwa a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma kula da Asusun Tallafin Mata na Najeriya kungiyar da ba ta riba ba ta mai da hankali kan bunkasa inganci da adadi na mata a cikin yanke shawara, cikin shekaru uku, Ayisha ta nemi bankin Duniya, Shirin Raya Kasa, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sashen ci gaba na kasa da kasa, UNICEF da Cibiyar National Democratic Institute A shekarar 2015 aka zaɓe ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata 21 waɗanda suka hallara don wani taro a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy ta Gwamnati wanda Hunt Alternatives ke bayarwa. Kungiyar ta hada Fauzia Nasreen daga Pakistan, Judy Thongori daga Kenya da Olufunke Baruwa, Esther Ibanga da Hafsat Abiola suma daga Najeriya. Mai sharhi mai zurfin sharhi kan al'amuran jama'a tun daga shugabanni har zuwa kima da kare hakkin dan adam da manufofin jama'a, Ayisha ta dage kan sati na tsawon sati bakwai a cikin Jaridar ThisDay da Jagoranci kuma mai sharhi ne a kan labarai ta rediyo da talabijin. Tana zaune a kan kwamiti na kungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin gwamnati da kamfanoni. A cikin 2018, Open Society tushe ta sanar da nadin Osori a matsayin Babban darektan kungiyar Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA) wanda ke sa ido kan ayyukan OSIWA a cikin kasashen Afirka 10; Benin, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Saliyo, da kuma Senegal
Soyayya bata cin zabe A shekarar 2014 Ayisha ta tsaya takarar neman kujerar majalisar dokoki ta kasa a kan karagar shugabancin jam'iyyar da ke kan karagar mulkin Najeriya Jam'iyyar Dimokradiyya amma ta sha kashi Love Des Not Win zaben ne littafi game da irin abubuwan da ta samu game da zaben fidda gwani da siyasar Najeriya baki daya A cikin littafin, ta bayyana gamsuwarta da ingancin wakilci daga maza da mata a ofis kuma bayan shekaru masu ba da shawara kan aiki tare da neman karin mata zuwa mukamai na shugabanci, tana matukar sha'awar abin da zai iya shiga takara da cin nasara. Littafin ya kuma ba da haske game da rawar da kudi ke takawa a zabukan Najeriya ''Too good to die'' A cikin 2018, Ayisha Osori ta haɗu da wani littafi mai taken Too Good to Die: Term Term Da tharubuce Na Myan Rashin Mutunci A Afirka, tare da tsohon shugaban hukumar kare hakkin ɗan adam Chidi Odinkalu. Littafin ya yi tsokaci game da ikirarin da tsohon shugaban Najeriya Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi cewa bai nemi wa’adi na uku a mulki ba.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "NWTF Is Only Promoting Women Interests In Politics Ayisha Osori". SCAN News. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 6 February |
20642 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Chamba | Mutanen Chamba | Al’umar Chamba babbar ƙabila ce a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Chamba suna tsakanin Najeriya da Kamaru a yanzu. Makwabta mafi kusa da Chamba su ne Mumuye, da kuma mutanen Jukun da Kutep. A Kamaru, magadan Leko da masu magana da chamba sun kasu zuwa jihohi da yawa: Bali Nyonga, Bali Kumbat, Bali-Gham, Bali-Gangsin, da Bali-Gashu Mutanen Basari na Togo da Ghana suma suna da suna Chamba, amma kuma suna da ƙabila daban-daban. Ana gano Chamba ta hanyar yarensu, imaninsu, al'adunsu, da kuma fasaharsu.
Harshe Mutanen Chamba, wanda aka fi sani da Samba, Tchamba, Tsamba, Daka da Chamba-Ndagan, ƙabilun Afirka ne da aka samo a cikin Jihar Gongola da ke gabashin tsakiyar Najeriya da wasu sassan maƙwabta na arewacin Kamaru Suna magana da yarukan da suke da nasaba da juna: Chamba Leko, na yarukan Leko Nimbari, da Chamba Daka, na yarukan Dakoid, dukkansu kuma yaren Nego-Congo ne. Boyd ya ce “Masu magana da harshen Chamba Leko sun takaita ne a yankin gabashin yankin na tsakiya, galibi a kan yankin Kamaru na iyakar zamani. Ragowar Chamba masu magana ne da Daka Masu magana a cikin Chamba har yanzu suna magana da wasu yarurruka daban-daban da suka bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri. Yankin tsakiyar shi ne inda Chamba Daka (Sama Nnakenyare) ke zaune. Ana samun wannan yankin a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a kan iyakar Kamaru a jihar Adamawa Jamus ita ce asalin mulkin mallaka wanda ya hade da ƙasar Chamba, amma lokacin da Jamus ta sha kashi a yakin duniya na farko, kungiyar kasashen Afirka ta raba tsakanin wannan yankin na Afirka tsakanin Birtaniyya da Faransa.
Imani Mutanen Chamba suna da abubuwan da suka yi imani da shi na musamman. Addinin gargajiya na Chamba ya kasance akan mahaliccin Allah (Su) mai hasken rana da ruhohin magabata waɗanda ke zaune tare da wannan mahaliccin. Allan rana ba ya ma'amala da rayayyun halittu, amma ruhohin magabatan suna yin hakan. Matattu wurumbu ana tsammanin suna ci gaba da rayuwa, amma suna rayuwa a ƙasa. Suna bin salo iri ɗaya da wayewa irin na mutane, amma ana ganin sun fi hikima kuma da ƙarfin ikon allahntaka. Mutane na musamman a cikin Chamba ana tsammanin suna iya yin hulɗa tare da waɗannan ruhohin kakanninsu kuma mutanen Chamba suna girmama su. Mutanen Chamba suna daya daga cikin wadanda aka yiwa fadan Fulani faɗa a ƙarni na 18 da 19. An bautar da su, kuma da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa cikin duwatsu. Sun rama ta hanyar zama gungun mayaƙa waɗanda suka afkawa bayi da kuma safarar motocin. 'Yan tsiraru, ko kuma kusan 15%, na mutanen Chamba suna bin addinin Islama Al'umma da Al'adu A al'adance Chamba suna zaune ne a yankuna masu ciyayi, kayan abinci na hatsi, da albarkatun gona kamar koko da kofi. Babban amfanin gona wanda gonar Chamba shine masarar guinea Chamba sun haɗu da dangi daban-daban waɗanda zasu iya samun nau'ikan salon sarauta. Wasu suna jagorancin mata, maza, ko duka biyun. Waɗannan dangin suna aiki ne bisa imanin gama gari game da "ikon mallakar ikon maza da mata." Chamba suna zaune a ƙauyuka. A wajen ƙauyukan akwai yankin gandun daji da ba kowa a ciki wanda ake kira daji. Yankunan dajin da ke kusa da ƙauyen su ne wuraren da Chamba ke tattara abubuwa don kunna wuta, yin abubuwa masu amfani kamar kwanduna da tabarma, farauta, da tarawa. Wadannan yankuna daji suna samun damar maza da mata. Gashi na ciki ana ɗaukar shi mafi haɗari kuma yana da alaƙa da jinsi na namiji.
'Yan daba Wani nau'i na kulawar zamantakewar Chamba shine ta hanyar amfani da tsafi. Chamba Daka yana nufin kungiyoyin asiri kamar jup. Kowane juju yana da alaƙa da bala'i ko cuta. Wadannan kungiyoyin tsafin na iya sarrafa wadannan musibun da kuma warkar da cututtuka dangane da yadda membobin suke yin tsafi da biyan kudi. Kowane ju na zaman kansa daban kuma yana gudanar da shi ta musamman bisa ka'idoji da ayyukansu. Akwai ƙungiyoyin addinai na maza da na mata waɗanda mutum na iya samun memba kawai ta hanyar tsarin farawa. Ana sa ran membobin kungiyoyin asiri su kiyaye al'adu, al'adu, da ayyuka a asirce. Kasancewa cikin ƙungiyoyin asiri na iya ba da kariya da tsaro daga masifu da cututtuka. Tsarin aiwatarwa ya banbanta ga al'adun kowane jinsi. Yin kaciya wani ɓangare ne na ƙaddamar da al'adun maza, ta hanyar da tsarin ke ba yara damar shiga cikin samari. Ga mata, alamarsu ta canzawa zuwa mace ba ta hanyar farawa bane amma aure. Sau da yawa, mata ba sa shiga kungiyoyin asiri sai sun yi aure. Don al'adun mata, wani lokacin fitar da hakori wani bangare ne na farawa. Koyaya, fitowar haƙori ba shi da cikakken amfani a yanzu kuma ya bambanta da yanki da yanki musamman.
Zane-zane Arewararrun masu fasaha ne waɗanda aka sani da tukwane, aikin karafa da sassaka sassaka. Bugu da kari, Chamba suna yin abin rufe fuska waɗanda ake yi a lokuta na musamman.
Al'adar yin Amawali Abin rufe baki ko Amawali da ke wakiltar daji yawanci an haɗa su da abin rufe katako da suturar da aka yi da dogon zare. Kammalallen kallon ya kamata ya ba da ruɗar ɗayan mahaɗan cikakke tare da abin rufe fuska, sutura, da mai yin ta zama rukuni ɗaya. Wani nau'in maski na musamman da ake kira buffalo ko abin rufe fuska ba'a cowcow. Kowane dangi na Chamba yawanci yana da aƙalla maskin daji sau ɗaya. Waɗannan masks ɗin an fentin su launuka daban-daban don tantance ko mask ɗin namiji ne ko mace. Wasu dangi za su sami abin rufe fuska na mata da na maza. Abubuwan fasalin mask din sun haɗu da halayen dabbobi da na mutum. Horahonin maskin bushcow suna nufin "kakannin matan daji." Ana yawan kwatanta bakin da na kada. Wadannan masks yakamata su wakilci ikon daji. Masks suna aiki tare tare da al'amuran Chamba kamar kaciya, farawa shugabanni, da jana'iza. Ana rufe waɗannan masks a cikin daji. Lokacin da suke yi don lokuta na musamman, masks suna barin daji suka shiga ƙauyen. Yayin wasan kwaikwayon, masquerader zai yi rawa. Wasu suna kamanta salon rawa da na cajin bauna.
Gumaka Hotunan gumaka na siffa ne, galibi suna nuna namiji, mace, ko duka maza da mata. Lissafin yawanci suna bayyana a cikin tsari guda ɗaya ko nau'i biyu wanda aka haɗa siffofin biyu zuwa tushe. Wadannan gumakan galibi ana yin su ne da itace ko ƙarfe. Wadannan mutun-mutun an kasu gida biyu dangane da yadda suke gani. Ƙungiyar ta farko tana da halin girmanta. Waɗannan gumakan sau da yawa an sassaka su daga itace ɗaya. Hannun suna da lankwasa hannaye da kafafu kafafu. Hannun suna fitowa daga jiki. Bayyana ɗaya daga cikin fassarar waɗannan maganganun shine adadi na iya rawa. A cikin mutum-mutumi nau'i biyu mutum-mutumi, manyan jikin mutum biyu suna raba kafa biyu. Groupungiyar ta biyu tana da siffar fasalin ta. Hannun adon da ƙafafun suna haɗe da jiki.
Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutum-mutumin an ɗauka cewa ana amfani da su wajen tsafi. Ba a san aikin waɗannan gumakan ba. Sannanan bayanan abin da aikin zai iya kasancewa sun fito ne daga logistsan masanan da yawa a lokacin mulkin mallaka.
Sananne mutane Gen. T Theophilus Y. Danjuma
Mallam Musa Hassan El-wakil Dakka. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
24141 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuwaikh%20Port | Shuwaikh Port | Shuwaikh Port fassara Minaa 'Shuweekh (Masu daidaitawa: 29 21′9 N 47 55′31 E) yanki ne na masana'antar birane a tsakanin Al Asimah Governorate (Babban Birnin Mulki) a cikin garin Kuwait, Kuwait Yawancin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kuwait, cibiyoyin ilimi, asibitoci da ofisoshi da yawa an shirya su a yankin. Manyan tashoshin jigilar kayayyaki suna cikin tashar Shuwaikh. A cikin ƙididdigbshekara ta 2011, an yi rikodin mutane guda Dari da tamanin da Bihar 185 da ke zaune a gundumar. Tashar tashar jiragen ruwa tana da iyaka da yankin masana'antu, Shuwaikh daidai, gundumar ilimi da gundumar kasuwanci.
Yankin Masana'antu na Shuwaikh Babban yankin masana'antu na Al-Shuwaikh (Mai daidaitawa: 29 21′N 47 57′E 29.35 N 47.95 E 29.35; 47.95) ya ƙunshi kasuwar Juma'a (Souq al-Juma) a wurin Al-Rai (Hudu Hanyar Ring). Yana farawa kowace Alhamis da rana kuma yana zuwa jumma'a da yamma yana siyar da sutura, kayan haɗi, kayan daki, katifu, dabbobi, shuke -shuke, kayan tarihi da abubuwan tunawa da sabbin kayayyaki da aka yi amfani da su.
An san yankin da sashen masana'antu na Kuwait kamar yadda yawancin masana'antun za a iya samunsu a wannan yankin. Gyaran motoci galibi yana cikin wannan yanki na Kuwait. Haka kuma dillalan motoci da yawa suna cikin wannan yankin. Gidaje a wannan yanki galibi daga tsoffin lokuta ne. A wutar lantarki tashar da ruwa desalinization shuka a Port of Shuwaikh wadata Kuwait birni.
Yankin Ciniki Kyauta na Kuwait yana kan titin Jamal Abdul Nasser wanda ya haɗa Tashar Shuwaikh zuwa tsakiyar birnin Kuwait Sauran muhimman wurare sune Bankin Gulf na Kuwait, Kasuwancin City Center, KGL Transports, da sauransu. Za a iya samun manyan wuraren nuna dillalan motoci da yawa a Yankin Masana'antu na Shuwaikh.
Ana iya samun jiragen yakin da aka lalata, masu safarar kamun kifi da kwale-kwale daga zamanin Yakin Gulf kafin bakin tekun kusa da tashar Shuwaikh.
Tashar Shuwaikh Tashar jiragen ruwa na Shuwaikh (kuma Ash-Ashuwaykh) ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi mahimmanci a Kuwait. Yana nan da nan yamma da tsakiyar birnin Kuwait, yana kan gabar kudancin Kuwait Bay kusa da Tekun Farisa Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Kuwait tana kulawa da gudanar da tashar Jiragen ruwa na Shuwaikh. Tashar jiragen ruwa na Shuwaikh tana ba da jiragen ruwa masu tafiya cikin teku a cikin rrufe a masu zurfin ruwa, kuma tana da wadatattun kayan kwantena na zamani. Ita ce babbar tashar kasuwanci ta ƙasar kuma tana rufe guda dari uku da ashirin 320 kadada kadada da guda Dari da ashirin 120 kadada na saman ruwa. Tashar Kewayawa a cikin Kuwait Bay an rushe ta zuwa zurfin 8.5 mita (ƙaramin matakin tudu), kuma tsawonsa ya kai kimanin kilomita takwas. A kowane ruwa, tashar jiragen ruwa na Shuwaikh na iya karɓar jiragen ruwa zuwa 7.5 mita daftarin. A cikin babban tudu, tasoshin zuwa 9.5 daftarin mita na iya shiga da barin tashar jiragen ruwa na Shuwaikh. Tashar jiragen ruwa na Shuwaikh tana dauke da tashoshi guda ashirin da daya 21 tare da jimlar guda 4055 mita. Goma sha huɗu na ɗakunan suna da zurfin guda coma 10 mita, hudu sune 8.5 zurfin mita, kuma uku suna da zurfin zurfin 6.7 mita. Jirgin ruwan da ke tafiya ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Shuwaikh ya haɗa da jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da sauran jiragen ruwa waɗanda suka haɗa da masu layi, tarko, masu kamun kifi, da ƙananan jiragen fasinja da kwantena masu ɗauke da kaya da juye-juye/juye-juye da jiragen ruwa.
Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Gaggawa Shuwaikh (EPPS) A cikin shekara ta 2008, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Kuwaiti (MOE) ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar dala miliyan 270 don gina tashar wutar lantarki ta MW 200, wanda ya sa ta zama babbar masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki irinta a Gabas ta Tsakiya. An yi kwangilar aikin Injiniya, Siyarwa da Gina (EPC) ga HPI, LLC, cikakken ikon sabis da kamfanin sarrafa injin turbin a Houston, S&W Energy Solutions Inc. (SWES), wani kamfanin injiniya, da Alghanim International (AI), babban dan kwangilar Kuwait da injiniyan lantarki. An gina tashar wutar lantarki ne don tabbatar da samar da wutar lantarki ga birnin Kuwait a cikin watanni masu amfani da wutar lantarki. Cibiyar Jami'ar Kuwait, wacce jami'a ce ta jama'a tana kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda shine babban harabar tare da ƙarin kari a Mubarak-Al-Kabeer, Khaldiya da Jabriya. Harabar da ke Shuwaikh ta haɗa da wuraren zama na ma'aikatan jami'a ma.
Ana samun wuraren nishaɗi tare da wuraren waha, wuraren wasan caca, kotunan wasan tennis, kotunan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙari da yawa kuma ana yin fim a kowace Alhamis da yamma a kulob ɗin memba na Jami'ar.
Sufuri Yawancin yankuna a cikin Kuwait suna da alaƙa ta hanyar motocin sufuri na jama'a tare da manyan kamfanoni biyu, City Bus da Kamfanin Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Jama'a (KPTC) a cikin yini, kodayake mutane kalilan ne ke amfani da jigilar jama'a.
Filin jirgin sama na Kuwait shine babban filin jirgin sama na ƙasar da ke ba da hidimomi iri -iri na cikin gida da na duniya. Tashar Shuwaikh tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da Filin Jirgin Sama na Kuwait ta hanyar Ghazali Expressway (Road-60).
Jerin fitilun hasumiya a Kuwait
Jerin kayan shigar Sojojin Burtaniya da aka yi amfani da su lokacin Operation Telic
Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
11214 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youcef%20Bela%C3%AFli | Youcef Belaïli | Mohamed Youcef Belaïli an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na hagu don ƙungiyar Brest ta Ligue 1 da kuma tawagar ƙasar Algeria.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Belaili a ranar 14 ga Maris din shekarar 1992 a Oran. Ya fara wasa a matsayi na matasa tare da RCG Oran sannan kuma tare da MC Oran.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon tafiya, sannan zuwa Espérance de Tunis Youcef Belaïli ya fara wasan kwallon kafa da RCG Oran, sannan ya koma kungiyar ajiyar MC Oran, Belaïli kakarsa ta farko a gasar Division 1 ta kasance tare da CA Bordj Bou Arreridj, kuma wasansa na farko ya kasance a ranar 6 ga Maris din shekarar 2010 da MC El Eulma a matsayin maimakon, kuma bayan kakar wasa daya kacal, Belaïli ya koma MC Oran na yanayi biyu. A farkon kakar wasa, Belaïli ya fara bayyana kansa kuma burinsa na farko shine a kan USM Alger a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban Shekarar 2010, kuma a cikin kakar wasa ta biyu Belaïli ya zama muhimmin wani yanki kuma kungiyoyi da yawa a ciki da wajen kasar ke bukata. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 2012, Belaïli ya tafi Tunisiya don tattaunawa game da tafiya zuwa kulob din Tunisiya na Espérance de Tunis. Bayan kwanaki biyu, ya sanar da cewa ya amince da yarjejeniyar sirri da kungiyar kuma zai rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa. A ranar 5 ga Yuni, Belaïli ya koma Espérance bisa a hukumance, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku na Yuro miliyan 2. A ranar 20 ga Yuli, Belaïli ya fara bugawa Espérance a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin ASO Chlef a matakin rukuni na 2012 CAF Champions League. A minti na 77 Belaïli ya ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sannan kuma ya taimaka wa Yannick N'Djeng a lokacin da ya ji rauni a taimakawa Esperance ta lashe wasan. kuma duk da zuwansa a karshen wasan. 2011-12 kakar kuma ya buga wasanni uku kawai, amma ya lashe kambu na farko a tarihinsa kuma shine Tunisiya Ligue Professionnelle 1.
Komawa Algeria kuma CAF ta dakatar da ita A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2014, Belaïli ya shiga USM Alger a kwangilar shekaru biyu a albashi na kowane wata na dinari miliyan 5 a matsayin mafi girman albashi a cikin Aljeriya Ligue Professionnelle 1. Belaïli ya kasance daya daga cikin tauraro saboda kwarewarsa ta fasaha kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa ga nasara musamman a karawar da suka yi da JS Kabylie inda ya zura kwallo a ragar kungiyar a mintunan karshe a wasan da aka yi rashin nasara sakamakon rasuwar dan wasan Albert Ebossé. Bodjongo wanda wani makami da wani da ba a san ko wanene ba ya jefa a kai a lokacin da kungiyoyin ke barin filin. Belaïli saboda ya gwada tabbatacce ga Cocaine a lokacin anti-doping iko da za'ayi a lokacin wasan da MC El Eulma a kan 7 Agusta 2015 kirgawa ga CAF Champions League. Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwantiraginsa da USM Alger ya kare a farke. A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamban 2016 ne kotun sauraren kararrakin wasanni da ke Lausanne ta sanar da cewa ta yanke hukuncin rage hukuncin daurin Blaili zuwa shekaru biyu, inda ta kara da cewa dan wasan ya sha taba Hookah kwana biyu gabanin wasan ba tare da sanin abin da ke cikinsa ba, inda ta ce bai aikata laifin ba. duk wani kuskure ko gafala mai gani. Bayan shekara guda, Belaïli ya shiga Angers SCO a Ligue 1 amma kwarewar ba ta yi nasara ba yayin da ya buga wasa daya kawai a Coupe de la Ligue.
Tafiya zuwa Gulf sannan kuma zuwa Turai A kan 26 Janairu 2018, Belaïli ya yanke shawarar barin ya koma tsohon kulob dinsa na Esperance de Tunis. Komawarsa ta samu nasara bisa dukkan ka'idoji kuma ya kasance a bayan komawarsa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya, ko dai a matakin lakabi ya lashe biyar daga cikinsu ciki har da lakabi biyu a jere a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CAF. Bayan lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika da tawagar kasar. Belaïli ya yanke shawarar daukar sabon gogewa a wannan karon tare da Al Ahli na Saudi Arabia na tsawon yanayi uku a yarjejeniyar da ta wuce dala miliyan uku. amma bai yi nasara ba saboda bai dace da wurin ba don yanke shawarar barin shiga maƙwabcin Qatar SC A can Belaïli ya samu abubuwansa inda ya zura kwallaye 13 ciki har da hat-trick da ya zura a ragar Al-Ahli wanda shi ne na farko a fagen kwallon kafa. A gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA da kuma bayan kammala wasan da Morocco, mahaifin Youcef Belaïli, wanda shi ne manajansa, ya sanar da dakatar da kwantiragin ta hanyar amincewar juna.
Ayyukan kasa
Matasa An kira Belaili a Aljeriya U23 don shiga gasar UNAF U-23 na 2010. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2010, ya zura kwallo a raga a minti na 54 a kan Kamaru U23. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2011, an zabe shi a matsayin wani bangare na tawagar Algeria a gasar cin kofin CAF U-23 na 2011 a Morocco.
Babban Belaili ya kasance babban memba a cikin 'yan wasan Algeria da suka lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019.
A cikin shekarar 2021, Belaili ya kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Larabawa ta FIFA ta 2021 a Qatar. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Morocco Belaili ya zura kwallo a raga daga yadi 40 a cikin karin lokacin da ya ba kungiyarsa tazarar maki 2-1. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Qatar Belaili ya zura kwallo ta biyu a bugun fenareti bayan mintuna 15 na raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya sa Aljeriya ta samu gurbin zuwa wasan karshe.
Haramta yin amfani da kwayoyi A watan Satumba na 2015, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka ta dakatar da Youcef Belaïli na tsawon shekaru 2 saboda ya gwada inganci ga Cocaine a lokacin da ake sarrafa maganin kara kuzari da aka yi a wasan da MC El Eulma a ranar 7 ga Agusta 2015 a gasar cin kofin CAF. Ya yarda da gaskiyar, Bellaili an gwada shi a karo na biyu tabbatacce a doping bayan cinye samfurin da aka haramta na (Cocaine a lokacin wasan da tawagarsa ta yi da CS Constantine na zagaye na biyar na Ligue Professionnelle 1, wanda aka buga a 19 Satumba 2015 a Constantine. An dakatar da shi na tsawon shekaru hudu, kwangilarsa da USM Alger ta ƙare. Duk da haka, a cikin Maris 2016, FIFA ta tabbatar da cewa tana ba da tsawaita dakatarwar shekaru hudu don yin aiki a duniya har zuwa 19 ga Satumba 2019.
Kididdigar sana'a
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta zura a raga, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallo Belaili.
Girmamawa Espérance de Tunis
Tunisiya Professionnelle 1 2011-12, 2013-14, 2017-18, 2018-19
CAF Champions League 2018, 2019
Tunisia Super Cup 2019
Algeria U23
Gasar UNAF U-23 2010
Aljeriya
FIFA Arab Cup 2021 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka 2019 Kwallon Azurfa ta FIFA Arab Cup: 2021
Manazarta
External links Youcef Belaïli at DZFoot.com (in French)
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun |
57633 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skikda | Skikda | Phoenicians da Carthaginians sun kafa wurin kasuwanci da kagara mai suna RŠKD( </link> ,"Jug Cape ")bayan Skikda's kusa cape.[2]Faɗuwa ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa bayan Yaƙin Punic,sunan ya kasance Latinized a matsayin Rusicade ko Rusiccade.Rusicade ya ƙunshi babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman a Aljeriya,tun daga zamanin Hadrian.
A ƙarshen zamanin da,an lalata tashar jiragen ruwa a lokacin mamayewar Vandals na 530.Rumawa sun sake mamaye yankin a cikin 533 da 534,amma sun bar manyan yankuna karkashin ikon Berber.Daular Umayyawa ta mamaye garin a karshen karni na 7.
Present-day Skikda was founded by Sylvain Charles Valée in 1838 under the name Philippeville, honoring the French king at the time.The French were in the process of annexing Algeria and developed Philippeville as a port for Constantine,Algeria's third-largest city. The two cities were connected by rail.The harbour works,with every vessel in port, was destroyed by a storm in 1878;a larger harbour was then built. On 10 October 1883, there was an earthquake in Philippeville.
Zuwa ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu,wani sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na UNRRA mai suna an kafa kusa da birnin.A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1945,an tura Yahudawa 200 da ke da shaidar zama dan kasa daga kasashen Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka daga sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen zuwa Switzerland a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyar musayar fursunoni. Daga baya aka tura su sansanin UNRRA da ke Skikda.
Yaƙin Philippeville Wani hari da kungiyar ta FLN ta kai a shekarar 1955 a lokacin yakin ‘yancin kai ya yi sanadin mutuwar fararen hula kusan 123,galibin Faransa da wadanda ake zargi da hadin gwiwa. A fusace kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa fararen hula,da suka hada da mata, dattijai,da jarirai, Faransawa sun kara kai farmaki kan FLN. Mai yiwuwa martanin da sojojin Faransa suka yi ya kashe tsakanin 1,200 (bisa ga majiyoyin Faransa),da fararen hula 12,000 (a cewar FLN. 1989 shipping bala'i Birnin yana da tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci tare da tashar iskar gas da mai.A ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1989 jirgin ruwan Holland mai suna MV <i id="mwYA">Maassluis</i> ya tsaya kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa,yana jiran ya doshi tashar washegari a tashar, lokacin da yanayi mai tsanani ya barke. Anga jirgin ba su riƙe ba,jirgin ya farfasa a kan mashigar tashar jirgin.Bala'in ya kashe mutane 27 daga cikin 29 da ke cikin jirgin.
Modern Skikda Birnin yana da yawan jama'a 250,000.An samar da iskar gas,tace mai,da masana'antar petrochemical a cikin 1970s kuma an gina bututun don jigilar su. Le Corbusier ne ya tsara zauren birni(fadar salon neo-moorish)da tashar jirgin ƙasa.
Launukan tutar birni na hukuma sune shuɗi da fari, launukan Bahar Rum. Lambar gidan waya na yanzu ita ce 21000. Skikda tana da tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma ta uku a Aljeriya bayan Algiers da Oran Har ila yau, yana da tashar tashar tashar jiragen ruwa da kuma ƙaramin tashar kamun kifi a Stora, kuma akwai rairayin bakin teku masu da yawa tare da bakin tekun Bahar Rum Akwai kuma filin jirgin sama da aka rufe kusa da rukunin man petrochemical.
Biranen |
30800 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauta%20A%20Najeriya | Bauta A Najeriya | Najeriya na da tarihin bauta kuma tana taka rawa sosai a cinikin bayi. Bauta a yanzu ta haramta a duniya da kuma a Najeriya. Koyaya, sau da yawa ana yin watsi da halal tare da al'adun gargajiya daban-daban waɗanda suka rigaya sun kasance, waɗanda ke kallon wasu ayyuka daban. A Najeriya, wasu al'adu da ayyukan addini sun haifar da "lalacewa tsakanin al'adu, al'ada, da addini da kuma dokokin kasa a yawancin jihohin Afirka" wanda ke da ikon yin amfani da ikon da ba bisa doka ba a kan rayuka da yawa wanda ya haifar da zamani. bautar rana. Hanyoyin bautar zamani da suka fi zama ruwan dare a Nijeriya, su ne fataucin mutane da aikin yara. Domin da wuya a gane bautar zamani, ya yi wuya a iya magance wannan al’ada duk da ƙoƙarin da ƙasa da ƙasa ke yi.
Tarihin bauta a Najeriya Kasuwancin bayi na gargajiya a Kudancin Najeriya ya kasance kafin zuwan tasirin Turawa, kuma ya ci gaba a cikin gida tsawon lokacin da aka kawar da bautar a wasu ƙasashe da yawa. Da zuwan cinikin bayi daga Atlantika, ’yan kasuwar bayi na gargajiya a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun zama masu ba da bayi ga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai. Kodayake gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta haramta bautar cikin gida a hukumance daga tsakiyar shekara ta 1880s, sun ba da izinin ci gaba da kyau a cikin shekara ta 1930s, ya ƙare gaba ɗaya kawai a cikin shekara ta 1940s. A cikin shekara ta 1961, sabuwar jamhuriya ta farko ta Najeriya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Bauta ta 1926 Igbo Ƙabilar Ibo sun kasance suna kiyaye tsarin addinin Odinani na Osu. Osu sun kasance mutanen da ake kallon su a matsayin marasa ruhi, kuma an ware su daga al'ummar Igbo na yau da kullun. An ajiye Osu a matsayin bayi ko kuma a sayar da su a cinikin bayi. Zuriyar Osu har yanzu suna fuskantar wariya a tsakanin ƙabilar Igbo. Masu fafutukar yaki da wariya na cikin gida sun haɗa kai da ƙungiyar Black Lives Matter ta duniya, inda suka kwatanta yadda ake mu’amala da ‘ya’yan bayi a Najeriya da yadda ake yi wa baƙaƙen fata a ƙasar Amurka.
Sokoto Caliphate Daular Sokoto wata daular khalifancin Ahlus Sunna ce mai ƙarfi a ƙarni na 19 tare da babban birninta Sokoto dake arewacin Najeriya. Halifanci ya kawo ci gaban tattalin arziki shekaru da yawa a duk yankin. Kimanin bayi miliyan 1-2.5 ne wadanda ba musulmi ba aka kama a yakin Fulani Bayi sun yi aikin gonaki amma watakila kuma an basu 'yanci bisa sharadin musulunta A shekara ta 1900, Sokoto tana da "aƙalla miliyan 1 kuma ƙila har miliyan 2.5 bayi".
Yarbawa Bauta ta kasance a al'adance tsakanin Yarabawa kafin a kawar da ita a hukumance a shekara ta 1893, lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. An kama bayi a lokacin fadada yankuna da yaƙe-yaƙe na ciki da na ƙabilanci. Idan wani gari ya kama wani a yaƙi, mutanen da aka kama za su zama bayi ga waɗanda suka kama su. Bayi yawanci suna aiki ne don membobi masu ƙarfi na al'umma, kuma an ba su aikin noman gona, share ƙasa, ko wasu dalilai na sirri. Tuntuɓar Musulmi da Turawa ya ƙara shaharar bautar da ke tsakanin Yarabawa. Manya-manyan Yarabawa irin su mayaka, sarakuna masu ƙarfi, sarakuna, da attajirai sun fara shiga cinikin bayi domin yana samun riba mai riba. ’Yan kasuwan kasashen waje sun ba wa abokan kasuwancin Yarbawa makamai masu karfi a maimakon bayi. Yarabawa sun yi amfani da wadannan makamai wajen fatattakar abokan gaba da sayar da su zuwa cinikin bayi. Mallakar bayi alama ce ta matsayi a cikin al'ummar Yarbawa.
Rukunin bayi Akwai nau'ikan bayi guda uku a cikin al'ummar Yarbawa; fà, fursunan yaƙi, da masu laifi. Kalmar fà tana nufin bayi waɗanda dangi ɗaya suka miƙa da radin kansu ga wani a matsayin lamuni don biyan lamuni. Bawan yakan yi wa ubangijinsu aiki muddin ba a biya bashin ba. Masu awòfà na iya mallakar dukiya kuma su ziyarci danginsu, amma ƴancinsu ya rage a hannun iyayengijinsu.
Wadanda aka kama yakin wani nau'i ne. Mayaƙa waɗanda suka yi nasara a yaƙi sukan kawo fursunoni ga manyan sarakuna da sarakuna, waɗanda suka bautar da su kuma suka tilasta musu yin aiki a gonakinsu ko yin sana’o’i. Mu'amalar bayi ta dogara ne da halayen iyayengiji, da kuma halayen bayi da kansu. Efunsetan Aniwura, Iyalode na Ibadan, an san shi a matsayin ubangidan bawa mai tsananin tausayi. A wasu yanayi, bayi sun zama shugabannin gidajensu ko kuma sun sami ’yanci.
Nau'in Bautar Zamani A Najeriya
Fataucin mutane Fataucin bil adama ya ƙunshi "aikin da yunƙurin daukar ma'aikata da jigilar mutane (maza da mata) a ciki ko ta kan iyakoki". Fataucin mutane shine nau'in bautar da ke saurin girma. Yawancin waɗanda aka tilasta musu yin fataucin mutane ana tilasta su shiga cinikin jima'i na kasuwanci ko kuma aikin tilastawa. Fataucin mutane yana haifar da illa ga tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Najeriya. Akwai nau'ikan fataucin mutane Iri daban-daban a Najeriya. Fataucin bil adama a Najeriya na ƙaruwa a cikin gida da waje. Najeriya kuma ta zama hanyar wucewa ta hanyar da masu safara ke kai wadanda abin ya shafa zuwa wasu kasashe”.
Dalilan Fataucin Bil Adama Babu takamaiman ranar da aka fara fataucin mutane a Najeriya amma ya fara karuwa a Najeriya a farkon shekarun 1990 tare da karuwar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da kuma Advanced Fee Fraud (419). An sami matakai daban-daban na wayar da kan jama'a game da fataucin mutane da kuma banbance-banbance kan yadda kabilun Najeriya daban-daban ke amincewa da safarar mutane. Saboda bambance-bambancen fahimtar wannan al'ada, gwamnatin Najeriya ta sha wahala wajen "hada kayan aiki don kawar da barazanar da ke cikin kasar". Haka kuma yana da matukar wahala a iya gano wadanda aka yi musu fataucin mutane saboda nau’ukan safarar mutane da kuma rashin horar da yadda ake gane wadanda abin ya shafa.
Fataucin Waje Fataucin waje, ko fataucin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya haɗa da fataucin mutane a cikin "ƙasashen ƙasa, nahiya da kan iyakokin ƙasa don manufar yin jima'i, aikin yara da hidimar gida don musanyawa don samun ladan kuɗi" A ko'ina cikin iyakokin kasa da kasa a kowace shekara, ana safarar mutane tsakanin shekara ta 800,000 zuwa shekara ta 4,000,000, tare da mata da yara ƙanana da aka fi fama da su. Galibin mata da kananan yara ‘yan Najeriya da ake fataucinsu na safarar mutane ne zuwa ƙasashen Turai musamman Italiya. Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Amurka su ma wuri ne na gama-gari da masu fataucin su daga Najeriya su karewa “domin daukarsu, aikin gida da aikin gona, da kuma sayar da sassan jikinsu”. Yara da ake fataucin mutane daga Najeriya galibi ana safarar su ne a Najeriya ko wasu kasashen Afirka. Fataucin mutane babban laifi ne na ketare, wanda ake ganin yayi kama da cinikin bayi na zamani. Mafi yawan abin da ya faru na fataucin ɗan adam daga waje don dalilai na amfani shine a Edo (20.4%), Rivers (8.6%), Cross River (7.1%), Anambra (6.8%), Delta (6.4%), Bayelsa (5.7%), Ebonyi (5.4%), da Imo (3.2%). Babban birnin tarayya (5.7%) da jihar Borno (5.0%).
Fataucin Cikin Gida Fataucin cikin gida, ko fataucin cikin gida shine "daukar ma'aikata da jigilar mutane a cikin iyakokin kasa, ko dai daga karkara zuwa birane ko daga wata jiha zuwa wata, don ayyukan jima'i, aikin yara, ko ayyukan gida". An fi samun yawaitar fataucin bil adama na cikin gida a Benue (16.4%), Akwa Ibom (13.2%), Kogi (9.5%), Kano (4.1%), Jigawa (4.1%), Borno (3.6%), Edo (3.6), Kaduna (3.6%), Kwara (3.6%) da Niger (3.6%) jihohin.
Fataucin Mata Ana fataucin matan Najeriya ne da nufin yin lalata da su. Ana fataucinsu ne a waje. Adadin ‘yan Najeriya da aka yi musu fataucin mutane na daya daga cikin mafi yawa a yammacin Turai.
Dalilan safarar Mata Wannan matsalar fataucin da ake fama da ita a Najeriya na faruwa ne sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki. Addinin da ke da rinjayen Musulunci a Arewa, kuma Kirista ne ke da rinjaye a Kudu, shi ma ya taka rawar gani wajen tashe-tashen hankula a fadin Najeriya da ke haifar da fatara.
Juju Juju yana tare a Najeriya tare da Kiristanci da Musulunci Juju ya shafi fataucin dan Adam a Najeriya tunda da yawa sun yi imanin cewa "limamin cocin da ke da alaka da gidan ibada na voodoo yana da ikon sarrafa sakamako a rayuwar mutane". Akwai iko da yawa akan mata ta hanyar al'adar juju. Firistoci suna ba da haɗin kai ga masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya, kuma limamai da yawa ma masu laifi suna biyan Don haka, wannan yana haifar da samun ƙarfi a kan mata tun lokacin da mafia ke barazana ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da danginsu idan 'yan matan suka kasa ba da haɗin kai. Mafia na Najeriya "suna rike da takardun tafiye-tafiye da jigilar kaya zuwa Turai" kuma daga nan ne magidanta suka sayi 'yan matan don aiki.
Matsayin Madam Galibin fataucin mata wasu mata ne ke kula da su. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito daga madams wadanda ke aiki a matsayin 'yan iskan mata, kuma galibi tsoffin karuwai ne. Wadannan Madam din sun mallaki 'yan mata har sai sun biya basussukan da ake binsu. Madam sun biya kudin safarar yarinyar da suke daukar aiki. Wani abin ƙarfafawa ga waɗannan 'yan mata shine damar nan gaba na samun kudin shiga a matsayin uwargida, wanda ke haifar da sake zagayowar cin zarafi. Wannan al’ada ce da ta shahara a Najeriya a yau, inda kashi daya bisa uku na matan wata uwargida ta tunkari su a baya.
Boko Haram Kungiyar Boko Haram na taka rawa sosai wajen safarar mata a Najeriya ta hanyar sace 'yan mata tare da tilasta musu bauta. Kungiyar Boko Haram ta yi garkuwa da yara sama da 1000 a Najeriya tun daga shekarar 2013 a cewar UNICEF. Daya daga cikin manyan sace-sacen da aka fi sani da sace 'yan matan makarantar Chibok, ya faru ne a jihar Borno inda Abubakar Shekau ya fitar da wani faifan bidiyo yana mai cewa "zai sayar da 'yan matan Najeriya 276 zuwa bauta".
Bautar Yara A Najeriya, akwai manyan nau'ikan bautar yara guda biyu: aikin tilastawa da yin lalata da kasuwanci Yana da wuya a gano yadda ake bautar da yara a Najeriya saboda rashin fahimta tsakanin ayyukan aiki da ayyukan iyali.
Aikin Tilastawa Ana tilasta wa yaran Najeriya aiki nau'ikan ayyukan da suka hada da aikin gona, bautar gida, yin katifi, yin kayan adon, yin tufafi, wasan raƙuma, da yaƙi (a matsayin yara soja). Haka kuma an tilastawa yaran Najeriya shiga aikin hakar ma'adanai inda ake jefa su cikin hatsarin gaske saboda tsananin aikin da ake bukata.
Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i Da alama akwai babban alaƙa tsakanin "cin zarafin yara da karuwanci a Najeriya". Irin wannan bautar yara na iya haɗawa da "karuwanci, labarun batsa, yawon shakatawa na jima'i, zoben jima'i, rawa tsirara ko ƙirar ƙira, da cin zarafin yara masu bautar gida"
Kokarin Yaki Da Bautar Zamani Fataucin bil adama yana da wahala a iya yaƙi domin ba a iya gane shi cikin sauƙi. Duk da haka, an yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar bautar zamani.
Ƙoƙarin Cikin Gida Gwamnatin Najeriya ta fahimci cewa "laifi na fataucin mutane yana haifar da babbar barazana ga ci gaban Najeriya da zaman lafiyarta, kuma hakan na kawo babbar barazana ga kimarta da tattalin arzikin kasa". Don haka, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa don yaƙar wannan batu. An kirkiro Hukumar hana zirga-zirgar mutane ta kasa NAPTIP don yaki da fataucin mutane a shekarar 2003. Wannan hukumar tana da hannu wajen ladabtar da masu safarar mutane, da binciken jami’ai, da kuma mayar da wadanda abin ya shafa cikin al’umma. Yarjejeniyoyi na kasa da kasa da Najeriya ta rattabawa hannu sun hada da: Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kan Laifukan Kasa da Kasa, Yarjejeniyar Yaki da safarar bakin haure ta kasa, ruwa da iska, yarjejeniyar hana fataucin mutane, da kuma hukunta masu safarar mutane Fataucin Makamai.
Ƙoƙarin Ƙasashen Duniya An yi wasu yunƙuri na duniya don magance matsalolin bautar zamani a Najeriya. A birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, sarakuna da matan shugabannin kasashe 70, tare da sauran manyan kasashen duniya da dama, sun halarci wani taro kan matsalolin da matan karkara ke fuskanta a kasashen duniya na uku, da fatan za a magance matsalolin da mata ke fuskanta. Bautar zamani na iya faruwa saboda yawan bashin da wasu kasashen Afirka ke da su ciki har da Najeriya. Yunkurin gyara hakan shi ne gwamnatin Bush ta soke basussukan kasashe 18 ciki har da Najeriya. Kungiyar Jubilee ta kuma soke basussukan kasashe 50 ko fiye da suka hada da Najeriya.
Manazarta Bautan dabbobi a Afurka
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan'adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
11609 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Nagogo | Usman Nagogo | Sarki Usman Nagogo Muhammadu Dikko KBE CMG (1905 18 Maris, 1981) shi ne Sarkin Katsina daga ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1944, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1981. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, Muhammadu Dikko, a matsayin sarki, kuma ɗan sa, Muhammadu Kabir Usman ya gaje shi. Ya kasance dan boko kuma ya karanta ilimin Addini
Farkon Rayuwa Sarki Alhaji Usman Nagogo Shine mahaifin Janar Hasan Usman Katsina, an haifi Sarki Nagogo a garin katsina a shekara ta 1905, kuma shine sarki na goma a tsarin mulkin fulanin Katsina, usman Nagogo mutum ne mai ƙwazo, mai kulawa da addininsa kuma shine shugaban musulunci a garinsa.
Ilimi Nagogo ya fara karantu shi ne a karkashin malamin Islamiyya Attahiru, wanda ya koyar da sarki na gaba. ya karantar dashi ne tare da dan uwan shi a cikin Gambarawa kwatas na Katsina. Usman Nagogo ya fara karatunsa na boko a tsohuwar “Provicial School” a shekarar 1915, wanda ya gama da babban sakamako watau “upper certificate” a shekarar 1923, ya koyi yaren larabci da Shariar Musulunci “Islamic Jurist Prudence”. Ya cigaba da karatu a shekarar 1921 a makarantar sakandire ta Katsina, amma mahaifinsa ya kawo karshen ziyarar da Ingila ta yi, inda su biyun suka hadu da George V na Burtaniya. Ya kammala karatu daga makarantar Lardin a shekarar 1923, bayan haka ya koyar a can tsawon watanni shida.
Aiki Bayan ya kammala karatun sa, yayi aiki da mahaifinsa watau Sarki muhammadu Dikko a matsayin sakataren sa na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, daga nan aka turashi kwas a Kaduna, “Old Police Native Athourity” an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƴan sanda na katsina na tsawon shekara tara. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Hakimin katsina watau “Magajin Gari” a shekarar 1938 don ya fara koyar harkar mulki.
An naɗa Nagogo a matsayin mukamin Babban Sufeto Janar na ƴan Sanda a shekarar 1929; a lokacin ajalinsa ya fadada sashen ƴan sanda ta hanyar inganta sabbin gine-gine da kuma daukar karin jami'ai. A shekarar 1937, ya zama Shugaban Gundumar Katsina na cikin gari. Arthur Richards, Gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya ya naɗa Nagogo a hukumance a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1944, duk da cewa ya gaje mahaifinsa da ya mutu zuwa mukamin a watan Maris. A wannan shekarar, ya ziyarci Ingila, Masar, Indiya, da Burma a Burma, ya sadu da ‘yan Najeriya a cikin Royal West African Frontier Force (yin gwagwarmayar Burtaniya a matsayin ɓangare na Chindits A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1946, Sarki George VI na Burtaniya ya nada shi a matsayin ministan tarayya na masarautar. Ya kasance minista mai yanki ba tare da jigilar kaya ba tun daga shekarar 1952 har zuwa juyin mulkin soja na shekarar 1966, wanda daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Hassan usman Katsina ya ke ciki Wasanni Sarki Usman Nagogo ne shugaban kungiyar Polo na Najeriya, Nagogo yana daya daga cikin majagaba na Polo na asalin Najeriya. kamar yadda na shekarar 2002, yana cikin qwararrun mabuga wasan kwallon doki da ake kira “handicap na +7” har yakai cikin gwanayen polo na Afirka. Ya kasance a wani lokaci shugaban kungiyar addinin musulinci Jama'atu Nasril Islam (JNI).
Iyali Mahaifiyar Nagogo ita ce Hassatu, daga Katsina. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Nagogo, Muhammadu Kabir Usman (an haife shi a watan Janairu shekarar 1928), ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin sarki a lokacin rasuwar Nagogo, kuma ya zama sarki har zuwa shekarar v2006; Kabir ya karɓi sunansa daga malamin Arab Sherif Gudid, abokin Nagogo. Kuma yanada wani ɗan mai suna Hassan usman Katsina (an haife shi shekarar 1933), ya shiga Rundunar Sojan Nijeriya, daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa matsayin Manjo Janar.
Girmamawa An nada nagogo ya zama kwamandan doka na daular birtaniya wato (CBE) a cikin 1948 Sabuwar Shekara mai Daraja, kuma an zuba jari a matsayin kwamandan yan doka wato (KBE) a cikin 1962 Sabuwar Shekara mai Daraja An nada shi a matsayin abokin aiki na Dokar St Michael da St George (CMG) a cikin bikin mai daraja a 1953 1. C.B.E Wanda aka bashi a 1947
2. C.M.G Wanda aka bashi a 1953
3. K.B.A Wanda aka bashi a 1962
4. C.F.R Wanda aka bashi a 1964.
Abubuwanda Yake Sha'awa Usman Nagoggo yafi sha’awar wasanni da kuma noma a rayuwarsa. Ya kuma yi fice a fannin wasan polo a Najeriya kuma shi ya fara kawo wasan a 1921 bzyzn dawowarsa daga Ingila.
Rasuwarsa Allah yayi wa sarki Usman Nagogo rasuwa a ranar 18 ga watan Maris,shekarar 1981, ya rasu ya bar ƴa’ƴa maza da mata, Allah yayimasa rahama.
Bibiliyo Burji, Badamasi Shu'aibu G., 1968- (1997).Gaskiya nagartar namiji tarihin rayuwar Janar Hassan Usman Katsina. Kano: Burji Publishers.ISBN 978-135-051-2. OCLC 43147940.
The Sokoto Caliphate history and legacies, 1804-2004. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366.
Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710
Manazarta Sarakunan Katsina
Sarukuna Musulmai
'Yan |
36759 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Gregory%27s%20College%2C%20Lagos | St Gregory's College, Lagos | St. Gregory's College, Legas, makarantar mishan Katolika ce ga yara maza, tare da wuraren kwana, mai lamba 1.0. km daga Tafawa Balewa Square a Unguwar Ikoyi Obalende, Jihar Legas, Najeriya.
Tarihi Kwalejin, asalin makarantar coed kafin ƙirƙirar makarantar 'yar uwarta Holy Child College Obalende, tana cikin Kudu maso Yamma a Ikoyi. An kafa ta ta hanyar aikin Katolika a cikin shekarar 1928 kuma an sanya wa suna bayan Paparoma St. Gregory mai girma (540-604). Wani ɗan kasuwa Michael Ibru da kayan aikin sa Ace Jomona ne suka halarci ginin makarantar. A cikin ƙarshen shekarar 1990s, yayin ƙarfafa yin amfani da intanet ta hanyar masu ƙirƙira da ƙungiyoyi masu mulki, wani aji na 1997 tsofaffin ɗalibai da kuma masanin fasaha na farko A. Olufeko, ya gina kwalejin ta farko kuma mafi ganewa a kan layi ta amfani da shirye-shiryen HTML da CGI a cikin shekara ta 1998, tushen. a kan bukatar taimaka wa tsofaffin ɗaliban da ke hulɗa da juna a duniya. Bayan haka, yayin da birnin Legas ya rungumi tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani, tsofaffin daliban da suka kammala digiri daban-daban, kuma daga karshe gwamnatin makarantar ta kafa gidan yanar gizon hukuma a cikin shekarar 2018.
Wasan motsa jiki Manyan kungiyoyin wasanni na Saint Gregory sun kasance wasan kurket da kungiyoyin kwallon kafa.
Shugabanni da masu gudanarwa
Sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai Adetokunbo Ademola Shugaban Kotun Koli ta Najeriya.
Jab Adu, actor and director
Jimi Agbaje, Nigerian Pharmacist, Dan siyasa, kuma dan takarar gwamna a Legas.
Ben Murray Bruce, hamshakin dan kasuwan Najeriya kuma dan siyasa.
Sir Adeyemo Alakija KBE lauyan Najeriya, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan kasuwa.
Ade Abayomi Olufeko, Masanin fasaha, mai tsarawa kuma ɗan kasuwa.
Ganiyu Dawodu dan siyasan Najeriya kuma mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya.
Oba CD Akran mai sarautar gargajiya na Badagry kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya
Antonio Deinde Fernandez Babban Jami'in Harkokin Kasuwancin Najeriya kuma jami'in diflomasiyya.
Adewale Maja-Pearce, Marubuci, dan jarida kuma mai suka.
JM Johnson Dan Siyasar Najeriya.
Jibril Martin lauyan Najeriya.
Olufemi Majekodunmi, Bature-Nigerian Architecture.
Raymond Njoku ɗan siyasan Najeriya kuma tsohon ministan sufuri.
Mike Omoighe, Mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai suka.
Segun Agbaje, Bank Executive of GTBank.
Cardinal Anthony Olubunmi Okogie, Archbishop na Legas.
Victor Uwaifo, mawakin Najeriya.
Funsho Williams, Dan siyasa.
Lamidi Adeyemi III, Alaafin of Oyo Cif Ayo Gabriel Irikefe tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya.
Denrele Edun, mai gabatar da gidan talabijin na Najeriya.
Patrick Ekeji, mai kula da wasanni na Najeriya.
Tunji Disu, Shugaban Tawagar Taimakon Taimako na 'Yan Sanda, IRT
Tayo Aderinokun, dan kasuwa kuma tsohon shugaban bankin Guaranty Trust.
Obafemi Lasode, jarumin fina-finan Najeriya.
Nonso Amadi, Mashahurin Mawaƙin Afro-Fusion/Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Duniya
Vector Olanrewaju Ogunmefun, Nigerian Hip hop artist.
Moses Majekodunmi Nigerian Senator.
Tomi Davies, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai ba da agaji.
Gbenga Shobo, Financial institution executive
Rafiu Oluwa, dan tseren Najeriya.
David Dale, Shahararren mai fasaha Segun Gele, Mai tsara kayan kwalliya, mai salo na kai
Bode Rhodes-Vivour, Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Najeriya.
Shola Akinlade, Injiniya Software kuma Shugaba na Paystack
Duba kuma Ilimi a Najeriya
Jerin makarantu a Legas
Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje the school's official website
school's oldest running unofficial website since 1997
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16246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonna%20Okegwo | Ugonna Okegwo | Ugonna Okegwo (haihuwa Maris 15 din shekarar 1962) ya kasance Ba Jamushen-Nijeriya jazz bassist kuma mawaki tushen a New York City.
Tarihin rayuwa An haifeshi a Landan, Okegwo dan Christel Katharina Lulf da Madueke Benedict Okegwo. A cikin 1963 danginsa sukayi ƙaura zuwa Münster, Jamus, inda Okegwo ya girma. Yayinda yake matashi ya ji daɗin aiki da hannuwan sa kuma ya kunna baƙin lantarki. Tun yana ɗan shekara 21, ya ɗauki darasi game da yin goge-goge kuma ya fara wasa madaidaiciya bass A cikin shekarar 1986 Okegwo ya koma Berlin kuma ya yi karatu tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jay Oliver da mai kaɗa fyaɗe Walter Norris Daga nan ya shiga ƙungiyar Lou Blackburn ta trombonist don rangadi a Turai kuma ya yi wasa tare da Joe Newman, Oliver Jackson da Manjo Holley A shekarar 1989 Okegwo ya koma New York City kuma yayi aiki tare da saxophonists Big Nick Nicholas, Junior Cook da James Spaulding Ya yi aiki tare da mai rera waka Jon Hendricks akai-akai. Ya sami digiri na farko a Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Long Island,kuma ya kammala karatun digiri a 1994. A farkon 1990s Okegwo ya kirkiro ioan uku tare da mai kaɗa da kaɗa Jacky Terrasson da ɗan kidan mai kara Leon Parker A cikin 1997 ya fara yin wasanni akai-akai a cikin taron Tom Harrell Shi memba ne na Tom Harrell Quintet da Mingus Big Band A 2002, Okegwo ya fitar da kundin sa na farko a matsayin jagora mai taken Uoniverse Game da ƙirƙirar kiɗa Okegwo ya ce, samar da sanarwa na mutum ne da na mutum kuma "a cikin ɓangaren karin waƙa, bass ita ce cibiyar, ƙirƙirar wani abu n'a koda yaushe." Okegwo yayi aiki tare da masu fasaha da dama, wadanda suka hada da Kenny Barron, Michael Brecker, Benny Carter, Johnny Griffin, Wynton Marsalis, James Moody, Clark Terry, Pharoah Sanders, Steve Wilson, Michael Wolff, Bruce Barth, Steve Davis, Dario Chiazzolino, Lionel Hampton, Sam Newsome, Kurt Rosenwinkel da sauransu.
Disko
A matsayin jagora Bazuwar (Satchmo Jazz, 2002)
Ididdigar an dawo dasu gaba ɗaya daga AllMusic Wannan jeri bai cika ba.
Tare da Tom Harrell
Hoton Motsi HighNote, 2017)
Wani Abu Zinare, Wani Abu Shuɗi (HighNote, 2016)
Bayanin Farko (HighNote, 2015)
TAFIYA (HighNote, 2014)
Launuka na Mafarki (HighNote, 2013)
Lamba Biyar (HighNote, 2012)
Lokacin Rana (HighNote, 2011)
Daren Roman (HighNote, 2010)
Rawar Prana (HighNote, 2009)
Haske A (HighNote, 2007)
Art na Rhythm RCA Victor, 1998)
Tare da LaVerne Butler
Loaunar da Aka andata da Sake Sake Sake (HighNote, 2012)
Tare da Peter Zak
Mai yanke shawara (SteepleChase, 2009)
Tare da Dan Faulk
Dan Faulk Songbook, Vol.1 (Ugli Fruit, 2002)
Tare da Jacky Terrasson
Wani Paris. Blue Note, 2001)
Menene Abin (Blue Note, 1999)
Rayayye (Blue Note, 1998)
Samun (Blue Note, 1996)
Jacky Terrasson (Blue Bayani, 1994)
Masoyi Venus, 2002, Rikodin 1993)
Tare da Sam Newsome
Hadin Kan Duniya Palmetto, 2001)
Sakamakon Sammy Straighthor SteepleChase, 2000)
Wannan Masquerade (SteepleChase, 2000)
Tare da Jon Hendricks
Boppin 'a cikin Blue Note Telarc, 1994)
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Official website
Ugonna Okegwo on Facebook
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
29287 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oduduwa | Oduduwa | Oduduwa sarki ne mai daraja na Yarbawa. Bisa ga al'ada, shi ne mai rike da sarautar Olofin na Ile-Ife, birnin Yarbawa mai tsarki. Ya yi mulki a taƙaice a Ife, kuma ya kasance asalin wanda ya samar da wasu daulolin sarauta masu zaman kansu na ƙasar Yoruba. Sunansa, da harshen Yarbawa -speakers suka rubuta a cikin sauti kamar Odùduwa kuma wani lokaci ana yin kwangila a matsayin Ooduwa, Odudua ko Oòdua, a yau ana girmama shi da sunan "jarumi, shugaba kuma uban kabilar Yarbawa". Ta hanyar rikici kuma galibi, ta hanyar diflomasiyya na shekaru masu yawa, Oduduwa ya sami damar kwace sarautar Ife na wani dan lokaci ya zama Sarki.
Oduduwa ya rike sunayen yabo Olofin Adimula. Bayan bauta da ake masa bayan mutuwarsa, an shigar da shi cikin pantheon na Yarbawa a matsayin wani bangare na allantaka na farko mai suna iri ɗaya.
Asalin kalmar Asalin kalmar sunan Yarbawa “Oduduwa” shine: Odu-ti-o-da-uwa (watau. Odu-ti-o-da-iwa).
Wannan a fassare a na nufin: Babban wurin ajiya wanda ke haifar da wanzuwa.
Al'adun Ife Al’adar Ife, wadda masana tarihin Yarbawa na zamani suka ba da fifiko, ta bayyana cewa Oduduwa manzo ne daga al’ummar Oke-Ora, yankin gabas na al’adun Ife wanda ya taso zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin kabilar Ijesa. An ce shi jarumi ne da ke sanye da sulke da karfe. A wancan lokacin, an yi kawance tsakanin al’ummomi 13 na kwarin Ile-Ife, kowace al’umma ko ‘Elu’ tana da Oba wato sarkin ta; da Oba of Ijugbe, the Oba of Ejio, the Oba of Iwinrin etc.
A lokacin da Oduduwa ya zama fitaccen dan kabilar Ife a zamanin da, ana kyautata zaton shi da kungiyarsa sun kawo cikas ga tsarin siyasar al’ummomin 13, ta hanyar goyon bayan al’ummomi 6 daga cikin 13. Maimakon a tsige Obatala, garin ya kasu kashi biyu tare da sarakunan duka biyun suna zama sarakunan kungiyoyinsu. Mulkinsa ya takaita ga Idio. Sai dai al’adar Ife ta bayyana cewa ba a taba kiransa da Ooni ba, haka ma bai yi amfani da kambin gargajiya na Ife ba.
Bayan shekaru An kawo karshen takarar shugabancin sakamakon kokarin hadin gwiwar Obatala, Orunmila da Owa Ilare. Al'amurra uku sukai sanadiyar mutuwar Oduduwa. Bayan haka, wani babban bangare na goyon bayan Oduduwa ya watse wannan kuma aka mayar da shi yana nufin tarwatsa ‘ya’yansa da jikokinsa tun daga Ife zuwa sansanonin da suka kafa ko kuma suka yi tasiri a kai.
Obalufon II Alayemore yana kan karagar mulki lokacin da Oranmiyan, dan Ogun amma galibi yana alaka da Oduduwa, ya dawo daga zamansa ya yi takarar sarautar Obalufon. Babu tabbas kan yadda Lajamisan ya kasance dan Oranmiyan, duk da cewa ya yi zalunci ya kwace mulki, kuma za a iya cewa shi ne zuriyar dukkan Oonis da suka yi sarauta a Ife tun daga lokacinsa har zuwa yanzu, lamarin da ya sa masana tarihi suka yi wa lakabi da Daular Lajamisan, wanda har ya zuwa yanzu ba a fasa ba. kusan shekaru 700.
Oranmiyan Oranmiyan dan Ogun ne amma da alama Oduduwa ya karbe shi matsayinda. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan jaruman tarihi na Yarbawa. Rigimar haihuwarsa ta samo asali ne saboda kasancewar Oduduwa da Ogun duk sun yi hulda da mace daya mahaifiyarsa. Ogun jarumi ne wanda balaguron sa ya kai ga kama wata mata a matsayin ganimar yaki kuma ya yi lalata da ita. Oduduwa dai ya so matar kuma ya yi lalata da ita tun tana da ciki. Ko yaya lamarin ya kasance, lamarin ya haifar da haihuwar Odede, wanda aka fi sani da Oranmiyan. Daga baya Oranmiyan zai zama Alaafin Oyo na farko, kuma Ooni na Ife. Ya kuma yi wa wata ‘yar Sarkin Benin ciki wadda ta haifi Eweka, wanda ya kafa daular Oba a Benin.
Moremi da Ugbo Bayan tarwatsa dangin sarakuna da sarauniyoyi, ƴan ƙabilar sun zama marasa mulki, suka zama babbar barazana ga rayuwar Ife. Tunanin cewa su zuriyar Oranfe ne ta hanyar Obalufon Ogbogbodinrin (Osangangan Obamakin) wanda ya mulki kasar kafin zuwan Oranmiyan, wadannan mutane sun mayar da kansu ‘yan fashi. Suna zuwa garin sanye da kayan rafufawa masu ban tsoro da ban tsoro, suna kona gidaje da wawashe kasuwanni. A dai-dai lokacin ne Moremi Ajasoro, wata mata daga Igun a Ile-Ife ta zo wurin. An aurar da ita Lukagba, Obalufon Alayemore da Oranmiyan a lokuta daban-daban; Daga baya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen maido da al'amura ta hanyar leken asiri. Ta yarda a kamo ta aka tafi da ita tare da barayi. Daga bisani ta auri sarkin Ugbo. Sabon mijin nata yana son jin daɗi daga gare ta amma ba ta yarda ba saboda ta yi aure a baya kuma tana kan manufa. Ta ce masa ya gaya mata sirrin 'yan fashin, bai so ba amma bayan ya zarge shi, sai ya bari. Ya ce mata abin da suke tsoro shi ne WUTA, idan sun ga wuta za su gudu. Bayan wannan bayanin ta tsara shirin guduwa. Ta nemi lemu ta sanya ruwan ya yi tasiri a kan mutanen fada. Da suka farka bayan cin su, sai suka tarar ta je ta gaya wa mutanenta rauninsu. Ta hanyar yin amfani da wannan bayanin, ba da daɗewa ba mutanen Ife suka shirya wa maharan.
Madadin ra'ayi
Oduduwa da rawar da ya taka a labarin halitta Al'adun addini na Yarbawa game da wayewar zamani sun yi iƙirarin cewa Oduduwa shine Orisa wanda Olodumare ya fi so. Don haka, shi (ko ita, kamar yadda Oduduwa na farko ya wakilci al’amuran Allahntaka na mata da kuma Obatala namijin Ubangiji) daga sama aka aiko shi ya halicci duniya bisa ruwa, aikin da ya kwace daga hannun abokinsa kuma dan uwansa Obatala, wanda ya yi. an sanye shi da harsashin katantanwa cike da yashi da zakara don watsa yashin da aka fada domin samar da kasa. Wadannan akidu da malaman gargajiya na Yarbawa ke rike da su a matsayin ginshikin tarihin halittarsu. Obatala da Oduduwa a nan ana wakilta su da alamar Calabash, inda Obatala ya ɗauki saman Oduduwa kuma ya ɗauki ƙasa. A cikin wannan labari, Oduduwa kuma ana kiransa da Olofin Otete, wanda ya karbi Kwandon Rayuwa daga Olodumare.
An gabatar da wani hoton Oduduwa a matsayin matar Obatala a cikin Odu Ifa Osa Meji, aya ta bakan Ifa. A cikin wannan Odu, Obatala ya gano sirrin matarsa kuma ya sace mata rigar masakin don ya saka da kansa. Ana ba da shawarar wannan don zama wakilcin tarihi na canji daga matriarchy zuwa na sarauta. Wannan al’adar nazarin sararin samaniya a wasu lokuta an hade ta da al’adar Oduduwa ta tarihi. A cewar wasu hadisai, ana ganin sunan Oduduwa na tarihi a matsayin sunan Oduduwa na farko, wanda mace ce kuma mai alaka da Duniya da ake kira Ile. Al'adun farko na ko dai wani jinsi ne shi/ita ana ganin alomomin mace a cikin wakilcin ruhi a al'adar Gelede. Mafarin Gelede sun karɓi wurin ibada ga Oduduwa tare da tufa da abin rufe fuska na Gelede. Wannan yana magana da Oduduwa kamar yadda ake dangantawa da iyayen kakannin Allah waɗanda aka sani da Awon iya wa ko Iyami a ƙarƙashin umarninsu. Anan ana girmama Oduduwa a matsayin mahaifiyar Yarbawa.
Ra'ayin Bayerabe Musulmi Daga cikin masu sukar al'adun Yarabawa game da Oduduwa akwai malamin Yarbawa Musulmi mazaunin Landan, Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu A wata hira da wata kafar yada labarai ta Najeriya, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Awqaf Africa Society da ke Landan ya yi watsi da akidar da aka saba da ita na cewa dukkanin Yarbawa zuriyar Oduduwa ne a matsayin “wakilin karya da masu bautar Orisha suke yi don samun wata fa’ida ta rashin adalci a kan yada addinin Musulunci da kuma yada addinin Musulunci. daukar ma'aikata na Kiristanci Malamin musulmin ya shawarci mabiyansa da su guji amfani da kalmomi irin su Omo Oduduwa (ko ‘ya’yan Oduduwa da Ile Oduduwa (ko Kasar Oduduwa Ya kara da cewa, labarin cewa duk Yarbawa ’ya’yan Oduduwa ne, ya samo asali ne daga baki kawai.
Wasu madadin ra'ayoyi Wasu mutanen sun yi ikirarin alaka da Oduduwa. A cewar kabilar Kanuri, Yauri, Gobir, Acipu, Jukun da Borgu wadanda aka ce kakanninsu ne ’yan’uwan Oduduwa (kamar yadda Samuel Johnson ya rubuta a karni na 19), Oduduwa dan Damerudu ne, wanda Yarabawa ke kira. ko dai Lamurudu ko Lamerudu, basarake wanda shi kansa dan mayen sarki Kisra ne An ce Kisra da abokansa sun yi yaki da Mohammed a yakin Badar An tilastawa Kisra yin hijira daga Larabawa zuwa Afirka bayan ya sha kashi a hannun masu jihadi a shekara ta 624 miladiyya. Shi da mabiyansa sun kafa masarautu da dauloli da dama a kan hanyarsu ta hijira zuwa yammacin Afirka. Wannan al'ada wani bambance-bambancen imani ne da ke cewa Oduduwa basarake ne wanda ya samo asali daga Makka. Sai dai kuma, wasu masana na ganin wannan akidar ta samo asali ne daga tasirin da suka biyo baya a kan al’adun Yarabawa na Musulunci da sauran addinan Ibrahim, da kuma cin karo da al’adun gargajiyar Yarabawa.
Duba kuma Candomble addini
Jerin sarakunan Ife
Legends na Afirka
Addinin Santeria
Addinin Yarbawa
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Ojuade, JS, "Batun 'Oduduwa' a cikin jinsin Yarbawa: tatsuniyoyi da gaskiya", Transafrican Journal of History, 21 (1992), 139-158.
Larabai na almara na Najeriya
Allolin Yarbawa
Jarumai yarbawa
Sarakunan Yarbawa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50353 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina%20de%20Creeft%20Ward | Nina de Creeft Ward | Articles with hCards
Nina de Creeft Ward (an haife ta a shekara ta 1933) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ba’amurke wacce ke aiki da tagulla, sassaka masu laushi, etchings, yanke itace, da zane-zane. Ta yi nunin zane da yawa a Philippines da Amurka. Ward ita ne wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Ɗaliban Artists don Ayyuka a Clay a cikin shekarar 2006 daga Asusun kimiya da fasaha na Santa Barbara. Yawancin aikin Ward yana da alaƙa da dabbobi, gami da nunin zane-zane na shekara 1998 wanda yayi kama da waɗanda ke cikin haɗari da batattu. Ta koyar da ɗalibai a Jami'ar Arewacin Iowa Samfuran dabbar ta na yumbu an yi su da raku ware Ta sirin rayuwar ta An haifi Nina de Creeft Ward a cikin shekara ta 1933 a birnin New York zuwa Jose de Creeft da Alice Robertson Carr de Creeft, waɗanda duka sculptors ne. Mahaifiyar Ward ta kula da dabbobi, wanda hakan ya sa Ward ta kasance mai son su. Ward, mahaifiyarta, da ɗan'uwanta sun ƙaura zuwa Santa Barbara, California, bayan iyayenta sun rabu. Ta yi yarinta a Santa Barbara da Ojai, California. Ward ya halarci Makarantar Happy Valley, wanda a yanzu ake kira Besant Hill School.
Ward ta fara zana dawakai don bikin baje kolin gundumar Los Angeles yayin lokacinta a Kwalejin Scripps Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts a 1956 daga Kwalejin Scripps, Jagorar Fine Arts a 1964 daga Makarantar Graduate Claremont, kuma ta kara karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Massachusetts Daga baya ta koma Santa Barbara a 2001 bayan ta zauna a Iowa tsawon shekaru 26 tare da mijinta. bayan Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar.
Sana'a Ward ta koma Cedar Falls, Iowa, a cikin 1975 kuma ta koyar da fasaha a tsawon shekaru tara. Ta kasance malama malamar fasaha na kowane zamani tun daga yara har zuwa manya. Ta koyar a Claremont a Girls Collegiate School na tsawon shekaru biyu zuwa uku. Aikin Ward ya ƙunshi tagulla, sassaka masu laushi, etching, yanke itace, da zane-zane. Ta kera dabbobi da yumbu, kuma ana sayar da su a Amurka. Ward ta gina wani bangare na dawakai guda biyu masu taken kafadu na Giants a cikin 1998 don ɗakin karatu da kayan tarihi na Jami'ar Arewacin Iowa. Ta ƙirƙiri wani sassaken tagulla na karen gona a cikin 1999 mai suna Shep a Lambun Yara na Patty Jischke a cikin Lambunan Reiman Ta fara zana hotuna da yawa na karenta don ƙirƙirar Shep, biye da ƙananan ƙirar yumbu. Da zarar Ward ta gama ƙananan ƙirar, ta yi samfurin yumbu mai cikakken girma wanda aka yi shi da simintin tagulla a Kalona, Iowa. A cikin 2016, Ward ita ce alkalin alkalai a Nunin Ceramics Online na 2016 Tri-Cities wanda Asusun Fasahar ta na Student na Santa Barbara Art Association ya shirya. Littattafan Tarihi na Frick Collection don Tarihin Tari yana da "Esther Bear Gallery records, 1954-1977" wanda ya haɗa da bayani game da Ward.
nune-nunen Nunin Ward a shekarar 1998 mai taken Project an yi shi ne don nuna "yadda mutane suka haifar da annoba ga bayanan yanayi" ta hanyar amfani da fasaharta da ke kama da gawarwakin batattu da nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari. Da yake mayar da martani ga baje kolin, Ward ta ce, “Ina so in yi bayani game da rashin fahimta. Ina ganin yana da mahimmanci a yi tunanin mutuwa. Wani abu na zahiri zai sanya tunanin ku akan shi ko kuna son yin tunani akai ko a'a. Idan kun ga wani abu ya mutu, ku yi tunani a kansa." A cikin 2012, Ward tana da nunin zane-zane a Los Olivos, California,a Dandalin Matasa. Ta gudanar da wani nune-nune a Cibiyar Ƙwararrun na Beatrice a cikin 2015 wanda ya haɗa da sassaka, kwafi, da zane-zane. A cikin 2020, Ward ta nuna 28 daga cikin bangarorin dabbobinta a gidan hoton South Willard a Los Angeles, California Nunin 2020 mai suna Santa Barbara Printmakers: Wuraren daji a Buga a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Barbara Goodall na Wildling Museum ya haɗa da fasahar Ward. Nunin 2022 mai suna An Encomium: Mata a cikin Fasaha sun haɗa da aikinta a Jami'ar Arewacin Iowa Gallery of Art. An nuna nune-nunen ta a Philippines, California, Maryland, Iowa, Chicago, da Kansas City.
liyafa David Pagel na Los Angeles Times ya ce zane-zanen laka na Ward "tana da tsattsauran ra'ayi saboda suna tambayar mu mu kula da ayyukan fasaha kamar dabbobi ne: masu rarrabuwar kawuna waɗanda ke biyan kulawar mu da ƙauna ta hanyoyin da ke sa mu ji daɗin alaƙa da kanmu mafi kyau., ban da sauran abubuwa masu rai”. Ward ta lashe lambar yabo ta Ɗaliban Artists don Ayyuka a Clay a cikin 2006, tare da Laura Langley, daga Asusun Fasaha na Santa Barbara.
Nassoshi Rayayyun |
17645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20Kano%2C%201953 | Rikicin Kano, 1953 | Boren Kano na 1953 bore ne, wanda ya barke a cikin tsohon birnin Kano, tana Arewacin Nigeria. a watan Mayu 1953. Yanayin tarzomar rikici ne tsakanin 'yan Arewa da ke adawa da' Yancin Najeriyar da 'yan Kudu da suka kunshi galibin Yarbawa da Ibo wadanda ke goyon bayan samun' yanci kai tsaye ga Najeriya. Rikicin da ya dauki tsawon kwanaki hudu ya yi sanadiyyar rayukan ‘yan Kudu da yan Arewa da dama kuma wasu da dama sun jikkata.
Babban abinda ya haifar da tarzomar shi ne rashin kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin shugabannin siyasa na Arewa da na Kudancin kan batun cin gashin kai a 1956. Wannan tsattsauran alakar ta fara ne da kudirin neman mulkin kai na Nijeriya a shekarar 1956 wanda dan kungiyar Action Group (AG), Cif Anthony Enahoro ya gabatar a gaban majalisar wakilai. 'Yan Arewa ba su yarda da kudirin ba. Shugaban kungiyar mutanen Arewa (NPC) da Sardaunan Sakkwato, Alhaji Ahmadu Bello, a wani yunkuri na nuna adawa, ya maye gurbin "a shekarar 1956" da kalmar "da zaran za a iya aiwatarwa". Wani dan majalisar wakilai daga Arewa ya gabatar da bukatar a dage zaman, kudirin da mambobin Kudancin AG da Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) suka kalli a matsayin dabarar jinkiri. Duk mambobin kungiyar AG da NCNC da ke cikin gidan sun fita ne sakamakon yunkurin dage zaman.
Lokacin da wakilan Arewa suka bar majalisar, sai suka yi kicibis da taron mutane masu kiyayya a Legas wadanda suka yi ta zagi, izgili tare da kiran su da sunaye iri-iri kaman siffanta Yan'arewa da siffan dabbobi don cin mutunci su (Yan'arewa). Mambobin wakilan Arewa sun fusata kuma a cikin shirinsu na Takwas Mai Magana a cikin majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa, sun nemi ballewa. Bugun karshe da ya karya bayan rakumin shi ne rangadin da tawagar AG da NCNC karkashin jagorancin Cif Samuel Akintola suka yi Wannan rangadin wanda aka yi niyyar kamfen din neman mulkin kai ya zama sanadin rikicin Kano nan da nan. Ya haifar da rashin bin doka da Oda wacce ta ƙare da hargitsi. Rikicin ya faru ne a Sabon Gari yankin da galibi ‘yan kudancin Najeriya suka mamaye.
Tuni akwai rikice-rikice a Arewa lokacin da rangadin kungiyar Action Group arewa suka zo Kano a karshen mako na 15-17 Mayu, tashin hankalin ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙiyayya ga wakilan Arewa a Legas. Wata zanga-zangar cikin tsari da magoya bayan Jam’iyyar Northern Peoples Congress suka yi a kan taron kungiyar Action Group da aka gabatar ya gudana a ranar 15 ga Mayu. Wannan ya biyo bayan ƙananan yaƙe-yaƙe washegari. Rikicin da ya haifar da tarzomar ya fara ne a Colonial Hotel, a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1953 wanda ya kamata ya kasance wurin taron da kungiyar Action karkashin jagorancin Akintola za ta gudanar da taro. Kafin taron, hukumar ‘yan asalin Kano ta janye izinin ta na ba taron. Wasu gungun mutane sun taru a wajen otal din sun fara jifan mutanen da ke kusa da otal din, a yayin rikicin, mutane biyu da ake jin ‘yan kudu ne suka mutu, daga baya gungun sun yi yunkurin samun shiga Sabon Gari amma‘ yan sanda na Hukumar ’Yan Nasa sun ci karfinsu. Lamarin ya zama mafi muni kuma ya zama rikicin kabilanci a ranar 17 ga Mayu lokacin da wasu gungun 'yan iska daga sashin Arewacin Kano, musamman Fagge suka yi yunkurin kutsawa zuwa Kudancin kuma Ibo suka mamaye yankin Sabon Gari tare da samun nasarori, duk da cewa wakokinsu na asali sun sabawa Yarbawa, wadanda aka kashe a yankin Sabon Gari galibi ‘yan kabilar Ibo ne. An saci shaguna a kasuwar Sabon Gari kuma an kai munanan hare-hare. Amma an yi kira ga 'yan sanda na Hukumar Native da Soja tare da hana kara shigowa da wasu' yan daba zuwa yankin Kano. Rikicin ya kara zubewa zuwa yankuna na asali na Kano kamar Fagge inda kananan kungiyoyi marasa tsari na kabilu daban daban suka gwabza. Mahaifina, Dennis William Lyndon, ya gaya mana kwarewar sa game da jagorancin wasu sojoji. Umurninsa ya yi tsauri game da iyakance manufofin kariyar dukiya da rashin tsokanar wani tashin hankali. Tare da sanya bayon dinsu ya rike mutanensa tsayayye kamar yadda aka kawo mata da yara a gabansa, hannayensu suka yanke da adduna da man fetur da aka zuba a kansu kafin su tashi. Wannan ɗayan mafi munin abubuwan da ya samu ne a matsayinsa na hafsan sojan Birtaniyya.
ItAn yi musayar fursunoni don rage tashin hankali, an saki ‘yan Kudu da aka kama kuma‘ yan Arewa sun sake su; An nemi ‘yan Arewa da ke yankin Sabon Gari su bar wurin sannan aka nemi‘ yan Kudu da ke yankin Fagge su koma Sabon Gari kafin lokacin. Kimanin ‘yan Najeriya 46 galibi‘ yan Arewa da Igbo sun mutu yayin arangamar kuma sama da mutane 200 sun yi jinyar raunuka. Duk da cewa nan da nan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya ta kira shi rikicin kabilanci, amma shugabannin siyasa sun kira shi rikicin siyasa tsakanin mutanen da ke son mulkin kai a 1956 da kuma wadanda ke son mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba.
Alaka tsakanin Arewa da Kudu ta tabarbare.
Action group da Majalisar NCNCsun yi ƙawance na ɗan lokaci don adawa da Majalisar Wakilan Jama'ar Arewa don haka sun haɓaka alaƙa.
Bada ikon mallakar yankuna zuwa yankuna uku.
Cire ikon shiga tsakani ta cikin dukkan batutuwan da suka saura
Sir Oliver Lyttelton, Sakataren Jiha na Kasashen, ya sanar da cewa ba zai yiwu ba ga yankunan su yi aiki tare, saboda haka za a gayyaci wakilai daga kowane yanki don tattaunawa kan sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya.
hakan ya haifar da amincewa da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya.
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29989 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarkatun%20dan%27adam | Albarkatun dan'adam | Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam HRM ko HR hanya ce mai mahimmanci don gudanar da ingantaccen aiki da inganci na mutane a cikin kamfani ko ƙungiya wanda zai taimaka wa kasuwancin su kuma samun fa'ida mai fa'ida An ƙera shi don haɓaka aikin ma'aikaci a cikin sabis na dabarun manufofin ma'aikaci. Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam ya fi damuwa da gudanar da mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyi, yana mai da hankali kan manufofi da tsarin Sassan HR suna da alhakin kula da ƙirar fa'idodin ma'aikata, ɗaukar ma'aikata, horarwa da haɓakawa, ƙimar aiki, da gudanar da lada, kamar sarrafa tsarin biyan kuɗi da tsarin fa'idodin ma'aikata. Har ila yau HR ta damu da kanta game da canjin kungiya da dangantakar masana'antu, ko daidaita ayyukan kungiya tare da buƙatun da suka taso daga cinikin gama kai da dokokin gwamnati. Babban manufar albarkatun ɗan adam (HR) ita ce tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar ta sami nasara ta hanyar mutane. Masu sana'a na HR suna gudanar da babban birnin kungiya kuma suna mai da hankali kan aiwatar da manufofi da matakai. Za su iya ƙware wajen nema, ɗauka, zaɓe, horarwa, da haɓaka ma'aikata, da kuma kiyaye alaƙar ma'aikata ko fa'idodi. ƙwararrun horarwa da haɓakawa suna tabbatar da cewa an horar da ma'aikata kuma suna da ci gaba da ci gaba. Ana yin hakan ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horo, kimanta aiki, da shirye-shiryen lada. Dangantaka tsakanin ma'aikata tana magance damuwar ma'aikata lokacin da aka karya manufofin, kamar al'amuran da suka shafi tsangwama ko wariya. Gudanar da fa'idodin ma'aikata ya haɗa da haɓaka tsarin diyya, shirye-shiryen izinin iyaye, rangwame, da sauran fa'idodi ga ma'aikata. Sannan A gefe guda na filin akwai HR generalists ko abokan kasuwanci Waɗannan ƙwararrun HR za su iya yin aiki a kowane yanki ko zama wakilan hulɗar aiki da ke aiki tare da ma'aikatan ƙungiyar HR samfuri ne na motsin dangantakar ɗan adam na farkon ƙarni na 20, lokacin da masu bincike suka fara rubuta hanyoyin ƙirƙirar ƙimar kasuwanci ta hanyar dabarun sarrafa ma'aikata. An fara mamaye shi ta hanyar aikin ma'amala, kamar biyan biyan kuɗi da gudanar da fa'idodi, amma saboda haɓakar duniya, haɓaka kamfani, ci gaban fasaha, da ƙarin bincike, HR Yana mai da hankali kan dabarun dabarun kamar haɗe-haɗe da saye, sarrafa hazaka, tsare-tsare na gado, dangantakar a tsakanin masana'antu da ƙwadago, da bambance-bambance da haɗawa A yanayin aiki na duniya, yawancin kamfanoni suna mayar da hankali kan rage yawan kuɗin ma'aikata da kuma riƙe basira da ilimin da ma'aikatan su ke da shi. ba kawai yana haifar da tsada mai yawa ba amma har ma yana ƙara haɗarin sabon ma'aikaci ba zai iya maye gurbin da ya dace na matsayin ma'aikaci na baya ba. Sassan HR suna ƙoƙari su ba da fa'idodin da za su jawo hankalin ma'aikata, don haka rage haɗarin rasa sadaukarwar ma'aikaci da ikon mallakar tunani.
Tarihi
Abubuwan ci gaba na ka'idar da suka gabata Filin albarkatun ɗan adam ya fara ɗauka a cikin ƙarni na 19 na Turai. An gina shi akan ra'ayi mai sauƙi ta Robert Owen shekarun (1771-1858) da Charles Babbage (1791-1871) a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Waɗannan mutanen sun kammala cewa mutane suna da mahimmanci don nasarar ƙungiya. Sun bayyana tunanin cewa jin dadin ma'aikata ya haifar da kyakkyawan aiki; idan ba tare da ma'aikata masu lafiya ba, kungiyar ba za ta tsira ba.
HR ya fito a matsayin takamaiman filin a farkon karni na 20, wanda kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor ya rinjayi shekarun (1856-1915). Taylor ya binciko abin da ya kira gudanar da kimiyya (wani lokaci ana kiranta "Taylorism"), yana ƙoƙarin inganta ingantaccen tattalin arziki a ayyukan masana'antu. Sannan A ƙarshe ya mai da hankali kan ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka shigar a cikin tsarin masana'antu bincike mai ban sha'awa a cikin samar da ma'aikata. A halin yanzu, a Ingila, CS Myers, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga matsalolin da ba zato ba tsammani a tsakanin sojoji wanda ya firgita janar da 'yan siyasa a yakin duniya na farko na shekarun 1914-1918, ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Masana'antu ta Kasa (NIIP) a shekarata 1921. A yin haka, ya kafa iri don motsin dangantakar ɗan adam Wannan motsi, a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika, wanda aka gina akan binciken Elton Mayo shekarar (1880-1949) da sauransu don yin rubuce-rubuce ta hanyar nazarin Hawthorne shekarar (1924-1932) da sauran nazarin yadda abubuwan motsa jiki, waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da ramuwa na kuɗi da yanayin aiki, na iya. samar da karin ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Aiki ta Abraham Maslow shekarata (1908-1970), Kurt Lewin (1890-1947), Max Weber (1864-1920), Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000), da David McClelland (1917-1998), kafa tushen karatu a masana'antu da kuma ilimin halayyar kungiya, halayyar kungiya da ka'idar kungiya, an fassara shi ta yadda za a kara da'awa na halalta ga wani aiki horo.
Haihuwa da haɓaka tarbiyya A lokacin da isasshen shaidar ka'idar ta wanzu don yin shari'ar kasuwanci don sarrafa ma'aikata dabarun, canje-canje a cikin yanayin kasuwanci à la Andrew Carnegie shekarata (1835-1919), John Rockefeller (1839-1937) kuma a cikin manufofin jama'a à la Sidney 1859-1947) da Beatrice Webb (1858-1943), Franklin D. Roosevelt da New Deal na shekarar 1933 zuwa 1939 sun canza dangantakar abokan aiki da ma'aikata, kuma horo na HRM ya zama tsari a matsayin "hulɗar masana'antu da aiki A cikin shekarata 1913 ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun HR Cibiyar Ma'aikata da Ci Gaba (CIPD) ta fara a Ingila a matsayin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jin Daɗi; ya canza sunansa shekaru goma bayan haka zuwa Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Jin Dadin Masana'antu, sannan kuma shekaru goma masu zuwa zuwa Cibiyar Gudanar da Ma'aikata kafin ta daidaita kan sunanta na yanzu a shekarata 2000. Daga shekarar 1918 farkon Soviet cibiyoyin sun fara aiwatar da wani takamaiman akida HRM mayar da hankali tare da fasaha management na farko a cikin Red Army (ta hanyar siyasa commissars tare da jami'an soja), daga baya (daga 1933) a cikin wuraren aiki gabaɗaya (ta hanyar partorg posts). tare da manajoji na al'ada). A cikin 1920, James R. Angell ya ba da jawabi ga wani taro kan bincike na ma'aikata a Washington yana ba da cikakken bayani game da buƙatar binciken ma'aikata. Wannan ya riga ya kai ga kafa Ƙungiyar Binciken Ma'aikata. A cikin shekarata 1922 an buga ƙaran farko na The Journal of Personnel Research, yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa da Gidauniyar Injiniya. Hakanan a cikin Amurka, cibiyar farko ta ilimi mai zurfi wacce aka keɓe don karatun wurin aiki- Makarantar Masana'antu da Ma'aikata wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell a shekarata 1945. A cikin shekarar 1948 abin da zai zama mafi girma ƙwararrun ƙungiyar HR Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) wanda aka kafa a matsayin American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA). A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, a halin yanzu, amfani da Stalin na ba da izini ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar "Sashen HR" daidai a cikin Jam'iyyar Bolshevik, Orgburo, ya nuna tasiri da tasiri na manufofi da ayyuka na albarkatun ɗan adam, da Stalin. da kansa ya yarda da mahimmancin albarkatun ɗan adam, an misalta shi a cikin yawan tura shi, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar da kuma tsarin Gulag A cikin rabin karshen karni na 20, ƙungiyar sun ƙi sosai, yayin da ƙwararrun kula da ma'aikata suka ci gaba da faɗaɗa tasirin su a cikin ƙungiyoyi.A {asar Amirka, kalmar ar masana'antu da ma'aikata" ta zo amfani da ita don yin nuni musamman ga batutuwan da suka shafi wakilcin gama kai, da yawa. yin la'akari da sana'ar proto-HR a matsayin "gwamnatin ma'aikata". ayyukan HR na yanzu sun samo asali ne da bukatun kamfanoni a cikin shekarata 1950s don haɓakawa da riƙe basira. A ƙarshen karni na 20, ci gaban sufuri da sadarwa ya sauƙaƙe motsin ma'aikata da haɗin gwiwa Kamfanoni sun fara kallon ma'aikata a matsayin kadara. "Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam" saboda haka. ya zama babban lokaci don aikin-ASPA har ma da canza suna zuwa Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) a shekarata 1998. "Gudanar da babban jarin mutum (HCM wani lokaci ana amfani da shi daidai da "HR", ko da yake "jallar ɗan adam" yawanci tana nufin raƙuman ra'ayi na albarkatun ɗan adam; watau ilimin da mutane ke kunshe da kuma iya ba da gudummawa ga kungiya. Sauran sharuɗɗan wani lokaci da ake amfani da su don bayyana filin HRM sun haɗa da "Gudanar da Ƙungiya", "Gudanar da Ma'aikata", "Gudanar da basira", Gudanar da Ma'aikata "Gudanar da Ma'aikata", da kuma "Gudanar da Jama'a".
A cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai Shahararrun ayyukan watsa labarai da yawa sun nuna yadda ake gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam a cikin aiki. A cikin jerin talabijin na Amurka na Ofishin, wakilin HR Toby Flenderson wani lokaci ana nuna shi a matsayin abin ƙyama saboda yana tunatar da abokan aiki akai-akai game da manufofin kamfani da dokokin gwamnati. Dogon wasan barkwanci na Amurka Dilbert akai-akai yana kwatanta manufofin HR na bakin ciki ta hanyar hali Catbert, "mugun daraktan albarkatun ɗan adam". Manajan HR shine taken taken a cikin fim ɗin Isra'ila na shekarar 2010 Manajan Albarkatun Jama'a, yayin da HR ɗin HR shine babban jarumi a cikin shekarata 1999 fim ɗin Faransanci Ressources humaines Babban jigo a cikin matan cin abinci na BBC sitcom, Philippa, manajan HR ne. Jarumi na telenovela na Mexico Mañana Es Para Siempre darektan albarkatun ɗan adam ne. Up In the Air ya ta'allaka ne akan "downsizer" na kamfani Ryan Bingham (George Clooney) da tafiye-tafiyensa. Yayin da fim ɗin ke ci gaba, ana nuna HR a matsayin aikin sarrafa bayanai wanda ke hulɗa da mutane a matsayin ma'auni, wanda zai iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau ga mutane na gaske.
Yi aiki
Ayyukan kasuwanci Dave Ulrich ya lissafa aikin HR kamar haka: daidaita dabarun HR tare da dabarun kasuwanci
sake fasalin ayyukan ƙungiyar
saurare da amsawa ga ma'aikata
gudanar da canji da canji.
A matakin macro, HR ita ce ke kula da jagorancin ƙungiyoyi da al'adu HR kuma yana tabbatar da bin ka'idodin aiki da aiki, waɗanda suka bambanta ta yanayin ƙasa, kuma galibi suna kula da lafiya, aminci, da tsaro. Dangane da wurin yanki, ana iya aiwatar da dokoki daban-daban. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen tarayya, ana iya samun dokokin tarayya da yawa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga manajojin HR su saba da su don kare kamfaninsu da ma'aikatansa. A cikin {asar Amirka, muhimman dokoki da ka'idoji na tarayya sun haɗa da Dokar Ka'idodin Ma'aikata na 1938, wanda ya haɗa da kafa mafi ƙarancin albashi da kuma kare haƙƙin wasu ma'aikata don samun karin lokaci. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Tarayya ta shekarar 1964 ta kare kariya daga nuna bambanci kuma ta hana yin kowane yanke shawara na haya ko kora dangane da launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, da jinsi. Dokar izinin Iyali da Lafiya ta ba ma'aikatan da suka cancanta har zuwa makonni goma sha biyu na hutun da ba a biya ba saboda dalilai na iyali da na likita. Tabbatar da kamfanin ya bi duk dokoki da ka'idoji muhimmin al'amari ne na HR kuma zai kare kamfanin daga kowane irin 'alhakin doka'. A cikin yanayi inda ma'aikata ke sha'awar kuma an ba su izini bisa doka don gudanar da yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa, HR za ta zama babban haɗin gwiwa na farko tare da wakilan ma'aikaci (yawanci ƙungiyar ma'aikata Sakamakon haka, HR, yawanci ta hanyar wakilai, yana shiga cikin ƙoƙarin shiga tsakani tare da hukumomin gwamnati (misali, a Amurka, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa don ci gaba da abubuwan da ta sa gaba.
Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam yana da ayyuka na asali guda huɗu: ma'aikata, horarwa da haɓakawa, ƙarfafawa, da kiyayewa. Ma'aikata shi ne ɗaukar aiki da zaɓin yuwuwar ma'aikata da aka yi ta hanyar yin tambayoyi, aikace-aikace, hanyar sadarwa, da sauransu. Akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu don ɗaukar ma'aikata: jawo ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda suka cika buƙatun ƙungiyar da ɗaukar kayan aiki. Dole ne Ma'aikatan HR su ƙirƙiri dalla-dalla a dabarun daukar ma'aikata kuma su sami tsarin aikin da za a gabatar yayin daukar ma'aikata. Na gaba, manajoji na iya sanya dabaru a cikin wurin ta hanyar ɗaukar albarkatun, ta hanyar faɗaɗa don nemo mafi kyawun ma'aikata da za a iya ɗauka ga ƙungiyar. Daukar ma'aikata yana da matukar fa'ida tunda kowane kamfani yana son ƴan takara mafi kyau. Yin amfani da dabaru irin su kafofin watsa labarai na iya ɗaukar hankalin masu neman aiki. Horowa da haɓaka shine mataki na gaba kuma ya ƙunshi ci gaba da aiwatar da horo da haɓaka ƙwararrun ma'aikata masu dacewa. Anan, ana ganin ƙarfafawa azaman maɓalli don kiyaye ma'aikata ƙwararru sosai. Wannan ya haɗa da fa'idodin ma'aikata, ƙimar aiki, da lada. Fa'idodin ma'aikata, kimantawa, da lada duk ƙarfafawa ne don kawo mafi kyawun ma'aikata. Aiki na ƙarshe, kiyayewa, ya haɗa da kiyaye sadaukarwar ma'aikata da aminci ga ƙungiyar. Sannan Kuma Sarrafa don riƙe ma'aikata ya haɗa da ayyuka masu mahimmanci don ci gaba da ƙarfafa ma'aikata da mayar da hankali don haka za su zaɓa su ci gaba da aiki kuma su kasance cikakke don amfanin kungiyar. Wasu kasuwancin suna yin duniya kuma suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Sassan HR suna da aikin tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin za su iya aiki kuma mutane za su iya sadarwa a cikin al'adu da kan iyakoki. Har ila yau, horo na iya shiga cikin kula da motsi, musamman ga 'yan kasashen waje kuma akai-akai yana shiga cikin tsarin haɗaka da saye HR ana kallon gabaɗaya azaman aikin tallafi ga kasuwancin, yana taimakawa rage farashi da rage haɗari. A cikin kamfanoni masu farawa, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun na iya yin ayyukan HR. A cikin manyan kamfanoni, ƙungiyar aiki gabaɗaya ana sadaukar da ita ga horo, tare da ma'aikatan ƙware a ayyukan HR daban-daban da jagoranci na aiki waɗanda ke yin dabarun yanke shawara a cikin kasuwancin Don haka horar da masu sana'a don sana'a, cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma, ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a, da kamfanoni sun kafa shirye-shiryen nazarin da aka keɓe a bayyane ga ayyukan aikin. Ƙungiyoyin ilimi da masu aiki na iya samar da takamaiman wallafe-wallafe. Har ila yau HR wani yanki ne na binciken bincike wanda ya shahara a cikin sassan gudanarwa da masana'antu masana'antu, tare da labaran bincike da ke fitowa a cikin mujallu na ilimi, ciki har da waɗanda aka ambata a baya a cikin wannan labarin.
Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubale na HRM akai-akai shine magance ra'ayi na haɗin kai (ganin kamfani a matsayin haɗin kai, wanda ya kamata ace ma'aikata da ma'aikata su yi aiki tare don kyakkyawar manufa) da kuma tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci na ma'aikata da masu daukan ma'aikata tare da kowa. sha'awa.
Sana'o'i There are half a million HR practitioners in the United States and millions more worldwide. The Chief HR Officer or HR Director is the highest ranking HR executive in most companies. He or she typically reports directly to the chief executive officer and works with the Board of Directors on CEO succession.
A cikin kamfanoni, matsayi na HR gabaɗaya ya faɗi cikin ɗayan nau'ikan biyu: janar da ƙwararru. Gabaɗaya suna goyan bayan ma'aikata kai tsaye tare da tambayoyinsu, korafe-korafensu, da yin aiki akan ayyuka da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar. Suna iya "ma'amala da dukkan bangarorin aikin albarkatun ɗan adam, don haka suna buƙatar ɗimbin ilimi. Sanna Kuma Ayyukan ƙwararrun ma'aikatan albarkatun ɗan adam na iya bambanta sosai, ya danganta da bukatun ma'aikatansu." Kwararru, akasin haka, suna aiki a cikin takamaiman aikin HR. Wasu masu aikin za su yi aiki gaba ɗaya a matsayin ko dai na gama-gari ko ƙwararre yayin da wasu za su sami gogewa daga kowane kuma su zaɓi hanya daga baya. An zaɓi matsayin manajan HR a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a Amurka, tare da matsayi na #4 ta CNN Money a shekarata 2006 da matsayi na #20 ta wannan ƙungiya a cikin shekarar 2009, saboda biyan kuɗi, gamsuwar mutum, tsaro na aiki., ci gaban gaba, da fa'ida ga al'umma. Tuntuɓar albarkatun ɗan adam hanya ce ta aiki mai alaƙa inda mutane za su iya aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da kammala ayyukan da aka fitar daga kamfanoni. A cikin shekarata 2007, akwai shawarwarin HR 950 a duk duniya, wanda ya zama kasuwar dalar Amurka biliyan 18.4. Manyan kamfanonin samar da kudaden shiga guda biyar sune Mercer, Ernst & Young, Deloitte, Watson Wyatt (yanzu wani yanki na Towers Watson Aon (yanzu ya hade da Hewitt da kuma PwC consulting </ref> Domin a shekarata 2010, HR consulting ya kasance matsayi na #43 mafi kyawun aiki a Amurka ta CNN Money Wasu mutane da ke da PhDs a cikin HR da filayen da suka danganci, kamar masana'antu da ilimin halin jama'a da gudanarwa, farfesoshi ne waɗanda ke koyar da ka'idodin HR a kwalejoji da jami'o'i. Ana samun su galibi a Kwalejoji na Kasuwanci a cikin sassan HR ko Gudanarwa. Yawancin furofesoshi suna gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan da suka faɗo a cikin yankin HR, kamar biyan kuɗi, ɗaukar ma'aikata, da horo Albarkatun ɗan adam na zahiri Fasaha tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ayyukan HR Yin amfani da fasaha yana ba da damar samun damar bayanai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, yana kawar da lokacin yin ayyukan gudanarwa, ba da damar kasuwanci don aiki a duniya, da kuma rage farashi. Fasahar watsa labarai ta inganta ayyukan HR a fagage masu zuwa:
E- daukar ma'aikata Fasahar bayanai ta rinjayi daukar ma'aikata galibi. A da, masu daukar ma'aikata sun dogara da bugawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe da kuma kalmomin baki don cike gurbi. Kwararrun HR ba su iya aika aiki a wuri fiye da ɗaya ba kuma ba su da damar yin amfani da miliyoyin mutane, wanda ya sa lokacin jagorancin sababbin ma'aikata ya kasance da wahala. Kuma Tare da amfani da kayan aikin daukar ma'aikata na e-mail, ƙwararrun HR za su iya aika ayyukan yi da bin diddigin masu neman dubunnan ayyuka a wurare daban-daban duk a wuri ɗaya. Tambayoyi na tambayoyi, binciken bayanan baya da gwaje-gwajen magunguna, da shiga jirgi duk ana iya duba su akan layi. Wannan yana taimaka wa ƙwararrun HR su ci gaba da lura da duk buɗaɗɗen ayyukansu da masu nema ta hanyar da ta fi sauri da sauƙi fiye da da. Har ila yau daukar ma'aikata na e-mail yana taimakawa kawar da iyakoki na wurin yanki.
Tsarin bayanan albarkatun ɗan adam ƙwararrun HR gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar takardu masu yawa a kullun, kama daga buƙatun canja wuri na sashe zuwa takaddun harajin ma'aikaci na sirri. Dole ne fom su kasance cikin fayil na dogon lokaci. Yin amfani da tsarin bayanan albarkatun ɗan adam (HRIS) ya ba da damar kamfanoni su adana da kuma dawo da fayiloli a cikin tsarin lantarki don mutane a cikin ƙungiyar don samun dama ga lokacin da ake bukata, ta haka ne ya kawar da buƙatar fayilolin jiki da kuma yantar da sarari a cikin ofishin. Har ila yau, HRIS yana ba da damar samun damar bayanai a cikin lokaci; Ana iya samun damar fayiloli a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Samun duk bayanan a wuri ɗaya kuma yana ba wa ƙwararru damar yin nazarin bayanai da sauri kuma a cikin wurare da yawa saboda bayanin yana cikin wuri mai mahimmancin sosai.
Horowa Fasaha tana ba ƙwararrun HR damar horar da sabbin membobin ma'aikata a cikin ingantacciyar hanya. Wannan yana ba ma'aikata damar samun damar shiga jirgi da shirye-shiryen horo daga kusan ko'ina. Wannan yana kawar da buƙatar masu horarwa don saduwa da sababbin hayar fuska da fuska lokacin kammala takaddun da suka dace don sababbin ma'aikata. Horarwa a cikin azuzuwan kama-da-wane yana ba ƙwararrun HR damar horar da ɗimbin ma'aikata cikin sauri da kuma tantance ci gabansu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen gwaji na kwamfuta. Wasu masu ɗaukan ma'aikata suna zaɓar haɗa malami tare da horo na kama-da-wane ta yadda sabbin ma'aikata ke karɓar horon da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga rawar. Ma'aikata suna da iko mafi girma akan koyo da ci gaban su; za su iya shiga cikin horo a lokaci da wurin da suka zaɓa, wanda zai iya taimaka musu wajen gudanar da daidaitattun ayyukansu da rayuwa Manajoji suna iya bin diddigin horon ta hanyar intanet, wanda Kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen rage raguwar tsadar horo da horo.
Ilimi Wasu jami'o'i suna ba da shirye-shiryen karatu don albarkatun ɗan adam da fannoni masu alaƙa. Makarantar Masana'antu da Harkokin Kwadago a Jami'ar Cornell ita ce makaranta ta farko a duniya don nazarin matakin koleji a cikin HR. A halin yanzu tana ba da ilimi a matakin digiri na farko, na digiri, da matakan ƙwararru, kuma tana gudanar da shirin digiri na haɗin gwiwa tare da kuma Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management Yawancin kwalejoji da jami'o'i suna gidaje sassa da cibiyoyi masu alaƙa da filin, ko dai a cikin makarantar kasuwanci ko a wata kwaleji. Yawancin makarantun kasuwanci suna ba da darussa a cikin HR, galibi a cikin sassan gudanarwarsu. Gabaɗaya, makarantun sarrafa albarkatun ɗan adam suna ba da ilimi da bincike a fagen HRM daga difloma zuwa damar matakin digiri. Kwasa-kwasan matakin masters sun haɗa da MBA (HR), MM (HR), MHRM, MIR, da sauransu. (Duba Jagoran Kimiyya a Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam don manhaja. Jami'o'i daban-daban na duniya sun dauki nauyin horar da masu kula da ma'aikata tare da samar musu da dabarun mu'amala da juna ta yadda za su kyautata alaka a wuraren aikinsu. Kamar yadda fannin sarrafa albarkatun ɗan adam ke ci gaba da haɓakawa saboda ci gaban fasaha na juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu, yana da mahimmanci sosai ga jami'o'i da kwalejoji su ba da kwasa-kwasan da suka dace da gaba. A cikin Ƙasar Amurka, Jami'ar Albarkatun Jama'a tana horar da ma'aikatan tarayya.
Ƙungiyoyin sana'a Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa, waɗanda wasu ke ba da horo da takaddun shaida. The Society for Human Resource Management, wanda ke tushen a Amurka, ita ce babbar ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun HR, tare da mambobi sama da kimanin 285,000 a cikin ƙasashe 165. Yana ba da rukunin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Ma'aikata (PHR) takaddun shaida ta Cibiyar Takaddun Shaida ta HR. Cibiyar ma'aikata da Ci gaba, ta hanyar Ingila, ita ce mafi kyawun ƙwararru HR.
Ƙungiyoyi da yawa kuma suna yin hidima a cikin HR. Cibiyar Masu Ma'aikata (IOR) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun daukar ma'aikata, tana ba wa membobin ilimi, tallafi da horo. WorldatWork yana mai da hankali kan "jimlar lada" (watau diyya, fa'idodi, rayuwar aiki, aiki, ƙwarewa, da haɓaka aiki), yana ba da takaddun shaida da shirye-shiryen horarwa da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da biyan kuɗi da daidaiton aiki-rayuwa. Sannan kuma Sauran ƙungiyoyin niche sun haɗa da {ungiyar {asashen Amirka don Koyarwa & Ci gaba da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasashen Duniya Babban ƙungiyar ilimi wacce ta dace da HR ita ce Cibiyar Gudanarwa wacce ke da sashin HR. Wannan rarrabuwa ta shafi nemo hanyoyin inganta tasirin HR. Cibiyar ta buga mujallu da yawa da aka keɓe a wani ɓangare don bincike akan HR, ciki har da Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa da Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa, kuma tana gudanar da taro a shekara-shekara.
Labarai Littattafan ilimi da masu aiki waɗanda ke hulɗa da HR na musamman:
Binciken Cornell HR Mujallar HR SHRM Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam Binciken Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam Jaridar Duniya ta Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam Halayen Aiki LERA Labarai masu alaƙa:
Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa Kimiyyar Gudanarwa na Kwata-kwata Jarida ta Duniya na Zaɓi da Ƙimar Jaridar Applied Psychology Jaridar Gudanarwa Jaridar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Ƙungiya Jaridar Psychology na Ma'aikata Kimiyyar Ƙungiya Ilimin halin dan Adam
Duba wasu abubuwan Gudanar da Buri
Tambayar cikin gida
Hukumar daukar ma'aikata
Tsarin sarrafa albarkatun ɗan adam
Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata
Ci gaban kungiya
Ka'idar kungiya
Samfotin aiki na gaske
daukar ma'aikata
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Johnason, P. (2009). HRM a cikin canza yanayin ƙungiyoyi. A cikin DG Collings G. Wood (Eds. Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam: Hanya mai mahimmanci (shafi. 19-37). London: Rutledge.
E McGaughey, 'Dan Adam Ba Mai Albarka bane' (2018) Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Cambridge Takarda Aiki 497
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42949 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasanni%20a%20%C6%98asar%20Kenya | Wasanni a Ƙasar Kenya | Wasanni muhimman bangare ne na al'adun Kenya Wasannin gargajiya iri-iri sun yi galaba a al'adun Kenya tun daga farkon tarihinsu. Wasu daga cikin wasannin gargajiya da aka yi a Kenya tun da daɗewa sun haɗa da kokawa, atisayen tsere, faɗan sanda, farauta (amfani da mashi da kibiyoyi), wasannin allo, fadan bijimi da raye-raye. Yawancin wasanni na zamani a Kenya suna da bashi ga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasar Biritaniya da ƴan kwangilar Asiya ne suka shirya su tun a shekarar 1922, kafin a kafa makarantu na yau da kullum. An gabatar da wasanni a makarantu a cikin shekarar 1925. An kuma samar da tsarin koyar da wasanni ta hanyar horar da jiki a makarantu (ayyukan karin karatu) a cikin shekarar 1935. Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da wasannin motsa jiki (waƙa da filin wasa) bi da bi su ne wasanni na farko da aka tsara su cikin ƙwarewa.
A yau, wasanni da yawa sun shahara a Kenya, ana buga su a cikin fasaha da kuma ayyukan motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Wasan da ya fi shahara a Kenya shi ne ƙwallon kafa. Wasannin da ake yi a Kenya a yau sun haɗa da wasannin motsa jiki (waƙa filin sauran abubuwan da suka faru), wasan kurket, wasan hockey filin, wasanni na motsa jiki, Ƙwallon ƙafar, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙungiyar rugby, wasan ƙwallon raga, ƙwallon kwando, ninkaya da ruwa, ƙwallon hannu, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, masu zagaye, ƙwallon baseball, harbi Softball, Keke, Martial Arts dambe, Shotokan karate, Goju Ryu karate, Shorin Ryu karate, kickboxing, judo, Mantis kenPo da taekwondo Lawn Tennis, Tebur Tennis, Squash, Badminton, Golf, Canoeing, Goalse, Chess Hawan doki/Dawaki, Polo, Kiwan nauyi, Kokawa, Archery, Wasannin Roller, Ice Hockey da Wasannin Dutse Kenya A duniya baki ɗaya, an san Kenya da rinjaye a tseren tsaka-tsaki da na nesa Wasannin guje-guje (waƙa filin wasa da abubuwan gudu) Wasan motsa jiki (waƙa da filin wasa) na ɗaya daga cikin wasanni na zamani guda biyu (tare da ƙwallon ƙafa) da za a shirya bisa ƙa'ida a Kenya. Kasar Kenya ta saba fitar da zakarun wasannin Olympics da na Commonwealth a wasannin nesa daban-daban, musamman a cikin 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m da marathon. 'Yan wasan Kenya (musamman Kalenjin na ci gaba da mamaye duniyar guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, duk da cewa gasar daga Maroko da Habasha ta rage wannan matsayi. Shahararrun 'yan wasan Kenya sun hada da 'yar tseren gudun fanfalaki na Boston sau hudu na mata da Catherine Ndereba wacce ta zama zakara a duniya sau biyu, da Paul Tergat mai rike da kambun Marathon na duniya, da John Ngugi Tambayar dalilin da yasa 'yan Kenya suka mamaye tseren nesa ya haifar da bayanai daban-daban da suka shafi yanayin yanayi, ko tsarin kashi, ko abinci.
Bibiyar abubuwan da suka faru Zakaran Olympic da na Commonwealth Kipchoge Keino mai ritaya ya taimaka wajen kawo daular nesa ta Kenya a shekarar 1970 sannan kuma zakaran Commonwealth Henry Rono ya biyo bayan jerin wasannin da ya yi a duniya.
Kasar Kenya ta samu lambobin yabo da dama a lokacin gasar Olympics ta Beijing, da zinare 6, da azurfa 4 da tagulla 4, ta zama kasa mafi nasara a Afirka a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2008. Sabbin 'yan wasa sun sami kulawa, irin su Pamela Jelimo, 'yar tseren zinare na mita 800 na mata wanda ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar zinare, da Samuel Wanjiru wanda ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaki na maza.nayi gyara
Abubuwan da suka faru a filin Julius Yego ya zama dan wasa na farko na Kenya da ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Commonwealth lokacin da ya lashe kambun mashi a gasar shekarar 2014 a Glasgow (dan uwan dan kasar Kenya John Makaya ya dauki tagulla a irin wannan taron shekaru arba'in da suka gabata a shekarar 1974 Commonwealths Christchurch A shekarar da ta biyo baya ya dauki zinare na farko na gasar cin kofin duniya na kasar Kenya a filin wasa na gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya na shekarar 2015 da aka yi a birnin Beijing, inda ya kafa sabon tarihi na Commonwealth na mita 92.72 a kan hanyarsa ta samun nasara.
Ketare kasa 'Yan tseren kasar Kenya sun mamaye gasar cin kofin kasashen duniya ta IAAF a cikin karnin da suka gabata, inda kasar Habasha ta yi kaca-kaca da gasar; daga shekarar 1986 zuwa ta 2011, shekarar da ta wuce ana gudanar da gasar a duk shekara, 'yan wasan Kenya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau 24, ciki har da 18 a jere, har Habasha ta lashe gasar a Shekarar shekarar 2004 zuwa 2005. Tawagar kananan maza ta lashe kofuna 23 tun daga shekarar 1988, kuma kungiyar mata ta samu nasara sau hudu a jere tun shekarar 2009. Kananan matan Kenya sun lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau 15. Sau biyar a shekarar 1991 (Belgium), shekarar 1993 (Spain), shekarar 1995 (United Kingdom), shekarar 1996 (Afirka ta Kudu) da shekarar 2010 (Poland) Kenya ta kasance zakara a gasar maza da mata na manya da kanana.
Maza uku ne kacal a Kenya suka lashe kambun gasar cin kofin duniya a gasar ta maza, kuma biyu daga cikinsu sun lashe kambi da dama. John Ngugi ya zama mutum na farko da ya lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau biyar (1986 zuwa 1989 da 1992). Paul Tergat dan kasar ya zama mutum na farko da ya yi nasara sau biyar a jere (1995 zuwa 1999). Edith Masai ta lashe gasar gajeriyar tseren mata mai tsawon kilomita 4 sau uku a jere (2003 zuwa 2004).
Marathon Masu tsere daga Kenya sun yi gudu bakwai daga cikin 10 mafi sauri na mil 26.2 Har ila yau, sun kasance daga cikin mafi daidaiton nasara a gasar Marathon ta Duniya Boston, New York, London, Berlin, Chicago da Tokyo. Yawan wadanda suka yi nasara a tseren marathon sune Kalenjin Marathon na Boston Ibrahim Hussein ya lashe gasar gudun Marathon na Boston na farko a karo uku a shekarar 1988, kasa da shekara guda bayan ya lashe tseren gudun hijira na birnin New York Hussein zai sami nasara baya-baya a Boston a shekarar 1991 zuwa 1992. Mutanen Kenya sun karya kaset a gasar Marathon ta Boston sau 20 tun daga shekarar( 1988) ciki har da sau 10 a jere daga shekarar (1991 )zuwa ta 2000. Matan Kenya sun samu nasara sau 10 a Boston, hudu daga cikinsu mace daya ce. Fitattun masu nasara:
Cosmas Ndeti, wanda ya ci uku a jere daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa 1995, yana gudanar da rikodin kwas 2:07:15 a shekarar 1994;
Moses Tanui, wanda ya lashe sau biyu a shekarar 1996 da shekarar 1998;
Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot, wanda nasararsa guda hudu a shekarar (2003 zuwa 2006 da 2008) ta sa shi da Bill Rodgers su ne suka lashe gasar sau hudu kawai a bangaren maza;
Catherine Ndereba, wacce ta yi nasara sau hudu a budaddiyar rukunin mata;
Geoffrey Mutai, wanda 2:03:02 lokacin nasara a shekarar (2011) shine lokacin gudun marathon mafi sauri.
Rita Jeptoo, wanda ya yi nasara a shekarar 2013 kafin harin
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