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40744	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Aquinas	Thomas Aquinas	Thomas Aquinas, OP kwaɪnəs/; Italian: Thoma na Aquino' 1225- 7 Maris 1274) ɗan Italiya ne Dominican friar kuma firist wanda ya kasance babban masanin falsafa, masanin tauhidi da fikihu a cikin al'adar scholasticism; An san shi a cikin al'ada kamar da kuma [lower-alpha 1] Sunan Aquinas yana gano asalin asalin kakanninsa a cikin gundumar Aquino a Lazio, Italiya ta yau. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ya kasance fitaccen mai goyon bayan tiyoloji na halitta kuma uban mazhabar tunani (wanda ya hada da tiyoloji da falsafa) wanda aka fi sani da Thomism. Ya yi gardama cewa Allah shine tushen dukkan hasken hankali na halitta da kuma hasken imani. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi tasiri mai tunani na lokacin tsakiyar zamanai" da kuma "babban masanin falsafa na tsakiya-malaman tauhidi". Tasirinsa a kan tunanin Yamma yana da yawa, kuma yawancin falsafancin zamani ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyinsa, musamman a fannin ɗabi'a, ka'idodin halitta, metaphysics, da ka'idar siyasa. Articles containing Italian-language text Ba kamar yawancin igiyoyin ruwa a cikin Cocin Katolika na lokacin ba, Thomas ya rungumi ra'ayoyi da yawa da Aristotle ya gabatar dashi wanda ya kira "Mai Falsafa" kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa falsafar Aristotelian tare da ka'idodin Kiristanci. Ayyukansa mafi sanannun su ne Tambayoyi masu jayayya akan Gaskiya (1256-1259), Summa contra Gentiles (1259-1265), da kuma wanda ba a gama ba amma mai tasiri Summa Theologica, ko Summa Theologiae (1265-1274). Sharhinsa a kan Nassosi da kuma Aristotle su ma sun zama muhimmin sashe na jikinsa na aikinsa. Bugu da ƙari, Thomas ya bambanta don waƙoƙin eucharistic, waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na liturgy na coci. Cocin Katolika na girmama Thomas Aquinas a matsayin waliyyi kuma tana ɗauke da shi a matsayin malami abin koyi ga waɗanda ke karatun firist, kuma haƙiƙa mafi girman magana na dalilai na halitta da tauhidin hasashe. A zamanin yau, a ƙarƙashin umarnin Paparoma, an daɗe ana amfani da nazarin ayyukansa a matsayin jigon tsarin da ake bukata na nazari ga waɗanda suke neman naɗawa firistoci ko diakoni, da kuma waɗanda suke cikin tsarin addini da kuma ga sauran ɗalibai na tsarkakkiyar koyarwa. (falsafa, tiyolojin Katolika, tarihin coci, liturgy, da dokokin canon). A matsayinsa na Likita na Cocin, Thomas Aquinas ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman tauhidi da falsafa na cocin Katolika. Paparoma Benedict XV ya bayyana cewa: “Wannan (Domincan) Umarni... samu sabon luster lokacin da Church ayyana koyarwar Thomas ya zama nata da kuma cewa Doctor, girmama tare da yabo musamman na, na Pontiffs, master da majiɓinci na Katolika makarantu." Tarihin Rayuwa Ƙuruciya (1225-1244) An haifi Thomas Aquinas a cikin katangar Roccasecca, kusa da Aquino, wanda masarautar Sicily ke sarrafata a wancan lokacin (a Lazio na yanzu, Italiya), A cewar wasu marubuta. an haife shi a gidan mahaifinsa, Landulf na Aquino. An haife shi ga reshe mafi ƙarfi na iyali, kuma Landulf na Aquino mutum ne mai hali. A matsayin jarumi a hidimar Emperor Frederick II, Landulf na Aquino ya rike taken mil. Mahaifiyar Thomas, Theodora, tana cikin reshen Rossi na dangin Neapolitan Caracciolo. Ɗan'uwan Landulf Sinibald shi ne abbot na Monte Cassino, mafi tsufa gidan sufi na Benedictine. Yayin da sauran 'ya'yan gidan suka bi aikin soja, iyalin sun yi nufin Thomas ya bi kawun nasa zuwa cikin abbacy; Wannan zai kasance hanyar aiki ta al'ada ga ƙaramin ɗan kudancin Italiya. Thomas yana da shekaru biyar ya fara karatunsa na farko a Monte Cassino, amma bayan rikicin soja tsakanin sarki Frederick II da Paparoma Gregory na IX ya zube a cikin abbey a farkon 1239, Landulf da Theodora sun sa Thomas ya shiga makarantar generale (jami'a) kwanan nan. Frederick ya kafa a Naples. A can malaminsa a ilmin lissafi, lissafi, ilmin taurari, da kiɗa shine Petrus de Ibernia. A nan ne wataƙila an gabatar da Thomas ga Aristotle, Averroes da Maimonides, waɗanda dukansu za su yi tasiri a falsafar tauhidinsa. Har ila yau, a lokacin nazarinsa a Naples cewa Thomas ya zo ƙarƙashin rinjayar John na St. Julian, wani mai wa'azin Dominican a Naples, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da Dominican Order ya yi don ɗaukar mabiyan addini. Thomas yana ɗan shekara goma sha tara ya ƙudiri aniyar shiga tsarin Dominican, wanda aka kafa kusan shekaru 30 da suka shige. Canjin zuciyar Thomas bai yi wa iyalinsa dadi ba. A yunƙurin hana kutsewar Theodora a zaɓin Thomas, Dominicans sun shirya ƙaura Thomas zuwa Roma, kuma daga Roma, zuwa Paris. Duk da haka, yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Roma, bisa ga umarnin Theodora, 'yan'uwansa sun kama shi yayin da yake shan ruwa daga wani tafki kuma suka mayar da shi zuwa ga iyayensa a gidan Monte San Giovanni Campano. An tsare Thomas kusan shekara guda a gidan kaso na iyali a Monte San Giovanni da Roccasecca a yunƙurin hana shi ɗaukar ɗabi'ar Dominican da kuma tura shi ya daina sabon burinsa. Damuwar siyasa ta hana Paparoma yin odar a saki Thomas, wanda ke da tasirin tsawaita tsare Thomas. Thomas ya wuce wannan lokacin gwaji yana horar da 'yan uwansa mata da kuma sadarwa tare da membobin Dominican Order. Iyali sun yunƙura don su hana Thomas, wanda ya ƙudura niyyar shiga Dominicans. A wani lokaci, wasu ’yan’uwansa biyu suka ɗauki hayar karuwa don su lalata shi. Kamar yadda aka haɗa a cikin bayanan hukuma na canonization nasa, Thomas ya kore ta yana riƙe da itace mai kona-wanda ya rubuta gicciye a jikin bango da shi kuma ya faɗi cikin farin ciki na ban mamaki; Mala'iku biyu sun bayyana gare shi yana barci, suka ce, "Ga shi, mun ɗaure ka da umarnin Allah da abin ɗamara na tsafta, wanda daga yanzu ba zai taɓa lalacewa ba. Abin da ƙarfin ɗan adam ba zai iya samu ba, yanzu an ba ku kyauta ta sama”. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Christ ya ba Thomas alheri na cikakkiyar tsabta kuma ya sa ɗamara har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. An ba da abin ɗamara ga tsohon gidan sufi na Vercelli a Piedmont, kuma yanzu yana Chieri, kusa da Turin. Manazarta Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
26713	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Nuwas	Abu Nuwas	Abu Nuwas al-Hasan ibn Hāni al-Hakami (variant: Al-Ḥasan ibn Hāni 'Abd al-Awal al-Sabāḥ, Abū 'Ali wanda aka fi sani da Abu Nuwas al-Salamī ko kuma kawai Abu Nuwas Abu Novās); 756814) mawaƙin Larabci ne na gargajiya, kuma babban wakilin waƙar zamani (muhdath) wanda ya haɓaka a shekarun farko na Khalifancin Abbasid. Ya kuma shigar da folkloric hadisin, bayyana sau da yawa a cikin dubu, kuma Daya Nights. Rayuwar farko An haifi Abu Nuwas a lardin Ahvaz Lardin Khuzestan na zamani) na Khalifancin Abbasiyawa, ko dai a birnin Ahvaz ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin gundumomin da ke makwabtaka da shi. Ranar haihuwarsa ba ta da tabbas, an haife shi a tsakanin shekara ta 756 zuwa shekara ta 758. Mahaifinsa shi ne Hani, mutumin Sham ko Farisa wanda ya yi aikin sojan halifa Banu Umayyawa na karshe Marwan II (r 744-750). Mahaifiyarsa ’yar Farisa ce mai suna Gulban, wadda Hani ta sadu da ita sa’ad da take hidimar ‘yan sandan Ahvaz. Abu Nuwas yana da shekara 10, mahaifinsa ya rasu. Tun yana ƙarami Abu Nuwas ya bi mahaifiyarsa zuwa birnin Basra a ƙasar Iraqi inda ya halarci makarantar kur'ani kuma ya zama Hafiz tun yana ƙarami. Kyawun kuruciyarsa da kwarjininsa sun ja hankalin mawakin Kufan, Abu Usama Waliba bn al-Hubab al-Asadi, wanda ya kai Abu Nuwas Kufa yana matashi mai koyo. A cikin Abu Nuwas Waliba ya gane basirarsa a matsayin mawaƙi kuma ya ƙarfafa shi ga wannan sana'a, amma kuma yana sha'awar jima'i da saurayin kuma yana iya yin lalata da shi. Dangantakar Abu Nuwas da samarin samari lokacin da ya girma a matsayinsa na namiji kamar ya yi kama da nasa gogewar da Waliba. Aiki Ismail bin Nubakht ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Nuwas yana cewa kamar haka:“Ban taba ganin wani mutum da ya fi Abu Nuwas ilimi mai zurfi ba, ko wanda, da abin tunawa da yawa, ya mallaki littattafai kadan. Bayan mutuwarsa, sai muka binciko gidansa, sai kawai muka sami littafin rufewa guda daya mai dauke da wata takarda, a cikinta akwai tarin maganganu da abubuwan lura da nahawu.” Farkon tarihin waqoqinsa da tarihinsa su ne kamar haka: Yahya ibn al-Faɗl da Yakubu bn al-Sikkit sun tsara waƙarsa ƙarƙashin nau'ikan batutuwa goma, maimakon a jeri na haruffa. Al-Sikkit ya rubuta sharhi mai shafuka 800. Abu Sa'īd al-Sukkari gyara waƙarsa, inda ya ba da sharhi da bayanan harshe; ya kammala gyara kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na gawar folios dubu daya. Abu Bakr bn Yahya aI-Sūli ya gyara aikinsa, yana tsara kasidu da haruffa, kuma ya gyara wasu sifofi na ƙarya. 'Alī ibn hamzah al-Iṣbahāni shima ya gyara rubuce-rubucensa, yana tsara ayyuka da haruffa. Yusuf bin al-Dāyah Abu Hiffan Ibn al-Washsha' Abu Tayyib, malamin Baghdad Ibn 'Ammār ya rubuta sharhi kan aikin Nuwas, gami da kawo misalai na zargin satar bayanai. Al-Munajjim iyali: Abu Mansur; Yahya ibn Abi Mansur; Muḥammad ibn Yahya; 'Ali ibn Yahya; Yahya ibn Ali; Ahmad ibn Yahya; Haruna bn Ali; 'Ali ibn Harun; Ahmad bn Ali; Harun bin Ali bin Harun. Abu al-Hasan al-Sumaysāṭī kuma ya rubuta yabon Nuwas. Ɗauri da mutuwa Ya rasu a lokacin yakin basasar Abbasiyawa kafin al-Ma'amun ya ci gaba daga Khurasan a shekara ta 199 ko 200 bayan hijira (814-816 AD). Domin ya yawaita aikata buguwa, Nuwas an daure shi a zamanin mulkin Al-Amin, jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. An yi sabani a kan dalilin mutuwarsa: daban-daban guda hudu na rasuwar Abu Nuwas sun tsira. 1. Iyalin Nawbakht ne suka kashe shi da guba, bayan an tsara shi da wata waka mai ban sha'awa. 2. Ya mutu a wani gidan abinci yana sha har ya mutu. 3. Nawbakht ne ya yi masa dukan tsiya, saboda irin satar da aka jingina masa; Giya ya bayyana yana da rawar gani a cikin motsin motsin zuciyar sa na ƙarshe na sa'o'insa na ƙarshe wannan da alama haɗuwa ce ta asusun ɗaya da biyu. 4. Ya rasu a gidan yari, sigar da ta ci karo da tatsuniyoyi masu yawa da ke nuni da cewa zuwan mutuwarsa ya yi fama da rashin lafiya kuma abokansa suka ziyarce shi (duk da cewa ba a kurkuku ba). Wataƙila ya mutu ne saboda rashin lafiya, kuma wataƙila a gidan dangin Nawbakht, inda tatsuniya ta zo cewa sun kashe shi. An binne Nuwas ne a makabartar Shunizi da ke Bagadaza. Gado Tasiri Nuwas yana ɗaya daga cikin adadin marubutan da aka yi la'akari da ƙirƙira nau'in adabi na mu'amma (a zahiri "makafi" ko "babu"), ƙacici-ka-cici da ake warwarewa "ta hanyar haɗa haruffan kalmar ko sunan da za a samu" Ya kuma kammala nau'ikan Larabci guda biyu: Khamriyya (waƙar giya) da kuma Tardiyya (waƙar farauta). Ibn Quzman, wanda yake rubuce-rubuce a cikin Al-Andalus a karni na 12, ya yaba masa sosai kuma an kwatanta shi da shi. Tunawa da juna Birnin Baghdad yana da wurare da dama da aka sanya wa mawakin suna. Titin Abū Nuwas yana tafiya a gefen gabas na Kogin Tigris, a wata unguwa da ta kasance wurin baje kolin birnin. Wurin shakatawa na Abu Nuwas yana kan nisan kilomita 2.5 tsakanin gadar Jumhouriya da wurin shakatawa da ke kan kogi a Karada kusa da gadar 14 ga Yuli A cikin 1976, an sanya sunan wani rami a duniyar Mercury don girmama Abu Nuwas. Kungiyar Abu Nawas, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2007 a Aljeriya, an sanya mata sunan mawakin. Babban manufar kungiyar ita ce hukunta masu luwadi a Aljeriya, suna neman a soke doka mai lamba 333 da 338 na kundin hukunta laifukan Aljeriya wanda har yanzu ke daukar liwadi a matsayin laifin dauri da kuma tara tara. Takaddama Yayin da ayyukansa ke yawo cikin 'yanci har zuwa farkon shekarun ƙarni na ashirin, an buga bugu na farko na ayyukansa da aka tantance a Alkahira a cikin shekara ta 1932. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, da Masar ma'aikatar al'adu da umarnin kona wasu 6,000 kofe na littattafai na Nuwas ta homoerotic shayari. A Saudi Global Larabci Encyclopedia shigarwa ga Abu Nuwas, duk ambaci na pederasty aka tsallake. A cikin shahararrun al'adu Ya bayyana a matsayin mutum a cikin labarai da dama a cikin dare dubu da daya, inda aka jefa shi a matsayin abokin Harun al-Rashid. Abu Nuwas wanda aka fi sani da almara shine babban jarumin litattafan The Father of Locks (Dedalus Books, 2009) da The Khalifah's Mirror (2012) na Andrew Killeen, wanda a ciki aka nuna shi a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri mai aiki ga Ja' far al-Barmaki A cikin littafin tarihin ƙasar Sudan, Season of Migration to the North (1966) na Tayeb Salih, ɗaya daga cikin jaruman littafin, Mustafa Sa'eed ɗan ƙasar Sudan, ya yi nuni da waƙar soyayyar Abu Nuwas da yawa a matsayin hanyar lalata da wata budurwa Bature a Landan: "Ashe, ba ka ji daɗi da duniya ta farka, da cewa tsohon budurwa ruwan inabi akwai domin shan?" Mawaƙin Tanzaniya Godfrey Mwampemwa Gado ya ƙirƙiri littafin ban dariya na Swahili mai suna Abunuwasi wanda aka buga a 1996. Yana dauke da wani dan dabara mai suna Abunuwasi a matsayin jarumin a cikin labarai guda uku ya zabo kwarjini daga tatsuniyar Afirka ta Gabas da kuma almara Abu Nuwasi na dare dubu da daya A cikin daren Larabawa na Pasolini, labarin Sium ya dogara ne akan waƙar batsa na Abu Nuwas. Ana amfani da waqoqin asali a duk fage. Bugawa da fassarori Dīwan Abu Nu'ās, khamriyāt Abu Nu'ās, ed. by 'Ali Najīb 'Aṭwi (Beirut 1986). Esat Ayıldız. "Ebû Nuvâs'ın Şarap (Hamriyyat) Şiirleri" Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/18 (Aralık 2020): 147-173 Ya Kabila Mai Son Samari Hakim Bey (Entimos Press Abu Nuwas Society, 1993). Tare da rubutun tarihin rayuwa na masana akan Abu Nuwas, an ɗauko mafi yawa daga shigarwar tarihin rayuwar Ewald Wagner a cikin The Encyclopedia of Islam. Cousing tare da Gazelles, Waƙoƙin Homoerotic na Tsohon Baghdad Kasidu goma sha bakwai na Abu Nuwas wanda Jaafar Abu Tarab ya fassara. (iUniverse, Inc., 2005). Jim Colville. Wakokin Giya da Biki: Khamriyat Abu Nuwas. (Kegan Paul, 2005). The Khamriyyāt of Abū Nuwas: Medieval Bacchic Poetry, trans. na Fuad Matthew Caswell (Kibworth Beauchamp: Matador, 2015). Trans. daga 'Aṭwi 1986. Manazarta Majiyoyi Esat Ayıldız. "Ebû Nuvâs'ın Şarap (Hamriyyat) Şiirleri" Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/18 (2020): 147–173. Kara karantawa Esat Ayıldız. "Ebû Nuvâs'ın Şarap (Hamriyyat) Şiirleri" Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/18 (2020): 147–173. 978-1-84904-897-2 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Da'irar Saƙa Abu Nuwas Al-Funu. Org: Abu Nuwas Doki, Hawk, da Cheetah: Waqoqin Farautar Larabci Uku na Sharhin Waƙar Abū Nuwas Cordite. Shu'ubiyya Larabawa Musulmai Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba
38952	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khami	Khami	Khami, (wanda kuma aka rubuta shi da Khame, Kame ko Kami birni ne da ya lalace wanda ke da nisan kilomita, 22 yamma da Bulawayo, a cikin Zimbabwe. Ya taba zama babban birnin, masarautar Butwa,na daular Torwa. Yanzu abin tunawa ne na kasa, kuma ya zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a 1986. Magana Matsalolin da muke gani a yau wani ci gaba ne na tsarin gine-ginen da ya bayyana a Great Zimbabwe,a karni na 13 AD da kuma al'adun, damisa na gida wanda ya gina dandamali na bangon bango wanda za a gina gidaje a kansu. Khami ya nuna wani sabon abu wanda ya gane yanayin da aka gina.Yankin da ke kusa' da Khami, kasancewar kogin, yana da zafi kuma yana da matsala. da zazzabin cizon sauro. Dutsen da aka samu a Khami (laminar granite) ya bambanta da waɗanda aka samu a wasu yankunan Zimbabwe (biotite). Tare da cakuda dolerite, wannan dutse ya fi wuya a fashe kuma ya samar da dutsen gini mara siffa. Ana iya ƙiyasin cewa sama da kashi 60% na dutsen da aka samar a waɗannan, kaddarorin ba zai zama ingancin gini ba. Tushen ginin don haka yana buƙatar a yi su, amma ko da a lokacin duwatsun ba su dace da gina bangon busasshiyar dutse ba. Don haka magina sun yi gyare-gyare kuma suka samar da bangon riƙo. Abu na biyu, dandali na ginin ya sanya gidajen su yi sanyi fiye da na wuraren da ke ƙasa. Ya kuma kawar da matsalar zazzabin cizon sauro ga ‘yan gidan sarautar da suka zauna a wuraren da aka gina. Ganuwar bango ne mai riƙe nauyi wanda aka gina ba tare da turmi ba. Ba kamar na Babban Zimbabwe ba, wasu bangon da ke Khami suna da tushe da aka gina tare da manyan tubalan da aƙalla mutane huɗu za su ɗaga. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna wasu gine-ginen da aka tsara musamman a rukunin Hill Complex, wanda sarki ya mamaye. An fara gina hadadden ginin ta hanyar samar da filaye na bangon bango. An rufe waɗannan tsayayyun ganuwar ta hanyar bango mai inganci na tubalan dutse. An yi wa kowane filin ƙawanya sosai tare da ko dai ƙirar allo, herringbone, ko ƙirar igiya. Filayen sun jingina ciki don kada nauyi ya haifar da rushewa. Filayen da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar jingina a ciki suna da sandunan katako mai yiwuwa masu gadi su riƙe yayin da suke tafiya tare da manyan katanga masu tsayi da tsayi. Tarihi Khami shi ne babban birnin daular Torwa kusan shekaru 200 daga kusan shekara ta 1450 kuma da alama an kafa shi ne a lokacin bacewar jihar a Great Zimbabwe Bayan haka (lokacin gargajiya shine 1683), Changamire Dombo ya ci nasara da shi wanda ya jagoranci rundunar 'yan tawayen Rozvi daga Mwenemutapa ("Monomotapa") Jahar. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa ba a mamaye wurin ba bayan da Rozvi ya karbi ragamar mulki. Rozvi ya yi wani wurin lokaci na Khami, Danamombe (Dhlo-Dhlo), sabon babban birninsu. A cikin 1830s Nguni da ke magana da mahara Ndebele mahara sun kori su daga Khami da da yawa daga cikin wuraren da suka kafa. Wurin Khami ya bayyana wasu gine-gine guda bakwai da dangin sarki suka mamaye tare da buɗaɗɗen wurare a cikin kwarin da talakawa suka mamaye. Rukunin ya ƙunshi madauwari, wani lokacin filaye, dandali na wucin gadi wanda ke lullube da busasshiyar bangon dutse. Katangar da aka yi wa ado mai tsayi mai tsayi 6m mai tsayi mai tsayi 68m na dandali mai tsauri yana dauke da zanen allo tare da tsawonsa duka. Matakan da ke tashi sama da mita 2-7 a sama, suna ɗauke da bukkoki na dhaka (laka) da tsakar gida inda waɗanda suke da ƙananan matsayi suke rayuwa. Ana iya ganin ragowar bukkoki na shanu da bukkoki na talakawa a ƙasan Dutsen Complex. Rushewar ta haɗa da shingen sarauta ko Hill Complex, wanda dole ne ya kasance a kan ƙasa mafi girma fiye da sauran gine-gine, ganuwar dutse da dandamalin bukka, da kuma giciye na Kirista da aka yi imanin cewa ɗan mishan na zamani ya sanya shi. Haka kuma akwai kango a gabashin kogin Khami. An yi imanin sauran dandamalin dabbobin shanu ne da kuma bangon da aka ajiye tare da sifa. Abubuwan da aka tono na baya-bayan nan (2000-2006) sun bayyana cewa bangon sassan yammacin Dutsen Complex duk an yi musu ado da chequer, herringbone, igiya, da kuma bambance-bambancen tubalan dutse. Kiyayewa A farkon shekarun 2000, gidajen tarihi da abubuwan tarihi na kasar Zimbabwe sun kaddamar da wani shiri na kiyayewa da na rikodi wanda manufarsa ita ce mayar da hankali kan kiyayewa da dawo da katangar dutse. Ya zuwa yau, manyan nasarorin da aka samu sune daidaitawa da dawo da katangar terrace akan dandamalin Babban, Cross da Arewa. Gallary Duba kuma Ziwa Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a Afirka Damisa Kopje Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hotunan Khami Ruins, Bulawayo Zimbabwe Hanyar Hanyar Khami Ruins, Bulawayo Zimbabwe Khami Ruins National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Center
53173	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth%20Paltrow	Gwyneth Paltrow	Articles with hCards Gwyneth Kate Paltrow Falchuk pæltr oʊ PAL PAL an haife ta a watan Satumba 27, shekarar 1972) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar kasuwa Ba'amurke. Ita ce wadda ta samu lambobin yabo daban-daban, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Academy, lambar yabo ta Golden Globe, da lambar yabo ta Emmy Award Paltrow ta sami sanarwa game da aikinta na farko a fina-finai kamar Bakwai (1995), Emma (1996), Ƙofofin Zama (1998), da Cikakken Kisan (1998). Ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ta yi a matsayin Viola de Lesseps a cikin tarihin soyayya Shakespeare in Love (1998) wanda ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best Actress Wannan ya biyo bayan rawar a cikin The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Shallow Hal (2001), da Sky Captain and the World of Gobe (2004). Bayan zama iyaye a cikin 2004, Paltrow ya rage yawan aikin ta. Ta yi fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin fina-finai, kamar Hujja ta wasan kwaikwayo (2005), wanda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award for Best Actress A cikin 2009, ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy Award don Mafi kyawun Kundin Magana don Yara don littafin mai jiwuwa na yara Brown Bear da Abokai Bugu da kari, ta sami lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don Fitacciyar Jarumar Baƙi a cikin jerin ban dariya don rawar baƙonta a matsayin Holly Holliday akan jerin talabijin na kiɗan Fox Glee a cikin 2011. Daga 2008 zuwa 2019, ta nuna Pepper Potts a cikin Marvel Cinematic Universe Tun daga 1995, Paltrow ya kasance fuskar turaren Estée Lauder 's Pleasures; a baya ta kasance fuskar Coach iri na Amurka. Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na kamfanin salon rayuwa Goop, wanda aka soki don inganta pseudoscience, kuma ya rubuta littattafan dafa abinci da yawa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Gwyneth Kate Paltrow a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1972, a Los Angeles, ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Blythe Danner da mai shirya fina-finai Bruce Paltrow Tana da ƙane, Jake, wanda darekta ne kuma marubucin allo. Mahaifin Paltrow Bayahude ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta Kirista ce. An taso ta tana bikin "biki na Yahudawa da na Kirista." Dan uwanta yana da Bar Mitzvah na gargajiya lokacin da ya cika shekara 13. Iyalin Yahudawa Ashkenazi na mahaifinta sun yi hijira daga Belarus da Poland, yayin da mahaifiyarta ke da Pennsylvania Dutch (Jamus) da kuma wasu zuriyar Irish da Ingilishi. Kakan kakan mahaifin Paltrow Rabbi ne a Nowogród, Poland, kuma zuriyar sanannen dangin Paltrowicz na rabbai daga Kraków Paltrow rabin kani ne ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Katherine Moennig, ta wurin mahaifiyarta, kuma kani na biyu na tsohuwar 'yar majalisar dokokin Amurka Gabby Giffords AZ-08 ta hanyar mahaifinta. Ta hanyar Giffords, suruki ne na biyu na Sanatan Amurka Mark Kelly na Arizona Mahaifinta shine darekta Steven Spielberg Kawunta mawaƙin opera ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Harry Danner, wanda 'yarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Hillary Danner, ƙanwar Paltrow ce kuma aminin ku. Paltrow ya tuna da taron danginsu: “Ni da Hillary koyaushe muna da wannan abu guda ɗaya, kuma har yau… dafa abinci ga mutanen da muke ƙauna, ci, ratayewa a matsayin iyali. Haka aka tashe mu. Abin da muke yi shi ne.” Wani dan uwan shine Rebekah Paltrow Neumann, wanda matarsa ita ce miloniya dan Isra'ila-Ba'amurke Adam Neumann, wanda ya kafa WeWork Paltrow ta girma a Santa Monica, California, inda ta halarci Makarantar Crossroads, kafin ta shiga Makarantar Spence, makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu a Manhattan. Daga baya, ta karanci tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, kafin ta bar aiki. Ita 'yar da aka ɗauke ta Talavera de la Reina (Spain) ce, inda tana da shekaru 15, ta yi shekara ɗaya a matsayin ɗalibin musayar kuma ta koyi magana da Mutanen Espanya. Hakanan tana iya magana cikin Faransanci, yayin da danginta ke yawan tafiya zuwa Kudancin Faransa a duk lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Sana'a 1989-1995: Aikin farko Farawar aikinta za a iya ba da lamuni ga danginta na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da wasanta na farko ya kasance a High (1989), fim ɗin TV da mahaifinta ya ba da umarni, kuma bayan ta shafe lokacin bazara da yawa tana kallon mahaifiyarta a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown a Massachusetts, Paltrow ya sanya mata sana'a. mataki na farko a can a 1990. Fim ɗinta na halarta na farko ya biyo baya tare da fim ɗin soyayya na kiɗan Shout (1991), wanda ke nuna John Travolta, kuma ubangidanta Steven Spielberg ya jefa ta a cikin fasalin kasada mai nasara na kasuwanci Hook (1991) a matsayin matashin Wendy Darling Matsayin Paltrow na gaba sun kasance a cikin wani yanki na wasan opera sabulu na Scotland Take The High Road (1992) da fina-finan da aka yi don talabijin Cruel Doubt (1992) da Mutuwar dangantaka (1993). Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
28847	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamu	Lamu	Garin Lamu ko Lamu ƙaramin gari ne a tsibirin Lamu, wanda kuma wani yanki ne na tsibiran Lamu a ƙasar Kenya. Yana da nisan kilomita 341 (212 mi) ta titin arewa maso gabashin Mombasa wanda ya ƙare a Mokowe Jetty, daga inda za a ketare tashar teku don isa tsibirin Lamu. Ita ce hedkwatar gundumar Lamu kuma Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO. Garin ya ƙunshi katangar Lamu da ke bakin teku, wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, sarkin Pate, kuma an kammala shi bayan rasuwarsa a farkon shekarun 1820. Lamu kuma yana da masallatai 23 da suka hada da masallacin Riyadha da aka gina a shekarar 1900, da kuma wurin jaki. Tarihi Tarihin farko Asalin sunan garin Amu, wanda larabawa suke kira Al-Amu da kuma Portuguese "Lamon". Portuguese sun yi amfani da sunan ga dukan tsibirin saboda Amu shine babban mazaunin. Garin Lamu da ke tsibirin Lamu shi ne birni mafi tsufa a Kenya da ake ci gaba da zama, kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin asalin matsugunan Swahili da ke gabar tekun gabashin Afirka. An yi imani da cewa an kafa shi a cikin 1370. A yau, yawancin mutanen Lamu Musulmi ne. Wani Balarabe matafiyi Abu-al-Mahasini ne ya fara ba da shaidar garin a rubuce, wanda ya gamu da wani alkali daga Lamu da ya ziyarci Makka a shekara ta 1441. A shekara ta 1506, jiragen ruwa na Portuguese karkashin Tristão da Cunha sun aika da jirgin ruwa don tarewa Lamu, bayan 'yan kwanaki sauran jiragen ruwa sun isa inda ya tilasta wa sarkin garin da sauri ya amince ya biya musu haraji na shekara-shekara tare da Meticals 600 nan da nan. Matakin na Portuguese ya samo asali ne sakamakon nasarar nasarar da al'ummar kasar suka yi na kula da harkokin kasuwanci a gabar tekun Indiya. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, Portugal tana da ikon jigilar kayayyaki a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka kuma ta sanya harajin fitar da kayayyaki a kan hanyoyin kasuwanci na cikin gida da suka kasance a baya. A cikin 1580s, sakamakon hare-haren Turkiyya, Lamu ya jagoranci tawaye ga Portuguese. A cikin 1652, Oman ta taimaka wa Lamu don tsayayya da ikon Portuguese. "Shekarun Zinariya" Shekarun Lamu a matsayin kariyar Omani daga karshen karni na 17 zuwa farkon karni na 19 sun nuna tarihin garin na zinare. An gudanar da mulkin Lamu a matsayin jamhuriya a karkashin majalisar dattawa da aka fi sani da Yumbe wanda ya yi mulki daga wani fada a garin; kadan daga cikin fadar a yau in banda rugujewar fili. A wannan lokacin, Lamu ta zama cibiyar wakoki, siyasa, fasaha da fasaha gami da kasuwanci. Yawancin gine-ginen garin an yi su ne a wannan lokacin cikin salo na gargajiya na musamman. Baya ga bunkasuwar kasuwancinta na fasaha da fasaha, Lamu ta zama cibiyar adabi da ilimi. Marubutan mata irin su mawaƙiya Mwana Kupona wacce ta shahara saboda Advice on the Wifely Duty tana da matsayi mafi girma a Lamu fiye da taron da aka yi a Kenya a lokacin. A shekara ta 1812, sojojin hadin gwiwa na Pate-Mazrui sun mamaye tsibirin a lokacin yakin Shela. Sun sauka ne a Shela da nufin kame Lamu tare da kammala ginin katangar da aka fara ginawa, amma mutanen yankin sun danne musu karfi a cikin kwale-kwalen da suke gabar teku a lokacin da suke kokarin guduwa. A cikin fargabar hare-haren da ake kaiwa nan gaba, Lamu ya roki 'yan Omani da su samar da wani sansanin Busaidi da zai yi aiki a sabon sansanin tare da taimakawa wajen kare yankin daga 'yan tawayen Mazrui da ke gabar tekun Kenya. Zaman mulkin mallaka A tsakiyar karni na 19, Lamu ya shiga karkashin siyasar Sarkin Zanzibar. Jamusawa sun yi iƙirarin Wituland a watan Yuni 1885. Jamusawa sun ɗauki Lamu a matsayin muhimmiyar dabara kuma wuri ne mai kyau don tushe. Daga 22 ga Nuwamba 1888 zuwa 3 Maris 1891, akwai ofishin gidan waya na Jamus a Lamu don sauƙaƙe sadarwa a cikin ma'aikatar tsaron Jamus a cikin sultanate. Ita ce gidan waya na farko da aka kafa a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka; a yau akwai gidan tarihi a Lamu da aka keɓe don shi: Gidan adana kayan tarihin gidan waya na Jamus. A cikin 1890, Lamu ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar Heligoland-Zanzibar. Kenya ta samu 'yancin kai a siyasance a shekarar 1963, ko da yake tasirin gwamnatin tsakiyar Kenya bai yi kadan ba, kuma Lamu na ci gaba da samun 'yancin cin gashin kai na cikin gida. Lamu na zamani A cikin wani rahoto na 2010 mai suna Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund ya bayyana Lamu a matsayin daya daga cikin shafuka 12 na duniya da suka fi "Gaba" na asara da lalacewa da ba za a iya gyarawa ba, yana mai nuni da rashin isasshen kulawa da matsin lamba na ci gaba. Yayin da kungiyar ta'addanci ta Al Shabaab ta sanya dokar hana fita a Lamu a watan Satumbar 2011, a farkon shekarar 2012 ana daukar tsibirin a cikin hadari. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2012, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta dage takunkumin tafiye-tafiyen Lamu. Sai dai wasu hare-hare guda biyu da aka kai a kusa da Lamu a watan Yulin 2014, wanda kungiyar Al Shabaab ta dauki alhakinsu, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 29. Yanayi Lamu tana da yanayi mai bushewa na savanna (Köppen climate classification As). Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin Lamu ya dogara ne kan cinikin bayi har zuwa shekarar 1907. Sauran kayayyakin da aka saba fitar da su na gargajiya sun hada da hauren giwa, da mangoro, harsashi na kunkuru da kahon karkanda, wadanda ake jigilar su ta tekun Indiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Indiya. Baya ga kawar da bautar, gina titin dogo na Uganda a shekarar 1901 {wanda aka fara daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Mombasa} ya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin Lamu. Yawon shakatawa ya kara habaka tattalin arzikin kasar a 'yan kwanakin nan, kuma wuri ne da ya shahara ga masu safarar kaya. Yawancin mazauna wurin suna ba da tafiye-tafiye a kan tafiye-tafiye zuwa masu yawon bude ido. Harambee Avenue an santa da kayan abinci, kuma tana da shaguna da dama da suka haɗa da shagon halwa da ake siyar da kayan abinci masu daɗi da ƙananan kebabs na naman naman da ake sayar da su da daddare. Kwakwa, mango da innabi da abincin teku kamar kaguwa da lobster kayan abinci ne na gama gari. Garin ya ƙunshi babbar kasuwa, kantin Gallery Baraka da Shagon Zane na Shumi, da kantin sayar da Littattafai na Mwalimu. Otal mafi tsufa a garin, Petley's Inn, yana bakin ruwa. Sauran otal din sun hada da Amu House da Amurka ta mayar da su, otal din Bahari mai daki 20, Doda Villas, gidan Jannat mallakar Sweden, da Lamu Palace Hotel mai hawa 3 mai daki 23, da Petley's Inn, da Stone House mai daki 13, wanda An canza shi daga wani gida na ƙarni na 18, da Otal ɗin Sunsail mai daki 18, gidan tsohon ɗan kasuwa a bakin ruwa mai tsayi. Ana girbe itatuwan Mangroves don gina sanduna, kuma Lamu tana da ɗimbin al'umma masu sana'a, gami da kafintoci waɗanda ke yin aikin ginin kwale-kwale da yin ƙofofi da kayan daki. Asibitin Lamu ne ke kula da garin a kudancin babbar cibiyar, wanda ma’aikatar lafiya ke gudanarwa. An kafa ta a cikin 1980s, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun asibitocin da ke gabar tekun Kenya. Kasar Sin ta fara nazarin yiwuwar sauya Lamu zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a gabashin Afirka, a wani bangare na dabarunta na String of Pearls. Fitattun alamomin ƙasa An kafa garin a ƙarni na 14 kuma yana ɗauke da kyawawan misalai da yawa na gine-ginen Swahili. An rubuta tsohon birnin a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya a matsayin "mafi tsufa kuma mafi kyawun mazaunin Swahili a gabashin Afirka". Da zarar wata cibiya ce ta cinikin bayi, al’ummar Lamu na da kabilu daban-daban. Lamu na kan manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci na Larabawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, al'ummar musulmi ne. Don mutunta mazaunan musulmi, ana sa ran masu yawon bude ido a garin su sanya wando fiye da guntun wando ko bikini. Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa, ciki har da gidan kayan tarihi na Lamu, gidan ƙaho na bikin tsibirin (wanda ake kira siwa); sauran gidajen tarihi an sadaukar da su ga al'adun Swahili da sabis na gidan waya na gida. Manyan gine-gine a garin Lamu sun hada da: Kagara Lamu Garin Lamu kagara ne a garin. Fumo Madi bn Abi Bakr, sarkin Pate, ya fara gina katanga a bakin teku, domin kare ’yan gwamnatinsa da ba ta da farin jini. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1809, kafin a kammala rukunin farko na katangar. An kammala katangar a farkon shekarun 1820. Masallacin Riyadh Habib Salih, Sharif mai alaƙar dangi da Hadramaut, Yemen, ya zauna a Lamu a cikin 1880s, kuma ya zama babban malamin addini da ake girmamawa. Habib Salih ya samu gagarumar nasara wajen tara dalibai a kusa da shi, kuma a shekarar 1900 aka gina masallacin Riyadha. Ya gabatar da Habshi Maulidi, inda dalibansa suka rera baituka tare da tambura. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1935 'ya'yansa maza sun ci gaba da makarantar sakandare, wadda ta zama daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin karatun addinin Musulunci a gabashin Afirka. Masallacin dai shi ne cibiyar Maulidi da ake gudanarwa duk shekara a cikin makon karshe na watan Maulidin Manzon Allah (saww). A yayin wannan biki, mahajjata daga kasashen Sudan, Kongo, Uganda, Zanzibar da Tanzaniya sun bi sahun jama'ar yankin domin rera wa Muhammad yabo. Masallacin Mnarani shima abin lura ne. Wurin jaki Tun da tsibirin ba shi da ababen hawa, ana yin sufuri da sauran manyan ayyuka tare da taimakon jakuna. Akwai jakuna kusan 3000 a tsibirin. Dokta Elisabeth Svendsen na Gidan Jakin Jaki a Ingila ya fara ziyartar Lamu a 1985. Don damuwa da yanayin jakuna, an buɗe Wuri a 1987. Wurin yana ba da magani ga duk jakuna kyauta. Al'adu Lamu ne ake gudanar da bikin Maulidi, wanda ake gudanarwa a watan Janairu ko Fabrairu, wanda ake bikin haihuwar Mohammed. Yana fasalta ayyuka iri-iri tun daga "tseren jakuna zuwa wasan tuƙi da kuma gasar ninkaya". Bikin al'adun Lamu, bikin karnival kala-kala, ana gudanar da shi ne a cikin makon da ya gabata na watan Agusta, wanda tun shekara ta 2000 ake gudanar da raye-rayen gargajiya, da sana'o'in hannu da suka hada da kwalliyar kofia, da kuma tseren jiragen ruwa. Kyautar Donkey, tare da kyaututtukan da aka ba wa jakuna mafi kyau, ana bayar da su a cikin Maris/Afrilu. Kade-kaden mata a garin ma sun shahara kuma suna yin chakacha, rawan aure. Maza suna yin hanzua (rawar takobi) kuma suna sa kanzus. An sanya tsohon garin Lamu a matsayin wurin tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 2001, bisa sharudda 3: Tsarin gine-gine da tsarin birane na Lamu a hoto yana nuna tasirin al'adu da suka taru a can sama da shekaru ɗari da yawa daga Turai, Larabawa, da Indiya, suna amfani da dabarun Swahili na gargajiya don samar da al'adu daban-daban. Haɓaka da faɗuwar tashoshin jiragen ruwa a gabar tekun gabashin Afirka da hulɗar da ke tsakanin Bantu, Larabawa, Farisa, Indiyawa, da Turawa suna wakiltar wani gagarumin al'adu da tattalin arziki a tarihin yankin wanda ya fi yin fice a garin Lamu. Babbar rawar da take takawa ta kasuwanci da kuma jan hankalin malamai da malamai sun baiwa Lamu wani muhimmin aiki na addini a yankin, wanda har ya zuwa yau. Sufuri A cikin 2011, an ƙaddamar da shawarwari don gina tashar ruwa mai zurfin ruwa wanda zai fi ƙarfin gaske ta fuskar zurfin ruwa, adadin wuraren kwana, da ikon jiragen ruwa na isa da tashi a lokaci guda fiye da babbar tashar ruwa ta ƙasar a Mombasa. Filin jirgin saman Manda yana tsibirin Manda a cikin tsibiran Lamu na gundumar Lamu a yammacin gabar tekun Indiya, a gabar tekun Kenya yana hidimar Lamu da lardin. Wurin da yake wurin yana da kusan kilomita 450 (280 mi) ta iska, kudu maso gabas da filin jirgin saman Nairobi, filin jirgin saman farar hula mafi girma a ƙasar. Kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa suna hidimar yankin da suka hada da, Air Kenya, Safari Link da Fly 540 akwai jirage na yau da kullun zuwa Malindi, Mombasa da Nairobi. A cikin shahararrun al'adu Waƙar "Lamu" ta mawakin Kirista Michael W. Smith ta samu wahayi daga tsibirin. A cikin waƙar, Smith ya kira Lamu a matsayin "maɓoyar tsibiri wurin da za mu sake haifuwa nan ba da jimawa ba daga halakar rayuwa inda duniya ta kasance har yanzu". Wakar tana magana ne akan gujewa matsalolin rayuwa. Lamu shine saitin gajeren labari na Anthony Doerr mai suna "The Shell Collector" daga tarin labaransa mai suna. Wani ɓangare na abubuwan da suka faru a cikin littafin Our Wild Sex in Malindi (Babi na 14 da 15) na Andrei Gusev yana faruwa a Lamu da kuma tsibirin Manda maƙwabta. Hari na 2022 Kwanan nan gundumar Lamu ta kasance wurin wani laifi inda wasu da ba a san ko su waye ba suka kashe mutum shida a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2022. An caka wa daya daga cikin mutanen wuka aka fille kansa sannan aka harbe daya, hudu daga cikin gawarwakin sun kone. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Allen, James de Vere: Lamu, with an appendix on Archaeological finds from the region of Lamu by H. Neville Chittick. Nairobi: Kenya National Museums. Beckwith, Carol and Fisher, Angela, Text: Hancock, Graham: "African Ark, People and Ancient Cultures of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa," New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1990. ISBN 0-8109-1902-8 Couffer, Jack: "The Cats of Lamu." New York: The Lyons Press, c1998. ISBN 1-85410-568-X Ghaidan, Usam: Lamu: A study of the Swahili town. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1975. Naipaul, Shiva: North of South, An African Journey, 1978. Page 177 ff, Penguin Travel, Prins, A.H.J.: Sailing from Lamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa. Assen: van Gorcum Comp., 1965. Romero, Patricia W.: Lamu: history, society, and family in an East African port city. Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener,
50191	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Barton	Emily Barton	Emily Barton (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) marubuciya ce ta Ba’amurke,mai suka kuma ilimi.Ita ce marubucin litattafai uku: Alkawari na Yves Gundron (2000),Brookland (2006) da Littafin Esther (2016). Tarihi da ilimi Barton ta girma a New Jersey,inda ta halarci Makarantar Kent Place.Ta halarci Kwalejin Harvard,wanda daga nan ta sauke karatu summa cum laude kuma memba na Phi Beta Kappa na jama'a na ilimi.Ta kuma sami MFA a rubuce-rubucen almara daga Taron Marubutan Iowa. Littattafai Littafin farko na Barton,Alkawari na Yves Gundron,Farrar, Straus & Giroux ne suka buga a cikin Janairu 2000.Halayen littafin mai ƙirƙira ne a ƙauyen Mandragora na farko kuma keɓe.Lokacin da Gunndron ya ƙirƙira kayan aiki na'urar da ke canza yanayin noma rayuwar mazauna ƙauyen ta canza ba zato ba tsammani.Yayin da Yves ya fara ba da labarin waɗannan sauye-sauye,Ruth Blum,wata ƙwararriyar nazarin halittu ta Harvard,ta zo don nazarin ƙauyen.Ko da yake da farko littafin ya bayyana a tsakiyar zamanai,ɗan'uwan Yves ya ba da tatsuniyoyi na balaguro zuwa Indo-China kuma mazauna ƙauyen suna rera waƙoƙin da ke nuna misali na blues Wasu masu suka sun sami dabarar Barton na juxtaposing al'adu milieus jarring. Amma da yawa sun yaba da ƙwazon wasan kwaikwayo na littafin zamani.A cikin wani yanayi mai wuyar fahimta,sanannen marubuci Thomas Pynchon ya yaba wa Yves Gundron a matsayin "[b] ba tare da jinkiri ba,mai nishadantarwa da zuci-labari mai tafiya cikin sauki da tabbas,matukar mutunta duniya da aka bayar duk da cewa tana haskakawa tare da amincin mafarki," da John Freeman,rubuta wa Time Out New York, ya kira shi "Tatsuniyar tatsuniyar da,a zamaninmu na fasaha,ya kamata a buƙaci karantawa." An nada Yves Gundron a matsayin Babban Litattafan Shekarar New York Times na 2000. An fassara shi zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland,Faransanci,Yaren mutanen Norway,da Girkanci. An buga littafin Barton na biyu,Brookland, a cikin 2006.Brookland ta ɗauki a matsayin tushen ta Thomas Paparoma 's "Rainbow Bridge",gada da aka tsara don Gabas kusan shekaru ɗari kafin gina John Roebling ta Brooklyn Bridge,amma wanda a zahiri ba a gina. A cikin Brookland, gada ita ce ƙwaƙƙwarar ba ta Paparoma ba amma na wani hali ne da Barton ya ƙirƙira:Prudence ("Prue") Winship,mai cin nasara na gin distillery da ta gada daga mahaifinta.Littafin labari shine labarin farashi,na kuɗi da na sirri,cewa tsarawa,gini, da lalata gada daidai daga Prue da al'ummarta.Bayan buga ta, Brookland ta sami yabo sosai;a cikin wani bita a cikin Mujallar New Yorker,Joan Acocella ta rubuta cewa Prue Winship "ba jarumar 'kyakkyawan samfuri' ba ce,kuma ba ita ce ɗaya daga cikin mugayen jarumai na mata na mataki na biyu ba. Ruhi ce mai ƙaya,mai fama.Tare da zurfin maganin littafin game da cututtuka na ruhaniya da aka haifa daga Haihuwa,wannan kyakkyawan hali shine babban kyautar Barton a gare mu." An kuma ba da sunan Brookland a New York Times Notable Book, kuma an nada shi ɗayan mafi kyawun ayyukan almara da shayari ashirin da biyar na shekara ta Los Angeles Times Littafinta na uku,Littafin Esther,wani madadin tarihin tarihi ne wanda jarumar mai shekaru goma sha shida ke jagorantar juriyar daular Yahudawa a kan mamayewar Jamus a 1942,ta hanyar amfani da sihiri da fasahar steampunk. Rayuwa ta sirri Barton ya shiga Kwalejin Rubutun Halitta a Kwalejin Oberlin a cikin 2018.Ta taba koyarwa a Jami'ar Yale, Jami'ar New York, Jami'ar Columbia,Jami'ar Princeton, Kwalejin Smith, Bard College,da Kwalejin Eugene Lang.Ta yi auren ɗan gajeren labari Thomas Israel Hopkins; ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu. A cikin wata makala ta 2008 a Nextbook.org (yanzu Mujallar Tablet), mai suna Eli Miller's Seltzer Delivery Service, Barton ya rubuta tsawon lokacin tarbiyyar Yahudawa,kodayake a cikin labarin 2007 ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "Yahudawa wacce ba za ta bar ba.gidan ba tare da tarin Tylenol ba, fil ɗin aminci da mint." Bayanan kula Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
8802	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma%20Gandhi	Mahatma Gandhi	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi \|ɡ\|æ\|n\|d\|; IPA\|Gujarati s kərəmtʃənd ndʱi\|lang\|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi; Yarayu daga (2 ga watan October a shekara ta (1869 zuwa 30 January 1948) yakasance mutumin Indiyane shi kuma mai kare hakkin Dan'adam, yazama Shugaban Indian independence movement masu fito na fito da mulkin mallakar kasar Birtaniya. Ta amfani da babu fada a Neman bukatun mu, civil disobedience, Gandhi yajagoranci Indiya har tasamu encin Kai, da samar da civil rights da freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable") applied to him first in (1914 acikin South Africa Ana kiransa da Bapu a kasarsa wato Baba da harshen [℅Gujarati]] papa) kuma Gandhi ji, da kuma babban kasarmu. An haife shi da kuma girmansa daga gidan Hindu merchant caste dake coastal Gujarat, Indiya, Yayi karatun lauya Inner Temple, Landan, Gandhi da farko yadauka nonviolent civil disobedience a matsayin expatriate lawyer a kasar South Africa,a yankin yan'indiya masu nemain yanci. Bayan dawowarsa Indiya ashekara ta (1915) ya shirya da harhada kananan manoma, da kananan maaikata dansu shiga zanga zanga akan biyan kudin haraji dasu keyi sosai da wariya daake nuna masu. Da yazama Shugaban Indian National Congress ashekara ta (1921) Gandhi yajagoranci campaigns akan abubuwan dasuka damu al'ummarsa da kuma yin nasarar samun mulkin kai ko Swaraj. Gandhi yajagoranci Indiya Dan tunkarar harajin gishiri da turawa suka kakaba masu biya Dandi Salt March a shekara ta (193) daga nan kuma yajasu suka nema turawan dasu bar kasar Indiya a shekara ta (1942) An kulle shi na tsawon shekaru a lokuta daban daban a kasarsa da kuma South Africa. Yarayu modestly a self-sufficient residential community kuma yanasa kayan al adar kasar Indiya, Abincinsa ganyanyaki ne kuma yazabi hakan ne a matsayin gyaran rayuwarsa da yakin siyasarsa. Yadda Gandhi yake neman yancin kai a Indiya ta hanyar kula da yawan masu addinai, dukda hakan yasa musulmai sun kalubalance shi a farkon shekara ta (1940) wadanda sune suke neman yancin kasar musulmai kadai a waccan lokaci. A watan Augusta shekara ta (1947) Britaniya ta baiwa indiya yanci inda suka kasa kasar biyu da bangaren Indiyan yan'Hindu zalla da kuma bangaren Indiya ta musulmai zallla wato Pakistan. Kamar yadda aka Samu watsuwar yan'Hindu, Muslimai, da yan'Sikh yasa rikicin addinin yabarke musamman a yankin Punjab, da Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence a Delhi, Gandhi yaziyarce inda rikicin yashafa domin nuna tausayawa agaresu, a watan da yabiyo baya yafara yin azumi har mutuwarsa dan neman hana kara faruwar rikicin, azuminsa na karshe dayayi itace a (12) ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1948) lokacin yana da shekara (78) da kuma burinsa na matsi dan ganin kasarsa Indiya ta biya dukiyoyin da kasar Pakistan take binsu. wasu yan Indiya sunyi tunanin ko Gandhi yacika nuna kusanci. daga cikin su akwai Nathuram Godse, wanda daga baya yakashe a Hindu nationalist, Gandhi a (30 ga watan January a shekara ta (1948) da harbinsa da harshashi uku a kirjinsa. Captured along with many of his co-conspirators and collaborators, Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were tried, convicted and executed while many of their other accomplices were given prison sentences. Ana gudanar da bikin haihuwar Gandhi a duk (2) ga watan October, bikin a Indiya suna kiran bikin da Gandhi Jayanti, a duk duniya kuma International Day of Nonviolence. Manazarta Mutanen
29958	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubar%20dalma%20ga%20dabbar%20raptors	Gubar dalma ga dabbar raptors	Guba gubar lamari ne mai mahimmanci na kiwon lafiya da ke shafar yawan raptor, a tsakanin sauran nau'in. Ba tare da gyarawa ba, yawancin raptors za su shiga cikin alamun gubar dalma da zarar an shafa. Yayin da jama'a na iya zama ba su san yadda za su iya haifar da matsalar ba, kusan kashi Dari 100% na gubar dalma za a iya hana su idan mutane sun mai da hankali sosai kan farautarsu da ayyukansu Akwai manyan masu bada gudummuwa guda biyu ga wadannan nau'in dabbobin daji da gubar dalma ke shafa kuma ta hanyar mafarauta ne masu amfani da harsashin gubar, ko kuma ta hanyar masu kifin dalma ta hanyar amfani da dalma Bayyanawa ga jagora Lokacin da mafarauta suka harbe dabba, sukan bar ɓarna da sauran sharar gawa a cikin dazuzzuka daga baya. Wannan zai zama matsala idan mafarauci ya zaɓi yin amfani da harsashin gubar. An nuna cewa da gaske duk dabbobin da aka harba da gubar na dauke da gutsuttsura dalma a cikinsu. Harsashin gubar hatsi guda har 150 guda ɗaya yana da ikon kashe gaggafa 10. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin gawarwakin barewa 38 da aka bincika, sama da kashi 74% na su sun ƙunshi guntun dalma sama da 100 daga harsashi ɗaya. Daga wurin shigar harsashi cikin dabba, waɗannan ƙananan gutsuttsura na iya yin tafiya har zuwa kimanin cikin gawa. Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan gutsuttsura ƙanƙanta ne da ba za a iya gani da su ba, to Sai Dai amma za a nuna su akan hotunan dabbar. Masu cin zarafi da masu fasa bututun da suka gano ragowar dabbobin da sharar gida za su cinye wadannan kananan dalma. Daga nan sai a wargaje gutsuttsuran sannan a tsotse gubar a cikin jini saboda aikin nika na gizzard, wanda hakan ke haifar da tarin matsalolin kiwon lafiya' Dangane da matsalar kamun kifi, an gano lokacin kamun kifi mafi girma ya haifar da sakamako. Sannan a cikin mafi yawan adadin mace-mace sakamakon maganin gubar. Tsuntsaye na iya cin kifin da ya cinye jigon gubar ko nutsewa idan layin kamun kifi ya karye. Hakanan suna iya ƙoƙarin kai hari kan kifin da wani mai kamun kifi ya jawo shi. Akwai kuma abin da ake zubarwa ko kuma a bar shi a baya a cikin ruwa ko a wuraren kamun kifi, kuma wanda tsuntsaye za su iya cinyewa da gangan. Abin da ya kara dagula wannan al’amari shi ne, gubar ba wani sinadari ne da ake saurin kawar da shi ba, kuma ba za a iya kaskanta shi ba, domin abu ne mai tsayayye. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da tara tarin gubar a cikin mahalli a kan lokaci, saboda akwai ƙarin shiga fiye da yadda ake fita. Ko da yake ba a matsayin babban batu ba, akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a iya fallasa namun daji a zahiri ga gubar, kamar ta hanyar fenti na tushen gubar ko ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai. Pathogenesis Lokacin da gubar ta shiga cikin sashin narkewa na raptors, yanayin acidic na cikin su yana ba da damar rushewa da shiga cikin jini. Idan gutsuwar gubar tana cikin kyallen tsuntsu ne kawai, ba zai yuwu ta haifar da gubar gubar ba, saboda cikinta yana buƙatar rushe shi. Da zarar cikin jini, sannan an gano gubar don kwaikwayi rawar calcium a cikin jiki, kuma yana iya ɗaukar hanyoyin salula na yau da kullun da tsarin da calcium zai bi. Sakamakon haka, ba za a iya ci gaba da kiyaye calcium homeostasis da zarar gubar ta shiga cikin jini ba. Ana watsar da siginar siginar zuwa synapses na jijiyoyi yayin da ƙwayoyin jijiya na cholinergic ke hanawa, yana haifar da canjin hali kamar yadda aka shafi cerebellum Sannan Ayyukan jijiyoyi a fili yana zama cikin haɗari sosai. A cikin jini da kanta, ƙwayoyin jajayen jini suna haɓaka raguwar rayuwa, kuma ƙarancin haɗin heme yana faruwa saboda enzymes -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase da ferrochelatase sun zama masu rauni. Tsuntsu sai ya zama rashin jini Alamomi da alamomi Lokacin da tsuntsaye suka fara nuna sauye-sauyen hali, za su iya fara nuna matsala wajen saukowa Har ila yau, suna fara nuna matsayi mara kyau, kuma sau da yawa ana iya samun su suna kallon ƙasa. To amman Muryar su na iya canza sauti, saboda sau da yawa yakan zama babban honk, kuma suna iya buɗe baki a wani yanki tare da ƙarar hayaniya da ke fitowa daga ciki. Bayan kamar makonni biyu, dangane da, tsuntsu ya zama mai rauni a bayyane, kuma yawanci yana nuna matsala ta tafiya da tashi. Fuka-fukan kuma na iya fara fitowa a faɗuwa, tare da fiffiken fikafikan da ake ganin sau da yawa suna jan ƙasa, kuma tsuntsayen na iya yin ƙarancin ƙoƙarin samun abinci. Idan tsuntsu ya rayu bayan makonni biyi zuwa uku 2 zuwa 3 bayan gubar dalma to shi ma zai iya fara bayyana ya bushe kuma kashin keel zai iya bambanta sosai saboda a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci ba zai iya narkar da abinci ba yayin da filin ya zama gurgu. Ana ganin koren feces sau da yawa akan gashin wutsiya, a matsayin tasirin wannan. Har ila yau, tsananin tattara gubar a cikin jini na iya yin illa ga tsarin koda da kuma tsarin haihuwa, kamar yadda kodan ke shafar kuma duk wani kwai da aka dage yana iya samun raunin bawo. Wasu nau'in mikiya kuma an gano cewa sun ragu don babu samar da maniyyi ya faru, kuma mazan na iya samun raguwar girman maniyyi. Har ila yau, ba sabon abu ba ne ga tsuntsaye su fuskanci makanta a sakamakon yadda kwayoyin bitamin ke shafa. Sakamakon ire-iren wadannan tasirin da gubar ke yi a jiki ga mikiya, ba kasafai ba ne wadannan tsuntsayen su fuskanci girgizar tsoka ko na kasa kafafunsu su zama gurguje. Saboda wasu nau'o'in waɗannan alamun da mai raptor zai iya fuskanta, masu gyaran namun daji na iya samun sauƙi lokacin riƙewa da kuma kula da tsuntsaye saboda suna da ƙarancin ƙarfin da za su iya yin yaki. Bincike Mutumin da ya dandana tare da namun daji zai iya gano mafi yawan lokuta raptor mai alamar alama wanda ke da gubar dalma. Duk da haka, ba koyaushe ake gano cutar da ba ta dace ba. Tabbatacciyar hanyar tantance ko tsuntsu yana da gubar dalma ita ce ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin jini da gwada shi don gubar. To amman Ana ɗaukar tsuntsun al'ada kuma yawanci gubar ba ta shafa ba idan an gano jinin yana da ƙasa da kusan g/dL, kodayake ba zai yuwu ba tsuntsu mai alama ya kasance ƙasa da g/dL. Ana ɗaukar raptor a matsayin fuskantar adadin gubar a cikin tsarin su idan yana tsakanin 20-60 g/dL. Idan mikiya tana da matakan jini na gubar sama da g/dL to ana la'akari da shi a matsayin shari'ar asibiti kuma yiwuwar mikiya ta tsira a wannan lokacin ba ta da yawa. Hakanan za'a iya gwada hanta da kashi don gwada gubar gubar ko da yake wannan na iya faruwa ne bayan gaggafa ta riga ta mutu. Tsuntsaye kuma za a iya yin x-ray, saboda duk wani babban guntu na gubar da aka cinye za a iya gani a kai. Magani A lokacin da ake jinyar marasa lafiya da ke fama da gubar gubar, manufar ita ce rage shigar da gubar a cikin jini, don kawar da duk wani gubar mai guba da ke sha, da kuma taimakawa da tallafawa dabbar ta murmurewa. Idan gubar ta riga ta shiga cikin jini, yana da mahimmanci a bi da tsuntsun da wani abu da zai shiga jikin kowane ɓangarorin gubar ta hanyar amfani da mahaɗan chelating Duk Wadannan mahadi za su sa tsuntsu ya kawar da gubar daga jikinsa ta hanyar fitar da su a cikin fitsari. Magunguna na yau da kullun waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance wannan sune EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) da DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). Ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da alluran intramuscularly tare da EDTA ko da yake a cikin jini sun fi tasiri, saboda tasirin gubar EDTA akan kodan. DMSA magani ne na baka na gama gari wanda ana iya amfani dashi don magani kuma. Idan an dauki x-ray kuma guntuwar gubar sun bayyana, ana iya cire su ta hanyar tiyata tare da endoscope, ta hanyar gastrotomy, ko kuma ta hanyar gavage a ciki, ko da yake idan ɓangarorin sun yi girma gubar gubar na iya yin girma a gare su. iya tsira daga tiyata. Ilimi An nuna cewa akwai ƙarin yawan gubar dalma da ake gani a lokutan farautar manyan wasanni. An tabbatar da cewa, daidaita harsashin dalma na iya rage yawan tsuntsayen da suka kamu da cutar da gubar dalma. Mafi kyawun zaɓi shine mafarauta su canza zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba. Harsashin jan karfe shine mafi mashahuri madadin kuma sama da kusan kashi 90% na mafarauta sun ce yana aiki daidai ko ma fiye da harsashin gubar na yau da kullun, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓukan harsasai na ƙarfe waɗanda kuma za a iya amfani da su. Hakanan ana samun maganin kamun kifi mara gubar. Idan mafarauci ya ki canzawa zuwa harsashin da ba gubar ba a matsayin madadin, to, kona gawar ita ce mafi kyawun zaɓi na gaba. Ko da yake ana binne gawar ya fi a bar ta a fili, rodents da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya tono gawar cikin sauƙi sannan kuma za a sake fallasa gawar. Har ila yau, mafarauta su fahimci yadda gubar za ta kasance a cikin naman da suke farautar abinci idan suka yi amfani da harsashin dalma, wanda shi ma ba shi da lafiya ga mutum Duba wasu abubuwan Guba na dabba
61190	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde%20King	Tunde King	Tunde King (an haife shi 24 ga Agusta 1910), mawaƙin Najeriya ne da aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa waƙar Jùjú. Ya yi tasiri sosai a kan shahararrun wakokin Najeriya. Legas a shekarun 1920 zuwa 1930 ta kasance jama'a da gaurayawan mutanen Yarbawa na gida da wadanda suka dawo daga Sabuwar Duniya. Tare suka kirkiro wani nau'i na kiɗa mai suna "Palm Wine" wanda ya haɗa wakokin gargajiya na Yarbawa da kalmomin kiɗa daga ƙasashe irin su Brazil da Cuba. Banjos, guitars, shaker da ganguna suna goyan bayan waƙoƙin lilting game da rayuwar yau da kullun. Waƙar Jùjú wani nau'i ne na kiɗan Palm Wine wanda ya samo asali a unguwar Olowogbowo da ke Legas a cikin shekarun 1920, a wani taron injiniyoyin motoci inda "yanayin yanki" ke taruwa su sha da yin kiɗa. Tunde King shi ne shugaban wannan kungiya. Rayuwa An haifi Abdulrafiu Babatunde King ne a unguwar Olowogbowo da ke karkashin Saro a tsibirin Legas a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 1910. Ya kasance da ga Ibrahim Sanni King, dan kabilar Saro marasa rinjaye. Mahaifinsa babban magatakarda ne na Kotun Ƙasa a Ilaro, kuma ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Fourah Bay, Saliyo. Tunde King ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Methodist da kuma makarantar sakandare ta Eko Boys. Wani abokin karatunsa ya koya masa yin kata, kuma ya zama babban memba na gungun ‘yan mazan yankin da suka rataye a wani shagon kanikanci da ke kan titin Balogun ta Yamma. Kungiyar ta yi magana, ta sha giya da rera waka, tare da nagartattun kayan aiki. A shekara ta 1929, Sarki yana da aikin limanci kuma yana aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mawaƙa da mawaƙa tare da ɗan wasa guda uku ciki har da guitar, samba da maracas, daga baya ya canza zuwa tambourine, guitar-banjo. da sekere (shaker). A tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ya sami nasara mai yawa, tare da rikodin rikodi da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da yawa, amma har yanzu ya dogara ga wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye don samun abin rayuwa, galibi a ayyuka na sirri. Misali, King ya taka leda a lokacin fitaccen likitan nan Oguntola Sapara a watan Yuni 1935.[4] Da barkewar yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1939, Tunde King ya shiga cikin sojojin ruwa na Merchant Marines. Ya koma Legas a 1941, sannan ya bace har tsawon shekaru goma sha daya. An sake gano shi yana wasa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Faransa kamar Conakry da Dakar, kuma ya dawo Legas a 1954. Ya rasu a shekarun 1980. Kiɗa Salon kaɗe-kaɗe na Jùjú mai gitar yana haɗa abubuwan Afirka kamar gangunan magana na Yarbawa da tasirin Yamma da Afro-Cuba. Tunde King ya ce sunan “Jùjú” shi kansa ya samo asali ne a lokacin da ya sayi tambura daga wani kantin Salvation Army, wanda ya ba wa mawaƙin sa na Samba. Mawaƙin ya ƙirƙiro salo mai ban sha'awa wanda ya haɗa da jefa tamburin sama ya kama ta, wanda masu sauraro suka kira Jù-jú, suna kwafi kalmar Yarbawa ta "jifa" da lafazin tonal. Nasa uku ya faɗaɗa zuwa quartet, tare da Sarki akan guitar-banjo mai kirtani shida da vocals, Ishola Caxton Martins akan sekere (gourde rattle), Ahmeed Lamidi George akan tambourine da Sanya ("Snake") Johnson akan tomtom kuma yana goyan bayan vocals. Membobin ƙungiyar sun ƙirƙiri sauti mai matsakaicin motsi wanda ke goyan bayan guitar da muryoyin tare da ci gaba mai sauƙi na jituwa. A cikin 1930s, Najeriya ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Dan Najeriya na iya tafiya har ya zuwa yanzu, amma ba kara ba, a cikin gwamnati ko kasuwanci, ba tare da la’akari da iyawa ko cancanta ba. Tunde King ya bayyana ra'ayoyin jama'a a cikin wakokinsa. A cikin "Oba Oyinbo" ya yi bikin hawan Sarki George na shida na Biritaniya, inda ya yi shiru cikin bacin rai ya ce "Muna da uba... Sarki George ubanmu ne... Bature Cameron (gwamna) ubanmu ne... “A cikin wakokin da ba a nada ba, ya yi gaba, yana nuna bacin ransa a fili. Wakar “Soja Idunmota” ta bayyana wani abin tunawa da wani soja farar fata dauke da wani jirgin ruwa na asali, wanda kansa ya rataye yana mai cewa “A zalunci, sun manta zuriyar mutum daya”. A cikin wakar “Eti Joluwe” ya ce gara Yarbawa su yi wa kansu aiki da gwamnati. Rikodi Parlophone na ƙungiyar EMI ne suka yi rikodin waƙar Jùjú na farko, wanda ya fara a 1936, wanda aka saki akan fayafai 78rpm na shellac. Tunde King ya fitar da wasu faifai da suka hada da "Eko Akete" da "Oba Oyinbo" ("Sarkin Turawa"). An biya shi kaɗan ne kawai don yin rikodin kowane sako, kuma ya sami ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi daga sarauta. Duk da haka, rikodin sun kasance masu mahimmanci don tabbatar da sunansa. Sauran rikodin sun hada da "Sapara ti sajule orun", "Dunia (Ameda)" da "Ojuola lojo agan". A cikin duka, ya yi rikodin sama da 30.[7] Biyu daga cikin faifan nasa, "Oba Oyinbo" da "Dunia" an haɗa su a cikin CD Juju Roots: 1930s-1950s, wanda Rounder Records ya fitar a cikin Janairu 1985. Gado Wakokin Tunde King sun yi tasiri a zamaninsa, da kuma ’yan wasa daga baya irin su Akanbi Ege, Ayinde Bakare, Tunde Nightingale da Ojoge Daniel a shekarun 1940, ’yan wasa a shekarun 1960 irin su King Sunny Adé da Chief Commander Ebenezer Obey, wadanda suka bullo da gitar lantarki, 1970s. Taurari irin su Janar Prince Adekunle kuma sun ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai har zuwa shekarun 1980, lokacin da taurari irin su Sir Shina Peters da Segun Adewale ke wasa irin na Jùjú na zamani.
33102	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thievy%20Bifouma	Thievy Bifouma	Thievy Guivane Bifouma Koulossa (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a kulob din Shenzhen FC na China da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kongo. Ya shafe yawancin aikinsa na wasan kwallon kafa na farko a Spain, jimlar wasanni 68 na La Liga da kwallaye takwas a Espanyol, Almería da Granada ban da kakar wasa a Las Palmas a Segunda División. Kazalika yayi taƙaitaccen lokaci a Ingila tare da West Bromwich Albion da Faransa tare da Reims da Bastia, ya wakilci kungiyoyi hudu a Süper Lig na Turkiyya. Tsohon matashin dan wasan kasa da kasa na Faransa, Bifouma ya fara buga wasa a Kongo a shekarar 2014. Ya fafata a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2015, inda ya kasance mai yawan zura kwallaye tare. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Espanyol An haifi Bifouma a Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis. Ya shiga RCD Espanyol a Spain a farkon 2010, bai kai shekaru 18 ba, ya sanya hannu daga RC Strasbourg Alsace. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris 2011, ya fara buga wasa tare da ƙungiyar farko ta Catalans, bayan da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Joan Verdú a cikin mintuna na mutuwa na 2-0 La Liga na gida da Deportivo de La Coruña. A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2011, a wasan karshe na Copa Catalunya, Bifouma ya yi i hat-trick a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 a kan kungiyar FC Barcelona da ke cike da ajiyewa da matasa 'yan wasa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, ya zira kwallon farko tare da babban tawagar, inda ya zira kwallaye a raga a wasan karshe na 2-1 a Sporting de Gijón. A cikin watan Satumban 2012, an ba da Bifouma rance ga kulob ɗin UD Las Palmas na Segunda División. Bayan ya yi nasara, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Espanyol har zuwa 2017. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2014, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta West Bromwich Albion tare da ra'ayin canja wuri na dindindin, an ba shi riga mai lamba 50. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki takwas bayan haka, yana wasa da rabi na biyu kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin dakika 36 na daukar filin wasan a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-1 da Crystal Palace. Bifouma ya koma babban ƙungiyar UD Almería a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2014, a cikin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 19 ga Maris na shekara ta gaba, an dakatar da shi na tsawon wata guda saboda zargin karya kwangilar da tsohon wakilinsa; An dage haramcin kwanaki bayan haka, kuma ya ci gaba da bayyana a kai a kai ga Andalusians, wadanda ke fama da relegation. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2015, an ba da Bifouma aron ga Granada CF na wannan gasar na shekara guda. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da Stade de Reims, kuma mallakar Espanyol. Turkiyya A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2016, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar SC Bastia ta Faransa Ligue 1. Ya kasance yana sake tafiya a cikin taga canja wuri mai zuwa, tare da Süper Lig 's Osmanlıspor akan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi. Ya zura kwallo daya kacal a cikin jimlar wasanni 22 na kungiyar daga Ankara, a wasan da suka ci 5-1 a Adanaspor a Süper Lig a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 2017. Ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar, Bifouma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Sivasspor a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2017. Kwanaki takwas ne kawai ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4–2 bayan ya dawo filin wasa na Osmanlı. Bifouma ya koma babban birnin Turkiyya a watan Yunin 2018, inda ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a MKE Ankaragücü. Ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a cikin ɗan gajeren wa'adinsa, ƙarshen ta'aziyya a 2-1 rashin nasara a gida da Kasımpaşa a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, kuma ya sake ci gaba a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu 2019 lokacin da ya sanya hannu tare da Yeni Malatyaspor na uku kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ya zura kwallo a ragar Beşiktaş JK da ci 2-0 wanda ya karya tarihin nasarar kulob din Istanbul na wasanni shida. China A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin, 2020, Bifouma ya koma Shenzhen FC na Super League na kasar Sin kan kwantiragin da ba a bayyana ba kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan uku. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake shi ta hanyar yarda da juna kuma ya sanya hannu kan Heilongjiang Ice City FC a matakin na biyu na kasar. Ayyukan kasa Wani matashi na wanda ya iya yaren Faransanci na kasa da kasa, Bifouma ya zaɓi wakiltar Kongo a babban matakin, yana karɓar izinin FIFA a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2014. Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwana daya, inda ya maye gurbin Julsy Boukama-Kaya a minti na 68 na rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a waje da Rwanda a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2015. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba 2014, a gasar daya, Bifouma ya zura kwallaye biyu a ci 3-2 a Najeriya. A wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2015, ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Congo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Equatorial Guinea mai masaukin baki. Ya kuma zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Burkina Faso da ci 2-1 a rukuninsu na farko, sakamakon da ya sa kasar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a karon farko tun 1992, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta karshe a kan DR Congo, inda tawagarsa sun yi gaba da ci 2-0 amma daga karshe sun sha kashi da ci 4-2; da kwallaye uku, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu cin kwallaye biyar na hadin gwiwa. Bayan da aka rasa fiye da shekaru biyu na wasanni saboda dalilai ciki har da hana tafiye-tafiye a China yayin bala'in COVID-19, an sake kiran Bifouma cikin tawagar Kongo a cikin watan Satumba 2020. A karshe ya sake taka leda a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, a wasan da suka tashi babu ci a gida da Senegal a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Congo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bifouma goal. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32638	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ndlovu	Peter Ndlovu	Peter Ndlovu (an haife shi a ranar 25 Fabrairu 1973) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe kuma ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne wanda shi ne manajan ƙungiyar a ƙungiyar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu Mamelodi Sundowns. A matsayinsa na dan wasa ya kasance dan wasan gaba daga 1988 har zuwa 2011, musamman a Ingila da kuma musamman a gasar Premier tare da Coventry City da kuma a cikin Kwallon kafa na Birmingham City, Huddersfield Town da Sheffield United. Sauran ayyukansa ya yi amfani da shi a kasarsa ta Afirka tare da Highlanders, Mamelodi Sundowns, Thanda Royal Zulu, Highfield United da Black Mambas. Ya buga wa kasarsa wasa sau 81, inda ya zura kwallaye 37. Tun da ya yi ritaya, Ndlovu ya koma horarwa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin manajan Zimbabwe, kafin ya koma Mamelodi a matsayin manajan kungiyar. Rayuwar farko Ndlovu ya fito ne daga gundumar Binga a Arewa maso Yamma, Siabuwa Zimbabwe. Duk da haka an haife shi a Bulawayo. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Coventry City John Sillett ne ya fara ganin Ndlovu, kafin ya sanya hannu a hukumance daga Highlanders ta Terry Butcher a watan Yulin 1991. Ya yi tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar zura kwallo a raga a Arsenal sannan ya zama gwani a Highfield tare da nasarar da Aston Villa a watan Nuwamba 1991, yana ba shi sha'awar magoya bayan Sky Blues. Ko da yake zai ci gaba da taka rawar gani a kungiyoyi da dama a gasar Championship, lokaci ne da ya yi a Coventry wanda ya shahara musamman saboda matsayin kulob din a wancan lokacin. Zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi biyu, Bobby Gould's 1992/93 da kuma faffadan tawagar tsakiyar da karshen 1990s, a lokacin Ron Atkinson sannan Gordon Strachan ya jagoranci kulob din. Tawagar Bobby Gould a cikin 1992–93 ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba, sun ƙare a mataki na 15 a farkon kakar Premier, bayan da suka shafe yawancin kakar wasa a matsayi mafi girma. A ranar 19 ga Agustan 1992, Ndlovu ya kafa tarihi inda ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka na farko da ya taka leda a sabuwar gasar Premier ta Ingila. Bayan sun sayi dan wasan gaba Micky Quinn a watan Nuwamba 1992 sun ci gaba da abin da ya kasance farkon farawa, tare da nasara a waje a Tottenham Hotspur (2-0) Sheffield Wednesday (2-1) da Wimbledon (2-1) da karawa ga nasarar gida mai ban sha'awa. da Middlesbrough (2-1). A farkon kaka Sky Blues ta kasance kan gaba a gasar Premier ta farko kuma ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyar kawai kafin Kirsimeti. Haɗin Micky Quinn a cikin tawagar ya haifar da ƙarin nasara a gida da Aston Villa (3-0) da Liverpool (5-1). A cikin watan Fabrairun 1993, sun ci nasara da ci 4-2 a kan Blackburn Rovers. Sai dai kuma, ‘yan makonnin da suka gabata bakarare a kakar wasa ta bana da kuma hudu a wasan da za su yi da Man United da Liverpool da Chelsea da kuma Leeds United sun sa sun faɗo daga matsayi na biyar a gasar a watan Fabrairu zuwa na 15 a kan teburi na karshe. An kammala kakar wasan da ban sha'awa Ndlovu a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Leeds United. Ndlovu ya kasance wani mahimmin sashi a duk tsawon kakar wasa a cikin Gould's fast pacey front line wanda ya hada da John Williams, Kevin Gallacher (har sai ya tashi zuwa Blackburn) da kuma Robert Rosario, wanda ya kafa haɗin gwiwar da ya dace da Micky Quinn. Kwallon da Ndlovu ya zura a ragar Norwich City, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a karshen watan Satumba, wani sa hannu ne na Ndlovu flair wanda ya ba shi damar lashe gasar 'Goal of the month' na ranar. Kakar 1993-94 za ta ga canji mai koyarwa a cikin kaka yayin da Gould ya yi murabus kuma mataimakinsa Phil Neal ya gaje shi amma ba a gaban fitaccen labule ba zuwa kakar Premier ta biyu. Ranar farko ta wasan caca na Bobby Gould zai kasance yin wasa ba tare da cikakken bayan gargajiya ba. Wannan ƙirƙira sabon labari ya ba Ndlovu cikakken lasisi don taka rawar gani a babban nasara ranar buɗewa mai mantawa a babban birni. Nasarar da aka yi a Highbury da ci 3-0 a Arsenal ya sa Micky Quinn ya ci hat-trick a gaban sabon bankin Arewa da aka gyara. Hakanan ya tabbatar da cewa Sky Blues sun sanya ɗaya daga cikin walƙiya ta al'ada ta fara kakar wasa, don haka daidai da wannan zamanin. Bayan barazanar Ian Wright na farko a kan burin Coventry, Ndlovu ne ya yi gudun hijira a cikin akwatin bugun fanareti na Arsenal wanda ya haifar da kalubale daga Lee Dixon. Hukuncin da Micky Quinn ya canza a cikin natsuwa ya ci kwallon. Wasa na biyu zai ga Ndlovu da Roy Wegerle sun jagoranci tsaron Gunners cikin rawar murna, musamman Wegerle yana jin dadin wasansa mafi kyau a kungiyar. An kadu da Arsenal da ci 3-0 wanda koci George Graham ya soke shirin karramawar bayan wasan da aka yi a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin League da kofin FA. Bayanin da Arsenal ta bayar shine 'Dalilan da suka wuce ikon kulob din!. An ba da rahoton cewa Coventry ya ki amincewa da tayin fan miliyan 4 da Arsenal ta yi wa Ndlovu a kakar 1993-94 yarjejeniyar da ta sanya Ndlovu ya zama dan wasa mafi tsada da wata kungiyar Ingila ta sa hannu. Murabus mai ban mamaki na Bobby Gould, bayan 5-1 mauling a Loftus Road a watan Oktoba 1993, an yi la'akari da yuwuwar siyar da Ndlovu na kusa zuwa babban kulob shida. Duk da haka, Ndlovu ya zauna amma matakin na 11th ya tabbatar da wannan kakar ba a maimaita ba a yakin 1994-95. Ron Atkinson ne ya maye gurbin Phil Neal a watan Fabrairu. An yaba Big Ron da ceto kulob din daga faduwa a cikin bazarar 1995, kuma ya kawo Gordon Strachan a matsayin mataimakinsa. Wannan muhimmin lokaci na biyu na Ndlovu zai sake yin alƙawarin da yawa 'sabon zamani' na manyan kuɗi da aka sanar da nadin Atkinson ya ga isowar Huckerby, Whelan, Salako da McAllister tare da ɗan wasan Neal na £2 miliyan Dion Dublin. Big Ron ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci tun da wuri, amma a kakar wasa ta gaba mai salo da salo na ƙungiyar sa ba kasafai ake dannawa ba a al'adance. Duk da haka, har yanzu Ndlovu ya ci wa Sky Blues wasu kwallayen da ba za a manta da su ba a wannan lokacin, ciki har da dan wasa na farko a waje da ya ci hat-trick a Anfield tsawon shekaru 30. Sauran kwallayen da ba za a manta da su ba a Sky Blue sun hada da wata muhimmiyar nasara da ta ci a waje a Wimbledon a matakin faduwa da maki shida da kuma wanda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a gasar cin kofin FA na zagaye na 3 a West Bromwich Albion. A hankali Ndlovu ya sha wahala saboda rashin daidaituwa. Babban kuma faffadan gefen Gordon Strachan ya gada, sanye yake da zaɓuɓɓukan kai hari, ya ga gasa mai zafi na wurare daga Whelan, Huckerby, Salako da Telfer. Gasar firimiya ta gama gari kuma daga ƙarshe zata ga Coventry ta koma Steve Froggatt da ƴan wasan Morocco Mustapha Hadji da Youssef Chippo a cikin shekaru bayan tafiyar Ndlovu. Masoyan Coventry City sun san shi da 'Nuddy' da sauran laƙabinsa shine 'The Bulawayo Bullet' da Nsukuzonke kalmar isiNdebele da ke nuni ga ikonsa na kunna salon kowane lokaci/rana ya wasa. Birmingham City Daga karshe Ndlovu ya koma Birmingham City a watan Yuli 1997, wanda Trevor Francis ya rattaba hannu kan kudi fan miliyan 1.6. Masoyan Blues suna daukar Ndlovu a matsayin nasara, duk da kasa kaiwa ga gasar Premier yayin da "Nuddy" ke cikin sahunsu. Wasan reshen tsofaffin makarantar Ndlovu ya taimaka wajen ciyar da Blues wasanni biyu a jere a gasar kasa da kasa, duk da cewa duka wasannin biyu za su kare a wasan kusa da na karshe. Ya shafe lokaci a kan aro a Huddersfield Town a watan Disamba 2000, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko da Wolverhampton Wanderers. Bayan ya koma Birmingham ya taimaka musu su doke Ipswich Town a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin League na 2000-01. Koyaya, kafin wasan karshe an sake shi don shiga Sheffield United a cikin Fabrairu 2001. Sheffield United Ndlovu ya kuma ji dadin nasara a Sheffield United kuma magoya bayansu sun san su da 'Nuddy. Tare da shi yana taka leda a gefen dama na tsakiya, United ta yi nasarar zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na manyan gasa na cin kofin, ban da wasan karshe na gasar Championship (tsohon Division 1) a cikin kakar 2002-03. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Leeds United a gasar cin kofin Worthington na 2002 kuma ya ci hat-trick a kan Cardiff City a 2003–04. Ya bar Blades a lokacin rani na 2004 bayan ya zira kwallaye 25 a wasanni 135 na gasar. Gaba daya Ndlovu ya zura kwallaye sama da 90 a kakar wasanni 12 da ya buga a wasanni 338 a cikin manyan jirage biyu na gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila. Afirka ta Kudu Ndlovu ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta gasar firimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2004. Thanda Royal Zulu sun yi daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka kulla kafin a rufe kasuwar musayar ‘yan wasa a ranar inda suka dauko tsohon dan wasan Mamelodi Sundowns Ndlovu. Thanda Royal Zulu ne ya saki Ndlovu daga kwantiraginsa a karshen shekarar 2008–09 bayan sun fice daga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta Kudu. Ya zauna tsawon shekaru biyu ba tare da buga kwallon kafa ba. Aikin koyarwa A cikin watan 2011, Ndlovu ya zama mataimakin manajan tawagar kasar Zimbabwe. A shekarar 2013, Ndlouv ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns a matsayin kocin kungiyar. Rayuwa ta sirri 'Yan'uwan Peter, Adam da Madinda, suma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ne. ’Yan ’uwan sun yi wasa a Makokoba, a ƙasar Zimbabwe, inda suka girma. Peter ya kuma taka leda a makarantun firamare (Lotshe Primary) da na sakandare Mzilikazi da kungiyar garinsa ta Highlanders kafin ya shiga Coventry a 1991. Masu sharhi na Biritaniya galibi suna kuskuren kiran sunan sa, kuma, sakamakon haka, magoya baya ma. A tsawon aikinsa, ana kiransa da 'Und-luv' yayin da a zahiri, lafazin sunan sunansa ya fi kusa da 'Nd-lo-vu. An bar Ndlovu a cikin "mafi mahimmanci" a asibiti bayan wani hatsarin mota kusa da filin jirgin sama na Victoria Falls a Zimbabwe a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2012. Motar Ndlovu BMW X5 ta samu buge-buge da tayar da ta yi wanda ya sa motar ta fito daga kan hanya ta daki wata bishiya. Ya samu rauni a ciki, rauni a kai, karyewar hakarkari da karyewar kafa sannan kuma an kashe dan uwansa Adam da wata fasinja mace. Daga baya Ndlovu ya fuskanci shari’a a watan Maris mai zuwa kan laifin kisan kai, inda masu gabatar da kara suka ce shi ne ke da alhakin gaza sarrafa motarsa yadda ya kamata. An dai wanke shi ne a watan Afrilun 2013, inda kotu ta yi zargin rashin samun shaidar da ke tabbatar da alhakin Ndlovu. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen da Zimbabwe ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Ndlovu. Littafin Tarihi Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a Soccerbase Peter Ndlovu Goals na Duniya (ba a kammala ba tukuna) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1973 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
61421	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wansbrough	John Wansbrough	John Edward Wansbrough (Fabrairu 19, 1928 Yuni 10, 2002) ɗan tarihi ne Ba'amurke kuma farfesa wanda ya koyar a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar London (SOAS), inda ya kasance mataimakin shugaban gwamnati daga 1985 zuwa 1992. Wansbrough an yaba da kafa wata makarantar da ake kira Revisionist School of Islamic Studies ta hanyar sukar da ya yi kan ingancin tarihi na kur'ani da sauran matani na Musulunci na farko, musamman dangane da labaran Musulunci na gargajiya da suka shafi tarihin farko na Musulunci da kuma yunkurinsa na samar da wata hanya ta daban., a tarihi mafi ingantaccen sigar Musulunci na farkonsa. Ya yi gardama a gabaɗaya game da shakku game da marubucin tushen Musulunci na farko, kuma mafi shaharar cewa an rubuta Kur'ani kuma an tattara shi a cikin shekaru 200, kuma bai kamata a rubuta shi ba daga Hijaz na 1st karni, Yammacin Larabawa, amma daga karni na 2/3 bayan hijira a kasar Abbasiyawa Rayuwa An haifi Wansbrough a Peoria, Illinois Ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Harvard, kuma ya yi sauran karatunsa na ilimi a SOAS. Ya mutu a Montaigu-de-Quercy, Faransa Daga cikin dalibansa akwai Andrew Rippin, Norman Calder, Gerald R. Hawting, Patricia Crone da Michael Cook. Bincike da nazari Aikin Wansbrough ya jaddada abubuwa biyu—cewa adabin musulmi ya makara, wanda ya shafe sama da karni daya da rabi bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, kuma Musulunci wani lamari ne mai sarkakiya wanda tabbas ya dauki al’ummomi da dama don ci gaba. Lokacin da Wansbrough ya fara nazarin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na farko na Islama da kur'ani, ya fahimci cewa nassosin Islama na farko sun yi magana da masu sauraro waɗanda suka saba da rubutun Yahudawa da na Kirista, kuma an tattauna matsalolin tauhidin Yahudawa da Kirista. Sukar “kafirai” a cikin wannan wallafe-wallafen da ya yi tsokaci ba a yi magana da su ba ga masu bautar gumaka da arna ba ne, amma ga masu tauhidi wadanda ba su yi tauhidi ba “tsallaka”.[ lura ba su dace da ruwayoyin Musulunci kan farkon Musulunci ba, wadanda suka nuna Musulunci ya zo a cikin al'ummar mushrikai. Wansbrough ya kuma gano cewa hujjojin shari'a na farko na musulmi ba su yi nuni da Kur'ani ba, tare da wasu alamun cewa babu "tsayayyen nassi" a zamanin Rashidun da Umayyawa, wanda ke nuni da cewa Kur'ani a matsayin tushen shari'a ya kasance baya baya. Wansbrough ya yi nazari ne kan labaran Musulunci na gargajiya wadanda aka rubuta shekaru 150 zuwa 200 bayan rasuwar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da hanyar tarihi mai mahimmanci musamman sukar adabi Don haka, ya yi da’awar hujjoji marasa adadi cewa nassosin ba lissafin tarihi ba ne amma daga baya gine-ginen adabi a ma’anar “tarihin ceto” Heilsgeschichte na Tsohon Alkawari, wanda ainihin ainihin ainihin tarihinsa kaɗan ne kuma ba za a iya gano shi ba. A kan haka, Wansbrough ya kirkiro sassan ka'idar da ya cancanta a matsayin "conjectural "na wucin gadi" da kuma "na wucin gadi kuma mai mahimmanci", kamar yadda yake nunawa (a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Herbert Berg. cewa “Al-Qur’ani ko Musulunci ba na Muhammad ba ne ko ma Larabawa”, haka nan Larabawa na asali wadanda ci daular Banu Umayya ba su kasance Musulmi ba. amma an samo shi daga rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa da Kiristanci daban-daban da kuma buƙatun nassi mai tsarki (kafafi) wanda zai dogara da ka'idar dokokin Abbasiyawa: "Aikin shawahid na nassi a cikin gardama na halak yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun nassi mara ma'ana. wahayi... sakamakon haka shi ne kur'ani mai tsarki. An rubuta Alqur'ani kuma an tattara shi cikin dogon lokaci sama da shekaru 200 don haka ba za a iya jingina shi ga Muhammadu ba, kasancewar kwanan baya fiye da tarihin gargajiya. Mutumin Muhammadu zai zama sabon ƙirƙira daga baya, ko aƙalla, Muhammadu ba zai iya dangantaka da Alƙur'ani ba. A zamanin baya, Muhammadu yana da aikin samar da ainihin kansa ga sabon motsin addini bisa ga abin koyi na Annabin Tsohon Alkawari. Tarba da suka Ka'idodin Wansbrough ba a "karɓi sosai" ba kuma ba a ƙi su ba, a cewar Gabriel Said Reynolds Ta hanyar sukar da ya yi na sahihancin tarihi na kididdigar Musulunci na gargajiya game da farkon Musulunci da kuma kokarinsa na samar da wani madadin, mafi inganci a tarihi na farkon Musulunci, Wansbrough ya kafa makarantar da ake kira "mai bita" na Nazarin Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Andrew Rippin da malamin addini Herbert Berg rashin sha'awar malaman da ba musulmi ba a ra'ayin Wansbrough za a iya gano shi da cewa Wansbrough ya kauce daga tafarkin mafi karancin kokari da tsayin daka wajen neman ilimi ta hanyar tambayar mafi girman kungiyar Musulunci. adabi akan tarihin Musulunci, Alqur'ani, da Muhammadu; “Rusa” abubuwan da suka kasance abubuwan tarihi ba tare da maye gurbinsu da sababbi ba; kira don amfani da dabarun zargi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, yana buƙatar cancanta a cikin wasu harsuna fiye da Larabci, sanin "tsarin addini" wanin Musulunci, da wurare dabam dabam "ban da Larabawa a jajibirin Islama". da kuma taka kasa mai tsarki a Musulunci. Ka'idar Wansbrough game da dogon tsari (sama da shekaru 200) na rubuce-rubuce da tarin Alqur'ani a yau ana ɗaukarsa da yawa ba za su iya jurewa ba saboda binciken da aka yi na rubuce-rubucen kur'ani na Farko da yawa daga cikinsu an gwada su da bincike na radiocarbon (a kusa da 2010- 2014) kuma an yi kwanan wata zuwa karni na bakwai CE.
15109	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ini-Abasi%20Umotong	Ini-Abasi Umotong	Ini-Abasi Anefiok Umotong (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1994) ita yar wasan ƙwallan kafa ta ƙasar Burtaniya da ke buga ƙwallon ƙafaa ƙungiyar Damallsvenskan Växjö da kuma theasar Nijeriya Rayuwar farko An haife ta a Calabar, Nijeriya, Umotong tare da iyalinta sun koma Birmingham, Ingila lokacin da take shekara ɗaya. Ita ce ƙarama cikin ofan uwanta shida da Dr Ben Anefiok da Grace Umotong na Ikono a jihar Akwa Ibom suka haifa. Ta fara wasan kwallon kafa tana da shekara biyar kuma a makarantar Firamare ce inda Birmingham City ta ganta a shekara ta 2003. Daga baya ta tafi Makarantar Hanyoyi Hudu ta Sarki Edward VI. Ayyukan duniya Ta samu kiranta na farko ne zuwa ga Super Falcons a watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2015 lokacin da koci Edwin Okon ya gayyaci 'yan wasa 36 zuwa sansanin don shirya shirye-shiryen wasannin neman cancantar buga dukkan kasashen Afirka karo na 11, wasannin neman tikitin wasannin Olamfik na shekara ta 2016 da kuma FIFA karo na 7 na FIFA na Kofin Duniya Karatuttukan ilimin tattalin arziki da ilimin kimiya na jami'ar Southampton sun tsallake makonni biyu na farko na sansanin a Abuja saboda karatunta. Bayan isowa bayan makonni biyu, Umotong ta yi alƙawarin fara aiki kusan nan da nan a matsayinta na mai maye gurbin ƙarshe a cikin zana 1-1 da aka yi da ƙungiyar malanta, nuna kwazo na gaskiya a cikin burinta na yin ƙungiyar Kanada a shekara ta 2015 Ta bi shi da wata manufa lokacin da ta shigo minti 20 a wani wasan tune da Nigeria Women Premier League, Confluence Queens,kafin ta zama 'yar wasan Portsmouth ta farko da ta fito cikin cikakkiyar kasa da kasa bayan da ta zama ta 33- karon farko da Najeriya ta buga a wasan farko na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka da Mali a Bamako Daga karshe kuma an saka ta cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 23 da za su buga gasar cin kofin duniya a Kanadaamma ba ta taka rawar gani ba a cikin wasanni uku na rukuni na Najeriya saboda Zakarun Afirka sun kasa tsallakewa zuwa matakin bugawa. A watan Janairun shekarar 2019 a Gasar Kasashe huɗu a China, Umotong ta ci ƙwallo ta farko a Super Falcons. Ta fito ne daga kujerar da aka maye gurbin ta yi rajistar kwallon karshe a wasan da suka doke Romania da ci 4-1. Ta ce "Daya daga cikin fitattun lokuta na aikina," Klub din Umotong ta fara taka rawar gani a karon farko (2014 2015) a Portsmouth ta bude hanyar aikinta na kasa da kasa, bayan kwallayenta na cin kwallaye ya jagoranci kungiyar mata ta Firimiya ta Kudancin Division ta lashe Kofin Hampshire County na bakwai a jere da kuma gasar laliga, yayin da ya rage samun ci gaba zuwa gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta mata ta mata 2. Tare da kwallaye 29 a wasannin laliga 25 da kofin, Umotong ya zama dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a raga ga Pompey. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, Umotong ya bar Portsmouth zuwa kulob din FA WSL 2 Oxford United Manajan Oxford Les Taylor ya yi murna da sanya hannu da aka yi: "Ini dan wasan gaba ne wanda ya mallaki karfi da kuma saurin gudu." Ta ci wa Portsmouth kwallaye 25 a farkon sashin a shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016. Tare da Oxford Umotong ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye a kai a kai, inda ya kammala FA WSL 2 da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye 13 a raga a wasanni 19, kafin ya ƙara ƙwallaye hudu a wasanni bakwai da ya buga a jerin Wasannin bazara na FA WSL Bayan an canza sheka zuwa Brighton & Hove Albion a watan Yulin shekara ta 2017, Umotong ya zira kwallaye takwas a raga don taimakawa Seagulls kammalawa ta biyu a cikin rukuni na biyu da aka sake sanya sunansa (wanda yanzu aka sani da Gasar Mata ta FA Lokacin da Brighton yayi nasarar neman izinin mallakar kamfani a cikin rukunin farko, Umotong na ɗaya daga cikin playersan wasan da ke ƙwallon ƙafa da za a ci gaba da kasancewa. Ta yaba da tasirin kocin Brighton Hope Powell, tana mai yaba tsohon kocin na Ingila da ci gaba matuka a wasan nata. Rayuwar mutum Kafin ta zama cikakken ɗan kwallon kafa tare da Brighton, Umotong ta haɗu da aikin ƙwallon ƙafa tare da karatunta na digiri na Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Southampton Ta kammala karatun ta ne tare da karramawa ajin farko kuma tayi ikirarin cewa Eniola Aluko ne ya bata wahayi. Daraja Wasannin Firimiya na Mata na Kudancin Kudancin (1): 2015 Kofin Gundumar Hampshire (1): 2015 Manazartani Mutane Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Yan kwallan
2774	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomeini	Khomeini	Imam Khomeini (R.A) An haife shi ranar ashirin ga watan Jimada al-Thani 1320 hijira Kamariyya, wadda ta yi daidai da 30 ga watan Shahribar 1281 hijira shamsiyya (24 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1902 miladiyya) aka haife shi a garin Khumain, wani gari da ke lardin tsakiyana Iran. Iyayensa dai mutane ne masu tsoron Allah, masana ilimin Musulunci waɗanda kuma suka fito daga zuriyar Nana Fatima al-Zahra (a.s) inda suka sanya masa suna Ruhullah al-Musawi al-Khumaini. Tarihi Shi dai ya gaji iyaye da kakanninsa ne wadanda daya bayan dayansu suka dauki nauyin aikin shiryar da mutane da kuma neman ilmi. Mahaifin mariganyin Imam Khumaini (r.a) shi ne Mariganyi Ayatullah Sayyid Mustafa Musawi, daya daga cikin malaman da suka yi zamani da Ayatullah al-Uzma Mirza Shirazi (r.a). (A bisa al'ada) mahaifin Imam Khumaini ya tafi birnin Najaf na kasar Iraki don karatun addini inda bayan ya kai matsayin ijtihadi (matsayin iya ciro hukunce-hukuncen shari'a daga mabubbuga) sai ya dawo gida wato garin Khumain ya ci gaba da shiryar da mutane a can. A lokacin Imam yana shekara biyar mahaifinsa ya yi shahada sakamakon harin da aka kai masa a hanyarsa ta zuwa garin Irak saboda irin nuna rashin amin cewar da yaki yi da zaluncin mahukunta na wancan lokacin. Bayan wannan kisan gilla, danginsa da mutanen garin Khumain sun fito don nuna rashin amin cewarsu, bayan haka kuma suka wuce zuwa birnin Tehran don isar da kukansu da bukatan a zartar da hukunci (kisasi) A kan wadanda suka aikata danyen aikin. Wannan kisan gilla da aka yi wa mahaifinsa ya sanya Imam (r.a) tun yana karami ya fahimci dacin maraici da kuma ma'anar shahada. Don haka mahaifiyarsa (Banu Hajar) ita ce ta ci gaba da kula da kuma tarbiyantar da shi, kasantuwar ita ma ta fito ne daga madaukakin gida don kuwa ita jika ce wa Ayatullah Khunsari (marubucin littafin Zubdatul Tasanif)Da kuma goggonsa (Sahiba Khanum). To sai dai lokacin da Imam ya kai shekaru 15 a duniya ya rasa irin wannan kulawa lokacin da wadannan masu kulawa da shi suka rasu. Hijira zuwa kum, domin Kammala karatu da karantar da Ilimin musulunci Jim kadan bayan hijirar Ayatullah al-Uzma Hajj mallam Abdulkarim Ha'iri Yazdi, Allah Yayi masa rahama, zuwan sa birnin Kum a farkon shekara ta 1300 hijira shamsiyya (Rajab shekarar 1340), Imam Khumaini shi ma ya yi hijira zuwa makarantar Hawza ta Kum don ci gaba da karatunsa a wajen manyan malaman garin. Karatun dai ya hada da karasa karatun littafin Mutawwal wajen Mirza Muhammad Ali Adib Tehrani, da kuma karasa darasin "Sutuh" wajen Ayatullah Sayyid Muhammad Taki Khunsari da Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Yathrebi Kashani; da kuma fikihu wajen shugaban makarantar Hauzar Kum Ayatullah mallam Abdulkarin Ha'iri Yazdi (r.a). Bayan rasuwar Ayatullah al-Uzma Ha'iri Yazdi, a bisa bukata da matsin lamban Imam Khumaini da wasu manyan malamai na makarantar hauzar Kum, Ayatullah Burujerdi ya dawo birnin Kum don ci gaba da kula da makarantun Hawzan garin a matsayin shugaba. A daidai wannan lokaci kuwa ana ganin Imam Khumainin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan malaman da ake iya komawa gare su a bangaren fikihu, Usul, falsafa, irfani da akhlak. Shekara da shekaru, Imam Khumaini ya yi yana karantar fa fikihu, Usul, sufanci da akhlak a makarantun Hawza na Kum da suka hada da Makarantar Fa'iziyya, Masjid al-A'azam, Masjid Muhammadiye, Makarantar Hajj Mullah Sadik da kuma Masallacin Salmusi da dai sauransu. Har ila yau ya kuma karantar da fikihu da sauran ilmummukan Ahlulbaiti (a.s) a masallacin Shaikh al-Ansari (r.a) da ke Najaf na tsawon shekaru 14, inda a nan ne a karon farko ya bayyanar da ra'ayin gwamnatin Musulunci cikin silsilar darussan da yake bayarwa na Wilayatul Fakih. Imam Khomeini (R.A) a fagen gwagwarmaya Ruhin jihadi da gwagwarmaya a tafarkin Allah yana da tushe na akida da tarbiyya da kuma ta zamantakewa da siyasa duk tsawon rayuwar Imam Khumaini. Imam ya fara gwagwarmayarsa ne tun lokacin samartaka, kuma ya ci gaba da hakan a bangarori daban-daban na kyautata ruhi a bangare guda, a bangare guda kuma kan yanayi na siyasa da zamantakewar al'ummar Iran da sauran al'ummomin kasashen musulmi. Rikicin da ya faru a shekarun 1340-1341 hijira shamsiyya (1961-1962) kan (zaben) kananan hukumomi ya kasance babbar dama ga Imam wajen jagorantar yunkurin al’umma. Don haka, ana iya cewa, yunkurin gama-gari na malamai da al'ummar Iran na 15 ga watan Khordad 1342 (5 Yunin shekarar 1963) ya kebantu da wasu siffofi guda biyu su ne kuwa jagorancin Imam Khumaini da kuma riko da Musulunci, wanda hakan ya zamanto matakin farko na yunkurin al'ummar Iran wanda daga baya aka fi saninsa da sunan "Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci". Yayin da yake bayani kan abubuwan da ya tuna dangane da yakin duniya na farko, duk da cewa lokacin da aka yi yakin yana da shekaru 12 ne a duniya, Imam Khumaini yana cewa: "Lalle ina iya tuna abubuwan da suka faru a yakukuwan duniya guda biyu…a lokacin ina karami ne amma dai na kan je makaranta kuma ina ganin sojojin tarayyar Sobiyeti a sansanin da muke da shi a nan (garin) Khumain. A yakin duniya na farko a wasu lokuta akan kai mana hare-hare ma". A wani waje na daban Imam Khumaini ya kasance ya kan ambato sunayen wasu daga cikin ashararan da suke fakewa da hukuma wajen kai hare-hare da sace kayayyakin al'umma, inda yake cewa: "Tun ina karami nake cikin yaki….muna cikin mamayan Zulkawa da kai hare-haren Rajab'ali ne duk da cewa mu ma muna da bindiga. Mu kan je kai dauki alhali a lokacin ina cikin shekarun samartaka na ne. Mun kasance mu kan gina ramukan fakewa a inda muke… mu kan shiga cikin wadannan ramuka muna fada da wadannan ashararai da suke son kawo hari da mamaye mu". A bisa wasu hujjoji na tarihi an tabbatar da cewa gwamnatin Birtaniyya ne ta shirya da kuma goyon bayan juyin mulkin da Ridha Khan ya yi a ranar 3 ga watan Esfand 1299 hijira shamsiyya (1920). Duk da cewa an kawo karshen mulkin Kajariyawa da kuma rage karfin mulkin ha’inai da ashararai, to amma dai ya haifar da wani tsari na kama-karya da wasu ‘yan tsiraru ke mulkan mutanen wata kasa da tsara musu makoma, inda 'yan gidan sarautan Pahlawi suka maye gurbin ashararai. A irin wannan hali nea, duk da irin musgunawa malamai da gwamnatin lokacin da 'yan amshin shatan Birtaniyya da wasu 'yan boko da aka saya suke yi, amma (malaman) sun tsaya kyam wajen kare Musulunci. A wannan lokaci, bisa gayyatar da malaman Kum suka yi masa, Ayatullah Hajj Shaikh Abdulkarim Ha'iri ya yi hijira daga garin Arak zuwa Kum. Bayan wani lokaci kuma sai Imam Khumaini, sakamakon irin kokarin da yake da shi da kuma gama karatunsa na share fage a garuruwan Arak da Khumain, yayi hijira zuwa birnin Kum don ba da tasa gudummawar wajen karfafa sabuwar makarantar Hawzar garin. Daga baya ya yi fice wajen karantar da ilmummukan fikihu, falsafa da sufanci. Rasuwar Ayatullah Ha'iri a ranar 10 ga Bahman 1315 hijira shamsiyya (10 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1937) ta sanya makarantar Hawzar Kum cikin hatsarin rugujewa, sai dai wasu malamai masu sadaukarwa sun ba da ta su gudummawar wajen ganin hakan ba ta faru ba. Cikin shekaru takwas din da aka yi, kula da makarantar ta kasance ne karkashin kulawar manyan malamai irinsu Ayatullah Sayyid Muhammad Hujjat, Sayyid Sadraddin Sadr da Sayyid Muhammad Taki Khunsari. A daidai wannan lokaci, musamman bayan faduwar gwamnatin Ridha Khan, yanayi yayi kyau da ya ba da dama wajen sake samar da cibiyar marja'iyya. A lokacin babu wanda ya dace ya maye gurbin Ayatullah Ha'iri da kuma kare makarantar Hawza daga faduwa kamar Ayatullah Burujerdi. Wannan hukumci na nada Ayatullah Burujerdi ya samu goyon bayan daliban Ayatullah Ha'iri ciki kuwa har da Imam Khumaini. A daidai wannan lokaci Imam da kansa ya yi ta kokari wajen ganin Ayatullah Burujerdi ya dawo garin Kum don rike shugabancin makarantar garin. Imam Khumaini, sanadiyyar irin sanya ido kan yanayin da al'umma da makarantar Hawzar take ciki, da kuma karance-karance litattafa, jaridu da mujallu da kuma ziyarar da yake kai wa Tehran da ganawa da manyan malamai irin su Ayatullah Mudarris, ya fahimci cewa hanya guda ta magance mummunan yanayin da ake ciki bayan rashin nasarar yunkurin tsarin mulki musamman bayan darewar mulkin Ridha Khan ita ce taka tsantsan din makarantar Hawza, da tabbatar da alaka ta ruhi tsakanin malamai da al'umma. A wannan kokari da Imam yake yi na karfafa makarantar Hawza ne ya sa a shekarar 1328 (1949) bisa goyon bayan Ayatullah Murtadha Ha'iri suka tsara wani shiri na kawo canji inda suka gabatar da shi ga Ayatullah Burujerdi. Wannan shiri ya fuskanci amincewar daliban Imam da sauran daliban da suke da wayewa. Sai dai ita gwamnatin ta yi kuskure, saboda a ranar 16 Mehr shekarar 1341 (8 ga Oktoba shekarar 1962) majalisar hukumar Asadullah Alam ta amince da cire wasu dokokin karamar majalisar kasa, kamar dokar da ta shardanta cewa dole ne dan takara ya zamanto musulmi, rantsuwa da Alkur'ani mai girma, sharadin mazantaka ga 'yan takara da masu jefa kuri'a. Babu makawa akwai wata boyayyiyar manufa cikin amincewa da barin mata su kada kuri'a (da hukumar ta yi), kamar yadda cire sharadin Musulunci da mazantaka shi ma da wata manufa aka yi shi, ita ce kuwa shigar da 'yan Baha'iyya cikin al'amurran gudanarwa da ba su manyan mukamai cikin gwamnati. Kamar yadda muka nuna a baya, taimako da goyon bayan haramtacciyar kasar Isra'ila da fadada alakar Iran da ita na daga cikin sharuddan da Amurka ta kafa wa gwamnatin Shah matukar tana son goyon bayanta. Don haka ne ya zamanto dole a bar 'yan kungiyar Baha'iyya ta 'yan mulkin mallaka su kame manyan bangarorin gwamnati don cika wannan sharadi. Jin kadan bayan watsa wannan labari, Imam Khumaini da wasu manyan malaman biranen Kum da Tehran, bayan wata tattaunawa, suka sanar da rashin amincewarsu da dokar. Imam Khumaini ya ba da gagarumar gudummawa wajen fallasa asiri da manufofin gwamnatin Shah da kuma bayyana hakikanin nauyin da ya hau kan malamai da makarantun Hawza cikin halin da ake ciki. Hakan ne ya sa aka samu wasu malamai suka aike da wasu wasiku na nuna rashin amincewa ga Shah da priminista Alam, hakan ya faranta wa al'umma rai. Amma wasikun da Imam ya aike wa Shah da priministansa sun fi na sauran malaman tsauri da kuma jan kunne. A cikin daya daga cikin irin wadannan wasiku, Imam yana cewa: "Ina sake muku nasiha da tsoron Allah da kuma bin tsarin mulki, sannan ku guji saba wa Alkur'ani da dokokin malamai da shuwagabannin musulmi da kuma watsi da dokokin kasa; kada ku sanya kasa cikin hatsari da gangan, idan kuwa ba haka ba, malaman Musulunci ba za su daina yin maganganu a kanku ba". Haka dai wannan batu na dokar kananan hukumomi ya kasance nasara ga al'umma kana kuma lamari mai muhimmanci gare su, musamman ma ganin cewa sun fahimci siffofin mutumin da ya cancanci ya jagoranci al'ummar musulmi. Duk da wannan rashin nasara da Shah ya fuskanta, to amma Amurka ta ci gaba da matsa masa lamba wajen ci gaba da canje-canjen da zai ba ta damar cimma manufofinta. Don haka Shah a watan Dey 1341 (Janairun shekarar 1962) ya gabatar da jiga-jigan shirinsa na canji guda shida da kuma bukatar a gudanar da jin ra'ayin al'umma kansu. Har ila yau Imam Khumaini ya sake bukatar maraja'ai da manyan malaman garin Kum da su zauna don tattaunawa kan halin da ake ciki da kuma yiyuwar sake kaddamar da wani sabon yunkuri. A ci gaba da goyon bayan da mutane suke nuna wa Imam, al'umma sun kaurace wa bukukuwan "Nuruz" (sabuwar shekara) don nuna rashin amincewa da ayyukan gwamnati. A cikin sanarwar da Imam ya fitar kan hakan, ya ambaci "Farin Yunkuri" (White Rebolution) na Shah da sunan "Bakin Yunkuri" (Black Rebolution), sannan kuma ya tona asirin manufar Shah ta biyan bukatun Amurka da haramtacciyar kasar Isra'ila. A bangare guda kuma, Shah, wanda ya tabbatar wa Amurkawa cewa al'ummar Iran sun amince da canje-canjen da yake son yi don cimma manufofin Amurka da ya ba shi sunan "White Rebolution", ya fahimci cewa rashin amincewar da malamai suke yi gare shi zai haifar masa da matsaloli masu girman gaske. A cikin hudubobi da jawaban da ya dinga yi a gaban jama'a, Imam Khumaini ya dora alhakin wannan zalunci a kan Shah, kamar yadda kuma yake kiransa da dan koran haramtacciyar kasar Isra'ila da kiran al'umma da su yi masa bore. A wani jawabi da ya gabatar a ranar 12 ga Farbardin 1342 (1 Aprilu shekarar 1963) Imam ya yi Allah wadai da shirun da malamai suka yi a garuruwan Kum, Najaf da sauran garuruwan musulmi kan wannan danyen aiki na gwamnatin Shah, yana mai cewa: "Lalle a yau shiru yana nufin nuna goyon baya ga wannan hukuma ta zalunci". Washegari kuma wato ranar 13 ga Farbardin 1342 (2 Aprilu shekarar 1963) Imam ya fitar da sananniyar sanarwar nan tasa mai suna "Kaunar Shah Wasoso Ne". Haka nan idan ana son fahimtar irin tasirin da kalaman Imam suke da shi a zukatan masu sauraronsa da har suke iya fita su ba da rayukansu, to dole ne a dubi asali da kiran nasa yake da shi da kuma irin gaskiya ta hakika da ke tare shi. Shekarar 1342 hijira shamsiyya (1963) ta fara ne da kin fitowar da al'umma suka yi don bukukuwan "Nurooz" (sabuwar shekara) sakamakon kiran da malamai suka yi, da kuma zubar da jinin mutanen da ba su ci ba su sha ba a makarantar Fa'iziyya da ke birnin Kum. A bangare guda, Shah ya dage sai ya aiwatar da shirinsa na kawo canjin da Amurka ta ke bukata, a bangare guda kuma Imam Khumaini ya dage wajen wayar da kan al'umma wajen tsayawa da fuskantar tsoma bakin Amurka cikin al'amurran cikin gidan Iran da kuma ha'incin Shah. A ranar 14 ga watan Farbardin shekarar 1342 (1963), Ayatullah al-Uzma Hakim daga garin Najaf ya aike wa wasu manyan malamai da maraja'ai na Iran da wasika yana kiransu da yin hijira ta gaba daya zuwa garin Najaf. Wannan kira dai an yi ta ne da nufin kiyaye rayuwar malamai da makarantar Hawza. Imam ya yi kunnen uwar shegu da wannan barazana, don haka sai ya aikewa Ayatullah Hakim amsar wasikar da ya rubuto yana mai ce masa yana ganin babu wata maslaha ta Musulunci cikin yin hijira ta gaba daya da barin Hawzar Kum haka nan. Cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar ranar 12 ga watan Farbardin 1342 (22 Aprilu shekarar 1963) a lokacin bukukuwan kwanaki arba'in na shahadar (daliban) Fa'iziyya, Imam Khumaini ya jaddada goyon bayan malamai da al'ummar Iran ga jagororin kasashen musulmi da na larabawa wajen fuskantar haramtacciyar kasar Isra'ila, kamar yadda kuma yayi Allah wadai da yarjejeniyar da aka cimma tsakanin Sarki Muhammad Ridha Pahlawi da haramtacciyar kasar Isra'ila. YUNKURIN 15 GA KHORDAD (5 GA YUNI) Watan Muharram na shekarar 1342 yayi daidai da watan Khordad ne (Yunin shekarar 1963) don haka Imam Khumaini ya yi amfani da wannan dama wajen motsa mutane da fuskantar hukumar kama-karya ta Shah. A yammacin ranar Ashuran ta shekara ta 1383 hijiriyya (3 ga Yunin shekarar 1963) Imam ya gabatar da wani jawabi mai cike da tarihi a makarantar Fa'iziyya wanda shi ne matakin farko na yunkurinsa na 15 ga watan Khordad (5 Yuni). A cikin wannan jawabi, yayin da yake magana da Shah, Imam yana cewa: "Ya Shah ina maka nasiha! Ya kai mai girma Shah, ina maka nasiha da ka janye hannayenka daga wadannan ayyuka naka! Suna yaudarar ka ne. Ba na son in ga mutane suna cikin farin ciki da murna idan har suka yi waje da kai..ina kiranka da ka yi tunani kan abin da suke sa ka fadi…ka saurari nasihata. Mece ce alakar da ke tsakanin Shah da (haramtacciyar kasar) Isra'ila da har 'yan SABAK (jami'an tsaron Shah) suke cewa kada ku fadi magana kan Isra'ila? Shin Shah Ba'isra'ile ne?". Shah dai ya ba da umarnin gamawa da wannan yunkuri. Da farko jami'an tsaro sun kame da dama daga cikin magoya bayan Imam a daren 14 ga Khordad (4 ga Yuni), kusan asubahin washe gari kuwa da misalin karfe 3 na asuba darurrukan 'yan sandan da aka aiko daga Tehran sun kewaye gidan Imam da nufin kama shi a lokacin yana sallar dare. Don haka bayan kama shi sai suka wuce da shi cikin gaggawa zuwa Tehran inda suka fara tsare shi a wajen tsare mutane na 'Officer's Club' daga baya kuma da yamma suka wuce da shi zuwa gidan yarin Kasr na birnin. Da safiyar 15 ga watan Khordad labarin kama Imam ya yadu zuwa garuruwan Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz da sauran garuruwa lamarin da ya sa aka samu irin yanayin da aka samu a garin Kum na boren jama’a. A cikin littafin da ya rubuta abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa, wani na kurkusa da Shah Janar Fardoust ya bayyana yadda aka zabi jami'an tsaro na musamman bisa taimakon Amurka don kawo karshen wannan yunkuri, sannan kuma yayi bayani kan irin halin damuwa da dar-dar din da Shah, ministoci da jami'an gwamnatinsa, janar-janar da sojinsa da kuma 'yan SABAK suka kasance ciki a wancan lokacin, da kuma yadda Shah da jami'ansa suka ta ba da umarni ba kan gado don kawo karshen boren da jama'a suke yi. Bayan kwanaki 19 a gidan yarin Kasr, hukuma ta dauke Imam daga inda ake tsare da shi zuwa gidan yarin da ke barikin soji na Eshrat Abad. Ana iya cewa ya zuwa wani haddi an cutar da wannan yunkuri sakamakon kama jagoransa da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Khordad da kuma kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa magoya bayansa. Shi kuwa Imam ya ki ba da hadin kai da amsa tambayoyin masu masa tambayoyi a inda ake tsare da shi yana mai nuna cewa ba sa da hurumin yi masa tambayoyi. Don haka a yammacin 18 ga watan Farbardin shekarar 1343 (1964) ba tare da wata sanarwa ba sai gwamnatin ta sake Imam da daukansa zuwa Kum. Jin wannan labari ke da wuya sai dukkan garin ya cika da bukukuwa da farin ciki, aka ci gaba da shirya bukukuwa a makarantar Fa'iziyya da sauran gurare har na tsawon ranaku. An gudanar da bukin shekarar farko ta tunawa da abin da ya faru a ranar 15 ga watan Khordad a shekarar 1343 da wasu bayanan hadin gwuiwa da Imam Khumaini da sauran maraja'ai suka fitar, da kuma wani bayanin na daban da makarantar Hawza ta fitar don girmama wannan rana da sanya mata sunan ranar zaman makomi ta gaba daya. A wannan rana (ta 4 ga Aban), Imam Khumaini ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda yake cewa: "Ya kamata al'ummar duniya ta san cewa dukkan wata wahala da matsalolin da al'ummar Iran da na musulmi suke ciki daga Amurka ne, daga baki 'yan kasashen waje ne. Al'ummar musulmi dai ba sa kaunar dukkan bakin haure musamman ma Amurka. Don kuwa Amurka ce take goyon bayan (haramtacciyar kasar) Isra'ila da kawayenta. Amurka ce ta karfafa (haramtacciyar kasar) Isra'ila don mayar da musulmi marasa matsuguni..". Nuna rashin amincewar Imam ga wannan dokar (ba da kariya ga ‘yan kasar Amurka a Iran) ta sake sanya Iran cikin yanayi na sabon bore da yunkuri a watan Aban shekarar 1343 (1964). Da asussubahin ranar 13 ga watan Aban 1343 (1964), jami'an tsaro na musamman da aka turo daga Tehran sun sake mamaye gidan Imam dake garin Kum, inda suka sake kama shi, kamar yadda ya kasance a shekarar da ta gabata, alhali yana cikin salla da addu'oi, suka wuce da shi kai tsaye zuwa filin jirgin saman Mehr Abad da ke Tehran da sanya shi cikin wani jirgin saman soji da daman yake jira sai garin Ankara na kasar Turkiyya. Da hantsin wannan rana, jami'an tsaron SABAK, cikin jaridun kasar, sun sanar da koran Imam saboda zargin barazana ga tsaron kasa. Duk da irin halin dar-dar da ake ciki sai da al'ummar birnin Tehran suka fito don yi zanga-zanga a kasuwar birni don nuna rashin amincewarsu da wannan aiki, sannan kuma aka rufe makarantun Hawza na wani tsawon lokaci kana kuma aka aike da wasiku ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da kuma maraja'ai. Imam ya zauna a Turkiyya ne na tsawon watannin goma sha daya. A daidai wannan lokaci kuwa gwamnatin Shah ta yi kokari wajen ganin ta gama da sauran kurar bore ta gaggauta kaddamar da shirin nata da Amurka take son ta gabatar. Imam ya yi amfani da zaman gudun hijira ta dole a kasar Turkiyyan wajen rubuta da tsara shahararren littafin nan nasa mai suna 'Tahrir al-Wasila. KORAR IMAM (R.A) DAGA TURKIYYA ZUWA IRAKI. A ranar 13 ga watan Mehr 1344 (13 Oktoba shekarar 1965) jami'an tsaro sun tura Imam da dansa Ayatullah Sayyid Mustafa Khumaini zuwa gudun hijira ta biyu wato daga Turkiyya zuwa kasar Iraki. Bayan isarsa birnin Bagadaza, Imam Khumaini ya kai ziyara zuwa hubbarorin tsarkakan Imamai (a.s) da suke garuruwan Kazimain, Samarra da Karbala, daga nan kuma bayan mako guda, Imam ya wuce zuwa sabon masaukinsa da ke birnin Najaf mai tsarki. Shekaru sha ukun da Imam ya yi a garin Najaf (Iraki), duk da cewa babu matsin lamba na kai tsaye kamar yadda ya fuskanta a Iran da Turkiyya, sun fara ne cikin wani irin yanayi na nuna adawa da cutarwa mai tsanani daga wajen wasu malaman jeka na yi ka da ma'abuta son duniya da suka sanya tufafin ma'abuta addini da har ta kai ma, duk da irin hakurin da aka san shi da shi, a wasu lokuta ya kan fito ya yi magana kan irin wahalar jihadi da gwagwarmaya a wancan lokaci. To sai dai hakan ba su sanya ya ja da baya da barin wannan tafarki da ya zaba wa kansa ba. Don haka ya fara karantar da fikihu a watan Aban shekarar 1344 (Nuwamban shekarar 1965) a masallacin Sheikh al-Ansari da ke Najaf duk kuwa da irin matsin lamba da adawar da ya dinga fuskanta, haka dai ya ci gaba da karantarwa har lokacin da ya yi hijira zuwa birnin Paris na kasar Faransa. Irin karfin ilmin fikihu da Usul da dai sauran ilmummukan Musulunci da Imam ya ke da shi ya sanya cikin karamin lokaci, duk da irin matsalolin da yake fuskanta, azuzuwansa sun kasance daga cikin mafi shahara da yawan dalibai a makarantun Hawzan Najaf. Tun isowarsa birnin Najaf, Imam bai katse alakarsa da mujahidan da suke cikin Iran ba, ya kasance ya kan aika musu da sakonni da wasiku yana mai kiransu da su ci gaba da tsayin daka wajen kiyaye manufar wannan yunkuri na 15 ga watan Khordad. Duk da irin yanayi mai tsanani da wahala da Imam Khumaini ya ke fuskanta a inda yake gudun hijira, to amma hakan ba su sa shi ya bar tafarkinsa na jihadi da fuskantar gwamnatin Shah ba. A kusan ko da yaushe yana ci gaba da sanya ruhin kyakkyawar fata da nasara a zukatan al'umma ta hanyar jawabai da sakonnin da yake aikewa da su ga mutanensa. A ranar 19 ga watan Mehr, 1347 (9 ga Oktoba shekarar 1968) a wata ganawa da ya yi da wakilin kungiyar Fatah mai fafutukan 'yanto kasar Palastinu, Imam Khumaini ya bayyana mahangarsa kan matsalolin da duniyar musulmi ke ciki da kuma yunkurin al'ummar Palastinu. A yayin wannan ganawa, Imam ya ba da fatawar wajibcin kebance wani sashi na zakka da ba da shi ga 'yan gwagwarmayar Palastinu. A farko-farkon shekarar 1969 rikicin da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Shah da gwamnatin Ba'athawa ta Iraki kan iyakan kasashen biyu na ruwa ya tsananta. Hakan ya sanya gwamnatin Iraki korar adadi mai yawa na Iraniyawa da ke zaune a kasar, kamar yadda kuma gwamnatin ta yi kokarin amfani da irin adawan da Imam yake yi wa gwamnatin Shah don cimma manufarta. Shekaru hudu na koyarwar Imam da kuma irin kokarin da yake yi wajen wayar da kan mutane ya sanya an samu 'yan canje-canje a makarantun Hawzan birnin Najaf. A shekarar 1348 (1969) wannan yunkuri na Imam ya samu wasu sabbin magoya baya daga kasashen Iraki, Lebanon da sauran kasashen musulmi wadanda suka dauki yunkurin a matsayin abin koyi. IMAM KHUMAINI DA CI GABAN GWAGWARMAYA (1350-1356 1971-77) A karshe-karshen shekarar 1971, kai ruwa ranan da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Ba'athawa ta Iraki da gwamnatin Shah ya tsananta lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar korar dubban Iraniyawa da suke zaune a kasar. Nan take Imam ya aike da wasika zuwa shugaban kasar yana yin Allah wadai da wannan aiki sannan kuma ya sanar da aniyarsa ta barin kasar, sai dai hukumar ta hana shi saboda tsoron abin da zai iya biyo baya. A yayin bukukuwan zagayowar shekarar yunkurin 15 ga watan Khordad a shekarar 1975, dalibai a makatantar Fa'iziyya ta Kum sun gudanar da zanga-zangogi na kawanki biyu cikin makarantar suna masu rera taken "Aminci ya tabbata ga Khumaini", "Mutuwa a kan gidan sarautar Pahlawi". Duk da cewa hukuma ta haramta kungiyoyi da jam'iyyu masu adawa da ita sannan kuma da dama daga cikin ma'abuta addini da 'yan siyasa masu jihadi suna tsare a gidahen yari, amma duk da hakan kungiyoyi masu jihadin sun haifar da gagarumar hasara ga hukumar, hakan ne ya sanya jami'an tsaro (SABAK) suka fada wa makarantar da musguna wa dalibai musgunawa mai tsanani da kuma tsare su a gidajen yari. A ci gaba da ayyukansa na kiyayya da Musulunci, a watan Esfand 1354 (Fabrairun shekarar 1975), Shah ya canza kalandar (kwanakin wata) da hukuma take amfani da ita da ta fara daga hijiran Ma'aikin Allah (s.a.w.a) ya zuwa farkon mulkin mulukiyya Hakhamanshiyyawa. Imam Khumaini ya mayar da kakkausar martini ta hanyar fitar da fatawar haramcin amfani da wannan kalanda. Kamar dai yadda al'umma suka karbi fatawar haramcin shiga jam'iyyar Rastakhiz da Imam ya bayar, haka ma a wannan karon suka karbi wannan fatawa da hannu bibbiyu. Dukkan wadannan abubuwa biyu ana ganinsu a matsayin bugun hanci ga Shah. Hakan ya tilasta masa janye wannan sabuwar kalanda tasa a shekarar 1357 (1977). KAMARIN JUYIN MUSULUNCI DA YUNKURIN AL'UMMA A 1356 (1977) Imam Khumaini wanda ya kasance mai sanya ido sosai kan abubuwan da ke gudana a Iran da sauran kasashen duniya, ya yi kokarin amfani da duk wata damar da ya samu. A watan Mordad 1356 (Augustan shekarar 1977), cikin wani sako da ya aika, ya bayyana cewar: "Bisa la'akari da yanayin cikin gida da waje, da kuma buga irin ayyukan zalunci da hukuma take yi a jaridun kasashen waje, hakan dama ce ga masana, 'yan jami'a da ke karatu a ciki da wajen kasa da kuma kungiyoyin Musulunci a duk inda suke da ya kamata su amfana da ita wajen fuskantar hukuma". Shahadar Ayatullah Sayyid Mustafa Khumaini a ranar 1 ga watan Aban shekarar 1356 (1977) da kuma irin tarurrukan zaman makokin da aka shirya a Iran sun kasance abubuwan da suka sake motsa makatantun Hawza da al'ummar Iran wajen sake fitowa don fuskantar hukuma. Shi kuwa a nasa bangaren, Imam Khumaini ya bayyana wannan lamari (na shahadar Sayyid Mustafa) a matsayin wata boyayyiyar ni'imar Ubangiji, wanda hakan ya zamanto abin ban al'ajabi ainun. Gwamnatin Shah ta yi kokarin cin mutumcin Imam ta hanyar watsa wata makala ta cin mutumci gare shi cikin jaridar Ittila'at. Sai dai wannan karon ma shika ta koma kan mashekiya ne, don kuwa maimakon hakan sai ta kasance ummul aba'isin din boren al'umma a ranar 19 ga watan Dey 1356 (9 ga Janairu shekarar 1977) da nuna goyon bayansu ga Imam lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar shahadar wasu dalibai ma'abuta jihadi da raunana wasu da dama a lokacin da jami'an tsaro suka fada musu. Duk da irin ayyukan zalunci da wuce gona da iri da gwamnatin Shah take yi a kan 'yan gwagwarmaya, sai dai duk da hakan hukumar ta gagara kashe wutan wannan bore. Imam yana ganin babu wani amfani wajen gwagwarmayar 'yan majalisa, jam'iyyun siyasa da karfin soji ba tare da goyon bayan al'umma ba, kamar yadda kuma yake ganin hanya guda da ta rage ita ce kaddamar da jihadi matukar Amurka ta yi tunanin shirya juyin mulkin soji. HIJIRAR IMAM DAGA IRAKI ZUWA PARIS A wata tattaunawa da ta gudana tsakanin ministocin harkokin wajen kasashen Iran da Iraki a birnin New York na Amurka, ministocin biyu sun yanke shawarar korar Imam Khumaini daga Irakin. Don haka a ranar 2 ga watan Mehr 1357 (24 ga Satumba shekarar 1978), jami'an tsaro suka mamaye gidan Imam da ke birnin Najaf mai tsarki, hakan dai ya fusata al'umman musulmi na kasashen Iran, Iraki da sauran kasashen duniya. Don haka a ranar 12 ga watan Mehr (4 ga Oktoban shekarar 1978), Imam Khumaini ya bar birnin Najaf ya nufi kasar Kuwaiti, sai dai kasar Kuwaitin ta ki amincewa ya sligo kasar sakamakon matsin lamban gwamnatin Iran. Ganin haka ya sa wasu suka ba da shawarar a tafi kasar Siriya ko Labanon, to sai dai shi Imam Khumaini bayan shawara da dansa Hujjatul Islam Sayyid Ahmad Khumaini, ya yanke shawarar tafiya birnin Paris na kasar Faransa. Don haka Imam ya isa birnin Paris a ranar 14 ga Mehr shekarar 1357 (6 ga Oktoba shekarar 1978) inda aka saukar da shi a gidan wani Ba'iraniye a unguwar Noefel Le Chateau da ke wajen birnin. A can ma mahukunta ba su barshi ba don bayan wani lokaci jami'an kasar Faransan sun zo wajensa da nufin sanar da shi mahangar shugaban kasar na lokacin kan zaman Imam a kasar suna masu sanar da shi cewa dole ne ya janye hannayensa daga harkokin siyasa. Imam Khumaini ya mayar da kakkausar martini ga wannan bukata ta su yana mai cewa hakan ya saba wa ikirarin riko da tsarin demokradiyyar da Faransan take yi, yana mai karawa da cewa ko da lamarin zai kai ne ya dinga yawo daga wannan filin jirgi zuwa wancan, ba fa zai bar wannan tafarki nasa ba. Imam Khumaini, a watan Dey 1357 (Disambar shekarar 1978), ya kafa majalisar juyin juya halin Musulunci don share fagen kafa hukuma ta Musulunci da kuma dawowarsa gida. A dai dai wannan lokaci kuwa Shah yana ta shirin gudu ya bar kasar sakamakon yadda ya ga al'amurra suna ta ficewa daga hannunsa. Don haka kwanaki biyu da kafa majalisar shawara da tattaunawa don nema wa gwamnatin Bakhtiyar goyon baya, sai ya gudu ya bar kasar a ranar 26 ga watan Dey shekarar 1357 (16 ga Disamba shekarar 1978). Jin labarin gudun Shah ke da wuya, jama'a a duk fadin Iran sun fito kan tituna don nuna farin cikinsu. DAWOWAR IMAM GIDA BAYAN SHEKARU 14 NA GUDUN HIJIRA Tun farko-farkon watan Bahman shekarar 1357 (1979) labarin shawarar da Imam ya yanke na dawowa gida ya yadu ko ina. Jama'a kuwa duk wanda ya ji wannan labari sai ya zubar da hawaye don murna, don kuwa abin da suke jira kenan har na tsawon shekaru 14, duk da cewa suna cikin damuwa kan tsaron lafiyarsa, don har zuwa lokacin gwamnatin jeka na yi kan Shah ita ce ke mulki, sannan ga kuma dokan ta bacin da ta kafa na ci gaba da aiki. Imam Khumaini ya riga da ya dauki matsaya ta karshe, don haka sai ya sanar da al'ummar Iran, cikin wani sako da ya aike musu, cewa yana son ya kasance tare da su a wadannan ranaku masu muhimmanci. Hakan ya sanya gwamnatin Bakhtiyar, bisa hadin gwuiwan Janar Haizer, suka rufe filin jirgin saman birnin Tehran sashin zirga-zirgan waje. Bayan wasu 'yan kwanaki, gwamnatin Bakhtiyar ta bude filin jirgin sama saboda gagarar da ta yi wajen jure wa wannan bore na al'umma. Daga karshe, a safiyar ranar 12 ga watan Bahman 1357 (1 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1979) Imam Khumaini ya dawo gida bayan shekaru 14 na gudun hijira. Irin gagarumar tarbar da al'umma suka yi masa ya kai matsayin da hatta kafafen watsa labaran yammaci sun gagara inkarin hakan, inda su da kansu suka ce mutanen da suka tarbi Imam Khumaini sun kai miliyan 4 zuwa 6. Rasuwarsa Wafatinsa da rabuwa da masoya, haduwa da abin kauna Hakika Imam Khumaini ya isar da abin da yake son fadi da kuma cimma abin da yake son cimmawa tsawon rayuwarsa a aikace. Don haka a halin yanzu cikin tsakiyar watan Khordad 1368 (farko-farkon watan Yuni shekarar1989) yana ta kan shirye-shiryen ganawa da Abin kaunarsa da ya gudanar da dukkan rayuwarsa don neman yardarSa. Wanda ya kasance bai taba mika kai ga wani bayanSa ba, kamar yadda bai taba zubar da hawaye ba sai don Shi, sannan kuma dukkan wakokin irfanin da ya rera (ko rubutawa) sun kasance suna bayanin kan dacin rabuwa da Abin kauna da kuma shaukin da yake yi na saduwa da Shi. A halin yanzu da lokacin yake gabatowa, duk da cewa abu ne da masoyansa ba za su iya jurewa ba, ya rubuta cikin wasiyyarsa cewa: "Ina muku sallama 'yan'uwana maza da mata, cikin kwanciyar hankali da rai mai natsuwa da ruhi mai farin ciki da zuciya mai fatan falalar Allah, in kama hanya zuwa ga gidana na har abada. Kuma ina mai matukar bukatar addu'arku ta alheri. Sannan ina rokon Allah Mai rahama da jin kai Ya karbi uzurina na karancin hidima da kurakurai da gazawa. Kuma ina fata jama'a za su karbi uzurina cikin kowane karanci na hidima da kurakurai da gazawa, kuma su ci gaba da karfi tare da kakkarfar aniya.. Babban abin ban al'ajabin shi ne cewa tun kafin shekaru da rasuwarsa, Imam Khumaini, cikin wasu baitocin wake ya yi batun rasuwarsa cikin watan Khordad inda yake cewa: Shekaru suna wucewa abubuwa suna ta faruwa Ni kuwa ina sauraron nasara a tsakiyan Khordad Daidai karfe sha daya da minti ashirin na dare ranar asabar 13 ga watan Khordad shekarar 1368 (3 ga Yuni shekarar 1989) lokacin saduwa da abin kauna ya yi. A daidai wannan lokaci ne zuciyar da ta haskaka zukatan miliyoyi da hasken Allah ta tsaya cak (ta bar aiki). A daidai wannan lokaci masoya Imam sun boye wata kamara (na'urar daukan hoto) a asibitin da yake kwance don daukan abubuwan da ke gudana da aikin da aka masa har zuwa lokacin saduwa da abin kauna. Don haka lokacin da gidan talabijin din Iran ya nuna halin kwanciyar hankalin da Imam ya ke ciki a lokacin, kai kace zukatan al'umma za su fashe saboda shaukin da ba za a iya siffanta shi ba. A lokacin lebbansa cike suke da ambaton Allah, a daren karshe na rayuwarsa ma'abuciya daukaka a daidai lokacin da dantsensa yake daure da alluran da ake kara masa ruwa, amma sai ga shi ya mike don sallar dare da kuma karatun Alkur'ani mai girma. A daidai sa'oin karshe na rayuwarsa, ba abin da ake gani face kwanciyar hankali da nitsuwa ta Ubangiji yana mai ikirari da kadaitakan Ubangiji da imani da sakon Manzo (s.a.w.a) har lokacin da aka dauki ransa zuwa wajen Ubangijinsa. Wannan rasuwa da ta rura wutan bakin ciki a zukata. Lokacin da aka watsa labarin rasuwar Imam, kai ka ce wata gagarumar girgizar kasa ce ta faru, ko ina sai bakin ciki idanuwa kuwa a cikin Iran da sauran wuraren da aka san Imam kana kuma shiriyarsa ta shiga sai zubar da hawaye suke. Masoyansa sai fitowa suke suna dukan kawuka da fuskokinsu da alkaluma da duk wani irin bayani ya zaga wajen bayyana hakikanin abubuwan da suka faru da irin bakin cikin da ake ciki. Lalle mutanen Iran da sauran ma'abuta juyi suna da hakkin yin irin wannan kururuwa da tarihi bai taba ganin irin girma da tsananinsa ba, don kuwa sun rasa wani masoyi ne da ya dawo musu da mutumci da daukakan da suka rasa, sannan ya katse hannayen muggan shugabanni da 'yan mulkin mallakan Amurka da sauran kasashen yammaci daga kasashensu, sannan kuma ya raya Musulunci da hakkokin musulmi da mutumcinsu, ya kuma tsai da Jamhuriyar Musulunci, ya tsaya kyam a gaban karfin shaidan don fuskantar darurrukan makirce-makircensu na kawar da gwamnatin Musulunci da haifar da fitinar cikin gida da waje tsawon shekaru goma. Kamar yadda kuma ya jagoranci yakin kariya na shekaru takwas yana fuskantar makiyan da suke samun goyon bayan gwamnatocin gabashi da yammaci ma'abuta girman kai. Hakika al'umma sun rasa jagoransu abin kauna sannan kuma makomarsu na addini kana kuma mai kira zuwa ga Musulunci na hakika. Mai yiyuwa ne mutanen da suka gagara fahimtar hakikanin wannan lamari su kasance cikin rudani lokacin da gidan talabijin ya nuna halin da mutane suke ciki yayin jana'iza da bisne jikin Imam mai tsarki. Mai yiyuwa ne su sha mamaki lokacin da suka ji labarin rasuwar mutane masu yawa da suka gagara jurewa wannan babban rashi don haka zuciyarsu ta tsaya cak ko kuma na faduwar wasu gomomin mutane sakamakon tsananin bakin ciki da dai sauran abubuwa makamantan haka da suka faru. Sai dai mutanen da suka san ma'anar kauna kana kuma zukatansu suka ta'allaka da shi cikin sauki za su iya fahimtar lamarin da kuma ganinsa ba a bakin komai ba. A hakikanin gaskiya al'ummar Iran sun kasance masu tsananin kaunar Imam Khumaini, don haka yayin zagayowar shekarar rasuwarsa suke rera taken: "Kaunar Khumaini kaunar dukkan abubuwa masu kyau ne". A ranar 14 ga watan Khordad shekarar 1368 (4 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1989), majalisar kwararru (ta zaban jagora) ta gudanar da taronta, inda bayan da Ayatullah Khamene'i ya karanta wasiyyar marigayi Imam Khumaini da ya dauke sa'oi biyu da rabi, 'yan majalisar suka fara gudanar da tattaunawa da shawara kan wanda zai gaji Imam don zama jagoran Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci. Bayan sa'oi na tattaunawa, dukkan 'yan majalisar sun amince da zaban Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Khamene'i (wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban kasa) a matsayin sabon jagora. Ayatullah Khamene'i dai ya kasance daga cikin daliban Imam Khumaini (r.a) na kurkusa kana kuma daga cikin fitattun mutanen da suka ba da gagarumar gudummawa a Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci kuma daga cikin wadanda suka taimaka nesa ba kusa ba wajen kaddamar da yunkurin 15 ga watan Khordad, wanda ya tsaya kafada-kafada da sauran mataimakan juyin da ba da gagarumar sadaukarwa duk tsawon yunkurin Imam Khumaini da kuma dukkanin abubuwan da suka faru daga baya. Shekara da shekaru kasashen yammaci da 'yan amshin shatansu na cikin gida sun kasance cikin dakon wannan rana ta rasuwar Imam bayan sun yanke kaunar samun nasara a kansa. Sai dai farkawar al'ummar Iran da kuma saurin da majalisar kwararrun ta yi wajen zaban mutumin da ya dace da wannan matsayi na jagoranci da kuma irin goyon bayan da mabiya Imam suka yi wa zaben ta sanya makiyan cikin damuwa da kawo karshen mummunan fatansu. Don kuwa ba ma wai kawai juyin Imam bai zo karshe ba ne (kamar yadda makiyan suka so), face ma dai juyin ya sake bude wani sabon shafi ne na ci gaba da watsuwa da kuma karfi. Shin tunani, alheri da gaskiya suna iya gushewa? A rana da daren 5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1989 miliyoyin al'umma birnin Tehran da sauran al'ummomin da suka shigo garin daga garuruwa da kauyuka sun taru a babban wajen salla (musalla) na Tehran don yin ban kwana ta karshe da mutumin da ya dawo da mutumcin da daukaka (wa al'umma) a duniyar da take cike da duhu da zalunci ta hanyar yunkuri da juyinsa kana kuma ya watsa yunkurin komawa ga Allah Madaukakin Sarki da daukakar dan'Adam a duk fadin duniya. Dukkanin abubuwan da aka yi a wajen jana'izar da hannun al'umma aka yi shi, cikin kauna da shauki. An dora jikin Imam mai tsarki a wani waje da kowa zai iya ganinsa yana rufe da koren kyalle tsakiyan miliyoyin masu juyayi, dukkansu cikin bakin ciki da zubar da hawaye alhali suna magana da Imaminsu cikin harshen da ya sawwaka ga kowa. Dukkanin hanyoyi da lungunan zuwa wajen sallar cike suke da jama'an da suke sanye da bakaken kaya don nuna bakin cikinsu, gidaje da shaguna kuwa duk an sanya musu tutocin juyayi da nuna bakin ciki, karatun Alkur'ani kuwa daga ko ina, masallatai, ofisoshi, ma'aikatu da gidaje sai tashi yake yi. Da daddare kuwa ko ta ina sai kyandir kake gani an kunna su don nuna alamun hasken da Imam ya zo da shi, duk sun haskaka wajen sallar da kewaye, alhali iyalai sun kewaye su (kyandir) suna kallon haskensu don tuntuni da irin hasken da jagoransu abin kaunarsu ya zo musu da shi. Taken "Ya Husain" da masu juyayin suke rerawa alhali suna dukan kirji da kawunansu ya mai da yanayin wajen tamkar yanayin Ranar Ashurar da Imam Husaini (a.s) ya yi shahada. Bisa la'akari da cewa al'umma ba za su sake jin sautin Imam Khumaini dake cike da yanayin tunasar da mutum Ubangiji a Husaniyyar Jamaran ba, hakan ya kasance abin tashin hankali ga al'umma. Haka dai mutane suka ci gaba da zama a gefen jikin Imam mai tsarki duk tsawon dare har garin Allah ya waye, inda da sassafiyar ranar 6 ga Yuni shekarar 1989 aka yi masa salla karkashin limancin Ayatullah al-Uzma Golfaygani. Babu shakka irin yawan al'ummar da suka fito don tarbar Imam Khumaini a ranar 12 ga watan Bahman shekarar 1357 (1 Fabrairu shekarar 1979) da kuma sake maimaita hakan a ranar jana'izarsa, duk suna daga cikin abubuwan mamaki na tarihi. Kafafen watsa labaran duniya sun tabbatar da cewa adadin mutanen da suka fito don tarbar Imam lokacin da ya dawo gida sun kai miliyan shida, amma wadanda suka fito don jana'izarsa sun kai mutanen miliyan tara. Hakan kuwa duk da cewa cikin wadannan shekaru goma sha daya na jagorancin Imam Khumaini kasashen Turai sun yi dukkan abin da za su iya wajen nuna adawarsu ga Jamhuriyar Musulunci da suka hada da kallafa mata yakin shekaru takwas da dai sauran makirce-makirce da ya sanya al'ummar Iran cikin mawuyacin hali na kunci da takurawa da kuma rasa abubuwan kaunarsu masu yawan gaske wanda a bisa dabi'a hakan zai sanya su gaji da kuma watsi da wannan juyi nasu, to sai dai ina hakan bai faru ba daga dukkan bangarori. Don kuwa al'ummar da suka tarbiyyantu a makarantar Imam Khumaini sun tasirantu da kuma imani da kalaminsa na cewa: "A duniya, gwargwadon girma da darajar manufa, gwargwadon karfin jurewa wahala, cutarwa, sadaukarwa da rashi na duniya ne". Bayan da bisne jikin Imam mai tsarkin ya ci tura sakamakon yawan jama'a, gidan radiyo ya sanar da daga jana'izar har zuwa wani lokaci da za a sanar nan gaba don haka jama'a su koma gidajensu. Sai dai jami'ai sun riga da sun san cewa lokaci bayan lokaci jama'a za su ci gaba da zuwa wajen jana'izar ne, don haka dai aka daure aka gudanar da ita a yammacin wannan rana duk kuwa da irin wahalhalun da ake fuskanta. Wasu kafafen watsa labaran duniya ma sun nuna wani sashi na wannan jana'iza. Ta haka rasuwar Imam Khumaini, kamar rayuwarsa, ta kasance matakin farko na sabuwar wayewa da gwagwarmaya da kuma tabbatar da tafarki da ambatonsa har abada, don kuwa gaskiya abar tabbata ce matukar duniya tana ci gaba da wanzuwa. Hanyoyin hadi waje Karin Bayani An samo wannan bayanin ne daga shafin http://hausa.khamenei.ir
25811	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarar%20Makka	Nasarar Makka	Nasarar Makka (Larabci: fatḥ makkah) shine kwace garin Makka da musulmai ƙarƙashin jagorancin annabi Muhammad a watan Disamban shekarar 629 ko kuma Janairu 630 AD (Julian), 10-20 Ramadan, 8 AH. Nasarar ita ce ta kawo karshen yaƙe -yaƙe tsakanin mabiya Muhammadu da ƙabilar Quraishawa. Kwanaki Asalin tushe ya bambanta dangane da kwanakin waɗannan abubuwan. An ba da ranar da Muhammad ya tashi zuwa Makka a matsayin 2, 6 ko 10 Ramadan 8 AH. An ba da ranar da Muhammadu ya shiga Makka daban -daban a matsayin 10, 17/18, 19 ko 20 Ramadan 8 AH. Juyowar waɗannan kwanakin zuwa kalandar Julian ya dogara da abin da ake tsammani game da kalandar da ake amfani da ita a Makka a lokacin. Misali, 18 Ramadan 8 AH na iya canzawa zuwa 11 ga Disamba 629 Miladiyya, 10 ko 11 Janairu 630, ko 6 Yuni 630 AD. Bayan Fage A cikin 628, ƙabilar Makka ta Quraishawa da al'ummar Musulmi a Madina sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar sulhu na shekaru 10 da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya. A shekara ta 630, wannan tsagaita wuta ta karye lokacin da Banu Bakr, abokin Kuraishawa, ya kai wa Banu Khuza'ah hari, wanda a baya -bayan nan ya zama kawayen Musulmi. Dangane da sharuddan Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah, an baiwa kabilun larabawa zabin shiga ko wanne bangare: Musulmi ko Kuraishawa. Idan wani daga cikin waɗannan kabilun ya fuskanci tashin hankali, jam'iyyar da ta yi ƙawance da ita za ta sami damar ɗaukar fansa. A sakamakon haka, Banu Bakr ya shiga cikin Kuraishawa, sannan Banu Khuza'ah ya shiga cikin Musulmai. Ta haka suka zauna cikin kwanciyar hankali na ɗan lokaci; amma munanan manufofi da ke komawa zuwa zamanin jahiliyya, wanda wutar ramuwar gayya ba ta da tushe, ta kuma haifar da sabon tashin hankali. Banu Bakr, ba tare da damuwa da tanadin yarjejeniyar ba, sun kai wa Banu Khuza'ah hari a wani wuri da ake kira Al-Wateer a Sha'aban, a 8 Hijira. Kuraishawa sun taimaki Banu Bakr da maza da makamai, suna cin gajiyar dare mai duhu. Maƙiyansu sun matsa su, kabilun Banu Khuza'ah sun nemi Wuri Mai Tsarki, amma a nan ma rayuwarsu ba ta kare ba, kuma, sabanin duk al'adun da aka yarda da su, Nawfal, shugaban Banu Bakr, ya bi su a wuri mai tsarki. inda bai kamata a zubar da jini ba kuma ya kashe maƙiyansa. Nan take Banu Khuza'ah ya aika da tawaga zuwa Madina don sanar da Muhammad wannan karya doka da neman taimako daga Musulman Madina. Bayan faruwar lamarin, Kuraishawa sun aika da wakilai zuwa ga Muhammad, suna rokon a kiyaye yarjejeniyar da Musulmai tare da bayar da diyya ta kayan aiki. Sojojin Musulmai sun taru da ƙarfi don daidaita lissafi tare da Kuraishawa da kai hari na ƙarshe da buɗe Makka. Farkon cin nasara Sojojin musulmi, wadanda suka kunshi maza 10,000, sun tashi zuwa Makka ranar Talata 31 ga watan Oktoba 629 (10 Ramadan, AH 8). Wannan ita ce runduna mafi girma ta Musulmi da aka taru tun lokacin. Muhammadu ya umarci kowane mutum da ya kunna wuta don sa mutanen Makka su yi ƙima da girman rundunar. A halin da ake ciki, Abu Sufyan bn Harb ya yi ta kai da kawowa tsakanin Muhammad da Makka, har yanzu yana kokarin cimma matsaya don gujewa mamayewa. A cewar majiyoyin, ya sami taimako a cikin kawun Muhammad Al-Abbas, duk da cewa wasu masana suna ganin cewa masana tarihi da ke rubutu a ƙarƙashin mulkin zuriyar Abbas, daular Abbasiyya, sun yi girman aikin Abbas kuma sun raina matsayin Abu Sufyan wanda zuriyarsa su ne abokan gaban Abbasiyawa. Tafiyar mil 200 zuwa Marr-uz-Zahran, wacce ke da nisan mil goma arewa maso yammacin Makka, ta ɗauki kimanin mako guda. Sojojin sun isa can ranar Litinin, 16 ga Ramadan, kuma harin da aka kai Makka ya fara washegari. Makka tana cikin kwarin Ibrahim, kewaye da duwatsu baƙaƙƙen duwatsu waɗanda ke kaiwa tsayin 1,000 ft (300 m) a wasu wurare. Akwai hanyoyin shiga hudu ta hanyar wucewa a cikin tsaunuka. Waɗannan sun fito ne daga arewa maso yamma, kudu maso yamma, kudu, da arewa maso gabas. Muhammadu ya raba rundunar musulmai zuwa ginshiƙai huɗu: ɗaya don ci gaba ta kowane wucewa. Babban shafi wanda Muhammad ya kasance a ciki Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah ne ya umarce shi. An daura damarar shiga Makka ta babban hanyar Madina, daga arewa maso yamma kusa da Azakhir. Dan uwan Muhammad Zubayr ibn al-Awam ya umarci shafi na biyu, wanda ke shirin shiga Makka daga kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar wucewa ta yamma da tudun Kuda. Shafin da ke shiga daga kudu ta hanyar Kudai yana karkashin jagorancin dan uwan Muhammad Ali ibn Abi Talib. Shafi na ƙarshe, ƙarƙashin Khalid ibn al-Walid, ya yi niyyar shiga daga arewa maso gabas, ta hanyar Khandama da Lait. Dabararsu ita ce ta ci gaba lokaci guda daga dukkan bangarorin da ke niyyar manufa ɗaya ta tsakiya. Wannan zai haifar da tarwatsa sojojin abokan gaba kuma ya hana maida hankali akan kowanne bangare. Wani muhimmin dalili na wannan dabarar ita ce ko da ɗaya ko biyu daga cikin ginshiƙan da ke kai hari sun fuskanci tsayayya mai ƙarfi kuma sun kasa tsallakewa, harin na iya ci gaba a sauran bangarorin. Wannan kuma zai hana wani daga cikin Kuraishawa tserewa. Muhammadu ya nanata cewa ya kamata Musulmai su guji fada sai dai idan Quraishawa sun kawo hari. Sojojin Musulmi sun shiga Makka ranar Litinin, 11 ga Disamba 629 (18 Ramadan 8 AH). Shigowar cikin lumana kuma ba jini a fannoni uku in ban da na Khalid. Masu taurin kai masu kyamar Musulmi kamar Ikrimah da Sufwan sun tattara gungun mayaƙan Quraishawa suka fuskanci ginshiƙin Khalid. Kuraishawa sun far ma Musulmai da takubba da baka, kuma Musulmai sun caje matsayin Quraishawa. Bayan ɗan gajeruwar faɗa, wanda Quraishawa suka rasa maza goma sha biyu yayin da Musulmi suka rasa biyu, Quraishawa suka ja da baya. Bayan A jajibirin ranar da aka ci nasara, Abu Sufyan ya musulunta lokacin da ya gano cewa babu mafita sai karbar Musulunci. Lokacin da Muhammad ya tambaye shi, ya yarda cewa gumakan Makka sun kasance marasa ƙarfi kuma hakika "babu wanda ya cancanci bauta sai Allah", sashin farko na furcin bangaskiya na Islama. Shi kuma, Muhammad ya ayyana gidan Abu Sufyan wuri mai alfarma domin shi ne sarkin yanzu, kuma duk sauran sun taru akan yankin sa, saboda haka: "Ko da wanda ya shiga gidan Abu Sufyan zai tsira, Wanda ya ajiye makamai zai tsira, Wanda ya kulle kofarsa zai tsira". Ya kuma bayyana: Allah ya mayar da Makka mafaka tun daga ranar da ya halicci sammai da kassai, kuma za ta ci gaba da kasancewa wuri mai tsarki ta hanyar tsarkin da Allah ya yi mata har zuwa ranar tashin kiyama. Ita (fada a cikinta) ba a halatta ta ga kowa ba kafin ni. Kuma ba za a halatta kowa ba a bayana, kuma ba a halatta mini ba sai ga wani dan lokaci. Kada a bi dabbobinsa (wanda za a iya farauta), ko kuma a sare bishiyoyinsa, ko a tumɓuke tsirrai ko ciyawa, ko a ɗebi Luqata (mafi yawan abubuwa) sai wanda ya yi sanarwa game da shi.''' Sannan, tare da sahabbansa, Muhammad ya ziyarci Ka'aba. An karya gumakan kuma an lalata gumakansu. Daga nan sai Muhammad ya karanta ayar Al -Qur'ani mai zuwa: "Ka ce, Gaskiya ta zo kuma ƙarya ta tafi. Lallai ƙarya ta ƙare." Al-Qurani 17:81) Mutanen sun taru a Ka'aba, kuma Muhammad ya gabatar da adireshin mai zuwa:"Babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah. Ba shi da abokin tarayya. Ya cika alkawarinsa wanda ya rike ga bawansa kuma ya taimake shi kuma ya kayar da dukkan ƙungiyoyin. Ka tuna cewa kowane da'awar gata, ko ta jini ko ta dukiya ce. An soke sai dai tsarewar Ka'aba da kuma isar da ruwa ga mahajjata.Ku tuna cewa ga duk wanda aka kashe jinin rakumi ɗari ne. lokacin jahilci da duk girman kai a cikin zuriyar ku, saboda dukkan mutane sun fito daga Adamu, kuma Adamu yumɓu ne.”Sannan Muhammad ya juya ga mutane yace: "Ya Quraisha, me kuke tunani game da maganin da ya kamata in yi muku?" Kuma suka ce, "Rahama ya Annabin Allah. Ba ma tsammanin komai sai alheri daga gare ku." Sai Muhammad yace: "Ina yi muku magana da kalmomin da Yusufu ya faɗa wa 'yan'uwansa. A yau babu tsautawa a kanku; Ku tafi, domin kun sami' yanci." Darajar Muhammad ta ƙaru bayan mika wuya ga mutanen Makka. Manzanni daga ko’ina na Larabawa sun zo Madina don karbansa. An ba da umarnin kashe mutane goma: Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, Abdullah ibn Saad ibn Abi Sarh, Habbar bin Aswad, Miqyas Subabah Laythi, Huwairath bin Nuqayd, Abdullah Hilal da mata hudu da suka aikata laifin kisan kai ko wasu laifuffuka ko kuma suka tayar da hankali. kashe yakin kuma ya dagula zaman lafiya. Duk da haka, ba duka aka kashe su ba; Ikrimah ya rayu don ya karbi addinin musulunci kuma yayi fada a cikin yaƙe -yaƙe na gaba tsakanin musulmai. F Daga cikin girlsan mata biyu masu waƙa waɗanda Mohammad ya hana, an kashe ɗaya amma ɗayan ya tsira saboda ta musulunta. An ba Ibn Abi Sarh kariya a karkashin Uthman bn Affan kuma lokacin da da farko ya ki yin mubaya’ar da ta zama dole ga Muhammad, har yanzu mutanen da ke kusa da wurin ba su kashe shi ba, saboda rashin fahimtar umarnin Mohammad. Bude Makka ya biyo bayan yakin Hunayn. Bayanan kula Manazarta Gabriel, Richard A, Muhammad: Islam’s First Great General'', pub University of Oklahoma Press, 2007,
11606	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98war%C6%99waranci	Ƙwarƙwaranci	Kwarkwaranci na nufin saduwa da kuma dangantaka na jima'i a tsakanin na miji da mace, su biyu wadanda baza su iya aure ba. dan kasan cewar macen baiwa ko kuma mara nasa ba ko asali. Rashin yin aure na iya zama saboda dalilai da yawa kamar su bambance-bambance a matsayin zamantakewar aure, aure mai gudana, haramcin addini ko ƙwararru (alal misali sojojin Rome), ko kuma rashin martaba ta hanyar hukumomin da suka dace. macen ko namijin ne, a irin wannan dangantaka ake cewa ƙwarƙwara A cikin addinin Yahudanci, ƙwarƙwara a matsayin aminiyar miji ne mai ƙima ga matar aure. a wasu mutanen kuma masu auren mata dayawa ,Kwarkwara tana zuwa ne a mata na biyu mara kima. Yanci Kwarkwara a yaruka daban daban ya banbanta, haka ma yaran da suka haifa ,amman ko ma miye zai je ya dawo matar asali da aka aura ita da yaran sun fi Kwarkwara da yaransu dara ja, kuma u=ita da yaranta basu da hakki gado. a tarihance yawance Kwarkwara matan mutum ne ke daukan kwarkwara ta bama mijinta, saboda idan ta kasance baiwa bada ita ga na mijin gidan zai hana ta yin zina a wajen gidan. wani lokacin kwarkwara suna aikata jima'i da sauran bayi yan uwansu. Yayinda siffofin dangantakar jima'i da jimawa tare da yin aure ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Yammacin Duniya, waɗannan ba a bayyana su azaman concarfin namiji bane. Ana amfani da kalmar nan ƙwarkwaranci ne ga mata da kwatancen mata yau idan ana nufin ma'amala da rashin aure ta rayuwar da ta gabata. A cikin amfani na zamani, alaƙar ba ta da aure ana kiranta zaman tare (ko kuma maganganun makamancinsu), kuma macen da ke cikin irin wannan dangantakar ana gaba ɗaya ana kiranta budurwa, farka, amarya, mai ƙauna ko kuma abokiyar rayuwa A gabashin Asiya Kwarkwarori sun shahara sosai kafin farkon karni na 20 a duk gabashin Asiya Babban aikin gwanaye ya kasance yana samar da ƙarin magada, har ma da kawo nishaɗi gamaza. yaran Kwarkwarori nada karancin gado dangane da dokar da Dishu ya tsara shi Sin A China, mazaje mau nasara s da yawa yana da ƙwaraƙwarai har da yi aka haramta a lokacin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin ya zo da iko a 1949. A misali Sin kalma da aka fassara a matsayin "ƙwarƙwarar" ya qiè kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tun zamanin da, wanda ke nufin "ƙwara; Alƙawura sun yi kama da aure a wannan ƙwaraƙwaran sun kasance masu gane zurfin jima'i na mutum kuma ana tsammanin sun haihu da shi. Gwanaye marasa kan gado Chinese masu ƙarancin daraja ne, kuma ana ɗaukar yaransu da cewa doka ce. Hakanan kuma ana amfani da kalmar nan ta Turanci na mace ta China don abin da Sinanci ke magana da shi kamar yadda yakefasu Chinese ko "consorts of emperors", wani matsayi na gwamnati yawanci yana ɗauke da babban matsayi. A kasar Sin ba a bin doka ba haramun ne kuma ba a yarda a rabu da mutum ga mace sama da daya ba a lokaci guda, amma ya samu karbuwa. A farkon rubuce rubucen mutum na iya samun ƙwaraƙwaran da yawa gwargwadon iko. Daga zamanin Han Han (AD 25 zuwa 2020) gaba, yawan ƙwaraƙwaran da mutum zai iya kasancewa yana iyakance ta hanyar doka. Matsayi mafi girma da kuma kyakkyawan daraja mutum ya mallaki, da mafi ƙwaraƙwarai ya halatta ya yi. Kulawar da ƙwaraƙwarar mace da halin da yake ciki ya kasance mai tasirin gaske da yanayin zamantakewar ɗan'uwan wanda aka haɗa ta da ita, gami da halayen matarsa. A cikin littafin ma'abuta al'adu a kan "Tsarin Iyali" Chinese yana cewa, “Idan da akwai ayyukanda suka dace, to ta zama matar aure; idan kuwa ta koma ba tare da waɗannan, ƙwararru ba. Matan sun kawo sadaka ga dangantaka, amma ƙwaraƙwaran ba su yi ba. Ba za a iya shiga dangantakar mace ba tare da bukukuwan aure a cikin aure ba, haka nan ba za a sake yin aure ko kuma a koma gidan haihuwarta a cikin gwauraye ba. Matsayin ƙwarƙwarai ya kasance ƙasa da na matar. Kodayake ƙwarƙwarar mace na iya haifar da magada, amma 'ya'yanta za su kasance masu ƙ karanci a cikin zamantakewa da yaran matar, duk da cewa sun fi su girma fiye da yaran ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Ofan wata ƙwarƙwarar dole ne ya nuna wa mata biyu aikinsu, mahaifiyarsu ta asali da mahaifiyarsu ta doka matar mahaifinsu. Bayan rasuwar wani ƙwarƙwararsa, ta 'ya'yansa maza za ku yi hadaya da ita, amma wadannan ƙonawa da aka ba su ci gaba da ƙwarƙwararsa, da jikoki, wanda kawai ya yi hadaya to, kakan matar. Akwai bayanan jita-jita na wasu ƙwaraƙwaran da aka ce an binne su da rai tare da masu gidansu don su jibinci lamarin su a lahira". Har zuwa lokacin daular Song (960-11276), ana ganin hakan babbar cin zarafin ɗabi'un zamantakewa ne don haɓaka Kwarkwara ga mace. A zamanin daular Qing (1644 zuwa 1911), darajar Kwarkwarori ta habaka. Ya halatta a gabatar da ƙwarƙwarawa ga mata, idan matar asali ta mutu to Kwarkwara ce maman sauran yaran. Bugu da kari, haramcin tilasta wa bazawara ta sake yin wani aure ya kasance ga wasu matan da mazansu suka mutu. A wannan lokacin allunan matan-mata suna da alama an fi sanya su cikin bagadan magabata na iyali, da kuma sassalar wasu jerin layin mata-mata. Mallaka ƙwaraƙwarai, kiyaye da sarakuna a haramta City, yana da daban-daban da darajõji, kuma aka gargajiyance kiyãye ta babani domin tabbatar da cewa su ba za a iya impregnated da kowa amma sarki. A cikin Ming China (1368–1644) akwai wani tsari na hukuma wanda zai zawara mata masu sarauta ga sarki. Shekarun 'yan takarar sun kunshi ne daga 14 zuwa 16. Hali, dabi'a, hali, bayyanar da yanayin jikin mutum sune abubuwan zaba. Duk da iyakokin da aka gindaya ga wasu ƙwaraƙwaran Sinawa, akwai misalai da yawa a cikin tarihi da kuma littattafai na ƙwararori waɗanda suka sami babban iko da tasiri. Uwargidan Yehenara, wacce ake kira da suna Dowress Dowager Cixi, wata yar gardamar ce da ta iya cin nasara a tarihin kasar Sin. Cixi ya fara shiga kotu a matsayin wata mata don Sarki Xianfeng ya kuma haifi dansa daya da ya tsira, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Tongzhi Bayan haka, ta zama shugabar kungiyar Qing China a shekaru 47 bayan mutuwar mijinta. Binciken fasalin kwararru a ɗayan manyan litattafan tarihi guda huɗu, Mafarki na Red Chamber (wanda aka yi imanin ya zama asusun tarihin rayuwar marubuci Cao Xueqin dangin dangi). Three ƙarnõni na Jia iyali suna da goyan bayan daya sananne ƙwarƙwarar da sarki, Jia Yuanchun, da cikakken m 'yar'uwar namiji protagonist Jia Baoyu Sabanin haka, youngeran uwansu rabinsu ta hanyar ƙwaraƙwaran Zhao, Jia Tanchun da Jia Huan, sun haɓaka halayen mutane saboda su 'ya'yan ƙwarzo ne. Emphasizedwararrun matan sarki da tumbinsu sun shahara a cikin littattafan soyayya na ƙarni na 21 da aka rubuta wa masu karatu mata kuma aka saita su a zamanin da. A matsayin kayan makirci, 'ya'yan ƙwaraƙwalu ana misalta su da matsayi da ƙasa kamar yadda yake a cikin ainihin tarihin. taken Zhai dou Chinese gida) da gong dou Chinese harem intrigue) nau'ikan almara suna nuna ƙwaraƙwarai da matansu, haka kuma yaransu, suna yin makirci a asirce don samun iko. Sarakunan da ke cikin fadar, wani gwanayen tarihin gong dou da wasan kwaikwayon talabijin, sun sami babban nasara a kasar Sin a karni na 21. Indiya A cikin Kerala, iran matan Nair sun kasance a cikin samari tare da Nambudiri maza. Al'adar Brahmin da al'adar sun ba da izinin ɗayan babba maza don yin aure; zai iya aure har zuwa mata Nambuthiri har guda hudu. Kawai zai iya mallakar kayan gidan. Wannan ya basu damar kula da mallakar gidansu da sauran dukiyoyinsu tare da nisantarsu. Wannan ya taimaka musu wajen tabbatar da matsayinsu na tattalin arziki da na tattalin arziki suma a cikin alumma. Braaramin maza Brahmin sun tafi don yin jima'i tare da matan makarantar Nair Waɗannan matan Nair ɗin ba za su bar gidansu ba don shiga gidan iyayensu, haka kuma matan Brahmin ba su da wani hakki ko sha'awa game da dukiyarta. 'Ya'yan da aka Haifa ana kiransu thean ko ofar waccan matar. Potti Brahmins da ake kira Embramthiri suma suna yin wannan al'ada. Wannan aiki na ƙaramin Brahmins yin aure to Nair azuzuwan da aka sani a matsayin "Sambandham." Ko da yake Brahmins dauke Sambandham matsayin daya daga cikin 64 Anacharams (miyagun halaye), irin wannan alliance wanzu for ƙarni. A hankali Sambandham ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin jama'ar Nair Robin Jeffri a cikin littafinsa, Ragewar Nair Dominance, Sambandham yana nufin bikin auren Nair wanda ya haɗa da gabatar da wani zane da namiji ya ba wa mace. A Kerala ta zamanin da ya bayyana cewa duka maza da mata suna iya Sambhandam tare da fiye da mutum ɗaya a lokaci guda. Yin aure ya ƙulla da ƙare da sauƙi mai sauƙi. Wannan aka kira Sambandham kuma mace zai yi Sambandham da yawan maza a lokaci guda. Ko dai namiji ko mace na iya kawo ƙarshen Sambandham da ƙaramin tsari. ”Koyaya, haɗuwar mace mace ba ta da tsauri. Wadanda suka haɗu tare da Brahmins suna kiyaye kyawawan dabi'un su kuma suna kiyaye ka'idodi. Wadanda Nair mace wanda a yarda ƙaramin Brahmin 'yan'uwa da su shiga jima'i dangantaka tare da su, zai aure a Nair kamar kyau, to, suna da biyu mazansu (a Nair da kuma wani Nambuthiri) da kuma a ainihi, a tsarin na polyandry zo a cikin kasancewa. Koyaya, sakamakon wannan ɗabi'a, yawan Nambuthiris ya ragu kuma adadin ma'aurata sun ƙaru saboda yaran da aka Haifa a cikin auren Nambuthiri-Nair zasu kasance na dangin matar Nair Hong Kong, Macau A shekarar 1971, Hong Kong ya soke babban tsarin doka na Qing a shekarar 1971, don haka ya sanya ba da izinin yin aure ba bisa doka ba. Stanley Ho na Macau na gidan caca ya ɗauki 'matarsa ta biyu' a matsayin ƙwarƙwaransa na halas a 1957, yayin da "matansa na uku da na huɗu" ba su da matsayi a hukuman ce. Japan Tun kafin a daura auren mata daya bisa doka a zamanin Meiji, yin kwarzane ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin manyan mutane. Manufarta ita ce tabbatar da magadan maza. Misali, dan wani kwararre na sarki sau da yawa yana da damar zama sarki. Yanagihara Naruko, a high-ranking ƙwarƙwarar Sarkin sarakuna Meiji, ta haifi Sarkin sarakuna Taishō, wanda aka daga baya bin doka soma da Empress Haruko, Sarkin sarakuna Meiji ta m matarsa. Ko da a tsakanin iyalai masu ciniki, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ƙwarran don tabbatar da magada. Asako Hirooka, 'yar kasuwa ce kuma' yar baiwa ce, ta yi aiki tukuru don taimakawa dangin mijinta su rayu bayan maidowar Meiji Ta rasa haihuwarta ta haifi 'yarta guda daya, Kameko; don haka mijinta wanda ya sami nutsuwa tare da shi ya ɗauki baiwa Asako ta zama ƙwarƙwarawa, ta kuma haifi 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa. Kameko, a matsayin 'ya mace ta gari, ya auri mutum mai mutunci kuma a zahiri yana aiwatar da sunan dangi. Koriya Sarakunan Joseon suna da ƙararru waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙwaraƙwarai na sahu daban daban. Sarauniyar Myeongseong ta sami damar samun 'ya'ya maza, ta hana' ya'ya mata na samun iko. Ofayan kwarkwara galibi suna da ƙima game da aure. Daughteryawar ƙwarƙwara baza ta iya zama matar ɗan da ta haifa ba. Misali, Jang Nok-su yar 'yar gari ce wacce ta haihu daga magajin gari, wanda da farko ya auri bawa ne, daga baya ya zama babbar baiwa ta Yeonsangun Tsohuwar girka da roma Tsohuwar Girka A cikin tsohuwar Girka, ayyukan kiyaye mace Ancient Greek pallakís an ɗan yi rubutu kaɗan amma ya bayyana cikin tarihin Atheniya. Doka ta ba da umarnin cewa wani mutum zai iya kashe wani mutum da aka kama yana ƙoƙarin yin alaƙa da ƙwarƙwararsa don ƙirƙirar 'ya' yantacce, wanda ke ba da izinin 'yayan ƙwarƙwarar ba su zama ɗan ƙasa. Yayin da nassoshi game da amfani da zina maza suka bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe, ana ganin abin kunya ne ga namiji ya kiyaye irin wadannan matan a gida guda daya da matar sa. Wasu fassarorin hetaera sun riƙe su ƙwaraƙwarai lokacinda suke da dangantaka ta yau da kullun da mutum ɗaya. Ubwararruwar wata ma'aikaciya wata hukuma ce da ake yin ta a cikin tsohuwar Roma wacce ke ba da izinin namiji ya shiga cikin wata al'ada amma an san dangantakarta da mace ƙwaraƙanci, ƙwaraƙwarar jam’i) wacce ba matar sa ba ce, galibi macen da ƙaramar zamanta ke zama cikas ga aure. An "yarda da girman kai har ya kai ga hakan bai kawo barazanar addini da mutuncin iyali ba". Ba a dauki wulakanci ba da za a kira shi ƙwarƙwara, kamar yadda akan yi rubutu mafi yawa a kan dutse. A concubinus wani matashi namiji bawa jima'i maida su ba kome da ubangijinsa a matsayin jima'i abokin (ga luwadi a zamanin d Roma Wadannan dangantakar, duk da haka, an sa ran yi wasa da sakandare rawar da aure, a cikin abin da ma'aikata ya fara tasawa namiji nuna masa namiji dalĩli a matsayin shugaban gidan pater familias A cikin ɗayan silsilolinsa, Catullus tsakanin karni na 1 karni na 1 BC) ya ɗauka cewa ango ango yana da ƙwaraƙwaran mace wacce take ɗaukar kanta sama da sauran bayi, amma wa zai zama kamar maigidansa ya mai da hankalinsa ga aure da rayuwar iyali. A cikin ala'du na Ibrahim A cikin Yahudanci A cikin Isra’ilawa, maza sun yarda da ƙwaraƙwaran su, kuma irin waɗannan mata suna jin daɗi iri ɗaya a gidan kamar matan aure. Kalmar alƙalai ba ta kasance tana nufin mata ba bayan matar farko. Wani mutum yana iya samun mata da ƙwararori masu yawa. A bisa doka, duk yaran da aka haifa da ƙwaraƙwalwa ana ɗaukar su a matsayin 'yar matar da ta kasance a ƙarƙashinta. Saratu dole ne ta fitar da Isma’il daga gidanta domin bisa la’akari da Isma’il koyaushe zai kasance ɗan fari da haihuwa duk da Ishaku ɗanta ne na asali. Wataƙila ƙwarƙwarar ba ta ba da umarnin daidai matsayin matar ba. A cikin ka'idodin Lawiyawa game da sadarwar jima'i, kalmar Ibrananci da aka fi sani da "matar" ta sha bamban da kalmar Ibrananci wanda ke nufin "ƙwararar mace". Koyaya, a wani lokaci guda ana amfani da kalmar don nuna mace macen da ba mata ba musamman, baiwar matar Yakubu. A cikin lambar Levitical, an haramta yin jima'i tsakanin mace da miji na wani mutum dabam da hukuncin kisa ga duk mutanen da abin ya shafa. Tunda ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babbar albarka don samun yara da yawa, mata da yawa suna ba da matansu ga mazansu idan sun kasance bakarare, kamar yadda a al'amuran Saratu da Hagar, da Rahila da Bilha 'Ya'yan ƙwarƙwara suna da damar daidai da na matar; misali, Sarki Abimelek kuwa ɗan Gidiyon, da ƙwarƙwararsa. Daga baya mazannin littafi kamar Gidiyon, da Sulaiman suna da ƙwaraƙwarai ban da mata da yawa masu haihuwar. Misali, Littattafan Sarakuna sun ce Sulemanu yana da mata 700 da ƙwaraƙwarai 300. Labarin Bala Lau wanda ba a ambaci sunansa ba a cikin Littafin Mahukunta 19-20 nuna cewa ɗaukar ƙwaraƙun matan ba shi ne keɓance na sarakuna ko magabata a cikin Isra'ila a lokacin alƙalai, kuma cewa suturar ƙwarƙwara ba ta yarda da abin da Kasar Isra’ila kuma ta haifar da yakin basasa A cikin labarin, Balawi kamar wani mutum ne dan asalin kabila, wanda ƙwarƙwararsa budurwa ce daga Baitalami ta Yahuda. Wannan matar ba ta da aminci, kuma a ƙarshe ta watsar da shi ta koma gidan iyayenta. Koyaya, bayan watanni huɗu, Balawe, wanda ake wa laƙabi da shi a matsayin mijinta, ya yanke shawarar yin tafiya zuwa gidan mahaifinta don shawo kan ƙwarƙwararsa ta dawo. Tana da halin dawowa tare da shi, kuma surukin yana maraba da zuwa. Surucin mahaifin ya tabbatar wa Balawen ya ci gaba da ƙarin wasu kwanaki, har sai wakilai sun bar jadawalin da yamma. Theungiyar ta haura wani birni wanda ba Ba'isra'ile kusa da shi, har zuwa ƙarshen Gibeya, a ƙasar Biliyaminu. Rukunin suna zaune kusa da harabar gari, suna jiran wani gari ya gayyace su da maraice, kamar yadda al'adar matafiya suke. Wani dattijo daga yankin ya gayyace su su zauna a gidansa, ya yi musu baƙo daidai ta wanke ƙafafunsu da ba su abinci. Ofungiyar mugayen mazaunan birni ta kawo hari cikin gidan kuma suka bukaci rundunar ta kori Balawen don suyi jima'i da shi. Mai masaukin ya bayar da kyautar 'yarsa budurwa da ƙwarƙwarar Balawe don yi musu fyaɗe, don guje wa baƙo dama ga Balawe. Daga baya, don ya tabbatar da amincinsa da na rundunar shi, Balawi ya ba wa ƙwarƙwararsa, wadda aka yi wa fyaɗe da daddare, har sai da aka barta ta rushe a ƙofar ƙofar. Da safe, Balawe ya same ta sa’ad da ya yi niyyar fita. Lokacin da ta kasa yin biyayya ga umarnin mijinta don ta tashi, wataƙila saboda ta mutu, Balawe ya ajiye ta a kan jakinsa ya ci gaba da gida. Da zarar ya dawo gida, sai ya manta jikinta ya rarraba sassa 12 a duk ƙasar Isra'ila. Isra’ilawa sun taru don sanin abin da ya sa aka ba su irin waɗannan kyaututtukan masu ban tsoro, kuma Balawen ya gaya musu game da baƙin ciki da ƙwarƙwararsa. Laifin Isra'ilawan suna ɗaukar wannan laifi abin ƙyamar, wanda sa’an nan ya jawo wa mazaunan Gibeya azaba, da kuma kabilar Biliyaminu da ke kewaye da su idan suka goyi bayan Gibeyonawa, tare da kashe su ba tare da jinƙai ba kuma suka ƙona garuruwansu. An kashe mazaunan (garin) Yabesh Gileyad a matsayin horo saboda rashin haɗuwa da ƙabilar goma sha ɗaya a cikin yaƙinsu da mutanen Biliyaminu, da kuma an kashe ɗiyansu mata ɗari huɗu waɗanda ba an tilasta musu ba A ƙarshe, mutanen ɗari biyu na waɗanda suka tsira daga Biliyaminu waɗanda har yanzu ba su da mata, an ba su izinin auratayya ta sauran kabilu. A cikin yahudanci na zamani A Yahudanci, ƙwaraƙwarai an kira su da kalma Hebrew pilegesh Hebrew Kalmar ita ce kalmar aro daga tsohuwar Girkawa ma'ana "farka kasance a gida". Dangane da Talmud na Babila, bambanci tsakanin ƙwarƙwarawa da matar halal ita ce, ƙarshen ya sami ketubah kuma aurenta nissu'in ya kasance gabanin erusin amintaccen cin amana wanda ba haka bane. don alƙalai. Wani ra'ayi daya a cikin Talmud na Kudus ya bayar da hujjar cewa ƙwarayar ta kamata kuma su sami kwangilar aure, amma ba tare da magana ba wanda ya ƙayyade sassaucin sakin aure. A cewar Rashi, "matan da suka yi amfani da Kiddushin da ketubbah, ƙwaraƙwaran tare da yarandushin amma ba tare da ketubbah"; wannan karatun daga Talmud na Kudus ne, Wasu masana daga cikin yahudawa, kamar Maimonides, sun yi imanin cewa an kebe wasu ƙwaraƙwarai don shugabancin Sarauta, sarakuna da sarakuna, kuma don haka ba za a sami gama gari ba. Haƙiƙa, irin waɗannan masu ra'ayin sun yi jayayya cewa ba za a saka masu bautar wani nau'in jima'i a wajen aure. Maimonides ba shine farkon Bayahude da ya fara yin Allah-wadai da ƙwararar mata ba. Misali, Bala'iba Rabbah ya la'anci al'adar. Sauran masana Yahudawa, kamar su Nahmanides, Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus, da Yakubu Emden, sun yi hamayya sosai da ra'ayin cewa yakamata a haramta abubuwan ƙwaraƙwarai. A Ibrananci na zamani jihar Isra'ila, pilegesh ne sau da yawa amfani da kwatankwacin na Turanci kalma farka -ie, da mace da abokin tarayya a cikin extramarital dangantakar-ko da kuwa shari'a fitarwa. Kokarin da aka qaddamar a yada pilegesh matsayin wani nau'i na kafin aure, ba aure, ko extramarital dangantaka (wanda, a cewar ta fuskar enacting mutum (s), da aka jiyar da dokar Yahudawa A Musulunci An ba da damar saduwa da Kwarkwara a cikin ilimin jima'i na Musulunci a cikin Islama wanda ba a dauke shi karuwanci ba, kuma ya kasance ruwan dare gama gar lokacin cinikin bayi na Larabawa a duk lokacin Tsakiyar da farkon zamani, lokacin da aka kama mata da 'yan mata daga Caucasus, Afirka, Tsakiyar Asiya da Turai ya kasance kwarkwara a cikin Yammacin Duniya Ibn Battuta ya gaya mana sau da yawa cewa an ba shi ko ya sayi bayi mata. An ba da izinin yin shiryawa da kuma tsara ta a cikin Islama. Al-Muminun 6 da Al-Maarij 30 duka biyu, a cikin kalmomin daidaita, suna jawo rarrabewa tsakanin ma'aurata da “waɗanda hannayen hannun dama suka mallaka” (ƙwararori) suna cewa (a zahiri, matan aurensu ko abin da hannun dama ya mallaka yayin da yake bayyana cewa yin jima’i da ɗayan ya halatta. Sayyid Abul Ala Abubakar Mahmoud Gumi ya bayyana cewa "biyu Categories na mata da aka cire daga janar umurnin mãsu tsarẽwa ga farjõjinsu: (a) matansa, (b) mata suke da bin doka a daya ta mallaka". Kwantar da hankali surriyya tana nufin bawa mace jāriya ko musulma ce ko kuma wacce ba musulma ba, wanda ubangijinta ya yi jima'i da ita. Ba a ambaci kalmar surriyya a cikin Kur'ani ba. Koyaya, kalmar Ma malakat aymanukum (abin da hannunku na dama suka mallaka), wanda ya faru sau goma sha biyar a cikin littafin mai tsarki, yana nufin bayi ne sabili da haka, kodayake ba lallai ba ne, ga ƙwaraƙwarai. Ubwararraki wata al'ada ce ta kasance ta addinin Islama wacce aka yarda da ita a ƙarƙashin addinin Islama tare da yahudawa da ma waɗanda ba musulma ba su aurar da ƙwarya bayan sun koya mata kuma suka koyar da ita sosai sannan kuma suka basu 'yanci. Hikimar da aka bayar don amincewa da baiwa a cikin Islama ita ce "ta gamsu da sha'awar jima'i na bayi don haka ya hana yaduwar alfasha a cikin al'ummar Musulmi Yawancin makarantu suna hana mace-mace ga wata dangantaka inda ake buƙatar bawa mace ta auri ɗaya ga maigidanta (kodayake ba a buƙatar auren mace ta miji ga mata), amma a cewar Sikainga, "a zahiri, duk da haka, bayi mata ne a cikin al'ummomin musulmai da yawa sun kasance abin farauta ga [maza] membobin gidan maigida, da makwabta na [maigidan] su, da baƙi na [maigidan] baƙi. Al'adun sun kasance na gama gari a cikin Arabiya ta larabawa kafin musulinci kuma idan Musulunci ya zo, tana da wata al'umma da masu ba da shawara. Islama ya gabatar da ƙayyadaddun doka na ƙwarafin kuma ya ƙarfafa ɗan adam. A cikin aya ta 23: 6, a cikin Alƙur'ãni shi an yarda su yi jima'i tare da ƙwaraƙwarai bayan aure su, kamar yadda Musulunci hana jima'i a wajen aure. ofa ofan tsoffin ƙwaraƙan gwadansu an bayyana su da halal kamar yadda aka haife su ta hanyar ɗaurin aure, kuma an ɗauki mahaifiyar freea freean 'yantacce lokacin mutuwar abokin tarayya. A cewar musulmin Shia, Muhammad ya haramta Nikah mut'ah (wani aure da aka shirya, wanda ake kira muta'a a Iraki da sigheh a Iran wanda a maimakon haka ana amfani da shi azaman kariya ta haramtacciyar hanya ga masu yin jima'i, a al'adar da ba a hana karuwanci ba. Wasu marubutan Yammacin duniya sun kafa hujja da cewa mut'ah yana kusan karuwanci. Julie Parshall ya rubuta cewa mut'ah an halatta karuwanci ne wanda hukumomin Shia goma sha biyu suka aminta da su. Ta nakalto littafin tarihin Oxford na duniyar musulmai na zamani don banbance tsakanin aure (nikah) da Mut'ah, sannan ta ce yayin da nikah take domin haihuwa, mut'ah adalci ne don saduwa da jima'i. A cewar Zeyno Baran, wannan irin aure na dan wani lokaci yana samarwa da yan Shi'anan takunkumi na addini wanda yayi daidai da karuwanci. Dangane da lurawar Elena Andreeva da aka buga a 2007, matafiya na Rasha zuwa Iran suna ɗaukar mut'ah a matsayin "ƙimar ƙwararren doka" wacce ba ta da bambanci daga karuwanci. Masu goyon bayan addini na mutah suna jayayya cewa aure na dan lokaci ya banbanta da karuwanci saboda wasu dalilai, gami da wajibcin iddah in dai ma'auratan sun yi jima'i. Ma'ana idan mace ta auri namiji ta wannan hanyar kuma tayi zina, dole ne ta jira watanni kafin ta sake yin wani aure don haka, mace ba zata iya yin aure sama da sau 3 ko 4 a cikin shekara. Zamanin zamani A zamanin da, an ba da izini ga wurare biyu don gwanaye karkashin tsarin Islama. A farko dai, matan da ba musulmai wadanda aka dauka a matsayin fursunonin yaki an sanya su cikin matan ne kamar yadda ya faru bayan Yaƙin na Tirin, ko kuma a wasu lokuta da yawa. An karfafa gwiwar sanya mutum mata bayi wadanda suka qaryata imaninsu na farko suka musulunta, ko kuma shigar dasu cikin aure A cikin dokokin Fiqh na Musulunci, abin da Allah ya halal (alah) a cikin Alqurani ba zai iya canza shi da wani iko ko wani mutum ba. Don haka, duk da cewa manufar 'yar ta mace halal ce, amma ba a samun wasu matan a wannan zamanin ba kuma ba a yarda a sayar dasu ko a sayar dasu daidai da sabbin ka'idojin' yancin ɗan adam ba. An ƙara tabbatar da cewa duk ma'aikatan gida da na ƙungiyoyi ba ƙwararrun mata bane a wannan zamanin don haka an haramta jima'i da su sai Nikah, Nikah mut'ah ko Nikah Misyar ana yin ta ta hanyoyin da suka dace. A Amurka Lokacin da bautar ta zama tsari a cikin masarautan Arewacin Amurka, mazan, ko sun aura ko aura, wani lokacin sukan ɗauki bautar mata da maza a matsayin mata. An haramta aure tsakanin launin fata tsakanin dokar da mazaunan yankuna da kuma Amurka ta gaba. Yawancin larduna da jihohi ma suna da dokoki game da ɓataccen tsari, ko wata dangantakar wata kabila. Daga 1662 da mulkin mallaka na Virginia, wasu suka biyo baya, sun haɗa cikin doka ƙa'idodi cewa yara sun ɗauki matsayin mahaifiyarsu, watau, ƙa'idar tsarin aiki Duk yaran da aka haifa don uwayen bayi sun haihu cikin bautar, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin mahaifinsu ko zuriyarsu ba. Wannan ya haifar da tsararrakan bayi masu launin fata, waɗanda wasunsu ake ɗaukarsu farar fata a matsayin doka (ɗaya bisa takwas ko lessasa da Afirka, daidai da kaka-tsoho) kafin Yaƙin basasa na Amurka A wasu halaye, maza suna da "dangantaka" ta dogon lokaci tare da bautar mata, ba su da 'yayansu da ke haɗuwa da' yanci da ba da yaransu sana'o'in horarwa, ilimi da canja wurin babban birnin. Dangantaka mai dangantaka tsakanin Thomas Jefferson da Sally Hemings misali ne na wannan. Irin waɗannan shirye-shirye sun fi yawaita a jihohin Kudancin a cikin shekarun tsufa. A Louisiana da tsoffin yankuna na Faransa, an samar da ingantaccen tsarin karuwanci da ake kira plaçage Mazajen Turai sun ɗauki matan bayi masu yanci ko masu yanci kamar fyaɗe bayan sun yi shirin ba su kuɗin gida, gida ko wasu mallaka, kuma wani lokacin, idan sun kasance bautar, suna ba da 'yanci da ilimi ga childrena childrenansu. Darasi na uku na masu kyauta masu launi masu tasowa, musamman a cikin New Orleans Da yawa sun zama masu ilimi, masu fasaha da masu mallakar ƙasa. Faransanci na magana da aiki da Katolika, waɗannan mata sun haɗa al'adun Faransanci da Ba-Amurkan kuma sun haifar da zaɓi tsakanin waɗanda ke zuriyar Turai da bayi. A yau, zuriyar 'yanci na masu launi ana kiransu mutanen Louisiana Creole Duba kuma Kwarkwara a canada A cicisibeyo Sanannun dokokin aure Sakakkiyar tarayya Aure a kiristanci Bauta a amurka Concubinage in Canada Cicisbeo Cohabitation Common-law marriage Courtesan Cullagium Cuckquean Free union Harem Monogamy in Christianity Morganatic marriage Paramour Polygamy Polyamory Polygyny Slavery in the United States Diddigin bayana Diddigin bayanai na waje Hadin gwiwar Bauta Pages with unreviewed
49431	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20aramco	Saudi aramco	SAUDI ARAMCO Saudi aramco wanda akafi sani da aramco kamfanin man fetur da gas ne na kasar saudi arabia wanda yake a garin dhahrain a shekarar 2022 kamfanin yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni mafi tara kudade dayawa kamfanin ya sake maimaita cimma babbar riba acikin kamfanonin duniya a tarihi,Saudi Aramco ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya da aka tabbatar da tanadin danyen mai, sama da ganga biliyan 270 (dubkule biliyan 43) kuma mafi yawan man da ake hakowa a kullum a duk kamfanonin da ke hako mai. Saudi Aramco tana aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ruwa guda ɗaya a duniya, Tsarin Gas. A shekarar alif 2013 yawan danyen mai da ake hakowa ya kai ganga biliyan 3.4 (mita dunkule miliyan 540), kuma tana kula da filayen mai da iskar gas sama da dari a Saudi Arabiya, ciki har da tankin mai dunkule triliyan 288.4 na iskar gas. Tare da Lardin Gabas, Saudi Aramco ya fi aiki da filin Ghawar (mafi girman rijiyar mai a bakin teku a duniya) da filin Safaniya (mafi girman rijiyar mai a tekun duniya) A ranar 11 ga Disamba, alif 2019, hannun jarin kamfanin ya fara ciniki a kan musayar hannun jari ta Tadawul. Hannun jarin ya tashi zuwa Riyal 35.2 na kudaden Saudiyya, abin da ya sa kasuwar ta kai kusan dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.88, kuma ya zarce dalar Amurka tiriliyan 2 a rana ta biyu ta ciniki. A cikin alif 2022 kamfanin Forbes na kasar amurka sun Sanya kamfanin Aramco a mataki na uku(3) mafi girma a cikin kafanoni 2000, Asalin Saudi Aramco ya samo asali ne daga karancin man fetur na yakin duniya na daya da kuma ware kamfanonin Amurka daga Mesopotamiya da Birtaniya da Faransa suka yi a karkashin yarjejeniyar fetur na San Remo a alif 1920. Gwamnatin Amurka ta sami goyon baya ga "Manufar Bude Kofa", wanda ya dace da manufar "Bude Kofa". Herbert Hoover, sakataren kasuwanci, an kafa shi a cikin alif 1921. tsayayyar kungiyar mai na california yana cikin kamfanonin Amurka da ke neman sabbin hanyoyin samun mai daga ketare.ana cikin kamfanonin Amurka da ke neman sabbin hanyoyin samun mai daga ketare. Ta hannun reshen kamfaninsa, Bahrain Petroleum Co. (BAPCO), tsayayyar kungiyar california (SoCal) ta bugi mai a Bahrain a ranar 30 ga Mayu, a alif 1932. Wannan taron ya ƙara sha'awar mai na ƙasar Larabawa. A ranar 29 ga Mayun alif 1933, gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya ta ba da rangwame ga tsayayyar kungiyar California (SoCal) a fifita wani tayin hamayya daga kamfanin Iraqi na fetur wannan ya bayar Sa doCal) damar neman mai a Saudi Arabiya. SoCal ta ba da wannan rangwame ga wani kamfani na gabaɗaya, California-Arabian Standard Oil (CASOC). alif A cikin 1936, tare da kamfanin bai sami nasarar gano mai ba, Kamfanin Texas (Texaco) ya sayi kashi 50% na rangwamen. Bayan shekaru hudu na binciken da ba a yi amfani da shi ba, nasarar farko ta zo ne da filin hako ruwa na bakwai a Dhahran a salifhekarar 1938, rijiya da ake kiraLambs ta mam No. 7. Nan take wannan rijiyar ta samar da ganga sama da 1,500 a kowaa m3/d), wanda hakan ya baiwa kamfanin. amincewa don ci gaba. A ranar 31 ga Jalif anairu, 1944, an canza sunan kamfanin daga California-Arabian Standard Oil Co.. zuwa Arab American Oil Co. (ko Aramco). alif A cikin 1948, Standard Oil na New Jersey (daga baya aka sani da Exxon) kashi ya sayi 30% kuma Socony Vacuum (daga baya Mobil) kashi ya sayi 10% na kamfanin, tare da SoCal da Texaco sukashi na riƙe 30% kowanne. Sabbin shigowar sun kasance masu hannun jari a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Iraki kuma dole ne a cire takunkumin yarjejeniyar Red Line domin samun yancin shiga wannan tsari. A cikin alif 1949, ARAMCO ya kai farmaki a cikin Masarautar Abu Dhabi, wanda ya haifar da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Abu Dhabi da Saudi Arabia. A shekarar alif 1950, Sarki Abdulaziz ya yi barazanar mayar da albarkatun man kasarsa kasa, don haka ya matsa wa Aramco lamba ta amince ta raba ribar gida biyu An yi irin wannan tsari tare da kamfanonin mai na Amurka a Venezuela 'yan shekarun baya. Gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa kamfanonin Aramco na Amurka harajin haraji wanda aka fi sani da gimmick na zinare daidai da ribar da aka baiwa Sarki Abdulaziz. A sakamakon sabon tsari, an dauke hedkwatar kamfanin daga New York zuwa Dhahran. A shekarar alif 1951, kamfanin ya gano filin mai na Safaniya, mafi girma a teku a duniya. A cikin shekarar alif 1957, gano ƙananan rijiyoyin mai da ke da alaƙa sun tabbatar da filin Ghawar a matsayin filin jirgin ruwa mafi girma a duniya. samar da wuta, maimakon kunna iskar. Shirin ya ƙidaya akan amfani da iskar gas mai alaƙa, amma a shekara ta 1985, Aramco ya sami damar haɗawa da daidaitattun ƙafar cubic biliyan a kowace rana (Bscfd) na iskar gas mara alaƙa. An samar da wannan iskar gas da ba ta da alaka da Kuff Formation, wanda wani dutse ne mai tsayin mita 650 a kasa da yankin Larabawa da ke hako mai. A cikin 1994, Aramco ya gano ƙarin iskar gas mara alaƙa a cikin zurfin halittar dutsen yashi na Jawf, kuma ya gina tsire-tsire a Hawiyah da Haradh don sarrafa shi. Hakan ya kara karfin injin iskar gas zuwa biliyan 9.4 YAKIN YOM KIPPUR A cikin 1973, bayan goyon bayan Amurka ga Isra'ila a lokacin yakin Yom Kippur, gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya ta sami "sha'awar shiga" kashi 25% a cikin kadarorin Aramco. Ya kara kudin shiga zuwa kashi 60 cikin 100 a shekarar alif 1974 sannan ya samu ragowar kashi 40% a shekarar alif 1976. Aramco ya ci gaba da gudanar da aiki da sarrafa tsohuwar kadarorin Aramco, gami da rangwamen da yake samu a wasu rijiyoyin mai na Saudiyya, a madadin gwamnatin Saudiyya har sai da 1988. A watan Nuwamba 1988, wata doka ta sarauta ta ƙirƙira wani sabon kamfanin Saudi Arabiya, Saudi Arabian Oil Company, don karɓe ikon tsohuwar kadarorin Aramco (ko Saudi Aramco) kuma ya ɗauki gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan sarrafa mai da Saudi Arabia. iskar gas daga Aramco da abokan huldarsa. A cikin 1989-90, an gano mai da iskar gas mai inganci a yankuna uku kudu da Riyadh: yankin Raghib mai tazarar mil 77 (kilomita 124) kudu maso gabashin babban birnin kasa Yakin Persian Gulf A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar alif 1990, bayan fara yakin Gulf na Farisa, ana sa ran Aramco zai maye gurbin da yawa daga cikin man da aka cire daga kasuwannin duniya saboda takunkumin da aka yi wa Iraki da kuma mamaye Kuwaiti. Wannan ya kai adadin da ake samar da karin ganga miliyan 4.8 a kowace rana (Mbpd) don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a kasuwar mai ta duniya. Bugu da kari, ana sa ran Aramco zai samar da dukkan bukatun jiragen sama da na diesel na hadin gwiwa. Aramco ta sake ba da rijiyoyin mai harmaliyah 146, Khurais, da Ghawar da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar rarraba mai, da bututun kula da ruwan gishiri, waɗanda aka yi asu a lokacin faduwar farashin mai a shekarun 1980. Abubuwan da ake samarwa na yau da kullun sun ƙaru daga 5.4 Mbpd a watan Yuli zuwa 8.5 Mbpd a cikin Disamba 1990 bayan wasan ƙwallon asu na watanni uku. Tun daga alif 1990, Aramco ya fara fadada siyar da danyen mai a kasuwar Asiya. Yarjejeniyar da Koriya ta Kudu, da Philippines, da China suka haifar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kusan kashi 70% na danyen mai na Aramco ya kasance zuwa Asiya. A alif 2000s A cikin Mayu 2001, Saudi Arabia ta sanar da Initiative na Gas, wanda ya ba da shawarar kafa kamfanoni na hadin gwiwa guda uku tare da IOCs guda takwas don hakar iskar gas a kan tsattsauran yanki na sama. Core Venture 1 ya hada da kudancin Ghawar da arewacin Rub' Al-Khali, Core Venture 2 ya hada da Red Sea, yayin da Core Venture 3 ya hada da Shaybah da Kidan. A cikin 2003, Royal Dutch Shell da TotalEnergies sun kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da Saudi Aramco a cikin Core Venture 3. A cikin alif 2004, Core Venture 1 ya zama ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda uku daban-daban tare da Saudi Aramco yana riƙe da 20%, ɗaya tare da Lukoil, na biyu tare da Sinopec, na uku tare da Repsol A shekara ta alif2004, Aramco yana samar da ganga miliyan 8.6 a kowace rana (mbpd) daga cikin yuwuwar 10 mbpd. A cikin 2005, Aramco ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri na shekaru biyar don kashe dalar Amurka biliyan 50 don haɓaka ƙarfinsu na yau da kullun zuwa 12.5 mbpd ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakawa da tacewa tare da ninka yawan na'urorin hakar ma'adinai. A cikin 2005, Saudi Aramco shine kamfani mafi girma a duniya wanda aka kiyasta darajar kasuwa ta dalar Amurka biliyan 781. A cikin watan Yunin 2008, dangane da farashin danyen mai da ya haura dalar Amurka 130 kan ganga, Aramco ta sanar da cewa za ta kara yawan hakowa zuwa ganga miliyan 9.7 a kowace rana (mbpd). Sannan yayin da farashin ya fadi, Aramco ya bayyana a watan Janairun 2009, cewa zai rage yawan amfanin gona zuwa 7.7 mbpd. A cikin 2011, Saudi Aramco ta fara samar da iskar gas daga Filin Gas na Karan, tare da samar da sama da miliyan 400 na scf kowace rana. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, mataimakin yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya, Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, ya sanar da cewa yana nazarin lissafin hannun jarin kamfanin na gwamnati, da kuma sayar da kusan kashi 5% na su domin gina wani babban asusu na dukiya. A ranar 26 ga Afrilun 2017, jami'an tsaron Saudiyya sun dakile wani yunkurin kai hari a cibiyar rarraba man fetur ta Aramco da ke dauke da wani jirgin ruwa mara matuka daga kasar Yaman. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta ruwaito a cikin Satumba 2018, Aramco yana la'akari da wani asusu na babban kamfani na dalar Amurka biliyan 1 don saka hannun jari a kamfanonin fasaha na duniya. A watan Yuni na 2019, wani rahoto da Financial Times ya yi ikirarin cewa Aramco ya kasance yana biyan kudaden da suka shafi ma'aikatar; inganta kasafin kudin ma’aikatar kudi. Har ila yau, ya hada da ministan makamashi Khalid Al Falih na kamfanoni da tafiye-tafiyen diflomasiyya, da kuma zamansa a otal-otal masu alfarma. Duk da haka, wani abokinsa ya ambata cewa manufofin Falih sun ba da ƙarin kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗen mai da ya zarce kuɗin da ya kashe. A watan Satumbar 2019 ne Saudiyya ta nada Yasir Al-Rumayyan a matsayin Shugaban Kamfanin Aramco. Al-Rumayyan ya zama shugaban asusun yancin kai na kasar inda ya maye gurbin Khalid Al-Falih, wanda ke rike da mukamin tun shekarar 2015. HARIN 2011 NA YAN LEKEN ASIRI A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2012, kwayar cutar ta kai wa kwamfutocin Aramco hari. Washegari kamfanin Aramco ya sanar da cewa, babu daya daga cikin kwamfutocin da suka kamu da cutar da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar da ke da alaka da samar da mai, kuma nan ba da dadewa ba kamfanin zai ci gaba da aiki gaba daya. Masu satar bayanai sun dauki alhakin yaduwar kwayar cutar ta kwamfuta. Kwayar cutar ta kama kamfanonin da ke cikin sassan mai da makamashi. Wata kungiya mai suna "Cutting Sword of Justice" ta dauki alhakin harin da aka kai kan ma'aikatun Saudiyya Aramco 30,000, lamarin da ya sa kamfanin ya kwashe tsawon watanni yana maido da ayyukansu, daga baya kungiyar ta nuna cewa an yi amfani da kwayar cutar Shamoon wajen kai harin. Sakamakon wannan harin, babban rukunin yanar gizon Aramco ya sauka kuma wani sako ya zo gidan yanar gizon yana ba abokan ciniki hakuri. Kwararru kan harkokin tsaro na kwamfuta sun ce "Harin, wanda aka fi sani da Shamoon, an ce ya kai hari "akalla kungiya daya" a bangaren. Shamoon yana da ikon goge fayiloli tare da mayar da kwamfutoci da yawa a wata hanyar sadarwa mara amfani. Richard Clarke ya nuna cewa harin wani bangare ne na harin. Wani mai bincike kan harkokin tsaro Chris Kubecka, wanda ya taimaka wa kamfanin wajen tabbatar da tsaro bayan harin, Iran ta dauki fansa kan shigar Amurka a Stuxnet. HARIN SAMA NA SHEKARAR 2019 A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2019, an kai wani hari maras matuki a kan wasu masana'antun Saudiyya Aramco guda biyu: cibiyar sarrafa mai na Abqaiq da kuma gidan mai na Khurais. 'Yan tawayen Houthi sun dauki alhakin kai harin. Harin ya katse ganga miliyan 5.7 a kowace rana (bpd) na danyen mai na Saudiyya. sama da kashi 5% na wadatar duniya. Akwai tattaunawa da jami'an Saudiyya kan dage IPO na Aramco, saboda hare-haren "sun mayar da fiye da rabin abin da masarautar ke fitarwa" na mai. 2019 Farawa na Jama'a (IPO) Tun a kusa da 2018, Saudi Arabiya ta fara tunanin sanya wani kaso na mallakar Saudi Aramco, har zuwa kashi 5%, kan cinikin jama'a ta hanyar hadaya ta farko ta jama'a (IPO), don rage farashin da gwamnati ke kashewa wajen tafiyar da kamfanin. Yayin da aka tantance IPO daga manyan bankuna, IPO ya jinkirta saboda damuwar tsarin kamfani na Aramco zuwa 2018 zuwa 2019. Hare-haren da jiragen sama marasa matuka na watan Satumbar 2019 suka kai kan cibiyoyin Aramco kuma ya jinkirta fara IPO. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2019, Aramco ta ba da lamuni gabaɗaya da darajarsu ta kai dalar Amurka biliyan 12. Batun lamunin sa na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa ya karɓi sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 100 a cikin umarni daga masu saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje, wanda ke karya duk bayanan batun haɗin gwiwa ta wata hanyar kasuwa mai tasowa. Aramco ta sanar a ranar Lahadi 3 ga Nuwamba 2019 shirin ta na jera 1.5% na ƙimar ta a matsayin IPO akan musayar hannun jari ta Tadawul. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Saudi Aramco ta fitar da wani shafi mai shafuka 600 yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da IPO. Dangane da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun da aka bayar, har zuwa 0.5% na hannun jari an kulle su don masu saka hannun jari na kowane ɗayan. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2019, Saudi Aramco ta sanya farashin ta a kan riyal 32 na Saudiyya (kimanin dalar Amurka 8.53 a lokacin) kowace kaso. Kamfanin ya samar da biyan kuɗi na jimlar adadin ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 119 wanda ke wakiltar 456% na jimlar hannun jarin tayin. Ya tara dalar Amurka biliyan 25.6 a cikin IPO, wanda ya zama IPO mafi girma a duniya, inda ya gaji na Alibaba Group a 2014. Kamfanin ya fara ciniki a Tadawul a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2019, hannun jari ya tashi 10% zuwa riyal 35.2, wanda ya ba kamfanin kasuwa Babban jari na kusan dalar Amurka tiriliyan 1.88, da sanya Saudi Aramco ya zama kamfani mafi girma a duniya SHIRIN KULA DA MATSAKAITA GYARA NA DUNIYA A cewar takardar ajiyar kudinda Aramco tayi Goldman Sachs,HSBC,JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley,NCB capital kamfanin me ya hayar dasu don shirya kiran masu saka hannun jari kafin shirin kiran masu ciniki.Takardar da data saga cikin bankunan da aka CE hana da hannu a yarjejeniyar ya wallafa ya nuna cewa yarjejeniyar ta hada da BNP paribas,Bofa securities,SMBC ,First Abu Dhabi bank,Soviets generals da BOkamfanin kasa da kasa ya bada rohoton faduwar ribar sa ta uku a watan nuwamba a shekara ta 2020,saboda Karin farashin danyen man fetur da raguwar bukatunsa biyo bayan cutar ta COVID19 A KARNI NA 2020 A ranar goma 10 ga watan maris shekara ta 2020 Saudi Aramco ta bada sanarwar hadin gwiwa na duniya tare da kamfanin formulae one ta kulla yarjejeniyar shekaru da yawa A ranar 17 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2020 Saudi Aramco ta samu kashi 70 na cikin SABIC kanfanin kera sinadari na kasar A watan yunin shekarar 2020 Saudi Aramco ta kori kusan ma aikatanta kusan 500 daga cikin ma aikatanta saga cikin 70,000 yayin da kamfanin makamashi na duniya suka rage yawan ma aikatanta su sakamakon cutar covid19 mafi yawan ma aikatanta dasuka rasa ai kinsu a Aramco yan kasashen waje ne Aranar 31 ga watan yuli 2022 saudi aramco ta rasa kambunta a matsayin kamfani mafi girma da aka jera duniya ta hanyar babban kasuwa ga kamfanin Apple Aranar 9 ga watan agusta shekara ta 2020 saudi aramco ta bada rahoton faduwar kashi 50 cikin 100 na kudaden shiga na rabin farkon shekarar kudinta, yayin da bukatar man fetur da farashinsa ke ci gaba da faduwa sanadiyar cutar covid-19 A ranar 3 ga watan nuwamba shekarar 2020, saudi aramco ta bada rohoton raguwar ribar 44.6 cikin kashi 100 na ribar da aka samu a cikin rubu'i na uku a tsakanin cutar covid-19 A ranar 14 ga watan disamba shekarar 2020, gidan talabijin na kasar saudi arebia ya sanat da cewa wani karamin wani karamin kwale kwale da aka makale da bama bamai ya kai hari kan wani jirgin dakon mai dauke da sama da tan metric 60 na man feturmaras leda daga matatar mai ta aramco dake
15079	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folake%20Solanke	Folake Solanke	Cif Folake Solanke (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1932), SAN, CON lauya ce ta Najeriya, mai gudanarwa, kuma mai sukar zamantakewa. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara zama Babban Lauya a Najeriya kuma ita ce mace lauya ‘yar Nijeriya ta farko da ta fara sanya rigar alharini a matsayin Babbar Lauya. Ita ce Kwamishina ta farko a Jihar Yamma kuma tsohuwar Shugabar Hukumar Yada Labaran Talabijin ta Yammacin Najeriya (WNTBC). ta kasance tanada fada aji a yankinta. Ita ce ta 42 kuma Shugabar Afirka ta Farko ta Zonta International, kungiyar ba da agaji ta kasa da kasa da ke maida hankali kan ciyar da matsayin mata gaba. Shugaban na Duniya na 43 shi ma ɗan Afirka ne. Farkon rayuwa An haifa Solanke a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1932 a gidan marigayi Pa. JS Odulate a Abeokuta, babban birnin jihar Ogun da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Daga 1937 zuwa 1939, Solanke ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ago Oko. Daga 1940 zuwa 1944, ta halarci makarantar mata ta Emo a Abeokuta. Daga shekarar 1945 zuwa 1949, ta halarci makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Methodist da ke Legas, inda ta dauki lambar farko a fannin Turanci da Lissafi a koyaushe. A shekarar 1949, Solanke ta sami Takardar shedar shiga Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma, ta zama Firayim Minista da Kyaftin din Wasanni, kuma a Jarrabawar Takardar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma ta zama ɗalibar farko a makarantar da ta sami takardar shaidar aji ɗaya. Ta yi shekara guda a Kwalejin Sarauniya da ke Legas kafin ta ci gaba zuwa Jami’ar Newcastle (a lokacin tana Jami’ar Durham Ingila, inda ta sami digiri na farko na Kwalejin kere kere (Kashi na 2) a Latin da Lissafi a 1954. A 1955, Solanke ta karɓi takardar difloma a fannin ilimi (2nd Division) kuma ta shiga malanta a makarantar Pipers Corner School, Great Kingshill, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, inda ta koyar da Latin da lissafi na tsawon shekaru 2. A watan Oktoba 1956, ta auri Toriola Solanke. A shekarar 1957, ta shiga aikin malanta na St Monica's High School, Essex, inda ta koyar da darussan iri daya na shekara daya. A cikin 1960, Solanke ya sami shiga Gray's Inn, London don karanta karatun digiri a fannin shari'a A shekarar 1962, ta dawo Najeriya domin yin aikin lauya. Aikin doka da oda Bayan dawowarta Najeriya a watan Agustan 1962, Solanke ta fara aikin lauya a dakin marigayi Mai Shari'a Michael Adeyinka Odesanya (rtd), yayin da take koyar da Latin da Lissafi a Makarantar Yammacin Yammata ta Grammar da ke Ibadan, Oyo Mahaifinta ya mutu a watan Afrilu 1963. A watan Mayu 1963, bayan da aka kira ta zuwa ga lauya ba ta nan, sai ta koma ofishin shari'a na Cif Frederick Rotimi Williams a matsayin karamin lauya. A cikin 1972, an nada Solanke a matsayin kwamishina na Jiha na farko kuma shugaba na Gidan Rediyon Yammacin Najeriya (WNTBC). A cikin 1981, Solanke ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara zama babbar lauya a Najeriya kuma lauya mace ‘yar Najeriya ta farko da ta fara sanya rigar siliki. Solanke ya tashi daga mukaminsa na Zonta International, ya fara aiki a matsayin Hakimin Gundumar Afirka sannan kuma ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa da Kasa. A cikin 1988, 1990, da 1994, Solanke ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa na kungiyar (ba ta shiga 1992 ba). Ta yi rashin nasara a karo biyu na farko, amma ta ci nasara a karo na uku, an zabe ta a Hongkong a ranar 21 ga Yulin, 1994 a matsayin Shugaba na 42 na Duniya, ba-kaucasian na farko, shugaban Afirka na kungiyar tun kafuwarta a 1919. Tarihin rayuwar Solanke, Neman isa ga taurari an buga shi a 2007. Littafin ya bayyana ta a matsayin "Lady of farko da farko" da kuma yadda ta yi fice a harkar lauya. Lamban girmaa Solanke ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da girmamawar kasa ta Kwamandan Umarnin Nijar A 1981, Marigayi Olubuse II, na 50 na Ooni na Ife ya ba Solanke taken gargajiya na "Yeyemofin of Ife" biyo bayan tattaunawar da ta yi da Babban Lauyan Najeriya. A shekarar 2012, Solanke karbi International Bar Association 's fice International Woman Lauya Award a Ƙungiyar ta 5th Duniya Lauyoyin Mata' Conference da aka gudanar a London, a fitarwa na ta sana'a kyau da kuma m taimako ga ci gaba na mata a cikin doka sana'a Har ila yau a cikin 2012, Solanke ta fitar da littafinta na biyu, A Compendium of Selected Lectures and Papers, Volume 1 A ranar 17 ga Janairun 2015, Solanke ya sami lambar yabo ta Rayuwa ta Jaridar The Sun a wani bikin da aka yi a Eko Hotels and Suites, Victoria Island, Lagos. Duba nan kasaa Mata na farko lauyoyi a duniya Manazartai Mutane Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga jihar Abeokuta Yan siyasa Ƴan Najeriya Yarbawa Yarbawa yan
37803	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Fulani%20Arabs	Hausa–Fulani Arabs	Hausa–Fulani Larabawa ƙabilar Afro-Arab ce mai addini da ƙabilu irin ta Sudan (Larabci yanki mai faɗin kudu da hamadar sahara, ya kewaye yankin Sahel Larabci sun kasance a yankin Arewacin Najeriya mafi rinjaye. a Sokoto Caliphate, Masarautar Gwandu, Masarautar Kontagora, Masarautar Kano, Masarautar Katsina da Masarautar Zazzau wadanda suka fito daga Larabawa da suka yi aure da ƙabilun Hausawa da Fulani wanda ya kai ga haɗakar al’adunsu da Hausawa da Fulani. Hangen tarihi Majalisun shugabannin ƙasar Hausa kafin Jihadin Fulani sun samo asali ne daga asalinsu ga Bayajidda wani basarake ɗan asalin Bagadaza kuma suna alfahari da zuriyarsu daga Bayajidda da Larabawa, wasu daga cikin jagororin jihadin Fulani suma larabawa ne, wani bangare kuma Fulani kamar yadda suke. Abdullahi dan Fodio ɗan uwan Usman dan Fodio ya bayyana cewa danginsu Fulani ne, kuma bangaren Larabawa, sun ce sun fito daga Larabawa ne ta hanyar Uqba bn Nafi wanda Balarabe musulmi ne na Banu Umayyawa na Ƙuraishawa, don haka ne suka yi ikirarin cewa sun fito ne daga Larabawa, Uqba ibn Nafi, wai ya auri wata Bafulatana mai suna Bajjumangbu, wanda ta cikinsa ne dangin Usman dan Fodio suka fito daga Torodbe. Halifa Muhammed Bello da ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa Infaq al-Mansur ya yi ikirarin zuriyar Annabi Muhammad ta hanyar zuriyar kakarsa ce da ake kira Hawwa (mahaifiyar Usman dan Fodio), Alhaji Muhammadu Junaidu, Wazirin Sokoto, masanin tarihin Fulani, ya sake jaddada ikirarin Shaihu Abdullahi. bin Fodio a wajen dangin Danfodio balarabe ne kuma bafulatani ne, yayin da Ahmadu Bello a littafin tarihin rayuwarsa da ya rubuta bayan samun ‘yancin kai ya kwaikwayi da’awar Halifa Muhammadu Bello na zuriyar Larabawa ta wajen mahaifiyar Usman Ɗanfodio, labarin tarihi ya nuna cewa iyalan Shehu dan Fodio. wani ɓangare ne larabawa da kuma fulani waɗanda a al’adance suka hade da Hausawa kuma ana iya siffanta su da Larabawan Hausa-Fulani. Kafin farkon Jihadi na 1804, nau'in fulani ba shi da mahimmanci ga Torankawa (Torodbe), wallafe-wallafen nasu ya nuna rashin fahimta da suke da shi na ma'anar dangantakar Torodbe-Fulani. Sun karɓi yaren Fulbe da ɗabi'a da yawa yayin da suke riƙe da wani keɓantacce Kabilar Toronkawa da farko sun ɗauki membobi daga kowane mataki na al'ummar Sudanī, musamman matalauta. Malaman Toronkawa sun hada da mutanen da asalinsu Fula, Wolof, Mande, Hausawa da Berber Duk da haka, sun yi magana da yaren Fula, sun yi aure cikin iyalan Fulbe, kuma sun zama ƙwararrun malaman Fulbe. Larabawa karkashin jagorancin Muhammad al-Maghili wanda masana tarihi na arewacin Afirka suka ce dan ƙabilar Abzinawa ne amma masana tarihi a Kano sun ce shi Balarabe ne kuma zuriyar Annabi ne ya isa Kano kwanaki uku kafin zuwan Sheikh Abdurrahman Zaite Kano, wanda ya zo Kano. tare da babban gungun limaman Mande masu magana Larabawa da shugabansu Al-Maghili sun yi maraba da zuwa kotun Muhammad Rumfa, Al-Maghili ya tsara ra'ayoyi game da tsarin gwamnati, halayen shugaba mai nagarta, da gudanar da adalci. A daidai wannan lokaci ne Al-Maghili ya yi ishara da ra'ayinsa na cewa shi mujaddadi ne, ko kuma mai farfaɗo da Musulunci, wanda ake kyautata zaton shi ne ya gabatar da wannan ra'ayi a yammacin Afirka, kuma har ya kai ga kafa wannan matsayi na mujaddadi ta hanyar yin tasiri. masu yunkurin kawo gyara a Kano. A bisa bukatar Muhammad Rumfa, Al-Maghili ya rubuta shahararriyar littafinsa kan sana'ar gwamnati, Taj al-din fi ma yajib 'ala I-muluk, wanda aka fassara zuwa "kambin addini game da wajibcin sarakuna", wanda ke nufin ya zama jagora ga gwamnati mai kyau daidai da Musulunci. Tare da rubuta Jumla Mukhtasara (1491) da aka fassara zuwa "jumlolin da aka taƙaita", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan rigakafin aikata laifuka. Akwai wata daula mai zuriyar Larabawa a Kano mai suna Awliya Banu Gha na daular Imam Ghali, dangin sun samar da limamai da dama da malaman tauhidi da masu rike da mukaman gargajiya da masu rike da mukamai da ’yan siyasa a Daular Sakkwato, wasu daga cikin malamai sun yi ikirarin zuriyar Banu Hashim na larabawan kuraishawa ta hanyar daular Sharifain Alaouite da kuma annabin musulunci Muhammad, daga cikin dangi. suna bayyana kansu a matsayin Fulani, Hausawa, Hausa-Fulani ko Hausa-Fulani Larabawa dangane da al’adunsu, da’awar zuriya daga kabilar Larabawa da Annabi ya zama ruwan dare a zuriyar malamai a fadin Arewacin Najeriya da Sahara. A Masarautar Kano wasu mutane na kiransu da Madinawa Malamai, dangane da birnin Madina da suka ce sun fito, da ke yammacin Saudiyya ‘Yan kabilar Jobawa ta bangaren uwa sun cancanci a nada su Makaman Kano, saboda fifikon da aka kafa a zamanin Sarkin Kano Aliyu Babba, wanda ya naɗa Sarkin Takai Umaru Dan Maisaje a matsayin Makaman Kano, wanda ya nada Sarkin Kano Umaru Dan Maisaje a matsayin Makaman Kano. alaka da Jobawa ta hannun mahaifiyar mahaifinsa Habiba, kanwar Malam Bakatsine, ba a yi la'akari da al'adar al'ada ta zuri'ar agnatic ba a cikin nadin da ya kai ga samar da fifiko ga zuriyar Jobawa mai alaka ta uba ko uwa don burin. a nada Makaman Kano. Wani dan gidan Madinawa Malamai Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila, wanda shi ne magajin masarautar Muallimawa, yana da alaka da Jobawa ta wajen kakarsa kaka, ɗiyar Hakimin Sumaila, Sarkin Sumaila Akilu, bajobe kuma dan Makaman Kano Iliyasu. A Masarautar Kano Larabawa sun mamaye wurare daban-daban kamar Alfindiki, Alkantara, Dandali, Sanka, Sharifai, da kuma wani yanki na Bakin-ruwa a cikin birnin Kano, huldar da ke tsakanin Hausawa da Fulani ta kai ga yin auratayya, lamarin da ya haifar da ci gaba. ya bar wasu al’ummar Kano da al’adar gano asalinsu zuwa Saudi Arabia, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, wasu daga cikin zuri’ar nan sun samu mukamai a wuraren da suke zaune a Kano, lakabin Ma’. Aji (Ma’aji) an kebe su ne a hukumar ƴan asalin Kano a farkon lokacin mulkin mallaka saboda irin gudunmawar da kakanninsu suka bayar wajen bunkasa harkokin kasuwanci da harkokin kuɗi a Masarautar. Turawan Ingila sun ci Kano a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1903, Turawan fataken Larabawa mazauna ƙarƙashin jagorancin Alhaji Abande sun tuntubi Turawan da suka nuna fifikon nadin Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Abass a kan dan Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Tukur mai suna Abdu Lele da Sarkin Kano Muhammadu Abass. Turawan mulkin mallaka ne suka naɗa shi Sarkin Kano. A Masarautar Katsina Ummaran Dallaje sarkin Fulani na farko sannan kuma uban gidan Dallazawa wanda aka haifa a garin Dallaje kimanin shekara 50. km daga Katsina, Balarabe ne a zuriyarsa, sunan mahaifinsa Abdulmumini. Kakannin Ummaru sun yi hijira ne daga daular Kanem-Bornu kuma asalinsu 'yan kabilar Larabawa ne daga Ouaddai a halin yanzu na Jamhuriyar Chadi Lokacin da kakann Ummarun suka iso Katsina suka fara sauka a wani ƙauye mai suna Makar daga baya suka koma Dasije daga nan suka sauka a Dallaje. Fitattun Larabawa Hausa-Fulani Ahmadu Bello Tsohon Firimiyan Yankin Arewacin Najeriya Imam Ghali Jagoran Addinin Musulunci Sheikh Shi'ithu Ghali Malamin Addinin Musulunci Waliyi Abdurrahim-Maiduniya Jagoran Addinin Musulunci Aliyu-Talle Maiduniya Sumaila Jagoran Addinin Musulunci Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila Ɗan siyasa kuma mai gudanarwa Ahmed Abdullahi Aliyu Abdurrahim Sumaila Sarkin Gargajiya Aliyu Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila -Shugaban Addini Yusuf Abdullahi Sumaila Sarkin gargajiya Abdullahi Ahmed Sumaila Sarkin gargajiya Sarkin Fadar Kano Zimit District Head title holder in the Kano Emirate Ma'ajin Kano Salim Hakimin Hakimi kuma Ma'ajin Majalisar Masarautar Kano Matawallen Kano Munir Mai rike da mukamin Hakimi a Majalisar Masarautar Kano Masarautu Toronkawa Dallazawa Banu Ga Madinawa Gidan Maiduniya Muallimawa Aliyawa Abdullahi (gidan Abdullahi) Gidan Sarkin Fadar Kano Zimit Gidan Matawallen Kano Munir Gidan Ma'ajin Kano Salim Manazarta
40468	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glo%20%28kamfani%29	Glo (kamfani)	Globacom Limited, wanda aka fi sani da Glo (Global Communication), kamfani ne na sadarwa na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Mike Adenuga ya kafa a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2003. Tun daga watan Yuni 2018, kamfanin ya ɗauki mutane aiki sama da 3,500 a faɗin duniya. Dubawa GLO yana da masu biyan kuɗi (subscribers) sama da miliyan 45 (Disamba 2018), wanda ya sa ya zama kamfani na biyu mafi girma a cibiyar sadarwa a Najeriya. A shekarar 2011, kamfanin GLO ya zama kamfanin sadarwa na farko da ya ƙera kebul na fiber optic mai karfin dala miliyan 800 wanda aka fi sani da Glo-1, kebul na ƙarƙashin ruwa daga ƙasar Ingila zuwa Najeriya. Ita ce tashar jirgin ruwa ta farko da ta yi nasarar zuwa Najeriya daga Burtaniya ta cikin ƙarƙashin ruwa. Globacom yana da mabanbanta tsarin kasuwanci masu mahimmanci: Glo mobile, Glo Broad Access, Glo Gateway da Glo-1. Mallaka Kamfanin GLO mallakar Mike Adenuga Group ne, wanda kuma mallakin kamfanin ya ƙunshi; (Cobblestone Properties and Estates), kamfanin raya gidaje da kadarori, Conoil PLC, kamfanin sayar da man fetur, da kuma Conoil Producing, kamfanin binciken danyen mai da samar da kayayyaki. Tsarin kasuwancin Kamfanin Glo Mobile Glo Mobile, wani reshe ne daga Globacom Glo Mobile shine hanyar sadarwa na biyu mafi girma a Najeriya. A shekarar farko da kamfanin ya fara aiki, ya sami masu mu'amala dashi (subscribers) miliyan ɗaya a cikin garuruwa sama da 87 na Najeriya, gami da samun kuɗaɗen shiga sama da Naira biliyan 120. A yanzu dai Glo Mobile ya yaɗu zuwa wasu ƙasashen Afirka, wato Benin da Ghana. Kawo ya watan Disamba, 2018 Masu amfani da layin Glo Mobile a Najeriya sun kai sama da miliyan 45. Glo 1 submarine cable GLO-1 kebul ne na farko da aka yi nasara jawowa daga Burtaniya zuwa Najeriya, kuma GLO shi ne kamfani na farko a Afirka da ya fara gudanar da irin wannan aiki. GLO-1 yana da yuwuwar samar da sabis na intanet mai sauri, inganci da sauƙin samun sabis na sadarwa. Glo-1 zai iya sauƙaƙe saka hannun jari na waje da guraben aikin yi musamman ga 'yan Afirka. Kebul ɗin mai nisan tsayin kilomita 9,800 an jawo shi ne daga Bude a Burtaniya har izuwa bakin tekun Alpha da ke birnin Legas, inda nan ne aka gina tashar tsayawar sa. Glo-1 kuma zai inganta (teleconference, distance learning, recovery and telemedicine) da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar zamani d.ss ga ƴan Najeriya da mutanen yammacin Afirka. Ƙasashe Najeriya A watan Agustan 2003, an ƙaddamar da layin Glo Mobile a Najeriya. Kamfanin Glo Mobile ya gabatar da rangwamen farashi, biyan kuɗi da kuma sauran ƙarin ayyuka masu ƙima. Duk da cewa Glo Mobile ne kamfani na huɗu na GSM da aka ƙaddamar a Najeriya, a cikin shekaru bakwai da fara aiki da kamfanin, adadin masu amfani da shi ya karu zuwa sama da miliyan 25. Benin A watan Yunin 2008, an ƙaddamar da Glo Mobile a Benin. Kamfanin Glo Mobile ya nuna ci gaban da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ta hanyar sayar da katin layukan (SIM) 600,000 a cikin kwanaki goma na farko da fara aiki. Glo Mobile yana ba da (offered Per Second Billing), wanda ke cajin masu biyan kuɗi domin Kira (calling) lokacin da aka yi amfani da kuɗin (airtime) ayayi buga waya ko kira. Sun kuma kawo wasu ƙarin ayyuka masu ƙima a layin nasu su ne; MMS (Sabis na Saƙon Multimedia), labarai da bayanai na Glo Magic Plus, bin diddigin abin hawa, da kuma (musical ring-back tones da mobile banking). Ghana A watan Mayun 2008, kamfanin GLO ya sami lasisin aiki ta hanyar rukunin Glo Mobile a Ghana kuma yana shirin samun kashi 30% na cikin masu mu'amala dashi miliyan 11 a cikin watanni 18 da ƙaddamarwa. Suna shirin cimma wannan buri ta hanyar ƙaddamar da (bundled voice da sabis na Intanet) ga mazauna ƙasar Ghana da kuma faɗaɗa ayyukan kamfanin a wuraren da kasuwancin bai kai a manyan biranen ƙasar Ghana guda biyu, Accra da Kumasi. An tsara assasa kamfanin Glo Mobile a Ghana a watanni uku na farkon shekarar 2010. Duk da haka an ɗage kafawar zuwa tsakkiyar watannin shekara ta 2011, harwayau assasa kamfanin haƙa bata cimma ruwa ba domin kuwa an sake ɗage kafa kamfanin a wannan shekara izuwa shekara ta 2012. A watan Janairun 2012, kamfanin na Glo Ghana ya buɗe kamfen na "Reserve your number", kuma ba tare da bude hanyar sadarwa ba ko assasa kamfanin. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2011 GLO ta ƙaddamar da GLO1, wani ɓangare na aikinta na farko a Ghana, don shigar da wani babban jigo a cikin masana'antar sadarwa ta Ghana. A cikin watan Oktoba 2009, GLO ya sami izinin jawo kebul na ƙarƙashin ruwa da Sabis daga International Gateway a ƙasar Cote d'Ivoire. Tarihi A cikin 2005, Glo Mobile ya gabatar da Glo Fleet Manager wanda shine tsarin bin diddigin abin hawa. Tsarin Manajan Fleet na Glo yana taimaka wa masu sufuri/jiragen ruwa sarrafa jiragensu. Har ila yau, sun gabatar da sabis na intanet na Glo Mobile wanda ke ba masu amfani damar shiga yanar gizo waɗanda aka keɓance su don yin browsing ta wayar hannu. A cikin 2006, Glo Mobile ya gabatar da BlackBerry. GLO ta fara ɗaukar nauyin kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka na shekara. Kamfanin ya kuma fara ɗaukar nauyin gasar Half Marathon of Glo Lagos International. A shekara ta 2009, Glo Mobile ya ƙaddamar da sabis na biyan kuɗi na Blackberry wanda ke ba masu biyan kuɗi zaɓi don biyan kuɗin yau da kullun, mako-mako ko kowane wata. Sabis na biya na Blackberry yana ba masu biyan kuɗi damar shiga yahoo mail kyauta da messenger blackberry kyauta. Kamfanin ya kuma ƙaddamar da ayyukan fasahar intanet na 3G mai saurin gaske ta hanyar sayar da modem ɗinsa na 3G. Ana samun hanyar sadarwar Glo Mobile a tsarin 3G a biranen Legas, Abuja, Benin da Fatakwal, (a wancen lokacin). Tallafi Kamfanin GLO na ɗaukar nauyin wasanni. A Najeriya, GLO ya ɗauki nauyin Gasar firimiya ta Najeriya a 2009, Kungiyoyin Kwallon kafa na Najeriya, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF), Glo Lagos International Half Marathon, Glo People Police Marathon, Eyo Festival, Ojude Oba Festival, Eleghe Festival da Hukumar Kula da Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka. A ƙasar Benin, GLO ne ke ɗaukar nauyin bada kyautar FITHEB da CAF na Gwarzon ɗan wasan Afrika. A Ghana, GLO ne ke ɗaukar nauyin gasar Premier ta Glo Ghana, da ƙungiyoyin kwallon kafar Ghana da kuma kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan Afrika na shekara CAF. A cikin Nuwamba 2009, GLO ya zama hukuma ta musamman mai ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United. Tallafin ya kuma haɗa da matasan 'yan wasa daga Benin da Ghana da Najeriya da ke zuwa Manchester domin yin atisaye da kungiyar. Reshen kamfanin na Glo wato Globacom ne kaɗai mai ɗaukar nauyin shirin African Voice (Muryar Afrika) a gidan talabijin na CNN. Manufar shirin ita ce don a inganta wasa a nahiyar Afirka da kuma tallata tambarin 'Globacom' a duk duniya ta dandalin CNN. Nishaɗi GLO ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da MTV akan shirin The Big Friday a cikin shekarar 2012. Wannan ƙawance ya ƙara jawo masu sha'awar wasan kwaikwayon kuma ya ba masu kallo damar fitowa kai tsaye acikin shirin. Akwai fa'ida ga masu biyan kuɗi ko mu'amala da GLO ɗin kan iya samun nasarar lashe kyaututtuka da ake sakawa a kowanne sati/ mako. A cikin Afrilu 2013, GLO ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na, X Factor zuwa Afirka. An gudanar da taron ƙarawa juna sani ne a Najeriya da Ghana, inda babbar kyauta a wajen taron ta kasance kyautar tsabar kudi har dala 150,000 da kuma kulla wata yarjejeniyar da kamfanin Sony Music. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin yanar gizo na Glo Kamfanoni a Najeriya Gine-gine a
22136	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20na%20Duniya	Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Duniya	Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya GHRD kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa (NGO) da ke Hague, Netherlands. GHRD ya mai da hankali musamman kan ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya. GHRD sanya girmamawa a yankunan da jama'a na duniya inda mai tsanani da kuma m keta hakkin dan Adam na kabilanci, da ilimin harsuna da kuma addinin 'yan tsiraru sun sun ci gaba a kan dogon lokaci na lokaci, da kuma inda tsarin taimako da kuma duniya hankalin Gwamnatoci da kuma na kasa da kasa cibiyoyin sun kasa isar GHRD yana gudanar da aikinsa ta hanyar ginshiƙai guda uku sune kamar haka: Rahoton 'yancin ɗan adam: masu sa ido na cikin gida ne suka yi shi Taimakon jin kai da nufin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na take hakkin dan adam Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Kudancin Asiya, Netherlands da Turai. 'Yan tsiraru GHRD yana mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar haka: wadanda ke da rinjaye ta fuskar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa; waɗanda aka hana su samun kariya mai tasiri daga manyan keta doka da ƙeta; waɗanda aka hana samun damar albarkatu kawai saboda asalinsu da imaninsu. Aikin GHRD ya dogara ne da Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin oran Marasa rinjaye a shekarar (1992), sabili da haka tana aiki tare da yare, addini da ƙananan kabilu. "Manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar, shi ne karfafawa da karfafa girmamawa ga 'yancin dan adam da kuma' yanci na gari ga kowa, ba tare da banbancin launin fata, jinsi, yare ko addini, cigaba da tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin mutane waɗanda ke cikin nationalan ƙasa ko ƙabilu, addinai da yare, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban al'umma gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin tsarin dimokiradiyya da ke kan doka, zai taimaka wajen ƙarfafa abota da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane da Jihohi "Babban Taron Majalisar 47/135, 18 ga Disamba n shekara ta 1992. Taimako na Jin kai don Gangamin Nepal (2019) Nepal ta yi mamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a cikin daren 31 Maris 2019. Har yanzu ba a bayyana adadin mutanen ba, amma kamfanonin dillancin labarai sun kiyasta cewa akwai aƙalla rayukan 31, da raunuka 400 da kuma gidaje sama da 2,400 da aka lalata. An ba da rahoton cewa kayayyakin agajin ba su isa don biyan bukatun waɗanda bala'in ya shafa ba. Mutane da yawa har yanzu ba su sami abinci ko tanti na tanti ba da za su fake. A dalilin haka ne GHRD ya fara wannan kamfen na neman kudi. GHRD Nepal yana da ƙungiyar likitoci waɗanda ke buƙatar kayan aiki da magunguna don amsa wannan rikicin cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar samar da abinci, tufafi, ruwa mai tsabta da matsuguni da ke da mahimmanci don rayuwa ga yankunan da abin ya shafa. Kamar yadda GHRD Nepal ke aiki a cikin gida, suna iya nuna abin da ake buƙata musamman don taimakawa yadda ya kamata. Ta haka ne za a yi amfani da kuɗin kai tsaye kuma a raba shi zuwa inda aka fi buƙata. GHRD ya sanya manufar 3000, wanda ya dogara da ƙididdigar yawan kuɗin magungunan asibiti, abinci da tufafin da ake buƙata a yankin da abin ya shafa. Tabbas, yayin da adadin raunin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, gwargwadon yadda muke ɗagawa za mu iya kasancewa na taimako. Kuna iya samun shafin tallafi a: https://www.geef.nl/nl/actie/humanitarain-aid-to-nepal/donateurs Hakkokin Mata Maris (2019) Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) ya shirya wani taro a ranar 7 ga Maris na shekara ta 2019 don nuna fitinar da ake yi wa tsirarun addinai a Pakistan. 'Yancin Dan Adam na Nirmala (2018) GHRD ta taimaka shirya wani shiri a Nepal don kare hakkin mata. Malama Sukomal Bhattarai ta gabatar da jawabi a kan lamarin Nirmala, yarinya ‘yar shekara 13 da aka yi wa fyade da kisan kai. Ta yi amfani da wannan shari'ar ne wajen isar da sako wanda ke nuna yaduwar jinsi da tashe-tashen hankula na addini. A jimla an gabatar da jawabai guda 8 kuma kwamitin mashahurai da baƙi guda 80 sun halarci taron. Sanarwa ta Sanarwa: Ranar Duniya don Kawar da Cin zarafin Mata (2018) A ranar 24 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 2018, ƴancin ɗan adam Focus Pakistan (HRFP) tare da haɗin gwiwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) sun shirya wani taron a ranar Mata ta Duniya ta Shekara ta 2018 don Kawar da Tashin Hankalin Mata. Wakilan kungiyoyin farar hula, mata masu fafutuka, ma'aikatan siyasa, masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a, na HRD, lauyoyi, malamai, matasa da dalibai sun halarci kawo karshen take hakkin mata. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kare hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya GHRD Bangladesh Gangamin: Dakatar da Fyade Gang! Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya Ƴancin ɗan adam Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Kungiyoyi Pages with unreviewed
16323	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam%20Kaba	Mariam Kaba	Mariam Kaba (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1961) ta kasance yar fim ce ta Faransa da Guinea. Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Mariam Kaba ce a Kankan, Guinea, ‘yar Mohammed Ba Kaba, jami’in diflomasiyya kuma marubucin litattafai da dama kan addinin Islama. Ta koma Faransa a farkon shekarar 1980s. Bayan ta karɓi lambar yabo, Kaba ya shiga cikin atcole des nouveaux métiers de la sadarwa galibi bisa umarnin mahaifinta. Ta halarci makarantar ne kawai na shekara guda kuma ta kashe kuɗin da mahaifinta ya tura mata a kan darasi na wasan kwaikwayo, tana karatu a ƙarƙashin Isabelle Sadoyan. Matsayin farko na. Mariam Kaba shine matar Toussaint Louverture, tare da Benjamin Jules-Rosette, darektan Théâtre noir a Faris. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ta sami matsayi a cikin jerin TV ɗin Marc da Sophie A cikin shekarar 1989, Kaba ta fara fim a cikin fim na Périgord noir, wanda Nicolas Ribowski ya bayar da umarnin Ta buga Maina, wata budurwa wacce ta zo aiki a yankin Périgord A shekara ta 1992, ta fara fitowa a fim dinta na farko a Afirka, Blanc d'ébène Tarihin Yaƙin Duniya na II wanda Cheik Doukouré ya jagoranta, ta yi wasa da wata ma'aikaciyar jinya wacce aka ɗauka tare da malamin Lancéi Kanté. Daga baya a cikin shekara, Kaba ya fito a cikin Idrissa Ouedraogo 's Samba Traoré Ta sake haɗa gwiwa tare da Doukouré a cikin 1994, a cikin Le Ballon d'or An haifi ɗanta a cikin shekarar 1999. A cikin 2000, Kaba ta yi wasa da Pauline Lumumba, matar ɗan siyasa Patrice Lumumba, a cikin Raoul Peck na Lumumba Kaba ta san ɗansa, Roland, a ƙuruciya amma ba ya son haɗuwa da Pauline kafin rawar. Ta yi gwagwarmaya don rawar ne saboda tana sha'awar tarihin. Kaba ta fito a cikin shirye-shiryen TV na Faransa sama da 15 da fina-finan TV, kamar Navarro, Villa mon rêve, l'Avocate, Quatre cent da ake zargi da Justice de femmes Wasan da ya fi kawo rigima shi ne fim din 2002 Fatou la Malienne da Fatou l'Espoir, wanda Daniel Vigne ya jagoranta. Kaba ta taka mahaifiyar Fatou, ta tilasta mata yin auren da ba ta so. Lamarin ya haifar da kuka a kasar ta Mali har ya kai ta ga yi mata satar kan titi. Kaba ta bayyana cewa ta karanta rubutun kafin haduwa da Fatou na ainihi, kuma ba za ta taba barin mijinta ya yi makamancin wannan da 'yarta ba. Wasu Fina-finai 1989 Périgord noir kamar Maina 1989 Vanille Fraise a matsayin matar farko ta Hippolyte 1992 Blanc d'ébène kamar Saly 1992 Samba Traoré a matsayin Saratou 1994 Le Ballon d'or a matsayin Fanta 1995 Pullman paradis kamar Jeja Sembene 1997 Saraka ta zama matar Marabout 1999 Haut les cœurs! 2000 Lumumba kamar Pauline Lumumba 2001 Quand akan sera babba 2001 Paris selon Moussa a matsayin Mame Traoré 2005 Afrika Paradis a matsayin shugaban majalisar ƙasa 2006 Le Grand Appartement a matsayin matar goma ta Oussamba 2009 La Journée de la jupe a matsayin mahaifiyar Mouss 2010 Shugaban Turk a matsayin uwar Afirka 2011 Un Pas en avant kamar yadda Gentivi 2011 Polisse a matsayin mace mai korafi a ofishin yan sanda 2014 Valentin Valentin a matsayin kyakkyawan Afirka 2016 Zoben Bikin aure a matsayin mai ɓoyewa 2017 Il a déjà tes yeux as Madame Cissé 2018 Vaurien as Salamata Manazarta Haɗin waje Mariam Kaba a Database na Fim ɗin Intanet Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
17665	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20makiyaya%20da%20manoma%20a%20Najeriya	Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya	Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya galibi ya shafi rikice-rikice ne kan albarkatun ƙasa tsakanin Fulani makiyaya galibi Musulmai da akasarinsu manoma Kiristoci a duk faɗin Najeriya amma lamarin ya fi ƙamari a yankin Tsakiyar Najeriya (Arewa ta Tsakiya) tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a 1999. Haka nan an kai hare-hare a Arewa Maso Yammacin Najeriya kan manoma wadanda galibinsu Hausawa ne. Duk da yake rikice-rikicen yana da asali na dalilai na tattalin arziki da muhalli, ya kuma sami matakan addini da kabilanci. Dubunnan mutane sun mutu tun lokacin da rikicin ya fara. Al’ummomin da ke zaune a karkara mazauna yankin galibi ana fuskantar hare-hare saboda yanayin rauni. Akwai fargabar cewa wannan rikici zai ba zu zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma amma galibi hakan gwamnatocin yankin sun yi kasa a guiwa. Hare-hare a kan makiyaya sun kuma kai su ga ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari ga wasu al'ummomin. Dalilan rikicin Tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Huɗu a shekarar 1999, rikicin manoma da makiyaya ya kashe mutane sama da 19,000 tare da raba wasu dubban ɗaruruwa da muhallansu. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani yanayi ne na ƙaruwar rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a duk yankin Yammacin Sahel, saboda fadada yawan masu noman manoma da filayen noma a kan filayen kiwo; tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar kasa; karuwar jama’a rugujewar hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen gargajiya na takaddama kan filaye da ruwa da yawaitar kananan makamai da aikata laifuka a yankunan karkara. Rashin tsaro da tashe-tashen hankula sun sa jama'a da yawa ƙirƙirar sojojin kare kai da mayaƙan ƙabilanci da na kabilu, waɗanda suka tsunduma cikin ƙarin tashin hankali. Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya sun faru ne tsakanin Fulani makiyaya Musulmai da manoma kiristoci, abinda ke kara haifar da tashin hankali na addini. Rikicin ƙasa Ana iya danganta rikicin Makiyaya da Manoma a Najeriya da matsalar rashin fahimtar juna game da filayen ƙasa. Farkon ƙarni na 21 ya shaidi rigingimu tsakanin Makiyaya da Manoma musamman ma a yankin tsakiyar Najeriya. Rikicin yanayi Taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli, kwararowar hamada da lalacewar ƙasa sun sa Fulani makiyaya daga Arewacin Najeriya canza hanyoyinsu na safarar mutane. Samun filin kiwo da wuraren shayarwa a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya zama mahimmanci ga makiyayan da ke tafiya daga Arewacin ƙasar. Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa canjin yanayi ne ke haifar da rikicin amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa canjin yanayi ba ya haifar da rikici kai tsaye ba, amma duk da haka ya canza tsarin ƙaurar makiyaya. Yankunan da ke fuskantar matsalar canjin yanayi (Yankunan Arewacin) ke fuskantar karancin rikicin manoma da makiyaya da kuma fada mai tsanani tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Ana jayayya cewa akwai bukatar bambance-bambance na ainihi tsakanin kungiyoyin noma da kiwo a cikin bayanin yadda tsarin alakar rikicin makiyaya da manoma da makiyaya yake. Rikicin yanki a Jos da Kaduna Rikicin manoma makiyaya yana faruwa a yankuna da suka kasance ba su da tabbas tun daga shekarun 2000. Rikicin birane a cikin Jos da Kaduna ya kasance mai tayar da hankali musamman, duk da tashe-tashen hankula da hukumomi, ba a taɓa magance musababbinsu ta hanyar siyasa ba. Ba za a iya magance rikice-rikice yadda yakamata ba saboda hukumomin gargajiya ba su cika rawar da suke takawa a matsugunan mulkin mallaka. Warware rikicin Gwamnatin Najeriya ba ta son ta magance musabbabin rikicin. Yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin Arewa Maso Gabas da kuma fuskantar tashe-tashen hankula a yankuna daban-daban na kasar, amma duk da haka gwamnatin ta yi kokarin aiwatar da wasu matakai.</br> Tun daga 2012, akwai ayyukan da aka kirkira don kirkirar hanyoyin wuce gona da iri ta hanyar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Galibi 'yan majalisun Arewa suna goyon baya kuma takwarorinsu na Kudancin ke adawa da su, waɗannan ayyukan ba su da nasara. </br> A shekarar 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi kokarin kirkirar matsugunan yankin makiyaya (RUGA). Shawararsa ta gamu da mummunar suka. Jerin hare-hare Jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje galibi ba sa iya bayar da takamaiman adadin waɗanda suka mutu. Duk da yawan hare-hare, 'yan jaridun Najeriya da na kasashen waje ba su cika samun shedun gani da ido ba kuma sukan bayar da rahoto ba daidai ba. Dangane da Lissafin Ta'addancin Duniya, wadannan rikice-rikicen sun haifar da mutuwar sama da 800 a shekarar 2015. Shekarar ta 2016 ta ga wasu abubuwan da suka faru a Agatu, Benue da Nimbo, Jihar Enugu A watan Afrilun 2018 ‘yan bindiga Fulani sun kashe mutane 19 yayin wani hari a cocin, daga baya sun kona gidaje da dama da ke kusa. A watan Yunin 2018, sama da mutane 200 aka kashe tare da kona gidaje 50 a wani rikici tsakanin manoma da Fulani makiyaya a jihar Filato A watan Oktoba 2018, Fulani makiyaya sun kashe a kalla mutane 19 a Bassa. A ranar 16 ga Disambar 2018, wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake zaton Fulani makiyaya ne sun kai hari a wani kauye da ke Jena’a, inda suka kashe mutane 15 tare da jikkata wasu akalla 24, harin ya faru ne a wajen bikin aure. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairun 2019, wani hari da wasu da ake zargin Fulani ne ’yan bindiga suka kai a wani yankin Adara da ake kira Ungwar Bardi sun kashe mutane 11. Rikicin ramuwar gayya da Adara ya kai wa kauyukan Fulani ya kashe a kalla mutane 141 tare da 65 da suka ba ta. Hare-haren sun faru ne a Karamar Hukumar Kajuru da ke jihar Kaduna. A cewar wani gwamna dalili ya lalata wasu kebabbun al'ummomi. Hadin guiwar da aka yi wa kisan Kajuru ya bayyana a ranar 18 ga Maris Maris 2019 cewa an kashe mutane 130 a cikin jerin hare-haren ramuwar gayya tun bayan kisan gillar da El-Rufai ya sanar. A watan Janairun 2018 kimanin mutane 10 ne suka mutu a wani hari da daukar fansa da ya shafi makiyaya da manoma na yankin a Karamar Hukumar Numan ta Jihar Adamawa. A watan Mayun 2018 sama da makiyaya 400 sun kai hari kauyuka hudu na Lamurde, Bang, Bolk, Zumoso da Gon a kananan hukumomin Numan da Lamurde na jihar Adamawa inda suka kashe mutane 15. Wasu makiyaya sun kashe mutane 21 a wani kauye da ke karamar hukumar Demsa a jihar Adamawa. Fulani makiyaya sun kashe Kiristoci 32 Bibiyar Tarihi Adebanwi, Wale, 'Ta'addanci, Yankin ƙasa da Gwagwarmayar rashin asali da Citizan Kasa a Arewacin Najeriya', Nazarin ensan ƙasa, 13.4 (2009), 349-63 Amnesty International, Girbin Mutuwa: Shekaru Uku na Rikicin Jini tsakanin Manoma da Makiyaya a Najeriya, 2018 Bearak, Max, Jane Hahn, Mia Torres, da Olivier Laurent, 'Talakawan da ke wanzar da zaman lafiya a rikicin Manoma-makiyaya na Najeriya', The Washington Post, 10 Disamba 2018 Talakawan da ke kiyaye zaman lafiya a cikin rikice-rikicen ƙasar da ke fama da kashe-kashe> isa ga 25 Disamba 2019] Higazi, Adam, 'Rikicin Manoma-Makiyaya a kan Filato na Jos, Tsakiyar Nijeriya: Amsoshin Tsaro na' yan banga na cikin gida da Jihar Najeriya Rikici, Tsaro da Ci Gaban, 16.4 (2016), 365-85 Na ,arshe, Murray, 'Musulmai da Krista a Najeriya: Tattalin Arziki na Tsoro na Siyasa', Jadawalin Zagaye: Jaridar Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 96.392 (2007), 605-16 Karshe, Murray, 'Neman Tsaro a Musulmin Arewacin Najeriya', Afirka, 78.1 (2008), 41–63 Mustapha, Abdul Raufu, da David Ehrhardt, eds., Creed Grievance: Alakar Musulmi da Kirista Yanke Rikici a Arewacin Najeriya (Oxford: James Currey, 2018) Ochonu, Moses E, 'Fadada Fulanin da Tsarin Mulkin mallaka a Lardin Mulkin Mallaka na Lardin Adamawa', a cikin Mulkin Mallaka da Wakilcin Wakilcin Wakilcin Hausa da Masarautar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya a Nijeriya (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014), pp. 129–56 Reynolds, Jonathan, Lokacin Siyasa: Musulunci da Siyasar Halatta a Arewacin Nijeriya 1950-1966 (San Francisco: International Scholar Publications, 1999) Manazarta Rikici a Najeriya Tarihin Najeriya
50630	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri%20Derkert	Siri Derkert	Siri Karin Derkert (30Agusta 188828Afrilu 1973)ɗan wasan Sweden ne kuma mai sculptor.Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai karfi don zaman lafiya,mata da kuma matsalolin muhalli. Rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Derkert a ranar 30Agusta 1888 a cikin Ikklesiya na Adolf Fredrik Church a Stockholm. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yara bakwai na ɗan kasuwa Carl Edward Johansson Derkert da Emma Charlotta Valborg,haifaffen Fogelin. Ta sami ilimin fasaha na farko a makarantar fasaha ta Kaleb Althin a Stockholm,inda ta fara a 1904. Ta tafi Royal Institute of Art a 1911-13. A cikin 1913,Derkert ta koma Paris inda ta yi karatu a Académie Colarossi da Académie de la Grande Chaumière tare da sculptors na Sweden Ninnan Santesson da Lisa Bergstrand,har zuwa farkon yakin duniya na daya a cikin kaka na 1914.A cikin Fabrairu 1914, abokan uku sun shafe makonni biyar a Algiers inda aka gabatar da Derkert zuwa mafi kyawun tsarin launi.A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin ta yi wani lokaci a Italiya,inda aka haifi ɗanta na farko Carlo. Derkert kuma daliba ce a Kvinnliga medborgarskolan vid Fogelstad (Makarantar Jama'a ta Fogelstad don Mata) inda ta isa a watan Satumba 1943.Kasancewar ya zama abin sha'awa ga ayyukanta na baya. Ta yi zane-zane da yawa na matan da ke kula da makarantar,daga cikinsu akwai Honorine Hermelin da Ada Nilsson. Derkert yana da 'ya'ya uku:ɗan Carlo (1915-1994)tare da ɗan wasan Finnish Valle Rosenberg da 'ya'ya mata Liv (1917-38)da Sara (an haife shi 1920)tare da mai zane na Sweden Bertil Lybeck.Derkert ya auri Lybeck a 1921-25,amma ba su zauna tare ba. Derkert ya mutu a ranar 28Afrilu 1973 a Lidingö,kuma an binne shi a farfajiyar cocin Lidingö. Sana'ar fasaha An san Derkert a matsayin mai fasaha tare da salo mai ƙarfi na sirri da kuma salonmagana. A cikin ayyukanta na farko,musamman daga lokacinta a Paris,ana iya samun abubuwa na Cubism da FauvismTa yi zane-zane na siffofi a cikin launin toka,yawanci ta yin amfani da pastels da kuma zane-zane na ciki da hotuna na yara.A cikin shekarun 1910, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zan.Sai a shekarun 1940,ta yi nasarar samun ci gabanta a fannin fasaha. Wannan kuma ya zo daidai da sabuwar shigarta ta siyasa a cikin harkar zaman lafiya da batutuwan mata. Siri Derkert ya ƙirƙira faranti na kayan kwalliya,tarin kayan sawa da ƙirar kayayyaki a cikin 1910s da farkon 1920s.Cubism da zamani sun bayyana a cikin ƙirarta tare da siffofi na geometric da ƙirar da aka yi daga shimfidar masana'anta da zaren beads da lu'u-lu'u don ƙirƙirar siffofi masu murabba'i da rectangular.Lu'ulu'u da launuka masu kyau da ta yi amfani da su sun nuna tasirin gabas da Masar a cikin kayanta ma.A wannan lokacin Ballet na Rasha yana da tasiri mai yawa akan ƙirar kayan kwalliya kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa wasan raye-raye na avant-garde da ta shiga cikin samarwa a cikin 1917. An yi wasan kwaikwayon raye-raye a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Stockholm da aka sani da Intiman,tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Anna Petrus,Märta Kuylenstierna, da 'yar uwarsa Sonja Derkert. Tare sun haɗa nau'ikan fasaha da yawa zuwa Gesamtkunstwerk ta amfani da rawa,kayayyaki,kiɗa,da shimfidar wuri.Ko da yake ba su taɓa ƙirƙirar mabiyi ba,kayan ado sun sami karɓuwa da yabo.An tsara waɗannan kayayyaki a makarantar horar da masu yin riguna da aka sani da Birgittaskolan, inda Derkert ya samar da tarin biyu a kowace shekara.Siri Derkert da kanta ta sa kayan ado irin na bohemian na maza gami da wando na maza.Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mata masu fasaha a wannan lokacin don jaddada zamani da 'yanci. Ta zama sananne ga mafi yawan masu sauraro lokacin da aka tambaye ta yin fasaha a tashar Östermalmstorg na Stockholm metro .Tun lokacin da aka tsara tashar don zama mafaka a yanayin yakin nukiliya, Derkert ya cika ganuwar tare da sakonnin zaman lafiya, mata da kuma bayanin kula daga waƙoƙin juyin juya hali. Lokacin da baje kolin Rörelser i alla riktningar ("Movements in all directions"), wanda aka buɗe a watan Afrilu 1960,ta zama mace ta farko da ta gudanar da baje kolin solo a Moderna Museet a
38041	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kula%20da%20Mata%20ta%20Kasa	Hukumar Kula da Mata ta Kasa	Hukumar kula da mata ta kasa ko (National Commission for Women NCW) a turance. Ita ce hukuma ta gwamnatin Indiya, gaba ɗaya ta shafi ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan duk wasu al'amurran da suka shafi manufofin mata. An kafa ta a ranar 31 ga Janairun shekarar 1992 a ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Dokar Hukumar Mata ta ƙasa ta 1990. Shugaban hukumar na farko shine Jayanti Patnaik. Tun daga 30 Nuwamba 2018, Rekha Sharma ita ce shugabar. Ayyuka Manufar NCW ita ce wakiltar 'yancin mata a Indiya da kuma ba da murya ga al'amuransu da damuwarsu. Batutuwan yakin neman zaɓensu sun haɗa da sadaki, siyasa, addini, daidaiton wakilci ga mata a ayyukan yi, da kuma cin zarafin mata don neman aiki. Sun kuma tattauna yadda ‘yan sanda ke cin zarafin mata. Hukumar a kai a kai tana buga wasiƙar wata-wata, Rashtra Mahila, a cikin harshen Hindi da Ingilishi. Rigingimu Sashe na 497 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Indiya A cikin watan Disamba 2006 da Janairu 2007, NCW ta sami kanta a tsakiyar ƙaramin cece-kuce game da dagewarta cewa ba za a canza Sashe na 497 na Kundin Laifukan Indiya, ba don sanya mata mazinata su gurfanar da su daidai da mazajensu.Amma dalilan da Ms. Vyas ta bijirewa manufar yin wannan laifin laifi musamman ga mata, kamar yadda aka saba ba da shawarar ba su da kwarin gwiwa. Tana ƙin riki mace mazinaciya daidai da laifinta a matsayin mazinaci saboda mata, ta yarda, ba su taɓa yin laifi ba. A koda yaushe su ne waɗanda abin ya shafa.Hukumar NCW ta bukaci kada a hukunta mata saboda yin zina, domin mace ita ce “wanda aka yi wa fyade ba mai laifi ba” a irin wadannan lokuta. Sun kuma ba da shawarar a gyara sashe na 198 na CrPC don ba wa mata damar shigar da kara a kan mazajen da ba su yi amana ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya bisa aikata lalata. Hakan dai ya kasance a matsayin mayar da martani ga “hankali” da ke cikin dokar hukunta masu laifi ta Indiya da ta bai wa maza damar shigar da kararrakin zina a kan wasu mazan da suka yi mu’amalar da ba ta dace ba amma ba su ba mata damar shigar da karar mazajensu ba. Hukumar ta kuma yi aiki don tabbatar da tsaro ga mata a cikin mu'amalar da ba ta dace ba. Rigimar harin mashaya Mangalore NCW ta fuskanci kakkausar suka game da martanin da suka bayar game da harin da wasu maza arba'in na bangaren dama na Hindu Sri Ram Sena suka kai wa mata takwas a wata mashaya a Mangalore a karshen watan Janairun 2009. Bidiyon harin ya nuna yadda aka yi wa matan naushi, ana jan su da gashin kansu, aka jefar da su daga gidan mashaya. An tura mamban kungiyar NCW Nirmala Venkatesh domin ta tantance halin da ake ciki, kuma a wata hira da ta yi da manema labarai ta ce gidan giyan ba shi da isasshen tsaro don haka ya kamata matan su kare kansu. Venkatesh ya ce, "Idan 'yan matan suna jin ba su yin wani abu ba daidai ba, me yasa suke tsoron fitowa su ba da sanarwa?" A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, NCW ta ce sun yanke shawarar ba za su karɓi rahoton Venkatesh ba amma ba za su tura wata sabuwar ƙungiya zuwa Mangalore ba. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, ofishin Firayim Minista ya amince da cire Nirmala Venkatesh bisa dalilan ladabtarwa. Rigimar lalata ta Guwahati Hukumar ta NCW ta sake fuskantar suka bayan cin zarafin wata yarinya ‘yar shekara 17 da wasu gungun maza suka yi a wajen gidan mashaya a Guwahati a ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2012. An zargi mamban NCW Alka Lamba da fallasa sunan karamar yarinya ga manema labarai, kuma daga baya aka cire ta daga kwamitin binciken, duk da cewa ta kasance mamba a hukumar. A mako mai zuwa, shugabar NCW Mamta Sharma ta yi tsokaci da ke nuna cewa mata "ku yi hankali da yadda kuke yin sutura", wanda ya gayyato sukar da aka yi mata cewa tana da laifi. Rigimar ta sa masu fafutuka suka yi kira da a sake fasalin hukumar. Rikicin fyade da kisan kai a Badaun A cikin 2021, an sake sukar NCW saboda yin laifin aikata laifin fyade da kisan gilla da aka yi wa wata mata a Badaun, Uttar Pradesh. An aika da tawaga mai mutane biyu daga NCW zuwa wurin da lamarin ya faru domin ganawa da iyalan mamacin da kuma shirya rahoton gano gaskiyar lamarin. Mamba na NCW Chandramukhi Devi, wacce ke cikin tawagar, ta bayyana wa manema labarai cewa, wani ɓangare na laifin faruwar lamarin yana kan wanda aka azabtar, saboda ta zaɓi ziyartar haikalin da yamma. Devi ya ce, "Kada mace ta fita cikin sa'o'i masu ban sha'awa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wani. Ina tsammanin da ba ta fita da yamma ba, ko kuma ba ta tare da yaro tare da ita ba, da an hana ta.” Kalaman dai sun janyo suka sosai a shafukan sada zumunta, da ma wasu shahararrun mutane. Bayan sukar jama'a, Devi ta janye kalaman nata. Shugabanni Hukumar Mata ta Jiha Ga jerin sunayen kwamitocin mata a matakin jiha Duba kuma Domestic violence in India Dowry system in India Female foeticide in India Feminism in India Gender inequality in India Gender pay gap in India Men's rights movement in India Rape in India Welfare schemes for women in India Women in India Women in Indian Armed Forces Women's Reservation Bill Women's suffrage in India Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje The National Commission for Women, India, official
40964	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Iran	Tarihin Iran	Tarihin Iran yana da alaƙa da tarihin babban yanki da aka sani da Greater Iran, wanda ya ƙunshi yankin daga Anatoliya a yamma zuwa iyakokin tsohuwar Indiya da Syr Darya a gabas, kuma daga Caucasus da Eurasian Steppe a cikin arewa zuwa Tekun Fasha da Tekun Oman a kudu. Tsakiyar wannan yanki ita ce Iran, wacce aka fi sani har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 da Farisa a yammacin duniya. Iran gida ce ga ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin manyan ci gaba da civilization a duniya, tare da ƙauyuka na tarihi da na birane tun daga 7000 BC. Kudu-maso-yammaci da yammacin tudun Iran sun shiga cikin al'adun gargajiya na Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da Elam (3200-539 BC), daga farkon zamanin Bronze, sannan kuma tare da wasu al'ummomi daban-daban, irin su Kassites, Mannaeans, da Gutians. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ya kira Farisa "Mutanen Tarihi na Farko". Medes sun hada kan Iran a matsayin kasa da daula a shekara ta 625 BC. Daular Achaemenid (550-330 BC), wanda Cyrus the Great ya kafa, ita ce kasa ta farko ta duniya mai karfin gaske kuma ta yi mulki daga Balkans zuwa Arewacin Afirka da kuma Asiya ta Tsakiya, ta mamaye nahiyoyi uku, daga wurin zama na iko a cikin Persis (Persepolis). Ita ce daula mafi girma da aka gani kuma ita ce daular farko ta duniya. Daular Achaemenid ita ce kawai civilization a duk tarihi don haɗa sama da kashi 40% na al'ummar duniya, wanda ya kai kusan miliyan 49.4 na mutane miliyan 112.4 na duniya a kusan 480 BC. Daular Seleucid, Parthian, da Sasaniya ne suka gaje su, waɗanda suka yi mulkin Iran a jere na kusan shekaru 1,000 kuma suka mai da Iran ta sake zama babbar ƙasa a duniya. Babban abokiyar hamayyar Farisa itace Daular Rum kuma wacce ta gaje ta, Daular Byzantine. Daular Iran dai tana farawa ne a zamanin Iron Age, bayan kwararar al'ummar Iran. Mutanen Iran sun haifar da Medes, Achaemenid, Parthian, da Sasaniya dauloli na zamanin da. Da zarar wata babbar daula, Iran ta sha fama da mamayar Masedoniyawa, Larabawa, Turkawa, da Mongols. Iran ta ci gaba da sake tabbatar da matsayinta na kasa tsawon shekaru aru-aru kuma ta ci gaba a matsayin wani yanki na siyasa da al'adu. Yakin musulmi na Farisa (633-654) ya kawo karshen daular Sasaniya, kuma ya kasance wani sauyi a tarihin Iran. Islamization of Iran ya faru ne a cikin ƙarni na takwas zuwa na goma, wanda ya haifar da koma baya na Zoroastrianism a Iran da kuma yawancin abin dogaronta. Duk da haka, nasarorin da aka samu na wayewar Farisa da suka gabata ba su yi asara ba, sai dai sun shagaltu da sabon tsarin siyasa da wayewar Musulunci. Iran, tare da dogon tarihinta na al'adu da dauloli na farko, ta sha wahala musamman a lokacin Late middle ages da farkon zamani. Yawan mamaye kabilun makiyaya, wadanda shugabanninsu suka zama masu mulki a kasar nan, ya yi musu illa. Daular Safawiyya ta sake hade Iran a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta a shekara ta 1501, wacce ta sanya shi'a Islama a matsayin addinin daular, wanda ke zama daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka canza a tarihin Musulunci. Tun bayan da aka sake yin aiki a matsayin jagorar ikon duniya, a wannan karon tsakanin daular Ottoman da ke makwabtaka da ita, babbar abokiyar hamayyarta tsawon shekaru aru -aru, Iran ta kasance daular da wani sarki ke mulki kusan ba tare da tsangwama ba daga 1501 har zuwa juyin juya halin Iran na 1979, lokacin da Iran ta zama jamhuriyar Musulunci a hukumance. A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu 1979. A tsawon rabin farkon karni na 19, Iran ta rasa yawancin yankunanta a cikin Caucasus, wanda ya kasance wani yanki na Iran tsawon ƙarni, ya ƙunshi Gabashin Jojiya na zamani, Dagestan, Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan, da Armeniya, zuwa ga makwabciyarta mai fa'ida cikin sauri kuma ta kunno kai, daular Rasha, bayan yakin Rasha da Farisa tsakanin 1804-1813 da 1826-1828. Pre-history Paleolithic An samo kayan tarihi na farko a Iran a wuraren Kashafrud da Ganj Par waɗanda ake tunanin sun kasance tun shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata a cikin Paleolithic na Tsakiya. Hakanan an samo kayan aikin dutse na Mousterian wanda Neanderthals ya yi. Akwai ƙarin ragowar al'adu na Neanderthals tun daga zamanin Paleolithic na Tsakiya, waɗanda galibi an samo su a yankin Zagros kuma kaɗan a tsakiyar Iran a wurare irin su Kobeh, Kunji, Bisitun Cave, Tamtama, Warwasi, da Kogon Yafteh. A cikin shekarar 1949, Carleton S. Coon ya gano radius Neanderthal a cikin Kogon Bisitun. Shaidu na Upper Paleolithic da Epipaleolithic an san su galibi daga tsaunin Zagros a cikin kogon Kermanshah da Khorramabad da ƴan wurare kaɗan a cikin Alborz da tsakiyar Iran. A wannan lokacin, mutane sun fara ƙirƙirar fasahar dutse. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21452	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashoshin%20Jiragen%20%C6%98asa%20a%20Najeriya	Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Najeriya	Tashar jiragen ƙasa a kasar Najeriya sun haɗa da: Taswirori Taswirar UN UNHCR Atlas Taswira Biranen da jirgin ƙasa ke hidimtawa Layin Gabas (E) da Yamma (W) an haɗa su ta hanyar Layin Layi. Layin Yamma Apapa (W) Legas. Port garin nika tashoshin mai Lagos (W) (0km) Tashar Terminus Yaba (W) Jirgin kasan Legas na kewayen birni Oshƙasa(W) Jirgin kasa na kewayen birni na Legas Ikƙasa(W) Jirgin kasa na kewayen birni na Legas Agege (W) titin jirgin ƙasa na cikin birni Agbado (W) titin jirgin ƙasa na cikin birni Ijoko (W) tashar jiragen kasa na cikin gari, 2013 Abeokuta (W) Agege (W) mahada Ibadan (W) (156km) Oshogbo (W) Ilorin (W) Zungeru (W) gada Minna (W) mahadar Baro Kaduna (W) mahadar hanyar layin Gabas; mahadar abuja Zaria (WX) mahadar Kaura Namoda (W) Kano (W) (1124km) (babban birnin jihar Kano Nguru (W) tashar kusa da iyakar Nijar Zaria (W) Funtua (W) Gusau (WN) Kaura Namoda (W) Nigeria-Niger border Niamey Bajoga Enugu Idogo (W) ƙarshen reshe Minna (W) mahadar Baro (babban birnin jihar Neja) Baro (W) (reshen reshe) a Kogin Neja Ikeja (Ma'aunin ma'auni) Kaduna (W) Mahaɗar Abuja (0 km) an gama 2014, amma bai isa ba (shirin B) Abuja (W) babban birnin ƙasa 2016 (186 km) A watan Agusta 2016, an kammala sabon layin ma'aunin ma'auni tsakanin Kaduna da Abuja. Layin bakin teku samar da ma'aunin ma'auni Lagos Benin City (babban birnin Edo (300km) Port Harcourt (babban birnin jihar Ribas Layin Hanyar Mahaɗara (W) mahadar hanyar ƙetare Gabas ta Tsakiya Idon (MU) Kafanchan (E) Mahaɗa zuwa layin West Line Tsakiyar Layin 1435mm Wannan layin ya keɓe daga layukan Gabas da Yamma. Agbaja (C) Tama (gabatar da 2011) Itakpe (C) baƙin ƙarfe Ajaokuta (C) Ovu (49m) (C) (bai cika 22 ba kilomita) Warri (C) An shirya layi zuwa Warri; dan kwangila ya biya Oktoba 2009; kammalawa ba a sani ba. (ma'auni masu iya canzawa) Fatakwal Onne Layin Gabas Port Harcourt (E) Aba (E) Distance Ga-Rankuwa-Enugu (E) Otukpo (E) Igumale (E) Makurdi (E) babbar gada Kafanchan (E) mahada zuwa Layin Yamma Kuru (E) mahadar Jos Bukuru (E) tin Jos (E) tin Bauchi (E) ya kasance 762 mm kuma wani bangare na Railway Light Railway (gina 1961) Gombe (E), Maiduguri (E) (tashar jirgin ruwa) titin jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa da Chadi Lafia (E) Oshogbo (W) Umagha (E) Uyo (E) Umuahia (E) Chamo (E) Yenagoa (E) babban birnin jihar Bayelsa tun c1996 Sake gyarawa Lagos (W) 488 km Jebba (W) a Kogin Neja Ƙarƙashin sabunta Ginawa (ma'aunin ma'auni) (waƙa biyu) Lagos (0 kilomita) Kano (128 kilomita) Ibadan (W) (156 kilomita) Wanda aka gabatar (misali ma'auni) Lagos Abeokuta (W) Ibadan Ibadan Oshogbo (W) Ilorin Nyanya Minna (W) (Layin Tekun) Lagos 0 km Garin Benin Calabar 1402 km kusa da kan iyaka da Kamaru Nazarin yiwuwa (2014) Lagos Abuja (615 km); Ajaokuta Obajana Jakura Boro Abuja tare da ƙarin layi daga Otukpo Anyinga Ejule Ida Adoru Nsuuka Adani Omor Anaku Aguleri Nsugbe Onitcha Zaria Kaura Namoda Nnewi Owerri Illela Birni zuwa Konni a Jamhuriyar Nijar (520 km); Benin City Agbor Onicha Nnewi Owerri Aba Onitcha Enugu Abakaliki Eganyi Lokoja Abaji Abuja (280 km) Zuwa Nijar Kauran Namoda (0 km) railhead Sokoto Birnin Kebbi (about 250 km) border Birnin-N'konni Niamey Kano (SGR) border Maradi Kudancin Najeriya Lagos Neja Delta Delta Fatakwal Calabar (kusa da iyakar Kamaru) 2010 Fatakwal da rassa Maiduguri Bonny, Najeriya Owerri Kafanchan Gombe, Gombe Damaturu Gashua Hanyar Jirgin ƙasa ta cikin gari Metro Lines aka gabatar ta cikin gari na Lagos Kashi na farko na Jirgin Sama mai sauki an buɗe a watan Yulin 2018. Rufafu 762 Bauchi 762 mm (buɗe 1914-1927) Zariya Rahama (an sake dawowa game da 1927 lokacin da 1,067 mm babban layin gabas ya isa Kuru Jos ma'adinan tin Bukuru ma'adinan tin Kuru haɗuwa ta gaba Bauchi Manazarta Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya Tattalin arziki Sufuri Jirage a
22764	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimbola%20Fernandez	Abimbola Fernandez	Darnel Abimbọla "Bim" Olumegbon Fernandez (an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1989), magaji ne kuma mawaƙi Ba-Amurke haifaffen Faransa. Ita 'yar Antonio Deinde Fernandez, jakadan hamshakin mai kudin Najeriya ne. A cikin 2014, ta yi waƙa tare da ƙungiyar Pink Grenade, kuma ta saki bidiyo mai rikitarwa biyu waɗanda suka ɗauki miliyoyin ra'ayoyin kan layi. Ta bar tambarinta a waccan shekarar. Rayuwar farko Abimbola Fernandez an haife shi ne a Asibitin Amurka na Paris a Neuilly-sur-Seine, wani yanki ne a yammacin karkarar Paris, Faransa Mahaifinta ya kasance biloniya Antonio Deinde Fernandez daga Jihar Legas a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, wanda ya koma Amurka tun yana saurayi. Danginsa Fernandez sun fito ne daga wani dan kasuwar Fotigal-dan kasar Brazil wanda ya yi iyali tare da matar Afirka a Legas a farkon ƙarni na 19. Mahaifin Fernandez yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu da suka gabata; matarsa ta uku farar fata Ba’amurkiya Barbara Joyce wacce ta aure shi a 1961 yayin da suke zaune a Virginia, ta haifa masa yara uku a Amurka, suka rabu da shi a 1984 ko farkon 1985, sannan suka nemi a sake su a 1987 Abokin zama na hudu shi ne Gimbiya Abiola Dosunmu, wacce ta aure shi a Najeriya a watan Afrilun 1973 a wani biki da aka samu halarta. Ungiyar ta haifar da 'ya mace kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1987-1988. Abokinsa na biyar, mahaifiyar Fernandez Ba-Amurke, an haife shi Sandra Inett Price. Ta dauki sunan Aduke Fernandez ne a haduwar tasu, wacce ta ce ta fara ne a shekarar 1982 tare da bikin aure a Najeriya, duk da cewa daga baya ya ce ba su taba yin aure ba. Thea na farko da ma'auratan suka haifa shine 'yar Atinuke a cikin 1984, sannan Abimbola ya bi ta 1989. Takardar shaidar haihuwa ta kasar Faransa ta bayyana sunan ta kamar Darnel Abimbola Olumegbon Fernandez da kuma sunan mahaifiyar ta Aduke Olufunmilola Olumegbon Price Fernandez. Sunan da aka raba na Olumegbon ya fito ne daga layin Olumegbon mai daraja na Isale-Eko, Lagos; mahaifinta dan gidan wannan mulki ne ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa. Bayan haihuwar Fernandez, dangin sun ɗan zauna na wani ɗan lokaci a Hotel Ritz Paris, sannan suka koma Chateau de Bois-Feuillette a cikin Pontpoint. Wani motsi ya dauke ta zuwa New York, mahaifinta ya sayi gidan tarihi mai tsoka All View Estate a kudancin kudu na Premium Point, New Rochelle Fernandez ya fara koyon violin yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Tana da shekara shida, ta halarci Makarantar Rye Country Day, sannan daga baya Convent of the Sacred Heart a Connecticut. A shekara 10, ta ƙaura tare da dangin zuwa Edinburgh, inda ta halarci Kwalejin Fettes. A 13, ta fara kunna guitar.Fernandez ya kammala karatunsa daga Fettes yana da shekara 18. Ta dauki darasi a cikin samar da bidiyo a Art Art Institute na Birnin New York, sannan a cikin 2009, ta shiga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes a Oxford. Lokacin da ta daina karatu bayan wata ɗaya don bin salon waƙa, mahaifinta bai yarda ba. A lokacin yarinta, Fernandez ta yi rayuwa irin ta 'yar attajira, tana yawo a duniya cikin jirgin sa, musamman zuwa kasashen Afirka, da kuma hutu a lokacin bazara a jirgin ruwan sa mai kafa 150, Yemoja Ta samu horo ne a kan dawaki, tana fafatawa a wasannin dawakai shida na kasa. Mahaifinta ya damu da cewa watakila a sace ta kuma a biya ta fansa. Mutane da yawa a duniya sun ziyarci gidanta a kan kasuwanci tare da mahaifinta, ciki har da Paparoma John Paul II, George HW Bush, Kofi Annan, Nelson Mandela da Mobutu Sese Seko. A watan Mayu 2003 lokacin da take makaranta a Scotland, mahaifinta ya tashi daga gidansu Edinburgh, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fara aiwatar da kisan aure, tana neman 300 miliyan, wanda aka ruwaito a lokacin a matsayin ɗayan mafi girman girman saurin saki. An yanke hukunci a ƙarshe don biyan kuɗi na 36 na monthly 30,000 jimlar ing 1,080,000. Fashion A cikin samartakanta, Fernandez ya yi fasali sau ɗaya don Vivienne Westwood a lokacin Makon Edinburgh. Da take zaune ita kadai a New York, kayan tufafinta sun haɗa da tufafi masu zane kamar su kayan kwalliya na Carmen Marc Valvo, da kuma Gasparee caftan na Gillian Harding. Ta gaji kayan mahaifiyarta ne na suttura da suka hada da caftans da yawa, daya ta Jean-Paul Gaultier, da sauran abubuwa ta Givenchy, Chanel, Oscar de la Renta da ƙari. Waƙa Fernandez ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi a kan guitar a lokacin yarinta. Ta je kide kide da wake-wake kuma ta san membobin kungiyar fandare har abada yara masu ciwo, da kuma Gabe Saporta, shugaba da mawaƙa na ƙungiyar pop-pop band Cobra Starship A cikin 2009, Fernandez ya raira waƙa don goyan bayan waƙa a cikin waƙar "Nice Guys Finish Last", kuma ta yi kwalliya don murfin kundin kundin Hot Mess, wanda ya kai lamba 4 a kan Billboard 200 don zama kundin waƙoƙin da ya fi nasara a Cobra Starship. Fernandez kuma ya yi samfuri don murfin waƙoƙin waƙar, Girlsan mata masu kyau sun tafi mummunan Daukar sunan matakin Madame Luxe, Fernandez ya fara hada kai da mawaka daban-daban. EdM mai zane Draper, shima tsoffin ɗalibai ne na Jami'ar Oxford Brookes, ya nuna Madame Luxe tana rera waka a kan waƙarsa ta dubstep "Painting the Sky", wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a watan Yunin 2011. An saka waƙar a kan EP mai taken Draper, wanda aka fitar a watan Fabrairun 2012 a kan Drop Dead lakabin da Ku kawo min Horizon na gaba Oliver Sykes. Fernandez ya yi aiki tare da deejay trio Cash Cash, yana raira waƙa tare da goyan baya a kan waƙoƙin "Tongue Twister" da "Ba Mu Barci a Dare", duka an sake su ne a cikin kundin tsarin Japan na kawai Cash Cash The Beat Goes On in Satumba 2012. Fernandez shima ya fito a Cash Cash's Crime" Ba laifi bane laifi wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a 2013. A watan Nuwamba 2013, Fernandez ya rattaba hannu ga SMH Records, wanda Jonathan Hay da Mike Smith suka kafa, waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Pink Grenade a kusa da Fernandez. An ba shi matsayin Bim Fernandez, ta buga guitar da raira waƙa a kan waƙoƙin "Lets Take It tsirara" da "Lipstick", tare da raba waƙar ta ƙarshe tare da Hay da Cash Cash. An fitar da waƙar pop ɗin "Bari mu ɗauka tsirara" don yawo a kan layi a cikin Janairu 2014. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2014, an loda bidiyon “Bari Mu Itauke shi a tsirara” zuwa Vevo da WorldStarHipHop, sun tara 7.5 miliyoyin ra'ayoyi a cikin makon farko. Bidiyon ya bambanta wasan kwaikwayo, kidan poppy tare da almara mai ban mamaki na Fernandez tare da yara maza da hodar iblis, girkin meth, da yin wasan Roulette Roulette, wanda aka saka da ciki mai ciki kamar tana cikin watannin ƙarshe na ciki. Jaridar The Herald a Najeriya ta kira bidiyon "abin kunya, mai tayar da hankali da hargitsi." Vevo da WorldStarHipHop ne suka saukar da bidiyon amma har yanzu ana iya kallon Tidal. Bidiyo na waƙar hip-hop "Lipstick", an sake shi a ranar 23 ga Yulin, 2014, tare da wuraren wasan kwaikwayon Fernandez, suna musanyawa da wuraren wasan mata masu wasa da jan leshi da fenti. Waƙar "da ake zargi da lalata" tana da waƙoƙin da ke ba da shawarar fellatio, kuma a ƙarshen muryar namiji "ta raba" Kim Kardashian da iyalinta. An saka waƙoƙin a ƙarshen Yuli a kan albam ɗin Grenade na Pink, Tsoron Planawon Ruwa mai ruwan hoda, wanda aka rarraba ta Caroline Records. Fernandez ya bar Rakodin SMH a cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014. Rayuwar mutum Mahaifiyar Fernandez ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa ta hanjin ciki a watan Mayu 2013. Asarar ta sa Fernandez ya sake kimanta aikinta, kuma ya sa gaba a cikin kade-kade, kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta so,sabanin mahaifinta wanda ya yanke mata alawus na fewan shekaru saboda bai yarda da hanyar waƙarta ba Bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2015, Fernandez ya aika da sakonnin girmamawa da hotunan dangi a shafin ta na Instagram, wanda ke nuna mahaifinta tare da ita. Tare da mahaifinta ya mutu, Fernandez da mahaifiyarsa mahaifiya Halima, abokin mahaifinta na shida na dogon lokaci, sun shiga cikin mummunan rikici game da rabon gado. Halima ba ta dauki Fernandez a matsayin halattaccen magajin mahaifinta ba, yayin da Fernandez ya ce Halima ba ta taba auren mahaifinta ba. Fernandez ya rubuta cewa Halima ba ta kula da burin mahaifin a binne shi a Najeriya ba tare da jana'izar kasa, ta binne shi a maimakon Beljiyam inda ya mutu, da kuma shirya wani karamin hidimar jana'iza, wanda aka gudanar tare da maganganun batanci ga mahaifin Fernandez da ya mutu. Rikicin ya bazu cikin jabs na kan layi. Manazarta Haifaffun 1989 Rayayyun mutane Yarbawa Pages with unreviewed
21565	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Dannatt	Richard Dannatt	Janar Francis Richard Dannatt, Baron Dannatt, GCB CBE MC DL (an haife she a radar 23 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1950) mai ritaya m sojan Birtaniya jami'in da kuma memba na House Iyayengiji Ya kasance babban hafsan hafsoshin soja (shugaban sojoji) daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2009. An ba Dannatt izuwa cikin Green Howards a cikin Shekarar 1971, kuma rangadin aikinsa na farko ya kasance a Belfast a matsayin kwamandan yaƙi. A yayin rangadinsa na biyu na aiki, har ila yau a Arewacin Ireland, an ba Dannatt Kuros ɗin Soja Bayan wani mummunan rauni a cikin shekarar 1977, Dannatt yayi tunanin barin Soja, amma kwamandan sa (CO) ya ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba. Bayan Kwalejin Ma'aikata, ya zama kwamandan kamfani kuma daga ƙarshe ya karɓi jagorancin Green Howards a cikin shekarar 1989. Ya halarci sannan kuma ya ba da umarnin Babban Kwalejin da Kwalejin Ma'aikata, bayan haka an ba shi karin girma zuwa birgediya. An ba Dannatt kwamandan runduna ta 4 ta Armored Brigade a 1994 kuma ya umurci sashin Birtaniyya na Imaddamar da (addamarwa (IFOR) a shekara mai zuwa. Dannatt ya karɓi kwamandan Rukuni na 3 a cikin 1999 kuma a lokaci guda ya ba da umarnin sojojin Burtaniya a Kosovo Bayan gajeriyar rangadi a Bosniya, an nada shi Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Sojoji (ACGS). Bayan hare-haren 11 ga Satumba 2001, ya tsunduma cikin tsara ayyukan gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya. A matsayinsa na Kwamandan kungiyar Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), rawar da ya hau a 2003, Dannatt ya jagoranci hedkwatar ARRC a shirin tura turawa zuwa Iraki da Afghanistan Kungiyar ta ARRC ta yi aiki a Afghanistan a 2005, amma a wannan lokacin Dannatt ya kasance Babban-Kwamanda, Kwamandan Kasa kwamandan rundunar Birtaniyya yau da kullun. Ya kasance mai alhakin aiwatar da rikice-rikicen sake tsara fasalin sojojin wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da mulkinsa, Green Howards, aka haɗu a cikin imentungiyar Yorkshire An nada Dannatt Babban hafsan hafsoshi (CGS) a watan Agusta shekarar 2006, wanda ya gaji Janar Sir Mike Jackson Dannatt ya gamu da cece-kuce game da fito na fito da shi, musamman kiraye-kirayensa na inganta albashi da yanayin sojoji da kuma rage ayyukan da ake yi a Iraki don inganta mutanen da ke Afghanistan. Ya kuma yunkuro don kokarin kara martabarsa a bainar jama'a, yana cikin damuwa cewa ba za a iya gane shi sosai ba a lokacin da ya kare martabar Sojoji game da zargin cin zarafin fursunoni a Iraki Daga baya ya taimaka tare da kirkirar Taimako ga Jarumai don samar da wurin yin iyo a Kotun Headley kuma, daga baya a lokacinsa, ya kulla yarjejeniya da manema labarai na Burtaniya wanda ya ba Yarima Harry damar yin aiki a Afghanistan. Sir David Richards ne ya gaje shi a matsayin CGS kuma ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2009, inda ya karɓi matsayin girmamawa na ablean sanda na Hasumiyar London, wanda ya riƙe har zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2016. Tsakanin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2009 da babban zaɓen Birtaniyya a cikin Mayu 2010, Dannatt ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na tsaro ga shugaban Jam'iyyar Conservative David Cameron Dannatt ya yi murabus lokacin da jam'iyyar Cameron ta kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa tare da Liberal Democrats bayan zaben ya samar da majalisar da aka rataye, yana mai cewa Firayim Ministan ya kamata ya dogara da farko da shawarar shugabannin aiyuka masu ci. Dannatt ya wallafa tarihin rayuwa a cikin 2010 kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa tare da wasu kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi masu alaka da sojojin. Ya yi aure tare da yara huɗu, ɗayan ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'i a cikin Grenadier Guards Rayuwar farko Dannatt, ɗan Anthony da Maryamu née Chilvers), an haife su ne a gida a Broomfield yanzu wata unguwa ce ta Chelmsford —in Essex Mahaifinsa da kakansa gine-gine ne, suna aiki ne daga wata kwalliya a Chelmsford, kuma mahaifiyarsa malama ce ta ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Baibul na Landan Yana da yaya mace dattijuwa wacce ta mutu daga cutar kansa a Shekarar 1988. Dannatt ya sami tasirin gaske daga kakannin mahaifinsa, manomi dan Victoria da Kiristanci masu ibada waɗanda suka tsara tsarin magudanar ruwa An tura Dannatt da 'yar uwarsa zuwa makarantun kwana daban. Ya halarci Felsted Junior School, inda ya sami burin zama ƙwararren mai wasan ƙwallo Don karatunsa na sakandare, an tura shi zuwa Kwalejin St. Lawrence da ke Ramsgate, Kent, inda ya shiga cikin Combined Cadet Force (CCF) kuma daga karshe ya koma babban jami’i. Yayinda yake makaranta, ya nuna rashin son sunansa na farko, Francis, bayan an yi kuskure da na yarinya kuma an gayyace shi zuwa bikin maulidi wanda shi kaɗai ne yaro. Daga ƙarshe ya canza zuwa sunansa na tsakiya, Richard, lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar. A lokacin yana son zama lauya, Dannatt ya nemi karatun lauya a Kwalejin Emmanuel, Cambridge amma aka ki amincewa bayan wata hira, a lokacin ne burinsa ya koma aikin soja. Farkon aikin soja Bayan da farko ya kasance yana da sha'awar rundunar tanki, an yi hira da Dannatt a Kwamitin Kwamitin Tsaro (wanda daga baya aka sauya masa suna zuwa Hukumar Zabe ta Soja) daga wani jami'in daga Green Howards, wanda ya lallashe shi ya yi la’akari da dakaru kuma ya shirya ziyarar barikin da ke kusa Colchester. A can ya haɗu da Peter Inge, sannan babban jami'i, kuma Dannatt ya fara shirin shiga Green Howards. Ya shiga Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst a watan Satumba Shekarar 1969 kuma an ba shi izini a cikin Green Howards a matsayin mai mukamin na biyu a ranar 30 ga watan ga Yulin 1971. Bayan ɗan gajeren hutu, an aika shi zuwa Belfast, Arewacin Ireland, a matsayin kwamandan platoon Bayan kammala rangadin, Dannatt ya koma yankin Burtaniya don ɗaukar kwas na kwamandoji, bayan haka ya koma Green Howards a barikinsu da ke Yammacin Jamus Shi da platoon nasa sun dawo Belfast a ƙarshen 1972. Don nuna farin ciki a kan aikin da aka fara harbin sa a Gabas ta Belfast a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1972, daga baya aka ba shi Giciyen Soja Tallarsa ta farko ita ce ta mukamin Laftana a ranar 30 ga Janairun 1973. Bayan kammala rangadinsa a Arewacin Ireland, Dannatt ya nemi yin digiri na "in-service" digiri a jami'ar farar hula da Sojoji ke ɗaukar nauyi-a Kwalejin Hatfield, Jami'ar Durham An yarda da shi, kuma ya fara nazarin tarihin tattalin arziki daga baya a cikin 1973. A lokacin shekarar sa ta farko a jami'a, Dannatt ya halarci muhawara a Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin -wata dama ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba ga wani jami'in Burtaniya da ke aiki a tsayin The Troubles A cikin 1974 ya shiga tara kudi don wata karamar mota wacce aka kera ta musamman da za a samar wa wani dalibi nakasasshe, Sue Foster, wanda ya hada da cin abincin sadaka da aka yi a kwalejoji daban-daban da kuma daukar nauyin tafiya zuwa yankin Scotch Corner da baya. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari don digirin "in-service", an bukaci Dannatt ya koma Green Howards yayin hutun bazara. A duka lokacin bazarar, rundunar tana aiki ne a Arewacin Ireland a Armagh a 1974 da Kudu Armagh a 1975. A lokacin yawon shakatawa ne na 1975 cewa Dannatt ya shiga cikin aikin lalata wata fashewar nakiya. Na'urar ta makale ne, kuma yunƙurin kashe shi ya haifar da fashewarta. Dannatt ba shi da rauni amma sojoji hudu, gami da kwamandan kamfanin Dannatt Manjo Peter Willis aka kashe. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Dannatt ya kame wani mutum dangane da lamarin kuma daga baya ya ba da shaida a kansa a kotu. Dannatt ya kammala karatu a cikin shekarar 1976 kuma, ya sake haɗuwa da rundunarsa, an tura shi zuwa Berlin. An nada shi bataliyar da ke makwaftaka sannan aka ba shi mukamin kaftin a watan Yunin shekarar 1977. A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1977, Dannatt, a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 26 kawai, ya kamu da cutar bugun jini kuma ya shafe yawancin shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana murmurewa, amma an ba shi izinin komawa bakin aiki a 1978. An aika shi zuwa Arewacin Ireland, tare da matar sa, wacce ta haifi ɗa na farko a ma'auratan a cikin Asibitin Yankin Craigavon 'yan makonni kaɗan a cikin rangadin. Dannatt ya bar Arewacin Ireland a gaba da sauran bataliyar kuma an tura shi zuwa Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Surrey, sannan a ƙarƙashin umarnin Manjo Janar (daga baya Janar Sir) Rupert Smith, kuma yana sa ran wannan zai zama aikawarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin hasken bugun sa. Ya nemi aiki da dama a wajen Sojoji amma, bayan karfafawar Smith, ya zauna jarabawar shiga Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Camberley, kuma a Surrey. Ya ci jarrabawar shiga kuma ya ƙi ba da aikin farar hula guda biyu don karɓar wurinsa. Kafin Camberley, a ƙarshen 1980, an tura Dannatt zuwa Catterick Garrison, North Yorkshire, a matsayin kwamandan kamfanin A farkon 1981, kamfaninsa ya karɓi ragamar HM Prison Frankland a lokacin yajin aikin da jami'an gidan yarin suka yi na wata guda. Jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen yajin aikin, an tura shi zuwa Cyprus tare da rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kafin ya koma Surrey don fara Dokar Horas da Ma’aikata ta shekara ɗaya a Camberley. Bayan ya kammala karatun, ya sami karin girma zuwa 30 ga Watan Satumba 1982, kuma ya naɗa shugaban hafsoshin sojoji zuwa na 20 Armored Brigade, da ke Jamhuriyar Yammacin Jamus Bayan shekaru biyu a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata, Dannatt ya koma Green Howards, sannan kuma yana zaune a Yammacin Jamus, don ba da umarnin wani kamfani a karo na biyu a aikinsa. An tura shi zuwa Arewacin Ireland na tsawon watanni shida a cikin 1985, yawon shakatawa na biyar a lardin, kodayake ya fi natsuwa fiye da rangadin da ya gabata. An nada shi Mataimakin Soja ga karamin Ministan Sojoji a 1986, mukaminsa na farko a Ma'aikatar Tsaro (MoD) a Landan. Wanda aka gabatar dashi ga Laftanar kanar a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1987, Dannatt ya kwashe shekaru uku a MoD, a cikin rawar da ya bayyana a matsayin "dinke baraka" tsakanin sojoji da 'yan siyasa, wadanda akasarinsu ba su da kwarewa ta farko a bangaren makamai sojojin. A karshen aikinsa, ya kasance tare da Field Marshal Sir Nigel Bagnall 's Koyarwar Soja ta Burtaniya a matakin karshe kamar yadda aka gabatar don amincewar minista. The Green Howards sun yi bikin cika shekaru 300 a 1988 kuma Dannatt ya karɓi ragamar mulkin a 1989. Ya kasance alhakin overseeing ta mika mulki cikin wani airmobile rawa, forming wani ɓangare na 24th Airmobile Brigade Ya yi hidimar tafiya ta shida kuma ta ƙarshe a Arewacin Ireland a 1991 lokacin da aka tura Green Howards zuwa Kudu Armagh na wata ɗaya. Da yake komawa Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Camberley, Dannatt ya ɗauki Babban Ma’aikaci da Horas da Ma’aikata (HCSC), bayan haka ya sami ci gaba zuwa kanar a ranar 31 ga Disambar 1991, wanda ya koma zuwa 30 ga Yuni 1991, kuma aka ɗora masa alhakin gudanar da aikin. HCSC, kazalika da sabunta Koyarwar Soja ta Burtaniya a ƙarshen ƙarshen Yakin Cacar Baki. Ya kuma tsara shirin yakin neman zabe ga Laftanar Janar (daga baya Janar Sir) Mike Rose na kwamandan Rundunar Kare Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNPROFOR) a cikin yankin Balkans. An inganta Dannatt zuwa Birgediya a ranar 31 ga Disambar 1993, wanda ya koma 30 ga Yuni 1993, kuma ya karbi ragamar runduna ta 4 ta Armored Brigade, da ke Jamusawa. Ya shafe 1994 yana ba da umarni ga brigade da kuma kula da horo kuma, a cikin 1995, an tura shi zuwa Bosniya tare da ma'aikatan hedkwatar sa, ya bar sauran rundunonin a cikin Jamus kuma ya ɗauki jagorancin rundunoni daban daban da aka riga aka tura a Bosnia. Ya umarci Sashin Kudu maso Yammacin UNPROFOR, wanda ya kunshi dakaru daga kasashe da yawa, yayin da kuma yake a matsayin Kwamandan Sojojin Birtaniyya (COMBRITFOR), wanda ke da alhakin kula da ayyukan dukkan sojojin Burtaniya a Bosnia. Bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Dayton a watan Nuwamba 1995, UNPROFOR ya zama Imarfin Aiwatar da NATOungiyar NATO kuma Danungiyar Dannatt ta kasance cikin rukunin ƙasashe da yawa wanda Mike Jackson ya umarta. Daga baya an nada Dannatt a matsayin Kwamandan Umarni na Masarautar Burtaniya (CBE) don hidimarsa a cikin yankin Balkans. Da yake ba da David Brighards Brigade na 4, sai aka nada Dannatt Darakta, Jami'in Shirye-shiryen Tsaro a MoD a 1996 kuma shi ke da alhakin wani bangare na aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaro na Tsare-tsare, wanda gwamnatin Labour ta samar wanda ya hau mulki a Shekarar 1997. Babban umarni Bayan shekaru uku a MoD, Dannatt ya sami matsayin babban hafsa tare da ci gaba zuwa babban janar, kuma ya karɓi jagorancin runduna ta 3 ta Mechanized Division a watan Janairun Shekarar 1999. Daga baya a cikin shekarar, yiwuwar shiga tsakani na NATO a cikin yakin Kosovo ya zama mai yiwuwa, kuma Dannatt da mukarrabansa sun fara shirin mamaye yankin. A cikin taron, Slobodan Milošević ya amince da janye sojojin Serbian Yugoslav daga Kosovo, wanda za'ayi amfani da su Mike Jackson ya tattauna. An yanke shawara, saboda yawan sojojin Burtaniya da ke aiki a matsayin wani bangare na rundunar Kosovo Force (KFOR), cewa hedkwatar runduna ta 3 za ta tura don kula da ayyukan Burtaniya, tare da Dannatt a matsayin COMBRITFOR. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowar Dannatt, wani rukuni mai sulke na Rasha ya shiga Kosovo kuma ya karɓi ikon Filin jirgin saman Pristina Wesley Clark, Babban Kwamandan Kungiyar Kawancen Tsaro ta Turai, daga baya ya umarci Jackson, kwamandan KFOR, da ya toshe hanyoyin sauka da tashin jiragen sama da hana Rasha tashi a cikin karin karfi. Maganar daga baya ta zama mai zafi amma Dannatt, a matsayin COMBRITFOR, an ba da umarnin veto amfani da sojojin Birtaniyya da aka sani a NATO a matsayin "jan kati", da aka bai wa kowane kwamandan rundunar da ke aiki don kowane irin aiki. Daga baya aka ba shi yabo na Sarauniya don Valaukakkun Sabis saboda halin da ya yi a Kosovo. Komawa zuwa Runduna ta 3, Dannatt ya shirya atisaye guda biyu a theungiyar Sojojin Burtaniya ta Suffield a Kanada. Na farko shi ne, a lokacin, atisaye mafi girma da Sojoji suka yi tun ƙarshen Yaƙin Cacar Baki; na biyu kawai ya faru bayan aikin Dannatt a matsayin kwamanda ya ƙare. Dannatt ya shaida matsayin gwani shaida a shari'ar Radislav Krstić dangane da Srebrenica kisan kiyashin, jim kadan bayan da ya aka posted a Bosnia, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kwamanda na kungiyar tsaro ta NATO ta shimfida zaman lafiya Force a 2000. Yawon shakatawa, wanda aka tsara zai ɗauki tsawon shekara guda an katse shi lokacin da Sir Michael Willcocks ya yi ritaya da wuri daga Soja don zama Black Rod Sakamakon canje-canje da ma'aikata suka samu don cike gurbin ya nuna cewa an nada Dannatt Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Janar (ACGS) a watan Afrilu 2001. A watan Satumbar 2001, yana cikin ziyarar sojojin Ingila a Cyprus kuma ya kalli abin da ya biyo bayan harin na 11 ga Satumba a talabijin. A matsayinsa na ACGS, ya kasance yana da hannu dumu-dumu wajen tsara yadda sojoji za su ci gaba a Afghanistan da Iraki daga baya, tare da tsayawa ga Shugaban Janar Janar (sannan Michael Walker lokacin da Walker bai samu ba. Dannatt ya gaji ACGS ne daga David Richards, wanda ya ba shi ragamar runduna ta 4 ta Armored Brigade a shekarar 1996 kuma daga baya ya gaje shi Dannatt a matsayin Shugaban Janar Janar. An nada Dannatt Kwamanda, Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (COMARRC) a ranar 16 ga Janairun Shekarar 2003 kuma aka ba shi mukamin Laftanar janar a wannan ranar. A lokacin mulkinsa, galibi ya damu da tsara yadda za'a tura ARRC a Iraq da Afghanistan. A ƙarshe aka tura shi Afghanistan, amma har sai bayan da Dannatt ya ba da umarninsa ga David Richards. Dannatt ya kware tare da jarinsa a matsayin Babban Kwamandan Kwamandan Bath (KCB) a watan Yunin 2004. Ya gaji Sir Timothy Granville-Chapman a matsayin Babban-kwamanda, Kwamandan Kasa (CINCLAND) wanda ba shi da alhakin tafiyar da harkokin yau da kullun na soja a ranar 7 ga Maris 2005, kuma an ba shi mukamin cikakken janar a wannan ranar. Batun da ya mamaye lokacin da yake Kwamandan-Babban-hafsan shi ne sake tsara rundunar sojoji, wani lamari mai tayar da hankali saboda hakan ya haifar da asarar sunaye da yawa na tarihi, gami da na Dannatt, Green Howards, wanda ya zama Bataliya ta 2, Yankin Yorkshire (Green Howards). Koyaya, lokacinsa ya kuma yi daidai da ƙaruwa da ƙarfi na aiki a lokaci ɗaya a Iraki da Afghanistan, kuma Dannatt ya kafa ra'ayin cewa fifikon kashe kuɗi na gwamnati bai yi daidai da alƙawarin da Armedungiyar Sojojin Burtaniya ta yi a lokacin ba. Shugaban hafsan soji Bayan ritayar Sir Mike Jackson, an nada Dannatt Babban hafsan hafsoshi (CGS) kwararren shugaban Sojan Burtaniya a ranar 29 ga Watan Agusta Shekarar 2006. Ya damu da cewa kafa ofungiyar Sojojin Birtaniyya ya nuna cewa sojoji suna daina amincewa da janar-janar don neman shawara a madadinsu, aikinsa na farko a matsayin CGS shi ne ya rubuta doguwar wasiƙa ga Sakataren Harkokin Tsaro, Des Browne, wanda ya kwafa babban ma'aikacin gwamnati na MoD, Bill Jeffrey Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup, Babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro (CDS); kuma zuwa ga Tekun Farko na Ubangiji da Babban hafsan hafsoshin sama lambobinsa masu akasin haka a cikin Royal Navy da Royal Air Force bi da bi. A cikin wasikar, ya tabbatar da ra'ayinsa cewa Sojoji sun fi karfin aiki ta hanyar aiki a Iraki da Afghanistan kuma cewa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci, kamar jirage masu saukar ungulu, babu su ko kuma basu da inganci kuma sun tsufa, kamar kwace Land Rover Ya kuma nuna damuwa game da matsugunin da aka tanadar wa sojoji a gida da kuma albashin sojoji. A karshen mako mai zuwa, ya yi balaguro zuwa Afghanistan a ziyarar aiki ta farko kamar CGS. Ya sadu da Des Browne da kansa a karon farko kwana biyu bayan ya zama CGS kuma daga baya ya yarda da matsalolin da sakatarorin tsaro ke fuskanta a cikin ɗan lokacin da za su shirya don rawar. Daga baya a lokacin da yake aiki a matsayin CGS, Dannatt ya damu da cewa martabarsa ta jama'a ba ta isa ta yadda za a saurare shi a wajen Sojoji ba, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa game da kotunan sojoji da ake zargin suna da hannu a mutuwar Baha Musa Kamar haka, ya karɓi gayyatar zuwa ga ganawa ta yau da kullun na jami'ai da 'yan jarida a Cavalry da Guards Club a cikin Satumba 2006. A yayin taron, ya tattauna da manema labarai game da kashe kudade gaba daya da kuma karin albashin sojoji. Abin ya ba shi mamaki, kuma sakamakon matsin lamba da kafofin yada labarai suka yi, an ba da sanarwar kyautatawa ga sojojin da suka yi watanni shida suna rangadi a kasashen Iraki da Afghanistan bayan wata daya. Dannatt ya bayyana a cikin kanun labarai a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2006 lokacin da yake yin wata hira da Sarah Sands na jaridar Daily Mail inda ya nuna cewa cire sojoji daga Iraki ya zama dole domin baiwa Sojoji damar mayar da hankali kan Afghanistan, kuma ya kamata sojoji da suka ji rauni su murmure. a cikin yanayin soja maimakon asibitocin farar hula. Kalaman nasa sun sami goyon bayan 'yan jarida da dama da kuma jami'ai da suka yi ritaya, duk da cewa wasu sun yi amannar cewa Dannatt ya yi ba daidai ba kuma suka yi kira da ya yi murabus, yayin da Simon Jenkins na The Times ya kira maganganun Dannatt "ko dai ya yi ƙarfin hali ko kuma ya yi butulci gaba ɗaya". Dannatt ya ci gaba da jagorantar taron masu ba da jin dadi ga jami'an soji domin nuna cewa Sojojin sun fahimci batutuwan da suka shafi dakarunta da kuma shirya jerin kananan taruka, wanda shi da Sir Freddie Viggers suka shirya sannan Adjutant-General to the Forces don tattauna batutuwan jin daɗi tare da kwamandoji a faɗin Burtaniya. A shekarar 2007, Dannatt da matarsa, Pippa, sun ziyarci Kotun Headley, wata cibiyar kula da lafiyar masu rauni na MoD, inda babban kwamandan ya sanar da Dannatts bukatar sa ta wurin ninkaya, amma ya yarda cewa da wuya ya samu tallafin gwamnati. Wani lokaci daga baya, Sarah-Jane Shirreff matar Sir Richard Shirreff ta gabatar da Dannatts ga Bryn da Emma Parry kuma Dannatts sun taimaka wa Parrys tare da kafa Taimako ga Jarumai, wanda aka kafa tare da takamaiman manufar ba da gudummawar kudin iyo waha a Kotun Headley. Da farko Dannatt ya damu cewa burin sadaka miliyan 2 mai yiwuwa ya gagara, amma daga ƙarshe ya sami isassun kuɗi don gina duka wurin wanka da gidan motsa jiki, waɗanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 2010. Shi da Pippa daga baya sun taimaka duka Taimako Ga Jarumai da SSAFA Forces Taimako a kokarin gina gidaje don saukar da iyalan wadanda suka jikkata a Kotun Headley da Royal Center for Defence Medicine a Birmingham, sakamakon wahalolin da dangin George Cross suka samu. Peter Norton Wani babban fifiko na Dannatt shi ne magance fahimtar ayyukan Birtaniyya a Iraki da Afghanistan, saboda ya damu da kafofin watsa labarai kuma jama'ar Birtaniyya ba su san dalili ko ƙarfin ayyukan ba. Rashin jin dadin shi ta hanyar karin maganganu marasa kyau, ya katse hutun dangi a Cornwall don tashi zuwa Afghanistan a kokarin canza yanayin ta hanyar jerin hirarraki. A yayin ziyarar, ya sami damar ganawa da dansa, Bertie, wanda ke aiki a kasar tare da Grenadier Guards Daga baya a cikin Shekarar 2007, Dannatt ya gabatar da wannan batun a cikin lacca ga Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Internationalasa ta Duniya da ke London. A farkon wannan shekarar, Dannatt ya yanke shawarar ƙin barin Yarima Harry ya yi aiki a Iraki. Koyaya, bayan Dannatt ya sasanta da jaridun Burtaniya, Harry ya sami damar yin aiki a Afghanistan tsawon watanni uku a ƙarshen shekarar 2007 da farkon shekarar 2008 har sai labarin ya ɓarke kuma an umurce shi ya koma gida. A cikin shekarar 2008, a jawabin farko da wani CGS ya yi, Dannatt ya yi jawabi a taron hadin gwiwa na hudu da Sojoji suka shirya kan 'Yan Madigo, Gay, Bisexual da Transsexual Matters, yana mai cewa' yan luwadi maraba da yin aikin Soja. An daga Dannatt daga Knight Commander zuwa Knight Grand Cross na Order of Bath (GCB) a cikin jerin sunayen girmamawa na Sabuwar Shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009 Matsayinsa a matsayin CGS ya kare a watan Agusta Shekarar 2008 kuma Sir David Richards ne ya gaje shi a karshe. Gwamnati ta dauki matakin da ba a saba ba don kara wa'adin Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup a matsayin CDS, maimakon tallata daya daga cikin shugabannin hafsoshin mai barin gado. Don haka dukkan su ukun, gami da Dannatt, sun yi ritaya, a yayin da ake ikirarin cewa Firaminista Gordon Brown ne da kansa ya yi fatali da damar da Dannatt ke samu zuwa CDS Ayyukansa na ƙarshe a matsayin CGS shine zaɓi Nick Houghton don zama Mataimakin Shugaban Babban Jami'in Tsaro na gaba Lakabi na girmamawa An nada Dannatt Kanal, The Green Howards a ranar 1 ga Watan Disamba Shekarar 1994, wanda ya gaji Field Marshal Sir Peter Inge Shi kuma Brigadier John Powell ya sami sauki a watan Mayu Shekarar 2003. Dannatt ya gaji Sir Christopher Wallace a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan Kanar na Janar Adjutant General a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1999, rike da mukamin har zuwa 17 ga Yuni 2005, lokacin da Manjo Janar Bill Rollo ya sami sauki. An nada shi Kanal Kwamanda na Sashin Sarki, a bayan Sir Scott Grant, a ranar 1 ga Watan Yulin Shekarar 2001. Ya bar taken a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2005 ga ɗan'uwansa Green Howard, Laftanar Janar (daga baya Janar Sir) Nick Houghton. Tsakanin nade-naden a 2002, Dannatt ya yi makonni shida a Makarantar Sojan Sama a Sojan Sama na Unguwar Middle Wallop, inda aka horar da shi a matsayin matukin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu domin cika aikinsa a matsayin Kanar Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Sama (AAC), wanda an nada shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2004, ya gaji Michael Walker; Hakanan a bayan Walker, an nada shi Aide de Camp General (ADC Gen) ga Sarauniya Elizabeth II a ranar 5 ga Watan Yuni Shekarar 2006. Manjo Janar Adrian Bradshaw ne ya gaje shi a mukaminsa tare da AAC a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009, kuma ya bar nadin ADC Gen a ranar 1 ga Watan Satumba Shekarar 2009. Ritaya An sanar da shi a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009 cewa, bayan ya yi ritaya, za a sanya Dannatt a matsayin ablean sanda na 159 na Hasumiyar London Wa'adin wanda ke kan karagar mulki, Janar Sir Roger Wheeler, shi ma tsohon CGS, ya kare ne a ranar 31 ga Yuli kuma Dannatt ya zama dan sanda a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2009. Constan sanda ya kasance babban jami'i a Hasumiyar London tun ƙarni na goma sha ɗaya. A yau, rawar ita ce ta al'ada, kuma ana ba da ita ga marshals ɗin filin ko janar-janar da suka yi ritaya waɗanda yawanci sukan yi aiki na shekaru biyar. Bayan ritayarsa, an nada Dannatt ya zama Mataimakin Laftanar na Babban Landan a ranar 30 ga Yunin 2010 da na Norfolk a ranar 19 ga Maris 2012. Bayan barin ofis a matsayin CGS, Dannatt ya yi ritaya daga aikin Soja, amma ta hanyar fasaha ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai aiki har zuwa Nuwamba 2009. Jim kaɗan bayan barin ofishinsa, David Cameron, shugaban wancan lokacin na Jam'iyyar Conservatives kuma Shugaban adawa, ya je wurin Dannatt. Cameron ya gayyaci Dannatt ya zama mai ba da shawara na tsaro ga Shadow Cabinet da zarar ya yi ritaya a hukumance daga Soja kuma ba zai sake bin Dokokin Sarauniya ba, wanda ke ba da izinin tsaka-tsaki siyasa a cikin sojojin. Kodayake baƙon abu ne ga tsohon hafsan hafsoshi ya haɗa kai da ƙungiyar siyasa ɗaya, Dannatt ya karɓi matsayin bisa ƙa'ida. Lokacin yanke shawara, wanda ya fito fili a cikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009 a cikin watanni biyu na aikin da Dannatt ya yi na ritaya mai inganci ya jawo cece-kuce, tare da wasu tsoffin ministoci da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa ya kawo rashin daidaito na sojojin. Ya shawarci Cameron da inuwarsa ta minista har sai ya yi murabus, jim kadan bayan babban zaben shekara ta 2010, yana mai cewa Cameron, a lokacin firaminista na wancan lokacin, ya kamata ya koma kan manyan hafsoshin da ke kan karagar mulki don neman shawarar tsaro tare da nuna rashin sha'awar zama mashawarci na musamman Majalisar na Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), a siyasance m tunani tank sadaukar da tsaro da al'amurran da suka shafi, zabe Dannatt matsayin institute ta shugaban a watan Yuni 2009. Ya fara nadin ne a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 2009, amma ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar bayan sanarwar cewa shi zai zama mai ba da shawara ga David Cameron, yana mai imanin cewa murabus din nasa ya zama dole ga RUSI ta ci gaba da tsaka tsaki a siyasance. Daga karshe tsohon Sakataren Tsaro John Hutton, Baron Hutton na Furness ne ya gaje shi. Dannatt ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa, mai taken Leading from the Front, wanda kamfanin Bantam Press ya buga a shekarar 2010. A cikin littafin, ya soki gwamnatin Labour da ta jagoranci Burtaniya daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekara ta 2010 da kuma Gordon Brown, Chancellor of the Exchequer kuma daga baya Firayim Minista, musamman, yana zarginsa da "kutse mara kyau" kuma, yayin da shugabar gwamnati, ta ƙi don tallafawa manufofin tsaron Tony Blair. Ya kuma soki Tony Blair game da barin Brown ya mallake shi yadda ya kamata sannan ya ce game da Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup, sannan CDS, cewa "duk da cewa yana da hazaka a abin da ya yi, ba za a iya tsammanin ya fahimci abubuwan gani ba, sauti da ƙanshin filin yaƙi Jaridar Daily Telegraph ta kira littafin "mummunan zargi game da yadda New Labour, kuma har zuwa wani lokaci babban kwamandan sojoji, suka kasa jagorantar yadda ya kamata, ba da tallafi da kuma samar da kayan aiki ga rundunonin soji don yake-yake a Iraki da Afghanistan". A watan Yulin Shekarar 2010, Dannatt ya ba da shaida ga binciken Iraki, yana mai da hankali kan rawar da ya taka a matsayin ACGS a 2002. Ya bayyana rashin yarda da farko don aikata Sojojin kuma ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kasance don ƙaddamar da ƙasa kaɗan da kuma samar da jiragen ruwa da jiragen sama na sama ga Amurka. Ya kuma maimaita maganganun da ya gabatar a baya cewa sojoji sun fi karfin aiki a lokaci guda a Iraki da Afghanistan a shekarar 2006 kuma ya sake bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa Afghanistan ta fi muhimmanci ga bukatun Burtaniya. Shaidun Dannatt sun biyo bayan wanda ya gada a matsayin CGS, Janar Sir Mike Jackson. David Cameron ne ya zabi Dannatt don taka-leda a rayuwa yayin da Cameron yake Jagoran adawa Duk da cewa an tsayar da shi don tattaunawa a siyasance a kan bencin Jam'iyyar Conservative, amma ya zaɓi zama a matsayin mai gicciye kuma an ba shi suna kamar Baron Dannatt a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2010. A cikin Watan Oktoba Shekarar 2012, The Times ta gudanar da bincike a asirce game da ayyukan danniya na Dannat. A cewar Guardian, Dannatt ya ba da shawarar zauren Bernard Gray, wanda a lokacin shi ne Shugaban Tsaro Materiel An ruwaito Dannatt yana cewa ya kirkiro wurin zama ne a wata liyafar cin abinci tare da sabon sakataren din-din-din na Ma’aikatar Tsaro, Jon Thompson, don taimaka wa wani kamfanin, Capita Symonds, wanda ke neman kwangilar kula da gidajen MoD. A cewar jaridar Independent, Dannatt ya amince da cewa ya bayar da gudummawa wajen saukaka tattaunawa, amma ya bayyana cewa ya yi watsi da tayin na 8,000 a kowane wata don yin shiga a madadin kungiyar kuma cewa ba shi da "son zuciya" na saba wa dokoki kan yin kira, kuma za su ɗauki kowane irin iƙirarin a matsayin "mummunan ɓatanci". A watan Yuni Shekarar 2016, ya ba da matsayinsa na Hasumiyar London bisa ga matsayin Mataimakin Gwamna kuma Sir Nick Houghton ya gaje shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2016. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar 2016, littafinsa mai suna Boots on the Ground: Birtaniyya da Sojojin ta tun shekarar 1945, an buga shi. A cikin littafin, ya nuna cewa "zuwa Iraki kuskure ne na dabaru da ke kusa da tsarin littafi mai tsarki" kuma kasafin kudin tsaro na kashi 2% na GDP "ba shi da yawa a yanayin tsaro na yanzu". Da yake tsokaci game da Kamfen din 'Yancin wanda aka zaba a watan Satumban Shekarar 2018, ya fada wa kafafen yada labarai cewa sojoji da suka yi ritaya, da jiragen sama da masu tukin jirgin ruwa ya kamata su sami kimantawa na halayyar dan adam a matsayin wani bangare na shirin sake tsugunar da su kafin barin aikin don taimaka musu kauce wa kurkuku nan gaba da rashin gida. Rayuwar mutum Dannatt ya sadu da matarsa, Philippa ("Pippa"; née Gurney a cikin shekarar farko a Jami'ar Durham a Shekara ta 1973. Ma'aurata sun yi alkawari, kuma sun yi aure a watan Maris na shekarar 1977, bayan haka Pippa ya raka Dannatt bayan dawowarsa Berlin. Sun haifi yara hudu uku maza daya mace. Bertie, ɗa na biyu, ya yi aiki tare da Grenadier Guards tsarin mulkin mahaifinPipa a Iraki da Afghanistan, inda ya sami ambaton rashin aiki har ya kai matsayin kaftin kafin ya bar Sojoji a shekarar 2008. A cikin shekarar 1977, sannan kawai ɗan shekara 26, Dannatt ya sami babban bugun jini, wanda ya sa ya kasa magana kuma ya bar gefen dama na jikinsa ya shanye. Ya shafe tsawon shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana murmurewa kuma daga karshe an bashi damar komawa bakin aiki, kodayake har yanzu yana saurin gajiya a gefen damarsa fiye da na hagu kuma yana da sauran ƙananan abubuwan saura. A lokacin da yake murmurewa, Dannatt, Kirista mai ba da gaskiya, an nuna shi ga ayoyin Littafi Mai-Tsarki guda biyu, wanda ya sa shi ya yi imanin cewa sadaukar da kai ga imaninsa ya zuwa yanzu "mai-rabin zuciya" kuma ya ba shi ƙarfin yin babban ƙaddamarwa wanda, a cewarsa tarihin rayuwar mutum, "ya taimaka wajen ayyana wanda na zama sai, a matsayin mutum da soja." Daga baya Dannatt ya danganta tsira daga cutar shanyewar jikinsa da sauran abubuwan da suka kusan mutuwa gami da abin da ya sa aka ba shi Giciyen Soja ga ƙalubale daga Allah na "sadaukar da ransa ga Kristi". Dannatt ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Christianungiyar Soja ta Unionungiyar Soja tun daga Shekarar 1998 kuma Shugaba Emeritus na theungiyar Sojoji da menungiyar menwararrun menwararrun Airmen tun daga shekarar 2020 (ya kasance shugaban ƙasa daga 1999 zuwa 2019). Ya kasance Shugaban Rungiyar ifungiyar Bindiga daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2008 da na Royal Norfolk Aikin Gona a 2008, yana shugabancin Show na Royal Norfolk Show na wannan shekarar, wanda Yarima Harry ya halarta bisa gayyatar da Dannatt ya yi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakili na kamfanin Windsor Leadership Trust tun daga 2005 da kuma matsayin mai kula da Gidaje da Gidaje na Yara tun 2006, sannan ya ci gaba da taimakonsa na Taimako ga Jarumai, wadanda ya taimaka wajen kafawa yayin CGS. Ya jera abubuwan sha'awarsa kamar wasan kurket, wasan tanis, kamun kifi da harbi. An nada shi shugaban Norfolk Churches Trust a watan Nuwamba na 2011, da Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar The Western Front Association a 2013. Shima shugaban YMCA Norfolk ne. Shi da matarsa suna zaune a bakin Kogin Yare a Keswick kudu da Norwich. Manazarta Bibliography Ambato Hanyoyin haɗin waje Pages with unreviewed
50777	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massmart	Massmart	Massmart Holdings Limited (JSE) wani kamfani ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda kuma ya mallaki samfuran gida irin su Game, Makro, Builder's Warehouse da CBW. Ita ce mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na rarraba kayan masarufi a Afirka, mafi girman dillalan kayayyaki na yau da kullun, barasa da kuma kayan haɓaka gida da kuma dillalan abinci na yau da kullun. Tun daga 31 Oktoban shekarar 2022, Massmart ya sarrafa shaguna 411 a Afirka ta Kudu da wasu ƙasashe 12 na kudu da hamadar Sahara. Babban ofisoshinta suna cikin Massmart House a Sandton, Johannesburg Tarihi An kafa Massmart a cikin shekarar 1990, wanda ya fara da siyan shagunan Makro guda shida. An jera a kan JSE Limited a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 2000 a R12.50 a kowace rabon. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, Massmart ya girma duka ta jiki da kuma ta hanyar saye. Tarihin sayen kamfani ya haɗa da: Mambobin Garkuwa 378 a cikin Maris 1992 20 Dion Stores a watan Mayu 1993 14 CCW Stores a watan Yuni 1998 26 Kasuwancin Wasanni a cikin Yuli 1998 6 Jumbo Stores a cikin Afrilu 2001 22 kantin Browns da Weirs a cikin Yuli 2002 8 Builders Warehouse Stores a cikin Fabrairu 2003 3 De Lay Rey Stores, 14 Servistar Stores, da 34 Federated Timber Stores a watan Yuni 2005 6 Kasuwancin Abinci na Cambridge a cikin Disamba 2008 3 Buildrite a cikin Yuni 2009 Fruitspot (mai siyar da sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari) an samu a cikin Janairu 2012 Rhino Cash Carry Group a cikin Maris 2012 Rarraba An tsara shagunan Massmart zuwa sassa 4. Shagunan da aka haɗa a kowane rukuni sune kamar haka: Massdiscounters DionWired (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu) Wasan (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia da Kenya farkon Mayu 2015 Masswarehouse Makro (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu, an sayar da shaguna biyu a Zimbabwe a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2011) The Fruitspot (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu) Massbuild Builders Warehouse (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Zambia da Mozambique) Builders Express (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu) Depot Trade Depot (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu da Mozambique) Builders Superstore (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu) Kangela (yana aiki a Mozambique) Masscash CBW (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, da Eswatini) Jumbo Cash and Carry (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu da Botswana) Trident (yana aiki a Botswana) Abinci na Cambridge (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu) Garkuwa (yana aiki a Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibiya, da Eswatini) Samun Walmart A cikin Nuwamba 2010, Walmart, Amurka super sarkar conglomerate yi ƙoƙari don samun rinjaye hannun jari (51%), a Massmart. A wancan lokacin, an kimanta tayin akan kusan R:17 biliyan (kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 2.54 ko kuma fam biliyan 1.54). A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2011, masu hannun jari na Massmart sun kada kuri'a don amincewa da tayin Walmart na R148 a kowace kaso. Kotun Kolin Gasar Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da izinin sayan kashi 51% na kamfanin a watan Mayu 2011. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin Yuni 2011, Walmart ya kammala siyan kashi 51% na hannun jarin kamfanin. A cikin watan Agusta ma'aikatun kasuwanci da masana'antu, bunkasa tattalin arziki da noma da kamun kifi na Afirka ta Kudu sun shigar da kara kan hukuncin da kotun sauraron kararrakin zabe ta yanke na ba da damar hadewar da kananan sharudda, wannan ya biyo bayan karar da kungiyar kwadago ta kasar SACCAWU ta shigar a baya. A watan Maris din shekarar 2012 ne kotun daukaka kara ta yi watsi da karar da ma’aikatun gwamnati suka yi, amma ta amince da cewa akwai kwararan hujjoji game da tasirin yarjejeniyar kan kananan masana’antun da kuma samar da ayyukan yi. Hukuncin kotun daukaka kara ya kawo karshen kalubalen shari'a ga hadewar. Manyan masu hannun jari A ƙasa akwai manyan masu hannun jarin ƙungiyar kamar a Disamba 2016: Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kasuwanci a
20429	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Kimiyya%20da%20Fasaha%20ta%20Tarayya%2C%20Nasarawa	Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Nasarawa	Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, wanda aka ataƙaice FPN, babbar jami'a ce a Najeriya wacce ake kira FedPolyNas ko kuma FPN kawai. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa makarantshekara ta 1 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1983 don inganta ci gaban fasaha a cikin al'umma. A shekara ta 2019, makarantar ta yi sama da dalibai 3,681, 2,361 na Diploma na kasa da kuma 1,320 kuma manyan daliban Diploma na kasa. Tun daga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2020, Abdullahi Ahmed, ya bayyana wa maigidan Hukumar Fasahar Fasahohin Sadarwa ta Kasa (NITDA) a Abuja, muradin cibiyar ta zama abin kwatance dangane da isassun kayan aikin ICT da ingantattun wuraren horarwa da kuma nawa aka saka. A zuwa yanzu. Ƙungiya Ana gudanar da duk laccoci na asali cikin yaren Ingilishi Kudade Makarantu An raba FedPolyNas zuwa makarantu shida: Ƙungiyoyi Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin duk ƙungiyoyi masu rijista, kulake da al'ummomi kamar na shekarar 2011: Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kimiyya da Fasaha (ASUP) Kungiyar Daliban Abuja (ANSU) Hadin gwiwar Daliban Cocin Apostolic na Najeriya (ACSFN) Ƙungiyar Sashen Nazarin Gabaɗaya (AGSD) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Benuwe (BESSU) Ƙungiyar Daliban Borno-Yobe (BYSA) Christ Ambassadors Students Out Reach (CASOR) Ƙungiyar ɗaliban ɗaliban cocin Christ Apostolic (CACSCF) Ƙungiyar ɗaliban Kirista (CCS) Ƙungiyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙira Deeper Life Campus Fellowship (DLCF) Ƙungiyar Bincike Kulob din Drama Ƙungiyar Daliban Gudanar da Gidaje (EMSA) Kungiyar Kiyaye Haddura ta Tarayya (FRSC) Tarayyar Tarayyar Jihar Edo (FUESS) Hadin gwiwar ɗaliban Kiristoci (FCS) Haɗin Jagorancin Duniya (GLI) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Gombe (GSSA) Kungiyar Fasahar Sadarwa (ITC) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Kaduna (KADSSA) Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Kano (KSSA) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Kogi (KOSSA) Sadarwar Mass, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da Dramatic Society (MCTDS) Kungiyar Daliban Musulmai ta Najeriya (MSSN) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Nasarawa (NASSA) Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasa (NAAS) Ƙungiyar ɗaliban Akwa Ibom ta ƙasa (NAAIS) Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Anambra (NAASS) Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Buildingalibai na Ƙasa (NABS) Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Kasuwancin Kasuwanci da Daliban Gudanarwa (NABAMS) Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Daliban Gudanar da Laifuka (NACMS) National Association of Cross River State Students (NACRSS) Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Delta ta ƙasa (NADSS) Ƙungiyar Daliban Injiniyan Lantarki (NAEES) Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Katsina ta Ƙasa (NAKASS) National Association of Kwara State Students (NAKSS) Ƙungiyar Daliban Talla na Ƙasa (NAMS) Ƙungiyar Daliban Injiniyan Injiniya (NAMES) Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Neja ta Ƙasa (NANSS) Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Filato (NAPSS) Associationungiyar Daliban Injiniyan Kimiyya da Fasaha (NAPES) Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun QS (NAQSS) Dalibai na Kimiyya da Fasaha na Ƙasa (NASTES) Ƙungiyar Daliban Sakatariya ta Ƙasa (NASS) Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa (NATPS) National Gamji Memorial Club (NGMC) Dalibai na Fasahar Fasaha na Ƙasa (NSATA) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Ribas (NURSA) Ƙungiyar ɗaliban Katolika ta Najeriya (NFCS) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Ondo (OSSA) Kungiyar Daliban Cigaban Jihar Osun (OSPSU) Ƙungiyar Daliban Jihar Oyo (OYSSA) Kungiyar Rotaract Ƙungiyar Daliban Sokoto-Kebbi (SKSA) Club Discovery Club Ƙungiyar Kula da Dalibai (SSC) Gwamnatin Ƙungiyar Dalibai (SUG) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Taraba (TSSU) Rundunar Cadet Kungiyar Jaridu Fellowship Campus Fellowship (WCF) Fataucin Mata da Gidauniyar Kawar da Yara (WTCLEF) Kungiyar Daliban Jihar Zamfara (ZSSA) Tallafawa Makarantar tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun masanan kimiyya na tarayya da na jihohi 19 da suka sami tallafin kuɗi daga Asusun Ilimi Mai Girma (TETFund) a cikin watan Yuli a shekarar 2017. Kamar yadda The Guardian ta ruwaito, cibiyar ta samu Naira 43.5m daga cikin jimillar Naira 847.4m. Hosting taron da kayayyakin more rayuwa Wasanni Cibiyar ta samu damar inganta abubuwan more rayuwa na wasanni lokacin da aka zaɓe ta don karɓar bakuncin wasannin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha na Najeriya na 19 (NIPOGA), wanda aka gudanar tsakanin 26 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 6 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta 2017, taken "Nasarawa a shekara ta 2017", wanda kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar Legas (LASPOTECH) ta fito da nasara. A cewar shugabanta tun daga lokacin, Prof. Shettima Abdulkadir Saidu, kayan aikin da aka gano sun haɗa da kasko na asali, mascot, rumfar da aka sanya wa sunan gwamnan jihar Nasarawa na lokacin, Umaru Tanko Al-Makura, tare da ƙaddamar da wani katafaren zauren mai ɗimbin yawa, wanda aka sanya wa sunan shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari. Bugu da kari, an kaddamar da gidan rediyon FPN FM 88.5, wanda ke watsa dukkan ayyukan NIPOGA. Gidauniyar A3 ita ce ta inganta abubuwan. Makarantar ta shiga cikin Kwamitin Ilimi na Ƙasa na 19 (NBTE)/Nigerian Polytechnics Senior Staff Games (NIPOSSGA), wanda aka gudanar ranar 21 zuwa 28 ga watan Afrilu,a shekara ta 2018, a Enugu Abubuwan da suka faru A cikin shekara ta 2018, makarantar ta dauki bakuncin taro na 91 na Majalisar Zartarwa ta Kasa (NEC) na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kwalejin Kimiyya (ASUP). Horo A cikin shekara ta 2008, kimanin ɗalibai 133 daga zaman karatun da suka gabata waɗanda aka zana daga dukkan sassan makarantar sun kasance, a cewar shugabanta na lokacin, Pius Salami, yayin bikin ƙaddamar da ɗalibin ɗalibai a shekara ta 2007/2008 da aka kora don takardar shaidar jabu da laifukan da suka danganci aikata laifuka. Duba kuma Jerin kwalejojin kimiyya a Najeriya. Manazarta Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a
23829	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin%20Karkashin%20Kasa%20%28Beijing%29	Birnin Karkashin Kasa (Beijing)	Birnin Ƙarƙashin ƙasa tsari ne na ma'ajiyar bama -bamai na lokacin Yakin Cacar Baki wanda ya ƙunshi hanyar sadarwa na ramuka da ke ƙarƙashin birnin Beijing, China An kuma kira ta a matsayin Babban Bango na Ƙasa tun lokacin da aka gina ta don manufar tsaron sojoji An gina katafaren gidan daga shekarun 1969 zuwa 1979 a cikin tsammanin yakin nukiliya tare da Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da dangantakar Sino-Soviet ta tabarbare kuma an sake bude shi a hukumance a 2000. An ba wa baƙi damar zagaya sassan ginin, wanda aka bayyana shi da "duhu, danshi, kuma da gaske". An rufe birnin ƙarƙashin ƙasa don gyarawa tun a kalla watan Fabrairun 2008. Wuri Hanyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna gudana a ƙarƙashin tsakiyar birnin Beijing, suna rufe a ƙarƙashin farfajiya. A wani lokaci akwai ƙofofi kusan 90 na ginin, duk an ɓoye su a shagunan da ke kan manyan titunan Qianmen Da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin shiga an rushe su ko an toshe su don sake gina su. Sanannun hanyoyin shiga sun haɗa da titin 62 Damochang West a Qianmen, masana'antar Kafetin Qianmen ta Beijing a 44 Xingfu Dajie a gundumar Chongwen, da 18 Dashilan Jie a Qianmen. Tarihi A lokacin tashin hankali tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da China a shekarar 1969, Shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China Mao Zedong ya ba da umarnin gina birnin ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin rikicin iyaka kan Tsibirin Zhenbao a cikin Kogin Heilongjiang An ƙera Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa don tsayayya da makaman nukiliya, biochemical da na yau da kullun. Rikicin zai kare yawan jama'ar Beijing, kuma zai ba jami'an gwamnati damar ficewa idan an kai hari a birnin. Gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ramukan na iya ɗaukar dukkan mazaunan miliyan shida na Beijing bayan kammala su. Ginin yana da kayan aiki kamar gidajen abinci, ɗakunan shan magani, makarantu, gidajen sinimomi, masana'antu, filin tsere kan abin hawa, hatsin hatsi da mai, da gonar noman naman kaza. Har ila yau, akwai kusan wurare 70 da za a iya haƙa rijiyoyin ruwa cikin sauƙi idan an buƙata. Bayani dalla-dalla iska tsarin da aka shigar, da 2300 shafts cewa za a iya killace kare Tunnels 'mazaunan daga guba gas, Gas- da ruwa-hujja hatches, kazalika da m kankare babban ƙofofi, da aka gina don kare Tunnels daga hare -haren biochemical da faduwar nukiliya. Babu wani bayani a hukumance game da ainihin hadadden, amma ana hasashen cewa ramukan na iya haɗa alamun alaƙa daban -daban na Beijing, da mahimman gine -ginen gwamnati kamar Zhongnanhai, Babban Zauren Jama'a, har ma sansanonin soji a wajen birnin. Cibiyar Bayanai ta Intanet ta China ta tabbatar da cewa "da alama suna danganta dukkan yankunan tsakiyar Beijing, daga Xidan da Xuanwumen zuwa Qianmen da gundumar Chongwen ban da Tudun Yamma. Ana kuma yayatawa cewa kowane mazauni ya taɓa samun ɓoyayyen tarko a kusa da ke kaiwa zuwa ramuka. Idan aka kai harin nukiliya, shirin shi ne a mayar da rabin mutanen Beijing ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rabin kuma zuwa tsaunukan Yammacin Turai Sama da ƴan ƙasa 300,000 ne suka gina ramukan, gami da ɗaliban makaranta, a kan ayyukan sa kai. Har ma an haƙa wasu sassan ba tare da taimakon wani babban injin ba. Tsoffin garun birni, hasumiyai da ƙofofi, gami da tsoffin ƙofofin birni na Xizhimen, Fuchengmen, da Chongwenmen sun lalace don samar da kayan gini don ginin. Tun lokacin da aka kammala ginin, mazauna yankin sun yi amfani da shi ta hanyoyi daban -daban yayin da ramukan suka kasance masu sanyi a lokacin bazara da ɗumi a lokacin hunturu. A kan titinan da ke cike da cunkoso, an gyara wasu sassan ginin kamar otal -otal masu arha, yayin da wasu kuma suka rikiɗe zuwa shagunan kasuwanci da wuraren kasuwanci, ko ma gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da yake ba a taɓa amfani da rukunin ba don manufar da aka nufa, ba a taɓa yin watsi da shi ba. Hukumomin yankin na ci gaba da gudanar da binciken kwararar ruwa da kula da kwari a cikin ramukan akai -akai. A matsayin mai yawon shakatawa An buɗe katafaren gidan a hukumance a cikin 2000, amma an rufe shi don sabuntawa tun aƙalla Fabrairu 2008. Yayin da yake a buɗe, an yarda baƙi su zagaya ɓangarorin ginin; Birnin ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya shahara da masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje amma kusan 'yan asalin yankin sun manta da shi. Kodayake akwai wasu hanyoyin shiga da yawa, baƙi na ƙasashen waje sun shiga sassan da aka amince da su ta hanyar ƙaramin shago a Qianmen, kudu da Tiananmen Square, a Titin 62 Damochang West. Ƙungiyoyin yawon shakatawa za su iya shiga kyauta kuma ba tare da izini na farko ba yayin da kowane ɗan yawon buɗe ido da ba na ƙungiya ba ake cajin yuan 20 2.40) kowannensu. Yawon shakatawa na hukuma ya ɗauki baƙi kawai a kan ƙaramin madauwari madaidaiciyar birni. A cikin haɗaɗɗun, baƙi za su iya ganin alamomin manyan alamomin da hanyoyin rami, kamar dandalin Tiananmen da City Haramtacciya, kuma suna iya ganin ɗakunan da aka yiwa alama da ayyukansu na asali, kamar gidajen sinima, asibitoci, ko kayan ƙonawa Za a iya ganin hoton Mao Zedong a cikin bangon bango na mazauna yankin da ke ba da gudummawa don tono ramuka da taken da ke ɓacewa kamar "tara hatsi", da "Ga Mutane: Shirya Yaƙi, Shirya Yunwa". Dakuna masu gadaje masu gadaje da kwandon kwali masu ruɓewa na ruwa ana iya ganin su a wuraren da ba buɗe ga masu yawon buɗe ido. Baƙi a kan ziyarar ta hukuma za su kuma wuce ta masana'antar siliki da ke aiki a ɗayan ɗakunan tarurrukan ma'aikatan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na rukunin, kuma za a ba su hanyar nuna hanyar samun siliki daga cocoons na siliki Sun sami damar siyan abubuwan tunawa a shagon masu yawon buɗe ido wanda cibiyar fasaha da fasaha ta Qianmen mallakar gwamnati da kamfanin siliki na China Kai Tian ke sarrafawa. Manazarta Sin Tarihin Sin Pages with unreviewed
12859	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsakaici%20a%20Jamus	Matsakaici a Jamus	'Yancin mafaka ga wadanda aka zalunta ta siyasa wata dama ce ta asali wacce aka bayyana a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Jamus. A wata hanya mai fadi, 'yancin neman mafaka yana bayyana ma'anar "yan gudun hijira" kamar yadda aka kafa a Yarjejeniyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta 1951 kuma an fahimta don kare masu neman mafaka daga fitarwa tare da basu wasu kariya ta doka. Gaba daya, wadannan kariyar wani bangare ne na tsarin mafaka da kansa kuma an tabbatar da shi daga Ofishin tarayya don hijira da "Yan Gudun Hijira (Bundesamt fur Hijira und Fluchtlinge, 'BAMF') ba tare da wani karin aikace-aikacen ba. A cikin 1993 da 2015, an sake fasalin haƙƙin mafaka mara izinin mafaka a cikin muhimmin maki kuma an iyakance shi. Sakamakon rikicin 'yan gudun hijirar a rabi na biyu na shekara ta 2015, ana neman canji na ainihin mafaka (sashi na 16a GG) zuwa tabbataccen makasudi don ba wa jihar damar doka ta gabatar da iyaka ko kebabben iyaka. Matsakaici da Matsayin Yan Gudun Hijira Dokar zama ta Jamusawa (Aufenthaltsgesetz) kawai tana daidaita matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Hakanan ba dokar aiki ko dokar ba da mafaka (Asylgesetz) ba ta bayyana manufar mafaka. Abun da ya kunsa da iyakancewar shine sakamakon hukuncin da Kotun tsarin mulki ta tarayya ta yanke game da Sashe na 16a GG a cikin Ka'idodin dokokin Jamusawa. Dangane da Sashe na 16a (1) GG, ana ganin mutum zai iya fuskantar tashin hankali na siyasa idan yana fama da take hakkin sa ta hukuma ko kuma matakan mutum na uku da za a iya ambata a cikin jihar, saboda addini ko yanke hukunci na siyasa ko wasu sifofin da ba za a iya amfani da su ba wanda ke nuna alamar wani. Wadannan keta hakkin dan adam suna keta mutuncin dan adam kuma, gwargwadon karfinsu da kuma tsananinsu, suna nesanta mutum daga kiyaye zaman lafiya da dukiyar kasa da sanya shi cikin ta cikin matsanancin hali. Mafi yawan lokuta, ana ba mutane kariya ta hanyar siyasa dangane da yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Halin 'yan gudun hijira (wanda kuma aka sani da Yarjejeniyar' yan gudun hijira na 1951). Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar 'yan gudun hijira tana da inganci a cikin Jamus tun daga 24 ga Disamba 1953, majalissar ta Jamus ba ta da ra'ayin zama dole don baiwa 'yan gudun hijirar cikakken matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Maimakon haka, kawai ya basu izinin mafaka. Wannan hanyar kawai ta canza tare da Jagorar cancantar (2011/95/ EU) da wata doka da aka zartar da ita a watan Agusta 2007. A yau, an ba da matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a kan' yan gudun hijirar, ban da matsayin da ake da shi na neman mafaka ta siyasa idan ya cancanta (Sashe na 3 (1) da (4) Dokar Tsarin Maganar Gida). Yanzu, matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daidai yake da matsayin' mutumin da ke da izinin mafakar siyasa' (Asylberechtiger), dangane da hakkin zama. Bugu da ƙari, yan gudun hijirar da aka yarda dasu basu da matsala idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke da damar mafaka ta siyasa dangane da fa'idodi na zamantakewa, sa hannu a kasuwar neman aikin yi da bayar da takardun tafiye tafiye. Don ƙarin bayani game da ma'anar 'yan gudun hijirar a Jamus duba labarin Jamusanci kan Flüchtlingseigenschaft Dokar neman mafaka ta tsara tsarin gudanarwa wanda ya baiwa mai neman mafitar mafaka matsayin mutumin da ya cancanci mafakar siyasa. Yayin gudanar da aikin mafaka ya samu izinin zama na wani lokaci. Tsarin Aikace-Aikace Don shigar da takaddar neman mafaka, 'yan gudun hijirar dole ne su yi rajista da kansu a dayan cibiyoyin maraba da Jamusanci (Sashe na 22 Asy1VfG). A nan za a yi rikodin kasar yan kasa, yawan mutane, masu jima'i, da kuma dangi na dangin da ke neman mafaka tare da taimakon shirin 'EASY' (Erstverteilung von Asybewerben, "Raba ofaukar Asalin masu neman mafaka"). Wannan ya yanke shawarar wane ne cibiyar karbar baki za ta iya kula da 'yan gudun hijirar. 'Yan gudun hijirar dole ne su je cibiyar da aka ba su kuma bayan an shigar da su dole ne su nemi makafa da kansu a ofishin hukumar da aka ba su da wuri-wuri. A cikin Jamus ana bukatar aikace-aikacen mafaka ne daga hukumar tarayyar hijira da 'yan gudun hijira. Sashe na 13 Asy1VfG ya ayyana aikace-aikacen mafaka kamar haka: Dole ne a zartar da takardar neman mafaka idan har ta tabbata daga rubuce-rubucen baƙon, magana ko akasin haka cewa yana neman kariya a yankin tarayya daga fitina ta siyasa ko kuma yana son kariya daga fitarwa ko kuma cirewa zuwa wata ƙasa zai kasance yana fuskantar tsanantawar da aka ayyana a Sashe na 3 (1) ko mummunan lahani kamar yadda aka ayyana a Sashe na 4 (1). Duk aikace-aikacen neman mafaka ya zama aikace-aikacen don neman izinin mafaka da kuma kariya ta ƙasa a cikin ma'anar Sashe na 1 (1) ba. Na biyu. Baƙon na iya iyakance aikace-aikacen neman mafaka ga aikace-aikacen don kariyar na duniya. Za a sanar dashi sakamakon irin wannan hukuncin. Kashi na 24 (2) zai kasance marar illa. Duk wani baƙon da ba shi da takaddun shigowa da ya cancanta ya nemi mafaka a kan iyakar (Sashe na 18). Game da shigarwa ba tare da izini ba to nan da nan ya kai kansa ga cibiyar liyafar (Sashe na 22) ko neman mafaka tare da ikon baƙon ko kuma tare da yan sanda (Sashe na 19). Sashe na 14 Asy1VfG ya ba da tsarin aikace-aikacen. Bayan aikace-aikacen masu neman mafaka za su karbi takardar izinin zama na wucin-gadi na tsawon lokacin ayyukansu. Sashe na 16 Asy1VfG ya bayyana cewa dole ne a rubuta bayanan asalin 'yan gudun hijirar. Yara ne kawai 'yan shekara 14 ne kebe daga wannan dokar. Masu rike da izinin zama na dan lokaci ba a yarda suyi aiki ba a cikin watanni 3 na farko bayan sun karbi izinin. Bayan wannan lokacin an basu damar neman izinin aiki, wanda hukumar tarayya zata iya ba ta. Ko yaya, masu rike da izinin zama na dan lokaci zasu sami damar zuwa na biyu zuwa kasuwar aiki. Dangane da Sashe na 14a Asy1VfG hanya za ta iya bambanta sosai idan ta fadi a karkashin abin da ake kira 'filin jirgin sama' (Flughafenverfahren), izinin gudun hijirar da ke tafiya Jamus ta jirgin sama da neman mafaka kafin shiga kan iyakokin Jamusawa. A takaice, ya bayyana cewa za a iya sarrafa 'yan gudun hijirar a cikin kwanaki 3, kuma a tura su gida da sauri idan 'yan sanda za su iya tantance 'yan gudun hijirar sun fara tafiya a cikin wata kasar da gwamnatin Jamus ta ayana a baya cewa mai lafiya. An sanya dokar ne domin hana filayen jirgin saman zuwa gida na 'yan gudun hijirar na wani tsawan lokaci kuma mai yuwuwar cikawa yayin da 'yan gudun hijirar ke jiran aikace-aikacen su na neman mafaka. Aiwatarwa Ana aiwatar da aikace-aikacen neman mafaka ta ofishin tarayya don hijira da 'yan gudun hijira. Dangane da sashe na 10 na dokar tsarin bincike (Asy1G ko Asy1Vfg,) masu neman mafaka ana bukatar bayyana duk wani canji dangane da hukumar kula da kaurar da aka ambata (BAMF) ba tare da bata lokaci ba ga duk hanyar mafaka a Jamus; wannan kuma ya shafi duk wani matsi da hukumar ta yi. Babban muhimman al'amari game da neman mafaka ita ce sauraron karar hukuma a gaban ofishin kaura. A lokacin zafi na 2015, matsakaicin lokacin aikawa na neman mafaka ya kasance watanni 5.4, kamar yadda ofishin hijirar (BAMF) ya ruwaito. Ko yaya, masana sun ce adadin ya hakika mafi girma, kusan shekara guda. Bambancin wadannan alkalumman ana cewa ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa (BAMF) tana daukar lokacin sarrafawa be daga lokacin da mai neman mafaka ya shigar da ofishin hijirar; wannan na iya zama watanni da yawa bayan sun shigo kasar. Cigaba da haka, ofishin yana aiwatar da wadannan aikace-aikacen wadanda suke da saukin yanke shawara kan sauri, yana sanya su a gaban tarin kusan aikace-aikacen 254,000 marasa aikin yi. Aikace-Aikacen da Za'a yi Watsi da Su Sashe na 29 na dokar tsarin hanya (Asy1VfG) ta kunshi cewa dole ne a watsi da aikace-aikacen neman mafakar siyasa idan za a iya cire mai neman mafaka zuwa wata kasa ta uku inda ya aminta daga fitinar siyasa. A Bayyane Yake ba Aikace-Aikacen Marasa Tushe Sashe na 29 na Asy1VfG ya kayyade yadda za a bi da mai neman mafaka daga wata kasa mai aminci: aikace-aikacensa za'a ki shi a matsayin mara tushe, sai dai idan hujjoji ko shaidun da aka samar sun ba da dalilin yin imani da cewa shi ko ita tana fuskantar tsananta wa siyasa a kasarta asalinta duk da yanayin da ake ciki a can. Sashe na 30 na Asy1VfG yana ba da karin sharuddan game da lokacin da aikace-aikacen ya zama dole ya ki karbar tushe wanda kuma tushen Sashi na 36 ya yanke hukunci game da wadannan shari'o'in. Aikace-aikacen da aka ki karba a bayyane yana da matsala idan dai an tabbatar da kin amincewa da sashi na 30 (3.1-6) Asy1VfG, tunda dangane da Sashe na 10 (3) dokar a kan Raya (AufxtyG) kafin barin aikin tarayyar kasa ba a ba da taken zama. Banda wannan ana ba da izinin ne yayin da mai neman mafaka bai sami izinin zama ba. Misali guda daya shine lokacin da mai neman mafaka ya shiga dangin Jamusawa (Sashe na 28 (1) AufxtyG). Kungiyar Barikin Jamusawa ta bukaci a cire hukunci na biyu na Sashe na 10 (3) AufenthG, saboda tasirin shingen nasa, wanda ke hana yan gudun hijirar samun izinin zama na dindin, sakamakon a ofishin yana ba da izinin zama na wucin gadi sau da yawa, duk da kokarin hadin kai. Sauran maganganun sun hada da cewa sashin ya sabawa dokokin Turai da na kasa da kasa kuma nuna wariya ce ba tare da la'akari da wadanda aka kora ba. Karya ko Cikakken Bayani Karya ko cikakkun bayanai wadanda aka bayar akan aikace-aikacen mafaka da duk wani rashin daidaituwa na iya haifar da babban sakamako ga mai neman mafaka, a cewar Sashe na 30 Asy1G. Wannan musamman ya shafi bayanan asalin karya wadanda zasu iya yin hanyoyin kamar bukukuwan aure, haihuwa ko haihuwa wanda aka yi niyya da wahala ko ma ba zai yiwu ba har sai an fayyace bayanan daidai. Bayan haka kuma, idan har ma ana amfani da wadannan bayanan sirri wadanda ba da niyya ba ban da neman mafaka, to za a iya yin lamuran aikata laifuka bisa ga dokar zama (AufenthG) na iya yin la'akari. Idan bakon ya sami damar share bayanan bayan aikace-aikacen nasara, maganan da aka samo asali daga bayanan da ba daidai ba ko cikakke ba yawanci za'a yi la'akari da yiwuwar sakewa ta Ofishin Tarayya don Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira. A layi daya ga wannan hanyar hukuma na iya, idan ya cancanta, na iya yin karin yanke hukunci kuma suna iya yin watsi da yaudarar wadanda suka dace da hakkin mazaunin su ko yaudarar 'yancin zama wanda aka yi amfani da shi tun da dadewa. Tabbatarwar na iya, hakan kuma, na haifar da fitarwa. A wasu jihohin tarayya na Jamus na karya ko rashin cikakkiyar sanarwa na iya fitar da la'akari da Hukumar Kulawa. In ba haka ba karya ko cikakken bayani game da tambayoyin da suka dace don yanke shawara na iya jagorantar bisa ga dokar sakandare ta Turai don sokewa ko hana sabunta dokar ta kaura. Gurfanar da shi a Gaban Shari'a Idan masu neman mafaka suka shigo kasar ba tare da takardar izinin shiga ba to ba za a iya tudumar su da wannan matakin ba kamar yadda ayar doka ta 31 ta Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Halin 'Yan Gudun Hijira, da zaran sun gabatar da kansu ga hukuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba kuma suna nuna kyakkyawan dalilin shigarsu ba bisa ka'ida ba. Bayan haka, ra'ayoyin jama'a da suka saba da doka shine cewa aikace-aikacen da ba shi da tushe balle makama don neman mafaka baya wakiltar wani zagi na cin mutuncin doka. Hakan zai iya zama idan ma'anar manufa, aiki mai wulakanci za a iya tabbatar da hakan. Akasin yarda da gama gari, maganganun karya ko cikakkun bayanai yayin aiwatar da hanyoyin mafaka ba su kai ga yanke hukunci nan da nan ba. Bugu da kari, dokar zama ba ta zartar ba lokacin aikin mafakar farko. Don haka, hukunci bisa ga Sashe na 95 (1.5) da Sashe (2) na Dokar zama ba su shafa a wannan yanayin. Majalisar zartarwar ta Jamhuriyar ta Jamus ta kuma haramtawa haramcin matsayin doka a hukunce-hukuncen mafaka. Wadanda ke neman mafaka za a gurfanar dasu gaban shari'a ne kawai a wadannan bayanan: Idan sun yi amfani da fasfots din karya ko kuma karya za'a same su a cewar Sashe na 267 StGB; Hakanan idan sunyi amfani da bayanan sirri a cikin izinin zama. Koyaya, kawai yin bayanan karya yayin aikin mafaka bai cancanci azaman laifi ba kuma ana daukar shi azaman laifi na gudanarwa. Abubuwan da muka ambata na ta'addanci da aka ambata a cikin dokar reshen Za'a iya cika su idan aka fadi bayanan da aka yi amfani da su wajen bin kara game da hakkin yan kasar waje. Wata doka da ta fito daga ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida da kuma adalci ta Arewa-Rhine Westphalia ta ce bayanan karya ko cikakkun bayanai ko gabatar ta takardu na karya a yayin tsare-tsaren aikin hukuma na da sabani da bukatun jama'a saboda yana tayar da kashe kudaden jama'a kuma yana iya jan hankalin dan-dangi da kirkirowa na kungiyoyin laifi. Wadannan ayyuka za su zama masu daukar nauyin ayyukan ne bisa ga doka Sashe na 55 na Dokar 'Yan Kasuwa. Hakanan, tun daga 1 Nuwamba 2007, Sashe na 96 (2.2) ya ba da izinin amfani da takardun shaida na karya tare da manufar dakatar da fitarwa. Don haka, za a azabtar da maganganun karya ko cikakkun bayanai tare da kukuncin daurin kurkuku har zuwa shekara daya (Sashe na 95 (1)) ko shekaru uku (Sashe na 95(2)) a cewar dokar Reshen. Dangane da Sashe na 84 da 84a na jarabtar wani don yin bayanan karya yayin neman izinin mafaka ma za a iya shigar da kara. Tsarin Sokewa Har zuwa 1 ga Agusta 2015, Ofishin Tarayyar foraura da 'Yan Gudun Hijira yana da alhakin doka ta bincika cewa ingantaccen yanke shawara har yanzu yana da inganci ba bayan shekaru 3 bayan an yanke shawarar. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da ake bukatar sake fasalin shawarar zai zama babban laifi wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin dauri sama da shekaru uku a kurkuku ko kuma cin amanar zaman lafiya. Idan an sami bata, Ofishin Rajista na 'Yan kasashen Waje ya duba kaddamar da zama. A wasu yanayi, kamar cikakken rashin hadin kai ko mummunan aiki, zaman zama ya kare. Idan ba a soke kariyar da ke Ofishin Tarayya don Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, an ba ɗan gudun hijira takardar izinin zama na dindin. A aikace, an ba shi kashi 95 na dukkan 'yan gudun hijirar. Sabunta dokar neman mafaka (Gesetz zur Neubestimmung des Bleiberechts und der Aufenthaltsbestimmung), wanda ya zama mai tasiri a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2015 ya kamata ya yanke kokarin Ofishin Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira akan kimantawa mutum. Ofishin rajista na kasashen waje ya yarda ya ba da damar zama bayan shekaru uku, idan Ofishin Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ba su ba da sanarwa ba wani kebantaccen shari'ar da ke ba da izinin soke kariya. Cikakken kimantawa mutum mai yawa na aikace-aikacen mafaka tare da sauraron kansa wanda taron ministocin cikin gida ya amince da shi a ranar 3 ga Disamba 2015 wani bangare ne na tsarin tun daga 1 ga Janairu 2016: Aikace-aikace daga 'yan gudun hijira daga Syria, Iraki, Afghanistan da Eritrea Ana aiwatar dasu kamar haka saboda dalilai na aminci. Abin Kunya Hukumomin Jamus, musamman ofishin (BAMF) da ke Bremen, ana zarginsu da karbar cin hanci, ko akalla don ba su bi hanyoyin da ake bukata na bayar da mafaka tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Abubuwan da aka yarda da 1,200 sun gano ba su cika ka'idodin da ake bukata ba kuma sauran 18,000 na da'awar zasu a bita. An fatattaki ofishin Bremen don aiwatar da aikace-aikace da sauran ofisoshi 13 ana bincikarsu bisa zargin rikice-rikice. Habakawa a Cikin Kokarin Aikace-Aikacen Mafaka da Nasara Matsayin Su Yawa na Aikace-Aikacen Mafaka Kafin shekarar 2015, adadin da ya gabata na yawan neman mafaka shine a shekarar 1992, lokacin da aka karbi aikace-aikacen sama da 400,000. A wannan lokacin, yawancin masu nema sun fito ne daga tsohuwar Yugoslavia. Koyaya, bayan 1993 (shekarar Jamusanci 'Asylum Compromise '(Asylkomprosis)), an yi ta samun koma baya a aikace-aikace. A cikin 2005, alal misali, an karbi aikace-aikacen 29,000. Yawan masu nema na farko sun ci gaba da raguwa a cikin 2007, lokacin da Jamus ta ga aikace-aikacen 19,164 kawai, mafi karancin kudi tun 1977. Tun daga 2008, amma, yawan aikace-aikacen ya fara ƙaruwa kuma. A cikin 2014, mafi girman adadin tun 1993 aka rubuta. Dalilan wannan karuwar sun hada da kwararar bakin haure daga kasashen Serbia da Makedoniya saboda kauracewar takardar visa ga kasashen biyu a watan Disamba na shekarar 2009. A farkon rabin shekara ta 2013, yawan aikace-aikacen farko na neman mafaka ya karu 90% idan aka kwatanta da daidai wannan lokacin a shekarar da ta gabata. Mafi yawan masu neman mafaka a wannan shekarar sun fito ne daga Rasha, sai Syria da Afghanistan. Ofishin Tarayya na Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira na tsammanin aikace-aikacen 450,000 don mafaka a cikin lissafin su don 2015, dangane da yawan aikace-aikacen da suka karɓa a farkon rabin shekara. A watan Agusta na 2015, duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Tarayya ta gyara wannan lambar, tana mai neman aikace-aikace har 800,000. Bayanai da Ofishin Tarayyar Turai na Hijira da 'Yan Gudun Hijira (BAMF) ya fitar a watan Janairun 2016 ya nuna cewa Jamus ta karɓi takardun neman mafaka 476,649 a cikin 2015, galibi daga Siriya (162,510), Albanians (54,762), Kosovars (37,095), Afghans (31,902), Iraqis 31,379), Serbia (26,945), Makidoniya (14,131), Eritreans (10,990) da Pakistanis (8,472). Nasarar Aikace-Aikacen Mafaka A shekarar 2014, an gabatar da takardun neman mafaka 202,834 a kasar ta Jamus. An yanke shawarar 128,911. 1.8% na aikace-aikacen sun haifar da karbar matsayin yan gudun hijira bisa la'akari da Mataki na 16a GG; wani kasi 24.1% an karba a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daga Sashe na 3 (1) AsylG; 4% sun karbi kariyar ta sashe na 4(1); kuma 1.6% an ba da izinin fitarwa. Saboda haka, 31.5% na duk aikace-aikacen sun kasance "nasara" a cikin mafi girman ma'ana (wanda ake kira "kimar kariya"). Kasi 33.4% na aikace-aikacen aka ki bayan gwaji mai muhimmanci. Bayan kididdigar kungiyoyin ba da sadaka, Jamus tana da kimar kariya ta 48.5% (ban da wadanda aka ba da shari'unsu zuwa wasu kasashen EU bisa ga Dokar Dublin. Idan aka kirkiri da'awar doka a kan hukunce-hukuncen ofishi kuma, sama da rabin 'yan gudun hijirar an basu matsayin kariya a 2014. A cikin 2015, Jamus ta yanke shawara 282,762 kan aikace-aikacen mafaka; jimillar amincewa da mafaka ta kasance 49.8% (shawarar 140,915 ta tabbatacciya ce, domin an ba masu nema kariya). Wadanda suka yi nasara sun hada da 'yan kasar Siriya (hukunce-hukuncen kwarai da suka kai 101,419, tare da kimar kashi 96%), 'yan kasar ta Eritrea (masu yanke hukunci 9,300; kimar kashi 92.1%) da kuma 'yan Iraki (14,880 kyawawan shawarwari; 88.6% amincewarsu). A game da mutane kusan 200,000 wadanda aka daure su bisa doka a shekarar 2015, bayan da aka ki karbar aikace-aikacen su na neman mafaka, 20,914 kawai aka kora. Babban matsalar hana fitarwa ita ce rashin hadin kai daga kasashen gida. A watan Fabrairun 2016 ne gwamnatin ta Jamus ta aika kuka ga kasashe 17 wadanda ba su cika alkawuransu na kasa da kasa ba kuma ba su da cikakken hadin kai, ko dai ta hanyar taimakawa wajen tantance 'yan kasarsu, ta hanyar ba da katinan ID ga wadanda aka ki karbar aikace-aikacen su na mafaka, ko ta hanyar daukar su. kawai wadancan mutanen sun dawo wadanda suka tafi da son rai. Waɗannan ƙasashe su ne, a Asiya: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh da Lebanon A Afirka: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Ethiopia, Tunesia, Ghana, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Benin da Guinea-Bissau Sanannun Mutane da aka ba su Mafaka A watan Mayun 2018, Ray Wong da Alan Li Tung-sing, masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da ke ba da izinin samun 'yancin Hong Kong, an ba su matsayin mafakar siyasa bayan sun kasa kai rahoto ga 'yan sanda na Hong Kong a watan Nuwamba na 2017.
25343	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20Aliyu%20Labbo	Nuhu Aliyu Labbo	Nuhu Aliyu Labbo (an haife shi a 1941) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa don mazabar Neja ta Arewa a Jihar Neja a 1999 kuma an sake zaɓensa a 2003 da 2007. Bayan Fage An haifi Nuhu Aliyu a watan Yunin shekarar 1941. Ya yi karatun Advance Police Management a kwalejin 'yan sanda da ke Jos Ya zama Mataimakin Sufeto Janar (DIG) na 'yan sanda. A watan Yunin shekarar 1994, kame madugun 'yan adawa Moshood Abiola a Legas ya jawo zanga -zanga. An zabi Abiola a matsayin shugaban Nigeria a shekarar 1993, amma shugaban mulkin soji Ibrahim Babangida ya soke sakamakon zaben. DIG Aliyu ne ke da alhakin inganta tsaro don wanzar da zaman lafiya. A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID) matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID). Aliyu ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party na jihar Neja kafin zaben sa na majalisar dattawa Wa'adin farko na Majalisar Dattawa 1999 2003 An zabi Aliyu a shekarar 1999 a matsayin dan jam'iyyar PDP na mazabar Neja ta Arewa kuma an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin 'yan sanda. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2001, bayan da majalisar dattawa ta yi watsi da sassaucin da aka samu daga bangaren man fetur, Aliyu ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda ba a tuntubi majalisar dattawa b. A farkon shekarar 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta yi yunkurin tsige shugabakba Obasanjo atan Nuwamba na 2002, ya bayyana cewa an biya sanatoci da wakilai don su janye karar. Aliyu ya ce an bukace shi da ya karbi rabonsa daga cikin ganimar tsige shi amma ya ki. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2003, a matsayinsa na shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsaro da Leken Asiri, Aliyu ya shawarci gidan da kada ya gudanar da aikin tantance ministoci uku da aka gabatar cikin gaggawa sannan daga baya ya dawi ya koka game da halayen wadanda aka nada. Wa'adin Majalisar Dattawa ta biyu 2003-2007 An sake zaben Aliyu a shekarar 2003. A watan Mayun shekarar 2003, Majalisar Dattawa ta zartar da kudirin dokar Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki, wanda Aliyu ya hada kai da shi. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2003, ya hada kai da wani kudiri wanda ya soki hana rabon tallafin kananan hukumomi da tallafin da gwamnatocin jihohi ke bayarwa. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2004, an kona masaukinsa da ke Kontagora, Jihar Neja a lokacin tarzomar da ta biyo bayan zaben cikin gida da ake takaddama akai. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2004, ya halarci taron gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa na jihar Neja, wanda ya fitar da sanarwar cewa samar da karin kananan hukumomi goma sha bakwai na dindindin ne kuma zaben da aka yi ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2004 yana da inganci. A watan Satumbar 2004, ya hada kai da kudirin dokar Asusun Haraji na 'Yan Sanda wanda ya yi nufin samar da isasshen kudade ga' yan sanda kan rigakafin aikata laifuka da gano su. Haka kuma a watan Satumbar 2004, Aliyu ya goyi bayan kudirin cewa shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya sauke Malam Nasiru El-Rufai daga mukaminsa na Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) a cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya biyo bayan maganganun jama'a da El-Rufai ya bayyana Sanatocin a matsayin 'wawaye' a martanin rahoton kwamitin asusun gwamnati na majalisar dattijai wanda ya tuhume shi da almubazzaranci na kudi, a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwanci da kuma Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya. A watan Disambar 2004, ya soki rahoton Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Jihohi da Kananan Hukumomi kan dawo da zaman lafiya a Jihar Anambra, yana mai cewa rahoton da ake jira kan wannan batu da Kwamitin Sanata David Mark ya yi zai fi kyau a yi bincike da nazari. A watan Mayun 2005, hukumomi biyu da shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya kafa sun fara shari’ar wasu manyan mutane. Wasu daga cikin wakilan majalisar wakilan sun yi barazanar tsige shugaban. Aliyu ya ce ya binciki wasu daga cikin masu goyon bayan shirin tsige shi bisa zargin zamba a lokacin da yake aikin dan sanda. Aliyu ya bayyana wasu abokan aikinsa kamar yadda aka tabbatar fitattun yan damfara. A watan Nuwamba na 2005, sakamakon rahotannin yawaitar hadduran manyan hanyoyi, ya goyi bayan kudirin kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Ayyuka don binciken Hukumar Kula da Kula da Hanya ta Tarayya (FERMA) da Ma’aikatar Ayyuka ta Tarayya da bayar da rahoto cikin makonni hudu. A watan Fabrairun 2006, Nuhu Aliyu ya bayyana yunkurin da ake zargin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo na neman wa’adi na uku da sake duba kundin tsarin mulki da cewa “sharri ne”. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2006, Aliyu ya nemi a binciki kalamai daban -daban na zamba kan Sanata Ibrahim Mantu, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, sannan a dakatar da Mantu daga Majalisar Dattawa yayin bincike. Bukatar dakatar da Mantu bai samu isasshen goyon baya da zai wuce ba, amma majalisar dattawa ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da bincike. A watan Fabrairun 2007, Aliyu ya soki Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Tu’annati (EFCC) saboda ta yarda gwamnati ta yi amfani da ita wajen yaƙi da abokan gaban ta na siyasa, amma ya ce duk da cewa matakin na iya zama ba daidai ba, EFCC tana yin wani abin kirki. Wa'adin Sanata na Uku 2007–2011 An sake zabar Aliyu a watan Afrilun 2007. An nada shi kwamitoci kan Tsaro Leken Asiri, Harkokin 'Yan sanda, Bashi na gida da na waje, Al'adu Yawon shakatawa da Sadarwa. Ya kasance mai neman kujerar Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, amma aka zabi David Mark. A cikin watan Janairun 2008, ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin 'yan Majalisar Dattawa suna da hannu cikin zamba, amma daga baya bisa shawara daga lauyoyin sa suka nemi gafara tare da janye zargin ba tare da sunaye sunaye ba. Shugaban kwamitin yada labarai da yada labarai na majalisar, Eziuche Ubani, ya ce majalisar ba za ta amince da afuwar Aliyu ba, amma ta roke shi da ya bayyana jerin sunayen ‘yan majalisar tarayya da ake zargi da hannu a zamba 419 A watan Maris na shekarar 2008, Aliyu ya ba da babura 400 da mashin dinki 400 ga karamar hukumar Borgu da ke jihar Neja, don rabawa jama'a. "Na'urorin dinki na mata ne, yayin da babura na maza ne." Ya ce yana hada gidauniya, da za a kira ta Gidauniyar Sanata Nuhu Aliyu, don kara ba da gudummawa. A cikin hirar watan Mayu na 2009, Aliyu ya ce rahoton 'yan sanda da aka gabatar wa Kotun daukaka kara kan karar zaben gwamnan jihar Osun da aka yi, ya lura cewa rawar da' yan sanda ke takawa a zabe ita ce kiyaye zaman lafiya, kuma ya bayyana kwarin gwiwa ga juyin halitta zuwa cikakken dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Aliyu ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na hudu a watan Afrilun 2011, amma dan takarar jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) Ibrahim Musa ya kayar da shi inda ya samu kuri'u 131,872 zuwa 83,778 na Aliyu. Bayan zaben, Aliyu, Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dattawa, ya shigar da kara zuwa kotun daukaka kara ta jihar Neja kan Ibrahim Musa. Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed
19940	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99i%20da%20cin-hanci%20na%20gwamnatin%20Buhari	Yaƙi da cin-hanci na gwamnatin Buhari	Hukumar Buhari ta yaƙi da cin hanci yaki ne da wani anti-dasa yaki bayyana ta Muhammadu Buhari, 4th mulkin demokradiya shugaban kasar Najeriya Wannan yaki ne da dukkan nau'o'in cin hanci da rashawa a kasar Najeriya. A lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2015, ya sha alwashin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsaro idan aka zabe shi. Tun lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, yaƙin cin hanci da rashawa ya kasance ɗayan manyan abubuwan fifiko. A anti-dasa yaki da aka amince da shugaban kasar na Amurka Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, John Kerry a taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya wanda aka gudanar a Davos a kasar Switzerland ya yaba da yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa na Buhari. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2015, kasar Ingila ta yi alkawarin marawa Buhari baya na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. A cewar Grant Shapps, ministan ci gaban duniya, "Burtaniya ta dukufa wajen taimakawa Najeriya ta kara tsaro, kwanciyar hankali da ci gaba. "Za mu ci gaba da samar da ƙarfin iko, fasaha da bincike ga Najeriya don magance cin hanci da rashawa. Cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya kuma ya shafi Ingila kai tsaye. Inda muke da shaidu, zamu ci gaba da ɗaukar mataki don kare mutuncin tsarin kundi na Burtaniya da hanawa. Wasu 'yan Najeriya sun bayyana yakin a matsayin "cikakke" yayin da wasu suka bayyana shi da "zaba". William Kumuyi, wanda ya kafa kuma babban mai kula da Deeper Christian Life Ministry ya bayyana yaƙin da Buhari ke yi da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin wani mataki na tafiya zuwa tafarki madaidaici. Sai dai an soki shugaban tare da zarginsa da jagorantar yakin neman zabe da cin hanci da rashawa. Mutane da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa yaƙin da yake yi da cin hanci da rashawa ya fi mayar da hankali ne ga mambobin jam'iyyar adawa, People's Democratic Party (PDP) A watan Mayu a shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arziki Tu'annati da Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya (EFCC) ta sanar cewa an yanke wa alkaluman 'yan Najeriya 603 hukunci kan tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa tun lokacin da Buhari ya hau mulki a shekara ta 2015. Hukumar ta EFCC ta kuma sanar da cewa a karon farko a tarihin Najeriya, ana shari’ar alkalai da manyan hafsoshin soja ciki har da shugabannin hafsoshin ritaya kan rashawa. Har ila yau, an yaba wa wadanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifuka ga shugaban EFCC Ibrahim Magu A karkashin Buhari, Alkalin Kotun Najeriya Walter Onnoghen ya samu hukuncin Kotun Code of Conduct Tribune a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta 2019 saboda bayyana kadarorin karya. da ake zargi Alkalin Babbar Kotun Tarayya Adeniyi Ademola ya yi murabus ba tare da son rai ba a watan Disambar shekara ta 2017 A cikin watan Disambar shekara ta 2019, tsohon Babban Mai Shari’a na kasa Mohammed Adoke, wanda aka zarga da cin hanci da rashawa don ba da lasisin mai ga Shell, an mika shi don ya dawo Najeriya daga Dubai kuma nan take aka kamashi. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2020, ya bayyana cewa an kame ‘yan kasuwar nan na kasar Sin masu aikin gine-gine,Meng Wei Kun da Xu Koi a jihar Sakkwato kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa da suka hada da cin hanci da rashawa ga tsofaffin jami’an gwamnatin jihar ta Zamfara. Haka kuma za a kama Magu a watan Yulin shekara ta 2020 kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa shi ma. A watan Disambar shekarar 2020, tsohon shugaban Taskforce Reform Taskforce Abdulrasheed Maina, wanda aka kama a makwabciyar kasar ta Nijar bayan tsallake belin, ya bayyana a gaban wata kotun Abuja kan tuhume-tuhume 12 na zamba da halatta kudaden haram. An kama wani Ali Ndume, sanata mai wakiltar Borno ta Kudu, bayan ya tsallake belin shima. Sukar A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Cif Olu Falae, wani fitaccen dan siyasa a Najeriya kuma tsohon sakataren gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ya ce "Yakin da Buhari ke yi na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa zabi ne kuma yana yin sama da fadi" An bayyana sunan Olu falae a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka ci gajiyar wannan cinikin makamai na dala biliyan biyu, zargin da ya karyata a wata hira ta musamman da ya yi da jaridar The Punch A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa, wani tsohon gwamnan jihar Kaduna ya kalubalanci Shugaba Muhammadu da ya binciki tsarin mulkinsa na soja tsakanin shekara ta 1983 da shekara ta 1985, idan da gaske yake game da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya zargi shugaban kasar da keta dokar halaye ta tarayya A ranar 8 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2016, Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, gwamnan jihar Ribas kuma tsohon karamin ministan ilimi a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya zargi shugaban da nuna son kai a yakin da yake yi na yaki da rashawa. Ya ce ya gwammace ya yaki cin hanci da rashawa ta yadda yake so maimakon ya goyi bayan yaki da rashawa na Muhammadu Buhari. A ranar 27 ga watan Satumbar 2015, Dokta Frederick Fasehun, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Oodua Peoples Congress ya shawarci shugaban kasar da ya guji zabar masu adalci ya mai da hankali kan kyakkyawan shugabanci. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Fasheun ya bukaci shugaban da ya sassauta a yakin da yake yi da cin hanci da rashawa yana mai cewa gwamnati na iya shiga cikin matsaloli ta yadda shugaban kasar ke tafiyar da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya yi tir da Allah wadai da sakar hannu da aka yi wa Cif Olisa Metuh, Sakataren Yada Labarai na Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Jama'a. Ya bayyana hakan a matsayin mara lafiya ga Najeriya. A cikin wani rahoto mai taken "Dubu-Dabo Masu Guba Don Yaki Da Rashawa Buhari" wanda Sahara Reporters ta wallafa a ranar 31 ga Oktoban, shekara ta 2015, Debo Adeniran, Shugaban zartarwa na Hadin Kan Shugabannin Masu Cin Hanci da Rashawa ya yi ikirarin cewa a lokuta da dama, ya roki shugaban da hukumomin yaki da rashawa, Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma almubazzaranci da kudaden a kan Babatunde Fashola, wani tsohon gwamnan jihar Legas da kuma Ministan wutar lantarki, ayyuka da gidaje a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari Ya kuma ambaci cewa zarge-zarge da yawa na cin hanci da rashawa da karkatar da kudade sun yi wa Kayode Fayemi, tsohon gwamnan jihar Ekiti, Kemi Adeosun, ministan kudi mai ci, Rotimi Amaechi, wani tsohon gwamnan jihar Ribas kuma ministan sufuri na yanzu. Ya nuna damuwa kan dalilin da ya sa ba a gayyaci wadannan mutane ba daga hukumomin da ke yaki da cin hanci da rashawa don amsa tambayoyi. Ya ce "Ba mu gamsu da yadda ake yaki da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ba kuma muna tsoron kada mu cimma wani abin da ya fi wanda muke samu kafin Buhari ya hau mulki." A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Bishop Hyacinth Oroko Egbebo na Apostolic Vicariate na Bomadi, yayin bikin tsarkake wani malamin Katolika a karkashin wanda ya yi nasara, ya nuna damuwa kan abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "babban mataki na rashin hukunci da cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a yakin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari Ya zargi Buhari da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya nuna damuwa kan yadda Buhari ya ki bin umarnin kotu a yakin da yake yi da cin hanci da rashawa. Ya ce "Kamar yadda za mu so mu yaba wa Shugaba Buhari kan yadda ya yi hakuri da cin hanci da rashawa, yana da matukar damuwa da kuma hadari ga dimokuradiyyarmu cewa Shugaban zai samu damar yin watsi da umarnin kotu ta hanyar fakewa da sunansa yakin rashawa A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Carol Ajie, wata lauya a tsarin mulki ta kai karar Shugaba Barack Obama da Majalisar Shari’a ta Kasa kan rashin bin umarnin kotu da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi a yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Ta yi kira ga Buhari ya yi murabus ko kuma fuskantar shari’ar tsige shi. Lauyoyin sama da guda 200 ne suka sanya hannu a takardar neman izinin a kasar. Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi karanci a tsarin fahimtar cin hanci da rashawa na Transparency International, inda ta kai matsayin 146 daga cikin kasashe 180 da aka yi binciken a kansu. Cases sun ruwaito A ranar 3 ga Yunin shekara ta 2015, Sanata Ali Modu Sheriff, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno da hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, EFCC ta kama kan zargin karkatar da naira biliyan 300 da aka karba daga asusun tarayya a lokacin da yake gwamnan jihar Borno, tsakanin shekara ta 2003 da shekara ta 2011. Kodayake binciken ya fara ne a shekarar 2012 amma ya tsananta a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2015. Jaridar Premium Times ta ruwaito cewa Sheriff ya mika kansa ga hukumar EFCC don yi masa tambayoyi sannan an bayar da belinsa a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2015 kamar yadda Wilson Uwujaren, mai magana da yawun hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. Sheriff ya musanta rahotanni a kafafen yada labarai cewa an bayyana cewa ana neman sa, EFCC ta kama shi kuma ta tsare shi. A cewar Daily Post, wata jaridar Najeriya, Sheriff ya ce "Ba a taba gayyata ni ba, EFCC ba ta taba cewa suna bayyana ni na ke nema ba. Rahotannin da kafafen yada labarai ne suka ja hankalina kuma na kai wa EFCC ziyara. Babu wani abu game da Naira biliyan 300. Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Sarkin Kano kuma tsohon gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya ya fallasa wani bangare na cinikin mai ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin gwamnatin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan Ya nuna damuwa kan gazawar kamfanin man fetur na kasa na Najeriya na sanya adadin dala biliyan 20 na kudaden mai a cikin asusun tarayya. Diezani Alison-Madueke, tsohuwar ministar albarkatun mai ta ambaci sunayen duk mutanen da ke cikin yarjejeniyar da kuma wasu da ke cikin yarjejeniyar rijiyoyin mai da ake takaddama a kansu, Jide Omokore da Kola Aluko. Jide Omokore ya ba da kansa don dawo da dala miliyan 500 zuwa asusun tarayya. A watan Yunin 2015, manyan jami’an Babban Bankin Nijeriya da wasu ma’aikatan bankunan kasuwanci 16, hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, EFCC ta kame sama da Naira biliyan 8. An kori su kuma an gurfanar da su a gaban Babbar Kotun Tarayya da ke zaune a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, daga Talata, 2 ga Yuni, 2015 zuwa Alhamis, 4 ga Yuni, 2015. An kori su kuma an saka su a kurkuku. A watan Yunin 2015, Shugaba Buhari ya ba EFCC umarnin sake bude shari’ar cin hancin dala 182m Halliburton bayan bukatar da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Amurka ta gabatar Gwamnatin Amurka ta ce za a dawo da kimanin dala miliyan 140 da gwamnatin ta kwato zuwa Najeriya idan aka kame wadanda ke da hannu a cikin badakalar kuma aka gurfanar da su a gaban kotu. An fallasa cinikin makamai na dala biliyan biyu bayan rahoton wucin gadi na kwamitin binciken Buhari kan sayen makamai a karkashin gwamnatin Goodluck Jonathan. Rahoton kwamitin ya nuna karin kashe-kashen na kasafin kudi har na naira biliyan 643.8 da karin kashe kusan dala biliyan 2.2 a bangaren kudaden kasashen waje a karkashin kulawar Goodluck Jonathan. Binciken farko ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa an bayar da kimanin dala biliyan 2 don siyan makamai don yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram a Najeriya Rahoton binciken ya nuna cewa an fitar da jimlar dala biliyan 2.2 ba bisa ka'ida ba zuwa ofishin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na kasa wajen sayen makamai don yaki da tayar da kayar baya, amma ba a kashe su ba don abin da ya sa aka fitar da kudin. Bincike kan wannan haramtacciyar yarjejeniyar ta haifar da cafke Sambo Dasuki, tsohon mai ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Tsaro wanda daga baya ya ambaci wasu fitattun 'yan Najeriya da ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Wadanda aka ambata kuma an kama su sun hada da Raymond Dokpesi, Shugaban Kungiyar DAAR Communications Plc, Attahiru Bafarawa, tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Sakkwato, da Bashir Yuguda, tsohon karamin Ministan Kudi, Azubuike Ihejirika, Shugaban Sojojin, Adesola Nunayon Amosu, da tsohon shugaban hafsan sojojin sama, Alex Badeh da wasu ‘yan siyasa da dama an ambaci su. A karo na karshe, Gwamnatin shugaba Muhammadu Buhari tayi kokarin chanjin kudin kasar wanda da aka tambayeshi dalili yayi bayani cewa sunyi haka ne saboda su hana yan siyasa yin amfani da kudi saboda sayen kuria da kuma raayi na talakawa. Manazarta Muhammadu Buhari Masu Laifi a Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
29830	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkacen%20sharar%20gida	Tarkacen sharar gida	Sharar gida ko tarkace, kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” Ana ƙirƙiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin ƙirƙirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, itace, kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya haɗa da ƙananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da ƙasa, kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar haɗawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa ƙarancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya haɗa da gurɓataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. Nau'in sharar gida Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke ɗauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an ƙirƙiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan haɓaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa fiye da adadin da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin ci gaba da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa yana haifar da haɓaka haɗarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙarin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarƙoƙin samarwa A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk faɗin ƙasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini EPA na nufin ƙara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida Karfe ƙarfafa Ana amfani da ƙarfe azaman ƙarfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da ƙarfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran ƙirƙira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna ƙarewa waɗanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na ƙira da ƙa'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da ɓarna saboda gajeriyar ƙarshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zaɓi siyan kayan ƙarfafa ƙarfe da aka haɗa. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. Simintin da aka riga aka gama Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da ɗayan mafi ƙanƙanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da saƙo a matsayin babban batu wajen ƙididdige kankare daidai da ake buƙata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshiƙan siminti da katako da ƙirar ƙira da ake buƙata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan Brazil 30. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe Bugu da ƙari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya buƙatar ƙarin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. Bututu da wayoyi Sau da yawa yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. Kisan ƙasa Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an cika ƙasa Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa Yana rage ingancin ƙasa Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa Leachate Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. Konewa da haɗarin lafiya Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins An yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, Missouri Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. Dabarun gudanarwa Kudaden sarrafa shara Kudaden kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga kasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. Turai A cikin Tarayyar Turai (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin kananan hukumomi ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A Ostiriya, an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Kungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. Amurka Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California CalRecycle a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. Duba sauran abubuwa Sharar rushewa Sake yin amfani da su Kankare sake yin amfani da su Gudanar da sharar gida COSHH Carbon da aka haɗa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanai na Gudanar da Sharar Gina daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx Gida Shara Muhalli Majalissar dokokin duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
38674	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boggo%20Road%20Gaol	Boggo Road Gaol	Boggo Road Gaol a Brisbane, Ostiraliya, shine babban gidan yari na Queensland daga shekarar 1880s zuwa, 1980s, wanda a lokacin ya zama sananne ga rashin yanayi da tarzoma. Ana zaune akan titin Annerley a cikin Dutton Park, yanki na kudu na Brisbane, shine kawai gaol mai tsira a cikin Queensland wanda ke nuna, ka'idodin penological na karni na 19. Bayan rufewa a cikin 1992, an rushe babban ɓangaren 1960s, yana barin sashin da aka lissafa (wanda aka gina a matsayin gidan yarin mata a 1905), wanda ke buɗe wa jama'a ta hanyar balaguron jagororin da Boggo Road Gaol Pty Ltd. ke gudanarwa. An san shi a hukumance da "Brisbane Gaol" amma an fisanin shi da sunan "Titin Boggo" bayan sunan asalin hanyar Annerley. Wani sabon titi da aka kafa bayan 1996 yanzu yana da sunan Boggo Road. Tarihi A cikin shekara ta 1850s, gundumar da gaol ya kasance daga baya an san shi da sunan, 'Boggo' ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma a cikin 1860s ana kiran waƙar ta yankin da Boggo Road. An bayyana cewa sunan ya samo asali ne saboda yankin ya yi kaca-kaca a lokacin damina. Wata ka'idar ita ce Boggo (ko 'Bloggo' ko 'Bolgo') lalata ce ta kalmar Aborijin da ke nufin 'bishiyu masu jingina', kuma an sanya wa titin sunan fitattun bishiyoyi guda biyu a ko dai One-Mile Swamp ko kuma abin da yake yanzu Wilkins. Titin, kashe titin Annerley. Wata yuwuwar ita ce hanyar Boggo ta kasance gajeriyar hanya ce wacce ba ta hukuma ba kuma wacce ba a kula da ita ba tsakanin titin Ipswich da titin Stanley wanda ya zama bugu sosai bayan ruwan sama. Hanyar Boggo a hukumance an sake masa suna Annerley Road a cikin 1903, amma sunan gaol ɗin da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi ya tsaya. A cikin shekara ta1863, an keɓe ƙasa daga hanyar Boggo a matsayin ajiyar gwamnati, a ƙarshe an yi shelar gaol Reserve a 1880. An buɗe shingen cell na farko a ranar 2 ga Yuli 1883, wanda Robert Porter ya gina, ya ƙunshi sel guda 57, kuma an gina shi ta amfani da kayan da aka rusa daga gidan yarin Petrie Terrace. A cikin 1903, an gina sabon gidan yari don ɗaukar fursunoni mata. Wannan daga baya ya zama sananne da sunan No.2 Division, kuma yanzu shine yanki daya tilo da yake tsaye, kuma an jera shi a cikin Rajista na Gado na Jihar Queensland. Rukunin 'No.1 Division' da aka gina a 1883 shine wurin da aka rataye 42, gami da rataye Ernest Austin a 1913 kisa na ƙarshe a Queensland. An gina sabon gidan yari a kusa da kewayen gidan yarin na 1 a shekarun 1960 kuma an ruguje gidan yari na 1 da aka bar wurin da zai bar wurin zama na oval da na nishadi na sabon gidan yarin da aka gina, wanda ke da ruwan sanyi da kayan bayan gida a dukkan dakunan. A karkashin oval akwai wurin da aka fi sani da "black hole" inda fursunoni ke fuskantar "hukunci". "Baƙar rami" ya ci gaba da amfani har zuwa ƙarshen 80s. An kuma gina sabon gaol na mata a wannan lokacin. An tsara wannan gaol ne da farko don kula da fursunoni maza 40 waɗanda ke zama wurin tsare fursunonin da ke kan hanyar zuwa tsibirin St Helena a Moreton Bay Koyaya, ya zuwa 1989 akwai fursunoni maza 187 kuma wurin mata yana da ƙarin fursunoni kusan 200. Zanga-zangar da aka yi a gaol a cikin shekarun 1970s an ga fursunoni sun yi yajin yunwa, wato suqi cin abinci zanga-zangar saman rufin asiri, da tarzoma kan rashin kyawun yanayi da kulawa. Gidan yarin ya kasance koyaushe cikin kanun labarai kuma ya zama sananne a cikin Ostiraliya. Salon da ke gidan yarin na 2 ba su da wani nau'in tsaftar muhalli, kuma babu kayan aikin wanke-wanke. Ana buƙatar fursunonin su yi amfani da guga da yamma don hutun bayan gida kuma su zubar da shi, ko 'slop out', da safe. Wani bincike da Gwamnatin Queensland ta gudanar kan yanayin zaman gidajen yarin Jihohi, ya gano titin Boggo ta tsufa kuma ba ta wadatar da bukatun fursunoni. A'a. An rufe 2 Division a 1989. A'a. An rufe rukunin 1 a cikin 1992 kuma an rushe shi a cikin 1996 (ƙananan ɓangaren abin da yake "C5" kuma hasumiya mai gadi har yanzu tana nan). Gidan yarin mata ya yi aiki har zuwa 2000 kuma an rushe shi a cikin 2006. Tun daga 1992, No. 2 Division ya kasance gida ne ga Gidan kayan tarihi na Boggo Road Gaol, wanda ke nuna baje kolin kayan tarihi masu alaƙa da kurkuku. A cikin shekarun 1990s, tsoffin jami'ai sun gudanar da rangadi na jagora na rukunin yanar gizon, kuma daga 2003 gidan kayan gargajiya da yawon shakatawa na Boggo Road Gaol Historical Society, ƙungiyar masu sa kai mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta. Tun daga Disamba 2012, Boggo Road Gaol ya zama abin jan hankali ga Queensland, tare da tafiye-tafiyen jagororin da Boggo Road Gaol Pty ke gudanarwa, waɗanda a yanzu suna da lasisin gudanar da balaguro da abubuwan da suka faru a gaol. Kamar sauran wurare masu kama da juna a cikin ƙasar, rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana ɗaukar balaguron fatalwa jagora. An fara sake fasalin wuraren da ke kewaye a cikin 2006, wanda ya kai ga rufe wucin gadi na wurin tarihi na Boggo Road Gaol. Tun daga 2012 an sake buɗe gaol ga jama'a. Titin Boggo tun daga lokacin an mayar da shi ƙauyen birni mai suna Boggo Road Urban Village kuma an kammala shi a 2010. Jerin abubuwan tarihi Sashen No. 2 da ragowar No. An jera rukuni na 1 akan Rajista na Heritage na Queensland a cikin 1993. Sanannen fursunoni Hon. Gordon Browntsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Australiya James Finch da Andrew Stuartmasu kisa na Wiskey Au-Go-Go Nathan Jonesdan wasan kwaikwayo kuma kwararren dan kokawa Debbie Kilroy ne adam watamai fafutukar kare hakkin fursuna, wanda ya kafa Sisters Inside Patrick Kenniffwanda kuma aka sani da Queensland's last bushranger Michael PetersonAlmara na hawan igiyar ruwa ta Australiya Wayne Michael Ryanwanda aka yanke wa dan fashin banki da yawa wanda ya tsere daga Boggo Road Gaol sau biyu (1988 da 1989) Ellen Thompsonmace daya tilo da aka rataye a Queensland Arthur Ernest "Slim" Hallidayya kashe wani direban tasi kuma shi ne kawai fursuna da ya yi nasarar tserewa daga gidan yarin sau biyu. Kisa An rataye fursunoni 42 a Gaol. Shahararrun al'adu An ambaci titin Boggo a cikin gidan yarin opera na sabulu a matsayin gidan yarin da Joan Ferguson yayi aiki kafin ya zo Melbourne An kuma ziyarce shi a wasan karshe na The Amazing Race Australia 2 Titin Boggo kuma shine saitin kashi na biyu na kashi na shida na wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Amurka The Mole (jerin talabijin na Amurka) Duba kuma Boggo Road Busway Jerin gidajen yarin Australiya Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Boggo Road Gaol Historical Society website Gidan yarin Boggo Road (Steve Gage) Tarihin Boggo Road Gaol Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29824	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Majalisar%20Dinkin%20Duniya%20kan%20Dokar%20Teku	Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku	Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku UNCLOS wanda kuma ake kira Dokar Yarjejeniyar Teku ko Dokar Kula da Teku, yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa wacce ta kafa tsarin doka don duk ayyukan ruwa da na teku. A watan Yunin 2016 aƙalla ƙasashe 167 da kuma gamayyar ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai suka ƙulla wannan yarjejeniya. Yarjejeniyar ta samo asali ne daga taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na uku kan dokar teku UNCLOS III), wanda ya gudana tsakanin 1973 da 1982. UNCLOS ya maye gurbin yarjejeniyoyin 1958 akan manyan Tekuna UNCLOS ta fara aiki a shekara ta 1994, shekara guda bayan Guyana ta zama kasa ta 60 da ta amince da yarjejeniyar. Ba shi da tabbas game da har zuwa mene ne Yarjejeniyar ta tsara dokar al'ada ta duniya Yayin da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke karbar na'urorin tabbatarwa da shigarwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da goyon baya ga tarukan ƙasashen da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar, Sakateriya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta da wani iko na kai tsaye wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. Ƙungiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da ƙasa ta Halittun ruwa na Duniya, duk sun taka rawa, tare da, sauran hukumomi irin su Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (ISA), wanda aka kafa ta a yayin taron na Yarjejeniyar da kansa. Salsala UNCLOS ya maye gurbin tsohon abinda aka kira da suna 'yancin teku', wanda yake akwai tun daga karni na 17. Wanda a bisa ga shi wannan tsohon wannan ra'ayin, haƙƙoƙin ƙasa sun iyakance ne ga ƙayyadadden gaɓar ruwa wanda ya fito daga bakin teku na ƙasar da ya wanzu, yawanci bisa tazara ta kilomita 5.6 (iyakar mil uku bisa ga ka'idar harbin bindiga' wanda masanin shari'a dan kasar Holland Cornelius van Bynkershoek ya kirkira. Duk ruwan da ya wuce iyakokin ƙasa an ɗauke shi ruwan ƙasa da ƙasa kyauta ga dukkan al'ummomi, amma ba na ɗayansu ba (ka'idar mare liberum da Hugo Grotius ya gabatar). A farkon ƙarni na 20, wasu al'ummomi sun nuna sha'awarsu ta tsawaita da'awar ƙasa: haɗa da albarkatun ma'adinai, don kare tsibin kifaye, da kuma samar da hanyoyin tilasta hana gurbatar yanayi (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya ta kira taron 1930 a Hague, amma ba a cimma yarjejeniya ba. Ta hanyar amfani da ka'idar dokokin kasa da kasa ta al'ada ta 'yancin al'umma na kare albarkatun kasa, Shugaba Harry S. Truman a shekara ta 1945 ya mika ikon Amurka ga duk albarkatun kasa na nahiyar ta Sauran al'ummai sun yi gaggawar yin koyi. Tsakanin 1946 zuwa 1950, Chile, Peru, da Ecuador sun tsawaita haƙƙinsu zuwa don rufe wuraren kamun kifi na Humboldt na yanzu Sauran al'ummomi sun tsawaita iyakar teku zuwa A shekara ta 1967, kasashe 25 ne kawai suka yi amfani da tsohuwar iyakar mil uku, yayin da kasashe 66 suka kafa iyakar yanki da takwas sun kafa iyaka. Kasashe biyu ne kawai ke amfani da iyaka: Jordan da Palau. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan iyaka a wasu tsibiran Ostiraliya, wani yanki na Belize, wasu magudanan Jafananci, wasu yankuna na Papua New Guinea, da wasu ƴan yankunan ƙasashen waje na Biritaniya, kamar Gibraltar UNCLOS baya magana da batutuwan rikice-rikice na yanki ko warware batutuwan da suka shafi ikon mallakar ƙasa, saboda wannan filin yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin dokokin duniya na al'ada game da mallaka da asarar ƙasa. UNCLOS I A cikin 1956, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taronta na farko kan Dokar Teku (UNCLOS I) a Geneva, Switzerland. UNCLOS I ya haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a cikin 1958: Yarjejeniya kan Tekun Teku da Yanki mai Mahimmanci, shigowar aiki: 10 Satumba 1964 Yarjejeniyar Kan Tsarin Nahiyar, Shigarwa: 10 Yuni 1964 Yarjejeniyar kan manyan Tekuna, shiga aiki: 30 Satumba 1962 Yarjejeniyar Kan Kamun Kifi da Kula da Albarkatun Rayuwa na Manyan Tekuna, Shigarwa: 20 Maris 1966 Ko da yake an dauki UNCLOS I a matsayin nasara, ya buɗe muhimmin batu na faɗin ruwan yanki. UNCLOS II A shekara ta 1960, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taro na biyu kan dokar teku ("UNCLOS II"); duk da haka, taron Geneva na makonni shida bai haifar da wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ba. Gabaɗaya magana, ƙasashe masu tasowa da ƙasashe na duniya na uku sun shiga a matsayin abokan ciniki, ƙawaye, ko masu dogaro da Amurka ko Tarayyar Soviet, ba tare da wata babbar murya ta nasu ba. UNCLOS III Batun ikirari iri-iri na yankunan ruwa ya fito ne a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1967 ta hannun Arvid Pardo na Malta, kuma a cikin 1973 an yi taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na uku kan dokar teku a New York. A wani yunƙuri na rage yuwuwar ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe su mamaye tattaunawar, taron ya yi amfani da tsarin bai ɗaya maimakon kuri'u mafi rinjaye. Tare da kasashe fiye da 160 da suka halarci taron, taron ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1982. Sakamakon taron ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1994, shekara guda bayan jaha ta 60, Guyana, ta amince da yarjejeniyar. Taron ya gabatar da tanadi da yawa. Mahimman batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da saita iyaka, kewayawa, matsayin tsibiri da tsarin zirga-zirga, yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman (EEZs), ikon shiryayye na nahiyar, haƙar ma'adinai mai zurfi, tsarin amfani da ruwa, kare muhallin ruwa, bincike na kimiyya, da sasanta rikice-rikice. Yarjejeniyar ta saita iyaka na wurare daban-daban, wanda aka auna daga ma'auni a hankali (A al'ada, layin teku yana bin layin ƙananan ruwa, amma lokacin da bakin tekun ke da zurfi sosai, yana da tsibiran da ba su da ƙarfi ko kuma ba su da kwanciyar hankali, ana iya amfani da madaidaicin tushe. Yankunan sune kamar haka: Ruwa na ciki Yana rufe duk ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa a gefen ƙasa na tushen. Jihar bakin teku tana da 'yanci don saita dokoki, tsara amfani, da amfani da kowace hanya. Tasoshin kasashen waje ba su da hakkin wucewa a cikin ruwa na ciki. Jirgin ruwa a cikin manyan tekuna yana da iko a ƙarƙashin dokokin cikin gida na Jihar tuta. Yankunan ruwa Zuwa daga tushe, jihar bakin teku tana da 'yanci don saita dokoki, daidaita amfani, da amfani da kowane hanya. An bai wa jiragen ruwa haƙƙin ratsawa marar laifi ta kowane yanki na ruwa, tare da maƙasudin dabarun ba da damar wucewar jiragen soja a matsayin hanyar wucewa, a cikin cewa an ba da damar jiragen ruwa su kula da wuraren da ba su da laifi a cikin ruwayen. “Tsarin mara laifi” an ayyana shi ta hanyar yarjejeniya a matsayin wucewa ta ruwa cikin hanzari da ci gaba, wanda ba “rashin lahani ga zaman lafiya, kyakkyawan tsari ko tsaro” na jihar bakin teku ba. Kamun kifi, gurbatar yanayi, aikin makamai, da leƙen asiri ba “marasa laifi ba ne”, kuma ana buƙatar jiragen ruwa da sauran motocin da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa su yi tafiya a ƙasa kuma su nuna tutarsu. Har ila yau al'ummomi na iya dakatar da wuce gona da iri na wani dan lokaci a wasu yankuna na yankin tekun nasu, idan yin hakan yana da muhimmanci don kare tsaronsu. Ruwan archipelagic Yarjejeniyar ta tsara ma'anar "Ƙasashen Archipelagic" a cikin Sashe na IV, wanda kuma ya bayyana yadda jihar za ta iya zana iyakokinta. An zana tushen tushe tsakanin mafi girman wuraren tsibiran da ke ƙetare, kasancewar waɗannan wuraren suna kusa da juna. Duk ruwan da ke cikin wannan tushe an keɓe shi "Ruwan Archipelagic". Jiha tana da iko akan wadannan ruwan galibi gwargwadon yadda take da ruwa na cikin gida, amma dangane da haƙƙin da ake da su ciki har da haƙƙin kamun kifi na gargajiya na jihohin da ke makwabtaka da su. Tasoshin jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje suna da hakkin wucewa marar laifi ta cikin ruwayen tsibirai, amma jahohin tsibirai na iya iyakance hanyar da ba ta da laifi zuwa kebabbun hanyoyin teku. Shiyya mai ci gaba Bayan iyaka, akwai ƙarin daga iyakar iyakar teku, yankin da ke da alaƙa. Anan wata jiha za ta iya ci gaba da aiwatar da dokoki a wasu takamaiman wurare guda huɗu (kwastan, haraji, shige da fice, da gurɓatawa) idan ƙetare ya fara ko yana shirin faruwa a cikin ƙasa ko yankin ruwan jihar. Wannan ya sa yankin da ke haɗuwa ya zama yanki mai zafi Yankunan tattalin arziki na keɓance (EEZs) Waɗannan suna ƙara daga asali A cikin wannan yanki, ƙasar da ke bakin teku tana da haƙƙin yin amfani da shi kaɗai akan duk albarkatun ƙasa. A cikin amfani na yau da kullun, kalmar na iya haɗawa da tekun yanki har ma da shiryayye na nahiyar. An bullo da EEZ ne don dakatar da zafafan fadace-fadacen kamun kifi da ake yi, duk da cewa man fetur na kara zama muhimmi. Nasarar wani dandamalin mai a teku a Tekun Mexico a cikin 1947 ba da daɗewa ba an sake maimaita shi a wasu wurare a duniya, kuma a shekara ta 1970 yana da yuwuwar yin aiki a cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Ƙasashen waje suna da 'yancin kewayawa da wuce gona da iri, bisa ka'idojin jihohin bakin teku. Ƙasashen waje kuma na iya shimfiɗa bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa da igiyoyi. Continental shiryayye An ayyana shiyyoyin nahiyoyi a matsayin tsawaita yanayin ƙasar zuwa ga gefen gefen nahiyar, ko daga ginshiƙin jihar bakin teku, duk wanda ya fi girma. Shelf ɗin nahiya na ƙasa na iya wuce har sai yanayin tsawaitawa ya ƙare. Koyaya, bazai taɓa wuce ba daga asali; kuma bazai wuce ba sama da isobath (layin da ke haɗa zurfin 2 500 m). Jihohin da ke bakin teku suna da hakkin girbi ma'adinai da abubuwan da ba su da rai a cikin ƙasan ƙasan nahiyoyinta, in ban da wasu. Jihohin bakin teku kuma suna da keɓantaccen iko kan albarkatun rayuwa “wanda aka haɗa” zuwa ga nahiyoyin duniya, amma ba ga halittun da ke zaune a ginshiƙin ruwa fiye da yankin tattalin arziƙi na keɓancewar ba. Wurin da ke wajen waɗannan wuraren ana kiransa da Tabbar teku ko kuma kawai "Yankin". Baya ga tanade-tanade da ke bayyana iyakokin teku, babban taron ya kafa manyan wajibai na kiyaye muhallin ruwa da kuma kare yancin gudanar da bincike na kimiyya a kan manyan tekuna, sannan kuma ya samar da wata sabuwar doka ta shari'a don sarrafa albarkatun ma'adinai a cikin zurfin tekun da ya wuce ikon kasa, ta hanyar. Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya da ka'idodin gama gari na 'yan adam Jihohin da ba su da tudu ana ba su haƙƙin shiga da fita cikin teku, ba tare da biyan harajin zirga-zirgar jiragen ƙasa ta jihohin ba. Sashe na XI da Yarjejeniyar 1994 Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar ya tanadi tsarin mulki da ya shafi ma'adanai a bakin teku a wajen kowace jiha ta ruwa ko EEZ (Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman). Ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya (ISA) don ba da izinin bincike da hako ma'adinai a cikin teku da tattara da rarraba sarakunan hakar ma'adinai a teku. Amurka ta ki amincewa da tanade-tanaden Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar bisa dalilai da dama, tana mai cewa yarjejeniyar ba ta da kyau ga muradun tattalin arziki da tsaro na Amurka. Saboda Sashe na XI, Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da UNCLOS, kodayake ta bayyana yarjejeniya da sauran tanade-tanaden Yarjejeniyar. Daga 1982 zuwa 1990, Amurka ta yarda da duka banda Sashe na XI a matsayin dokar kasa da kasa ta al'ada, yayin da take ƙoƙarin kafa wata sabuwar gwamnati don cin moriyar ma'adanai na zurfin teku. An yi yarjejeniya da wasu ƙasashe masu hakar ma'adinai a teku kuma an ba da lasisi ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa guda huɗu. A halin yanzu, an kafa Hukumar Shirye-shiryen don yin shiri don aiwatar da da'awar da masu nema suka amince da Yarjejeniyar, wadanda suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. An dai shawo kan takun-saka tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu, amma raguwar bukatar ma'adanai daga bakin tekun ya sa tsarin mulkin tekun ba ya da amfani sosai. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar gurguzu a ƙarshen 1980s ya kawar da yawancin goyon baya ga wasu tanadin Sashe na XI mai rikitarwa. A cikin 1990, an fara tuntuɓar juna tsakanin masu rattaba hannu da waɗanda ba su rattaba hannu ba (ciki har da Amurka) game da yiwuwar yin kwaskwarima ga yarjejeniyar don ba da damar ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu su shiga cikin yarjejeniyar. Sakamakon 1994 Yarjejeniyar Aiwatar da Aiwatar da shi an amince da shi a matsayin Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Ya ba da umarnin cewa, ba za a yi amfani da muhimman kasidu, da suka haɗa da na ƙayyadaddun samar da gaɓar teku, da canja wurin fasaha na tilas ba, cewa Amurka, idan ta zama mamba, za ta ba da tabbacin zama a Majalisar Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya, kuma a ƙarshe., cewa za a yi kada kuri'a a kungiyance, tare da kowace kungiya za ta iya hana yanke shawara kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Yarjejeniyar ta 1994 ta kuma kafa Kwamitin Kudi wanda zai samo asali ne daga shawarwarin kudi na Hukumar, wanda mafi yawan masu ba da gudummawa za su kasance mambobi kai tsaye kuma za a yanke shawara ta hanyar yarjejeniya. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2011, Ƙungiyar Rigingimu ta Seabed na Kotun Duniya ta Shari'ar Teku (ITLOS) ta ba da ra'ayi na ba da shawara game da alhakin doka da wajibcin ƙungiyoyin Jihohin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar game da ɗaukar nauyin ayyuka a yankin daidai da abin da ya dace. tare da Sashe na XI na Yarjejeniyar da Yarjejeniyar 1994. An ba da shawarar ba da shawarar ne a matsayin martani ga wata buƙata ta hukuma da Hukumar Kula da Teku ta Duniya ta yi biyo bayan aikace-aikace guda biyu da Hukumar Shari'a da Fasaha ta Hukumar ta samu daga Jamhuriyar Nauru da Masarautar Tonga game da ayyukan da aka tsara (shirin aiki don ganowa). polymetallic nodules) da 'yan kwangila biyu da Jihohi suka dauki nauyin gudanarwa a yankin Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (Jamhuriyar Nauru ta dauki nauyin) da Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (Masarautar Tonga ta dauki nauyin). Ra'ayin ba da shawara ya bayyana alhakin shari'a na kasa da kasa da wajibai na Kasashe Masu Tallafawa da Hukuma don tabbatar da cewa ayyukan da aka ba da tallafi ba su cutar da yanayin ruwa ba, daidai da tanadin da ya dace na UNCLOS Sashe na XI, dokokin hukuma, dokar shari'ar ITLOS, sauran yarjejeniyoyin muhalli na duniya., da kuma ka'ida ta 15 na sanarwar Rio na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sashe na XII Kare Muhallin Ruwa Sashe na XII na UNCLOS ya ƙunshi tanadi na musamman don kare muhallin ruwa, wanda ya wajabta wa dukkan Jihohi yin haɗin gwiwa a cikin wannan harka, da kuma sanya wajibai na musamman kan ƙasashen tuta don tabbatar da cewa jiragen ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin tutocinsu suna bin ƙa'idojin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa, waɗanda galibin ƙasashen duniya suka amince da su. IMO Yarjejeniyar MARPOL misali ne na irin wannan ƙa'ida. Sashe na XII ya kuma bai wa jihohin bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa tare da faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙin hukumci don aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin yankinsu da kan manyan tekuna Manufar ci gaba mai dorewa ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 14 kuma tana da manufa game da ra'ayin mazan jiya da dorewar amfani da tekuna da albarkatunsu daidai da tsarin doka na UNCLOS. Dokar ɗinke bambance-Bambance A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNGA) ta kada kuri'a don kiran taron gwamnatoci (IGC) don yin la'akari da kafa wata doka ta kasa da kasa da ke daure doka (ILBI) kan kiyayewa da dorewar amfani da bambancin halittu fiye da ikon kasa (BBNJ). IGC za ta yi taro don jerin zama huɗu tsakanin 2018 da 2020 don yin aiki don cimma yarjejeniya. Jam'iyyu An buɗe taron don sanya hannu a ranar 10 ga Disamba 1982 kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1994 bayan ƙaddamar da kayan aikin 60th na amincewa. Jam’iyyu 168 ne suka amince da taron, wanda ya hada da kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 164, da kasa daya mai lura da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Palestine da kasashe biyu masu alaka tsibiran Cook da Niue da Tarayyar Turai Matsayi Muhimmancin UNCLOS ya samo asali ne daga yadda yake tsarawa da daidaita ka'idoji da ka'idojin dokokin teku na kasa da kasa, wadanda suka dogara ne akan kwarewar teku na ƙarni kuma an bayyana su da yawa a cikin Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ka'idodin dokokin teku na duniya na yanzu, kamar haka. Kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1958. An ƙara ƙarfafa babban ɓangare na waɗannan buƙatun kuma an fadada su. Duba kuma Tsarin Ganewa Ta atomatik Dokar Admiralty Gudanar da kamun kifi Kotun kasa da kasa na shari'ar teku Dokar teku Dokar ceto Kimanin shari'a na harin jiragen ruwa na Gaza Hukumomin Tsaro na Maritime Taron Montreux Game da Mulkin Mashigin Turkiyya Operation Sharp Guard Yankunan ruwa Rashin amincewar Amurka na UNCLOS Bayanin Haɗin gwiwa na Amurka/USSR kan Yarda da Uniform na Dokokin Dokokin Ƙasashen Duniya da ke Gudanar da Wurin Lantarki Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kula da Makamai na Seabed Manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Jerin yankunan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke mulki Ci gaba da karatu Sara McLaughlin Mitchell da Andrew P. Owsiak. 2021. Hukunci na Teku: Ciniki a cikin Inuwar UNCLOS Jaridar Amirka ta Dokokin Duniya. Manazarta Rubutun yarjejeniyar (pdf) Jerin ƙasashen da suka amince da Dokar Yarjejeniyar Teku Kotun kasa da kasa na shari'ar teku Kotun Kotu ta Dindindin Laifukan da suka gabata da kuma masu jiran gado Hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Duniya masu dacewa da UNCLOS (2010) da Abubuwan da ke ciki Fihirisa Sashen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da harkokin teku da kuma dokar teku Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan iyaka na Shelf na Nahiyar UNEP Shelf Programme, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa don taimaka wa Jihohi wajen zayyana matsugunin nahiyoyinsu fiye da mil 200 na ruwa (370). km) UNCLOS Italiyanci Database EEZ/CS Iyakokin Kanada Database Taswirar Dijital na Yankunan Tattalin Arziki Na Musamman na Duniya SOPAC Maritime Boundaries Database Bayanin gabatarwa na Tullio Treves, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan gani na sauti akan Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1958 akan Dokar Teku a cikin Taskokin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Laburaren Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Dokokin Duniya Bayanin gabatarwa na Tullio Treves, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan gani na sauti akan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku a cikin Taskokin Tarihi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Laburaren Kayayyakin Sauti na Dokokin Duniya Laccoci Lakcoci a cikin jerin laccoci na ɗakin karatu na Audiovisual na Dokokin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shabtai Rosenne Memorial Lecture na John Norton Moore mai suna Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku: Daya daga cikin Manyan Nasarorin da aka samu a Tsarin Doka na Duniya Jerin lacca a sassa shida na Tullio Treves mai suna The Law of Teku a kan cika shekaru talatin na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta teku. Lakca na Helmut Turk mai taken Jihohin da ba su da iyaka da kuma dokar teku Lecture daga Tullio Treves mai taken Sabuwar Dokar Teku da sasanta rigingimu Lecture daga Emmanuel Roucounas mai take masu amfani da Dokar Teku ba Jiha ba Lecture daga David Freestone mai taken Shekaru 25 na Dokar Teku Shin Ya Yi Nasara? Laccoci na Tommy Koh mai suna The Art and Science na Gudanar da Manyan Taro na gwamnatoci da Tsarin Tattaunawa na Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Uku kan Dokar Teku. Lecture daga Jin-Hyun Paik mai taken tsarin shari'a na kasa da kasa na kamun kifi Lecture daga Tullio Scovazzi mai taken Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku da Ta Ketare. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40423	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Kafka	Franz Kafka	Franz Kafka (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif 1883,-kuma ya mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif 1924) marubucin Bohemian ne mai kuma magana da Jamusanci kuma marubucin gajerun labarai, wanda ya shahara a ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogin adabin ƙarni na 20. Ayyukansa sun haɗa abubuwa na gaskiya da ban mamaki. Yawanci yana fasalta keɓantattun jaruman da ke fuskantar matsaloli masu ban mamaki ko na zahiri da kuma ikon zamantakewar da ba za a iya fahimta ba. An fassara shi azaman binciko jigogi na nisantar, damuwa na wanzuwa, laifi, da rashin hankali. Shahararrun ayyukansa sun haɗa da ɗan gajeren labari "The Metamorphosis" da litattafai The Trial and The Castle. Kalmar Kafkaesque ya shiga Turanci don bayyana yanayi maras kyau, kamar waɗanda aka kwatanta a cikin rubutunsa. An haifi Kafka a cikin dangin Yahudawan Czech na tsakiyar aji na Jamusanci a Jamhuriyar Czech a Prague, babban birnin Masarautar Bohemia, sa'an nan kuma wani yanki na daular Austro-Hungary, a yau babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech. Ya sami horo a matsayin lauya kuma bayan ya kammala karatunsa na shari'a sai wani kamfani na inshora ya ɗauke shi aiki na cikakken lokaci, wanda hakan ya tilasta masa ya mayar da rubuce-rubuce zuwa lokacin hutunsa. A tsawon rayuwar Kafka, ya rubuta ɗaruruwan wasiƙu zuwa ga dangi da abokai na kud da kud, ciki har da mahaifinsa, wanda suke da dangantaka ta kud da kud. Ya yi auren mata da yawa amma bai yi aure ba. Ya mutu a cikin duhu a shekarar alif 1924, yana da shekaru 40 daga tarin fuka. Kafka ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci, yana ciyar da mafi yawan lokutansa na kyauta, yawanci a cikin dare. Ya kona kusan kashi 90% na jimlar aikin sa saboda jajircewar da ya yi na rashin yarda da kai. Kadan daga cikin ayyukan Kafka da aka buga a lokacin rayuwarsa: tarin labaran da aka yi la'akari da Likitan Ƙasa, da kuma labarun mutum (irin su "The Metamorphosis") an buga su a cikin mujallu na wallafe-wallafe amma sun sami kulawar jama'a kadan. A cikin wasiyyarsa, Kafka ya umurci mai zartar da wallafe-wallafen kuma abokinsa Max Brod ya lalata ayyukansa da ba a gama ba, ciki har da littattafansa The Trial, The Castle, da amma Brod ya yi watsi da waɗannan umarnin, kuma yana da yawancin ayyukansa da aka buga. Franz Kafka yana daya daga cikin mawakan da suka shahara bayan mutuwarsu: bayan shekarar alif 1945, ne ayyukansa suka shahara a cikin ƙasashen Jamusanci, wanda adabinsa ya yi tasiri sosai, kuma a cikin 1960s a wasu wurare na duniya. Ayyukan Kafka sun rinjayi nau'ikan marubuta, masu suka, masu fasaha, da masana falsafa a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21st. Rayuwa Rayuwar farko An haifi Kafka a kusa da filin Old Town Square a Prague, a lokacin daular Austro-Hungarian. Iyalinsa Yahudawan Ashkenazi ne na tsakiyar aji na masu jin Jamus. Mahaifinsa, Hermann Kafka (1854-1931), shi ne ɗa na huɗu na Jakob Kafka, a ko kuma mai yankan al'ada a Osek, ƙauyen Czech mai yawan Yahudawa da ke kusa da Strakonice a kudancin Bohemia. Hermann ya kawo dangin Kafka zuwa Prague. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace na balaguro, a ƙarshe ya zama dillalin kayan ado wanda ya ɗauki aiki har zuwa mutane 15 kuma ya yi amfani da hoton jackdaw a cikin Czech, furci kuma an rubuta shi azaman kafka azaman tambarin kasuwancin sa. Mahaifiyar Kafka, Julie (1856-1934), 'yar Jakob Löwy ce, ɗan kasuwa mai wadata a Poděbrady, kuma ta fi mijinta ilimi. Iyayen Kafka mai yiwuwa sun yi magana da Jamusanci, wanda Yiddish ya rinjayi, wanda wani lokaci ana kiransa Mauscheldeutsch, amma, kamar yadda Jamusanci ke dauke da abin hawa na motsi na zamantakewa, tabbas sun ƙarfafa 'ya'yansu su yi magana da Jamusanci Standard. Hermann da Julie suna da 'ya'ya shida, wanda Franz ce babba. 'Yan'uwan Franz biyu, Georg da Heinrich, sun mutu tun suna jariri kafin Franz ya cika bakwai; 'yan'uwansa mata uku sune Gabriele ("Ellie") (1889-1944), Valerie ("Valli") (1890-1942) da Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892-1943). An kashe dukan ukun a cikin Holocaust na Yaƙin Duniya na II. An tura Valli zuwa Łódź Ghetto da ke Poland da ta mamaye a shekara ta alif 1942, amma wannan ita ce takardar shaidar ta ƙarshe; ana zaton ba ta tsira daga yakin ba. Ottilie ita ce 'yar'uwar Kafka da ta fi so. Masanin tarihin rayuwar Stanley Corngold ya bayyana Hermann a matsayin "babban ɗan kasuwa, mai son kai, mai girman kai" da kuma ta Franz Kafka a matsayin "Kafka na gaskiya cikin ƙarfi, lafiya, ci, ƙarar murya, balaga, gamsuwar kai, rinjaye na duniya. juriya, kasancewar hankali, [da] sanin yanayin ɗan adam”. A kwanakin kasuwanci, iyayen biyu ba su nan a gida, tare da Julie Kafka tana aiki kamar 12. sa'o'i a kowace rana suna taimakawa wajen gudanar da kasuwancin iyali. Saboda haka, yarinta na Kafka ya kasance ɗan kaɗaici, kuma yaran sun sami reno da yawa daga jerin gwanati da bayi. Dangantakar da ke damun Kafka da mahaifinsa ta bayyana a cikin Wasika zuwa ga Ubansa na sama da 100 shafuka, wanda a cikinsa ya koka game da kasancewar mahaifinsa mai iko da kuma halin da ake bukata; Mahaifiyarsa kuwa, ta kasance mai shiru da kunya. Mafi rinjayen mahaifin Kafka yana da tasiri sosai a rubutun Kafka. Iyalin Kafka suna da wata kuyanga da ke zaune tare da su a wani ƙunƙun gida. Dakin Franz yana yawan sanyi. A watan Nuwamba shekarar alif 1913, iyalin suka koma wani babban gida, ko da yake Ellie da Valli sun yi aure kuma suka tashi daga ɗakin farko. A farkon watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1914, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ya soma, ’yan’uwa mata ba su san inda mazajensu suke soja ba kuma suka koma tare da iyalin a wannan babban gida. Dukansu Ellie da Valli su ma suna da yara. Franz yana da shekaru 31 ya koma tsohon gidan Valli, shiru da bambanci, kuma ya rayu shi kadai a karon farko. Ilimi Daga shekarar alif 1889 zuwa 1893, Kafka ya halarci Makarantar firamare ta samarin Jamus a (kasuwar nama), yanzu ana kiranta titin Masná. Iliminsa na Yahudawa ya ƙare da bikin mashaya mitzvah yana ɗan shekara 13. Kafka bai taɓa jin daɗin halartar majami'a ba kuma yana tafiya tare da mahaifinsa a ranakun hutu huɗu kawai a shekara. Bayan barin makarantar firamare a shekara ta alif 1893, an shigar da Kafka a cikin gymnasium mai tsauri na gargajiya, makarantar sakandare ta ilimi a Old Town Square, a cikin fadar Kinský. Jamusanci yaren koyarwa ne, amma Kafka kuma ya yi magana kuma ya rubuta cikin Czech. Ya yi karatu na karshen a dakin motsa jiki na tsawon shekaru takwas, yana samun sakamako mai kyau. Ko da yake Kafka ya sami yabo ga Czech ɗinsa, bai taɓa ɗaukar kansa ƙware a cikin yaren ba, kodayake yana magana da Jamusanci tare da lafazin Czech. Ya kammala jarrabawar Matura a 1901. An shigar da shi a na Prague a 1901, Kafka ya fara nazarin ilmin sunadarai amma ya koma doka bayan makonni biyu. Ko da yake wannan filin bai faranta masa rai ba, ya ba da damammaki na aiki wanda ya faranta wa mahaifinsa rai. Bugu da kari, doka ta bukaci dogon zangon karatu, inda ta baiwa Kafka lokacin daukar darasi a cikin karatun Jamusanci da tarihin fasaha. Ya kuma shiga ƙungiyar ɗalibai, (Zauren Karatu da Lacca na ɗaliban Jamus), wanda ya shirya tarurrukan adabi, karatu da sauran ayyuka. Daga cikin abokan Kafka akwai ɗan jarida Felix Weltsch, wanda ya yi nazarin falsafanci, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Yitzchak Lowy wanda ya fito daga dangin Hasidic Warsaw na orthodox, da kuma marubuta Ludwig Winder, Oskar Baum da Franz Werfel. A ƙarshen shekara ta farko na karatunsa, Kafka ya sadu da Max Brod, wani dalibin lauya wanda ya zama aboki na kud da kud don rayuwa. Bayan shekaru, Brod ya kirkiro kalmar ("The Close Prague Circle") don bayyana rukunin marubuta, waɗanda suka haɗa da Kafka, Felix Weltsch da Brod kansa. Kafka ya kasance mai son karatu a duk rayuwarsa; tare da shi da Brod sun karanta Plato's Protagoras a cikin asalin Girkanci, akan yunƙurin Brod, da kuma tunanin Flaubert 's da kuma The Temptation of Saint Anthony a cikin Faransanci, bisa shawararsa. Kafka ya ɗauki Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustav Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, da Heinrich von Kleist a matsayin" 'yan'uwansa na gaskiya". Bayan waɗannan, ya ɗauki sha'awar wallafe-wallafen Czech kuma yana jin daɗin ayyukan Goethe An ba Kafka lambar digiri na Doka a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1906 kuma ya yi shekara ta wajibi na hidimar da ba a biya ba a matsayin magatakarda na shari'a da kotunan laifuka. Aiki A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1907, an ɗauki Kafka a kamfanin inshora, inda ya yi aiki kusan shekara guda. Wasiƙun da ya yi a wancan lokacin sun nuna cewa bai ji daɗin tsarin aiki ba—daga 08:00 har zuwa 18:00 —wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala matuƙar ya mai da hankali ga rubutu, wanda ke ɗaukar ƙarin mahimmanci a gare shi. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1908, ya yi murabus. Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya sami aikin da ya fi dacewa da rubutu lokacin da ya shiga Cibiyar Inshorar Ma'aikata ta Masarautar Bohemia Aikin ya haɗa da bincike da kimanta ramuwa don rauni na mutum ga ma'aikatan masana'antu; hatsarori kamar bacewar yatsu ko gaɓoɓi sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, saboda rashin ƙayyadaddun manufofin tsaro na aiki a lokacin. Ya kasance gaskiya ne musamman ga masana'antun da aka haɗa da lathes na injuna, na'urori, injinan tsarawa da na'urori masu juyawa, waɗanda ba a cika cika su da masu tsaro ba. Farfesan gudanarwa Peter Drucker ya yabawa Kafka tare da haɓaka hular farar hula ta farko yayin da yake aiki a Cibiyar Inshorar Hatsari ta Ma'aikata, amma duk wani takarda daga ma'aikacin sa ba ya goyan bayan wannan. Mahaifinsa sau da yawa yakan ambaci aikin dansa a matsayin jami'in inshora a matsayin a zahiri "aikin burodi", aikin da aka yi kawai don biyan kuɗi; Kafka ya sha da'awar raina shi. An inganta Kafka cikin sauri kuma ayyukansa sun haɗa da sarrafawa da bincikar da'awar biyan diyya, rubuta rahotanni, da kuma kula da roko daga 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ke tunanin an sanya kamfanonin su cikin haɗari mai yawa, wanda ya fi tsadar su a cikin kudaden inshora. Zai tattara kuma ya tsara rahoton shekara-shekara kan cibiyar inshora na shekaru da yawa da ya yi aiki a can. Rahotanni sun samu karbuwa daga manyansa. Kafka ya kan tashi daga aiki da ƙarfe biyu na rana, ta yadda ya samu lokacin ciyar da aikinsa na adabi, wanda ya himmatu. Mahaifin Kafka kuma ya sa ran zai taimaka a wurin kuma ya mallaki kantin sayar da kayayyaki na iyali. A cikin shekarunsa na baya, rashin lafiyar Kafka yakan hana shi aiki a ofishin inshora da kuma rubutunsa. A ƙarshen shekarar alif 1911, mijin Elli Karl Hermann da Kafka sun zama abokan haɗin gwiwa a masana'antar asbestos ta farko a Prague, wanda aka sani da Prager Asbestwerke Hermann Co., bayan sun yi amfani da kuɗin sadaki daga Hermann Kafka. Kafka ya nuna hali mai kyau da farko, yana sadaukar da yawancin lokacinsa na kyauta ga kasuwanci, amma daga baya ya ji haushin cin zarafin wannan aikin a lokacin rubuce-rubucensa. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma sami sha'awa da nishaɗi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Yiddish Bayan ganin ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yiddish a watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1911, na tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa Kafka "ya nutsar da kansa cikin yaren Yiddish da kuma cikin adabin Yiddish". A daidai wannan lokacin ne Kafka ta zama mai cin ganyayyaki. A kusa da shekarar 1915, Kafka ya karɓi daftarin sanarwar aikin soja a yakin duniyaNi, amma ma'aikatansa a cibiyar inshora sun shirya tsaiko saboda ana ɗaukar aikinsa yana da mahimmancin sabis na gwamnati. Daga baya ya yi yunƙurin shiga aikin soja amma matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da tarin fuka sun hana shi yin haka, da aka gano shi a cikin shekarar alif 1917. A cikin shekarar alif 1918, Cibiyar Inshorar Ma'aikata ta sanya Kafka a cikin fensho saboda ya samu. rashin lafiya, wanda ba a samu waraka ba a lokacin, kuma ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a wuraren kiwon lafiya. Manazarta Mutuwan
25502	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y	Y	Y, ko y shine harafi na ashirin da biyar kuma na ƙarshe na harafin haruffan Latin na ISO da na shida (ko na bakwai idan sun haɗa da W) harafin wasali na haruffan Ingilishi na zamani A tsarin rubuce -rubucen Ingilishi, galibi yana wakiltar wasali kuma ba kasafai ake samun baƙaƙe ba, kuma a cikin wasu rubutun na iya wakiltar wasali ko baƙaƙe. Its sunan Turanci ne <i id="mwHQ">wye</i> (furta waɪ) jam'i wyes. Suna A cikin Latin, an kira Y I graeca (Girkanci) tunda sautin Girkanci na gargajiya kama da Jamusanci na zamani ü ko Faransanci u, ba sautin asali bane ga masu magana da Latin, kuma da farko an yi amfani da harafin rubuta kalmomin waje. Wannan tarihin ya haifar da daidaitattun sunaye na harafi a cikin yaren Romance i grego a Galician, i grega a Catalan, i grec a Faransanci da Romanian, i greca a cikin Italiyanci duk ma'anar "Greek I". Sunayen igrek a Yaren mutanen Poland da a cikin Vietnamese duka biyun aro ne na sunan Faransanci. A cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, ana amfani da duka Griekse ij da i-grec A cikin Mutanen Espanya, ana kuma kiran Y da i griega Duk da haka, a cikin karni na ashirin, da gajeriyar suna ye aka samarwa da aka hukumance gane kamar yadda ta sunan a shekara ta 2010 da Real masana ilimi da Española, ko da yake ta asali sunan karbuwa har yanzu. Asalin sunan Girkanci upsilon shima an daidaita shi zuwa yaruka da yawa na zamani. Misali, ana kiranta Ypsilon a Jamusanci, ufsilon i a Icelandic. Ana amfani da duka sunaye biyu a Italiyanci, ipsilon ko i greca haka nan a Fotigal, ípsilon ko i grego A cikin Faroese, kawai ana kiran harafin seinna i (daga baya i) saboda matsayinta na baya a cikin haruffa. Tsohuwar Ingilishi ta aro Latin Y don rubuta ɗan asalin tsohuwar Ingilishi sauti (wanda aka rubuta a baya tare da rune yr Sunan harafin yana da alaƙa da 'ui' (ko 'vi) a cikin yaruka daban -daban na da; a cikin Ingilishi na Tsakiya shine 'wi' wanda ta hanyar Babban Wasali Shift ya zama Ingilishi na zamani 'wy' Tarihi Tsohon tsoffin kakannin harafin Ingilishi Y shine harafin Semitic waw (wanda ake kira wanda daga ciki kuma F, U, V, da W suka fito Duba F don cikakkun bayanai. Haruffan Helenanci da na Latin sun samo asali ne daga nau'in Fonisiya na farkon haruffan nan. Tun daga Ingilishi na Tsakiya na Tsakiya, an fara amfani da harafin Y a cikin kalmomi da yawa inda rubutun haruffan Ingilishi na farko ya ƙunshi harafin yogh (Ȝȝ) wanda ya samo asali daga harafin G, daga ƙarshe daga gimel Semitic kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa (azaman bayanin gefe Modern Greek Ƙaramin baki gamma ne da ɗan kamar wancan dimbin yawa da Ƙaramin baki harafin <y>) Wasali Siffar harafin Y ta zamani ta samo asali ne daga harafin Girkanci upsilon Romawa da farko sun aro wani nau'in upsilon kai tsaye daga haruffan Helenanci, ko daga haruffan Etruscan azaman harafi guda ɗaya na V, wanda ke wakiltar duka sautin wasalin da (A cikin Latin da aka rubuta na zamani, yawanci V ana rarrabe shi daga U.) Wannan lamuni na farko na upsilon zuwa Latin ba shine asalin Ingilishi na Y na Y ba (a maimakon haka, shine tushen Ingilishi na zamani U, V, da W Amfani da nau'in Y Greek na upsilon sabanin U, V, ko W, ya samo asali ne zuwa Latin na ƙarni na farko BC, lokacin da aka gabatar da upsilon a karo na biyu, wannan lokacin tare da "ƙafarsa" don rarrabe ta. Yana da aka yi amfani da su rubũtunsa loanwords daga babbar ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi yare na Greek, wanda ya cikin wadanda ba Latin wasali sauti (kamar yadda samu a zamani Faransa cru (raw) ko Jamus grün (kore)) a cikin kalmomin da aka furta da a farkon Girkanci. Saboda ba sautin asalin Latin bane, galibi ana furta shi ko Wasu kalmomin Latin na asalin Italic suma sun kasance an rubuta su da 'y': Latin silva (gandun daji) galibi an rubuta shi sylva, a kwatancen tare da ma'anar Girka da ma'anar Sarkin Roma Claudius ya ba da shawarar gabatar da sabon harafi (Ⱶ) a cikin haruffan Latin don rubuta abin da ake kira sonus medius (gajeriyar wasali kafin haruffan labial wanda a wasu lokutan ana amfani da rubutun don Greek upsilon maimakon. An yi amfani da harafin Y don wakiltar sautin a cikin tsarin rubutun wasu wasu yarukan da suka karɓi haruffan Latin. A cikin Tsohon Ingilishi da Tsohon Norse, akwai sauti, don haka Latin U, Y da ni duk an yi amfani da su don wakiltar sautunan wasali daban. Amma, ta hanyar lokacin Tsakiya English, ya rasa ta roundedness, kuma ya kasance m zuwa na da Don haka, kalmomin da yawa waɗanda da farko an rubuta su tare da Y, kuma akasin haka. Bambanci tsakanin da ya kuma ɓace a cikin Icelandic da Faroese daga baya, yana mai rarrabe tsattsauran ra'ayi da tarihi, amma ba a cikin manyan yarukan Scandinavia ba, inda aka riƙe bambancin. Ana iya lura cewa irin wannan haɗuwar cikin ya faru a Girkanci a farkon farkon karni na 2, yana yin bambanci tsakanin iota da upsilon zance na haruffan tarihi kawai. can kuma. A cikin yarukan Slavic na Yammaci, an daidaita Y a matsayin alama don wasali na tsakiya mara iyaka daga baya, hade da a cikin Czech da Slovak, yayin da Yaren mutanen Poland ke riƙe da shi tare da Hakanan, a cikin Welsh ta Tsakiya, an zo amfani da Y don ƙera wasula da a hanyar da ake iya hango daga matsayin wasalin a cikin kalmar. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya haɗu da a yarukan Kudancin Welsh, amma an riƙe. A cikin Ingilishi na zamani, Y na iya wakiltar sautin wasali iri ɗaya kamar harafin I. Yin amfani da harafin Y don wakiltar wasali ya fi ƙuntatawa a cikin Ingilishi na zamani fiye da yadda aka yi a tsakiyar da farkon Ingilishi na zamani. Yana faruwa galibi a cikin mahalli uku masu zuwa: don haɓakawa a cikin kalmomin aro na Girkanci s y stem Greek a ƙarshen kalma hatsin rai, birni kwatanta birane, inda S yake ƙarshe) kuma a wuri na I kafin kawo karshen -ing (DY-yin, gaskata-ing) Baƙaƙe A matsayin baƙaƙe a cikin Ingilishi, Y yawanci yana wakiltar kusancin sarauta, y ear, Jamusanci J ahr )A cikin wannan amfani, harafin Y ya maye gurbin yogh (Ȝȝ) na Ingilishi na Tsakiya, wanda zai iya wakiltar (Yogh kuma yana iya wakiltar wasu sautuna, kamar wanda aka fara rubuta shi gh a Turanci ta Tsakiya. Rikici a rubuce tare da ƙaya harafi Lokacin da aka gabatar da bugu zuwa Burtaniya, Caxton da sauran firintar Ingilishi sun yi amfani da Y a maimakon Þ ƙaya Turanci na zamani th )wanda babu shi a cikin nau'ikan nahiyoyi. Daga wannan babban taron ya zo da haruffan sa kamar yadda kuke cikin archaism mai ban dariya Ye Olde Shoppe Amma, duk da kuskure, pronunciation shi ne guda kamar yadda na zamani da (jaddada unstressed Bayyana labarin ku a matsayin yee kalma ce kawai ta furta haruffan zamani. Furuci da amfani Turanci Kamar yadda /j a farkon wata kalma kamar yadda a cikin a a farkon harafi kafin wasali kamar a bayan, lauya, kanyon Kamar yadda ba syllabic bayan wasu wasali a diphthongs, kamar a wasa, launin toka, yaro Kamar yadda /i ba tare da damuwa ba a ƙarshen kalma da yawa kamar a cikin farin ciki, jariri, sa'a, daidaito amfani dashi a hade tare da e a ƙarshen kalmomi, kamar a cikin kuɗi, maɓalli Kamar yadda /ɪ a cikin rufaffiyar syllable ba tare da damuwa ba kuma tare da damuwa kamar yadda a cikin tatsuniya, tsarin, gymnastics a cikin rufaffiyar haruffa a ƙarƙashin damuwa kamar yadda aka saba, waƙa a cikin harafin da ba a buɗe ba tare da damuwa ba kamar na jiki, fanjama Kamar yadda /aɪ a ƙarƙashin damuwa a cikin ƙaramin harafi kamar yadda na, nau'in, hatsin rai, kwance, pyre, taya, guguwa a cikin murfin buɗe murya mai ƙarfi kamar a cikin jan layi, sake zagayowar, cylon a cikin pretonic bude syllable kamar yadda a hypothesis, psychology kalma-a ƙarshe bayan baƙaƙe, kamar a cikin abokin tarayya, haɗa kai Sauran: hada da kamar yadda r karkashin danniya (irin a tsuntsu), kamar yadda a ci-zaƙin, mur as /ə schwa cikin kalmomi kamar shahidi A cikin ilimin halittar turancin Ingilishi, -y sigar karin magana ce Y shine harafi na tara da ake yawan amfani da shi a cikin yaren Ingilishi (bayan P, B, V, K, J, X, Q, da Z tare da mitar kusan 2% cikin kalmomi. Wasu harsuna ⟨y⟩ represents the sounds or (sometimes long) in the Scandinavian languages. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords) (A Yaren mutanen Holland da kuma Jamus) bayyana ne kawai a loanwords da ya dace sunayen A cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, yawanci yana wakiltar Yana iya, wani lokacin za a bar daga cikin Dutch haruffa da kuma maye gurbinsu da digraph. Bugu da kari da an lokaci-lokaci amfani maimakon Dutch da albeit sosai da wuya. A cikin rubutun harshen Jamusanci, ya kasance tun ƙarni na 19 a cikin kalmomin aro na gargajiya misali a cikin kalmomi kamar typisch 'hankula', Hyäne, Hysterie, mysteriös, Syndrom, System, Typ Hakanan ana amfani dashi don sautin a cikin kalmomin aro, kamar Yacht (haruffan bambancin: J acht), Yak, Yeti duk da haka, misali yo-yo an rubuta J o- J o a Jamusanci, da yoghurt/yogurt/yoghourt J og (h) urt [galibi an rubuta shi da h Harafin aka kuma yi amfani da yawa Gwargwadon sunayen, misali Bayern Bavaria, Ägypten Misira, Libyen Libya, Paraguay, Syrien Syria, Uruguay, Zypern Cyprus (amma: J emen Yemen, J ugoslawien Zimbabue) Musamman ma a Jamus sunayen, da lafazai ko faruwa da misali a cikin sunan Meyer, inda shi hidima a matsayin wani bambanci na gwama Meier, wani haruffan gama gari na sunan. A cikin Jamusanci ana adana y a cikin nau'in wasu kalmomin aro kamar Bab y s bab watau s da Sashe na y sashe watau s, bukukuwa. A cewa ya sami asali daga ligature auku a cikin Afirkanci harshe, zuriyar Dutch, kuma a Alemannic Jamus sunayen. A cikin Afirkaans, yana nuna diphthong A cikin sunayen Jamusanci na Alemannic, yana nuna dogon misali a Schnyder dər] ko Schwyz ts]-ƙwaƙƙwaran sunayen Jamusanci ba na Alemannic ba Schneider Ʃnaɪdər] ko Schweiz [ʃʋaɪts] suna da diphthong wanda ya haɓaka daga dogon A Icelandic rubutu, saboda asarar da Old Norse Ƙididdigar da wasali da haruffa da yanzu furta identically da haruffa da wato kamar yadda da bi da bi. Bambancin haruffan ta haka ne kawai na asali. A Faroese, ma, da bambanci da aka rasa, da kuma ne ko da yaushe ya furta alhãli kuwa da accented versions da designate guda diphthong (taqaitaccen zuwa a wasu wurare) A cikin duka harsuna, shi kuma iya samar da wani ɓangare na diphthongs kamar (a duka harsunan), pronounced kuma ya furta (Faroese kawai) A Faransa orthography, ne da sunan kamar yadda lokacin da wani wasali (as a cikin kalmomi sake zagayowar, y) da kuma kamar yadda a matsayin baƙi (as a yeux, voyez). Yana jujjuyawa da wasu fi'ili, yana nuna sauti A mafi yawan lokuta idan haka wani wasali, shi modifies da pronunciation na wasali: Harafin yana da biyu aiki (gyaggyarawa da wasali kazalika ana furta a matsayin ko a cikin kalmomi payer, balayer, moyen, essuyer, yana biya, da dai sauransu, amma a wasu kalmomi da shi yana da kawai wani aiki ɗaya: a bayer, mayonnaise, coyote gyara wasali a ƙarshen sunaye masu dacewa kamar Chardonnay da Fourcroy A Faransa iya samun diaeresis (tréma) kamar yadda a Moÿ-de-l'Aisne A Spain, aka yi amfani a matsayin kalma-farko nau'i na cewa ya fi bayyane. (Jamus ya yi amfani da a irin wannan hanya. Saboda haka, <i id="mwAyU">el yugo y las flechas</i> wata alama ce ta raba farkon Isabella I na Castille Ysabel da Ferdinand II na Aragon Royal Academy Academy ta gyara wannan haruffan kuma a halin yanzu ana samun sa ne kawai a cikin sunaye masu dacewa waɗanda aka rubuta da archaically, kamar Ybarra ko CYII, alamar Canal de Isabel II Bayyana shi kadai a matsayin kalma, da wasika ne nahawu tare da tare da ma'anar da kuma a Spain da kuma aka furta A matsayin baƙi, wakiltar ʝ in Spanish. Ana kiran harafin i/y griega, a zahiri ma'anar "Girkanci I", bayan harafin Girkanci ypsilon, ko ku A Portuguese, (kira ípsilon a Brazil, da kuma ko dai ípsilon ko i grego a Portugal ya, tare da da kwanan nan reintroduced matsayin 25th wasika, da kuma 19th baƙi, da Portuguese haruffa, a Sakamakon Yarjejeniyar Harshen Harshen Fotigal na 1990 An fi amfani da shi cikin kalmomin aro daga Ingilishi, Jafananci da Spanish. Kalmomin aro gabaɗaya, musamman gallicisms a cikin iri biyu, sun fi yawa a cikin Fotigal na Brazil fiye da na Fotigal na Turai Koyaushe ya zama ruwan dare ga 'yan Brazil su yi wa sunayen' ya'yansu tasirin Tupi tasiri tare da harafin (wanda ke cikin yawancin Rumunar Tsohon Tupi misali Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara ko placenames da loanwords samu daga 'yan asalin asalin yana da harafin sauya for kan lokaci misali Nictheroy ya zama Niterói Karin lafazi na yau da kullun shine /i j ɪ da /ɨ (na biyun ba su da daɗi a cikin nau'ikan Fotigal na Turai da na Brazil bi da bi, ana maye gurbinsu da /i a wasu yaruka). A haruffa da ana daukarsa a matsayin phonemically ba jũna, ko da farko dace don wani wasali da kuma karshen zuwa baƙi, da kuma duka Can dace a semivowel dangane da wuri a cikin wata kalma. Italian, ma, yana da (ipsilon) a cikin wani karamin yawan loanwords. Har ila yau, wasiƙar ta zama ruwan dare a wasu sunaye na asali ga lardin Bolzano mai magana da Jamusanci, kamar Mayer ko Mayr. A cikin Guaraní, yana wakiltar wasalin ɨ A cikin Yaren mutanen Poland, yana wakiltar wasali ɘ (ko, bisa ga wasu kwatancen, )wanda a sarari ya bambanta da i misali na (mu) da mi (ni). Babu 'yan qasar Polish kalma ta fara da sosai 'yan kasashen waje kalmomi ci gaba a farkon, misali yeti (furta A Czech da kuma Basulake, bambanci tsakanin vowels bayyana ta da an rasa, amma baƙaƙe D, t, n (ma l a Basulake) kafin orthographic (da tarihi) ba palatalized, alhãli kuwa sun kasance kafin A cikin Welsh, galibi ana furta shi ə a cikin baƙaƙe na ƙarshe da ɨ ko i (gwargwadon lafazi) a cikin haruffan ƙarshe. A cikin Siffar Rubutun Ingilishi na Harshen Cornish, yana wakiltar ɪ da na Farfaɗɗen Masarautar Tsakiya da ɪ da na Farfaɗɗen Ƙarshen Cornish Yana kuma iya wakiltar Tudor da kuma farfado Late Cornish ɛ da E da kuma saboda haka za a maye gurbin a cikin rubutu da Hakanan ana amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar adadin diphthongs A matsayin baƙaƙe yana wakiltar j A Finnish da Albanian, ne ko da yaushe ya furta y A Istoniyanci, da ake amfani a waje dace sunayen da aka furta kamar yadda a cikin tushen harshe. Haka kuma an unofficially amfani da matsayin maimakon da aka furta guda kamar yadda a Finnish A Lithuanian, ne 15th harafin (wadannan da kuma gabanin a cikin haruffa) da kuma shi ne mai wasali. Ana kiranta doguwar i kuma ana furta ta kamar a Turanci duba Lokacin amfani da wani wasali a {asar Vietnam, da wasika wakiltar sauti a lokacin da shi ne a monophthong, shi ne aikin daidai da K'abilan Biyetnam harafi Akwai sun kasance kokarin maye gurbin duk irin amfani da gaba ɗaya, amma sun kasance sun fi mayar da m. A matsayin baƙaƙe, yana wakiltar kusancin palatal A babban birnin kasar wasika aka kuma yi amfani da Vietnam a matsayin ba sunan A cikin Aymara, Indonesiyan Malaysian, Baturke, Quechua da romanization na Jafananci, Y koyaushe baƙaƙe ne na sarauta, yana nuna j kamar a cikin Ingilishi. A Malagasy, da wasika wakiltar karshe bambancin A Harshen Turkmen, wakiltar ɯ A Washo, runtse-hali wakiltar wani hali wye sauti, yayin da sama-hali wakiltar wani voiceless wye sauti, a bit kamar baƙi a Turanci ya dafa. Sauran tsarin A International karin lafazi Alphabet, dace da kusa gaban taso wasali, da kuma related hali dace da kusa-kusa kusa-gaban taso wasali Gabatarwar SI na 10 <sup id="mwA70">24</sup> shine yotta, taƙaice ta harafin Y. Haruffa masu alaƙa Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin Y tare da diacritics Ý ý Ỳ ỳ ỳ Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ẏ ẏ Ỵ Ỵ ỵ ẙ ẙ Ỷ ỷ Ȳ Ȳ ȳ Ɏ Ɏ ɏ Ƴ ƴ ƴy daʎ. ʎ da ʏ ake amfani a cikin International karin lafazi Alphabet Kakanni da 'yan uwan juna a wasu haruffa Harafin Semitic Waw, wanda daga baya alamomin ke samo asali Harafin Girkanci Upsilon, wanda Y ya samo asali Harafin 'yan Koftik epsilon/shi (kada a ruɗe shi da wasiƙar Girkanci mara alaƙa da ake kira epsilon Ƙari Tsohon Italic U/V, wanda shine kakan Latin V na zamani Harafin Gothic uuinne/vinja, wanda aka fassara shi kamar w Harafin Cyrillic U, wanda ya samo asali daga Greek upsilon ta digraph omicron-upsilon da aka yi amfani da shi don wakiltar sautin /u Harafin Cyrillic izhitsa, wanda ya samo asali daga upsilon na Girka kuma yana wakiltar sautukan /i /ko /v Wannan wasiƙar tana da arha a cikin tsarin rubuce -rubucen zamani na yarukan Slavic masu rai, amma har yanzu ana amfani da ita a cikin tsarin rubutu na Slavic liturgical language Slavonic Harafin Cyrillic Ue (ko madaidaiciya U Kazakh Short U Alamu da aka samo, alamomi da gajarta Ƙari Yen alamar Ƙari A Japan, alama ce da aka yi amfani da ita don kiyaye farashin farashi Lambobin kwamfuta A kan injin buga rubutu na Jamus da madannai na kwamfuta (idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ake amfani da su a Burtaniya da Amurka) an canza matsayin haruffan Y da Z, duba QWERTZ A cikin Jamusanci, ana amfani da Y galibi cikin kalmomin aro da sunaye. Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed
26419	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Yamama	Yakin Yamama	An yi Yaƙin Yamama a watan Disamba na 632 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yakin Ridda don yaƙi da tawaye a cikin Khalifancin Rashidun a yankin Al-Yamama (a Saudi Arabia na yanzu) tsakanin sojojin Abu Bakr da Musaylimah, mai kiran kansa. annabi. Bayan Fage Bayan rasuwar annabin musulunci Muhammad, kabilun larabawa da yawa sun yi tawaye ga Jihar Madina. Halifa Abu Bakr ya shirya runduna 11 don tunkarar 'yan tawayen. Abubakar ya naɗa Ikrimah a matsayin kwamandan daya daga cikin masu yi wa kasa hidima. Umarnin Ikrimah shi ne su ci gaba da tuntuɓar sojojin Musaylimah a Yamamah, amma kada su shiga yaƙi da shi. Ikrimah ba ta da isassun dakaru don kai hari ga maƙiyin da ya fi yawa. An kuma zabi Khalid bn al-Walid ne don ya jagoranci sojojin da ke adawa da Musaylima bayan ya yi mu'amala da sauran kananan ridda. Nufin Abubakar na bai wa Ikrimah wannan aikin shi ne ɗaure Musaylimah a Yamamah. Tare da Ikrimah a sararin sama, Musaylimah zai ci gaba da tsammanin farmaki don haka ba zai iya barin sansaninsa ba. Da Musaylimah ya himmatu sosai, Khalid zai sami 'yanci don magance' yan tawayen Arewa ta Tsakiya ba tare da tsangwama daga Yamamah ba. Ikrimah ya ci gaba da gawarsa ya kafa sansani a wani wuri a yankin Yamamah. Ba a san inda sansanin nasa yake ba. Daga wannan sansanin ya ci gaba da lura da sojojin Bani Hanifa yayin da yake jiran umarni daga Halifa, kuma kasancewar Ikrimah yana da tasirin da ake so na ajiye Musaylimah a Yamamah. An kawo nassi na gaba kai tsaye daga kuma an rubuta shi cikin sigar almara ko almara tare da ɗabi'a a ƙarshe. Lokacin da Ikrimah ya sami rahotannin da Khalid ya ci Tulayha, sai ya fara rashin haƙuri don yaƙi. Ikrimah mutum ne mara tsoro kuma janar mai ƙarfi, amma ba shi da kyakkyawan hukunci da haƙurin Khalid halayen da ke bambanta m komanda da mai saurin fushi. Ci gaba na gaba da Ikrimah ya ji shi ne cewa Shurahbil bn Hasana yana tafiya don ya bi shi. Shurahbil shima Halifa ya ba shi gawa tare da umurnin bin Ikrimah, da jiran ƙarin umarni. A cikin 'yan kwanaki, Shurahbil zai kasance tare da shi. Sannan labari ya zo game da yadda Khalid ya fatattaki sojojin Salma, shugaban sarauniyar mutane. Ikrimah ba zai iya jira ba kuma, ya sanya gawarsa cikin motsi. Wannan ya faru ne a karshen Oktoba 632 (karshen Rajab, 11 Hijiriyya). Musaylimah ya kayar da shi. Ya rubuta wa Abubakar ya ba shi cikakken bayanin ayyukansa. Abu Bakr ya ji haushi kuma ya fusata saboda saurin Ikrimah da rashin biyayya ga umarnin da aka ba shi. Abubakar ya umarce shi da ya yi tattaki zuwa Mahra don taimakawa Arfaja sannan daga baya ya tafi Yemen don taimakawa Muhajir. Shurahbil ya kasance a yankin Yamamah. Don tabbatar da cewa bai fada cikin kuskuren Ikrimah ba, Abubakar ya rubuta masa cewa: "Ka tsaya a inda kake ka jira karin umarni." Halifa ya aika a kira Khalid ya ba shi aikin rusa sojojin Musaylimah a Yamamah. Baya ga manyan gawarwakinsa, Khalid zai kasance a ƙarƙashinsa gawar Shurahbil. Khalid ya hau zuwa Butah inda tsoffin gawarsa ke jiransa. A halin yanzu, Halifa ya rubuta wa Shurahbil cewa ya yi aiki a karkashin umarnin Khalid ibn al-Walid. Kwanaki kadan kafin zuwan Khalid Shurahbil ya fadi irin jarabawar da Ikrimah ta yi; ya ci gaba ya yi karo da Musaylimah, amma ya ci nasara. Khalid ya sami labari cewa Musaylimah ya yi zango a filin Aqraba tare da runduna ta mayaƙa 40,000. Ayyukan nasara guda biyu waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da Ikrimah da Shurahbil sun ƙara amincewa da kansu kuma sun haifar da yanayin rashin nasara a kusa da Musaylimah. Yajin Musulmi Na Biyu Bisa umarnin Khalid, Musulmai sun cigaba. Sun kaddamar da jerin hare -hare ta gaba dayansu. Mummunan kisan da aka yi ya faru ne a cikin ramin da jinin ɗan adam ke gudana a cikin rivulet har zuwa wadi. A sakamakon haka, wannan gulley ya zama sananne da Gulley na Jini-Shueib-ud-Dam, kuma har yanzu ana kiranta da wannan sunan. Amma yakin ya rataya a ma'auni. Yayin da lokacin yaƙin farko ya ƙare, mayaƙan sun yi ritaya don hutawa. Sashe na gaba na yaƙi wanda aka sani da yajin Musulmi na biyu yana cike da almara amma daga tatsuniyoyin kawai zamu iya sanin cewa ridda ta ruguje. Karshen Yakin Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na sojojin Musaylimah sun kasance cikin yanayin faɗa, kuma wannan ɓangaren ya hanzarta zuwa lambun da aka katange yayin da Muhakim (kwamandan ɓangaren dama) ya rufe ja da baya tare da ƙaramin mai tsaron baya. Ba da daɗewa ba Musulmai suka isa lambun da aka katange, inda 'yan tawaye sama da 7,000, Musaylimah daga cikinsu, suka fake. 'Yan tawayen sun rufe ƙofar. Musulmai sun yi marmarin shiga cikin lambun su gama aikin. Ba da daɗewa ba wani sojan Musulmi Al-Bara' ibn Malik ya nemi 'yan uwansa maza da su bar shi ya hau bango domin ya buɗe ƙofa ta kashe masu gadin wurin. Sojan ya shiga cikin lambun ya buɗe ƙofar. Musulmai sun shiga lambun kuma an fara kashi na ƙarshe na Yaƙin Yamamah. Lambun Mutuwa 'Yan tawayen sun ja da baya yayin da Musulmai ke kwarara cikin lambun. Fadan ya zama mafi muni. Musaylimah har yanzu yana fada: ba shi da niyyar yin kasa. Yayin da gaba ta matsa kusa da shi, ya kuma shiga cikin faɗa. Kashi na ƙarshe na yaƙin yanzu ya shiga ƙarshe. Sojojin musulmi sun matsawa 'yan tawayen ko ina. Musaylimah ya zama Wahshi bn Harb (mutumin da ya kashe Hamza, baffan Muhammad, a yakin Uhudu). Ya jefi irin mashin da ya yi amfani da shi wajen kashe Hamza ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib ya bugi Musaylimah a ciki; lokaci na gaba Abu Dujana ya yanke kan Musaylimah. Labarin rasuwar Musaylimah ya kawo rugujewar rundunarsa. Lambun da aka yi wannan yaƙin na ƙarshe ya zama sananne da "Lambun Mutuwa", kamar yadda aka kashe kusan 'yan tawaye 7,000 a cikinta. Bayan An murkushe tawayen da ke cikin Halifancin Rashidun. Tasiri Yakin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zaburar da Abubakar don kammala tattara Alkur'ani. A lokacin rayuwar Muhammadu, ɓangarori da yawa na Alƙur'anin da aka rubuta sun warwatsa a tsakanin sahabbansa, an riƙe su a matsayin mallaka ta sirri. Koyaya, kusan huffaz 360 (Musulman da suka haddace Alkur'ani) sun mutu a Yamama. A sakamakon haka, a kan nade -naden wanda zai gaje shi Umar, Abubakar ya ba da umarnin a tattara dukkan ɓangarorin da suka tsira (inda a kan papyrus, dabino, da sauransu) cikin Alƙur'anin guda ɗaya sannan a ƙone sauran. Manazarta Littafin tarihin A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) Hanyoyin waje A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns Lahore,
22142	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiersey%20Clemons	Kiersey Clemons	Kiersey Nicole Clemons (an haife ta ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, 1993) Ba'amurkiya ce, mawaƙiya, kuma furodusa. Matsayinta na rubutu ya fara ne a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2015 mai suna Dope, inda ta nuna Cassandra "Diggy" Andrews. Ta ci gaba da zama tauraruwa a cikin Maƙwabta 2: Rawan Soror (2016), Flatliners (2017), Hearts Beat Loud (2018), Sweetheart (2019), Lady da Tramp (2019), Scoob! (2020), da Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021). Tana da maimaitattun matsayi a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa, gami da Austin & Ally (2013), Transparent (2014-2015), Extant (2015), da Easy (2016-2019). Clemons ita ma tana da muhimmiyar rawar gani a wasan karshe na wasan barkwanci mai suna Angie Tribeca (2018). Rayuwar farko An haifi Clemons a ranar 17 ga wata Disamba, shekarar 1993, a Pensacola, Florida. Ta girma a Redondo Beach, California. Tana nuna wariyar launin fata; mahaifinta Bakin-Ba’amurke ne kuma mahaifiyarsa European-Ba’amurkiya. Ayyuka Farkon aikin data fara shine, Clemons ta kasance tare da taurarin cikin jerin Disney Channel jerin Austin & Ally a matsayin Kira Starr. Ta kuma fito a fim din Disney Channel na asali mai suna Cloud 9 Clemons bakuwar tauraruwa ce da aka haska a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifi- CSI: Binciken Yanke Laifi A cikin 2014, ta fito a cikin bidiyon kidan Trey Songz na "SmartPhones" da "Menene Mafi Kyawu a gare ku" inda ta taka rawar sha'awarsa wacce ta kamo shi a cikin aikin yaudara ta kiran waya. Tun daga 2014, Clemons ya buga Bianca a cikin jerin masu ban dariya Transparent. Har ila yau, tana da rawar gani a cikin MTV na asali na Eye Eyey a matsayin Sophia. Jerin siliman kawai ya yi kaka daya. Ta baƙo ta yi fice a cikin fim na 2015 na Sabuwar Yarinya kamar sha'awar Winston, KC. Clemons sun bayyana a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na Lady Gaga don "Til It Farins to You kuma a cikin bidiyon kiɗan DJ Snake na "Middle tare da Josh Hutcherson. A cikin 2016, Clemons sun buga Bet a cikin fim mai ban dariya Makwabta 2: Sorority Rising Ta kuma taka leda Chase, dalibi dan grad daga Chicago, a cikin sassan Netflix na asali mai sauki. A cikin 2016, an sanya Clemons a matsayin Iris West a cikin fim mai suna The Flash, amma aikin ya jinkirta saboda tafiyar darakta Rick Famuyiwa Duk da wannan, har ilayau tana shirin fitowa a fim din Justice League kamar yadda take daidai, amma daga karshe an yanke al'amuranta daga sakin wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 2021, abubuwan da aka yanke wa Clemons daga fim ɗin 2017 na League League a ƙarshe aka sake su a cikin Zack Snyder's Justice League. A watan Maris na 2021, ta rufe yarjejeniya don bayyana kamar Iris West a cikin Flash wanda Andy Muschietti ke jagoranta yanzu. A cikin 2017, Clemons sun haɗu tare da Callum Turner a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Boyan Rayuwa Kadai a New York, kuma tare da Elliot Page a cikin maimaita firgita Flatliners. A cikin 2018, Clemons sun kasance tare da Nick Offerman a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa-wasan kwaikwayo Hearts Beat Loud. Clemons sun karɓi kyautar Fim ɗin Atlanta na Fim ɗin Kyauta don Hearts Beat Loud a cikin Afrilu 2018. A cikin 2019, Clemons sun kasance tare tare da Thomas Mann a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye mai maimaita kidan soyayyar Lady da Tramp. A cikin 2020, Clemons sun bayyana Dee Dee Skyes a cikin Scooby-Doo fim Scoob!. Rayuwar mutum Clemons yana gano matsayin mai nema. Finafinai Fim Talabijan Bidiyon kiɗa Kyauta da gabatarwa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
8669	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Jihar%20Kaduna	Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna	Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna tana Kaduna, Jihar Kaduna, Nijeriya. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2004. Yana da ikon koyarwa guda bakwai tare da sassa sama da 39 da ɗakin karatu wanda ya ƙunshi juzu'in littattafai sama da 17,000. Yana da makarantu guda biyu Kafanchan da Kaduna. Tarihi An kafa Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna ne a karkashin dokar Jihar Kaduna da aka kaddamar a watan Mayun 2004. Sanarwar ta biyo bayan bukatuwar bunkasa manyan makarantu a yankin arewaci da kudancin jihar. Saboda haka, an amince da cibiyoyin karatu guda biyu: ɗaya a Kaduna da ɗayan a Kafanchan. Harabar Kaduna ta fara gudanar da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko. Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi, gwamnan jihar Kaduna a lokacin kuma mai ziyara a jami'ar, ya naɗa Farfesa Idris Abdulkadir a matsayin mataimakin shugaban majalisar gudanarwa kuma shugaban majalisar gudanarwa yayin da Farfesa Abubakar Sani Sambo ya zama mataimakin shugaban jami'a na farko. Farfesa Aminu S. Mikailu, ya karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun Farfesa Sambo a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu a lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ta nada shi shugaban hukumar makamashi ta Najeriya. Farfesa Ezzeldin Muktar Abdurahman shine VC na uku, an nada Farfesa WB Quirix a matsayin VC na hudu kafin Farfesa Muhammad Tanko (2017-2021). Farfesa Yohanna Tella yana Mukaddashin VC daga Janairu zuwa Yuni, 2022. Mataimakin shugaban riko na yanzu shine Farfesa Abdullahi Musa Ashafa, wanda ya karbi ragamar mulki a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, 2022. Mai Martaba Sarki Sanusi Lamido Sanusi shi ne Pro Chancellor a yanzu, yayin da Hussaini Adamu Dikko shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Mulki. Gudanarwa Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna tana da Chancellor a matsayin shugaban bikin, yayin da mataimakin shugaban jami’ar shi ne babban jami’in gudanarwa da ilimi, kamar sauran Jami’o’in Najeriya. Yawancin lokaci ana nada mataimakin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar, wanda ba a sabunta shi ba. Mataimakin shugaban riko na yanzu, Farfesa Abdullahi Musa Ashafa, ya fara aiki ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, 2022. A ƙasa akwai jerin sunayen duk mataimakan shugabannin KASU. Lambobin 4, 6, 8 da 9 duk mataimakan kansila ne, har zuwa lokacin da majalisar gudanarwar jami'ar ta nada VC. Makarantu Jami'ar tana da kwalejoji bakwai da kwalejin likitanci: Faculty of Arts Faculty of Arts yana daga cikin manyan malamai na jami'a, wanda aka kafa a 2005. Yana da sassa bakwai. Faculty of Arts ta ƙunshi sassa kamar haka a harabar Kaduna: Larabci Nazarin Addinin Kirista Turanci Da Drama Faransanci Tarihi Karatun Musulunci Harsunan Najeriya Harsuna Faculty of Science Makarantar Kimiyya tana daga cikin manyan makarantun jami'a, wanda aka kafa a 2005. Makarantar Kimiyya a halin yanzu tana kunshe da sassan da ke Kaduna Campus: Biochemistry Kimiyyar Halittu Chemistry Geography Kimiyyar Lissafi Microbiology Physics Kimiyyan na'urar kwamfuta Masana'antu sunadarai Kididdiga ilimin kula da Ginegine Estate Management ilimin Criminology ilimin Zanezane Kwalejin Magunguna An kafa kwalejin koyon aikin likitanci da ke Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2008 da burin samar da likitocin kiwon lafiya da sauran ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya wadanda suka fahimci al’adar jikin dan’adam da mara kyau, da iyali da kuma al’umma, da isassun ilimin kimiyyar da za su ci gaba da samun horo don zama kwararru. malamai, da masu bincike. Manufarta ita ce ta horar da likitoci da sauran ma’aikatan lafiya masu inganci wadanda za su rika gudanar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a jihar Kaduna da sauran sassan Najeriya, wadanda za su iya yin aiki a cikin al’umma da kuma cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko, wadanda za su iya yin aiki a kowane bangare na duniya., suna iya ɗaukar ƙarin horo don zama ƙwararru, kuma suna iya gudanar da bincike na kimiyya don amfanin ɗan adam. Kwalejin likitanci tana da sashi guda: Magani Asibitin koyarwa na Barau Dikko an shirya shi ne don horar da masu siyar da magunguna da daliban likitanci. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences An kafa Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences a cikin 2012. Shugaban gidauniyar Dr. Ahmed Tijjani Mora Yana da sassa biyar: Sashen Kimiyyar Magunguna da Toxicology Sashen Kula da Magungunan Magunguna da Magunguna Sashen Kimiyyar Magunguna da Magungunan Magunguna Ma'aikatar Pharmacognosy da Ci gaban Magunguna Sashen Magungunan Magunguna da Kwayoyin Halitta na Magunguna. Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Social Sciences yana daga cikin manyan malamai na jami'a, wanda aka kafa a 2005. Makarantar Kimiyyar Zamani ta ƙunshi sassa kamar haka a harabar Kaduna: Ilimin tattalin arziki Sadarwar Jama'a Kimiyyar Siyasa Ilimin zamantakewa Faculty of Management Sciences Har ila yau, Makarantar Kimiyyar Gudanarwa na daga cikin manyan makarantun jami'a, wanda aka kafa a 2005. Makarantar Kimiyyar Gudanarwa ta ƙunshi sassa masu zuwa a harabar Kaduna: Accounting Gudanar da Kasuwanci Banki da Kudi Kasuwancin kasuwanci Talla Gudanar da Jama'a Faculty of Environmental Sciences Makarantar Kimiyyar Muhalli tana ɗaya daga cikin sabbin kwalejoji, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2012, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ikon tunani guda biyu a harabar Kafachan. Yana da sassa hudu: Gudanar da Gidaje Binciken Yawan Gudanar da Muhalli Gine-gine Faculty of Agriculture Kwalejin Aikin Noma na daya daga cikin sabbin kwalejojin da aka kafa a shekarar 2012, kuma tana daya daga cikin kwalejoji biyu da ke harabar Kafachan. Yana da sashi guda: Noma Kwalejin Ilimin Basira da Nazarin Gyara Kwalejin Ilimin Basic and Remedial Studies tana da cibiyoyi guda biyu: babban harabar da ke kan titin Maiduguri, Kaduna da kuma daya a Kafanchan. An kafa babban harabar a 2004 da Kafanchan harabar a 2012. Ilimin Basic and Remedial Studies shiri ne na horaswa na share fage da nufin samar da ƙwararrun ƴan takara daga wuraren da jami'ar ta kama da sauran ƴan Najeriya. Shirin dai na da matukar muhimmanci ga wadanda suka kasa samun gurbin shiga jami’a ta JAMB saboda karancin makin Jarrabawar Shiga Jami’a (UTME). Tsawon lokacin shirin Nazarin Basic da Remedial shine watanni tara wanda yayi daidai da zama ɗaya na ilimi mai zurfi na ƙwararrun malamai. Makasudai Babban makasudin Shirin Gyara sune don shirya wa masu neman gurbin gyara kurakuran su na matakin O ta jarrabawar WAEC da NECO don shirya masu neman shiga jarabawar UTME don horar da ’yan takarar da za su ci jarrabawarsu ta Post UTME don shirya 'yan takara don kalubalen rayuwar ilimi a jami'a Dukkan wadannan za a samu ne ta hanyar samar da kwararrun malamai, kwararru da kwazo da jami’ar za ta yi. Bukatun shiga Babban Shirin Masu neman wannan shirin dole ne su mallaki ƙasa da ƙididdiga 5 a cikin jarrabawar WASSCE/SSCE/NECO. Kimiyya: Masu neman shirin kimiyya ya kamata su sami ƙididdiga a Turanci, Lissafi da kowane nau'i na 3 na waɗannan batutuwa: Biology, Chemistry, Physics da Geography. Dole ne a sami ƙididdige ƙididdiga guda 5 a sama a cikin wuraren da bai wuce 2 ba. Jama'a: 'Yan takara don shirin zane-zane ya kamata su sami ƙididdiga a cikin Turanci, Lissafi da kowane nau'i na 3 na waɗannan batutuwa: Tattalin Arziki, Gwamnati, Tarihi da Adabi a Turanci. Dole ne a sami ƙididdige ƙididdiga guda 5 a sama a cikin wuraren da bai wuce 2 ba. Na duka nau'ikan biyu, masu nema dole ne su rubuta JAMB/UTME na shekara-shekara tare da abubuwan da suka dace kuma dole ne su sami mafi ƙarancin makin wucewa da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta amince da su. Shirin Gyara Kimiyya: Masu neman wannan shirin dole ne su mallaki mafi ƙarancin ƙididdiga na 3 a cikin zama fiye da 1 a cikin batutuwa masu zuwa: Harshen Ingilishi, Lissafi, Biology, Chemistry, Physics da Geography. Jama'a: 'Yan takarar wannan shirin dole ne su mallaki mafi ƙarancin ƙididdiga na 3 a cikin zama fiye da 1 a cikin batutuwa masu zuwa: Harshen Turanci, Lissafi, Tattalin Arziki, Gwamnati, Tarihi da Adabi a Turanci. Ana sa ran 'yan takarar da aka amince da shirin Remedial su yi rijista kuma su ci SSCE ko NECO a cikin darussan da suka gaza. Ba za a ƙyale 'yan takara su yi rajista don batutuwan da ba a yi ƙoƙari su a matakin O ba. Shirin Nazarin Farko na Larabci-Faransa Makasudai Babban makasudin Shirin Nazarin Farko na Larabci-Faransa sun haɗa da: Don shirya 'yan takara don cin jarrabawar UTME. Don horar da 'yan takara don ci jarrabawarsu ta Post UTME. Don shirya 'yan takara don kalubalen rayuwar ilimi a jami'a. Duk waɗannan za a samu ta hanyar samar da ƙwararrun malamai, ƙwararrun malamai da kwazo. Bukatun shiga Ga Larabci da Faransanci, buƙatun shigar aƙalla kredit biyar ne da suka haɗa da Ingilishi a cikin Jarrabawar WAEC/NECO a cikin zama ba sama da 2 ba. Baya ga buƙatun da ke sama, duk masu son shiga dole ne su yi rajista kuma su zauna don jarrabawar gama karatun sakandare (UTME). Makarantar Nazarin Digiri Makarantar tana ba da damar ɗalibai don samun digiri na biyu, digiri na biyu da PhD Ayyukan makarantar sune kamar haka: Haɗa shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na biyu na jami'a ciki har da tsarawa, daidaitawa, gudanarwa da shigar da shirye-shiryen karatu. Ya ba da shawarar samar da kayan aiki don aikin digiri na biyu, ƙa'ida da rarraba kudade don ayyukan karatun digiri. Haɓaka ingancin umarnin karatun digiri da bincike a cikin jami'a. Yada ayyukan karatun digiri na jami'a don jawo hankali, kudi da sauran tallafi daga gwamnatoci, masana'antu da sauran hukumomi. Jami'ar tana da ikon tunani guda hudu don shirin digiri na biyu (PG): Faculty of Arts Faculty of Science Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Management Sciences. Mutane Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai Hafsat Mohammed Baba Kenneth Bitrus Dauda Yunusa Adamu Ugya Sanannen Faculty Farfesa Adamu Idris Tanko Farfesa AA Adepetu Prof. Mohammed Nasiru Sambo Aondover Augustine Tarhule Auwal Farouk Abdussalam Dakta Caleb Mohammed Masu Digiri na Daraja Muhammadu Buhari Aliko Dangote Nasiru El-Rufai Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed Alhaji Muhammad Maigari Dingyadi Malam Mele Kyari Seinde Fademi Oladapo Amb. Suleiman Dauda Umar Manazarta https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/universities/kaduna-state-university.php Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna Kaduna State University portal Articles using infobox university Pages using infobox university with the image name
50810	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Hughes%20%28Mai%20gini%29	Edith Hughes (Mai gini)	Edith Mary Wardlaw Burnet Hughes HonFRIAS (7 Yuli 1888 28 Agusta 1971) yar asalin Scotland ce, kuma ana daukarta a matsayin mace ta farko da ta fara aikin gine-ginen a Biritaniya, bayan ta kafa kamfanin gine-gine nata a 1920. Kuruciya An haifi Edith Mary Burnet a Edinburgh, 'yar May Crudelius da George Wardlaw Burnet,mai ba da shawara.Iyalin sun rayu a 6 West Circus Place a gundumar Stockbridge. Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Titin Queens 59 a Aberdeen lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri mahaifinta Sheriff Madadin Aberdeenshire a kusa da 1890. Kakarta Mary Crudelius ta yi yakin neman ilimin mata. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a shekara ta 1901 ta tashi daga kawunta, John James Burnet,wani mashahurin gine-gine. Sun zauna a Lambunan Jami'a 18 a Glasgow. Ta yi tafiya a Turai,tana nazarin fasaha da gine-gine,da kuma halartar laccoci a Sorbonne,har zuwa kusa da 1911,lokacin da ta shiga Gray's School of Art, Aberdeen.Da farko tana nazarin ƙirar lambun,ta canza zuwa gine-gine, kuma an ba ta difloma a 1914.A shekara ta biyo ta aka nada ta malama a Makarantar. Ta yi aiki a takaice a ofishin Jenkins da Marr,kafin ta auri tsohon malaminta, masanin injiniya Thomas Harold Hughes (1887-1949), a cikin 1918. Aiki An hana Hughes da mijinta wani wuri a ofishin Burnet na London,wani bangare saboda babu dakin wanka na mata. Koyaya, mijinta ya shiga ofishin Burnet's Glasgow a matsayin abokin tarayya a cikin 1919.Rashin jituwa da wani abokin tarayya ta kai ga barinta a shekara mai zuwa,don fara koyarwa a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow,inda daga baya ta zama shugaban gine-gine. Ta kafa nata aikin a Glasgow a cikin 1920.A 1927,ta zama mace ta farko da aka zaba don zama memba na Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), wadanda suka zaba ciki har da John Begg da kawunta, John Burnet. Duk da haka, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na RIBA sun bayyana cewa ba za a iya zabe ta ba, kuma RIBA ta kasance cibiyar dukan maza har sai zaben Josephine Miller a 1938. Hakanan an hana ta shiga Royal Incorporation of Architects a Scotland (RIAS). Bayan yakin duniya na biyu,Hughes ta sake kafa aikinta a Edinburgh.An zabe ta a matsayin mai daraja ta RIAS a 1968.Ta yi ritaya daga aikin ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta sami zumunci, kuma ta koma Kippen,ta mutuwa da ciwon huhu a Stirling a 1971. An binne ta tare da iyayenta a makabartar Warriston da ke arewacin Edinburgh. Kabarin yana kan babbar hanyar yamma a gefensa na gabas,inda matakin ƙasa ya faɗi zuwa ƙananan sashin kudu. Iyali Hughes da mijinta suna da ’ya’ya mata uku.Ita da mijinta sun rayu galibi dabam bayan yakin duniya na biyu har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1949. Ayyuka Hukumarta ta farko ita ce ta “Rutherford Memorial” a shekara ta 1916,ko da yake ba a san wurin da yanayin wannan aikin ba. A cikin aikin nata, ta mai da hankali kan kwamitocin cikin gida, gami da sauye-sauye da yawa na zama,da ƙwararrun ƙirar kicin. Ayyukanta na jama'a sun haɗa da Coatbridge War Memorial (1924),da Glasgow Mercat Cross (1930), kwafin giciye na Mercat na zamanin da da ke Glasgow Cross. Ta gudanar da gyare-gyare ga ginin Glasgow Society of Lady Artists' a Blythswood Square, Glasgow, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin sauya gidajen Edinburgh da yawa zuwa gidaje.Ta tsunduma cikin ayyuka a St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral and Music School, Edinburgh, daga 1956 zuwa 1965. Mafi mahimmancin kwamitocinta na Cathedral sune rubutun dutse,tare da murfin ƙarfe da aka yi da shi,da allon ƙarfe da aka yi wa Chapel na St Margaret na Scotland. Duba kuma Mata a gine-gine Bayanan kula
31237	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20taka%20Tsantsan	Tsarin taka Tsantsan	Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan (ko tsarin taka tsantsan) hanya ce mai fa'ida ta hanya ilimin zamani, falsafanci da shari'a ga sabbin abubuwa tare da yuwuwar haifar da kuma cutarwa yayin da aka rasa ilimin kimiyya mai zurfi a kan lamarin. Yana jaddada taka tsantsan, dakata da bita kafin yin tsalle cikin sababbin sabbin abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da bala'i. Masu sukar lamirin sun yi nuni da cewa, rashin fahimta ne, soke kai, rashin kimiyya da fasaha da kuma kawo cikas ga ci gaba. A cikin mahallin aikin injiniya, ƙa'idar taka tsantsan tana bayyana kanta a matsayin mahimmancin aminci, an tattauna dalla-dalla a cikin monograph na Elishakoff An ba da shawarar a fili, a cikin injiniyan farar hula, ta Belindor a cikin 1729. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin aminci da abin dogaro injiniyoyi da masana falsafa sun yi nazari sosai. Masu tsara manufofi galibi suna amfani da ƙa'idar a cikin yanayi inda akwai yuwuwar cutarwa daga yanke shawara (misali ɗaukar wani mataki na musamman) kuma ba a samu tabbataccen shaida ba tukuna. Misali, gwamnati na iya yanke shawarar iyakancewa ko taƙaita yaduwar magani ko sabuwar fasaha har sai an gwada ta sosai. Ƙa'idar ta yarda cewa yayin da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha sau da yawa yakan kawo babban fa'ida ga bil'adama, ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar sabbin barazana da haɗari. Yana nuna cewa akwai wani alhaki na zamantakewa don kare jama'a daga kamuwa da irin wannan cutar, lokacin da binciken kimiyya ya gano haɗari mai ma'ana. Ya kamata a sassauta waɗannan kariyar kawai idan ƙarin binciken kimiyya ya fito wanda ke ba da tabbataccen shaidar cewa babu wani lahani da zai haifar. Ƙa'idar ta zama dalili mai mahimmanci ga adadi mai yawa da karuwar yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa a cikin fagagen ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kare muhalli, kiwon lafiya, kasuwanci, da amincin abinci, ko da yake a wasu lokuta yana jawo muhawara kan yadda za a yi daidai. ayyana shi kuma yi amfani da shi zuwa ga hadaddun yanayi tare da haɗari masu yawa. A cikin wasu tsarin shari'a, kamar yadda yake a cikin dokar Tarayyar Turai, yin amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan an sanya shi a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na doka a wasu wuraren doka. Asalin da ƙa'idar Manufar "ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan" gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar ta taso ne a cikin Ingilishi daga fassarar kalmar Jamusanci Vorsorgeprinzip a cikin 1970s don mayar da martani ga lalata gandun daji da gurɓataccen ruwa, inda 'yan majalisar dokokin Jamus suka amince da dokar iska mai tsafta ta hana amfani da wasu abubuwan da ake zargi da haifar da lalatawar daji. lalacewar muhalli duk da cewa shaidar tasirinsu ba ta cika ba a wancan lokacin. An gabatar da ra'ayin cikin dokokin muhalli tare da wasu sabbin hanyoyin (a wancan lokacin) hanyoyin kamar "masu gurɓata muhalli", ƙa'idar rigakafin gurɓataccen iska da alhakin tsira ga yanayin muhalli na gaba. A cikin 1988, Konrad von Moltke ya bayyana ra'ayin Jamus ga masu sauraron Biritaniya, wanda ya fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan. A cikin tattalin arziki, an yi nazari kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan cikin sharuɗɗan "tasirin yanke shawara mai ma'ana", na "mu'amalar da ba za a iya canzawa ba da rashin tabbas Marubuta irin su Epstein (1980) da Arrow and Fischer (1974) sun nuna cewa “rashin jujjuyawar sakamakon da za a iya samu a nan gaba” ya haifar da “tasirin zaɓin zaɓe” wanda yakamata ya jawo al’umma ta tsaka -tsaki” don fifita halin yanzu. yanke shawara da ke ba da damar ƙarin sassauci a nan gaba. Gollier et al. ƙarasa da cewa "ƙarin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da rarraba haɗarin nan gaba wato, babban bambancin imani ya kamata ya sa al'umma su ɗauki matakan rigakafi masu ƙarfi a yau." An kuma samo ƙa'idar daga aƙidar addini cewa ya kamata a takaita wasu bangarori na kimiyya da fasaha saboda "na cikin mulkin Allah ne", kamar yadda Yarima Charles da Paparoma Benedict XVI suka gabatar. Tsarin tsari Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na ƙa'idar taka tsantsan: Ana iya bayyana taka tsantsan a matsayin "tsanaki a gaba", taka tsantsan da aka yi a cikin mahallin rashin tabbas ko kuma sanar da hankali Ra'ayoyi guda biyu sun kwanta a jigon ƙa'idar: nunin buƙatu da masu yanke shawara su yi hasashen cutarwa kafin ta faru. A cikin wannan sigar akwai jujjuyawar hujja a fakaice: ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar taka tsantsan alhakin mai ba da shawara ne don tabbatar da cewa aikin da aka tsara ba zai haifar da babbar illa ba. ra'ayi na daidaitattun haɗari da farashi da yuwuwar aikin da aka gabatar. Ɗaya daga cikin tushe na farko na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan, da ma'anar da aka yarda da ita a duniya, sakamakon aikin Rio Conference, ko Taron Duniya a 1992. Ƙa'ida ta 15 na bayanin sanarwar Rio A cikin 1998 Bayanin Wingspread game da ƙa'idodin taka tsantsan an kira shi ta hanyar Cibiyar Sadarwar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da Kimiyya kuma ta ƙare tare da tsari mai zuwa, wanda Stewart Brand ya bayyana a matsayin "mafi bayyananne kuma mafi akai-akai": A cikin Fabrairu 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta lura a cikin Sadarwar da Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Kariya cewa, "Ba a bayyana ka'idar rigakafin ba a cikin yarjejeniyoyin Tarayyar Turai, wanda ya ba da izini [ƙa'idar kariya] sau ɗaya kawai zuwa kare muhalli. Amma a aikace, iyakarta ta fi girma, kuma musamman inda kima-maƙasudin-kimiyya-kimiyya ya nuna cewa akwai dalilai masu ma'ana don damuwa cewa tasirin haɗari ga muhalli, mutum, dabba ko [da] lafiyar shuka na iya zama sabani da babban matakin kariya [ga abin da] aka zaba don Al'umma." Yarjejeniyar Cartagena na Janairu 2000 akan Biosafety ta ce, dangane da taƙaddama kan GMOs "Rashin tabbacin kimiyya saboda rashin isasshen bayanan kimiyya tasiri, daga yanke shawara, kamar yadda ya dace, dangane da shigo da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara da ake tambaya." Aikace-aikace Buƙatu daban-daban da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ke wakilta waɗanda ke ba da shawarar ƙa'idar ya haifar da babban canji na ƙirƙira ta: bincike ɗaya ya gano ƙa'idodi 14 daban-daban na ƙa'idar a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da ba yerjejeniya ba. RB Stewart (2002) ya rage ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan zuwa nau'ikan asali guda huɗu: Rashin tabbas na kimiyya bai kamata ya hana tsara ayyukan da ke haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci ba rashin ƙaddamarwa Gudanar da tsari yakamata ya ƙunshi gefen aminci; ayyukan ya kamata a iyakance su ƙasa da matakin da ba a taɓa ganin wani mummunan tasiri ko annabta ba gefe na aminci Ayyukan da ke gabatar da yiwuwar rashin tabbas ga mummunar cutarwa ya kamata su kasance ƙarƙashin mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samuwa don rage haɗarin cutarwa sai dai idan mai goyon bayan aikin ya nuna cewa ba su gabatar da wani haɗari mai haɗari ba BAT Ayyukan da ke gabatar da yuwuwar rashin tabbas ga babban lahani yakamata a haramta su sai dai idan mai gabatar da aikin ya nuna cewa bai gabatar da haɗarin cutarwa ba haramta Carolyn Raffensperger na babban taron Wingspread ya sanya ƙa'ida ta adawa da hanyoyin da suka danganci gudanar da haɗari da ƙididdigar fa'ida Dave Brower Abokan Duniya ya kammala da cewa "dukkan fasaha ya kamata a ɗauka da laifi har sai an tabbatar da cewa ba su da laifi". Freeman Dyson ya bayyana amfani da ka'idar yin taka tsantsan a matsayin "da gangan mai gefe ɗaya", misali idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman hujja don lalata gonakin binciken injiniyan kwayoyin halitta da kuma yin barazana ga masu bincike duk da shaidar kimiyya da ke nuna rashin lahani. Kamar yadda Rupert da O'Riordan suka lura, ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen aiwatar da ƙa'idar shine "tabbatar da cewa rashin tabbas, ko kuma rashin isasshen bincike mai tushe, ba shi da cikas ga ƙirƙira, muddin babu wata ma'ana mai ma'ana. na cutarwa mai tsanani". Rashin wannan ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen yana sanya ka'idar "warkewa da kai" a cewar Stewart Brand, saboda "babu wani abu da ya tabbata" a cikin kimiyya, yana farawa daga ƙa'idar taka tsantsan da kanta kuma ya haɗa da "nauyi ko juyin Darwiniyanci". Daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa "ya kamata a dauki matakan kiyayewa" kawai "a lokacin farkon matakan" kuma yayin da "shaidar kimiyya masu dacewa ta kafu", matakan daidaitawa yakamata su amsa wannan shaidar kawai. Mai ƙarfi vs. rauni Tsanani mai ƙarfi yana riƙe da cewa ana buƙatar ƙa'ida a duk lokacin da akwai yuwuwar haɗari ga lafiya, aminci, ko muhalli, koda kuwa shaidar goyan bayan tana da hasashe kuma koda farashin tattalin arziƙin ƙa'ida yana da yawa. A cikin 1982, Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da amincewa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙa'idar mai ƙarfi, tana mai nuna cewa lokacin da "ba a fahimci illar da za ta iya haifar da illa ba, bai kamata ayyukan su ci gaba ba". Sanarwar Wingspread da aka yaɗa, daga taron masana muhalli a 1998, wani misali ne na ƙaƙƙarfan sigar. Hakanan ana iya kiran taka tsantsan mai ƙarfi a matsayin ƙa'idar "ba a yi nadama ba", inda ba a la'akari da farashi a matakin rigakafin. Raunan taka tsantsan yana ƙunshe da cewa rashin shaidar kimiyya baya hana yin aiki idan in ba haka ba lalacewa zai yi tsanani kuma ba za a iya dawowa ba. Mutane suna yin taka tsantsan a kowace rana, kuma galibi suna jawo farashi, don guje wa haɗarin da ba su da tabbas: ba ma tafiya a wurare masu haɗari da tsaka-tsaki da dare, muna motsa jiki, muna siyan abubuwan gano hayaki, muna ɗaure bel ɗin mu. Bisa ga littafin da Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta New Zealand ta wallafa,Siga mai rauni [na Ka'idodin Tsare-tsare] shine mafi ƙarancin ƙuntatawa kuma yana ba da damar ɗaukar matakan kariya ta fuskar rashin tabbas, amma baya buƙatar su (misali, Sanarwar Rio 1992; Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1992). Don gamsar da bakin kofa na cutarwa, dole ne a sami wasu shaidun da suka shafi yuwuwar faruwa da tsananin sakamakon. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, suna buƙatar la'akari da farashin matakan kariya. Ƙirƙirar ƙira ba ta hana yin la'akari da fa'ida ba. Abubuwan da ban da rashin tabbas na kimiyya, gami da la'akari da tattalin arziki, na iya samar da halaltattun dalilai na jinkirta aiki. Ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari, abin da ake buƙata don tabbatar da buƙatar aiki (nauyin hujja) gabaɗaya ya hau kan waɗanda ke ba da shawarar daukar matakin yin taka tsantsan. Ba a yi magana game da alhakin cutar da muhalli ba. Ƙarfafan juzu'i suna ba da hujja ko buƙatar matakan kiyayewa kuma wasu kuma suna kafa alhaki don cutar da muhalli, wanda ke da inganci mai ƙarfi nau'i na "masu gurɓata muhalli". Misali, Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta ce: “Idan ilimi ya yi iyaka sai a yi amfani da hanyar taka-tsantsan Sanya nauyin hujja a kan waɗanda ke jayayya cewa aikin da aka tsara ba zai haifar da lahani mai mahimmanci ba, kuma ya sanya masu alhakin cutar da muhalli. Juya hujja na buƙatar waɗanda ke ba da shawarar aiki don tabbatar da cewa samfur, tsari ko fasaha suna da isasshe "lafiya" kafin a ba da izini. Bukatar shaidar "babu cutar da muhalli" kafin duk wani aiki da aka samu yana nuna jama'a ba su shirya karɓar duk wani haɗarin muhalli ba, ko da wane irin fa'idar tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa za ta iya tasowa (Peterson, 2006). A matsananci, irin wannan buƙatun na iya haɗawa da hani da hani akan duka nau'ikan ayyuka ko abubuwa masu haɗari (Cooney, 2005). A tsawon lokaci, an sami sauyi a hankali na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan daga abin da ya bayyana a cikin sanarwar Rio zuwa wani tsari mai ƙarfi wanda ake iya cewa [wanda] ke aiki a matsayin hani kan ci gaba idan babu tabbataccen shaidar cewa ba zai cutar da shi ba. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da sanarwa "Ka'ida" vs. "kusantarwa" Babu gabatarwa ga ƙa'idar taka tsantsan da za ta kasance cikakke ba tare da taƙaitaccen magana game da bambanci tsakanin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da hanyar taka tsantsan ba. Ƙa'ida ta 15 na sanarwar Rio 1992 ta ce: "domin kare muhalli, dole ne jihohi su yi amfani da tsarin yin taka tsantsan gwargwadon ƙarfinsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar barna ko kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakkiyar tabbacin kimiyya ba a matsayin dalilin dage matakan da za su dace don hana lalata muhalli." Kamar yadda Garcia (1995) ya yi nuni da cewa, “kalmomin, galibi kama da na ƙa’idar, sun bambanta sosai a cikin wannan: ya gane cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance a cikin iyawar gida don amfani da tsarin, kuma yana kira ga ingancin farashi wajen amfani da shi. hanyar da za a bi, misali, yin la'akari da tsadar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa." Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar "kusantar" azaman tausasa "ƙa'ida"."Kamar yadda Recuerda ya lura, banbance tsakanin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da tsarin yin taka tsantsan yana da yaɗuwa kuma, a wasu mahallin, ana jayayya. A tattaunawar da ake yi na shelanta ƙasa da ƙasa, Amurka ta nuna adawa da amfani da kalmar ka'ida saboda wannan kalma tana da ma'ana ta musamman a cikin harshe na shari'a, saboda ka'idar doka ita ce tushen doka. Wannan yana nufin cewa wajibi ne, don haka kotu na iya soke ko tabbatar da yanke shawara ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan. A wannan ma'anar, ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan ba ra'ayi mai sauƙi ba ne ko fatalwa amma tushen doka. Wannan shine matsayin doka na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A daya bangaren kuma, 'kusantar' yawanci ba ta da ma'ana iri daya, ko da yake a wasu lokuta hanya na iya zama daure. Hanyar yin taka tsantsan shine “ruwan tabarau” na musamman da ake amfani da su don gano haɗarin da kowane mai hankali ke da shi (Recuerda, 2008) Tarayyar Turai A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da Sadarwa kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan, inda ta ɗauki hanyar aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi, amma ba tare da ba da cikakken ma'anarsa ba. Sakin layi na 2 na labarin 191 na yarjejeniyar Lisbon ya bayyana cewaManufar ƙungiyar game da muhalli za ta yi niyya a matakin kariya ta la'akari da bambance-bambancen yanayi a yankuna daban-daban na ƙungiyar. Ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da ƙa'idojin da ya kamata a ɗauki matakan kariya, ya kamata a gyara lalacewar muhalli a matsayin fifiko daga tushe kuma mai gurbata muhalli ya biya. Bayan amincewa da sadarwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan, ƙa'idar ta zo don sanar da manufofin EU da yawa, gami da yankunan da suka wuce manufofin muhalli Tun daga 2006 an haɗa shi cikin dokokin EU "a cikin al'amura kamar amincin samfur na gabaɗaya, amfani da abubuwan ƙari don amfani da su a cikin abinci mai gina jiki na dabba, ƙona sharar gida, da ka'idojin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta". Ta hanyar aikace-aikacen sa idan doka ta kasance, ya zama "gaba ɗaya ƙa'idar dokar EU". A cikin shari'ar T-74/00 Artegodan, Kotun Ƙoli (sannan Kotun ta farko) ta bayyana a shirye don cirewa daga ƙayyadaddun tanadi don ƙa'idar rigakafi a cikin manufofin muhalli a cikin labarin 191 (2) TFEU zuwa ga kowa. ƙa'idar dokokin EU. Faransa A Faransa, Yarjejeniya ta Muhalli ta ƙunshi tsari na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan (lashi na 5): LMuhalli da lafiya Filayen da aka fi damuwa da ƙa'idar rayuwar taka tsantsan sune; Dumamar yanayi ko canjin yanayi gabaɗaya Bacewa na nau'in Gabatar da sabbin samfura a cikin muhalli, tare da yuwuwar tasiri akan bambancin halittu (misali, kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara Barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, saboda sabbin cututtuka da dabaru (misali, HIV da ake ɗauka ta hanyar ƙarin jini) Tasirin sabbin fasahohi na dogon lokaci (misali matsalolin kiwon lafiya game da radiation daga wayoyin salula da sauran na'urorin sadarwar lantarki) M ko m gurbatawa (misali, asbestos, endocrine disrupters Amintaccen abinci (misali, cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob Wasu sabbin al'amurran da suka shafi biosafety (misali, rayuwar wucin gadi, sabbin kwayoyin halitta Ana amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan sau da yawa akan filayen ilimin halitta saboda canje-canje ba za a iya ƙunsa cikin sauƙi ba kuma suna da yuwuwar zama na duniya. Ƙa'idar ba ta da mahimmanci ga filayen da ke ƙunshe kamar su aeronautics, inda ƴan mutanen da ke fuskantar haɗari sun ba da izini ga bayanai (misali, matukin jirgi A cikin yanayin ƙirƙira fasaha, ɗaukar tasiri yana da wahala idan wannan fasahar za ta iya kwafi kanta. Bill Joy ya nanata hatsarori da ke tattare da yin kwafin fasahar kwayoyin halitta, nanotechnology, da fasahar mutum-mutumi a cikin labarinsa na Wired, Me ya sa gaba ba ta bukatar mu ko da yake bai yi nuni da ka'idar taka tsantsan ba. Ana iya ganin aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar a cikin manufofin jama'a na buƙatar kamfanonin harhada magunguna don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don nuna cewa sababbin magunguna ba su da lafiya. Masanin falsafa na Oxford Nick Bostrom ya tattauna ra'ayin na gaba mai iko mai zurfi, da kasada idan yayi ƙoƙarin samun ikon sarrafa kwayoyin halitta. Aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar yana canza matsayin ƙima da ƙima na haɗari ba haɗarin da dole ne a kauce masa ko gyara ba, amma haɗari wanda dole ne a hana shi. Don haka, a cikin yanayin ƙa'idar binciken kimiyya, akwai wani ɓangare na uku fiye da masanin kimiyya da mai gudanarwa: mabukaci. A cikin wani bincike game da aikace-aikace na ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ga nanotechnology, Chris Phoenix da Mike Treder sun bayyana cewa akwai nau'i biyu na ka'idar, wanda suke kira "tsararren tsari" da "siffa mai aiki". Tsohon "yana buƙatar rashin aiki lokacin da aiki zai iya haifar da haɗari", yayin da na biyun yana nufin "zabar mafi ƙarancin haɗari lokacin da suke samuwa, da kuma ɗaukar alhakin haɗarin haɗari." Thomas Alured Faunce ya bayar da hujjar yin amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan ta hanyar masu kula da kimiyya da fasaha na kiwon lafiya musamman dangane da Ti0 2 da ZnO nanoparticles a cikin sunscreens, biocidal nanosilver a cikin hanyoyin ruwa da samfuran da kera, sarrafa ko sake amfani da su yana fallasa ɗan adam ga haɗarin shakar da yawa. bangon carbon nanotubes. Gudanar da albarkatun Yawancin albarkatun ƙasa kamar kifin kifi yanzu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar taka tsantsan, ta hanyar ka'idojin sarrafa girbi (HCRs) bisa ka'idar yin taka tsantsan. Adadin ya nuna yadda ake aiwatar da ƙa'idar a cikin tsarin kula da kamun kifi da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai binciken teku ta gabatar. A cikin rarraba nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan na nufin cewa idan akwai shakku game da ainihin matsayin dabba ko shuka, yakamata a zaɓi wanda zai haifar da matakan kariya mafi ƙarfi. Don haka, nau'in nau'in nau'in tattabara na azurfa wanda zai iya wanzu da adadi mai yawa kuma kawai a yi rikodin su ko kuma kamar yadda mai yiwuwa ya daɗe ba a rarraba shi a matsayin "rashin bayanai" ko "bacewa" (wanda duka biyun ba sa buƙatar kowane mataki na kariya don haka. a ɗauka), amma a matsayin "matsakaicin haɗari" (matsayin kiyayewa wanda ke ba da buƙatun kariya mafi ƙarfi), yayin da mafi ƙarancin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan, amma mai yiwuwa ba tukuna cikin haɗarin emerald starling an rarraba shi a matsayin "ƙananan bayanai", saboda akwai buƙatar gaggawa. bincike don bayyana matsayinsa maimakon aikin kiyayewa don kubutar da shi daga bacewa. Idan, alal misali, babban jikin ruwa na ƙasa wanda mutane ke amfani da shi don ruwan sha ya gurɓata da ƙwayoyin cuta (misali Escherichia coli O157: H7, Campylobacter ko Leptospira kuma tushen gurbatawa yana da karfi da ake zargi da zama shanun kiwo amma ainihin kimiyya ba ta iya ba da cikakkiyar hujja ba, ya kamata a cire shanu daga yanayin har sai an tabbatar da su, ta hanyar masana'antar kiwo, ba don zama tushen ba ko har sai masana'antar ta tabbatar da cewa irin wannan gurɓataccen abu ba zai sake faruwa ba. Ci gaba da karatu Kai Purnhagen Sadarwa daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan ka'idar taka tsantsan Brusells (2000) Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai (2002), Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta haɗa nau'o'in yarjejeniya kan Tarayyar Turai da na yarjejeniyar kafa al'ummar Turai, Jarida ta Tarayyar Turai, C325, 24 Disamba 2002, Title XIX, labarin 174, sakin layi na 2 da 3. Greenpeace, "Safeffen ciniki a cikin karni na 21st, Greenpeace cikakkun shawarwari da shawarwari don taron ministoci na 4th na Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya" pp. 8-9 O'Riordan, T. da Cameron, J. (1995), Fassara Ƙa'idar Tsaro, London: Earthscan Publications Raffensperger, C., da Tickner, J. (eds.) (1999) Kare Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Muhalli: Aiwatar da Ka'idodin Kariya. Island Press, Washington, DC. Rees, Martin. Sa'ar Karshen Mu (2003). Recuerda Girela, MA, (2006), Seguridad Alimentaria y Nuevos Alimentos, Régimen jurídico-administrativo. Thomson-Aranzadi, Cizur Menor. Recuerda Girela, MA, (2006), "Haɗari da Dalili a cikin Dokar Tarayyar Turai", Bitar Dokar Abinci da Ciyarwa ta Turai, 5. Sandin, P. "Mafi Aminci fiye da Yi Hakuri: Aiwatar da Hanyoyin Falsafa zuwa Muhawara kan Hadari da Ka'idodin Tsare," (2004). Stewart, RB "Yanke Shawarar Tsarin Muhalli a ƙarƙashin Rashin tabbas". A Gabatarwa ga Doka da Tattalin Arziki na Manufofin Muhalli: Batutuwa a Tsarin Tsara, Juzu'i 20: 71-126 (2002). Sunstein, Cass R. (2005), Dokokin Tsoro: Bayan Ka'ida ta Kariya New York: Jami'ar Cambridge Press Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Matsakaicin Matsala ta Burtaniya kan Ƙimar Haɗari, 2002. "Ƙa'idar Rigakafi: Manufa da Aikace-aikace" Archived David Appell, Masanin Kimiyya na Amirka, Janairu 2001: "Sabuwar Ƙa'idar rashin tabbas" The Times, 27 Yuli 2007, Mai hankali ne kawai zai iya gaskata da aminci da farko The Times, 15 Janairu 2005, "Mene ne Ka'idodin Kariya?" Bill Durodié, Spiked, 16 Maris 2004: Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ta ɗauka cewa rigakafin ya fi magani. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai (2001), Darussa na ƙarshe daga gargaɗin farko: ƙa'idar riga-kafi 1896-2000 Aiwatar da Ƙa'idar Rigakafi zuwa Nanotechnology, Cibiyar Nanotechnology Mai Alhaki 2004 Bayanin Watsawa na 1998 akan Ƙa'idar Rigakafi da aka Archived Kimiyya da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli, Ƙa'idar Tsarkakewa a Aiki Littafin Jagora] Gary E. Marchant, Kenneth L. Mossman: Tsanani da Ƙarfi: Ƙa'idar Rigakafi a Kotunan Tarayyar Turai Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka 2004, PDF na kan layi kyauta Umberto Izzo, La precauzione nella responsabilità civile. Analisi di un concetto sul tema del danno da contagio per via trasfusionale (e-book reprint) [The Idea of Precaution in Tort Law. Analysis of a Concept against the Backdrop of the Tainted-Blood Latition], UNITN e-prints, 2007, first edition Padua, Cedam 2004. free online PDF Mafi Aminci fiye da Yi Hakuri: Aiwatar da Hanyoyin Falsafa zuwa Muhawara kan Hadari da Ka'idar Tsarkakewa. Sadarwa daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan ka'idar yin taka tsantsan Ƙungiya Tsakanin Tsare-tsare na Burtaniya akan Ƙimar Haɗari (ILGRA): Ƙa'idar Tsaro: Manufofi da Aikace-aikace Rahoton ƙungiyar ƙwararrun UNESCO akan ƙa'idar Kariya (2005) Max More (2010), Hatsarin Rigakafin da aka Archived Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50493	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah%20Neilson%20Gray	Norah Neilson Gray	Norah Neilson Gray (16 Yuni 1882 27 Mayu 1931) 'yar ƙasar Scotland ne mai zane na Makarantar Glasgow. Ta fara baje kolin a Royal Academy yayin da take daliba sannan ta nuna ayyuka akai-akai a Salon Paris da kuma Royal Academy of Scotland. Ta kasance memba na The Glasgow Girls wanda aka nuna zane-zane a Kirkcudbright a cikin Yuli da Agusta shekarar 2010. An haifi Gray a Carisbrook a kan titin King West a Helensburgh a cikin shekara 1882 zuwa Norah Neilson, wanda ya fito daga dangin Falkirk auctioneering, da George Gray, mai jirgin ruwa na Glasgow. Malaman zane-zane biyu na gida, Miss Park da Ross ne suka fara koyar da ita a asirce, a wani studio a Craigendoran, wajen Helensburgh. Gray da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Glasgow a cikin shekara 1901 don ta iya halartar Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow har zuwa shekarar 1906. Ta sami horo a ƙarƙashin Jean Delville na Belgium da Fra Newbery. A cikin shekarar 1905, yayin da yake ɗalibi, Gray ta karɓi hoton 'yar uwarta Gerty don nunawa a Royal Academy a London. Ta koyar da zane-zanen faranti a makarantar daga shekarar 1906. Gray kuma ya koyar a makarantar St Columba, Kilmacolm wadda a lokacin makarantar mata ce. Ance ana yi wa Grey laqabi da “Purple Patch”, saboda dagewar da ta yi cewa za a iya ganin launuka a inuwa idan ka yi kyau. A shekara ta 1910 Grey ya kasance yana nuna hotuna akai-akai a Royal Academy, Royal Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts da kuma a Salon Paris. Ta na da nata studio a Bath Street a Glasgow kuma ta gudanar da baje kolin solo na farko a Warneuke's Gallery a Glasgow. A cikin shekara ta 1914 an zaɓi Grey a matsayin memba na Royal Scottish Society of Painters a Watercolor kuma ta kwatanta ƙarar aiki ta Wordsworth. Grey ta karɓi dabarar ma'ana don zanenta na shekara ta 1914, Bace Trawler yanzu a cikin tarin Kelvingrove Art Gallery da Museum. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya Grey ya samar da wasu manyan ayyukanta. Cajin Ƙasa, daga shekara ta 1915, yana nuna mace da yaro a nannade cikin shawl. An nuna hoton a Royal Academy kuma an sayar da shi don amfanin Red Cross sannan kuma aka ba da gudummawa ga asibitin kyauta na Royal. Hoton nata mai suna The Belgian in Exile, wanda aka kammala a cikin shekara ta 1915, ya nuna wani ɗan gudun hijirar Belgium daga Liège wanda ya gudu zuwa Scotland bayan da aka mamaye ƙasarsa. An nuna hoton a Glasgow a shekara ta 1916, a Royal Academy a shekara ta 1917 da kuma a Salon Paris a shekara ta 1921 inda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta tagulla. A lokacin Yaƙin, Gray ta ba da gudummawa a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya tare da Asibitocin Mata na Scotland kuma an aika ta zuwa Faransa inda ta sami lokacin yin zane da zane. An ba da wani zanen Hopital Auxilaire 1918 daga wancan lokacin zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Yakin Imperial amma Kwamitin Ayyukan Mata na Gidan Tarihi ya ƙi yarda da shi kuma ya nemi zanen da ke nuna likita a maimakon haka. Hopital Auxilaire 1918 ya nuna royaumont Abbaye na ƙarni na 13 da aka ɓoye, kusa da Paris, inda mata suka shirya asibiti don kula da waɗanda suka mutu a yaƙin. Asibitin mata na Scotland ne ke aiki a asibitin, karkashin jagorancin kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Faransa. Zanen ta na biyu na Royaumont Abbaye, mai suna The Scottish Women's Hospital In The Cloister of the Abbaye a Royaumont. Dr Frances Ivens yana duba majinyacin Faransanci ya sami karbuwa daga IWM a cikin shekara ta 1920. Daga Rayuwar Baya Bayan yakin duniya na daya Gray ta koma aikinta a matsayin mai daukar hoto, yawanci zanen matasa mata da yara. A cikin shekara ta 1923 Gray ta lashe lambar azurfa a Salon Paris don zanenta Le Jeune Fille. An zaɓi Grey don zama mace ta farko da ta shiga kwamitin rataye mai tasiri na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Glasgow ta Royal Glasgow. A ranar 27 ga Mayu shekarata 1931, Gray ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a Glasgow, tana da shekaru 48. Abun tunawa na Rayuwar ta Hotunan Grey suna cikin tarin ƙasa da yawa. Daga Yuni zuwa Agusta 2010 an yi nunin ƴan matan Glasgow waɗanda tare da yaran da suka yi makarantar Glasgow. An haɗa zane-zanen Grey a cikin baje kolin da ke Kirkcudbright Town Hall. Ana gudanar da zanen Little Brother a Kelvingrove Art Gallery. A cikin shekara ta 1978 'yar uwarsa, Tina, ta bar Hôpital Auxilaire 1918 zuwa Helensburgh a kan yanayin cewa za a sami wurin dindin din don nuna shi. Yanzu zanen yana rataye a ɗakin karatu na garin.
7107	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%20%28birni%29	Mexico (birni)	Mexico (lafazi: /mekesiko/) ko Ciudad de México (lafazi: /siyudad de mekesiko/) birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Mexico. Ita ce babban birnin kasar Mexico. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2014, Mexico tana da yawan jama'a kimanin miliyan ashirin.(20,000,000). An gina birnin Mexico a shekara ta Alif dari uku da ashirin da biyar (1325), ƙarƙashin sunan Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan (lafazi: /mekesiko tenotecitelan/),kasar mexico takasan ce kudancin amurka. Mexico Kasa ce mai arziki da ke da tarihi, al'ada da al'ada, Mexico ta ƙunshi jihohi 31 da gundumar tarayya ɗaya. Ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi girma a cikin Latin Amurka kuma tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafiya yawan jama'a-sama da miliyan 100-wanda ya sa ta zama gidan masu magana da Sifanisanci fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Duk da sauye-sauyen siyasa da zamantakewar da suka faru tsawon ƙarnuka, shaidar al'adu da abubuwan da suka gabata sun bayyana ko'ina a cikin Meziko. Yawancin yankunan karkara na Mexico har yanzu 'yan asalin ƙasar suna zaune wanda salon rayuwarsu ya yi daidai da na kakanninsu. Bugu da kari, yawancin kango kafin lokacin Columbian har yanzu suna nan a duk Mexico, gami da tsohon garin Teotihuacán da Mayan pyramids a Chichén Itzá da Tulum. Tunatarwa game da rayuwar mulkin mallaka a bayyane suke a cikin gine-ginen garuruwa kamar Taxco da Querétaro. Tarihi Al'ummar Farko Olmecs, sanannun al'umma na Meziko, sun sauka a gabar Tekun Fasha kusa da abin da ke yanzu Veracruz. Ana tunawa da manyan hotunan da suka sassaka daga dutse na asali, Olmecs yana da manyan cibiyoyin jama'a biyu: San Lorenzo, wanda ya bunkasa daga kusan 1200 zuwa 900 KZ, da La Venta a Tabasco, wanda ya kasance har zuwa kusan 600 BC. Shin kun sani? Launuka uku na tutar Mexico suna da mahimmancin gaske ga ƙasa da citizensan ƙasa: kore yana wakiltar fata da nasara, farin yana tsaye ne ga tsarkakakkun manufofin Mexico kuma ja yana tuna da jinin da aka zubar da jaruman ƙasar. A shekara ta 300 kafin haihuwar Yesu, ƙauyuka da suka danganci noma da farauta sun ɓullo ko'ina a kudancin Mexico. Monte Albán, gidan mutanen Zapotec, yana da kimanin mazauna 10,000. Tsakanin 100 B.C. da 700 A.D, Teotihuacán, birni mafi girma kafin pre-Columbian a cikin Amurka, an gina shi kusa da Mexico City na yanzu. Wayewar da ta gina shi ana kiranta Teotihuacán, kuma ana iya ganin tasirin wannan al'ada ko'ina cikin yankunan Veracruz da Mayan. A zenith, tare da yawan mutanen da aka kiyasta a 200,000, wayewar wayewar ana tunanin ta mallaki babban yanki na kudancin Mexico. An kifar da daular Teotihuacán a cikin karni na 7, amma birni mai ban mamaki ya tsira a yau. Tarihin Tsakiya Spaniard Hernán Cortés ya isa Veracruz a 1519. Ganin cewa Cortés na iya zama allahn macijin Quetzalcoatl, Aztec King Moctezuma II ya gayyaci mai nasara zuwa Tenochtitlán. Wannan isharar ta zama bala'i saboda Cortés ya kafa abokai da yawa akan hanyarsa ta zuwa birni. A watan Mayu 1521, Cortés da mabiyansa sun kai hari da mamayar Aztec. Cortés ya mallaki yankin kuma ya sanya mata suna Nueva España (Sabuwar Spain). A shekara ta 1574, Spain ta mallaki babban yanki na daular Aztec kuma ta bautar da yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Mafi muni, cututtukan da mutanen Spain suka kawo a cikin al'umma sun lalata mazaunan asalin Nueva España, inda suka kashe kimanin mutane miliyan 24 tsakanin 1521 da 1605. An ji tasirin cocin Katolika a yankin lokacin da mishaneri suka fara zuwa a 1523. Mishan sun gina gidajen ibada da yawa kuma sun mai da miliyoyin mutane zuwa Katolika. A wannan lokacin tashin hankalin, masu mulkin mallaka a Nueva España waɗanda aka haifa a Spain (peninsulares) sun yi arangama da Mutanen Spain waɗanda aka haifa a Mexico (criollos). Yawancin criollos sun zama masu wadata kuma suna son ikon siyasa daidai, wanda yanzu yake tare da yankin teku. Ya damu da yadda cocin Katolika ke daɗa ƙaruwa, Sarki Carlos III na Spain ya kori Jesuit daga Nueva España a ƙarshen 1700s. Mamayar Napoleón Bonaparte da ta mamaye kasar Spain a shekarar 1808 ya kawo cikas ga tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar, wanda hakan ya raunana damuwar Spain din a kan Nueva España. 1810 A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, wani limamin cocin daga garin Dolores, ya ba da kira ga tawaye. A martanin da ya mayar, shugaban ‘yan tawaye Vicente Guerrero da wanda ya sauya sheka daga masarautar janar Agustín de Itúrbide sun hada kai don samun‘ yancin Mexico daga Spain a 1821. Tare suka tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Mexico. Koyaya, a 1822, Itúrbide ya ayyana kansa sarkin ƙasar. Bayan shekara guda, Antonio López de Santa Anna ya hambarar da Itúrbide kuma ya kirkiro da sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa jamhuriyyar Mexico ta tarayya wacce ta kunshi jihohi 19 da yankuna hudu. Daga 1823 zuwa 1836, Santa Anna ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa, ta murkushe matsayin Texas na ‘yancin kai a yakin Alamo a shekarar da ta gabata a ofis. Daga baya sojojin Amurka suka kayar dashi a lokacin Yaƙin Mexico da Amurka kuma, zuwa 1855, ya tafi gudun hijira. Bayan mamayar Mexico da Faransawa suka yi a tsakiyar 1800s, Porfírio Díaz ya zama shugaban ƙasa daga 1876 zuwa 1909. Duk da shigo da zamanin masana’antu da inganta ci gaban kasa sosai, Díaz ya kasance mai mulkin kama-karya wanda ya nuna fifikon siyasa ga dan kasa mai matukar dukiya, ya yi biris da talakawa kuma ya yi mulkin danniya da karfi. Mutanen kasar Mexico, wadanda suka gaji da rabe-raben dukiya da iko, suka fara juyin juya halin Mexico a shekarar 1910. Yakin basasar shekaru 10 ya haifar da akalla mutane miliyan 2 da suka rasa rayukansu. Aƙarshe, a cikin 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma ya sake kafa tsohon tsarin eidido, wanda ya kafa filayen filayen gona tare. Tsarin ya amfani 'yan ƙasa da tattalin arziki. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ƙara haɓaka ci gaban ƙasar ta hanyar haɓaka hanyoyi, gina masana'antu da kuma kafa tsarin ban ruwa. Mexico A yau Yawan mutanen Mexico ya ƙaru ƙwarai tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, amma rabon arzikin bai kasance daidai ba. Saboda ba da taimako na taimakon doka, talakawa gaba ɗaya ba sa iya inganta matsayinsu na zamantakewar al'umma. Jihar Chiapas tana misalta matsalolin da rashin daidaiton kuɗi ya haifar. A cikin 1994, rundunar Zapatista National Liberation Army ta tashi don kalubalantar nuna wariya ga matalautan Chiapas. Kodayake tawayen nasu bai yi nasara ba, amma Zapatistas na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da rashin mallakar mallakar ƙasa da rarraba wutar, ba tare da wata nasara ba. Arin abin da ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin zamantakewar al'umma shi ne matsalar ta safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, wacce ta ba da gudummawa ga cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa da 'yan sanda kuma ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa rata tsakanin manyan mutane da marasa galihu. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, gina masana’antu da shuke-shuke mallakar kasar waje (maquiladoras) a wasu yankunan karkara na kasar Mexico ya taimaka wajen jan hankalin jama’a daga garin na Mexico da kuma sake raba wasu arzikin kasar. Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Yankin Arewacin Amurka (NAFTA) na 1994 ta haɓaka dangantakar kuɗi ta Mexico da Amurka da Kanada, amma tattalin arzikin Mexico ya kasance mai rauni. Duk da matsalolinsa, tattalin arzikin Mexico, tare da haɓakar tushen masana'antu, albarkatun ƙasa da yawa da masana'antun sabis daban-daban, ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga Latin Amurka. A yau, yawon shakatawa babban taimako ne ga tattalin arzikin Mexico. Mutane suna tururuwa zuwa Meziko daga ko'ina cikin duniya don yin samfurin bambancin al'adun ƙasar, yin kwalliya a cikin saitunan wurare masu dausayi da kuma amfani da ƙananan farashi masu sauƙi. Yawon bude ido na Amurka shine mafi yawan baƙi zuwa ƙasar. A da, masu yawon bude ido sun yi tafiye-tafiye musamman zuwa garin Mexico da kuma garuruwan da suke kewaye da mulkin mallaka na Mesa Central; abin takaici, mutuncin babban birnin ya gamu da matsala saboda matsalolin zamantakewa da muhalli, musamman manyan matakan gurbatar iska da aikata laifi. Masu yawon bude ido har yanzu suna tururuwa zuwa rairayin bakin teku na shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na duniya a Acapulco, Puerto Vallarta, Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, Mazatlán, Cancún da Puerto Escondido. Gaskiya Figures Cikakken Suna: Unitedasar Mexico ta .asar Mexico Babban birnin: Mexico City (Distrito Tarayya) Manyan Garuruwa (yawan jama'a): Mexico City (8,720,916), Ecatepec de Morelos (1,688,258), Guadalajara (1,600,940), Puebla (1,485,941), Tijuana (1,410,700), Juárez (1,313,338), León (1,275,7) Nezahualcóyotl (1,140,528), Monterrey 1,133,814 Kasashen kan iyaka: Belize da Guatemala zuwa kudu maso gabas; Amurka zuwa arewa Girman Yanki: Gabaɗaya: murabba'in mil 758,249 (kilomita murabba'in 1,972,550) Ruwa: kashi 2.5 Yawan Jama'a: 103,263,388 (Kidayar 2005) 'Yanci: An Bayyana shi a ranar 16 ga Satumbar, 1810 Mutanen Spain sun amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1821 etaryungiyar Kuɗi: Pesos Gaskiyar Gaskiya Launuka uku na tutar Mexico suna da mahimmancin gaske ga ƙasa da citizensan ƙasa: kore yana wakiltar fata da nasara, farin yana tsaye ne ga tsarkakakkun manufofin Mexico kuma ja yana tuna da jinin da aka zubar da jaruman ƙasar. Alamar ban mamaki ta tutar ta dogara ne da labarin yadda Mexicas (ko Aztec) suka yi tafiya daga Aztlán don nemo wurin da za su kafa daularsu. Allan Huitzilopochtli ya basu shawara cewa alamar gaggafa dake cinye maciji a saman cactus na Nopal zata bayyana gare su a daidai wurin da zasu fara gini. A wani karamin tsibiri a tsakiyar wani tabki, 'yan meziko sunzo wurin kamar yadda Huitzilopochtli ya bayyana. Nan da nan suka zauna a can suka kafa garin Tenochtitlán, wanda yanzu yake Mexico City, babban birnin ƙasar. Mexico ita ce kasa ta uku mafi girma a cikin Latin Amurka bayan Brazil da Argentina. A farkon karni na 21, yawan mutanen Mexico ya haura miliyan 100. Kasar Mexico ce ta fi kowace kasa yawan masu magana da harshen Sifen a duniya. Tare da kusan mazauna miliyan 25, garin Mexico yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen birni a duniya. Mexico ita ce ta biyu a duniya mafi yawan Katolika bayan Brazil. A kusan mil 2,000, iyakar tsakanin Mexico da Amurka ita ce ta biyu mafi tsayi a duniya, bayan iyakar tsakanin Amurka da Kanada. Mutanen Mexico sun kunshi mafi yawan rukunin bakin haure a Amurka. Mexico tana cikin yankin da aka sani da Pacific "Ring of Fire" Wannan yankin, ɗayan ɗayan yankunan tectonic masu saurin motsa jiki, yana da alamun dutsen mai fitad da wuta da kuma yawan girgizar ƙasa. Matsayi mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, Citlaltépetl (wanda ake kira Orizaba) da kuma dutsen mai fitarwa mai suna Popocatépetl suna daga cikin kololuwar tsaunuka masu yawa a Mexico. Babbar Kotun Kwallo a Chichén Itzá Mexico, wacce tsoffin Mayans suka yi amfani da ita don wasannin motsa jiki, ita ce babbar kotu mafi girma a duniya, wanda aka auna 166 da mita 68 (545 da ƙafa 232). Wasan, wanda ya shafi abubuwa kwatankwacin na kwallon kafa da na kwallon kwando, kungiyoyi biyu ne suka buga wasan wanda yawan su ya sha bamban da na yanki. Tequila, giyar da Meziko ta shahara da ita, ana yin ta ne daga shuɗaɗɗen shu'ummu na agave. An lakafta shi bayan garin da ya samo asali, an samar da Tequila ne da farko kusa da Jalisco, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 65 (nisan mil 40) arewa maso yammacin Guadalajara. Mexico ita ce kan gaba a duniya wajen samar da azurfa. Wani yanki da ake kira Silver Belt-wanda ya kunshi Guanajuato da Zacatecas a cikin Mesa Central, Chihuahua a cikin Mesa del Norte da San Luis Potosi mafi nisa gabas sun ga gagarumin aikin hakar ma'adanai a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Kasar Mexico ta dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 1968 da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarun 1970 da 1986. Filin wasa na Mexico City ɗayan manyan fagen fama da faɗa a duniya yana ɗaukar kujeru 50,000. Sauran fagage 35 suna ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Alamu Wurare Chichén Itzá Chichén Itzá tsohuwar gari ce ta Mayan da ke yankin Yucatán. A lokacin da ya kai kololuwa, a wajajen 600 A.D., ita ce cibiyar ƙarfi a yankin. Da yawa daga cikin manyan gidajen sarauta na dutse, gidajen ibada da kasuwanni sun kasance a cikin garin. Teotihuacán Teotihuacán, wani tsohon birni ne wanda olan Toltec suka gina, yana cikin ƙasar Meziko. Birnin ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 150 bayan hijira kuma ya kasance mai tasiri sosai ga al'adun Mayan. Hakanan shine wuri na uku mafi girma a duniya, Pirámide del Sol (Pyramid of the Sun). Paquimé Rushewa Paquimé, wanda ke cikin jihar Chihuahua, ya kasance cibiyar al'adu a arewacin Mexico sama da shekaru 300. A tsawan ikonta a karni na 13, ana tunanin yawan mutanen birnin sun kai 10,000, tare da yawancin ‘yan kasar suna zaune a cikin bene hawa biyar ko shida masu kama da gidajen zamani. Paquimé ya nuna yanki na bikin, tsarin haikalin, farfajiyar ball, pyramids da tuddai masu fa'ida, gami da wanda yayi kama da gicciye tare da cikakkiyar ilimin taurari. Turkeys da aku sun kasance a cikin keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓu, wataƙila don ba da gashin fuka-fukan da ake amfani da su don shagulgula da ado na mutum. Cuarenta Casas Cuarenta Casas (Gidaje Arba'in) gidaje ne masu tsayi waɗanda suke a cikin jihar Chihuahua kuma Mutanen Spain suka gano su a cikin karni na 16. Duk da sunan, kusan dozin adobe ado ne aka sassaka a gefen dutsen yamma na gefen wani babban kwazazzabo a La Cueva de las Ventanas (Kogon Windows). Cuarenta Casas an yi imanin cewa ya kasance ƙauyen Paquimé a cikin karni na 13. Gine-gine Palacio Nacional Mexico City gida ne mai hawa uku Palacio Nacional (National Palace), wanda aka gina a 1563 a shafin gidan shugaban Aztec Moctezuma. Asali, fadar ta kasance tana dauke da dukkanin bangarorin gwamnati uku. A yau, duk da haka, ƙungiyar zartarwa ce kawai ke zaune a wurin. Palacio Nacional wuta ta lalace sau biyu, sau daya a shekarar 1659 sannan kuma a shekarar 1692. An sake gina ta a 1693 kuma har yanzu ba a canza ta ba sosai. A farkon zuwa tsakiyar 1900s, Diego Rivera ya zana tarin manya-manyan bango a bangon gidan sarautar wanda ke nuna kyawawan launuka na Mexico. Gidan sarautar kuma gida ne na Liberty Bell na Mexico. Tsarin Metropolitana Yana zaune a gefen arewa na garin garin Mexico City, Catedral Metropolitana shine babban kuma babban coci a duk Latin Amurka. Gine-gine a kan ginin, wanda ya haɗu da salon Baroque da Neoclassical, ya fara ne a 1573 kuma ya ɗauki ƙarni uku kafin a kammala shi. Babban cocin ya kunshi wuraren bautar gumaka 14, bagadai guda biyar da mutummutumai da yawa, zane-zane da bagade na Kristi da tsarkaka. Lissafin jiki Tekun Cortés Tekun Cortés, wanda aka fi sani da Gulf of California, yana tsakanin tsibirin Meziko da Baja Peninsula. Ya kasance akan Isla Partida, ɗayan tsibirai masu yawa, shine rairayin bakin teku na Ensenada Grande, wanda mutane da yawa suke ɗaukar shine mafi kyaun bakin teku a Mexico. Tekun Cortés ya ƙunshi nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki na rayuwar teku, gami da mantra mai kama da Flying Mobulas, wanda zai iya tsalle daga ruwa ya yi ta shawagi a cikin iska, da Vaquita Marina, mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin duniya. Popocatépetl da Iztaccíhuatl Ana zaune a gefen gabas na Valle de Mexico, Popocatépetl da Iztaccíhuatl sune tsaunuka na biyu da na uku na ƙasar Mexico. Craterless Iztaccíhuatl yayi bacci kuma sanannen wuri ne na hawa dutse; duk da haka, Popocatépetl, wanda sunan Aztec yake da ma'anar Dutsen Sigari, ya ɓarke fiye da sau 20 tun daga zuwan Sifen. Yana ci gaba da kwararar iskar gas da toka kuma masana kimiyya suna sa ido sosai. Shahararrun Yankuna =Birnin Mexico Mexico City, gari na biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan Tokyo, gida ne ga abubuwan jan hankali da yawa, gami da Palacio Nacional da Catedral Metropolitana. Tare da rairayin bakin teku masu na zinare, dazuzzuka masu zafi da kuma sanannen mawuyacin hali a kan dutse, Acapulco ya kasance sanannen sanannen birni mai cike da shakatawa a Mexico. Yankin Baja Yankin Baja da ke gabar tekun yamma na yammacin Mexico, ya shahara saboda dogayen bakin teku masu kyawawan fararen rairayin bakin teku, wuraren lumana da sanya tsaunuka. =Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, yana da wadataccen al'adun Mexico. Yankin ya zama sananne ga masana'antar kerarre ta gida, kiɗan mariachi, sombreros, charreadas (rodeos) da Rawar Hat ta Mexico. Al'adu Wasanni Fùtbol (ccerwallon ƙafa) Ccerwallon ƙafa wasa ne da aka fi so daga yawancin jama'a. Ba kamar sauran wasannin na Mexico ba, ƙwallon ƙafa na iya raba kan ƙasar, ta hanyar ɓacin rai, musamman idan abokan hamayyar Mexico suka haɗu da juna. Mutane daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar suna halartar wasanni, wanda yawanci ana yin su a ranar Lahadi. Lashe kyautar Copa Libertadores, Latin Amurka kwatankwacin Kofin Turai, girmamawa ce da ke motsa duka playersan wasa da magoya baya. A cikin 1970, Filin wasa na Azteca na Mexico ya karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA. Wannan taron ya kasance ɗayan abubuwan da ba za a taɓa mantawa da su ba a tarihin wasanni yayin da Pele da tawagarsa ta Brazil suka yi nasara a karo na uku, abin da ya sa suka zama ƙasa ta farko da ta taɓa cin gasar fiye da sau biyu. Mexico ta sake daukar nauyin taron a 1986. Sanannun playersan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa daga Mexico sun haɗa da Hugo Sanchez, Cuahtemoc Blanco, Rafael Marques, Alberto Medina, Omar Bravo, Enrique Borja, Antonio Carvajal, Manolo Negrete, Jorge Gutierrez, Luis Flores, Salvador Reyes, Horacio Casarin, Alberto García Aspe, Jorge Campos da Luís Garcia. Dambe Al'adar damben boksin ta Mexico ta kafu sosai kuma ta kasance gida ga wasu fitattun mayaƙan duniya waɗanda suka haɗa da: Carlos Zarate, Vincente Saldivar, Salvador Sanchez, Erik Morales, Ricardo Lopez da Julio Cesar Chavez, wanda ake ɗauka ɗayan manyan jarumai wasanni a Tarihin Mexico. Charreada Kyakkyawan wasan Mexico ne. Ba kamar rodeo na Amurka wanda aka ba mahalarta kyaututtuka gwargwadon yadda suke saurin aiwatarwa, charreada yana mai da hankali ne kan salon da gwaninta. A cikin filin zagaye kamar 40 mita (yadudduka 44) a diamita, 'yan kaboyi na Mexico da' yan mata da ke sanye da kayan gargajiya na gargajiya (shanu) suna shiga cikin jerin abubuwan da suka shafi bijimai da dawakai. Karusai na yau masu kiwon dabbobi ne, ƴan kasuwa da ƙwararru waɗanda ke da sha'awar kiyaye al'adun charreada na Mexico. =Kwando Tare da Tekun Mexico da kuma jihohin arewacin Mexico, ƙwallon ƙwallon baseball ya shahara sosai. Ana kiran lakabin kwararrun 'yan wasan Mexico da suna Liga Mexicana de Béisbol, kuma lokacin yana farawa daga Maris zuwa Yuli tare da buga wasannin fidda gwani a watan Agusta. Hakanan sanannen sanannen shine Liga Mexicana del Pacífico, wani babban gasar hunturu wanda ya ƙunshi playersan wasa daga Japan, Korea da Amurka. Zakaran wannan gasar ya shiga cikin "Wasannin Caribbean" tare da ƙungiyoyi daga Venezuela, Puerto Rico da Jamhuriyar Dominica. =fadan mara da bijimai Har ila yau, an fi sani da fiesta brava, fafatawa da fata da fata ta shahara a Mexico tun shekaru 400 da suka gabata. Kamar masu fafatawa da Sifan, matadores na Mexico suna yin takamaiman motsi, lokaci-lokaci suna amfani da ɗan jan kyalle don jan hankalin bijimi ta hanyar da ta dace. Bullfights sau da yawa ana gabatar da bukukuwa kamar su rodeos, farautar alade da rawa. Lucha Libre Gasar kwararrun masu salon Mexico, da ake kira Lucha Libre (yaƙin kyauta) ya haɗu da kowane irin salon gwagwarmaya: miƙa wuya, babban wasan barkwanci da fadanci. Wasannin ya sami matsayi na ban mamaki na fasaha ta hanyar tsada da kuma fahariya. El Santo, mai yuwuwa shahararren dan kokawar Lucha Libre, wanda galibi ya yi fice a fina-finai, ya sanya mayafinsa na azurfa a duk rayuwarsa kuma daga baya aka binne shi. Sauran shahararrun Luchadores sun hada da Blue Demon, Mil Máscaras, da Rey Mysterio, wadanda daga karshe suka koma kokawar Amurkawa inda har ya zama sananne sosai. Jihohi Mexico ta kunshi jihohi 31 da kuma gundumar tarayya ɗaya. Aguascalientes Baja California Baja California Sur Campeche Chiapas Chihuahua Coahuila Colima Distrito Federal (Mexico City) Durango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco State of México Michoacán Morelos Nayarit Nuevo León Oaxaca Puebla Querétaro Quintana Roo San Luis Potosí Sinaloa Sonora Tabasco Tamaulipas Tlaxcala Veracruz Yucatán Zacatecas Addini Abinci Yare Sufuri Jirgin sama Jirgin ƙasa Tattalin arziki Tsaro Manazarta
14931	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Audu	Judith Audu	Judith Emike Audu-Foght, wacce aka fi saninta da Judith Audu,ta kasance yar shirin fim din Najeriya ce kuma ma'aikaciyar TV, mai-shiri,model,blogger,da tsara fina-finai.Anfi saninta da rawar da ta taka amatsayin Mofe a Najeriya television series Emerald,tare da Joseph Benjamin, Carol King, Lilian Esoro da Femi Branch. An kuma santa sosai ta fim din ta wato Just Not Married, FlippeddaThe Sessions.A shekarar 2019, an sanya ta cikin YNAIJA 100 most Influential Nigerians acikin Film.. Farkon rayuwa An haifi Judith Audu a Navy Town, Ojo ga mahaifi tsohon sojan Navy a Najeriya; Audu Ali Audu da mahaifiyarta; Gift Salamat Audu. Mahaifiyarta mai kasuwancin restaurateur da entrepreneur wacce ta mallaki shugunan dafa abinci da dama da kuma tsarin bukukuwa. Judith nada yan'uwa biyu, yayanta Franklin Audu da kaninta Abdulmalik Audu. Itace ta biyu kuma kadai mace. Sun yan'asalin Auchi ne na Jihar Edo dake kudancin Najeriya. Judith Audu tayi makarantar Navy Town Primary School, Ojo, daga shekarar 1988 zuwa shekara ta 1993, sannan ta cigaba zuwa Navy Town Secondary School daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1999, inda ta karanci fannin adabi. Ta kuma koma makarantar Nigerian French Language Village, Badagry a shekarar 2001 kuma ta samu Diploma Wanda tayi amfani dashi amatsayin Direct Entry zuwa Jami'ar Lagos a shekarar 2002. A shekara ta 2005, Judith Audu ta kammala digirin ta na B.A a French daga Jami'ar Lagos. After her National Youth Service (NYSC) In Kebbi State in 2006/2007, She went back to the University of Lagos and applied for master's degree course in Public and International Affairs from 2008 to 2010, where she graduated with a degree in Masters of Public and International Affairs (MPIA).. Aiki Sanda take Jami'ar Lagos,Judith Audu ta shiga kungiyar dalibai yan'wasan theater masu suna Campus Playhouse. Daga nan ne Audu ta samu fara ayyukan ta na shirye-shiryen drama tare da wasu fitattun yan'wasa kamar su; Denrele Edun, actor/comedian Koffi da Darekta Wole Oguntokun. A shekarar 2004, sanda Jami'ar Lagos sanda Jami'ar ta tafi yajin-aiki na tswon watanni goma, Audu was invited by her colleague Denrele Edun to Alpha Vision Company where she auditioned for and got her first role on the small screen in Tajudeen Adepetu's TV Series, One Love. In the same year, Audu officially registered herself as an actor with the Actor's Guild of Nigeria and began attending auditions, through which she got a role in a Ghetto film by Femi Ogedegbe titled Tears of the Ghetto (Life is beautiful). At the end of the University strike, Audu went back to school and took a hiatus from acting, sannan ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen yara wato, Funtime, inda ta fito amatsayin Vanessa. Lokacin gudanar da aikin ta na bautar kasa National Youth Service, ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a gidan TV na Kebbi State Television sunan shirin ta French For Beginners da kuma Drama Troupe Director. A shekarar 2011, bayan kammala master's degree dinta,Judith Audu ta halarci audition dan samun matsayi a television drama, Tinsel tasamu matsayin ta a gynaecologist, she has since been part of several Television Series like Emerald, Seekers, Burning Spears, Tinsel, Huzzel, 4 Walls, Comfort Zone, Rush, Funtime, Life is Beautiful, Case File, House Apart da Queens Drive. A shekarar 2014,Judith Audu ta samar da film dinta na farko, wani gajeren fim akan cin-zarafin mata a gida mai suna 'Not Right', wanda Omowunmi Dada, Ani Iyoho, Philip Festus da Judith Audu. A shekarar 2014, Judith Audu ta fara watsa shiri a rediyo na yanar gizo, Igroove Radio tagged sunan shirin Meet the Actor With Judith Audu wanda a shirin take tattaunawa da shahararrun yan'wasan fina-finai. A Watan Mayun shekarar 2016, Judith Audu ta samar kuma ta shirya, film mai-tsawo, karkashin kamfanin ta na, Judith Audu Productions. An sanyawa fim din suna Just Not Married features Stan Nze, Rotimi Salami, Ijeoma Agu, Obutu Roland, Brutus Richard, Gregory Ojefua, Judith Audu and Perpetua Adefemi. The movie enjoyed rave reviews and topped cinema ratings across Nigeria in the first few weeks of its release. Rayuwarta Judith Audu tana da aure taré da Morten Foght a 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2011. Audu ta kasance blogger ce Kyauta da gabatarwa A shekarar 2013, an gabatar da ita ga Best Female Actor Award shekara ta 2013 a Nigerian Broadcasting Merit Award. A Disamba 2014, Audu ta lashe kyautar Best Actress a In-Short International Film Festival 2014 domin rawar da ta taka a gajeren fim din, Alpha Mom. Gajeren shirin fim din Judith Audu Not Right, wanda ta samar kuma ta fito aciki a shekara ta 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards amatsayin 'Best Short Film', the film was also nominated at the Best of Nollywood Awards, Nollywood Movie Awards and at the Abuja International Film Festival in 2014. A shekarar 2016,Judith Audu ta kwashe kyautar Best Actress a Best of Nollywood kyautar Dan fim din Just Not Married. Audu yayi nasarar ne dan Best Actress in a Supporting Role (African Film in English) na fim din Obsession at the 22nd African Film Awards a UK a watan Nuwamba 2018, as well as at the Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival for her role in the movie Unfinished Business. A watan February shekarar 2020, United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) sun ba Audu matsayin "high profile supporter" na "Telling the Real Story" (TRS) project. Fina-finai Fim da ya fito aciki Fina-finan da ya shirya 2019 The Sessions 2019 The Family 2019 Diary of the Damned 2018 MIRABEL 2018 FLIPPED 2018 MORNING FIX 2018 Heart Break 2018 Like Dominoes 2018 Bedroom Points Duba kuma List of Nigerian bloggers.
32985	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Wasan%20Kurket%20ta%20Mozambique	Kungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Mozambique	Kungiyar wasan kurket ta ƙasar Mozambique, ita ce ƙungiyar maza da ke wakiltar Jamhuriyar Mozambique a wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa Ƙungiyar Kurket ta Mozambique ce ke gudanar da su wanda ya zama memba na Majalisar Kurket ta Duniya (ICC) a matsayin memba mai alaƙa a cikin shekarar 2003, tun a shekarar 2017 memba ne na tarayya Mozambique kuma memba ce a kungiyar Kurket ta Afirka Tawagar wasan kurket ta Mozambique ta fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket League na Afrika da gasar cin kofin duniya na Kurket da gasar cin kofin Afrika na ICC 2020 Tarihi Mozambique ta zama memba ta kungiyar Cricket Council a shekara ta 2003 sannan ta zama memba a cikin 2017 lokacin da aka soke matsayin kungiyar. 50 fiye da cricket 2003 Wasansu na farko na kasa da kasa ya zo ne a shekara mai zuwa, lokacin da suka taka leda a gasar zakarun kungiyoyin Afirka wanda shine matakin farko na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket na 2007 Za su kare ne a matsayi na 6 bayan da suka doke Rwanda kawai. 2006 Mozambique, a matsayinta na memba na Ƙungiyar Cricket ta Afirka, tana fafatawa a gasar Cricket League ta Duniya na yankin Afirka wanda ke da matsayi na 50 a kan kasashen Afirka da ba su da cikakken memba na ICC. Don wannan bugu, sun fafata ne a rukuni na uku yayin da suka tashi canjaras da Saliyo da Morocco da kuma Rwanda. A wasan farko da suka yi da Saliyo, sun zura kwallaye shida a raga bayan da suka yi waje da abokan hamayya a 197 kawai A sakamakon haka, Kaleem Shah ya zira kwallaye 55 wanda ya ba kungiyar nasara ta farko. Kaleem Shah ya zura kwallo a karni na farko na gasar a wasa na gaba da Morocco don samun nasarar kungiyar zuwa 275 daga 50. Maroko ta sake samun maki 196 ne kawai tare da Shah ya kasance mafi kyawun wasan kwallo. Wasan rukuni na karshe ya nuna cewa Mozambique ta yi nasara a kan Rwanda da ci 112 da nema a saman tafkin 2. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, sun fafata da Ghana kuma Zainul Patel ne ya mamaye wasan kwallon kwando da ci 4 wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen kai kungiyar zuwa wasan karshe. A wasan karshe na gasar, Kaleem Shah wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar ya zura kwallo a wasan karshe inda ya zura kwallaye 77 a wasanni 89 da suka yi nasara a kan Mozambique zuwa mataki na gaba. An gudanar da rukuni na biyu ne a Tanzaniya inda kungiyoyi biyar suka fafata domin neman gurbin zuwa mataki na daya. A bangaren Mozambique kuwa, sai da suka fafata da Botswana da Najeriya da Tanzania da kuma Zambia. 2018-Yanzu A cikin Afrilu 2018, ICC ta yanke shawarar ba da cikakken matsayin Twenty20 International (T20I) ga duk membobinta. Saboda haka, duk wasanni Ashirin20 da aka buga tsakanin Mozambique da sauran membobin ICC tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu 2019 sun kasance cikakkun wasannin T20I. Mozambique ta buga T20I ta farko a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2019, da Malawi, a gasar cin kofin Kwacha na 2019 T20 sun yi rashin nasara da ci uku-uku saura kwallaye biyu.\|score1=169/5 (20 overs)\|runs1=Damiao Couana 71* (36)\|wickets1=Mahammed Patel 3/25 (4 overs)\|score2=170/7 (19.4 overs)\|runs2=Mahammed Patel 40* (33)\|wickets2=Zefanias Matsinhe 3/27 (4 overs)\|result=Malawi won by 3 wickets\|report=Scorecard\|venue=Lilongwe Golf Club, Lilongwe\|umpires=Acacio Chitsondzo (Moz) and Osman Mhango (Mwi)\|motm=\|toss=Malawi won the toss and elected to field.\|notes=First ever T20I match for Mozambique.}} Tarihin gasar Kungiyar Cricket ta Duniya 2008: Matsayi na biyar na 8 Yankin Cricket na Duniya na Afirka 2006 Kashi na Uku Wuri na daya, Rukuni na Biyu Wuri na uku 2008: Mataki na biyu na hudu Rubuce-rubuce da Ƙididdiga Takaitacciyar Matches na Ƙasashen Duniya Mozambique An sabunta ta ƙarshe 6 Nuwamba 2021 Twenty20 International Mafi girman ƙungiyar: 209/5 v Kamaru ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2021 a Gahanga International Cricket Stadium, Kigali Maki mafi girma na mutum: 104, Francisco Couana da Kamaru ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2021 a Gahanga International Cricket Stadium, Kigali Mafi kyawun alkalumman wasan ƙwallon ƙafa: 5/19, Francisco Couana da Kamaru ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2021 a Gahanga International Cricket Stadium, Kigali Most T20I runs for Mozambique Most T20I wickets for Mozambique T20I rikodin tare da sauran ƙasashe An kammala rikodin zuwa T20I #1397. An sabunta ta ƙarshe 6 Nuwamba 2021. Don jerin zaɓaɓɓun wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa da Mozambique ta buga, duba Taskar Cricket Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kurket na kasa da kasa na Mozambique Twenty20 Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
6547	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu%20Kano	Aminu Kano	Malam Aminu Kano (an haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da ashirin (1920) miladiyada- ya rasu a ranar 17 ga watan afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983) Miladiyya A.c. Shi dan siyasa ne me matuqar kima, kuma ya yi yaki sosai don kare hakkin yan kasar Najeriya kamar yadda siyasarsa ta nuna, ta hanyar goyon bayan dimukradiyya, tallafawa mata da kuma goyon baya ga 'yancin furuci kuma yana daga cikin mutanen da suka yaqi wajen neman 'yancin kasa a wancan lokaci. yana daga cikin wadanda suka jogoranci mutane wajen gwagwarmayar kin yarda da turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila kafin bada 'yancin kai a shekara ta alif 1960.Shi ne shugaban jam'iyar PRP. Farkon rayuwa An haifeshi ne a Kano a shekara ta 1920, mahaifinshi mai suna Malam Yusufu malamin islama ne kuma faqihi ne, sannan kuma alkali ne a kotun Kano. kawunshi Malam Halilu shi ne ya karantar da shi Alqur’ani, mallam Halilu ya kasance Limami ga masarautar Kano ga sarki Abdullahi Bayero (1929-1953). Wanda aka bashi suna da mai tantabaru. Karatu Malam Aminu Kano ya yi makaranta ne a jahar Kano ya yi makarantar Shahuci Primary School da Kano Middle School a tsakanin shekara ta 1930 zuwa 1937, a lokacin yana dan shekara goma, kuma ya yi karatu a Kaduna college (Katsina College wanda yanzu ya koma Barewa College) a shekara ta 1937. Bayan ya gama ya karantar a Bauchi Middle School a shekarar 1942, a lokacin Abubakar Tafawa Balewa shi ne shugaban makarantan, daga nan sai aka mayar da shi zuwa Maru Teacher’s College, Sokoto. A cikin watan Satumban shekara ta 1946 an ba shi tallafin karatu zuwa Jami'ar Institute of Education da ta ke a Landan tare da Prime minister na farko a Najeriya wato Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Dawowarsa ke da wuya, aka kafa kungiyar malamai na Arewa wato (Northern Teachers Association) a Kano a watan Mayun shekara ta 1948, wadda wannan kungiya ita ce kungiya ta farko da aka fara kafawa a arewacin Najeirya a Kano a matsayin cibiyar kungiyar malamai. Siyasa Malam Aminu Kano ya fara siyasa ne tare da Sa'adu Zungur a tsakanin shekara ta 1943 1946, inda suka fara kafa General Improvement Union. Su biyun sun yi hoɓɓasa wajen kafa Nothern Elements Progressive Association (NEPA). Malam Aminu Kano ya kasance dan adawa ne kwarai ga turawan mulkin mallaka. Yana sukansu da barna da dukiyar kasa, da kuma 'yan siyasa da ke biyewa turawa bukatunsu na kansu. Hakan ya jawo masa cutarwa matuka daga turawa don su rufe masa baki. A farkon shekara ta 1950 sun kafa jam'iyyun arewa guda biyu, Northern People's Congress (NPC) wacce aka kafa a kan tsarin MacPherson constitution na shekarar 1951 da kuma jam'iyyar Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU) Rasuwa Malam Aminu Kano ya rasu ne a ranar Lahadi 17 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1993 wacce uwar gidansa Shatu ta sama gawansa sanadiyar shanyewar jiki da ya samu bayan ya yi jinyar cerebral malaria. Bibiliyo Abba, Alkasim. (2006). The Politics of Mallam Aminu Kano, ISBN-978-2557-32-3 Bincike Callaway, Barbara J (July 1987). "Women and Political Participation in Kano City". Comparative Politics. 19 (4): 379–393. doi:10.2307/421813. JSTOR 421813. Feinstein, Alan; Feinstein, Alan (1988). "African Revolutionary: The Life and Times of Nigeria's Aminu Kano". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 22 (2): 347. doi:10.2307/485917. JSTOR 485917 Manazarta Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Fulani Malami Mutane daga Kano Ɗan siyasa Malaman
19128	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ur%27aniyya	Ƙur'aniyya	Ƙur'aniyya al-Ƙur'āniyya, har ila yau "rubutun Alƙur'ani") ƙunshi ra'ayoyi cewa shari'ar Musulunci da jagora ya kamata su dogara ne kawai da Kur'ani, don haka gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na adawa da ikon addini, amintacce, da ko amincin littattafan hadisi Masu ilimin Kur'ani sun yi imani da cewa saƙon Allah a cikin Alƙur'ani bayyananne ne kuma cikakke ne yadda yake, saboda Alƙur'ani ya faɗi haka, don haka ana iya fahimtarsa ba tare da ambaton hadisin, wanda suka yi imanin ƙirƙirarsa akayi ba. A cikin sha'anin imani, da fikihu, da shari'a, masu karatun Kur'ani sun banbanta da ahl al-Hadith wato masu bin Hadisi, ta yadda wadanda suka gabata suna ganin Hadisi ban da Alqurani a matsayin ikon zartar da hukuncin Musulunci a cikin sha'anin shari'a da akida. Kowace mazhabar Musulunci da ke yada hadisi, tana da nata tsarin na hadisi wanda musulminsu suka dogara da shi, amma sauran mazhabobin hadisi suka ki amincewa da shi, yayin da Kur'ani suka ki amincewa da dukkanin hadisai daban-daban kuma ba su da nasu. Alƙur'ani yana kama da ƙungiyoyi a cikin sauran addinan Ibrahim kamar na Karaite a yahudanci da kuma tunanin Sola na addinin kirista na Furotesta. Asalin Kalma Mabiya Kur'ani da Musulunci ana kira a matsayin "Ƙur'aniyyun" wani lokacin kuma ana kiransu da Ƴan Ƙala Ƙato) amma kuma a matsayin "masu neman kawo canji" ko "Musulmai masu ci gaba" ta wasu nau'ikan musulmai, kodayake galibi suna musun waɗannan sunaye. Kada masu rikodin Qur'ani su rikice da Ahle-e-Quran ("Mutanen Alƙur'ani"), wanda ƙungiya ce da Abdullah Chakralawi ya kafa. Hakanan masu karatun Kur'ani suna iya kiran kansu kawai "Musulmai" ko "Masu sallamawa". Rukunan Masu ilimin Kur'ani sun yi imani da cewa Kur'ani shine tushen tushen dokar addini da jagoranci a cikin Islama kuma sun ƙi ikon tushen tushe a waje da Alƙur'ani kamar Hadisi da Sunna Kuma, suna ambaton ayoyin Alqur'ani kamar su 6:38, 45: 6 da 6: 112-116, sun yi imani da cewa Alqur'ani bayyananne ne, cikakke ne, kuma ana iya fahimtarsa sosai ba tare da komawa ga hadisi da sunna ba. Saboda haka, suna amfani da shi kansa Alqurani wajen fassara kur’ani: .Tsassun zahiri da cikakke game da rubutun ta mahangar zamani da amfani da tafsirin al-qur'an bi al-qur'an (bayanin Alkur'ani tare da Alkur'ani) da fikihu. qa'idar al-asl fi al-kalam al-haqiqah (babbar magana ce ta zahiri), ba tare da yin watsi da yadda Alkur'ani ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar mahanga na tarihi da al'ada ba. Wannan Hanyar tafsirin Alqur'ani ne daban-daban daga hanyar falala a kansu daga mafi Sunni da 'yan Shi'a, da aka sani da tafsirin bi-al-ma'thur (tafsirin Alqur'ani tare da ruwayoyin, watau, hadisi). Ya bambanta da masu ilimin Kur'ani, 'yan Sunni ba su yi imani da cewa Alƙur'anin yana da cikakken bayani ba. Sun yi imani da cewa, "Kur'ani yana buƙatar Sunna fiye da yadda Sunna ke buƙatar Alkur'ani inna l-Quran ahwaju ila l-sunna mina l-sunna ila l-Quran Wannan bambance-bambancen tafarkin ya haifar da saɓani sosai tsakanin masu ilimin Kur'ani da Sunna da Shi'a a cikin sha'anin ilimin addini da shari'a. Misali, a karnin da suka biyo bayan mutuwar Muhammadu, Musulmin da suka ƙi yarda da hadisai ba su yi imani da Naskh ba Kufa ya yarda da hadisi da masanin Kufan Dirar ibn Amr ya yi ne ya sa shi ƙin yarda da imani da Al-Masih ad-Dajjal, Uƙubar Kabari, da Shafa'ah a ƙarni na 8. Kuma da Masar masanin Muhammad Abu Zayd ta kin amincewa da hadisi tushen sharhin kai shi su da su kãfirta da imani da Isra da Mi'raj a farkon ƙarni na 20th. A cikin tafsirinsa na mai hankali wanda aka buga a 1930, Al-hidaya wa-l-'rfan fi tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Qur'an (Jagora da Umarni a Wajan Tafsirin Alkur'ani da Alkur'ani), wanda yana amfani da Alƙur'ani da kansa wajen fassara Alƙur'ani, ya yi iƙirarin cewa aya ta 17: 1 ishara ce ga Hegira ba Isra'i da Mi'raj ba. Syed Ahmad Khan ya bayar da hujjar cewa, yayin da Alkurani ya kasance yana da ma'amala da jama'a, dogaro da hadisi ya takaita damar da kur'ani ke da ita zuwa wani yanayin al'adu da tarihi. Matsayin da Kur'ani ke bijirewa ikon Hadisi da Sunna sun banbanta, amma kungiyoyin da suka fi karfi sun soki ikon Hadisin sosai kuma sun ki yarda da shi saboda dalilai da yawa. Mafi ra'ayin mutane shine kasancewar Kur'ani wadanda suke cewa ba a ambaci Hadisi a cikin Alqurani a matsayin tushen ilimin addinin Musulunci da aiki da shi, ba a rubuce shi a rubuce ba har sai karni ɗaya da mutuwar Muhammad, kuma suna dauke da kurakurai na ciki da saɓani. Ga Musulmin Sunni, sunnah watau sunnar (hanyar) annabi, ɗayan manyan hanyoyi biyu ne na shari'ar Musulunci, kuma yayin da Alƙur'ani ke da ayoyi yana umurtar Musulmi da yin biyayya ga Annabi, Kur'ani bai taɓa magana ba sunnah "dangane da Muhammadu ko wasu annabawa. Kalmar sunnah ta bayyana sau da yawa, gami da jumlar "sunnar Allah" (hanyar Allah), amma ba "sunnar al-nabi" ba (hanyar annabi) kalmar da masu bin hadisi suke amfani da ita. Tarihi Farkon Musulunci Ƙur'ani sun faɗi abubuwan da suka yi imani da su tun zamanin Muhammadu, wanda ya hana rubuta hadisai don hana hadisai su rikice da Alƙur'ani. Ɗaya daga cikin sahabban Muhammadu kuma magaji Umar, shi ma ya hana rubuta hadisi tare da rusa tarin abubuwan da ake da su a lokacin yana halifa A lokacin da Umar ya naɗa gwamna a Kufa, sai ya ce masa: "Za ku zo wurin mutanen wani gari wanda buɗa Alkur'ani a gare su kamar sautin ƙudan zuma ne. Saboda haka, kada ku shagaltar da su da Hadisai, kuma ta haka ne ku shiga su. Kuje Kur'ani ku bar labarin daga manzon Allah (tsira da aminci su tabbata a gare shi)! Matsakaicin Kur'ani a cikin rayuwar addini ta Kufanawa waɗanda Umar ya bayyana suna canzawa da sauri, duk da haka. A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata daga baya, wata wasiƙa da aka aika zuwa ga Ummayad kalifa Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan game da Kufans: "Su yi watsi da hukuncin da Ubangijinsu, kuma ya dauki rabuwa domin su addini, kuma suka yi da'awar cewa sun samu ilimi, wanin daga Alkur'ani. Sun yi imani da littafin da ba daga wurin Allah ba, wanda aka rubuta ta hannun mutane; sai suka jingina shi ga Manzon Allah. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, haramun da ake yi wa rubutu da bin hadisai ya koma baya har shugaban Ummayad Umar II ya ba da umarnin tattara Hadisi a hukumance. Abu Bakr bn Muhammad bin Hazm da Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, suna daga cikin waɗanda suka rubuta Hadisai bisa umarnin Umar na II. Duk da Trend zuwa hadisai, da tambayoyin da su dalĩli ci gaba a lokacin da Abbasiyawa daular da kuma wanzu a lokacin da Al-Shafi'i, a lokacin da wani rukuni da aka sani da "Ahlul-Kalam" jãyayya da cewa annabci misali na Muhammad "da aka samu a bin Alqurani shi kadai maimakon Hadisi. Daga baya, irin wannan rukuni, Ahl al-Tawḥīd wa l-dAdl, "mutanen tauhidi da adalci", waɗanda abokan hamayyarsu suka fi sani da Mu'tazilaiti, suma sun kalli watsa mafi yawan Hadisai a matsayin abin da bai isa abin dogaro ba. Mafi yawan Hadisan, a cewarsu, zato ne kawai, zato, kuma bidi'a ce, alhali littafin Allah cikakke ne kuma cikakke, kuma ba ya buƙatar Hadisin ya kara ko ya cika shi. Akwai manyan malamai da suka ki hadisi kamar Dirar bn Amr. Ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna The musu a cikin Hadisi Koyaya, canjin ya canza daga karnonin da suka gabata ta yadda za a ce Dirar da ashab al-hadisi sun buge ta kuma dole ta kasance cikin buya har zuwa mutuwarsa. Kamar Dirar ibn Amr, malamin nan Abu Bakr al-Asamm shima bashi da amfani sosai ga hadisai. A lokacin daular Abassid, mawaƙi, masanin tauhidi, kuma masanin shari’a, Ibrahim an-Nazzam ya ƙi ikon hadisi kamar yadda Abu Hurayra ya ruwaito. Shahararren dalibinsa, Al-Jahiz, ya kasance mai sukar wadanda suka bi irin wannan Hadisin, yana mai cewa su al-nabita ("abin raini"). Wani zamani na An-Nazzam, Al-Shafi'i, ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙaryata hujjojin waɗanda suka ƙi waɗannan Hadisai kuma ya kafa ikonsu a cikin littafinsa Kitab Jima'a l-'Ilm Kuma Ibn Qutaybah yayi ƙoƙarin ƙaryata hujjojin An-Nazzam akan waɗannan Hadisan na Abu Hurayra a cikin littafinsa <i id="mwvQ">Ta'wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith</i> Ƙarni na 19th A Kudancin Asiya a cikin ƙarni na 19, ƙungiyar Ahle ta Kur'ani ta ƙirƙiro wani ɓangare don mayar da martani ga Ahle Hadith wanda suke ganin suna fifita Hadisi sosai. Da yawa daga mabiya Al-Qur'ani daga Asiya ta Kudu sun kasance masu bin Ahle Hadith a da amma sun ga ba za su iya karbar wasu hadisai ba. Abdullah Chakralawi, Khwaja Ahmad Din Amritsari, Chiragh Ali, da Aslam Jairajpuri suna daga cikin mutanen da suka gabatar da imanin Kur'ani a Indiya a lokacin. 20th karni A Misra a farkon karni na 20, ra'ayoyin masu ilimin Kur'ani irin su Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi ya tashi daga ra'ayoyin masu kawo canji na Muhammad Abduh, musamman kin amincewa da taklid da kuma fifita Alqurani. Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi na Misira "ya yi riko da cewa babu wani abu daga cikin Hadis da aka rubuta har sai bayan isasshen lokaci ya ba da damar kutsawa cikin al'adun wauta ko gurbatattun al'adu." Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi ya rubuta kasida mai taken Al-Islam Huwa ul-Qur'an Wahdahu ('Musulunci shi kadai ne Alkur'ani) wanda ya bayyana a mujallar Masar ta Al-Manar, wacce ke nuna cewa Kur'ani ya isa shiriya: "menene wajibine ga mutum baya wuce littafin Allah. Idan da wani abu banda Kur'ani ya zama dole ga addini, "Sidqi ya lura," da annabi ya yi umurni da a yi rajistarsa a rubuce, kuma da Allah ya tabbatar da kiyaye shi Kamar wasu takwarorinsu na Misira kamar su Muhammad Abu Zayd da Ahmed Subhy Mansour, wasu daga cikin masana masu kawo sauyi a Iran wadanda suka dauki akidun Kur'ani sun fito ne daga manyan makarantun gargajiya. Shaykh Hadi Najmabadi, Mirza Rida Quli Shari'at-Sanglaji, Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani, da Ayatollah Borqei sun yi karatu a jami'o'in Shi'a na gargajiya a Najaf da Qom Koyaya, sun yi imani da cewa wasu imani da ayyukan da aka koyar a waɗannan jami'o'in, kamar girmama Imamzadeh da imani da Raj'a, ba su da ma'ana kuma camfi ne kuma ba su da asali a cikin Alqurani. Kuma maimakon su fassara Alqurani ta hanyar tabarau na hadisi, sai suka fassara Kur'ani da Alqurani tafsir al-qur'an bi al-qur'an Wadtannan imani na kawo canji sun haifar da suka daga malaman shia na gargajiya kamar Ayatollah Khomeini, wanda ya yi kokarin karyata sukar da Sanglaji da sauran masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi suka yi a cikin littafinsa Kashf al-Asrar Hakanan akida-ta imani ta yada tsakanin musulmai marasa karfi kamar Ba'amurken Ba'amurken, Ali Behzadnia, wanda ya zama Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya da Jin Dadi kuma muƙaddashin Ministan Ilimi jim kadan bayan Juyin Juya Halin Iran Ya soki gwamnati a Iran da cewa ba ta bin tsarin demokradiyya kuma ba ta sabawa "Musulunci na Alkur'ani". Zamanin zamani A cikin ƙarni na 21, akidun Alkur'ani sun yadu a kasashe daban-daban. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda suka haɗa wasu fannoni na dokar Sunni, mabiya sun gamu da adawa. Misali, wani malamin masarautar Saudiyya, Hassan Farhan al-Maliki, an kame shi sau da yawa saboda karfafa kawo sauyi a siyasance da kuma komawa zuwa ga Kur'ani. Saudi Arabiya ta fara gurfanar da mai binciken a gaban Kotun Musamman ta Laifuka a Riyadh, wacce aka kafa ta musamman a watan Janairun 2009 don kula da shari'o'in "ta'addanci da tsaron kasa." A shekarar 2019, masu gabatar da ƙara, waɗanda ke da alaka kai tsaye da sarkin na Saudiyya, sun gabatar da zarge-zarge kusan gaba ɗaya da suka shafi ra'ayoyin Maliki kuma ya bukaci kotun ta yanke masa hukunci bisa "fassarar tsattsauran ra'ayi" game da Islama. Sauran masanan Saudiyya, kamar Abdul Rahman al-Ahdal, suna ci gaba da ba da fatawa kan watsi da hadisi da komawa zuwa ga Alqurani. Kuma a Misira da Sudan, an kame masu bin kur’ani saboda imaninsu. Marigayi masanin Siriya Muhammad Shahrur, ya yi iƙirarin cewa hadisai ba su da wata fa'ida ta addini kuma ya kamata Alƙur'ani ya zama musulmai madogara. Yaɗuwar imanin Al-Qur'ani a Rasha ya jawo fushin kafuwar ahlussunna. Majalisar Muftis ta Rasha ta bayar da fatawa kan Al-Kur'ani da waɗanda ta ce shugabanninsu ne a Rasha. Koyaya, daya daga cikin da'awayan jagororin Kur'ani da aka ambata a cikin fatawar, masanin Falsafa dan katsar Rasha Taufik Ibragim, ya nuna cewa imaninsa sun fi dacewa da al'adar Jadid, kodayake akwai dan wani abu tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu a Rasha. A Turkiyya, masu karatun kur'ani sun mayar da martani a kan kafofin sada zumunta kan sukar da Diyanet ta yi a kan imaninsu na Kur'ani. A Afirka ta Kudu, wani malamin Islamiyya mai ilimin Oxford, Taj Hargey, ya kafa Buɗaɗɗen Masallaci. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, Hargey ya yi niyya ga masallacin ya kasance a bude ga al'adun jama'a wanda al'adar gargajiya da masallatan Sunni da Shi'a suke gujewa, kamar mata. Hargey ya bayyana ka'idojin masallacin da cewa, "mai kula da alkur'ani, daidaiton jinsi, ba mazhaba, mai al'adu da kuma mai zaman kansa". Fitattun ƙungiyoyi Ahle Qur'ani Ahle Quran ƙungiya ce da Abdullah Chakralawi ya kafa, wanda ya bayyana Alqurani a matsayin "ahsan Hadith", ma'ana mafi ingancin hadisi kuma saboda haka yayi da'awar cewa baya bukatar kari. Yunkurinsa ya dogara ne kacokam kan surori da ayoyin Alqurani. Matsayin Chakralawi shi ne cewa Kur'ani kansa shi ne mafi kyawun tushen al'adar kuma ana iya bin sa ta musamman. A cewar Chakralawi, Muhammadu zai iya karbar nau'i daya ne na wahayi wahy kuma shi ne Kur'ani. Yayi jayayya cewa Al-Qur'ani shine kawai rikodin hikimar Allah, shine kawai tushen koyarwar Muhammadu, kuma yana fifita dukkanin hadisin, wanda yazo daga baya. Izgi Amal Wannan ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani a Kazakhstan wacce za a iya fassara sunan ta Cyrillic, zuwa rubutun Latin a matsayin İzgi amal Tana da membobi kimanin 70 zuwa 80. Shugabanta, Aslbek Musin, ɗa ne ga tsohon Shugaban Majalisar, Aslan Musin Ƙala ato Kala Kato ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani wacce mabiyanta ke zaune galibi arewacin Nijeriya, tare da wasu mabiyan da ke zaune a Nijar. Ƙala Ƙato na nufin “mutum ya ce” a cikin harshen Hausa, dangane da maganganu, ko hadisai, waɗanda aka jingina su ga Muhammadu. Kala Kato ya yarda da Alqurani ne kawai a matsayin mai iko kuma ya yi imani da cewa duk abin da ba Kala Allah ba, wanda ke nufin abin da "Allah ya ce" a harshen Hausa, shi ne Kala Kato. Quranungiyar Alƙur'ani ta Malesiya Kassim Ahmad ne ya kafa kungiyar Alkur'ani ta Malesiya. Yunkurin yana rikye da muƙamai da yawa da suka banbanta shi daga Sunni da Shi'a kamar kin matsayin mata a matsayin kasancewar surar surah; saboda haka nuna annashuwa a kan kiyaye hijabi, wanda a cewar Kur'ani ba ya cikin Al-Kur'ani. Al-Qur'ani mai kula da sunnati Ƙungiyar Sunnati ta Kur'ani ƙungiya ce ta Kur'ani a Indiya. Wannan ƙungiyar ta kasance a bayan mace ta farko da ta jagoranci addu'o'in tarawar jinsi a Indiya. Yana kula da ofishi da hedkwata a cikin Kerala. Akwai gungun jama'a masu yawa na Kur'ani a cikin Kerala. Daya daga cikin shugabanninta, Jamida Beevi, ya kuma yi magana a kan dokar talaq sau uku ta Indiya wacce galibi ta dogara ne da Dokar Aikace-aikacen Dokar Musulmai ta Musamman (Shariat) ta Sunni, 1937. Shahararren magabaci ga theungiyar natan Sunni a Indiya ya kasance daga ra'ayoyin da Ahmed Khan ya gabatar a ƙarni na 19. Masu sallamawa Masu gabatarwa ƙungiya ce da Ba'amurke- Rashad Khalifa ya fara a Amurka. Wannan tafiyar ta yada kalmar: Alqurani, da dukkan Alqur'ani, kuma ba komai bane face Alqur'ani. Sun yi imani da cewa Al-Qur'ani yana da tsarin lissafi dangane da lamba goma sha tara. Wasu sun ƙi amincewa da waɗannan imani kuma, a cikin 1990, wani wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Sunni Jamaat ul-Fuqra ya kashe Khalifa. Daga cikin waɗanda ra'ayin Khalifa ya yi tasiri a kansu sun hada da Edip Yuksel, Ahmad Rashad, da Alkalin Babbar Kotun Najeriya, Isa Othman. Tolu-e-Islam Ghulam Ahmed Pervez ne ya fara yunƙurin. Ghulam Ahmed Pervez bai ki dukkan hadisan ba; sai dai kawai ya yarda da hadisai wadanda "sun dace da Al-Qur'ani ko kuma ba sa tozarta halayen Annabi ko sahabbansa Organizationungiyar ta wallafa da rarraba littattafai, ƙasidu, da rikodin koyarwar Pervez. Tolu-e-Islam ba ya cikin wata jam’iyyar siyasa, haka kuma ba ta wata kungiyar addini ko mazhaba Süleymaniye Vakfı Abdülaziz Bayındır, farfesa a fannin ilimin tauhidi na kasar Turkiyya ne ya fara yunƙurin. Kungiyar ta fito fili ta kalubalanci Daraktan Harkokin Addini na Turkiyya (Diyanet) Suna rike da mukamai daban daban da Ahlul Sunni na Turkawa, kamar yadda suke kin kusan dukkanin hadisai, suna masu cewa ba sa inganta, kuma basu da ikon addini. Bayanin kungiyar ya karanta "Dangane da karairayin al'ada, za mu ci gaba da bayar da fatawa ta hanyar amfani da Alqurani kawai". Fitattun Alqurani Caner Taslaman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), masanin ilimin Baturke, masanin Alƙur'ani kuma marubuci wanda aka san shi da ayyukansa a kan The Big Bang theory da tsarin kimiyya na Alƙur'ani. Kassim Ahmad (1933–2017) wani malamin Malaysia, marubuci, mawaƙi kuma malami wanda aka san shi da ƙin yarda da ikon hadisi. Shine ya assasa kungiyar Qur'ani ta Malesiya. An kama shi saboda "yana da ra'ayin gurguzu" a cikin 1976 kuma an sake shi a 1981. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana aiki da fassarar Malay na Alqurani. Gamal al-Banna (1920–2013) marubucin Misira ne, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago. Shi ne kane ga Hassan al-Banna, wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'Yan Uwa Musulmi Mustafa İslamoğlu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin ilimin tauhidi ɗan Turkawa, mawaƙi, marubuci. An soki shi a Turkiyya kuma an yi masa barazanar kisa saboda ra'ayinsa wanda ya inganta al'adun da ke sama da al'ada da kuma musun ikon wani hadisi, wanda ya ga an ƙirƙira shi. Rashad Khalifa (1935–1990), wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke masanin ilmin kimiyyar halittu kuma mai gyara addinin Islama. A cikin littafinsa Alqur'ani, Hadisi da Musulunci da kuma fassarar Alqur'ani da Ingilishi, Khalifa ya yi hujja da cewa Alqurani shi kaɗai ne tushen imani da aiki da addinin Islama. 'Yan gargajiya sun kashe shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 1990. Hassan al-Maliki (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan ƙasar Saudi Arabiya marubuci, mai bincike, masanin tarihin Islama da malamin addinin Islama wanda masarautar Saudiyya ta gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu saboda abin da suke ikirarin ra'ayinsa ne na addinin Musulunci. An bayyana ra'ayoyin Al-Maliki a matsayin na Kur'ani, matsakaici, mai haƙuri, kuma mai adawa da akidar ta fi karfi da takifanci. Irshad Manji (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) malamin Kanada ne kuma marubuci. Ahmed Subhy Mansour (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), wani malamin addinin Musulunci Ba’amurke Ba’amurke. Ya kafa wata karamar kungiyar masu karatun kur'ani, amma an kore shi daga Masar kuma yanzu yana zaune a Amurka a matsayin dan gudun hijirar siyasa. Chekannur Maulavi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936; ya ɓace ran 29 ga Yuli 1993), wani malamin addinin Islama mai ci gaba wanda ya rayu a Edappal a gundumar Malappuram na Kerala, Indiya. An san shi da fassarar da ba ta dace ba game da Musulunci wanda ya dogara da Kur'ani kawai. Ya ɓace a ranar 29 ga Yulin 1993 a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki kuma yanzu ana jin ya mutu. Yaşar Nuri Öztürk (1951-2016), malamin jami’ar Turkiyya malamin addinin Musulunci, lauya, marubuci kuma tsohon memba a majalisar dokokin Turkiyya Ya gabatar da taruka da yawa game da tunanin Musulunci, 'yan adamtaka da' yancin ɗan adam a Turkiyya, Amurka, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Balkans. A cikin 1999 mambobin wata kungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da ake kira Great Eastern Islamic Raiders 'Front (wacce ake kira İBDA-C a harshen Turkawa), sun yi ikirarin cewa sun shirya wani yunkurin kisan kai da bai taba faruwa ba. Öztürk ya mutu a cikin 2016, saboda ciwon kansa na ciki. Ahmad Rashad (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), ɗan wasan motsa jiki na Amurka (galibi yana tare da NBC Sports kuma tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ahmad Rashad ya karanci harshen larabci da Alqur'ani tare da malaminsa, marigayi Rashad Khalifa. Mohamed Talbi (1921–2017), masanin tarihin Tunusiya kuma farfesa. Shine ya kirikiro ƙungiyar "International Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques" (AIMC), ko kuma ƙungiyar musulman kur'ani ta duniya. Edip Yüksel (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke falsafa, lauya, mai ba da fatawa game da Kur'ani, marubuci na Takwas: Sa hannun Allah a cikin Yanayi da Littattafai, Manifesto for Reform Islamic da kuma marubucin marubucin Alƙur'ani: A Reformist Translation Ya koyar da falsafa da dabaru a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Pima da koyar da da'a da likitanci da kwasa-kwasan dokokin aikata laifi a Kwalejin Brown Mackie Kara karantawa Aisha Y. Musa, Hadisi a matsayin Nassi: Tattaunawa akan Ikon Hadisan Annabta a Musulunci, New York: Palgrave, 2008. ISBN 0-230-60535-4 Ali Usman Qasmi, Tambaya ga Ikon da Ya gabata: Matsayin Ahl al-Kur'ani a cikin Punjab, Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford, 2012. ISBN 0-195-47348-5 Daniel Brown, Tarihin Tunawa da Tunani a Tunanin Islama na Zamani, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, 1996. ISBN 0-521-65394-0 Addini Musulunci Musulmai Pages with unreviewed
25872	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Cigaban%20CCC	Ƙungiyar Cigaban CCC	Ƙungiyar Cigaban CCC UCIUCI: CDT ƙungiya ce ta kekuna ta UCI da ke Poland. Tsohon CCC-Mat, ƙungiyar ta zama sananne CCC-Polsat a cikin shekara ta 2002. A cikin shekara ta 2004 da 2005, an san ƙungiyar da Hoop CCC-Polsat UCIUCI: HOP komawa zuwa CCC-Polsat a cikin shekara ta 2006. Daga shekara ta 2007 zuwa ta 2011, an san ƙungiyar da CCC-Polsat-Polkowice (wanda aka taƙaice zuwa CCC-Polsat) kuma launuka na kayan ƙungiyar suna orange da baƙi. Tarihi 2002 A cikin martabar UCI har zuwa 13 ga Nuwamba Acikin shekara ta 2002, CCC Polsat an sanya shi a cikin rabo na 2, a wuri na 5. The tawagar kunsa Cezary Zamana, Artur Krzeszowiec, Jarosław Rębiewski, Radosław Romanik, Krzysztof Szafrański, Quintino Rodrigues (Portugal) Andrei Tietieruk (Kazakhstan), Piotr Przydział, Ondřej Sosenka (Czech Republic) Dawuda Krupa, Tomasz Kłoczko, Jarosław Zarębski, Dariusz Skoczylas, Felice Puttini (Switzerland) Sergiy Uszakov (Rasha) da Jacek Mickiewicz. A cikin Shekara ta 2002, Ondřej Sosenka ya lashe Gasar Czech (25 ga Yuni a cikin shekara ta 2002) Course de la Paix (Race Zaman Lafiya) (10 18 May 2002) da ASY Fiata AutoPoland (25 28 Satumba a cikin shekara ta 2002). A cikin shekarar 2003, memba na ƙungiyar, Ondřej Sosenka, ya lashe Okolo Slovenska (27 31 Agusta a cikin shekara ta 2003) (nasara gaba ɗaya da matakai 4 da 5) A cikin wannan shekara, CCC-Polsat ita ce ƙungiyar Poland ta farko da ta hau Babban Tafiya, Giro d'Italia. Kungiyar ta 2003 tana karkashin jagorancin Pavel Tonkov, wanda ya kare a matsayi na 5 a tseren guda a shekarar da ta gabata ga Lampre–Daikin. Kungiyar Giro ta kuma hada da Piotr Chmielewski, Seweryn Kohut, Piotr Przydzial, Radosław Romanik, Dariusz Baranowski, Tomasz Brożyna, Andris Naudužs, da Bogdan Bondariew. Manajan kungiyar CCC Polsat shine Andrzej Sypythowski. Launuka na kayan ƙungiyar a wannan lokacin sune orange, rawaya, da ja, tare da baƙaƙen haruffa. 2004 A cikin shekara ta 2004, ƙungiyar tana cikin rarrabuwa ta 3, kuma ta ci nasara 14 da 184 UCI-Points. Tawagar ta hada da Sławomir Kohut, Piotr Przydział, Alexei Markov, Radosław Romanik, Plamen Stoyanov, Arkadiusz Wojtas, da Jarosław Zarebski. 2005 A cikin shekara ta 2005, ƙungiyar tana cikin rukuni na 3. Paweł Osuch ya kasance manajan ƙungiyar. Mahaya sun hada da Alexei Markov, Jacek Mickiewicz, Łukasz Bodnar, Jarosław Zarebski, Piotr Przydzial, Radosław Romanik, Arkadiusz Wojtas, Alexei Sivakov (Rasha) Seweryn Kohut, Slawomir Kohut, Marek Galinski, Jonathan Page. Piotr Wadecki, Adam Wadecki, da Marek Wesoły hau CCC Polsat a 2006. A shekara ta 2007, tawagar haɗa Adrian Brzózka, Piotr Brzózka, Adrian Faltyn, Marek Galiński, Adam Grzeziółkowski, Krzysztof Jeżowski, Tomasz Kiendyś, Tomasz Lisowicz, Mateusz Mróz, Mariusz Olesek, Jarosław Rębiewski, Paweł Szaniawski, Marek Wesoły, Daniel Zywer, Tomasz Zywer, da kuma Grzegorz Żołędziowski. Daraktan wasanni shine Marek Leśniewski, daraktan fasaha shine Jacek Bodyk, kuma manajan ƙungiyar shine Zbigniew Misztal. A watan Yuli a cikin shekara ta 2018 ƙungiyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa ƙungiyar za ta haɗu tare da BMC Racing Team don kakar wa a cikin shekara ta 2019. Rukunin ƙungiyar Manyan nasara Zakarun kasa Nassoshi Hanyoyin
41395	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20ido%20a%20Tanzaniyae	Yawon Buɗe ido a Tanzaniyae	Tanzaniya ƙasa ce mai yawan wuraren yawon bude ido. Kusan kashi 38 cikin ɗari na ƙasar Tanzaniya an keɓe shi a wuraren da aka warewa don kiyayewa. Akwai wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda 17, wuraren wasanni 29, wuraren kiyayewa 40 (ciki har da Yankin Kare Ngorongoro da wuraren shaƙatawa na ruwa. Tanzaniya kuma gida ne ga tsaunin Kilimanjaro, wuri mafi girma a Afirka. Balaguro da yawon buɗe ido sun ba da gudummawar kashi 17.5 cikin 100 na yawan kayayyakin cikin gida na Tanzaniya a shekarar 2016. kuma sun dauki kashi 11.0 na ma'aikatan kasar (ayyukan yi 1,189,300) a shekarar 2013. Sashin yana haɓaka cikin sauri, yana tashi daga dalar Amurka biliyan 1.74 a 2004 zuwa dala biliyan 4.48 a 2013. A cikin shekarar 2016, masu yawon bude ido 1,284,279 sun isa kan iyakokin Tanzaniya, idan aka kwatanta da 590,000 a 2005. A cikin 2019, sashin yawon shaƙatawa na Tanzaniya ya samar da dalar Amurka biliyan 2.6 a cikin kuɗaɗen shiga tare da masu zuwa yawon buɗe ido miliyan 1.5 A cikin 2020, saboda Covid-19, karɓar tafiye-tafiye ya ragu. 1.06 biliyan kuma adadin masu zuwa yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa ya ragu zuwa 616,491. A cikin Oktoba 2021, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Yawon shaƙatawa na Tanzaniya an ba da izinin TSh. 90 biliyan/= na shekarar kudi ta 2021-2022, wani bangare na lamuni na IMF don taimakon kudi na gaggawa don tallafawa kokarin Tanzaniya na mayar da martani ga cutar ta Covid-19. Abubuwan jan hankali a yawon buɗe ido wuraren shaƙatawa na ƙasa Tanzaniya tana da kusan kashi 38% na ƙasarta da aka tanada a matsayin wuraren kariya, ɗaya daga cikin kaso mafi girma a duniya. Tanzaniya tana da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda 16 kuma gida ce ga rayuwar dabbobi iri-iri. Daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da Manyan biyar, cheetahs, wildebeest, raƙuman ruwa, hippopotamuses da tururuwa iri- iri Shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na namun daji na Tanzaniya suna cikin yankin arewacin kasar kuma sun hada da dajin Serengeti, dajin kasa na Tarangi da dajin Lake Manyara Gidan shakatawa na Serengeti ya ƙunshi manyan ƙaura na dabbobi da suka shahara a duniya. Gidan shakatawa na Serengeti shine wurin shakatawa mafi shahara a ƙasar kuma yana da damar karbar baƙi fiye da 330,000 a cikin 2012. A cikin 2018, Serengeti National Park an zabe shi mafi kyawun shakatawa na Safari na Afirka biyo bayan zurfin binciken da SafariBookings ya yi mafi girman kasuwan kan layi don safaris na Afirka. A cikin gidan yanar gizon su, an karanta, Gabaɗaya 2,530 reviews an bincika daga gidan yanar gizon SafariBookings. Masu yawon bude ido na safari daga kasashe 72 ne suka ba da gudummawar bitar masu amfani 1,670. Don cika waɗannan sake dubawa na mai amfani, mashahuran marubutan jagora (masu aiki don Lonely Planet, Rough Guides, Frommer's, Bradt da Footprint) sun haɗu a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun SafariBookings don rubuta sharhin ƙwararrun 860 Arewa kuma gida ce ga yankin Ngorongoro Conservation Area Wurin kiyayewa na Ngorongoro ya haɗa da kogin Ngorongoro, wanda ke da tsattsauran ra'ayi mai aman wuta tare da zakuna, hippopotamus, giwaye, nau'ikan tururuwa iri-iri, baƙarƙar karkanda da ke cikin haɗari, da manyan garken daji na daji da zebra Olduvai Gorge, wanda ake yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wurin zama na bil'adama bayan da aka gano sanannun samfuran halittar ɗan adam, Homo habilis da farkon hominidae, irin su Paranthropus boisei su ma suna cikin yankin kiyayewa. Yammacin Tanzaniya ya haɗa da wuraren shakatawa na Mahale, Katavi, da Gombe, wanda ƙarshensa shine wurin da Jane Goodall ke ci gaba da nazarin halayen chimpanzee, wanda aka fara a 1960. Har ila yau, ƙasar tana da wadata musamman a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire, Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta Tanzaniya tana da cikakken wurin shakatawa na kasa dajin Kitulo da aka keɓe don furanni. Akwai nau'ikan biomass iri-iri a duk faɗin ƙasar. Dutsen Kilimanjaro Dutsen Kilimanjaro wanda kuma aka fi sani da rufin Afirka, wurin tarihi ne na UNESCO kuma mafi kololuwa a Afirka. Dutsen (yanzu dutsen mai aman wuta) ya tashi kusan mita 4,877 (16,001) ft) daga tushe zuwa mita 5,895 (19,341 ft) sama da matakin teku. Dutsen yana arewacin kasar a kan iyaka da Kenya a cikin garin Moshi kuma ana samunsa ta filin jirgin sama na Kilimanjaro Har ila yau, filin jirgin yana ba da ƙofa ga masu yawon bude ido zuwa duk da'irar safari na arewa. Dutsen wani yanki ne na Kilimanjaro National Park kuma shi ne wurin shakatawa na biyu mafi shahara a kasar kuma kusan maziyarta 20,000 ne ke tafiya dutsen kowace shekara. Dutsen yana daya daga cikin mafi girman kololuwa a duniya kuma yana da matsakaicin nasara kusan kashi 65%. Zanzibar Wuraren Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO Tanzaniya gida ce ga wuraren tarihi na UNESCO guda bakwai tare da 6 daga cikinsu a babban yankin da 1 a Zanzibar A halin yanzu akwai wasu wurare guda 5 da za a tantance kamar su dajin Gombe da kuma hanyar cinikin bayi a gabashin Afirka Tsarin Visa Yawancin masu ziyara zuwa Tanzaniya dole ne su sami biza daga ɗaya daga cikin ofisoshin diflomasiyyar Tanzaniya. Koyaya, yawancin ƙasashe na iya samun bizar baƙo a kowace tashar shiga ta ƙasa ko iska. Yawancin 'yan SADC ko jama'ar Gabashin Afirka ba sa buƙatar biza don dalilai na yawon buɗe ido. Ana samun bizar yawon buɗe ido na wata 3 akan dalar Amurka 50 a duk tashoshin shiga (sai dai mazauna Amurka dole ne su sayi takardar shiga ta dalar Amurka $100 na shekara 1). Tanzaniya ba ta shiga ƙarƙashin tsarin Visa na yawon buɗe ido na Gabashin Afirka kuma ana buƙatar biza ta daban don shiga Tanzaniya. Duk masu ziyara dole ne su riƙe fasfo mai aiki na tsawon watanni 6 (bisa ga sashin shige da fice na Tanzaniya) ko wata ɗaya bayan lokacin da aka yi niyya (bisa ga IATA). Ƙididdiga A cikin 2014 jimlar masu yawon bude ido 1,093,000 sun ziyarci Tanzaniya a ci gaba da karuwar masu ziyara a shekara. Idan aka kwatanta da girma da yuwuwar Tanzaniya tana da mafi ƙarancin adadin masu yawon buɗe ido na biyu sama da Burundi kawai. Kusan kashi 50% na masu yawon bude ido sun fito ne daga Afirka kuma adadin yana karuwa saboda karuwar hadewar yankin da ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa. Ko da yake masana'antar tana ci gaba da haɓaka koma bayan tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan kuma fargabar cutar Ebola ta 2014 ta cutar da masana'antar sosai. Masu zuwa yawon buɗe ido na shekara Masu zuwa ta ƙasa Most visitors arriving to Tanzania were from the following countries of nationality: Duba kuma Ma'aikatar Albarkatun ƙasa da yawon bude ido Manufar Visa na Tanzaniya Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ma'aikatu da hukumomin gwamnati Ma'aikatar Albarkatun ƙasa da yawon bude ido Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority Hukumar yawon bude ido Tanzaniya Shirin Al'adu na Tanzaniya Tanzaniya National Parks Tanzaniya Dutsen Meru Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32251	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley%20Moghalu	Kingsley Moghalu	Kingsley Chiedu Moghalu masanin tattalin arzikin Najeriya ne. Nasarori Ya riƙe muƙamin mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya, wanda shugaba Umaru Musa Ƴar'adua ya naɗa daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2014. Daga baya ya koyar a Jami'ar Tufts a matsayin Farfesa na Kwarewa a Kasuwancin Duniya da Manufofin Jama'a a Makarantar Shari'a da Diflomasiya ta Fletcher daga 2015 zuwa 2017. Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar Young Progressives Party (YPP) a babban zaɓen ƙasar da za a yi a watan Fabrairun 2019. Moghalu shi ne wanda ya kafa Sogato Strategies LLC, kamfani mai ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari a duniya, kuma shugaban Cibiyar Mulki da Canjin Tattalin Arziƙi (IGET), cibiyar nazarin manufofin jama'a. Shi babban ɗan'uwa ne wanda ba mazaunin gida ba a Majalisar Kan Kasuwa ta Haɓaka Kasuwa a Makarantar Fletcher a Jami'ar Tufts kuma shi ne Jakadan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) na Musamman kan Kuɗin Ci Gaban Ci Gaba na Afirka. Moghalu memba ne na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi da Kuɗi (OMFIF). A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2021, ya bayyana cewa ya shirya tsayawa takarar shugabancin Najeriya a 2023. organizationKingsley Moghalu Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Moghalu a Legas a shekarar 1963 ga Isaac Moghalu, jami’in ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Najeriya da Vidah Moghalu, malamin makaranta. Moghalu ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a Switzerland da Washington, DC, inda aka aika mahaifinsa. Isaac Moghalu ya mayar da aikinsa zuwa yankin Gabashin Najeriya yayin da ƙasar ke fama da rikicin siyasa da na jin ƙai, kuma dangin sun dawo Najeriya a watan Afrilun 1967. A watan Mayu ne yankin Gabashin ƙasar ya sanar da ɓallewa daga Najeriya, kuma Moghalu da iyalansa sun zauna a mahaifarsa ta Nnewi, da kuma Umuahia, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Biafra na gajeren lokaci, a lokacin yaƙin basasar da ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru biyu ana gwabzawa. da rabin shekara. A shekarun 1970 Kingsley ya samu karatunsa na sakandare a Eziama High School, Aba, Government College Umuahia, da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Enugu. Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Najeriya a shekarar 1986, sannan ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a daga makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya da ke Legas. Moghalu ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1992, a makarantar Fletcher ta fannin shari'a da diflomasiyya a jami'ar Tufts, inda ya kasance Joan Gillespie Fellow kuma mataimakin bincike a shirin tattalin arzikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Daga baya Moghalu ya sami digirinsa na digirin digirgir a fannin huɗɗar ƙasa da ƙasa a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziƙi da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Landan a shekarar 2005 tare da wani ƙasida mai taken "Justice as Policy and Strategy: A binciken da ake yi na tashin hankali tsakanin martanin siyasa da shari'a game da keta dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa". Ya kuma sami takardar shedar ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin sarrafa kasada daga Cibiyar Kula da Haɗarin da ke Landan. Ya sami babban ilimin zartarwa a cikin macroeconomics da sarrafa sassan hada-hadar kudi, gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, da jagoranci dabarun duniya a Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Duniya, Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy ta Jami'ar Harvard, Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard, da Makarantar Wharton a Jami'ar Pennsylvania Sana'a Moghalu ya shiga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekarar 1992. Aikin farko da ya yi shi ne a Cambodia a matsayin jami’in kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam da zaɓe na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Hukumar Riƙon ƙwarya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Cambodia. Bayan shekara guda, an naɗa shi jami'in harkokin siyasa a sashen ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a hedkwatar MDD dake New York. Daga 1996 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a tsohuwar Yugoslavia a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ga wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD a Croatia. Daga nan aka naɗa Kingsley a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari’a ga Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Ruwanda ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICTR) da ke Arusha, Tanzaniya, a cikin 1997, kuma daga baya aka ɗaukaka matsayin mai magana da yawun kotun ƙasa da ƙasa. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara da mai magana da yawunsa, shi ne ke da alhakin raya manufofi, tsare-tsare da kuma dangantakar waje. Hukumar UNICTR ta yanke hukunci na farko da wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa ta yanke kan kisan kiyashi. A cikin 2002, an naɗa Moghalu a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland, a matsayin shugaban haɗin gwiwar duniya da tattara albarkatu a Asusun Global Fund to Fight AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro (GFATM), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da jama'a da masu zaman kansu na ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa na kuɗi da zuba jari da zamantakewa. asusu tare da ƙadarori na dala biliyan 20 da zuba jari a ƙasashe 140 masu tasowa da masu matsakaici ra'ayi. Ya kasance memba na babban kwamitin gudanarwa na Asusun Global Fund wanda ya tsara dabarun kamfanoni, memba na kwamitin kula da haɗari, kuma an ƙara masa girma zuwa matsayi na darekta a 2006. A shekara ta 2006, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya naɗa Moghalu a matsayin mamba a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da aka ba da umarnin sake fasalin tsarin shari'a na cikin gida na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Aiki a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York na tsawon watanni shida a farkon rabin shekarar 2006, kwamitin sake fasalin ya yi nazari tare da ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a inganta tsarin gudanar da adalci a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan ciniki da ci gaba (UNCTAD) da ke birnin Geneva na ƙasar Switzerland ya naɗa Kingsley Moghalu, a shekarar 2017, a matsayin mamba na ƙungiyar kwararru mai zaman kanta kan harkokin kuɗi don raya ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta yi nazari tare da ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a samu ci gaba mai ɗorewa da kuma samar da ingantacciyar hanyar tattara albarkatun cikin gida don ci gaba a kasashe masu tasowa. Moghalu ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a watan Disambar 2008. Sannan ya kafa Sogato Strategies SA, dabarun duniya da tuntuɓar haɗari, a Geneva. Umaru Yar’adua, Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya (2007-2010), ya naɗa Moghalu mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya a watan Nuwamba 2009. Moghalu shi ne mataimakin gwamna a fannin daidaita tsarin kuɗi. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin mataimakin gwamna mai kula da ayyuka, tare da kula da harkokin kuɗi da ayyukan reshe, tsarin biyan kudi, da kula da asusun ajiyar Najeriya na ƙasashen waje na dala biliyan 37. Ya jagoranci ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen tsarin biyan kuɗi da suka haɗa da ingantawa da kuma gabatar da lambar tantancewa ta musamman ta Bank Verification Number (BVN). Moghalu ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyoyin Samar da Masana'antu na ƙasa da ƙasa a Philadelphia, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ci gaban kasuwanci ta duniya wacce marigayi shugaban 'yancin jama'a na Amurka Reverend Leon Sullivan ya kafa. Moghalu ya kasance mamba a kwamitin manufofin kuɗi (MPC), kwamitin gwamnoni (CoG), da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na CBN, sannan ya taɓa zama mamba kuma wakilin CBN a cikin tawagar shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban hukumar gudanarwar bankin shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) da cibiyar horar da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi, sannan kuma mamba a kwamitin kula da ƙadarori na Najeriya, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). da Kuala Lumpur-based Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). Ya kuma wakilci babban bankin ƙasa CBN a matsayin mamba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Liquidity Management Corporation ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai hedkwata a Kuala Lumpur. Rigingimu Zaman Moghalu a CBN ya haɗa da ɓullo da harkokin banki marasa riba (na Musulunci). Wannan manufar ta haifar da cece-kuce mai ƙarfi na siyasa. Moghalu ya kare matakin gabatar da bankin Musulunci yana mai bayanin cewa wannan na ɗaya daga cikin matakai da dama na faɗaɗa hada-hadar kuɗi ba kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin kiristoci a ƙasar da ke da tashe-tashen hankula masu nasaba da addini suka yi imani da shi ba, ajandar Musulunci ce. A farkon shekarar 2014, rashin jituwar ka’ida ta kai ga tabarbarewar dangantaka ta wucin gadi a dangantakar Moghalu da tsohon ubangidansa Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, wanda shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya dakatar. Sanusi ya yi zargin damfarar dala biliyan 20 a kamfanin mai na kasar. Moghalu dai bai amince da yadda tsohon shugaban nasa ya bi ta kan wannan takaddamar ba. Ya bayyana rashin jin dadinsa kan yadda Sanusi ya wuce matsayinsa na shugaban babban bankin kasar, ya kuma tsallaka harkar siyasa, amma ya jaddada goyon bayansa ga shugabancin Sanusi a fannin kudi. Mutanen biyu sun yi sulhu ne a lokacin da bayan shekaru uku Sanusi, wanda yanzu shi ne Sarkin Kano, ya karbi Moghalu cikin farin ciki, tare da daukacin Majalisar Masarautar Kano, a lokacin da Moghalu ya ziyarce shi a fadarsa ta Kano a watan Nuwamba 2017. Sarkin ya yaba da irin gudunmawar da Moghalu ya bayar a nasarorin da tawagar Sanusi ta samu a babban bankin kasar CBN, ya kuma bayyana cewa bai yi nadama ba na ba da shawarar Farfesa Moghalu ga shugaba ‘Yar’aduwa domin a nada shi mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasa. Sana'ar siyasa A watan Fabrairun 2018, Moghalu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin Najeriya Daga baya ya zabi tsayawa takara a dandalin jam'iyyar ta Young Progressive Party Yayin da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa ya kaure a watan Fabrairun 2019, Wole Soyinka, wanda haifaffen Najeriya ne wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya bayar da gagarumin goyon baya ga Kingsley Moghalu a zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Najeriya. Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Sarkin Kano a lokacin, shi ma ya amince da Moghalu a matsayin shugaban kasa. Moghalu ya kuma sami babban goyon baya na Ooni na Ife, Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Duk da cewa a ƙarshe Moghalu ya sha kaye a hannun Buhari, takararsa ta tsaya kan tsarinsa na “Build, Innovate and Grow” (BIG), ya yi matuƙar jan hankali, kuma ya haifar da sauyi a tarihin siyasar Najeriya kan buƙatar gyara siyasa da zaɓe. A watan Oktoban 2019, Moghalu ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa na jam’iyyar YPP, inda ya bayyana cewa zai mayar da hankali nan gaba kaɗan wajen bayar da shawarar sake fasalin zaɓe ta hanyar ‘yan ƙasa mai fafutukar gina ƙasa (TBAN). Labarai Moghalu, Kingsley Chiedu (Fabrairu 2018). Gina, Ƙirƙira da Girma: Hanyoyi na don Ƙasarmu, Littattafai. 9780141979465 9780275992972 9781403970817 Ya rubuta maƙala a cikin littafin Bretton Woods: Shekaru 70 na gaba (2015). A cikin 2014 Moghalu ya gabatar da lakcar tunawa da Thomas Hodgkin a Jami'ar Oxford. Girmamawa An yi wa Moghalu ado da lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya mai suna Officer of the Order of the Nigerian (OON) ta Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan An ba shi digiri na Doctor of Laws (LL. D.) Honoris Causa na Jami'ar Jihar Anambra, kuma ɗan'uwa ne na Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Banki na Najeriya (FCIB). Shi ne wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Rotary International Distinguished Service Award, da kuma lambar yabo ta "Against All Odds" na Gamayyar Tattalin Arzikin Mata na Afirka. A shekarar 2019, bayan babban zaɓukan da aka gudanar a Najeriya, ƙungiyar 'yan jarida masu zaman kan ta a yammacin Afirka ta sanyawa Moghalu sunan "Gwarzon Ɗan Siyasar Najeriya" a wani abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "Zauren Manyan Nasarar Siyasa ta Najeriya". A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2020, an karrama Moghalu da sarautar gargajiya ta Nnewi na Ifekaego na Masarautar Nnewi ta HRH Igwe Kenneth Onyeneke Orizu III Rayuwa ta sirri Moghalu ya auri Maryanne Onyinyechi Moghalu a shekarar 1994. Suna da yara huɗu. Manazarta Marubutan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50866	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Wright%20Ingraham	Elizabeth Wright Ingraham	Articles with hCards Elizabeth Wright Ingraham (1922 Satumba 15, 2013) yar Amurka ce mai zane da ilmantarwa. Jikanyar injiniyan Ba'amurke Frank Lloyd Wright,ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin kulawar sa a ɗakin studio ɗinsa na Taliesin tana da shekaru 15.Daga baya ta kafa aikin gine-gine a Colorado Springs, Colorado,tare da mijinta, Gordon Ingraham, wanda ya bi tsarin gine-gine na Wright.A cikin 1970 ta kafa kamfaninta na gine-gine, Elizabeth Wright Ingraham da Associates, wanda ta jagoranci har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2007.An yaba mata da ƙirar gine-gine kusan 150 a Colorado Springs da sauran yankunan yamma.Ta kuma kafa jagoranci Cibiyar Wright-Ingraham, wanda ke gayyatar ɗalibai da malamai masu ziyara zuwa taro da tarurrukan bita kan al'amuran muhalli.An shigar da ita bayan mutuƙar mutuntawa cikin Babban Taron Mata na Colorado a cikin 2014. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Elizabeth Wright a cikin 1922 a Oak Park,Illinois, ga John Lloyd Wright, masanin gine-gine,da matarsa ta biyu Hazel (nee Lundin). Ta kasance jikanyar Frank Lloyd Wright. Ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da aikin gine-gine tun tana da shekaru 14. A shekara mai zuwa,ta yi karatu a ɗakin kakanta, Taliesin, a ƙarƙashin kulawar sa. Ta ci gaba da karatun gine-gine a karkashin Ludwig Mies van der Rohe a Cibiyar Armor da ke Chicago, kuma ta dauki kwasa-kwasan a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Ta kasance mai tsara aikin sojan ruwa na Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu. Ta sami lasisin gine-ginenta a 1947. Aiki A cikin 1948, ita da mijinta, Gordon Ingraham, kuma masanin gine-gine,sun koma Colorado Springs, Colorado,don kafa nasu aikin. Sun zaɓi birnin ne saboda damar ƙira da ƙarancin gasa. Ingraham Ingraham, Masu gini gine-gine sun bi salon Usonian da Prairie na Frank Lloyd Wright,suna samar da "masu gidaje masu araha ga manyan aji". Haɗin gwiwarsu ya samar da ƙirar gida sama da 90 a cikin 1950s,gami da Gidan Beadles a Colorado Springs. Sun kuma tsara gida ɗaya a Arewacin Dakota Gidan George da Beth Anderson,sun shiga cikin National Register of Places Historic Places a cikin 2017),da gidaje biyu a Minnesota. A shekara ta 1970,Wright Ingraham ta so ta ƙaura daga salon kakanta da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin gine-gine. A wannan shekarar ta kafa kamfani nata,wanda ta kira Elizabeth Wright Ingraham da Associates. Ta ci gaba da tsara kusan gine-gine 150 a Colorado Springs, gami da Vista Grande Community Church (1987), fadada reshen Fountain na Laburare na Ƙasar El Paso (2006), wani babban labari ƙari ga All Souls Unitarian Church, da Solaz,La Casa, Kaleidoscope, Beadles,da Vradenburg gidaje masu zaman kansu. Wright Ingraham ta yi ritaya tana da shekara 85. Salon gine-gine Bayan jagorancin kakanta, Wright Ingraham ta tsara gidaje waɗanda ke da "ƙananan raye-raye" na waje,haɗa su cikin shimfidar wuri,haɗa hasken halitta,amfani da kayan gini na halitta, kuma suna ba da ra'ayoyi na musamman na waje. Zane nata na cocin Vista Grande Community Church tayi amfani da "makamashi mai inganci, mai sauƙin kiyayewa, simintin da aka keɓe mai suna Therromass", kasancewar ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine na farko a ƙasar don yin hakan. Shirinta na gidan Kaleidoscope ya haɗa da hasken sama. Sauran ayyukan A cikin 1970, a wannan shekarar ta kafa aikinta na gine-gine, Wright Ingraham ta kafa Cibiyar Wright-Ingraham mai zaman kanta don nazarin amfani da ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa. Cibiyar tana gayyatar ɗalibai da malamai masu ziyara zuwa taro da bita kan al'amuran muhalli. Wright Ingraham ta jagoranci cibiyar tsawon shekaru 20 na farko; Yanzu ana gudanar da shi ne a karkashin hukumar da ta hada da 'ya'yanta mata biyu. Wright Ingraham kuma ta kafa Crossroads, shirin musayar ƙasa da ƙasa mai alaƙa da Kwalejin Colorado, kuma ita ce wanda ta kafa dandalin Mata na Colorado. Ta kuma tsunduma cikin gwagwarmayar al'umma,a wani lokaci tana shiga cikin tattakin zaman lafiya a Colorado Springs. Alaka da membobinsu Wright Ingraham 'yar'uwarCibiyar Gine-gine na Amirka ne kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashin Colorado a 2002. Ta kasance memba na Hukumar Binciken Masanan Gine-gine na Jiha (1980 1990) da kwamitin ba da shawara na Frank Lloyd Wright Conservancy, a tsakanin sauran kwamitocin shawarwari da rundunonin aiki. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Wright Ingraham ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Colorado a 1999. An shigar da ita bayan mutuwarta a cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Colorado a cikin 2014. Rayuwa ta sirri Ta sadu da mijinta,Louis Gordon Ingraham (1915-1999), yayin da dukansu suke yi karatu a Taliesin. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa ɗaya,Michael Lloyd Ingraham,da 'ya'ya mata uku,Catherine Ingraham, Christine Ingraham da Anna (Ingraham) Grady. Sun rabu a 1974. Wata 'yar, Catherine Ingraham,ta zama farfesa na gine-ginen digiri na biyu da kuma tsara birane a Cibiyar Pratt a New York. Farfesa ce mai ziyara a Jami'ar Harvard. Bayan ta zauna a Colorado Springs na tsawon shekaru 65, Wright Ingraham ta koma gidan danta a San Antonio, Texas,a cikin Janairu 2013. Ta mutu sakamakon raunin zuciya a ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2013,tana da shekara 91. Ba zato ba tsammani, kakanta Frank Lloyd Wright ya mutu yana da shekaru ɗaya. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Elizabeth Wright Ingraham at Find a Grave Wright-Ingraham Institute home page Slide show of Wright Ingraham house designs Design photos "Elizabeth Wright Ingraham In Her Own Words" 2012 video interview, AIA Colorado History Committee "Elizabeth Wright Ingraham Award-Winning Architect, Businesswoman" 2014 video, Colorado Women's Hall of Fame Mutuwan 2013 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
23905	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radin%20Sunayen%20Guguwa	Radin Sunayen Guguwa	Guguwar Tropical da guguwa mai guguwa ana kiran su ta cibiyoyin gargaɗi daban -daban don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin masu hasashe da sauran jama'a game da hasashen, agogo da gargaɗi. sunayen ake nufi don rage rikice a taron na lokaci guda hadari a cikin wannan kwari Da zarar hadari ya haɓaka saurin iska mai ƙarfi sama da galibi ana sanya musu sunaye daga jerin abubuwan da aka ƙaddara, dangane da kwarin da suka samo asali. Wasu ambaliyar ruwa na wurare masu zafi ana kiransu a Yammacin Pacific; yayin da wurare masu zafi cyclones dole ne dauke da wani gagarumin adadin gale -force iskõki, kafin su mai suna a cikin Southern Hemisphere Kafin ya zama aikin yau da kullun don ba da sunaye na farko (na farko) ga guguwa mai zafi, an sanya musu suna bayan wurare, abubuwa, ko ranakun idi na tsarkaka wanda suka faru. Kyauta don fara amfani da sunaye na mutum don tsarin yanayi gaba ɗaya ana ba wa masanin ilimin sararin samaniya na Gwamnatin Queensland Clement Wragge, wanda ya ambaci tsarin tsakanin 1887 zuwa 1907. Lokacin da Wragge ya yi ritaya, aikin ya faɗi cikin rashin amfani na shekaru da yawa har sai an sake farfado da shi a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II don Yammacin Pacific. Daga baya an yi amfani da tsare -tsaren suna da jerin sunayen don manyan guguwa a Gabas, Tsakiya, Yammaci da Kudancin Pacific, da yankin Ostiraliya, Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Indiya Tarihi Kafin fara fara yin suna, galibi guguwa ana kiran su da wurare, abubuwa, ko ranakun idi na tsarkaka da suka faru. Daraja don fara amfani da sunaye na mutum don tsarin yanayi gaba ɗaya ana ba da ita ga masanin yanayi na Gwamnatin Queensland Clement Wragge, wanda ya ambaci tsarin tsakanin 1887 zuwa 1907. Wannan tsarin na sanya tsarin yanayi daga baya ya zama ba a amfani da shi shekaru da yawa bayan Wragge ya yi ritaya har sai an farfado da shi a karshen Yaƙin Duniya na II don Yammacin Pacific. Daga baya an gabatar da tsare -tsaren sunaye na asali don Arewacin Atlantika, Gabas, Tsakiya, Yammaci da Kudancin Pacific da yankin Australia da Tekun Indiya. A halin yanzu, daya daga cikin cibiyoyin gargadi goma sha daya ne ke ba da sunan guguwa mai zafi a hukumance kuma suna riƙe sunayensu a duk tsawon rayuwarsu don sauƙaƙe ingantaccen sadarwa na hasashe da haɗarin hadari ga jama'a. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da guguwa mai yawa ke faruwa lokaci guda a cikin kwarin teku guda. Gaba ɗaya ana ba da suna don tsari daga jerin abubuwan da aka ƙaddara, da zarar sun samar da saurin iska guda ɗaya, uku, ko minti goma fiye da Koyaya, ƙa'idodi sun bambanta daga kwari zuwa kwari, tare da wasu tsarin da aka sanya wa suna a Yammacin Tekun Pasifik lokacin da suka haɓaka cikin matsanancin yanayi ko shiga yankin PAGASA na alhakin. A cikin Southern Hemisphere, tsarin dole ne a halin da wani gagarumin adadin gale -force iskõki faruwa a kusa da cibiyar, kafin su suna. Duk wani memba na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya, guguwar iska da kwamitocin guguwar yanayi na iya neman a yi ritaya ko kuma a janye sunan mahaukaciyar guguwar daga wurare daban-daban. Sunan ya yi ritaya ko janyewa idan yarjejeniya ko akasarin membobi sun yarda cewa tsarin ya sami wani sananne na musamman, kamar haifar da adadi mai yawa na mace -mace da adadi mai yawa, tasiri, ko wasu dalilai na musamman. Bayan haka an miƙa sunan maye gurbin ga kwamitin da abin ya shafa kuma aka zaɓa, amma ana iya ƙin waɗannan sunaye kuma a maye gurbinsu da wani suna saboda dalilai daban-daban: waɗannan dalilan sun haɗa da haruffa da furta sunan, kamanceceniya da sunan guguwa mai zafi na kwanan nan. ko a wani jerin sunaye, da tsawon sunan don tashoshin sadarwa na zamani kamar kafofin sada zumunta. PAGASA kuma ta yi ritaya sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi lokacin da suka haddasa aƙalla lalace ko sun haddasa aƙalla 300 mutuwar. Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa A cikin Arewacin Tekun Atlantika, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasar Amurka (NHC/RSMC Miami) ta kira sunan guguwa mai zafi ko ƙasa mai zafi, lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa suna da isasshen iskar na minti 1 na aƙalla Sunan da aka zaɓa ya fito ne daga ɗaya daga cikin jerin haruffan haruffa guda shida na sunaye ashirin da ɗaya, waɗanda Kwamitin Guguwar RA IV na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya (WMO) RA IV ke kula da su. Waɗannan jerin sun tsallake haruffan Q, U, X, Y da Z, suna juyawa daga shekara zuwa shekara kuma suna canzawa tsakanin sunayen maza da mata. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron na gaba na Kwamitin Guguwar. Har zuwa shekarar 2021, idan an yi amfani da duk sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen na shekara -shekara, za a ba da ƙarin hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi tare da haruffan Helenanci A cikin Maris 2021, WMO ta ba da sanarwar duk wani ƙarin hadari zai karɓi suna daga jerin mataimaka, don guje wa rudani da sunayen haruffan Girka suka haifar. Gabashin Tekun Pasifik A cikin Tekun Pasifik na Gabas, akwai cibiyoyi biyu na gargaɗi waɗanda ke ba da sunayen ga guguwa mai zafi a madadin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa sun ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar akalla Guguwar Tropical da ke kara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin gabar tekun Amurka da 140 W shine Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa (NHC/RSMC Miami) ta kira, yayin da guguwa mai zafi da ke kara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin 140 W zuwa 180 ta tsakiyar Pacific Cibiyar Guguwa (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu). Muhimman guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya sunayensu daga jerin sunayen da sunan wanda aka zaba wanda aka zaɓa a Kwamitin Guguwa na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya mai zuwa. North Pacific (gabas na 140 W) Lokacin da bacin rai na wurare masu zafi ya mamaye cikin guguwa mai zafi zuwa arewacin layin Equator tsakanin gabar tekun Amurka da 140 W, NHC zata sa masa suna. Akwai jerin sunayen guda shida waɗanda ke jujjuyawa kowace shekara shida kuma suna farawa da haruffan A -Z da aka yi amfani da su, tsallake Q da U, tare da kowane suna suna canzawa tsakanin sunan namiji ko na mace. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron na gaba na Kwamitin Guguwar. Idan ana amfani da duk sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen shekara -shekara, duk wani ƙarin hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na ƙasa zai sami suna daga jerin mataimaka. Tsakiyar Tekun Pacific ta Tsakiya (140 W zuwa 180 Lokacin da ɓacin rai na wurare masu zafi ya ƙaru zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi zuwa arewacin layin Equator tsakanin 140 W zuwa 180 CPHC ta sa masa suna. Hudu lists na Hawaiian sunayen suna kiyaye ta duniya meteorological kungiyar ta guguwa kwamitin, juyawa ba tare da game da shekara, tare da na farko sunan ga wani Sabuwar Shekara zama na gaba sunan a jerin cewa ba amfani baya shekara. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron Kwamitin Guguwar na gaba. Yammacin Tekun Pacific (180 100 E) Guguwar Tropical da ke faruwa a Arewacin Hemisphere tsakanin anti-meridian da 100 E Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan ce ta sanya musu suna a hukumance lokacin da suka zama guguwa mai zafi. Ko yaya, PAGASA kuma yana ba da sunayen guguwa masu zafi waɗanda ke faruwa ko haɓaka cikin raunin yanayi a cikin yankin da aka ayyana na kansu tsakanin 5 N-25 N da 115 E-135 E. Wannan yakan haifar da guguwa mai zafi a yankin da ke da sunaye biyu. Sunaye na duniya Guguwar Tropical a cikin Yammacin Pacific an sanya sunayen ƙasashen duniya ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan lokacin da suka zama guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar guguwa na mintuna 10 na aƙalla Ana amfani da sunayen a jere ba tare da la’akari da shekara ba kuma an ɗauko su daga jerin sunayen guda biyar waɗanda Kwamitin Typhoon na ESCAP/WMO ya shirya, bayan kowane memba 14 ya gabatar da sunaye 10 a 1998. An ƙaddara umarnin sunayen da za a yi amfani da su ta hanyar sanya sunan membobin Ingilishi cikin jerin haruffa. An yarda membobin kwamitin su nemi yin ritaya ko maye gurbin sunan tsarin idan ya haifar da rugujewa ko saboda wasu dalilai kamar adadin mace-mace. Kasar Philippines Tun daga shekarar 1963, PAGASA ta gudanar da tsarin kanta na suna don guguwa mai zafi da ke faruwa a cikin Yankin alhakin Filifin da ya bayyana kansa. An ɗauko sunayen daga jerin jeri huɗu daban-daban na sunaye 25 kuma an sanya su lokacin da tsarin ya shiga ko haɓaka cikin matsanancin damuwa a cikin ikon PAGASA. Jerin sunayen guda huɗu ana jujjuya su kowace shekara huɗu, tare da sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi da suka yi ritaya idan sun haddasa aƙalla a cikin lalacewa da/ko aƙalla 300 mutuwa a cikin Philippines; maye gurbin sunayen da suka yi ritaya an ɗauko su daga jerin sunayen hukumar. Idan jerin sunaye na shekara guda sun ƙare, ana ɗaukar sunayen daga jerin mataimaka, goma na farko ana buga su kowace shekara. Tekun Indiya ta Arewa (45 E 100 E) A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Arewa tsakanin 45 E -100 E, Sashen Kula da Yanayin Indiya (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) sun ambaci mahaukaciyar guguwar wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa sun ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai ƙarfi tare da saurin iska na minti 3 na aƙalla Idan guguwar guguwa ta shiga cikin kwarin daga Yammacin Pacific, to za ta riƙe sunan ta na asali. Ko yaya, idan tsarin ya raunana zuwa cikin baƙin ciki mai zurfi kuma daga baya ya sake sabuntawa bayan ƙaura zuwa yankin sannan za a sanya masa sabon suna. A watan Mayun 2020, sunan Cyclone Amphan ya gajeshi asalin jerin sunayen da aka kafa a 2004. An shirya sabon jerin sunayen kuma za a yi amfani da shi cikin jerin haruffa don hadari bayan Amphan. Kudu maso Yammacin Tekun Indiya (Afirka 90 E) A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Kudu maso Yammaci a Kudanci tsakanin Afirka da 90 E, an ambaci wani tashin hankali na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke hukunci cewa ya ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar akalla An bayyana wannan a matsayin kasancewa lokacin da ake lura da raƙuman ruwa ko aka kiyasta yana nan kusa da wani muhimmin sashi na cibiyar. Ana kiran suna tare da Météo-France Reunion ta Météo Madagascar ko Sabis ɗin Yanayi na Mauritius. Idan hargitsi ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin Afirka da 55 E, to Météo Madagascar ya sa masa suna; idan ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin 55 E da 90 E, to Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Mauritius ta sanya mata suna. Ana ɗauke sunayen daga jerin sunayen uku da aka riga aka ƙaddara, waɗanda ke jujjuyawa akan shekaru uku, tare da cire duk wani sunayen da aka yi amfani da su ta atomatik. Daga nan sai a maye gurbin waɗannan sunaye da Kwamitin Guguwar Yankuna na RA I na WMO, tare da sunayen membobin ƙasashe. Yankin Ostiraliya (90 E 160 E) A cikin yankin Australiya a Kudancin tsakanin 90 E 160 E, ana ambaci guguwa mai zafi lokacin da lura ko bincike mai ƙarfi na Dvorak ya nuna cewa tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko iska mai ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar wanda ake hasashen zai cigaba. Meteorologi na Indonesiya Badan, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka tsakanin Equator da 10 S da 90 E da 141 E, yayin da Sabis ɗin Sabis na Yanayin Kasa na Papua New Guinea sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka tsakanin Equator da 10 S da 141 E da 160 E. A waje da waɗannan yankuna, Ofishin Jakadancin Australiya sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka zuwa guguwa mai zafi. Domin baiwa ƙananan hukumomi da alummominsu damar ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin guguwa mai zafi, kowanne daga cikin cibiyoyin faɗakarwa yana da haƙƙin kiran tsarin da wuri idan yana da babban damar da za a ambaci sunansa. Idan an ba da suna ga guguwa mai zafi wanda ke haifar da asarar rai ko babbar asara da rushewar hanyar rayuwar al'umma, to sunan da aka sanya wa wannan guguwar ya yi ritaya daga jerin sunayen yankin. Sannan ana mika sunan maye gurbin zuwa taron Kwamitin Guguwar Guguwar Yanayi na Ƙasashen Duniya na RA V Tropical Cyclone. Indonesia Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator 10 S da 90 E 141 E, Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta). Ana sanya sunayen a jere daga jerin A, yayin da jerin B cikakkun bayanai sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Papua New Guinea Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator 10 S da 141 E 160 E, sannan za a kira ta da Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby). Ana sanya sunaye a jere daga jerin A kuma ana yin ritaya ta atomatik bayan an yi amfani da su ba tare da la'akari da lalacewar da aka haifar ba. Jerin B ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Ostiraliya Lokacin da wani tsari ya taso zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi da ke ƙasa 10 S tsakanin 90 E zuwa 160 E, to Ofishin Meteorology na Australiya (BoM) zai sa masa suna. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da shekara ba. Kudancin Tekun Pacific (160 E 120 W) A cikin kwarin Kudancin Pacific a Kudancin tsakanin 160 E 120 W, ana ambaci guguwa mai zafi lokacin da lura ko bincike mai ƙarfi na Dvorak ya nuna cewa tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko iska mai ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar wanda ake hasashen zai cigaba. Tsarin suna na Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) wanda ke tsakanin Equator da 25 S, yayin da New Zealand MetService tsarin (tare da FMS) waɗanda ke haɓaka zuwa kudu na 25 S. Domin ba wa ƙananan hukumomi da alummominsu damar ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin guguwa mai zafi, FMS tana da haƙƙin kiran tsarin da wuri idan tana da babban damar da za'a ba ta suna. Idan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta haddasa asarar rayuka ko gagarumar barna da rushewar hanyar rayuwar al'umma, to sunan da aka baiwa wannan guguwar ya yi ritaya daga jerin sunayen yankin. Daga nan sai a miƙa sunan maye gurbin zuwa taron Kwamitin Guguwar Ruwa na Ƙasashen Duniya na RA V na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. An ƙaddara sunan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta hanyar amfani da Lists A D a cikin tsari, ba tare da la'akari da shekara kafin a sake farawa da Jerin A. Jerin E ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye akan AD lokacin da ake buƙata. Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Lokacin da hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi ya wanzu a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu, Sabis ɗin Yanayin Ruwa na Ruwa na Ruwa na Brazil yana kiran tsarin ta amfani da jerin sunayen da aka ƙaddara. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da wata shekara ba. wani suna "Kurumí" ya maye gurbin "Kamby" a cikin shekarar 2018 ba tare da amfani da na ƙarshe ba. Duba kuma Tropical cyclone ma'auni Lokacin guguwa na Atlantic Kudancin Tekun Atlantika mai zafi Lokacin guguwa na Pacific Lokacin guguwar Pacific Kudancin Pacific na wurare masu zafi Guguwar ruwan zafi ta Tekun Indiya ta Arewa Kudancin Yammacin Tekun Indiya ruwan zafi mai zafi Sunan guguwa mai tsananin sanyi a Burtaniya da Ireland Guguwar guguwar yankin Australia Cibiyar Tsinkayar Yanayi ta Yanki Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje AskBOM: Ta yaya guguwa mai zafi ke samun sunayensu? Cibiyar Hurricane ta Amurka RSMC Miami Cibiyar Hurricane ta Tsakiyar Amurka RSMC Honolulu Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan RSMC Tokyo Sashen Kula da Yanayi na Indiya RSMC New Delhi Météo-Faransa RSMC La Reunion Indonesia Badan Meteorologi Geofisika TCWC Jakarta Ofishin Jakadancin Australia TCWC Perth, Darwin, Brisbane Sabis na Yanayi na Fiji RSMC Nadi Sabis na Yanayi na New Zealand TCWC Wellington Cibiyar Hydrography ta Sojojin Ruwa ta Brazil Sabis na Yanayin Ruwa Filin Filibi na Philippine, Gudanar da Sababbin Ayyuka da Gudanar da Ayyuka Taron 53rd na Kwamitin Guguwar ESCAP/WMO Jerin sunayen guguwowin Jerin mahaukacyar guguwa Pages with unreviewed
57244	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20MR2	Toyota MR2	Toyota MR2 layi ne na kujeru biyu, tsakiyar inginin, motocin motsa jiki na baya da aka kera a Japan kuma Toyota yayi kasuwa a duniya daga 1984 har zuwa 2007 sama da ƙarni uku: W10 (1984-1989), W20 (1989–1999) da W30 (1999-2007). Ita ce motar farko da Japan ke kera ta baya a tsakiya. An ɗauka a matsayin ƙaramar mota, mai tattalin arziki da wasan motsa jiki, MR2 ta yi amfani da abubuwan ƙira madaidaiciya, gami da cikakken mai zaman kansa MacPherson strut gaba da na baya, birki mai ƙafafu huɗu, da injin layi-hudu mai jujjuyawa Sunan MR2 yana nufin ko dai m id-ship r un- about 2 -seater" ko m id-engine, r ear-wheel-drive, 2 -seater". A cikin kasuwannin masu magana da harshen Faransanci, an canza wa motar suna Toyota MR saboda gajeriyar "MR2" tana kama da "merde" lokacin da ake magana da Faransanci. Asalin MR2 ya samo asali ne daga aikin ƙirar Toyota na 1976 tare da burin mota wanda zai zama mai daɗi don tuƙi, duk da haka yana ba da tattalin arzikin mai mai kyau ba lallai ba motar wasanni ba. Aikin ƙira ya fara ne a cikin 1979 lokacin da Akio Yoshida daga sashin gwaji na Toyota ya fara kimanta hanyoyin sanya injin da hanyar tuƙi, yana kammala sanya injin tsaka-tsaki. Toyota mai suna 1981 samfurin SA-X Daga ainihin ƙirarta, motar ta rikiɗe zuwa motar wasanni, kuma an gwada ƙarin samfura duka a Japan da Amurka. An gudanar da gwaji mai mahimmanci a kan tseren tsere ciki har da Willow Springs, inda tsohon direban Formula One Dan Gurney ya gwada motar. Duk tsararraki uku sun kasance cikin bin ka'idojin gwamnatin Japan game da girma na waje da ƙaurawar injin. MR2 ya bayyana a daidai lokacin da Honda CR-X da Nissan EXA daga Japan, Pontiac Fiero da Ford EXP daga Arewacin Amirka, kuma kimanin shekaru goma bayan VW Scirocco da Fiat X1/9 daga Turai sun fara halarta. ƙarni na farko (W10; 1984–1989) Toyota ya gabatar da ƙarni na farko na MR2 a 1984, yana zayyana masa lambar ƙirar W10 Lokacin da aka sanya shi da injin 1.5-lita 3A, an san shi da "AW10". Hakanan, sigar 1.6-lita 4A an gano ta ta lambar “AW11”. A Japan, an sayar da MR2 ta musamman ta Toyota's Toyota Auto Store da Toyota Vista Store, dukansu an sake masa suna a 1998 a matsayin Netz Toyota Store A gabatarwar sa a cikin 1984, MR2 ya lashe Motar Shekarar Japan Kamar yadda Toyota ya ƙera MR2 don ɗaukar injin mai lita 2, fasalinsa na farko sun haɗa da hasken jikinsa (ƙananan a Japan da a cikin Amurka), ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, da ƙaramin injin ƙaura. Ana kiran motar sau da yawa a matsayin AW11, tana nufin lambar chassis na mafi yawan lita 1.6, nau'ikan injin A. The MR2's suspension and handling were designed by Toyota with the help of Lotus engineer Roger Becker. Toyota's cooperation with Lotus during the prototype phase can be seen in the AW11, and it owes much to Lotus's sports cars of the 1960s and 1970s. Toyota's active suspension technology, called TEMS, was not installed. With five structural bulkheads, the MR2 was quite heavy for a two-seater of its size. Toyota ya yi amfani da 4A-GE da ake nema ta zahiri injin layi-hudu, injin DOHC huɗu-bawul-per-Silinda, aro daga jerin E80 Corolla An kuma sanye wannan injin tare da allurar man fetur ta tashar lantarki ta Denso da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan T-VIS, suna ba injin mafi girman ƙarfin a Amurka, a cikin Burtaniya, a cikin Turai (tare da ko ba tare da mai canzawa ba), a Ostiraliya da in Japan. Samfuran Jafananci daga baya an canza su zuwa Na'urar watsawa mai sauri biyar daidai ce, tare da na'urar atomatik mai sauri huɗu tana samuwa azaman zaɓi. Gwajin hanya 0 <span about="#mwt86" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"60"},"2":{"wt":"mph"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwdg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">60</span><span about="#mwt86" data-ve-ignore="true" typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span about="#mwt86" data-ve-ignore="true">mph (97</span><span about="#mwt86" data-ve-ignore="true" typeof="mw:Entity"> </span><span about="#mwt86" data-ve-ignore="true">km/h)</span> lokuta a tsakiyar-zuwa babban-8 na biyu da kuma<span data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"1/4"},"2":{"wt":"mi"},"3":{"wt":"m"},"4":{"wt":"0"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mweA" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> </span> sau a tsakiyar-zuwa babban-16 na biyu na biyu, da sauri da sauri fiye da Pontiac Fiero na Silinda hudu ko Fiat X1/9 A cikin kasuwannin gida, an ba da samfurin tushe na AW10, wanda ya yi amfani da mafi yawan tattalin arziki Injin 3A-U wanda aka kimanta a A cikin 1986 (1988 na kasuwar Amurka), Toyota ya gabatar da injin da aka caje na MR2. Dangane da wannan toshe da kai, 4A-GZE an sanye shi da ƙaramin caja mai nau'in Tushen da Denso intercooler An kawar da T-VIS kuma an saukar da rabon matsawa zuwa 8: 1. Ya samar a 6,400 rpm da na juzu'i a 4,400 rpm kuma ya hanzarta motar daga 0 zuwa a cikin 6.5 zuwa 7.0 seconds. Babban cajin na bel ne amma an kunna shi ta hanyar kamannin lantarki, ta yadda ba za a tuka shi ba sai lokacin da ake buƙata, yana ƙara tattalin arzikin mai. Nauyin hanawa ya ƙaru zuwa don samfura masu girma, saboda nauyin kayan aikin supercharger da sabon watsawa mai ƙarfi. An kuma kara na'urar canza mai a wasu kasuwanni, domin baiwa motar damar yin amfani da man fetur na yau da kullun idan an bukata. Baya ga sabon injin, MR2 SC kuma an sanye shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu tsauri, kuma ya karɓi ƙafafun aluminum na musamman na "Tear-Drop". Murfin injin yana da filaye guda biyu da aka ɗaga (ɗayan ɗaya ɗaya daga cikinsu yana aiki) wanda a gani ya bambanta shi da ƙirar halitta. An kuma yi mata lakabi da "SUPER CHARGER" a jikin bangon baya da gyare-gyaren jiki a bayan kofofin biyu. Ba a taɓa bayar da wannan samfurin a waje da kasuwannin Japan da Arewacin Amirka ba, kodayake an shigo da wasu motoci cikin sirri zuwa wasu ƙasashe. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50834	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Earl	Millennium Earl	The Millennium ,Sennen Hakushaku),also known as"the Creator" and "Adam",is a fictional character in the manga series DGray-man by Katsura Hoshino.Introduced as the series' main antagonist,the Earl's role is to help revive the dead and turn them into demons known as Akuma.With Akuma,a group known as the Noah Family plans to destroy humanity. The Earl takes an interest in the protagonist:young exorcist Allen Walker, who is connected to the Noah.When he learns that the exorcist Allen Walker is the successor of the 14th Noah,Nea D. Campbell he attempts to capture him.The character also appears in the second light novel based on the series. Hoshino ya kafa wannan hali ne a kan wani sanannen wanda ta ki bayyana sunan sa.Da farko ɗan wasa a farkon bayyanarsa,daga baya ta bayyana siffar ɗan adam wanda zai yi tasiri da ba a bayyana ba a cikin jerin.Muhimmin martani ga Millennium Earl yana da kyau, tare da masu sukar yadda ya farfado da matattu da kashe mutane abin ban mamaki ne.Zurfinsa mai ban mamaki a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow,an kuma yaba masa.An saki kayayyaki iri-iri dangane da halayen. Halitta da tunani The Millennium Earl aka asali featured a matsayin villain na Katsura Hoshino ta daya-shot comic,Zone,wanda featured wasu haruffa daga cikin D.Gray-man jerin, mafi musamman Lenalee Lee da kuma hali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen Allen Walker,Robin.Ya jarabci Lenalee ta hanyar dawo da masoyinta da ta bata amma Robin ya hana shi.[vol.8:40 Kamar yadda yake a D.Gray-man,Earl ya yi wa mutane alkawari cewa zai mai da ’yan’uwansu da suka mutu zuwa rai. Hoshino ta samo asali ne a lokacin kuruciyarta lokacin da take burin rubuta shi a matsayin babban jigon ayyukanta. Duk da haka,gano halin da bai dace da mujallar manga da ke nufin matasa ba, maimakon haka ta ƙirƙiri Allen ya zama babban jarumi.Da zarar D.Gray-man ya fara serialization,Hoshino yayi tsokaci cewa ta kafa Earl akan wani wanda ba a tantance ba,sanannen mutum. Ko da yake an san mutumin da fasaha, umarninsa na harsuna da yawa da annabce-annabcensa,ba a san lokacin da mutumin ya mutu ba.Ya kira kansa"masanin ilimin zamani",kuma lokacin da aka buga kundin farko D.Gray-man an yi imanin cewa yana raye.[vol. 1 :112]Zuwa farkon jerin, Hoshino ya sami hali a matsayin ɗaya mafi sauƙi ga zane ɗaya tare da Hevlaska. [vol.3:86] A wata hira da aka yi da shi daga baya,Hoshino ya sami kayan ado irin na Earl har yanzu yana da sauƙin kwatanta idan aka kwatanta da mafi “kyau”haruffa,irin su Yu Kanda. A cikin zayyana Earl,Hoshino ya ba shi kyan gani don ya bambanta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka sanya baƙar fata maimakon.Wannan kallon an yi shi ne don ba da ra'ayin wani ɗan adam mai alaƙa da bala'in da ya haifar yayin da Hoshino ya haɗa shi da fure mai guba. Hoshino ya riga ya tsara sifar ɗan adam na Earl kafin manga ya fara jeri.Ta sami siffar ɗan adam"gajiya"a matsayin babban abokin gaba na jerin wanda ya dace da masu karatun jerin kuma ɗayan jigoginsa:baƙin ciki.An tsara shi a sashin edita na Jump J-books,kuma dandanonta ya bayyana a cikinsa.Ko da yake yawancin masu karatu sun yi la'akari da Earl kiba, Hoshino cikin raha ya ci gaba da cewa ba haka ba ne;duk da haka,girmansa yana da mahimmanci ga makirci na gaba. Lokacin da ta fara zana shi a matsayin ɗan adam ba tare da suturar sa mai kama da kyan gani ba,Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa Kunnen ya zama mai hankali saboda ba ta yarda cewa maza masu matsakaicin shekaru sun shahara a cikin jerin ba.Ta yi mamakin yadda ya yi kasa a zaben fidda gwani na hudu(18),duk da kokarin da ta yi na ganin ya kara burge shi a wurin da yake kuka a cikin barcinsa bayan gazawar da ya yi na daukar tsohon abokinsa,Nea,cikin dangin Nuhu.Gamuwar da ke tafe tsakanin Earl da Nea an rubuta ta a hankali don jan hankali daga yawancin masu karatu saboda yadda Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙarin zana ganawar.Hoshino ya tafi bayyana cewa Earl shine halin da ta fi so a cikin jerin har ma fiye da Allen. Junpei Takiguchi ne ya bayyana Millennium Earl a cikin jerin' karɓawar anime na farko na harshen Jafananci da Yutaka Aoyama a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow.Ayyukan Aoyama ya sami yabo daga Hoshino saboda gaskiyar cewa dole ne ya yi ɓangarorin Earl biyu:mai 'yanci mai kama da dabi'a da makoki na ɗan adam wanda ya ƙudura ya dawo da ɗan'uwansa,Nea.Aoyama ya yi mamakin furucin Hoshino yana mai cewa bai fahimci babban abin da ta yi ba.Aoyama ya kuma ji cewa wasa da siffar Earl na ɗan adam yana da wahala saboda yadda ya bambanta da halayensa a cikin wannan yanayin har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi wuyar murya.Jason Liebrecht ne ya bayyana halin a cikin harsunan Ingilishi na jerin duka. Bayyanuwa Babban mai adawa da manga,shi ne shugaban kabilan Nuhu kuma ya rayu tsawon shekaru7,000.Earl yana yaudarar mutanen da suke baƙin cikin abokansu ko danginsu da suka mutu don tada su, kuma ya mayar da su Akuma:makamai masu cinye jikin mutum kuma suna bin umarninsa.[ch.1 ]Mutum daya tilo da ya tsira daga wannan kaddara shine yaro, Allen Walker,wanda ya lalata Akuma na waliyyinsa( Mana Walker )kafin ya karbi jikinsa ta hanyar amfani da makamin da aka halicce shi ta hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna"Innocence"A farkon manga,Earl yayi ƙoƙari ya kashe wani ƙaramin yaro wanda mahaifiyarsa ta mutu Akuma ta kashe abokinsa;Allen ne ya tsayar da shi. [ch. 4 Earl sai ya umarci mabiyansa, Iyalin Nuhu, da su kashe janar-janar Baƙar fata (kungiyar masu fitar da fatara da ke adawa da su);[ch.29 ]wannan ya fara yaƙi da Order. Lokacin da ya san cewa memba na Black Order Lenalee Lee yana iya samun rashin laifi da aka sani da "Zuciya"wanda ke kawo nasara,Earl ya jawo gungun masu baƙar fata fata zuwa wani nau'i da aka sani da Jirgin Nuhu. [ch.88 ]Jirgin ya fara rushewa kuma Earl ya tsere daga yankin tare da Nuhu Tyki Mikk,wanda Janar Cross Marian ya kusa kashe shi.[ch.129 Earl sannan ya umarci Nuhu ya aika matakin-3 Akumas don kai hari kan hedkwatar Black Order kuma ya kashe masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.[ch.139 ]Kamar yadda masu korar fatara suka rinjayi mamaya,[ch.157 ]yana tsinewa kansa da rashin kashe Allen a lokacin da suka hadu.[ch.158 ]A wani yaƙin Earl ya gano cewa Nea,9almajirin Nuhu na 14, yana cikin Allen kuma yana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar shi a matsayin Nuhu.[ch.189 ]Ko da yake Nea ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shi shekaru da yawa da suka wuce,Earl yana so ya kasance kusa da shi kuma ya ba da umarnin sace Allen.[ch.196 Lokacin da Allen ya bar Umarni bayan ya rasa haƙƙinsa a matsayin mai fitar da rai,Earl da Nuhu suka bi shi.Kamar yadda kusurwoyin Earl Allen a cikin wani gari Nea ya mallaki mai fitar da wuta.[ch.218 ]Ya bayyana cewa Earl shine rabin rabin karni na Millennium Earl,wanda ya ɓace kuma ya sake dawowa a matsayin tagwaye Mana D. Campbell da Nea D.Campbell.Mana shine Kunnen yanzu).[ch.219,220 ]Mutuwar Nea ta sa Kunnen ya rasa tunaninsa.Cikin rudewa ana kiransa"Mana"yana cewa Mana "ya tafi",Earl ya watsar da Nea. [ch.221] Har ila yau,halin ya bayyana a cikin Kaya Kizaki's D.Gray-man Reverse,na biyu D.Gray-man haske novel,wanda a cikinsa ya nemo mutane don ƙirƙirar Akuma.Earl ya sami da yawa amma ya keɓe ƙaramin yaro don wani dalili da ba a sani ba,yana rikitar da abokinsa Road Kamelot.Ya mayar da yaron wurin iyayensa,yana gaya masa ya kirkiro Akuma. Halaye Earl na iya zama wani babban ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasar Victoria:mai jujjuyawar siffa a cikin cape da babban hula(boye ƙahonsa),tare da ƙyalli na har abada da kuma abubuwan gani na pince-nez.Ko da yake halinsa sau da yawa yana fara'a, yana saurin bayyana abin da ya fi tsoratar da shi,ɓarna.[ch.3]Earl yana da golem mai suna Lero,laima mai ruwan hoda tare da ƙaramin jack-o-lantern mai magana a bakinsa.Yakan yi magana cikin jin daɗi ko kururuwa,yana ƙara sunansa zuwa ƙarshen kusan kowace jumla.Lero,wanda Earl ke amfani da shi azaman laima mai tashi irin na Mary Poppins,yana da aminci gare shi kuma yana tsare takobinsa. [ch.89 ]Hanya sau da yawa tana ɗaukar Lero ba tare da son rai ba,yana amfani da shi azaman tsintsiya madaidaci ko laima na yau da kullun.[ch.20,23,24]An yi amfani da shi azaman fitila don kiran Akuma, don jigilar masu fitar da mutane da yawa zuwa cikin Jirgin da kuma tsare Nuhu.[ch.4 Lero yana da takobi mai kama da takobin Allen Walker na zubar da jini, wanda ya ba shi mamaki lokacin da suka yi karo da jirgin Nuhu[130]Duk da rashin jin daɗinsa ga Nuhu Nea,Kunnen yana ƙara damuwa lokacin da yake magana game da shi.[ch.202 Reception The Millennium Earl ya sami karbuwa sosai daga manga,anime da sauran wallafe-wallafe.Da yake bitar juzu'in farko na manga,AE Sparrow na IGN ya kwatanta shi da uku daga cikin mugayen Batman Penguin,Joker da Fuska Biyu,waɗannan kamanceceniya.Bugu da ƙari,Sparrow ya kira Millennium Earl a matsayin"mugun abu mai ban tsoro da za ku so ku ƙi". Ross Liversidge na UK Anime Network kuma ya ji daɗin wannan hali,yana yaba da canjin ƙirarsa da ayyukan mugunta. Sheena McNeil ya yarda,yana mai cewa Earl yana aiki da kyau a matsayin muguwar jerin tare da"sautin ƙauna kamar yadda zukata suka nuna a cikin kumfa na magana da murmushi na har abada, dukansu biyun suna nan don sa shi ya ƙara yin zunubi ta hanyar ɓoye gaskiyarsa. dabi'a".Tom Tonhat na Escapist shi ma ya yaba da tsarin Earl na farfado da matattu a matsayin Akuma, yana ganin shi a matsayin jigo mai karfi da ke baiwa masu kallo damar tausayawa wadanda abin ya shafa.Ya kuma lura cewa farkon bayyanar wannan hali a matsayin "marasa barazana a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ɗaukar hankali"ya sa ayyukansa sun fi ƙiyayya.Todd Douglass,Jr.na DVD Talk ya kira Earl's canji na mutane zuwa Akuma"fiendish".Lynzee Loveridge na Anime News Network ya haɗa da shi a jerin9"7 Clowns to Haunt Your Nightmares"na gidan yanar gizon.Erin Finnegan na ANN ya sami wannan hali mai ban sha'awa saboda "ya rataye a cikin wani wuri mai girman gaske tare da jack-o'lanterns"kuma ya kwatanta shi da Mad Pierrot daga jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cowboy Bebop.Neo ya bayyana cewa yayin da ƙirar Earl ke jin ba ta da wuri, ya dace da nau'in ƙira mai ban tsoro daga masu adawa. Brian Henson na Mania Beyond Entertainment ya ji daɗin Earl da duhun labarin Nuhu a cikin labarun baya,da Yussif Osman na Japanator ya kira su mugaye amma abin so.Marubuciyar hanyar sadarwa ta Anime News Anne Lauenroth ta soki halin Earl a farkon abubuwan D.Gray-man Hallow;ko da yake ta yi la'akari da shi "bangaren buffoon, part mugun clown"(wanda ya sanya shi "giciye mai ban sha'awa tsakanin ban mamaki da ban tsoro"),"daskararre grin daga jahannama"bai fi tsoro ba.A cikin bita na baya,Lauenroth ya rubuta cewa Earl ya canza daga halin"mai ban sha'awa"a lokacin abubuwan Hallow kuma ba ta fahimci sha'awarsa da Nea ba. Chris Kirby na Fandom Post ya sami sabani na halin da Allen bayan mai fitar da shi ya bar Order a cikin baka na gaba mai tsawo,mai ban sha'awa cliffhanger;masu karatu sun jira sigar yaren turanci su cim ma na Jafananci.An yaba wa wahayin da ke bayan Earl ta ainihin ainihi yayin da jerin ke mayar da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙarar manga ya mayar da hankali kan shi kuma Nea ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kansu tare da fasaha mai ban sha'awa kuma yana mamakin makomar Earl guda biyu la'akari da Mana ya mallaki Allen, Mana. dan reno. Neo ya sami aikin Junpei Takiguchi a matsayin ɗan wasan Jafananci na Earl wanda ya fi wanda ya fito daga Turanci, Jason Liebrecht.An ba da shayin madara na Earl tapioca a 2016 D.Grey-man Halloween Cafe a Tokyo,da faci masu alaƙa,fara'a na wayar hannu da kayan kwalliyar kwalliya an sayar da su. Nassoshi D.Gray-man manga juzu'i na Katsura Hoshino.Asalin sigar Jafananci ta Shueisha ta buga.Fassarar Turanci ta Viz Media ta
16526	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ%20Khaled	DJ Khaled	Khaled Mohamed Khaled (An haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alib 1975),wanda aka fi sani da suna DJ Khaled, dan Ba’amurke ne, mai zartar da rikodi, marubucin waƙoƙi, mai ba da labari, marubuci, mai kuma ɗabi’ar watsa labarai Khaled ya fara samun daukaka a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a cikin shekara ta (1990) a gidan rediyo na 99 Jamz, kuma ya fassara farin jinin sa ta hanyar yin aiki tare da Terror Squad a matsayin DJ don wasan kwaikwayon da suke yi kai tsaye. Bayan samun yabo a kan abubuwan da kungiyar ta yi, Khaled ya fitar da album din sa na farko mai suna Listennn... the Album a shekara ta (2006) wanda kuma ya samu takardar zinare. sannan Yabi album din We the Best a shekara ta (2007), wanda ke ɗauke da manyan waƙoƙi 20 masu suna "I'm So Hood". Sanarwarsa biyu da suka biyo bayan- We Global (2008) da Victory (2010) an sake su bayan ya kafa lakabin rikodin din We the Best Music Group Dukkanin faya-fayen wakokin an zana su a cikin goman farko akan Billboard 200 na Amurka, tare da na karshen dauke da wakar "All I Do Is Win", wanda daga karshe aka tabbatar da shi a triple platinum Faifan faifan sa na biyar We the Best Forever(2011) shi ma ya ga irin nasarar da aka samu ta kasuwanci,kuma ya taimaka wajen kawo Khaled ga shahararriyar duniya, kamar yadda ta ƙunshi waƙar "I'm on One",shi ne farkon sa wanda yafi fice a cikin goma da ya yi. Kundin nasa na shida da na bakwai, Kiss the Ring (2012) da Suffering from Success (2013), an tsara shi a cikin goman farko a kan Billboard 200,kuma faifan saiti na takwas, I Changed a Lot (2015), wanda ya kai kololuwa a lamba 12. A cikin shekara ta (2015 da 2016) Khaled ya sami kulawar duniya a matsayin mutum na ɗan jarida, wanda ya sami manyan masu bi a shafukan sada zumunta. Wannan ya hango fitowar kundin faifan saiti na tara Major Key (2016), wanda ya sami nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci; an fara yin fito na fito da Billboard (200) an kuma tabbatar da zinare, sannan kuma an amshi kyautar Grammy don Best Rap Album. Ya fitar da faifan sa na goma, mai suna Grateful, a shekarar (2017), wanda ya kunshi marayu "I'm the One" da "Wild Thoughts", wadanda aka tsara a lamba ta daya da ta biyu a kan Billboard Hot 100, bi da bi. An fara faifan kundin a lamba ta daya akan Billboard (200) kuma shima ya sami tabbataccen sinadarin platinum. Kundin nasa na goma sha ɗaya, Father of Asahd, an sake shi a shekarar (2019) ya kai kololuwa a lamba ta biyu, kuma waƙar Mafi Girma data sami Best Rap/Sung Performance a wajen 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, Khaled shi ne Gwarzon farko na Grammy. A wajen kiɗa, Khaled ya sami nasara a matsayin marubuci, tare da littafinsa The Keys wanda ke cikin jerin masu Sayarwa Mafi Kyawu a New York Times Hakanan ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa cikin Spies in Disguise (2019) da Bad Boys for Life (2020). Rayuwar farko An haifi Khaled a ranar( 26) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (1975) a New Orleans, Palestinian, ga iyayen Falasdinawa da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Musulmi mai ibada. uwansa mai suna Alec Ledd (Alaa Khaled) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. yan uwansa mawaƙa suna buga waƙar Larabci, kuma Khaled ya fara sha'awar rera wakoki na rap da ruhi tun yana ƙarami, kuma iyayensa sun goyi bayan sha'awarsa. Ya yi aiki a cikin shagon rikodin Merry-Go-Round na gida wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tushe don aikin kiɗan sa. Ayyuka Yayin aikinsa na farko, Khaled ya saba da matasa masu fasaha da yawa kuma ya taimaka musu kafin nasarar su; wadannan sun hada da Birdman, Lil Wayne, da Mavado Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne a gidan adana labarai na New Orleans Odyssey inda ya hadu da Birdman da Lil Wayne a shekarar (1993). Bayan barin Odyssey, ya fara DJ a cikin kayan ado na reggae, yana haɗuwa da raye-raye da hip-hop. Wasannin rediyo na farko sun kasance a tashar 'pirate A cikin shekarar (1998) ya koma Miami kuma ya dauki nauyin The Luke Show a WEDR("99) Jamz" tare da 2 Live Crew's Luther Campbell A cikin shekarar (2003) ya fara daukar nauyin shirin rediyo na dare a (99) Jamz mai suna Takeover A lokacin da ya aiki, Khaled ya yi amfani da yawa monikers ciki har da "Arab Attack", "Big Kare Lucenzo", "Firgitar Squadian" (amfani a lokacin da hip hop kungiyar Terror Squad), Beat Novacane (a moniker karkashin abin da ya samar da lashe), The Don Dada, Mr. Miami da dai sauransu. Khaled ya bayyana cewa ya yi amfani da dodon "Arab Attack" don kida kamar yana cewa "hari tare da kide-kide", amma nan da nan ya dakatar da shi bayan September 11 attacks tun yana jin cewa yin amfani da shi zai zama kamar rashin ladabi da cin fuska ga wadanda suka wahala saboda hare-haren. 2006–08: Listennn... Kundin, We the Best, da We Global A ranar( 6) ga watan Yuni,a shekarar( 2006) album din sa na farko Listennn... the Album wanda ya saka Koch Records ne ya fitar da Kundin ta fara aiki a US Billboard 200 a lamba ta 12. We the Best (2007) shine kundin sa na biyu tare da waƙoƙi "I'm So Hood" tare da T-Pain, Trick Daddy, Plies, da Rick Ross da "We Takin 'Over" tare da Akon, T.I., Rick Ross, Fat Joe, Birdman, da Lil Wayne. "We Takin 'Over" ya kai lamba ta( 28) a kan US Billboard Hot 100 da lamba ta( 11) a kan US Hot Rap Tracks kuma an tabbatar da Zinare ta Recording Industry Association of America a ranar (20 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (2007). Khaled yayi baƙo a faifai na Birdman na shekara ta (2007) album 5 Stunna akan wajan 100 Million wanda ya hada da Rick Ross, Dre, Young Jeezy da Lil Wayne. A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya ci kyaututtuka biyu na Ozone: daya don Kyakkyawan Bidiyo ("We Takin 'Over") da kuma wani don Kyakkyawan Rediyon DJ. A shekara ta (2008) kundin waƙa na uku na Khaled We Global ya fito tare da maraice Out Here Grindin tare da Akon, Rick Ross, Lil' Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood, da Plies, sannan Go Hard wanda ke nuna Kanye West da T-Pain. RIAA ta ba da tabbacin Platinum ɗin "I'm So Hood" a ranar (4 ga watan Yuni, shekarar (2008). A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya sami lambar yabo ta DJ na Shekarar daga BET Hip Hop Awards da Ozone Awards. An nada shi shugaban Def Jam South a shekarar (2009). 2010–12: Nasara, We the Best Forever, da Kiss the Ring An sake album nasa mai Taken nasara a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2010. Kundin ya fito da baƙon daga Drake, Lil Wayne, Rick Ross, Nas, Snoop Dogg, Ludacris, Nelly,da ƙari. The single All I Do Is Win featuring Ludacris,Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, and T-Pain a double-platinum single.sun hada da: Put Your Hands Up wadanda suka hada da Ross,Young Jeezy, Plies, da Schife,da kuma Fed Up wanda ke dauke da Usher, Drake,Ross,da Jeezy.Kundin yana da ƙananan tallace-tallace kuma an fara amfani dashi a lamba ta 12 akan Billboard 2000. DJ Khaled ya sanar da taken kundin, We the Best Forever, a Twitter A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Khaled ya sanya hannu kan Cash Money Records tare da Universal Motown, za a saki kundin a karkashin lakabin, haka kuma a karkashin E1 Entertainment, Terror Squad, Def Jam South, da Khaled nasa lakabin We the Best Music Group, tare da baƙi da aka tabbatar kamar Fat Joe, Chris Brown, Keyshia Cole, Cee Lo Green, Cool & Dre, Rick Ross, Kanye West, Jay-Z, Nas, Birdman, Lil Wayne, TI, Akon, Drake, da Nicki Minaj Waka ta farko mai taken Welcome to My Hood", wanda ke dauke da Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Wayne da T-Pain an sake shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011, wanda The Renegades ya samar, kuma DJ Khaled ya hada gwiwa. kansa da Nasty Beatmakers. Waƙar ita ce ta farko da aka saki a ƙarƙashin Cash Money Records da Universal Motown, an yi fim ɗin kiɗa a Miami, Florida, kuma Gil Green ne ya ba da umarnin, tare da zane-zane na Flo Rida, Bow Wow, Busta Rhymes, da sauran masu fasaha. Waka ta gaba, Ina kan Daya mai dauke da Drake, Rick Ross da Lil Wayne, an sake ta a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2011. DJ Khaled ya yi wakar ne a BET Awards 2011 wanda aka watsa a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2011.
16211	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patience%20Jonathan	Patience Jonathan	An haifi Dame Patience Faka Jonathan née iwari) a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1957. Itace matar tsohon shugaban kasar Najeriya kuma tsohon gwamnan Bayelsa, wato Goodluck Jonathan. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare a mahaifar ta wato jihar Bayelsa. Ilimi An haife ta a Fatakwal, ta samu takardar shedar kammala firamare a shekarar 1976, sannan tayi nasarar Jarrabawar Makarantun Afirka ta Yamma (WASCE) a shekarar 1980. A shekarar 1989, ta samu takardar shaidar karatun ilmi ta kasa (NCE) a fannin lissafi da kuma ilmin halitta daga kwalejin fasaha da kimiyya ta jihar Rivers, Fatakwal Daga nan ta wuce zuwa Jami'ar Portharcourt kuma ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin nazarin halittu da ilimin sanin dan adam (Biology Psychology). An ba ta digirin girmamawa na Doctorate daga Jami'ar Port Harcourt. Ayyuka Dame Patience Jonathan ta fara aiki a matsayin malama a Kwalejin Stella Maris, Port Harcourt da kuma a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Isaka. Daga nan ta koma bangaren banki a shekarar 1997. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin manajan tallace-tallace na bankin Imiete Community Bank. Bayan haka ta kafa bankin al’umma na farko a Fatakwal da ake kira Akpo Community Bank. Ta koma aji a takaice a matsayin malama. Daga karshe aka maida ta ma'aikatar ilimi ta jihar Bayelsa, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa 29 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1999, lokacin da mijinta ya zama mataimakin gwamnan jihar. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2012, Henry Seriake Dickson ya nada ta a matsayin sakatare na dindindin a jihar Bayelsa, nadin ya kasance ba irin nasa ba idan aka yi la’akari da cewa ta yi hutu daga aikin gwamnati sama da shekaru 13, tun lokacin da mijinta ya zama mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 1999, kuma wasu masu sukar sun yi jayayya cewa abin kunya ne na kasa nunawa babu cancanta ko shaidar wani aiki da aka yi kwanan nan don ba da izinin ci gaba zuwa kololuwar ma'aikacin gwamnati. An yi zargin cewa Henry Seriake Dickson ne mijinta ya dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa zuwa matsayinsa na gwamna. Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya (2010 2015). Ita da mijinta suna da yara biyu Arewera Adolphus Jonathan (namiji) da Aruabi Jonathan (mace). Aiki mai fa'ida Dame Patience Faka Jonathan ta samu karbuwa a gargajiyance, da kasa, da ma duniya baki daya saboda ayyukanta na kyautatawa jama'a da kuma fahimtar siyasa. Ta sami lambar yabo ta "Beyond The Tears" International Humanitarian Award New York, USA, a shekarar 2008, saboda rawar da ta taka a yaki da cutar HIV/AIDS; ta samu lambar yabo na African Goodwill Ambassador Award (Los Angeles, USA, 2008), kuma ita ce ta sami lambar yabo na "Wind of Change" daga Kungiyar Mata na Kudu maso Kudancin Najeriya. A lokacin da Goodluck Jonathan ya yi gwamna tsakanin shekarar 2005 da shekarar 2007, Patience Jonathan ta yi aiki a jihar a matsayin matar gwamnan Jihar Bayelsa. A wannan lokacin, ta kafa shirye-shirye da yawa na taimakon jama'a da karfafa wa mata, daga cikin su akwai A-Aruere Reachout Foundation (AARF), wanda ta kafa don inganta matsayi da samu na mata da samarin Najeriya. Gidauniyar tuni ta mai da hankali kan tallafawa da taimakawa yara masu fama da matsalolin zuciya. Sauran Bayanai An sanar a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2012 cewa an kwantar da ita a Jamus sakamakon guba na abinci wanda ta kwashe kwanaki da dama acan. Patience ta kamu da rashin lafiya kimanin kwanaki 10 kafin ta karbi bakuncin wani taron shugabannin mata na kasashen Afirka. An sallamo ta daga asibitin Horst Schmidt Klinik a Wiesbaden a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2012. Lokacin da kafafen yada labarai na kasa suka lura da bacewarta da ba a saba gani ba, ofishinta sun so su fara kau da hankulan jama'a ta hanyar musanta cewa tana kasar Jamus don inganta kiwon lafiya na kasa. Kakakinta, Ayo Osinlu, ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke cewa ta je Jamus ne kawai "don ta samu damar hutawa" ba a dalilin rashin lafiya ba. Anyi hakane don gujewa cece-kuce kan cewa iyalan shugaban kasa suna gujewa amfani da tsarin kula da lafiya mara inganci da aka samarwa 'yan Najeriya kuma sun fi son wadatattun kayan aiki na kasashen waje tare da biyan haraji masu yawa a du lokacin da bukatan hakan ya taso. Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya, Patience Jonathan ta fashe da kuka cikin tausayi a yayin da ta samu labarin sace 'yan matan Makarantar Sakandare na Gwamnati da ke Chibok. Patience Jonathan ta shiga cikin cece-kuce kan rikicin ‘yan matan Chibok yara 230 da kungiyar Boko Haram ta sace a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Bayan wani taro da ta kira a watan Mayun shekarar 2014 tare da wakilan al'ummar Chibok, wadanda aka sace 'ya'yansu, akwai rahotanni da ke cewa' yan sanda sun tsare daya daga cikin shugabannin Naomi Mutah. An yi zargin cewa matar Jonathan ta ba da rahoton cewa ya ji kadan cewa iyayen yaran da aka sace sun tura Malama Mutah zuwa taron. Kai tsaye bayan taron, aka tafi da Ms. Mutah zuwa ofishin ‘yan sanda aka tsare ta. Pogo Bitrus, wani shugaban al'ummar Chibok, ya bayyana tsarewar a matsayin 'abin takaici' da 'rashin tunani', kuma ya ce yana fatan matar shugaban kasa zata 'fahimci kuskurenta'. Uwargidan shugaban kasa ba ta da ikon ba da umarnin a kama mutum. BBC News ta ruwaito wani shugaban al'umma, Saratu Angus Ndirpaya, tana cewa matar Jonathan ta zarge 'yan adawa da kirkirar sace yaran don batawa gwamnatin suna. A wani rahoton kuma, ance Uwargidan Shugaban kasar ta zarge su da tallafa wa Boko Haram. A halin yanzu da alama akwai mutanen da suke goyon bayan ra'ayinta game da wannan batun yayin da sabon yanayi ke sanya wannan yanayin a matsayin mai rudani. Duba kuma Jerin mutane daga Fatakwal Manazarta Haifaffun 1957 Mata dan Najeriya Rayayyun
28295	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Tarihi%20ta%20Birnin%20Salzburg	Cibiyar Tarihi ta Birnin Salzburg	Cibiyar Tarihi ta birnin Salzburg, wadda aka fi sani da Altstadt, gunduma ce ta Salzburg, Ostiriya, wadda aka sani da Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO tun 1996. Ya yi daidai da tsakiyar gari mai tarihi, wanda yake a gefen hagu da dama na Salzach. kogi. Lissafin wuraren Tarihi na Duniya ya kwatanta shi da haka: "Salzburg ta yi nasarar adana kayan gine-ginen birni masu arziƙi, wanda aka haɓaka tun daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa karni na 19 lokacin da ta kasance birni mai birni wanda yarima-archbishop ke mulki. Fasahar Gothic ta Flamboyant ta jawo hankalin masu sana'a da masu fasaha da yawa kafin birnin ya zama sananne ta hanyar aikin gine-ginen Italiya Vincenzo Scamozzi da Santini Solari, wanda tsakiyar Salzburg ke da nauyin bayyanar Baroque. watakila ya haifar da hazakar dan sanannen dan Salzburg, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, wanda sunansa ke hade da birnin tun daga lokacin." Yankin da aka jera ya ƙunshi babban yanki na hectare 236 (kadada 580), gami da tsohon birni akan duka bankunan kogin Salzach tare da tsaunin Mönchsberg, Festungsberg da tsaunin Kapuzinerberg waɗanda ke kewaye da tsohon birni zuwa yamma da gabas. Bayan babban yankin akwai yanki mai shinge na hectare 467 (kadada 1,150) wanda aka yi niyya don kare yankin yankin da ke fuskantar ci gaban da ake iya gani a hangen nesa mai nisa. Shafuka da abubuwan tunawa Shafuka da abubuwan tarihi a cikin babban yankin cibiyar tarihi sun haɗa da: Felsenreitschule, wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na budaddiyar iska da aka gina a cikin dutsen da aka yi amfani da shi don gina Cathedral na Salzburg. Franziskanerkirche, ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin gine-gine na Salzburg, wanda aka samo daga 1208 kuma Franciscans ke amfani dashi tun 1642. Getreidegasse, kunkuntar titin siyayya mai cike da manyan gidaje da yawa Großes Festspielhaus, gidan wasan opera da gidan kide kide da aka yi tun daga 1960 kuma an gina shi don bikin Salzburg na shekara-shekara. Haus für Mozart, tsohon Kleines Festspielhaus, gidan wasan opera da gidan kide kide da aka yi a 1925. Babban sansanin soja na Hohensalzburg (Festung Hohensalzburg), wanda ke kallon Old Town, ɗaya daga cikin manyan katangar Turai. Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki (Dreifaltigkeitskirche), tun daga 1694 Hotel Goldener Hirsch, otal mai tauraro biyar dake cikin ginin Getreidegasse tun daga aƙalla 1407. Kollegienkirche, cocin salon Baroque na Jami'ar Salzburg Fadar Mirabell (Schloss Mirabell), wani gidan jin dadi da aka gina a 1606 tare da lambuna masu fadi da zauren marmara. Museum der Moderne Salzburg, gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani tare da wurare a cikin tsohon birni da kuma kan Mönchsberg Mozartplatz, filin tarihi tare da abin tunawa ga Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Haihuwar Mozart (Mozarts Geburtshaus), wani gida a Getreidegasse wanda yanzu ya zama gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Mozart. Nonnberg Abbey (Stift Nonnberg), gidan sufi na Benedictine da aka kafa c.712/715 Residenz, tsohon wurin zama na Yarima-Archbishop, yana gina gidan zane-zane na Residenzgalerie Residenzplatz, babban fili a wajen Residenz tare da babban maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ƙayatarwa Salzburg Cathedral (Salzburger Dom) Salzburger Landestheater, gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wurin wasan opera, wasan kwaikwayo, da raye-raye, tare da mazaunan kamfanoni na ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa da masu rawa. Salzburger Marionettentheater, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na marionette da aka kafa a 1912 Gidan kayan tarihi na Salzburg, gidan tarihi na zane-zane da tarihin al'adu na birni da yankin Salzburg da ke cikin Neue Residenz [de] Sigmundstor, rami na ƙarni na sha takwas yana haɗa Altstadt tare da kwata na Riedenburg ta Mönchsberg. Sphaera [de], wani sassaken mutum akan wani yanki na zinari (Stephan Balkenhol, 2007) St Peter's Abbey (Stift Sankt Peter), gidan sufi na Benedictine ya kafa 696 tare da sanannen makabarta. Cocin St Sebastian [de] (Sebastianskirche), cocin da aka keɓe a 1511
24944	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Sandler	Adam Sandler	Adam Richard Sandler (an haife shi a watan Satumba 9, shekarat a1966) ɗan wasan Amurka ne, ɗan wasan barkwanci, kuma mai shirya fim. Ya kasance memba na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar Asabar Night Live daga 1990 zuwa 1995, kafin ya ci gaba da fitowa a fina -finan Hollywood da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗu don samun sama da 2 biliyan a ofishin akwatin. Sandler yana da kimar kusan dala miliyan 420 a shekarar 2020, kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fim guda huɗu tare da Netflix wanda ya zarce dala miliyan 250. Matsayin rawar barkwanci na Sandler sun haɗa da Billy Madison (1995), Happy Gilmore (1996), The Waterboy (1998), Singer Wedding (1998), Big Daddy (1999), Mr. Deeds (2002), 50 First Dates (2004), The Dogon Yard (2005), Danna (2006), Girma Girma (2010), Kawai Ku tafi tare da shi (2011), Grown Ups 2 (2013), Blended (2014), Murist Mystery (2019) da Hubie Halloween (2020). Ya kuma bayyana Dracula a cikin fina <i id="mwOA">-finai ukun farko na Otal ɗin Transylvania Hotel</i> (2012 18). Wasu daga cikin fina -finansa, galibi fina -finan barkwanci irin su Jack and Jill (ashekarata 2011), an baje kolinsu sosai, kuma Sandler ita ce mai riƙe da lambar yabo ta Golden Raspberry Awards da nade -naden Kyautar Rasberi 37, fiye da kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo sai Sylvester Stallone Conversely, da ya sanã'anta yabo domin ban mamaki wasanni a cikin dramedy fina-finan Spanglish (shekarata 2004), sarautar Ni ashekarata (2007), Funny Mutane (ashekarata 2009), da kuma auteur kore fina-finai kamar Paul Thomas Anderson 's Punch-bugu Love ashehkarata 2002 Labarin Meyerowitz na Nuhu Baumbach (2017), da Gem ɗin Uncut Gems (2019). An haifi Sandler a Brooklyn, New York, a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1966, ga Judith “Judy” née Levine), malamin makarantar gandun daji, da Stanley Sandler, injiniyan lantarki. Iyalinsa Yahudawa ne kuma sun fito ne daga bakin haure na Rasha-yahudawa daga bangarorin biyu. Sandler ya girma a Manchester, New Hampshire, bayan ya koma can yana ɗan shekara shida. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Manchester ta tsakiya Tun yana matashi, Sandler yana cikin BBYO, ƙungiyar matasa ta Yahudawa. Sandler ya kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Fasaha ta Tisch ta Jami'ar New York a 1988. A farkon aikinsa, a cikin 1987, Sandler ya buga abokin Theo Huxtable, Smitty, a cikin The Cosby Show da Stud Boy ko Trivia Delinquent a cikin wasan MTV wasan Nunin Nesa Bayan fim ɗin sa na farko Going Overboard a cikin 1989, Sandler yayi a cikin kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo, tun da farko ya ɗauki matakin a cikin roƙon ɗan'uwansa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17. Mai wasan barkwanci Dennis Miller ne ya gano shi, wanda ya kama aikin Sandler a Los Angeles kuma ya ba da shawarar shi ga mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen Night Night Lorne Michaels An ɗauki Sandler a matsayin marubuci na SNL ashekearata1990 kuma ya zama fitaccen ɗan wasa a shekara mai zuwa, yana yin suna don kansa ta hanyar yin waƙoƙin asali na nishaɗi, cikinsa har da Waƙar godiya da Waƙar Chanukah Sandler ya gaya wa Conan O'Brien akan The Tonight Show cewa NBC ta kori shi dakuma Chris Farley daga wasan kwaikwayon ashekaransa 1995, kuma ya buga wannan yayin dawowarsa wasan a matsayinsana mai masaukin baki a 2019. A cikin shekaratata 1993, Adam Sandler ya fito a fim ɗin Coneheads tare da Chris Farley, David Spade, Dan Aykroyd, Phil Hartman, da Jane Curtin A cikinshekarata 1994, ya yi tauraro a cikin fimdin Airheads tare da Brendan Fraser da Steve Buscemi 1995-2007 Sandler ya haska a cikin Billy Madison (shekarta 1995) yana wasa babban mutum yana maimaita maki 1-12 don dawo da martabar mahaifinsa da haƙƙin gadon daular otal ɗin miliyoyin daloli na mahaifinsa. Fim din ya yi nasara a ofishin akwatin duk da korafe -korafe marasa kyau. Ya bi wannan fim ɗin tare da Bulletproof (ashekaran1996), da mawakan da suka samu nasarar kuɗi Happy Gilmore (ashekaran1996) da Mawaƙin Mawaƙa (ashekarata1998). Da farko an jefa shi a cikin bachelor -party -themed comedy/thriller Very Bad Abubuwa (1998) amma dole ne ya fice saboda shigarsa The Waterboy (1998), ɗaya daga cikin nasarorinsa farko. Sandler ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina -finansa, Happy Madison Productions, ashekarata 1999, wanda ya fara samar da ɗan'uwansa SNL alumnus Rob Schneider 'fim Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo Kamfanin ya samar da mafi yawan fina -finan Sandler na baya zuwa yau, kuma yana kan ƙimar Hotunan Sony/ Columbia a Culver City, California Galibin fina -finan kamfanin sun sami sake dubawa mara kyau daga masu sukarta, tare da ganin uku sun kasance cikin mafi munin da aka yi duk da haka mafi yawa sun yi kyau a ofishin akwatin. Sauran waɗanda ke yawan fitowa a fina -finan Sandler sun haɗa da David Spade, Kevin James, Steve Buscemi, Chris Rock, John Turturro, Peter Dante, Allen Covert, Jonathan Loughran, da Jon Lovitz Kodayake finafinan sa na farko ba su sami kulawa mai mahimmanci ba, ya fara samun ƙarin bita mai kyau, farawa daga Punch-Drunk Love a 2002. Binciken Roger Ebert na Punch-Drunk Love ya kammala cewa Sandler ya ɓata a cikin fina-finan da suka gabata tare da rubutattun rubutattun haruffa da haruffa ba tare da wani ci gaba ba. Sandler ya tashi a waje da nau'in wasan barkwanci don ɗaukar manyan ayyuka, kamar wanda aka ambata Punch-Drunk Love, wanda aka zaɓa don Golden Globe, da Mike Binder 's Reign Over Me (2007), wasan kwaikwayo game da mutumin da ya rasa danginsa gaba ɗaya yayin harin 11 ga Satumba, sannan ya yi fafutukar sake sabunta abota da tsohon abokin zama a kwaleji Don Cheadle Haifaffun
59959	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Liverman	Diana Liverman	Diana Liverman (an haife ta a watan Mayu 15, 1954, Accra, Ghana)farfesa ce ta Regents Farfesa ta Geography da Cigaba, kuma tsohuwar Darakta ta Jami'ar Arizona School of Geography, Development and Muhalli a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa da Halayyar a Tucson, Arizona. Articles with hCards Liverman tayi nazarin canjin muhalli na duniya da tasirin yanayi akan al'ummar bil'adama, gami da tasirin fari da yunwa akan al'umma, noma, tsarin abinci, da kuma jama'a masu rauni.Ta damu musamman game da matakan dai-daitawa waɗanda ke magance sauyin yanayi, abin da ke sa suyi nasara, da kuma lokacin da suka ƙirƙiri ko ƙarfafa rashin daidaituwa. Liverman tayi nazari akan yuwuwar rage illolin sauyin yanayi da kuma cimma burin cigaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Acikin 2010, Liverman ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, don "ƙarfafawa, haɓakawa da haɓɓaka fahimtar yanayin ɗan adam na canjin yanayi". Liverman ta kasance mawallafiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru(IPCC) Oktoba 8, 2018 Rahoton Musamman game da Dumamar Duniya na 1.5°C. Liverman tana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya 19 a duk duniya da aka zaɓa zuwa Hukumar Duniya a 2019. Acikin 2020, an zaɓi Liverman zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta ƙasa da zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. Ilimi An haifi Diana Liverman ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1954, a Accra, Ghana ga iyayen Burtaniya kuma ta girma a Burtaniya. Liverman ta sami BA a fannin ilimin ƙasa daga Jami'ar College London (1976). Ta sami MA a Jami'ar Toronto, tare da nazarin kan daidaitawar martani ga fari a Lardunan Prairie na Kanada (1979) tare da mai ba da shawara Anne U. Whyte. Liverman ta yi Ph.D. aiki a Jami'ar California Los Angeles (UCLA), tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin yanayi (NCAR) a Boulder, Colorado. Ta yi aiki tare da Steve Schneider daga 1982 zuwa 1985, ta sami Ph.D. a cikin labarin kasa daga UCLA a cikin 1984. Takardun karatunta shine Amfani da samfurin kwaikwayo wajen tantance tasirin yanayi akan tsarin abinci na duniya, tare da masu ba da shawara Werner Terjung da Stephen Schneider. Sana'a Liverman ta koyar da labarin kasa a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison inda kuma ta kasance mai alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli daga 1984 zuwa 1990. Ta koyar a Jami'ar Jihar Penn daga 1990 zuwa 1996 inda ta kasance Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya wanda Eric Barron ya jagoranta. Ta koma Jami'ar Arizona a 1996 don zama Daraktan Nazarin Latin Amurka, tayi ritaya a 2022. Acikin 2003 an naɗata a matsayin shugabar farko a Kimiyyar Muhalli a Jami'ar Oxford kuma ta zama Daraktan Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli, cibiyar bincike, koyarwa da wayar da kan muhalli a Jami'ar Oxford. Acikin 2009, Liverman ta koma Jami'ar Arizona a matsayin babban darekta ta Cibiyar Muhalli tare da Jonathan Overpeck. Ta kasance a wannan matsayi har zuwa 2016. Tun daga watan Yuli 2019, Liverman ta zama darektan Makarantar Geography da Cigaba a Kwalejin Ilimin zamantakewa da halayyar ɗabi'a a Jami'ar Arizona. Liverman ta kasance babban editan mujallar Annual Review of Environment and Resources daga 2009 zuwa 2015. Tayi aiki akan kwamitocin ƙasa da na ƙasa da yawa ciki har da Kwamitin Ilimin Kimiyya na Ƙasa kan Girman Mutum na Canjin Muhalli na Duniya (kujeru, 1995-1999) da Kwamitin NAS akan Zaɓuɓɓukan Yanayi na Amurka. Ta kuma jagoranci kwamitin ba da shawara na kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Duniya ta Inter-American (1998-2002), Shirin Canjin Muhalli na Duniya da Tsarin Abinci (GECAFS) (2006-) da IHDP Duniya Tsarin Mulki. Aikin. Ta jagoranci tawagar mika mulki don ƙirƙirar sabon shirin bincike na duniya, Future Earth, don Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya waɗanda suka haɗa da ICSU, UNEP, da UNESCO. Kashin Kuni yayi aiki a matsayin memba da membobin kwamitin don rahotanni yawa a kan canjin yanayi a kan dumamar yanayi na 1.5 C. Liverman yana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya waɗanda suka "ba da gudummawa sosai" ga rahoton IPCC wanda ya kai ga bayar da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ga IPCC a 2007. Ta kuma bayar da rahoto game da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin IPCC. Tana aiki a kwamitin ƙungiyoyi da dama da suka haɗa da ƙwararrun dorewar al'adu da ƙirƙira Julie's Keke. Scholarship Liverman ya ba da gudummawa da yawa don fahimtar girman ɗan adam na canjin muhalli na duniya. Tallafin wallafe-wallafenta da bincikenta suna magance tasirin yanayi, rauni da daidaitawa, canjin yanayi da amincin abinci, da manufofin yanayi, raguwa da adalci musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Tana da sha'awa ta musamman game da yanayin siyasa na kula da muhalli a cikin Amurka, musamman a Mexico. Liverman yayi aiki akan tasirin fari na ɗan adam tun farkon shekarun 1980, da kuma tasirin sauyin yanayi akan tsarin abinci ta hanyar amfani da dabarun ƙirar yanayin yanayi na farko da kuma simintin amfanin gona. Bayan gano iyakokin hanyoyin yin samfuri, aikin fage a Mexico ya biyo baya, nazarin raunin haɗari ga haɗarin yanayi a ɓangaren aikin gona, da yuwuwar tasirin sauyin yanayi kan tsarin abinci. Liverman ya kuma yi nazarin illolin neoliberalism ga al'ummar Latin Amurka da tsarin muhalli a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan ta mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasa da kasa na manufofin sauyin yanayi da bunkasuwar sabuwar tattalin arzikin carbon, kuma ta kasance mai yawan magana da sharhi kan al'amuran yanayi na duniya. Ita ce mawallafin rubuce-rubuce masu tasiri a kan iyakokin duniya da tsarin tsarin duniya Ta kuma jagoranci manyan ayyukan bincike na haɗin gwiwa da dama, waɗanda akasari hukumomin Amurka da na Turai ne ke ba da kuɗinsu. A cikin 2011 ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta yi wa Dalai Lama bayani (2011) game da sauyin yanayi. A duniya, Liverman ya tada wayar da kan jama'a game da mahimmancin ilimin zamantakewa don fahimtar tasirin canjin muhalli. Kungiyar Royal Geographical Society ta yabawa Liverman tare da "inganta ra'ayin cewa tasirin yanayi ya dogara da rauni kamar canjin yanayi na zahiri, kuma musamman nuna yadda canjin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa ya canza yanayin yanayin rashin lafiyar Liverman ya gudanar da wasu nazarce-nazarcen ilimi na farko na daidaitawa da ragewa, ya yi nazari kan alaƙa tsakanin arewaci na duniya da kudancin duniya, kuma ya bincika ƙalubalen ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin duniya mai canzawa. Girmamawa 2020, Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa 2020, Memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka 2017, Alexander & Ilse Melamid Medal, American Geographical Society 2014, Guggenheim Fellowship 2014, Kyautar Nasarar Shugaban Ƙasa, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers na Amurka 2011, Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasar Amirka 2010, Medal ta Founder na Royal Geographical Society 1991, Kyautar Mitchell don Ci gaba mai Dorewa, Cynthia da Gidauniyar George Mitchell Mabuɗin wallafe-wallafe Littattafai (Diana Liverman, contributing author.) (Lead author, D. M. Liverman.) (Multiple editions). (D. M. Liverman and others). Labarai Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
28623	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20zuciya	Cutar zuciya	Cutar zuciya (CVD) rukunin cututtuka ne waɗanda suka shafi zuciya ko tasoshin jini. CVD ya haɗa da cututtuka na jijiyoyin jini (CAD) irin su angina da infarction na zuciya (wanda aka fi sani da ciwon zuciya). Sauran CVDs sun haɗa da bugun jini, raunin zuciya, cututtukan zuciya na hauhawar jini, cututtukan zuciya na rheumatic, cardiomyopathy, rhythms na zuciya mara kyau, cututtukan zuciya na haihuwa, cututtukan zuciya na valvular, carditis, aortic aneurysms, cututtukan jijiyoyin gefe, cututtukan thromboembolic, da thrombosis na venous. Hanyoyin da ke ciki sun bambanta dangane da cutar. Cutar na jijiyoyin jini, bugun jini, da cututtukan jijiyoyin jini sun haɗa da atherosclerosis. Ana kuma iya haifar da haka ta hanyar hawan jini, shan taba, ciwon sukari mellitus, rashin motsa jiki, kiba, hawan jini, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan shan barasa, da sauransu. An kiyasta hawan jini ya kai kusan 13% na mutuwar CVD, yayin da taba ke da kashi 9%, ciwon sukari 6%, rashin motsa jiki 6% da kiba 5%. Ciwon zuciya na rheumatic na iya biyo bayan strep makogwaro ba tare da magani ba. An kiyasta cewa har zuwa 90% na CVD na iya yin rigakafi. Rigakafin CVD ya haɗa da haɓaka abubuwan haɗari ta hanyar: cin abinci lafiya, motsa jiki, guje wa hayakin taba da iyakance shan barasa. Yin maganin abubuwan haɗari, kamar hawan jini, lipids na jini da ciwon sukari shima yana da fa'ida. Yin maganin mutanen da ke da strep makogwaro tare da maganin rigakafi na iya rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya na rheumatic. Amfani da aspirin a cikin mutane, waɗanda ba su da lafiya, ba shi da fa'ida mara tabbas. Cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune kan gaba wajen mutuwa a duk sassan duniya in banda Afirka. Tare CVD ya haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 17.9 (32.1%) a cikin 2015, daga 12.3 miliyan (25.8%) a cikin 1990. Mutuwar, a wani shekaru da aka ba da, daga CVD ya fi kowa kuma yana karuwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, yayin da rates ke karuwa. sun ragu a yawancin kasashen da suka ci gaba tun daga shekarun 1970. Cututtukan jijiyoyin jini da bugun jini suna lissafin 80% na mutuwar CVD a cikin maza da 75% na mutuwar CVD a cikin mata. Yawancin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini suna shafar tsofaffi. A cikin Amurka 11% na mutane tsakanin 20 zuwa 40 suna da CVD, yayin da 37% tsakanin 40 da 60, 71% na mutane tsakanin 60 da 80, da 85% na mutane sama da 80 suna da CVD. Matsakaicin shekarun mutuwa daga cututtukan jijiyoyin jini a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ya kai kusan 80 yayin da yake kusan 68 a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ganewar cututtuka yawanci yana faruwa shekaru bakwai zuwa goma a baya a cikin maza idan aka kwatanta da mata. Ire-ire Akwai ire-iren cututtuka da ke da alaka da tashoshin jini iri-iri. Ana kiransu da cututtukan vascular diseases. Cutar Coronary artery (kuma ana kiranta da cutar zuciya wato coronary heart disease ko kuma ischemic heart disease) Cutar Peripheral arterial cutar tashoshin jini da suke kai jini zuwa hannu da kafa. Cutar Cerebrovascular disease cutar tashoshin jini da suke kai jini zuwa kwakwalwa (kamar Bugun jini) Cutar Renal artery stenosis Aortic aneurysm Har ila yau, akwai cututtukan cardiovascular wanda suke da alaka da zuciya Cutar Cardiomyopathy cutar da ke da alaka da tsokar cardiac Cutar Hawan jini na zuciya cutar zuciya da ke da alaka da Blood pressure ko kuma Hawan jini. Heart failure wani yanayi na cuta wanda ke faruwa yayinda zuciya ta gaza watsa jini zuwa sauran gabobin jiki don gudanar da harkokin metabolism. Pulmonary heart disease gazawar barin dama na zuciya wanda ke da alaka da tsarin numfashi. Cardiac dysrhythmias rashin natsuwar bugun zuciya Cutar kumburewar zuciya Endocarditis shine [[kumburi]n sashin cikin zuciya, wato endocardium. Sassan da suke fi alaka da ita sune heart valves. Kumburin zuciya cardiomegaly Myocarditis shine kumburin myocardium, sashin tsoka na zuciya wanda ke yawan faruwa a dalilin kamuwa da kwayoyin cutan virus viral infection ko kuma a wasu 'yan lokuta a dalilin kamuwa da kwayoyin cuta na bacteria bacterial infection, ko wasu magunguna, ko abubuwan da zuciya bai so, ko kuma matsalar kwayoyin kare jiki daga kamuwa da cuta. Eosinophilic myocarditis kumburin myocardium a dalilin cututtukan Eosinophilic a cikin fararen kwayoyin jini wato white blood cell Valvular heart disease Congenital heart disease lalacewar surar zuciya da ke faruwa a lokacin haihuwa Rheumatic heart disease lalacewar tsokokin zuciya a dalilin zazzabin rheumatic wanda ke faruwa a dalilin Streptococcus pyogenes. Abubuwan da ke iya janyo cutar zuciya Akwai abubuwa da dama da ka iya janyo cutar zuciya, kamar; shekaru, jinsi, amfani da taba/sigari, rashin motsa jini, cutar non-alcoholic fatty liver, yawam shan barasa, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, kiba, gado ko kuma tarihin dangi akan cututtukan zuciya, hawan jini, diabetes mellitus, yawan maiko acikin jini hyperlipidemia, cutar celiac wacce ba ai mata magani ba, matsalolin zamantaewar rayuwa, talauci da karancin ilimi, gurbacewar Iska, da kuma rashin samun isasshen cacci Kariya Za'a iya kiyaye kusan kaso 90% na kamuwa daga cutar zuciya matukar an kiyaye wadannan abubuwan da ke janyo cutar. Hanyoyin da ake gwada wajen magance kamuwa da cutar zuciya su ne; Kiyaye cin kayan abinci nagina jiki, irinsu kayan abinci na Mediterranean, cin ganyayyaki kawai, haramtawa kai cin nama ko kuma kiyaye cin kayan abinci na shuke-shuke kawai. Maye kayan abinci masu yawan maiko ko kitse na dabbobi da mai da aka cire daga jikin itace ko tsirrai: Bincike na lafiya ya nuna cewa sauya cin abinci daga masu maiko na dabbobi zuwa mai da ake cirewa daga shuke-shuke na rage illar kamuwa da cutar zuciya da kaso 30%. Bincike sun nuna cewa wannan dabi'a na rage cin maiko na daga dabbobi zuwa mai da aka sarrafa daga jikin itace kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cutukan zuciya matuka. Rage kiba idan mutum ya cika kiba. Illar rage kiba na da kusancin alaka ga illar sauya nau'in kayan abinci, sannan hujjoji akan nau'in kayan abinci na rage kiba kadan ne. Acikin wani bincike na nazari da aka gano akan mutane masu kiba sosai, rage kiba bayan aikin tita na bariatric surgery kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da kaso 46%. Rage shan barasa zuwa wasu 'yan lokuta a duk rana. Mutanen da basu shan abubuwan da ke dauke da giya na da kaso 25–30% na karancin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya. Haka zalika, mutanen da basuyi gadon shan barasa da yawa ba na da karancin hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya. Yawan shan barasa na kara hadarin kamuwa da cutar zuciya, sannan kuma shan barasa kan inya janyo faruwar cutar zuciya a rana ta gaba daga shan ta. Rage cin abinci da ke dauke da maiko na HDL cholesterol. Magungunan Statin kan rage mace-mace ta hanyar cutar zuciya da kusan kaso 31%. Daina shan sigara da sauran kayan hayaki na taba. Dena shan taba gabaki daya kan rage hadarin kamuwa da kas 35%. Motsa jini akalla na mintuna 150 (sa'anni 2 da minti talatin) a duk mako. Rage hauhawan jini, idan jinin ya hau. Rage hawan jini da 10 mmHg na rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar zuciya da kaso 20%. Saukar da hawan jini da amfani ko da ace hawan jinin na tafiya daidai yadda ya kamata. Rage damuwar zuci. Wannan mataki na da wuyan kiyaye saboda ba lallai a iya bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi tunani ba. Yawan damuwa yana da hadarin kara kamuwa da cutar zuciya, musamman ga masu tarihin matsalolin zuciya. Rashin samun isasshen bacci ma na iya haifar da hawan jini. Baligi na bukatan akalla sa'anni 7-9 na bacci a duk rana. Mafi akasarin masana kiwon lafiya sun bada shawara kiyaye wadannan ka'idoji baki daya. Manazarta Translated from
53659	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne	Chayanne	Elmer Figueroa Arce (an haife shi a watan Yuni 28, 1968), wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Chayanne, mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican Latin A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa na solo, Chayanne ya fitar da kundi guda 21 kuma ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 50 a duk duniya, ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗan Latin mafi siyar. Chayanne ya halarci telenovelas na Puerto Rican guda biyu da tashar talabijin ta WAPA-TV ta watsa a cikin 80s. Waɗannan su ne Sombras del Pasado tare da Daniel Lugo da Alba Nydia Díaz, da Tormento tare da Daniel Lugo da Yazmin Pereira. Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko Mahaifin Figueroa Arce shine Quintino Figueroa, manajan tallace-tallace, mahaifiyarsa ita ce Irma Luz Arce, malami, wanda ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2014, bayan dogon yaki da ciwon daji. Shine na uku cikin ‘yan’uwa biyar. Sunansa "Chayanne" mahaifiyarsa ta ba shi, don girmama ƙaunarsa ga jerin talabijin na Amurka na 1950, Cheyenne Sana'a tare da Los Chicos A cikin marigayi 1970s, ya saurari Menudo, amma masu samarwa sun gaya masa cewa ya kasance matashi don kasancewa a cikin kungiyar. Ya shiga wani rukuni, Los Chicos, kuma sun samar da faifan bidiyo da yawa, ciki har da "Puerto Rico Son Los Chicos" da "Ave Maria". Los Chicos ya zagaya ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka kuma ya zama babban abokin hamayya ga Menudo lokacin da Chayanne ya kasance memba. Solo artist Bayan Los Chicos ya rabu a cikin 1984, Chayanne ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fasaha na solo. Ya sanya hannu tare da RCA Víctor kuma ya fitar da kundin sa na farko, Chayanne es mi Nombre, a waccan shekarar. Kundin sa na biyu tare da RCA Víctor, Sangre Latina an sake shi a cikin 1986. Bayan shekaru uku tare da RCA Víctor, Chayanne ya canza lakabi zuwa Sony Music kuma ya barke da kundi na farko mai taken kansa a 1987. Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ballads da waƙoƙin raye-raye, tsarin da Chayanne zai shahara. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi biyu da aka buga, ballad "Peligro de Amor" wanda Michael Sullivan da Paulo Massadas suka rubuta da kuma waƙar da za ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai yin gabaɗaya, waƙar rawa mai kyau "Fiesta en América" wanda Honorio Herrero ya rubuta. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1988, Chayanne ya fito da kundi na biyu mai suna, Chayanne Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi da yawa da suka buga, ciki har da Honorio Herrero's "Tu Pirata Soy Yo", José María Cano's "Fuiste un Trozo de Hielo en la Escarcha", da "Este Ritmo Se Baila Así", wanda Pierre-Edouard Decimus, Jacob Desvarieux ya ƙunshi, duka mambobi ne na ƙungiyar Caribbean ta Faransa, da Roberto Li Kassav'vi A lokaci guda kuma, Chayanne ya zama mai magana da yawun Pepsi, tare da isar da wurin talla na farko na Mutanen Espanya wanda aka watsa a bakin tekun talabijin na kasa zuwa bakin teku a lokacin 1989 Grammy Awards telecast. A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1990, ya fito da kundi na Tiempo de Vals, wanda ke nuna wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun siyar da shi; kamar waƙar take, wanda José María Cano ya haɗa; "Completamente Enamorados", wanda Piero Cassano ya rubuta, Adelio Cogliati, da Eros Ramazzotti da "Daría Cualquier Cosa", wanda Luis Gómez Escolar da Julio Seijas suka haɗa. Ya bi ta tare da kundin waƙar wanda waƙar takensa za ta zama waƙar sa hannun Chayanne, Provócame (1992). Wancan kundi kuma ya fito da buga wasan "El Centro de mi Corazón" (#1 US Hot Latin, 1992), kuma an zaba shi don Pop Song of the Year a Lo Nuestro Awards na 1993, yayin da Chayanne aka jera don Male Pop Artist. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya fito da kundi na Influencias (1994), wanda ya kasance abin girmamawa ga wasu tasirin kiɗansa. A cikin 1996, ya saki Volver a Nacer A cikin 1998, ya sami lambar yabo na Grammy na biyu tare da kundin Atado a Tu Amor, wanda ya nuna lambarsa ta farko-daya tun 1992, "Dejaria Todo" da kuma dogon lokaci mai tsayi a cikin waƙar take. Zafin zafi ya ci gaba a cikin 2000 lokacin da Chayanne ya fito da Simplemente tare da manyan goma da suka buga "Candela" da lambar-daya ta buga "Yo Te Amo". A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2002, ya fito da Grandes Exitos, kundi mafi girma tare da wasu sabbin waƙoƙi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan sababbin waƙoƙin, "Y Tu Te Vas", ita ce waƙa ta ɗaya ta rani a 2002, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa jigon waƙa don telenovela Todo sobre Camila na Venezuelan wanda Venevisión ya samar. A shekara ta gaba, Chayanne ya fito da Sincero wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin lamba guda biyu, "Un Siglo Sin Ti" da "Cuidarte el Alma". A cikin 2005, ya yi yawon shakatawa tare da Alejandro Fernández da Marc Anthony A wannan shekarar, ya saki albam guda biyu. Na farko, kundi mafi girma na biyu, Desde Siempre tare da sabuwar waƙar "Contra Vientos y Mareas", sannan Cautivo tare da hits kamar "No Se Por Que", "Te Echo de Menos" da "Babu Te Preocupes Por Mí". An fitar da kundi na 13 na Chayanne Mi Tiempo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2007. Kundin da aka yi muhawara a lamba biyu akan babban ginshiƙi na Album ɗin Latin yana siyar da kwafi 17,000 a cikin makon farko na fitowa. Daya daga cikin kundi na farko, Si Nos Quedara Poco Tiempo ya kai lamba daya akan ginshikin Waƙoƙin Latin. Bayan fitowar kundin, Chayanne ya fara balaguron kasa da kasa don inganta Mi Tiempo Daga cikin wuraren da aka ziyarta a farkon rangadin akwai Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, da Amurka. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2008, ya fara jerin gabatarwa a Spain. Lokacin da aka yi hira da shi ya lura cewa wasan kwaikwayon zai kasance mai ruwa "kamar kiɗa", kuma "mafi Latin" fiye da abubuwan da ya gabatar a baya, wanda ya ƙunshi "mafi yawan pop, Brazilian, Caribbean da reggae rhythms" wanda zai yi amfani da shi don "raye-raye akai-akai". Ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman a Miss Universe 2003 pageant. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2009, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai suna "Me Enamoré de Ti", yana hidima a matsayin waƙar jigo don wasan opera sabulu na 2009 Corazon Salvaje An nuna wannan guda ɗaya a cikin sakin Chayanne na 2010, Babu Hay Imposibles A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2015, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai taken, "Tu respiración", wanda ke zama jigon jigo na wasan opera na sabulu na 2015 Lo imperdonable Aiki sana'a A cikin 1980s, Chayanne ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu da yawa kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Generaciones tare da Luis Antonio Rivera A cikin 1994 ya buga kansa a cikin Volver a empezar tare da Yuri A wannan shekarar, ya kuma yi tauraro a Linda Sara gaban tsohon Miss Universe, Dayanara Torres Shahararren mai shirya fina-finan Puerto Rican Jacobo Morales ne ya rubuta fim din kuma ya ba da umarni. A cikin 1998, ya yi tauraro a matsayinsa na farko na Hollywood, yana wasa da ɗan wasan Cuban tare da Vanessa L. Williams a cikin Dance tare da Ni Ya kuma yi bayyanar baƙo akan Ally McBeal A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa ya yi aiki a wasu ayyuka kamar wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na Argentine Provócame, wanda ya yi sautin sauti na wannan sunan. A cikin 2008, Chayanne ya taka rawar rawa (na vampire) akan jerin talabijin Gabriel: Amor Inmortal Don fahimtar kansa da ra'ayi ya ɗauki tsarin yau da kullum daban-daban, barci da rana da aiki da dare. Ya lura cewa samarwa yana son "sa abubuwa suyi kama da gaske kamar yadda zai yiwu", amma tsarin daidaitawa yana da wahala. Jerin da aka yi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2008, akan Mega TV Filmography Fina-finai Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1968 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25278	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian%20Anderson	Gillian Anderson	Gillian Leigh Anderson, English: dʒ ɪ l i ə n JIL-ee-ən OBE (an haife ta ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1968). Yar wasan kwaikwayon ƙasar Amurka ce. Matsayin ta ya haɗa da matsayin wakili na musamman na FBI Dana Scully a cikin jerin The X-Files, ɗan zamantakewa mara kyau Lily Bart a cikin fim ɗin Terence Davies Gidan Mirth shekara ta (2000), DSU Stella Gibson a cikin gidan talabijin na wasan kwaikwayo na laifi na BBC RTÉ. jerin Fall, likitan ilimin jima'i Jean Milburn a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Netflix <i id="mwIQ">, Ilimin Jima'i</i>, da Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Margaret Thatcher a cikin kakar ta huɗu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Netflix The Crown Daga cikin sauran karramawa, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy guda biyu, lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda biyu da Guild Awards guda hudu na allo. Ta zauna a London tun shekara ta 2002, bayan shekarun baya sun raba tsakanin Ingila da Amurka. Farkon rayuwa da karatu An haife ta a birnin Chicago, Anderson ta girma a London, UK da Grand Rapids, Michigan. Tayi karatu daga Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar DePaul da ke Chicago, sannan ta koma New York City don cigaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan ta fara aikinta a kan mataki, ta sami karbuwa a duniya saboda rawar da ta kuma taka a matsayin Babban Jami'in FBI Dana Scully akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na sci-fi na Amurka The X-Files Ayyukan fim ɗin sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo The Mighty Celt shekara ta (2005), The Last King of Scotland shekara ta (2006), Shadow Dancer shekara ta (2012), Viceroy's House shekara ta (2017) da fina-finan X-Files guda biyu: The X-Files: Fight the Futureshekara shekara ta (1998) da Fayilolin X: Ina son yin imani shekara ta (2008). Sauran sanannun kyaututtukan talabijin sun haɗa da: Lady Dedlock a Gidan Bleak shekara ta (2005), Wallis Simpson a Duk Zuciyar Dan Adam shekara(2010), Miss Havisham a cikin Babban tsammanin shekara ta (2011), Dr. Bedelia Du Maurier akan Hannibal shekarar (2013 shekara da shekara ta 2015), da Media on Allahn Amurka shekara ta (2017). Ayyuka Baya ga fim da talabijin, Anderson ta hau kan mataki kuma ta sami lambobin yabo da masu yawa. Matakin aikinta ya haɗa da Abokan da ba su nan shekara ta (1991), wanda ta sami lambar yabo ta Theater World Award for Best Newcomer; Gidan Doll (shekara ta 2009), wanda aka ba ta lambar yabo don lambar yabo ta Laurence Olivier, da kuma hoton Blanche DuBois a cikin A Streetcar mai suna Desire shekarar (2014, da shekara ta 2016), ta lashe lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo <i id="mwUw">na Maraice</i> don Mafi kyawun Jaruma kuma ta karɓi Laurence Olivier na biyu. Kyautar lambar yabo ga Best Actress A cikin shekara ta 2019, ta nuna Margo Channing a cikin matakin samarwa Duk Game da Hauwa'u wanda ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Laurence Olivier Award na uku. Anderson ta tallafa wa kungiyoyin agaji da kungiyoyi masu yawa. Ita ce mai magana da yawun girmamawa ga Cibiyar Neurofibromatosis kuma mai haɗin gwiwar Ilimin Matasan Afirka ta Kudu don Dorewa (SAYes). An naɗa ta Babban Jami'in girmamawa na Mafi Kyawun Umarni na Masarautar Burtaniya (OBE) a cikin shekarar 2016 don ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo. An haife Anderson a Chicago, Illinois, 'yar Rosemary "Posie" Alyce née Lane), mai nazarin kwamfuta, kuma daga baya mataimakiyar shugaban Neurofibromatosis Inc., ƙungiyar tallafawa NF ta West Michigan, da kuma Homer Edward “Ed” Anderson III, wanda ya mallaki kamfanin shirya fina-finai na baya-bayan nan. Ita 'yar asalin Ingilishi ce, Jamusanci, da Irish. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar ta, iyayenta sun ƙaura zuwa Puerto Rico tsawon watanni shabiyar 15, sannan zuwa London. Iyalin sun ƙaura don mahaifinta ya iya halartar Makarantar Fina -Finan London. Tare da iyayenta, ta rayu a arewacin Crouch End da Haringey. Ta kasance dalibar Makarantar Firamare ta Coleridge. Lokacin da Anderson ke da shekaru shadaya (11), iyalinta sun koma Amurka, suna zaune a Grand Rapids, Michigan. Sun cigaba da ajiye falo a London kuma sun kashe lokacin bazara a wurin. Daga baya Anderson ta ce a koyaushe tana da niyyar komawa Ingila. A cikin Grand Rapids, ta halarci Makarantar Firamare da Makarantar Sakandare ta City, shiri ne ga ɗalibai masu hazaka tare da ba da fifiko kan ilimin ɗan adam. Bayan tafiya zuwa Grand Rapids, Anderson ta bi tafarkin tawaye; shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, saduwa da saurayin da ya manyanta, da haɓaka bayyanar punk (rina gashin kanta launi daban-daban, aske gefen kanta, wasan huda hanci da rigar baki baki ɗaya). An saka ta a farfajiya tana da shekaru shahudu 14. Anderson ta saurari makada kamar Matattu Kennedys da Skinny Puppy Abokan karatunta sun zabe ta a matsayin "mai kyan aji", "mafi girman yarinya" da "mafi kusantar kamawa". An kama ta a daren kammala karatu saboda karya da shiga makarantar sakandare a kokarin manne makullan kofofin. Daga baya ta yi nasarar rage tuhumar zuwa ketare iyaka Tun tana ƙarami, Anderson tana sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar ruwa, amma bayan ta kasance mai sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ta fara aiki a cikin abubuwan samarwa na makarantar sakandare a farkon shekararta kuma daga baya a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na al'umma Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin ɗalibi a Grand Rapids Civic Theatre & School of Theater Arts Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1986, ta halarci Makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar DePaul da ke Chicago, inda ta sami digirin farko a shekarar 1990. Anderson ta kuma halarci shirin wasan bazara na Babban Burtaniya na lokacin bazara a Jami'ar Cornell Don ta tallafa wa kanta da kuɗi a lokacin ɗalibanta, ta yi aiki a Tsibirin Goose Island a Chicago. Bayan Anderson ta shahara, kamfanin giya ya sanya wa daya daga cikin giyar su sunan ta-wani gidan gona irin na Belgium wanda ake kira "Gillian". Anderson shine babba na 'yan uwa uku. Dan uwanta Haruna wanda aka gano yana da neurofibromatosis ta mutu a shekarar 2011 sakamakon bugun kwakwalwa, tana dan shekaratalatin 30. Haruna ya kasance DJ, mai ba da shawara, kuma mai aikin Buddha Ya kasance a cikin shekara ta biyu na shirin PhD a ilimin halayyar haɓaka a Jami'ar Stanford lokacin da aka gano shi da glioblastoma a shekara ta 2008. 'Yar uwarta Zoe kwararriya ce, wacce Anderson ta kira "fitaccen mai fasaha". Anderson dan bidi'a ne Tare da lafazin Ingilishi da asalin ta, an yi mata ba'a kuma tana jin ba ta da wuri a cikin Amurka ta Tsakiya kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta karɓi lafazin Midwwest Har zuwa yau, tana sauƙaƙa sauyawa tsakanin lafazin Amurka da Ingilishi. A May shekara ta 2013, a lokacin wata hira da BlogTalkRadio, Anderson jawabi al'amari na ta shaidar dan kasa "An tambaye shi ko zan ji kamar wata Brit fiye da wani American kuma ban sani ba, abin da amsar wannan tambayar. Na san cewa ina jin cewa London tana gida kuma ina matukar farin ciki da hakan a matsayin gidana. Ina son London a matsayin birni kuma ina jin daɗi a can. Dangane da asali, har yanzu ina cikin rudani. Anderson ta ƙaura zuwa New York lokacin tana da shekaru ashirin da biyu (22), kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai jiran abinci don tallafawa kanta. Ta fara aikinta a cikin wasan Alan Ayckbourn 's Abokan Abokai a Manhattan Theatre Club tare da Brenda Blethyn saboda rawar da ta taka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Duniya ta shekarar 1990 da shekara ta 91 don "Mafi Sabuwa". Matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na gaba shine a cikin Christopher Hampton 's Philanthropist a Long Wharf Theatre a New Haven, Connecticut Anderson ta koma Los Angeles a shekara ta 1992 kuma ta shafe shekara guda tana dubawa. A wannan shekarar, ta fito a fim ɗin ta na farko mai tsayi, The Turning, tare da Karen Allen da Tess Harper Fim ɗin fim ɗin daidaitawa ne na wasan Kona Gida Duk da cewa ta taba yin alwashin ba za ta taba yin aikin talabijin ba, kasancewar rashin aiki tsawon shekara guda ya canza mata tunani. Anderson ta tuna: “Da farko dai, na yi rantsuwa cewa ba zan taɓa ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles ba, kuma da zarar na yi, na rantse ba zan taɓa yin talabijin ba. Sai da na kusan kusan shekara guda ba tare da aiki ba na fara shiga [duba] wasu abubuwa da zan yi addu’a don ba zan samu ba saboda ba na son shiga ciki. Ta shiga gidan talabijin na yau da shekarar a kullun a cikin shekarar 1993 tare da bayyanar baƙo akan wasan kwaikwayo na kwaleji, Class na '96, akan sabuwar hanyar Fox Network Sakamakon wannan bayyanar baƙon, Anderson an aika da rubutun don The X-Files Tana da shekaru ashirin da hudu (24) lokacin da ta yanke shawarar tantancewa saboda, "a karon farko cikin dogon lokaci, rubutun ya ƙunshi mace mai ƙarfi, mai zaman kanta, mai hankali a matsayin jagora." Furodusa Chris Carter ya so ya yi hayar ta, amma Fox tana son wanda ke da tallan talabijin na baya da kuma sha'awar jima'i. Fox ya aika da ƙarin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, amma Carter ya tsaya kusa da Anderson, kuma a ƙarshe an jefa ta a matsayin Babban Jami'in FBI Dana Scully An yi fim ɗin don yanayi biyar na farko a Vancouver, British Columbia, kafin ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles, jerin sun gudana tsawon yanayi tara. An kuma shirya fina -finai biyu masu alaƙa, waɗanda aka saki a cikin shekarar 1998 da shekarar 2008. A lokacin da take kan The X-Files, Anderson ta lashe lambobin yabo da yawa don hoton hoton Agent Scully na musamman, gami da Kyautar Emmy don Fitacciyar Jarumar Fim a cikin Wasannin, Kyautar Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series Drama, biyu 'Yan wasan allo Guild Awards don Fitaccen Aiki ta Mace Jaruma a cikin Jerin Wasannin Wasanni da Kyautar Saturn don Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Talabijin Anderson ita ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko da ta lashe Emmy, Golden Globe, da SAG Award a cikin wannan shekarar. Don rawar, ta karɓi jimlar zaɓen Emmy guda huɗu, nadin Golden Globe huɗu da nadin SAG tara. Anderson ita ce mace ta farko da ta rubuta da kuma jagorantar wani labari na The X-Files duk abubuwa A lokacin gudanarwarta-tsakanin yanayi na biyar da na shida-Anderson ta yi fim tare da The X-Files: Fight the Futureta fim na shekara ta 1998 wanda ta cigaba da labarin X-Files. Har ila yau, Anderson ta ba da muryar halinta na Scully a cikin The Springfield Files wani labari na jerin talabijin mai ban dariya mai ban dariya The Simpsons Yayin yin fim ɗin X-Files, ta sadu da mataimakiyar darektan fasaha Clyde Klotz, wanda ya zama mijinta na farko. Halin Anderson akan The X-Files ya fara wani abin da ake kira The Scully Effect kamar yadda likitan likita da wakilin FBI na musamman suka yi wahayi zuwa ga samari da yawa don neman ayyukan kimiyya, magani, da tilasta bin doka. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwar adadin mata a waɗannan fannoni. "The Scully Effect" ya kasance batun binciken ilimi. A cikin shekara ta 1996, Anderson ya ba da labarin shirye -shiryen talabijin 'Yan leƙen asirin Sama da Dalilin da Ya Sa Shirin ke sauka Yayin da take shirya jerin shirye -shiryen BBC na Future Fantastic, jigon kiɗan wasan kwaikwayon, ta wayar lantarki Hal kuma ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da su. A cikin shekara ta 1997, Anderson ya ba da muryoyin kalmomin magana kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin bidiyon kiɗan don "Extremis" guda ɗaya, wanda aka watsa akai -akai akan MTV Ta kuma taimaka wajen tara kundin kiɗa na lantarki, Future: A Journey Through The Electronic Underground, for Virgin Records, wanda ya sami yabo daga masu sukar kiɗan Turai. A cikin shekara ta 1997, Anderson ya fito a cikin fim mai zaman kansa Chicago Cab A shekarar 1998, ta fito a fim din Playing by Heart. Anderson kuma yana da rawar tallafawa a cikin fim ɗin The Mighty A cikin shekara ta 1999, Anderson yana da rawar tallafawa a cikin sakin Ingilishi na Hayao Miyazaki Gimbiya Mononoke, inda ta bayyana halin Moro. Anderson mai son aikin Studio Ghibli ne da aikin Miyazaki. Ta kuma shiga cikin Hauwa'u Ensler 's The Vagina Monologues. 2000s A cikinshekara 2000, Anderson ya yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin The House of Mirth tare da Eric Stoltz Terence Davies 'karbuwa na littafin Edith Wharton na sunan ɗaya wanda ta sami babban yabo da kyaututtuka kamar Kyautar Fim ɗin Burtaniya Mai Kyau don Mafi Kyawun' Yar Wasan, Kauye Muryar Fim ɗin Muryar Mafi Kyawun Jagoran Aiki, da Nuna Kyautar Kyautar Ƙwararrun Masu Fim ɗin Fina -Finan Ƙwararru don Mafi kyawun Jaruma. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1968 Pages with unreviewed
30483	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20British%20Columbia	Sare dazuzzuka a British Columbia	Sake sare dazuzzuka a British Columbia ya faru da yawa a lokutan da suka gabata, amma tare da sabbin yunƙuri da shirye-shirye masu tabbatar adadin sare gandun daji yana raguwa a lardin. A British Columbia, dazuzzuka sun rufe sama da kadada miliyan 55, wanda shine kashi 57.9% na kadada miliyan 95 na British Columbia. Dazuzzukan sun ƙunshi galibi (fiye da 80%) na itatuwan coniferous, kamar Pies, spruces da firs. Batutuwan Muhalli Sare gandun daji yana da mummunan tasiri a kan muhallin British Columbia da bambancinsa duk da cewa ya zama dole don faɗaɗa yawan jama'a da fa'ida ga tattalin arzikin Kanada. Fitar da iskar carbon da iskar gas Fitowar Carbon daga sare dazuzzuka lamari ne mai muhimmanci da za a duba tare da karuwar matsalar dumamar yanayi. Kuma A halin yanzu, kusan kashi 4% na jimlar gas ɗin Green House (GHG) na shekara-shekara yana fitowa daga saren gandun daji, sannan Kuma wanda ke da ƙarancin kaso idan aka kwatanta da jimillar hayaƙin BC na GHG, kuma yana aiki kusan kadada 6,200 na ƙasar gandun dajin an canza zuwa maras kyau. amfani da gandun daji a kowace shekara. Bangaren gandun daji na BC ya sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin GHG daga amfani da burbushin mai da ake amfani da shi wajen sare dazuzzuka, inda ya ragu daga ton miliyan 4 na hayaƙin carbon a 1990 zuwa tan miliyan 1.8 a shekarata 2006. Rage saran gandun daji na BC tsawon shekaru ya kasance mai kyau ga rage hayakin carbon, yayin da gandun daji ke tsaftace iska ta hanyar tattara carbon da gurɓataccen iska. Bambance-bambancen iri Akwai bambanta muhimmancin yanayi na gandun daji bc kuma aikin lalacewa na iya rage bambance-bambancen ta hanyar ɗaukar mahalli da jinsin dabbobi su zauna. A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan 116, wanda kusan kusan kashi 10% na nau'in halittu ne a cikin BC, waɗanda suke kan jerin abubuwan haɗin yanar gizon BC waɗanda suke da nau'in hadari da ke hade da gandun daji. Abubuwan da suka faru na sare dazuzzukan kamar noma, bullo da nau'ikan halittu masu ban mamaki da samar da katako suna barazana ga nau'in. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na sare dazuzzuka, sake dasa bishiyoyin ya kuma samu raguwar bambancin yawan nau'in bishiyar a kowane yanki saboda rinjayen bishiyoyi guda daya. A halin yanzu, an sami sauye-sauye a dabarun sake dasaw nau'i daban-daban). Tsarin ƙasa Tsarin ƙasa yana shafar matakai daban-daban na sare dazuzzuka na cire bishiyoyi yayin da yake canza yawan amfanin ƙasa ta hanyar tattarawa ko cirewa. Sannna Kuma Ƙasar tana riƙe da fiye da abubuwan gina jiki da tsire-tsire a cikin dazuzzuka, ta ƙunshi abubuwa marasa ƙarfi, kwayoyin halitta, iska, ruwa, da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da macro-organisms. Aikin sare dazuzzuka ya bukaci sashen dazuzzuka su gina tituna, wanda hakan zai rage kasa mai albarka, don haka samun damar isa ga itatuwan da suka ragu daga kashi 4.6% na amfanin gonaki a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 zuwa kashi 3.5% a shekarar 2008. Sabbin tsauraran dokoki game da hargitsin ƙasa ya rage matuƙar rage yawan ɓarnar ƙasa zuwa yankin da aka girbe daga ayyukan tilastawa 43 a shekarata 1995 zuwa 3 kawai a cikin 2008. Kiyaye ƙasa wani muhimmin al'amari ne na muhalli da za a yi la'akari da shi yayin da yake kiyaye ingancin ruwa, haɓakar yanayin muhalli, da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na gaba. Ruwa Ruwa wani muhimmin bangare ne ga yanayin dazuzzukan da suka hada da tsiro da nau'in dabbobin rayuwa, rafi, koguna da wuraren zama na tabkuna da kuma ayyukan mutane. Kuma Ayyukan sare dazuzzuka na iya shafar ingancin ruwa, yawan ruwa da kuma yanayin halittun ruwa dake cikin dazuzzuka. Lokacin da saran gandun daji ke faruwa ta fannin gandun daji, sannan Kuma za a iya shafar ingancin ruwa ta hanyar lalata, gurɓatawa da canje-canjen matakan ruwa. Lokacin da aka sanya hanyoyi don ketare rafuka da koguna, kashi 94% na mashigar titunan suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi zuwa matsakaicin damar isar da laka zuwa rafi, Lokacin da sare itatuwan ya faru a kusa da rafi, ana amfani da dabarun rafi don kiyaye yawan bishiyar. a kusa da rafi don karewa da ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga ingancin ruwa, yawa da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin yanayin ruwa. Tare da kashi 87% na yankin magudanar ruwa a cikin yankin da aka sare dazuzzuka yana cikin yanayin aiki yadda ya kamata, sashin gandun daji yana da babban ƙoƙarin kiyayewa don kare ruwa a cikin dazuzzuka. Ratsa nau'in kifin zuwa sama da magudanan ruwa na iya zama muhimmin sashi na rayuwa kuma ayyukan sare dazuzzuka na iya shafar su, musamman gina hanyoyi ta bangaren gandun daji. Tare da kawai kashi 42 cikin 100 na magudanar ruwa da ke da ƙarancin tasiri a kan ratsawar nau'in kifin, ragowar magudanar ruwa suna da babban haɗari zuwa matsakaicin haɗari na iyakance hanyar kifi. Tare da karuwar magudanar ruwa ta hanyoyi daga 421,830 a cikin shekarata 2000 zuwa 488,674 a 2005, ana kan aiwatar da wani shiri mai mahimmanci don magance matsalar kifin. Dokar sare gandun daji na Zero Net A shekara ta 2010 lardin British Columbia ya gabatar da wata sabuwar majalisa mai suna Zero Net Deforestation Act, Duk wadda ke shirin rage fitar da iskar gas da kuma kare dazuzzukan BC. Shirin ya bayyana cewa yankin da aka sare dazuzzuka da kuma sharewa na dindindin, za a dasa adadin bishiyu daidai gwargwado don ajiyar carbon, don haka zai haifar da wani sakamako na net zero kan sare dazuzzuka. Tare da manufar lardin British Columbia na raguwar kashi 33% na hayakin kore a shekarar 2020, wannan aikin zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin burin yayin da yawan gandun daji a cikin BC ya ba da damar sha da adana carbon. Gudanar da gandun daji a British Columbia Lardin British Columbia da ke Kanada an san shi da yawan ɗimbin halittun da ke da kashin bayan namun daji sama da 185, nau'in tsuntsaye 171, da bishiyoyi iri-iri da ciyayi. A cikin kula da gandun daji, Kuma yana da mahimmanci a gane tarin tasirin muhalli da sauye-sauyen muhalli waɗanda ke da yuwuwar yin barazana ga dazuzzukan BC. Duban dorewa a cikin kula da gandun daji yana buƙatar kwatanta tasirin muhalli na girbi katako da hargitsi na yanayi, kamar wuta, kwari da cututtuka. Barazana ga dazuzzuka na British Columbia Wuta A karshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, ana kallon gobarar dazuka ta hanyar dan adam a matsayin babbar barazana ga tsaron jama'a da kuma batan katako da za a iya girbewa don amfanin dan Adam. Yayin da gobarar gandun daji na iya yin mummunar tasiri a kan balagaggen ciyayi, wuta tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin yanayin gandun daji na Kanada. Bugu da ƙari, kiyaye yawan gandun daji, wuta ta fara kuma ta ƙare gadon ciyayi, yana rinjayar tsarin shekaru da nau'i) yana inganta rarraba kwari da cututtuka, yana rinjayar hawan keke na gina jiki, yana kula da bambancin yanayi, yana hana yashwar ƙasa, da kuma daidaita yanayin halittu. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ci gaban wuta da tsayawa (itace) tana da rikitarwa kuma tana buƙatar kulawa da hankali. Ayyukan Dan Adam British Columbia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da fiber itace a duniya. A cikin shekarata 2015 an ba da rahoton cewa gandun daji na British Columbia yana tallafawa ayyukan yi 145,800 da kasuwanci 7000, tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na dala biliyan 15.7. A kasa baki daya, ana iya danganta saren gandun daji na Kanada ga ci gaban birane na hanyoyin sufuri da na shakatawa (19%), samar da wutar lantarki (10%), Kuma bangaren gandun daji (10%), da sauran masana'antun hakar albarkatun kasa (8%). British Columbia tana aiwatar da iyaka kan yanke izinin shekara-shekara ta hanyar saita iyakar adadin katako da kowane kamfani ya yarda ya girbe. A cikin lardin, 8.1% na British Columbia ana kiyaye su daga girbi, ana kiran waɗannan wurare masu kariya Nau'in Cin Hanci Nau'in cin zarafi sune waɗanda ba 'yan asalin yanki ba ne, kuma suna da ikon kawar da nau'in gida da tarwatsa tsarin yanayin muhalli. Dutsen Pine irin ƙwaro yana da mummunan tasiri a kan balagagge conifer tsaye. Zazzaɓi mai zafi daga lokacin sanyi mai laushi yana rinjayar faruwar barkewar ƙwaro ƙwaro wanda ke rage yawan mace-macen ƙwaro a lokacin hunturu. Daga shekarun 1995 2005, British Columbia ta sami raguwar lafiyar bishiyoyin conifer kuma an gano hakan yana da alaƙa da haɓakar adadin ƙwararrun ƙwaro. Baya ga dutsen Pine ƙwaro, sauran nau'ikan ɓarna masu ɓarna sun haɗa da beetles, douglas fir beetles, spruce beetles, spruce shugaban weevil, da yammacin spruce budworm Canjin yanayi yana tasiri ga rarrabawa, yanayin rayuwa, wuraren zama, da adadin mace-mace na waɗannan kwari masu cin zarafi. Tare da yanayin ɗumamar yanayi, Kuma ana samun tarin tarin tsutsotsi na nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda ke ƙara damuwa da ciyarwa da tsinkewa akan rundunonin bishiya. Tasiri daga nau'ikan masu cin zarafi a cikin British Columbia duka biyu ne na muhalli da tattalin arziki, saboda rushewar samar da katako da ake samu don girbi. Gudanar da Barazana da Daji na British Columbia Gudanar da Wuta Wutar daji ta dabi'a tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga yanayin yanayin gandun daji kamar gadon daji, daɗewar jinsuna, safa, nau'in halittu, rigakafin kwari, da kuma takin ƙasa. Ayyukan ɗan adam yana katse tasirin dabi'ar gobarar daji yana sa su ƙara ƙarfi kuma suna cutar da dazuzzuka. Don rage tasirin wuta akan shimfidar wuri, dabarun gudanarwa yakamata su rage yuwuwar farawar wuta da ƙara ƙarfin kashe wuta. Hanyar gudanarwa ta gama gari ita ake kira wajabcin ƙonewa Sannan Kuma Ana yin ƙayyadadden konewa ta hanyar kunna wuta da gangan a wasu wurare na musamman don haɓaka ɗimbin halittu da lafiyar gandun daji, tare da iyakance ikonsa na yin tasiri mai tsanani na ɗan gajeren lokaci na zamantakewa. Don rage haɗarin albarkatu, ababen more rayuwa, da lafiyar jama'a, yanke-yanke iyakoki kamar tituna ko ƙetare hanyoyin da ake amfani da su azaman shinge. Gudanar da Ayyukan Dan Adam Don magance tasirin ɗan adam akan dazuzzuka a British Columbia, sannan Kuma gudanarwa yana buƙatar yin shiri na dogon lokaci (shekaru 100-200 a nan gaba). Rikicin sauyin yanayi da tsarin muhalli yana nufin cewa hanyoyin gudanarwa yakamata su kai ga tsarin halittu gabaɗaya, maimakon tsayawa akan bishiyoyi kawai. Hakanan ya kamata hanyoyin gudanarwa su kasance masu maƙasudi da yawa a aikace don tantance halayen daji kamar bambancin halittu, samar da katako, ajiyar carbon da dalilai na nishaɗi. Ana kiran cikakkiyar dabarar gudanarwa da tsarin tallafi na yanke shawara (DSS). DSS ta zayyana sarkakiyar ayyuka dangane da gandun daji tare da magance illolin dabarun gudanarwa daban-daban akan kewayon alamomin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar nuna yuwuwar rikice-rikice, ta yin amfani da tsarin tushen kimiyya, isar da ilimi game da dorewar yanayin yanayin gandun daji, da kuma ba da jagora ta hanyar nuna abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin masu nuni. Samfuran kwaikwaiyo suna da amfani don sanin menene hanya mafi kyau don girbi bishiyoyi. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan samfuran don kula da takamaiman ko nau'ikan halittu masu haɗari ta amfani da ilimin kimiyya. Hanyar gudanar da lardi da British Columbia ke aiwatarwa ita ce Ka'idar Ayyukan daji. Sannan Kuma Dole ne duk kamfanonin gandun daji su bi wannan lambar kuma akwai sakamako idan aka karya ka'idojin lambar. Hukunce-hukuncen sun haɗa da tara, rage girman izinin yankewa ko cire 'yancin yanke' kamfani. Hanyar sarrafa albarkatun gama gari da ake amfani da su a fagage da yawa ita ce ka'idar yin taka tsantsan Kuma Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ta bayyana cewa lokacin da ba a san tasirin aikin ba, bai kamata a aiwatar da aikin ba. A cikin wannan ka'ida akwai manufar ci gaba mai ɗorewa na albarkatun ƙasa wanda ke buƙatar kiyaye haƙƙin da ake samu, ana girbi abin da ke sama da tushe. Gudanar da yanayin ƙasa wata dabara ce don kamfanonin gandun daji na kasuwanci don aiwatarwa ta hanyar ba da damar jujjuyawar tsayi tsakanin yanke. Dangane da halaye na yanki (watau yawan amfanin ƙasa, yanayin yanayin ƙasa, kusancin niƙa), ana iya sarrafa wasu yankuna musamman don samar da itace mai ƙarfi, yayin barin sauran wuraren da ba a taɓa su ba don sabuntawa Wannan dabarar tana buƙatar kula da gandun daji gabaɗaya, maimakon wani yanki na musamman don yin la'akari da bukatun zamantakewa, muhalli, da tattalin arziƙin yanki Gudanar da Nau'o'in Cin Hanci Management for invasive species requires monitoring, modelling, and assistance in promoting migration and genetic diversity. In addition to this, reducing the amount of timber harvested will conserve the present stand of trees. Monitoring insect and disease occurrences over long periods of time gives a better understanding of the effects of climate change and how forests respond to it. The information from monitoring can be used to model and forecast the range of potential future changes with indicators such as volume harvested, gross profit, ecosystem carbon storage, age-class distribution and patch-size distribution. The data from monitoring and modelling can be used to determine which tree species to breed or reintroduce in an area in order to increase tree stand resilience and reduce susceptibility to invasive species. Duba kuma Ci gaba Karatu a British Columbia sare itatuwa sare itatuwa a kasar Canada Jerin Yankunan daji da Gundumomin British Columbia Magana Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
14786	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadarwa%20a%20Ghana	Sadarwa a Ghana	Sadarwar sadarwa a Ghana ta hada da rediyo, talabijin, wayoyi tsayayyu da na hannu, da Intanet. Sadarwar ita ce babban fannin tattalin arzikin kasar Ghana bisa alkaluman kididdigar Babban Bankin Duniya saboda manufofin Ghana masu sassaucin ra'ayi game da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Daga cikin manyan sassan saka hannun jari, 65% na ICT ne, 8% na sadarwa kuma kashi 27% sun kasu kashi biyu don gudanar da harkokin gwamnati. Rediyo da talabijin A shekara ta 2007 Ghana ta kasance tana aiki da gidan Talabijin mallakar gwamnati guda daya, gidajen yanar sadarwar rediyo mallakar gwamnati; da yawa gidajen Talabijin masu zaman kansu da adadi mai yawa na gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu. Hakanan an samu wadatattun masu watsa shirye-shiryen duniya da kebul da yawa da sabis na biyan kuɗi TV. A shekarar 2010, akwai tashoshin rediyo da aka basu izini 140 wadanda suke aiki da kuma tashoshin talabijin 32 masu izini da kimanin 26 ke aiki. Masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin sun hada da First Digital TV (ATV, BTA, FAITH TV, CHANNEL D, STAR TV, FTV, SPORTS 24, CINIMAX, PLANET KIDZ) TV Africa, Metro TV, TV3, GTV, GH One TV da Viasat 1. Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gana (GBC) wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a 1968 ita ce hukumar da ke samar da rediyo da talabijin na farar hula. An kirkireshi ne don ci gaban fannonin ilimi da nishaɗi da haɓaka ilimin mutanen Ghana. 'Yancin' yan jarida Bayan hambarar da zababbiyar gwamnatin da Jerry Rawlings ya yi a watan Disambar 1981, Provisional National Defense Council ta soke sauye-sauyen hanyoyin yada labarai na gwamnatocin da suka gabata, ta soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, da kuma zartar da dokokin da suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, korarrun editocin da ke sukar Rawlings ko majalisar wucin gadi, Dokar Kariya da lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsare ‘yan jarida ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ba, da kuma Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. An sake dawo da 'yancin' yan jaridar na Ghana tare da fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, da kuma komawa mulkin dimokiradiyya mai yawa a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993. Kafafen watsa labaran Ghana a yau suna daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka, inda Ghana ta zama ta uku mafi 'yanci a Afirka kuma ta 30 a duniya a kan Fitar da' Yancin 'Yan Jaridu ta Duniya daga 2013 daga masu ba da rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana ya ba da tabbaci ga 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin yada labarai, 'yancin magana da bayyana ra'ayi, tunani, da bayanai. Wayoyi Lambar share fage na Ghana don kiran ƙasashen duniya itace +233. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 akwai tsayayyun layukan tarho 285,000 da ake amfani da su, na 120 a duniya, da layukan wayoyin salula miliyan 25.6, na 42 a duniya. Tsarin tarho yayi tsufa, tare da ingantattun hanyoyin ingantaccen layin waya wanda aka maida hankali sosai a Accra da wasu madafun hanyar waya mara waya da aka sanya, akwatunan cikin gida da farko suna amfani da relay microwave. Akwai tashoshin duniyar tauraron dan adam 4 Intelsat (Tekun Atlantika). Rediyon Microwave relay ya danganta Ghana zuwa ga maƙwabta (2009). SAT-3/WASC, Main One, GLO-1, da ACE igiyoyi masu zurfin gani da ido na ƙasa da ƙasa na ACE suna ba da haɗin kai zuwa ƙasashe a gefen yammacin Afirka da Turai da Asiya. A cikin 2010 an ba da layin waya biyu da kamfanoni shida na wayar hannu don yin aiki a Ghana wanda 5 ke aiki, 13 masu ba da tauraron dan adam an ba da izinin 8 na aiki, Masu ba da sabis na VSAT 176 an ba da izini daga cikinsu 57 na aiki, kuma an ba da izinin cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a na jama'a da masu zaman kansu 99 waɗanda 25 ke aiki. Kamfanonin sadarwa masu izini sun hada da Mobile Telecommunications Networks (MTN), Vodafone Ghana wacce ta sayi Telecom Ghana, Tigo wanda ya maye gurbin Mobitel (Millicom International Cellular), Bharti Airtel da Zain wanda ya sami Western Telesystems Ltd (Westel), Glo Mobile Ghana Limited, da kuma Expresso Telecom wanda ya sami Kasapa Telecom. A cikin 2017, Tigo Ghana da Airtel Ghana sun haɗu sun zama AirtelTigo. Gasa tsakanin masu samarda-wayoyin salula da yawa sun haifar da ci gaba, tare da wayar salula a cikin 2009 fiye da 80 cikin 100 kowane mutum kuma yana tashi. An ƙara farashin wayoyin hannu ta haraji kusan 38%. Intanet Babban yankin Ghana shine .gh. Ghana ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a Afirka da suka fara amfani da Intanet. Tare da matsakaicin saurin saukar da gidaje na 5.8 Mbit/s Ghana ta kasance ta uku mafi sauri a cikin nahiyar Afirka kuma ta 110 mafi sauri daga cikin kasashe 188 na duniya a cikin watan Fabrairun 2014. A shekarar 2009 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 1.3, 93rd a duniya. A shekarar 2012 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 4.2 (kashi na 69 a duniya) ko kuma 17.1% na yawan jama'a (na 149 a duniya). A cikin 2012 akwai tsayayyun 62,124 (109th a duniya; 0.3% na yawan jama'a, 156th a duniya) da kuma mara waya mara waya ta 8.2 (27th a duniya; 33.3% na yawan jama'a, 49th a duniya) rajistar broadband. A shekarar 2012 akwai masu karbar bakuncin Intanet 59,086 da ke aiki a Ghana, na 93 a duniya, kuma an baiwa Ghana kaso 332,544 IPv4, 102 a duniya, da kasa da 0.05% na duka duniya, da adireshi 13.2 cikin mutum 1000. A cikin 2010 akwai masu ba da sabis na Intanet 165 waɗanda 30 ke aiki. Tantance yanar gizo da sa ido Babu takunkumin da gwamnati ta yi wa intanet ko rahotannin da gwamnati ke sa ido a kan imel ko ɗakunan hira ta Intanit ba tare da sa idon shari'a ba. Kowane mutum da kungiyoyi suna yin maganganun cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, gami da imel. Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda ba da gangan suka kame' yan jarida. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, dangi, gida, ko wasika, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wadannan abubuwan a aikace. A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana. Duba Kuma Ghana Internet Exchange (GIX) New media in Ghana Media in Ghana Terrestrial optical fibre cable projects in Ghana Internet in Ghana Latest Short Codes For MTN Ghana Africa Digital Awards Kara karantawa
11221	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiane%20Feghouli	Sofiane Feghouli	Sofiane Feghouli an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, shekarar alif 1989), ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Galatasaray na Süper Lig na Turkiyya da kuma tawagar 'yan wasan Aljeriya. Ya fi aiki a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na dama, amma kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin winger kuma a matsayin mai kai hari. Feghouli ya fara bugawa Algeria wasa a watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2012. Ya wakilci Algeria a shekarar 2013, 2015, 2019 da 2021 na gasar cin kofin Afrika (na lashe gasar 2019), da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014, inda ya ci wa Algeria kwallo ta farko a gasar tun shekarar alif 1986. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Feghouli a Levallois-Perret iyayensa 'yan Aljeriya ne. Mahaifinsa dan Tiaret ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga Ghazaouet. Yana da 'yan uwa 4. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Grenoble Feghouli ya fara aikinsa tare da Grenoble, bayan tawagar Faransa Paris Saint-Germain ta yanke shawarar kada ta shiga shi bayan gwaji. Domin kashi na ƙarshe na kakar shekarar 2006–2007, an haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 33. Ya buga wasansa na farko da ake jira sosai, yana da shekaru 17, a kulob din a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2007, a wasan Ligue 2 da Reims, ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Grenoble ya yi nasara da ci 1-0. Ya sake buga wasanni biyu a waccan kakar, gami da farkonsa na farko a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa da Montpellier a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2007. Montpellier ta ci wasan da ci 1-0 tare da Feghouli ya buga minti 56 kafin a fitar da shi. A ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2007, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun na farko tare da Grenoble, yana riƙe da shi a gefe har zuwa shekarar 2010. A kakar wasa ta gaba, an ba shi rigar lamba 8 kuma, duk da kasancewarsa ɗan shekaru 17, an ba shi muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rukunin farko. Duk da matsin lambar da ake yi masa na "sabon Zidane", gudummawar da ya bayar ga 'yan wasan ya yi nasara, ya bayyana a wasanni 27 kuma ya zira kwallaye uku, yana taimaka wa Grenoble ya samu nasara a gasar Ligue 1. Burin aikinsa na farko ya zo ne a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2008, a cikin nasara 4–3 a waje da Reims, kulob din da ya fuskanta a karon farko. Feghouli ya dawo kakar 2009–2010, inda ya fara halarta a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2009, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 1–0 a hannun abokan hamayyar Rhône-Alpes Saint-Étienne. Bayan ya bayyana a cikin karin wasanni biyar, jami'an Grenoble sun gano cewa Feghouli ya tsaga maniscus a gwiwarsa ta dama. An yi nasarar yi wa gwiwar aikin tiyata a watan Oktoba. Bayan tiyatar, jami'an Grenoble, musamman Shugaba Pierre Wantiez, sun yi matukar sukar dan wasan. Wantiez tambaya Feghouli ta dogon jinkiri a dawo da tawagar da player ta muradi game da canja wuri kamar yadda Feghouli zai kasance daga kwangila a lokacin rani da aka riga magana da dama clubs, mafi musamman Mutanen Espanya kulob din Valencia. Wantiez ya danganta yunkurin Feghouli na baya-bayan nan da "mummunan shawara" daga wakilin dan wasan. Valencia A ranar 20 ga watan May, shekarar 2010, Feghouli ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu tare da Valencia CF. Ya fara buga gasar La Liga a ranar 25 ga watan.Satumba, inda ya maye gurbin Juan Mata a wasan da suka doke Sporting de Gijón da ci 2-0. A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2011, bayan bayyanar da hankali ga gefen Valencian, Feghouli an ba shi rance ga ƙungiyar UD Almería ta ƙwararrun, har zuwa watan Yuni. Ya bayyana akai-akai a Andalusians, duk da haka an sake su a karshen kakar wasa. Bayan ya dawo daga Almería, kuma ya ci riba daga tafiyar Mata da Vicente, Feghouli ya zama dan wasa, kuma ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a ragar Los Che a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2011, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Getafe CF da ci 3-1 a gida. Kwallon da ya yi a Valencia a shekara ta 2012, ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Algeria guda biyu, Ballon d'Or na Algeria na Le Buteur da DZFoot d'Or A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2016, kulob din ya dakatar da Feghouli a cikin rahotannin da ya ki shiga cikin wani dumi bayan nasarar 2-1 a gida a kan Sevilla a ranar da ta gabata. Har ila yau rahotanni sun ce bai yi atisaye ba a kwanakin baya. Ya kawo karshen aikinsa na Valencia da wasanni 202, inda ya zira kwallaye 31 kuma ya taimaka 40. West Ham United A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2016, an sanar da cewa Feghouli zai koma West Ham United a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2016, akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya buga wasansa na farko a West Ham a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, a wasan da suka doke NK Domžale da ci 2–1 a gasar cin kofin Turai ta Uku. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a mako mai zuwa a karawar da suka yi da Domžale, wasan farko da West Ham ta yi a filin wasa na Landan inda West Ham ta ci 3-0, inda ta kai ga wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Europa. Feghouli ya fara buga gasar Premier karon farko a wasan farko na West Ham a shekarar 2017, inda ya samu jan kati mai tsauri bayan mintuna 15 bayan ya kalubalanci dan wasan Manchester United Phil Jones a wasan da suka doke su da ci 2-0. Bayan daukaka kara kan katin da West Ham ta yi, an soke shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu. Galatasaray A watan Agusta shekara ta 2017, Feghouli ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Galatasaray. Galatasaray ta biya West Ham kudi Yuro miliyan 4.25. Ayyukan kasa Faransa Feghouli ya cancanci buga wasa a duka Algeria da Faransa. Feghouli ya bayyana abin da ya fi so shi ne buga wa Faransa wasa kuma ya bayyana a cikin gungun matasa na Faransa da yawa. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2008, kocin tawagar kasar Raymond Domenech ya zabi dan wasan don tunkarar tawagar da za ta buga da Uruguay. Duk da haka, manajan tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Algeria Rabah Saadane ya tuntubi Feghouli ta wayar tarho a kokarinsa na ganin dan wasan ya buga wa Algeria wasan sada zumunci da tawagar za ta yi da Mali ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba. Shima kyaftin din kungiyar Yazid Mansouri ya tuntubi dan wasan. Aljeriya A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2011, an ba da rahoton cewa, yayin da yake kan aro a Almeria, Feghouli ya gana da Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya Mohamed Raouraoua. Feghouli ya amince ya buga wa Algeria wasa kuma an gayyace shi zuwa wani sansanin atisaye da ake gudanarwa a Spain domin karawa da Morocco. Bai samu damar halartar zaman ba, amma motsin ya taba shi, inda ya amince ya samu halartar wasan Tanzaniya a maimakon haka. A ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba, 2011, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya ta sanar da cewa FIFA a hukumance ta amince da bukatar Feghouli na sauya sheka daga Faransa zuwa Algeria, kuma ya cancanci wakilcin Algeria a gasar kasa da kasa tun daga wannan ranar. Bayan kwana biyu, a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, kocin Algeria Vahid Halilhodžić ya kira Feghouli don buga wasan sada zumunci da Tunisia da Kamaru a watan Nuwamba. A ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairun 2012, Feghouli ya fara buga wa tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Aljeriya a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afirka da suka doke Gambia da ci 2-1, inda ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara. A lokacin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014, ya zira kwallaye uku a raga a wasanni bakwai na Les Fennecs. A wasan farko na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 2014, da tawagar kasar ta yi, da ci 2-1 a hannun Belgium a Belo Horizonte, Feghouli ya zura kwallo a bugun fenareti. Algeria ta ci kwallon farko a gasar cin kofin duniya cikin shekaru 28. Abin mamaki an cire shi daga cikin 'yan wasan gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2017. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallon Feghouli. Girmamawa Galatasaray Süper Lig 2017 zuwa 2018, 2018 zuwa 2019, Kofin Turkiyya 2018 zuwa 2019 Gasar Cin Kofin Turkiyya 2019 Aljeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Mutum Kyautar LFP Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Afirka: 2014 zuwa 2015 DZFoot d'Or 2012 Gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya 2012 Manazarta External links Bayanan martaba na Valencia La Liga profile Sofiane Feghouli Sofiane Feghouli Sofiane Feghouli Ƙididdigar Ciberche da bio Sofiane Feghouli 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20868	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20da%20%C6%B3anci%20ta%20%C6%98asar%20Nijar	Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Ƴanci ta Ƙasar Nijar	Hukumar Kare Hakkin Ɗan-Adam da 'Yanci ta Ƙasa fr La Commission Nationale des Droits de l'Homme et des Libertés Fondamentales, CNDHLF a kasar Niger, Yammacin Afirka wata hukuma ce ta kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta kasa, da ake zargi da gudanar da bincike akanta, saboda karya dokokin kare hakkin dan adam da nasiha ga Gwamnatin Nijar kan al'amuran da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam. Ta kasance memba ta kungiyar Sadarwar ƙungiyoyin ƴancin Dan Adam na Afirka kuma an amince da ita a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta hanyar Kwamitin ƙungiyar ƙasashen Duniya na NHRIs. Ikon tsarin mulki Mataki na 33 na kundin tsarin mulki ne na shekarar 1999 ya ƙirƙiro wani kwamiti, na hukuma don yin bincike da bayar da rahoto game da cin zarafin ɗan adam. An zaɓi membobinta daga ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na 'yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin shari'a, da ofisoshin gwamnati. Kwamitin ya ƙunshi mambobi 19, waɗanda kuma aka zaɓa na wa'adin shekaru uku ta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara a cikin kundin tsarin mulki. Bata da ikon kamawa, amma tana iya bincika cin zarafin ko dai don son ranta ko kuma lokacin da wanda aka zalunta ya caje shi. Ya kai rahoto ga shugaban ƙasar Nijar. Kafawa Labarin da ya ƙirƙiro Hukumar da ke Kula da Hakkokin Dan-Adam a zahiri an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin Tsarin Mulkin a shekarar 1996, na Jamhuriya ta Huɗu ta Nijar (a matsayin Mataki na 33), kuma ƙirƙirarta ya zama doka ta hanyar doka ta 98-55 ta 29 Disamba 1998. Kafin a ƙirƙiro Kwamitin, Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Nijar an kifar da Shugaba Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, an kashe shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1999, sannan an dakatar da tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Hudu. Tsarin mulki na watan Yulin shekarata 1999 na Jamhuriya ta biyar ta Nijar ya hada kalmomi iri daya wadanda suka wajaba ga Hukumar Kula da Hakkokin Ɗan Adam. An fara kafa kwamitin a watan Maris na shekarar 2000. A cikin 2000 Hukumar ta buga abin da Amurka ta kira "rahoto mai sahihanci, bincike sosai" a kan shari'ar 2000 ta sajan sojoji biyu, wadanda suka bace bayan da wasu sojoji suka kama su saboda zarginsu da hannu a sacewa da ɓacewar Manjo a watan Yunin shekarata 2000 Djibrilla Hima, kwamandan rundunar sojoji ta sojoji. A karshen watan Mayu 2001, an sake sauran sojoji 18 da aka kama da ake zargi da hannu a satar sai an ci gaba da bincike; duk da haka, ba a sani ba idan an dauki wani mataki a kan sojojin da ake zargin sun buge da azabtar da 3 daga cikin sojojin da aka tsare a shekarar 2000. Mai gabatar da ƙara tare da cikakken alhakin shari'ar satar mutane sun binciki zargin azabtarwa da bacewar; duk da haka, an cire shi daga shari'ar a tsakiyar shekarata 2000 bayan wata guda na bincike mai tsanani, kuma babu wani ƙarin bincike game da lamarin. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar farko, Hukumar ta bayar da rahoto wanda ya gano cewa Gwamnati ta karya dokoki da ka’idoji game da sarakunan gargajiya lokacin da ta cire Sarkin Zinder. Abubuwan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin fararen hula sun yi nasarar adawa da yunƙurin gwamnati na canza ƙungiyar a cikin shekarar 2001, amma daga ƙarshe an sake tsara ta a cikin 2002 don haɗa da ƙarin wakilcin gwamnati ta hanyar ƙara ma'aikatan gwamnati daga Ma'aikatun Shari'a, Cikin Gida, Ci Gaban Jama'a, da Ƙwadago a cikin Umarni da rage wakilci daga ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Shugabancin Lompo An zabi Garba Lompo a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar a shekarar 2001, sannan aka sake zabar sa a 2004. Wa'adin mulkin nasa ya kasance mai sukar lamirin aikin hukumar. A lokacin da Timidria, ƙungiyar da ke yaki da bautar da mutane, ta yi yunƙurin shirya wani bikin don 'yantar da bayi 7,000 a Inatès a farkon shekarar 2005, CNDHLF ta ce a maimakon haka kungiyar ta bayyana bikin a matsayin "kamfen din wayar da kan jama'a da kuma yaɗuwar doka da yin ayyukan bautar da bayi. A wurin bikin, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 5 ga Maris din shekarata 2005, Shugaban CNDHLF Lompo ya kasance kuma ya bayyana cewa "duk wani yunƙuri na 'yantar da bayi a ƙasar [ya kasance] ba bisa doka ba kuma ba za a karɓa ba"; ya kuma ce "za a hukunta duk wani mutum da ke bikin kwato 'yancin bayi ƙarƙashin doka". A cikin rahotonta da ta fitar a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2005, CNDHLF ta bayyana cewa bautar bayi a yankin kuma ta zargi wadanda ke yada bautar "jita-jita" da aiki a asirce don "bata sunan kasar" da hana masu bayar da tallafi. A cikin shawarwarin nata, rahoton na CNDHLF ya yi kira da a kama shugabannin Timidria (an kame biyu daga cikinsu a ranar da aka fitar da rahoton), rusa kungiyar da kuma daskarar da asusun ajiyarta na banki. Lombo ya bukaci Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da “tabbatar da sa ido a kai a kai game da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ayyukan ƙungiyoyi a cikin kasar”. Daga baya a shekarar 2005, Lompo ya ce "babu bayi a Nijar. Sauran dangantakar zamantakewar da za a iya lasafta ta a matsayin bayi shiri ne na son rai bisa dogaro da al'ada kuma an ci gaba saboda bayin sun sami kwanciyar hankali tare da maigidan, a cewar Lompo. A ranar 14 ga Satumbar shekarar 2006, Lompo ya yi jawabi a gaban Babban Taron Majalisar Dyinkin Duniya kan Tattaunawar Babban Matsayi kan Shige da Fice da Ci Gaban Kasashen Duniya. Ya sanar a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2007 cewa gwamnati ta fara bincike don sanin ko akwai bayi a zahiri ko "shin waɗannan maganganun marasa tushe ne kawai". Bayan da Ali Madou yan tawayen Abzinawa suka yi awon gaba da Mataimakin Shugaban CNDHLF a tsakiyar watan Mayun 2008, Lombo ya yi kira ga' yan tawayen da su saki Madou nan take ba tare da wani sharadi ba. Ya zuwa 2007 da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴanci ta ƙasar Nijar da gwamnati ta kafa ta yi aiki ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba amma ba ta da wadatattun ayyuka, ana ɗauka cewa ba shi da inganci, kuma ba a ba da reportsan rahoto ko shawarwari. A lokacinda aka gudanar da sabon zaben hukumar a 2007 amma takaddama kan tsarin tantancewar ta ci gaba, tare da wakilan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam guda biyu da ke takara da juna. Gwamnati ta yi kokarin sasanta rikicin, amma daya daga cikin kungiyoyin ta nemi a sasanta Kotun Koli, yayin da wakilan rukuni na biyu suka hau kujerar naki a hukumar. Shugaban Djibouti A ranar 4 ga Satumbar shekarar 2008 aka zabi sabon shugaban kungiyar CNDHLF tare da Mamoudou Djibo, wani malami, ya zama Shugaba, Aissata Adamou Zakaria, tsohuwar majistare da ta zama mataimakin kujera. An cire Lompo Garba daga tsayawa takarar kujera saboda takaita wa’adi biyu. An zabi Anne Marie Douramane, masanin shari’a, Rapporteur General da Oumarou Lalo Keita, dan jarida an zaɓi mataimaki Rapporteur. An zaɓi tsohon jakada Boubacar Bello a matsayin Ma'aji. Manazarta Tarihin Nijar Nijar Afirka Pages with unreviewed
21209	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangantakar%20Chad%E2%80%93Libya	Dangantakar Chad–Libya	Dangantakar Chadi–Libya ta samo asali ne daga ƙarnonin da suka gabata na ƙabilanci, addini, da kasuwanci. Tarihi Shekarun 1960 A ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Turawan Faransa da na Italia, bi da bi, Chadi da Libya sun karkata kan manufa da ci gaba. Amma ko da bayan 'yancin Chadi a shekarar 1960, yawancin' yan arewa har ila yau sun fi kusanci da mutanen Libya fiye da gwamnatin kudanci da ke mamaye a N'Djamena. Bayan kwace mulki a shekarata 1969, shugaban kasar Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya sake jaddada ikirarin Libya ga Yankin Aozou, yanki mai murabba'in kilomita 100,000 na arewacin Chadi wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin garin Aozou. Libya ta kafa hujja ne da daya daga cikin yarjeniyoyi masu yawa da suka shafi iyakokin mulkin mallaka, kuma ta karfafa waɗannan ikirarin ta hanyar sanya dakaru a Zirin Aozou tun daga shekarar 1972 Gaddafi ta sha'awar ƙarin gini da Aozou Gaza girma daga wani tsararru na damuwa, ciki har da yankin ta ruwaito ma'adinai dũkiya, ciki har da uranium Ya kuma fatan kafa wani m gwamnati a Chadi da kuma mika Musulunci tasiri a cikin yankin Sahel ta hanyar Chadi da kuma Sudan. Shugaban Chadi Hissène Habré ya kasance mai karfin gwiwa daga tsohuwar ikon mulkin mallaka, Faransa, wacce ke son takaita ayyukan fadada Libya a yankin da ke da kusanci da Paris. Tallafin Faransawa ya haɗa da tura sojoji don yaƙar 'yan Libiya a yankin na Chadi. A yin hakan, Faransa ta sami goyon bayan Amurka a siyasance, tare da damuwa da ƙaruwar faɗaɗa Gaddafi. Hadadden tsari na buƙatun masarufi kuma ya lalata bin Libya na neman yanki da tasiri a cikin Sahel. Kalaman adawa da mulkin mallaka da na adawa da mulkin mallaka na Gaddafi waɗanda suka lalata tsakanin hare-haren da aka kaiwa Amurka da yakin neman zaɓe da ya mayar da hankali kan kasancewar Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yana kuma fatan raunana alakar Chadi da Yammacin duniya ta hakan zai rage shigar da Afirka cikin tsarin mulkin kasashe masu mulkin Yamma. Tilasta sake sabunta daya daga cikin iyakokin mulkin mallaka da ƙungiyar ta OAU ta tabbatar a shekarar 1963 wani mataki ne a wannan hanyar wacce ta zama mai yuwuwa a cikin yanayin ƙasar Chadi da ke fama da rikici, wanda mambobin ƙungiyar ta OAU suka kira ta "mahada mafi rauni". Shekarun 1970 Gaddafi ya yi kokarin kawance da wasu shugabannin ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da gwamnati a Chadi a cikin shekarun 1970, ciki har da Goukouni, Siddick, Acyl Ahmat (dan asalin Chadi dan asalin Larabawa), da Kamougué, dan kudu. Goukouni da Acyl sun fi nuna juyayi ga burin Gaddafi na yankin, amma waɗannan mutane biyu sun yi arangama a 1979, wanda ya sa Acyl ya kafa CDR. Bayan mutuwar Acyl a cikin 1982, tallafin Libya ya koma GUNT mai ƙarfi na Goukouni. Libya ta tsoma baki a aikin soji a Chadi a 1978 da 1979, inda ta fara rikicin Chadi-Libya Shekarun 1980 A shekarar 1980, Libya ta sake shiga tsakani a yaƙin basasar Chadi, inda ta mamaye mafi yawan kasar ciki har da babban birnin N'Djamena a watan Disamba. A ranar 6 ga Janairun 1981, shugaban 'yan uwa na Libya Ghaddafi da shugaban' yan tawayen Chadi Goukouni suka fitar da sanarwar sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa a Libya cewa Libya da Chadi sun yanke shawarar "yin aiki don samun cikakken hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu". Da yake fuskantar duka kakkausar suka daga ƙasashen duniya da kuma adawa ta ciki daga 'yan tawayen Chadi, Gaddafi da Goukouni sun mara baya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba alaƙar su ta ɓarke lokacin da Goukouni ya yi ƙoƙari ya karɓi matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo ƙarshen kasancewar sojojin na Libya. Daga karshe, a ranar 29 ga Oktoba Goukouni ya bukaci a dawo da sojojin Libya a ƙarshen shekara, kuma abin mamaki da sauri Gaddafi ya yi biyayya kuma ya janye dukkan sojojin Libya zuwa Zirin Aouzou kafin 16 ga Nuwamba. Bangaren ‘yan tawayen FAN karkashin jagorancin Hissène Habré sun hau kan karagar mulki kuma a 1982 sun kori Goukouni daga N’Djamena, lamarin da ya tilasta wa kungiyarsa ta GUNT komawa arewa. GUNT ya sake tunkuɗe Habré a watan Disamba da Janairun 1983, duk da haka, kuma daga ƙarshe Gaddafi ya yanke shawarar tallafawa GUNT din Goukouni kuma. Wani sabon shiga tsakani na Libya ya biyo baya a watan Yuni, kodayake yawanci ya kasance ta hanyar tallafi na kayan GUNT. Faransa (a karkashin Operation Manta Amurka da Zaire sun sa baki a madadin Habré kuma sun fatattaki GUNT da Libya ke marawa baya a ƙarshen Yuli. A tsakiyar shekarata 1988 Gaddafi ya fi son ya zo ya sasanta da Habré fiye da ci gaba da marawa kawayen Gaddafi baya, waɗanda suka yi asara a hannun Habré. Ministocin harkokin wajen Chadi da na Libya sun haɗu a watan Agustan 1988, kuma gwamnatocin biyu sun amince a ci gaba da tattaunawa. A lokaci guda, sojojin Libya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Zirin Aozou. A hankali, dangantaka a tsakanin ƙasashen biyu ta inganta, inda Ghaddafi ya ba da alamun cewa yana son daidaita alaƙar da gwamnatin Chadi, har ta kai ga cewa yaƙin ya kasance kuskure. A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1988 shugaban Libya ya ayyana zai amince da Habré a matsayin halattaccen shugaban Chadi "a matsayin kyauta ga Afirka"; wannan ya haifar a ranar 3 ga Oktoba don sake dawo da cikakkiyar dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. A shekara mai zuwa, a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1989, wakilan Chadi da na Libya sun hadu a Algiers don sasantawa kan Tsarin Tsarin Yarjejeniyar sasanta rikicin Yankin, wanda Gaddafi ya amince ya tattauna da Habré na Yankin Aouzou tare da gabatar da batun zuwa Kotun Duniya na Shari'a (ICJ) don yanke hukunci mai daurewa idan tattaunawar ɓangarorin biyu ta gaza. Sabili da haka, bayan shekara guda na tattaunawar da ba ta dace ba, ɓangarorin sun gabatar a cikin Satumbar 1990 takaddamar zuwa Kotun ICJ. Dangantakar Chadi da Libya ta kara inganta yayin da Idriss Déby mai samun goyon bayan Libya ya cire sunan Habré a ranar 2 ga Disamba. Gaddafi shi ne shugaban ƙasa na farko da ya amince da sabon mulkin, sannan kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjeniyoyin abota da hadin kai a matakai daban-daban; amma game da Zirin Aouzou Déby ya bi wanda ya gabace shi, yana mai bayyana cewa idan ya zama dole zai yi yaki don ganin an cire zirin daga hannun Libya. Shekarun 1990 An kammala rikicin na Aouzou da kyau a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1994, lokacin da alƙalai na ICJ da rinjayen 16 zuwa 1 suka yanke hukuncin cewa Yankin Aouzou na ƙasar Chadi ne. An zartar da hukuncin kotun ba tare da bata lokaci ba, bangarorin biyu suka sanya hannu tun a ranar 4 ga Afrilu kan yarjejeniya game da hanyoyin aiwatar da hukuncin. Masu sa ido na ƙasa da ƙasa sun sa ido, ficewar sojojin Libya daga Zirin ya fara ne a ranar 15 ga Afrilu kuma an kammala shi da 10 ga Mayu. Canja wuri zuwa ƙarshe zuwa Hutu daga Libya zuwa Chadi ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Mayu, lokacin da ɓangarorin suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar haɗin gwiwa da ke nuna cewa ficewar Libya ta samu aiki. Shekarun 2000 A watan Oktoban shekarar 2007, ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye huɗu a Chadi suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da gwamnatin ƙasar su, inda shugaban Libya Kanar Muammar Gaddafi ya ɗauki nauyin tattaunawar. Shugabannin Chadi da na Sudan sun halarci wannan taron su ma. A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2009, tawagogin ministocin daga Chadi da Libya suka amince da yarjejeniyoyi bakwai da nufin ƙara matakan da suka shafi tsaro da kasuwanci gami da inganta haɗin gwiwar siyasa tsakanin kasashen. Firayim Ministan Chadi Youssouf Saleh Abbas da Firayim Ministan Libya Baghdadi Mahmudi ne suka jagoranci tattaunawar ministocin. Da sauran wurare da kuma Chadi Shugaban kasar Idriss Deby da kuma Libya shugaban Muammar Gaddafi zo tare a kan al'amurran da suka shafi kamar yadda ceton da hanzari ƙunci tafkin Chadi da kuma aiki yadda da ƙungiyar tarayyar Afirka zai iya zama mafi shiga a cikin sulhu rikice-rikice na Afirka muhimmanci. A wani ci gaban kuma, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya jagoranci Gidauniyar kasa da kasa ta Gaddafi don ƙungiyoyin agaji da ci gaba, a rubuce a jaridar Oya, ta yi karin bayani kan aniyarta ta tsugunar da 'yan gudun hijira daga Chadi a Libya tare da bayar da godiya ga waɗanda suka taimaka. Shekarun 2010 Tun daga yakin basasar Libya a shekarar 2011, alaƙar ƙasashen biyu ta kara tabarbarewa. A shekara ta 2013 shugaban Chadi Idriss Déby ya zargi sabbin hukumomin Libya da barin sojojin haya na Chadi su kafa sansanoni a Libya daga inda suka shirya kai hare-hare zuwa arewacin Chadi. Tun lokacin da yakin basasar Libya na biyu ya fara tsakanin bangarori daban-daban a Libya, sojojin haya daga Chadi da sauran kasashen yankin suna shiga cikin rikicin. A watan Agustan 2016, hukumomin Libya sun rufe ofishin jakadancinsu a N'Djamena tare da kiran jakadanta, Mohammed Khalifa, bisa shawarar da Chadi ta yanke. Hakan ya faru ne bayan ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Chadi ta kori jami’an diflomasiyyar Libya 13 daga Chadi. A cewar wata sanarwa daga ma'aikatar, "Mun lura cewa akwai dimbin jami'an diflomasiyya na mulki da sojoji da ke aiki a ofishin jakadancin. Zaman su a Chadi bai dace ba. Gwamnatin Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar ta kasa da kasa da aka amince da ita a Libya ta lura da damuwar da ake da ita game da yawan ma'aikata na ofisoshin jakadancin Libya a ƙasashen waje. A cikin watan Janairun 2017, Chadi ta rufe iyakarta ta arewa tare da Libya saboda rashin amincewar ƙasar cikin ruɗani zai tilasta wa wasu mayaka tserewa zuwa cikin ita kanta Chadi. A sakamakon haka, Chadi ta ba da umarnin tura dakaru a kan iyaka don yin kokarin dakatar da duk wani dan bindiga da ke tserewa cikin kasar. Manazarta Tarihin Afrika Tarihin Chadi Tarihin Cadi Libya Pages with unreviewed
30054	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%27urar%20dake%20sarrafa%20zafi%20daga%20shara	Na'urar dake sarrafa zafi daga shara	Naúrar dawo da zafi na sharar gida (WHRU) shine mai musanya zafi mai dawo da makamashi wanda ke canja wurin zafi daga abubuwan sarrafawa a babban zafin jiki zuwa wani ɓangaren tsari don wasu dalilai, yawanci yana haɓaka aiki. WHRU kayan aiki ne da ke cikin haɗin kai Kuma Za'a iya fitar da sharar da zafi daga tushe kamar iskar hayaki mai zafi daga janareta na dizal, tururi daga hasumiya mai sanyaya, ko ma sharar ruwa daga hanyoyin sanyaya kamar na sanyaya karfe. Raka'a dawo da zafi Zafin da aka samu a cikin iskar iskar iskar gas na matakai daban-daban ko ma daga magudanar ruwa na naúrar sanyaya za a iya amfani da ita don dumama gas mai shigowa. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don dawo da zafin datti. Kuma Yawancin tsire-tsire masu yin ƙarfe suna amfani da wannan tsari a matsayin hanyar tattalin arziki don haɓaka samar da shuka tare da ƙarancin man fetur. Sannan Akwai raka'o'in dawo da kasuwanci daban-daban don canja wurin makamashi daga matsakaicin sararin samaniya zuwa ƙasa ɗaya: Recuperators Ana ba da wannan sunan ga nau'ikan musayar zafi daban-daban waɗanda iskar gas ɗin da ake ratsawa a ciki, sun ƙunshi bututun ƙarfe waɗanda ke ɗaukar iskar gas ɗin don haka sai a fara dumama iskar kafin shigar da aikin. Ƙunƙarar zafi misali ne wanda ke aiki akan ka'ida ɗaya da naúrar sanyaya iska Regenerators Wannan rukunin masana'antu ne wanda ke sake amfani da rafi iri ɗaya bayan sarrafawa. A cikin wannan nau'in farfadowa na zafi, ana sake farfado da zafi kuma a sake amfani da shi a cikin tsari. Canjin bututu mai zafi: Bututun zafi suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu sarrafa thermal. Suna da ikon canja wurin zafi sau ɗari fiye da jan karfe. An fi sanin bututun zafi a fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar yadda ake amfani da su a cikin masu tara bututun da aka kwashe Ana amfani da bututu mai zafi a sararin samaniya, tsari ko dumama iska, a cikin sharar da zafi daga wani tsari da ake canjawa wuri zuwa kewaye saboda ta hanyar canja wurin Thermal Wheel ko Rotary Heat Exchanger: ya ƙunshi madauwari madauwari na saƙar zuma na kayan da ke ɗaukar zafi, wanda a hankali ke jujjuya shi a cikin samarwa da rafukan iska na tsarin sarrafa iska. Tattalin Arziki Idan akwai tukunyar jirgi mai sarrafawa, zubar da zafi a cikin iskar iskar gas yana wucewa tare da na'urar recupeter wanda ke ɗaukar ruwan shigar da tukunyar jirgi kuma don haka yana rage yawan kuzarin kuzarin ruwan shigar. Famfon zafi Yin amfani da wani ruwa mai narkewa wanda ke tafasa a ƙananan zafin jiki yana nufin cewa makamashi na iya sake haɓakawa daga ruwan sharar gida. Gudu a kusa da coil ya ƙunshi coils biyu ko fiye da yawa na lallausan lallausan layukan da aka haɗa da juna ta hanyar da'irar bututun mai famfo. Abubuwan tacewa (DPF) don ɗaukar hayaƙi ta hanyar kiyaye yanayin zafi mafi girma kusa da mai juyawa da bututun wutsiya don rage yawan hayaƙi daga shaye-shaye. Na'urar busar da zafi mai ɗorewa (WHRB) ta bambanta da na'urar samar da tururi mai dawo da zafi HRSG a ma'anar cewa matsakaicin zafi ba ya canza lokaci. Zafin wutar lantarki Bisa ga rahoton da Energetics Incorporated ya yi don DOE a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2004 mai suna Technology Roadmap da kuma wasu da dama da hukumar Turai ta yi, yawancin samar da makamashi daga al'ada da albarkatun da za a iya sabuntawa sun ɓace zuwa yanayi saboda wurin (rashin ingancin kayan aiki). da hasarar da aka yi a sanadiyyar sharar da zafin rana) da kuma asara (asara ta USB da taswirar wuta), wanda adadin ya kai kusan kashi 66% na asarar wutar lantarki. Za'a iya samun ɓarkewar zafi na digiri daban-daban a cikin samfuran ƙarshe na wani tsari ko azaman samfuri a masana'antu kamar suttura a cikin masana'antar ƙera ƙarfe Kuma Raka'a ko na'urorin da za su iya dawo da zafin sharar da kuma canza shi zuwa wutar lantarki ana kiran su WHRUs ko zafi zuwa raka'a Sashin sake zagayowar kwayoyin halitta (ORC) yana amfani da ruwan halitta azaman ruwan aiki Ruwan yana da ƙarancin tafasawa fiye da ruwa don ƙyale shi ya tafasa a ƙananan zafin jiki, don samar da iskar gas mai zafi wanda zai iya fitar da ruwan turbine kuma ta haka ne janareta. Hakanan ana iya kiran raka'a Thermoelectric Sebeck, Peltier, Thomson effects) WHRU, tunda suna amfani da bambance-bambancen zafi tsakanin faranti biyu don samar da ikon kai tsaye (DC). Hakanan za'a iya amfani da alloys na ƙwaƙwalwar siffa don dawo da ƙarancin zafin sharar zafi da canza shi zuwa aikin injiniya ko wutar lantarki. Aikace-aikace A al'ada, zubar da zafi na ƙananan zafin jiki (0-120 °C, ko yawanci ƙasa da 100 °C) ba a yi amfani da wutar lantarki ba duk da kokarin da kamfanonin ORC suka yi, galibi saboda ingancin Carnot yana da ƙasa kaɗan (max. 18% don 90). °C dumama da 20 °C sanyaya, rage hasara, yawanci yana ƙarewa da kimanin 5-7% wutar lantarki). Sharar da zafi na matsakaici (100-650 °C) da girma 650 °C) Za a iya amfani da zafin jiki don samar da wutar lantarki ko aikin injiniya ta hanyoyin ɗaukar hoto daban-daban. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tsarin dawo da zafi don cika buƙatun firiji na tirela (misali). Daidaitawa yana da sauƙi saboda kawai tukunyar jirgi mai dawo da zafi mai sharar gida da mai sanyaya ana buƙata. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan matsi da yanayin zafi ne kawai ake buƙatar kulawa. Amfani Tsarin dawowa zai kara dacewar tsarin kuma don haka rage farashin man fetur da makamashi da ake bukata don wannan tsari. Amfanin kai tsaye Rage gurbatar yanayi gurɓataccen iska da iska za su ragu sosai tunda ƙarancin iskar hayaƙin hayaki mai zafi yana fitowa daga shuka tunda yawancin makamashin ana sake yin fa'ida. Rage girman kayan aiki: Yayin da yawan man fetur ke raguwa don haka sarrafawa da kayan tsaro don sarrafa mai suna raguwa. Hakanan, kayan aikin tacewa don iskar gas ba a buƙata a cikin manyan masu girma dabam. Rage yawan amfani da makamashi na taimako: Rage girman kayan aiki yana nufin wani raguwar makamashin da ake ba wa waɗannan tsarin kamar famfo, masu tacewa, magoya baya,...da sauransu. Rashin hasara Kudin babban birnin kasar don aiwatar da tsarin dawo da zafi na sharar zai iya fin fa'idar da aka samu a cikin zafin da aka dawo dashi. Wajibi ne a sanya farashi ga zafin da ake kashewa. Sau da yawa zafi sharar gida yana da ƙarancin inganci (zazzabi). Zai iya zama da wahala a yi amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarancin ƙarancin zafi da ke ƙunshe a cikin matsakaicin zafi na sharar gida. Masu musayar zafi sun kasance sun fi girma don dawo da adadi mai yawa wanda ke ƙara yawan farashi. Kula da kayan aiki: Ƙarin kayan aiki yana buƙatar ƙarin farashin kulawa. Raka'a suna ƙara girma da taro zuwa naúrar wuta gabaɗaya. Musamman la'akari da raka'a ikon tafi-da-gidanka na motocin. Misalai An ƙera Injin Waste Heat ɗin Cyclone don samar da wutar lantarki daga makamashin zafi da aka dawo da shi ta amfani da zagayowar tururi. International Wastewater Heat Exchange Systems wani kamfani ne da ke magance tsarin dawo da zafin sharar. An mayar da hankali kan mazaunin raka'a da yawa, gine-ginen da aka raba a bainar jama'a, aikace-aikacen masana'antu da tsarin makamashi na gundumomi, tsarin su yana amfani da makamashi a cikin ruwan sharar gida don samar da ruwan zafi na cikin gida, ginin sararin samaniya da sanyaya. Motorsport jerin Formula One ya gabatar da raka'a dawo da zafi a cikin shekarar 2014 a ƙarƙashin sunan MGU-H Duba wasu abubuwan Haɗin kai ko haɗin zafi da ƙarfi (CHP) Heat dawo da tururi janareta da Organic Rankine sake zagayowar Electric turbo fili Tsare-tsaren dawo da zafi mai zafi Thermal oxidizer Tsuntsaye bincike Shuka-zuwa-makamashi
34245	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Yoav	Operation Yoav	Operation Yoav (wanda kuma ake kira Operation Plagues Goma ko Operation Yo'av wani aikin sojan Isra'ila ne da aka gudanar daga 15-22 Oktoba 1948 a cikin hamadar Negev, a lokacin Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948. Manufarta ita ce ta kora tsakanin sojojin Masar a bakin gaɓar, da hanyar Biyer-sheba, da Hebron, da hanyar Urushalima, da yaƙi dukan Negeb. Operation Yoav ya kasance karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Front Front Yigal Allon An yi wa wannan aiki suna ne bayan Yitzhak Dubno, wanda kwamandojinsa a Palmach suka yi masa lakabi da "Yoav". Dubno, babban jami'in Palmach, an tuhumi shi ne da shiryawa da kuma jagorantar kare kibbutzim Negba da Yad Mordechai. An kashe Dubno ne a wani samame da aka kai ta sama a Kibbutz Negba jim kadan bayan da sojojin Masar suka fara kai farmaki a yankin kudancin Isra'ila. Fage A yankunan tsakiya da arewacin kasar Falasdinu, Isra'ilawa sun yi nasarar samun galaba mai yawa a yankin kafin a fara aiki da tsagaita bude wuta na biyu. Amma Hamadar Negev ta kudu, wadda aka ware wa kasar Yahudawa a cikin Tsarin Rarrabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1947 na Falasdinu, har yanzu yana karkashin ikon Masar. Duk da tsagaitawar ta biyu, Masarawa sun hana ayarin yahudawa wucewa zuwa Negev, kuma sun kama wasu mukamai fiye da layin sulhu. Ayyukan Annoba Goma (bayan horon da Allah ya aika wa Masarawa don riƙe Isra’ilawa bauta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci an yi shi kuma an amince da shi a zaman majalisar zartarwa na 6 ga Oktoba 1948. Wannan farmakin ya zo ne a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1948, lokacin da aka harba wani ayari dauke da manyan motoci 16 a lokacin da suke wucewa ta yankunan kasar Masar. Ralph Bunche, wanda ya zama mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Count Folke Bernadotte, ya ce: Matakin soja na [Isra'ila] na 'yan kwanakin nan ya kasance a kan sikelin da za a iya aiwatar da shi ne kawai bayan dogon shiri, kuma da kyar za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin matakin ramuwar gayya kan harin da aka kai kan ayarin motocin [Isra'ila]. Aikin ya zo daidai da Operation ha-Har, 18-24 ga Oktoba, inda dakarun Harel da Etzioni Brigades suka kai hari kan kauyukan Masar da ke kan hanyar Jerusalem Corridor Tarihi Sojojin Isra'ila sun hada da birged soji guda uku, Negev Brigade, Givati Brigade karkashin jagorancin Abraham "Kiki" Elkin, da Yiftach Brigade, bataliyar mai sulke daga Brigade ta 8 masu sulke da kuma kakkabo manyan bindigogi da aka samu ga sojojin. IDF a lokacin. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba kuma rundunar Oded Brigade ta shiga aikin. Da yammacin ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba sojojin saman Isra'ila sun kai hari Gaza, al-Majdal (yanzu Ashkelon Beersheba da Beit Hanoun An sake kai harin bama-bamai a wasu wurare a cikin dare biyu masu zuwa. Wata bataliyar rundunar sojojin ta Yiftach Brigade ta yi aikin hakar ma'adinan jirgin kasa tsakanin El-Arish da Rafah da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban a yankin na Gaza, inda suka kuma tuka wata hanya. Bataliyoyin Birgediya Biyu na Givati Brigade sun kori kudu maso gabashin Iraki al-Manshiyya (a yanzu Kiryat Gath don haka yanke hanya tsakanin al-Faluja da Beit Jibrin Bataliya ta 52 ta Givati da Brigade ta 8 sun kama Beit Jibrin a ranar 23 ga Oktoba. Da sanyin safiya na ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, bayan dare biyu na hare-hare ta sama, sojojin Negev Brigade da 8th Armored Brigade sun kai hari kan Beersheba daga yamma. Wata runduna ta sake haɗa su daga arewa. Dakarun sojojin Masar sun kunshi sojoji 500 da wasu kananan bindigogi. Sun dan yi tsayin daka na tsawon awanni biyar kafin su mika wuya. An yi wa cin nasarar Biyersheba suna Operation Moshe, bayan Moshe Albert, wanda ya faɗi yana kare Beit Eshel da aka kewaye. Yayin da aka ba da umarnin tsagaita wuta na tsawon sa'o'i 15:00 a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, an ci gaba da aiwatar da kwanaki da suka biyo bayan aikin, da kuma alaƙa da shi. Bayan da Masarawa suka koma kudu daga Ashdod (Oktoba 28) da al-Majdal (Nuwamba 6) zuwa Gaza, yankin gabar tekun da ke Yad Mordechai ya kasance a hannun sojojin Isra'ila. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, an kama sansanin Suwaydan na Iraki tare da canza sunan sansanin Yoav don girmama aikin. A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba sojoji na birgediya ta 8 sun yi kisan kiyashi a al-Dawayima A ƙarshen aikin Janar Allon ya nemi izinin ƙaddamar da hari a kan tuddan Hebron da cikin kwarin Jericho. David Ben-Gurion ya ki yarda, musamman saboda fargabar cewa hakan zai kai ga shiga Burtaniya. Hukumar ba da agajin ‘yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa, ‘yan gudun hijira a zirin Gaza sun haura daga 100,000 zuwa 230,000 sakamakon aikin da ake yi na Operation Yoav. Wannan adadi bai haɗa da waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Dutsen Hebron ba. Kauyukan Larabawa da aka kama Brigades masu shiga 8th Brigade masu sulke Givati Brigade Negev Brigade Oded Brigade Yiftach Brigade Duba kuma Yakin sojojin ruwan Isra'ila a Operation Yoav Jerin fadace-fadace da ayyuka a yakin Falasdinu na 1948 Rushewar wuraren Falasɗinawa a Isra'ila Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yaƙin Isra'ila da Larabawa na Farko da 'Yan Gudun Hijira 1948-53 Archived Kada Mu Manta labarin Nizar Sakhanini Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30155	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20muhalli%20a%20Rasha	Yanayin muhalli a Rasha	Yanayin muhalli a Rasha a ƙarƙashin yankin Turai. Girman ƙasar da nisa daga wurare da yawa daga teku yana haifar da rinjayen yanayi na nahiyar, wanda ya kasance a cikin Turai da Asiya ta Rasha sai dai tundra da mafi kyawun kudu maso gabas. Tsaunuka a kudu suna hana kwararar iska mai sanyi daga Tekun Arctic da filayen kudu da arewa sun sa kasar ta bude ga tasirin Pacific da Atlantic. Geography Ƙasa Ruwa Canjin yanayi Makamashi Kula da gurbataccen yanayi Wurare masu kariya Gudanar da sharar gida 141 019 100 tan 100 na sharar da aka samar a Rasha a cikin shekarar 2009 Manufar muhalli da doka Yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyoyin duniya Rasha ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin da dama da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa: Biki zuwa Gurbacewar iska, Gurbacewar iska-Nitrogen Oxides, Gurbacewar iska-sulfur 85, Yarjejeniyar Antarctic-Muhalli, Yarjejeniyar Antarctic, Rarraba halittu, Canjin Yanayi, Nau'o'in Barasa, Gyaran Muhalli, Sharar gida mai haɗari, Dokar Teku, Dumping Marine, Haramcin gwajin Nukiliya, Oak Kariyar Layer, Gurbacewar Jirgin ruwa, Katako Mai zafi 83, Dausayi, Whaling, Canjin Yanayi- Ka'idar Kyoto Sa hannu, amma ba a tabbatar ba Gurbacewar iska-sulfur 94, Ƙungiyoyi ƙungiyoyin muhalli Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli Gurbacewar iska daga masana'antu masu yawa, hayakin wutar lantarki da ake fitarwa da gawayi, da sufuri a manyan birane; gurbacewar masana'antu, gundumomi, da aikin gona na hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa da gaɓar teku; sare itatuwa; zaizayar kasa; gurbatar ƙasa daga aikace-aikacen da ba daidai ba na sinadarai na aikin gona; Kuma wuraren da aka warwatse na wani lokacin tsananin gurɓatawar rediyoaktif gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa daga sharar gida mai guba; ɗimbin ɗimbin halittu da Shirin Ayyukan Halittar Halitta na ƙasar ya magance. Yayin da Rasha ke da arzikin ma'adinai da makamashi mai yawa, wannan ba ya zuwa ba tare da wani farashi ba ga Rasha da kuma mafi girma a duniya. Musamman, hako mai da iskar gas yana yin tsada mai nauyi ga lafiyar ƙasa da mutane. Ana tattara ruwan sharar ruwa, laka, da sludges, an kiyasta adadin shekara-shekara zuwa tan miliyan 1.7 na reagents na sinadarai da ke gurɓata mitoci cubic miliyan 25 na saman ƙasa. Babban rikice-rikice na geomechanical, gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwa, da haɓakar gurɓataccen ruwan sha da ake fitarwa zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa, babbar matsala ce da ke daidaita ribar da Rasha ke samu daga masana'antar. An yi kiyasin cewa tsakanin shekarun 1991-1999 yawan gurbataccen ruwan sha daga masana'antar mai na Rasha ya kai mita cubic miliyan 200. Cikakkun amfani da iskar gas tare da hako mai bai wuce kashi 80 cikin 100 a Rasha ba, an yi kiyasin cewa a duk shekara ana kona mitoci cubic biliyan 5 zuwa 17 na iskar gas da ba a yi amfani da su ba da ake hakowa tare da mai a cikin tocilan gas tare da ton 400,000. ko ƙarin abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke fitowa cikin sararin samaniya daga wannan kowace shekara, suna haifar da tasiri biyu na ɓarnatar albarkatu da mummunan tasirin muhalli. An kiyasta tan miliyan 560 na methane a kowace shekara yana kwarara cikin sararin samaniya daga hakar mai da iskar gas, ba tare da kirga fashewar bazata da fasa bututu ba. Sauran masana'antu masu mahimmanci kuma suna da farashin su, kamar fitar da masana'antar kwal na ɗimbin abubuwa masu haɗari, masu guba, da kayan aikin rediyo. Har ila yau, masana'antar zinare ta Rasha, tare da Rasha ita ce kasa daya tilo na akalla karni guda tare da yawan hako zinare daga ajiyar kuɗi, da samun a ƙalla 4000+ manyan adibas, babu makawa ya haifar da matsala ga tsarin kogin. Gurbacewar da ke da alaƙa daga yin amfani da fashe-fashe masu yawa a cikin ma'adinai kuma na iya zama matsala. Overall, da m ma'adinai dũkiya da dũkiya, ya kawo tare da shi duka biyu babban amfani ga Rasha tattalin arzikin mutane, da kuma mafi girma a duniya da dukan mutane, duk da haka da dama wuya matsaloli da za a magance. Duba wasu abubuwan Babban Tsari don Sauya Hali Jerin batutuwan muhalli Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Zhuravlev, Yu. N., ed. 2000 Sobisevich AV, Snytko VA, Postnikov AV The kewaye muhalli saka idanu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet: bita na kafa sabon "halitta" kimiyya IOP taron Series: Duniya da Kimiyyar Muhalli. 2019. Vol. 350. 1. P.
30641	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suraj%20Abdurrahman	Suraj Abdurrahman	Suraj Alao Abdurrahman (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta alif dari tara da hamsin da hudu 1954 ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Janairun shekara ta 2015), Janar ne na sojojin Najeriya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin kasar Laberiya, tare da tsohuwar shugaban kasar Laberiya Ellen Johnson Sirleaf a matsayin babban kwamanda. A cewar shugabar kasar Sirleaf Johnson a lokacin, Janar Abdurrahman "wani jami'i ne na musamman wanda gudunmawarsa ta daga darajar sojojin Laberiya zuwa ga kwarewar kwarewa da kuma baiwa sojojin mu a cikin dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya" Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Abdurrahman a garin Kaduna inda ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta LEA, kafin ya wuce makarantar gwamnati ta Keffi don yin karatunsa na sakandare. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na 1 a jarrabawar kammala sakandare ta yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1972. Daga nan sai ya wuce Makarantar Koyon Ilimi ta Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya har zuwa watan Yuli na shekarar 1973 inda ya samu gurbin shiga makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya da ke Kaduna a matsayin mamba na kwas na 14 na yaki na yau da kullum. A cikin shekarar 1975, an ba shi mukamin Laftanar na biyu a cikin Rundunar Injiniya ta Najeriya. Abdurrahman ya rike umarni da yawa, malamai da nadin ma'aikata a yayin gudanar da aikinsa na gida da waje. A watan Janairun shekarata 2007, ya zama shugaban tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na sojojin Najeriya. Daga wannan mukami ne aka nada shi shugaban hafsan sojojin kasar Laberiya. Ya jagoranci AFL da kyau daga 6 ga Yuni 2007 zuwa 11 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2014, lokacin da ya mika shi ga Jami'in Laberiya. Janar Abdurrahman a lokacin hidimarsa ya halarci kwasa-kwasan soja da na farar hula daban-daban. Ya kasance tsohon dalibin Nigerian Army School of Military Engineers (NASME). Kwamandan Sojojin kasar Najeriya da Kwalejin Ma’aikata (AFCSC) da kuma Kwalejin Yaki ta kasa inda ya kammala karatunsa da banbanci. Janar din ya koma Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello inda ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyya a shekara ta 1979, sannan ya yi digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1981, inda ya kammala karatun digirinsa na uku a Jami’ar Heriot-Watt da ke Edinburgh a shekara ta 1985. Mutuwa Ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Janairun shekara ta 2015 a kasar New York Shugaba Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ta aike da sakon ta'aziyya ga gwamnatin Najeriya. Ya rasu ya bar matarsa Fatima Wali-Abdurrahman da ‘ya’yansa hudu, Surajudeen, Abduljabbar, Abdulaziz da Abdulmalik. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Janar din ya karbi kwamandan odar na yankin Neja (CON) da Shugaban kasar Najeriya good luck Jonathan ya nada a shekarar 2014. Har ila yau, ya kasance wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta National Honor Award na "Knight Commander" a cikin Humane Order of African Redemation da Shugaban Laberiya a shekara ta 2014, Jami'in Order of Niger (OON) daga Najeriya a 2007 da kuma mafi girma lambar yabo ta soja Laberiya., Dokar Bayar da Sabis (DSO) daga shugaban Laberiya a 2009. Alƙawura GSO 3 Horo, HQ Injiniyoyin Sojojin Najeriya, Legas (1976/77) Staff Officer Architecture Army HQ, Legas (1981/83) Malami, Makarantar Injiniyan Soja, Makurdi (1986/88) Kwamanda, 21 Support Engineer Regiment, Kaduna (1989/91) Ma'aikacin Soja, Ofishin Jakadancin Iraqi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, (1991/92) Kwamanda, 13 Filin Injiniya Regiment, Jos (1992/93) Jagoran Ma'aikata, Kwamanda & Ma'aikata College, Jaji (1993/95) Jagoran Ma'aikata, Kwalejin Kwamandan Gana Ma'aikata, Teshi (1995/97) Colonel Personnel Services, HQ, Legas (1997/99) Kwamanda, 43 Injiniya Brigade, Jos (1999/2000) Darektan Gidan Gidajen Soja, Injiniyan Soja HQ, Legas (2001/2002) Jagoran Ma’aikata, Kwalejin Yaki ta Kasa, Abuja (2002/2004) Daraktan Ayyuka, DAOPs (AHQ), Abuja (2004) Daraktan Siyasa (2005) Babban Hafsan Sojoji da Kima (2006/2007) Manazarta Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya Sojojin Najeriya Sojoji Tsaro
19266	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilli%20Antonelli	Tilli Antonelli	Tilli Antonelli Attilio Antonelli an haife shi a Russi, 27 Satumba 1955) ɗan kasuwa ne dan asalin Italiya kuma mai kera jirgin ruwa. A cikin 1981 ya kafa Cantiere Navale dell'Adriatico, wanda ke cikin rukunin kasuwancin jiragen ruwa na Marche, yankin Italiya A cikin 1985 ya kafa tashar jirgin ruwa da iri mai suna Pershing wanda ya zama ɓangare na ƙungiyar Ferretti a 1998. Ya kasance shugaban Itama daga shekarar 2004 har zuwa 2009. A shekara ta 2010 da ya kafa fadi, a nautical kamfanin haife matsayin juya-kashe yacht manufacturer, bayan ya bar tsohon matsayi. A watan Mayu 2014 aka zabe shi memba a hukumar gudanarwa ta UCINA Tarihin rayuwa Tun yana saurayi ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar tukin jirgin ruwa kuma ya zama dan wasan tsere Ya shiga cikin jirgi mai mahimmanci Regattas kuma ta wannan ya sadu da ɗan kasuwar Italia Raul Gardini, wanda ke da alaƙa da duniyar jiragen ruwa waɗanda suka tura Il Moro di Venezia, ɗan ƙalubalen jirgin ruwan Italiya a gasar cin kofin Amurka ta shekarar 1992. A cikin shekarar 1973 ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Raul Gardini a jirgin ruwa mai '45' mai suna "Naif", wanda Dick Carter ya tsara, wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma mai tsara Yachts wanda ya ci nasarar cin nasarar '65 da '69 na Fastnet Race, 608 tseren teku mai nisan kilomita tsakanin teku tsakanin jirgin ruwan da ya fara a gabar Burtaniya a 1925 kuma ya samo sunan daga Fastnet Rock da ke kudu maso yammacin gabar Ireland. A cikin wannan shekarar Antonelli ya halarci Kofin Admiral A watan Fabrairun shekarata 1976 ya tashi zuwa Marblehead, bisa bukatar Gardini don bin ginin masta da jirgi don Il Il di na farko na Il Moro. A shekarar 1977 ya dawo Turai don shiga a karon farko a tseren Fastnet. A cikin 1978 ya zama ƙwararren mai gyaran jirgi, ƙera masana'antu da kuma da kansa yake gwada filafilin a cikin teku, da koyawa masu jiragen ruwa yadda ake amfani da su. Ya yi aiki ga masu kera jirgi biyu na duniya a Liguria Hood Sails a Sanremo sannan a Rapallo don Horizon, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Arewacin Sails Italia. A shekara ta 1979 ya shiga cikin mummunan bugun littafin Fastnet Race, inda guguwar da ba zato ba tsammani ta rasa jiragen ruwa ɗari da biyar, wanda hakan ya haifar da aikin ceto mafi girma da ya taɓa faruwa a cikin kwanciyar hankali har zuwa wannan lokacin. A 1980 ya koma Ravenna, inda ya karɓi tayin yin aiki a matsayin Manajan Ayyuka a cikin kamfanin kera jirgin ruwa a Fano Kafin karbar tayin ya kammala alkawurransa na tsere ta hanyar shiga zaɓen Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, a cikin Ajin Tonner Daya Farawar kasuwanci A watan Yunin shekarata 1980 ya koma Fano ya yi aiki a filin jirgin ruwa na MSA Cantieri del Sole. Bayan 'yan watanni na aiki sai Antonelli ya ba da shawara ga abokan aiki biyu da su bude katafaren jirgin nasu, suka sami wani abokin harka da zai ba shi kudi, kuma suka samu kudin ajiya na Lire miliyan 20 don gina jirgin ruwa na musamman. Da wannan kuɗin uku suka kafa Cantiere Navale dell'Adriatico a cikin 1981. A watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar ya hadu da Stefania Vagnini kuma bayan sati daya da fara soyayya ya nemi ta zama matarsa. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1982, ranar masoya, ya auri Stefania, wacce ta haifa masa yara uku, Camilla, Nicola da Ludovico. Bayan 'yan watanni sai ya ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwan sa na farko, mai kera motoci. Yayin gwajin jirgi na jirgin ruwan ya tsaya a cikin Isole Tremiti, inda ya sadu da Lucio Dalla Shahararren mawaƙin Italiyan-mawaƙi yana son jirgin ruwa kuma ya ba da umarnin ɗayan tare da sunan "Catarro", wanda ya zama jirgi na biyu wanda aka samar da shi daga filin jirgin ruwan. Haihuwar Pershing Tare da mai tsara jirgin ruwa Fulvio De Simoni, an kirkiro ra'ayin ne don kirkirar manyan kekunan ruwa masu motsa jiki (wanda aka fi sani da Open Yachts) wanda zai kasance da kwanciyar hankali, tashin hankali, da kuma wuce gona da iri Tare da wannan sabuwar falsafar ne jirgin ruwan ya hau kan wani juyin halitta wanda zai haifar da jiragen ruwa na Pershing (wanda a yanzu ya zama alama ta kungiyar Ferretti wanda sojojin Amurka Janar John J. Pershing suka zuga, gwarzo ne na yakin duniya na farko A cikin shekarar 1985 an ƙaddamar da samfurin na farko, Pershing 45 ɗayan farkon buɗe Jirgin ruwa don samun ɗakuna uku da kawuna uku. Jirgin yana da ɗayan farko na fasfunan ruwa wani abu wanda ake samu akan kowane jirgin ruwan zamani a yau. A cikin shekarar 1992 an ƙaddamar da Pershing 70 Shine mafi girman buɗe jirgin ruwa a cikin kayan haɗin da aka taɓa ginawa a lokacin. Modelaya daga cikin samfurin an sanye shi da injin gas na 4000 hp wanda ya bawa jirgin damar isa saurin Knots 60. Amma ɗayan mafi girman fasalin salo wanda daga baya kuma ya zama gama gari a masana'antar kera motoci shine windows na gefe waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar fiberglass arch wanda aka tsara don ba rufin damar zamewa zuwa wurin ɓoye. Wannan ya maye gurbin zanen ƙarfe na gargajiya. A cikin shekarar 2000 filin jirgin ya sake zuwa wata muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jirginsa, Pershing 88 wanda ya fita daga taron tare da zane-zanen karafa na ƙarfe. Garage na gaba shima ya kasance na farko don yachting, gidaje mai laushi da kuma kankara ta jet A cikin 2006 samfurin ya fita daga samarwa, ya zama abun tarawa na iyakantaccen bugu A farkon shekarun 90 Pershing ya nemi sabbin kasuwanni ya fadada zuwa Amurka, Tekun Bahar Rum, da Gabas mai nisa. A cikin shekara ta 1998 ya zama ɓangare na Rukunin Ferretti, babban kamfani mai riƙe da kamfani a cikin masana'antar yachting. Antonelli ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban kamfanin. A cikin shekarar 2004 an kuma sanya Antonelli a matsayin shugaban Itama, alama ce da ya sarrafa tare da Pershing har zuwa 2009. A cikin shekarar 2010, lokacin da masana'antar yachting ke cikin matsin tattalin arziki saboda rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya, asusun saka hannun jari ya ba da sayan alamar Pershing, amma Ferretti Group ba ta da niyyar siyarwa, suna gaskata cewa yana da mahimmancin dabaru don murmurewa daga rikicin. Bayan wannan shawarar ne a ranar 3 ga Maris din wannan shekarar Antonelli ya yi murabus. WIDER filin jirgin ruwa Wata rana a cikin bazara 2010 ya dawo gida tare da wata dabara, ya sadu da iyalinsa a kusa da wata takarda, kuma a kanta ya zana hangen sama na ƙwanƙolin jirgin ruwa, sannan nan da nan bayan fukafukai biyu da suka fito daga babban matattarar jirgin, suna ninki biyu girman kowane bangare. Ya yi imani cewa lokaci ya yi da za a sake nazarin sararin samaniya a kan jirgin ruwa tare da nufin ba da ta'aziyya ga masu shi. Bayan 'yan watanni sai ya kafa filin jirgin ruwa na WIDER, mai suna don bayar da kyakkyawar alamar ra'ayin da ya fara aikin. A ranar 14 Afrilun shekarata 2011, a Porto Carlo Riva a Rapallo, an gabatar da ƙirar farko, mai suna WIDER 42 Jirgin ruwa na farko a cikin duniya tare da akwatin jirgin da zai iya faɗaɗa kai tsaye. Ya zama dole a sami suna don sabon rukuni na jirgin ruwa: "akwatin jirgin WIDER". A cikin shekarar 2014 WIDER yana da wuraren samar da abubuwa guda biyu a Italiya (a yankin Marche, a Ancona da Castelvecchio di Monte Porzio PU Filin jirgin ruwa yana da ɗaukar hoto na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma yana haɓaka ayyukan jirgin ruwan gaba. WIDER ta sanya aikinta na kamfani don ci gaba da tura iyakokin yachting. Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗin waje FADAR FATA UCINA Pages with unreviewed
50664	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz%20del%20Cueto	Beatriz del Cueto	Articles with hCards Beatriz del Cueto(an Haife shi a shekara ta 1952)ɗan ƙasar Cuban ɗan asalin ƙasar Kuba ne mai zanen gine-ginen ƙwararre kan kiyayewa da adana gine-gine. Mazauni na Puerto Rico tun 1960,del Cueto Fellow of the American Academy in Rome,Fellow of the American Institute of Architects,kuma Henry Klumb Award wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a 2012. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Beatriz del Cueto López Hidalgo a shekara ta 1952 a Havana,Cuba kuma ya koma Puerto Rico tare da danginta a 1960.Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Florida a Gainesville tana kammala karatun a 1974.Daga nan ta ci gaba da karatunta a Cibiyar Tsare-Tsare ta Nantucket,wacce ta kware a fannin adana tarihi da kiyaye gine-gine.A cikin 1976,ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine tare da mai da hankali kan kiyayewa daga Jami'ar Florida sannan ta koma Puerto Rico.A cikin 1977,ta fara aiki da Henry Klumb kuma bayan shekaru uku ya bar ofishinsa don aiki a Ofishin Kula da Tarihi na Jiha. A cikin 1984,ta koma Roma,Italiya kuma ta yi karatu tare da mijinta Agamemnon Pantel a Cibiyar Nazarin Kariya da Maido da Al'adu ta Duniya (ICCROM). Tsakanin 1984 da 1986 Cueto ya yi aiki a Kwalejin Architects na Puerto Rico,yana barin kafa aikin sirri a 1986.A cikin 1990,ta shiga tare da mijinta a cikin kamfanin Pantel del Cueto Associates wanda ke mai da hankali kan sauƙaƙe fahimtar gine-ginen gargajiya a yankin Caribbean.Ayyukan kiyayewa sun sami karɓuwa a ciki da wajen Puerto Rico.Baya ga gudanar da aiki a San Juan,del Cueto ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Tsarin gine-gine a Jami'ar Polytechnic na Puerto Rico inda ta ba da darussa a cikin ka'idar kiyayewa da kuma nazarin kimiyya na kayan gini. A cikin 2011,Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka a Rome ta ba del Cueto lambar yabo ta Romekuma ta yi amfani da kyautar bincikenta don bincika kankare da amfani da tarihi a gine-gine.A cikin 2012 ta sami lambar yabo mafi mahimmancin gine-gine na Puerto Rico,lambar yabo ta Henry Klumb,saboda koyarwarta da gagarumar gudummawar da take bayarwa ga maidowa da adana abubuwan tarihi na tsibirin. Ayyuka Cape San Juan Light in Fajardo Cikakken aikin ya ƙunshi maido da fitilun 15 na Puerto Rico,waɗanda ke cikin yanayi daban-daban na lalacewa. Da yake fifiko shine kiyaye gine-gine,matakin farko na Cueto shine nazarin tarihin fitilun. Gwamnatin Spain ce ta gina su a tsakanin 1880 zuwa 1882 a cikin salon ginin gine-ginen gargajiya na Puerto Rican.An yi bangon da dutsen farar ƙasa,yashi da lemun tsami,tare da layuka a kwance na tubalin laka kuma suna da faffadan rufin katako na katako tare da rataye a layi uku. An yi amfani da rufin da ke wajen don isar da ruwa zuwa rijiyar don ruwan sha. Bayan Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka na 1898,fitilun sun zama mallakin Ma'aikatar Hasken Hasken Amurka,wanda daga baya zai zama wani ɓangare na Tsaron Tekun Amurka kuma sun kasance ana amfani da su har zuwa 1970s.Sun kasance a sarari kusan shekaru goma lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da aikin maidowa a 1988. Babban aikin gyaran hasken wuta na Del Cueto ya rufe Cape San Juan Light (Faro de Las Cabezas de San Juan)a Fajardo, mafi tsufa na fitilun Puerto Rico.Dutsen bene mai hawa ɗaya,gidan mai gadin salon neoclassical yana haɗe da hasumiya ta siliki,wanda asalinsa yana da katako mai tsari na uku.Asalin iyakar mil 19 an faɗaɗa shi zuwa mil 25 yayin gyaran.Gyaran ya kuma hada da dawo da tsarin tashoshi da tsarin tattara ruwa na rijiyar,wanda a yanzu ake amfani da shi ba ruwan sha ba,sai dai don samar wa dakunan wanka da ruwa.Hasken hasken yana a cikin Cabezas de San Juan Nature Reserve kuma da zarar an mayar da shi an bude shi don yawon shakatawa.Wani yanki na gidan mai gadin an sanya shi azaman dakin gwaje-gwaje na ruwa na Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao, wanda ke buƙatar kawo gine-ginen har zuwa lambobin wuta da aminci na yanzu. Ba a kammala aikin adanawa ba sai 1991. Iglesia San José Cocin San José(Iglesia de San José)wani tsari ne na ƙarni na goma sha shida, a cikin Old San Juan,Puerto Rico wanda aka rufe a 2002 saboda lalata tsarin kuma a cikin 2003,kamfanin Cueto ya fara kimanta lalacewar dukiya.Batun nan da nan shine hana ci gaba da tabarbarewar rukunin yanar gizon kuma don taimakawa a wannan ƙoƙarin,an sanya shi cikin Jerin Kallon Abubuwan Tunawa na Duniya a 2004.A cikin lokacin tantancewa, Cueto yayi amfani da radar mai shiga ƙasa, ɗaya daga cikin farkon irin wannan amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin Caribbean. Fasahar tana ba da damar ƙima ba tare da gwaji mai ɓarna ba wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga rukunin yanar gizon kuma yana ba da haske game da yanayin ƙasa wanda ƙila ba za a iya gani ba.Jerin binciken ya gudana cikin tsawon shekaru hudu yana gano gyare-gyare da yawa da gyare-gyare a cikin shekaru 478 na rayuwa na tsarin.Da zarar an kammala aikin tantancewa,an fara kiyayewa da gyare-gyarewanda ba a kammala ba sai 2012. Ayyuka Faro Las Cabezas de San Juan, Fajardo Hedikwatar Kwalejin Architects Puerto Rico,Santurce Gidan Gidan Gida na Amintaccen Tsaro na Puerto Rico,Old San Juan Mafarin Tsofaffin 'Yan Mata, Miramar Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico,Miramar Tsohuwar Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi,wacce aka fi sani da Sashen Lafiya,Santurce Hacienda La Esperanza, Manatí Cocin San José,Old San Juan wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
2102	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsina%20%28jiha%29	Katsina (jiha)	Katsina jiha ce a shiyyar Arewa Maso Yammacin Najeriya. An kuma ƙirkiri jihar Katsina ne a shekarar alif 1987, lokacin da aka samar da ita daga jihar Kaduna. A yau, Jihar Katsina ta yi iyaka da Jihohin Zamfara, Kaduna, Kano da Jigawa, har ila yau Katsina tanada iyaka da Jamhuriyar Nijar. Ana mata lakabi da "Ta Dikko Dakin Kara", kuma anama Katsinawa kirarin "Kunya gareku badai Tsoro ba".Babban birnin jihar da garin Daura, an bayyana su daga cikin "tsofaffin mazaunun al'adu, Musulunci da kuma ilmantarwa" a Najeriya. Jihar Katsina, tana da mazauna sama da 5,800,000 a kidayar shekarar Alif ta 2006, jihar Katsina ce ta biyar mafi girma a Jerin yawan habakar jama'a a jahohin biyar mafi girma a cikin ƙasar ta Nijeriya, cikin yawan jama'a, duk da kasancewarta ta bakwai daga cikin Jihohi 17 mafi fadin kasa daga cikin jihohi 36 na tarayyar Nijeriya. Ta fuskar adadin kabilu kuwa, jama'a, Fulani sun fi kowace ƙabila yawa a jihar, kuma mafi yawancin mutanen Jihar Katsina sunabin koyarwar addinin Musulunci. A shekarar Alif 2005, In 2005, Katsina became the fifth state in Nigeria to adopt Sharia law.Katsina ta zama jiha ta biyar a Najeriya da ta yi amfani da tsarin Shari'ar Musulunci. Gwamnan jihar Katsina na yanzu shi ne Dr.Dikko umar radda, dan jam’iyyar "All Progressives Congress"Ana daukar jihar a matsayin babbar cibiyar siyasar Muhammadu Buhari, dan asalin garin Daura, wanda ya lashe jihar a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar Alif 2019 da kusan kashi 80% na ƙuri’un mutanen jihar. Jihar Katsina na daya daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da ke fama da matsalar ta'addanci. Wacce ta fara shekarar Alif 2020. kungiyar yan ta'adda da yan fashi da garkuwa da mutane sun yi garkuwa da yara sama da 300 a karamar hukumar kankara. TARIHI: YUSUF SAHABI BDL Demography Fulani sun fi kowace kabila yawa. Addini Galibin mutanen Jihar Katsina musulmai ne, The Church of Nigeria has a Diocese of Katsina. kuma Gobarau Minaret muhimmin gini ne a birnin Katsina (kuma tarihi ya tabbbatar da cewa an ginata ne domin amfanin addinin musulunci). Jihar Katsina, har yanzu tana aiwatar da Shari'a a duk fadin jihar.Akwai kuma Cocin na Najeriya yana da Diocese na Katsina. Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God da Cocin Roman Katolika suna nan a cikin jihar. Kananan hukumomin Jihar Katsina ta kunshi kananan hukumomi har 34 ga su nan kamar haka: Ilimi Jihar Katsina cibiya ce ta ilimin boko dana yau da kullum. A halin yanzu tana da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Katsina, is a public university owned by the state government. Al-Qalam University, the first Islamic university in Nigeria is privately owned. Federal University, Dutsin-Ma is owned by the federal government as well as Federal College of Education, Katsina (affiliated to Bayero University Kano). Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kwalejin Hassan Usman Katsina, da Kwalejin ilimi ta tarayyar Najeriya Federal Polytechnic Daura da Jami'ar Tarayya ta Dutsin-Ma, jami'ar gwamnatin tarayya ta jihar katsina, wadda aka sauya mata suna zuwa marigayi Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Jami'ar Alqalam ta Katsina Yusufu Bala Usman College of Legal, and General Studies, Daura da Makarantar Nazarin Karatu da Gyara, Funtua (SBRS ABU Funtua) da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Isa Kaita Dutsin-Ma, da ke garin Dutsin-ma. A takaice dai akwai cibiyoyin bayar da digiri har guda bakwai a cikin jihar mallakar hukumomi daba-d.a. Cn cibiyoyin sune Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, mallakar gwamnatin jihar. Jami'ar Alqalam Katsina, jami'ar Musulunci ta farko a Najeriya kuma mallakar ta ce. Jami'ar Tarayya ta Dutsinma, mallakar gwamnatin tarayya. Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Katsina (wacce ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano). National Open University of Nigeria, Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsinma (wacce ke da nasaba da Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya), kwalejin ilimi ce ta jihar. Cibiyar Cherish Batsari, wata jami'a mai zaman kanta ta ba da digiri a kwasa-kwasan kiwon lafiya. Tasirin annobar COVID-19 a jihar Katsina Duk da matakan da gwamnatin jihar ta dauka na hana yaduwar cutar COVID-19 a cikin jihar, a ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu 2020, wani likita a karamar hukumar Daura ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar da ke da alaka da Corona virus kuma an yi wa dangin sa gwaji mai kyau. Daga baya, daya daga cikin majiyyatan likitan shima ya mutu. Don dakile yaduwar cutar, gwamnatin jihar ta bada umarnin kulle a cikin jihar tare da tura 'yan sanda don tabbatar da bin doka. Ko yaya, akwai lokuta da suka saba wa wannan umarni kuma mutane na zargin gwamnati da kulle wuraren ibada kamar su coci-coci da masallatan Juma'a yayin da manyan kasuwanni irin su 'Yar Kutungu, Himata, Greenhouse, Mudassir da sauransu ke aiki. An yi arangama tsakanin ‘yan sanda da matasa a karamar hukumar Kusada wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwa da kame fararen hula. Fitattun mutane daga jihar Katsina Abba Musa Rimi, Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna shekarar alif 1980 zuwa shekarar alif 1983 Abdulmuminu Kabir Usman, Sarkin Katsina Aminu Bello Masari tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2007 kuma Gwamnan jihar na yanzu Faruk Umar Faruk CON, Na Yanzu kuma Sarkin Daura na 60 Habu Daura, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda kuma shi ne mai rikon mukamin mai kula da jihar Bayelsa, daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Yuni 1997 Hamza Rafindadi Zayyad, tsohon shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha kan Bayar da Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci Hassan Katsina, Gwamnan soja na yankin arewa daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1967. Ibrahim Coomassie, Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sanda shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1999 Ibrahim M. Ida, Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Katsina ta Tsakiya ta jihar Katsina, Najeriya, yana kan mulki a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2007 kuma dan jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress APC Ibrahim Shema, Gwamnan jihar Katsina shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2015 Isa Kaita, ministan ilimi na arewacin Najeriya na farko kuma kakakin majalisar dokoki a Nijeriya ta arewa Ja'afar Mahmud Adam, Malamin Addinin Islama mai Salafiyya yayi daidai da Kungiyar Izala Lawal Kaita, Gwamnan jihar Kaduna a shekara ta 1983 Lawal Musa Daura, Darakta Janar na hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya ta Najeriya Magaji Muhammed, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, tsohon Ministan masana'antu da tsohon Jakadan Najeriya a Masarautar Saudiyya. Mahmud Kanti Bello, Tsohon Babban Bulala na Majalisar Dattawa Mamman Shata, mawakin hausa mawaki. Mohammed Bello, tsohon Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli Mohammed Tukur Liman tsohon shugaban masu rinjaye na majalisar dattijan Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari, Shugaban mulkin soja na shekara ta 1983 zuwa shekara ta 1985, Shugaban PTF kuma Shugaban Najeriya tun daga 29 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2015 Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda daga shekara ta1975 zuwa shekara ta1979 Muhammadu Dikko, Sarkin Katsina a shekara ta 1906 zuwa shekara ta 1944. Saddik Abdullahi Mahuta, tsohon Babban Alkalin Jihar Katsina daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 2013 da Galadiman Katsina na 11, Hakimin Malumfashi. Sani Ahmed Daura, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na Jihar Legas a shekara ta 1990, kuma shi ne Gwamnan Jihar Yobe na farko daga shekara ta 1991 zuwa shekara ta 1991 Sani Zangon Daura, Ministan Noma na Tarayyar da Raya Karkara a shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2000, Ministan Muhalli na Tarayya as shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2001 Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, dan siyasa, babban janar kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Soja daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1979 Sunusi Mamman, mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Umaru Musa Yaradua, Katsina sau biyu. Tajudeen Abdul-Raheem, Pan-Africanist, Oxford Rhodes Scholar da Tsohon Mataimakin Darakta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Millennium Kamfen ga watan Afirka a shekara ta 1961 zuwa shekara ta 2009 Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a Amurka saboda yunƙurin jefa bam ɗin jirgin sama na Arewa maso gabas a filin jirgi, 253 a ranar Kirsimeti, a shekara ta 2009. Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, Gwamnan Jiha a shekara ta 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2007, da kuma Shugaban Najeriya a shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2010 Umaru Mutallab,tsohon ma'aikacin kasuwanci da harkar banki sannan kuma tsohon Ministan cigaban tattalin arziki. Ummarun Dallaje shi ne Shugaban Musulunci na 39 a Katsina, sarki na farko a Fulanin, sannan kuma shi ne sarki a daular Dallazawa. Yakubu Musa Katsina, malamin addinin Musulunci. Manazarta Malam Mustapha 7 institutions currently running degree programs in Katsina http://katsinapost.com.ng/2018/05/17/7-institutions-currently-running-degree-programs-in-katsina/ Jihohin
28598	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm%20Habiba	Umm Habiba	Umm Habiba cikakken suna Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan 589 ko 594 zuwa 665) ta kasan ce daya daga cikin matan Annabi Muhammad (SAW) kuma Uwar Muminai ce. Farkon rayuwa Ta kasance 'ya ce ga Abu Sufyan ibn Harb da kuma Safiyyah bint Abi al-'As. Abu Sufyan shine shugaban kabilar Umayya, kuma shine shugaban na dukkannin kabilun larabawa na Kuraishawa kuma ya kasan ce mafi karfi cikin wadanda suke adawa da koyarwar Annabi Muhammad a shekara ta 624 zuwa shekara ta 630. Amman duk da haka, daga bisani sai ya karba musulunci, kuma ya zama babban mayaki a cikin musulunci A Daular Ummayad na farko, Muawiyah I shi dan uwa ne ga Ramlah, dan kishiya suke da Ramlah sannan kuma tsakanin shi da Khalifa Usman Ibn Affan, yayan wa da kanwa suke shi, kuma sun hada dangantaka na kusa a bangaran ubannin su maza. Auren Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh Mijin ta na farko shine Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh, dan uwa ga Zaynab bint Jahsh, wanda Annabi ita ma ya aure ta. Ubayd-Allah da Ramla suna cikin mutane na farko da suka karba muslunci. A shekarar 616 suka yi hijira zuwa Habasha (Ethiopia), domin kauracewa kamun Ƙuraishawa, sun haifi yarinyar su mai suna Habibah bint Ubayd-Allah. A wani kaulin ance Ubayd-Allah daga baya ya koma addinin Kiristanci. Inda yayi yunkurin ya komar da matar sa Ramlah akan ita ma ta koma addinin, amman sai taki komawa ta tsaya akan addinin ta Islam. Wanda komawan shi addinin yasa ta rabu da shi. Auren Annabi Muhammad Muhammad sent Ramla a proposal of marriage, which arrived on the day she completed her Iddah (widow's waiting period). The marriage ceremony took place in Abyssinia even though Muhammad was not present. Ramla chose Khalid ibn Said as her legal guardian at the ceremony. The Negus (King) of Abyssinia read out the Khutba himself, and Khalid ibn Said made a speech in reply. The Negus gave Khalid a dower of 400 dinars and hosted a huge wedding feast after the ceremony. He also sent musk and ambergris to the bride through the slave Barrah. Muhammad did not give a dower larger than this to any of his other wives. The Negus then arranged to send all thirty of the remaining immigrant Muslims back to Arabia. They travelled to Medina in two boats. Shurahbil ibn Hasana accompanied Ramla on this journey. According to some sources, she married Muhammad one year after the Hijra, though she did not live with him until six years later, when Muhammad was sixty years old and she was thirty-five. Tabari writes that her marriage took place in 7 A.H. (628) when "she was thirty-odd years old." Rayuwa a Medina On one occasion, Abu Sufyan visited his daughter Ramla in her house in Medina. "As he went to sit on the apostle’s carpet she folded it up so that he could not sit on it. 'My dear daughter,' he said, 'I hardly know if you think that the carpet is too good for me or that I am too good for the carpet!' She replied: 'It is the apostle’s carpet and you are an unclean polytheist. I do not want you to sit on the apostle’s carpet.' 'By God,' he said, 'since you left me you have gone to the bad.'" Ramla died in the year 45 A.H. (664 or 665 C.E.) during the Kingship of her brother, Muawiyah I. She was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery next to other wives of Muhammad. Martaba A banagaran ilimin Hadisi kuma, Ramlah ta ruwaito Hadisai sittin da biyar 65, wanda Muhammad Al-Bukhari da Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj suka yarda suka ruwaito, kuma musulmai suna karban hadisan Ramlah ne kadai daga wajan Bukhari da Muslim. Manazarta Haifaffun 594 Mutuwan 665 Mata Musulmai Matan Annabi Muhammad Banu Umayya Larabawan karni na 6th Larabawan karni na 7th Makwancin Jannat
25062	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gadiot	Peter Gadiot	Peter Gadiot ɡædioʊ/; An haife shi 2 ga watan Janairu, 1986). Ɗan wasan Burtaniya ne. Ya nuna rawar James Valdez a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Cibiyar Sadarwar Amurka ta Sarauniya ta Kudu. Ya kuma buga Cyrus a cikin ABC's Sau ɗaya akan Lokaci a Wonderland. Sana'a Peter Gadiot ya sami horo na yau da kullun a Cibiyar Drama ta London kuma ya bayyana a yawancin abubuwan samarwa. Kyaututtukan da ya gabata sun haɗa da fim ɗin 2013 The Haramtacciyar Yarinya, MTV 's Hot Mess and the British series My Spy Family. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Gadiot ya fara watsa shirye -shiryen sa na farko na Amurka a matsayin Cyrus, kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki Genie, a cikin ABC 's Sau ɗaya a Wani a Wonderland. A waccan shekarar, Gadiot ya yi tauraro a gaban Léa Seydoux a cikin ɗan gajeren fim wanda Wes Anderson da Roman Coppola, Prada: Candy suka jagoranta. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye -shirye guda uku na jerin Fresh Meat na Burtaniya, Tashar Channel 4 dramedy tare da babban ibada mai biyo baya. Ya bi bayan kyamara don rubutawa da jagorantar gajeren fim 12 17, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 2014. Gadiot ya taka rawar Kaisar a cikin jerin Matador (2014) da rawar Ka a cikin miniseries na Kanada-Amurka Tut (2015). A cikin 2016 ya taka rawar Petruchio a cikin William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew a Harman Center for Arts a Washington DC. Daga shekara ta 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2021, Gadiot ya yi tauraro a matsayin James Valdez a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka Sarauniya ta Kudu, wanda aka samar don USA Network, karbuwa na littafin Arturo Perez-Reverte mafi siyarwa La Reina del Sur A cikin shekara ta 2017 ya ci lambar yabo ta Imagen don 'Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin talabijin' don hoton James Valdez a Gidan Talabijin na Touchstone da USA Networks Queen of the South A cikin shekara ta 2021, an watsa kakar ta biyar kuma ta ƙarshe ta Sarauniyar Kudu akan Cibiyar Sadarwar Amurka. A halin yanzu, Peter Gadiot yana aiki akan sabon jerin Showtime da ake kira Yellowjackets. Gadiot zai nuna Adam, baƙon abu mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa wanda, ya jawo hankalin wani abu mara ma'ana a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan Yellowjackets, zai yi abota da tsokanar ta a lokacin tashin hankali a rayuwar ta. Rayuwar mutum Wanda aka haife shi da farko a Burtaniya, mahaifinsa ɗan Holande ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma 'yar Mexico ce. Gadiot yana magana da Ingilishi da Spanish. Yana da ɗan'uwa babba. Fina-finai Tallafawa/agaji Gadiot kuma yana fafutukar yaƙi da bauta da fataucin mutane, kuma ya taɓa yin kwale-kwale a cikin tekun Atlantika don tallafawa lamarin. Ya haye Tekun Atlantika daga Caribbean zuwa [Afrika]] tare da ma’aikatan jirgin cikin kusan kwanaki 39. Bayan haka, ya yi tseren gudun fanfalaki mai tsawon kilomita 250 mai cin gashin kansa a cikin hamadar Sahara. Daga karshe ya kammala tafiyarsa da hawan Dutsen Kilimanjaro. Gadiot ya tattauna da dubban yaran makaranta inda ya ilmantar da su kan batutuwan. Tare da Rowing Against Slavery, Gadiot ya sami damar tara kuɗi don Anti-Slavery International da Save the Children. Hanyoyin waje Manazarta Haifaffun 1986 Rayayyun
14721	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulunci%20a%20Ghana	Musulunci a Ghana	Addinin Islama yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan addinai da ake aiwatarwa a Ghana. Kasancewarsa a cikin Ghana ya faro ne tun daga ƙarni na 10. Bisa ga ƙididdigar yawan jama'a da gidaje na (Ghana Statistical Service's Population and Housing census), yawan musulmin da ke Ghana ya kai kusan 17.6. Mafi yawan Musulmai a Ghana mabiya Addinin Sunni ne, tare da kusan kashi 20% na ƙungiyar Ahmadiyya kuma kusan 8% na mabiya addinin Shia ne. Mazhabar Malikiyya ta fikihu ita ce ta fi yawa har ayyukan Afa Ajura na kawo canji a cikin 1960s sun ga canjin canji zuwa ga koyarwar Hanbali. Sufanci, sau ɗaya da yaɗuwa, ya ɓace da yawa cikin shekaru; 'yan uwan Tijaniyah da' yan uwan Qadiriyah, duk da haka, har yanzu suna da wakilci a tsakanin musulmin gargajiya na ƙasar Ghana. Duk da rikice-rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970, Musulmai da Kirista a Ghana suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka. Jagorancin Majalisar Wakilcin Musulmai ya jagoranta, batutuwan addini, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki da suka shafi musulmai galibi ana magance su ta hanyar tattaunawa. Hukumar Kula da kuma Aikin Hajji ta Kasa ta kula da nauyin shirya aikin hajji zuwa Makka ga muminai da za su iya samun damar tafiyar. Babban Limamin kasar Ghana shine mafi girman iko kan lamuran musulmai a Ghana. Wasu yankuna na birni da birane, musamman a yankunan da ke da yawan musulmai, suna da makarantun Islamiyya ko na larabawa da ke ba da ilimin firamare, ƙarami, sakandare da manyan makarantu. Musulmai a Ghana sun koka daga rashin wakilci a kafafen yada labarai na cikin gida. Gidajen talabijin da gidajen rediyo galibi ƙungiyoyi ne daga kudancin ƙasar suke gudanar da su, suna watsa waƙoƙin bishara da abubuwan bisharar kirista a tashoshin ƙasa da na gida da kuma tashoshin. Babu wata tashar talibijan ta kasa ko tashoshin rediyo na kasa da ake watsawa a Dagbani, Hausa, Wala, Dyula, Gurunsi, Zarma, ko kuma duk wani yare da musulmai ke amfani da shi. Wannan kuma gurɓataccen bayanin yana haifar da musulmin Ghana da ke shiga rediyo daga mafi yawan yankunan arewacin Sahelian da ke kewaye da Yammacin Afirka tare da yawancin musulmai ko kuma asalinsu, musamman daga kasar Hausa (Arewacin Najeriya da Nijar), da yankunan da ake magana da Gur-da Mande (Mali, arewacin Cote d’Ivoire, da Burkina Faso) don labarai, karatun Al-Qur’ani, wa’azozi, al’adu da addinan da ke nuna alamun su sosai. Tarihin Musulunci Addinin Sahelian na Yammacin Afirka ya gabatar da addinin Islama. Kafin wannan, ma'aikatan Da'awa sun yi tuntuba kuma sun yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da mutanen da suka hada da mazaunan jihohin Bonoman da ke can kasan Ghana na wannan zamani. Gabatar da Addinin Islama a cikin ƙasar ta Ghana galibi ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan kasuwanci na andan kasuwar Mande da Speakingan kasuwar Hausa. Yada Addinin Musulunci a Ghana Musulunci ya yadu ta hanyoyi da yawa; Manden sun zo ne ta hanyoyin Arewa da Arewa maso Yamma na Ghana yayin da ’yan kasuwar Borno da Hausa suka fito daga Arewa-maso-Gabas. Ana tunanin Musulunci ya yi nasarar kutsawa zuwa kudancin Ghana biyo bayan "rugujewar jihohin Bono da na Begho, kuma karuwar ta samu karfafuwa ne ganin cewa cinikin bayi ya zama mai kawo riba da gasa". Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Biritaniya a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara ta sanya mutane daga wasu yankuna daban-daban na arewacin arewa galibi musulmai cikin rundunar sojojin mulkin mallaka. A karshe, yawan kaura daga bakin haure zuwa gandun dajin na Ghana biyo bayan fatattakar Salaga ta 1892 ta hanyar kutsawa daga Dagomba, Namumba da kabilun Gonja sun lalata musulmin arewacin kasar yayin da suke bunkasa na kudu. Yawan Musulmai a Ghana Musulmin ya fi yawa ne a Arewacin Ghana da kuma cikin al'umman Zongo da ke warwatse a cikin ƙasar. Zungiyoyin Zongo ƙauyuka ne waɗanda baƙin haure suka fi yawa daga yankunan Sahelian na Yammacin Afirka (Mandinka, Soninke, Hausa, Songhai, Fulani, da sauransu) waɗanda suka ɗauki harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen yare. Membobin kungiyar ta Zongo kuskure ne amma ana musu kallon 'yan Arewa ne. Koyaya, al'ummomin biyu sun bambanta, suna da al'adu da yare daban-daban. Alkaluman hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Ghana sun nuna cewa kimanin kashi 25% na Musulmai ne koda yake kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna nuna adawa da wannan adadi. Hadin gwiwar Kungiyoyin Musulmai ya ci gaba da cewa alkaluman karshe da aka fitar a shekarar 2002 "suna dauke da munanan kurakurai kuma sakamakon haka ba za a iya amfani da shi a matsayin ingantattun bayanai ba don tsarawa da tsara ajandar ci gaban kasar ba". Kiran ya zo a daidai lokacin da kungiyoyi galibi daga Arewa suka roki gwamnati da ta janye sakamakon, suna nuna damuwar cewa wasu kabilun ba su da yawa a kidayar jama'a kuma ya kamata ma'aikatar ta bude hanyoyinsu don bincika jama'a. Alkaluman hukumar CIA sun nuna cewa yawan musulmin da ke Ghana ya kai kashi 16 cikin dari. Sauran asusun sun sanya adadin a kashi 35 cikin dari. Gwamnatin kasar Ghana ta ware kudade don ci gaban kasa yana da tasiri sosai game da yawan jama'a. Yankunan kasa Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2017, Musulmai sun kai kusan kashi 18 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar Ghana. Musulmai sun fi rinjaye a Yankin Arewa, babban addini a Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Yankin Yammacin Yamma da yawa. Akwai musulmin da suka rage kaɗan a yankunan kudancin Ghana. Kungiyoyin Ahmadiyya Kungiyar Jama'at ta Ahmadiyya Musulmi, wacce aka kafa a 1921, ita ce mafi dadewar al'ummar musulmai a Ghana. Musulman Ahmadi suna daga cikin mishan mishan mishan a Ghana, kuma zuwa 1957, sun musuluntar da mutane sama da 100,000 (galibi kiristoci). Mishan na farko na Ahmadi a Ghana, Maulvi Abdul Rahim Nayyar, ya zo ne bisa gayyatar da Musulmai suka yi masa a Saltpond. A kashi 16%, kasar Ghana ce ke karbar bakuncin mafi yawan Musulman Ahmadi ga mafi yawan musulman kasar. Sufi Sufanci shine mafi yawan al'adun musulinci a Ghana saboda kasancewar sa da dadewa, kusanci da kuma jurewa da al'adun mutanen asalin duk da cewa basu taɓa haɗuwa don kafa ƙungiya ko haɗin kan al'umma ba. Fitattun umarni Sufaye da aka wakilta a Ghana sune Tijjaniyya da Qadiriyya. Sufanci sananne ne tsakanin baƙuwar musulmin Ghana, wanda aka fi sani da Zongos. Sufaye su ne kashi 27 na musulmin a Ghana. Sunni An shigo da Musulunci mai bin tafarkin Sunni zuwa kasar Ghana a matsayin wani bangare na ayyukan kawo canji na mujaddadi dan kasar Ghana, Afa Ajura na 1940. Kamfen din Afa Ajura ya kalubalanci matsayin koyarwar darikun Sufaye kuma ya sanya shi adawa da tsarin zamantakewar Sufi da tuni aka kafa. Har zuwa shekarun 1970s sakonsa ya sami karbuwa sosai, wanda ya haifar da akasarin Musulmai, kashi 51 (2014), yanzu suna da alaƙa da Anbariya Sunni Community. A mafi yawan lokacin da aka kafa shi a Ghana, Sunni na Islama ya yada a duk faɗin ƙasar a Dagbanli harshen asali na Afa Ajura. Kwanan nan mabiya sunni a cikin al'ummomin Zongo da ke kudancin Ghana (18% na musulmai) sun kafa kungiyar "Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah" (ASWaJA) don isa ga masu magana da harshen Hausa. Har yanzu ASWaJ na samun kwarin gwiwa daga shugabancin iyayensu na Anbariyya, wanda Afa Seidu ke jagoranta a Tamale. Sauran dariku Shia Ba ƙungiya ba Sanannun Musulmai Abedi Pele [Sheikh Osman Nuhu Shaributu] Duba kuma Ofishin Babban Limamin Ghana Ƙarin Karatu Hanson, John H. The Ahmadiyya in the Gold Coast: Muslim Cosmopolitans in the British Empire (Indiana University Press, 2017). Ryan, Patrick J. "Islam in Ghana: its major influences and the situation today." Orita: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies 28.1-2 (1996): 70–84. Skinner, David E. "Conversion to Islam and the promotion of ‘Modern’Islamic Schools in Ghana." Journal of religion in Africa 43.4 (2013): 426–450. Weiss, Holger. "Variations in the colonial representation of Islam and Muslims in Northern Ghana, Ca. 1900–1930." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 25.1 (2005): 73–95. Wilks, Ivor. "The growth of Islamic learning in Ghana." Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2.4 (1963): 409–417. online Hanyoyin haɗin waje Muslims cry foul over population figures. Amon Salo. Feb 2002 International Religious Freedom Report Ghana 2006. US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Manazarta
53177	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi%20Supardi	Yogi Supardi	Ignatius Yogi Supardi (25 Yuli 1929 15 Satumba 2019) wani jami'in sojan Indonesiya ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya wanda ya zama Sakatare Janar na Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Jakadan Indonesia a Japan Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Yogi a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1929 a Klaten Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Hollandsch-Inlandsche (makarantun Dutch don ƴan ƙasar), inda ya kammala a 1942, kuma ya sauke karatu a ƙaramar sakandare a 1945. Bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Indonesiya, Yogi ya shiga Makarantar Soja ta Yogya da ke Jogjakarta A wancan lokacin, kwanan nan aka kafa makarantar a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1945. Yogi, tare da wasu 'yan wasa 441, an karɓi su cikin makarantar. A lokacin karatunsa na soja a makarantar, Yogi ya kwace bindigogi daga sojojin Japan a 1945 kuma an sanya shi a matsayin mai kula da Arewa Bandung Front a 1946. Yogi ya sauke karatu tare da mukamin laftanar na biyu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1948 a wani biki a Istana Negara Daga 'yan wasan 442 da aka yarda da su a makarantar, 196 kawai ciki har da Yogi sun sauke karatu daga makarantar. Aikin soja Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar, Yogi ya zama wani ɓangare na sashin Yarima Diponegoro a Magelang kuma an ajiye shi don murkushe Al'amarin Madiun Bayan rikicin ya ƙare, an ƙaura zuwa Yogyakarta, inda ya yi yaƙi da sojojin Holland. An sake mayar da shi zuwa Sumatra ta Kudu a cikin 1949 kuma ya zama jami'in hulda tsakanin sojojin Indonesia da na Holland. Ya zauna a Kudancin Sumatra na tsawon shekara guda a matsayin babban hafsa har sai da aka umarce shi da ya halarci Makarantar Makarantu a Indiya Ya sauke karatu daga makarantar a shekara ta 1952 kuma an ba shi mukamin laftanar farko. Bayan haɓakarsa, Yogi ya koyar a cikin Ilimin Makamai na Tsakiya a matsayin malami na tsawon shekaru huɗu. An tura shi zuwa ketare jim kadan kuma ya zama mataimaki ga hafsan soji a Landan Laftanar Kanar Sutojo a ranar 4 ga Agusta 1956. An canza shi shekaru da yawa bayan haka don gudanar da wannan matsayi a Manila Ya koma Indonesia a 1960 kuma ya zama Kwamandan Ilimin Makamai na Tsakiya. Ya bar mukamin ne a shekarar 1963 kuma ya zama Kwamandan runduna ta 1st Army Strategic Command Artillery Brigade. Ya samu karin girma ta hanyar tsarin dabarun rundunar soji sannan ya zama mataimaki na 3 ga kwamandan dabarun soji Umar Wirahadikusumah Sannan ya yi karatu a National Resilience institute daga 1968 zuwa 1969. An koma Yogi zuwa tsarin Hafsan Hafsoshin Soja kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimaki na Biyar (Bincike da Ci gaba) zuwa Babban Hafsan Soja har zuwa 1972. A taƙaice ya zama Mataimakin Mataimakin na Biyar na tsawon watanni a 1971, ya maye gurbin Manjo Janar Mardanus mai barin gado. A ƙarshen aikinsa a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin na Biyar, An zaɓi Yogi ta Generation na 1945 sunan laƙabi ga hafsoshin soja waɗanda suka yi yaƙi a cikin juyin juya halin Indonesiya don tsara shirin yin sauyi cikin tsari tsakanin tsarar 1945 hafsoshi da hafsoshin soja bayan yakin. Shirin Yogi bai yi la'akari da gibin zuriyar da ke tsakanin tsarar 1945 da kuma na baya-bayan nan na yaki (daga baya aka yi wa lakabi da ginshikin gadar) a matsayin wani tsara na daban kuma ya hada tsarar da za ta shiga cikin tsarar bayan yakin. Babban shirinsa shi ne kula da tsararrakin jami'an 1945 da suka yi ritaya (wanda aka tsara za su yi ritaya a cikin 1980s) a Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Tsaro, inda ya yi imanin cewa "manufofin akida na gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai za su iya ci gaba da jagorancin mutanen da suka ci nasarar hakan. 'yancin kai". An aika Yogi zuwa Rundunar Soja ta 9/Udayana a Bali, inda ya zama kwamandan ta a ranar 25 ga Maris 1972. An maye gurbinsa da Ignatius Pranoto a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1974. Daga Bali, an juya Yogi zuwa Rundunar Sojojin Indonesiya da Kwalejin Janar na Ma'aikata a Bandung kuma ya zama kwamandan kwalejin daga 20 Maris 1974. Ya bar mukamin a ranar 3 ga Maris 1976. A ranar 21 ga Janairun 1976, an yi Yogi a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Siyasa, Dabaru da Tsare-tsare Gabaɗaya ga Babban Kwamandan Sojoji Sabon ofishin Yogi ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa kuma yana matsayi mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da duk sauran mataimaka. Dangane da shirinsa na sabuntawa, Yogi ya rike wani mukami da ake kira Babban Hafsan Ma'aikatan Gudanarwa a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Tsaro a cikin 1980. Sabon matsayi na Yogi yana daidaita ayyukan mataimaka don Ci gaban Ma'aikata da Ma'aikata; Dabaru, Ci gaban Kayayyaki, da Shigarwa; Kudi; da hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa. An sake tsara ofishin shugaban ma’aikatan gwamnati zuwa Sakatare Janar. Yogi har yanzu ya ci gaba da zama a Ma'aikatar Tsaro kuma ya zama Sakatare Janar a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1983. Duk da haka, ikon Babban Sakatare ya ragu sosai daga magabacinsa. An canza ikon sarrafa ma'aikata, dabaru, ko kuɗi daga Yogi Supardi zuwa Benny Moerdani, Babban Kwamandan Sojoji a wancan lokacin. Yogi ya yi murabus daga ofishinsa a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1987 kuma Ida Bagus Sudjana ya maye gurbinsa. Daga baya rayuwa Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Yogi ya zama jakadan Indonesia a Japan a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1987. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 16 ga Mayu 1991 Poedji Koentarso ya maye gurbinsa. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, Yogi ya zama jakadan Indonesia a Japan a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1987. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jakada na tsawon shekaru hudu har zuwa 16 ga Mayu 1991 Poedji Koentarso ya maye gurbinsa. Mutuwan 2019 Haifaffun 1929 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40403	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Tolstoy	Leo Tolstoy	Leo Tolstoy, marubuci ɗan ƙasar Rasha ne wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan kowane lokaci. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin adabi kowace shekara daga 1902 zuwa 1906 da kuma lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a 1901, 1902, da 1909; kasancewar bai taba yin nasara ba babban cece-kuce. An haife shi ga dangin ƴan ƙasar Rasha a cikin 1828, Fitattun ayyukan Tolstoy sun haɗa da litattafan War da Aminci (1869) da Anna Karenina (1878), galibi ana ambaton su azaman fitattun almara na gaske. Ya fara samun yabo na wallafe-wallafen a cikin shekarunsa ashirin tare da ilimin tarihin kansa, Yarantaka, Yaro, da Matasa (1852-1856), da Sevastopol Sketches (1855), dangane da abubuwan da ya samu a Yaƙin Crimean Almararsa ta ƙunshi tarin gajerun labarai da litattafai da yawa kamar Mutuwar Ivan Ilyich (1886), Farin Ciki na Iyali (1859), "Bayan Ball" (1911), da Hadji Murad (1912). Ya kuma rubuta wasan kwaikwayo da kasidu masu yawa na falsafa. A cikin 1870s, Tolstoy ya sami babban rikicin ɗabi'a, wanda ya biyo bayan abin da yake ɗauka a matsayin farkawa ta ruhaniya daidai daidai, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin aikinsa mara almara A Confession (1882). Fassarar da ya yi na zahiri na koyarwar ɗabi’a na Yesu, da ke kan Huɗuba bisa Dutse, ya sa shi ya zama Kirista mai ƙwazo, anarchist da kuma son zaman lafiya Ra'ayinsa game da juriya mara tashin hankali, wanda aka bayyana a cikin irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar Mulkin Allah Yana Cikinku (1894), ya yi tasiri sosai a kan manyan mutane na ƙarni na 20 kamar su Mahatma Gandhi da Martin Luther King Jr. Shi ma. ya zama mai ba da shawara na Georgism, falsafar tattalin arziki na Henry George, wanda ya shigar da shi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa, musamman tashin matattu (1899). Asalin Tolstoys sanannen dangi ne na tsoffin sarakunan Rasha waɗanda suka samo asalin zuriyarsu ga wani ɗan adam mai suna Indris wanda Pyotr Tolstoy ya kwatanta da isowa "daga Nemec, daga ƙasashen Kaisar" zuwa Chernigov a 1353 tare da 'ya'yansa maza biyu Litvinos (ko Litvonis) da Zimonten (ko Zigmont) da druzhina na mutane 3000. Yayin da aka dade ana amfani da kalmar "Nemec" wajen kwatanta Jamusawa kawai, a wancan lokacin ana amfani da ita ga duk wani baƙon da ba ya jin Rashanci (daga kalmar nemoy ma'ana bebe Daga nan aka canza Indris zuwa Orthodoxy na Gabas, a ƙarƙashin sunan Leonty, da 'ya'yansa maza kamar Konstantin da Feodor. An yi wa jikan Konstantin Andrei Kharitonovich laƙabi da Tolstiy (wanda aka fassara a matsayin mai ta Vasily II na Moscow bayan ya tashi daga Chernigov zuwa Moscow. Saboda sunayen arna da kuma gaskiyar cewa Demetrius I Starshy ya mulki Chernigov a lokacin, wasu masu bincike sun kammala cewa su Lithuanians ne waɗanda suka zo daga Grand Duchy na Lithuania A lokaci guda kuma, ba a taɓa samun ambaton Indris a cikin takaddun ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16 ba, yayin da aka batar da tarihin Chernigov da Pyotr Tolstoy yayi amfani da shi azaman tunani. Mambobin dangin Tolstoy na farko da aka rubuta suma sun rayu a cikin karni na 17, don haka Pyotr Tolstoy da kansa ana daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa gidan mai daraja, Peter the Great ya ba shi taken kirga Rayuwa da aiki An haifi Tolstoy a Yasnaya Polyana, wani yanki na iyali mai kudu maso yammacin Tula, da kudu da Moscow. Shi ne na huɗu cikin 'ya'ya biyar na Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794-1837), tsohon soja na yakin Patriotic na 1812, da Princess Mariya Tolstaya (née Volkonskaya 1790-1830). Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu yana da shekara biyu, mahaifinsa kuma yana da shekara tara. Tolstoy da 'yan uwansa sun girma ta hanyar dangi. A shekara ta 1844, ya fara karatun shari'a da harsunan gabas a Jami'ar Kazan, inda malamai suka bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda ba ya iya kuma ba ya son koyo". Tolstoy ya bar jami'a a tsakiyar karatunsa, ya koma Yasnaya Polyana sannan ya shafe lokaci mai tsawo a Moscow, Tula da Saint Petersburg, yana jagorantar rayuwa mai laushi da jin dadi. Ya fara rubuce-rubuce a wannan lokacin, ciki har da littafinsa na farko Childhood, labarin ƙage na ƙuruciyarsa, wanda aka buga a 1852. A cikin 1851, bayan ya ci bashin caca mai nauyi, ya tafi tare da ɗan'uwansa zuwa Caucasus kuma ya shiga soja Tolstoy ya yi aiki a matsayin matashin sojan bindigu a lokacin Yaƙin Crimean kuma ya kasance a Sevastopol a lokacin yaƙin Sevastopol na tsawon watanni 11 a 1854–55, gami da Yaƙin Chernaya. A lokacin yakin an san shi da jaruntaka kuma an kara masa girma zuwa laftanar. Ya firgita da yawan mace-macen da aka yi a yaƙi, kuma ya bar soja bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Crimean. Kwarewarsa a cikin soja, da tafiye-tafiye guda biyu a Turai a cikin 1857 da 1860-61 ya canza Tolstoy daga marubucin al'umma mai rudani da gata zuwa mai tashin hankali da ruhi Sauran wadanda suka bi wannan hanya sune Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin da Peter Kropotkin A lokacin ziyararsa ta 1857, Tolstoy ya shaida kisan gilla a bainar jama'a a birnin Paris, abin da ya faru da ya ratsa jiki wanda ya nuna sauran rayuwarsa. A cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga abokinsa Vasily Botkin, Tolstoy ya rubuta: “Gaskiya ita ce, Jiha wata makarkashiya ce da aka tsara ba kawai don a yi amfani da ita ba, amma sama da duka don lalata ’yan ƙasarta Daga yanzu ba zan taba bauta wa wata gwamnati a ko’ina ba.” Manufar Tolstoy na rashin tashin hankali ko ahimsa ya ƙarfafa lokacin da ya karanta fassarar Jamusanci na Tirukkural Daga baya ya cusa ra'ayin a Mahatma Gandhi ta hanyar Wasikarsa zuwa ga Hindu lokacin da matashi Gandhi ya yi magana da shi yana neman shawararsa. Tafiyarsa ta Turai a cikin 1860-61 ta tsara ci gaban siyasa da wallafe-wallafe lokacin da ya sadu da Victor Hugo. Tolstoy karanta Hugo's sabuwar gama Les Misérables. Irin wannan motsin fage na yaƙi a cikin littafin Hugo da kuma Tolstoy's War da Aminci na nuna wannan tasiri. Falsafar siyasa ta Tolstoy ma ta rinjayi ziyarar Maris 1861 zuwa ga anarchist na Faransa Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, sannan yana zaune a gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka ɗauka a Brussels. Tolstoy ya sake nazarin littafin Proudhon mai zuwa, La Guerre et la Paix Yaki da Zaman Lafiya a cikin Faransanci), kuma daga baya ya yi amfani da taken don gwanintarsa. Mutanen biyu sun kuma tattauna batun ilimi, kamar yadda Tolstoy ya rubuta a cikin litattafansa na ilimi: "Idan na ba da labarin wannan tattaunawa da Proudhon, don nuna cewa, a cikin kwarewata, shi ne kawai mutumin da ya fahimci muhimmancin ilimi da kuma na bugu. latsa a zamaninmu." An kori shi da sha'awa, Tolstoy ya koma Yasnaya Polyana kuma ya kafa makarantu 13 ga 'ya'yan manoma na Rasha, waɗanda aka 'yantar da su a cikin 1861. Tolstoy ya bayyana ka'idodin makarantun a cikin rubutunsa na 1862 "Makarantar a Yasnaya Polyana". Gwaje-gwajensa na ilimi ba su daɗe ba, wani ɓangare saboda tsangwama daga ’yan sandan sirri na Tsarist Koyaya, a matsayin jagora kai tsaye zuwa Makarantar Summerhill AS Neill, makarantar a Yasnaya Polyana za a iya da'awar misali na farko na ingantacciyar ka'idar ilimin demokraɗiyya Count Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy (1863-1947), mawaki da ethnomusicologist. Countess Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya (1864-1950), matar Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin. Count Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy (1866-1933), marubuci Count Lev Lvovich Tolstoy (1869-1945), marubuci kuma sculptor. Countess Maria Lvovna Tolstaya (1871-1906), matar Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky Count Peter Lvovich Tolstoy (1872-1873), ya mutu tun yana jariri Count Nikolai Lvovich Tolstoy (1874-1875), ya mutu tun yana jariri Countess Varvara Lvovna Tolstaya (1875-1875), ya mutu tun yana jariri. Count Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy (1877-1916), yayi aiki a cikin yakin Russo-Japanese. Michael Lvovich Tolstoy (1879-1944) Alexei Lvovich Tolstoy (1881-1886) Countess Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya (1884-1979) Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy (1888-1895) Manazarta Articles with hAudio
40241	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Obika	Jonathan Obika	Jonathan Chiedozie Obika (an haife shi a ranar ga watan 12 Satumba shekarar 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar League One Morecambe. Aikin kulob Tottenham Obika samfur ne na tsarin matasa na Tottenham Hotspur kuma shine babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a bangaren makarantar kimiyya a kakar shekarar 2007–08 Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin UEFA a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2008 da NEC Nijmegen. Ya kuma buga wasa da ƙungiyar FC Shakhtar Donetsk ta ƙasar Ukraine a gasar ɗaya. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi mafi aminci da kulob ɗin a watan Janairun shekarar 2009. A ranar 19 ga watan Maris shekarar 2009 ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar League One Yeovil Town akan lamunin wata guda. An tsawaita lamunin nasa har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2008–09 a watan Afrilu. A matsayin aro na watanni biyu ya buga wasanni 10 inda ya zura kwallaye hudu. Obika ya koma Yeovil akan lamuni na wata uku ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2009. Ya zura kwallo a wasansa na uku na kakar shekarar 2009–10 da Leyton Orient Ya sake zira kwallo a ranar 1 ga Watan Satumba a kan Bournemouth a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Kwallon kafa, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci. Tare da abokan wasan Tottenham Steven Caulker da Ryan Mason, an tsawaita lamunin nasa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba. A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, an mayar da Obika zuwa Spurs saboda komawar Yeovil na Arron Davies sannan kuma nan da nan aka aika shi aro zuwa ga Millwall na League One. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu, Obika ya zira kwallo a ragar Millwall a karawar da suka yi da Yeovil a lokacin rauni kuma duk da abin da ake nufi da ci gaban Millwall, bai yi bikin a matsayin alamar girmamawa ga tsohon kulob ɗinsa ba. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, Obika ya koma kudancin Landan ya koma Crystal Palace kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Duk da haka an yanke wannan a farkon watan Janairu bayan jerin wasanni masu ban sha'awa, kuma ya tafi aro ga Peterborough United maimakon. Daga nan ya shiga garin Swindon bayan ƴan makonni har zuwa karshen kakar wasa amma an tuna da shi bayan rashin dama a Swindon. Daga baya Obika ya koma Yeovil har zuwa karshen kakar wasa, kulob dinsa na uku a kakar shekarar 2010-11, kuma ya buga wasanni 11 yana zura kwallaye 3. Daga nan Obika ya koma Yeovil aro a farkon kakar 2011-12 har zuwa watan Janairu 2012, daga baya aka tsawaita wannan yarjejeniya har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2011, Obika ya ci kwallo ta farko na sabuwar yarjejeniyar aro da Charlton Athletic tare da bugun daga kai, sannan ya ci gaba da zura kwallo a ragar Carlisle, Sheffield Wednesday da Leyton Orient. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2013, Obika ya rattaba hannu kan aro tare da Charlton Athletic ta Championship na sauran kakar shekarar 2012-13 sannan kuma ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekara guda tare da Spurs har zuwa shekarar 2014. Obika ne ya ci wa Charlton kwallonsa ta farko a ragar Leeds United, a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida inda aka tashi 2-1. Obika ya biyo bayan haka ne a minti na 90 da ci wa Wolves. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014, Obika ya shiga ƙungiyar Championship Brighton & Hove Albion akan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta farko ta wata uku. Ya ci wa Brighton kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin FA a zagaye na hudu da Port Vale a minti na 78, Brighton ta ci 3-1. Rohan Ince da Solomon March ne suka ci wa Albion sauran kwallaye biyun. Bayan yarjejeniyarsa da Brighton ta kare, Obika ya koma Charlton Athletic a matsayin aro, na tsawon kakar wasa ta bana. Garin Swindon Obika ya bar Tottenham ya koma ƙungiyar League One Swindon Town a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2014 kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don ci gaba da shi a The County Ground na tsawon shekaru biyu. A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2017, Obika ya tabbatar da cewa zai bar Swindon a kan ƙarshen yarjejeniyarsa ta yanzu bayan shekaru uku a Ground County Oxford United Obika ya zama sabon koci Pep Clotet na farko da ya sa hannu a abokan hamayyar Swindon Oxford United lokacin da aka sanar da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu akan 5 Yuli 2017. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Oldham Athletic a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2017–18, wanda ya kare da ci 2–0 da Oxford, kuma ya fara halarta a gida da fara bayyanarsa, kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko. burin, a wasa na gaba, rashin nasara da ci 4–3 a Cheltenham Town a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin EFL An sake shi bayan kwantiraginsa ya kare bayan kakar 2018-19 St Mirren A watan Agusta 2019, Obika ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar St Mirren ta Scotland Ya zira kwallaye 8 a gasar, na karshe ya zo ne a wasan da suka doke Hearts da ci 1-0 wanda ya koma kungiyar Edinburgh. Morecambe A watan Yuni 2021, Obika ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Morecambe League One Ayyukan ƙasaa daƙasaa An kira Obika ne domin ya wakilci Ingila a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ƴan ƙasa da shekaru 20 da za a karbi bakunci a Masar daga ranar 24 ga watan Satumba Oktoba 16, 2009. Obika ya buga wasanni biyun farko da Ghana da Uruguay Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Obika a Enfield, London kuma ya girma a Edmonton na asalin Najeriya. Ya halarci Makarantar Bishop Stopford a Enfield. Shi ɗan uwan mawaki ne kuma tsohon dan takarar Kwalejin Fame Lemar Kididdigar sana'a Girmamawa Mutum Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Sky Bet na mako 13/09/14 14/09/14 Nassoshi 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29295	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Nau%27ikan%20Ciwon%20Daji	Jerin Nau'ikan Ciwon Daji	Wadannan jerin nau'ikan ciwon daji ne Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka waɗanda ke haɗa da haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yada zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Ba duka ciwace-ciwace ko kullutu ke da cutar kansa ba; Ba a rarraba ciwace-ciwacen daji da ciwon daji domin ba sa yaɗuwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Akwai sanannen sankara sama da 100 da ke shafar mutane. Ciwon daji ya kasan ce galibi ana bayyana su ta bangaren jikin da suka samo asali. Duk da haka, wasu sassan jiki sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nama da yawa, don haka don ƙarin daidaito, ana kuma rarraba cututtukan daji da nau'in tantanin halitta waɗanda ƙwayoyin ƙari suka samo asali daga. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun haɗa da: Carcinoma Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel epithelial Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da yawancin cututtukan daji da ke faruwa a cikin manya. Kusan duk cututtukan daji masu tasowa a cikin nono, prostate, huhu, pancreas, da hanji sune carcinomas. Sarcoma Ciwon daji da ke fitowa daga nama mai haɗi (watau kashi, guringuntsi, mai, jijiya kowannensu yana tasowa daga sel wanda ya samo asali a cikin kwayoyin halitta a waje da kasusuwa. Lymphoma da cutar sankarar bargo Wadannan nau'ikan ciwon daji guda biyu sun fito ne daga sel marasa balaga da suka samo asali a cikin kasusuwa, kuma an yi niyya don bambancewa da girma cikin abubuwan al'ada na tsarin rigakafi da jini, bi da bi. Cutar sankarar bargo ta lymphoblastic ita ce mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji a cikin yara, lissafin 30% na lokuta. Koyaya, manya da yawa fiye da yara suna haɓaka lymphoma da cutar sankarar bargo. Ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel masu ƙarfi, mafi yawan lokuta suna nunawa a cikin gwangwani ko ovary seminoma da dysgerminoma, bi da bi). Blastoma Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel "precursor" marasa girma ko nama na amfrayo. Blastomas sun fi yawa a cikin yara (misali neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, nephroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, medulloblastoma, da dai sauransu) fiye da manya. Ciwon daji yawanci ana kiran su ta amfani da -carcinoma, -sarcoma ko -blastoma a matsayin kari, tare da kalmar Latin ko Girkanci ga gabo ko nama na asali a matsayin tushen. Misali, mafi yawan ciwon daji na hanta parenchyma ("hepato-" hanta), wanda ke fitowa daga sel epithelial m ("carcinoma"), za a kira shi hepatocarcinoma, yayin da mummunan ciwon da ke fitowa daga sel precursor na hanta ana kiransa hepatoblastoma Hakazalika, ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga ƙwayoyin kitse masu cutarwa za a kira shi liposarcoma Ga wasu cututtukan daji na yau da kullun, ana amfani da sunan gabobin Ingilishi. Misali, nau'in ciwon nono da aka fi sani shine ake kira ductal carcinoma na nono Ciwon daji mara kyau (wadanda ba ciwon daji ba) yawanci ana kiran su ta amfani da -oma azaman kari tare da sunan gabobin a matsayin tushen. Alal misali, ƙwayar cuta ce ta fibroid Abin mamaki, wasu nau'in ciwon daji suna amfani da -noma suffix, misalai ciki har da melanoma da seminoma Wasu nau'in ciwon daji ana kiran su don girma da siffar sel a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, kamar giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta Kashi da tsoka sarcoma Chondrosarcoma Ewing's sarcoma M fibrous histiocytoma na kashi osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Myxosarcoma Kwakwalwa da tsarin juyayi Astrocytoma Braintem glioma Pilocytic astrocytoma Ependymoma Ciwon daji na farko na neuroectodermal Cerebellar astrocytoma Astrocytoma na cerebral Glioblastoma Glioma Medulloblastoma Neuroblastoma Oligodendroglioma Pineal astrocytoma Pituitary adenoma Hanyar gani da kuma hypothalamic glioma Nono Ciwon nono Ciwon daji mai kumburi Ciwon daji lobular carcinoma Tubular carcinoma Ciwon daji na cribriform carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Namiji ciwon nono Phyllodes ciwon daji Endocrine tsarin Adrenocortical carcinoma Ciwon daji na Islet cell (endocrine pancreas) Multiple endocrine neoplasia ciwo Parathyroid cancer Pheochromocytoma Ciwon daji na thyroid Merkel cell carcinoma Ido Ciwon daji melanoma Retinoblastoma Jijiya na gani glioma Gastrointestinal Ciwon daji na dubura Karin bayani ciwon daji Cholangiocarcinoma Ciwon daji na Carcinoid, gastrointestinal Ciwon daji na hanji Extrahepatic bile duct cancer Gallbladder cancer Ciwon daji (Cus) ciwon daji Ciwon ciki na carcinoid Ciwon ciki na hanji (GIST) Ciwon hanta Ciwon daji na pancreatic, cell cell Ciwon daji na dubura Ciwon daji na hanji Genitourinary da gynecologic Ciwon daji na mafitsara Ciwon mahaifa Ciwon daji na Endometrial Extragonadal germ cell tumor Ciwon daji na Ovarian Ovarian epithelial cancer surface epithelial-stromal tumor Ciwon kwayar cutar Ovarian Ciwon daji na azzakari Ciwon daji na koda Ciwon daji na renal Renal pelvis da ureter, ciwon daji na kwayar halitta Prostate ciwon daji Ciwon daji na mahaifa Ciwon ciki na trophoblastic Ureter da renal ƙashin ƙugu, ciwon daji na sel na wucin gadi Ciwon daji na urethra Sarcoma na mahaifa Ciwon daji na Farji Ciwon daji Ciwon daji na Wilms (nephroblastoma) Kai da wuya Ciwon daji na Esophageal Ciwon kai da wuya Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Ciwon daji na baka Ciwon daji na Oropharyngeal Paranasal sinus da ciwon kogon hanci Ciwon daji na pharyngeal Ciwon daji na Salivary Ciwon daji na Hypopharyngeal Hematopoietic M biphenotypic cutar sankarar bargo M eosinophilic cutar sankarar bargo Cutar sankarar bargo ta lymphoblastic M myeloid cutar sankarar bargo M myeloid dendritic cell cutar sankarar bargo Lymphoma mai alaka da AIDS Anaplastic babban cell lymphoma Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma B-cell prolymphocytic cutar sankarar bargo Burkitt ta lymphoma Cutar sankarar lymphocytic na yau da kullun Myelogenous cutar sankarar bargo Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Yada manyan B-cell lymphoma Lymphoma follicular Gashi cutar sankarar bargo Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma Hodgkin ta lymphoma Intravascular babban B-cell lymphoma Large granular lymphocytic cutar sankarar bargo Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Mantle cell lymphoma Babban yankin B-cell lymphoma Mast cell cutar sankarar bargo Mediastinal babban B cell lymphoma Multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm Myelodysplastic ciwo Mucosa-haɗe da lymphoid nama lymphoma Mycosis fungoides Nodal gefe zone B cell lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Precursor B lymphoblastic cutar sankarar bargo Tsarin jijiya na farko na lymphoma Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma Immunocytoma na farko na fata Primary effusion lymphoma Plasmablastic lymphoma Sézary ciwo Splenic marginal zone lymphoma T-cell prolymphocytic cutar sankarar bargo Fatar jiki Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell fata ciwon daji Skin adnexal ciwace-ciwacen daji (misali sebaceous carcinoma Melanoma Merkel cell carcinoma Keratoacanthoma Sarcomas na asali na asali na fata (misali dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans Lymphomas na asalin fata na farko (misali mycosis fungoides Thoracic da numfashi Adenocarcinoma na huhu Bronchial adenomas carcinoids Kananan ciwon huhu Mesothelioma Ciwon huhu mara ƙanƙanta Carcinoma mara karami Pleuropulmonary blastoma Ciwon daji na makogwaro Thymoma da thymic carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinoma na huhu HIV/AIDS masu alaka Ciwon daji masu alaka da AIDS Kaposi sarcoma Ba a ware (zuwa yanzu) Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) Desmoplastic ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta Liposarcoma Duba kuma Jerin cututtuka Jerin sharuɗɗan da suka danganci oncology Manazarta Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Kasa Cutar
59390	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahmida%20Hussaini	Fahmida Hussaini	Articles with hCards Dr Fahmida Hussain (mai suna Fahmida Memon) Sindhi an haife ta a gidan adabi a ranar biyar 5 ga watan Yuli, shekara 1948, a Tando Jam gundumar Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan.Mahaifinta Mohammad Yakoon "Niaz" shi ma malami ne wanda ya fassara wakokin Hafiz Shirazi daga Farisa zuwa harshen Sindhi. Dan uwanta Sirajul Haq Memon shima shahararren marubuci ne kuma mai bincike. Shahararriyar marubuciya ce, ƙwararriya, ƙwararren harshe kuma haziƙi na Pakistan.Fannonin ayyukanta sun hada da: Adabi, Linguistics, Nazarin Mata da Ilimin Halitta.Kwarewarta tana cikin nazarin babban mawaƙin sufi na gargajiya Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Dr Fahmida ita ce Shugabar Hukumar Harshen Sindhi daga Mayu shekara 2008 zuwa shekara Maris shekaran 2015. Kafin haka ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta a Shugaban Shah Abdul Latif, Jami'ar Karachi na tsawon shekaru goma. Kafin haka kuma ta taba zama Farfesa kuma shugabar Sashen Sindhi a wannan jami'a. Dr Fahmida Hussain ƙwararriyar marubuci ce wacce ke da littattafai sama da sha biyar 15 don samun karramawarta tare da kasidu da yawa na bincike kan batutuwan da suka shafi Adabi, Linguistics tare da magana ta musamman ga fannoni daban-daban na harshen Sindhi, waƙar Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai da batutuwan jinsi. Ta fara rubuta gajerun labarai da wakoki tun tana karama kuma dole ta ba ta littafi guda na gajerun labarai. Ta kasance tana rubuta ginshiƙai, labarai da sharhi a jaridu da mujallu daban-daban daga shekaru arba'in 40 da suka gabata. Ta auri Abdul Hussain kuma suna da ‘ya’ya uku 3. Dr Sunita Hussain, Aruna Hussain and a son Shahmir Hussain. Ilimi Dr Fahmida Hussain ta yi karatun farko daga Makarantar Model a Hyderabad, Sindh, kuma ta kammala karatun ta a shekara 1968 daga Kwalejin Kimiyya na DJ da ke Karachi.Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Turanci a shekara 1970 daga Sashen Turanci a Jami'ar Sindh da ke Hyderabad, da kuma wani Masters a Sindhi shekara 1972 daga jami'a guda. A shekarar 1990 ta kammala karatun difloma a cikin harshen Hindi daga Sashen Janar na Tarihi a Jami'ar Karachi. Daga baya, a cikin shekara 1992, ta yi nasarar kammala karatun likitanta a cikin adabin Sindhi don samun digiri na uku. Fahmida Hussain ta kuma sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a (LLB) a shekarar 1981. Sana'a A cikin shekara 1972 Dr Fahmida Hussain an nada shi Malamar Turanci a Cibiyar Ilimi a Jami'ar Sindh, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa shekara 1975. Daga shekara 1978 zuwa shekara 1988 ta koyar a matsayin malami na Sindhi a Jami'ar Karachi.A shekara 1988 aka nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa, mukamin da ta rike har zuwa shekara 1995 lokacin da aka nada ta cikakkiyar Farfesa, sannan kuma shugabar sashen a shekarar 1997. A shekarar 1998 Dr Fahmida Hussain ta karbi mukamin Darakta, Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Shugaban Jami'ar Karachi. A watan Mayun shekara 2008, an nada Dr Hussain a matsayin wanda ake so kuma mai daraja ta shugaba, Hukumar Harshen Sindhi. A cikin wadannan shekaru da suka fara daga shekara 1968 zuwa yau, Dr Fahmida Hussain ta kasance tana yin rubuce-rubuce cikin harsunan Sindhi, Urdu da Ingilishi ta bangarori daban-daban: a matsayin marubuci, edita, mai bincike, mai fassara, marubuci kuma masanin harshe. Dr Hussain yana aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin kula da muhimman cibiyoyin ilimi a kasar. A halin yanzu ta yi ritaya daga mukamin shugabar Hukumar Harshen Sindhi (SLA), Sindh Haka kuma ta samu lambobin yabo da yabo da yabo kan aikinta da gudunmawar da ta bayar. Littattafai da aka buga Ta rubuta litattafai da yawa kan adabi, injiniyan harshe da kuma wakokin Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Ga jerin littattafan da aka ba ta:shekara (2012) Sindhu Likhat-21st Sadi-a Men Thial Tahqique(Fassarar labarin bincike kan Indus Script), Hukumar Harshen Sindhi Hyderabad</br> (2012) Adyoon Aaoon Anjaan, (Labarai akan waƙar Shah Latif)- Sashen Al'adu, Govt. Sindh, Karachi</br> shekara (2012) Sindhi Boli-Lisani Pahloo Archived (Kasidu akan Harshen Sindhi), Hukumar Harshen Sindhi, Hyderabad, Sindh</br> shekara (2011) Sindhi Boli-a ji Sikhya (Devnagari), Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad, Sindh</br>shekara (2011) Aaiye Sindhi Seekhen Archived (Bari Mu Koyi Sindhi tare da CD) Hukumar Harshen Sindhi, Hyderabad, Sindh</br>shekara (2008) Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai (Rayuwa, Shayari Falsafa a Urdu), Kwalejin Wasika ta Pakistan, Islamabad.</br> shekara (2006) Duniya Joon Shair Aurtoon Sindhi fassarar wakoki na mata mawaƙa na duniya) Sindhi Adabi Board, Jamshoro.</br> shekara (2003) Hik Hawa Kaen Kahanyoon (Tarin gajerun labarai), Sachal Academy, Karachi.</br> shekara (2002) Hoton Mace a Wakar Shah Latif, (Fassarar Turanci) Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai Shugaban Jami'ar Karachi, Karachi</br> (shekara 2002) Adabi Tanqeed-Fan ain Tareekh (Literary Criticism-Art and History), Naoon Nyapo Academy, Karachi.</br> (2000) Bar-e-Sagheer Ji Bolian Jo Lisanianti Jaizo (fassarar Sindhi na Binciken Harsuna na Indiya, Volume VIII, Part 1, na George Grierson), Hukumar Harshen Sindhi, Hyderabad.</br> shekara (1996) Shah Latif ki Shairi Mein Aurat ka Roop (Urdu translation Bhit Shah Cultural Committee, Hyderabad.</br> shekara (1993) Shah Latif Ji Shairi Mein Aurat Jo Roop (Image of Woman in the Poetry of Shah Latif), Bhit Shah Cultural Committee, Hyderabad.</br>shekara (1990) Pir Hisamuddin Rashidi Tarihin Rayuwa, Sashen Al'adun Sindh Yawon shakatawa, Karachi. Shekara (1983) Hawaun Je Adhar- Travelogue, Agam Publishers, Hyderabad. Kyauta 2004: Girman Kai na Shugaban Kasa 2004: Kyautar Kwalejin Wasiƙa ta Pakistan 2003: Kyautar Latif don ƙwararren aiki a cikin Bincike wallafe-wallafe Shekara2000: Kyautar Gidauniyar Sahyog don mafi kyawun marubucin Sindhi na Sindh Shekara1995: Kyautar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Sindh a Bincike Rubutu Shekara1994: Kyautar Hijira 1414, Kwalejin Wasika ta Pakistan Shekara1994: Kyautar Sindhi Adabi Sangat don Mafi kyawun Bincike akan Waƙar Shah Latif Nazarin Mata Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje https://web.archive.org/web/20080819184811/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/NationalAwards.aspx https://web.archive.org/web/20080527221947/http://www.sindhtoday.net/world/328.htm http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/index.php Sharhin Alfijir: Bayani akan Fahmida Hussain shekara (1999) Shahararren Shugaban Shawarar Shah Latif Dawn, biyar ga watan Yuni 5, shekara 2008: Dr Fahmida ta nada shugabar SLA Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1948 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15690	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funmi%20Olonisakin	Funmi Olonisakin	Funmi Olonisakin (an haife ta 8 ga Fabrairun 1965) wata malaman Najeriya ce yar asalin Burtaniya, wanda Farfesa ce a fannin shugabanci, zaman lafiya da rikici a King's College London, sannan kuma Babban Malami ne a Jami’ar Pretoria Ita ce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar Darakta ta Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka (ALC) da aka kafa bisa tushen Pan-Africanism don gina ƙarni na gaba na shugabanni da masana a kan Nahiyar Afirka tare da ƙimar canjin canji. Olonisakin shine Daraktan Shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen Babbar Jagora na Kimiyyar Kimiyya (MSc) akan Shugabanci, zaman lafiya da tsaro. Ita abokiyar bincike ce ta Kimiyyar Siyasa a Jami'ar Pretoria, kuma ta kasance fitacciyar masaniyar Gidauniyar Andrew Mellon kuma fitacciyar 'yar cibiyar Cibiyar Tsaro ta Geneva (GCSP). A halin yanzu ta kasance memba a cikin memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC). akan sake nazarin gine-ginen zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Olonisakin a halin yanzu shine Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa Shugaban (International) na Kwalejin King's London. Ta kasance mataimakiyar Dean International, Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy, King's College London, ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko kuma farfesa mace ta farko da ta fara gabatar da lacca a King's College London. Ilimi An haife ta a Kudancin Landan a cikin dangin Najeriya, 'Funmi (Oluwafunmilayo) Olonisakin sami digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, Najeriya, a Kimiyyar Siyasa BSc Ta ci gaba da neman digirinta na biyu a fannin Nazarin Yaƙi da kuma digirinta na uku a fannin nazarin yaƙi a King's College London. Ayyuka A cikin aikin da ya shafe shekaru da dama, Olonisakin ya ci gaba da gina babbar kungiyar shugabannin Afirka da masana tare da dabi'u masu mahimmanci wadanda ke inganta dabi'un Afirka game da mutunci, mutunta bambance-bambance, neman kyakkyawan aiki, shiga kungiyar matasa a Afirka da tunani mai zaman kansa Tana ba da shawarar rufe gadoji tsakanin masana, manufofi da ayyuka Ta hanyar Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka (ALC), rarraba ilimi da canja wuri musamman ta hanyar ayyukan jagoranci sun kasance daya daga cikin hanyoyin da Olonisakin ya yi amfani da su tare da hada mashahuran mashawarta da dama a cikin malamai don yin hulɗa da abokan aikin na ALC. Olonisakin kwanan nan ya sauka daga matsayin Daraktan ALC yayin da yake ci gaba da tallafawa Cibiyar ta fannoni daban-daban. Baya ga koyarwa, Olonisakin na ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiyar Afirka da muhawara game da rikice-rikice, wanda a kan haka ne za a yaba mata da tarin littattafai Ta kasance mamba ce ta kungiyar tsaro ta Afirka (ASSN) kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Yankin Yammacin Afirka daga 2008 zuwa 2012. Ta yi aiki a Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Tattalin Arziki na Duniya kan Statesasassun Jihohi daga 2008 zuwa 2010 tana nazari da kimanta yadda jagoranci mai canzawa zai iya samun irin wannan tasirin mai ɗorewa kan mulki da sake gina rikici. Olonisakin ta kasance ma'aikaciyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hanyar wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman na Sakatare Janar a kan Yaran da Rikicin Makamai, inda ta kula da rukunin Afirka. A lokacin da take aikin kwararru a cikin wannan rawar, "ta taimaka wajen kafa Hukumar Kula da Yaran da Yakin Yaƙin ya shafa a Saliyo da Sashin Kare Yara a Communityungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS). Ta yi aiki da wasu mukamai da yawa tare da Tarayyar Afirka da ECOWAS musamman a bangaren mata wajen gina zaman lafiya, shugabanci, yara a yankunan da ake rikici. Ta kuma kasance Daraktar Kungiyar Rikici, Tsaro da Cigaba a Kwalejin King ta Landan daga 2003 zuwa 2013. Tana kara karfi a fagen da ta zaba don yin alamu da bugu a duniya, Olonisakin a yanzu haka tana bayar da gudummawar ilminta ga Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Afirka a matsayin mamba a kungiyar kwararrun masu ba da shawara kan Binciken Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana kan Thabo Mbeki Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka (TMALI) a matsayin memba na Kwamitocin Ba da Shawarwari na Duniya; da Cibiyar Geneva don Kula da Dakarun Soja (DCAF); Taron Tana High Level a kan Tsaro a Afirka da kuma Kwamitocin Amintattun ƙasashen duniya da Cibiyar Tattaunawar Jin Kai. Olonisakin ita ce mace bakar fata ta farko da ta kai matsayin farfesa a kwalejin King's College, London kuma an sanya ta a cikin Powerlist na Burtaniya da suka fi tasiri a cikin mutanen Afirka, ciki har da na Top 10 na matsayin 2019. Akida Olonisakin yana tallafawa ci gaba, bambancin ra'ayi da canza rayuwa. Tana jin daɗi kan binciken da aka yi na shaida kuma tana ƙarfafa jagoranci na kawo canji Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe Littattafai Rikici da Rikici a Yammacin Afirka: Addini, Siyasa da Radicalization, ed. James Gow, Funmi Olonisakin Ernst Dijxhoorn. London: Routledge, 2013. Mata da Shugabancin Tsaro a Afirka, ed. Funmi Olonisakin Awino Okech Oxford: Pambazuka Latsa, 2011. ISBN 9781906387891 Mata, Aminci da Tsaro: Fassara Manufa zuwa Aiwatarwa, ed. Funmi Olonisakin, Karen Barnes Eka Ikpe. London: Routledge, 2011. ISBN 9780415587976 Canjin Tsarin Tsaro a Afirka, ed. Alan Bryden Funmi Olonisakin. Munster: Lit Verlag, 2010. ISBN 9783643800718 Kalubalen dake tattare da shugabanci a bangaren tsaro a Afirka ta Yamma, ed. Alan Bryden, Boubacar Ndiaye Funmi Olonisakin. Munster: Lit Verlag, 2008. ISBN 9783037350218 Wanzar da zaman lafiya a Saliyo: Labarin UNAMSIL Boulder da London: Lynne Reinner, 2008. ISBN 9781588265203 Ci gaban Duniya da Tsaron Dan Adam, ed. Robert Picciotto, Funmi Olonisakin Michael ClarkeNew Brunswick da London: Masu Tallace-tallace, 2007. ISBN 9781412811484 Littafin Jagora na Gudanar da Yankin Tsaro a Afirka], ed. Nicole Ball Kayode Fayemi. London: Cibiyar Demokraɗiyya da Ci Gaban, 2004. Sake inganta aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya a Afirka: Batutuwan da suka shafi Sha'anin Shari'a a cikin Ayyukan ECOMOG Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000. ISBN 9789041113214 Neman Saliyo London: Cibiyar Demokraɗiyya da Ci Gaban, 2000. ISBN 9781902296081 Masu wanzar da zaman lafiya, 'yan siyasa da masu fada a ji, daga Abiodun Alao, Funmi Olonisakin John Mackinlay Tokyo: Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 1999. ISBN 9789280810318 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka Kwalejin Sarki ta London Networkungiyar Sadarwar Afirka Mata Ƴan
14546	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekarar%20Dawowa%2C%20Ghana%202019	Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana 2019	Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana a shekarar 2019 shiri ne na gwamnatin Ghana tare da Ungiyar Hadin Kai da suke Amurka, U.S., wanda aka shirya don ƙarfafa baƙoncin Afirka zuwa Afirka (musamman Ghana) don zama da saka hannun jari a cikin nahiyar. Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ne ya kaddamar da shi a watan Satumbar 2018 a Washington, D.C a matsayin shiri ga 'yan Afirka mazauna kasashen waje don hada kai da' yan Afirka. Shekarar 2019 alama ce kamar yadda take tunawa da shekaru 400 tun farkon bautar da African Afirka suka yi a Jamestown, Virginia a Amurka. Har ila yau, shirin ya nuna irin nasarorin da jama'ar asashen suka samu, da irin sadaukarwar da suka yi, a cikin wannan lokacin. Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido da Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, Al'adu da Al'adu sun yi jerin gwano a cikin "bikin nuna juriya da ruhun Afirka." Yawancin Ba'afirka Ba'amurke sun ba da labarinsu game da abubuwan da suka faru a Ghana a cikin shekarar dawowa. Manufofi Don maida Ghana babbar hanyar tafiye-tafiye ga Ba'amurken Afirka da sauran baƙuwar Afirka. Don sake gina abubuwan da suka ɓace na waɗannan shekaru 400. Don inganta saka hannun jari a Ghana da haɓaka dangantaka da Ba'amurke 'yan Afirka da kuma baƙuwar Afirka. Baƙi Jackson Lee ya danganta shirin tare da Dokar Shekaru 400 na Dokar Hukumar Tarihin Ba-Amurke da aka zartar a Majalisa a shekarar 2017. Dan wasan Amurka kuma darakta Michael Jai White ya ziyarci Ghana a karshen shekarar 2018. Sama da baki 40 na Afirka ne suka halarci "Bikin Full Circle", wanda aka shirya da nufin jan hankalin baƙi zuwa ƙasar. Jerin ya hada amma ba'a iyakance shi ba Idris Elba Boris Kodjoe Naomi Campbell Anthony Anderson Kofi Kingston Adrienne-Joi Johnson Steve Harvey Cardi B T.I. Ludacris Rick Ross Akon Rosario Dawson Diggy Simmons Jidenna Michael Jai White Nicole Ari Parker Conan O'Brien Koffee (singer) Sam Richardson Akwamuhene Odeneho Kwafo Akoto III, Babban Sarkin Akwamu, ya sanya Micheal Jai White a matsayin Nana Oduapong yayin ziyarar tasa. Taken Cif White yana nufin "Itace mai ƙarfi wanda baya tsoron hadari". Kudaden Shiga Ana sa ran kimanin yawon bude ido miliyan daya da rabi, gami da mashahuran mutane, ‘yan siyasa da shugabannin duniya, a kasar a karshen shekara tare da kusan dala biliyan 1.9 kuma ana sa ran za su samu kudaden shiga sakamakon ayyukan shekarar dawo da su. Bangaren yawon bude ido ya kuma samu ci gaba mai girma na 18% a cikin masu zuwa daga ƙasashen Amurkan, Biritaniya, Caribbean da sauran manyan ƙasashe yayin da gabaɗaya masu zuwa tashar jirgin sama suka karu da kashi 45% a shekara. Kudaden da aka kiyasta na yawon bude ido sun ga matukar karuwa daga dala 1,862 a shekarar 2017 zuwa yanzu na dala 2,589 ga kowane yawon bude ido, tare da tasirin yawon bude ido ga tattalin arzikin da aka kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 1.9. Abubuwan da suka faru Afrochella Afro Nation Back To Our Roots Tour Detty Rave Decemba to Rememba Crusade 4 Bliss on the hills Live X Festival The Waakye summit Afrochic Diaspora Festival Potomanto Art Festival Accra Under the Stars The Black Gala Gold Coast Experience AkwaabaUK Black Is Black PineXGinja Meet The Moon Girls Polo Beach Club Panafest Duba kuma
45518	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Llewellyn	Charlie Llewellyn	Charles Bennett Buck Llewellyn (an haife shi a y 29 ga watan Satumbar 1876 ya rasu a ranar 7 ga watan Yunin 1964), shi ne ɗan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba. Ya bayyana a wasannin gwaji 15 don Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin shekarar 1895 zuwa ta 1912, kuma ya buga wasan kurket na Ingilishi a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan Hampshire tsakanin shekarar 1899 da ta 1910. Rayuwa da aiki An haife shi ba ta hanyar aure ba a Pietermaritzburg ga mahaifin Welsh da mahaifiyar Saint Helenan baƙar fata, Llewellyn mai duhu ido da duhu yana da ƙarancin girma a Natal, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ruwa biyu. Ya nuna duk bajintar wasan kurket tun yana ƙarami a matsayin ɗan wasan basman na hagu mai wuya, mai jinkirin ɗaukar hannu na hagu (tare da isar da hagun mai haɗari a matsayin wani ɓangare na arsenal ɗinsa) da kuma babban ɗan wasa, musamman a tsakiya. Yayin da wariyar launin fata a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara na Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da wasu manyan 'yan wasan da ba farar fata ba a cire su daga sassan wakilai, ikon Llewellyn ya ba da kansa a matsayin farar fata a wasu lokuta Wilfred Rhodes ya bayyana shi a matsayin "kamar dan wasan Ingila mai tsananin rana" ya taimaka wajen kawar da matsalar launin fata ga zaɓi kuma an zaɓe shi don yin wasansa na farko a Natal da Transvaal a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilun 1895, inda ya ɗauki wiki huɗu. Duk da yake yanzu an yarda da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket, Llewellyn za a kira shi "launi" a duk tsawon rayuwarsa kuma akwai rahotanni na cin zarafi da suka shafi tsere daga wasu 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu. Da yake burge shi da fasaha na wasan kurket, masu zaɓen suka zaɓe shi a fafatawa a Natal da Lord Hawke na Ingila XI, daga baya kuma suka zaɓi Llewellyn don yin gwajinsa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila a Johannesburg a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, 1896, yana da shekaru 19 da kwanaki 155. Llewellyn ya kasa shan wicket a wannan gwaji na farko kuma nan da nan aka cire shi daga ragowar jerin amma ya amsa ta hanyar yin ban sha'awa a gasar cin kofin Currie na shekarar 1897-1898 da 1898-1899, wanda ya kai ga kiransa ga tawagar kasar don gwajin farko na shekarar 1898-1899 da Ingila Llewellyn ya burge ta da shan wikiti biyar amma abin mamaki an bar shi daga gwaji na biyu. A ƙarshen shekarar 1898-1899 Llewellyn, wanda ayyukan waɗanda aka zaɓa suka damu da kuma neman tsaro na kuɗi, ya bar Afirka ta Kudu don buga wasa a ƙungiyar Cricket Club ta Hampshire County na Ingilishi a matsayin ƙwararren, bisa shawarar abokin wasan Afirka ta Kudu Manjo Robert Poore, tsohon ɗan wasan kurket na Hampshire akan aikin soja. Zai yi tauraro a Hampshire sama da shekaru goma, inda ya zira ƙwallaye 8772 yana gudana a 27.58 kuma yana cin wickets 711 a 24.66. Siffar sa ta kasance kamar a cikin shekarar 1902 Llewellyn ya kasance mai suna a cikin rukunin Gwajin Farko na Ingilishi a kan masu yawon shakatawa na Australiya, ya ɓace a gefen ƙarshe. Duk da haka an haɗa shi a cikin kaftin ɗin Ingilishi mai ƙarfi Ranjitsinhji don rangadin Amurka wanda ya haɗa da Jessop, Sammy Woods, Archie MacLaren, Stoddart, Bosanquet da Townsend A cikin 1902–1903 Llewellyn ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don yin wasa a cikin jerin Gwaji uku da Ostiraliya Ya zura ƙwallaye 90 a Jarrabawar Farko, mafi girman makin gwajinsa, da kuma cin ƙwallaye tara a wasan. Llewellyn ya ɗauki wickets goma a gwaji na biyu da shida a cikin na uku don saman matsakaicin matsakaicin wasan a 17.92; Nasara mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Ostiraliya ta yi nasara da ci 2-0. Llewellyn ya ci gaba da haskakawa ga Hampshire, wanda aka zaɓa ta zaɓinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan Cricketers biyar na Wisden a cikin shekarar 1910, shekararsa ta ƙarshe a Hampshire. Daga nan ya zagaya Ostiraliya tare da tawagar Afirka ta Kudu, inda wasan tasa ya zama abinci ga Victor Trumper, kafin ya koma Ingila a shekarar 1911 don shiga kulob ɗin Accrington, ta haka ya zama dan wasan kurket na farko da ya fara taka leda a gasar Lancashire A cikin shekarar 1912, Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar da shi daga matakin ritaya na farko don taka leda a gasar Triangular, inda ya zira ƙwallaye 75 a gwaji na farko da Ingila a Lord's da kuma karin rabin karni da Australia a Ubangiji. Llewellyn ya yi ritaya daga wasan kurket na gwaji bayan gasar triangular, bayan ya buga gwaje-gwaje 15 (biyar da Ingila da goma da Australia), ya ci 544 a guje a 20.14 da 48 a 29.60. Duk da haka ya ci gaba da yin tauraro a wasan kurket, a ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1938 yana da shekaru 62. Llewellyn ya karya cinyarsa a shekara ta 1960, wanda ya shafi motsinsa na tsawon rayuwarsa kuma ya mutu a Chertsey, Surrey a shekarar 1964, yana da shekaru 87. Ko da bayan mutuwarsa, Llewellyn ya kasance mai jayayya, kamar yadda 'yar Llewellyn, mazaunin Ingila, a cikin shekarar 1976, ya fito fili ya yi jayayya cewa shi ba farar fata ba ne, yana mai cewa mahaifiyarsa farar fata ce haifaffen Ingila. Gadon Llewellyn a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba ya kasance babba. A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata an yi amfani da shi wajen nuna cewa ’yan wasan kurket waɗanda ba farar fata ba za su iya taka rawar gani kamar yadda takwarorinsu farar fata suke yi, yayin da masu sharhi na zamani suka yi nuni da zaɓen da aka yi na rashin gaskiya da aka yi wa Llewellyn na Afirka ta Kudu a duk tsawon rayuwarsa sakamakon wariyar launin fata saboda launin fatarsa. Yayin da Llewellyn ya kasance dan wasan kurket na Afirka ta Kudu na farko wanda ba farar fata ba, sai da Omar Henry ya shiga filin wasa da Indiya a watan Nuwambar 1992 Afrika ta Kudu ta samu ta biyu. Manazarta Duba kuma Merret, C. (2004) "Wasanni da Race a cikin Natal Natal: CB Llewellyn, Cricketer Baƙi na Farko na Afirka ta Kudu", Ƙididdiga na Cricket, Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Cricket da Tarihi, Winter 2004, No. 128, Nottingham. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Charlie Llewellyn at ESPNcricinfo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
17288	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar%20al-Mukhtar	Omar al-Mukhtar	Omar al-Mukhtar Muhammad bin Farhat al-Manifī (Larabci: an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1858 16 ga Satumba 1931), wanda ake kira Zakin Hamada, wanda aka sani tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka a matsayin Matari na Mnifa, shi ne jagoran gwagwarmaya na asali a Cyrenaica Gabashin Libya a yau) a ƙarƙashin Senussid, a kan Italiyanci mulkin mallaka na Libya Babban malami ya juya zuwa janar, Omar shima fitaccen ɗan gwagwarmaya ne na ƙungiyar Senussi, kuma ana masa kallon jarumin ƙasar Libya kuma alama ce ta tsayin daka a duniyar Larabawa da Musulunci Farawa a cikin 1911, ya shirya kuma, kusan shekaru ashirin, ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar Libya akan daular mulkin mallaka na Italia a lokacin Bala'in Libya Bayan an yi ƙoƙari da yawa, Sojojin Italiya sun sami nasarar kama Al-Mukhtar kusa da Solonta kuma sun rataye shi a cikin Shekaran 1931. Rayuwar farko 'Omar Al-Mukhtar an haife shi ne a cikan shekarar 1858 a wani gida a garin Zanzur kusa da Tobruk, a yankin Ottoman Cyrenaica, na 'yan Senussi (waɗanda ake gani kamar Ashrafs na Libya ɗan dangin Larabawa ne kamar Sarki ko Sarki Idris es Senussi, daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaba ko shugaban dangi. Tun yana yaro Omar ya rasa mahaifinsa tun da wuri, kuma ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a cikin talauci, wani babban malami ya karɓe shi, kuma ya kasance abokai ga ɗan gidan Hussein Ghariani, Sharif al Geriani. Kawun nasa ya kasance shugaban addini-na siyasa a Cyrenaica, kuma ya yi karatunsa na farko a masallacin yankin, kafin ya ci gaba da karatunsa na shekara takwas a jami'ar Senussi da ke Jaghbub, birni mai tsarki na Senussi Tariqa, Ya zama sananne. masani kan Al-Qur'ani kuma limami, wanda ya hada kai da sirrin Senussi, shi ma ya samu kyakkyawar sanarwa game da tsarin zamantakewar al'ummarsa, tunda aka zabe shi don sasanta rikice-rikicen tsakanin kabilu. Mukhtar ya kulla kyakkyawar alaka da ƙungiyar Senussid a tsawon shekarun da yacika Jaghbub, a shekarar 1895, Al-Mahdi Senoussi ya yi tafiya tare da shi kudu zuwa Kufra, a wani lokaci kuma ya kara kudu zuwa Karo da ke Chadi, inda aka nada shi a matsayin shehun Zawiyat Ayn Kalk, lokacin da Daular Faransa ta kutsa kai cikin Chadi a shekarar 1899 sai aka tura shi cikin wasu 'Yan Senussites don taimakawa kare Chadi daga Turawan Faransa, kamar yadda Senussi ya dauki fadadarsu mai hadari ne saboda ayyukansu na mishan a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. A cikin 1902, an tuno da Omar a arewa bayan mutuwar Al-Mahdi, sabon shugaban Senussi Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi ya nada shi a matsayin Shehun Malaman Zawiyat Laqsur a Arewacin Cyrenaica. Mamayar Italiya A watan Oktoba 1911, a lokacin Yaƙin-Turkawa, Regia Marina (Royal Navy na Italiya) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Luigi Faravelli sun isa gabar Libya, sannan yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman Babban hafsan ya bukaci gwamnatin Ottoman da rundunonin soja su ba da yankinsu ga Italiyanci ko kuma su halaka birnin Tripoli da Benghazi nan take 'Yan Ottoman da kawayensu na Libya sun koma karkara maimakon mika wuya, kuma' yan Italiya din sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a biranen har na tsawon kwanaki uku, sannan suka yi shelar 'yan Tripoli din da cewa' sun sadaukar kuma sun hada kansu da Italia Wannan shine farkon jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya da na Libya masu adawa da makamai a Cyrenaica Yaƙin basasa Mukhtar malamin koyar da Alkur'ani ne kuma ya kware a dabaru da dabarun yakin sahara Ya san labarin ƙasa sosai kuma ya yi amfani da wannan ilimin don cin nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe da Italiya, waɗanda ba su saba da yaƙin hamada ba. Mukhtar ya ci gaba da jagorantar kananan kungiyoyin sa, wadanda ke fadakarwa sosai wajen kai hare-hare kan Turawan, bayan haka kuma za su koma cikin jeji. Sojojin Mukhtar sun yi amfani da gwaninta wajen kai hari a kan rundunonin sojoji, suka yiwa sojoji kwanton bauna, suka datse hanyoyin isar da sako da sadarwa. Regio Esercito (Sojan Sojan Italiya) ya kasance yana cike da mamaki da kunya game da dabarun yaƙinsa. A yankin tsaunuka na Jebel Akhdar ("Karayen Tsaunuka") a shekarar 1924, gwamnan Italia Ernesto Bombelli ya kirkiro da wata kungiyar 'yan tawaye wacce ta haifar da mummunan koma baya ga sojojin' yan tawayen a watan Afrilun 1925. Daga nan Mukhtar ya gyara dabarun nasa cikin sauri kuma ya iya dogaro da ci gaba da taimako daga Masar A watan Maris, 1927, duk da mamayar Giarabub daga watan Fabrairun 1926 da kuma ƙara tsananta mulki a ƙarƙashin Gwamna Attilio Teruzzi, Mukhtar ya ba sojojin Italiya mamaki a Raheiba Tsakanin 1927 da 1928, Mukhtar ya sake tsara ayyukan sojojin Senus, wadanda 'yan Italia ke ci gaba da farautar su. Koda Janar Teruzzi ya fahimci halaye irin na Omar na "tsayin daka da karfin iko." Marshal Pietro Badoglio, Gwamnan Libya daga watan Janairun 1929, bayan tattaunawar da aka yi ta sasantawa da Mukhtar (waɗanda Italiyan ta bayyana a matsayin cikakkiyar sallamarsa) kwatankwacin yarjejeniyar Ital-Senusite da ta gabata. A karshen Oktoba, 1929, Mukhtar ya yi tir da sulhu kuma ya sake kafa hadin kai a tsakanin sojojin Libya, yana shirya kansa don fuskantar babban rikici da Janar Rodolfo Graziani, kwamandan sojojin Italiya daga Maris 1930. Wani mummunan farmaki a cikin Yuni a kan sojojin Mukhtar ya gaza, Graziani, bisa cikakkiyar yarjejeniya da Badoglio, Emilio De Bono (Ministan Kasashe), da Benito Mussolini, sun fara wani shiri na karya Mujāhideen na Libya: Za a sauya mazaunan Jebel Akhdar 100,000. zuwa sansanonin da ke bakin teku, kuma za a rufe iyakar Libiya da Masar daga gabar da ke Giarabub, ta hana duk wani taimako na kasashen waje ga mayaka tare da hana su tallafi daga ‘yan asalin kasar. Wadannan matakan, wanda Graziani ya fara a farkon 1931, ya ci nasara a kan tsaurin Senusid. An hana 'yan tawayen taimako da karfafawa, da leken asirin, jirgin saman Italiya ya buge, kuma sojojin Italiya suka bi sawunsu a ƙasa tare da masu ba da sanarwar na gida da masu haɗin gwiwa. Mukhtar ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya duk da ƙarin wahala da haɗari, amma a ranar 11 ga Satumbar 1931, an yi masa kwanton bauna kusa da Slonta Babban abokin gaba na Mukhtar, Janar din kastar Italiya Rodolfo Graziani, ya ba da bayanin shugaban Sanatan wanda ba shi da rashi girmamawa: An baiwa Omar hankali da saurin fahimta; ya kasance masani a cikin lamuran addini, kuma ya bayyana halayyar kuzari da hanzari, rashin son kai da sassauci; kyakkyawan, ya zauna sosai addini da matalauta, ko da yake ya kasance daya daga cikin alama mafi muhimmanci ta Senusis. Kamawa da aiwatarwa Gwagwarmayar Mukhtar na kusan shekaru ashirin ta zo ƙarshe a ranar 11 ga Satumbar 1931, lokacin da aka ji masa rauni a yaƙi a kusa da Slonta, sannan sojojin Italiya suka kama shi. A ranar 16 ga Satumban 1931, bisa umarnin kotun Italiya tare da fatan Italia cewa juriya ta Libya za ta mutu tare da shi, an rataye Mukhtar a gaban mabiyansa a fursuna Suluq na sansanin yaki yana da shekaru 73 a duniya. Girmamawa An kafa Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar ne a 1961. Tun daga 1971, fuskar Mukhtar ta bayyana a takardar Libya ta cinikin dinari goma. An nuna shekarunsa na ƙarshe a fim ɗin Lion of the Desert (1981), tare da Anthony Quinn, Oliver Reed, da Irene Papas Hakan ya ta'allaka ne akan gwagwarmayar da Mukhtar yayi da sojojin Rodolfo Graziani Wata sanarwa da mutumin da aka yi amfani da ita a fim din ya kame harsuna da kunnuwa miliyoyin Musulmai, Mu mutane ne da ba za mu mika wuya ba, mu ci nasara ko mu mutu. A shekarar 2009, shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya sanya hoton Mukhtar a hannun wadanda ake tsare da shi a kirjinsa a lokacin da yake ziyarar aiki a Rome, sannan ya taho da tsohon dan Mukhtar a yayin ziyarar. Tare da yakin basasar Libya da ya fara a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2011, Omar Mukhtar ya sake zama wata alama ta hadin kai, Libya mai 'yanci kuma an zana hotonsa a kan tutoci da fastoci daban-daban na' yancin Libiya. Dakarun 'yan tawaye sun sanya wa daya daga cikin bataliyar su sunan "brigade na Omar Mukhtar" a bayan sa. An sanyawa wani masallaci sunan Mukhtar a Tampa, Florida, Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da Masjid Omar Al Mokhtar. An sanya wa tituna sunan Mukhtar a cikin: Kuwait City, Kuwait (titin Omar Al-Mukhtar) Garin Gaza Titin Omar Mukhtar Alkahira, Misira (Titin Omar Al Mukhtar) Yankin Yammacin Bay na Doha, Qatar (Omar Al Mukhtar Street) Bizerte, Tunisia Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Hanyar Omar Al Mukhtar) Irbid, Jordan Tangier, Maroko (Avenue Omar Mokhtar) Hotuna Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mamayar Italiya da juriya Shari'ar sirri a shari'ar Benghazi Dalilin da ya sa Libya ke tunawa da 'Ranar Baƙin' Zakin
60872	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Jimmy%20Neutron%2C%20Boy%20Genius	The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius	The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius Tashar talabijin din yara ce a Amurka. John A. Davis ne ya ƙirƙire ta, wadda kuma ke watsa shirye-shiryenta a tashar talabijin ta Nickelodeon. Ƴan wasa Debi Derryberry a matsayin Jimmy Neutron Rob Paulsen a matsayin Carl Wheezer da Principal Willoughby Jeffrey Garcia a matsayin Sheen Estevez Carolyn Lawrence a matsayin Cindy Vortex Crystal Scales a matsayin Libby Folfax Frank Welker a matsayin Goddard Mark DeCarlo a matsayin Hugh Neutron Megan Cavanagh a matsayin Judy Neutron Andrea Martin a matsayin Ms. Winfred Fowl Tim Curry a matsayin Professor Finbarr Calamitous Phil LaMarr a matsayin Bolbi Stroganovsky Episodes Pilot (1998) Runaway Rocketboy! Yanayi 1 (2002–03) When Pants Attack Normal Boy Birth of a Salesman Brobot The Big Pinch Granny Baby Time is Money Raise the Oozy Scab I Dream of Jimmy Jimmy on Ice Battle of the Band See Jimmy Run Trading Faces The Phantom of Retroland My Son, the Hamster Hall Monster Hypno Birthday to You Krunch Time Substitute Creature Safety First Crime Sheen Investigation Journey to the Center of Carl Aaughh!! Wilderness!! Party at Neutron's Ultra Sheen Broadcast Blues Professor Calamitous, I Presume The Eggpire Strikes Back Maximum Hugh Sleepless in Retroville Make Room for Daddy-O A Beautiful Mine Sorry, Wrong Era Yanayi 2 (2003–04) Beach Party Mummy The Retroville 9 Grumpy Young Men Operation: Rescue Jet Fusion Nightmare in Retroville Monster Hunt Jimmy for President Return of the Nanobots Holly Jolly Jimmy Love Potion #976/J Sheen's Brain MaternoTron Knows Best Send in the Clones The Great Egg Heist The Feud Out, Darn Spotlight The Junkman Cometh Foul Bull The Science Fair Affair Men at Work The Mighty Wheezers Billion Dollar Boy Win, Lose and Kaboom! Yanayi 3 (2004–06) Attack of the Twonkies The N-Men Lights! Camera! Danger! Fundemonium Stranded Jimmy Goes to College The Tomorrow Boys The League of Villains Who's Your Mommy? Clash of the Cousins My Big Fat Spy Wedding Crouching Jimmy, Hidden Sheen The Incredible Shrinking Town One of Us Vanishing Act The Trouble with Clones The Evil Beneath Carl Wheezer: Boy Genius Who Framed Jimmy Neutron? Flippy How to Sink a Sub Lady Sings the News King of Mars El Magnifico Best in Show Musamman (2004–06) The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2: When Nerds Collide! The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 3: The Jerkinators! Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
6236	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa%20Ibom	Akwa Ibom	Akwa Ibom jiha ce a kudu masa kudancin Najeriya. Ta hada iyaka da jihar Cross River daga gabas, daga yamma da Jihar Rivers da Abiya, Sannan daga kudu da Tekun Atalanta. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga rafin Qua Iboe River wanda ya raba jihar biyu kafin ya fada cikin kududdufin Bonny. An cire Jihar Akwa Ibom ne daga Jihar Cross River a shekara ta 1987, tare da babban birninta a Uyo da kananan hukumomi 31. A cikin jihohi guda 36 na Najeriya, Jihar Akwa Ibom ita ce ta 30 a girma kuma ta biyar a yawan jama'a tana mutum miliyan 5.5 million a bisa kiyasin shekara ta 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin kasa, jihar ta rabu tsakanin Central African mangroves daga gabar ruwa ta kudu, da kuma dazukan Cross–Niger transition forests a sauran yankunan jihar. Wasu daga cikin muhimman yanayin kasar sun hada da rafukan Imo da Cross River wanda suke kwarara ta gabashin da yammacin iyakar Akwa Ibom, a yayain da rafin Kwa Ibo River ya raba jihar biyu kuma ya fada rafin Bayelsa wato Bonny. yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba’i 7,081 da yawan jama’a milyan biyar da dubu dari huɗu da hamsin da dari bakwai da hamsin da takwas (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2016). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce Uyo. Udom Gabriel Emmanuel shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Moses Ekpo. Dattiban jihar su ne: Bassey Akpan, Godswill Akpabio da Nelson Effiong. Daga can saqon kudancin jihar, akwai ganduna daji da ake kira Stubb Creek Forest Reserve, inda kuma akwai dabbodi masu karewa kamar kadoji, birai da 'yan kwaroran damusu na Nahiyyar Afurka da kuma birai nau'in Najeriya da Afurka. A fannin ruwa kuwa, akwai nau'ikan rayukan ruwa iri-iri kamar kifaye da ire-irensu da dama, da kuma jinsunan namun ruwa na cetacean species kamarsu dabbobin dolphins da whale. Jihar Akwa Ibom ta yau ta hada harsuna daban-daban tun shekaru daruruwa da suka shude, wadanda suke da alaka da mutanen Ibibio, Anaang, da Oron na arewa maso gabas, arewa maso yamma da kuma kudancin Jihar. A lokacin mulkin turawa, inda ake kira da Akwa Ibom ta kasu zuwa birane kaman Masarutar Ibom da Akwa Akpa kafin ta zamo yankin mallakar turawa a shekara ta 1884 karkashin yankin Yankin Oil Rivers Protectorate. Turawa sun mamaye yankin a farkon karni na 1900, kafin su hade yankin (da ake kira a yau Yankin Niger Coast Protectorate) acikin Yankin Southern Nigeria Protectorate inda daga bisani ta zamo Yankin Najeriya ta Burtaniya; bayan hade su, mafi akasarin yankin Akwa Ibom ta yau ta fada cikin yankin tawaye ga mulkin mallakar turai wanda ya jawo ballewar Rikicin Mata ta hanyar Kungiyar Gwagwarmaya ta Ibibiyo. Bayan samun 'yanci a shekarata 1960, yankin Jihar Akwa Ibom na yanzu ta fada cikin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya, har zuwa shekarar alif ta 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin ta zamo Jihar Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Kasa da watanni biyu bayan hakan, yankin Inyamurai na tsohuwar Yankin Gabashin Najeriya tayi yinkurin ballewa don kafa Jamhoriyar Biyafara; wanda hakan ya jawo Yakin basasar Najeriya na tsawon shekaru uku. Anyi gumurzu sosai a yankin Akwa Ibom na yanzu wajen mamaye yankin Fatakwal, a yayin da 'yan Biyafara suka rinka cutar da mutanen Akwa Ibom wadanda ba Inyamurai ba. Bayan yaki ta kare kuma an sake hade kasar cikin Najeriya, an mayar da Jihar Kudu maso Gabas har zuwa shekarar alif ta 1976 lokacin da aka canza mata suna zuwa Jihar Cross River. Shekaru goma sha daya bayan haka, an raba Jihar Cross River daga yammacin ta don samar da sabuwar Jihar Akwa Ibom. Ta fuskar tattalin arziki kuwa, Jihar Akwa Ibom ta ta'allaka ne akan man-fetur da gas, a matsayin jihar da tafi kowacce jiha samar da man fetur a Najeriya. Wani muhimmin fanni shine noma don Jihar na da albarkatun kayan noma kamar cocoyam, doya da plantain, dangane da kamun kifi da kiwon dodon kodi. Duk da albarkacin man fetur da Jihar ke dashi, Akwa Ibom ta kasance ta 17 a jadawalin jerin cigaban dan Adam a sanadiyyar shekaru da dama na cin hanci da rashawa. Tarihi Gwamnatin Mulkin soja a karkashin Gen. Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida ne ta kirkiri yankin Jihar Akwa Ibom daga Jihar Cross River a ranar 23 ga watan Satumban, shekara ta 1987. Yankin da ake kira Jihar Akwa Ibom kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka a shekara 1904 ta kasance bata da wani tsarin mulkin a lokacin. Hasali ma harsunan Annang, Oron, Efik, Ibonos da Ibibio sun kasance kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a wancan lokacin. Duk da cewa mishanari da dama na kasar Scotland sun sauka a yankin Calabar a shekarata 1848, da kuma Ibono a shekara ta 1887, Turawa basu kafa mulkinsu da kyau ba a yankin sai a shekarar alif 1904. A lokacin ne aka kafa Yankin Enyong wacce ta hada har da yankin Akwa Ibom, tare da helikwata a Ikot Ekpene, wata birnin Annang, wacce aka rubutu a Nazarin Afurka na Kaanan Nair, matsayin babban birnin siyasa da al'adu na mutanen Annang da Ibibio. Kirkirar Yankin Enyong ya janyo zuwan yaruka daban-daban a karo na farko a yankin. Hakan ya janyo sanadiyyar kafa Kungiyar Jindadin Ibibiyo (Ibibio Welfare Union) wacce daga baya ta koma Kungiyar Jihar Ibibiyo (Ibibio State Union). An kafa wannan kungiya da zamantakewa a masayin majalisar cigaba na gargajiya ga mutane masu ilimi da kuma kungoyoyi da aka ware tun lokacin mulkin mallakan turawa a shekara ta 1926. Duk da haka, masu tarihi basu ayyano yadda kungiyar ta janyo hadin kai a. tsakanin mutanen kungiyar ba. Kungoyar "Obolo Union" wacce ta hada da mutanen Ibono da Andoni, ya kasance kungiyar hulda da zamantakewa mai karfi wacce tayi kaurin suna a yankin. Mutane Ibono sunyi yake-yake da dama don kare mutuncinsu da kuma yankinsu fiye da kowacce kungiya. A lokacin da aka kafa Jihar Akwai Ibom a shekara ta 1987, an zabi Uyo a matsayin babban birnin jihar don isar da cigaba ga daukakin yankunan jihar. Gwamnati Kabilu guda uku suka mamaye harkokin siyasa a Jihar Akwa Ibom: Ibibio, Annang da Oron. Daga cikin wadannan harsuna uku, yaren Ibibiyo ya kasance mafi rinjaye a yankin kuma ta rike muhimman mukamai tun lokacin da aka kirkira yankin. Tun My shekaru takwai da suka shude, tsakanin watan Mayu 29, ga wata shekara ta 2007 zuwa Mayu 28, ga wata shekara ta 2015, Anaang ke rike da madakun iko tunda gwamna na lokacin ya fito ne daga yankin mazabar Ikot Ekpene. Ma'aikatu, Sassa da Wuraren Gwamnati A kasa an lissafo jerin ma'akatu na Jihar Akwa Ibom; Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Justice Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sufficiency Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Account and Finance Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Works Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Environment Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Transport and Petroleum Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Lands, Town Planning Survey Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Information and Strategy Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Health Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Science Technology Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Women Development and Social Development Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Youth Sports Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Administration Supplies Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Economic Development Labour and Manpower Planning Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Investment, Commerce and Industries Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Culture and Tourism Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Political/Legislative Affairs and Water Resources Akwa Ibom State Bureau of Rural Development Cooperatives Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Power and Petroleum Resources Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Akwa Ibom nada Kananan Hukumomi (31). Sune: Abak Gabashin Obolo Eket Esit-Eket Essien Udim Etim-Ekpo Etinan Ibeno Ibesikpo-Asutan Ibiono-Ibom Ika Ikono Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Ini Itu Mbo Mkpat-Enin Nsit-Atai Nsit-Ibom Nsit-Ubium Obot-Akara Okobo Onna Oron Oruk Anam Ukanafun Udung-Uko Uruan Urue-Offong/Oruko Uyo Mutane Kabilu Muhimman kabilun yakin sune Ibibio, Anaang, Oron, Ekid, da Obolo. Addini Mafi akasarin mutanen Akwa Ibom kiristoci ne. Harsuna Kamar dai mutanen Efik makwabtan Akwa Ibom wato Cross River, mutaanen Akwa Ibom na amfani da harsuna da dama na Harsunan Ibibio-Efik wanda suka samo asali daga dangin yarukan Benue–Congo wanda suka hadu suka samar da yarukan Niger–Congo. Tebur na kasa ya zayyano jerin yarukan Jihar Akwa Ibom da kananan hukumomin da aka fi amfani dasu. Ilimi Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Akwa Ibom ke da alhakin kula da harkokin Ilima a Jihar. Sashin Akwa Ibom na yankin tsohuwar Calabar itace yanki na farko da aka fara karatun boko a Najeriya, tare da kafa makarantar Hope Waddell Training Institute a Calabar a cikin shekara ta 1895, da kuma makarantar Methodist Boys' High School, Oron a shekara ta1905, da sauran makarantu kamar Holy Family College a Abak da Regina Coeli College a Essene. Wasu manyan makarantun yankin sun hada da: Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic Ikot Osurua Akwa Ibom State University (Oruk Anam LGA and Mkpat Enin LGA) Federal Polytechnic, Ukana Foundation College of Technology Ikot Ekpene[26] Heritage Polytechnic, Eket Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron Obong University, Obong Ntak Ritman University University of Uyo, Uyo School of Basic Studies, Abak[27] School of Nursing, Uyo, Eket, Oron, Ikot Ekpene, Etinan[28] Sure Polytechnic, Ukanafun[29] Topfaith University, Mkpatak[30] Trinity Polytechnic, Uyo[31] Uyo City Polytechnic Nduetong Oku[32] Sanannun mutane Sanannun mutane a yankin sun hada da: Obong Victor Attah, former governor of Akwa Ibom State Senator Godswill Akpabio, former governor of Akwa Ibom State, former Senate Minority Leader Effiong Dickson Bob Ini Edo, Nollywood Actress Obong Ufot Ekaette, secretary to the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007 under President Olusegun Obasanjo Dominic Ekandem first cardinal in English-speaking West Africa. First Nigerian Cardinal to qualify as a candidate to the papacy. Senator (Engr.) Chris Ekpenyong Former deputy governor of Akwa Ibom State in the Victor Attah administration and current Nigerian Senator representing Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District in the 9th Assembly. Engr. Patrick Ekpotu, former Deputy Governor of Akwa Ibom State Udom Gabriel Emmanuel, Governor of Akwa Ibom State from May 2015 to date Senator Ita Enang, Senior Special Assistant (Niger-Delta) to President Muhammadu Buhari Vincent Enyeama, professional footballer (Goalie) and former Super Eagle captain Mark Essien, entrepreneur and founder of Hotels.ng Chief Donald Etiebet, former Minister of Petroleum Nse Ikpe-Etim, Nollywood actress Eve Esin, Nollywood actress Etim Inyang, former Inspector General of the Nigerian Police Force (I.G.P) 1985 to 1986 Obong Akpan Isemin, elected governor of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria from January 1992 to November 1993 during the Nigerian Third Republic[citation needed] Clement Isong, second governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria; first civilian governor of the former Cross River State Emem Isong, multi-award winning filmmaker and CEO of Royal Arts Academy Rt. Hon. Onofiok Luke, the 11th Speaker of the Akwa Ibom State House of Assembly and the Pioneer Speaker of the Nigeria Youth Parliament Group Capt. Idongesit Nkanga, former military governor of Akwa Ibom State Samuel Peter, world heavyweight boxing champion Egbert Udo Udoma, from Ikot Abasi, former chief justice of Uganda Ime Bishop Umoh, Nollywood actor Professor Okon Uya was briefly chairman of the National Electoral Commission of Nigeria (NECON), appointed by President Ibrahim Babangida after the presidential elections of 12 June 1993 had been annulled and his predecessor Humphrey Nwosu dismissed. Duba Kuma Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Education List Of Government Ministries Of Akwa Ibom State Manazarta Jihohin
40443	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20Jama%27a%20Da%20Na%20Siyasa	Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa	Hakkokin jama'a da na siyasa wani nau'i ne na haƙƙoƙin da ke kare yancin ɗan adam daga cin zarafi daga gwamnatoci, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, da masu zaman kansu. Suna tabbatar da damar mutum ya shiga cikin rayuwar farar hula da siyasa ta al'umma da jiha ba tare da nuna bambanci ko danniya ba. Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun haɗa da tabbatar da amincin jiki da tunanin mutane, rayuwa, da amincin mutane; kariya daga wariya bisa dalilai kamar jima'i, launin fata, yanayin jima'i, asalin ƙasa, launi, shekaru, alaƙar siyasa, ƙabila, zamantakewa, addini, da nakasa; da haƙƙin mutum kamar sirri da yancin tunani, magana, addini, jarida, taro, da motsi. Haƙƙoƙin siyasa sun haɗa da adalci na dabi'a (daidaitacce) a cikin doka, kamar haƙƙin wanda ake tuhuma, gami da yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya; tsari; 'yancin neman gyara ko maganin shari'a; da haƙƙin shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da siyasa kamar 'yancin ƙungiyoyi, 'yancin yin taro, 'yancin kai ƙara, 'yancin kare kai, da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a. Haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa sune asali da babban ɓangaren haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Sun ƙunshi kashi na farko na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (tare da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu wanda ya ƙunshi kashi na biyu). Ka'idar tsararraki uku na haƙƙin ɗan adam suna ɗaukar wannan rukunin haƙƙoƙin a matsayin "haƙƙin ƙarni na farko", kuma ka'idar haƙƙin mara kyau da tabbatacce suna ɗaukar su gabaɗaya haƙƙin mara kyau. Tarihi Kalmar "haƙƙin jama'a" fassarar Latin ce ta jus civis (dama na ɗan ƙasa). ’Yan ƙasar Romawa na iya zama ko dai ’yanci (libertas) ko kuma masu hidima (servitus), amma dukansu suna da hakki a doka. Bayan Dokar Milan a shekara ta 313, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da ’yancin yin addini; duk da haka, a cikin 380, Dokar Tasalonika ta buƙaci dukan batutuwa na Daular Roma su yi ikirarin Kiristanci na Katolika. Koyarwar shari'a ta Romawa ta ɓace a tsakiyar zamanai, amma ana iya yin da'awar haƙƙoƙin duniya bisa koyarwar Kirista. A cewar jagororin Tawayen Kett (1549), “dukkan bayi za a iya ’yantar da su, gama Allah ya ‘yantar da duka da zubar da jininsa mai tamani.” A karni na 17, alkali mai shari'a na Ingila Sir Edward Coke ya farfado da ra'ayin 'yancin da ya danganci zama dan kasa ta hanyar jayayya cewa a tarihi 'yan Ingila sun ji daɗin irin waɗannan hakkoki. Majalisar Ingila ta amince da Dokar Haƙƙin Ingilishi a cikin 1689. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tasirin da George Mason da James Madison suka zana a lokacin da suke tsara Dokar Haƙƙin Virginia a 1776. Sanarwar Virginia ita ce kakanni kai tsaye kuma abin ƙira ga Dokar Haƙƙin Amurka (1789). Cire ta hanyar doka ta haƙƙin farar hula ya ƙunshi "nakasassu na farar hula". A farkon ƙarni na 19 na Biritaniya, kalmar nan "haƙƙin jama'a" galibi ana magana ne akan batun irin wannan wariya na shari'a ga Katolika. A cikin House of Commons an raba goyon baya ga 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da 'yan siyasa da yawa sun yarda da nakasassun farar hula na Katolika. Dokar Bayar da Agaji ta Roman Katolika ta 1829 ta maido musu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam. A Amurka, kalmar yancin ɗan adam tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam (1954-1968), waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da wariyar launin fata. Kare hakki TH Marshall ya lura cewa haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na cikin waɗanda aka fara gane su kuma aka tsara su, sannan haƙƙoƙin siyasa suka biyo baya kuma har yanzu ta haƙƙin zamantakewa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki ne kuma an haɗa su cikin lissafin haƙƙoƙin ko makamancin haka. An kuma bayyana su a cikin dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar 1948 na 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights da 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Ba a buƙatar a tsara haƙƙoƙin jama'a da na siyasa don a kiyaye su. Koyaya, yawancin dimokuradiyya a duniya suna da tabbacin rubuce-rubuce na haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa. Ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin haƙƙoƙin halitta. Thomas Jefferson ya rubuta a cikin A Summary View of the Rights of British America cewa "mutane masu 'yanci [da'awar] hakkokinsu kamar yadda aka samo daga dokokin yanayi, kuma ba a matsayin kyautar babban alkalin su ba." Tambayar kan wanene hakkin jama'a da na siyasa ya shafi batun cece-kuce. Ko da yake a ƙasashe da yawa 'yan ƙasa suna da kariya mafi girma daga keta haƙƙoƙi fiye da waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba, ana ɗaukar haƙƙoƙin farar hula da na siyasa a matsayin haƙƙoƙin duniya da ya shafi kowa da kowa. A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., yin nazari kan musabbabi da rashin kariya daga take hakin bil Adama a Kudancin Duniya ya kamata a mai da hankali kan mu’amalar abubuwan cikin gida da na kasa da kasa—wani muhimmin hangen nesa da aka saba yin watsi da shi bisa tsari. adabin ilimin zamantakewa. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19514	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adama%20Barrow	Adama Barrow	Adama Barrow An haife shine a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1965, ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Gambiya ne kuma mai harkar gine-gine wanda shine shugaban ƙasan Gambiya na uku kuma shugaba mai ci a yanzu, kan mulki tun shekara ta 2017. An haife shi ne a garin Mankamang Kunda, wani ƙauye kusa da Basse Santa Su, ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Tsubirin Crab da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Musulmai, na biyun a kan malanta. Sannan ya yi aiki da kamfanin makamashi na Gambiya Alhaji Musa Njie Sons, inda ya zama manajan tallace-tallace. Motsawa zuwa London a farkon 2000s, Barrow yayi karatun cancanta a cikin ƙasa kuma a lokaci guda yayi aiki azaman mai tsaro. Bayan ya dawo Gambiya a 2006, ya kafa Majum Real Estate kuma ya kasance Shugaba har zuwa 2016. Ya zama ma'aji na United Democratic Party, jam'iyyar adawa, sannan ya zama shugaba a watan Satumbar 2016 bayan an tura tsohon shugaban a kurkuku. Sannan an zaɓi Barrow a matsayin dan takarar UDP a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016. Daga baya an sanar da cewa zai tsaya matsayin mai zaman kansa tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyar adawa ta Coalition 2016 (wani kawancen da ke goyon bayan UDP da wasu jam'iyyun shaida). Barrow ya lashe zaben shugaban kasar na 2016 da kashi 43.34% na kuri’un, ya kayar da shugaba mai ci Yahya Jammeh. Jammeh da farko ya amince da sakamakon, amma daga baya ya sake komawa kan wannan, kuma an tilasta Barrow ya gudu zuwa makwabciyar ƙasar Senegal. An rantsar da shi a ofishin jakadancin Gambiya da ke Senegal a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2017, kuma an tilasta Jammeh barin Gambiya ya tafi gudun hijira a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu. Barrow ya koma Gambiya ne a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu. A watan Nuwambar 2021, Adama Barrow ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2024. Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aiki An haifi Barrow ne a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 1965 a Mankamang Kunda, wani ƙauye kusa da Basse Santa Su, kwana uku kafin Gambiya ta sami yancin kai daga Ƙasar Ingila Shi ɗa ne ga Mamudu Barrow da Kaddijatou Jallow. Ya halarci makarantar firamari ta Koba Kunda da ke yankin, sannan ya halarci makarantar Sakandiren Tsubirin Crab da ke Banjul Sannan ya samu tallafin karatu a makarantar sakandaren musulmai Bayan ya tashi daga makaranta, ya yi aiki da kamfanin makamashi na Gambiya Alhagie Musa Njie Sons, kuma ya tashi cikin mukami ya zama manajan tallace-tallace A farkon 2000s, ya koma London inda ya karanci cancantar harkar ƙasa. A lokaci guda, yayi aiki a matsayin mai tsaro a wani shagon Argos na gida don ɗaukar nauyin karatunsa. Daga baya ya bayyana wadannan gogewar a matsayin tsari, yana mai cewa "Rayuwa tsari ne, kuma Burtaniya ta taimaka min na zama mutumin da nake yau. Yin aiki na awowi 15 a rana yana gina mutum. Barrow ya koma Gambiya kuma a 2006, ya kafa Majum Real Estate, kuma daga 2006 zuwa 2016 shi ne babban jami'in kamfanin (Shugaba) na kamfanin. A ranar 12 ga watanYuni 2019, ya karɓi Babban Kyauta wanda shine The African Road Builders Babacar Ndiaye Trophy. Wannan ya kasance ne saboda shugabancin sa a gina gadar Senegambia. Barrow ya fara aikin siyasa ne tare da jam'iyyar sasantawa ta ƙasa (NRP) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ministansa na yawon buɗe ido da al'adu, Hamat Bah tare da shugaban Gambia Democratic Congress (GDC) na yanzu, Mamma Kandeh. Koyaya, a 2007, ya raba hanya da NRP kuma ya koma UDP lokacin da Bah ta ba shi shawarar kada ya yi takara da tsohuwar abokiyar aikinta Mamma Kandeh wacce ta tsallaka zuwa ga APRC mai mulki. Barrow ya fadi zaben ga Kandeh kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mara martaba har zuwa lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Gambiya a 2016. Yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Gambiya na 2016 A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba 2016, gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa bakwai ne suka zaɓi Barrow a matsayin dan takarar su na zaben shugaban kasar Gambiya na 2016 Kafin ya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa, Barrow bai taɓa riƙe wani mukamin da aka zaɓa ba, amma ya kasance ma'ajin jam'iyyar United Democratic Party (UDP). Ya yi murabus daga UDP a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba don ya tsaya takarar a matsayin mai zaman kanta, tare da cikakken goyon baya na Haɗin gwiwar 2016 A lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen, ya yi alkawarin mayar da Gambiya membobinta na Kungiyar Kasashe da kuma ikon Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Duniya Ya kuma yi alkawarin yin garambawul ga jami'an tsaro, tare da yin alkawarin kara kwarewa tare da raba su da siyasa. Ya kuma ce zai kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta wucin gadi wacce ta kunshi mambobi daga kawancen adawa kuma zai sauka a cikin shekaru uku. A zaɓen, Barrow ya lashe da kashi 43.34% na kuri’un, inda ya kayar da Yahya Jammeh (wanda ya samu kashi 39.6%) da kuma dan takarar jam’iyya ta uku Mama Kandeh (wacce ta samu kashi 17.1%). Canjin shugaban ƙasa da kuma nadin sarauta Da farko, Jammeh ya nuna cewa miƙa mulki cikin sauƙi za a yi. Koyaya, a ranar Juma'a 9 ga watan Disamba, a cikin gidan talibijin, ya bayyana cewa "ya yi watsi da" sakamakon zaben. Wannan ya sadu da ihu na ƙasa da na duniya. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi kira ga Jammeh da ya "mutunta zabin al'ummar Gambiya" kuma Tarayyar Afirka ta ayyana kalaman Jammeh "aikin banza ne"; Jammeh ya ki sauka daga mulki ya sha suka daga Amurka, makwabciyarta Senegal, ECOWAS, da sauransu. Cikin fargabar tsaron sa, Barrow ya bar Gambiya zuwa Senegal yayin da yake rokon Jammeh ya sauka. Jammeh ya daukaka kara kan rashin sa a zaben zuwa Kotun Koli. Lokacin da Babban Jojin Kotun Koli ya bayyana cewa kotun ba za ta iya nazarin shari’ar ba har tsawon akalla watanni hudu, Jammeh ya ayyana dokar ta baci don kokarin hana Barrow rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. Sannan an rantsar da Barrow a matsayin shugaban Gambiya a ofishin jakadancin Gambiya da ke Dakar, Senegal, a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2017. A wannan rana, sojojin soja daga Senegal, Najeriya da Ghana sun shiga Gambiya a wani katsalandan na sojan ECOWAS da suka haɗa da na ƙasa, da na ruwa, da na sama domin tilasta Jammeh ya fice. Sojojin Gambiya ba su yi adawa da shiga tsakani ba, wanda kawai suka hadu da kananan rikice-rikice a kebe a kusa da mahaifar Jammeh ta Kanilai ECOWAS ta dakatar da kutsen bayan wasu 'yan sa'o'i kawai kuma ta ba Jammeh damar karshe ta sauka. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairu, Jammeh ya bar Gambiya zuwa gudun hijira da ECOWAS ta shirya, yana share fagen mika mulki. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, Barrow ya koma Gambiya, yayin da kusan sojojin ECOWAS 2,500 suka kasance a can don daidaita kasar. Barrow ya nemi sojojin ECOWAS su zauna na tsawon watanni shida. Dandazon mutane a daruruwan suna jiran a Filin jirgin saman Banjul don yi masa maraba da zuwa gida. Barrow ya kuma gaishe da jami’an soja da mambobin gwamnatin hadaka. A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun 2017 Barrow ya sake rantsar da shi a karo na biyu, a cikin Gambiya, a wani bikin naɗin sarauta da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Independence da ke Bakau a wajen Banjul babban birnin ƙasar. Shugabancin ƙasa Kafa majalisar zartarwa da nade-naden mukamai A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa zaɓaɓɓun majalisar ministocin nasa dole ne su bayyana kadarorinsu kafin fara aikinsu. An rantsar da ministoci 10 daga cikin 18 a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, a wani biki a Kairaba Beach Hotel, gidan wucin gadi na Barrow. Daga cikin nadin, Ousainou Darboe da Amadou Sanneh ne suka cike mahimman mukaman na Ministan Harkokin Wajen da Ministan Kudi da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki. An nada mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugabancin kasar ta Gambiya Isatou Touray a matsayin Ministan Ciniki, Hadin Kan Yanki da samar da Aiki, sannan tsohon mai gudun hijira Mai Ahmed Fatty an nada shi Ministan cikin gida. Ba Tambadou an nada shi a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Atoni Janar amma bai halarci wurin da za a rantsar da shi ba. <i id="mwrA">The Point ta</i> lura babu wani memba na jam'iyyar hadakar PDOIS, sabanin yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar, kuma an sanar da cewa karin nade-naden zai kasance masu fasaha, ba 'yan siyasa ba. Hakanan, an nada Amie Bojang Sissoho, wata mai rajin kare hakkin mata, a matsayin Daraktan yada labarai da hulda da jama'a na Ofishin Shugaban. Manufofin gida 'Yancin ɗan adam da sauran gyare-gyare A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa za a sake dawo da sunan Gambiya daga Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Gambiya zuwa Jamhuriyar Gambiya, yana mai sauya canjin da Jammeh ya yi a 2015. Ya kuma ce zai tabbatar da ‘yancin aikin jarida a kasar. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu, Gambiya ta fara aikin komawa cikin mambobinta na Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe A cikin jawabinsa na farko a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa ya ba da umarnin sakin duk mutanen da aka tsare ba tare da yi musu shari'a ba a karkashin mulkin danniya na Yahya Jammeh. Kimanin fursunoni 171 da ake tsare da su a gidan yari na Gile Mile 2 wanda ya yi kaurin suna. Barrow ya yi alwashin ganin Gambiya ta kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam sannan ya soke janyewar da ake yi daga Gambiya daga Dokar Rome ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya A ranar 23 ga watan Maris, Ministan Shari'a Abubacarr Tambadou ya ba da sanarwar cewa Kwamitin Gaskiya, Sulhu da Kula da Fansa zai bayar da diyya ga waɗanda tsohuwar gwamnatin Yahya Jammeh ta shafa. Barrow ya kori Janar Ousman Badjie, Babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro, tare da wasu manyan ma’aikata 10 a watan Fabrairun 2017. Badjie ya maye gurbinsa da tsohon shugaban ma’aikatan Masaneh Kinteh Hakanan an kori David Colley, darektan tsarin gidan yarin tare da garkame shi tare da wasu mutane 9 da ake zargi da kasancewa mambobin Jungulars, wani rukunin kisa da ake zargi ƙarƙashin Yahya Jammeh. A ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 2017, 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan bayan jawabin farko da ya gabatar a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Barrow ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar soke hukuncin kisa a matsayin wani bangare na Yarjejeniyar Zabi ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Ya kuma sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Kare Hakkokin Dukan Ma'aikata Masu Hijira da Membobin Iyalansu, da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kare Dukan Mutane daga Bacewar Tilastawa, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Bayyanar da Gaskiya game da Yarjejeniyar da ke Tsakanin masu saka jari. Yarjejeniyar kan Haramtacciyar Makaman Nukiliya Hukumar Leƙen Asiri ta Ƙasa ta yi garambawul A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2017, Barrow ya sanar da cewa zai sake suna tare da sake fasalta hukumar leken asirin ƙasar, Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa, yana mai nuni da alakarta da azzalumar gwamnatin Yahya Jammeh Ya ce NIA "cibiya ce da za ta ci gaba", amma ya ƙara da cewa "bin doka, wannan zai zama aikin yau da kullum". Ya ce za a kara bayar da horo ga jami'an NIA. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, Barrow ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a kira NIA da Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Jiha (SIS). Washegari, ya kori Darakta Janar na NIA, Yankuba Badjie, ya maye gurbinsa da tsohon Mataimakin Daraktan NIA Musa Dibba. Barrow ya kuma cire NIA daga aikinta na tilasta bin doka kuma ya mamaye dukkan cibiyoyin tsare NIA na dan lokaci tare da jami'an 'yan sanda. A wani bangare na garambawul din Barrow, an kama tsohon shugaban NIA Yankuba Badjie da daraktan ayyuka Sheikh Omar Jeng wadanda ake zargi da take hakkin bil adama a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu kuma ana bincikensu kan yiwuwar cin zarafinsu. Sauran yanke shawara Haramcin caca da Jammeh ya aiwatar da shi Barrow ne ya soke shi a watan Mayu na 2017, a kokarin jawo hankalin masu saka jari da samar da ayyukan yi. Ya nada Landing Kinteh a matsayin sabon Sufeto Janar na 'Yan sanda (IGP), tare da cire Yankuba Sonko wanda Shugaba Jammeh ya nada a 2010, tare da sake Sonko zuwa wasu ofisoshin kasashen waje da na diflomasiyya. Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sanda Ousman Sowe ya sauka zuwa kwamishina kuma an maye gurbinsa da wani kwamishina Mamud Jobe. Tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Shige da Fice Buba Sangnia wanda aka yanke wa hukunci a lokacin Jammeh kan shugabancin cin zarafin an mayar da shi kan muƙaminsa. Manufofin waje A watan Fabrairun 2017, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Barrow na farko game da manufofin ketare shi ne soke hukuncin da Jammeh ya yanke a watan Oktoba na 2016 na barin Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya An tsara aikin ne ta hanyar wata wasiƙa da Ministan Harkokin Wajen ya aika a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, tare da gwamnatin da ke bayyana kudurinta "don inganta 'yancin dan adam", da kuma "ka'idojin da ke kunshe a cikin Dokar Rome ta Kotun Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya". A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun 2018, Barrow ya zama shugaban gwamnatin Commonwealth, yayin da Gambiya ta koma zama jamhuriya ta Commonwealth, wanda hakan ya kasance daga watan Afrilu na 1970 zuwa Oktoba 2013. Zanga-zangar adawa da Barrow a cikin 2019-2020 Lokacin da Barrow ya hau karagar mulki, ya shaida wa kawancen da ke mara masa baya cewa zai kira a gudanar da sabon zabe bayan shekaru uku maimakon yin cikakken wa'adin mulki na shekaru biyar da kundin tsarin mulki ya tanada. Daga baya Barrow ya soke wannan alƙawarin. A ƙarshen 2019 da farkon 2020, an yi zanga-zanga a Gambiya suna kira ga Barrow ya sauka bayan shekaru uku, a wani yunkuri da ake kira "Operation 3-Years Jotna", ko "Shekaru Uku Ya isa". An kame daruruwan masu zanga-zanga, an jikkata mutane da dama, sannan mutane uku sun mutu yayin zanga-zangar, a daidai lokacin da ake zargin jami’an tsaro da wuce gona da iri. Gwamnatin Gambiya ta haramta yunƙurin zanga-zangar, tana mai cewa "tawaye ne, tashin hankali da haramtacciyar hanya". A wani rahoto game da zanga-zangar, Emil Touray na Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Faransa ya ambato wani mai zanga-zangar yana cewa "Za mu yi zanga-zanga har sai Barrow ya sauka," wani kuma yana cewa "Mu je mu kona duk abin da ke na Adama Barrow da danginsa". Barrow ya mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar da cewa "Babu wanda zai tilasta ni in bar shugabancin ƙasar kafin 2021," kuma wata kungiya da aka sani da suna "Shekaru Biyar Jotagul" na goyon bayan Barrow ya ci gaba da zama na tsawon shekaru biyar. Jason Burke ya ruwaito a cikin The Guardian cewa Barrow yanzu ya ce ya yi imanin cewa kundin tsarin mulki ya bukace shi ya yi aiki na cikakken shekaru biyar. Fahimtar ƙabilanci da ra'ayi kan ƙabilanci An bayar da rahoton cewa Barrow memba ne na ƙabilar Fula, wacce ita ce babbar ƙabila ta biyu a Gambiya (babba ita ce Mandinka An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa shi Mandinka ne, dangane da ƙabilar mahaifinsa, amma an fi sanin shi da Fulas ta fuskar zamantakewa da al'adu. Duk da haka wata hira ta rediyo da Saja Sey tare da 'yar uwarsa a Bansang sun tabbatar da cewa Fula ne. Ta bayyana cewa kakansu ya samo asali ne daga Futa Toro Senegal. Barrow da kansa ya bayyana a cikin taron da aka yi a Niamina West cewa shi Fula ne. Ya girma yana magana da yaren Fula a ƙauye da gundumar da akeyi da Fula, kuma duk matansa Fulane. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da batun da kuma ra'ayinsa game da abin da yake hangowa game da Gambiya, sai ya ce ya hada kabilu daban-daban kuma shi ba dan kabilanci ba ne: Rayuwar mutum Barrow ya kasan ce musulmi ne kuma ya ce imaninsa yana jagorantar rayuwarsa da siyasarsa. Yana auren mata fiye da ɗaya kuma yana da mata biyu, Fatoumatta Bah da Sarjo Mballow. Matan biyu duk ‘yan kabilar Fula ne Tare da matansa, yana da yara huɗu masu rai. Habibu Barrow, dan sa mai shekaru takwas, ya mutu bayan da wani kare ya sare shi a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2017. Barrow bai iya halartar jana'izar ɗan nasa ba saboda, bayan shawarwarin ECOWAS, yana Senegal inda ya tsere daga rikicin bayan zabe. Shi kuma masoyin ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Ingila ne ta Arsenal. Tallafinsa ga ƙungiyar ya fara a farkon 2000 lokacin da yake zaune a Ingila. Manazarta "Ex-President Yahya Jammeh leaves The Gambia after losing election". BBC News. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016. Shugabannin Afirka Shugabanni Shugaban Kasa Pages with unreviewed
26494	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuwar%20Sinimar%20Najeriya	Sabuwar Sinimar Najeriya	Sabuwar Sinimar Najeriya (wanda kuma aka sani da New Wave ko kuma taƙaddada kamar Sabuwar Nollywood wani yanki ne mai tasowa a cikin Sinimar Najeriya, wanda a ciki ya zama babban canji a cikin hanyar shirya fim, daga Tsarin bidiyon, wanda ya samo asali a lokacin faifan bidiyon, ya koma kan hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina -finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden na tarihin sinima na Najeriya. The films in the New Wave are specifically characterized by improved narrative complexity, aesthetic nuance, much higher budgets and advanced overall production values, when compared to video films from the second generation of filmmakers. Fina -finan da ke cikin Sabuwar Wave an keɓance su musamman ta ingantaccen rikitaccen labari, kyakkyawa mai ban sha'awa, kasafin kuɗi mafi girma da ƙimar samarwa gabaɗaya, idan aka kwatanta da fina -finan bidiyo daga ƙarni na biyu na masu shirya fina -finai. Galibi ana sakin su a wasan kwaikwayo, kodayake wasu har yanzu ana sakin su kai tsaye akan DVD Tun farkon shekarun 2000, an gudanar da tattaunawa da taro da dama, dangane da yadda za a sake fasalin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya da kuma kawo ƙarin ƙwararru kamar yadda ake yi a zamanin zinare. A cikin wannan lokacin, wasu sauran masu shirya fina -finai, kamar Tunde Kelani da Tade Ogidan sun yi ƙoƙarin yin fina -finan "watsewa", waɗanda ake ganin sun bambanta da na yau da kullun. Kamfanin samar da akwatin akwatin Amstel Malta wanda yanzu ya lalace shima ya yi fina -finai da yawa da nufin kawo canji. Koyaya, duk waɗannan fina -finan an kuma samar da su a cikin tsarin bidiyo iri ɗaya da sauran masu shirya fina -finan suka yi amfani da shi, duk da yana da ingantattun labaru da ingantattun kwatance. Sabuwar Cinema ta Najeriya a ƙarshe ta fito a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 tare da sakin fina-finai kamar Irapada (2006) da The Amazing Grace (2006). The Figurine (2009) na Kunle Afolayan gaba ɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin fim ɗin ɓarna, wanda ya haɓaka hankalin kafofin watsa labarai game da juyin juya halin New Nigerian Cinema saboda nasarorinsa da nasarorin kasuwanci a Najeriya, gami da nuna fina -finai a cikin bukukuwan fina -finai na duniya. Shekaru ƙalilan cikin shekarun 2000, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don masu matsakaicin matsayi da na sama. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas na Genesis Deluxe da Ozone Cinemas, wanda ya haifar da gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, gidajen silima na Fina -finai da gidajen sinima na Viva suma sun shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun wadatattun gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, kuma mafi mahimmanci, samuwa a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Tun daga 2006, akwai kuɗaɗen shirin “Project Nollywood” da dama da Gwamnatin Najeriya ta bayar, ga masu shirya fina -finai, don taimakawa samar da fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma taimakawa kayayyakin raye -raye yadda ya kamata a duk fadin kasar. An kuma yi amfani da tallafin don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya don zuwa horo a makarantun fim. Kamar yadda yake a 2020, mafi girman fim a tarihin fim na zamani na Najeriya shine Omo Ghetto: The Saga (2020), wanda ya kai kusan 636 miliyan. Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da yawan kuɗaɗen shiga da take samu. Farko Tun farkon shekarun 2000, an gudanar da tattaunawa da taro da dama, dangane da yadda za a sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Najeriya da kawo ƙarin ƙwararru kamar yadda ake yi a shekarun 1970 A wannan lokacin, wasu masu shirya fina -finai sun yi ƙoƙarin yin fina -finan "watsewa", waɗanda suka sha bamban da na al'ada; irin fina -finan sun hada da: Thunderbolt (2001) na Tunde Kelani, Tagwaye Masu Haihuwa (2004) na Tade Ogidan, Madam dearest (2005) da Tade Ogidan da 30 Days ta Mildred Okwo da sauran su. Kamfanin samar da akwatin akwatin Amstel Malta wanda yanzu ya lalace shima ya yi fina -finai da yawa da nufin kawo canji. Koyaya, duk waɗannan fina -finan an kuma samar da su a cikin tsarin bidiyo iri ɗaya da sauran masu shirya fina -finan suka yi amfani da shi, duk da yana da ingantattun labaru da ingantattun kwatance. Dawowar silima A zamanin Golden Age, al'adun sinima ya yi fice a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya. Koyaya, al'adar ta fara raguwa zuwa ƙarshen 1980s kuma kasuwancin sinima ya lalace cikin shekarun 1990. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban-daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina -finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina-finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye -shiryen fim, sakamakon haka ya sa ba a samun nasarar shirya fina -finai marasa kyau; al'adun sinima a garuruwan Najeriya tare da gidajen sinima sun fara samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci, kuma tare da dimbin damar. Duk da haka, fina -finan Najeriya da aka samar da kyau kaɗan ne kaɗan a lokacin; ko a wancan lokacin, yawancin fina-finan da aka nuna an shirya su da yaren Yarabawa, saboda sun jawo hankalin mutane da yawa, idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin Turanci na yau da kullun wanda galibi ba shi da masu kallo lokacin da aka nuna shi. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin yaren Yarabawa Irapada (2006) na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Duk da haka, gidajen sinima da aka fara har yanzu ba su da ikon kula da su, saboda yawancin su an kafa su ne a cikin wuraren da ke kan gaba; "Ba shi da ma'ana mutane su yi tafiya mai nisa don nishadantar da kallon fina -finai, musamman tare da matsalolin zirga -zirgar ababen hawa da dabaru", in ji Jide Kosoko, yana matsawa don kafa gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a cikin unguwannin ciki da na cikin gida. Yankunan Gwamnati. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, gidajen sinima na FilmHouse suma sun shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar da samuwa a wajen unguwannin masu wadata. Kuɗin gwamnatin Nollywood A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank Aikin ya bayar da 100 million (US 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci. Fina-finan da aka samar da wannan tallafin sun haɗa da: An Kama Charles Novia A Tsakiya (2007), Chico Ejiro 's 100 Days In The Jungle (2007) da kuma wasiƙun Fred Amata zuwa Baƙo (2007), waɗanda duk aka samar da su ta amfani da sinima na dijital. Bankin Ecobank ya kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. Ofaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin rarraba da aka kafa ta wannan rancen shine Cinemas na FilmHouse. An fara ta Kene Mparu da Kene Okwuosa a 2012, sarkar silima kamar a 2014 tana da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na zamani a garuruwa huɗu na Najeriya, waɗanda suka haɗa da Legas, Ibadan, Asaba da Calabar, tare da shirin samun aƙalla gidajen sinima 25 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Sauran kamfanonin rarraba da suka ci gajiyar tallafin sun haɗa da: Sinimomi na Silverbird, Cinemas na Ozone, Viva Cinemas da G-Media. Fim din Doctor Bello na 2012 (2012) na Tony Abulu shine fim na farko da aka samar da wannan tallafin. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci. Sauran fina -finan da suka amfana daga kyautar "Project Nollywood" ko wani sun haɗa da: Yarinyar Furanni (2013), Rabin Yellow Sun (2013) da Sashen (2015). An kuma dauki nauyin masu shirya fina -finai da dama don horar da su a makarantun fim da wannan tallafin. A cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim. An kafa Rukunin Bayar da Shawara na NollyFund don shirin, don tabbatar da cewa rubutattun hanyoyin kasuwanci kawai tare da ingantattun labaru na cin gajiyar shirin. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun masu kula da sinima, masu rarraba fina-finai na ƙasa, ƙwararrun masana kan samarwa da samarwa, masu sukar fim, da masu shirya fim; maƙasudin su kawai shine yin nazari sosai kan duk rubutun fim da kasafin kuɗi mai alaƙa da masu shirya fina -finai suka miƙa wa Bankin Masana'antu tare da yin "shawarwarin fasaha ga gudanarwa don tantance ƙimar kuɗi na ƙarshe da amincewa ta gaba daidai da Manufofin Bankin". Kashewa Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 The Figurine galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga Sabuwar Cinema ta Najeriya Fim din ya kasance muhimmiyar nasara da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina -finai na duniya. Fim din Ijé na Chineze Anyaene na shekarar 2010, ya zarce The Figurine ya zama fim mafi girma a Najeriya rikodin da ta riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har zuwa lokacin da Rabin Yellow Sun (2013) ya mamaye shi. Sauran shahararrun fina -finan da aka saki a farkon shekarun wannan juyi sun haɗa da: The Amazing Grace (2006) by Jeta Amata, Through the Glass (2008) by Stephanie Okereke, Anchor Baby (2010) by Lonzo Nzekwe, Inale (2010) na Jeta Amata, Tango tare da Ni (2010) na Mahmood Ali-Balogun da The Mirror Boy (2011) na Obi Emelonye, da sauran su. A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai 853.9 biliyan dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan Amurka da Indiya Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta wannan da karuwar yawan fina -finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa. Shiri Jarumi Wale Ojo, ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutuka kuma babban mai goyon bayan ƙungiyar New Nigerian Cinema movement ya bayyana ƙungiyar a matsayin "daukaka fim na Najeriya manyan dabi'un samarwa, kyawawan labarai masu karfi, labaran da ke kama ainihin wanene mu a matsayin 'yan Najeriya, kamar yadda 'yan Afirka Sabuwar ƙungiya ce, sake farfadowa ce, sake haihuwa ce idan kuna so wataƙila har ma da juyawa zuwa 70s amma a bayyane yake da ƙyalli na zamani, ƙyalli na zamani zuwa gare shi kuma yana da ban sha'awa, Mai shirya fim Victor Okhai ya ce: "Ana sa ran ingancin fina -finan zai inganta. Muna kan wani matakin da ba za mu iya sake yin tsaka -tsaki ba Ba kamar zamanin fim ɗin Bidiyo ba, fina -finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin 40 miliyan (US 250,000) da 120 miliyan 750,000). Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina-finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina -finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaban da aka samu a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daban-daban daga bayyananniyar waƙar da ta ƙunshi zamanin bidiyo; mafi amfani; karin labaru masu ma'ana da gabaɗaya. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina -finai matasa ne. Misali, Figurine yana da labari wanda ya ƙunshi jigogi na allahntaka kama da matsakaicin fim ɗin bidiyo; duk da haka an kammala shi da karkatacciyar ma'ana mai ma'ana wacce aka yi muhawara ta nazari. Rarraba Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarrabawa da ya dace har yanzu ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Cinema na Najeriya; wannan ya samo asali ne saboda rashin isasshen gidajen sinima, don haka ya sa yana da wahala musamman (kodayake ba zai yiwu ba) ga masu shirya fim su dawo da jarin su. Kamar a shekarar 2014, Najeriya tana da gidajen sinima 23 kacal, tare da fuska kusan dari. Wannan ƙaramin ƙarami ne ga yawan mutane miliyan 170, tare da ɗalibin ɗalibai masu tasowa da sauri. Fiye da haka, ƙanana kaɗan don ci gaba da babban masana'antar fim. Sakamakon ƙasa samun riba ta hanyar samun kudin shiga na silima kawai, da yawa daga cikin sabbin masu shirya fina -finan sun koma ɗaukar nauyin tallafawa da sanya kayayyakin a matsayin hanyar dawo da kudaden da ake samarwa. Misali irin waɗannan masu shirya fina -finai shine Kunle Afolayan, wanda ya bayyana cewa tallafawa zai iya kashe kusan kashi 30 zuwa 50 na kasafin fim. Afolayan musamman ya kuma raya dabi'ar nuna fina-finansa a zauren jama'a da gidajen kallo, musamman a wuraren da babu gidajen sinima. Tunde Kelani wani fitaccen ɗan fim ne wanda galibi yana amfani da wannan hanyar rarraba. Wata hanyar da masu shirya fina-finai ke amfani da ita wajen dawo da saka hannun jari ita ce ta shirya manyan tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu na ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni, tare da shiga yarjejeniya tare da cibiyoyin sadarwar TV da masu watsa shirye-shirye a duk faɗin nahiyar. Hakanan ana samun haƙƙin fim na kan layi ta Bidiyo akan dandamali na buƙata a duk faɗin nahiyar da bayanta. Wasu sauran masu shirya fina -finai suma sun juya hanyar yin niyya ga kasuwannin da suka bunƙasa na ƙasashen waje, ta hanyar nuna membobin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasashen waje misalai: Black Nuwamba (2012) na Jeta Amata, Doctor Bello (2013) na Tony Abulu da Rabin Yellow Sun (2013) na Biyi Bandele wannan dabarar, wacce da farko ta zama kamar “hanya mai sauƙi” duk da haka ana ganin ba za ta iya wanzuwa ba, kuma galibin fina -finan a zahiri ba su iya yin karya ko da a cikin niyya kasuwanni. A lokutan baya -bayan nan, an kuma tattauna kan kafa gidajen rahusa masu tsada da bude gidajen sinima a unguwanni, kamar a shekarun 1970; babu wanda ya kasance ya kasance a zahiri kamar na 2015. Tun daga farkon shekarun Sabuwar Wave har zuwa yau, ana ɗaukar DVD ɗin yanki ne "ba tafi", saboda ƙeta haƙƙin mallaka a cikin ƙasar. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba, "New Nollywood" ya zama daidai da jinkirin sakin DVD, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar shekaru uku ko huɗu kafin sakin. Wannan gabaɗaya saboda masu shirya fina -finai sun yi niyyar haɓaka riba kafin a sake su akan DVD, wanda ba shi da fa'ida a yanzu. Wasu masu shirya fina -finai sun kuma yi imanin cewa mafi kyawun fina -finan an fi ƙuntata su ga gidajen sinima, saboda abin ba'a ne a yi irin wannan ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙoƙarin don kawai fina -finan su ɓace cikin "ƙungiyoyin fina -finai marasa amfani" waɗanda har yanzu suna da yawa kamar na 2012, duk da motsi na Sabon Cinema. Wannan ra'ayi ya sanya nunawa a gidajen sinima su zama kamar ma'auni ga masu kallo don gane fim ɗin da za a buga ko a rasa. Koyaya, saɓanin a zamanin fim ɗin bidiyo inda aka bar yawancin masu yin fim don jinƙai na "sharks masana'antu da 'yan fashin teku" waɗanda suka ci ribar ƙirarsu, cikakkun bayanai na tallace-tallace da dawowar akwatin ofisoshin yanzu an fi kiyaye su, don haka ƙirƙirar nau'in mai saka hannun jari-amincewa. sashin fim na yanzu da ba a saba gani ba. Tauye Haƙƙin mallaka Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka karɓi ƙungiyar New Nigerian Cinema, rashin lafiyar keta haƙƙin mallaka ya hanzarta kamawa da fina -finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin. Da farko, an kwafi fina -finan nan da nan bayan faifan DVD ɗin su; misalan fina -finan da aka ba da babbar kulawa ta kafofin watsa labarai saboda cin zarafi sun haɗa da: Maami (2011) na Tunde Kelani da Rabin Yellow Sun. Al’amarin ya zama babban abin damuwa a cikin ƙasa a cikin 2015, bayan 1 ga Oktoba (2014) da Kunle Afolayan ya bugu tun ma kafin a sake shi akan DVD. Wannan juzu'in abubuwan ya haifar da tambayoyi da yawa kan yadda hakan zai yiwu, da damuwa kan amincin kwafin fim da ake aikawa gidajen gidajen sinima don nunawa. Dalilin take haƙƙin mallaka an danganta shi da dalilai daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da: rashin sarrafa abun ciki ta hanyar masu rarrabawa, waɗanda suka kasa aiwatar da “dabarun yaƙi da fashin teku”, da kuma raunin gwamnati. Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa (NFVCB) sun tsara manufofi da dama don dakile cin zarafi, wanda yawancinsu ba su da wani tasiri ko kaɗan. Hukumar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya (NCC) ita ma ta himmatu wajen bin masu cin zarafi, tare da kafa ayyuka kamar "Strategic Action Against Piracy (STRAP)". Koyaya, an ba da rahoton cewa masu tayar da tarzoma, waɗanda galibi suna cikin kasuwar Alaba, yanki mai cunkoso da rashin tsari, sau da yawa suna adawa da kama jami'an tsaro, waɗanda galibi suna yin faɗa mai zafi ta hanyar amfani da duk halayen muggan makamai. Hukumar NCC ta kuma fara aiwatar da wani sabon "Dokokin Shuke-shuken Kayan Kwayoyin Kwafi na Copyright", wanda ke baiwa Hukumar NCC ikon sarrafawa da aiwatarwa kan ayyukan samar da masana'antun da tsirrai na faya-faya da kuma shigo da fitar da kayayyakin fim da aka gama. Duk waɗannan matakan duk da haka ba su da wani tasiri, saboda kwafin da ba a ba da izini ba ya ci gaba da yaduwa, kuma ita kanta NCC ana zargin ta da taimakawa aikin. Har yanzu a yunƙurin yaƙi da cin zarafi, an kafa ƙungiyar Kayayyakin (AVRS), wanda Mahmood Ali-Balogun ke jagoranta. AVRS wata ƙungiya ce ta Ƙungiyoyin Gudanarwa da aka kafa don taimakawa hana ayyukan ƙira daga kwafin da ba a ba su izini ba. Yana da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Masana'antu ta Duniya (WIPO), Hukumar haƙƙin mallaka ta Najeriya (NCC) da Kamfanin Fina-finai na Najeriya (NFC) tare da kawai manufar sa ido kan tattarawa da rarraba sarauta a madadin masu haƙƙin mallaka a masana'antar fim. A watan Janairun 2015, Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sake kaddamar da wani aikin mai taken "Asusun Rarraba Innovation (IDF)" a ƙarƙashin "Project Nollywood" na yanzu don taimakawa kare hakkin mallaka, ta hanyar taimakawa fadada da daidaita tsarin rarraba fim. Asusun ya yi niyya ne ga kamfanonin da ke aiki ko kuma neman yin aiki a bangaren rarraba fim; tana da niyyar haɗin gwiwar sabbin tashoshi da tallafawa fadada tsarin rarrabawa na yanzu kuma don taimakawa haɓaka lamba da ingancin zaɓuɓɓukan rarraba, gami da mafita na tushen fasaha kamar yawo na dijital. A watan Yunin 2015, Ranar Kasuwanci ta kiyasta kusan 7.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 46) na asarar haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka duk shekara a Najeriya. Yana da matukar wahala a takaita cin zarafi a masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya, musamman saboda an gina zamanin fim ɗin bidiyo kuma ya ci gaba a kan tsarinsa, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama faduwarsa kuma ya zama babban matsala a masana'antar. Matsalar ta kusan shiga cikin tsarin rarraba Najeriya, saboda mutanen da abin ya shafa a wannan lokaci galibi marasa aikin fim ne na lokacin boom ɗin bidiyo, waɗanda a yanzu ba sa kasuwanci amma har yanzu suna son su riƙe matsayinsu na attajirai. Manazarta Sinima a Afrika Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
22144	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Gonz%C3%A1lez	Paula González	Sister Paula González, SC, Ph.D., (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 1932 ta mutu a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016) ta shiga cikin Sisters of Charity na Cincinnati a cikin shekara ta 1954. Ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Katolika da ke Washington, DC, kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Mount St. Joseph da ke Cincinnati, Ohio, tsawon shekaru 21. Tun shekara ta 1972, Sister Paula an freelancing matsayin futurist da kuma muhalli, aiki fiye da shekaru talatin da ya inganta orewar rai Ta kuma goyi bayan aikin ƙungiyar Alternate Energy Association na Kudu maso Yammacin Ohio, gami da yin shugaban ƙasa na ɗan lokaci. Ta kirkiro kwasa-kwasan kaset na kaset a-warkar da Duniya; ta rubuta labarai da yawa da kuma surori na littafi game da yanayin rayuwa, kiyayewa, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimin halittar ruhaniya; kuma ya isa dubban mutum ta hanyar gabatarwa sama da 1800. Sista Paula ta tsara kuma tayi yawancin aikin canza tsohuwar gidan ajiyar kaji zuwa "La Casa del Sol," babban insulated, passive-solar house da take rabawa tare da wata Sister of Charity. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da sifili a cikin hunturu na 1985, zafin gidan ya sauka ƙasa da ƙasa da digiri 50 ba tare da mai hita yana gudana ba. Nasarar ‘Yar’uwa Paula tare da amfani da hasken rana ya sanya mata sunan“ Solar Nun. Sista Paula ta kafa EarthConnection, cibiyar koyon muhalli inda aka gudanar da rangadi, horaswa, da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa kan muhalli. Located a kan filaye da ta taro ta motherhouse, da EarthConnection Center aka kammala a 1995 da kuma ci gaba da Showcase daban-daban sabunta-makamashi fasahar ciki har da daylighting, m da kuma aiki da hasken rana thermal, Grid-daura photovoltaic, kuma geoexchange makamashi tsarin. Tsarin ba wai kawai ban sha'awa bane a cikin ire-iren su, amma kuma sananne ne ga tsarin "tsarin taimakawa hasken rana" wanda ba a saba gani ba, inda ake canza zafin rani daga masu tara hasken zafin rana zuwa wani gado mai rufin ƙasa kewaye da ginin don amfani dashi lokacin hunturu mai zuwa. Ohioungiyar Soungiyar Solar Energy ta Amurka ta Ohio, Green Energy Ohio, ta ba Sister Paula lambar yabo ta samun nasarar rayuwa a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2007, Sister Paula da Keith Mills sun kafa Ohio Interfaith Power and Light, gamayyar masu addinin da ke amsa rikicin sauyin yanayi. Interarfin addinai da haske na addinai na Ohio reshe ne na kamfen ɗin Sabuntawa na Powerarfin faarfin Addini da Haske na Addinai na faasa, wanda ke da shirye-shirye a cikin jihohi 26 da suka shafi ikilisiyoyi 4000 (daga Mayu 2008). Ayyuka Litattafan Littattafai, da dai sauransu. A cikin "Nursing-M Nursing by Shafer et al." Lafiyar Qasa da Lafiya, St. Louis: Mosby, 1975. "Jagorar Nazari don Shiga Littafin Rubutu na Anatomy da Physiology", Reith, Breidenbach, Lorenc, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978. A cikin "Makomar Nukiliya ta Duniya", Tsarin Nukiliya na Duniya: Wasu Sauran Makomar Nan gaba, New York: Dabarun Hadin gwiwa da Kwamitin Aiki, Inc., 1985. A cikin "Rungumar Duniya: Hanyoyin Katolika na Ilimin Ilimin Lafiya", Ikklesiyoyin annabci na Eco?, AJ LaChance da JE Carroll, eds., Maryknoll, NY: 1994. A cikin "Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da Addini: Masana kimiyya sunyi Magana", Koyo daga Duniya: Mabuɗin Ci gaba mai dorewa, JE Carroll da KE Warner, eds., Quincy IL: Franciscan Press, 1998. A cikin "Duniya a Hadari: Tattaunawar Muhalli tsakanin Addini da Kimiyya", anaddamar da Ethabi'a don Communityungiyoyin Dorewa, DB Conroy da RL Petersen, New York: Littattafan Dan Adam, 2000. Shirye-shiryen Sauti "Warkar da Duniya: Ruhaniya mai tasowa", (12-zaman minicourse), Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 1991. "Me muke Yi a Duniya?" (Awanni 5), Kansas City, MO: Credence Cassettes, 1994. Shirye-shiryen Bidiyon "Karanta alamomin Zamani: Adalci, Ilimin Halitta da Rayuwar Kirista", (awanni 2), Laurel MD: Sadarwar Duniya, 1995. A cikin "Babban Sarkar Kasancewa: Sauƙaƙa Rayukanmu", Farkawa ga Mai Tsarki (1 hr) da Zuwa Makoma Mai Dorewa (1 hr), Albuquerque, NM: Cibiyar Ayyuka da Taron Zaman Taro, 2007. Jarida Labaran Mujallar (Zabi) A cikin "Lokacin" (NCEA Journal), "Sabon" 3Rs "don Malamin 1990s", Disamba, 1986. A cikin "InFormation", "Motsawa cikin Sabuwar Millennium: Kalubale ga Addini", Maris, Afrilu, 1998. A cikin "Takaddun Lokaci" (Taron Jagoranci na Mata Masu Addini), "Canjin Abokai", Afrilu, 1999. A cikin "Radical Grace" (Cibiyar Aiki da Tunani), "Kowace Rana Ya Kamata Ta Zama 'Ranar Duniya'", Afrilu –Yuni, 2001. A cikin "Hasken Duniya" (Jaridar Rayuwa da Rayuwa ta Ruhaniya), "Rayuwa a cikin Eucharistic Universe", Guga, 2004. A cikin "Wa'azi", "An kira shi don kula da alfarma", Satumba Oktoba, 2004. A cikin "Hasken Duniya", "Zuwa Sabuwar Zuhudu" Guga, 2005. A cikin "Radical Grace", "Tis Kyauta don Zama Mai Sauƙi", Guga, 2007. A cikin "St. Anthony Messenger", "Ubanmu: Addu'ar Mu ta Yanayi", Oktoba, 2007. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Haɗin Hill Interarfin Addini na Ohio da Haske Yan Uwan Matan Sadaka na Cincinnati EarthConnection La Casa Del Sol Aikin farfadowa Green Energy Ohio Shaidar Partyungiyar Sha'awar Keith Mills (PDF) <span title="Dead link since March 2018">mahada madawwami</span> Pages with unreviewed
16222	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyabo%20Obasanjo-Bello	Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello	Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello (an haife ta 27 Afrilu 1967) a Legas Najeriya, diyar tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Mr Olusegun Obasanjo da matar sa Oluremi Obasanjo. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Obasanjo-Bello ta halarci makarantar Corona a Victoria Island, Lagos, Capital School a Kaduna, da kuma Queen's College a Legas. Ta samu digiri a fannin likitan dabbobi a jami’ar Ibadan a shekarar 1988, sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a kan ilimin cututtukan cututtuka daga jami’ar California, Davis a Davis, California, Amurka, a 1990, sannan ta yi karatun digirgir a wannan fannin daga jami’ar Cornell da ke Ithaca, New York, a cikin 1994. Harkar siyasa Kafin zaben sanata, Obasanjo-Bello ya kasance Kwamishinan Lafiya na Jihar Ogun. An zabe ta a matsayin 'Yar Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar gundumar sanata ta tsakiya ta jihar Ogun a watan Afrilun 2007. Ta sake tsayawa takarar a watan Afrilun 2011 a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP, amma Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara na jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) ya kayar da ita, wanda ya samu kuri’u 102,389 yayin da Obasanjo Bello ya samu 56,312. Don 2012 Ayyukan majalisar dattijai An zabi Obasanjo-Bello zuwa majalisar dattijai a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2007 a kan wani dandamali na Democratic Party (PDP); abokiyar hamayyarta ta Action Congress (AC) Remilekun Bakare ta kalubalanci wannan sakamakon, amma Kotun daukaka karar zaben jihar Ogun ta goyi bayan nasararta. Ta kasance Shugabar Kwamitin Lafiya na Majalisar Dattawa, kuma mamba a cikin Tsaro Leken Asiri, Sufurin Kasa, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ilimi, Tsare-tsaren Kasa, da Kwamitocin Majalisar Dokoki. Ta rasa kujerarta yayin zabukan majalisar kasa a ranar 9 ga Afrilun 2011. Yunkurin kisan kai A watan Afrilu 2003 a ranar babban zaben an harbi motarta a kan titin Ifo a jihar Ogun. Ba ta cikin motar amma manya 3 da yara 2 a cikin motar sun mutu. Ba a taɓa kama masu ci gaba ba. SIFFOFI Kwanan nan, wata wasika da Iyabo Obasanjo ta aika wa mahaifinta a shekarar 2013 ta sake kunno kai bayan wata sanarwa da mahaifinta ya aika wa shugaban na Najeriya na yanzu kuma ta ɗora alhakin hakan a kan magoya bayan wannan gwamnatin ta yanzu. Ta kuma ce wannan gwamnati mai ci yanzu ya kamata ta bi shawarar mahaifin nata ba wai ta shiga zaben ba. EFCC bincike A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2008, Hukumar EFCC da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa (EFCC) ta binciki Obasanjo-Bello saboda binciken da ya shafi tsohuwar Ministar Kiwon Lafiya da kuma Ministar ta na Lafiya (jihar), Farfesa Adenike Grange, saboda wawure dukiyar al’umma. Ma'aikatar a karshen shekarar kudi ba ta mayar da dukkan kudaden da ba a kashe ba a asusun gwamnati. Kudaden sun kai Naira miliyan 300, wanda aka yi zargin an raba tsakanin Ministar, karamar ministarta da manyan ma’aikatan gwamnati a kan Majalisar Dattawa da Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya na Majalisar da take shugabanta. An tilasta wa Ministar da mataimakinta yin murabus bayan sun dawo da kasonsu na kudin; daga baya aka kamasu kuma aka sanya belinsu. Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello ta ki mayar mata da kason ta na wannan kudi, Naira miliyan 10. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa membobin kwamitinta tara sun nemi kuɗaɗen kuɗi daga ma'aikatar da suke kula da ita. Ta ci gaba da cewa wannan kudin an kashe a taron inganta karfin wasu mambobin kwamitin kiwon lafiya da suka halarta a Ghana. Kawo yanzu ta ki bayyana a gaban EFCC. Duk da cewa an gayyace ta, tare da ministar da sauran ma'aikatan gwamnati, ta ki bayyana a gaban kotun. Mako guda bayan haka wani babban wasan kwaikwayo ya faru lokacin da jami'an EFCC suka yi ƙoƙari su kama ta a gidanta da ke gundumar Maitama a cikin garin Abuja, bayan da dama daga masu ruwa da tsaki a lokaci guda da jami'an tsaro suka sa ta tsallake shingen ta don guje wa kamawa daga jami'an tsaro na Najeriya. jami'ai. A shekarar 2009 an kori karar daga Babbar Kotun da ke Abuja saboda ba ta da wani amfani. Obasanjo-Bello ta bayyana zargin a matsayin "bakar fata", kuma ta ce ana mata kawance ne saboda ta kasance 'yar tsohon shugaban. Ayyukan ilimi Ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Clinical a Amurka kafin ta dawo Nijeriya a 2003. ta kasance Abokiyar zama kuma a 2013 Babbar Babba a Harvard's Advanced Leadership Initiative Ayyukanta da suka lura sun haɗa da: Olowonyo, MT; MA Adekanmbi and Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello (2004). "Bincike kan Amfani da Cibiyoyin Haihuwa a jihar Ogun" Likitan Likitocin Najeriya 45 (5): 68-71 An dawo da 22 Disamba 2007 Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun
22346	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Adalci	Kungiyar Adalci	KUNGIYAR ADALCI ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da gyara dokokin da ke zaune a Kingdomasar Ingila Sashin Birtaniyya ne na Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Masu Shari'a, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ta lauyoyi masu kishin kare hakkin dan'adam a duk duniya. Saboda haka, 'yan JUSTICE ne yawanci barristers da Lauyan, da alƙalai, da shari'a da malaman jami'a, da kuma dokar dalibai. ADALCI yana zaman kansa ne kuma yana da dukkan jam'iyya, yana da wakilai na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa uku a Majalisar da ke mulki. Sadaka ce mai rijista a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingilishi. Daraktan JUSTICE Andrea Coomber ne, kuma shugaban Majalisar JUSTICE ita ce Baroness Kennedy na Shaws QC Tarihi An kafa KUNGIYAR ADALCI a shekarata 1957, bayan ziyarar da kungiyar lauyoyi ta Burtaniya suka kai don lura da shari’ar cin amanar da mambobin Jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC) suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu da nuna wariyar launin fata a Hungary. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Hartley Shawcross, babban mai shigar da kara na Burtaniya a Nuremberg, sannan wani mai kafa Peter Benenson wanda daga baya zai kafa kungiyar Amnesty International Tabbas, lokacin da AI ta fara farawa a cikin shekarata 1961, ta raba ofisoshinta tare da ADALCI. A cikin shekarata 1958, ya zama sashen Birtaniyya na Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Duniya ('ICJ'). Sharuɗɗan asali na tsarin mulki na ADALCI sun yi alƙawarin don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin Dokar a cikin yankuna waɗanda Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ke da alhakin kai tsaye ko a ƙarshe suke da alhakinsu: musamman, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da shari'a da kuma kiyaye abubuwan 'yanci na mutum'. Tabbas, ADALCI da kansa ya haifar da wasu rassa masu yawa a ƙasashen da har yanzu Turawan mulkin mallaka da yankuna masu dogaro. Kamar yadda kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe ya yunƙura zuwa samun 'yanci a cikin shekarata 1960s, rassan sun sake dawo da kansu a matsayin ɓangarorin ƙasa na ICJ. Wannan, bi da bi, ya canza girmamawar aikin ADALCI ga Burtaniya kanta. Don haka, kodayake kuma an kafa shi ne dan ƙiran ƙasa da ƙasa, ADALCI da sauri ya kafa takamaiman mai da hankali kan bin doka da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin asali a Burtaniya. Ta hanyar aikin sakatarenta na farko, Tom Sargant OBE, ADALCI cikin hanzari ya bunkasa kwarewa a shari'o'in da suka shafi rashin adalci, kuma ya tabbatar da sakin fursunoni da dama wadanda aka tsare bisa kuskure. Sargant ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kafa jerin shirye-shiryen BBC <i id="mwJw">Rough Justice</i>, wanda ya kai ga sako daga gidan yari na mutum goma sha takwas da aka yiwa rashin adalci. A daidai wannan lokacin JUSTICE ta ci gaba a matsayin kungiyar siyasa, ta samar da rahotanni wadanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin Ombudsman na Burtaniya, da Hukumar Kula da Raunin Laifuka, da Dokar Bayar da Dokar Masu Laifi a shekarar 1974, da Dokar Kare Bayanai na 1998, da Hukumar Binciken Laifukan Laifuka Hakazalika, yawancin matakan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar sake fasalin Tsarin Mulki ta shekarar 2005 ADALCI ya gabatar da su a baya. Ta hanyar 1990s ta kafa da kuma inganta shirye-shirye kan dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam, shari'ar masu laifi, mafaka da shige da fice, nuna wariya da sirrin mutane. Tana yin gwagwarmayar shigar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin dokar Burtaniya ta hanyar Dokar Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 Dame Anne Owers CBE, Babban Sifeta mai kula da gidajen yari, a baya ita ce Daraktar JUSTICE har zuwa shekarata 2001. Kujerun JUSTICE da suka gabata sun hada da Lord Alexander na Weedon QC, Lord Goodhart QC, da kuma tsohon Doka Lord, Lord Steyn Aikin yanzu Babban fannonin aikin ADALCI sune: 'Yancin ɗan'adam Adalci na laifi Dokar EU Tsarin doka Hankalin JUSTICE yana kan dokar Burtaniya amma aikinta ya haɗa da bayyana mahimmancin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kawo fahimtar nazarin kwatankwacin sauran ikon. Dokar Turai tana ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin wannan aikin. Yana aiki ne da farko ta hanyar yiwa 'yan majalissar da masu tsara manufofi bayani game da tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na doka. A matsayinta na kungiyar siyasa ba ta da hannu cikin yakin neman zabe da kararrakin kowane mutum da kuma samar da zaman kanta, kwararren masanin shari'a kan al'amuran da suka shafi 'yanci. Hakanan yana aiki a matakan Turai da na duniya, yana neman cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai Majalisar Turai da ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban. Kowane yanki na ADALCI a wuraren aiki bi da bi yana ɗaukar batutuwa da yawa, ciki har da mafaka da shige da fice, yaƙi da ta'addanci, daidaito da wariya, tsare sirri, yanci EU da Tsaro, taimakon shari'a da samun adalci, da kuma batutuwan tsarin mulki zuwa ga matsayin bangaren shari'a da bin diddigin dokoki. ADALCI shima yana da dadadden tarihi na tsoma baki cikin lamuran da suka shafi jama'a da suka shafi kare hakkoki na yau da kullun. Don wannan, ta shiga tsakani a cikin shari'o'in da ke gaban Kotun ofaukaka andara da Gidan Iyayengiji, Majalisar Tarayya, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin' Yan Adam, da Kotun Tarayyar Turai A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2009, ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta farko da ta sa baki a cikin shari'ar da ke gaban Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya Duba kuma Dokar doka Mulki Dangane da Doka Mai Girma Manazarta Tarihi Aikin yanzun Hanyoyin haɗin waje ADALCI Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa da
32864	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb%20Dance	Seb Dance	Seb Dance ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour na Biritaniya wanda yayi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na yankin London daga 2014 zuwa 2020 kuma tun daga Janairun 2022 yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin magajin London don sufuri. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai lokacin Richard Corbett ya kasance jagora, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Turai kan Muhalli, Lafiyar al'umma da kuma Tsaron Abinci daga 2019 zuwa 2020. Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban rikon kwarya na kungiyar Labour Movement for Europe, mai goyon bayan EU da ke da alaka da jam'iyyar Labour, bayan shugabar kungiyar da ta gabata, Anna Turley, ta yi murabus. Ƙuruciya da ta sirri An haife Dance a gundumar Landan na Wandsworth kuma an girma a cikin Gidan Gida na Surrey Bayan karatunsa a Jami'ar Manchester, ya kasance jami'in sabbatical na gwamnati Daliban a Manchester, yana jagorantar yakin da kuma kula da halartar dalibai a cikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jami'ar Victoria ta Manchester da Jami'ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha Dance ya auri Spencer Livermore, Baron Livermore wanda abokin rayuwa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya. Aiki na baya Kafin zama MEP, Dance ya yi aiki ga ƙungiyar ci gaba na ActionAid UK, yayi aiki kan kamfen don sauye-sauyen tsari don rage talauci da yunwa a duniya. Ya yi aiki a kan wani dogon yaƙin yaƙi da guje wa haraji daga manyan kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kafin komawarsa ActionAid UK ya yi aiki da karamin kamfanin sadarwa da ke aiki tare da abokan ciniki a cikin jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na sa kai kan kamfen da dama. Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Ireland ta Arewa tsakanin 2007 da 2009, lokacin da sassan ƙarshe na ƙaddamarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau ta 1998 'yan sanda da ikon shari'ar aikata laifuka ta Gwamnatin Labour. Majalisar Turai An zabi Dance a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a 2014. Lokacin shigar da Majalisar Turai, an nada shi a Kwamitin Majalisar Turai kan Muhalli, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaron Abinci, wanda ke da alhakin yankuna da dama na manufofin da suka hada da gurbatar iska da ruwa, sarrafa sharar gida, da sauyin yanayi. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kuma ya jagoranci tarurrukan kwamitoci, tarukan hadin gwiwa da sauran kwamitoci irinsu AGRI, da kuma taron karawa juna sani na musamman kan dokar sha. Har ila yau, ya rike matsayi a kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Raya Kasashe (DEVE), yana sa ido kan alkawurran kashe kudi da fifikon kasafin ci gaban EU; Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Masana'antu, Bincike da Makamashi (ITRE), da kuma Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Noma da Raya Karkara (AGRI). An nada Dance a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na inuwa don sake duba Dokar Rufin Tufafi ta Kasa (NECD), wanda ke da nufin inganta matakan iska ta hanyar daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska. Wannan lamari ne mai mahimmanci musamman ga London, inda sama da mutane 3,000 ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara sakamakon kamuwa da rashin ingancin iska. Ya zama mai magana da yawun S&D akan ingancin iska bayan nadin da aka yi masa a matsayin mai Rapporteur na Shadow akan NECD. Dangane da badakalar fitar da hayakin Volkswagen, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kada kuri'ar kafa wani kwamitin bincike da zai binciki badakalar, gwargwadon yadda jam'ian EU suka aiwatar da ilimin kasancewar manhajoji don takaita fasahohin rage fitar da hayaki a cikin masana'antar kera motoci. don ba da shawarwari ga cibiyoyi na EU da ƙasashe membobi kan yadda za a hana irin wannan badakala a nan gaba. An nada Rawar a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaba na Ƙungiyoyin Socialists da Democrats (S&D) a cikin Kwamitin Binciken Ma'auni na Ƙirar (EMIS). A cikin wannan rawar, ya jagoranci tawagar S&D MEPs a cikin kwamitin kuma shine mai magana da yawun kungiyar a kwamitin. A Majalisar 2014 kuwa, an nada Rawar a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin DEVE don isar da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDGs). Rahoton "Rahoton Rawa" ya bai wa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai tsarinsa na farko don isar da SDGs a duk fannonin ayyukan majalisar, da kuma rike sauran cibiyoyi na EU kan shirye-shiryensu na isar da SDGs. Dance ya kasance mai ba da rahoto a inuwa game da shawarwarin haɗakar da hanya don tinkarar alakar da ke tsakanin rikici da cinikin ma'adanai da ake hakowa daga yankunan da abin ya shafa. Ya goyi bayan Owen Smith a zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour (Birtaniya) a shekarar 2016. A watan Fabrairun 2017 ne, ya ɗaga takarda da aka rubuta wa MEP na UKIP Nigel Farage, yana mai cewa "Ƙarya yake yi muku" lokacin da Farage ya yi jawabi a gaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai yana kare matakin kwanaki 90 na Donald Trump na hana baƙi daga kasashe bakwai shiga Amurka. UKIP MEP Bill Etheridge saboda haka ya rubuta wa Antonio Tajani (Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai don yin korafi game da lamarin, yana mai cewa "habi ne mai banƙyama" da "abin tausayi". Daga baya rawa ya rubuta wa Tajani, yana mai cewa ya nemi afuwar hanyar, amma ba sakon ba. Rawa ta kasance mai goyan bayan EU da kuma buƙatun ƙungiyoyi masu yawa don yaƙar tsattsauran ra'ayi da chanjin yanayi, kuma ya kasance babban abokin adawar Brexit A farkon wa'adinsa na biyu na shekara ta 2019 an zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ENVI. An nada shi Mataimakin Magajin Garin Landan don Sufuri, yayi aiki daga Janairu 2022 karkashin Magajin garin Sadiq Khan. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Yan Siyasan
53304	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20bin%20Faisal%20Al%20Saud	Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud	.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center} Articles with hCards Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud Mohammed bin Faysal Āl Sa'ud 1937-14 Janairun shekarar 2017) yariman Saudiyya ne kuma dan kasuwa. Ya kuma kasance dan Sarki Faisal kuma yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka jajirce wajen kafa bankin Musulunci da inshorar Musulunci. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Mohammed bin Faisal a Taif a shekara ta 1937. Shi ne yaro na biyu kuma babban ɗan Sarki Faisal da Iffat Al Thunayan Cikakkun 'yan uwansa su ne Sara bint Faisal, Latifa bint Faisal, Saud bin Faisal, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Bandar bin Faisal, Turki bin Faisal, Luluwah bint Faisal da Haifa bint Faisal Har ila yau Mohammed yana da ƴaƴan ƴan uwa rabi daga sauran auren mahaifinsa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Abdullah, Khalid da Saad Mohammed bin Faisal ya fara karatunsa a Al Madrasa An Numuthagiya (The Model School) wanda iyayensa suka bude a Taif a shekara ta 1942. Shine dan uwansa na farko da ya fara karatu a kasar waje. Ya halarci Makarantar Lawrenceville da Makarantar Hun Sa'an nan, ya sauke karatu daga Swarthmore College a 1961. A shekara ta 1963 ya sami digirinsa na farko na kimiyya a fannin harkokin kasuwanci a Kwalejin Menlo da ke California. Farkon aiki Mohammed bin Faisal ya fara aikinsa ne a shekarar 1963 a Hukumar Ba da Lamuni ta Saudiyya (SAMA) kuma ya yi aiki karkashin Anwar Ali, darektan SAMA. A wannan shekarar ne Yarima Mohammed ya kafa kungiyar Red Sea a Jeddah wadda ta shirya gasar ninkaya da nune-nunen fasaha. Duk da cewa an rufe shi nan ba da dadewa ba, kungiyar ita ce mafarin hukumar wasan ninkaya ta Saudiyya. A watan Agusta 1965 Mohammed aka nada shi darakta a ofishin canza ruwan gishiri a ma'aikatar ruwa da aikin gona. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa shirin kawar da ruwan sha a wannan lokaci. Ya zama mataimakin ministan ruwa da noma mai kula da harkokin ruwan gishiri a shekarar 1974 sannan kuma an nada shi gwamnan sabuwar kamfanin canza ruwan saline da aka kafa a watan Nuwamba a wannan shekarar. Ya yi murabus daga ofishin a watan Yuli 1977. Ayyukan kasuwanci Mohammed bin Faisal ya fara shiga harkokin kasuwanci bayan murabus dinsa. A wannan lokacin ya tallafa wa wani bincike kan yiwuwar kawo dusar kankara ta Antarctic zuwa Makka. Ya kafa kamfani don wannan burin, Iceberg Transport International. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 1977, ya gabatar da shawararsa a wani taro a London. Shirin nasa shi ne tsarin da ya fi dacewa da aka tattauna a taron. Duk da haka, sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa ba zai yiwu ba, tun da babu wani dutsen kankara da zai iya rayuwa idan ya wuce equator Babban jarin da ya zuba shi ne a fannin banki da hada-hadar kudi, wanda hakan ya sa ya kasance daya daga cikin jagororin bankin Musulunci. Yarima Mohammed shi ne ya kafa bankin Musulunci na Faisal na Masar da aka kafa a birnin Alkahira a shekarar 1977. An kaddamar da bankin a hukumance a shekarar 1979. An kuma bude reshen bankin na Sudan a shekarar 1977. Abin da ya sa ya zuba jari a Masar maimakon kasarsa ta Saudiyya, shi ne yadda iyalan gidan sarautar Saudiyya suka shiga shakku dangane da manufofin bankin Musulunci. Ya hada Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust (DMI group) a 1981. Sauran wadanda suka kafa kamfanin sun hada da manyan mutane masu zuwa: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Ibrahim Kamel, Mohammed Zia Ul Hak, da kuma manyan mambobi na Al Saud. An kafa kamfanin ne a birnin Geneva kuma kungiyar kudi ce ta Musulunci ta kasa da kasa, kuma cibiyar iyaye ce ga bankunan Musulunci 55. Kamfanin mallakar Bahamas ne. Haifaffun