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21597 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87 | Mario Mandžukić | Mario Mandžukić Croatian pronunciation: rio mǎndʒukitɕ] an haife shi Ne a ranar (21)ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1986), dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dan asalin Kuroshiya wanda ya buga wasan ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyakwallon kafa ta Ac Milan ta Serie A. Baya ga kasancewa mai zira kwallaye a raga, an san shi da gudummawar kariya da ikon iska. Ya fara aiki a wannan kulob din ya koma garinsu Marsonia daga inda ya koma biyu Croatian babban birnin kwallon kafa kulake, da farko shiga NK Zagreb sa'an nan shiga tare da kungiyar Dinamo Zagreb a shekara ta 2007), inda kuma ya kasance Prva HNL sannan goalscorer a cikin shekara ta( 2008zuwa 2009 kakar. Gwargwadon nasarar sa ya sa aka canza shi zuwa VfL Wolfsburg a cikin shekara ta( 2010), Bayan wasu wasanni masu ban sha'awa a UEFA Euro (2012), inda ya kasance dan wasan gaba, ya sanya hannu a kan Bayern Munich A farkon kakar tare da kulob din ya lashe kofuna da dama da uku. da Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, da Champions League, yayin da kuma suka zama dan kasar Croatia na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai Bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin kaka mai zuwa, ya bar Bayern zuwa Atlético Madrid a shekara ta (2014), kuma a kakar daga baya Juventus ta sanya hannu kan for (19 miliyan, inda ya ci nasarar gida biyu a cikin kaka ukun farko, sannan kuma wani lakabi na gaba mai zuwa. shekara. A wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na shekara ta (2017), ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan karshe na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya ba shi kyautar Gwarzon UEFA a kakar wasa. Mandžukić ya bar Juventus a watan Disambar shekara ta (2019), zuwa kungiyar Al-Duhail ta Qatar duk da haka, bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa, ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa ya koma Italiya a watan Janairun shekara ta (2021), tare da sanya hannu tare da Milan.
At international level, Mandžukić was given his debut for Croatia in November 2007 under manager Slaven Bilić. He participated in four major tournaments with his national side, Euro 2012, the 2014 World Cup, Euro 2016, and the 2018 World Cup, reaching the final of the latter tournament, after which he retired from international football. In total, he made 89 international appearances, and with 33 goals, he is the Croatia national team's second most prolific scorer of all time, behind Davor Šuker. He was named Croatian Footballer of the Year in 2012 and 2013.
Klub din
Matasa da farkon aiki Mandžukić started playing football in Germany, where he and his parents relocated to due to the Croatian War of Independence. In (1992), he joined German club TSF Ditzingen, near Stuttgart. Upon returning to his home country, the newly independent Croatia, he spent the period between( 1996 and 2003 at NK Marsonia before spending a season at the city minnows NK Željezničar. The next season, he returned to Marsonia and in the summer of (2005 he made a move to NK Zagreb.
Dinamo Zagreb A lokacin bazara na shekara ta( 2007), Kamfanin Masarautar Croatia da ke Dinamo Zagreb ya sayi Mandžukić kan Yuro miliyan( 1.3 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin dan wasan gaba na Arsenal mai suna Eduardo da Silva Bayan isowarsa, ya sami nasarar tabbatar da matsayin sa a fara goma sha ɗaya, yana wasa mafi yawa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na biyu. A ranar( 4), ga watan Oktoba shekara ta( 2007), ya taka rawar gani a karawar da suka yi da AFC Ajax a Amsterdam lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin karin lokaci don tabbatar da nasarar Dinamo da( 2-3 a waje, yayin da Dinamo ya tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin UEFA (2007zuwa 2008), UEFA Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a Dinamo da kwallaye( 12), kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye( 11 a wasanni (29), amma kuma ba shi da kyakkyawan horo, yana tattara katinan rawaya takwas.
Ya fara kakar wasanni ta shekara ta( 2008zuwa200), da kwallaye biyu akan Linfield a wasan share fage na cin Kofin UEFA. A cikin shekara ta (2008zuwa2009), Prva HNL, Mandžukić shine wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar, inda yaci kwallaye (16), cikin wasanni( 28). daya buga. Ya kuma zira kwallaye uku a raga a gasar cin kofin UEFA a kakar wasan. Wannan shi ne lokacin da ya tashi a kungiyar ta Croatian kuma, yayin da ya tattara iyakoki takwas a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara (2010), Bayan kammala kakar wasanni ta shekara (2008zuwa 2009), an danganta shi da kungiyar Werder Bremen ta Jamus, amma tayin million (12 miliyan ya yi watsi da kwamitin Dinamo, wadanda ke da ra'ayin cewa darajar Mandžukić ta kai akalla fam miliyan (15), Ya fara kakar shekarar (2009 zuwa200 10) ne ta hanyar zura kwallo a raga a wasan fitar da gwani na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Red Bull Salzburg Mandžukić ya karbi jan kati a mintina na karshe na wasan. Bayan ya fada wa alkalin wasan cewa kwalbar da wani ya jefa ta daga wurin kallo, ya ba shi katinsa na biyu kuma ya hana shi daga wasan. A ranar (17 ga watan Satumba shekara ta (2009), bayan Dinamo ta yi rashin nasara a gidansu a hannun Anderlecht da ci (2-0), a gasar Europa, Mandžukić ya ci tarar sa ta fan( 100,000 bayan an zarge shi da rashin kokari. Wannan shine karo ga Satan Satumba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci karen Dinamo zuwa nasarar( 6-0) akan HNK Rijeka a Prva HNL A wata hira da aka yi da shi bayan wasa, Mandćukić ya ki amincewa da duk wani jita-jita game da barinsa kulob din bayan an ci tarar, yana mai bayyana cewa tun yana yarinta ya zama kyaftin din Dinamo kuma yana bayar da mafi kyawu a duk wani wasa da zai buga wa kulob din. A wannan lokacin, ya bayyana a wasannin laliga( 24), inda ya ci kwallaye( 14), Ya bayyana a wasannin Europa League biyar kuma.
Wolfsburg A ranar( 14) ga watan Yunin shekara ta( 2010), Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan VfL Wolfsburg don kuɗin da aka yi kimanin kusan 7 miliyan. Bayan isowarsa, a farkon rabin kakar (2010zuwa2011), ya buga wasa akai-akai amma galibi yana zuwa ne a madadin. A lokacin, galibi ana amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu a ƙarƙashin kocin Steve McClaren, wanda ya yi wasa tare da ɗan wasan gaba ɗaya kawai, Edin Džeko Abubuwa sun canza wa Mandžukić, duk da haka, bayan tashi daga Džeko zuwa Manchester City a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta( 2011), Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga a Wolfsburg ranar( 26) ga wasan ranar 1 da 1. FC Nürnberg a karkashin manajan rikon kwarya Pierre Littbarski Bayan isar manajan Felix Magath, Mandžukić ya taka leda a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan gaba. A wasanni bakwai da suka gabata na kakar wasannin cikin gida, ya ci kwallaye takwas, biyu daga cikinsu sun zo ne a wasan karshe da suka buga da TSG( 1899 Hoffenheim, kuma suna da mahimmanci ga kungiyar yayin da take kaucewa faduwa daga gasar. A kakarsa ta biyu a Wolfsburg, ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a Bundesliga kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye( 12), A cikin shekaru biyu a Wolfsburg, ya ci kwallaye( 20 a wasanni( 56), inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa na Wolfsburg a lokacin zaman sa kuma da sauri ya zama mai son masoya saboda iya cin kwallaye da halayen sa.
Bayern Munich A ranar (26 ga Satan yun Mandžukić yasa hannu ma kungiyan Bundesliga klub dinBayern Munich a kudi €13 million, pending a medical test, subsequent to his strong performance at UEFA Euro( 2012) in Ukraine and Poland, and because of his terrific form for Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga. On( 27 June, the transfer was officially announced by Bayern Munich.
Lokacin 2012–13 A ranar( 24) ga watan Yuni shekara ta (2012), Mandžukić ya fara buga wa Bayern wasa a wasan da suka doke Beijing Guoan da ke gasar Super League ta China da ci( 6) da nema, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyar a wasan sada zumunci a minti na (79, A ranar (12), ga watan Agusta, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan hukuma da Borussia Dortmund mai rike da kambun gasar a minti na shida, inda ya taimakawa tawagarsa lashe Jamusanci DFL Supercup. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a raga a kan Bayern a kan Greuther Fürth a ranar daya kuma ya kara daya a wasansu na gaba a wasan da suka tashi (6-1) da VfB Stuttgart Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye biyu a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Wolfsburg.
Bayan haka Mandžukić ya kara zura kwallaye hudu( 4) a wasanni biyar na gasar Bundesliga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zira kwallaye tara a raga a wasanni (11 da ya buga a gasar ta Jamus. Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, Mandžukić ya ci gaba da burin zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya zira kwallaye( 3)a wasanni( 2) na farko, da Greuther Fürth da Stuttgart. Ya sake zira kwallaye daya akan 1. FSV Mainz 05 Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga tare da Bayern a matsayin dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye (15) a wasanni( 24 kuma yana da babban tasiri wajen lashe taken na Bundesliga. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasan zagaye na (16) da Arsenal Ya zira kwallo daya a wasan dab da na karshe da Juventus a Turin, wanda ya baiwa Bayern tazarar( 0-1 a waje. A ranar( 25 ga watan Mayu, Bayern Munich ta kara da Borussia Dortmund a Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta UEFA a shekara ta 2013) kuma Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon farko a wasan, wanda hakan ya bai wa Bayern damar ci (1-0) a minti na( 60) Bayern ta ci gaba da lashe wasan ne da ci (2-1 bayan an dawo daga hutun rabin lokaci daga Arjen Robben. Tare da wannan burin, Mandžukić ya zama dan Croati na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai kuma hakan ya ba shi damar cin nasarar farko a Munich, yayin da kulob din ya kammala kaka uku cin nasara, yana ikirarin Bundesliga, Champions League, da DFB- Pokal, kazalika da Supercup na Jamusanci a farkon kamfen.
Lokacin 2013-14 Mandžukić ya fara kakar a hankali, yana da ƙananan batutuwa da suka dace da tsarin sabon kocin Bayern Pep Guardiola Guardiola ya canza tsarin Bayern daga (4-2–3–1), da suka saba amfani dashi a baya karkashin Jupp Heynckes zuwa wani sabon salon (4-1–4–1), Duk da yake ɗan lokaci kaɗan don daidaitawa, Mandžukić ya sake dawowa kamanninsa duk da haka a lokacin wasan laliga. Ya bude sabon kakar wasa a cikin Bundesliga ta hanyar zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu da ya buga. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar bana lokacin da Bayern Munich ta fara kare kambinta na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da CSKA Moscow da ci (3 da 0 a Allianz Arena. Shi ne ya ci kwallo daya yayin da Bayern ta doke FC Viktoria Plze v a watan Nuwamba don ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba tare da yin kwatankwacin na tara a jere a gasar UEFA Champions League. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta goma a sabuwar kakar wasannin Bundesliga a karawar da suka yi da Hamburger SV a watan Disamba.
A wasan farko na kusa dana karshe na shekara ta (2013) FIFA Club World Cup, Mandžukić kurciya yayi kasa da kai ya zira kwallon da Thiago Alcantara ya zira a ragar Guangzhou Evergrande da ci (2 da 0) A ƙarshe ya lashe gasar tare da Bayern bayan wasan ƙarshe tare da Raja Casablanca, ya ƙare da nasarar (2-0), Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, an bar Mandžukić daga cikin jerin 'yan wasa (18), na Bayern Munich a karawar da suka yi da Borussia Mönchengladbach, tare da rahotanni cewa Guardiola bai nuna rawar gani ba a aikin horo. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar don wasa na gaba da VfB Stuttgart Mako guda bayan haka, a kan Eintracht Frankfurt, Mandžukić ya ba da amsa tare da ba da umarni a wasan da Bayern ta ci( 5-0), inda ya ci ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da kuma ba da ƙwallon ƙafa ga Mario Götze wanda ya buɗe ƙwallo. A ranar( 12), ga watan Fabrairu, Mandžukić ya ci kwallaye uku a karawar da ya yi a bana, yayin da Bayern Munich ta sauƙaƙe hanyar zuwa DFB-Pokal wasan kusa da na karshe tare da ci( 5-0), na Hamburger SV A wasan da aka yi da Hannover 96, Mandžukić ya yi bikin bayyanar sa ta (100), ta Bundesliga ta hanyar haduwa da rafin Rafinha don kammala burin. Duk da kasancewa dan wasan da yafi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye (26), Guardiola ya kori Mandžukić daga kungiyar gabanin wasan karshe na shekara ta (2014), DFB-Pokal Mandžukić ya bayyana cewa yana son barin Bayern saboda "salon wasan koci Pep Guardiola kawai bai dace da shi ba".
Atlético Madrid A ranar (10) ga watan Yunin shekara ta (2014) Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Spain na Atlético Madrid kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar (24 ga watan yuni, aka gabatar da Mandžukić ga magoya bayan Atlético Madrid a Vicente Calderón, sanye da rigar lamba (9), Ya fara buga wasan farko a gasar farko ta shekara( 2014), Supercopa de España a ranar( 19 ga watan Agusta, inda suka tashi kunnen doki (1-1 da Real Madrid, inda ya buga minti (78), kafin a maye gurbinsa da wani dan wasa na farko Raúl Jiménez A karawa ta biyu a Vicente Calderón, Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar, inda ya ci wa kungiyar nasara bayan mintuna biyu kacal. Ita ce manufa mafi sauri a gasar. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kan SD Eibar, a ranar( 30), ga watan Agusta, kamar yadda Atlético ta samu nasarar farko a sabuwar kakar Primera División. A wasan bude sabuwar gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, a kan Olympiacos, Mandžukić ya tattara giciyen Cristian Ansaldi kuma ya aika da kai kai tsaye zuwa kusurwar da ke ƙasa don yin (1-2), a ƙarshe a gasar ya ci (2-3), Mandžukić ya taimakawa Atlético matsawa tsakanin maki biyu na shugabannin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Barcelona da Sevilla a ranar (26), ga watan Oktoba lokacin da ya buga ƙetaren Arda Turan don ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya a cikin galaba akan Getafe Bayan komawarsa fagen daga wasa a fuska, sai ya tashi daga karfi zuwa karfi, ya ci kwallaye 14 a dukkan gasa kafin hutun hunturu gami da dabarar ban mamaki da aka yi wa Olympiacos a wasan dawo da rukuni a Calderon a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, wanda ya tabbatar da wuri a matakin wasan Kofin Zakarun Turai. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta 11 a La liga a bana a wasansa na 19, a cikin Los Colchoneros ya ba da kwallaye 4-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Real Madrid a wasan rukuni na biyu na kakar, lokacin da masu sharhi kan wasanni suka lura cewa Mandžukić ya sanya daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin. nunin gaba da aka gani a La liga a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yana ba da gudummawa ga duk abin da ke da kyau game da gefensa kafin sanya gwangwani a kan wainar tare da ɗauke na huɗu da kyau. A cikin duka, Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye 20 a cikin wasanni 43 a cikin kaka ɗaya a Madrid, yana rayuwa daidai da hotonsa na mai aiki tuƙuru da kuma tabbatar da ƙwallaye a raga.
Juventus A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015, zakarun Serie A Juventus sun sanar da cewa Mandžukić ya koma kulob din daga Atlético Madrid kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu kan farashin Yuro miliyan 19 da za a biya sau uku, gami da yiwuwar karin in 2 miliyan a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo Lokacin 2015-16 A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta ya zira kwallon farko a minti na 69 don Juventus tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kan Lazio a 2015 Supercoppa Italiana, nasarar da aka tashi 2-0 a Shanghai A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, ya fara buga wa Juventus wasa a hukumance, ya fara kuma ya buga cikakkun mintuna 90 a wasan da Udinese ta yi rashin nasara 1-0, a wasan farko na gasar Serie A na 2015-16. A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Mandžukić zai shafe makwanni uku yana jinya sakamakon raunin da ya samu a cinya washegari a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a kan Genoa Koyaya, ya dawo da wuri, ya ciwa Juventus kwallo ta farko, da kuma daidaitawa na ɗan lokaci, yayin da ƙungiyar ta zo daga baya ta yi nasara a kan Manchester City 2-1 a lokacin wasan farko na matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 2015. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon karshe a wasan da Juventus ta doke Atalanta a gida a minti na 49th; wannan shi ne burin sa na farko a gasar Seria A a wasan sa na 6 da kungiyar ta buga. Ya sake zira kwallaye a wasanni biyu daga baya, inda ya taimakawa Juventus ta lallasa Empoli da ci 3-1. A ranar 25 ga Satan Nuwamba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci 1-0 a karawa ta biyu a matakin rukuni na rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, don ba wa kulob din damar shiga zagaye na 16. Saboda wadannan mahimman kwallayen, har ma da wata manufa ta cin 3-0 a waje da Palermo a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, an zabe shi dan wasan Juventus na watan Nuwamba shekarar shekarar 2015. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu 2016, Mandžukić ya sami rauni na tsoka yayin wasan farko na kusa da na karshe na Coppa Italia da Inter Milan, yana sanya shi a gefen makonni huɗu. Da farko ana fargabar cewa ba zai buga wasan zagaye na farko na kungiyoyi 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ba da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Bayern Munich. Koyaya, ya dawo aiki ba kamar yadda ake tsammani ba, ya fara wasan da Bayern a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, kuma ya kafa burin Paulo Dybala a wasan gidan da aka tashi 2-2.
2016-17 kakar Lokaci na biyu na Mandžukić tare da Juventus ya kasance sananne musamman, saboda sau da yawa manajan kulob din Massimiliano Allegri bai buga shi ba a duk tsawon lokacin 2016-17, da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin dan wasan gefe na hagu, maimakon a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da waje, matsayin da ya saba kasancewa a baya. Kodayake yawan zira kwallayensa ya ragu, amma ya sami yabo a kafofin watsa labarai saboda yawan aikinsa, yawan iyawa, daidaito, da kuma cikakken ingancin ayyukansa a wannan sabon rawar. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin da zai ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2020. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, Mandžukić ya fara wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai Ya zira kwallon da aka buga a minti na 27, 'yan mintuna bakwai kacal bayan kwallon da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci ya bai wa Real Madrid nasara. Mandžukić ya buga ƙwallo daga Gonzalo Higuaín kuma ya ɗora ƙwallon a kafaɗarsa daga wanda ya hau kan Keylor Navas a raga. An bayyana burin a matsayin daya daga cikin kwallaye mafiya kyau da aka ci a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai, kuma an kwatanta shi da burin Zinedine Zidane a wasan karshe na 2002 na Real Madrid; amma daga karshe an lallasa Juventus da ci 4-1. Kwallan Mandžuki kick na kwallon kafa akan Real Madrid yaci nasarar lashe kyautar gwarzon shekarar 2016-17 UEFA.
Lokacin 2017-18 A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya buga wasansa na 100 ga Juventus a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Sporting a UEFA Champions League A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Real Madrid da ci 3-1 a zagayen kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai. Kwallon farko da aka ci bayan dakika 76 ta zama kwallon da ta fi saurin hanzartawa Real Madrid a wasan gida a gasar zakarun Turai kuma ita ce dan wasan adawa na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyu da rabi a wasan Zakarun Turai a Bernabeu.
2018–19 A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, Mandćukić ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kakar 2018-19 a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 akan Lazio. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Serie A tare da kulob din a wasan da suka doke Udinese da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya sanya kwallo ta biyu ta wasan da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci. A ranar 24 ga Satan Nuwamba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci kungiyar ta farko a gidan da suka doke SPAL da ci 2-0, ya ci kwallonsa ta shida a kakar. Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke Valencia da ci 1-0, wanda Cristiano Ronaldo ya taimaka. Jaridun Italiya La Gazzetta dello Sport da La Stampa sun lura da alamomin da ke kunno kai tsakanin Mandžukić da Ronaldo, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tandar iko da fasaha. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2019, Mandžukić ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Juventus har zuwa 2021.
Al-Duhail With the arrival of new Juventus manager Maurizio Sarri in the summer of 2019, Mandžukić was sidelined after being excluded from the manager's plans. As a result, he was also omitted from Juventus's Champions League squad, alongside teammate Emre Can. After failing to make a single appearance for the club during the 2019–20 season, he agreed to join Qatari side Al-Duhail on 24 December. On 29 December, the transfer was made official.
He made his league debut on 4 January 2020 in a goalless draw with Qatar SC. He scored his first goal for the club on 10 January in a 2–0 win over Al-Sailiya in Qatar Cup. On 11 February 2020, he made his debut and scored his debut goal in the AFC Champions League, scoring the opener in a group stage 2–0 home victory over Persepolis. On 5 July 2020, after ten appearances and two goals overall, Mandžukić terminated his contract with the Qatari side by mutual consent.
Milan Bayan kawo karshen kwantiragin, kungiyoyi da dama sun nuna sha'awar siyan Mandžukić, ciki harda Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Lokomotiv Moscow, Milan, Benevento, Hellas Verona, Fiorentina, Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Marseille, Wolfsburg, Hertha Berlin da kuma Schalke 04 A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara 2021, Mandžukić ya koma kulob din Serie A na Milan kan kwantiragin har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana, tare da zabin karin shekara. Ya fara wasan farko a gasar a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta daci 3-0. Sakamakon raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya nakasa yanayin jikin sa da kuma yanayin rashin kyau, Mandžukić ya buga wasanni 11 ne kacal a Milan, galibi a madadin, ba tare da cin kwallaye ba. A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2021, Mandžukić ya sanar da barin Milan saboda shugabannin kungiyar ba su tsawaita kwantiraginsa ba.
Ayyukan duniya After putting together a string of solid performances in the 2007–08 Prva HNL, as well as in Dinamo's UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches, he earned a call–up to the Croatian national team, for which he debuted in a game against Macedonia on 17 November 2007. On 10 September 2008, he scored his first ever goal for Croatia in a 4–1 home loss against England in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match.
Yuro 2012 Tasirin sa a cikin kungiyar kasa ya karu yayin cancantar UEFA Euro 2012 Burinsa na farko na kamfen ya zo ne a watan watan Yunin shekarar 2011, lokacin da ya zira kwallaye a ragar Georgia a Stadion Poljud Ya kara wani buga kwallo da Latvia a wasan karshe na wasannin share fagen. Da Kuroshiya ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninta, dole ne ta kara da Turkiya a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Turai ta shekarar 2012. A wasan farko da aka buga a Istanbul, Kuroshiya ta baiwa magoya bayan gida mamaki ta hanyar ci 0-3, tare da Mandžukić ya ci kwallo ta biyu daga bugun daga kai a cikin minti 32 na wasan.
Mandžukić ya kasance ɗayan biyu daga cikin manajan zaɓe na farko na manajan Slaven Bili at a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Euro shekar2012, tare da ɗan wasan gaba na Everton Nikica Jelavić. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da Croatia ta doke Jamhuriyar Ireland da ci 3-1, sannan kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a wasan da ke tafe. Duk da ficewar Croatia daga rukuni-rukuni, ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye uku tare da Mario Balotelli, Fernando Torres, Cristiano Ronaldo, Alan Dzagoev, da abokin wasan Bayern na gaba Mario Gómez 2014 FIFA World Cup Ya bude cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 FIFA ta hanyar samar da taimako biyu a wasanni biyu na farko, da Macedonia a Zagreb da kuma Belgium a Brussels Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a fafatawar da suka yi da Wales a Osijek Mandžukić ya kara wani kwallon a ragar sa a wasansu na neman cancantar buga wasa da Serbia, wanda ya baiwa Kuroshiya ci 1 da 0, a Zagreb Ya kuma ci kwallo a wasa na biyu tsakanin bangarorin biyu a Belgrade A karawa ta biyu da Croatia ta buga kunnen doki tsakaninta da Iceland a Zagreb, Mandžuki Croatia ya bai wa Croatia jagoranci a wasan da ci 2 da 0. Koyaya, daga baya ya karɓi jan kati bayan babban abin takaici akan Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson wanda aka haɗa da gwiwa na hagu na ɗan wasan na Icelandic. An saka sunan Mandćuki a cikin tawagar Croatia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2014 a Kasar Brazil, amma an dakatar da shi a wasan farko da kungiyar za ta buga da kasar da za ta karbi bakuncin a São Paulo a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar ne a wasansu na biyu da Kamaru a ranar 18 ga Yuni, kuma ya nuna fitowar sa ta farko a Gasar cin Kofin Duniya inda ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka doke 4-0, ana ba shi lambar "Mutum mafi dacewa"
Yuro 2016 Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye daya a fafatawar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai Euro 2016 ta Croatia, inda ya bude kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a Split a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015. Wadannan 4 Yuni, shi da Nikola Kalinić zira hat-dabaru a wani 10-0 dumi-up nasara a kan San Marino a Rijeka gaba na gasar sakamakon ya kasance nasara ce ta tarihi ga Croatia.
2018 FIFA World Cup On 4 June 2018, Mandžukić was named to Croatia's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In the opening game against Nigeria, he caused Oghenekaro Etebo's own goal and won a penalty, that was successfully converted by Luka Modrić, as the game ended as a 2–0 win for Croatia. During the side's round-of-16 match against Denmark on 1 July, he scored the equalising goal in the 4th minute of play; following a 1–1 draw after extra-time, Croatia prevailed 3–2 in the resulting penalty shoot-out. In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July, Mandžukić provided an assist in the first half of regulation time for Andrej Kramarić's equaliser. A 1–1 draw after 90 minutes saw the match go into extra-time, and following a 2–2 draw after 120 minutes of play, Croatia once again progressed to the next round in the ensuing shoot-out, winning 4–3 on penalties. During Croatia's semi-final match against England on 11 July, with the score tied at 1–1 after regulation time, Mandžukić scored the match-winning goal in 109th minute to give Croatia a 2–1 victory, sending the team to the World Cup final for the first time in their history. In the final against France on 15 July, he became the first player ever to score an own goal in a World Cup final, when he headed Antoine Griezmann's free-kick into his own net to give France a 1–0 lead; he later scored Croatia's second goal by chasing down and capitalizing on an error from French goalkeeper Hugo Lloris, as the match eventually ended in a 4–2 defeat. With that goal, Mario Mandžukić became the second player in World Cup history to score for both teams in a single match (the first being Ernie Brandts of the Netherlands in a 1978 World Cup match against Italy) and the first to do so in a final.
Ritaya A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Mandžukić ya sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa na duniya. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, shi ne na biyu mafi yawan ci kwallaye a tarihin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Croatia da kwallaye 33.
A cikin bayaninsa, Mandžukić ya yi rubutu game da lambar azurfa ta Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2018:
Salon wasa Baya ga zura kwallayen sa, masana sun lura da Mand strengthukić saboda karfin jikin sa, karfin sa, motsawa da motsa jiki, gami da iyawarsa a cikin iska. Har ma an ba shi laƙabin Đilkoš lkoʃ] na Miroslav Blažević, wanda ke nufin birki da rashin wayewa, yana nufin ƙarfin ɗan wasan, ƙarfin jiki da alama ƙarfinsa ba shi da iyaka, maimakon ƙwarewar fasaharsa; sauran sunayen laƙabin sun hada da Mandžo da Super Mario An san shi da yawan aiki da bayar da kariya, tsohon manajan Mandžukić a Wolfsburg, Felix Magath, ya lura da juriyarsa, yana mai cewa dan wasan ya "dace sosai da ina ganin zai iya buga wasanni biyu-da-biyu ba tare da tsayawa ko da na minti daya ne. Bayan komawarsa zuwa Atlético Madrid, mai sharhi kan wasanni na Sky Adam Bate ya rubuta cewa shi ya dace da tsarin Diego Simeone kamar yadda Mandžukić yake "sau da yawa mai zuga dan jarida ne tare da kwazonsa, Mandzukic yakar kariya, yana mai da su baya don kirkirar sarari ga abokan wasa da kuma hana abokan hamayya su yi hakuri ba tare da matsi kan kwallon ba. Bate ya kara da cewa dan kasar ta Croatian din dan wasan gaba ne na zahiri da na tafi-da-gidanka wanda ke yin mafi kyawun aikinsa ba tare da kwallon ba, da alama yana yin aikin 'yan wasa biyu kuma don haka ya kyale wani karin mutum a tsakiya." Mai ba da gudummawa ta ESPN FC Michael Cox ya kuma yaba wa Mandžukić saboda kyakkyawan aikin da yake yi, yana nuna cewa yayin da yake matsa wa abokan hamayyarsa gwiwa lokacin da suke kokarin buga kwallon daga baya, shi ma yana da matukar kwazo da horo a yadda ya fadi. koma cikin nasa rabin don kare bayan kwallon idan abokan hamayyarsa suka sami damar tsallake matsawa tawagarsa lamba. A cikin shekarar 2014, Aleksandar Holiga yayi tsokaci game da wasan na Mandžukić, yana mai cewa "[h] e ya shimfida kariya tare da motsawa a kai a kai da alama juriya ba ta da iyaka, bude sarari ga wasu da za su zo daga baya ko su yanke ciki daga reshe; danne kwallon da ya yi ya tabbatar yanke hukunci a lokuta da dama da suka gabata kuma, tabbas, yana daya daga cikin kwararrun yan wasa a duniya idan yazo da karfin iska. Don haka ko da bai ci kansa ba, kasancewar sa na iya zama mabuɗi ga damar ƙungiyar. Duk da yake ya fara aiki ne a matsayin dan gaba ko kuma mutum-mutum a fagen azabtarwa, a cikin ladabi da tsayi, karfin iska, da karfin jiki, [nb 1] Matsayin aikin Mandžukić, karimci, dabarun dabara, da iya aiki sun nuna ta shirye-shiryensa na taka rawa a wurare daban-daban a fadin ko bayan layin gaba a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, an kuma tura shi a matsayin dan wasan gefe, a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare hare, ko ma a matsayin dan bayan-baya, mukaman da ke ba shi 'yancin kai hari daga wurare masu zurfi ko fadi tare da gudu, goyon baya da haɗi tare da takwarorinsa da suka fi tsanantawa, zana abokan hamayya daga matsayinsu tare da motsinsa, kuma rufe kariya don masu ba da baya da ke yin saurin kai hari Tabbas, musamman a lokacinsa a Juventus karkashin manajan Massimiliano Allegri, gasa daga sauran 'yan wasan gaba galibi tana ganin ana amfani da Mandžukić a cikin wadannan zurfin ko fadi, ayyukan kirkira, musamman a bangaren hagu, inda ya yi fice, inda ya samu yabo daga 'yan jarida saboda yadda yake taka leda a koda yaushe, saboda karfin da yake da shi na rike kwallon tare da bayansa don zura kwallo da kuma buga wasa da takwarorinsa, ko kuma fadawa tsakiyar fili don taimakawa wajen cin kwallon a lokacin da kungiyar tasa ba ta mallake ta ba. An kuma bukaci ya yi aiki a matsayin "mutum mai fadi da fadi" a gefen hagu na filin wasan, saboda motsinsa da yanayin aikinsa, da kuma ikon amfani da tsayinsa don cin nasarar kalubalen iska, ko amfani da karfinsa da fasaha mai ƙarfi don riƙe ƙwallo don abokan wasa da ƙirƙirar sarari ko dama a gare su; a cikin wannan matsayin, ya taka rawa sosai a matsayin rawar mutum, mai son hagu, da hagu Baya ga iyawarsa ta kwallon kafa, Mandžukić an san shi da kwazo, jagoranci, da karfin kwakwalwa, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban dan wasa" a kafofin watsa labarai, saboda ga yanayin da yake da shi na zira kwallaye a raga a muhimman wasanni ga duka kulob da kuma kasar. Kamar wannan, a lokacinsa a Italiya, ya sami laƙabi "guerriero" ("jarumi," a cikin Italiyanci) daga magoya bayan Juventus. An kwatanta salon wasan sa da na dan kasar Alen Bokšić, wanda shi ma ya taka rawar gansosii a a Juventus.
Rayuwar mutum An haifi Mandžukić a cikin Slavonski Brod, a halin yanzu Croatia, a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu 1986. Mahaifinsa Mato dan asalin Bosniya ne daga Prud kusa da Odžak Mato ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya koma Slavonski Brod lokacin da aka canja shi daga Kozara Bosanska Gradiška zuwa BSK Mandžukić has been in a relationship with Ivana Mikulić from Strizivojna since 2007.
Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Source:
Manufofin duniya Scores and results list Croatia's goal tally first.
Daraja Dinamo Zagreb Bundesliga 2012–13, 2013-14
DFB-Pokal 2012-13, 2013-14
DFL-Supercup 2012
UEFA Champions League 2012–13
Kofin UEFA Super Cup 2013
FIFA Club World Cup 2013
Supercopa de España 2014
Serie A 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018–19
Coppa Italia 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18
Supercoppa Italiana 2015
Al-Duhail
Qatar Stars League 2019–20
Kuroshiya
Individual
Prva HNL Player na Gwarzo 2009
Sportske novosti Yellow Shirt kyautar 2008-09
UEFA Euro Co-Top Scorer 2012 Footan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Croatia na Shekara 2012, 2013
Vatrena krila: 2012 Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Croatia na Shekara 2013
FIFA FIFPro World XI team na 5: 2013, 2018 Manufar UEFA ta Yanayi 2016-17 Umarni
Umurnin Duke Branimir tare da Ribbon
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kroatiya
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24751 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icen%20Dalbejiya%20%28Azadirachta%20Indica%29 | Icen Dalbejiya (Azadirachta Indica) | Azadirachta indica wanda aka fi sani da icen Dalbejiya, ko Bedi wato neem, bishiyar-nim ko Indian lilac, kuma a Najeriya ana kiranta dogo yaro ko dogonyaro, bishiya ce daga cikin dangin Mahogany Meliaceae. tana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu na iyalan Azadirachta, kuma asalin yankin Indiya ne kuma galibin kasashen Afirka. Yawanci tana girma a yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Itacen Neem kuma na girma a tsibiran kudancin Iran. 'Ƴa'ƴan itãcensa da tsabarsa sune asalin man-neem.
Bayanai Dalbejiya ko icen bedi ice ne mai azumi-girma itace cewa zai iya isa tsayin kimanin da wuya Yana zubar da yawancin ganye a lokacin damuna. Rassan suna da fadi kuma suna yaduwa. cikakkiyar kambi mai kauri ne tana zagaye ne kuma tana iya kaiwa fadin diamita Itacen bedi ko dalbejiya yayi kama da danginsa, chinaberry (Melia azzara|Melia azedarach). Akasin haka, ganyen pinnate suna da tsawon kimanin tare da 20 zuwa 30 matsakaici tsawo da ganye kore mai duhu mai tsawon Sashin tsakiya na fallen ganyen tashar tana ɓacewa sau da yawa. Petioles gajere ne. Icen na da fure masu launin fari da ƙamshi an shirya su a cikin ƙaramin ma'ajin axillary panicles masu saukowa waɗanda suka kai a tsawo. Inflorescences, wanda reshe ne yayi sama har zuwa mataki na uku, yana ɗaukar furanni 250 zuwa 300. Fure ɗaya na da tsawon da fadin Protantrism, furanni masu juna biyu da furannin maza suna saduwa akan bishiya guda.
Ya'yan itacen masu santsi ne (masu walƙiya), ana kiransu drupe suna kama da zaitun wanda ya bambanta ta siffar tsawo oval zuwa kusan zagaye, kuma lokacin cikakke ya14–28 millimetres (0.55–1.10 in) ta10–15 millimetres (0.39–0.59 in). Fatar 'ya'yan itace (exocarp) siriri ne kuma ɓacin rai mai ɗanɗano (mesocarp) yana da launin shuɗi-fari kuma yana da yawa. Mesocarp shine 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) kauri. Farar, harsashi na ciki mai ƙarfi (endocarp) na 'ya'yan itacen yana ɗauke da guda ɗaya, da wuya biyu, ko uku, elongated tsaba (kernels) waɗanda ke da gashin launin ruwan.
Akanyi kuskure wajen kamanya icen dalbejiya da wani ice mai kama dashi suna bakain. Shima icen Bakain yana da ganye masu tsini da kuma 'ya'yan itace masu kama da juna. Bambanci ɗaya shine cewa ganyen neem yana da pinnate amma ganyen bakain Pinnation yana da biyu-biyu ko uku-uku.
Asalin Kalma Kalmar Neem sunan Hindi ne wanda aka samo daga yaren Sanskrit Nimba Ilimin Halittu da Muhallinsu Bishiyar dalbejiya wato neem tayi fice matuqa saboda juriya ga karancin ruwa. Yawanci yana wanzuwa a yankuna da ke da rani da kuma matsakaicin zafi, masuadadin ruwan sama na 400–1,200 millimetres (16–47 in). Icen na iya girma a yankuna daban daban na duniya, amma yana dogara ne mafi akasari da yanayin ruwan dake karkashin kasa. Sannan zai iya tsirowa ko wani irin nau'in na duniya, amma yafi wanzawa a nau'in kasa da ake kira sandy soil, suna ya dogara ne sosai akan matakan ruwan karkarshin ƙasa. Bedi na iya girma a cikin nau'ikan ƙasa daban -daban, amma yana haɓaka mafi kyau akan zurfin zurfin ƙasa da yashi. Yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi zuwa bishiyar ƙasa kuma yana wanzuwa a matsakaicin yanayin zafin shekara na 21–32 °C (70–90 °F). Zai iya jurewa sama zuwa yanayin zafi sosai kuma baya jure zafin da ke ƙasa 5 °C (41 °F). Dalbejiya yana ɗaya daga cikin bishiyoyin da ke ba da inuwa waɗanda ke bunƙasa a cikin yankunan da ke fuskantar fari kamar busasshen bakin teku, gundumomin kudancin Indiya, da Pakistan. Bishiyoyin ba su dogara game da samun ruwa ba kuma suna bunƙasa ko da da digon ruwa ne, komai ingancin. A Indiya da ƙasashe masu zafi inda yakin ƙasar Indiya suka isa, ana yawan samun bishiyoyin Dalbejiya da ake amfani da su don rufe tituna, kusa da wuraren bauta, makarantu da sauran irin waɗannan gine -gine na mutum ko a mafi yawan yadudduka. A yakuna masu karancin ruwan sama, akan shuka bishiyoyin dalbejiya acikin manyan filaye.
Icen a matsayin ciyawa akan dauki ganyen icen a matsayin ciyawa mara amfani a wasu sassa na duniya, musamman a yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙasashen Saharar Afirka da Yammacin Afirka da jihohin Tekun Indiya, da wasu sassan Ostiraliya A yanayin muhalli, yana rayuwa da kyau a cikin irin wannan muhallin ga nasa, amma ba a tantance ainihin matsayinsa na ciyawa ba.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, an zartar da cewa Icen dalbejiya a matsayin ciyawa mara amfani na na ajin B da C a Yankin Arewacin Kasar, Ostiraliya, ma'ana dole ne a sarrafa shuka ta da yaduwar ta kuma ba a yarda a shigo da tsirrai ko propagules cikin NT ba. Shari'a ta yarda a siya, a saida, ayi sufurinta ko irin ta. An kaddamar da ita a matsayin ciyawa a sanadiyyar mamaye hanyoyin ruwa da tayi a Top End na yankin.
Bayan an gabatar da icen a kasar Ostiraliya, a 1940s, an dasa A. indica a yankin Arewa don samar da inuwa ga shanu. An kafa gonaki na gwaji tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 a Darwin, Queensland, da Yammacin kasar Australia, amma masana'antar sarrafa icen dalbejiya ta Ostiraliya ba ta tabbatar da mai yiwuwa ba. Yanzu itacen ya bazu zuwa cikin savanna, musamman a kusa da hanyoyin ruwa, kuma ana samun yawan mutane da yawa a yankunan.
Sinadarai daga Bishiyar 'Ya'yan itacen dalbejiyan, iri, ganye, mai tushe, da kuma bawon icen na dauke da sinadarai masu dumbin yawa wanda ake kira phytochemicals, wasu da aka fara ganowa daga iri, kamar azadirachtin wanda aka sarrafa su a shekarun 1960s matsayin maganin kwari antifeedant, tsaida yaduwa, da kuma maganin kwari. Amfani daga icen a yayinda ake murƙushe kilogiram 2 na yayan tsaba icen yakan kai kusan gram 5.
Bugu da kari sinadarin azadirachtin da limonoids masu alaƙa, man iri ya ƙunshi glycerides polyphenols iri-iri, nimbolide, triterpenes, da beta-sitosterol. Man yana da launin rawaya, bitter oil, yana da ƙamshi kamar tafarnuwa kuma ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 2% na mahaɗan limonoid. Ganyen yana ƙunshe da quercetin, catechins, carotenes, da bitamin C.
Amfani Akan busar da ganyen dalbejiya kuma ana sanya shi a cikin kabad don hana kwari cin sutura, da kuma cikin tins inda ake adana shinkafa. Hakanan ana amfani da furannin a wurin bukukuwan Indiya da yawa kamar Ugadi.
Matsayin kayan lambu Ana cin sashin furen da 'yayan itacen a matsayin kayan lambu a kasar Indiya. Ana shirya abinci mai kama da miya mai suna veppampoo charu a cikin Tamil (an fassara shi da "neem flower rasam wanda aka yi da furen bedi a yankunan Tamil Nadu. A Bengali, ana soya ganyen neem a cikin mai tare da eggplant (brinjal). ana kiran girkin neem begun bhaja kuma shine abu na farko yayin cin abinci a Bengali wanda ke matsayin abinci washe harshe, ana cinshi da shinkafa.
Ana amfani sassan dalbejiya a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Kambodiya, Laos (inda ake kira kadao Thailand (inda aka sani da sa-dao ko sdao Myanmar (inda aka sani da tamar da Vietnam (inda aka sani da sầu đâu kuma ana amfani dashi wajen dafa salatin gỏi sầu đâu Ko da an dafa shi da sama sama, dandanon sa na da ɗaci sosai, kuma ba duk mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe ke cin wanan nau'in abincin ba. A Myanmar, ana dafa ganyen neem da sashen furanni da 'ya'yan tamarind wato tsamiya don rage dacinsa kuma ana ci a matsayin kayan lambu. Ana kuma cin ganyen neem mai tsami tare da tumatir da miya miya a Myanmar.
Magungunan Gargajiya Ana amfani da samfuran da aka cire daga icen dalbejiya a wajen maganin gargajiya na Indiya na tsawon ƙarnuka, amma babu isasshen shaidar asibiti don nuna fa'idodin amfani da bedi don dalilai na magani. A manya mutane, ba a kafa takamaiman ka'idojin shan maganin ba, kuma yin amfani da dalbejiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci yana da aminci, amma yayin amfani da shi na dogon lokaci na iya haifar da matsalar koda ko hanta; a ga ƙananan yara, man-dalbejiya na da guba kuma yana iya sanadiyyar mutuwa. Bedi na iya haifar da bari wato zubewar ciki, rashin haihuwa, da ƙarancin sukari na jini.
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23892 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami%20Yusuf | Sami Yusuf | Sami Yusuf (An haifeshi a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara alif 1980) ne wani Iran -born Birtaniya Musulmi ne kuma marubucin wakoki sannan kuma mai rerawa Multi-instrumentalist, mawaki, rikodin m, da kuma agaji na Azerbaijani lõkacin saukarsa. Yusuf ya samu hankalin duniya tare da fitar da faifan sa na farko, Al-Mu`allim, a shekara ta 2003. Yanzu tare da sayar da kundin album sama da guda miliyan 34, yana yin wasanni a wurare a duniya. Yawancin manyan kafafen yada labarai, ciki har da BBC, CNN, Reuters, da sauransu sun rufe aikinsa da farin jini. Kamar yadda na shekarar 2020, Yusuf ya saki 8 studio albums, 5 live albums, 1 tari album, kuma mahara maras aure a ko'ina ya aiki. Galibin kundin studio ɗin sa Andante Records ne suka fitar da su, tare da na farko na Farkawa. Bayan Ingilishi na asali, Sami ya yi yaren Larabci, Azerbaijani, Farisanci, Baturke, da Urdu, wani lokacin a cikin aiki ɗaya, kamar yadda ya faru da bugunsa, Hasbi Rabbi. An yiwa aikinsa alama ta hanyar haɗa salo daban -daban na kiɗa, gami da abubuwa daga Sufi, jama'a, da kiɗan Rock. Ya yi amfani da salon sa na harsuna da yawa da yawa don magance matsalolin zamantakewa, na ruhaniya, da na jin kai. Dangane da jin daɗinsa, a cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada Yusuf a matsayin Jakadan Majalisar Globalinkin Duniya na Shirin Abinci na Duniya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Sami Yusuf a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1980 a Tehran ga iyayen Azerbaijan. Kakanninsa sun fito ne daga Baku, Azerbaijan, wanda suka bar wa Iran lokacin da Bolsheviks suka kama ta bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko Kuma iyayensa sun isa Ealing, West London, kuma a farkon shekarun 1980, bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci a Iran Tun yana ƙarami, Yusuf ya nuna sha’awar waƙa. Ya sha bamban da nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗan da ake samu a garin Ealing da ke Yammacin London, yana dulmiyar da kansa musamman a cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Yammacin Turai da kiɗan Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya koya da piano da goge, kazalika da gargajiya kida ciki har da oud, Setar, kuma tonbak Lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, Yusufu ya sami farfaɗo da ruhaniya wanda ya sa ya zama "musulmin da ya fi himma". A cikin shekara ta 2003, kodayake yana la'akari da neman aikin doka, ya samar kuma ya fitar da kundi na farko. Nan da nan ya zama nasara ta duniya kuma ya ƙaddamar da ƙwararren mawaƙin Yusuf. Yusuf ya karanci kida a matsayin ɗalibin kida a babbar makarantar Royal Academy, haka kuma a Jami'ar Salford da ke arewa maso yammacin Ingila.
Aikin kiɗa Spiritique shine sunan da Yusuf ya ba wa salo na kiɗansa na musamman wanda ke haɗa abubuwan sauti na Yammacin da Gabas. Babban jigon kalmomin Yusuf yana ɗaya daga cikin ruhaniya mai haɗawa. Kundinsa na farko, Al-Mu'allim, cikin Turanci tare da wasu kalmomin Larabci, ya zama babban nasara musamman a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Umma ta biyo ta, kuma tare da siyar da kundin album ɗin ya kai miliyan 10 da sauri. Yusuf ya yi wasanni a nahiyoyi biyar. Wakokin kide -kide nasa gami da wadanda aka yi a Babban Majami'ar Shrine a Los Angeles, Wembley Arena a London, da Velodrome a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu an sayar da su. Mutane dubu 250,000 ne suka zo don jin yadda ya yi wasan a dandalin Taksim da ke Istanbul Lokaci ya kira Yusuf "Babban Tauraron Rock na Musulunci", yayin da The Guardian ya rubuta game da shi, "Babban Babban Tauraruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya ɗan Burtaniya ne".
Kundaye
2003 2014 A shekarar ta 2003, Yusuf ya fitar da faifan sa na farko, Al-Mu`allim, wani faifan da ya shirya, ya rubuta, ya kuma yi. Waƙar fasalinta, Al-Mu'allim, ya zama abin shahara a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, yana kan gaba a cikin Masar da Turkiyya na makwanni goma sha biyu a jere, yana sayar da miliyoyin kwafi a duk duniya kuma ya isa ga masu sauraro daban-daban. An yi amfani da waƙar ƙarshe na kundi, Addu'a, a cikin fim ɗin da aka zaɓi lambar yabo ta Golden-Globe, The Kite Runner Yusuf ya samu karbuwa a duniya baki daya bayan fitar da kundi na biyu, My Ummah, a shekara ta 2005. Kundin, ta amfani da sautin Gabas da Yamma, ya yi amfani da kayan kiɗa iri-iri. An yi la'akari da kundin fa'ida, ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan huɗu a duniya kuma matasa sun karɓe shi sosai, waɗanda suka yi daidai da jigogin waƙoƙin Yusuf. Duk Inda kuke, kundi na uku na hukuma na Yusuf, an sake shi a cikin Maris shekara ta 2010. Rolling Stone ya kira album ɗin "wanda aka samar da kyau". Da fitowar ta, Yusuf ya yi marhabin da abin da ya kira "sabon babin" a cikin sana'arsa da waƙa. An fitar da kundi na hudu na Yusuf, Salaam, a watan Disambar shekara ta 2012. A cikin watanni huɗu da ƙaddamar da shi ya sami matsayin platinum a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun kundin siyarwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. Kundin ya kunshi wakar “Ji Kira”, wanda Yusuf ya shirya don jawo hankali ga halin da mutanen da bala’o’i ke addabar su.
2014 Cibiyar An fito da Cibiyar a cikin shekara ta 2014 kuma tarin waƙoƙi guda 13 ne wanda Yusuf ke fatan masu sauraronsa za su sami wahayi don neman cibiyoyin ruhaniya daban -daban. Sabon sauti ne wanda ke da tasirin al'adu iri -iri, yana amfani da na gargajiya har da na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka, da waƙoƙin Turai, kayan kida, da waƙoƙi.
2015 Wakokin Hanya Kundin kundi na shida na Yusuf, Waƙoƙin Hanyar, an sake shi a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2015. Duk wakokin na shahararren masanin falsafa Seyyed Hossein Nasr ne kuma daga litattafan wakokinsa ne, Waƙoƙin Hanya da Tattakin Rayuwa Sai dai waƙoƙi biyu cikin Farisanci da Larabci, waƙoƙin suna cikin Turanci.
2016 Baraka Barakah, kundi na bakwai na Yusuf, an sake shi a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2016 ta Andante Records. Sakamakon bincike mai zurfi ne kan kiɗan gargajiya da waƙoƙin da ke cikin kundin. Yusuf ya ce wannan martani ne na kiɗansa ga karuwar hargitsi da hayaniyar duniyar yau, kuma burinsa shine waɗannan waƙoƙin da waƙoƙin su ba da taga a cikin sararin zaman lafiya da jituwa. Waƙar "Mast Qalandar" daga Barakah ta kai #1 akan sigogin Kiɗan Duniya akan iTunes da BBC Music. A cewar Yusuf, sabon kundin yana da niyyar "mayar da martani ga karuwar tsattsauran ra'ayi a duniyarmu tare da yin kira da a dawo cikin jituwa da daidaituwa."
2018 SAMi (EP) Yusuf ya fito da sabon EP SAMi a matsayin wani aiki na gefe ta wannan kwararren mai fasaha wanda ya taso daga sha'awar sa na kaɗe -kaɗe na Burtaniya. Tarin waƙar, tare da sautinta masu sauƙaƙe da waƙoƙin waƙoƙi kai tsaye, sun gano Yusuf yana bincika sautin yamma wanda ke fitowa daga ƙuruciyarsa yana girma a London. SAMi ya sayar sosai kuma ya hau kan wasu sigogi na iTunes tun lokacin da aka fitar da shi, kuma Yusuf ya ce yana godiya kuma yana ɗan mamakin yadda ba a kushe shi da yanayin kasuwancin aikin ba.
2020 Azerbaijan: Kasancewa maras lokaci "Azerbaijan: Kasancewar Ba da Lokaci" shine odyssey na kiɗa ta hanyar kyawawan kayan fasaha da al'adu. Sami Yusuf ne ya shirya, ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni don bukin buɗe taro na 43 na Kwamitin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a Baku ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2019.
Sanannen yawon shakatawa da wasannin kide -kide Yin wasa a Farum Arena, Denmark, Grugahalle a Jamus, da De Doelen a Netherlands, Yusuf ya gabatar da faifan sa mai zuwa, Duk inda kuke Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Azerbaijan a karon farko a 2006, a karo na biyu a shekara ta 2015 (14-15 ga watan Maris), da 22 ga Maris 2017 a Fadar Heydar Aliyev da ke Baku, mutane 250,000 sun halarci wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi a dandalin Taksim da ke Istanbul don ganin Yusuf ya yi a shekara ta 2013. Yusuf ya taka leda a nahiyoyi hudu, inda ya shirya wuraren shakatawa kamar Wembley Arena a London, Shrine Auditorium a Los Angeles da The Velodrome a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana yin waka da Turanci, Larabci, Baturke, Farisanci, Azerbaijani, Malay da Urdu kuma yana goyan bayan nau'ikan kayan gargajiya da na kabilu. Yusuf ya kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a Washington DC Yusuf yayi wasan farko a Dubai a watan Disambar shekara ta 2016. Ya fara gabatar da waƙar "ɗaukaka", wanda waƙar Mai Martaba Shaikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa kuma Firayim Minista na UAE kuma Sarkin Dubai.
Aikin agaji Tun farkon sana'arsa, Yusuf ya shiga ayyukan jin kai ta hanyar yin kide -kide na fa'ida, sakin waƙoƙin sadaka, da yin aiki a madadin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don rage wahala da talauci. Dangane da ambaliyar ruwan Pakistan a shekara tas 2010 wanda ya yi barna a cikin kasar kuma ya shafi rayuka guda miliyan 20 a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2010, cikin hanzari ya saki wata sadaka mai taken "Ji Kiran ku", wanda aka yi cikin Ingilishi da Urdu, don tara kuɗi ga 'yan Pakistan da suka yi hijira. a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyar agaji ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Save the Children A cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada shi "Jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Duniya" don Shirin Abinci na Duniya.
Rayuwar mutum Sami ya bayyana cewa ya rungumi addinin Sunni yayin girma. Sami ya yi magana game da asalinsa a matsayin “mai banbanci” kuma ya kawo wannan a matsayin shaida ga “halin haɗe mutane”. Sami Yusuf yayi aure a Matar tasa 'yar asalin Jamus ce kuma ta musulunta kafin ta hadu da Yusuf.
Ra'ayin addini da siyasa Sami Yusuf ya sami karbuwa sosai a duk fadin duniyar musulmi saboda wakokinsa na ruhaniya. Amma masu zane -zane kamar shi da Maher Zain sun fuskanci adawa daga Musulmai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya waɗanda ke ganin kida ba ta halatta. A shekara ta 2006, Yvonne Ridley, 'yar jaridar Burtaniya kuma wacce ta musulunta, ta rubuta labari mai cike da hamayya ga abin da ta ɗauka a matsayin al'adar pop da ke wulakanta Musulunci. Ta yi la'akari da kasancewar Sami a bayyane na kasa ba shi da komai game da rikice -rikicen da ke faruwa a yankin Islama wanda Biritaniya ke shiga ciki, kamar yakin Iraki A martaninsa, Sami ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika yana tattaunawa mai zurfi kan matsayinsa kan kiɗa da masana'antar fasahar zamani gabaɗaya daga mahangar fikihu ta Musulunci da ta zamantakewa. Masu sharhi da dama sun yaba da martanin. A cikin hirar da ta gabata, Yusuf ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan siyasa gaba ɗaya. Daga baya a cikin shekara ta 2017, ya rubuta budaddiyar wasika yana sukar haramcin Musulmin Trump Da yake ambaton shahararren waƙar Da farko sun zo Yusuf ya jaddada haɗin kai tsakanin Turawan Yamma da na Musulmai tare da adawa da Trumpism.
Daraja da kyaututtuka A cikin shekara ta 2009, an ba Yusuf lambar yabo ta Doctor of Letters don karrama “gudummuwar da ta bayar a fagen waka” ta Jami'ar Roehampton, London. Silatech ta nada shi a matsayin Jakadansu na Duniya na farko a cikin wannan shekarar, daga baya ya shiga Ahmad Al Shugairi a matsayi daya. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban mawaƙin Musulmi a Burtaniya, Yusuf yana fitowa kowace shekara tun daga shekara ta 2010 a cikin jerin "Musulmai 500 Mafi Shakara ta Duniya". A cikin shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada shi Jakadan Duniya kan Yunwa, kuma a cikin shekara ta 2015 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada shi a matsayin "Jakadan Elite" don Makon Addinin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2016, Yusufu ya karɓi lambar yabo ta yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen inganta saƙon zaman lafiya da haƙuri a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin samar da zaman lafiya na duniya Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Yusuf ya karɓi difloma na girmamawa daga Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa na Azerbaijan saboda gudummawar da ya bayar wajen haɓaka kiɗan da al'adun Azerbaijan.
A cikin kafofin watsa labarai "Babban Tauraron Dutsen Musulunci" Mujallar Time (2006)
"Babban tauraro a Gabas ta Tsakiya" The Guardian (2006) "Sarkin Pop na Musulunci" Al Jazeera (2007) IOL Star na 2009 (2009) Shahararrun Burtaniya 30 na BBC (2009)
Binciken hoto
Albums ɗin Studio
Albums masu rai
Albums na tattarawa
Marasa aure
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Shafin Yanar Gizo na Sami Yusuf
Facebook Sami Yusuf
Instagram Sami Yusuf
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50594 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelena%20Bonner | Yelena Bonner | Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner 15 Fabrairu 1923 18 Yuni 2011) mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ce a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet kuma matar masanin kimiyyar lissafi Andrei Sakharov A cikin shekarun da ta yi a matsayin mai adawa, Bonner an santa da halinta na gaskiya da jaruntaka.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Bonner Lusik Georgiyevna Alikhanova a Merv, Turkmen SSR, Tarayyar Soviet (yanzu Mary, Turkmenistan Mahaifinta, Georgy Alikhanov (sunan Armen Gevork Alikhanyan), Armeniya ne wanda ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ya kasance memba mai girma na Comintern mahaifiyarta, Ruf Ruth Bonner yar gwagwarmayar Kwaminisanci Bayahudiya ce. Tana da ƙane, Igor, wanda ya zama jami'in sojan ruwa. Iyalinta suna da dacha lokacin rani a Sestroretsk kuma Bonner suna da abubuwan tunawa a wurin. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da bakwai, NKVD ta kama mahaifin Bonner kuma aka kashe shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Babban Tsabtace Stalin An kama mahaifiyarta bayan 'yan kwanaki a matsayin matar maƙiyin mutane, kuma ta yi shekaru goma a Gulag kusa da Karaganda, Kazakhstan, bayan shekaru tara na gudun hijira na cikin gida. An kashe kawun Bonner mai shekaru 41, Matvei Bonner, yayin da ake tsarkakewa, kuma matarsa ta yi gudun hijira. An wanke su hudu (gyaran) bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekarar 1953. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da daya 1941, ta ba da gudummawa ga Asibitin Red Army lokacin da aka mamaye Tarayyar Soviet, kuma ta zama babban ma'aikaciyar jinya. Yayin da take aiki a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Bonner ta ji rauni sau biyu, kuma a cikin 1946, an sake shi da mutunci a matsayin nakasassu tsohon soja. A shekarar 1947, Bonner aka yarda da matsayin ɗaliba a Leningrad cibiyar. Bayan yakin ta sami digiri a fannin ilimin yara daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta First Leningrad, a halin yanzu Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jihar Pavlov ta St. Peterburg Aure da yara A makarantar likita ta sadu da mijinta na farko, Ivan Semyonov. Suna da 'ya mace, Tatiana, a 1950, da ɗa, Alexey, a 1956. 'Ya'yanta sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka a 1977 da 1978, bi da bi. Bonner da Semyonov sun rabu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da biyar kuma a ƙarshe sun sake aure. A cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in 1970 yayin da suke halartar shari'ar 'yan rajin kare hakkin bil'adama Revol't (Ivanovich) Pimenov da Boris Vail a Kaluga, Bonner ya sadu da Andrei Sakharov, masanin kimiyyar nukiliya da mai kare hakkin bil'adama; sun yi aure a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bitu. A shekara kafin su hadu, a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sitin da tara 1969, Sakharov aka takaba daga matarsa, Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa.
Ayyukan aiki Tun daga farkon shekarun 1940, Bonner ta taimaka wa fursunonin siyasa da danginsu. Ko da yake Bonner ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Soviet a 1964 yayin da take aiki a matsayin likita, kawai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka ta kasance mai aiki a cikin yunkurin kare hakkin dan Adam na Soviet. A watan Agustan shekarar 1968, an karfafa yunƙurinta na rashin amincewa bayan da sojojin Tarayyar Soviet suka yi birgima zuwa cikin Czechoslovakia don murkushe ƙungiyar Prague Wannan lamarin ya ƙarfafa imaninta cewa ba za a iya gyara tsarin daga ciki ba. A shari'ar Kaluga a 1970, Bonner da Sakharov sun sadu da Natan Sharansky kuma suka fara aiki tare don kare Yahudawa da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa saboda yunkurin tserewa daga USSR a cikin jirgin da aka sace A karkashin matsin lamba daga Sakharov, gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da izinin Yelena Bonner ta yi tafiya zuwa Yamma a 1975, 1977 da 1979 don magance raunin da ta samu a lokacin yakin. Lokacin da Sakharov, wanda aka ba da kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta 1975, hukumomin Soviet sun hana shi tafiya, Bonner, a Italiya don jinya, ya wakilce shi a bikin a Oslo Bonner ta zama memba na kungiyar Moscow Helsinki a shekarar 1976. Lokacin da a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 1980, aka kai Sakharov gudun hijira zuwa Gorky, wani birni da aka rufe ga baƙi, Bonner wanda aka azabtar da shi a fili ya zama rayuwarsa, yana tafiya tsakanin Gorky da Moscow don fitar da rubuce-rubucensa. Kame ta a watan Afrilu shekarar 1984, saboda tashin hankali da farfaganda da kuma hukuncin zaman gudun hijira na shekaru biyar a Gorky ya sake rushe rayuwarsu. Yajin yunwa da yawa na Sakharov ya tilasta wa sabuwar shugaban Soviet, Mikhail Gorbachev barin ta tafiya zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1985, don sextuple ta hanyar tiyatar zuciya Kafin wannan, a cikin shekarar 1981, Bonner da Sakharov sun ci gaba da yajin cin abinci mai haɗari amma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara don samun jami'an Soviet don ba da izinin surukarsu, Yelizaveta Konstantinovna ("Lisa") Alexeyeva, takardar izinin fita don shiga mijinta, Bonner's. dan Alexei Semyonov, a Amurka. A watan Disamban shekarar 1986, Gorbachev yarda Sakharov da Bonner su koma Moscow. Bayan mutuwar Sakharov a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da tara, ta kafa gidauniyar Andrei Sakharov, da Archives a Moscow. A cikin shekarar 1993, ta ba da gudummawar takaddun Sakharov a Yamma ga Jami'ar Brandeis a Amurka; a shekarar 2004, an mayar da su zuwa Jami'ar Harvard Bonner ya ci gaba da magana kan dimokiradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam a Rasha da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ta shiga cikin masu kare majalisar dokokin Rasha a lokacin juyin mulkin watan Agusta kuma ta goyi bayan Boris Yeltsin a lokacin rikicin tsarin mulki a farkon shekarar 1993.
Shekarun baya da mutuwa Daga shekarar 2006, Bonner ta raba lokacinta tsakanin Moscow da Amurka, gida ga 'ya'yanta biyu, jikoki biyar, jikoki daya, da kuma daya. Ta mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2011, na ciwon zuciya a Boston, Massachusetts, tana da shekaru 88, a cewar 'yarta, Tatiana Yankelevich. An kwantar da ita a asibiti tun ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu. Mutuwan 2011
Haifaffun |
58500 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikici%20a%20yankin%20Neja%20Delta | Rikici a yankin Neja Delta | A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2009, an fara wani farmakin soji da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta JTF ta kai wa mayakan MEND da ke aiki a yankin Neja Delta. Hakan ya zo ne a matsayin martani ga sace sojojin Najeriya da wasu jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje a yankin Delta. Dubban 'yan Najeriya ne suka tsere daga kauyukansu kuma daruruwan mutane ne suka mutu sakamakon harin. Hare-haren bututun mai ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin da ake tada kayar baya a yankin Neja Delta, amma ya kawo karshe bayan da gwamnati a ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2009 ta sanar da cewa za ta yi afuwa da afuwa ba tare da wani sharadi ba ga tsagerun Neja Delta wanda zai dauki tsawon kwanaki 60 daga ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2009, yana ƙare Oktoba 4, 2009 Tsohon shugaban Najeriya Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua ya sanya hannu kan afuwar bayan tattaunawa da majalisar dokokin kasar. A tsawon kwanaki 60, an bukaci matasa masu dauke da makamai su mika makamansu ga gwamnati domin samun horon da gwamnati ta yi musu. An ci gaba da shirin har zuwa yanzu. Mayakan sun jagoranci kungiyoyin su mika makamai kamar su roka, bindigogi, bama-bamai, da alburusai. Hatta jiragen ruwa sun mika wuya ga gwamnati. Sama da mambobi 30,000 da aka ce sun rattaba hannu a tsakanin Oktoba 2009 zuwa Mayu 2011 don musanya biyan kuɗi kowane wata kuma a wasu lokuta kwangila masu riba don kula da bututun. Duk da cewa an tsawaita shirin har zuwa wannan shekara, sabuwar gwamnatin Muhammadu Buhari tana kallonsa a matsayin wani abu da zai iya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa don haka take ganin ba za a iya ci gaba da wanzuwa ba har abada. Ofishin afuwar ya yi kokari wajen mayar da mayakan cikin al’umma, musamman ta hanyar sanya su da daukar nauyin karatunsu na koyon sana’o’i da manyan makarantu a Najeriya da kasashen waje. Shirin Afuwa na Shugaban Kasa (PAP) ya samu nasara,inda tashe-tashen hankula da garkuwa da mutane suka ragu matuka.Haɓaka da fitar da mai ya karu daga kusan ganga 700,000 a kowace rana (bpd)a tsakiyar 2009 zuwa tsakanin 2.2 da 2.4 miliyan bpd tun daga 2011. Duk da haka,shirin yana da tsada kuma rashin talauci da bala'in gurbataccen mai wanda ya haifar da tawaye a baya, har yanzu ba a magance shi ba. Yayin da shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan ya sha kaye a zaben watan Maris na 2015,shirin afuwar da alama zai kawo karshe a watan Disamban 2015 kuma bayan da aka kawo karshen goyon bayan tsaffin shugabannin tsagerun,rashin jin dadi na cikin gida na kara ruruwa.
2016 karuwa Fashewar wani bututun mai a watan Fabrairun 2016 da kamfanin Shell Petroleum Development Corporation,wani reshen Royal Dutch Shell na tashar Shell Forcados ya dakatar da samarwa da shigo da kaya.Hasashe ya ta'allaka ne kan masu fafutuka da ke amfani da maharan.Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu,karamin ministan man fetur kuma shugaban kamfanin mai na Najeriya ya ce noman Najeriya ya ragu da ganga 300,000 a rana sakamakon haka. A ranar 11 ga Mayu,2016, Shell ya rufe cibiyarsa ta mai na Bonny.An kashe sojoji uku da ke gadin ginin a wani hari da aka kai, in ji Col.Isa Ado na Rundunar Soji ta hadin gwiwa. Wani bam ya rufe cibiyar Chevron's Escravos GTL mako guda da ya gabata.A ranar 19 ga Mayu,2016,ExxonMobil 's Qua Iboe ya rufe tare da kwashe ma'aikatansa saboda barazanar 'yan bindiga. Kungiyar Niger Delta Avengers(NDA),kungiyar tsagerun Neja-Delta,ta sanar da wanzuwarta a bainar jama'a a watan Maris 2016.Kungiyar ta NDA ta kai hari a wuraren da ake hako mai a yankin Delta,lamarin da ya haddasa rufe tashoshin mai tare da faduwar farashin mai a Najeriya zuwa mafi karancin shekaru cikin shekaru ashirin.Hare-haren sun sa Najeriya ta koma bayan Angola a matsayin kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa hako mai a Afirka.Rage yawan man da ake hakowa ya kawo cikas ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya tare da ruguza kasafin kudinta, tunda Najeriya ta dogara da harkar mai kusan kowa da kowa. kudaden shiga na gwamnati.
A karshen watan Agustan 2016,NDA ta ayyana tsagaita bude wuta tare da amincewa da tattaunawa da gwamnatin Najeriya. Bayan ayyana tsagaita bude wuta da Niger Delta Avengers,Reformed Egbesu Fraternities da suka hada da kungiyoyin tsageru uku Egbesu Boys na Neja Delta,Egbesu Red Water Lions da Egbesu Mightier Fraternity;ta sanar da tsagaita wuta na kwanaki 60.
A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta,2016,Mandate na Neja Delta Greenland Justice Mandate ya bayyana kasancewarsa tare da yin barazanar lalata matatun mai a Fatakwal da Warri cikin sa'o'i 48,da kuma wata masana'antar iskar gas a Otu Jeremi cikin 'yan kwanaki.Washegari ne dai rahotanni suka ce kungiyar ta fasa wani babban bututun mai da kamfanin man fetur na Najeriya (NNPC)ke gudanarwa a Isoko.
A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta,2016,kungiyar ta yi gargadin cewa za ta tarwatsa karin wuraren man fetur a nan gaba.
A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan 2016 ne dai rahotanni suka ce kungiyar ta fasa bututun mai na NPDC a jihar Delta.
A ranar 30 ga Agusta,2016,kungiyar ta fasa bututun mai na Ogor-Oteri.A ranar 4 ga Satumba,kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa ta dana dukkan wuraren mai da iskar gas da bama-bamai tare da gargadin mazauna kusa da su da su fice
Rikicin Biafra Tun a farkon shekarar 2021 ne kungiyoyin tsagerun Neja Delta irinsu"Niger Delta People's Salvation Force"karkashin jagorancin Asari-Dokubo suka shiga wani yunkuri na tayar da kayar baya a yankin Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya wanda ya yi kaca-kaca da 'yan awaren Biafra da jami'an tsaron Najeriya,da Fulani makiyaya da kuma'yan fashi da makami.Asari-Dokubo ya kafa gwamnatin Biafra Customary Government(BCG) a cikin Maris 2021. Su ma 'yan kabilar Igbo mazauna yankin Neja Delta sun shiga cikin masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra.A halin da ake ciki dai kungiyar Niger Delta Avengers na ci gaba da kai hare-hare tare da lalata bututun mai,yayin da kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga na cikin gida suka yi amfani da tarzoma wajen kai samame.
Duba kuma
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje LABARI NA MUSAMMAN: Duban Faruwar Rikicin Man Fetur a Niger Delta Journal of Energy Security, Mayu 2010
Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro a Neja Delta: Nazarin Baseline Nazarin WAC Global Services Baseline Study, Disamba 2003
Sauran Kungiyoyin 'Yan Tawaye MASSOB Motsi don Tabbatar da Kasar Biyafara.
"Mai Jini" na Sebastian Junger a cikin Vanity Fair, Fabrairu 2007 (an shiga 28 Janairu 2007)
Man Najeriya "La'anar Bakar Zinariya: Bege da Cin Amana a Niger Delta" -lala daga Mujallar National Geographic (Fabrairu 2007)
Kalli Yadda Yaki Da Albarkatun Najeriya 26 ga Disamba, 2006
Gurbacewar Muhalli a yankin Neja-Delta na Najeriya: Rashin isasshiyar ra'ayi na 'Adalcin Muhalli'
Webarchive template wayback |
16570 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Gyang%20Buba | Jacob Gyang Buba | Jacob Gyang Buba (An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar 1951), ya kasan ce tsohon jami'in kwastam ne da ya yi ritaya. San nan Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwanturola-Janar na Kwastam din Najeriya daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekarar 2008. A ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2009, aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Gbong Gwom Jos, babban basaraken masarautar Berom wanda ke matsayin sarki na 5 na ƙabilun bayan mutuwar da Victor Dung Pam. Shine Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Jos kuma shugaban Majalisar Hadin Gwuiwar Jos. Yana aiki ne a matsayin Shugaban Jami'ar na 3 na Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe tun daga watan Maris shekara ta 2016 a taron karo na 10 na makarantar.
Bayan Fage An haifi Gyang Buba a shekarar ta 1951 A Kauyen Madu na gundumar Du, Jos ta Kudu, Jihar Filato. Shine ɗan fari na Buba Dung Bot na Lo Du, Lo-Wet family da Ngo Kaneng Buba, ɗan ɗan gidan mai mulkin masarautar. Ya fara karatun sa na farko a makarantar SUM elementary Chwelnyap a shekarar ta 1960 zuwa shekara ta 1963, sannan ya tafi Baptist Day School Jos don kammala karatunsa na firamare, bayan ya kammala kuma daga shekarar 1966 zuwa shekera ta 1971, ya kamala makarantar sakandaren lardin, Kuru wanda yanzu ake kira makarantar sakandaren gwamnati, Kuru. kuma ya halarci Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello ya kuma ya kammala karatun difloma a harkar Banki a shekarar ta 1975.
Ayyuka Ya fara aikin sa ne a matsayin magatakarda a Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Tarayya a shekarar 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1974, kafin ya halarci Cibiyar Gudanarwa kuma ya shiga cikin Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya a shekara ta 1975 a matsayin mataimakin jami’in rigakafi. Ya zama CG a shekarata 2004 kuma ya kasance shugaban ƙaramin kwamiti na Tarayyar Afirka na daraktocin janar na Kwastam a tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2008, mukamin da ya gabata shi ne mataimakin CG na kwastam a babban ofishinta dake Abuja A matsayinsa na CG na kwastam, ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye na Haraji na waje don ECOWAS da kuma gudanar da aikin ɗaukar hoto a kan iyakokin, yankunan filayen jirgin sama da tashar jiragen ruwa, ya gyara cikakken nazarin dokar Kwastam da Gudanar da Haraji a shekarar 1958 da kuma sanarwa kwastam daban-daban. Gyang yana halartar taron Kasuwanci daban-daban wanda daga cikinsu ya haɗa da taron karawa juna sani na ƴansandan ƙasa da ƙasa wato INTERPOL Shi memba ne da aka nada a cikin Cocin Seventh Day Adventist, kuma an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Kwamandan Umarnin Nijar (CON) da Jami'in Tarayyar Tarayya (OFR), shi ma memba ne a Taron Kasa na 2014.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Mehler, Andreas; Melber, Henning; Walraven, Klaas Van (2009-10-10). Africa Yearbook Volume 5: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara In 2008. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17811-3.
Mehler, Andreas; Melber, Henning; Walraven, Klaas van (2010-10-25). Africa Yearbook Volume 6: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2009. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-18560-9.
Corporate Nigeria. IMC--International Media Communications GmbH. 2006.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Obisakin, Lawrence Olufemi (2007). Protocol for Life: Guidelines on Diplomatic, Official and Social Manners. Lawrence Olufemi Obisakin. ISBN 978-978-029-807-4.
Shittu, Sheriff (2018-03-09). "Jos monarch asks President Buhari to revisit state police". TODAY. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
"Plateau monarch: Governors don't have authority to redefine traditional boundaries". TheCable. 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
"Gbong Gwom Jos tasks traditional rulers on cultism, drug abuse". The Sun Nigeria. 2018-05-15. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
"Gbong Gwon Jos kicks as Lalong moves to reduce his influence". The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News. 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
"Court restrains Lalong from demoting Gbong Gwom Jos". The Guardian Nigeria News Nigeria and World News. 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
"Jacob Buba Gyang And His Stalkers". www.gamji.com. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
Obisakin, Lawrence Olufemi (2007). Protocol for Life: Guidelines on Diplomatic, Official and Social Manners. Spectrum. ISBN 9789780298074.
Gwamnonin |
53619 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junaid%20Khan%20%28actor%29 | Junaid Khan (actor) | A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa. Articles with hCards
A cikin shekarar 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa. Junaid Khan (an haife shi a matsayin Junaid Khan Niazi 2 Nuwamba 1981) ɗan wasan Pakistan ne, furodusa kuma marubuci-mawaƙi. Tun daga farkon shekarar 2000s shi ne jagoran mawaƙin na Lahore-based rock band Call, wanda ya fitar da albam biyu masu nasara na kasuwanci, Jilawatan da Dhoom A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya fi shahara da rawar da ya taka a jerin shirye-shiryen Sun Yaara (2017), Ishq Tamasha (2018) da Yaariyan (2019), Ya yi suna ta hanyar nuna nagartaccen hali na Dokta Talal Sikandar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Sun Yaara akan Ary Digital. A cikin 2012 Khan ya kasance an zabi Khan a Lux Style Awards a fannoni daban-daban guda biyu Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV don serial Dil Ki Lagi da Best Album of the Year don album Dhoom A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Junaid Khan Niazi a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1981 ga dangin musulmi na zuriyar Pashtun a Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Khan ya kammala karatun sa na farko (aji na 1 zuwa 5) a Dibisional Public School da kuma na Ibne Sina College Defence (Matric). Bayan ya kammala Matric, ya shiga FC College sannan ya shiga Sashen Injiniya na UET Lahore don yin digiri a Injiniya. A cikin shekara ta uku a UET, yayin da yake karatu, Khan ya fara aikin waka. Tsoffin membobin Kira ne suka saurare shi kuma an zaɓe shi ya zama ɓangaren ƙungiyar. Daga baya Khan ya sami digirin sa na Master of Business Administration (MBA) daga Kwalejin Imperial da ke Lahore Shi, tare da Khurram Jabbar Khan da Sultan Raja, sun kasance membobin Call band a lokacin. Daga baya Khan ya kawo mawaka guda biyu, Farooq Nasir da Usman Nasir, a cikin kungiyar. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fito da waƙarsu ta farko, "Nishaan", wacce ta yadu akan intanet kuma nan da nan Kira ya kasance cikin manyan masu fasaha na ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba, ƙungiyar ta fito da bidiyon kiɗa na farko na waƙar "Pukaar". Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fara yin kai tsaye a wani biki daban-daban a duk faɗin Pakistan da ma na duniya. Khan da Farooq Nasir sun shirya albam din Jilawatan kuma suna yin rikodin a Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan 's (memba na ƙungiyar Entity Paradigm a lokaci) studio audio a Lahore Daga baya Farooq da Usman Nasir suka bar kungiyar saboda alƙawarin da suka yi na kansu kuma Khan ya nemi Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin jagorar guitarist. Kungiyar ta kammala samar da albam din kuma an kammala Jilawatan a kusa da 2005. Da yake bayyana canjin da ya yi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya faru daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya ce yana da mahaifiyar mai zane wanda ya kasance mai lambar zinare a cikin Fine Arts, shi da kansa ya shiga ayyukan fasaha a lokacin karatunsa, wato zane da wasan kwaikwayo, na karshen yana zama tushe ga makomarsa a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo.
Sana'a
Tare da Kira Khan ya rubuta ballad ɗin sa na farko, "Sab Bhulla Kay", a cikin 2005. Kungiyar ta fitar da albam din Jilawatan da wakar a cikin wannan shekarar.
Ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin tare da bidiyon waƙar dutsen punk "Main Esa Hi Hoon". Khan ya sake fitar da wata waka, "Badal do Zamana", tare da Pepsi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 a 2010. Daga baya, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Kabhi Na Kabhi, wanda kuma Khan ne ya tsara sautinsa. Ya buga jagora a cikin wani serial daga wannan gidan samarwa, kuma daga baya Moomal Productions ya jefa shi a matsayin jagora a cikin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Sanam Saeed, Sarwat Gillani, Yahan Pyar Nahi Hai, Saba Qamar, da Mawra Hussain a farkon 2012. Domin aikinsa a Dil Ki Lagi, an zabe shi a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV (Terrestrial) a Lux Style Award, wanda ya faru a ƙarshen 2012. Khan ya rattaba hannu kan wasu serials guda biyu tare da Moomal Productions, Madiha Maliha da Qadoorat Na farko a halin yanzu yana kan iska kuma na biyu yana ƙarƙashin samarwa. Ya fara aiki akan kundi na solo kuma ya fitar da waƙar solo na farko, "So Close So Distant". A ƙarshen 2012, Khan ya yanke shawarar barin Kira don neman aikin solo a cikin kiɗa.
Solo music A cikin 2011, yayin da yake shirin zuwa New York don yin fim ɗin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Khan ya haɗa kai da mawakiyar Amurka Jennifer Jandris. Khan ya tsara kuma ya samar da waƙar, kuma ya harbe bidiyon tare da Jandris a Washington DC a ƙarshen 2011. An saki waƙar a ranar soyayya a cikin 2012. A cikin 2021, ya fito da sabuwar waƙar solo ɗin sa "Taqdeer". Kade-kade da hada wakar Khan ne da kansa.
Hotuna
Albums tare da Kira Jilawan (2005)
Dhom (2011)
Coke Studio "Mein Raasta" Duet tare da Momina Mustehsan (Season 9).
Bidiyon kiɗa "Nishaan" (2003) from Jilawatan "Pukaar" (2003) from Jilawatan
"Shayad" (2004) from Jilawatan
"Sab Bhula Kai" (2005) from Jilawatan
"Bichar Kai Bhee" (2006) from Jilawatan
"Kuch Naheen" (2006) from Jilawatan
"Kal Hamara Hai" (2006)
"Hum Se Hai Yeh Zamana" (2007) from Dhoom
"Aasmaan" (2007) daga Dhoom
"Ho Jaane De" (2009) daga Dhoom
"Main esa hi hoon" (2011) daga Dhoom
"Don haka kusa da nisa" (2012)
"Taqdeer" (2021)
Talabijin OST "Marzi" (2016)
"Sun Yara" (2017)
"Tashi" (2018)
Filmography
Talabijin Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30535 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20muhalli%20da%20ruwa%20a%20Bangladesh | Gurbataccen muhalli da ruwa a Bangladesh | Bangladesh, mai fadin kasa 147,570 km 2, tana da kuma fasalin fili Wanda ya kawo ambaliya da tsarin kogi da yawa a cikin ƙasar. Wannan shimfidar wuri tana da kuma manyan albarkatun ruwa, ƙasa, kamun kifi, dazuzzuka, da namun daji. Gwamnatin kasar tayi kokari akan zartar da bayanai na wurin.
A halin yanzu kasar na fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da dama wadanda ke barazana ga wadannan albarkatu, wadanda suka hada da gurbacewar ruwa a karkashin kasa, da karin gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa, guguwa da ambaliya, da gurbacewar yanayi da sauya yanayin kwararar magudanan ruwa saboda rashin sarrafa ruwan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, sannan kamar canjin yanayin kwararar rafi da kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwan ƙasa, ana iya danganta su kai tsaye da ayyukan ɗan adam da hanyoyin masana'antu, yayin da wasu, kamar guguwa da ambaliya al'amura ne da ke faruwa a zahiri. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwan suna ƙara ta'azzara saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar guguwa da hauhawar matakan teku. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar daidaitawa ta duniya ta Notre Dame, Kuka Bangladesh ita ce kasa ta 43 da ta fi fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi, kuma kasa ta 37 mafi karancin shiri don magance wadannan illolin. Akwai wasu matakan da gwamnati ta dauka don magance wadannan batutuwa.
gurbacewar ruwan karkashin kasa Ruwan karkashin kasa a Bangladesh, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ruwan sha, an same shi yana gurɓata da abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da arsenic, gubar, cadmium, chromium, jan karfe, mercury, nickel, da uranium. Daga cikin waɗannan, an ƙaddara arsenic a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun kiwon lafiya, tare da kuma kusan kashi 49% na ruwan ana iya gurɓata shi da yawa sama da jagororin WHO, yana shafar mutane miliyan 35 zuwa 77 a cikin ƙasar. Gurɓatar Arsenic na ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi matsala ce ta halitta wacce ta ƙara yin muni ta hanyar amfani da rijiyoyin bututu, waɗanda ke fitar da ruwan ƙasa. Tun a shekarun 1970 ne gwamnati ta fara kafa amfani da rijiyoyin bututu mai zurfi don gujewa shan ruwan sama, wanda galibi ke gurbata da kwayoyin cuta iri-iri. Wadannan rijiyoyin bututu, duk da haka, sun kai ga gurbataccen ruwan karkashin kasa mai arsenic. Sannan Kuma Wannan batu ya fi yaduwa a yankunan cikin kasa da kuma yankunan karkara, inda kashi 97% na yawan jama'a ke amfani da rijiyoyin bututu. Sakamakon lafiyar shan gurɓataccen ruwan arsenic ya haɗa da sauye-sauyen launin fata da raunuka, wanda zai iya zama farkon cutar kansar fata. Hakanan zai iya haifar da amfani da huhu da mafitsara, da kuma tasirin ci gaba, neurotoxicity, ciwon sukari, cututtukan huhu da cututtukan zuciya. An gano cutar dalma ta yi yawa a yankunan da ke kusa da Dhaka. An bayyana cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda dimbin masana'antu a yankin, ciki har da na'urorin sake amfani da baturi. Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta gano wuraren masana'antu sama da 1200 wadanda suka haifar da gurbacewar yanayi. Dalilan ƙarin gurɓacewar ƙarfe sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan noma. Kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwa yana shafar muhalli, da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam. Sannan Kasancewar gubar a cikin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da tattara dalma a cikin ganyen tsire-tsire da suke girma a yankin. A yankunan bakin teku, gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi ya kuma yi tasiri a cikin rayuwar ruwa da muhallin gida. Kuma Wannan, bi da bi, yana shafar abubuwan da ake samu na tattalin arzikin yankin da ya dogara da wani bangare na kiwo. Misali, manyan matakan karafa na iya shafar iyawar haifuwa na ilimin halittu na asali ko kuma su gurbata kifin. Idan kifin yana da ƙananan ƙarfe da yawa, mai yiwuwa mai kamun kifi ba zai iya sayar da shi don ci ba. Idan mabukaci ya ci kifi mai yawan gurɓataccen ƙarfe, yana fuskantar haɗari ga lamuran lafiya, kamar ciwon daji, gazawar koda, ko gubar ƙarfe daban-daban. Akwai kuma yiyuwar kifayen su kara nisa daga wadannan yankuna, don gujewa wuraren da ake da guba, wanda kuma zai shafi rayuwar masunta a yankin. Akwai wani kokari da gwamnati ta yi na samar da rijiyoyin zurfafan bututun da aka bayyana a fili cewa ba su da sinadarin arsenic, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na samar da tacewa domin kawar da gurbacewar karfe.
Salinity na karkashin kasa A yankunan da ke gabar tekun Bangladesh, wadanda ke da kashi 32% na kasar, ana fama da matsalar ruwan gishiri sakamakon yawan ruwa da kuma raguwar kwararar koguna a lokacin rani. An riga an sami canjin yanayi na yanayi na hauhawar matakan ruwan gishiri. Sannan kuma A lokacin rani, ruwan gishiri ya tashi zuwa 240 km. Wannan yana shafar gishirin ruwan ƙasa a cikin karkara. Ana hasashen wannan tasirin zai fi tsanani a nan gaba saboda sauyin yanayi, saboda hawan teku. Kuma A sakamakon haka, ruwan teku zai kara zubewa zuwa yankunan ruwa mai dadi, wanda zai yi tasiri mai yawa akan flora da namun daji na yankin wanda ya dogara da kasancewar ruwa mai dadi. Misali, idan matakin teku ya tashi 88 cm, ruwa 40 km cikin ƙasa za a gurɓata da gaban saline 5 ppt. Wannan zai shafi musamman yankin ruwan ruwa na Tetulia, Estuary Meghna. Matsayin salinity a cikin Meghna Estuary, mafi girman tsarin estuarine a Bangladesh, na iya zama babba don ci gaba da aikin noma da pisciculture. Hakanan zai iya haifar da bacewar wasu nau'ikan Estuary da ke cikin hatsari.
Baya ga cutar da flora da namun daji na yankuna na gabar tekun Bangladesh, karin gishiri kuma zai iya shafar salin kasa, sabili da haka yawan noma na yankuna. An riga an ga wannan yanayin a yankunan bakin teku kamar Satkhira, inda yawan amfanin gonakin ya ragu da kashi 7% daga shekarata 1996 zuwa 2008. Noman shinkafa ya shafi musamman, ya ragu daga 0.3 miliyan ton zuwa 0.1 miliyan ton daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010. Idan matakan teku sun tashi kamar yadda aka yi hasashen a yanayin yanayi "matsakaici", ana hasashen Bangladesh zai samar da 0.2 ƙarancin amfanin gona miliyan. Ana hasashen za a ninka wannan lambar don yanayin yanayi "mai tsanani". Wannan batu ya shafi duka zaman lafiyar yankunan da suka dogara ne kan bunkasar shinkafa don samun kudin shiga da kuma salon rayuwa da yanayin cin abinci na yankin da ya dogara da tsarin abinci na shinkafa. Bugu da kari, iyalai marasa galihu suna fuskantar rashin daidaito sakamakon matsalar gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa.
Cyclones da ambaliya Yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh na da saurin afkuwar guguwa. Tsakanin shekarar 1793 zuwa 1996, ana samun guguwa guda ɗaya kusan kowace shekara 4.5. Wannan yana da illa ga muhallin gida, da kuma kan iyalai da dukiyoyinsu. Misali, guguwar da ta afku a shekara ta 1970 ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 300,000 da dalar Amurka 86.4. miliyoyin asarar dukiya. Cyclones na iya yin illa ga samar da abinci a yankin. A shekarar 1991, guguwa ta yi sanadin lalata kashi 60% na shanu a yankin da abin ya shafa, kashi 80% na kaji da ke yankin da abin ya shafa, sannan ya fallasa hekta 72,000 na shinkafa ga ruwan gishiri. Cyclones na iya haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya kara shafar wadanda ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana ƙara zuwa ambaliya wanda yankin ya riga ya yi rauni. Sannan Kuma Kashi 20 zuwa 22% na ƙasar ana ambaliya tsakanin watan Yuni da Oktoba. Wani bincike da kwamitin kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi IPCC ya yi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi da karuwar matakan teku zai kara dagula lamarin. Misali, 45 karuwar cm a matakin teku zai haifar da 75% na yankin dajin mangrove da ambaliya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙarar daɗaɗɗen ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya haifar da ƙarin ambaliya. An bayyana ambaliya a matsayin daya daga cikin "babban cikas ga inganta tattalin arzikin al'umma". Tana shafar tattalin arzikin noma da samar da abinci ga al’ummar kasa, tunda kusan kashi 74% na kasar noma ake nomawa. Idan wani yanki mai mahimmanci na wannan ƙasa ya zama ambaliya, ba za a iya amfani da shi don samar da kayan amfanin gona ba. Ambaliyar ruwa tana yin illa ga marasa galihu, tare da matalauta kasancewa sau 2.5 mafi kusantar zama "masu tsananin damuwa" yayin ambaliya fiye da masu arziki.
Gudanar da magudanar ruwa Sakamakon karuwar yawan mutane da dabbobi, da kuma amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaunukan Himalayan ya haifar da zazzagewar ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na Bangladesh. Wannan na iya yin tasiri akan tsarin ƙasa kusa da magudanar ruwa da kuma yuwuwar wurin yin ambaliya. Kuma Yayin da Eckholm da Myers suka ba da shawarar ka'idar da ta shahara a yanzu cewa akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin sare dazuzzuka a Nepal da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa na Bangladesh, babu isasshen shaida don sanin ko wannan gaskiya ne ko a'a. Gudanar da magudanar ruwa mara kyau yana haifar da ɓarna a cikin tafkunan ruwa da canza yanayin kwararar rafi. Sedimentation a cikin tafkunan yana tasiri turbidity na tafki, da kuma zaizayar kasa a gefen kogin. Har ila yau, yana gabatar da farashi ga gwamnati wanda dole ne ya zubar da kogunan ruwan ta. Sannan kuma A Bangladesh, dole ne gwamnati ta cire 0.8 Mitoci masu kubik miliyan na gyaran gyare-gyare da kuma mitoci masu kubik miliyan 2 a kowace shekara. Tun da masana kimiyya ba su yarda gaba ɗaya matakin da sarrafa magudanar ruwa ke shafar yanayin kwararar rafi da ambaliya ba, yana da wuya a tantance girman wannan tasirin.
Martanin gwamnati game da lamuran muhalli A cikin wani bincike kan shaharar martani ga sauyin yanayi, Bahauddin et al. An gano cewa 'yan ƙasa da yawa sun ji labarin sauyin yanayi, amma galibi suna tunanin hakan na nufin alamun sauyin yanayi ne kawai (watau ambaliyar ruwa, hadari, fari). Yiwuwar mai amsa ya lura da tasirin sauyin yanayi ya dogara ne akan ko rayuwar mutum ta kula da yanayin ko a'a. Yawancin waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa "shirin safety net" na gwamnati na iya zama mafita mai yuwuwa ga sauyin yanayi. Dangane da matsalolin muhalli da kasar ke fuskanta, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta kafa ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji MoEF a shekarar 1989, wacce ke magance wadannan batutuwa tare da yin la'akari da rawar da sauyin yanayi ke takawa wajen ci gaban kasar. MoEF tana kula da Sashen Muhalli da dazuzzuka, sannan Kuma wanda ke aiwatar da dokar muhalli da kuma kare nau'in halittu na halitta a cikin ƙasa bi da bi. A cikin binciken Bahauddin, sun zagaye da yawa daga cikin ’yan kasa ba su san wani shiri na gwamnati ko na gwamnati ba, na magance illolin sauyin yanayi.
Akwai kuma kokarin da kananan hukumomi ke yi na magance matsalolin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi Misali, wasu kananan hukumomi sun saka hannun jari a matsuguni don rage yawan mace-macen da guguwa ta shafa. Ra'ayin mutane game da tasirin gishiri a kan bishiyoyi da amfanin gona a yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh ya nuna rashin jin daɗi yana yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban nau'in shuka sosai.
Dazuzzuka Bangladesh tana da ma'anar daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarata 2018 yana da maki 5.45/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 101 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29760 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inganchin%20ruwa | Inganchin ruwa | Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of ruwa based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extend of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and oftentimes determines supply options.
Categories Ana ƙayyade sigogi don ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da aka yi niyya. Aiki a fannin ingancin ruwa yakan mayar da hankali ne akan ruwan da ake bi da shi don yuwuwa, masana'antu/amfani da gida, ko maidowa (na muhalli/tsarin muhalli, gabaɗaya don lafiyar ɗan adam/rayuwar ruwa).
shan mutane Gurɓatattun abubuwan da za su iya kasancewa cikin ruwan da ba a kula da su ba sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, protozoa da kwayoyin cuta gurɓataccen yanayi kamar gishiri da karafa gurbataccen sinadarai na kwayoyin halitta daga hanyoyin masana'antu da amfani da man fetur magungunan kashe qwari da herbicides da kuma gurɓataccen rediyo Ingancin ruwa ya dogara da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin muhalli, da kuma amfani da ɗan adam kamar watsawar najasa, gurɓataccen masana'antu, yin amfani da jikunan ruwa azaman nutsewar zafi, da yin amfani da yawa (wanda zai iya rage matakin ruwa). Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) tana iyakance adadin wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin ruwan famfo ta tsarin ruwan jama'a na Amurka. Dokar Ruwa mai Aminci ta ba da izini ga EPA don fitar da ma'auni guda biyu:
matakan farko suna daidaita abubuwan da zasu iya shafar lafiyar ɗan adam; Ma'auni na sakandare sun tsara kyawawan halaye, waɗanda ke shafar ɗanɗano, wari, ko kamanni. Dokokin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) sun kafa iyaka ga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan kwalba Ruwan sha, gami da ruwan kwalba, ana iya sa ran zai iya ƙunsar aƙalla kaɗan na wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Kasancewar waɗannan gurɓatattun ba lallai bane ya nuna cewa ruwan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya.
A cikin biranen duniya, ana amfani da fasahar tsabtace ruwa a cikin tsarin ruwa na birni don kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushen ruwa (ruwa ko ruwan ƙasa kafin a raba shi ga gidaje, kasuwanci, makarantu da sauran masu karɓa. Ruwan da kuma aka ɗora kai tsaye daga rafi, tabki, ko magudanar ruwa wanda ba shi da magani ba zai kasance da ingancin rashin tabbas dangane da yuwuwar yuwuwa. Nauyin gurɓataccen ruwan sha yana haifar da ƙarancin wakilci da yawan jama'a. Al'ummomin da ba su da waɗannan tsaftataccen sabis na ruwan sha suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi kamar Cholera, gudawa, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, da polio. Wadannan al'ummomi galibi suna cikin wuraren da ba su da kudin shiga, inda ake zubar da ruwan dattin dan adam zuwa wata tashar magudanar ruwa da ke kusa ko magudanar ruwa ba tare da isasshen magani ba, ko kuma ana amfani da su wajen ban ruwa.
Amfani na masana'antu da na gida Dissolved ions may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations. For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium. The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally satisfy their recommended amounts through food.
ingancin ruwan muhalli Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Ingancin ruwan muhalli, wanda kuma ake kira ingancin ruwa na yanayi, yana da alaƙa da jikunan ruwa kamar tafkuna, koguna, da tekuna Matsayin ingancin ruwa don ruwan saman ya bambanta sosai saboda yanayin muhalli daban-daban, yanayin muhalli, da amfanin ɗan adam. Abubuwa masu guba da yawan jama'a na wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da haɗari don dalilai marasa sha kamar ban ruwa, iyo, kamun kifi, rafting, jirgin ruwa, da amfanin masana'antu. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan na iya shafar namun daji, waɗanda ke amfani da ruwan don sha ko a matsayin wurin zama. A cewar EPA, dokokin ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya sun fayyace kariyar kamun kifi da amfani da nishaɗi kuma suna buƙatar, aƙalla, riƙe ma'auni masu inganci na yanzu. Akwai wasu sha'awar a tsakanin jama'a na mayar da ruwan ruwa zuwa tsaftataccen yanayi, ko yanayin masana'antu kafin masana'antu. Yawancin dokokin muhalli na yanzu sun fi mayar da hankali kan zayyana takamaiman amfani da jikin ruwa. A wasu ƙasashe waɗannan sunaye suna ba da izinin wasu gurɓataccen ruwa muddin nau'in gurɓataccen abu ba shi da lahani ga abubuwan da aka keɓe. Idan aka yi la’akari da sauye-sauyen yanayi (misali, ci gaban ƙasa, ƙauyuka, ɓallewa a wuraren dazuzzuka) a cikin magudanar ruwa na ruwa mai yawa da yawa, komawa zuwa yanayin da ba a sani ba zai zama babban ƙalubale. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, masana kimiyyar muhalli sun fi mayar da hankali kan cimma burin kiyaye yanayin muhalli masu kyau kuma suna iya mai da hankali kan kare al'ummomin da ke cikin haɗari da kuma kare lafiyar ɗan adam.
Samfurori da aunawa
Taro samfurin Matsalolin ingancin ruwa a matsayin batun yana nunawa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni na ingancin ruwa. Wasu ma'auni na ingancin ruwa an fi yin su daidai a kan wurin, saboda ruwa yana wanzuwa cikin daidaito da kewayensa Ma'auni da aka saba yi akan rukunin yanar gizon kuma a cikin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da tushen ruwa da ake tambaya sun haɗa da zafin jiki, pH, narkar da iskar oxygen, haɓakawa, yuwuwar rage iskar oxygen (ORP), turbidity, da zurfin diski na Secchi Ana iya yin samfurin ruwa don gwajin jiki ko na sinadarai ta hanyoyi da yawa, ya danganta da daidaiton da ake buƙata da halayen gurɓataccen abu. Hanyoyin samfurin sun haɗa da misali mai sauƙi bazuwar samfurin bazuwar, ƙirar ƙira, tsarin tsari da samfurin grid, Samfuran gunguni masu daidaitawa, ɗaukar samfura, saka idanu na tsaka-tsaki da ci gaba, samfurin m, sa ido mai nisa, hangen nesa mai nisa, da nazarin halittu Yin amfani da samfurori masu mahimmanci yana rage farashin da kuma buƙatar kayan aiki akan wurin samfurin.
Yawancin al'amuran gurɓatawa ana iyakance su sosai cikin lokaci, galibi dangane da abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama. Don haka, samfuran "ɗauka" galibi ba su isa don ƙididdige matakan gurɓataccen abu ba. Masana kimiyya suna tattara irin wannan nau'in bayanan galibi suna amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa kansa waɗanda ke fitar da ƙarin ruwa a kowane lokaci ko tazarar fitarwa Yawancin ma'auni masu rikitarwa ana yin su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke buƙatar samfurin ruwa don tattarawa, adanawa, jigilar su, da tantancewa a wani wuri. Tsarin samfurin ruwa yana gabatar da manyan matsaloli guda biyu:
Matsala ta farko ita ce girman abin da samfurin zai iya zama wakilin tushen ruwa na sha'awa. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun bambanta da lokaci da wuri. Ma'auni na sha'awa na iya bambanta lokaci-lokaci ko daga rana zuwa dare ko kuma a matsayin martani ga wasu ayyuka na mutum ko al'ummomin halittu na tsire -tsire na ruwa da dabbobi Ma'auni na sha'awa na iya bambanta tare da nisa daga iyakar ruwa tare da wuce gona da iri da ƙasa ko ƙasa Mai samfurin dole ne ya ƙayyade idan lokaci ɗaya da wuri guda ɗaya ya dace da bukatun binciken, ko kuma idan amfani da ruwa na sha'awa za a iya kimanta shi da gamsarwa ta hanyar ma'auni na ƙididdiga na lokaci da wuri, ko kuma idan maxima da minima mai mahimmanci suna buƙatar ma'auni na mutum akan kewayo. na lokuta, wurare ko abubuwan da suka faru. Dole ne tsarin tattara samfurin ya tabbatar da ma'aunin daidaitattun lokutan samfur na kowane mutum da wuraren da matsakaicin ya dace. Inda mafi girman ƙima ko mafi ƙarancin ƙima, dole ne a yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdiga don lura da bambancin don tantance isassun adadin samfuran don tantance yuwuwar wuce waɗannan mahimman ƙimar. Matsala ta biyu tana faruwa yayin da aka cire samfurin daga tushen ruwa kuma ya fara kafa daidaitattun sinadarai tare da sabon kewayensa kwandon samfurin. Dole ne a yi kwantena na samfuri da kayan aiki tare da ƙaramin aiki tare da abubuwan da za a auna; pre-tsabtace samfurin kwantena yana da mahimmanci. Samfurin ruwan na iya narkar da wani yanki na kwandon samfurin da duk wani abin da ya rage a kan wannan akwati, kuma sinadarai da aka narkar da su a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya zama cikin kwandon samfurin kuma su kasance a wurin lokacin da aka zubar da ruwan don bincike. Irin wannan mu'amala ta zahiri da sinadarai na iya faruwa tare da kowace famfo, bututu, ko na'urori masu tsaka-tsaki da aka yi amfani da su don canja wurin samfurin ruwa cikin kwandon samfurin. Ruwan da aka tattara daga zurfafan ƙasa za a gudanar da shi akai-akai a rage matsa lamba na yanayi; don haka iskar gas da aka narkar a cikin ruwa zai taru a saman kwandon. Gas na yanayi sama da ruwa na iya narke cikin samfurin ruwa. Sauran ma'aunin halayen sinadaran na iya canzawa idan samfurin ruwan ya canza yanayin zafi. Ƙaƙƙarfan ɓangarorin da aka rarrabke waɗanda a da aka dakatar da hargitsin ruwa na iya daidaitawa zuwa kasan kwandon samfurin, ko kuma ƙaƙƙarfan lokaci na iya fitowa daga haɓakar ilimin halitta ko hazo na sinadarai Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfurin ruwa na iya canza yanayin halitta na oxygen, carbon dioxide, da mahadi Canza adadin carbon dioxide na iya canza pH kuma canza narkewar sinadarai masu sha'awa. Wadannan matsalolin suna da damuwa na musamman yayin auna sinadarai da ake zaton suna da mahimmanci a cikin ƙananan yawa. Ajiye samfurin na iya warware matsala ta biyu a wani yanki. Hanya ta gama gari ita ce sanya samfuran sanyi don rage ƙimar halayen sinadarai da canjin lokaci, da kuma nazarin samfurin da wuri-wuri; amma wannan yana rage sauye-sauye ne kawai maimakon hana su. Hanya mai amfani don ƙayyade tasiri na kwantena samfurin lokacin jinkiri tsakanin tarin samfurin da bincike ya haɗa da shirye-shirye don samfurori na wucin gadi guda biyu a gaba na samfurin samfurin. Akwatin samfurin ɗaya yana cike da ruwa wanda aka sani daga binciken da ya gabata don ƙunshe da adadin da za a iya ganowa na sinadaran sha'awa. Wannan samfurin, wanda ake kira "blank", ana buɗe shi don fallasa sararin samaniya lokacin da aka tattara samfurin sha'awa, sannan a sake rufe shi kuma a kai shi zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da samfurin don bincike don sanin ko tarin samfurin ko hanyoyin riƙewa ya gabatar da kowane adadin da za a iya aunawa. sinadaran sha'awa. Ana tattara samfurin wucin gadi na biyu tare da samfurin sha'awa, amma sai a "spiked" tare da ƙarin adadin adadin sinadarai na sha'awa a lokacin tattarawa. Ana ɗaukar blank mara kyau iko da samfurin spiked kyakkyawan kulawa tare da samfurin sha'awa kuma ana nazarin su ta hanyoyi guda ɗaya a lokaci guda don ƙayyade duk wani canje-canje da ke nuna riba ko asara a lokacin da ya wuce tsakanin tarin da bincike.
Gwaji don mayar da martani ga bala'o'i da sauran abubuwan gaggawa Bayan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar kasa da tsunami, akwai martani nan da nan daga hukumomin agaji yayin da ayyukan agaji ke ci gaba da kokarin dawo da ababen more rayuwa da samar da muhimman abubuwan da suka wajaba don rayuwa da murmurewa daga baya. Barazanar cututtuka yana ƙaruwa sosai saboda ɗimbin mutanen da ke zaune kusa da juna, sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kuma ba tare da tsaftar muhalli ba. Bayan bala'i na dabi'a, dangane da gwajin ingancin ruwa, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da mafi kyawun matakin da za a ɗauka kuma ana iya amfani da hanyoyi iri-iri. Maɓalli na asali na ingancin ruwa waɗanda ke buƙatar magance su a cikin gaggawa sune alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na gurɓataccen fecal, ragowar chlorine kyauta, pH, turbidity da yuwuwar haɓakawa jimlar narkar da daskararru Akwai hanyoyin lalata da yawa. Bayan manyan bala'o'i, dogon lokaci mai tsawo na iya wucewa kafin ingancin ruwa ya dawo matakan kafin bala'i. Alal misali, bayan tsunami na Tekun Indiya a shekara ta 2004 Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya da ke Colombo (IWMI) ta lura da illolin ruwan gishiri kuma ta kammala cewa rijiyoyin sun farfaɗo zuwa ruwan sha kafin tsunami mai inganci shekaru ɗaya da rabi bayan taron. IWMI ta samar da ka'idoji don tsaftace rijiyoyin da ruwan gishiri ya gurbata; Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta amince da waɗannan a hukumance a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ƙa'idodinta na gaggawa.
Binciken sunadarai Mafi sauƙaƙan hanyoyin bincike na sinadarai su ne waɗanda ke auna abubuwan sinadarai ba tare da mutunta nau'insu ba. Binciken abubuwa don oxygen, a matsayin misali, zai nuna nauyin 890 g L gram a kowace lita na samfurin ruwa saboda oxygen (O) yana da kashi 89% na kwayoyin ruwa (H 2 O). Hanyar da aka zaɓa don auna narkar da iskar oxygen ya kamata ta bambanta tsakanin diatomic oxygen da oxygen hade da wasu abubuwa. Sauƙaƙan kwatancen bincike na asali ya samar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan samfuri da ƙimar ingancin ruwa don abubuwan wasu lokuta ana gano su azaman ƙarfe masu nauyi Binciken ruwa don ƙananan karafa dole ne yayi la'akari da barbashin ƙasa da aka dakatar a cikin samfurin ruwa. Waɗannan ɓangarorin ƙasa da aka dakatar suna iya ƙunsar ƙarfe da za a iya aunawa. Ko da yake ba a narkar da barbashi a cikin ruwan, mutane na iya cinye su ta hanyar shan ruwan. Ƙara acid zuwa samfurin ruwa don hana asarar narkar da karafa a kan kwandon samfurin na iya narkar da ƙarin karafa daga barbashi ƙasa da aka dakatar. Tace barbashi na ƙasa daga samfurin ruwa kafin ƙara acid, duk da haka, na iya haifar da asarar narkar da karafa akan tacewa. Matsalolin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya sun fi ƙalubale.
Yin waɗannan ma'auni masu rikitarwa na iya zama tsada. Saboda ma'auni kai tsaye na ingancin ruwa na iya yin tsada, ana gudanar da shirye-shiryen sa ido na yau da kullun kuma ana fitar da sakamakon daga hukumomin gwamnati Koyaya, akwai shirye-shiryen sa kai na gida da albarkatun da ake da su don wasu ƙima na gaba ɗaya. Kayayyakin da ake samu ga jama'a sun haɗa da na'urorin gwaji a wurin, waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don tankunan kifi na gida, da hanyoyin tantance halittu.
Sa ido na ainihi Ko da yake galibi ana ƙididdige ingancin ruwa tare da yin nazari a dakunan gwaje-gwaje, tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20 an sami karuwar sha'awar jama'a game da ingancin ruwan sha da tsarin birni ke samarwa. Yawancin abubuwan amfani da ruwa sun ƙirƙira tsarin tattara bayanai na ainihin lokacin game da ingancin ruwan tushen. A farkon karni na 21st, an tura nau'ikan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da tsarin kulawa na nesa don auna pH na ruwa, turbidity, narkar da iskar oxygen da sauran sigogi. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri wasu na'urori masu nisa don lura da ingancin ruwa a cikin kogi, estuarine da gaɓar ruwa.
Manuniya
Alamomin ruwan sha Alkalinity
Launi na ruwa
pH
Ku ɗanɗani da wari geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), da dai sauransu. Narkar da karafa da gishiri sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium Kwayoyin halitta irin su fecal coliform kwayoyin cuta Escherichia coli Cryptosporidium, da Giardia lamblia duba nazarin ruwa na kwayoyin cuta
Narkar da karafa da metalloids gubar, mercury, arsenic, da dai sauransu. Narkar da kwayoyin halitta: launin narkar da kwayoyin halitta (CDOM), narkar da kwayoyin carbon (DOC)
Radon
Karfe masu nauyi
Magunguna
Analogs na hormone
Alamun muhalli
Alamun jiki na zahiri Water temperature
Specific conductance or electrical conductance (EC) or conductivity
Total suspended solids (TSS)
Transparency or turbidity
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Odour of water
Color of water (such as Forel-Ule scale or Pt/Co scale)
Taste of water
pH
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Total hardness (TH)
Heavy metals
Nitrate
Orthophosphates
Pesticides
Surfactants
Alamun halittu Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Mollusca
Trichoptera
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Coliform bacteria
Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow)
Americamysis bahia (Mysid shrimp)
sea urchin
An ɓullo da ma'auni na nazarin halittu a wurare da yawa, kuma ɗayan dangin da aka yi amfani da shi na ma'auni don ruwa mai tsabta shine kasancewar da yawa na mambobi na umarni na kwari Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera da Trichoptera (EPT) (na benthic macroinvertebrates wanda sunayen gama gari ne, bi da bi, mai yiwuwafly., stonefly da caddisfly). Ma'anar EPT a zahiri za ta bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki, amma gabaɗaya, a cikin yanki, yawan adadin haraji daga waɗannan umarni, mafi kyawun ingancin ruwa. Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, kamar EPA. ba da jagora kan haɓaka shirin sa ido da gano membobin waɗannan da sauran umarnin kwari na ruwa. Yawancin masu fitar da ruwan sha na Amurka (misali, masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki, matatun mai, ma'adinai, masana'antar kula da najasa na birni) ana buƙatar gudanar da gwaje-gwajen ƙazamin ƙazamin lokaci na lokaci-lokaci WET Mutanen da ke da sha'awar lura da ingancin ruwa waɗanda ba za su iya ba ko sarrafa nazarin sikelin lab ba kuma za su iya amfani da alamun ilimin halitta don samun cikakken karatun ingancin ruwa. Misali ɗaya shine shirin sa ido na ruwa na IOWATER na Iowa, wanda ya haɗa da maɓallin alamar EPT. Bivalve molluscs ana amfani da su sosai azaman masu nunin halitta don lura da lafiyar mahallin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai daɗi da mahallin marine. Matsayin yawan jama'a ko tsarin su, ilimin halittar jiki, hali ko matakin gurɓatawa tare da abubuwa ko mahadi na iya nuna yanayin gurɓataccen yanayin yanayin. Suna da amfani musamman tun lokacin da suke da ƙarfi don su zama wakilai na yanayin da aka zana su ko sanya su. Wani aiki na yau da kullun shine US Mussel Watch Program, amma a yau ana amfani da su a duk duniya.
Hanyar Ƙimar Ƙididdiga ta Kudancin Afirka (SASS) ita ce tsarin kula da ingancin ruwa na halitta bisa ga kasancewar benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). An tace kayan aikin kula da ruwa na SASS a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma yanzu yana kan sigar ta biyar (SASS5) wacce aka gyara ta musamman daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, watau ISO/IEC 17025 yarjejeniya. Hanyar SASS5 da Sashen Harkokin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da shi a matsayin daidaitacciyar hanya don Kimar Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin, wanda ke ciyar da Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kogin na ƙasa da kuma Database na Kogin Kogin.
Ka'idoji da rahotanni A cikin tsarin ma'auni, hukumomi suna yanke shawara na siyasa da fasaha kimiyya bisa yadda za a yi amfani da ruwan. A cikin yanayin jikunan ruwa na halitta, hukumomi kuma suna yin kiyasin ma'ana na kyawawan yanayi. Jikunan ruwa na halitta za su bambanta dangane da yanayin muhalli na yanki, wanda abin da ke tattare da tsarin ruwa yana tasiri da abubuwan da ke kewaye da yanayin yanayin ƙasa, sediments, da nau'in dutse, yanayin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, da yanayi. Masana kimiyyar muhalli da masu ilimin kimiyyar ruwa na ruwa suna aiki don fassara ma'auni da yanayin muhalli waɗanda ke tasiri ingancin ruwa na yanki, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen gano tushe da makomar gurɓatattun abubuwa. Lauyoyin muhalli da masu tsara manufofi suna aiki don ayyana doka tare da niyyar cewa ana kiyaye ruwa a ingantaccen ingancin amfani da shi.
Wani ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya game da ingancin ruwa shine na dukiya mai sauƙi wanda ke nuna ko ruwa ya ƙazantu ko a'a. A haƙiƙa, ingancin ruwa batu ne mai rikitarwa, a wani ɓangare saboda ruwa wani matsakaicin matsakaici ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ilimin halittu, ilimin ƙasa, da ayyukan ɗan adam na yanki. Ayyukan masana'antu da kasuwanci (misali masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, sufuri sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa kamar yadda kwararar ruwa daga wuraren noma, zubar da ruwa a birane da fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba.
Ƙasashen Duniya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta buga jagororin ingancin ruwan sha (GDWQ) a cikin 2011. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) buga ƙa'ida na ingancin ruwa a cikin sashin ICS 13.060, wanda ya fito daga samfurin ruwa, ruwan sha, ruwa na masana'antu, najasa, da gwajin ruwa don sinadarai, jiki ko kayan halitta. ICS 91.140.60 yana rufe ka'idodin tsarin samar da ruwa.
Ƙididdigar ƙasa don ruwan yanayi da ruwan sha
Tarayyar Turai Tsarin ruwa na Tarayyar Turai an tsara shi da farko cikin umarni guda uku:
Umarni kan Maganin Ruwan Sharar Birane (91/271/EEC) na ranar 21 ga Mayu 1991 game da fitar da ruwa na birni da na masana'antu Umarnin Ruwan Sha (98/83/EC) na 3 Nuwamba 1998 game da ingancin ruwan sha;
Dokar Tsarin Ruwa (2000/60/EC) na 23 Oktoba 2000 game da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa Indiya Matsayin Majalisar Binciken Likitanci na Indiya (ICMR) don Ruwan Sha.
Afirka ta Kudu An haɗa jagororin ingancin ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu bisa ga yuwuwar nau'ikan masu amfani (misali na gida, masana'antu) a cikin Jagororin ingancin Ruwa na 1996. Ingancin ruwan sha yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (SANS) 241 Ƙayyadaddun Ruwan Sha.
Ƙasar Ingila A Ingila da Wales matakan da aka yarda da su don samar da ruwan sha an jera su a cikin "Dokokin Samar da Ruwa (Ingantacciyar Ruwa) 2000."
Amurka A cikin Amurka, Hukumomin Jiha sun ayyana Ma'aunin Ingancin Ruwa don ƙungiyoyin ruwa daban-daban, waɗanda ake buƙata don amfanin ruwan (misali, mazaunin kifi, samar da ruwan sha, amfani da nishaɗi). Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (CWA) tana buƙatar kowane ikon mulki (jihohi, yankuna, da ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci) su gabatar da jeri na rahotanni na shekara-shekara kan ingancin ruwa a yankinsu. Waɗannan rahotannin ana san su da rahoton 303(d) da 305(b) waɗanda aka sanya wa suna don tanadin CWA nasu, kuma an ƙaddamar da su, kuma sun amince da su, EPA. Ana kammala waɗannan rahotanni ta ikon hukuma, yawanci hukumar kula da muhalli ta jiha EPA ta ba da shawarar kowace jiha ta gabatar da "Rahoton Haɗe-haɗe" guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi jerin gurɓatattun ruwa da kuma matsayin duk wuraren ruwa a jihar. Rahoton Ingantattun Ingantattun Ruwa na Ƙasa ga Majalisa babban rahoto ne kan ingancin ruwa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da adadin mil na koguna da koguna da jimillar yanayin su. CWA na buƙatar jihohi su ɗauki ƙa'idodi don kowane yuwuwar amfani da aka keɓance da suka sanya wa ruwansu. Idan shaidu sun nuna ko rubuta cewa rafi, kogi ko tabki sun gaza cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na ɗaya ko fiye na abubuwan da aka keɓance shi, an sanya shi cikin jerin gurɓatattun ruwa. Da zarar wata jiha ta sanya jikin ruwa a cikin wannan jerin, dole ne ta samar da tsarin gudanarwa wanda zai kafa Jimlar Matsakaicin Loads na yau da kullun (TMDLs) don masu gurɓatawar ruwa da ke lalata amfani da ruwa. Waɗannan TMDLs sun kafa ragi da ake buƙata don cikakken goyan bayan abubuwan da aka keɓance. Ma'aunin ruwan sha, wanda ya dace da tsarin ruwan jama'a, EPA ne ke bayar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha Manazarta United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92–500 ("Clean Water Act"). "Definitions." Section 502(19), 33 U.S.C. 1362.
Jump up to:a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Definitions." "EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 122.2.
"Definitions." CWA sec. 502(12); 33 U.S.C. 1362.
"Thermal discharges." CWA sec. 316, 33 U.S.C. 1326.
"Identification of areas with insufficient controls; maximum daily load; certain effluent limitations revision." CWA sec. 303(d), 33 U.S.C. 1313(d).
EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 133.
United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. Pub.L. 93–523; 42 U.S.C. 300f et seq. 1974-12-16.
EPA. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141.
"Effluent limitations." CWA sec. 301(b), 33 U.S.C. 1311(b); "Effluent limitation guidelines." CWA sec. 304(b), 33 U.S.C. 1314(b)
"National standards of performance." CWA sec. 306(a), 33 U.S.C. 1316(a).
EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 133.
"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." CWA sec. 402, 33 U.S.C. 1342.
United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92–500, 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq., as amended.
United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Pub.L. 94–580. Approved October 21, 1976. 42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq., as amended.
United States. Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub.L. 93–523. Approved December 16, 1974. 42 U.S.C. 300f et seq., as amended.
United States. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Pub.L. 75–717. Approved June 25, 1938. 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq., as |
19045 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaminisanci | Kwaminisanci | Kwaminisanci na nufin zamantakewa tattalin arziki siyasa da cigaba. Manufarta ita ce ta kafa tsarin zamantakewar jama'a inda masana'antu da gonaki ke raba mutane, kuma ba za su sami masu mulki ko kuɗi ba A cewar marubutan kwaminisanci da masu tunani, manufar kwaminisanci ita ce samar da al’umma marassa ƙasa, mara aji kuma kawo ƙarshen jari hujja Masu tunanin kwaminisanci sun yi imanin cewa hakan na iya faruwa idan mutane suka karɓi ikon masu iko (rukunin masu mulki, waɗanda ke da masana'antu da gonaki) tare da kuma kafa ikon ma'aikaci na hanyoyin samarwa (masana'antu da gonaki).
Kwaminisanci ba ya ƙin son kai. Koyaya, ya kuma ce yanke shawara ya kamata ya zama mai kyau ga yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya, maimakon kawai ya kasance mai kyau ga ƙalilan mutane a cikin ƙasar.
Tun daga shekara ta 1992, akwai sauran ƙasashe guda biyar da suka rage bisa mulki bisa aƙidar gurguzu. Huɗu daga cikin waɗannan suna bin nau'ikan salon shugabanci daban-daban Vietnam, China, Cuba da Laos Na biyar, Koriya ta Arewa, yanzu a hukumance yana bin Juche, wanda ke iƙirarin zama mafi kyawun sigar Markisanci-Leniyanci. Koriya ta Arewa ta kira kanta Marxist-Leninist kafin 1991. Yawancin al'ummomi da yawa sun watsar da Markisanci a wancan lokacin saboda yawancin mutane suna tsammanin ya gaza. A lokuta da dama akidar Karl Marx gwamnatocin fadi zuwa mulkin, salla talauci, tattalin arziki auka da kuma tashin hankali, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma {asar Yugoslavia, misali.
Wasu sanannun mutane waɗanda suka kasance masu mahimmanci ga ci gaban kwaminisanci sun haɗa da Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Vladimir Lenin, da Leon Trotsky Tarihi A cikin 1848, Karl H. Marx da Friedrich Engels ya rubuta Manifesto na Kwaminisanci Ya kasance gajeren littafi ne mai mahimman ra'ayoyin kwaminisanci. Yawancin yawancin 'yan gurguzu da' yan gurguzu a yau suna amfani da wannan littafin don taimaka musu fahimtar siyasa da tattalin arziki. Yawancin wadanda ba 'yan kwaminis ba suna karanta shi, koda kuwa ba su yarda da duk abin da ke ciki ba.
Karl Marx ya ce idan har al'umma za ta canza zuwa tsarin rayuwar kwaminisanci, dole ne a samu wani lokaci na canji. A wannan lokacin, maaikatan zasu mulki al'umma. Marx ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar gogewar taron Paris na 1870, lokacin da ma'aikatan Paris suka mamaye garin biyo bayan fatattakar Sojojin Faransa da Sojojin Prussia Ya zaci cewa wannan m gwaninta ya fi muhimmanci fiye da msar tambayar ra'ayoyi na daban-daban m kungiyoyin.
Ƙungiyoyi da mutane da yawa suna son ra'ayin Marx. A farkon ƙarni na ashirin, akwai wata kungiyar gurguzu a duniya da ake kira Social Democracy Ra'ayoyinsa ne suka rinjayi shi. Sun ce ma’aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban suna da kusanci da juna fiye da yadda ma’aikatan suke tare da shugabannin da ke cikin kasashensu. A cikin 1917, Vladimir Lenin da Leon Trotsky sun jagoranci wata ƙungiyar Rasha da ake kira Bolsheviks a cikin juyin juya halin Oktoba Sun kawar da gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Rasha, wacce aka kafa bayan Juyin Juya Hali na Fabrairu akan Tsar Sarki Sun kafa Tarayyar Soviet Socialist Republics, wanda ake kira Taraiyar Sobiyat ko USSR.
Tarayyar Sobiyat ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ke da'awar kafa ƙasar ma'aikata. A zahiri, ƙasar bata taɓa zama kwaminisanci ba kamar yadda Marx da Engels suka bayyana.
A cikin karni na 20, mutane da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin kafa jihohin ma'aikata. A ƙarshen 1940s, China ma ta sami juyin juya hali kuma ta ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Mao Zedong a matsayin shugaba. A cikin 1959, tsibirin Cuba ya sami juyin juya hali kuma ya ƙirƙiri sabuwar gwamnati tare da Fidel Castro a matsayin shugabanta. A wani lokaci, akwai irin waɗannan ƙasashe da yawa, kuma ya zama kamar kwaminisanci zai ci nasara. Amma gwamnatocin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci ba su yi amfani da dimokiradiyya a cikin gwamnatocinsu ba, wani muhimmin bangare ne na gurguzu da kwaminisanci. Saboda wannan, gwamnatoci suka rabu da mutane, ya sa kwaminisanci yake da wahala. Wannan kuma ya haifar da rashin jituwa da rabuwar kai tsakanin ƙasashe.
Ya zuwa shekarun 1960, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duniya sun tumɓuke jari hujja kuma suna ƙoƙarin gina kwaminisanci. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashen sun bi samfurin Tarayyar Sobiyat. Wasu sun bi samfurin China. Sauran kashi biyu cikin uku na duniya har yanzu suna rayuwa cikin tsarin jari-hujja, kuma wannan ya haifar da rarrabuwa a duniya tsakanin ƙasashe masu jari-hujja da ƙasashen kwaminisanci. Ana kiran wannan Yaƙin Cacar Baki saboda ba a yi yaƙi da makami ko sojoji ba, amma ra'ayoyi masu gasa. Koyaya, wannan na iya juyawa zuwa babban yaƙi. A lokacin 1980s, Amurka da Tarayyar Sobiyat suna fafatawa don samun babbar runduna kuma suna da makamai masu haɗari. Wannan ana kiransa "Tseren Makamai". Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya kira ƙasashen kwaminisanci kamar Taraiyar Sobiyat da Muguwar Daular saboda bai yarda da ra'ayin kwaminisanci ba.
Tun daga 1989, lokacin da katangar Berlin ta ruguje, yawancin kasashen da suka kasance masu ra'ayin gurguzu sun koma tsarin jari hujja. Kwaminisanci yanzu yana da ƙasa da tasiri a duniya. A 1991, Tarayyar Soviet ta balle Koyaya, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na mutanen duniya har yanzu suna zaune a cikin jihohin da ƙungiyar kwaminisanci ke iko da su. Yawancin waɗannan mutanen suna cikin Sin. Sauran ƙasashen sun haɗa da Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, da Koriya ta Arewa Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyin kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu Rigima Mutane da yawa sun rubuta ra'ayoyinsu game da kwaminisanci. Vladimir Lenin na Rasha ya yi tunanin cewa dole ne a sami ƙungiyar masu neman sauyi (wanda ake kira vanguard don jagorantar juyin juya halin gurguzu a duk duniya da ƙirƙirar zamantakewar kwaminisanci a ko'ina. Leon Trotsky, shi ma daga Rasha ya yi iƙirarin cewa gurguzancin dole ne ya zama na duniya, kuma ba shi da mahimmanci a fara faruwarsa a Rasha. Hakanan baya son Joseph Stalin, wanda ya zama shugaban USSR bayan mutuwar Lenin a 1924. An sanya Trotsky ya bar Soviet Union ta Stalin a 1928, sannan a kashe shi a 1940 Wannan ya tsoratar da mutane da yawa, kuma yawancin kwaminisanci sunyi jayayya game da ko wannan yayi daidai kuma wanda za'a bi ra'ayin sa.
Mao Zedong na China ya yi tunanin cewa sauran azuzuwan za su kasance masu mahimmanci ga juyin juya halin China da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa saboda azuzuwan aiki a waɗannan ƙasashen ba su da yawa. Mao ra'ayin Mao game da gurguzu galibi ana kiransa Maoism ko Tunanin Mao Zedong. Bayan mutuwar Stalin a 1953, Mao ya ga kansa a matsayin shugaban kwaminisanci na duniya har sai da ya mutu a 1976. A yau gwamnatin China tana karkashin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ne, amma a zahiri suna da abin da ake kira cakuda tattalin arziki. Sun ari abubuwa da yawa daga jari-hujja Gwamnati a China yau ba ta bin Maoism. Koyaya, kaɗan yan juyin juya hali a wasu ƙasashe kamar Indiya da Nepal har yanzu suna son ra'ayinsa kuma suna ƙoƙarin amfani da su a cikin ƙasashensu.
Amfani da lokaci Kalmar "kwaminisanci" ba takamaiman ƙungiiyoyin siyasa bane. Yawancin jam'iyyun siyasa da ke kiran kansu "kwaminisanci" na iya zama a zahiri sun fi masu kawo sauyi (masu goyon bayan sauye-sauye da jinkirin canji maimakon juyi) fiye da yadda wasu jam'iyyun ke kiran kansu "masu ra'ayin gurguzu". Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci a Latin Amurka sun rasa membobi da yawa saboda waɗannan jam'iyyun suna yin abubuwa daban-daban fiye da abin da suka yi alkawari da zarar sun hau mulki. A cikin Chile, tsakanin 1970-1973, a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwar hagu (ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyun) na ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai ƙarƙashin jagorancin Salvador Allende, Kwaminisancin Kwaminisancin na Chile yana hannun dama na Socialungiyar Socialist ta Chile. Wannan yana nufin ta fi jam'iyyar masu ra'ayin gurguzu gyara.
Yawancin jam'iyyun kwaminisanci za su yi amfani da dabarun kawo canji Sun ce mutane masu ajin aiki ba su da tsari sosai don yin canje-canje ga al'ummominsu. Sun gabatar da ‘yan takarar da za a zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Da zaran an zaɓi 'yan gurguzu a majalisa ko majalisar dattijai, to za su yi fada don ajin ma'aikata. Wannan zai ba mutane masu aiki damar canza tsarin jari hujjarsu zuwa tsarin gurguzu.
Alamu da al'adu Launin ja alama ce ta gurguzu a duniya. Jan tauraruwa guda biyar a wani lokacin shima yana wakiltar kwaminisanci. Guduma da sikila sanannen alama ce ta kwaminisanci. Ya kasance akan tutocin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu, kamar Tarayyar Soviet (duba saman labarin). Wasu 'yan gurguzu kuma suna son amfani da hotunan shahararrun kwaminisanci daga tarihi, irin su Marx, Lenin, da Mao Zedong, a matsayin alamomin dukkanin falsafar gurguzu.
Waƙa da ake kira Internationale ita ce waƙar kwaminisanci ta duniya. Tana da kiɗa iri ɗaya a ko'ina, amma ana fassara kalmomin zuwa waƙar zuwa cikin harsuna da yawa. Harshen Rashanci shine taken ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1922 har zuwa 1944.
Launi a cikin tutar Tarayyar Sobiyat ya nuna gwagwarmayar manoma-manoma. Guduma a tuta wakiltar gwagwarmaya ga ma'aikata. Dukkansu tsallakawa suna nuna goyon bayansu ga junan su.
Hakanan akwai nau'in fasaha da gine-gine na musamman da aka samo su a yawancin kwaminisanci da tsoffin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu. Ana yin zane-zanen da aka yi da salon mulkin gurguzu na zahiri don farfaganda don nuna cikakkiyar sigar mutanen ƙasa da jagoran siyasa. Fasaha da aka yi cikin salon gurguzu na zahiri, kamar wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, littattafai, da zane-zane suna nuna aiki tuƙuru, da farin ciki, da ƙoshin ma'aikata da masana'antar masana'antu. Fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai a cikin wannan salon galibi suna ba da labarai ne game da ma'aikata ko sojoji waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don amfanin ƙasarsu. Zane-zane sukan nuna hotunan jaruntaka na shugaba, ko shimfidar wurare da ke nuna manyan filayen alkama Tsarin gine-ginen Stalin yakamata ya wakilci ƙarfi da ɗaukakar jihar da jagoran siyasa. Wasu da ba 'yan kwaminisanci ba ma suna jin daɗin wannan fasahar.
Mutane sanannu Fidel Castro
Nicolae Ceauşescu
Mikhail Gorbachev
Che Guevara
Erich Honecker
Vladimir Lenin
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Joseph Stalin
Ho Chi Minh
Mao Tse-Tung
Leon Trotsky
Josip Broz Tito
Kim Jong Un
Deng Xiaoping
Manazarta
Sauran yanar gizo Siyasa
Sin
Duniya
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13663 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofa%3AAdabi | Kofa:Adabi | TAƘAITACCEN TARIHIN WASAN KWAIKWAYO Danjuma (2004) ya ce, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a doron ƙasa ya faro ne tun zamanin Annabi Adam, Bayan da ‘ya’yansa biyu suka yi faɗa a kan mace, sai daya ya kashe daya. Wanda yayi kisanya shiga cikin damuwar yadda zai yi da gawar. A nan Allah ya turo da mala’iku a cikin siffar hankaka. Hankakin suka yi faɗa har daya ya kashe daya. A nan hankakan da yayi kisan ya tona rami ya bunne dan uwansa da ya kashe. Wanda daga nan ne ‘ya 'yan Adam suka kwaikwayi wannan qaramin wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar bunne ‘yan uwansu a duk lokacin da suka rasu. Samuwar Fim a Qasar Hausa Tarihin fara fina-finan Hausa (harkar da ta fi kafuwa a Kano) yana da dangantaka ta kai-tsaye da tarihin fara fina-finai a Najeriya baki daya Fim kuwa a Nijeriya ya samu tun kafin samuwar Najeriya a matsayin qasa daya. An fara fim na farko a Najeriya Ƙarƙashin kulawar Herbert Macauly a shekarar 1903 A daya bangaren kuma, ba a hada Kudu da Arewa (a matsayin ƙasa daya Najeriya) ba sai a shekarar 1914. Yayin da kuma aka ba wa Najeriya ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960 Tsakanin shekara ta 1903 zuwa 1970 an samu yunkurin shirya fina-finai da dama. Ali, (2004) ya kira su da rukunin fina-finan farko na ‘yancin kai. Masu hannu a cikin wadannan fina-finai sun hada da Nuhu Ramalam da Adamu Halilu. Bayan nan kuma, kamfanoni sun dauki nauyin shirya wasu fina-finai. Daga cikin wadannan fina-finan akwai ‘Shehu Umar’ da ‘Amadi’ da ‘Salla Durba’ (Ali, 2004). Fina-finan Hausa kuwa kamar yadda ake kallon su yanzu, an fara su ne tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 1984 a Kano Fage, (2011) ya ce, fina-finan Hausa wadanda aka fi sani da fina-finan Kanawa sun fara samun karbuwa ne wajen 1990. A wannan lokaci an sami ƙungiyoyin fim guda uku da suka hada da (i) Gwauron Dutse, da (ii) Karate, da kuma (iii) Gyaranya, wadanda kuma duka sun wanzu ne a Kano. Fina-finan farko da aka fara gudanarwa ƙarƙashin wadannan ƙungiyoyi su ne: ‘Hukuma Maganin ‘Yan Banza’ da ‘Yan Daukar Amarya’ da kuma ‘Baƙar Indiya’. Wadanda suka dauki nauyin wadannan fina-finai su ne masu daukar nauyi na farko (first producers); Alhaji Hamisu da Muhammad Gurgu da kuma Sani Lamma Zagari Game da Fina-finan Hausa Idan aka yi la’akari da muhawarar masana da manazarta a kan alfanu da koma baya da fina-finai suke samar wa, za a iya cewa, fina-finan Hausa sun kasance hanjin jimina, akwai na ci a kwai na zubarwa. Haqiqa fina-finan suna taimakawa ta bangarori da dama. Ali, (2004) ya ce, a tsawon ƙarnuka biyu da suka wuce, samuwar fina-finan Hausa shi ne hanyar habaka tattalin arziki mafi girma da ya samu ga al’ummar Hausawa. Sai dai duk da haka, manazarta irin su; suna ganin samuwar fina-finan Hausa yana da illa ga al’ummar Hausawa. Wannan aiki ya kalli bangarorin biyu kamar haka: Amfanin Fina-finan Hausa Samuwar fina-finan Hausa ya zo da ci gaba ga al’ummar Hausawa ta fannoni da dama wadanda suka hada da: i. Samun Aikin Yi: Rukunin masu sana’o’i da dama suna cin gajiyar sana’ar shirya fina-finai. Wadannan rukunnai na masu sana’o’i sun hada da masana harkar fim, da marubuta da masu daukar hoto da masu shagon sayar da kaset da ma wasu masu sana’o’i daban-daban. Lallai ta nan za a iya cewa wannan ci gaba ne ga al’ummar Hausawa ii. Bunqasa Al’adu da Adabi: Fim hanya ce da take taimakawa wajen bunqasa al’adu da adabin Hausa. Wani abin mai da hankali a nan shi ne, fim na taka rawar gani wurin tallata al’adu zuwa ga baren al’ummu. Fina-finan Hausa da dama sukan shiga hannun wasu al’ummu wadanda ba Hausawa ba da suke zaune a nan gida Nijeriya, har ma da na qasashen waje (Nwuneli in Ali, 2004). iii. Fadakarwa: Haqiqa fim hanya ce ta fadakar da al’umma game da lamura da dama. Akwai fina-finan Hausa da jigoginsu ke fadakarwa kan abubuwa kamar illar zafin kishi, ko qarshen mai munafurci, ko illar zato da zargi, ko cututtuka da ma wasu da dama makamantan wadannan iv. Sada Zumunta: Fim din Hausa na taimakawa wajen qulla zumunci musamman tsakanin taurarin fim. Baya ga haka akwai fina-finai da suke jan hankali zuwa ga amfani da dacewa da buqatar sada zumunta v. Koyar da Tarbiyya: Akwai fina-finan Hausa da dama da suke dauke da jigon tarbiyya. Irin wadannan fina-finai suna fadakarwa zuwa ga biyayya ga iyaye (kamar fim din Linzami da Wuta), ko bin miji (kamar fim din Aljannar Mace) da sauransu (Chamo; 2004; Yakub, 2004). vi. Nishadantarwa: Haqiqa ana nishadantuwa daga kallon fina-finan Hausa. Akwai fina-finan Hausa da dama da aka gina jigonsu kan nishadi. Babban tauraro a bangaren fina-finan Hausa na nishadi shi ne marigayi Rabilu Musa wanda aka fi sani da dan Ibro (Chamo, 2004; Yakub, 2004). Illolin Fina-finan Hausa Masu iya magana suna cewa: “Kowane allazi da nasa amanu!” Haka abin yake ga fina-finan Hausa. Manazarta da malaman addini sun dade suna nuni ga illoli da suke tattare ga fina-finan Hausa. Abubuwan da ake qorafin kansu sun hada da: i. Batar da Al’ada: Za a iya kwatanta fina-finan Hausa da maganar Bahaushe da ke cewa: “Ana yabonka salla ka kasa alwala.” Duk da ikirarin da ake yi na cewa fina-finan Hausa suna habaka al’ada, wasu na ganin ko kusa ba haka abin yake ba. Sun tafi kan cewa, a maimakon fina-finan su taimaka wajen habaka al’adun Hausawa, sai ma suna qara daqushe su ne kawai. Fina-finan Hausa na daqushe al’adun Hausawa ta hanyoyin da suka hada da: (a) Harshe: Wato yawan amfani da Ingausa tare da fifita harshen Ingilishi a kan na Hausa. (b) Sutura: Fifita suturun wasu al’ummu kamar Turawa da Indiyawa sama da na Hausa. (c) Muhalli: Watsi da muhallin Bahaushe tare da fifita na wasu al’ummu sama da na Hausawan (Chamo, 2004; Al-kanawy, 2004). ii. Shagaltarwa: Akwai manazarta da suke kallon fina-finan Hausa a matsayin hanya na shagaltar da al’umma daga wasu ayyuka da sha’anoni da suka fi dacewa. Wannan ya fi zama abin magana musamman idan aka kalle shi daga bangaren addini wanda bai zo da wasa ko shagala ba (Al-kanawy, 2004; Iyan-tama, 2004). iii. Fanxarewa: Akwai manazarta da suke kallon fina-finan Hausa a matsayin masu rudi zuwa ga fanxarewa. Wannan na faruwa ne musamman idan aka duba irin shigar taurarin fina-finan waxanda suka ci karo da addini da kuma al’ada. Sannan tsaurin ido ga na gaba da sauran halayen banza da ake nunawa a cikin fina-finan (Al-kanawy, 2004; Iyan-tama, 2004) iv. Cudanya Tsakanin Maza da mata: daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali, wadanda kuma suke jawo sukar fina-finan Hausa shi ne cudanya tsakanin maza da mata. Wannan ya kasance musamman idan aka kalli lamarin ta fuskar addini (Iyan-tama, 2004). v. Waqa: Waqa ta kasance a cikin fina-finan Hausa tamkar gishiri a cikin miya. Manazarta na kallon hakan qalubale ne musamman idan aka yi la’akari da matsayin waqa a Musulunci. Manazarta da dama bayan wadannan sun tafi kan cewa fina-finan Hausa suna taka rawar gani matuqa wajen gurbata al’adun Hausawa. Manazartan sun hada da: dangambo, (2013) wanda ya ce, a wani fim din idan da za a cire harshen da aka yi Magana a cikinsa (Hausa) to babu yadda za a iya danganta shi da Hausawa. Guibi da Bakori (2013) sun tafi kan cewa, telebishin na daya daga cikin hanyoyi mafi sauqi da suke bata tarbiyyar Hausawa. Kiyawa, (2013) ya kawo wasu hanyoyi wadanda yake ganin ta nan ne fina-fina Hausa suke ruguza al’adun Hausawa. Wadannan hanyoyi su ne: i. Sun ci karo da koyarwar addinin Musulunci ii. Rashin kyakkyawar wakilci ga al’adun Hausawa iii. Lalata tarbiyyar yara da matasa iv. Cusa baqin al’adu marasa nasaba da Addini da al’ada v. Nakasa ruhin auratayya vi. Samar da barna vii. Dogon buri Yadda ake gudanar da Wasan Kwaikwayo
Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna; Wasan Kwaikwayo wasa ne da ake kwaikwayar wani abu wanda ka iya zama hali, ko wani aiki da wani mutum, jama’a, ko wata al’umma ke yi. Masana da dama sun yi rubutu a wannan fage na wasan kwaikwayo.
Yahaya I.Y., Zariya M.S., Gusau S.M., da ‘Yar’aduwa T.M (1992), sun fassara shi da cewa, “Wasan kwaikwayo kamance ne na halaye ko yanayin rayuwa da mutane masu hikima su ke shirya gudanar da shi don jama’a su gani da idonsu, su samu nishaɗi da jin daɗi”.
Wato shi wasan kwaikwayo wasa ne da ake shirya shi ta hanyar kwaikwayar yadda wasu jama’a ke yin wani abu, ko dai da nufin shi wasan ya zama hanyar gargaɗar mutane dangane da wani abu da zai cutar da su, ko kuma ya nishaɗantar da su, ko kuma ya ilimantar da su game da wani abu. Misali, idan muka ɗauki littafin wasan marafa na Abubakar Tunau, za mu ga cewa yana karantar da tsafta ne; wanda a ciki aka bayyana muhimmancin tsafta da kuma hatsarin rashin tsafta.
Rabe Raben Wasan Kwaikwayo
A dunƙule, wasan kwaikwayo ya rabu gida biyu:
Na gargajiya: Shi ne wasan kwaikwayon da aka gada tun kaka-da-kakanni. Ana gudanar da wasannin kwaikwayon gargajiya ta hanyoyi da yawa, daga ciki akwai kiɗan ‘yan’kama, wasan bori, wasannin tashe kamar wasan Mairama da Daudu, da sauransu.
Na zamani: Wasan kwaikwayo na zamani shi ne wanda aka same shi bayan zuwan turawa. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ta hanyar radiyo, talabijin, da kuma yinsa a aikace a gaban jama’a a fili ko a kan dandamali (stage).
Amfanin Wasan Kwaikwayo
Wasan kwaikwayo yana da tarin fa’idoji. Daga cikinsu akwai:
1. Raya al’adu.
2. Nishaɗantarwa.
3. Ilimantarwa.
4. Gargaɗi.
5. Wayar da kan jama’a game da wani abu.
6. Fito da wasu abubuwa da ke damun jama’a a fili.
Nazarin Wasan Kwaikwayo
Manazarcin wasan kwaikwayo zai kula da abubuwa kamar haka:
Jigo: Shi ne tushen labarin da aka gina wasan kwaikwayon a kansa. Misali, a littafin Wasan Marafa wanda Abubakar Tunau ya rubuta, jigon wasan shi ne Ilimantarwa.
A wannan gaɓa ta jigo, Farfesa Ɗangambo (1984), ya jero wasu jiguna a littafinsa kamar haka:
Gyaran hali, gargaɗi da nishaɗi. Misali, Uwar Gulma na Muhd. Sada, da kuma Matar Mutum Kabarinsa na Bashari Faruƙ.
Wayar da kai. Misali, Wasan Marafa na Abubakar Tunau.
Nishaɗi da Ban-dariya. misali, Tabarmar Kunya na Ɗangoggo da Dauda Kano.
Raya al’adu, tarihi da halayyar lokaci. Misali, Shaihu Umar na Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa/Umar Ladan, ds. Sai kuma Wasannin Yara na Umaru Dembo.
Bayyana matalolin al’umma. Misali, Auren tilas, almubazzaranci, cin hanci, mugunta, son kai, da sauransu.
Kenan a taƙaice muna iya cewa jigon wasan kwaikwayo shi ne manufar wasan, wanda kuma shi ke fito da saƙon da wasan ke son isarwa a fili. Ta hanyar jigo ne ake iya gane saƙon da ke ƙunshe cikin wasan kwaikwayo.
Warwarar Jigo: Warwar jigo na nufin yadda za a bi a warware saƙon da ke cikin wasan a fili kowa ya fahimce shi. Ko kuma ana iya cewa warwarar jigo ita ce bayani daki-daki da ake yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo don saƙon ya fito fili, masu kallo su fahimce shi. In aka ce saƙo a nan ana nufin jigo. Misali, a littafin wasan Marafa, jigon wasan mun ce shi ne ilimantarwa. Saƙon da ake son isarwa kuma shi ne a cirewa Marafa duhun jahilcin da yake da shi game da asibiti. Saboda haka duk da jahilcin da Marafa yake da shi a nan, sai da marubucin ya yi ƙoƙari ya cire masa jahilcin asibiti, sannan ya ɗauke shi ya kai shi asibiti, aka kuma ɗura masa ilimin da ake da buƙata ya samu dangane da tsafta. Idan aka lura za a ga an warware jigon, kuma saƙon ya isa.
Zubi da Tsari/Salo: Zubi da tsari ko salo a nan, yana nufin irin kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su, al’adu da kuma yadda aka shimfiɗa tsarin fitowa-fitowa ko gida-gida a cikin wasan.
Idan muka nazarci Wasan Marafa, za mu taras cewa, marubucin littafin ya yi amfani da harshe mai sauƙi wajen rubuta wasan; abin nufi, ya yi amfani da kalmomin da masu karatu za su samu sauƙin karantawa tare kuma da ganewa. Haka nan ma ta fuskacin al’ada, ya yi amfani da asalin yadda al’adun Bahaushe suke kafin yaɗuwar ilimi; wato asalin yanayin zaman Bahaushe. Haka nan jejjera fitowa-fitowa ta wasan, an jejjera su yadda suka da ce. Idan aka lura za a ga cewa wasan ya fara ne daga gida, sai gona, sai kuma tafiya cikin gari inda ya haɗu da boka, haɗuwarsa da yara a cikin gari, zuwan ɗandoka, sai kuma makaranta, sai asibiti inda aka yi wa Marafa Magani, daga ƙarshe kuma wasan ya sake komawa gidan Marafa.
Idan aka lura dukkan waɗannan gurare da suka fito a wannan wasa sun jone da junansu. Fita daga gida ita ta kai shi gamuwa da boka, da kuma gamuwa da yara wacce ta haifar da faɗan da ya sabauta zuwan ɗandoka. Zuwan ɗandoka kuma shi ne silar zuwan Marafa Makaranta, zuwan Marafa makaranta kuma shi ne silar saduwa da malamin asibiti, saduwa da malamin asibiti kuma ita ce silar ilimantar da Marafa da iyalansa game da muhimmanci tsafta da kuma illar zama da ƙazanta. Za mu ga salon wasan ya tsaru tsaf, ba bauɗiya.
Tauraro: Tauraron wasan kwaikwayo shi ne wanda ya fi yawan fitowa a cikin wasan sannan kuma ya bayyanar da haƙiƙanin saƙon da ke cikin wasan. Misali, a cikin Wasan Marafa idan aka lura za a ga cewa Marafa shi ne tauraron wasan. Ya zama tauraron wasan ne saboda yawan fitowarsa a cikin wasan da kuma cewa shi ne ya karɓi saƙon. Ta hanyar abubuwan da suka gudana da shi aka fahimci jigon wasan. Saboda shi aka ilimantar a cikin wasan.
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31016 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Connolly%20%28Marubuci%29 | John Connolly (Marubuci) | John Connolly (an Haife shi 31 Mayu 1968) marubuci ɗan ƙasar Irish ne wanda aka fi sani da jerin litattafan sa wanda ke nuna Jami'i n tsaro mai zaman kansa Charlie Parker.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ilimi da farkon aiki Connolly yayi karatu a Synge Street CBS kuma ya Kammala karatun sa ns BA a Turanci daga Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin, da Masters a aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Dublin City Kafin ya zama cikakken marubuci, ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida, mashawarci, ma'aikacin ƙaramar hukuma, ma'aikaci a kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Harrods da ke Landan.
Sana'ar rubutu Bayan shekaru biyar a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa na jaridar The Irish Times, ya yi takaici da wannan sana'a, kuma ya fara rubuta littafinsa na farko, wato "every Dead", a cikin lokacin da ya dace (ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawar labarai ga takarda, mafi yawan hira da su. sauran kafaffen marubuta). Every dead ya gabatar da masu karatu ga jarumi Charlie Parker, wani tsohon dan sanda da ke farautar wanda ya kashe matarsa da 'yarsa. An zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker don Mafi kyawun Novel na Farko kuma ya ci gaba da lashe lambar yabo ta Shamus na 2000 don Mafi kyawun Litattafan Ido na Farko, wanda ya sa Connolly ya zama marubuci na farko a wajen Amurka dayake cin nasara. Tun daga lokacin Connolly ya rubuta ƙarin littattafai a cikin jerin Parker, 19 har zuwa na 2019, da kuma wanda ba na Parker ba. Har ila yau, ya ƙaddamar da wani nau'i na laifuka tare da wallafe-wallafen tarihin labarun fatalwa da kuma Littafin Abubuwan da suka ɓace, wani labari game da tafiya mai zuwa na yaro ta hanyar daular fantasy a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu na Ingila. Ayyukan fina-finai da talabijin na ayyukansa suna ci gaba a halin yanzu; farkon wanda ya fara bayyana ga masu sauraro ya dogara da ɗan gajeren labarin The new Daughter and star, Kevin Costner da Ivana Baquero Connolly ya kuma zagaya don tallata kaddamar da littattafansa. A cikin 2007, ya bayyana a kantin sayar da littattafai a Ireland, United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong da Taiwan don inganta rashin kwanciyar hankali Littafi na bakwai a cikin jerin Charlie Parker, The Reapers, an buga shi a cikin 2008. Ya bambanta da littattafan da suka gabata a ciki cewa an ba da labarin ne daga mahangar abokan Parker da abokan yaƙi, Louis da Angel. Louis da Angel wasu ma'aurata ne da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba waɗanda kokarinsu da jin daɗinsu wani lokaci su nema tushen taimako na ban dariya Louis mutum ne mai ban mamaki, baƙar fata ne babba wanda ya kasance mai kashe mutane a biyashi, amma ya yi ritaya; Angel shikuma ƙaramine ɗan ƙasar Latino ne kuma tsohon ɗan fashi. Suna bayyana a fili cikin littattafan Charlie Parker a matsayin abokansa na kusa, suna bayyana kansu lokacin da Parker ke buƙatar taimako da kariya ta ƙwararru daga abokan gabansa.
Littafin Parker na tara, mai suna The Whisperers, an buga shi a cikin 2010; na goma, The Burning Soul, a cikin 2011. The wrath of angels, littafi na goma sha ɗaya na Charlie Parker, Hodder Stoughton ne suka buga a Burtaniya a cikin watan Agusta 2012, kuma Atria/Emily Bestler Books ya sake shi a Amurka aranar 1 Janairu 2013. Wolf in Winter, wanda aka buga a cikin 2014, ya wakilci canji daga labarin mutum na farko na al'ada na Charlie Parker zuwa ra'ayi na mutum na uku, motsi da ke ci gaba a cikin A Song of Shadows (2015) da A Time of torment (2016). The book of bones(2019) yana nuna ƙarshen jerin abubuwan da suka fara tare da novella "The Fractured Atlas," wanda aka haɗa a cikin Waƙar Dare: Nocturnes Vol. 2 (2015), kuma shine mabiyi na gaskiya ga Mace a cikin Woods 2009 alama ce ta buga littafin farko na Connolly musamman ga matasa masu karatu, The Gates An buga wani mabiyi a cikin 2011 azaman hell's bell a Burtaniya kuma azaman Infernals a cikin Amurka. Littafi na uku a cikin jerin Samuel Johnson, The Creeps, an buga shi a cikin 2013. Har ila yau, Connolly ya haɗu tare da abokin aikinsa, dan jarida Jennifer Ridyard, a kan Tarihi na Mahara, Fantasy trilogy ga matasa masu karatu: Conquest (2013), Empire (2015), da Dominion (2016) Connolly ya haɗu tare da ɗan'uwa ɗan Irish marubuci Declan Burke don shirya Littattafi "To die" Mafi Girma Marubuta Sirrin Marubuta na Duniya akan Mafi Girman Sirrin Littattafan Duniya, tatsuniyoyi marasa ƙima da aka buga a watan Agusta 2012 ta Hodder Stoughton kuma a cikin Oktoba 2013 ta Atria Emily Bestler Littattafai. Littattafin to die An zaɓeshi amatsayin wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Edgar Award ta Marubutan Sirrin Amurka, ya ci lambar yabo ta Agatha don Mafi kyawun almara, kuma ya ci lambar yabo ta Anthony don Mafi Muhimmancin Aikin Noma. A cikin 2017, Connolly ya juya sha'awar shekaru da yawa tare da ɗan wasan barkwanci Stan Laurel a cikin littafin da ya yi, binciken almara na shekarun ƙarshe na ɗan wasan barkwanci. Horror Express, wani littafi na monograph wanda ya dogara da fim din 1972, an zaba shi don lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker don Babban Nasara a cikin Ƙirarrun Fiction.
Jigogi An jawo Connolly zuwa al'adar almara na laifuka na Amurka, saboda ya zama mafi kyawun matsakaici ta hanyar da zai iya bincika al'amurran tausayi, halin kirki, ramuwa da ceto. Ya ba da kyauta ga marubutan tsofaffi Ross Macdonald, James Lee Burke, da kuma Ed McBain a matsayin tasiri, kuma sau da yawa ana yaba wa rubuce-rubucen a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa da kuma introspective style of prose.
Jerin Litattafan
Charlie Parker Duk abin da ya mutu (1999)
Dark Hollow (2000)
Irin Kisa (2001)
The White Road (2002)
The Reflecting Eye (2004) (littattafan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Nocturnes Black Angel (2005)
Rashin kwanciyar hankali (2007)
Masu girbi (2008)
Masoya (2009)
Masu Watsawa (2010)
The Burning Soul (2011)
Fushin Mala'iku (2012)
Wolf a cikin Winter (2014)
Wakar Inuwa (2015)
Lokacin azaba (2016) Parker A daban-daban (2016) Wasan Fatalwa (2017)
Mace a cikin Woods (2018)
Littafin Kasusuwa (2019)
Dirty South (2020)
Samuel Johnson jerin Gates (2009)
The Infernals (2011), wanda aka buga a matsayin Karrarawa na Jahannama a cikin Burtaniya Abubuwan da suka faru (2013)
Littafin Tarihi na Maharan trilogy Nasara (2013) Daular (2015) Mulki (2016)
Sauran litattafai Miyagun mutane (2003)
Littafin Abubuwan Batattu (2006)
Shi: Novel (2017)
Tarin gajerun labarai Nocturnes (2004) tarin litattafai na tatsuniyoyi da littafai biyu suka ƙare, 9 daga cikinsu rubuce-rubuce ne na labarun da aka rubuta don gabatarwa a gidan rediyon BBC Labarun fatalwa guda biyar Daga John Connolly The Erlking, Mista Pettinger's Demon, Mr Gray's Fooly, The Ritual na Kasusuwa, Nocturne. Waƙar Dare: Nuwamba 2 (2015)
Gajerun labarai "Biri Inkpot" (2004) a cikin Kamar A Charm: A Novel In Voices tarihin gajerun labarai daga marubutan asiri 15, (wanda kuma ke cikin Nocturnes Karin Slaughter ta gyara "Mr. Gray's Fooly" (2005) a cikin Mata masu haɗari tarihin gajerun labarai daga marubutan laifuka 17. Otto Penzler ne ya gyara shi.
"The Cycle" (2005) a karkashin sunan Laura Froom (bayan titular vampire a cikin wani labari daga Nocturnes a cikin Moments: Short Stories by Irish Women Writers a Aid of the Victims of Tsunami Ciara Considine ne ya gyara shi.
"A Haunting" (2008) a cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Downturn: Tsayawa-Labaran-Dare-Dare Daga Marubuta Fiyayyen Kuɗi "Li'azaru" (2010) a cikin Sabon Matattu tarihin labarun aljanu wanda Christopher Golden ya shirya. "The Caxton Lending Library Depository Book" (2013) Littafin Bibliomystery da aka buga azaman e-rubutu, takarda da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bugu ta The Mysterious Bookshop, New York "The Wanderer in Unknown Realms" (2013) wani novella da aka buga ta hanyar lantarki ta Hodder Stoughton da Atria/Emily Bestler Books kuma a cikin ƙayyadadden bugu na mawallafin.
Labarin Gaskiya
Daidaitawar fim Sabuwar Yarinya (2009) wani bangare Dangane da ɗan gajeren labari na wannan sunan Nocturnes, tare da Kevin Costner da Ivana Baquero, wanda Luiso Berdejo ya jagoranci, tare da wasan kwaikwayo na John Travis.
(Mai yiwuwa) The Gates, The Infernals, da The Creeps samu don ci gaba ta DreamWorks Studios a matsayin yiwuwar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani, Nuwamba 2015
Kyaututtuka Wanda aka zaɓa: 1999 Bram Stoker lambar yabo (Littafi na Farko), don kowane abu da ya mutu Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2000 Barry (Mafi kyawun Littafin Laifukan Biritaniya), don kowane abu da ya mutu Wanda ya ci nasara 2000 Shamus Award (Mafi kyawun PI Novel), don kowane abu da ya mutu Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2001 Barry (Best British Crime Novel), don Dark Hollow Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta 2002 Barry (Best British Crime Novel), don Killing Kind Wanda ya ci nasara: 2003 Barry Award (Best British Crime Novel), don The White Road Wanda aka zaɓa: 2005 CWA Short Story Dagger Award, don "Miss Froom, Vampire" Wanda aka zaɓa: 2007 Hughes Hughes Novel na Shekarar Irish, don Littafin Abubuwan Batattu Wanda ya ci nasara 2012 Agatha Award (Mafi kyawun labari), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu Don Wanda aka zaɓa: 2013 Edgar Award (Mafi Mahimmanci/Biography), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu Don Wanda aka zaɓa: Kyautar HRF Keating na 2013, tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutuwa Don Wanda ya ci nasara 2013 Anthony Award (Mafi kyawun Aikin Nonfiction), tare da Declan Burke, don Littattafai don Mutu don Nasara 2014 Edgar Award (Mafi kyawun Gajerun Labari), don Laburaren Lamuni Masu Zaman Kansu na Caxton & Depository Book, Littattafai
Wanda ya ci nasara: 2014 Anthony Award (Mafi kyawun Gajerun Labari), don Laburaren Ba da Lamuni Masu Zaman Kansu na Caxton Depository Book, Littattafan Littafi Mai Tsarki Wanda aka zaɓa: Kyautar Barry na 2016 (Best Novel), don Waƙar Shadows Wanda aka zaɓa: lambar yabo ta Bram Stoker na 2018 (Nasara mafi girma a cikin Ƙarfafawa), don Horror Express
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje John Connolly at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
21742 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokar%20Biro | Bokar Biro | Bokar Biro Barry (ko Boubacar Biro (ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamban shekarata 1896)ya kuma kasan ce shi ne sarki na ƙarshe mai zaman kansa na Imamancin Futa Jallon a cikin ƙasar Guinea ta yanzu. Ya mutu a yakin Porédaka, lokacin da manyan bindigogin Faransa suka lalata sojojinsa.
Bayan Fage Imamancin Futa Jallon ya kasance ɗayan jihohi na ƙarshe masu zaman kansu a Senegambiya, a cikin tsaunuka inda kogin Gambiya da Kogin Senegal duk suka hau. An kuma kafa ta a matsayin tsarin mulkin mallaka a cikin jihadi wanda Karamokho Alfa ya kuma ƙaddamar a 1725, kuma magajinsa Ibrahim Sori ya ƙarfafa shi. Yankin ya kasance tarayyar larduna tara, kowannensu shugaba ke shugabanta. Bangarorin siyasa biyu sun fito, Alfaya da Soriya, masu goyon bayan zuriyar shugabannin biyu na farko. Tsarin raba iko ya samo asali wanda a karkashinsa wani dan takarar Alfaya ko Soriya suka cike matsayin almami, shugaban kasa. A ƙarshen karni na sha tara, Faransawa sun kuma kasan ce masu ikon mallaka a yankin, kuma suna da haƙuri da ƙiyayya ta Futa Jallon. Sun fusata da goyon bayan da Futa Jallon ke baiwa Samori Ture na Masarautar Wassoulou, wanda kuma yake adawa da ikon Faransa. A shekarar 1889 turawan ingila suka kulla yarjejeniya da turawan faransa wadanda suka gane cewa Futa Jallon yana cikin yankin faransan. Duk da haka, Turawan ingila a Freetown, Saliyo, sun ci gaba da ba da tallafin ga Futa Jallon har zuwa 1895.
Almami na Futa Jallon Bokar Biro na cikin kungiyar Soriya. Tushen sa kuma shi ne Timbo, babban birnin tarayyar Futa Jallon. A cikin shekarar 1890, dogon mulkin Almami Ibrahima Sori Dongolfella ya ƙare da mutuwarsa, wanda ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmayar iko. Majalisar dattawa ta zabi babban wansa Bokar Biro a matsayin mai mulki. Bokar Biro ya karbi mulki a wani juyin mulki bayan kashe dan uwansa, kuma ya fara sanya maza masu biyayya gare shi a mukamai. Bokar Biro dole ne ya jimre da gwagwarmaya tsakanin bangarorin siyasa na Alfaya da Soriya, da yunƙurin da shuwagabannin laré na Labé, Timbi da Fugumba suka yi don samun ikon cin gashin kai. Hakanan, duka bayi da talakawa masu 'yanci suna barin ƙasar zuwa yankuna da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Faransa. A watan Yulin 1892 Bokar Biro an tilasta shi ya ba da mulki ga Amadu na ɓangaren Alfaya Ya kuma sake darewa karagar mulki a watan Yunin shekarata 1894. Wasu daga cikin shugabannin sun nemi taimakon Faransa don kawar da shi. Alfa Yaya na Labé ya fara motsa jiki don samun cikakken yanci na lardin sa. A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba 1895 sarakunan da suka fusata karkashin jagorancin Modi Abdoullaye Dhokhiré suka kai hari tare da kayar da Bokar Biro a Bantignel, kuma da kyar ya samu ya tsere. Makonni da yawa bayan haka, lokacin da yawancin mutane suka yi tunanin cewa Bokar Biro ya mutu, sai ya fito a Keebu, da ke kan iyakar yamma da lardin Timbi, wanda shugabanta ya ba shi taimako wajen komawa Timbo. Ya sami nasarar tara sabuwar runduna wacce ta kunshi sojoji 1,500 wanda ya doke abokan gabarsa a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1896. Manyan sarakunan sun shiga buya.
Tsoma bakin Faransa A ƙarshen shekarar 1894 Faransanci sun aika Raoul de Beeckman a matsayin wakilin su don ganawa da Bokar Biro kuma shirya yarjejeniya. A watan Maris 1895 de Beeckman ya share kusan watanni uku a kan iyakar Futa Jallon kuma yana ba da begen shirya taro. Ba tare da izini ba, mai kula da Faransa ya tsallaka kan iyaka ya afkawa ƙauyen Nanso, kusa da Demukulima, wanda ya yi zargin cewa ya wawushe wani ayari na ƙawancen Faransa. An kashe ɗaya daga cikin dattawan ƙauyen. Wannan lamarin ya rura wutar rashin jituwa ta Bokar Biro, wanda ya zargi Faransawan da wasu ayyukan nuna kiyayya, gami da danne cinikin bayi tare da Sudan, da kuma kin dawo da bayin da suka gudu. Ya kuma kasance mai shakkun ziyarar da wakilan Faransa suka kai wa Futa Jallon bisa dalilan cinikayya ko yin nazarin kasa, wanda yake tunanin shirye-shiryen shiga soja ne. De Beeckman ya koma Futa Jallon shekara mai zuwa. A ranar 18 ga watan Maris 1896 de Beeckman ya isa Timbo, babban birnin Futa Jallon, tare da rundunonin sojoji. Faransawa sun nemi ‘yancin gina hanyoyi ta hanyar Futa Jallon, don kafa wakili a Timbo, don tantance duk nadin sarakunan larduna da mamayar kasuwanci. Bokar Biro ya ƙi, amma daga ƙarshe ya nuna kamar ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya don kawar da Faransanci daga hanya yayin da yake ma'amala da abokan hamayyarsa. Lokacin da aka bincika takaddar yarjejeniyar a cikin Saint Louis, ya zama cewa a madadin sa hannu Bokar Biro ya rubuta "Bismillah", ma'ana "da sunan Allah". Da zarar ta bayyana cewa Bokar Biro ba ya nufin mika wuya ga bukatun Faransa, sai suka yanke shawarar zuwa amfani da makami idan da hali da zarar damina ta wuce. Sojojin Faransa sun janye na wani lokaci zuwa Sangoya. Bokar Biro ya dauki ficewar Faransa a matsayin nasara. Ya kuma ƙaddamar da manufar ƙiyayya da Faransa. Lokacin da wa'adinsa na Almami ya kare a watan Afrilu 1896 ya ki mika mulki. Yaƙin neman iko ya haɓaka, tare da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali, yana zuwa gab da yaƙin basasa kai tsaye, tare da kira don neman taimako ga Faransanci a cikin Satumba da Oktoba. Faransawan sun yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da za su yi tafiyarsu, inda suka raba Futa Jallon zuwa kananan jihohin abokan ciniki, tare da abokin kawancensu Umar Bademba a matsayin Almami na abin da ya rage na jihar da ke Timbo.
Mutuwa An tura sojoji daga Senegal, Guinea da Sudan, inda suka hadu kan Futa Jallon. Wani shafi na Faransa ya kama Timbo a ranar 3 Nuwamban shekarar 1896. Bokar Biro bai sami damar neman goyon bayan shugabannin ba don tsayayya da Faransanci ba. A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1896 Bokar Biro suka yi wani fage a filin Porédaka Bindigogin Faransa sun lalata sojojinsa. Wani mawaki wanda ya bayyana yakin yace Bokar Biro ya cika maganarsa. Bai gudu daga Faransa ba, amma fashewar igwa ya kashe shi. A zahiri, Bokar Biro ya sami damar tserewa amma ba da daɗewa ba wasu sojoji na abokan gabarsa, Sori Illili suka kama shi, kuma suka yanke jiki. Ban Bokar Biro ya mutu tare da shi. Tare da mutuwar Bokar Biro, Faransawa suka zama masu kariya. A watan Yunin 1897 Ernest Noirot, tsohon mai tsara zane na Folies Bergère, ya zama mai gudanarwa kuma ya fara shirin kawar da bautar. A cikin shekarar 1904 Faransawa suka cire ikon shugabannin. A cikin 1905 sun kame babban abokin hamayyar Bokar Biro Alfa Yaya kuma suka tura shi gudun hijira.
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26491 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far%20ibn%20Abi%20Talib | Ja'far ibn Abi Talib | Ja'afar ibn Abi Talib (Larabci: Ja'afar ibn Abī Ṭālib c. 590-629 AZ), wanda kuma aka sani da Ja'afar aṭ-Ṭayyār (Larabci: 'Ja'afar Mai Tafiya [na Sama]'), ya kasance Sahabi kuma dan uwan Annabi Muhammadu (saw), kuma babban ɗan'uwan Ali.
Rayuwar farko Ja’afar shi ne na uku ga Abu Talib bn Abdul Muttalib da Fatima bint Asad, saboda haka dan uwan Muhammad ne. Manyan 'yan uwansa sune Talib da Aqil, kannensa sune Ali ibn Abi Talib da Tulayq, 'yan uwansa mata kuma sune Fakhita, Jumana da Raytah.
Lokacin da aka yi fari a mahaifar sa ta Makka, Abu Talib ba zai iya biyan kuɗin iyalin sa ba. Don haka ɗan'uwansa Abbas ya ɗauki nauyin ƙaramin Ja'afar.
Ja’afar ya musulunta da wuri. Ya auri Asma bint Umays, wacce ta musulunta a shekarar 614–615.
Hijira zuwa Abisiniya Lokacin da aka ci zarafin Musulmai a Makka, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi hijira zuwa Abisiniya. Ja'afar ya shiga jirgi na biyu a shekara ta 616. A can suka sami kariyar Negus, Ashama ibn Abjar, kuma suna iya bautawa Allah ba tare da hanawa ba.
Ja'afar da Asma sun zauna a Abisiniya kimanin shekaru goma sha biyu. An haifa musu 'ya'ya maza uku a can: Abdullahi, Muhammad da Awn.
Tawagar Quraishawa Kuraishawa, suna shakkun dalilinsu na barin Larabawa, sun tura Abdullah bin Abi Rabiah da Amr ibn al-As don su tattauna da Negus don dawo da masu hijira zuwa Makka. Sun kuma ba da kyaututtukan fata-fata ga Negus da jami'ansa kuma sun ba shi mummunan rahoton Musulmai. Negus ya amsa cewa ya yi alƙawarin kariya ga Musulmai saboda haka ba zai iya ba da su ba ba tare da jin gefen labarin su ba. Lokacin da aka kira musulmai don amsa Negus, Ja’far shine kakakin su.
Negus ya tambaye su menene addinin da suka yi watsi da jama'arsu, ba tare da sun shiga addininsa ko waninsa ba. Ja'afar ya amsa: "Mun kasance mutane marasa wayewa. Allah ya aiko mana da manzo wanda ya umarce mu da mu faɗi gaskiya, mu kasance masu aminci ga alƙawarinmu, mai tunawa da alaƙar zumunta da karimci mai kyau, da nisantar laifuka da zubar da jini. Ya ya hana mu aikata alfasha da fadin karya, da cin dukiyar marayu, da muzguna mata masu kamun kai.Ya umarce mu da mu bautawa Allah shi kadai kada mu hada komai da Shi, kuma ya bamu umarni game da sallah, sadaka da azumi lissafin dokokin Musulunci]. Don haka mun yi imani da shi da abin da ya zo mana da shi daga Allah, kuma muna bin abin da ya ce mu yi kuma mu nisanci abin da ya hana mu yi”.
The Negus tambaye idan Ja'afar yana tare da shi wani abu da Muhammadu ya samu daga Allah. Ja'afar ya karanta masa kashi na farko na Surar Maryam a cikin Alqur'ani, wanda ke ba da labarin Isa (Isa) da mahaifiyarsa Maryam (Maryamu). Da jin waɗannan kalmomin, "Negus ya yi kuka har gemunsa ya jike kuma bishop -bishop sun yi ta kuka har littafinsu ya jike." Negus ya ce ba zai taba cutar da Musulmai ba.
Wakilan Kuraishawa guda biyu sun yi zargin cewa Musulmai sun kira Yesu halittar halitta, don haka Negus ya tambayi Ja'afar abin da yake tunani game da Yesu. Ja'afar ya amsa: "Annabinmu ya ce shi bawan Allah ne, manzo, ruhi da magana, wanda ya jefa a cikin Maryamu budurwa mai albarka."
A kan haka ne Negus ya mayar da kyaututtukan Kuraishawa, yana kiran su "cin hanci," kuma "sun bar gabansa da ƙima." Musulmai sun ci gaba da zama tare da Negus "cikin kwanciyar hankali cikin ingantaccen tsaro".
Wa'azin Ƙasashen Waje An ce Ja’afar ya bar Abisiniya don yin wa’azi a wasu kasashe. Ya raka Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas da wasu a cikin aikin su zuwa yankin Chittagong-Manipur-Tibet-Khotan-China. Musulman garin Khotan (a lardin Xinjiang, mil 6 (kilomita 9.7) kudu da Hamadar Taklamakan, yammacin Tibet) sun samo asalin Ja'afar. Bayan haka Ja'afar ya koma Abisiniya. Arnold duk da haka yana da'awar "babu mafi ƙarancin tushe na tarihin wannan almara."
Komawa Arabiya A lokacin bazara na 628, na ƙarshe na baƙin haure Musulmai sun bar Abisiniya don shiga cikin al'ummar Musulmin Madina. Ja’afar da iyalansa suna cikinsu.
Da isa Madina, Ja'afar ya ji cewa Muhammad yana Khaybar. Nan take Ja’afar ya yunkuro don shiga aikin soja, ya isa daidai lokacin da Muhammad ya yi nasara a yakin. Muhammad ya gaishe shi da kalmomin: "Ban san abin da ya faru ya fi sa ni farin ciki ba isowar Ja'afar ko cin nasarar Khaybar!"
Ja'afar ya shahara da ayyukan sadaka a Madina. Abu Hurairah ya tuna: "Wanda ya fi kowa kyauta ga talakawa shi ne Ja'afar bn Abi Talib. Ya kasance yana kai mu gidansa yana ba mu abin da ke cikinsa. Har ma zai ba mu kwandon fata mai nade na man shanu) wanda za mu raba mu lasa duk abin da ke cikinsa."
Yakin Mu'uta Makabartar Ja'afar, Zaidu ibn Harithah da 'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah a Mu'utah, Al-Mazar, Jordan
A ḍarīḥ yana rufe kabarin Ja'afar (kabari)
A watan Satumba na 629, Muhammad ya tara runduna don tunkarar sojojin Rumawa a Siriya, saboda wani gwamnan Rumawa ya kashe ɗaya daga cikin wakilansa. Ya nada Zayd bn Harithah a matsayin kwamandan runduna kuma ya ba da umarni: “Idan Zaidu ya ji rauni ko aka kashe, Ja’afar bn Abu Talib zai karbi umurnin. Idan an kashe Abdullah, to bari musulmi su nada kansu kwamanda”.
Musulmai sun hadu da Rumawa a Mu'tah, inda aka fi su yawa. Zayd yana daga cikin musulmin farko da aka kashe a yaƙin, sannan Ja'afar ya ɗauki matsayinsa ya ɗauki umurnin. An hau kan dokinsa, ya shiga cikin zurfin cikin rukunin Byzantine. Yayin da ya zuga dokinsa, sai ya yi kira: "Aljannar Firdausi tana matsowa! Abin sha mai daɗi da sanyi! Azaba ga Rumawa ba ta da nisa!" Ja'afar ya yi ta gwagwarmaya har sai da aka yanke masa hannayensa biyu, amma daga ƙarshe aka kashe shi. "Wani Ba'amurke ya buge shi ya yanyanka shi kashi biyu. Rabinsa ya faɗi akan kurangar innabi, kuma an sami raunuka kusan talatin a jikinsa. Gawar Ja'afar tana da tabo guda saba'in da biyu a tsakanin kafadunsa, inda ya kasance ko dai takobi ya buge shi ko kuma mashi ya soke shi”.
Bayan Lokacin da labari ya isa ga Muhammad, sai ya yi kuka ya yi addu'ar ruhin Ja'afar. Daga baya ya ba da rahoton cewa mala'ika Jibrilu ya sauko don yi masa ta'aziyya, yana cewa: "Jafar jarumi ne kuma amintaccen soja. Allah ya ba shi rai madawwami, kuma a maimakon hannunsa da aka yanke a cikin yaƙi, Ubangiji ya ba shi fikafikai biyu. "Bayan haka Ja'afar yana da sunan Dhul-Janāḥīn (Larabci: "The Winged").
Asmau matar bazawara ta Ja’afar ta tuna cewa: “Manzon Allah ya zo wurina ya tambaye ni ina‘ ya’yan Jafar? Na kawo su gare shi sai ya rungume su yana jin kamshin su, sai idanunsa suka kumbura suka yi kuka 'Ya Manzon Allah' sai na tambaye shi ko ka ji wani abu game da Jafar? Ya amsa, 'Eh,' ya yi shahada a yau. Na mike tsaye ina kururuwa, sai mata suka zo wurina, Annabi ya fara cewa, Ya Asma, kada ku yi kalaman batsa ko buga kirjin ku! kada ku yi farin ciki? Lallai ne Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya yi wa Ja'afar fuka -fuki biyu, domin ya tashi tare da su a Aljanna!"' Sannan Muhammad ya gaya wa 'yarsa Fatimah, "Ku shirya abinci ga dangin Ja'afar, domin sun shagala a yau."
Wuri Mai Tsarki Kabarin Ja'afar yana cikin Al-Mazar, kusa da Kerak, Jordan. An lullube shi cikin zarih mai ƙyalli na zinare da azurfa wanda Da'i al-Mutlaq na 52 na Dawoodi Bohra, Mohammed Burhanuddin ya yi.
A lokacin tashin hankalin farar hula a cikin Levant, a cikin 2013, an ƙazantar da wuraren ibada na 'yan Shi'a, ciki har da na Ja'afar.
Zuriyar Abdullah ya auri Zainab bint Ali; an kashe 'ya'yansu a yakin Karbala
Muhammad
Awn
Yahya ibn Umar zuriyar da ta jagoranci tawaye
Abdallah bn Mu'awiya zuriyar da Shi'a a Kufa suka kafa a matsayin Imam kuma ya jagoranci tawaye
Hoton hoto
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40870 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Lenin | Vladimir Lenin | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 21 Janairu 1924), wanda aka fi sani da Vladimir Lenin, ɗan juyin juya halin Rasha ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma masanin siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko kuma ya kafa gwamnatin Soviet Rasha daga 1917 zuwa 1924 da na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1922 zuwa 1924. A karkashin gwamnatinsa, Rasha, daga baya kuma Tarayyar Soviet, ta zama kasa mai ra'ayin gurguzu mai jam'iyya daya da ke karkashin jam'iyyar gurguzu. A akidar Markisanci, ci gabansa ga akidar ana kiransa Leninism.
An haife shi ga dangin upper-middle-class a Simbirsk, Lenin ya rungumi siyasar gurguzu na juyin juya hali bayan kisan dan uwansa a shekarar 1887. An kore shi daga Jami'ar Imperial ta Kazan saboda halartar zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Tsarist na Daular Rasha, ya sadaukar da shekaru masu zuwa zuwa digiri na shari'a. Ya koma Saint Petersburg a shekara ta 1893 kuma ya zama babban dan gwagwarmayar Markisanci. A 1897, an kama shi don tayar da hankali kuma an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Shushenskoye a Siberiya na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ya auri Nadezhda Krupskaya. Bayan gudun hijira, ya ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Turai, inda ya zama fitaccen masanin ka'ida a Jam'iyyar Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). A cikin shekarar 1903, ya ɗauki muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rarrabuwar ra'ayi na RSDLP, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Bolshevik don adawa da Julius Martov 's Mensheviks. Bayan juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905 da bai yi nasara ba, ya yi yakin neman rikidewar yakin duniya na farko zuwa juyin juya hali a Turai baki daya, wanda a matsayinsa na Markisanci ya yi imani zai haifar da rushe tsarin jari-hujja da maye gurbinsa da gurguzu. Bayan juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu na 1917 ya kori Tsar tare da kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi, ya koma Rasha don taka rawa a juyin juya halin Oktoba inda Bolshevik suka hambarar da sabon tsarin mulki.
Tun farko gwamnatin Lenin Bolshevik ta raba madafun iko tare da 'yan gurguzu zaɓaɓɓun Soviets, da Majalisar Majalisun jam'iyyu da yawa, ko da yake a shekara ta 1918 ta sami madafan iko a sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. Gwamnatin Lenin ta sake rarraba filaye a tsakanin manoma da bankuna da kuma manyan masana'antu. Ta fice daga yakin duniya na farko ta hanyar rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya da ta ba da ikon mallakar yankin tsakiya, da kuma inganta juyin juya halin duniya ta hanyar gurguzu ta kasa da kasa. An murkushe abokan adawar a cikin Red Terror, yakin neman zabe da jami'an tsaro na jihar ke gudanarwa; an kashe dubun-dubatar ko kuma aka saka su a sansanonin fursuna. Gwamnatinsa ta ci nasara da sojojin anti-Bolshevik na dama da hagu a yakin basasar Rasha daga 1917 zuwa 1922 kuma ya jagoranci yakin Poland-Soviet na 1919-1921. Da yake mayar da martani ga barnar lokacin yaƙi, yunwa, da tashe-tashen hankula, a cikin shekarar 1921 Lenin ya ƙarfafa haɓakar tattalin arziki ta hanyar Sabuwar Manufofin Tattalin Arziƙi. Kasashe da dama wadanda ba na Rasha ba sun sami 'yancin kai daga Daular Rasha bayan 1917, amma uku sun sake hadewa cikin sabuwar Tarayyar Soviet a 1922. Rashin lafiyarsa, Lenin ya mutu a Gorki, tare da Joseph Stalin ya gaje shi a matsayin babban mutum a gwamnatin Soviet.
An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri da kuma tasiri na karni na 20, Lenin ya kasance batun da ya shafi al'adun gargajiya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa rushewa a cikin shekarar 1991. Ya zama jigo a akida a bayan Marxism-Leninism kuma babban tasiri kan yunkurin gurguzu na kasa da kasa. Mutumin da ke da cece-kuce kuma mai cike da rarrabuwar kawuna, magoya bayansa suna kallon Lenin a matsayin gwarzon gurguzu da kuma masu aiki. A halin da ake ciki, masu sukar Lenin suna zarginsa da kafa mulkin kama-karya wanda ke kula da kashe-kashen jama'a da kuma danniya na siyasa.
Ƙuruciya
Yarinta: 1870-1887 Komawa ga kakanninsa, Rashanci, Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Bayahude, da yiwuwar tasirin Kalmyk ana iya gano su. Mahaifinsa Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov ya fito ne daga dangin tsohon serfs; Kabilar mahaifin Ilya har yanzu ba a sani ba, yayin da mahaifiyar Ilya, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova, ta kasance rabin Kalmyk kuma rabin Rasha. Duk da ƙananan matsayi, Ilya ya tashi zuwa matsayi na tsakiya, yana nazarin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Kazan kafin koyarwa a Cibiyar Penza Nobility. Ilya ya auri Maria Alexandrovna Blank a tsakiyar 1863. Tana da ilimi sosai, 'yar Bajamushe ce mai arziki-mahaifiyar Lutheran Sweden, kuma mahaifin Bayahude na Rasha wanda ya koma Kiristanci kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likita. A cewar masanin tarihi Petrovsky-Shtern, mai yiwuwa Lenin bai san zuriyar mahaifiyarsa rabin-Yahudawa ba, wanda 'yar uwarsa Anna kawai ta gano bayan mutuwarsa. A cewar wani sigar, mahaifin Maria ya fito ne daga dangin Jamus masu mulkin mallaka da Catherine Babbar ta gayyace su zuwa Rasha. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan bikin aurensu, Ilya ya sami aiki a Nizhny Novgorod, ya tashi ya zama Daraktan Makarantun Firamare a gundumar Simbirsk bayan shekaru shida. Bayan shekaru biyar, sai aka kara masa girma zuwa Darakta na Makarantun Gwamnati na lardin, inda yake kula da kafa sama da makarantu 450 a wani bangare na tsare-tsaren gwamnati na zamani. A cikin Janairu 1882, sadaukar da kai ga ilimi ya ba shi Order of Saint Vladimir, wanda ya ba shi matsayi na gadon sarauta. An haifi Lenin a Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, yanzu Ulyanovsk, ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 1870, kuma ya yi masa baftisma bayan kwanaki shida; tun yana yaro, an san shi da Volodya, ɗan ƙaramin Vladimir. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, yana da ƴan'uwa maza biyu, Anna (an haife shi 1864) da Alexander (an haife shi 1866). Su kuma wasu yara uku, Olga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1871), Dmitry (an haife shi a shekara ta 1874), da kuma Maria (an haifi 1878). ’Yan’uwa biyu daga baya sun mutu suna ƙanana. Ilya ya kasance memba na Cocin Orthodox na Rasha kuma ya yi wa 'ya'yansa baftisma a cikinta, kodayake Maria, ɗan Lutheran ta hanyar renon yara, ba ta da halin ko-in-kula ga Kiristanci, ra'ayin da ya rinjayi 'ya'yanta. Dukansu iyayensa sun kasance masu mulkin mallaka da masu ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi, suna jajircewa wajen sake fasalin 'yanci na 1861 wanda mai neman sauyi Tsar Alexander II ya gabatar; sun guje wa masu ra'ayin siyasa kuma babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun sanya su a cikin sa ido don tunanin zagi. A duk lokacin rani suna hutu a wani gidan kauye a Kokushkino. A cikin 'yan uwansa, Lenin ya kasance mafi kusa da 'yar uwarsa Olga, wanda yakan yi wa jagoranci; yana da yanayin gasa sosai kuma yana iya zama ɓarna, amma yawanci yakan yarda da rashin halayensa. Mai sha'awar wasan motsa jiki, ya shafe yawancin lokacinsa na kyauta a waje ko wasa dara, kuma ya yi fice a makaranta, ladabtarwa da ra'ayin mazan jiya Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium. A cikin watan Janairu 1886, lokacin da Lenin yana da shekaru 15, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini na kwakwalwa. Bayan haka, halinsa ya zama marar kuskure da rigima kuma ya yi watsi da imaninsa da Allah. A lokacin, ɗan'uwan Lenin Alexander, wanda ya san shi da ƙauna kamar Sasha, yana karatu a Jami'ar Saint Petersburg. Ya shiga cikin tashin hankali na siyasa a kan cikakkiyar mulkin mallaka na Tsar Alexander III, Alexander yayi nazarin rubuce-rubucen da aka haramta wa masu hagu da kuma shirya zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. Ya shiga cikin rukunin juyin juya hali da ke da niyyar kashe Tsar kuma aka zabe shi ya gina bam. Kafin a kai harin, an kama wadanda suka hada baki aka yi musu shari’a, kuma an kashe Alexander ta hanyar rataya a watan Mayu. Duk da ɓacin rai na mutuwar mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa, Lenin ya ci gaba da karatu, ya kammala karatunsa a makaranta a saman ajinsa tare da lambar zinare don kyakkyawan aiki, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin karatun doka a Jami'ar Kazan.
Manazarta Mutuwan 1924
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57656 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutros%20Harb | Boutros Harb | Boutros Harb (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1944), ɗan siyasan Lebanon ne wanda ya yi aiki a muƙaman majalisar ministoci daban-daban ciki har da Ministan Sadarwa.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Harb a cikin dangin Maronite a Tannourine, Lebanon a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1944. Yana da digiri na lauya.
Aiki Lauyan a fannin sana'a, Harb ya fara riƙe muƙamin siyasa lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a shekarar 1972 a matsayin mataimakin Maronite na Batroun, a cikin lardin Arewacin Lebanon, an naɗa shi ministan sufuri na jama'a kuma ministan ilimi da makarantun fasaha na ƙasa a shekarar 1979 a Salim Hoss s gwamnatin, da kuma saura minista har zuwa shekarar 1980. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa ta 1992 Harb ya koma ma'aikatar ilimi a majalisar ministocin Firayim Minista Omar Karame Harb an yi la'akari tare da taimakawa yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyar Taef, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin basasar Lebanon ta hanyar zaɓar yarjejeniyar raba iko a cikin majalisar dokokin Lebanon, yana ba wa Kiristoci da Musulmai wakilci daidai a majalisar ta hanyar ba da kujeru ga ƙungiyoyi.
Ya kasance ɗan adawa a zamanin gwamnatin Rafic Hariri musamman ga Nassib Lahoud, Salim Hoss, Omar Karami, Mohammad Youssef Baydoun da Hussein Husseini A shekarar 1998 ne ya sanar da takararsa na neman shugabancin kasar Lebanon amma ya janye takararsa a ranar da aka fara kada kuri’a. An zaɓi Emile Lahoud gaba daya.
Bayan wani dan lokaci na goyon bayan gwamnatin Salim Hoss a shekarar 1998, ya koma jam'iyyar adawa. A shekara ta 2000, ya karya dangantakarsa da Nayla Moawad da Omar Karami, kuma ya haɗa kai a rumfar zaɓe tare da Soleiman Franjieh Jr, da kuma Tripoli Bloc na Mohammad Safadi da Najib Mikati A babban zaben da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2000, Harb ya lashe kujerar Battroun, gunduma ta biyu a arewacin Lebanon. A shekara ta 2001, a matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Qornet Shehwan Gathering, ya nuna matukar adawarsa ga manufofin gwamnatin Hariri da kuma mulkin Syria. A cikin shekarar 2004, Harb ya shiga, tare da Nayla Moawad, Omar Karami, Salim Hoss, Hussein Husseini da Albert Mansour, a cikin ƙirƙirar Fuskar Ƙasa don Gyarawa. A shekara ta 2004, ya ayyana kansa a matsayin wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban kasar Lebanon, duk da haka saboda gyaran tsarin mulkin Syria da injiniyanci ya yi na tsawaita wa'adin shugaba Emile Lahoud, ya kasa tsayawa takara. Sannan ya karya alakarsa da Omar Karami wanda ya ke ganin ya fi goyon bayan Syria.
A shekara ta 2005, bayan kisan tsohon Firaminista Rafik Hariri, Harb ya shiga gaggarumar zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar nuna adawa da mamayar da Siriya ta yi wa Labanon inda ya bukaci sojojin Siriya su janye cikin gaggawa. Kamar sauran jama’a, ya zargi gwamnatin Syria da bayar da umarnin kashe Rafiq Hariri. A matsayinsa na memba na 14 Maris Alliance, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan takara da dama da za su tsaya takarar shugabancin Lebanon a shekarar 2008, amma duk manyan jam'iyyun sun yanke shawarar zabar dan takarar sulhu, Michel Sleiman Harb shi ne lauyan dangin Tueni, kuma ya shigar da ƙara a kan wasu jami'an Syria biyu saboda zarginsu da hannu a kisan Gebran Tueni a cikin watan Disambar 2005. Boutrs Harb shi ne zaɓaɓɓen shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Amurka Rigimar Hizbullah A shekara ta 2007 Harb ya yi kira da a shigar da hannun sojojin Hizbullah cikin sojojin Lebanon Tashar yanar gizo ta Wikileaks ta yi nuni da cewa, ya shaida wa jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka da ke Lebanon a yakin Lebanon na 2006 cewa, farmakin da Isra'ila ke yi na mamaye wuraren Hizbullah na Maroun al-Ras da Bint Jbeil ka iya ba da damar tsagaita bude wuta da Amurka ke yi, kuma Syria ba za ta kasance cikin kungiyar ba. maganin rikicin. Ya kuma ce ba za a iya barin Hassan Nasrallah ya bayyana a matsayin jarumi a yankin ba, duk da karuwar farin jininsa da ake yi sakamakon nuna juyayi.
Yunkurin kisa Bayan wani yunƙuri na kashe ɗan'uwa mamba na ƙungiyoyin 14 ga Maris kuma shugaban rundunar sojojin Lebanon Samir Geagea, a farkon watan Yulin 2012 Harb ya tsallake rijiya da baya, wanda wani jami'in gwamnati ya ce wani "ɓangare ne na jerin yunƙurin kisan gilla" kan 'yan siyasar Lebanon. Harb ya yi tsokaci cewa jami'an tsaron Lebanon sun yi masa gargadin cewa sun gano "masu tayar da bama-bamai a cikin wata tawaga" a ofishinsa na Beirut.
Duba kuma Taron Gathering na Qornet Chehwan
Cedar juyin juya halin
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1944
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52749 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Macaulay | Herbert Macaulay | Olayinka Herbert Samuel Heelas Badmus Macaulay i (14 Nuwamba 1864 7 ga Mayu 1946)ɗan Najeriya ɗan kishin ƙasa ne,ɗan siyasa, ɗan safiyo,injiniya,gine-gine,ɗan jarida,mawaƙa kuma yawancin ƴan Najeriya suna ɗauka a matsayin wanda ya assasa kishin Najeriya.
Shekarun farko An haifi Herbert Macaulay a Broad Street,Legas,a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1864 ga dangin Thomas Babington Macaulay da Abigail Crowther.Iyayensa ‘ya’yan mutanen ne da aka kama daga kasar Nijeriya a yanzu,da sojojin Birtaniya na yammacin Afirka suka sake tsugunar da su a kasar Saliyo,da kuma wadanda suka dawo Najeriya a yau.Thomas Babington Macaulay yana daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Ojo Oriare yayin da Abigail Crowther diyar Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther ce, zuriyar Sarki Abiodun.Thomas Babington Macaulay shi ne ya kafa makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya,Makarantar Grammar CMS,Legas. Thomas Babington Macaulay was the founder of the first secondary school in Nigeria, the CMS Grammar School, Lagos.
Ilimi Macaulay ya fara makarantar firamare a shekarar 1869 kuma daga shekarar 1869 zuwa 1877 ya yi karatunsa a makarantar St Paul’s Breadfruit da ke Legas da kuma CMS Faji School,Legas. Daga 1877 zuwa Oktoba 1880,ya halarci Makarantar Grammar CMS,Legas don karatun sakandare.Ya kasance dalibi a makarantar lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekara ta 1878.A cikin 1880,ya shiga sana'ar kawun mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi tafiya ta kasuwanci da mishan ta kogin Neja yana ziyartar Bonny,Lokoja,Gbebe da Brass.Bayan ya tafi makarantar mishan na Kirista,ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin mataimaki na limamai da kuma fihirisa a Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a, Legas.Bayan haka,tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka,Macaulay ya bar Legas a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1890 don ci gaba da horo a Ingila.Daga 1891 zuwa 1894 ya karanci aikin injiniyan farar hula a Plymouth,Ingila,kuma ya kasance almajiri na GD Bellamy,mai binciken unguwa da injiniyan ruwa a Plymouth.A 1893,ya zama digiri na biyu na Royal Institute of British Architects, London.Macaulay ya kasance ƙwararren mawaƙi ne wanda ya sami takardar shedar kida daga Kwalejin Trinity,London da kuma takardar shaidar wasan violin daga Kwalejin Music International ta London.
Sana'a Bayan ya dawo Legas a watan Satumba na 1893,ya koma aiki da aikin mulkin mallaka a matsayin mai binciken Landan Crown .Ya bar aikin a matsayin mai duba filaye a watan Satumba na shekarar 1898 saboda rashin jin dadin mulkin Birtaniya na Turawan mulkin mallaka na Legas da matsayin yankin Yarbawa da yankin Neja a matsayin masu kare martabar Burtaniya.Wasu mawallafa irin su Patrick Dele-Cole sun lura da cin zarafi na zarge-zargen ofis(wanda manyansa na Biritaniya suka yi)da kuma neman rigima ta sirri wanda ya rutsa da murabus din Macaulay a matsayin mai binciken Tallafin Crown.Kristin Mann,yana ambaton aika aika gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya,ya lura cewa Macaulay ya nuna rashin gaskiya,ta hanyar amfani da "matsayinsa na Surveyor of Crown Lands don taimakawa abokai su sami tallafin kambi da kuma tsananta makiya ta hanyar ba da ƙasarsu ga wasu".Ta kara rubuta cewa Macaulay "ya sami tallafin kambi a karkashin sunayen karya sannan ya sayar da su a kan riba".A cikin Oktoba 1898,ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai binciken.A matsayinsa na safiyo,tsare-tsare da kimarsa sun hada da gidan EJ Alex Taylor da ke kan titin Victoria,gidan Henry Carr a Tinubu,gidan Akinola Maja da Doherty Villa a dandalin Campos.
Rayuwa ta sirri Macaulay ya auri Caroline Pratt, 'yar wani Sufeton 'yan sanda na Afirka a cikin Disamba 1898.Auren su ya ƙare a watan Agusta 1899 bayan mutuwar Caroline a lokacin haihuwa kuma Macaulay an ruwaito cewa ya yi alƙawarin ba zai sake yin aure ba.Duk da yake Macaulay bai sake yin aure a Cocin ba, yana da abokan hulɗa da suka haɗa da Ms.da Souza wadda ta koma Legas, gidan kakaninta, daga Brazil kuma ta rayu a cikin shekarunta 90,daga wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya da yawa, kuma.a matsayin abokan hulɗa waɗanda ba su haifa ba (Stella Davies Coker, 'yar JPL Davies da Sarah Forbes Bonetta,sun zauna tare da Macaulay daga 1909 har zuwa mutuwarta a 1916.Sun haifi 'ya mace mai suna Sarah Abigail Idowu Macaulay Adadevoh.An ba Sarah Abigail sunan kakarta ta wajen uwa Sarah Forbes Bonetta da kakarta Abigail Crowther).An ruwaito Macaulay shine dan Najeriya na farko da ya mallaki mota.
Ko da yake daga dangin Anglican masu ibadaMacaulay ya rungumi al'adun addinan Afirka na asali, ya kasance mai camfi,kuma ya shiga aikin sihiri .Takardunsa na sirri sun ƙunshi bayanin kula daga masu duba da masu duba tare da umarni game da haram, duba,sadaukarwa, da sauran ayyukan asiri Macaulay ya kasance memba na Association of Babalawos Ifa priests) na Legas. Macaulay ya kasance babban abokin zamantakewa a Legas ta Victoria. Ya shirya kide-kide da shirye-shiryen fina-finai(Yana daga cikin ’yan Najeriya na farko da suka kawo fina-finai a Najeriya ta hanyar gayyatar kamfanonin fina-finai zuwa Legas don baje kolin fina-finai) a gidansa (mai suna "Kirsten Hall" bayan abokinsa na jakadan Jamus Arthur Kirsten)a ranar 8.Titin Balbina in Yaba.An yi wa Macaulay lakabi da "Wizard of Kirsten Hall" saboda ikonsa na samun bayanan sirri.Macaulay ya gudanar da hanyar sadarwar masu ba da labari wanda ya biya da kyau.Sau da yawa,mintuna daga tarurrukan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka za a yi ta leka a jaridu da Macaulay ke da alaƙa da su.Ana iya samun dukkan sassan fayilolin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da telegram a cikin Takardun Macaulay a sashin Africana na Laburaren Jami'ar Ibadan |
59549 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleena%20Mosqueda%20lewis | Kaleena Mosqueda lewis | Kaleena Jordan mosqueda-lewis Kaleena Jordan Mosqueda-Lewis (an haife shi Kaleena Jordan Lewis, Nuwamba 3, 1993) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne na Amurka wanda a halin yanzu wakili ne na kyauta Kafin yin rajista a Jami'ar Connecticut ta yi wa makarantar sakandare ta Mater Dei a Santa Ana, California Ta yi wasa a Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Amurka U16, inda ta taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta lashe lambar yabo ta FIBA Americas U16 Championship. Kungiyar Kociyoyin Kwando ta Mata ta nada Mosqueda-Lewis a matsayin Gwarzon Dan Wasan Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Farm/WBCA ta shekarar 2011. A cikin 2015 Mosqueda-Lewis an tsara na uku gaba ɗaya ta Seattle Storm, yana ci gaba da lashe gasar WNBA tare da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a cikin 2018.
Rayuwar farko Mosqueda-Lewis ta fara buga kwallon kwando a aji uku. Da farko ba ta son hakan, amma ta ci gaba da aiki da shi. Ta taka leda a jirgin Tennessee, ƙungiyar kulab ta ƙasa, kuma ta cancanci shiga ƙungiyar U16 ta Amurka, ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16.
Makarantar sakandare An nada Mosqueda-Lewis a matsayin kyaftin din tawagarta, kuma ta taimaka ta kai su wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar jihar a shekarar 2009. Ta sami matsakaita sama da maki 24 a wasa akan hanya zuwa rikodin yanayi na yau da kullun na 31–0. Duk da yake har yanzu tana ta biyu, an nada ta a matsayin ɗan wasan Gatorade na shekara don California, kuma an sanya mata suna cikin jerin Parade All American na ƙasar. An gayyaci Mosqueda-Lewis da tawagarta ta makarantar sakandare ta Mater Dei zuwa 2011 Hoophall Classic, wanda aka gudanar a Springfield, Massachusetts. Wannan ba shine farkon abin da ya faru da taron ba, yayin da ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin 2009. Ta ci maki 17 don taimakawa ƙungiyar ta zuwa nasara da ci 85–45 akan Murry Bergtraumdaga birnin New York. Bikin ya kan nuna manyan kungiyoyin manyan makarantu daga yankin da kuma fadin kasar. Mosqueda-Lewis ta sadaukar da kai ga Connecticut a cikin bazarar shekararta ta biyu. Ta kuma yi la'akari da California, Kentucky, UCLA, Stanford, Tennessee, da Duke.
Mater Dei ya fuskanci Brea Olinda a wasan karshe na wasan karshe na yankin Kudancin California na 2011. Brea Olinda, tare da rikodin 29 0 da Mater Dei, a 28 1 ba kawai a matsayi na ɗaya da na biyu ba, a cikin gundumar, har ma a cikin jiha da ƙasa. Brea Olinda ya ci maki hudun farko na wasan, amma Mater Dei ya amsa da maki 16 a jere. Wasan ya kusa kusa da karfe 32–25. Mater Dei ya kara tazarar maki 14 a cikin kwata na uku, amma Brea Olinda ya yanke tazarar zuwa biyar da ci 1:24 a wasan. Koyaya, Mater Dei ya buga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, kuma ya ci gaba da samun nasara, bayan kungiyar da ke jagorantar maki goma sha shida daga Mosqueda-Lewis. Mosqueda-Lewis an santa da daidaiton harbin maki uku —ta buga rikodin makaranta maki tara uku a wasa tsakanin Mater Dei da Fairfax ranar 8 ga Maris, 2011. Ta yi maki 337 uku a Mater Dei, fiye da kowa a tarihin makarantar sakandarenta. A cikin 2015, ta karya rikodin NCAA Division I don masu nuna maki 3, yayin wasan karshe na yankin UConn na 91–70 da Dayton. Game da wannan wasan (ciki har da abin da ta samu a wannan wasan) a yanzu tana da 395 don aikinta. Mosqueda-Lewis an santa da daidaiton harbin maki uku Kungiyar masu horar da ‘yan wasan kwallon kwando ta matada kuma kungiyar Atlanta Tipoff Club ne suka zabi Mosqueda-Lewis a matsayin gwarzuwar ‘yar wasan kwallon kafa ta kasa, wacce ta zabi wanda ya lashe kyautar Naismithna ‘yan wasan kwallon kwando na shekara ta kasa.
A ranar 17 ga Maris, 2011, Mosqueda-Lewis tana zuwa makaranta kamar yadda ta saba, kuma ta ji sanarwar cewa za a yi majalissar da za ta karrama kungiyar kwallon kwando mata da maza. Yayin da take jiran farkon taron, Lisa Leslie, tauraruwar kwallon kwando ta Olympics da ƙwararriyar ƙwallon kwando daga California, ta gaishe ta kuma ta gabatar mata da labarin cewa ita ce mai karɓar 2010–11 Gatorade National Girls Basketball Player of the Year. Leslie, wacce ita ce 'yar wasan kwando ta karshe daga California da ta lashe kyautar, ta ba ta kyautar a wani bikin da aka nuna a gidan talabijin. Hoopgurlz na ESPN ya nada Mosqueda-Lewis gwarzon dan wasan kasar na bana, wanda shine karo na farko da aka baiwa dan wasa daya lambar yabo a jere. Sanarwar kyautar ta kwatanta ta da Maya Moore, inda ta lura cewa 'yan wasan biyu sun lashe gasar zakarun Turai a gasar Nike Tournament na Champions, dukansu sun lashe gasar Nike National, dukansu sun kasance a matsayi na daya a cikin ajin su, amma Mosqueda-Lewis ya jagoranci tawagarta. zuwa matsayi na daya a jere a tsakanin kungiyoyin makarantar sakandare, abin da Moore bai yi ba. Mosqueda-Lewis ita ma mai aikin sa kai ce. Ta yi aiki a majalisar ɗalibanta ta makarantar sakandare kuma ta ba da gudummawa tare da shirye-shirye kamar Cibiyar Koyon Yara Makafi, Orange County Head Start, Urban Compass Kirsimeti da kuma horar da shirin bayan makaranta, Shirin Kwando na Kirista na Sama.
Kwallon kwando na Amurka An zaɓi Mosqueda-Lewis don zama memba na ƙungiyar U16 ta farko don ƙwallon kwando na Amurka. Tawagar ta fafata a gasar FIBA Americas U16 na farko ga Mata da aka gudanar a birnin Mexico, Mexico a watan Agustan 2009. Ita ce kan gaba wajen zura kwallo a raga, inda take samun maki 14 a kowane wasa, kuma ta biyu a kan gaba, inda ta kai maki 4.6 a kowane wasa. Ta taimaka wa ƙungiyar zuwa rikodin 5-0 da lambar zinare a gasar. Nasarar ta tabbatar da tayin kai tsaye zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIBA U17 ta 2010.
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22393 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20Ma%27aikata | Hakkokin Ma'aikata | Hakkokin ma'aikata ko haƙƙin ma'aikaci duka haƙƙoƙin doka ne da haƙƙin ɗan adam ɗaya waɗanda suka shafi alaƙar aiki tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikatan ta. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su a cikin dokar ƙwadago da aikin yi na ƙasa da ƙasa. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna tasiri yanayin aiki a cikin alaƙar aiki domin kashe zaman banza. Dayan shahararru shine haƙƙin yancin tarayya, in ba haka ba ana kiransa da yancin tsari. Ma'aikata da aka tsara a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago suna amfani da haƙƙin yarjejeniyar gama gari don inganta yanayin aiki.
Bayanin aiki A cikin tarihi, ma'aikata masu da'awar wasu masu radin hakkokin mutane sun bada gudunmuwar su domin tabbatar da dokar aiki. Kuma a lokacin tsakiyar zamani, tawayen manoma a Ingila sun kuma nuna bukatar mafi kyawun albashi da yanayin aiki. Daya daga cikin shugabannin masu tawayen, John Ball ya shahara da jayayya cewa an haife mutane daidai yana cewa, "Lokacin da Adam ya yi tunani kuma Hauwa ta faɗi, wane ne mutumin kirki?" Ma'aikata sukan yi kira ga haƙƙin gargajiya. Alal misali, manoman Ingila sun yi yaƙi da yadi motsi, wanda ya dauki al'ada da zamantakewa da ƙasashe sanya su masu zaman kansu.
Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Masana’antu ta 1833 wacce ta nuna cewa yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 9 ba za su iya yin aiki ba, yara‘ yan shekara 9 zuwa 13 za su iya yin aikin awanni 8 ne kawai a rana, sannan yara ‘yan shekaru 14-18 za su iya yin aiki na awanni 12 kawai a rana ba tare da sun jikata ba. 'Yancin ma'aikata kwatankwacin sabon tsari ne ga tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani. Tunanin wannan lokacin game da haƙƙin ma'aikata ya kasance ne tun ƙarni na 19 bayan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu bin tsarin masana'antu. Karl Marx ya fito a matsayin ɗayan farko kuma sanannen mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Falsafar sa da ka'idar tattalin arziki ya mai da hankali kan lamuran kwadago kuma yana ba da shawarar tsarin tattalin arzikin sa na gurguzu, al'ummar da ma'aikata za su mulke ta. Yawancin motsi na zamantakewar al'umma don haƙƙin ma'aikata sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da Marx ya rinjayi kamar masu ra'ayin gurguzu da kwaminisanci yan gurguzu masu ra'ayin gurguzu da dimokiradiyya na zamantakewar al'umma sun goyi bayan bukatun ma'aikacin kuma. Kaddamar da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata na kwanan nan ya mai da hankali ne ga irin rawar da ake ciki, amfani da ita, da bukatun mata mata, da kuma yawan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jama'a ta duniya na baƙi, sabis, ko baƙi ma'aikata.
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) An kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) a shekarar ta alif 1919, a matsayin wani bangare na Kungiyar Kasashe don kare hakkin ma'aikaci. (ILO) daga baya ya zama cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kanta ta goyi bayan hakkokin ma'aikata ta hanyar sanya abubuwa da yawa a cikin bayanai biyu na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, wanda shine tushen Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (Labari na 6-8). Wadannan karanta:
Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami aiki, da yancin ya zabi aikin da yake so, kuma ya sami halin yin aiki daidai wa daida kuma ya sami kariya daga rashin aiki.
Kowane mutum, ba tare da wani bambanci ba, yana da hakkin ya sami aikin yi daidai da na aiki daidai wa daida Duk wanda ke aiki na da hakkin a ba shi albashi mai kyau wanda zai tabbatar wa kansa da iyalinsa wanzuwa wanda ya cancanci mutuncin ɗan adam, kuma idan ya cancanta, a ba shi damar yin hakan, ta wata hanyar ba da kariya ta zaman jama'a Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya kafa kungiya, ya shiga kungiyar kwadago don kiyaye bukatunsa. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya huta da dama, ciki har da ma ya rage mata aiki sa'o'i da kuma lokaci-lokaci holidays albashinsa (ILO) da wasu kungiyoyi da yawa sun nemi matsayin kwadago na kasa da kasa don samar da 'yancin doka ga ma'aikata a fadin duniya. Hakanan an yi yunkuri na baya-bayan nan don karfafawa ƙasashe gwiwa don inganta haƙƙin ƙwadago a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar ciniki mai adalci.
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Lebura sashen Duniya (ILRF) Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILRF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a kan haƙƙin ƙwadago. Manufar su ita ce cimma mutunci da adalci ga ma'aikata a duk duniya. Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyi a duk duniya, gami da ƙungiyar ƙwadago da ƙungiyoyin addinai, suna iya yin tasiri ga gwamnatoci da kamfanoni don canji.
Matsayin ƙa'idodin aiki Kungiyar ta (ILO) ce ta gano shi a cikin sanarwar akan Ka'idoji da Hakkoki na Aiki, babban matsayin kwadago "an yarda da cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci". Suna aiki a duk duniya, ba tare da la'akari da ko an amince da yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace ba, matakin cigaban ƙasa ko ƙimar al'adu. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun haɗu da ƙimar cancanta, ba ƙididdiga masu yawa ba kuma ba su kafa takamaiman matakin aiki, albashi ko ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. abinda ba'a so shine lalata damar yancin aiki na dan Adam a duniya domin hakan aka sako wata cibiya a ƙasashe masu haƙƙin ɗan Adam da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin ɗan Adam ta (CROC), yarjejeniya mafi ƙarancin haƙƙin ɗan Adam tare da ɓangarorin 193, da kuma (ICCPR) tare da jam'iyyun 160. An saka su cikin tanade-tanade daban-daban waɗanda suke da alaƙa da aiki a cikin kayan aiki masu laushi kamar UN Compact Global, da (OECD) Guidelines, da kuma (ILO MNE) Declaration. Manufofin kwadago sune:
Yancin ƙungiya: ma'aikata suna iya shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago waɗanda ba su da 'yanci daga tasirin gwamnati da tasirin ma'aikata;
'Yancin cinikin gama gari: ma'aikata na iya yin shawarwari tare da ma'aikata a dunkule, sabanin daidaiku;
Haramcin dukkan nau'ikan aikin karfi: ya hada da tsaro daga aikin gidan yari da bautar, da kuma hana ma'aikata tilasta musu yin aiki cikin tilas; Kawar da munanan ayyukan kwadago: aiwatar da mafi karancin shekarun aiki da wasu sharuɗɗan yanayin aiki ga yara;
Rashin nuna wariya a aikin yi: daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai A kasashe kaɗan ne daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar (ILO) suka amince da duk waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin saboda matsalolin cikin gida duk da haka tunda waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an yarda da su a cikin (UDHR), kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada suna da niyyar mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Don tattaunawa kan sanya waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago a cikin tsarin kungiyar Ciniki ta duniya, duba ƙa'idodin ƙwadago a cikin kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya Akwai wasu batutuwa da yawa a waje da wannan asalin, a cikin haƙƙin ma'aikacin Burtaniya ya haɗa da haƙƙin bayanan aiki, bayanin biyan kuɗi da aka tsara, tsarin horo wanda suke da 'yancin kasancewa tare da su, hutun yau da kullum, hutun hutu, hutu da aka biya da sauransu Batutuwan haƙƙin ma'aikata Baya ga haƙƙin tsarawa, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun yi kamfen a kan wasu batutuwa daban-daban waɗanda za a iya cewa suna da nasaba da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Kungiyoyin kwadago sun fara inganta yanayin aikin ma'aikata. Tun daga shekarar 1768 yajin aikin farko a New York masu zanga-zangar nuna adawa da rage albashi. Wanda hakan ke tasiri sosai wajen kwato hakkin ma'aikata musamman a bangaren albashi Wannan shine farkon motsi. Kusa da karni na 18, an kafa kungiyoyin kwadago don inganta yanayin aiki ga dukkan ma'aikata. ya yi yaƙi don samun mafi kyawun albashi, awanni masu dacewa da yanayin tsaro mai aminci. Kungiyar kwadago ta jagoranci ƙoƙari don dakatar da bautar da yara, ba da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ba da taimako ga ma'aikatan da suka ji rauni ko suka yi ritaya. Anyi bayanin masu zuwa a cikin sassan masu zuwa.
Iyakance sa'o'i Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ma'aikata da yawa yana da alaƙa da iyakance sa'o'i a cikin wurin aiki. Kungiyoyin kwadago na ƙarni na 19 sun yi kamfen na kwana takwas Kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na ma'aikata sun kuma nemi iyakance lokutan aiki, suna yin makon aiki na awanni 40 ko kuma mafi ƙarancin daidaito a ƙasashe da yawa. An kafa aiki na tsawon awanni 35 a Faransa a 2000, ko da yake wannan ƙa'idar ta yi rauni sosai tun daga lokacin. Ma'aikata na iya yarda da masu daukansu aiki don aikin na tsawon, amma karin sa'o'i ne a biya ƙarin aiki bayan lokaci. A cikin Tarayyar Turai aikin mako yana da iyaka zuwa awanni 48 gami da karin lokaci (duba kuma Dokar Lokacin Aiki 2003).
Bautar da yara Masu rajin kare hakkin kwadago sun kuma yi aiki don yaki da bautar da yara Suna ganin bautar da yara a matsayin cin amana, kuma galibi tana lalata tattalin arziki. Abokan adawar bautar da yara galibi suna jayayya cewa yara masu aiki ba su da ilimi. A cikin 1948 sannan kuma a cikin 1989, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa yara suna da haƙƙin kiyaye zamantakewar jama'a. Yana da wahala yara suyi gwagwarmayar neman hakkinsu na asali, musamman a wuraren aiki. Sau da yawa ana basu kulawa. Masu ba da aiki suna amfani da aikin ƙuruciya saboda ba su da ikon yin ciniki tare kuma da yin aiki a wurin aiki mara kyau. Kusan kashi 95% na bautar yara na faruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Misali na masana'antar da misalan ayyukan yara da ke haifar da mummunan rauni ko mutuwa da aka lura da su shi ne hakar ma'adanin cobal a DRC da kuma haƙar ma'adinai na tagulla a Zambiya, inda aka ba da rahoton yara suna shiga cikin kowane nau'i na hakar ma'adinai a kan kudin karatunsu. Akwai damuwa mai girma cewa karuwar buƙatu na albarkatu waɗanda suka haɗa da bautar da yara ga masana'antu kamar samar da batirin motar lantarki, zai ƙara kawo take haƙƙin ma'aikata. A Indiya da Pakistan, yara suna aiki na dogon lokaci a masana'antu daban-daban saboda bashin da iyayensu suka ci. Iyalai marasa galibu a wasu lokutan suna dogaro da kudin shigar 'yayan su dan biyan kudi. A Misira, kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 ‘yan kasa da shekaru 14 suna aiki duk da cewa akwai dokokin aiki na kare yara.
Bautar da yara a Amurka A Amurka, Dokar Ka'idar Ka'idodin Aiki ta 1938 (FLSA) ta hana aikin yara kanana domin tabbatar da yancin su. (FLSA) ta ayyana mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aiki zuwa shekaru 14 don ayyukan da ba na aikin gona ba tare da takaita awoyi, takura awoyi ga matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16, kuma ya hana aiki da yara yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 a cikin sana'o'in da Sakatare ke ganin haɗari na Kwadago. A shekarar 2007, Massachusetts ta sabunta dokokin kwadagon yaransu da suka bukaci duk kananan yara su sami izinin aiki.
Yanayin wurin aiki Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun yi aiki don haɓaka yanayin wurin aiki wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa. A lokacin Cigaban Zamani, Amurka ta fara sake fasalin wuraren aiki, wanda ya sami tallata talla daga Upton Sinclair 's The Jungle da kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Masu ba da shawara game da ƙwadago da sauran ƙungiyoyi galibi suna sukar kayan aikin samarwa tare da yanayin aiki mara kyau kamar gumi da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na aiki, da kamfen don ingantaccen ayyukan kwadago da amincewa da haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk duniya domin zai taimaka wajen inganta dokar
Tsaro da dorewar zamantakewa Abubuwan da aka gabatar na baya-bayan nan a fagen dorewa sun haɗa da mai da hankali kan ɗorewar zamantakewar, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata da kyakkyawan yanayin aiki, rigakafin fataucin mutane, da kawar da bautar da yara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga samfuran da aiyukan da ake samu. Kungiyoyi kamar su ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka da kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka sun fitar da karatu kan kayayyakin da aka gano cewa suna amfani da ayyukan yara da masana'antu ta hanyar amfani da su ko kuma samar da su ta hanyar safarar mutane. An bayyana haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar tushe kamar su Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta da ƙa'idodin aikin performanceasa na Financeasa na Duniya Albashin rayuwa Kungiyar kwadago ta matsa lamba don tabbatar da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi, wanda hakan Kai taimaka wajen inganta kuma ana cigaba da tattaunawa game da ƙarin zuwa mafi ƙarancin albashin. Ko yaya, yan adawa suna ganin mafi karancin dokokin albashi suna iyakance damar aiki ga marassa kwarewa da masu matakin shiga.
Galibi ana jayayya akan fa'idodi da farashin saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje akan haƙƙin ƙwadago. Nazarin na Payton da Woo ya nuna cewa duk da cewa "ma'aikata ba za su iya ganin an sami kari mai yawa a mafi karancin albashi ba amma za su iya samun damar cin gajyar albashi ko kuma wasu kariyar da aka bayar a doka, a hankali a hankali za a inganta yanayin aiki gaba daya, yayin da karin (FDI) ke shigowa. Ma'aikatan ƙaura Wasu lokuta ana cin zarafin ma'aikatan ƙaura na doka. Misali, bakin haure sun gamu da wasu zarge-zargen cin zarafi a hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa gami da Dubai Kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch ta lissafa matsaloli da dama da suka hada da "rashin biyan albashi, tsawan lokutan aiki ba tare da biyan wani karin lokaci ba, yanayin aikin da ba shi da hadari da ke haifar da mutuwa da rauni, yanayin rayuwa mara kyau a sansanonin kwadago, da kuma hana fasfo da takaddun tafiye-tafiye da masu daukar ma'aikata suka yi. Duk da dokokin da suka hana hakan, masu daukar ma'aikata suna kwace fasfotin ma'aikata bakin haure. Ba tare da fasfo dinsu ba, ma'aikata ba za su iya sauya aiki ko komawa gida ba. Wadannan ma'aikata ba su da wata ma'ana don cin zarafin ma'aikata, amma yanayin ya inganta. Ministan kwadago da jin dadin jama'a Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama domin taimakawa inganta ayyukan kwadago a kasarsa. An yi Allah wadai da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a cikin wani rahoto da Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta nuna gaskiya ta fitar a watan Afrilun 2021 yana kiran al’ummar kasar da cin zarafinsu da wariyar da suke yi wa ‘yan kasashen waje da‘ yan cirani a kan ’yan Masarautar. A cewar (DCT), baƙi da baƙi a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa galibi ana fuskantar wariyar jinsi da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, fataucin mutane, da tilasta musu aiki. Kamar yadda binciken da (DCT) ta gudanar, wadannan batutuwan ba a bayar da rahoto ba saboda barazana da tursasawa daga masu ba su aiki ta hanyar rasa aiki ko tuhumar aikata laifi. Rahoton ya nuna wariyar da cin zarafin sun ci gaba duk da an sassauta tsarin Kafala a masarautar. (DCT) ta kammala rahotonta inda ta bukaci (UAE) da ta magance matsalolin sannan ta kawo karshen matsayin launin fata da wariyar da ake nuna wa wadanda ba ‘yan kasa ba. Koelnmesse, kamfanin da ke da alhakin kula da rumfar da ke wakiltar Jamus a Expo 2020 ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Emirati Transguard Group don wanki, tsaftacewa, da ayyukan tsaro. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun yi ikirarin cewa yayin sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanonin biyu, ba a manta da shaidun da ke tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam ba. An ce kamfanin ya hana fasfot da albashin ma’aikatan da ke karbar mafi karancin albashi sannan ya dakatar da su daga aikin ba tare da sanarwa ba.
Ma'aikatan da ba su da rajista Hakki na daidaita daidaito, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, asali da bayyana, addini, yanayin jima'i, kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin haƙƙin ma'aikaci ne. Nuna wariyar launin fata a wurin aiki haramtacce ne a kasashe da yawa, amma wasu na ganin bambancin albashi tsakanin jinsi da sauran kungiyoyi a matsayin wata matsala ce ta cigaba.
Yawancin ma'aikata masu ƙaura basa samun haƙƙin ma'aikata musamman saboda ba sa jin yaren gida, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin doka ba. Wadansu sun lura cewa ba sa samun daidai adadin kudin a kan albashinsu yayin da wasu kuma ba a biyansu.
Ma'aikatan da ba su da izini a Amurka Dokar Hulɗa da Ma’aikata ta kasa ta amince da leburori marasa aiki a matsayin ma’aikata. Ko yaya, shari'ar babban kotun Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB ya tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya bayar da bashin ba ga ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun doka ba bisa doka ba game da Dokar Shige da Fice da Kula da Shige da Fice ta 1986. A cikin wannan shawarar da kotu ta yanke, an kuma bayyana cewa Amurka za ta tallafawa (FLSA) da (MSPA), ba tare da la'akari da ko an rubuta wani ba ko a'a. Har ila yau, ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun izini, suna da kariya ta doka game da nuna bambanci dangane da asalinsu. Hukuncin shari'ar babbar kotun Hoffman da farko ya shafi leburori da ba su da takardu ta hanyar hana su samun kudaden da/ko mayar da su. Duk da yake babu wani mutum da ba shi da takardu da zai iya aiki a Amurka ta hanyar doka, amma masu rubutun ba su da kaso 5% na ma'aikata. A Amurka, mutanen da aka haifa a wajen ƙasar sukan yi aiki a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari kuma suna da damar fuskantar mutuwa a bakin aiki. Sassan ɓangarorin albashi, waɗanda yawancin mutane marasa aiki ke aiki a ciki, suna da mafi girman ƙimar albashi da cin zarafin sa'a. Kididdiga sunyi iƙirarin cewa 31% na mutanen da ba su da takardu suna aiki a ayyukan sabis. Aikin abinci musamman yana da kashi 12% na ma'aikata marasa rajista.
Mutanen da ba su da rajista za su iya kuma sun shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, har ma takaddar yabo ta 2008 ta ba su "don ƙarfafa" ƙungiyar kwadago. Saboda (NLRA) tana kare ma’aikatan da ba su da takardu, yana kare haƙƙinsu na tsaro. Ko yaya (NLRA) tana cire ma'aikata waɗanda ke aikin gona, na gida, na kwangila masu zaman kansu, na gwamnati, ko kuma masu alaƙa da masu ɗaukar su aiki. An sake kare haƙƙin yin magana akan cin zarafin ma'aikata ta hanyar dokar sake fasalin shige da fice a cikin 2013 tare da dokar POWER, wanda ke nufin kare ma'aikatan da suka yi magana game da ayyukan kwadago daga fuskantar tsarewa ko kora. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ba lallai bane su maraba da ma'aikatan baƙi. A cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, akwai gwagwarmayar cikin gida, kamar lokacin da masu kula da baƙi na Los Angeles suka sake tsara ma'aikatan sabis. Kasancewa cikin kungiyar kwadagon ba lallai bane ya magance dukkan bukatun ma’aikatan bakin haure, don haka samun karfi a cikin kungiyar shine matakin farko ga ma’aikatan bakin haure don magance bukatunsu. Ma'aikatan baƙi suna yawan haɗuwa fiye da ƙungiyoyi, ta hanyar yin kamfen a cikin al'ummominsu kan al'amuran da suka shafi ƙaura, wariya, da kuma rashin da'a na 'yan sanda.
Dunkulewar duniya A watan Maris na 2004, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Zamani ta Duniya ta ba da rahoto mai suna "Kyakkyawan Dunkulewar Duniya: Kirkirar dama ga kowa". Rahoton ya yarda da yadda tasirin dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar 'yancin ma'aikata. Sake fasalin dunkulewar duniya zai bukaci hadin kai ba kawai a cikin kasar ba har ma a matakin duniya. Ya nuna cewa hukumomin siyasa su "sabunta hankalinsu ga dunkulewar duniya". Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun damu da yadda dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban. Wasu hukumomin duniya suna ganin tilasta aiwatar da aiki zai takaita cigaban tattalin arzikin wata kasa. Kamar yadda kamfanoni ke ba da aikinsu ga ma'aikata daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albashi, gwamnatoci za su sassauta dokokinsu don jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa. A sakamakon haka, kasashe matalauta suna aiwatar da ƙananan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin gogayya da sauran ƙasashe. Binciken Layna Mosley ya nuna cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata ya ƙi tun lokacin da aka faɗaɗa duniya a kwanan nan. Ta hanyar samun ƙasashe da yawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyoyi, ana iya kiyaye haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk faɗin duniya. Ko yaya, wasu ƙasashe suna sanya hannu akan shi duk da cewa basa shirin bin ƙa'idodin. Sabili da haka, akwai damar samun damar ayyukan haƙƙin ma'aikata don wahala. Ko yaya, wasu sun yi ikirarin cewa dunkulewar duniya na iya inganta aiwatar da haƙƙin ma'aikata ta hanyar amsa buƙatun wata ƙasa. Gwamnatoci za su yi aiki don bukatun kasa, don haka a lokacin da wata muhimmiyar kasa ta kasuwanci ta bukaci a karfafa karfi da hakkin 'yan kwadago, za su yi aiki yadda ya kamata.
Nuna wariyar ma'aikata Kungiyoyin kwadago da aka kafa a duk masana'antar. Kungiyoyin kwadago a cikin kere-kere sun gano wahalar kafa kungiyoyin kwadago a matakan kwarewa daban-daban. Wadannan rukunin kungiyoyin kwararrun sukan sami rarrabuwa ta hanyoyin wariyar launin fata da na jima'i. A cikin 1895 farar fata kawai kungiyar Masana'antu ta Duniya. Shiga cikin Baƙin Amurkawa ƙarni na 20 ya ƙaura daga kudu zuwa arewa kawai don gano cewa akwai wariya a cikin damar tattalin arziki. Anyi amfani da kwatancen launin fata don rarraba ajin aiki da ƙirƙirar rarrabuwa. Wannan daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar baƙin lambobi da dokokin (Jim Crow) don iyakance ikon Baƙin Amurkawa don ƙirƙirar wa kansu rayuwa. Dokokin (Jim Crow) da aka zartar a cikin shekarun 1800 sune Dokokin da suka hana Baƙin Amurkawa zama cikin fararen anguwanni, tare da keɓancewa a wuraren taron jama'a. wadannan an tilasta su don wuraren waha na jama'a, rumfunan waya, asibitoci, mafaka, gidajen yari da gidajen zama na tsofaffi da naƙasassu da ƙari.
Duba kuma
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Gangamin Tsabtace Tufafi
Cibiyar Kula da Asiya ta Asiya
Rightsungiyar Rightsancin Kasashen Duniya
Weungiyoyin SweatFree
Human Rights Watch
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya
Shafin haƙƙin ma'aikata a Ofishin Harkokin Kodago na Duniya, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka
Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu
Bayanin 'Yancin Duniya na ITUC |
53091 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Cisse | Aliyu Cisse | Aliou Cissé (an haife shi A ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 1976) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal Cissé sananne ne da kyaftin din tawagar Senegal da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2002 da kuma kasancewa kocin Senegal na farko da ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2022 bayan ya kai wasan karshe a shekarar 2019 Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Faransa, daga baya ya taka leda a kungiyoyin Ingila Birmingham City da Portsmouth Cissé ya kasance dan wasan tsakiya na tsaro wanda kuma, a wani lokaci, ya taka leda a tsakiya.
Cissé ya kasance babban kocin Senegal tun a shekarar 2015, bayan da ya karbi ragamar horas da su na dan lokaci bayan korar Amara Traoré, a matsayin riko a shekarar 2012. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin kocin kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 daga 2012 zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ya zama babban koci daga 2013 zuwa 2015.
Aikin kulob An haife shi a Ziguinchor, Senegal, Cissé ya koma Paris yana da shekaru tara inda ya girma tare da mafarkin wasa don Paris Saint-Germain Ya fara aikinsa da Lille OSC kafin ya koma CS Sedan Ardennes sannan kuma Paris Saint Germain. Ya kuma ciyar da mafi yawan lokacin 2001–02 akan lamuni a Montpellier Herault SC Bayan ya zama kyaftin din tawagar kasar Senegal zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2002, Cissé ya koma kulob din Birmingham City na Ingila a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2002-03, kakarsu ta farko a gasar Premier Cissé ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a Arsenal a ranar farko ta kakar wasan bana, amma an kore shi. Kodayake an soke sallamar, ya ci gaba da karɓar katunan rawaya biyar a cikin wasanni shida, a ƙarshe yana tara katunan rawaya goma kafin Sabuwar Shekara. Duk da haka, kakarsa ta katse bayan da ya samu rauni a watan Fabrairu wanda ya sa ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ta bana ba. Cissé ya dawo a ƙarshen horo na farko a Yuli shekarar 2003, wanda ya jagoranci manajan Steve Bruce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin canja wuri. Cissé ya dawo da kansa cikin hoton tawagar farko, amma dangantakarsa da Bruce ta ci gaba da yin tsami. Bayan Kirsimeti, Cissé ya buga wasanni uku kawai a waccan kakar. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya sanya hannu kan Portsmouth kan £300,000 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, duk da karfin canja wuri zuwa abokan hamayyar Premier Bolton Wanderers Canja wurin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin da yawa da aka haɗa a cikin rahoton Stevens da aka fitar a watan Yunin shekarar 2007, wanda ya nuna damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila. Game da Cissé, rahoton ya ce, "Agent Willie McKay ya yi aiki ga Portsmouth a cikin canja wurin Cissé da binciken ba a shirya don share waɗannan canje-canje a wannan mataki ba". Bayan shekaru biyu a Portsmouth, Cissé ya koma CS Sedan a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 bayan ya yi gwajin makonni biyu. Daga nan ya sanya hannu a Nîmes Olympique ta Faransa daga CS Sedan a cikin Satumba shekarar 2008. Cissé ya buga wasanni bakwai a lokacin kakar a shekarar 2008 09 kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 33.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Cissé ya zama din tawagar kasar Senegal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2002 Bayan da Faransa ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar daya ga watan, tawagar ta kai ga wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe inda Turkiyya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 Cissé kuma yana cikin tawagar Senegal da ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekara ta 2002, amma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a bugun fanareti a wasan karshe a wasan da suka doke Kamaru Aikin gudanarwa A farkon Watan Maris shekarar 2015, an nada Cissé bisa hukuma a matsayin babban kocin tawagar yan wasan Senegal Tawagar ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2017, tare da ci 2-0 a waje da Afrika ta Kudu A karshe dai Senegal ta yi waje da ita a matakin rukuni na gasar bayan ta zama tawaga ta farko a tarihin gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya da aka fitar saboda dokar tazarce “Wannan daya ne daga cikin ka’idojin. Dole ne mu mutunta shi, "in ji Cissé. “Hakika, mun gwammace a kawar da mu wata hanya. Wannan rana ce ta bakin ciki a gare mu, amma mun san wadannan su ne ka’idoji.” Cissé ya horar da Senegal a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2019, inda ya taimakawa Senegal zuwa wasan karshe na farko tun shekarar 2002, gasar da Cissé da kansa ya halarta lokacin yana kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai Senegal ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe da Algeria, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara da ci daya a matakin rukuni, kuma ta rasa kofinta na farko a Afirka. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Senegal (FSF) ta tsawaita kwantiragin Cissé da ma’aikatansa har zuwa watan Agusta shekarar 2021. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2022, Cissé ya jagoranci Senegal zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2021 A wasan karshe sun doke Masar da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti inda suka samu nasarar lashe kofinsu na farko, ta haka ne ya fanshi kansa bayan rashin nasara biyu da suka yi a baya. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, ya jagoranci tawagar wasan kasar Senegal zuwa matakin knockout a karon farko tun yana dan wasa a shekarar 2002.
Rayuwa ta sirri Cissé ya rasa wasu daga cikin danginsa a cikin MV gwagwalad Bala'in jirgin MV wanda ya afku a gabar tekun Gambiya a ranar 26 ga Satumba shekarar 2002. Domin girmama rayukan da aka rasa, Cissé ya halarci wasan sadaka tsakanin Senegal da Najeriya wanda ya tara kudi ga iyalan sama da 1,000 da aka ruwaito. Birmingham City, daya daga cikin tsoffin kulab dinsa, ya gwagwalad tattara kudi ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa kuma ya karrama Cissé ta hanyar nuna katafaren tutar gwagwalad Senegal a wasan da suka buga da Manchester City Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Gudanarwa
Girmamawa
Mai kunnawa Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de la Ligue ya zo na biyu: 1999-2000
UEFA Intertoto Cup 2001
Senegal
Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2002 Individual
Kocin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka: 2021 CAF Kyaututtuka na Shekara: 2022
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Aliou Cissé French league stats at Ligue 1 also available in French
Aliou Cissé at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam%20Salimi | Maryam Salimi | Maryam Salimi (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 1978) marubuciya ce, 'yar jarida, engenier sadarwa kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin sadarwar gani musamman a fannin bayanai da zane-zane.
Rayuwar farko Ta samu digirinta na uku (3) a fannin sadarwar zamani, mastas dinta a fannin zane-zane da aikin jarida da kuma wadanda suka kammala karatunsu a bangaren huldar jama'a Karatun maigidanta ya maida hankali ne kan zane-zanen labarai da bayanan labarai kuma kundin karatun nata ya shafi aikin jarida ne na bayanai wanda aka yi nazari dalla-dalla a karon farko a Kasar Iran Ayyuka A yanzu haka tana karantarwa a Jami’ar Azad ta Musulunci, da Jami’ar Soore da kuma Jami’ar Kimiyyar kere-kere da Fasaha. Salimi memba ce a fannin ilimi da kuma kungiyar zane-zanen littattafai a Kungiyar Nazarin Ilmi da Tsare-Tsare da ke da alaƙa da Ma’aikatar Ilimi kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mawallafin Littafin Ilimin Karatun Ilimi na aji goma. Ita ce mai ba da shawara ga kafofin watsa labarai don kungiyoyi da yawa, mai ba da shawara kan labarai na yawancin mujallu na kimiyya kuma ita ce mai shiga tsakani gudanarwa a bukukuwan ɗalibai. Salimi ita ce shugabar masu zane-zanen labarai da labarai a kamfanin dillancin labarai na Nasim kuma tare da hadin gwiwar Behrouz Mazloumifar (matar aurenta), ta samar da bayanai masu tsayayye sama da guda 1000 kuma kwanan nan wasu masu mu'amala da juna. Ta yi aiki a fagen aikin jarida na bayanai (a rubuce da na gani) tsawon shekaru 20 da hulɗar jama'a tsawon shekaru 17. Ta fara aiki a cikin wallafe-wallafe daga Jaridar Khabar kuma ta yi aiki a Bavar mako-mako, jaridar Toseeh, jaridar Abrar Tattalin Arziki, jaridar Donya-e-Eqtesad, Hulda da Jama'a kowane wata da kuma Honar-e-Hashtom duk wata-wata a matsayin 'yar jarida, mai rahoto, mataimakiyar edita, mai daukar hoto, mai zane-zane da kuma daraktan zane-zane. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Fars News Agency for shekaru 12 da Tasnim News Agency daga 2013. Salimi tare da ƙungiyar masu zane da zane a cikin labarai da bayanai sun kafa baje kolin bayanai na farko a bikin baje kolin wanda aka gudanar a ranar 20 g11 Maris shekara ta 2013). Ta gudanar da kwasa-kwasan horon labarai da labarai na farko a Ofishin Nazarin Watsa Labarai da Tsare-Tsare (wanda ke da alaƙa da sashen latsawa na Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Shiryarwar Musulunci a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014.
Ta gabatar da Labarai da Infographics 2 (Interactive) yayin baje kolin manema labarai a shekara ta 2014 da kuma shekara ta 2015. Salimi ta samu karbuwa sosai a fagen aikin jarida da zane-zane a karni 14th zuwa karni 19th Press Festival kuma ya samu lambobin yabo a Farsi Infographics Festival na farko, Khakriz-e-Shishe'I Festival, Ta kuma samu wasu yabo a bukukuwan waka da dama.
Bibliography
Marubuci News Graphics and Infographics, younes Shokrkhah and Maryam Salimi Bureau of Media Studies and Planning, 2014.
Walking Without You (Taradod Bi To), Ashian Publication, 2011.
Blue Plate (Pelak-e-Abi), Ashian Publication, 2010.
Public Relations: Associate to Bachelor Degree Exams for the University of Applied Science and Technology, Emamat Publication, 2012.
Fassara Bayani na 2, Alberto Cairo, Wanda Ahmad Ashrafi da Maryam Salimi suka fassara, Sorosh Publication, a shekara ta 2015.
Lambobin yabo An girmama Salimi kuma an bashi bukukuwa da bukukuwa da yawa:
Mai sukar gwamnati a cikin Bikin Jarida na 14 Mafi kyawun rahoto a cikin kamfanonin labaru a cikin Bikin Pressan Jaridu na 15 da Wakilin Wakilin Labarai Mafi kyawun hira a cikin kamfanonin labaru a cikin Bikin Jarida na 18 Ofayan labarai mafi kyau a cikin kamfanonin dillancin labarai a cikin Bikin Pressan Jarida na 19 Matsayi na uku a rukunin hira a cikin Bikin Masana'antar Banki Matsayi na biyu a rukunin hira a cikin Bikin Mota na 1 Daya daga cikin goman farko a Kungiyar Yan Jaridu Musulmai Shayari mafi kyau a bikin Nedaye Vahdat na Duniya Fitaccen mai fasaha a bikin Fajr Afarinan Mafi kyawun rahoto a cikin Bugawa ta 3 da Bikin Hukumomin Hukumomi a cikin Nauyin Haraji Iran a cikin wasannin Olympics a bikin Infographics
Manazarta 'Yan Jaridan Kasar Iran
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1987
Mata 'yan jaridan Iran
Pages with unreviewed |
59505 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canjin%20yanayi%20a%20Belgium | Canjin yanayi a Belgium | Canjin yanayi a Belgium, ya bayyana batutuwan da suka shafi dumamar yanayi a Belgium.Belgium tanada kashi 7 mafi girma na CO2 ga kowane mutum acikin EU.Rashin fitar da CO2 ya ragu da kashi 19.0%tun lokacin da'aka kwatanta da matakan 1990.Matsakaicin zafin jiki ya tashi zuwa digiri 1.9 na Celsius tun lokacin da'aka fara a 1890, tare da hanzari tun 1954.
Rashin iskar gas A cikin 2021,hayakin gas (GHG)yakai tan miliyan 146.9 na CO2 daidai (Mt CO2 eq),wanda 88 Mt ya fito ne daga yankin Flemish, 54.8 Mt daga yankin Walloon da 4 Mt daga yankin Brussels.
Manufofin ta yanki
Yankin Flemish Manufar Yankin Flemish ita ce raguwar kashi 5.2% na GHG a cikin lokacin 2008-2012 idan aka kwatanta da 1990.Wannan yana nufin matsakaicin fitarwa na tan miliyan 83.4 na CO2 daidai a cikin lokacin 2008-2012.Shirin rabon Flemish na 2008-2012,yana hulɗa da shigarwa yana cinye fiye da 0.5 PJ(139 GWh)a kowace shekara.17% na hayakin GHG ya fito ne daga sufuri kuma 21 daga samar da wutar lantarki da samar da zafi (ba tare da zafi ga gine-gine ba).Akwai shigarwa 178 da aka jera.
Sidmar mallakar ArcelorMittal a Ghent: 8,918,495
Jimlar refinery a Antwerp: 4,323,405
BASF a Antwerp: 2,088,422
Zandvliet Power, haɗin gwiwar BASF da GDF Suez, a Zandvlivet: 1,119,158
Kamfanin gyaran Esso a Antwerp: 1,933,000
Fina Olefins a Antwerp: 1,414,550
Electrabel a cikin Herdersbrug: 990,397
Electrabel a Drogenbos: 998,794
E.ON Benelux a Vilvoorde: 828,920
SPE a cikin Ringvaarts: 807,066
Electrabel a cikin Ruien: 730,332
E.ON Benelux a Langerloo: 586,961
Degussa a Antwerp: 526,949
Yankin Babban Birnin Brussels Da yake jihar tarayyace, Yankin Babban Birnin Brussels ya kuma yi shirin rabawa na biyu don 2008-2012 bisa ga dokar 3 ga Yuni,2004 wanda ke aiwatar da umarnin Turai 2003/87/CE.Acikin wannan shirin,burin Brussels shine samun karuwar matsakaicin 3.475% na hayakin gas idan aka kwatanta da 1990.
A shekara ta 2004,Yankin Babban Birnin Brussels ya fitar da tan miliyan 4.4 na CO2 daidai,ƙaruwar kashi 9% idan aka kwatanta da 1990 lokacin da hayaki yakai 4.083 Mt CO2 eq.Rashin hayaki ya fito ne daga amfani da cikin gida (45%),bangaren sakandare (25%)da sufuri (19%),da makamashi masana'antu (2%).4.4 Mt CO2 eq ba ya la'akari da fitar da GHG saboda samar da wutar lantarki a waje da yankin.
Shirye-shiryen rabawa na 2008-2012 sun haɗada wurare takwas kawai:
Kamfanin samar da mota na Audi (tsohon kamfanin Volkswagen) a cikin Forest
Gidan BNP Paribas (tsohon Fortis)
Tsire-tsire na Bruda da ke samar da Asphalt
Electrabel turbo-jet wutar lantarki a Schaerbeek
Electrabel turbo-jet wutar lantarki a Buda
Electrabel turbo-jet wutar lantarki mallakar a Volta
gidan talabijin na RTBF
Ginin Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya
Yankin Walloon A cikin shirin rabawa na biyu (don lokacin 2008-2012), Yankin Walloon yana shirin rage kashi 7.5% na hayakin GHG idan aka kwatanta da 1990 lokacin da aka fitar da tan miliyan 54.84 na CO2.
Shirin na 2008-2012 ya hada da gidaje 172. A shekara ta 2005, mafi yawan masu fitarwa sun kasance (adadin a cikin tan CO2 daidai da shekara):
CCB siminti plant a Gaurain-Ramecroix: 1,515,543
Kamfanin siminti na Holcim a Obourg: 1,508,060
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Electrabel a Monceau: 1,260,520
Kamfanin siminti na CBR a Lixhe: 1,059,929
Dumont Wautier Shuka na Lime a Saint Georges: 1,294,087
Sauran manyan masu fitarwa sune masu samar da ƙarfe da ƙarfe a Charleroi da Liège.
A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 2009, BASF ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su rufe masana'antar da ke Feluy a ƙarshen 2009. Wannan shuka tana da rabon shekara-shekara na tan 36,688 na CO2 daidai.
Ragewa da daidaitawa
Manufofin da dokoki Kasancewa memba na Tarayyar Turai, Belgium, ta yi amfani da Tsarin Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Tarayyar Tarayyar Yuropa wanda Dokar 2003/87/EC ta kafa. Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ta kafa raguwar kashi 7.5% na fitar da iskar gas idan aka kwatanta da 1990. Belgium ta kafa Shirin Rarraba na Kasa a matakin tarayya tare da manufa ga kowane yanki uku.
A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2002, Belgium ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa don aiwatar da Shirin Yanayi na Kasa da bayar da rahoto a cikin mahallin UNFCCC da yarjejeniyar Kyoto. Shirin Rarraba na Kasa na farko ya kasance daga 2005 zuwa 2007. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da shi a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2004. Shirin rabawa na biyu ya kasance na lokacin 2008-2012 kuma yana da niyyar rage kashi 7.5% na hayakin gas idan aka kwatanta da 1990.
Yarjejeniyar Paris Yarjejeniyar Paris yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa, babban burinta shine iyakance dumamar duniya zuwa ƙasa da digiri 1.5 na Celsius, idan aka kwatanta da matakan da suka gabata. Gudummawar Ƙaddamarwa ta Kasa (NDC) sune shirye-shiryen yaki da canjin yanayi da aka daidaita ga kowace ƙasa. Kowace jam'iyya a cikin yarjejeniyar tana da manufofi daban-daban bisa ga tarihin tarihinta na yanayi da yanayin ƙasar kuma duk manufofi ga kowace ƙasa an bayyana su a cikin NDC.
Game da kasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai burin suna da kama sosai kuma Tarayyar Tarayyar Duniya tana aiki tare da dabarun gama gari a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris.
Duba kuma Motocin lantarki a Belgium
Manazarta Sauyin |
25582 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Senegal | Sinima a Senegal | Sinima a Senegal ƙaramin masana'antar fim ne wanda kuma ya sami babban matsayi daga shekarun 1960 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, amma tun daga wannan lokacin ya ƙi zuwa fina -finan fina -finai biyar da aka samar a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. yana buƙatar sabuntawa Tarihin fim
Fim na farko: 1955–1969 Fim na farko na Senegal, Fim ɗin Paulin Vieyra Afrique-sur-Seine, an yi shi a shekarar 1955. Vieyra za ta biyo bayan wasu gajerun finafinan Afrique à Moscou (1957), Le Niger aujourd'hui (1958), Les présidents Senghor et Modibo Keita, Avec les Africaines à Vienne da "Présence Africaine" a Rome (1959) da Indépendance du Cameroun, Togo, Kongo, Madagaska (1960), shirin gaskiya wanda ya ƙunshi yancin waɗannan ƙasashe.
Sai dai har sai da cin gashin kan Senegal da kanta masana'antar ta fara bunƙasa. Marubuci Ousmane Sembène ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin ƙasar a wannan lokacin ta hanyar sauya yawancin gajerun labaransa zuwa fina -finai. Ya damu musamman da canjin zamantakewa, kuma ya ga fim a matsayin hanyar isar da saƙo ga masu sauraro da yawa. A cikin 1963, Sembène ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko, ɗan gajeren minti 20 da ake kira Barom Sarret (The Wagoner). Ana ɗaukar fim ɗin fim na farko da Baƙar fata ɗan Afirka ya taɓa yi a Afirka kuma yana nuna rayuwar talauci da har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a Senegal bayan samun 'yancin kai, ta hanyar ayyukan yau da kullun na direban taksi. A shekarar 1964 ya sake yin wani ɗan gajeren suna Niaye A cikin 1966 ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko kuma na farko na Senegal, La Noire de bisa ga ɗaya daga cikin gajerun labaransa; kuma shi ma ya zama fim na farko da wani darektan Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara ya taba fitarwa. Kodayake tsawon mintuna 60 kawai, fim ɗin yaren Faransanci ya lashe shi Prix Jean Vigo, yana mai da hankalin duniya kai tsaye ga fim ɗin a cikin Senegal da sinima na Afirka gabaɗaya. Sembène ya bi wannan nasarar tare da Mandabi na 1968, ya cimma burinsa na shirya fim a cikin yarensa na Wolof Shekarun 1970: "Shekarar Zinare" Ta hanyar shekarun 1970 masana'antu sun haɓaka. A cikin 1971 Sembène ya yi fim a cikin Diola da Faransanci, Emitaï Darakta Djibril Diop Mambéty ya fitar da fina -finai da yawa a wannan lokacin tare da zurfin ma'anar zamantakewa da wakilci. Kamar yawancin mutanen zamaninsa, Djibril Diop Mambéty ya yi amfani da gidan sinima don yin tsokaci kan yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa a Afirka, kuma kamar Sembène fina-finansa ba su saba da juna ba, masu ba da gaskiya, masu saurin tafiya, tare da labarai na gaskiya.
A cikin fina-finansa, Mambéty ya fuskanci kuma ya tsunduma cikin rikitarwa da sabani a cikin al'umma mai tasowa a Senegal da ke nuna kamanni. Fim ɗin farko na Mambéty, ɗan gajeren taken Contras City (1968), ya bambanta yanayin duniya a cikin gine-ginen baroque na Dakar akan yankunan da talauci ya dabaibaye. A shekarar 1970 Mambéty ya fitar da gajeren gajerar sa ta gaba, Badou Boy, wani kallon rainin hankali a babban birnin Senegal wanda ke nuna mutumin da bai dace ba a kan wani ɗan sanda mai ɗaukar hoto wanda ke bin sa ta hanyar abubuwan da ba za su iya yiwuwa ba.
Mambéty ta fasalin-tsawon halarta a karon, Touki Bouki (The kura ta Journey) a shekarar 1973, wanda masu sharhi la'akari da mafi tsauri misali na hybridity da kuma zamantakewa warewa da kuma juxtaposition a Senegal, aka yi tare da wata kasafin kudin na 30,000, Abin mamaki jera a] en da gwamnatin ƙasar Senegal ta. Fim ɗin yana kunshe da masoya, Mory da Anta, waɗanda a alamance suke tserewa daga Dakar don ƙaunataccen Faransa, wanda ke wakiltar canjin yanayi a cikin jama'ar Senegal da sauyawa zuwa sabon zamani. Daga cikin gudummawar da Mambéty ya bayar ga fim ɗin Senegal a wannan lokacin, Sheila Petty, wani masani a cikin Nazarin Afirka ya lura, "sabanin sauran masu shirya fina -finan Afirka na ƙarshen 1960s da farkon 1970s waɗanda aka tsara fina -finan su game da mahimmancin kishin ƙasa da aka mayar da hankali kan hamayyar binary na ƙimar Afirka da al'adun gargajiya. nisanta, Mambéty ya nemi fallasa bambancin rayuwa ta ainihi Masana’antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa a 1975 tare da fitar da fitattun fina -finan Kaddu Beykat, wanda Safi Faye da Xala suka jagoranta, da kuma Sembène, wanda New Yorker Films ta ba da tallafi, baƙar fata mai ban dariya wanda ke ba da labarin El Hadji, ɗan siyasa mara ƙarfi a Senegal daga ranar aurensa zuwa matarsa ta uku. Fim ɗin ya yi ɗimbin cin hanci da rashawa a siyasar Afirka tun lokacin samun 'yancin kai tare da raunin El Hadji wanda ke nuna gazawar gwamnatoci da yawa na shawo kan haɗama. Ya bi wannan tare da Ceddo (1977), fim wanda ya sami babban takunkumi a cikin Senegal saboda batun sa.
Safi Faye, wacce ta fara fitowa a shekarar 1972 tare da ɗan gajeren fim ɗin ta La Passante (The Passerby) wanda ita ma ta fito a ciki, ƙwararren masanin kishin ƙasar Faransa kuma ɗan fim Jean Rouch ya ƙarfafa ta da yin amfani da yin fim a matsayin kayan aikin ƙabilanci. Ya lallashe ta da neman ilimi a harkar shirya fim. Ta yi nazarin ilimin ɗabi'a a École pratique des hautes études sannan a Makarantar Fim ta Lumière kuma ta tara kuɗin da ake buƙata don samar da fina -finai ta hanyar karɓar aiki a matsayin abin koyi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma tasirin sauti na fim. Ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin ɗabi'a daga Jami'ar Paris a 1979 kuma nan da nan ta fara nazarin samar da bidiyo a Berlin. Ta sami tallafin kuɗi don Kaddu Beykat daga Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kan Faransanci kuma ya zama fim ɗin farko da wata 'yar Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara ta yi ta kasuwanci ta rarraba kuma ta sami karbuwa a duniya. Duk da cewa an sake shi, an haramta shi a Senegal. A cikin 1976 ta sami lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Masu Fina -Finan Duniya da Kyautar OCIC. Sannan ta saki Fad'jal da Goob na nu a 1979.
Haka kuma a shekarun 1970, ɗan jarida Ben Diogaye Bèye ya fara ɗaukar jerin gajeran fina -finai a Senegal. Na farko, Les Princes Noirs de Saint Germain-des-Près, wanda aka sake shi a 1972, shima sanannen sananne ne. Abin dariya ne ga wani matashi ɗan Afirka da ba shi da aikin yi yana ƙoƙarin rayuwa daban -daban a babban birnin Faransa. Fim dinsa na biyu, Samba Tali, an sake shi a farkon 1975. Ta karɓi Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim a bikin nuna fina-finan International du Film de l'Ensemble Francophone a Geneva a 1975 da kuma a Carthage Festival a 1976.
Shekarun 1980 don gabatarwa: raguwar aikin fim Zuwa shekarar 1980 kasar tana samar da fina-finai biyar masu cikakken tsayi a shekara da gajerun fina-finai da yawa. Bèye zai shirya kuma ya shirya fim ɗin sa na farko, Sey, Seyti, a cikin 1980, wanda ya kasance babban zargi game da auren mata fiye da daya a Senegal. Ita ce ta zo ta biyu don samun Kyautar Fim ɗin Mafi Kyawu a Gasar da Hukumar Hadin Kan Fasaha da Al'adu ta shirya wa ƙasashen Faransanci. An karrama shi da daraja a bikin Fim ɗin Locarno da Fina-finan Fina- Finan Afirka na Prix de la Commune a 1980 da 1981 bi da bi. Safi Faye ya ci gaba da yin umarni a shekarun 1980 tare da Man Sa Yay a 1980 da Les âmes au soleil a 1981. A cikin 1983, Faye ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin fim ɗin Selbé: Daya Daga cikin Mutane da yawa wanda ya biyo bayan wata mace mai shekaru 39 da ake kira Sélbe wacce ke aiki don tallafa wa 'ya'yanta takwas tun da mijinta ya bar ƙauyensu don neman aiki. Selbé yana tattaunawa akai-akai tare da Faye, wacce ba ta kan allo, kuma tana bayanin alakarta da mijinta da rayuwar yau da kullun a ƙauyen. Kodayake ta ci gaba da shirya fina -finai a cikin 1980s, tare da sake fitowa daga baya kamar su Racines noires da Elsie Haas, femme peintre et cinéaste d'Haiti a 1985 da Tesito a 1989, fina -finan ta, galibi suna rigima a cikin gida, an nuna su a Turai amma ba kasafai a Senegal ba ko Afirka. Bayan 1983 cinema ta Senegal ta sami raguwar gaske, wani ɓangare saboda rashin kuɗin gida. Daraktoci irin su Sembene sun kasance masu wadatar arziki don ci gaba da yin fina -finai, tare da Camp de Thiaroye (1987), da Guelwaar (1992) amma ƙasar ba ta da albarkatun cikin gida da kuɗin da ake buƙata don haɓaka masana'antar da cika ƙimar ta. Ko a yau a Senegal yawancin masu shirya fina -finai da mutanen da ke da ilimin shirya fim, musamman a Dakar, amma ba su da albarkatu. Duk wani fina -finan da aka shirya tun kusan kusan an samu kuɗi daga ƙasashen waje kuma an nuna su a bukukuwan fina -finai na duniya maimakon a Senegal. Duk da haka, Sembène zai ci gaba da jagorantar wasu fina -finai da yawa, amma saboda ci gaba da saka hannun jari a fina -finansa ta kamfanonin fina -finan Amurka kamar New Yorker Films A cikin 2000 ya jagoranci Faat Kiné wanda ya ba da muhimmiyar mahimmiyar fahimta game da Senegal ta zamani, bayan mulkin mallaka da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin wannan al'umma. Fim ɗin yana magana kan jigogi na ciki ba tare da aure da zina ba kuma yana nazarin bambance -bambancen da ke tsakanin ɗalibai na tsakiya da na ƙasa da talauci tare da rabe -raben arziki da na zamani, da gwagwarmaya cikin ƙima tsakanin abin da ya gabata da na yanzu a Senegal. Sembène ya jagoranci fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe a 2004 tare da fasalinsa, Moolaadé Ta ci lambobin yabo a bikin Fina -Finan Cannes da Fim ɗin FESPACO a Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Fim ɗin, wanda aka shirya a wani ƙaramin ƙauyen Afirka a Burkina Faso, ya bincika batun rigimar mata da ake takaddama akai Valerio Truffa shine ɗayan fitattun daraktocin fina -finan Senegal. Hakanan shine shugaban makarantun fim a Bénin da Madagascar, da sauransu. Amadou Tidiane Niagane shi ne daraktan sinima na ma'aikatar al'adu ta Senegal a 2007.
Fitattun daraktocin fim
Fitattun fina -finai Afrique-sur-Seine (1955)
Borom Sarret (1963)
Niaye (1964)
La Noire de (1966)
Mandabi (1968)
Birnin Contras (1968)
Badou Boy (1970)
Touki Bouki (1973)
Xala (1974)
Ceddo (1977)
Camp de Thiaroye (1988)
Guelwaar (1992)
Faat Kiné (2000)
Moolaadé (2004)
Les Feux de Mansaré (2009)
Yau (2011)
La Pirogue (2012)
Tayi (2012)
Des Étoiles (2013)
Félicité (2017)
Manazarta
Bibiyar tarihi Şaul, Mahir "Art, Siyasa da Kasuwanci a Fina -Finan Afirka na Faransanci," a cikin Mahir Şaul da Ralph Austen, eds. Kallon Fina-finan Afirka a karni na ashirin da daya: Fina-finan Fim da Juyin Bidiyon Nollywood, shafi. 133–159. Jami'ar Jami'ar Ohio, 2010, 978-0-86543-697-8
0-85255-576-8
0-8166-4004-1
Christopher, Michael (2011). "A Bustrip to Postcoloniality: A kan hanya tare da TGV-Express". A cikin: cinecine da yawa 2/2011, shafi na. Shafi na 68-81. Kan layi akan manycinemas.org Senegal
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41777 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular%20Portuguese | Daular Portuguese | Daular Portuguese Portuguese wacce kuma aka fi sani da ƙetaren Portuguese Ultramar Português ko Masarautar Mulkin Mallaka ta Portugal Império Colonial Português ta ƙunshi yankunan ƙasashen waje, masana'antu, da kuma yankuna na ketare da Portugal ke mulki. Ita ce daya daga cikin dauloli mafi tsufa a tarihin Turai, wacce ta kwashe tsawon karni shida tun bayan da aka mamaye Ceuta a Arewacin Afirka, a 1415, zuwa mika mulkin Macau zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1999. Daular ta fara ne a cikin karni na 15, kuma daga farkon karni na 16 ta bazu ko'ina a duniya, tana da rassa a Afirka, Arewacin Amurka, da Kudancin Amurka, da yankuna daban-daban na Asiya da Oceania. Daular Fotigal ta samo asali ne a farkon zamanin Binciko wurare, sannan kuma iko da mulkin Masarautar Portugal a ƙarshe ta faɗaɗa ko'ina a fadin duniya. Bayan farfadowar Reconquista, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal sun fara binciken gabar tekun Afirka da tsibirin Atlantic a cikin shekarun alif 1418-1419, ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin zamani wajen ratsa teku, zanen taswirori, da fasahar ruwa irin su caravel, tare da manufar gano hanyar teku zuwa teku da kuma tushen kasuwa kayan yaji don kasuwanci. A cikin 1488, Bartolomeu Dias ya zagaye Cape of Good Hope, kuma a cikin 1498 Vasco da Gama ya isa Indiya. A cikin 1500, ko dai ta hanyar kadara ko kuma ta hanyar ikon ubangiji Pedro Alvares Cabral ya binciko wajen da zai zama Brazil a yau.
A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Portugal sun ci gaba da binciken bakin teku da tsibiran Gabashin Asiya, suna kafa garuruwa da masana'antu yayin da suke tafiya. A shekara ta 1571, jiragen ruwa sun haɗa Lisbon zuwa Nagasaki tare da bakin tekun Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Indiya, da Kudancin Asiya. Wannan cibiyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci da cinikayyar mulkin mallaka ta yi tasiri mai kyau ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Portugal (1500-1800) lokacin da ta kai kusan kashi biyar na kudin shiga na kowane mutum na Portugal.
A lokacin da Sarki Philip II na Spaniya (Philip I na Portugal) ya kwace kambin sarautar Portugal a 1580 an fara haɗin kai na tsawon shekaru 60 tsakanin Spaniya da Portugal wanda aka sani da tarihance daIberian Union. Sarakunan sun ci gaba da samun gwamnatoci daban-daban. Yayin da Sarkin Spaniya ya kasance kuma Sarkin Portugal, yankunan mulkin mallaka na Portugal sun zamo wuraren hare-hare daga wasu kasashen Turai uku masu adawa da Spaniya: Jamhuriyar Holland, Ingila da Faransa. Tare da ƙarancin jama'arta, Portugal ta kasa kare yankunan kasuwancinta masu nisa, kuma daular ta fara raguwa a hankali. Daga ƙarshe, Brazil ta zama ƙasa mafi daraja a zamanin daular ta biyu (1663-1825), har zuwa lokacin da, a matsayin wani ɓangare na guguwar yunƙurin 'yancin kai da ya mamaye nahiyar Amurka a farkon karni na 19, ta balle a 1822.
Zamani na uku na daular ya mamaye mataki a karshe na mulkin mallaka na Portugal bayan samun 'yancin kai na Brazil a shekarun 1820. A lokacin, an rage dukiyar mulkin mallaka zuwa garuruwa da gonaki a bakin tekun Afirka (wanda aka fadada ƙasarsu a lokacin rarrabewar Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 19), Timor na Portuguese, da ƙauyuka a Indiya Indiya ta Portuguese da Sin Macau ta Portuguese Ultimatum na Burtaniya na 1890 ya haifar da raguwar burin Portuguese a Afirka.
A karkashin António Salazar (a ofishin 1932 1968), mulkin kama-karya na <i id="mwUw">Estado Novo</i> ya yi wasu yunƙuri marasa kyau don rike sauran yankunan da suka rage. A karkashin akidar pluricontinentalism, gwamnatin ta sake sanya wa yankunanta suna "lardunan ketare yayin da suke rike da tsarin tilastawa ayyuka, wanda manyan mutane 'yan asali ne kawai aka kebe. A cikin watan Agustan 1961, Dahomey sun haɗa sansanin São João Baptista de Ajudá, kuma a cikin Disamba na wannan shekarar Indiya ta mamaye Goa, Daman, da Diu. Yaƙin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal a Afirka ya wanzu tun daga 1961 har zuwa ƙarshen hambarar da gwamnatin Estado Novo a 1974. Juyin Juyin Halitta na Afrilun 1974 a Lisbon ya haifar da rushewar mulkin mallaka kasar Fotigal a Afurka cikin sauri da kuma maye 1975 na Timor na Portuguese da Indonesiya. Rushewar mulkin mallakar ya haifar da gudun hijira ga kusa dukkanin mutanen Portugal da sauran turawa daga yankunan. Portugal ta mayar da mulkin Macau zuwa China a 1999. Kasashen da suka rage a ƙarƙashin mulkin Portuguese, sune Azores da Madeira, dukansu suna dauke da jama'ar Portugal da dama, kuma Lisbon daga baya sun canza matsayinsu na tsarin mulki daga lardunan ketare zuwa yankuna masu cin gashin kansu". Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Masu Magana ta Fotigal (CPLP) sune magada al'adu na Masarautar, mai kama da Commonwealth of Nations ga ƙasashen da ke cikin Daular Biritaniya.
Manazarta
Webarchive template wayback |
51383 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Masana%27antu | Bankin Masana'antu | Bankin Masana'antu Limited (an taƙaita shi a matsayin 'BOI') shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma a Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Najeriya (DFI) a halin yanzu tana aiki. Ma'aikatar Kudi ce ta mallaki (MOFI) Najeriya (94.80%), Babban Bankin Najeriya (CBN) (5.19%) da masu hannun jari masu zaman kansu (0.01%). Bankin yana da mambobi 11 a cikin kwamitin kuma Aliyu Abdulrahman Dikko ne ke jagoranta.
Tarihi Bankin Masana'antu Limited ya fara aiki a 1959 a matsayin Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Najeriya (ICON) Limited. A shekara ta 1964, an sake gina ICON Limited don zama Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB) Limited a karkashin jagorancin Bankin Duniya. Da farko, Kamfanin Kudi na Duniya (IFC) ya mallaki kashi 75% a cikin NIDB kuma ya samar da Manajan Darakta na farko. Koyaya, an narkar da tsarin daidaito a cikin 1976 sakamakon dokar 'yan asalin ƙasar.
A shekara ta 2001, an sake gina BOI daga hadewar Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB), Bankin Kasuwanci da Masana'antar Najeriya (NBCI) da Asusun Ginin Tattalin Arziki na Kasa (NERFUND). Kodayake an fara saita hannun jari na bankin a biliyan 50 bayan sake gina NIDB, an kara shi zuwa biliyan 250 a shekara ta 2007.
Ayyuka Bankin ya taimaka wajen gudanar da Asusun Gudanar da Wutar Lantarki da Jirgin Sama biliyan 300 da Asusun Taimako na auduga, Textile da Garments biliyan 50 daga CBN, Asusun Gudummawa na Abun Najeriya miliyan 200 (Asusun NCI), Asusun Gudun Gida na Najeriya biliyan 2.5 da Ƙananan Ma'adanai (ASM) da sauran kudade. BOI kuma tana sarrafawa da rarraba Shirin Kasuwancin Gwamnati da Karfafawa (GEEP), ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen shiga tsakani na zamantakewa da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta gabatar. GEEP (wanda aka fi sani da MarketMoni) asusun biliyan 140 ne da nufin tallafawa mutane a cikin bangaren da ba na al'ada ba tare da rance a kashi zero. Ta hanyar asusun, BOI tana tallafawa hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, hadin gwiwoyin mata, ƙananan kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci tare da rance daga Ō10,000 zuwa Ō50,000.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin fadada damar samun kuɗi, BOI ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa a ƙarƙashin tsarin daidaitaccen kuɗi. Asusun daidaitawa na MSME shine tsarin tallafi na 50:50 tare da Gwamnatocin Jihohi don gudanar da asusun don kafa ƙananan, ƙananan ko matsakaici a cikin jihohin da suka halarci.
Haɗin gwiwar dabarun
Haɗin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe ta Tarayya A cikin 2017, Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai da Ci gaban Karfe ta Tarayya (FMMSD) ta kafa Asusun Taimako na Kudi na Kasuwanci da Ƙananan Ma'adanai na Najeriya (ASM) biliyan 2.5 kuma ta sanya BOI a matsayin manajan asusun. Manufar Asusun ASM shine don magance bukatun kudade na masu sana'a da ƙananan ma'adinai yayin inganta ci gaban ma'adanai masu ƙarfi a Najeriya. Ta hanyar makircin, masu hakar ma'adinai na sana'a na iya samun damar zuwa miliyan 10 yayin da ƙananan masu hakar fashi na iya samun dama har zuwa miliyan 100.
Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana na BOI-UNDP A cikin 2011, BOI da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) sun ƙaddamar da Shirin Samun Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa. An kafa aikin ne don aiki a matsayin shirin bayar da shawarwari da wayar da kan jama'a don ingantawa da tallafawa fadada ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa don tallafawa gidaje da kamfanoni na cikin gida a cikin al'ummomin da ba a kula da su ba. Don cimma wannan, BOI da UNDP sun karfafa masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin sararin makamashi mai sabuntawa don saka hannun jari a bangaren Najeriya. Koyaya, a cikin 2015, an sake mayar da hankali ga aikin don daidaitawa da dabarun BOI don tallafawa da aiwatar da ayyukan makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da haɗin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki. A sakamakon haka, an sake sunan aikin zuwa Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana (SEP) don nuna canjin a cikin dabarun dabarun.
SEP ta fara ne tare da aikin wutar lantarki na ƙauyuka wanda ya haɗa da samar da kudade na dogon lokaci don shigar da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana [buzzword] a cikin al'ummomin karkara da aka zaba. Tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa 2016, an shigar da ƙananan ma'auni da hanyoyin samar da makamashi na hasken rana a cikin yankunan karkara 6 a cikin jihohin Najeriya 6: Jihar Nijar, Jihar Osun, Jihar Gombe, Jihar Anambra, Jihar Edo da Jihar Kaduna. An shigar da mita da aka riga aka biya, ta amfani da samfuran Pay-As-You-Go, a kowane gida da microenterprise don karɓar sassauci na biyan kuɗi da kuma warware ƙalubalen kuɗin da ba a biya ba. An dauki matakin matukin jirgi a matsayin nasara kuma ya ja hankalin masu saka hannun jari da yawa a duk faɗin Najeriya.
A bayan wannan nasarar, BOI da UNDP sun shiga yarjejeniyar raba farashi don tallafawa kashi na biyu na aikin. A cikin 2016, BOI ta ba da kuɗin bashin dala miliyan 1.4 yayin da UNDP ta ba da tallafin 600,000 don sake maimaita hanyoyin samar da makamashi na hasken rana a cikin ƙarin al'ummomi 11 a fadin jihohin Najeriya 4: Jihar Nijar, Jihar Gombe, Jihar Anambra da Jihar Kaduna.
Dangane da fa'idodin SEP, BOI ta gabatar da samfurin kasuwanci na Solar Energy biliyan 2 a cikin 2017 don samun dama ta nau'ikan masu amfani da ƙarshe kai tsaye ta hanyar BOI da kai tsaye.
Ta hanyar Shirin Makamashi na Hasken rana, bankin yana da niyyar samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje sama da 100,000 da ƙananan kamfanoni a yankunan karkara da na kasuwanci nan da shekarar 2021.
Haɗin gwiwa tare da Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) Group A cikin shekara ta 2011, Kwamitin Daraktocin Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) Group ya amince da layin bashi na dala miliyan 500 don taimakawa BOI wajen tallafawa SMEs na gida a Najeriya. A cikin 2015 da 2017, bankin ya sami dala miliyan 100 (a cikin ɓangarori biyu na dala miliyan 50 kowannensu) don tallafawa SMEs masu fitarwa tare da ikon samar da musayar kasashen waje. Za a samar da layin bashi don ayyukan tallafi da ke da niyyar rage talauci, samar da aiki da ƙirƙirar dukiya ta hanyar kasuwanci, zamantakewa da ci gaban tattalin arziki. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, AfDB ta buƙaci bankin ya ba da taimako na fasaha don gina iyawa ga duka BOI da SMEs. Don wannan dalili, BOI ta shiga kamfanonin kasa da kasa BDO GBW.
Rassan Bankin Masana'antu yana da cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi a duk faɗin Najeriya tare da rassa 24, hedkwatar a Jihar Legas, Najeriya da kuma ofishin kamfanoni a Abuja, Najeriya.
Rukunin reshe
Kamfanin BOI-Investment Trust Company (BOI-ITC) BOI Investment and Trust Company Limited (BOI-ITC) an kafa shi ne a cikin 1978 a matsayin cikakken mallakar wanda ya riga BOI, Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya (NIDB). An kafa shi a matsayin mai gudanar da kasuwar babban birnin don aiki a matsayin mai kula, mai rajista da kuma manajan asusun fayil. Kamfanin kuma ya yi rajista tare da CBN a matsayin kamfanin kudi. A matsayinta na mai kula, BOI-ITC tana cikin kasuwancin amincewa na musamman ciki har da amincewa da masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, fa'idodin ritaya na aiki, gudanar da asusun amincewa ga masu zaman kansu le kamfanoni, gudanar da dukiya a ƙarƙashin amincewa, da kuma aiwatar da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi.
BOI-Microfinance Bank Limited (BOI-MFB) Bankin BOI-Microfinance Limited kamfani ne mai iyakantaccen alhakin da aka kafa a Najeriya a karkashin Dokar Kamfanoni da Allied Matters ta 2002 kuma CBN ta tsara shi. Bankin yana ba da sabis na kuɗi mai yawa ga ƙananan kamfanoni, ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaici da masu karamin kuɗi daban-daban a matsayin mutane da kuma kungiyoyi. Yana ba da rance na kudade, rance na aiki, rance mai amfani da rance wanda bai wuce 500 000 ga kowane kamfani ba. Bugu da kari, BOI-MFB tana da niyyar karfafa tanadi tsakanin matalauta marasa kudi na al'ummar Najeriya.
BOI-MFB babbar abin hawa ce wajen isar da manufofi na BOI Bottom of the Pyramid Scheme (BOP).
BOI Insurance Brokers (BOI-IB) Limited BOI Industrial and Development Insurance Brokers (BOI-IB) Limited yana ba da inshora da sabis na ba da shawara. BOI-IB Limited tana ba da ƙungiyoyi tare da inshora na wuta haɗari na waje, inshora na fashi fashewa, asarar sakamako, lalacewar injuna, inshora kuɗi, kayayyaki a cikin sufuri, haɗarin mutum na rukuni, alhakin jama'a, garantin aminci, inshora ta ruwa da inshora ta mota (motora).
BOI-IB iyakance kuma yana ba da inshora don rancen BOI da ayyuka.
Ayyukan Kudi na LECON LECON Financial Services, tsohon Leasing Company of Nigeria Limited, an kafa shi ne a matsayin cikakken mallakar Bank of Industry Limited (BOI), tsohon Bankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Najeriya Limited, (NIDB) a cikin 1989. An kafa shi ne don haɓaka ayyukan BOI ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki ga masu cin gajiyar bankin.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Bankuna
Bankuna a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21427 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Fur | Mutanen Fur | Fur Fur fòòrà, Larabci Fūr ƙabila ce wacce galibi ke zaune a yammacin Sudan Sun fi karkata ne a yankin Darfur, inda su ne mafiya yawan kabilu. Suna magana da yaren Fur, wanda ke cikin dangin Nilo-Saharan Bayani Fur ɗin su ne mafi yawan ƙabilu a yankin Darfur na yammacin Sudan Hakanan wasu lokuta ana kiran su da suna Fora, Fordunga, Furawi, Konjara, ko Kungara. Mutane ne masu aikin gona kuma suna iya yin kiwon shanu. Wasu dangin Fur wadanda suka tara garken shanu sun bunkasa salon makiyaya kamar na makwabtansu makiyaya, Larabawan Baqqara (Baggara) A al'adance, Fur ɗin nan na kiwon shanu yanzu ana ɗaukarsa Baqqara ne. Fur din sunaye ne musulmai mabiya Sunni wadanda ke bin mazhabar Maliki ta shari'ar Musulunci Su ne a yammacin kasar Sudan mutane da suke binsa sedentary herding da kuma aikin gona, yafi namo gero Al'ummarsu ta gargajiya ce wacce dattawan ƙauye ke mulki. Suna magana da Fur, wani yare ne na Sahara, kuma musulmai ne, sun karɓi addinin ne bayan mamayar yankin da masarautar Kanem-Bornu ta yi a lokacin Tsararru Wasu daga cikinsu sun zo yin magana da Larabci a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.
Suna Sunan Darfur ya fito ne daga sunan wannan ƙabilar kuma yana nufin "gidan Fur". Mafi yawan sanannun gwamnonin Darfur kamar su Deriage da Tegani Seisei membobin Fur ne. Fur ɗin ya kafa masarautar Darfur mai tarihi wacce take mulkin Darfur har zuwa 1916 (duba Tarihin Darfur Abdul Wahid al Nur, jagora a cikin Fur, kafa ƙungiyar 'Yancin Sudan da Sojoji. Wani shugaba na Fur, shine Ahmed Abdelshafi (Toba). Ƙasar gargajiyar Fur ita ce yankin tsaunuka kewaye da Jebel Sî da Jebel Marra Wadi Salih da Zaligi; a yau, duk da haka kuma galibinsu suna zaune ne a ƙasan ƙasar yamma da kudu maso yamma na wannan yankin, tsakanin 11-14 N da 23-26 E. Wasu Somean Fur suna zaune a ƙetaren Chadi, yawancinsu 'yan gudun hijira ne Rayuwar Furs ta haifar da rikici da Baggara mai kiwo, makiyaya masu kiwo na yankin, game da samun ruwa da wurin kiwo, musamman a tsaunukan tsakiyar Jebel Marra na Darfur inda za a sami mafi kyaun kasar noma. Wannan shi ne tushen rikice-rikicen kabilanci tsawon shekaru, har ya zuwa rikicin Darfur wanda ya fara a 2003.
Da yawa daga cikin kabilun Fur an kashe su a yakin ƙabilanci yayin da kabilun Mahria da Terjem suka raba kasar da suka ci da yaki daga Fur ɗin, a cewar wani rahoto na New York Times na ranar 3 ga Satumbar 2007 inda ya ambaci jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da waɗanda suka tsira daga Fur.
Harshe Fur ɗin suna magana da yaren Fur, wanda dangin Nilo-Saharan ne. Suna kuma yin magana da Larabci a matsayin harshen yare.
Babu rubutaccen rubutu ko alamar alama don yaren Fur. Kwanan nan suna amfani da haruffan larabci ko Latin don sanya yaren a rubuce. Yawancin mutanen Fur suna magana da kyau Fur kamar harshensu na asali.
Gaisuwa ta gama gari sun haɗa da:
Avilakoa Barka da Safiya
Avilakonu Barka da yamma
Sau da yawa ana amfani da ganga mai nauyi yayin yin jawabai da sauran adiresoshin jama'a.
Zane-zane
Hannun fasaha Mutanen Fur suna yin abin hannunsu da kayan aikin hannu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talak, wanda ake amfani da shi don tsabtace tukwane talak yana kama da soso); birish, wanda shine shimfiɗar zama; da gada, wanda farantin katako ne ko kwano da ake amfani da shi don mahimman lokuta.
Kiɗa, labarai da nishaɗi Daga cikin mutanen Fur, ana ba da labarai don kiyaye yara daga ƙetaren duniya. An tsara waɗannan labaran ne don sa yara kusa da gida. A wasu labaran ana gaya wa yara cewa idan sun fita da safe za su mutu da zafin rana, kuma da daddare sai a ce musu idan sun fita wata dabba da ake kira nyama za ta cinye su.
Kiɗan Fur yana da matukar shahara a cikin al'adunsu. Babban kayan kiɗan ne ganguna. Ana yin kiɗan tare da amo mai nauyin gaske wanda ke tare da bikin su. Wasu shahararrun mawaƙqn Fur su ne; Abdalla Kioka da Marium Amo.
Gine-gine Wani nau'in gine-gine na yau da kullun a cikin gidaje da gine-gine ana kiran sa laka. Suna haƙa yumɓu daga ƙasa, su fasa shi, su gauraya shi da ruwa, suyi aiki sosai, sannan kuma su haɗa wasu abubuwa kamar bambaro. Yakin zai lulluɓe yayin da yake a jike, an matse shi a kan ma'aunin da aka yi da itace, ko kuma a jefa shi a cikin wasu molts na girma dabam dabam. Lokacin da laka ta bushe a cikin sifar da aka sassaka, aikin ya cika. Ana amfani da wannan fasahar ga mafi yawan gine-gine a Yammacin Sudan kamar gidajen gona, rumbuna, bangon waje, fadoji, har ma da masallatai. Laka tana da kyau wajen ɗaukar zafi, wanda ke da amfani ga dare lokacin sanyi. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin juriyarsa ga iska da ruwan sama, akwai buƙata koyaushe don gyara gine-gine. Sabili da haka, ginin laka ba shi da amfani saboda taɓarɓarewarta, da canje-canje na al'adu da tasirin ƙasashen waje.
Tufafi da fasahar jiki Akwai kamceceniyar tufafin mutanen Fur da na Sudan. Suna saka kaya irin na ƴan Sudan kamar Jalabiya. Jalabiya wata nau'in sutura ce dake rufe dukkan jiki daga sama har ƙasa. Tsarin zamantakewa A cikin tsarin zamantakewar mutanen Fur, ba su da mahimmancin girmama dukiyar su. Shugaban talaka da attajiri jagora na iya zama shugaba. Kwarewar mutum ya ta'allaka ne da ilimin Alqurani Namiji ba ma zai iya yin aure ba idan bai san Alqur'ani ba.
Ana yin karatun Alqurani tare da taimakon allon hannu mai kama da abin da aka sani da lohh da kuma zanen katako da ake kira kalam. Ilimin ɗan kabilar Fur na Al-Qur'ani shine yake tantance matsayin su akan matakan shugabancin ƙabilar. Misali, dan kabila dole ne ya san kusan duka littafin don samun matsayi a matsayin sarki.
Hakanan mutanen Fur suna da sana'o'in kansu na nishaɗi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wasannin raye-raye kamar “ALLE” (duka-eh) da kayan wasa kamar Burajei. Burajei wani ƙaramin abin wasa ne mai kama da 'yar tsana da aka yi daga bayan raƙumi Ana ɗaure shi da igiya kuma ana sakar da ƙaya.
Halin jama'a Yayin saduwa da juna, mace da miji suna da halaye na girmamawa daban-daban. Mace dole ne ta durƙusa a gaban namiji kuma namiji dole ne ya rage saurinsa. Hakanan jinsi daban-daban na iya rawa tare amma an hana su taɓa ko zama tare da juna sai dai idan dangi ne.
Maza da mata yawanci suna yin aure a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu zuwa farkon shekarunsu na ashirin. Ango da matar za su sadu da juna kuma su san game da su, abubuwan da suka yi da sauran mahimman halayen. Idan komai ya tafi daidai zasu ci gaba da zaman aure.
Matsayin maza da mata Mutanen suna da sunan iyali. Suna aiki don kawo kuɗi ga dangi kuma suna da alhakin duk mahimman shawarwari masu alaƙa da dangi, kamar kuɗi da aure. Matan suna samun ruwa, suna shirya abinci suna kuma tabbatar da tsaftar gida.
'Ya'ya mata kan taimaka wa iyayensu mata, su shayar da shanu su zauna a gida. 'Ya'yan baya da garken shanu tare da shanun gida. Idan ɗayan waɗannan ɓarna biyu ɗin sun yi daidai da irin hukuncin da dattijan ya musu. Hakanan, rashin girmamawa ne kallon balagagge a idanun.
Cin abinci Sudan sananniya ce sosai saboda kofi na Guhwah da aka yi amfani da shi daga jebena, tukunyar Sudan ta musamman. Ana soyayyen wake na kofi a cikin wannan tukunyar akan gawayi, sannan a niƙa shi da albasa da sauran kayan ƙanshi. Filaye suna steeped a cikin ruwan zafi da kuma kofi yana bauta a kankanin kofuna bayan ƙagauta shi ta hanyar wani ciyawa sieve Tea ko chai shima yana da matukar shahara kuma ana amfani dashi a ƙananan gilashi ba tare da madara ba. Wasu abubuwan sha da ake morewa a wuraren da ba na musulinci ba sune Aragi, wata tsayayyiyar ruhu da aka yi daga dabino, merissa, nau'in giya da tedj, ko ruwan inabi, da aka yi da dabino ko zuma. Kayan abinci na Sudan ya bambanta da al'adunsa, musamman a kudu, amma yana da wasu halaye na musamman. Gero da wawa medamas, abinci mai ɗanɗano na wake wake, sune shahararren abincin karin kumallo a arewa. Ana cin naman rago da kaza, amma naman alade haramun ne ga al'ummar Musulmi.
Alkama da dawawan dawa shine abincin da ake ci. Gurasar sun haɗa da Arabi khubz, da kisra, irin na fure mai kama da omelet wanda wani bangare ne na abincin dare na Sudan. Maschi, naman sa da na tumatir, shima iri ne. 'Ya'yan itacen suna ɓoye don kayan zaki kuma abin da aka fi so shi ne caramel.
A kudanci, ana ba da abincin dare a kan tebur gajere. Zai yiwu a sami abinci guda biyar ko shida don tsoma su tare da manyan burodi na waina. Wadannan abincin suna tare da salatin da shata, gaurayayyen kayan yaji mai zafi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙananan abinci. Bayan cin abinci, ana ba da kayan zaki, sannan shayi. A wasu lokuta na musamman ana iya kunna turare. Tsarin ibada na da muhimmanci a Sudan.
Tattalin arziƙi Mutanen Fur suna da iyali iri-iri. Porundia, ko dangin nukiliya, nau'ine na yau da kullun. Suna da yara 2 ko fiye. A cikin dangin Fur na al'ada za'a kula da iyayen ango da matar har su mutu.
A cikin auren Fur, mahaifin ango ya je wurin mahaifin amarya ya nemi izinin ɗansa ya yi aure. Mahaifin amarya baya ba da amsa nan take, amma sai ya nemi ra'ayin ƙauyen. Idan kowa ya yarda, mahaifin amarya ya karba. Duk garin sun hallara domin sanarwa daurin auren, kuma an fara shirye-shirye. Sannan za'a fara aure a gidan ango. Liman yana karanta kalmomi daga Alqurani Ango da amarya sun rike hannu a wannan lokacin. Bayan bikin aure, dangi da baƙi suna cin abincin rana, sannan su fara raye raye mai suna firalubia. Daga nan sai a kai amarya da ango gidan amarya kuma a basu abinci yayin da kowa ke cewa barka da warhaka (mabrouk a larabci).
Cibiyoyi Addinin Islama shine babban addini a tsakanin mutanen Fur, kodayake wasu har yanzu suna yin addininsu. Makarantun da ake kira (Kalwa) a wannan yankin suna koyar da Al-Qur'ani Karatun suna farawa daga shekaru 6-7 kuma suna ci gaba da koyon Al-Qur'ani (duk da cewa ba gaba ɗaya suke a makaranta ba) har ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Hakanan ana yin karatun al'ada ma yau da kullum a cikin waɗannan makarantun.
Babban sana'a anan shine noma. Mutanen Fur sune kyawawan manoma. Suna girma da girbin alkama, ganye, kayan yaji, da sauransu. Arziƙi bashi da mahimmanci ga mutanen Fur. Ilminsa kawai na Alqur'ani ne kawai yake tantance girmansa.
Tarihi Mutanen Fur sun fito ne daga kudancin Afirka, musamman Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya zuwa arewa maso yammacin Sudan, inda suka zauna a Darfur. Suna da sultanates 36. Har ila yau Fur din yana daya daga cikin mutanen farko daga wasu kabilun kasar da aka zaba don gina katangar bango da masallacin da ke kewaye da Ka'aba Haka kuma, sun sami nasarar isar da sakonnin taimako na kowace shekara zuwa Makka.
Halin siyasa Har zuwa 1916, masarautar Fur tana karkashin wata masarauta ce mai zaman kanta kuma tana da ma'anar siyasa ga al'ummomin Chadi. Kodayake daular da ke mulki kafin wannan lokacin, da kuma talakawa, sun daɗe suna Musulmi amma ba a ba su larabawa ba Yanzu sun shiga cikin tsarin siyasar Sudan. Fur ɗin ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga karni na 17. Bayan sake neman Burtaniya a cikin 1899, Birtaniyyayan ta amince da sake kafa Fur Sultanate, wanda Ali Dinar ya dauka lokacin da ƙungiyar Mahdisiyya ta ruguje.
Tawayen Mahdisiyya sun ci gaba da ɓarkewa a Sudan har zuwa 1916. An yanke shawarar faduwar Darfur ne lokacin da Ali Dinar ya bayyana biyayya ga Daular Usmaniyya a yakin duniya na daya Turawan Burtaniya sun dakatar da Fur Sultanate a cikin 1916 bayan Dinar ya mutu a yaƙi.
A yakin duniya na ɗaya Darfur yayi wani yunkuri na neman ‘yencin kai ta hanyar hada kai da Turkiyya don yakar Turawan Ingila. Turawan ingila sun mamaye yankin Darfur a shekarar 1916, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na kasar Sudan. Tun daga shekarun 1970, yankin na Darfur ya sha fama da sakamakon yakin arewacin larabawa da aka gurfanar a kudu kan kabilun Kudancin da ke son ballewa daga Sudan.
Yaƙi ne ya zama silar farko a fewan shekarun da suka gabata na yankin Darfur. Yaƙin basasa ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 20 har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Wani sabon rikici ya barke a 2003, wanda ya hada da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa da ake kira Janjaweed suna kaiwa kauyukan mutanen Afirka hari ta wani kauye a wani yakin ta'addanci, wanda rahotanni ke cewa sojojin Sudan suna goyon baya.
Halittar jini Nazarin alamun alamomin gargajiya ta Tay da Saha (1988) sun gano cewa Fur din suna da kusanci sosai da Hawazma na Sudan. Dukansu alƙarya da gene mitoci tsaka-tsaki tsakanin waɗanda na Afro-Asiatic -speaking Beja, Gaalin kuma Gulf Arab alƙarya da waɗanda na gida Nilo-Saharan Nuba da Nilotes A cewar Hassan et al. (2008), kusan 59.4% na Fur sune masu ɗaukar Epb1b haplogroup na uba. Daga cikin waɗannan, kashi 68.4% suna ɗaukar ƙaramin ƙaramar V32. Kusan 6.3% kuma suna cikin ƙungiyar Jp Wannan yana nuni ne ga mahimmin kywayar halittar uba daga maƙwabtan Afro-Asiatic -speaking. Sauran mutanen Fur sune masu jigilar jigilar A3b2 (31.3%), wanda maimakon haka ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin Nilotes. Ta ɓangaren mahaifa, Fur din gaba daya na cikin kasashen Afrika ne wadanda suka hada da macrohaplogroup L a cewar Hassan (2010). Daga cikin waɗannan maganganun mtDNA, layin L0a1 (15.3%) da L1c (11.5%) sun fi yawa. Wannan gabaɗaya yana nuna cewa shigarwar kwayar halitta cikin yawancin kakannin Fur ba ta da asali, wanda ke faruwa da farko ta hanyar maza masu magana da harshen Afro-Asiatic maimakon mata.
Manazarta Mutanen Chadi
Mutanen Afirka
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Larabawan Chadi
Larabawa
Kabila
Kabilun Larabawa
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43497 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agboola%20Ajayi | Agboola Ajayi | Alfred Agboola Ajayi (an haife shi 24 Satumba 1968) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, lauya, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo ne kuma aka zaɓe shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba 2016 a matsayin mataimakin gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC). Wanda ya gaje shi Hon. Lucky Orimisan Aiyedatiwa bayan nasarar da gwamna Akeredolu ya samu a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo na 2020. A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 2020, Ajayi ya yi murabus daga jam’iyyar APC mai mulki ya koma jam’iyyar adawa ta People’s Democratic Party (PDP), saboda rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) da kuma cewa APC jam'iyyar 'ya zama wuri mai guba'. Daga nan ya koma Zenith Labour Party bayan ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na gwamna a PDP a hannun Eyitayo Jegede. Ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Ondo a shekarar 2020 a jam’iyyar Labour ta Zenith ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon gwamna Olusegun Mimiko.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ajayi a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1968 ga Chief Newton Ajayi da Mrs Rebecca Ogunjinte (née Olubusade). Ya fito ne daga garin Kiribo na ƙabilar Western Apoi a ƙaramar hukumar Ese Odo (LGA) ta jihar Ondo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren Community a garin Kiribo sannan ya koma makarantar Methodist a ƙaramar hukumar Okitipupa. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir a Jami’ar Igbinedion da ke Okada a Jihar Edo inda ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin shari’a (LL. B) a 2nd Class Upper division; Kuma daga baya ya samu Kiran sa zuwa mashaya a shekarar 2010 bayan kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari'a ta Najeriya da ke Abuja.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ajayi ya auri Chief (Mrs) Ajewole Agboola Ajayi JP kuma sun sami ƴaƴa.
Rayuwar Siyasa Ajayi ya fara siyasa ne a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP) kuma ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar SDP a Old Opoi Ward 1 daga 1988 zuwa 1998. Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) a shekarar 1998 kuma ya zama sakataren jam’iyyar PDP a ƙaramar hukumar Ilaje/Ese Odo tsakanin 1998 zuwa 1999. Daga baya aka naɗa shi mai kula da harkokin noma na ƙaramar hukumar Ese-odo daga 1999 zuwa 2001 sannan aka naɗa shi mai kula da ayyuka da sufuri na ƙaramar hukumar Ese-odo daga 2001 zuwa 2003. Daga nan ya zama shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar Ese Odo tsakanin 2003 zuwa 2004 kafin daga bisani a zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Ese-Odo daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Ya kuma taɓa zama tsohon ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya kuma ya wakilci Mazaɓar Ilaje/Ese Odo na tarayya a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar PDP. A lokacin da yake zama a majalisar wakilai, Ajayi ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar a NDDC daga 2007 zuwa 2010. Daga baya Ajayi ya sauya sheƙa daga PDP zuwa APC kuma ya tsaya takara a matsayin abokin takarar Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo a watan Nuwamba 2016 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar APC. Ma'auratan sun lashe zaɓen kuma an rantsar da su a matsayin gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2017. A ranar Lahadi 11 ga Oktoba 2020, Akeredolu da Lucky Orimisan Aiyedatiwa sun sake zama Gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo kamar yadda ya sanar. hukumar zaɓe ta ƙasa mai zaman kanta.
A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an rantsar da Akeredolu da Aiyedatiwa a matsayin gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo.
Rigingimu Ajayi dai ba baƙo ba ne ga cece-kuce, domin a shekarar 2019 an zarge shi da yin ƙarya don samun gurbin shiga makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya a lokacin da yake ci gaba da aiki da gwamnatin Najeriya. Ya kuma shafe watanni yana fafatawa a siyasance da maigidan sa, Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu, wanda ya zarge shi da yunƙurin murɗe burinsa na siyasa; Yana mai nuni da wannan mummunan yanayi a matsayin babban dalilin da yasa ya fice daga APC ya koma PDP.
A baya Ajayi ya musanta cewa yana da wata matsala kwata-kwata da gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu SAN, ya kuma yi watsi da irin waɗannan jita-jita a baya a matsayin “farfagandar siyasa” da wasu ƴan siyasa da suka himmatu wajen haddasa rikici. Amma a ranar Asabar 20 ga watan Yuni 2020, biyo bayan umarnin Gwamnan, kwamishinan ƴan sandan jihar Ondo (CP Bolaji Salami) da ƴan sandan sa ɗauke da makamai sun hana Ajayi fita daga gidansa na gidan gwamnati na sama da sa’o’i huɗu; kuma da ya samu ƴanci kai tsaye ya nufi unguwar sa ta Apoi 2 dake ƙaramar hukumar Ese-Odo domin miƙa takardar ficewa daga jam’iyyar APC sannan ya wuce ofishin jam’iyyar PDP mai unguwa domin yin rijistar sabon mamba. Tun bayan sauya sheƙarsa Gwamna da jam'iyyar APC suka yi kira ga Ajayi da ya yi murabus daga muƙaminsa na mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo. Sai dai Ajayi ya ƙi yin murabus kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu shi ne zaɓaɓɓen mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo duk da ya koma jam’iyyar adawa ta PDP. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2020, kwanaki biyu bayan sauya sheƙa zuwa PDP, Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu ya ba da umarnin a janye dukkan mataimakan Ajayi guda bakwai, ciki har da mataimakan biyu da aka baiwa matar mataimakin gwamnan. Ana ci gaba da samun labarin yiwuwar tsige shi tare da raɗe-raɗin cewa ƴan majalisar dokokin jihar Ondo na shirin tsige shi ko kuma suna shirin tsige shi daga muƙaminsa. Ya tsaya takarar Gwamna a watan Oktoba na 2020 a zaɓen Ondo tare da Gboye Adegbenro a matsayin abokin takararsa.
Manazarta Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1968
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
9096 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Karai-Karai | Harshen Karai-Karai | Karai-Karai (Ajami: daya ne daga harsunan al'ummun Najeriya wanda ke cikin rukunin iyalan harsunan Afroasiatic. Jihohin da aka fi yawan magana da shi sun hada da jihohin Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, Gombe da sauransu. Mafi yawan wuraren da aka fi samun al'ummar da ke magana da wannan harshe akasari suna zaune ne a garuruwan da suke cikin yankin da ake kira Kasar Karai-Karai ko Daular Karai-Karai wanda ya kasance gurbin wurin da ke tsakanin yammacin tsohuwar Daular Borno da kuma gabashin Kasar Hausa wanda Kuma a yanzu ya kuma shafi garuruwan da a cikin su suka hada da Kukar-Gadu, Dagare, Maje, Potiskum, Fika, Nangere, Dambam, Kalam, Jalam, Gulani, Daya, Damagum, Gujba, Ngelzarma, Deba, Janda da kuma Misau duk a cikin Najeriya. Daga cikin ire-iren karin harshen akwai Birkai, Jalalum, Ngwajum, da kuma Pakarau.
Tarihin Harshe
Bayanin Asalin Suna
Alakar Harshe
Harufan Rubutu
Tsarin Sauti
Adabin Karai-Karai
Adabi shi ne abin da aka zayyana da ka ko a rubuce domin ya isar da sako ko bayar da labari. Ko ya kwaikwayi wani al'amari, ko ya bayyana halayen da zuciya take ciki, ko ya tattauna fasahohi da falsafofin rayuwa. Adabi tamkar madubi ne da ke nuna yadda rayuwa ke gudana, domin taimaka wa mutum ya karu da ilmin jiya domin gyaran yau da gobe, haka kuma adabi rumbu ne na ajiye ilmi da tarihi da sauran zamantakewar rayuwa domin amfanin al'umma. Har ila yau kuma, Adabi hoto ne da ke dauke da kwatankwacin rayuwa ta jiya da yau da kintatar gobe. Yana dauke da manufofinmu, yana tafe da matsalolinmu da fasalce-fasalcenmu da nuna mana rayuwa mai kyau da maras kyau. Wannan ne kuma ya sa wasu masanan ke nuni da cewa adabi shi ke gina Dan Adam, har ya zama mutum. Duk wasu ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi sarrafa harshe da kaifafa tunani daga cikin rayuwar al'umma ta yau da kullum, da akan shirya don koyarwa, nusarwa, tunatarwa, zaburarwa, nishadantarwa da wasa kwanya. Dalili ke nan adabi kan kunshi kusan duk wasu harkokin rayuwar al'umma da zamantakewarsu. Domin bayan labaru da wakoki da wasanni, ya shafi zantukan hikima da sarrafa harshe da ake amfani da su cikin maganganu da tadi na yau da kullum.
Adabi, shi ne madubin ko hoton rayuwa na al'umma. Wannan, ya kunshi yadda al'adunsu, dabi'unsu, harshensu, halayyar rayuwarsu abincinsu, tufarsu, makwancinsu, huldodinsu, tunaninsu da ra'ayoyinsu da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi dabarun zaman duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa; kai har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. Rassan adabi na Bakarkarai sun hada da: Wak'a, Azanci, Tatsuniya, Almara, Hikaya, K'issa, Tarihi, Labari, Barkwanci da sauransu.
Tatsuniyoyin Karai-Karai
Tatsuniya, kagaggun labarai ne wadanda ba su faru a gaske ba, wanda Karai-Karai kan shirya don annashuwa da hira. Tatsuniya, tana da amfani, domin a lokacin da (zamanin da ya shude), lokacin da ilimi da karatu ba su samu ba a kasashen Karai-Karai, tatsuniyoyi da labaru, su ne makarantar ‘ya’yan Karai-Karai, inda suke koyon tarbiyya ko halayen kirki, hani kan miyagun halaye da kuma dabarun zaman duniya, kamar dabarun kare kai, samun abinci, da sauransu. Kuma tatsuniya, tana ba da nishaɗi da raha.
Tun zamanin iyaye da kakanni aka budi ido aka tarar da al'ummar Karai-Karai sun yi riko da tatsuniya a matsayin wata hanya ta rainon 'ya'yan su wajen koya musu jarumta, dabaru da sauran muhimman darussan rayuwa. Ga misalin daya daga tatsuniyoyin da al'ummar Karai-Karai suke yi wa yaran su a lokutan dare karkashin hasken farin wata mai suna Tatsuniyar Kura Da Dila.
Zanjai Ka Auyaku Dindeno tiku! Marza!
Dindeno na la ɗina bai sai ɗayi a ka ta zanjai ka auyaku. To zanjai ka auyaku na tingenasu a fula waɗi, na tingenasu a fula waɗi, ka ba hnna yakara manga bai, muttan yakarasu a fula waɗi kawai, ka ba damfara nga bai. Shikenan sai na biti na biti, sai zanjai barhnni da a ka ta hnni da na la wala a markau su walanka marka ɓi ye su gamati kasu mikesu ɗawe a fula waɗi. To ndanekau, sai zanjai da doku ta zanjai men ma yanate na rere, ma auyaku kuwa ndibkau men hnni a ka ta sabun. To ganyatansunakau a gi markau. Ndankam sai zabnasu a benu. Zabanasuku a benu, dusu kuwa yananekau dokun su waɗi a bo sabun waɗi kuwa a zinci ta rere. Kuma doku ma zanjai na kumɓaci, doku ma auyaku kuwa na simeri. To ndenekau ransuku a benu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, na gaɓu ta ifisu, auyaku na meni ka ada kaɗinko bai, sai nayi shiri ma muna ɓai ma damfarasu ne, gi mandi sa ifiyi ye, sai cirɗi a zu ben ma ɗakai, saka ya sai cirɗaka ifi, ngayam kuwa na zu gugutu ta men hnni. To akau njamtakau, sai ndala kwaro ndetu da to dama su mayakasu ne. Ndenekau burane ganga ma dan-dan-kirin, ku mento men yutaka ka dan-dan kirin kuwa tanka ka tikau a ben, ka gi ta fate bai, sai mukau faɗeke. To dukwane ganga, dukwane ganga. Raneka a benu tanka kasu, sai auyaku badi bi mandi sa cirɗeke lim hnniíi. To eli caɓtakau, sai fate hnni gazal. Anya sai tilɗi dokuhnni ka ka ta sabun kulaɓ, sai ɗayi a bai doku niya, zanjai tanka ka hnni, reneka ɓuri ya ka hnni fateka bai. Na gubɗuhnni na ruru, na gubɗuhnni na ruru, fatene daka-daka hnni. Ndenekau a naka doku ka zu zinci, zinci kuɗka dabe. Kafin baɗi doku hnni ma gubɗu tlanninki. Baɗene doku, doku na jo bai, karshaɓ-karshaɓ a zu yali. Zanjai dai tlaɗanehnni hande hnni sosai. Ndeneka a kwaro sai lamne baba auyaku a kwaro, sai da, “Na barne yasi a muni fa, na barne yasi a muni sosai, na gubɗenesunakau.” Kane gubɗa hnni. Ndenekau, sai auyaku wali a kwar ta Meto cirka kwitato. Cirne kwita ye waleneka ya na haɗu ta mento. Zanjai ikaye sai nayi boni ka aiku ma kwita, sai zanjai zaitu lewi hnni a asa yasi ka caɗ ta auyaku barahnni kwita. Lewi walikau, sai zabka kwita yi a bo hnni, sai zanjai limfati bo lewi sai da, “Ka waine menkayam kaye?” Da, “Ka caɗ ta baba auyaku.” Da, “To, ɗaci na la.” Ndeneka a gi baba auyaku, da, “To, gi bandi ka waika menkaíi, ka la alane a don mu wali.” Da, “Um, um! Na waikau ka kwar ta Meto fa!” Da, “A’a! Kwar ta Metai ma, hnno na lano.” Da, “To, yeti shiri mu wali, amma sai ka girawa.” Jaga baɗa bai sai zanjai alka yasi a zu gadlai hnni, sai zayi tabi a far ta baka hnni, sai dukwa tabi buk-buk-buk-buk, da sa kwakwayrako ma gaja da jagau baɗatakau. Ndenekau, sai auyaku da, “O’o, jaga baɗa bai!” Ndehnni sai da jagau baɗatakau, sai wali, to, bo kwarai. [Baba auyaku da],… “To, bo kwarai [ma Meto] kafuna ye, sai ka ɓalu caca ɓelu, waɗi ma afe, waɗi ma fate.” Saida ndenekau, auyaku na don, sai da, “Bo kwaro anana warai!” Sai bo kwarai afatau. Bo kwaro afatakau, sai gaɗasu, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki-ngiriɗ!” Sai bo kwaro fato a kasu. Ndankau yanekau ba ta ɓanasu, sai da, “To, fatoma tum.” Zanjai da sa fate bai se sa kumka gam. Ku mento ro, hnni ba mbamba, da se sa waine gam. Auyaku yetu cirot sai da, “Anana warai!”, sai bo kwaro afatau, sai fatahnni, sai da, “Bo kwaro ngirki ngiriɗ!”, sai yarata a ka ta zanjai. To fataka, zanjai ndenekau ka bo tame da, “Anana warai!”, sai da, “Ngirki ngiriɗ!”, bo kwaro sai na shaɗe a ka hnni, na tlaɗe a ka hnni. “Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ! Bo kwaro gitlki gitliɗ!” Ka bai. Sai Ama Meto nanna. Meto ndenekau, zanjai rahnni aka ta jigum ma indinto. Dama yeka indinto a aka ta jigum wadi. Sai zanjai rahnni akai, sai ndetu yeni indin a ka hnni, sai ale ruru aka ta jigum yi. Sai da, “Aka ta jigum hnno ka nga?!” Sai astu zanjai alese a mala sai lewai nguni a zuni ka jibo dadakese sosai. Walneka kwaro, kane auyaku na tingenonni a ka ta gunja na ɗimihnni, sai na gaɗe da, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi bi?” Sai da, “Sai ka bareno kwita.” Sai barni kine mandi na gi hnni. Sai auyaku kiye donni, kayahnni, ndai, tingi a donni, sai da tame, “Kawulele ma ka ta gunja, na gaɗi ko na gaɗi bai?”
Da, “Sai ka barneno kwita.” Sai ka gida ɓi, ka gida ɓi, sai da gutu kwita ma gi hnni kap, sai kayehnni a wale a kwaro ka jojo. Ndenekam, sai lamse da, “Kai, baba auyaku, ankun na yene gubɗu a Metom, dita ɓi, ankun na kine bai. Na taka ’yenetakau sosai, tati ka aguwa. Meton, ka kala labarto ye, kai, Metai, ami ditau wam bai!” Sai da, “To, har yene ishe!” Kane, gubɗanehnni har yene ishe ma. Sai auyaku da, “Ance, ishe ma Metai, kamatikau mu kastuka sorum a kayi.” Sai kume buto walanekau. Da, “Naye, isheyi?” Da, “Ayam.” Tima isheyi, da, “Yar na kase sorum akayi.” Da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka ba ta muno cilis wadi!” Ndanka a bice, na la kasa ya, da, “A’a, ka kase a ka ta ami bai. Ka muno cilis wadi!” Sai da, “Kai! Menkai baya gubɗane dikau ka bi kuwa!” Daci. Dindeno wayatako.
Wakokin Karai-Karai
Waka tana daya daga cikin dadaddun al’adu na al’ummar Karai-Karai wanda suka dauke ta da muhimmanci kwarai dagaske. Kamar dai yadda aka sani ita wakar baka zance ne sarrafaffe, aunanne wanda ake aiwatar da shi ta bin hawa da saukar murya, mai zuwa a gunduwoyin layuka da ake rerawa bisa wani daidaitaccen tsari, a wani lokacin ma har da kida. Irin wadannan wakoki dai Karai-Karai sun fara yin su tun kafin ma shigarsu cikin addinin Musulunci. Wakoki ne wadanda suka hada da: Wakokin Bukukuwa, Wakokin Mata da kuma Wakokin Yara. Ga wasu misalan wakokin na Karai-Karai wadanda suke yin su a bangarori dabam-daban tun zamanin kaka da kakanni:
WA TA AKWARO (WAKOKIN AURE)
BADINE NA LATO
1a Ayye yawo badine na lato,
1b Ayye yawo badine na lato.
2a Ayye yawo badine ndala bento,
2b Ayye yawo badine ndala bento.
3a Ayye yawo gajino na lato,
3b Ayye yawo gajino na lato.
4a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai,
4b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai.
5a Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai,
5b Ayye yawo bano yeka zawa bai.
6a Ayye yawo badine walika ma,
6b Ayye yawo badine walika ma.
7a Ayye yawo badine na lato,
7b Ayye yawo badine na lato.
8a Ayye yawo badine na lato,
8b Ayye yawo badine na lato.
WA TA ASA KA (WAKOKIN YABO)
ABU ARUFE
ABU ARUFE (Irin Dawa)
1 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X
2 Jarime malum teneka alwashi,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya. 2X
3 Jarime na Boza alwashi na Daya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
4 Adir siba yalo, siye suba nyonyo,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
5 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
6 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
7 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
8 Su e suba yalo, su e suba nyonyo,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
9 Abu arufe na la netu bo goya,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
10 Jarime malum teneka alwashi,
Abu arufe na la netu bo goya.
Karin Maganar Karai-Karai
Karin magana salo ne na yin magana takaitacciya kuma dunkulalliya wacce ke dauke da ma’ana mai fadi dan isar da saƙo ta cikin hikima. Akan yi amfani da wannan salo wajen yin nuni, gargadi, yabo, ƙarfafa gwiwa, da sauransu duk a hikimance, ta yadda kusan in ba cikakken Bakarkarai ba, fahimar wannan zance yana da wahala. Don ba kowa ne zai iya gane ta ba tare da an yi masa cikakken bayani ba. Amma yau da gobe da kuma yawan amfani da ita, musamman a zamunan da suka shude, da ake yawan tsarma ta a cikin zance, sai ya zama shi Bakarkarai yana iya gane abinsa.
Misalan Karin Maganar Karai-Karai:
1) A dar ta yaɗi ma nanu, saka ma dike.
A rashin nonon uwa, ake shan na Kaka.
2) Akata wada ma daci se biradaka gabi.
Don tuwon gobe ake wanke tukunya.
3) Am ma ‘yasi mem ma kawa ma dindi bai.
Ruwan zafi ba wajen was an kwado ba ne.
4) Ba darta jire, ko na amu na ina bikuru.
Marar gaskiya ko a cikin ruwa sai ya yi gumi.
5) Ba haɗu simeri ye tu jojo.
Kowa ya ci zomo, ya ci gudu.
6) Ba rabo ma sina jibo kaleka caca bai, se sako.
Mai rabon shan duka,
7) Bilan ma zu adimo.
Kyan dan maciji
8) Baranka sipa lo a zanjai.
An bawa Kura rabon nama.
9) Bara ɗatu a bai akau.
Da babu gar aba daɗi
10) Gam bai biɗanka ulai.
Bar kirga kwan kazarka kafin ta kinkishe
11) Bai mala malɗa-maɗde> dindi ngataka am ma ‘yasi.
Duniya juyi-juyi kwado ya fada a ruwan zafi.
12) Ba tom ma ido manzai ceka zawani kaɗe.
Mai hawaye a nesa sai ya fara kukansa da wuri.
13) Tiɗa ka indi dane waike bai, dawadi ko a ‘yali se tiɗe.
Ba kullum ake kwana a gado ba.
14) Sammana ma zimbilim, teɗi fiska.
Labarin zuciya a tambayi fuska.
15) Saka isheni bai sai ka basa.
Duk wanda ya sha zuma ya sha harbi.
16) Riya ma wadi kwar ta wadi.
Gidan wani, Dajin wani.
17) Rai gidi goro, ndala futu.
Rai kamar goro ne, yana bukatar shan iska.
18) Nguzumur ngusi a da.
A bar Kaza a cikin gashin ta!
19) Ndirama ‘yai sorim a ka hnni ba!
Idan boka na magani, ya yiwa kansa.
20) Ndagai gamatuka ido ka taɗu.
Allah Ya hada ido da bacci.
Kacici-Kacicin Karai-Karai
Kacici-kacici, reshe ne na sarrafa harshe wanda yara kan yi ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Wasu masanan na yi masa kallon shiryayyun tambayoyi ne da kan zo a gajarce na hikima masu daukar fasali ayyananne da ke bukatar bayar da amsoshi. Akasari yaran Karai-Karai na yin kacici-kacici ne a lokaci daya da tatsuniya wanda wasu kan buɗe hirar da shi, sannan kuma tatsuniyoyi su biyo baya, a wasu lokutan kuma yakan zo a karshe, wanda idan an dauki kacici-kacici mai kama da waka ne, ana zuwa karshensa kowa sai ya watse.
Wannan nau’i na sarrafa harshe, yana da matukar muhimmaci ga yara. Saboda yana taimakawa yara wajen kaifafa tunaninsu. Sannan kuma yana koyawa yara iya magana ta fuskar bayar da amsar da ta dace ga kowace tambaya. Haka nan yana koya wa yara yin tunani kafin yanke hukunci, saboda a wasu lokutan sai an yi nazari kafin a iya bayar da amsar tambayar, inda kuma ba amsa sai a ce an ba da gari. Wato an sallama ba za a iya ba, a nan kuma sai shi mai tambayar ya fadi amsa, wanda wannan yana koyar da yara sanin duk abin da ya gagari mutum, to za a iya samun mai yi.
Yaran Karai-Karai suna yin kacici-kacici ne ta hanyar tambaya da amsa. Mutane biyu, ko fiye da haka ne ke yinsa. Ɗaya na tambaya saura kuma suna amsawa. Misalan Kacici-Kacicin Bakarkarai
1. Kwam ma kwar timu waleka dawai ka rici na nnaye ka ‘yari.
2. Na la riya, riya na zirahnno.
3. Na je daji, daji na yi mini dariya.
4. Baba na ben, bagwaja na mala.
5. Baba na daka gemunsa na waje
6. Na biraɗu ɗayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai.
7. Na wanke tukunyata, na shanya a rana amma taki bushewa.
8. Kwamai hnno dibu, zor ta yanda sine wadi.
9. Shanu na dubu madaurin su daya.
10. Na la riya na kaleka zawa ma beno Garabi.
11. Aya maiwa fataru birazato.
12. Ai gunja ai gunja sai simeri pati bik!
13. Men ta kwar timu gwani ‘yararai.
14. Kukkuruk ka rugde.
15. Lewai ma baba lauke ka hnni ka polo ka polo.
16. Na birku bai kwaro na kumtu insa ma kwakware.
17. Ben ma bazin ka bo bai.
18. Na biradu dayi na zaka bo pati amma bika bai.
19. Ndaru ngunak ngunadi.
20. Tara ma baba maiwa, tugum ma akata wadi tak.
Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya
Harsunan Chadic
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52917 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid%20Al%20Rajhi | Yazid Al Rajhi | Yazeed Mohamed Al-Rajhi (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 a Riyadh) ɗan kasuwa ne na Saudiyya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mashahurine a fannin kasuwanci. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan ɗan kasuwa Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi, asalinsa ya koma yankin Al-Qassim (Al-Bukayriyah), kuma asalinsa ya dawo zuwa kabilar Bani Zaid. An kuma haife shi kuma ya girma a Riyadh. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana ƙarami lokacin da mahaifinsa ya nada shi a shekarar 1998 a matsayin mai lura da Ofishin Gidajen Kasuwanci kuma daga baya ya zama babban manajansa a duk fadin Masarautar a shekara ta 2004, bayan haka ya hau zuwa manyan mukamai da yawa har sai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan kasuwa.
A lokaci guda, Yazeed direban Rally ne kuma zakaran gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIA sau biyu a shekarun 2021 da 2022. zakara sau biyu a gasar zakarun gida, gasar zakarar Saudi Toyota a shekarun 2019 da 2022. Yazeed yana fafatawa a Gasar Rally ta Duniya da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kasa tun 2007 kuma ya tsaya a ƙarshen 2018. Daga baya ya fara shiga cikin tarurruka na kasa da kasa, kuma karon farko a Dakar Rally ya kasance a shekarar 2015.
A shekara ta 2007, Yazeed ya kafa ƙungiyar tseren kansa. An san shi da Al-Rajhi Racing Team kuma daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Yazeed Racing Team, inda ya fara gasar farko ba bisa ka'ida ba a gasar zakarun Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERC), 2007 Jordan Rally, don samun kwarewa don haka zai iya shiga gasar zakaruna daban-daban a nan gaba. Bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye na farko (matsayi na takwas) a Girka 2012 Acropolis Rally a kakar wasa ta 40 ta Gasar Rally ta Duniya (WRC).
An ba shi suna Black Horse, Al Rajhi ya fara bugawa WRC a Rally Argentina ta shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008 tare da Subaru Impreza WRX STI oIn 2008 Jordan Rally -a matsayin sauran bayyanarsa ta WRC ta shekara. Ya koma matakin farko a shekara ta 2010, ya kammala na 13 gabaɗaya a Jordan Rally a cikin Peugeot 207 S2000 Ya kuma yi takara a Rally d'Italia Sardegna na wannan shekarar, zagaye na Intercontinental Rally Challenge, amma ya yi ritaya bayan ya rasa motar. A shekara ta 2011 ya yi takara a zagaye bakwai na WRC, amma ya yi ritaya daga shida daga cikinsu. Ya kuma taka rawar gani a gasar Tour de Corse ta shekarar 2011, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 14. Saudi ta lashe gasar Silk Way Rally a cikin shekarar 2018. A shekarar 2019 Al Rajhi ta lashe gasar zakarun Saudi Desert Rally Championship ta farko. Yazeed ya kasance a saman matsayi a Dakar 2020 tare da mafi kyawun kammalawa a matsayi na huɗu. Da yake motsawa zuwa sabuwar shekara, alamar wasan motsa jiki ta Saudiyya ta bar alamar tarihi a karo na biyu na Dakar Rally a Saudi Arabia bayan ta lashe matakai biyu a Dakar Ralli 2021 a cikin Toyota Hilux kuma ta zama Saudiyya da Larabawa na farko da suka ci nasara a gida a cikin aji kuma ƙaramin mai hamayya da ya lashe mataki daga Dakar a wannan shekarar.
Yazeed Al Rajhi ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai 2021 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja]
2022 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja]
2019 [Saudi Toyota Championship]
2022 [Saudi Toyota Championship]
Ayyukan kasuwanci Yazeed Al-Rajhi ya fara aikin kasuwanci tun yana ƙarami
[1998 2000] Mahaifinsa, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi ne ya nada shi, a matsayin mai lura da ofishinsa na mallakar kansa (gidan sarauta)
[2001- 2003] An nada shi a matsayin Darakta na Ofishin Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa (Roal Estate)
[2004 2007] An nada shi a matsayin janar manajan dukkan ofisoshin Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi a duk fadin Masarautar
[2006 2007] Janar Manajan Kamfanin Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi na Kasuwanci da Aikin Gona, ban da gudanar da kadarorin mahaifinsa.
[2010 yanzu] Shugaba na Yazeed Al-Rajhi Brothers Holding Company
Shugabannin Kwamitin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Mohammed Abdul Aziz Al-Rajhi Sons
Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Yazeed Al-Rajhi Brothers Holding Company
memba na kwamitin aiki Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Al-Rajhi Steel
Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Abincin Duniya
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Ci Gaban Jazan
Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Zuba Jari na Kamfanin Manafea
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kyaututtuka na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi
memba na Janar Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Atomic Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi
memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki a Gwamnatin Al Bukayriyah
Yazeed Al Rajhi Takardun sirri Saudiyya ta farko da Unicef ta zaba a 2008 a matsayin jakadan Goodwill a Saudi Arabia da Gulf, na shekara guda
Saudiyya ta farko da aka nada a matsayin jakadan 'Donate Life' a shekarar 2009
A shekara ta 2009 ya sami taken 'Gentleman' daga masu karatun mujallu na Rotana' A shekara ta 2008 ya zo a matsayi na uku a gasar Mobily da Riyadiah 'Mafi Girma a Saudi Arabia'
An ba shi lakabin jakada don yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Saudi Arabia
Mafi kyawun mai fafatawa a zagaye na uku na Gasar Rally ta Duniya da ke faruwa a Jordon 2010
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizon hukuma
Haifaffun 1981
Rayayyun |
43760 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseline%20Adewuyi | Roseline Adewuyi | Articles with hCards
Roseline Adebimpe Adewuyi ƴar Najeriya ce mai koyar da zamantakewar al'umma, itace mai ba da shawara kan jinsi kuma mai ra'ayin mata. A shekarar 2020, ta kasance cikin mata sittin da BusinessDay Women's Hub ta bayyana a bikin murnar samun ƴancin kai na Najeriya shekaru 60 da kuma 2018 na Dalai Lama Fellowship saboda aikinta na ci gaban yarinya.
Ilimi Adewuyi ya fito daga Ogbomosho, Jihar Oyo. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Faransanci inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da Masters a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Ibadan.
Sana'a da gwagwarmaya Manufar Adewuyi ita ce gina cikakkiyar yarinya, mai dogaro da kanta da kuma taimaka wa yarinyar ta karya kowane irin ra’ayi na jinsi. A shekarar 2018, Adewuyi ta fara rubutawa a shafinta na yanar gizo kowane mako inda take bayyana batutuwan da suka shafi ƴan matan Afirka da kuma shirya wa ƴaƴa mata a makarantun sakandire a kai a kai domin koyar da su dabarun da suke buƙata a matsayinsu na shugabanni. Ƙungiyar matasa masu yi wa ƙasa hidima ta kasance ginshiƙin yunƙurinta inda ta samu lambar yabo a matsayinta na babbar jami’a a jihar Kwara saboda irin gudunmawar da ta bayar na ci gaban al’umma a shekarar hidimar ta. Tun daga lokacin an zaɓe ta don yin zumunci da shirye-shirye a ƙasashe kamar Faransa, Rwanda, Habasha, Ghana, da Amurka. Tsakanin 2019 da 2020, ta kasance a cikin ma'aikatan Tarayyar Afirka, tana aiki a matsayin Mai Fassara Faransanci kuma ta sami karɓuwa ciki har da kasancewa memba na Ƙungiyar Sadarwar Daidaituwar Matasa ta Matasa ta Commonwealth, Gwargwadon DAYA, Abokin MCW, Dalai Lama Fellow, Kyauta ga Ƴan ƙasa da 25 Yana da shekara Fitaccen mai ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a fannin Ilimi ta Ideation Hub Africa kuma ya wakilci Najeriya a Faransa don shirin LabCitoyen Human Rights wanda Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a Najeriya ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Domin bikin cikar Najeriya shekaru 60 da samun ƴancin kai, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin “Mata 60 da suke yin abubuwan ban mamaki” na cibiyar kasuwanci ta ranar kasuwanci.
Labarai Tana da littattafai guda 10.
wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa LA HANNU DU AUREN AFRICA UNE LECTURE DE RIWAN OU LE CHEMIN DE SABLE PAR KEN BUGUL March 2022. Roseline Adewuyi
HARSHE, SADARWA DA ILIMI DOMIN CIGABAN AFRIKA Joseph Akanbi ADEWUYI, Lydia Aduke Adewuyi, Roseline Adewuyi. Maris 2022
HARSHE, ADABI, AL'ADA, HIJIRA DA HADIN ƘASAR ƘASA: EIPHANY IN AMINATA SOWFALL'S DOUCEUR DE BERCAIL HANKALI GA CANJIN MUTANE DA AL'UMMA Ahmed Titilade, Roseline Adewuyi,. Janairu 2021
MATSALOLIN KOYAR DA HARSHEN WAJE A KWANAJIN ILIMI DA JAMI'O'I A NIGERIA: NAZARI NA KWANTA NA HARSHEN HAUSA DA Faransanci Joseph Akanbi, Anthony Oladayo Bernard, Roseline Adewuyi,. Satumba 2015
Manazarta Rayayyun |
19920 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyar%20Jirgin%20Kasa%20ta%20Hejaz | Hanyar Jirgin Kasa ta Hejaz | A Hejaz (ko Hedjaz ko hijazi) Railway ya kasance babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai tsayi 1,050 mm track ma'auni wanda ya tashi daga Damaskus zuwa Madina, ta yankin Hejaz na Saudiyya ta zamani, tare da layin reshe zuwa Haifa a kan Bahar Rum. Wannan wani bangare ne na layin dogo na Ottoman kuma asalin manufar ita ce ta shimfida layin daga tashar Haydarpaşa da ke Kadikoy har zuwa Damascus zuwa garin Makka mai alfarma. Ko yaya, an katse gine-gine saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma bai kai ga Madina ba, gajere daga Makka. Yankin Damascus zuwa Madina da aka kammala ya kai Babban manufar da jirgin ya na haxi tsakanin Istanbul, babban birnin kasar na Ottoman Empire da wurin zama daga cikin Islamic Khalifanci, kuma Hejaz a Arabia, shafin na wuraren yin tsafin na Musulunci da kuma birni mai tsarki na Makka, da makõma na aikin hajji na shekara-shekara. Wani muhimmin dalili shi ne inganta tattalin arziki da siyasa hadewar lardunan larabawa masu nisa cikin kasar Ottoman, da saukaka jigilar sojojin soja.
Tarihi Layin dogo yana fuskantar haɓakar gini a ƙarshen shekara ta 1860s, kuma yankin Hejaz yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna da yawa don hasashe. Irin wannan shawarar ta farko ta shafi hanyar jirgin ƙasa da ta tashi daga Damascus zuwa Bahar Maliya Ba da daɗewa ba aka rushe wannan shirin, amma Amir na Makka ya tayar da ƙyama game da dorewar nasa aikin jigilar raƙumi idan za a gina layi. Shiga cikin daular Usmaniyya wajen kirkirar hanyar jirgin kasa ya fara ne daga Kanal Ahmed Reshid Pasha, wanda, bayan ya binciki yankin a kan balaguron zuwa Yemen a cikin 1871-1873, ya kammala da cewa hanya daya tilo da za a iya amfani da ita ta zirga-zirga ga sojojin Ottoman da ke tafiya can ita ce ta jirgin kasa. Sauran jami'an Ottoman, kamar su Osman Nuri Pasha, suma sun ba da shawarwarin layin dogo a Hejaz, suna masu ba da hujjar wajibcin ta idan ana son a tabbatar da tsaro a yankin na Larabawa. Da yawa a duniya ba su yi imanin cewa Daular Ottoman za ta iya ɗaukar nauyin wannan aikin ba: an yi ƙididdigar cewa layin dogo zai ci kusan lira miliyan 4 na Turkiyya, yanki mai girman kasafin. Bankin Ziraat Bankasi, bankin jihar wanda ya ba da gudummawar bukatun noma a Daular Ottoman, ya ba da rancen farko na lira 100,000 a cikin shekara ta 1900. Wannan rancen na farko ya ba da izinin fara aikin daga baya a cikin shekarar. Abdulhamid na II ya yi kira ga dukkan musulmin duniya da su ba da gudummawa don aikin titin jirgin kasa na Hejaz. Aikin ya ɗauki sabon mahimmanci. Ba wai kawai layin dogo ne da za a dauka a matsayin wani muhimmin fasalin soja ga yankin ba, ya kuma kasance alama ce ta addini. Hajji, mahajjata akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Makka mai alfarma, galibi ba su isa inda suke yayin tafiya a kan hanyar Hejaz. Ba a iya gwagwarmaya da mawuyacin yanayi, yanayin tsaunuka, har zuwa 20% na hajis sun mutu a hanya. Abdulhamid ya kafe kan cewa layin dogo ya tsaya a matsayin wata alama ta karfi da hadin kan Musulmai: wannan layin dogo zai sa aikin hajji cikin sauki ba kawai ga Ottoman ba, har ma da dukkan Musulmai. A sakamakon haka, ba za a amince da saka hannun jari daga kasashen waje a cikin aikin ba. An kafa Hukumar ba da gudummawa don tsara kudaden yadda ya kamata, kuma an bayar da lambobin yabo ga masu bayarwa. Duk da kokarin farfaganda kamar katunan gaisuwa na jirgin kasa, kusan gudummawa 1 cikin 10 ne suka zo daga Musulmai a wajen Daular Ottoman. Daya daga cikin wadannan masu ba da gudummawar, shi ne Muhammad Inshaullah, attajirin editan jaridar Punjab i. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kwamitin tsakiya na Railway na Hejaz. Samun albarkatu ya kasance babban turɓaya yayin gina hanyar Railway Hejaz. Ruwa, mai, da aiki sun kasance da wahalar samu musamman a mafi nesa da Hejaz. A yankunan da babu kowa, an yi amfani da jigilar raƙumi ba kawai don ruwa ba, har ma da abinci da kayayyakin gini. An kawo mai, galibi a cikin kwal, an kawo shi daga ƙasashen da ke kewaye an adana shi a Haifa da Damascus Tabbas Labour itace babbar matsala a cikin aikin layin dogo. A cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a, yawancin aikin sun cika ne daga mazauna yankin da kuma musulmin yankin, wadanda doka ta wajabta bayar da hannayensu ga ginin. Wannan aikin tilasta shi galibi ana aiki dashi a cikin ƙoƙarin haƙa ramin haƙa wanda ke cikin aikin jirgin ƙasa. A cikin yankunan da ke nesa da hanyar jirgin kasa za ta isa, an yi amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar magance ta. Mafi yawan wannan aikin an kammala shi ne ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa na sojoji, waɗanda a madadin aikin layin jirgin, an keɓance su daga kashi ɗaya cikin uku na aikin soja. Yayin da layin dogo ya bi ta kasa mai yaudara, dole ne a gina gadoji da gadar ruwa da yawa. Tunda samun damar kankare ya iyakance, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin an yi su ne da dutsen dutsen kuma suna tsaye har zuwa yau.
The Emir Hussein bin Ali, Sharif Makka kyan gani, da layin dogo a matsayin barazana ga Arab suzerainty, tun da shi bayar da Ottoman da sauki damar zuwa su ƙungiyoyin sojoji a Hejaz, Asir, da kuma Yemen. Tun daga farkonta, layin dogo ya kasance abin da ƙabilar Larabawa na cikin gari ke hari. Waɗannan ba su taɓa yin nasara ba musamman, amma kuma ba Turkawa ba su iya sarrafa yankunan da ke nisan sama da mil ɗaya ko ma kowane layi na layi. Saboda al'adar mazauna yankin na jan masu bacci na katako don rura wutar wutar sansaninsu, wasu sassan waƙar an ɗora su a kan masu yin baƙin ƙarfe.
A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1907, yayin da jama'a suka yi bikin layin dogo zuwa tashar Al-'Ula, wani tawayen da ƙabilar Harb suka shirya ya yi barazanar dakatar da ci gaba. 'Yan tawayen ba su yarda da layin dogo da ya shimfida zuwa Makka ba; suna tsoron za su rasa abin da za su ci saboda safarar raƙumi ta zama ta tsufa. Daga baya Abdulhamid ya yanke shawarar cewa hanyar jirgin za ta wuce zuwa Madina ne kawai A karkashin kulawar babban injiniya Mouktar Bey, titin jirgin ya isa Madina a ranar 1 ga Satumbar shekara ta 1908, ranar tunawa da hawan Sarki. Koyaya, dole ne ayi sulhu da yawa don gamawa zuwa wannan kwanan wata, tare da sanya wasu ɓangarorin waƙa a kan shinge na wucin gadi a ƙetaren wadis A cikin shekara ta 1913 an buɗe tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Hejaz a tsakiyar Dimashƙu a matsayin farkon layin.
Yaƙin Duniya na 1 Don amfani da locomotives masu aiki akan layin dogo a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Sojojin na Jamusawa sun samar da man shale daga ajiyar ɗanyen mai Yarmouk. Turkawan sun gina layin dogo na soja daga layin Hejaz zuwa Beersheba, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1915. An sha kaiwa layin Hejaz hari kuma an lalata shi, musamman a lokacin Tawayen Larabawa lokacin da rundunar mayaƙan da Law Law ya jagoranta suka yi wa jiragen Ottoman kwanton bauna.
A ranar 26 ga Maris, 1917, TE Lawrence (wanda aka fi sani da Lawrence na Arabiya) ya jagoranci kai hari kan Tashar Aba el Naam, inda suka dauki fursunoni 30 tare da yi wa mutum 70 rauni. Ya ci gaba da cewa, “An ci gaba da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa har tsawon kwanaki uku na gyara da bincike. Don haka ba mu gaza gaba daya ba A watan Mayu 1917, 'yan Boma-bomai sun jefa bam a tashar Al-' Ula A cikin watan Yulin 1917, Stewart Newcombe, injiniyan injiniya dan Burtaniya kuma abokin tarayya na Lawrence, ya haɗa baki da sojoji daga sojojin Masar da na Indiya don ɓata jirgin. An kai hari kan tashar Al-Akhdhar inda aka kame sojojin Turkiyya 20. A cikin watan Oktoba 1917, daular Usmaniyya ta Tabuk ta fada hannun ‘yan tawayen Larabawa. An kuma kame tashar Abu-Anna'em.
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1917, Sharif Abdullah tare da kabilar Harb sun kai hari tashar Al-Bwair inda suka lalata manyan motocin shiga biyu.
A watan Disamba na shekarar 1917, wasu gungun maza karkashin jagorancin Ibn Ghusiab sun bi hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa layin kudu da Tabuk. Tare da Tawayen Larabawa da rusa Daular Ottoman, ba a san wanda ya kamata hanyar jirgin ta kasance ba. An rarraba yankin tsakanin Birtaniyya da Faransanci, dukansu suna ɗokin karɓar iko. Koyaya, bayan shekarun kulawa da ba a kula da su, yawancin sassan hanyar sun faɗi cikin lalacewa; an yi watsi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar 1920. A cikin 1924, lokacin da Ibn Saud ya karbe ikon yankin teku, shirye-shiryen farfado da hanyar jirgin kasan ba su kasance kan batun ba.
Yaƙin Duniya na II A yakin duniya na biyu, layin Samakh (daga Haifa zuwa Deraa a iyakar Siriya da Dimashƙu) an yi shi ne don sojojin haɗin gwiwa ta Rukunin Jirgin Ruwa na New Zealand Rukunin 17th ROC, daga Afula (tare da bita a Deraa da Haifa). Abubuwan locomotives sune 1914 Borsig da shekara ta 1917 Hartmann samfura daga Jamus. Layin, wanda Vichy Faransanci ya sarrafa shi, ya lalace. Jiragen kasa da ke kan tsaunin tsakanin Samakh (yanzu Ma'agan) da Derea sun kai nauyin tan 230, inda aka kwashe tan 1,000 cikin awanni 24. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta yi tafiyar mil 60 (95 km) na layin reshe, gami da Afula zuwa Tulkarm.
Shekarun 1960 Jirgin kasan da ke kudu da kasar Jordan na wannan zamani Saudi Arabiya ya kasance a rufe bayan faduwar Daular Ottoman a shekara ta 1920. An yi ƙoƙari don sake gina shi a tsakiyar shekara ta 1960, amma sai aka watsar saboda Yakin kwana shida a shekara ta 1967.
Matsayin yanzu Wasu bangarorin haɗin jirgin biyu na Hejaz suna cikin sabis:
daga Amman a cikin Jordan zuwa Dimashƙu a Siriya, kamar Railway Hedjaz Jordan da Chemin de Fer de Hedjaz Syrie
daga ma'adinan phosphate kusa da Ma'an zuwa Tekun Aqaba, a matsayin Railway Railway
Ma'aikata a kan layin dogo sun dawo da da yawa daga locomotives na asali: akwai locomotive tara a Siriya yayin da bakwai a Jordan cikin aiki. Tun bayan hawan Sarki Abdullah II, dangantaka tsakanin Jordan da Syria ta inganta, wanda ya haifar da farfado da sha'awar layin dogo. Jirgin kasan ya taso ne daga tashar Qadam da ke wajen birnin Damascus, ba daga tashar Hejaz ba, wacce aka rufe a shekarar 2004, har zuwa lokacin da wani babban ci gaban kasuwanci zai kasance. A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 Ministan Sufuri na Turkiyya Binali Yildirim ya ce a Riyadh game da shirin sake gina layin jirgin kasa: Sectionsananan ɓangarorin da ba sa aiki da hanyar jirgin ƙasa, gine-gine da kayayyakin da ke jujjuya har yanzu ana kiyaye su a matsayin abubuwan jan hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido a Saudi Arabia, gami da Medina Terminus, waɗanda aka maido da su a cikin 2005 tare da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da shimfidar locomotive. Tsohuwar gadar jirgin ƙasa da ke kan kwarin Aqiq duk da cewa an rushe ta a shekara ta 2005 saboda lalacewar ruwan sama mai yawa shekara da ta gabata. Har yanzu ana iya ganin jiragen kasa da suka lalace a lokacin tawayen Larabawa na shekara ta 1916-1918 inda suka faɗi.
Railways na Israila sun sake sake gina tsayayyen aikin Haifa, hanyar jirgin Jezreel Valley, ta amfani da ma'auni mai kyau, tare da yuwuwar wata rana ta tsawaita shi zuwa Irbid a Jordan. Layin da aka sake ginawa ya buɗe daga Haifa zuwa Beit She'an a cikin watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016.
A cikin shekara ta 2009, ma'aikatar sufuri ta Kasar Jordan ta ba da shawarar kafa hanyar jirgin kasa mai nisan mil 990 (1590-km) dala biliyan 5, wanda za a iya fara shi a farkon zangon shekara ta 2012. Hanyar sadarwar zata samar da hanyoyin jirgin kasa daga Jordan zuwa Syria, Saudi Arabia da Iraq. Ana iya fadada layukan dogo na fasinjoji zuwa Lebanon, Turkiyya da sauran wurare. Gwamnati, wacce za ta dauki nauyin wani bangare na aikin, tana gayyatar masu neman takara daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don kara sauran kudin aikin.
A shekara ta 2008, an bude "gidan kayan tarihin kayan layin dogo na Al-Hejaz" a tashar Khadam ta Damascus bayan manyan gyare-gyare don baje kolin wuraren locomotives. Jiragen ƙasa suna tashi daga tashar Khadam akan buƙata (yawanci daga ƙungiyoyin Jamusanci, Burtaniya ko Switzerland). Yankin arewacin waƙar Zabadani ba shi da damar shiga. Akwai karamin gidan kayan gargajiya na jirgin kasa a tashar a Mada'in Saleh da kuma wani aiki mafi girma a Hejaz Railway Museum a Madina, wanda aka buɗe a shekara ta 2006. A cikin watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2018, Gabas ta Tsakiya ya bayyana shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar Saudiyya da Isra'ila don farfado da hanyar jirgin kasa daga Haifa zuwa Riyadh Hoton hoto
Duba kuma Arab Mashreq International Railway
Haramain babban titin jirgin kasa
Makamantan ma'auni
Kai a cikin Jordan
Sufuri a cikin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa
Manazarta
Kara karantawa 0-905878-05-1
1-900988-81-X
Judd, Brendon Railway Rail: Theungiyar Railway ta New Zealand a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu (2003, 2004 Auckland, Penguin)
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kwasfan fayiloli guda huɗu game da titin jirgin ƙasa Hejaz daga sabis na BBC na duniya
hotuna da rahoton balaguro a Sashen Saudiyya na hanyar jirgin Hejaz
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Yawancin hotuna daga tashoshin jirgin ƙasa na Hidjaz daga wata tafiya ta 2008 a cikin Siriya
Shafaffen gidan yanar gizon kan hanyar jirgin Hejaz
Gadojin hanyar jirgin Yarmuk River, hotunan jirgin sama na 1933. Taswirar Hoton Jirgin Sama don Archaeology a Gabas ta Tsakiya National Archives, London.
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15284 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oge%20Modie | Oge Modie | Ogechukwu Olufunmilola Modie wacce aka sani da Oge Modie (an haife ta a Janairu 12, 1976) yar fasaha ce a Najeriya. tayi aiki kwanan nan a cikin wani muhimmin matsayi na gudanarwa a bangaren gwamnati na Najeriya a matsayin Shugabar Ma’aikata ga tsohuwar Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya da daga baya mai girma Ministan kasa, Albarkatun Man Fetur na Najeriya Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu na lokacin 2015 zuwa 2019. Modie ya haɓaka ingantaccen aiki sama da shekaru 22 wanda ya faɗi ta hanyar dabarun Tattaunawa, Kudin Kamfanoni, Kamfanin SME Ventures, Adalcin Kamfanoni, Binciken Ra'ayi, Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa. Modie a halin yanzu yana aiki azaman Mai ba da Shawara Dabaru a cikin ayyukan tasirin zamantakewar jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai don ƙungiyoyi da mutane masu zaman kansu
Farkon rayuwa
Oge Funlola Modie yar kabilar Ibo ce daga Ogwashi-Uku, jihar Delta, Najeriya. An haife ta ne a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami’a da ke Ibadan. Sunanta ya nuna hanyar haɗi zuwa duka Yammaci da Gabashin Nijeriya, inda kakanta na mahaifinta Yarbawa ne. Iyayenta sun kasance masu sana'a; mahaifinta ya yi ritaya a matsayin Mataimakiyar Dean na Makarantar Koyon aikin Likita a Jami’ar Nijeriya Nsukka, sannan mahaifiyarsa ta yi ritayar Babban Jami’in Kula da Jinya a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Nijeriya.
Iyayenta sun nuna rashin yarda da dabi'un aiki, mutunci da tawali'u a tsakaninta da heran uwanta Oge Modie ta girma ne a garin masu hidimar ƙasa ta Enugu a harabar jami'a, inda ta ciyar da shekarun farko na karatun firamare a Makarantar Firamare ta Jami'ar UNEC Enugu da karatun sakandaren ta a kwalejin 'yan mata ta gwamnatin tarayya, Owerri, jihar Imo
Ilimi
Ta karanci ilimin tattalin arziki a jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka, jihar Enugu. Yayinda take karatun digirgir ta kasance mai aiki a kungiyoyin daliban, shiga cikin kungiyar AIESEC, yakin neman zabe da kuma lashe Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa kan Talla da kuma kasancewa babba a harkar tara kudi don taruka da yawa (Legon, Ghana da Zaria, Nigeria). Ita ma tana daga cikin kungiyar da ta kafa kungiyar nazari da nazari (PARG), wata kungiya ce da ke koyar da horo ga takwarorinsu dalibai a sashin tattalin arziki) wanda babban mai tallafa musu shi ne Farfesa Charles Chukwuma Soludo.
Tana da Masters a Business Administration (MBA) da aka samu a Cranfield University School of Management United Kingdom. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 2007.
Ayyuka
Aikin Modie ya shafe shekaru 22 a duk faɗin masu zaman kansu, na jama'a da na uku tare da manyan mukamai na zartarwa a fannonin Kuɗin Kuɗi, Daidaitan Kamfanoni, Ra'ayoyin Jama'a da kwanan nan Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa.
Kamfani
Kamfanin Modie na harkar kudi ya fara ne a shekarar 1999 tare da kamfanin Agusto Company Limited, kamfani na farko mai kimanta daraja a Najeriya wanda Bode Agusto ya kafa inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harka ta bunkasa kwarewarta a Kasuwar Hadin Kan Afirka ta Yamma tare da mai da hankali kan Najeriya da masana'antar hada-hadar kudi ta Ghana (zamanin karfafawa) da kuma tsarin hadahadar kamfanoni na Najeriya.
Ta kasance wani ɓangare na malamin koyarwa na Agusto inda ta koyar da baitul mali da lissafin kuɗi ga bankunan Nijeriya.
Ta bar shi a watan Satumba na 2003 don shiga ƙungiyar HEIRS Alliance, wani kamfani mai kula da fayil ɗin da Tony Elumelu ya kafa. Ta kasance Manaja, Kamfanin Venturing da Incubation, wani bangare na babbar kungiyar da ke gudanar da ayyukan hada-hadar kudi na rukunin kamfanonin Standard Trust Bank a yanzu United Bank For Africa UBA group. Ta kasance jagorar aikin a kan wasu ayyukan Hadin Gwi Saukewa a duk yankin Afirka ta Yamma
A tsakiyar 2005, ta shiga Nextzon Business Services inda ta kasance mabuɗin wajen tsara Nextzon Kasuwancin Incubator wanda ya ba da gudummawar tallafi daga shirin MSME na Bankin Duniya. Bayan dawowarta daga makarantar kasuwanci, a shekarar 2008, ta kafa Alternativ Manajoji wani kamfani mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa na SME) wanda ya hada gwiwa da Ford Foundation, The Nigeria SME Agency (SMEDAN), LEAP Africa [10] da Fate Foundation don gina iya aiki a cikin SMEs da masu ruwa da tsaki a fannin.
Daga ƙarshen 2008 zuwa 2011, an janye ta don taimakawa tallafawa ƙirar saka jari ga tasirin zamantakewar; Makeda Asusun Manajan LLC asusu 50million SME na fara kamfani mai zaman kansa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan saka jari ga mata yan kasuwa a duk fadin Afirka ta Yamma, kuma an gudanar da asusun ne tare da hadin gwiwa da Asusun Tallafin Kananan Masana'antu (SEAF) wanda ke Washington, DC Ita ce Daraktan Asusun (Yammacin Afirka) don Asusun. A matsayin darektan asusun, Modie ya samar da sha'awar sa hannun jari a cikin SMEs mallakar kula da mata a duk Afirka ta Yamma. Tana da alhakin tallatar da asusu, ginin alakar gudanarwa, ma'amala da mu'amala da dangantakar masu saka jari Manajar darekta
Modie a shekarar 2012 tayi aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta Babban Darakta na NOIPolls Limited [12] [13] (wani kamfani ne da Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala ta kafa). An nuna Modie a cikin Ranar Kasuwanci inda aka ambace ta da "mace mai kuzari tare da ƙwarewa waɗanda ke nuna a cikin hanyoyin da take aiwatar da aikinta" kuma "mace ta farko da ta shugabanci ƙwararrun masu zaɓaɓɓu na ra'ayoyi da ƙungiyar bincike ta Najeriya" [14]. A karkashin jagorancin ta, NOIPolls ya karu ta fuskar gani a duk yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma nahiyar Kamfanin ya ci kyaututtuka daban-daban; lambar yabo ta Ingancin Inganci ta Duniya don "Kamfanin Mafi Ingantaccen Researchwararrun Masana'antu da Kamfanin Nazarin Bayanai" na shekara ta 2014 da kuma -wararrun chiewararrun chiewararrun -wararrun -wararru na Afirka (PADAA) [22] don "Researchungiyar Nazarin Binciken Ra'ayoyin No1 na Afirka ta Yamma". A shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya kuma samu lambar yabo ta Ingancin Ingantaccen Nahiyar Afirka don "Mafi Ingantaccen Amintaccen Ra'ayin Ra'ayoyin Afirka da Mai Bayar da Hidimar Zabe", Kungiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kawancen Najeriya "Mafi Ingantaccen Kamfanin Bincike na Kasuwa Mai Tasiri na Shekara-Platinum Award" da "Kamfanin Ra'ayin Ra'ayi na Shekarar "ta Mujallar Ci Gaban Afirka. Shugabar ma`aikata
A shekarar 2015, an nada Modie a matsayin Shugaban Ma’aikata ga Babban Manajan Daraktan (GMD) na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC), Kamfanin Mai na Kasa na Najeriya, biyo bayan nadin da ta yi na farko zuwa mukamin Shugaban Ma’aikata na Rukunin Kamfanin Daraktan (GMD) na Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC), Kamfanin Mai na Kasa, an kuma nada GMD a matsayin Minista na Ministar Jiha ta Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Najeriya kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar na Kamfanin, kamar yadda aka bayar da shi a karkashin Sashe na 1. (2) na Dokar Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya na 1997, wanda aka gyara a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2016. [25] Babban aikinta a matsayinta na Shugaban Ma’aikata ya fadada don gudanar da waɗannan mahimman mukamai guda uku na shugaban makarantar. Baya ga kasancewarta alhakin kula da tsara dukkan ayyukan gudanarwa da mahimman masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin wadannan ofisoshin an kuma ba ta muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin Kodinetan Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur 'Ofishin Gudanar da Shirin (PMO) ita ce ke da alhakin aiwatarwa da kuma bayar da shugabanci na “Babban Nasara” 7 Tsarin Gyara kan Man Fetur na Najeriyar wanda ya mai da hankali kan manyan abubuwan da ke kan gaba da kuma matsakaiciyar lokaci don bunkasa masana'antar Man Fetur da Gas. Ta fara aiki a matsayin Shugabar Ma’aikata a watan Agusta 2015 kuma aka ba ta a watan Mayu 2019.
A NNPC, Modie ya tsunduma cikin ci gaba da aiwatar da 20 fixes Initiative [29] na tsohon GMD da nufin sauya Kamfanin da sake sanya shi ya zama mai gaskiya da samar da riba; nasarar aiwatarwa ta saita yanayin don juya ƙirar riba wanda ya haifar da riba ta farko a cikin shekaru 15 a cikin Yulin 2016.
Ta ci gaba da yin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Kamfanin Mai na Kasa (NNPC) da Sashin Bunkasa Kasashen Burtaniya (DFID) da nufin bunkasa nuna gaskiya a harkar Man Fetur ta Najeriya.
Tana daga cikin membobin kungiyar 2015 na African Leadership Network (ALN) a Fellow of the Institute of Credit Administration of Nigeria (FICA), Fellow of the Institute of Corporate Administration, Honourary Fellow, Institute of Brand Management and an Aboki, Mata a cikin Gudanarwa, Kasuwanci da Siyasa (WIMBIZ).
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16017 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonye%20Princewill | Tonye Princewill | Prince Tonye Princewill (Tonye Princewill) (An haife shi a 4 ga watan Janairu 1969) ɗan Nijeriya ne mai saka jari, ɗan siyasa, mai shirya fina-finai da taimakon jama’a wanda ya kasan ce jam’iyyar Labour ta 2015 da 2007 Action Congress da aka zaɓa na Gwamnan Jihar Ribas Yanzu haka dan jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) ne kuma dan Sarki TJT Princewill na masarautar Kalabari ta jihar Ribas, Najeriya.
Farkon rayuwa da Ilimi Yarima Tonye Princewill an haife shi ne a cikin Burtaniya ga dangin Sarki na yanzu (Prof) TJT Princewill, Amanyanabo na Masarautar Kalabari ta Daular Amachree ta Jihar Ribas .Mahaifinsa ya kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyar kanana kafin ya zama sarki. Mahaifiyarsa, Ibiere Princewill, dan kasuwa kuma wacce ta yi fice a fannin Rarrabawa da Noma, ta mutu a 2000.
Tonye Princewill ya fara karatunsa na farko ne a kasar Ingila, kafin ya dawo tare da iyayensa zuwa Najeriya, inda ya yi makarantar sakandare ta Hillcrest da ke garin Jos daga shekarar 1976–1980. Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Port Harcourt inda ya sami Babban Takaddar Shahadar Afirka ta Yamma Babban Takaddar Ilimi ta O'Level a 1985. A cikin 1990 ya sami BEng a fannin Injiniyan Man Fetur a Jami'ar Fatakwal sannan daga baya ya dawo Ingila don samun nasarar kammala digiri na biyu a kan Injiniyan Albarkatun Ma'adanai a Kwalejin Imperial ta Landan a 1994.
Kwarewar Kwarewa Yariman aikin Princewill ya wuce shekaru 10, inda yayi aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Man Fetur a kamfanoni da yawa na ƙasa irin su Shell da Saipem, daga baya a Sun Microsystems a matsayin Manajan Gudanar da Fasaha; Sony, London Stock Exchange da Panasonic a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha kuma a ƙarshe Citibank a cikin Rukunin Gudanar da kadara na Duniya akan teburin Fasaha.
Mai da Gas Sha'awar Tonye Princewill ga masana'antar mai da iskar gas ya gan shi yana aiki a cikin mashahurin Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) a matsayin Tanki da Injiniyan Man Fetur mai kyau. Ya kuma yi aiki na ɗan lokaci tare da Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur da Gas ta Burtaniya, da Sashin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya kafa nasa kamfani mai zaman kansa mai suna Riverdrill Group of Companies (Nigeria) inda a yanzu yake matsayin Shugaba Zuba jari Princewill mashahurin mai saka jari ne a masana'antar Mai da Gas, ICT, Gudanar da Sharar Muhalli, Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, Ci Gaban Mallaka da kuma fim Nishaɗi Tonye Princewill mai shirya fim ne. Ya shirya fim din, Kajola, fim ne da ya binciko illolin ci gaba da rashin kulawa da talakawa, da tazara tsakanin attajirai da matalauta da kuma sakamakon bala'i da ke zuwa sakamakon wannan sakaci.Tonye Princewill shima ya shirya fim din, Nnenda, wanda aka tsara shi domin wayar da kan masu karamin karfi a cikin al'umma.Ya kuma samar da wasu fina-finai kamar su Valor, fim din da ya shafi yankin Neja Delta da kuma batun Boko Haram. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan furodusoshin fim ɗin da aka yaba sosai '76 (fim) '76 (Fim) A cikin 2016, kamfanin samar da, Princewill Trust ya samar da babbar kasuwa, '76, wani wasan kwaikwayo na bayan yakin basasa wanda aka dauka sosai a fim din Super 16mm. Fim din ya samu karbuwa daga kasashen duniya saboda irin yadda aka nuna juyin mulkin 1976 a Najeriya wanda aka shirya shi domin adana wani bangare na tarihin Najeriya ga masu zuwa. Wakilin Hollywood ya kira shi "mafi girma sama da yawancin finafinan Nollywood" An shirya fim din shekaru shida bayan yakin basasa lokacin da wani matashi jami’i daga yankin Middle Belt ya kulla wata alakar soyayya kuma daga baya ya auri wani matashi dalibi daga yankin Kudu-maso-Gabas. Koyaya, dangantakarsu ta sami rauni ta hanyar aika bayanan soja koyaushe. Daga karshe ana zargin sojan da hannu a juyin mulkin soja da bai yi nasara ba a 1976 da kisan Janar Murtala Mohammed. Wannan labarin mai kayatarwa an faɗi shi ne ta mahangar ra'ayi biyu: matar saurayi da mijinta soja.
An harbi 76 a garin Ibadan na jihar Oyo kuma an yi ta a karon farko a duniya a bikin baje kolin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016 tare da nuna shi daga baya a bikin baje kolin fina -finai na London, a tsakanin sauran bukukuwa a duniya.
Siyasa Yarjejeniyar siyasa ta Princewill ta fara ne a lokacin da aka tsayar da shi a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na jam’iyyar Action Congress don gwamnan jihar Ribas a 2007Ya samu goyon bayan tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Najeriya na wancan lokacin kuma dan takarar Shugaban kasa na AC a zaben 2007, Atiku Abubakar da tsohon Gwamnan Legas kuma Shugaban Jam’iyyar ACN na kasa, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu Yaƙin neman zaɓen Tonye Princewill ya sami babban tallafi daga tushe. Ya fadi zaben ne a karkashin takaddama ga dan takarar jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Celestine Omehia Tonye Princewill ya fara kalubalantar sabon zababben gwamnan jim kadan bayan fitar da sakamakon zaben. Ya gabatar da shaida don tabbatar wa kotun zaben cewa an yi magudi a zaben. A wata hira da ya yi da wata jarida, ya yi zargin cewa Celestine Omehia ta ba shi cin hancin Naira biliyan 1.5 (kusan dala miliyan 10) don janye karar a gaban kotun, abin da ya ki. Biyo bayan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke na maye gurbin Celestine Omehia da wani dan takarar Jam’iyyar Democratic Rotimi Amaechi, sai ya janye karar da ya shigar a kotun bayan hukuncin da wata jam’iyya ta yanke a yankin ta Action Congress a Jihar Ribas, matakin da ya jawo suka daga wasu bangarorin.Tonye Princewill ya fada a cikin wani rahoto cewa "mun dauki matakin ne a lokacin cewa makiyin makiyinka abokinka ne," yana nuna masu adawa da shi sune Celestine Omehia da 'ubangidansa', Dr. Peter Odili, tsohon gwamnan jihar Ribas, lokacin da kotu ta sanya Rotimi Amaechi .Ya yi ikirarin cewa yanke shawarar janye karar an yi shi ma da sauki saboda mutanen da suka ba shi biliyan 1.5 ya janye karar tasa, sun dawo sun ba shi biliyan 1.5 da kuma shaidar yadda suka yi magudin zabe a kansa don ci gaba da shari’arsa a kotu. Wannan yana fatan zai cire Amaechi.
Daga baya Tonye Princewill ya jagoranci mambobin jam’iyyun adawa a jihar Ribas a karkashin tutar kungiyar gamayyar jam’iyyun siyasa masu adawa don kafa gwamnatin hadin kai tare da gwamnatin Amaechi.Goyon bayan Tonye Princewill na gwamnatin Amaechi ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Wasu sun kalleshi da shakku, yayin da wasu kuma suke ganin hakan ya zama dole domin ci gaba da kwanciyar hankalin jihar Ribas Sanarwar da ya yi a 2010 cewa ya dawo jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party ta kasance mai cike da cece-kuce da raunana adawa a jihar.Amma ya dage kan cewa barazanar da jami'an kasa ke yi a AC na mika tsarin jam'iyyar ga abokan hamayyarsa idan bai kawo kudi daga Amaechi ba ya zama abin dogaro. Ya koma PDP, amma ya hau kujerar baya.
Kamar dai don tabbatar da maganarsa, jam'iyyar da ya bari, ta shiga hannun abokan hamayyarsa, suka yi wa PDP ɓarna a zaɓe mai zuwa A shekara ta 2013, ya shiga kwamitin gudanarwa na Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Movement (PDM), kungiyar da ta kafa kungiyar bayan Jam'iyyar Democratic Party. Tun daga nan ne Princewill ya cire goyon bayansa ga PDP amma PDM ta kasance motsi. A yanzu haka yana matsayin Daraktan Kungiyar.
A farkon shekarar 2014, bayan wasu watanni ana ta ce-ce-ku-ce game da makomar siyasarsa, Tonye Princewill ya nuna sha'awarsa ta neman ya gaji Rotimi Amaechi, gwamnan jihar Ribas na yanzu .Sannan a watan Afrilun 2014, ya ba da sanarwar kafa Kwamitin Bincike don gano amfanin takarar sa ta tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Ribas Tonye Princewill ya kasance dan takarar gwamna a karkashin jam’iyyar People's Democratic Party, amma a watan Nuwamba na 2014 ya sanar da cewa an soke shi daga umarnin Nyesom Wike, tsohon karamin Ministan Ilimi kuma dan takarar Gwamna tare da cewa “ba dan PDP ba ne Hagu ba tare da zabi ba, Princewill ya raba hanya da PDP kuma a watan Janairun 2015, an zabe shi a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar Labour a jihar Ribas, kan wani tsari guda daya; samar da aiki.Har ilayau, ya fadi wannan zaben a abin da aka bayyana a matsayin mafi rikici a yayin da PDP da APC suka yi musayar wuta Laborungiyar Labour ba ta kasance tsaka tsaki ba kuma sai a shekarar 2017 Princewill ya zaɓi haɗa ƙarfi da APC don ƙalubalantar gwamnatin PDP. Ya zabi duk da haka ba don yin takara ba, amma don yin aiki don nasarar jam'iyyar Princewill, wanda a yanzu dan jam'iyyar APC ne kuma jigo a gaba ,an nada shi Daraktan Sadarwar Sadarwa na Tonye Cole na APC a lokacin yakin neman zaben Gubernatorial na 2018 a jihar Ribas.Abun takaici shine, an kori APC daga tsayawa takara a zaben 2019 kamar yadda kotuna, da ake zargi suna aiki tare da PDP, suka hada baki don hana APC shiga zaben, ta haka ne aka samar da hanyar da ba ta da wata hanyar sauyawa don sake zaben PDP. Badakalar jerin hukunce-hukuncen da suka haifar da wannan sakamakon, yanzu ya zama batun bincika cikin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya Harkokin Jama'a da Hadin gwiwa Tonye Princewill ya yi rubutu game da tunkarar cin hanci da rashawa, ci gaban ababen more rayuwa, canjin halaye, tsaro, kiwon lafiya, ci gaban ilimi da kuma jituwa tsakanin kabilu a cikin rahotonsa na mako-mako a jaridar Vanguard A matsayinsa na babban mai ba da shawara ga karfafa matasa a Najeriya, ya nuna damuwa game da amfani da shi na matasa a Nijeriya, musamman lokacin zaɓe, don tashin hankali da ɓarnatar da uban daba. Bayan ambaliyar ruwa da ta addabi wasu sassan Nijeriya a shekarar 2012,ya shirya ayyukan agaji ga al’ummomin yankin Neja Delta ta hanyar kungiyar Princewill Trust.Ya bullo da dabaru da dama domin tallafawa matasan Najeriya, matan karkara, marayu da zawarawa.A watan Yunin 2012, Tonye Princewill ya dauki nauyin wakilai matasa na Najeriya zuwa rangadi zuwa Dubai da Ghana don koyo game da kasuwanci, shugabanci, jagoranci da ci gaban kai. A watan Janairun 2013, a bikin murnar cika shekaru 44 da haihuwa, Tonye Princewill ya fitar da wani shirin fim mai taken "Mutum. Jagoranci. Maverick "wanda a ciki yake magana game da hangen nesan sa na samun dama ta kowa da kowa. Tonye Princewill mai bada shawara ne ga bude gwamnati da isar da sako ga jama'a ta hanyar amfani da fasahar zamani.Wannan ya sanya masa laƙabi, "Dan Siyasar dijital." Princewill ya dauki nauyin karatun farko a 2013, wanda ya shafi yanayin ilimi, muhalli, da kiwon lafiya a jihar Ribas A cikin ilimi, bincike ya nuna cewa adadi mai yawa na Model Secondary da Primary Schools ba su ƙare ba kuma an yi watsi da su.Gudanar da malalar mai a cikin jihar Ribas, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali ga matasa, ana ganin ba shi da tasiri a duk cikin ƙananan hukumomin jihar. Wadanda suka amsa tambayoyin sun bayar da rahoton cewa wasu kudade da ya kamata a ce an yi amfani da su wajen tsaftacewa da kuma kula da lafiyar al'ummominsu sun karkatar da su daga jami'an yankin. Wadannan binciken sun kuma goyi bayan rahotannin manema labarai game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin kason da gwamnati ke baiwa yankunan da ake hako mai.A fannin kiwon lafiya, akwai rashi ƙwarai game da rashin ci gaba a cikin ɓangaren. Rashin isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a jihar Ribas yana tilastawa marasa lafiya da yawa neman likita a shagunan magungunan gargajiya da ba a tsara su. Kalubalen da ke tattare da cutar kanjamau kanjamau, rashin kwararrun kwararrun likitocin, da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ba a kammala ba, su ne damuwa matuka a tsakanin masu bada amsa. Waɗannan binciken sun tabbatar da rahotanni a cikin manema labarai waɗanda ke haifar da tambayoyi game da ingancin kuɗin da gwamnatin jihar Ribas ta shigar a cikin sashin. Princewill har yanzu yana kan aiki a fagen siyasa kuma yana ci gaba da ba da fata don sake fasalin tsarin mulki Yayin 2019 hira zuwa tasbĩhi game da 50 th birthday, ya bayyana, "My harkar siyasa ne m. Mutanen kirki suna kara zama masu mahimmanci don ciyar da Najeriya gaba. Lokacin da 'yan Nijeriya suka fahimci cewa ba za mu iya ci gaba da wannan ba, za su nemi mutane kamar mu ko ƙananan sifofi don nuna ƙwarewa da ƙarfin haɗuwa. Ba lallai ba ne ni ne ke neman takara, amma ta kowace hanya zan kasance a ciki. Har ila yau, Princewill ya ci gaba da saka hannun jari a harkokin kasuwancinsa, karfafa matasa a Najeriya kuma a yanzu haka yana kan aiki kan wata sabuwar hanyar ta Blockbuster da ke kusa da Boko Haram, tare da ranar fitowar TBD.
Rayuwar mutum Tonye Princewill ya auri Rosemary, kuma tana da diya (Azariah) da kuma tagwaye maza (Teetee da Teepee).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tonye Princewill Yanar Gizo Official
Sabon Yanar Gizo na Jihar Ribas
'76 Fim din
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29789 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Ma%27aikata%20a%20cikin%20Masana%27antar%20Tattara%20Nama%20ta%20Amurk | Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikata a cikin Masana'antar Tattara Nama ta Amurk | Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (NLRB), wacce ke tsara ƙungiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata tana tsara yanayin aminci da lafiyar da ya dace ga ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka. A cewar masana masana'antar tattara nama ta Amurka, duk da ka'idojin tarayya ta hanyar OSHA da sa ido kan masana'antu, ma'aikata a masana'antar samar da nama ba su da ƙarancin hukuma da ƙarancin kariya. Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antu suna yin ayyuka masu wuyar gaske a cikin yanayi masu haɗari, kuma suna cikin haɗari mai mahimmanci don cutar da jiki da ta hankali. Baya ga yawan raunin da ake samu, ma'aikata na cikin haɗarin rasa ayyukansu lokacin da suka ji rauni ko don ƙoƙarin tsarawa da yin ciniki tare. Yawancin bincike na masana'antar sun gano ma'aikatan baƙi "yawan kaso na yawan ma'aikata a cikin masana'antar" musamman a cikin haɗarin rashin samun cikakkiyar kariya ta haƙƙin aikinsu.
Halayen masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka A cikin masana'antar samar da nama, an ayyana "cin nama" a matsayin "dukkan samar da kayan nama ciki har da sarrafa dabbobi." Wannan ya haɗa da samar da naman sa, naman alade, kaji, da kifi. Iyakar masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka tana da girma; tana yanka da sarrafa dabbobi sama da biliyan 10 a kowace shekara. Tun daga 2004, kamfanoni huɗu suna sarrafa masana'antar samar da nama ta Amurka da gaske. Rushewa, kamfanoni sun gudanar da 81% na samar da naman sa, 59% na samar da naman alade da 50% na kasuwar kaji. A cikin masana'antar kiwon kaji, Tyson da Perdue suna sarrafa kowane mataki na samar da kaji, daga kiwon kajin zuwa jigilar nama zuwa shagunan kayan abinci.
Da alama adadin dabbobin da aka yanka a masana'antar noman nama na karuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an yanka kusan dabbobin kasa biliyan 10.2 da kuma kiwon su don abinci a Amurka. A cewar rahoton da Farm Animal Rights Movement, bisa bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), waɗannan lambobi sun nuna karuwar 1.7% daga bayanan shekara ta 2009. An sami karuwar 0.9% a yawan jama'ar Amurka tsakanin shekara ta 2009 da shekara ta 2010, "ma'ana dabbobi [yanka] kowane mutum ya karu kadan" da 0.8%.
Kididdigar alƙaluma na Meatpacker Yayin da aikin noma na Amurka ya dogara da ma'aikatan ƙaura a ƙarnin da ya gabata, dubban baƙi, galibi daga Mexico, Guatemala, da El Salvador, yanzu suna tafiya arewa don yin aiki a wuraren yanka da masana'antar sarrafa nama. A cewar wani bincike a cikin Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, "mafi yawan ma'aikatan da suke yin nama matalauta ne, da yawa baƙi ne da ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa, kuma yawancin yanzu suna aiki a yankunan karkara." A cikin shekara ta 1998, Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice da Bayar da Halittu ta ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ma'aikatan tattara nama a Nebraska da Iowa baƙi ne ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. USDA ta buga irin waɗannan lambobi, tana ƙididdige adadin ma'aikatan sarrafa nama na Hispanic sun tashi daga ƙasa da 10% a cikin 1980 zuwa kusan 30% a cikin shekara ta 2000. Rashin haƙƙin ma’aikatan da ba su da takardun aiki ya sa jama’a ba za su iya ganin su ba. Bugu da kari, bin hukuncin Kotun Koli na 2002 a Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. Hukumar Kula da Kwadago ta Kasa
Adadin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yakan yi yawa sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfani, ConAgra Red Meat, ya ba da rahoton adadin canjin shekara 100% a cikin 1990s. Irin wannan yawan canjin kuɗi yana sa ya zama da wahala ga ma'aikata su haɗu kuma, saboda haka, mafi sauƙi ga masana'antu don sarrafa ma'aikatanta. Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma’aikata ya bayar da rahoton cewa, a shekarar 2000, mutane 148,100 ne suka yi aikin hada-hadar nama kuma sama da 250,000 sun yi aikin sarrafa kaji. Duk da bunkasuwar masana'antar noman nama, albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka yana raguwa cikin sauri. A tarihi dai albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka ya fi matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. Wannan yanayin ya koma baya a cikin 1983 lokacin da albashin ma'aikata ya faɗi ƙasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'anta. A shekara ta 2002, albashin mayankan ya kai kashi 24% kasa da matsakaicin albashin masana'antu. A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata, a cikin 2006, matsakaicin albashin ma'aikatan gidan yanka shine $10.43 a kowace awa wanda ke fitowa zuwa $21,690 a shekara.
Haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata a masana'antu
Mahallin tarihi A cikin ƙarni na 19, gefen kudu na Chicago ya zama babban gidan mahauta na Amurka. Don gujewa biyan ƙarin albashi ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata, manyan wuraren yanka a Chicago sun kafa tsarin layin taro; tsarin samar da yawa ya kawar da buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Asalin mayankan sun kasance bakin haure na Irish, Jamusanci, da asalin Scandinavia. A cikin mahauta, sun yi aiki a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Ba wai kawai an buƙaci su yanka da kuma wargaza dabbobi masu yawan gaske a kowace rana ba, amma suna fuskantar rashin kyawun yanayi, gami da ɗigon gurɓataccen ruwa, sharar ruwa da najasa a saman benaye, da rashin haske, dakunan sanyi. Dukansu raunuka da rashin lafiya sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikata. Bugu da kari, yawancin ma'aikata suna zama a cikin unguwannin marasa galihu da ke kusa da mayankan. A farkon shekara ta 1880, ma'aikata sun yi ƙoƙarin tsarawa, suna kira don ƙarin albashi da ingantaccen yanayin aiki. Dangane da mayar da martani, masu gidan yanka sun yi amfani da bambance-bambancen kabilanci don kula da su: "sun dauki 'yan sanda masu rauni, Serbs, Croatians, Slovaks, da sauran 'yan gudun hijira na Kudancin da Gabashin Turai a matsayin ma'aikata." Lokacin da ma'aikatan farar fata suka sami damar shiryawa tare da shiga yajin aikin a 1894, masu gidajen yanka a maimakon haka sun fara daukar ma'aikatan Amurkawa 'yan Afirka don karya yajin aikin. Upton Sinclair 's polemical novel 1906 The Jungle ya bayyana zargin cin zarafi na masana'antar samar da nama, kuma ya kasance wani abu a cikin zartar da Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ta Tsabta (1906) da Dokar Kula da Nama ta Tarayya (1906). Koyaya, wakilan Ofishin Masana'antar Dabbobi ta Tarayya sun ba wa Majalisa rahoto cewa littafin Sinclair bai yi daidai ba ta wasu bayanai dalla-dalla, "da gangan yaudara ne da karya", sannan kuma ya tsunduma cikin "karkatar gaskiya da gangan". Jama'ar Amurka "ba su mai da hankali sosai ga yanayin aiki na cin zarafi da kulawa" wani lokaci ana fuskantar ma'aikata. Ya ɗauki babban haɗin kai ta sabuwar Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Masana'antu (CIO) da aka kafa da kuma tasirin Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa (1935) don inganta yanayin aiki ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Daga shekarun 1930 zuwa shekara ta 1970, an inganta albashi da yanayin ma'aikatan dakon nama. A cewar wani rahoto na Human Rights Watch, "manyan kwangilolin da suka shafi masana'antu sun haɓaka albashi da matakan tsaro." Koyaya, ma'auni sun fara raguwa a cikin shekara ta 1980s yayin da kamfanoni suka fara ƙaura zuwa yankunan karkara kuma wasu kamfanoni sun zama "masu ƙarfi na masana'antu." Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) musamman ya canza tsarin samar da nama ta yadda, a kowane mataki, ma'aikata suna da rashin tunani, maimaita motsi don kammala "a cikin abin da masana'antu ke kira tsarin rarraba-layi." IBP da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kara saurin layin da rage albashi. Ko da kamfanoni sun zaɓi ba za su ƙaura ba, kamfanoni da yawa suna rufe tsire-tsire su kawai, sun bar ma'aikatansu da suka kafa da tsare-tsaren su tafi, kuma sun sake buɗewa tare da ma'aikatan da ba na tarayya ba, masu hijira. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata sun yi tsayayya da yunƙurin da ma'aikatan suka yi na haɗa kai a cikin tsire-tsire da aka ƙaura ko aka sake buɗewa; tarihin kwanan nan na rufewar tsire-tsire ya ba wa ma'aikata barazana ga ingantaccen tabbaci. Rahoton Human Rights Watch kan yanayin nama da kaji ya tabbatar da cewa "yayin da karni na ashirin ya koma na ashirin da daya,
Yanayin aiki na masana'antu Yanayin wurin aiki sun sanya tara nama aiki mai haɗari sosai. Matsakaicin motsi yana sanya damuwa mai tsanani akan hannayen ma'aikata, wuyan hannu, hannaye, kafadu da baya. Bugu da ƙari, layukan tarwatsa suna tafiya da sauri sosai; a cewar dan jarida mai bincike Eric Schlosser, "daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tabbatar da raunin raunin da ya faru a gidan yanka a yau shine saurin layin rarraba." Da sauri layi yana motsawa, mafi wahalar da ma'aikaci ya ci gaba kuma yana haɓaka damar rauni. Don daidaita saurin layukan tarwatsawa a yau, tsoffin tsire-tsire masu tattara nama a Chicago za su sarrafa kimanin shanu guda 50 a sa'a guda. Sabbin tsire-tsire a cikin shekara ta 1980s zasu sarrafa kimanin shanu 175 a sa'a guda. A yau, a cikin 2018s, wasu tsire-tsire suna sarrafa shanu guda 400 a cikin awa ɗaya. Ba wai kawai layukan tarwatsawa suna tafiya cikin sauri ba, har ma ma'aikata sun ba da rahoton matsin lamba daga masu kula da su don ci gaba da tafiya a kan layin. A cewar kungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, ka'idojin tarayya na saurin rarraba layin yana la'akari da abubuwa biyu kawai: guje wa lalata nama da kaji, da kuma hana amfanin shuka. A cikin littafinsa Fast Food Nation, Schlosser kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an matsa wa ma'aikata don kada su ba da rahoton raunin da ya faru. Saboda alawus na manajoji da masu aikin hajji ana danganta su da yawan raunin da ake samu a shukar su, masu kula da mahauta ba su da kwarin gwiwa don ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru. Sauran haɗarin da ke tattare da rauni na zuwa daga wuraren da ma'aikata ke yanke naman da nau'ikan ayyukan da suke yi. Tazarar da ke tsakanin ma'aikata, da kuma tsayin layin tarwatsawa da saman aikin, iri ɗaya ne duk da bambance-bambancen nau'ikan jikin ma'aikaci. Ga wasu ma'aikata, wannan yana tilasta musu yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don kammala aikin da aka ba su kuma yana haifar da ƙarin haɗarin rauni. Bugu da ƙari, duk da haɓaka injina ta atomatik a cikin mahauta, yawancin ayyukan sun haɗa da ɗaga nauyi, kora, da juya dabbobi, sassan dabbobi, ko kayan aiki. Ko da yake an ba wa ma’aikatan yanka kayan kariya, yanayin da ba makawa na wuraren aikin na nufin ma’aikata suna fuskantar “jini, maiko, najasar dabbobi, ingesta (abinci daga tsarin narkewar dabbar), da sauran lahani daga dabbobin da suke yanka.”
2020 COVID-19 annoba Dubi Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka Amsar masana'antu Ƙungiyoyi masu goyon bayan masana'antu, irin su Cibiyar Harkokin Nama ta Amirka (AMI), sun nuna cewa yawan raunin da ma'aikata ke samu a wuraren sarrafa nama ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A cewar wani labarin na 2005 a cikin The New York Times, "masana'antar [nama] ta kuma tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin tattara kaya ba su keta dokokin da ke ba ma'aikata damar haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ba su kula da ma'aikata da tsanani saboda matsayin su na shige da fice." Labarin ya ambato Patrick Boyle shugaban Cibiyar Nama ta Amurka yayi watsi da rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2005 da cewa "cike da karya da da'awar da ba ta da tushe." Wakilan kamfanonin sarrafa kayayyakin sun kuma mayar da martani kan zargin take hakkin ma'aikata. Wani mai magana da yawun Tyson Foods ya ce, "mun ji takaicin sakamakon da rahoton [Human Rights Watch] ya yi na yaudara, amma ba mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da dangantakar da marubucin ya yi da kungiyoyin kwadago." Mataimakin shugaban Smithfield, Dennis Treacy, shima ya soki rahoton, yana mai zarginsa da bayar da rahoto kan cin zarafi daga shekaru goma da suka gabata maimakon yanayin kwanan nan da kuma dacewa. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da saurin sarrafa kaji a shukar su, jami'in Tyson Foods ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa saurin layinsu ya dace da dokokin tarayya. A cewar jami'ai, "gudun layin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in samfurin," kuma USDA ce ke tsara shi. Yayin da ma'auni na tarihi ya kasance a hankali, ya karu tare da sarrafa kansa wanda jami'an Tyson suka ce yana haifar da "ƙananan aikin hannu."
Tasiri ga ma'aikata Masana'antar samar da nama na ɗaukar dubban ma'aikata masu ƙarancin albashi waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin fuskantar haɗarin jiki da na tunani.
Na zahiri Bukatar nama mai mahimmanci ya sanya kaso mai yawa ga ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Aikin yana da wuyar jiki kuma yana da wahala, bisa ga maimaita motsi. Ma'aikatan tattara nama na iya buƙatar yanke kowane daƙiƙa biyu zuwa uku: wannan yana fitowa zuwa kusan yanke dubu goma a cikin awanni takwas. Baya ga yin aiki da wukake, ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sukan yi ta ɗagawa akai-akai da motsa abubuwa masu nauyi yayin motsi kuma suna fuskantar injuna masu haɗari. Wani ma'aikaci a Excel (rashin nama na Cargill Meat Solutions ya ba da rahoton ɗaga buhunan nama mai nauyin kilo arba'in a kowane daƙiƙa uku, yayin da wasu asusun daga ma'aikatan nama ke nuna cewa wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da jujjuya duk wani hog. Wani manajan shuka na yankan alade ya ci gaba da yin rikodi yayin gwajin aikin ma'aikata na rashin adalci yana mai cewa, "akwai nauyi mai yawa da kuma maimaita aiki." Sakamakon haka, bisa ga bayanan da Drake Journal of Agricultural Law ya buga, kusan 25% na ma'aikatan da ke yin nama sun ji rauni ko kuma suna rashin lafiya kowace shekara. Bayanan raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki a Iowa ya nuna matsakaicin raunin 9.8 kowace shekara a kowane rukuni na ɗaruruwan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci; akwai matsakaicin rauni ko cututtuka 51 a cikin ɗari ma'aikatan tattara nama kowace shekara. Yayin da nau'ikan raunin da ya faru sun bambanta, lacerations sun fi yawa. Ma'aikata sukan yi bazata ko dai kansu ko kuma abokan aikin da ke kusa. Sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ma'aikata masu tasowa na tendonitis, cututtuka masu tarawa, ramin carpal, matsalolin baya da kafada, da "matsalar yatsa" yanayin da yatsa ya daskare a wuri mai lanƙwasa. Bugu da kari, wukake maras kyau ko sawa suna sanya ƙarin matsin lamba akan tendons, gidajen abinci, da jijiyoyi. Wani "haɗari na gama gari da tushen rauni" shine jigon benaye na tsire-tsire masu samar da nama. Wani ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda ke hidimar ma'aikatan masana'antar kiwon kaji a Arewa maso yammacin Arkansas ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch."
Ilimin halin dan Adam Mayanka na yau da kullun suna tafiya cikin sauri. Ana samar da kayan aiki da sauri kuma baya bada lokaci don tabbatar da dabbobin ba su sha wahala ba. A cewar wani bincike na 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown a kan Dokar Talauci da Manufofin, dabbobi masu raɗaɗi da ta'addanci suna shiga cikin lokutan su na ƙarshe suna haifar da "yanayin aiki wanda ya dace da matsalolin tunani." Wani binciken da Rachel McNair (2002) ya yi ya nuna cewa ma'aikatan gidan yanka na iya zama masu saurin kamuwa da damuwa mai raɗaɗi da raɗaɗi, kuma halin da suke ciki ya cancanci yin nazari sosai. Perpetration-induced traumatic stress (PITS) wani nau'i ne na rashin lafiya na damuwa (PTSD) wanda lalacewa ta hanyar tunani ya taso "daga yanayin da zai zama mai ban tsoro idan wani ya kasance wanda aka azabtar, amma yanayin da mutum ya kasance mai shiga tsakani." Dangane da binciken shekara ta 2008 a cikin Jarida na Georgetown akan Doka da Manufofin Talauci, akwai isassun shaidun anecdotal na ma'aikatan gidan yanka da ke nuna alamun PITS. Na farko, binciken ya tabbatar da cin zarafi wanda shine halayen PITS ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin ma'aikatan gidan yanka. Na biyu, ya ba da rahoton rahotannin da ma'aikatan suka ba da labarin mafarki mai ban tsoro game da aikin yanka. "Virgil Butler, ma'aikacin mayanka na dogon lokaci."
Kariyar siyasa
Matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam Akwai kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don wurin aiki. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu duka sun yi kira ga adalci da aminci yanayin aiki. A cikin shekara ta 1981, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta rubuta Yarjejeniyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata mai lamba 155, wacce ke kira ga manufofin kasa waɗanda ke rage haɗarin yanayin aiki. Sauran bangarorin ka'idojin aminci na wurin aiki na ILO suna kiyaye ka'idodin diyya na ma'aikata idan aka samu rauni; ILO ta yi kira ga kariyar doka da ka'idoji waɗanda ke ba da cikakkiyar kulawar likita da gyarawa ga ma'aikatan nakasassu ko suka ji rauni yayin da suke kan aiki, da kuma biyan diyya na lokacin da aka kashe saboda raunin da aka samu a wurin aiki. A cewar wani binciken da Human Rights Watch ta yi, "ka'idar kare haƙƙin bil'adama don kare lafiyar wuraren aiki da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kan ka'idar cewa ma'aikata suna da hakkin yin aiki a cikin yanayin da ya dace ba tare da tsinkaya ba, hanawa, haɗari mai tsanani." Duk da yake irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba sa buƙatar ƙasashe su kawar da duk wani haɗari babba ko ƙanana ma'aikata suna da 'yancin sanin cewa idan sun je aiki kuma suka kammala ayyukansu, "za su iya barin wurin aiki a ƙarshen rana. tare da rayuwa da gaɓoɓinsa. Dokokin kare wuraren aiki na Amurka gaba ɗaya sun dace da ƙa'idodin ƙwadago na duniya. Dokar Tsaro da Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta shekara ta 1970 ta kafa Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (OSHA), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta Amurka wacce ta tsara da kuma ba da izini ga ƙa'idodin ƙasa don amincin wurin aiki. Dokar ta ba OSHA iko masu mahimmanci da yawa ciki har da ikon bincika wuraren aiki don rashin bin doka, zartar da hukunci don cin zarafi na aminci, da cire haɗari ko lafiya. Lokacin yanke hukunci, hukumar tana da hankali sosai: OSHA tana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da biyayyar mai aiki a baya tare da ƙa'idodin aminci, girman, imani mai kyau, da tsananin cin zarafi. Ma'auni na OSHA sun shafi duk ma'aikata, sun haɗa da waɗanda ba su da takardun shaida ko ba ƴan ƙasa ba. An sami ƙarin martanin majalisa na baya-bayan nan game da damuwar masu neman aiki. A cikin shekara ta 2000, tsohon Gwamnan Nebraska Michael Johanns (wanda daga baya ya zama Sakataren Aikin Noma na Amurka) ya ba da Bill of Rights Ma'aikatan Masana'antar Meatpacking na Nebraska wanda ya amince da haƙƙin ma'aikaci don tsarawa, aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da samun damar fa'idodin jihohi da tarayya. A cikin 2001, Majalisa ta soke wasu ka'idodin ergonomics na OSHA waɗanda gwamnatin Clinton ta amince da su. Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu kan sokewar.
Duba kuma Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan masana'antar nama a Amurka
Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Naman daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20596 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Essien | Michael Essien | Michael Kojo Essien (An haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamban a shekara ta 1982) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafan ƙasar Ghana ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya kuma a yanzu haka memba ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish Superliga ta FC Nordsjælland. Har ila yau, ya buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Ghana wasa sama da sau (50).A lokacin da yake sharafin sa, a na ɗaukar Essien a matsayin ɗaya daga manyan 'yan wasan tsakiya na duniya.
Fara Ƙwallon Ƙafa Essien ya fara wasansa ne da buga wa kungiyar Liberty Professional wasa a Ghana. A shekarar 2000, ya koma Faransa ya shiga Bastia, inda ya cinye kakar wasanni uku a nan kuma adadin wasannin da ya buga a nan sun kai 60, kafin ya koma ƙungiyar dake rike da kambun Ligue 1, wato Lyon a shekara ta 2003. A Lyon, Essien ya ci kofuna bi-da-bi a jere a shekara ta 2003 zuwa 2004 da 2004 zuwa 2005, kuma ya lashe kambun Lig 1, na Gwarzon Ɗan Wasan a Shekara ta 2005. A tsawon shekaru biyar da ya yi a Faransa, ya sami zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa. A cikin a shekara ta 2005, Essien ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Premier ta Chelsea A Chelsea, Essien ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta lashe gasar Premier a shekarar 2006 da 2010, da kuma kofunan FA uku da na League daya. Ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai a shekara ta 2012, yayin da yake sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA na shekarar 2008 Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon Golan Chelsea a kakar sau biyu, a kakar shekarun 2006 zuwa 2007. da 2008 zuwa 2009.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Essien ne a babban birni Ghana Accra, iyayen sa su ne Aba Gyandoh da James Essien, Essien ya halarci Gomoa Nyanyano DC Primary and JSS. Ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin St. Augustine da ke Cape Coast, yana wasa a wani kulob na gida da ake kira Liberty Professionals Ƙungiyoyin da Yayi Wasa
Bastia
Lyon
Chelsea
Real Madrid (aro)
Milan Essien ya kulla yarjejeniya da kulob din Milan na Italiya kan kwantiragin shekara daya da rabi a ranar( 27) ga watan Janairun a shekara ta (2014) Panathinaikos
Persib Bandung
Sabil A ranar 16 ga watan Maris a shekara ta (2019), Essien ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya da rabi tare da Sabail FK na Premier League na Azerbaijan, wanda kuma zai ga ya horar da kungiyar U(19) din su.
Wasa a Mataki na Duniya Essien ya fara buga wasan farko a Gasar cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka da Morocco a ranar( 21) ga watan Janairun shekarar 2002). amma ya buga wa Ghana wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Masar a ranar( 4) ga watan Janairun shekarar( 2002) Aikin Horar da 'Yan Wasa
FC Nordsjælland
Salon wasa Essien ya kasance ɗan wasan tsakiya mai ƙarfi, wanda sau da yawa yakan taka rawa a tsakiyar tsakiya Sauda yawa ana yi masa magana a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya-zuwa-dambe saboda ikonsa na yin kuzari wajen tallafawa duka wasan zagi da na kare, da kuma karfin fada-a-ji da yake fuskanta, wanda ya sanya masa lakanin "The Bison". Essien zai iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida, a dama na kariya da kuma a tsakiya Baya ga yawan aiki, karfin jiki, da kwarewar kariya, Essien ya kuma mallaki fasaha mai kyau, hangen nesa, hazakar dabara, da halaye na jagoranci, kuma ya kasance mai karfin zura kwallaye daga nesa.
Rayuwar Kai A watan Maris na shekarar( 2021), Essien ya nuna goyon bayansa ga 'yan LGBT a Ghana akan Twitter da Instagram Daga baya ya goge rubutun bayan ya fuskanci suka daga wasu masu amfani da shafin na Ghana a dukkan bangarorin biyu.
Ƙididdigar Wasanni
Lambobin Yabo
Kulab Lyon Ligue 1 2003 zuwa 2004 da 2004 zuwa 2005)
Trophée des Champions (2003 zuwa 2004)
Chelsea Firimiya Lig (2005 zuwa 2006 da 2009 zuwa 2010)
Kofin FA (2006 zuwa 2007 da 2008 zuwa 2009 da 2009 zuwa 2010 da 2011 zuwa 2012)
Gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa 2006 zuwa 2007) Garkuwan FA ungiyar FA 2009) Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA (2011 zuwa 2012) ta biyu: (2007 zuwa 2008)
Na duniya Ghana
Kofin Kasashen Afirka tagulla (2008) ,wacce ta zo ta biyu a( 2010) FIFA U-(20) ta gasar cin kofin duniya (2001) Na ɗaiɗai
Ligue 1 Player of the Month a watan Oktoba a shekara 2004) ya zama Gwarzon shekara a ligue 1 :a shekarar 2004 zuwa 2005)
kulob din shekara ta ligue 1 ashekarar (2012 zuwa 2013 da 2004 zuwa 2005)
kungiyar CAF ta Shekara (2005, 2006, 2008, 2009) Gwarzon dan kwallon Afirka na BBC na shekara 2006) Gwarzon Dan Wasan Ghana (2007) Dan wasan Chelsea na shekara (2006 zuwa 2007)
Chelsea Goal of the year 2006 zuwa 2007 vs Arsenal, 2008 2009 da Barcelona)
Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta( 2008) kungiyar Wasanni
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayanin Firimiya Lig Chelsea F.C. Profile (chelseafc.com) Michael Essien Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Gana
Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ghana
Wasannin FIFA
Mutane daga Accra
Haifaffun ƙasar Ghana
Yan wasan kwallan kafa
Haifaffun 1982
Baƙaƙen |
18529 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impuzamugambi | Impuzamugambi | Impuzamugambi ƙungiyar mayaƙa ce a Rwanda a shekarar 1992 "Impuzamugambi" na nufin "waɗanda suke da manufa ɗaya" a cikin Kinyarwanda harshen hukuma na Rwanda. Impuzamugambi an yi shi ne daga samari daga wata ƙabila da ake kira Hutus Hakanan wani mayaƙan kamala, Interahamwe, shima samari ne na Hutus. Tare, waɗannan mayaƙan biyu sun kashe dubun dubatan Tutsi, membobin wata ƙabila, a cikin kisan kiyashin Rwandan Sun kuma kashe wasu Hutu da ba su yarda da gwamnatin da ke goyon bayan Hutu Gwamnati Game da Impuzamugambi A cikin 1992, jam’iyyun siyasa biyu da suka goyi bayan shugaban Hutu suka kirkiro Impuzamugambi da Interahamwe. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin siyasa ƙungiyoyi ne masu goyon bayan Hutu. A mayaƙan sun samu horo daga sojojin Rwanda Wasu kungiyoyi da shaidu sun ce sojojin Faransa sun kuma horar da mayakan. Oneaya daga cikin kwamandojin mayaƙan ya yi alfaharin cewa mutanensa sun sami horo sosai don haka za su iya kashe Tutsi 1,000 a cikin minti 20.
Impuzamugambi yayin kisan kyare dangi A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1994, Shugaban Rwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana, da Shugaban Burundi suna cikin jirgin sama wanda aka harbo shi. Dukansu mutanen Hutu ne Kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fada daga baya:
Kulle hanyoyi Cikin rabin sa'a da hatsarin jirgin ya faru, Impuzamugambi da Interahamwe "sun fara toshe hanyoyin a cikin Kigali, babban birnin Rwanda. Duk 'yan Rwanda sun dauki katin shaida da ke nuna kabilanci a kansu. Mayaƙan sun kashe duk ‘yan kabilar Tutsi da suka samu. Mayaƙan sun ci gaba da amfani da shingayen kan hanya, wanda ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na dabarun kisan kiyashin Ruwanda: Katunan shaida sun sauƙaƙa gaya wa wanene ɗan Tutsi
Shugabannin sun ba wa sojojin jerin sunayen mutanen da suke son a kashe; idan ɗayan waɗannan mutane suka tsaya a shingen hanya, sojojin za su kashe su
Toshe hanyoyin ya sanya 'yan Tutsi tsoro sosai don kokarin tserewa daga Ruwanda kan hanyoyin
Kisan gida-gida A cikin ‘yan kwanakin farko na kisan kare dangin, Sojojin Ruwanda da masu tsaron Shugaban kasa sun dauki nauyin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a Kigali. Koyaya, Impuzamugambi da Interahamwe suna tare dasu, kuma sojoji sun koya musu abin da zasu yi. Ba da daɗewa ba, suna aiki tare. Da farko sojoji za su yi amfani da gurneti, hayaki mai sa hawaye, da bindigogi a wuraren da 'yan Tutsi za su iya zama. Daga nan aka bar 'yan bindigar su shiga su kashe duk wadanda ke ciki. Sau da yawa, suna amfani da adduna ko kulake don kashe mutane. Daga nan sojoji da mayaka za su bincika, inci inci, don neman duk wanda har yanzu yana ɓoye. Ta wannan hanyar, sojojin Rwandan da sojoji suka kashe mutane 20,000 a kwanaki biyar na farko na kisan kare dangin.
Yada kisan ƙare dangi A cewar kungiyar ta Human Rights Watch, kafin ranar 6 ga Afrilu, mayakan sun kasance mambobi kusan 2,000 ne kawai, galibi a Kigali. Koyaya: "Da zarar kisan gillar ya fara kuma mambobin sa kai sun fara cin ribar tashin hankali, yawansu [ya karu da sauri] zuwa tsakanin dubu ashirin zuwa talatin ga ƙasar [duka] Daga ƙarshe, Impuzamugambi da Interahamwe sun haɓaka sosai har suka haɗu suna da mambobi 50,000. Wannan ya kasance rabin adadin membobin kamar yadda Sojojin Ruwanda na yau da kullun suke da shi. Wannan ya baiwa 'yan bindiga damar yada kisan kare dangi a kewayen Ruwanda. Akwai 'yan bindiga a duk fadin kasar. Koyaya, sojojin ba su yi duk kisan ba a kisan ƙare dangin. Sun karfafa, da kuma wani lokacin ya tilasta, na yau da kullum mutane su kashe 'yan Tutsi da makwabta, abokai, mãtan aure ba, ko mazansu. Idan ba su yi haka ba, da za a kashe kansu. Mayakan sun yiwa kungiyoyin Tutsi kisan gilla wadanda ke kokarin buya a wurare kamar makarantu da coci-coci Misali, a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1994, a kisan kiyashin Makarantar Koyon Fasaha, 'yan bindiga sun kashe' yan Tutsi kusan 65,000 a rana daya. Mayaƙan sun kuma yi wa mata da 'yan mata fyade da lalata da su. Gabaɗaya, yayin kisan gillar, an yiwa mata da girlsan mata dubu ɗari da hamsin (150,000) fyaɗe (duk da cewa babu wata hanyar da za a san yawancin waɗannan laifuffuka da byan tawaye suka aikata, kuma nawa ne daga cikin sojojin sojoji).
Ƙarshen kisan kiyashi Sojojin Uganda sun shiga cikin rundunar ‘yan tawayen Tutsi wajen yakar Hutus mai tsattsauran ra’ayi. Da kaɗan kaɗan, sun karɓi ikon ƙarin sassan Ruwanda. A ƙarshe, a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1994, suka karɓi ikon Kigali. Bayan wannan, kusan Ƴan Hutu miliyan biyu suka gudu daga Ruwanda zuwa Zaire (da ake kira Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyyar Kongo a yanzu Da 'yan Tutsi ke iko, kisan ƙare dangi ya ƙare.
Gabatar da hukunci da hukunci Yawancin Impuzamugambi suna cikin mutane miliyan biyu da suka gudu daga Rwanda zuwa gabashin Zaire. Sojojin Tutsi da na Uganda sun bi su. A cewar BBC, "Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ce [sojojin 'yan tawayen Tutsi] sun kashe dubunnan fararen hula yan Hutu yayin da suka karbi mulki kuma fiye da bayan sun shiga [Zaire] don [bin] [sojojin]." Koyaya, babu wata hanyar da za a san iya yawan mambobi na Impuzamugambi da aka kashe.
Koyaya, kotun duniya ta sami damar hukunta biyu daga cikin kwamandojin na Impuzamugambi: Hassan Ngeze da Jean Bosco Barayagwiza. A shekarar 1995, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya kafa Kotun hukunta masu manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda (ICTR). Manufarta ita ce a tuhumi mutanen da suka shiga cikin kisan kare dangi, laifukan yaƙi, ko laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama A 2003, ICTR ta sami Ngeze da Barayagwiza da laifin shiryawa da kuma jagorancin kisan kare dangi; ƙoƙarin neman wasu mutane suyi kisan kare dangi; da kuma laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. Sun kasance biyu yanke hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kurkuku Daga baya aka rage hukuncin da aka yanke akan Barayagwiza zuwa shekaru 35 saboda kuskuren doka. Zai zauna a kurkuku na aƙalla shekaru 27.
Manazarta Ta'adanci
Ƙungiyar Ta'addanci
Tarihin Afrika
Pages with unreviewed |
26607 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafofin%20Ya%C9%97a%20Labarai%20na%20korona | Kafofin Yaɗa Labarai na korona | Bayar da labarai game da cutar ta COVID-19 ta bambanta ta ƙasa, lokaci da kafofin watsa labarai. Kafofin yada labarai a lokaci guda sun ci gaba da sanar da masu kallo game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu da suka shafi cutar, kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin fahimta ko labarai na karya Matsayi da yanayin ɗaukar hoto A cikin Janairu 2020, cikakken watan farko da aka san barkewar cutar, Time ya rubuta labarai na Turanci 41,000 da ke ɗauke da kalmar "coronavirus", wanda 19,000 suka sanya shi cikin kanun labarai. An kwatanta wannan da cutar Ebola ta Kivu, wacce ke da labarai 1,800 da kanun labarai 700 a watan Agustan 2018. Paul Levinson, wani mai bincike a fannin sadarwa da nazarin kafofin watsa labaru, ya danganta wannan babban bambance-bambance ga koma bayan da aka dauka kan barkewar cutar Ebola a shekarar 2014, tare da damuwa game da sanya ido kan yadda kasar Sin ke yada labaran.
Recode ya ruwaito a 17 Maris cewa, daga 3,000 high-traffic labarai sites, a kusa da 1 bisa dari na buga articles suna da alaka da cuta, amma waɗanda articles janye a kusa da 13 bisa dari na duka ra'ayoyi, tare da subtopics kamar zamantakewa distancing, flattening da kwana da kuma keɓe kai kasancewa sananne musamman. Jimlar adadin labarin da kansa ya yi sama da kashi 30 cikin ɗari a tsakiyar Maris 2020 idan aka kwatanta da tsakiyar Maris 2019.
Wani bincike na kusan kanun labarai 141,000 na Turanci da ke da alaƙa da Coronavirus daga Janairu 15, 2020 zuwa Yuni 3, 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na kanun labarai sun kori ra'ayi mara kyau yayin da kashi 30% kawai ke haifar da kyawawan halaye. Mawallafa sun nuna cewa kanun labarai suna ba da gudummawa ga tsoro da rashin tabbas wanda ke da mummunan sakamako na lafiya da tattalin arziki. Wani binciken ya gano cewa bidiyon labarai na kan layi ba su nuna dabarun magancewa da halayen lafiya ba kamar yadda za su iya. Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa ɗaukar labarai ya haifar da siyasantar da cutar ta kuma an ba da labarin sosai.
Takarda a watan Nuwamba 2020 daga Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasa mai taken "Me yasa Duk Labaran COVID-19 Yake Mugun Labari?" ya gano cewa kashi 91% na labaran da manyan kafafen yada labarai na Amurka suka yi game da COVID-19 suna da sauti mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da kashi 54% na manyan kafofin watsa labarai a wajen Amurka da kashi 65% na mujallun kimiyya.
Batutuwa tare da bayanan karya da labaran karya sun haifar da haɓaka CoVerifi, dandamali wanda ke da yuwuwar taimakawa wajen magance COVID-19 "lalata".
An yi iƙirarin cewa tsawaita da tsawaita ɗaukar cutar na iya ba da gudummawa ga gajiyawar bayanan COVID-19, yana sa ya fi wahalar sadarwa sabbin bayanai.
Ba daidai ba Adadin kantuna da hukumomin da ke rufe cutar ta COVID-19 tabbas za su kasance tushen rashin fahimta da rudani da ke da alaƙa da yada bayanan ƙwayoyin cuta da manufofin ƙasa da na jihohi. Dokta Sylvie Briand, Darakta na Sashen Shirye-shiryen Hatsari na Duniya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, ya ambata cewa daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kalubalen sadarwa shine rawar da kafofin watsa labarun ke takawa. Briand ya bayyana cewa hukumar ta WHO a hankali tana sa ido kan cutar sankara ta coronavirus a kafafen sada zumunta ta hanyar amfani da bayanan sirri. A cewar Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, mashahuran hanyoyin samun labarai ga manya a Amurka sun haɗa da gidajen yanar gizon labarai da kafofin watsa labarun. Har ila yau, an rubuta Twitter a matsayin mafi yawan masu amfani da labaran da aka mayar da hankali a tsakanin sauran kafofin watsa labarun ƙwararriyar Romanian Sofia Bratu gudanar da wani bincike wanda ya yi la'akari da ra'ayin mutane game da tushen labaran karya ta hanyar binciken kusan 5000 'yan Amurka da kuma nazarin bayanai daga The Economist, Gallup, Pew Research Center, YouGov, a tsakanin sauran sanannun kungiyoyin bincike. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa rashin fahimta shine laifi don haɓaka halayen danniya, raguwar lafiyar jiki da ta hankali da ke da alaƙa da damuwa, da ƙarin nauyi akan wuraren kiwon lafiya tare da marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da alamun bayyanar da gaske ko kuma suna nuna alamun cutar a matsayin mummunan sakamako ga magunguna da jiyya na ƙarya. Koyaya, Brafu ya ambaci cewa tambayoyin da aka yi ta talabijin tare da waɗanda suka tsira daga COVID-19 na iya taimakawa a zahiri don rage damuwa, firgita, da tsoron mutuwa.
Wasu suna jayayya cewa ɗakunan labarai yakamata su taka rawa wajen tace bayanan da ba daidai ba kafin 'ba shi oxygen'. Duk da yake ba duk labaran karya ne ke jefa lafiya da amincin mutane cikin haɗari ba, bayanan da ke da alaƙa da COVID-19 na iya. Rahoton Niemen ya nuna cewa ya kamata gidajen labarai su yi aiki tare don isar da saƙon da ke da alaƙa da bayanan karya da rashin inganci ta hanyar zabar kanun labarai, kalmomi, da hotuna a hankali.
Misali na labaran karya da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 shine cewa ana iya yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar 5G Wani kuma, cewa shugabannin gwamnati ne suka kirkiri kwayar cutar da hannu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko kuma cinye sinadarin chlorine zai magance ko hana cutar. Sauran bayanan da ba a sani ba sun haɗa da cewa Vitamin C da tafarnuwa na iya magance cutar duk da cewa wannan ikirari ba a taɓa tabbatar da shi daga masana kiwon lafiya ba. Bayanan da ba daidai ba ya kuma haifar da nuna wariyar launin fata da nuna kyama ga mutanen Sinawa ta hanyar yin la'akari da cutar a matsayin "cutar Sinawa" ko "Cutar Wuhan" ko "Cutar China". Sakamakon wannan rashin fahimta da yawa shafukan yanar gizo na bincikar gaskiya sun bayyana waɗanda ke amfani da bayanai daga CDC da WHO don ɓoye bayanan gama gari.
Ta ƙasa
Kanada An tabbatar da shari'ar farko ta COVID-19, kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada ta ruwaito, ta kasance ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2020 a cikin wani mutumin Toronto wanda ya yi tafiya kwanan nan zuwa Wuhan, China. An sanar da shari'ar farko a shafin Twitter na Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto.
China Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sha suka sosai kan yadda ta ke tantance girman barkewar cutar. Nan da nan bayan keɓewar farko na Wuhan da biranen da ke kusa, da farko kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin kamar jaridar People's Daily sun ƙarfafa shafukan sada zumunta na neman taimako tsakanin 'yan ƙasa a kan dandamali irin su Weibo. Bayan haka, 'yan jarida da yawa sun buga bayanan binciken da suka saba wa maganganun hukuma da kafofin yada labarai, wanda ke nuna cewa adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a Wuhan ya fi yadda aka ruwaito.
Jamus An gano shari'o'in farko na COVID-19 a Jamus a cikin Janairu 2020. Takaddama ta barke kan labarin Janairu 2021 wanda jaridar Jamus Handelsblatt ta buga. Labarin ya bayyana cewa allurar AstraZeneca ba ta da tasiri ga tsofaffi, amma da yawa sun amsa cewa jaridar ta ba da bayanan da ba daidai ba.
Sweden An gano shari'ar farko ta COVID-19 a Sweden a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2020. Mafi yawan ɗaukar hoto na Sweden ya faru ne a farkon Maris. Sweden ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labaru da yawa saboda an yi la'akari da ita tana amfani da nata shirin, 'Swedish Model' na garken garken garken garken. Bincike ya duba yanayin watsa labarai da kuma yadda kafafen yada labarai suka rufe manufofin Sweden. Rachel Irwin, wata mai bincike daga Sweden, ta gano cewa akwai manyan jigogi guda shida: “(1) Rayuwa ta zama al’ada a Sweden, (2) Sweden tana da dabarun rigakafin garken shanu. rashin bin shawarwarin WHO (5) tsarin Sweden yana kasawa kuma (6) 'Yan Sweden sun amince da gwamnati." Ta yi tsokaci cewa ba dukkanin bayanan ba a tsara su daidai ba. Ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Jaridar Likita ta Biritaniya tana mai cewa ɗaukar hoto ya nuna kuskuren manufofin COVID-19 a Sweden kuma ba ta da shirin "kariyar garken garken". Wani labarin ya nuna cewa kamar yadda wasu ƙasashe suka fito da manufofi daban-daban tsarin manufofin Sweden ya tafi daga "ƙarfin hali zuwa pariah".
Ƙasar Ingila An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Burtaniya, kamar yadda GOV ta ruwaito. UK, Janairu 30, 2020. A cikin bayar da rahoto game da barkewar cutar, jaridun tabloid na Biritaniya irin su The Sun da Daily Mail sun yi amfani da yaren da aka kwatanta da "mai jawo tsoro". A cewar Edelman 's Trust Barometer, 'yan jarida sun kasance mafi ƙarancin amintaccen tushen bayanai game da cutar ta Burtaniya, tare da kashi 43 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka bincikar sun amince da su don ba da rahoton gaskiya, a bayan jami'an gwamnati (48%) kuma "wanda ya fi shafa. kasashe" (46%). Wannan ya kasance duk da kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada sune tushen tushen bayanai game da barkewar cutar a Burtaniya.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayu 2020 tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Oxford ya nuna cewa jama'ar Burtaniya suna nuna raguwar amincewa ga gwamnati a matsayin tushen bayanai. Kashi 48% ne kawai suka kimanta gwamnati amintacce, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 67% makonni shida da suka gabata. Haka kuma, kashi 38% na mutane suna bayyana cewa sun damu da karya ko yaudarar bayanan coronavirus daga gwamnati, adadi wanda ya kasance kashi 27% kawai makonni shida da suka gabata.
Amurka Shari'ar farko da aka tabbatar a Amurka, kamar yadda CDC ta ruwaito, ya kasance Janairu 22, 2020. Labaran labarai a Amurka sun fi na sauran ƙasashe, amma kuma ya taimaka haɓaka halayen aminci gami da nisantar da jama'a. Labaran cikin gida sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanar da al'umma ciki har da yankunan karkara.
An yaba wa wasu 'yan jarida a Amurka saboda labarin da suka yi game da cutar ta COVID-19 da suka hada da Ed Yong da Helen Branswell Daga cikin malaman kafafen yada labarai, an yaba da abubuwa da yawa na kokarin da ‘yan jarida ke yi don daidaitawa da cutar da kuma samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu sauraronsu, amma an soki wasu. Rubutu don The Atlantic, Ed Yong ya lura cewa, yayin da barkewar cutar ta bulla, "ya jawo sabon salo, 'yan jarida sun ba da iskar oxygen don hana zanga-zangar hana kulle-kullen yayin da yawancin Amurkawa suka yi shiru a gida". Ya kuma yi kuskuren cewa "sun rubuta duk wani ƙarin da'awar kimiyya, har ma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko kuma an sake duba takwarorinsu."
Da farko dai Shugaba Donald Trump ya zargi kafafen yada labarai irin su CNN da “yin duk abin da za su iya don sanya tsoro a cikin mutane”, sanarwar da mukaddashin shugaban ma’aikatan fadar White House Mick Mulvaney ya yi Inda mutane ke samun labaransu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halayen mutane da halayen da suka shafi COVID-19. Wani binciken Axios, wanda aka gudanar daga 5 ga Maris 2020 zuwa 9 ga Maris, ya gano cewa kashi 62% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa an yi karin gishiri game da barkewar cutar ta kafofin watsa labarai, idan aka kwatanta da 31% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya da 35% na masu zaman kansu. Wani binciken Pew Research da aka gudanar daga 20 ga Afrilu zuwa 26 ga Afrilu ya gano cewa kashi 69% na masu amsa Amurka sun yi imanin cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun rufe barkewar cutar "da kyau" ko "da ɗan kyau" kuma adadin masu ba da amsa na Amurka waɗanda suka yi imani cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun wuce gona da iri na COVID -Haɗari 19 sun ɗan ragu kaɗan. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 68% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa kafofin yada labarai sun yi karin gishiri game da hadarin COVID-19, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 48% na dukkan manya na Amurka da kashi 30% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya. Gabaɗaya, ɗaukar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin Amurka ta kasance mafi muni fiye da na sauran sassan duniya ba tare da la'akari da ko ana ɗaukar tashar labarai ta karkata zuwa dama ko ta hagu ba.
Masu ba da ra'ayi da baƙi a kan Fox News, kafofin watsa labaru masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da farko sun yi watsi da barkewar cutar, tare da wasu baƙi suna zargin wasu kafofin watsa labaru da yawa game da cutar saboda dalilai na siyasa. Trump ya kuma yi amfani da hirarraki da kafar sadarwar don inganta kokarinsa na farko na rage cutar. Wata mai watsa shiri ta Fox Business Trish Regan, ta yi iƙirarin a wasanta na Trish Regan Primetime cewa Jam'iyyar Democrat ta ƙirƙiri ɗaukar hoto na COVID-19 da gangan a matsayin "wani ɗabi'a don ƙarfafa sayar da kasuwa", kuma "har yanzu wani yunƙuri ne na tsige shi. shugaban kasa Daga baya za a soke shirinta. Tucker Carlson da farko ya ɗauki matsayi mafi mahimmanci game da cutar, yana sukar sauran rundunonin da suka kwatanta shi da mura na yanayi na yau da kullun, kuma ya bayyana a ranar 9 ga Maris cewa "mutanen da kuka amince da su mutanen da wataƙila kuka zaɓa sun shafe makonni suna rage abin da ke a fili a sarari. matsala mai tsanani." Daga baya, masanan cibiyar sadarwa sun fara amincewa da ikirarin cewa hydroxychloroquine magani ne mai inganci don alamun COVID-19, sukar sanya abin rufe fuska don sarrafa yaduwar cutar, da bayar da ingantaccen ɗaukar hoto ga anti-mai kumburi. zanga zanga.
Dangane da binciken da Jami'ar Cambridge ta buga a watan Mayu 2020, ɗaukar hoto na hannun dama na COVID-19 ya taimaka sauƙaƙe yaduwar rashin fahimta game da cutar.
Duba kuma Annobar COVID-19 a social media
Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan aikin jarida
Ba da labari mai alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59546 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girgizar%20Kasar%20Marrakesh-Safi%202023 | Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023 | A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba 2023 da karfe 23:11 DST (22:11 UTC ),girgizar ƙasa mai karfin awo 6.8-6.9 da matsakaicin ƙarfin Mercalli na VIII (Mai tsanani) ta afkawa yankin Marrakesh-Safi na kasar Maroko. Wurin girgizar kasar ya kasance 73.4 km (45.6 mi) kudu maso yammacin Marrakesh, kusa da garin Ighil a cikin tsaunukan Atlas. Ya faru ne sakamakon tudun muntsitsin zurfin tuƙi a ƙarƙashin kewayon dutsen. Akalla mutane 2,122 ne aka bayar da rahoton mutuwar, inda akasarinsu ke faruwa a wajen Marrakesh. An yi barna sosai, kuma an lalata wuraren tarihi a Marrakesh. An kuma ji girgizar kasar a Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, Mauritania, da Aljeriya. Ta kasance girgizar kasa mafi karfi da aka yi rikodin a Maroko kuma mafi muni a kasar tun 1960 Haka kuma ita ce girgizar kasa mafi muni ta biyu a shekarar 2023 bayan girgizar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta kimanin mutane 300,000 daga Marrakesh da kewaye ne abin ya shafa. Bayan girgizar kasar, kasashe da dama sun ba da agajin jin kai. Morocco ta kuma sanar da gudanar da zaman makoki na kwanaki uku.
Saitin tectonic Maroko tana kusa da iyaka tsakanin Plate ɗin Afirka da Plate ɗin Eurasian, Laifin Canjin Azores-Gibraltar. Wannan yanki na yajin aiki na gefen dama yana zama mai zalunci a ƙarshensa na gabas, tare da haɓaka manyan laifuffuka Zuwa gabas na Mashigar Gibraltar, a cikin Tekun Alboran, iyakar ta zama karo na farko Yawancin girgizar ƙasa a Maroko yana da alaƙa da motsi akan iyakar farantin, tare da mafi girman haɗarin girgizar ƙasa a arewacin ƙasar kusa da kan iyaka. A shekara ta 2004, Al Hoceima ta fuskanci girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 6.3 da ta kashe mutane 628 tare da jikkata 926. Girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 7.3 da ta afku a makwabciyar kasar Aljeriya a shekarar 1980 ta kashe mutane 2,500. Tsaunukan Atlas wani bel ne na tsaunuka wanda ya kai 2,000 km (1,200 mi) daga Morocco zuwa Tunisia. Wadannan tsaunuka sun samo asali ne daga wani karo a lokacin Cenozoic Tsawon tsaunuka ya kai tsayinsa mafi girma zuwa yamma, a cikin Maroko. Seismicity a Maroko ya ta'allaka ne a yankin arewacin kasar da kuma tekun Alboran. Kudancin Rif, ayyukan girgizar ƙasa ba su da yawa amma ya bazu ko'ina cikin Tsakiyar Atlas, High Atlas, da Anti-Atlas Seismicity a cikin Saharan Atlas yana da iyaka, kuma babu shi a yankin Saharan kudu da bel; Hakanan ba shi da aiki a gabas a Aljeriya da Tunisiya. A baya can, girgizar kasa mafi girma da aka yi rikodin a cikin tsaunukan Atlas ita ce M Girgizar kasa mai lamba 5.9 da ta afku a Agadir a shekarar 1960. Girgizar ƙasa a cikin tsaunin Atlas suna nuna hanyoyin da za a bi don zamewa, tuƙi ko haɗuwa duka biyun (slip-slip).
Girgizar kasa Girgizar kasa ta Marrakesh-Safi ita ce mafi girma da aka yi rikodin kayan aiki a cikin tarihin zamani na Morocco, ya wuce kawai da manyan alkaluman girgizar kasa na Meknes na 1755, a
Girgizar kasar tana da hanyar da ta dace wacce ke nuni da kuskure a karkashin Babban Atlas. Fashewar ta faru ne a kan wani kuskure mai nisa mai zurfi da ke fuskantar arewa maso yamma ko kuma kuskure mai zurfi mai zurfi da ke fuskantar gabas. USGS ta kiyasta yankin fashewar kuskure ya zama 30 km (19 mi) da 20 km (12 mi) Yawancin gabas-maso-yamma da arewa maso gabas-kudu- maso-maso-maso-yammaci na yajin aiki da kurakurai na faruwa a Babban Atlas. Tun 1900, ba a M 6.0 ko mafi girma girgizar ƙasa a cikin 500 km (310 mi) na girgizar kasa na baya-bayan nan; amma tara M 5.0 kuma manyan abubuwan da suka faru sun faru zuwa gabas. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙirar ƙira ta USGS yana nuna fashewar ta faru a gabas-arewa-maso-gabas-yamma-kudu-maso-maso-maso-maso-maso-a,arewa-arewa-maso-maso-maso-yamma kuskure. Zamewa ya tattara a kusa da hypocenter a cikin wani madauwari zamewa faci akan kuskuren kusan 30 km (19 mi) 30 km (19 mi) Matsakaicin ƙaura na 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) an lura a 20–25 km (12-16 mi) zurfin yayin da mafi yawan zamewar ta faru a 10–35 km (6.2-21.7 mi) zurfin; babu kadan zuwa zamewa kusa da saman sama da 10 km (6.2 mi).
Tasiri Akalla mutane 2,122 ne suka mutu sannan 2,421 suka jikkata; 1,404 daga cikin wadanda suka ji rauni sun ji rauni sosai. An samu asarar rayuka da dama a wasu wurare masu nisa a kudancin Marrakesh. A lardunan Al-Haouz da Taroudant, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1,351 da 492, bi da bi. Mutane 41 ne suka mutu a Ouarzazate 201 a Chichaoua kuma an rubuta mutuwar 17 a Marrakesh. 'Yan kasar Faransa hudu na daga cikin wadanda suka mutu, ciki har da wani dan yawon bude ido da ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya. 'Yan kasar Faransa 15 da wasu Amurkawa sun jikkata. A Moulay Brahim, mazauna wurin sun makale a karkashin gine-gine da suka ruguje kuma masu sa kai sun yi yunkurin ceto. Sama da mutane goma sha biyu ne suka mutu a kauyen. Asarar tattalin arziki daga girgizar kasa na iya kaiwa zuwa kashi takwas na GDP na Maroko, a cewar USGS. Wasu gidaje a tsofaffin sassan Marrakesh da wasu sassan bangon birni sun ruguje, ya bar iyalai sun makale a ƙarƙashin tarkace. A Jemaa el-Fnaa, wani minaret na Masallacin Kharboush da wasu sassan bangonsa sun ruguje, inda suka murkushe motoci a kasa. An kuma lalata masallacin Koutoubia Gine-gine da dama a cikin Madina na Marrakesh, Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO tun daga karni na 12, kuma sun rushe. An katse hanyoyin shiga Intanet saboda katsewar wutar lantarki. Masallacin Tinmel mai tarihi na karni na 12 ya lalace sosai; wani hasumiya ya rushe kuma bango ya fadi. Ma'aikatar cikin gidan ta ce yawancin barnar ta faru ne daga garuruwa da garuruwa. Kusa da cibiyar High Atlas, tashar talabijin ta Al Aoula ta ba da rahoton cewa gine-gine da yawa sun rushe. Gaba dayan kauyukan da ke kusa da yankin an daidaita. A yankin da girgizar kasar ta afku a garin Al-Haouz, wani gida da ya ruguje ya makale a karkashin baraguzan ginin. A Amizmiz, wani ƙauye kusa da ƙauyen, masu aikin ceto sun yi amfani da hannayensu wajen tarwatsa tarkace. 'Yan kwana-kwana 20 da sojoji ne suka halarci ragowar wani gida; sun kuma gano akalla gawarwaki biyu. Kusan dukkanin gidajen gargajiya guda 50 da ke kauyen Majat sun ruguje tare da kashe mazauna garin da dama. Kashi 90 na gidaje a Asni sun lalace. Ƙarin gidaje a garuruwan da ke kusa da ƙaƙƙarfan lamarin sun ruguje wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya. An kuma yanke wutar lantarki da hanyoyi a wasu wuraren. A Essaouira, sassan facade sun faɗi. Garuruwan Tafeghaghte, Adassil da Imlil, da kuma kauyukan da ke kusa da Dutsen Toubkal, girgizar kasar ta lalata ko kuma ta yi mummunar barna, tare da rugujewar gidaje kusan 200 a Ijoukak kadai. A wajen Agadir, a kauyukan Taqi da Tadrart, an lalata gidaje da dama. A birnin Taroudant, an kashe kusan mutane 200. Gundumomi da dama na tsoffi ko na tarihi a cikin birnin sun lalace sosai. An kashe mutane 90 ko kuma kusan rabin mutanen kauyen a Tafeghagte. Kauyukan da ke cikin kwarin Ouirgane har yanzu ba su da sabis na lantarki da na sadarwa kwanaki biyu bayan girgizar kasar. Tashar talabijin ta Morocco ta bayar da rahoton cewa, sama da iyalai 18,000 ne abin ya shafa a Al-Haouz kadai.
Bayan haka Mutanen Marrakesh sun kwashe baraguzan da hannu yayin da suke jiran manyan kayan aiki. Yawancin mazauna wurin sun kasance a waje saboda fargabar wata girgizar kasa. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna mutane suna kwashe wata cibiyar kasuwanci, gidajen cin abinci da gine-gine. Mazauna birnin sun kwana ukun farko a waje; cika wuraren zagayawa, wuraren shakatawa na mota da dandalin jama'a. An sake buɗe wasu kasuwanni a birnin a ranar 10 ga Satumba yayin da Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da shawarar ci gaba da ayyukan kasuwanci. A babban birnin Rabat, 350 km (220 mi) arewa da tsakiyar yankin, kuma a Imsouane, wani gari na bakin teku, mazauna sun bar gidajensu. Babban Sakatare Janar na Hukumar Harkokin Cikin Gida ya ce jami’ai da kungiyoyin tsaro na hada kayan aiki don samar da kayan agaji da tantance barnar da aka yi. Sojojin Moroko sun share daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zuwa wuraren da abin ya fi shafa, wanda ya ba da damar taimako mai mahimmanci ga mutane. A Salé, manyan motoci sun ɗauki barguna, gadaje sansanin, da na'urorin hasken wuta zuwa wuraren da abin ya shafa. Manyan tireloli kuma sun dauki kayayyaki don isa wadannan wuraren. Tashar gida ta 2M ta raba bidiyon motocin gaggawa da ke tafiya tare da ƙazamin hanya. Aikin ceto dai ya samu cikas yayin da hanyoyin da suka bi ta yankin tsaunuka ke cike da cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma duwatsu. A lardin Al-Haouz, an kawar da duwatsu daga kan tituna domin ba da damar motocin daukar marasa lafiya da kuma kai agaji zuwa yankunan da abin ya shafa. An yi amfani da wata babbar hanya a tsaunukan Atlas, cike da motocin daukar marasa lafiya, motocin haya da kuma ‘yan kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross, don jinyar wadanda suka jikkata; An kai wadanda suka samu munanan raunuka zuwa asibiti a Marrakesh. A wurare masu nisa da ke da wahalar shiga, Rundunar Sojan Maroko ta yi amfani da jirage masu saukar ungulu don samar da bukatu na yau da kullun. An samu karuwar mutanen da suka jikkata da aka kwantar a asibitoci a birnin Marrakesh. Mutanen da suka jikkata daga wajen Marrakesh suma sun fara kutsawa cikin birnin domin samun magani. An yi kira ga mazauna birnin da su ba da gudummawar jini. A safiyar ranar 9 ga Satumba, kusan mutane 200, ciki har da masu yawon bude ido, sun ziyarci asibiti don ba da gudummawar jini. Daga cikin wadanda suka ba da gudummawa har da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco Shirin ya tara buhunan jini 6,000 a cikin yini guda da kaddamar da yakin neman zaben. Kididdigar barnar da aka yi a Marrakesh ta nuna cewa yawancin birnin ba su da lahani. Sarki Mohammed VI ya ba da izinin tura sojojin Masarautar Moroccan a garuruwa daban-daban da abin ya shafa domin taimakawa. Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa tare da bayar da umarnin kafa hukumar bayar da agaji don tallafawa wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu, da kuma bude asusun ajiyar banki na musamman domin ba da damar bayar da taimako. Daga baya sojojin sun kafa asibitin filin a Moulay Brahim. Jami'an ceto sun yi amfani da manyan kayan aiki don kwato wadanda suka tsira da gawarwakin tarkace. Wadanda suka tsira daga kauyen sun fara tona kaburbura a kan wani tudu domin binne wadanda suka mutu. An kafa wata katuwar tanti a kauyen domin a zaunar da marasa gida. Aiki a filin jirgin saman Marrakesh ya kasance al'ada amma an soke jirage biyu na Ryanair daga Marrakesh zuwa Brussels da Beauvais, Faransa, waɗanda aka shirya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. Kamfanin jiragen sama na British Airways ya maye gurbin jirginsa na yau da kullun zuwa Marrakesh da wani wanda ya fi girma don jigilar 'yan Burtaniya da ke neman komawa gida. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta sanar da murmurewa na iya daukar shekaru; ƙauyuka da yawa da ke kusa da babban yankin a cikin tsaunuka masu nisa gaba ɗaya sun lalace kuma/ko kuma ba za su iya shiga ba, tare da ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa irin su layin dogo, tituna, da asibitoci da ke biye da arewacin ƙasar suna kawo cikas ga ayyukan agaji.
Martani Spain, India, Algeria, Argentina, France, Iran, Israel, Portugal, Pakistan, Romania, Taiwan, Tailandia, Oman, Turkey, Kuwait, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Ƙungiyar, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ba da taimako da tallafi ga Maroko. Netherlands ta saki Yuro miliyan 10 a cikin agajin gaggawa. Sauran shugabannin duniya sun yi ta'aziyya. Jinkirin da aka yi na sa'o'i 18 ga Sarkin don yin sanarwar a hukumance ya sha suka a cikin jama'a. An kuma yi suka kan jinkirin da gwamnati ta yi wajen gabatar da bukatar agaji a hukumance da kuma cewa ba a ba da damar karin taimako daga waje ba. Har ila yau takaici ya karu a tsakanin kungiyoyin agaji na kasa da kasa da ke jiran aiki saboda ba su samu buƙatu na yau da kullun ba. Gwamnatin Moroko ba ta nemi taimakon kasashen waje bisa hukuma ba, duk da haka, sun karɓi taimako daga Qatar, Spain, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Burtaniya. Jami'ai sun ce sun amince da tayin na kasashe hudu ne kawai saboda "rashin hadin kai na iya haifar da illa." Sun kara da cewa ana iya amincewa da wasu tayin lokacin da ake bukata. Benoît Payan magajin garin Marrakesh 'yar uwar birnin Marseille na kasar Faransa, ya sanar da cewa ya aike da jami'an kashe gobara zuwa kasar Maroko domin su taimaka da ayyukan ceto. Shugaban Majalisar Yankin Île-de-Faransa Valérie Pécresse ya aika da dala 535,000 a matsayin taimako. ya buɗe layin wayar tarho. An aika da ma'aikatan ceto daga Nice, yayin da al'ummomi a fadin kasar suka ba da agaji sama da Yuro miliyan 2 (dala miliyan 2.1). Firaministan Isra'ila Benyamin Netanyahu da Sarki Abdallah na biyu na Jordan sun umarci gwamnatocinsu da su aika da agaji zuwa Maroko, yayin da shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ya ba da umarnin kafa wata gada ta jirgin sama don jigilar kayan agaji. taimako da sauran tallafi, kamar yadda Saudiyya ta yi. Sultan Haitham bin Tarik na Oman ya ba da umarnin a aika da kungiyoyin agaji da agajin jinya zuwa Maroko a ranar 10 ga Satumba. Aljeriya, a karon farko tun shekarar 2021, ta buɗe sararin samaniyarta ga Maroko domin saukaka isar kayayyakin jin ƙai. Washegari, Aljeriya ta ba da shawarar wata ƙungiyar sa kai ta musamman mai mambobi 80. Spain ta ba da Sashin Gaggawa na Sojoji, da sauran hukumomin agajinta, da ofishin jakadancinta a Rabat a hannun Maroko. Jirgin saman sojojin Spain guda biyu dauke da sojoji 86 da karnukan bincike 8 an kai su birnin Marrakesh bayan da gwamnatin Moroko ta yi kira ga bangarori biyu. Jamhuriyar Czech ta sanar da cewa a shirye take ta aike da mambobi kusan 70 na tawagar ceto, ciki har da likitoci 9, bayan da ta samu bukatar a hukumance daga gwamnatin Morocco. Ministan tsaron kasar Czech Jana Cernochova ya ce an shirya jiragen soji uku domin jigilar tawagar. Cibiyar horarwa da bincike ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UNITAR ta kunna Yarjejeniya ta Duniya akan Sararin Samaniya da Manyan Bala'i a madadin kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent Societies IFRC don samar da fa'ida, ko da yake an rage, tauraron dan adam ɗaukar hoto. A ranar 9 ga Satumba, wata tawagar ma'aikatan jinya da ma'aikata 50 daga Tunisiya ta isa. Har ila yau, tawagar ta kawo karnukan bincike, na'urorin hoto masu zafi, jirgi mara matuki, da asibitin filin. Tawagar ceto ta Qatar ta isa Morocco a ranar 11 ga Satumba. </br>Hukumar kwallon kafar Afirka ta dage wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2023 tsakanin Morocco da Laberiya, wanda ya kamata a yi a Agadir ranar 9 ga watan Satumba. Sai dai an ci gaba da fafatawa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Congo da Gambia kamar yadda aka tsara a birnin Marrakesh a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba. UEFA ta ba da sanarwar yin shiru na dan lokaci ga wadanda abin ya shafa a duk waɗannan kungiyoyi da na kasa har zuwa ranar 21 ga Satumba.
Nassoshi
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20649 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunusi%20Mamman | Sunusi Mamman | Farfesa Sunusi ko Sanusi Mamman (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 1965), a karamar hukumar Malumfashi, dake jihar Katsina. shi ne mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Umaru Musa Yar’adua. An nada shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'ar bayan wa'adin tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar, Farfesa Idris Isa Funtua ya kare. Farfesa Sunusi Mamman ya kuma kasance mai rikon kwarya a mukaddashin shugaban jami’ar a watan Yunin shekarar 2015, da kuma mataimakin shugaban jami’ar (mulki) na jami’ar daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2016. Wani Farfesa na Ilimi na Musamman tare da keɓaɓɓiyar sha'awa ga Musamman na kwarewa. Mulkinsa a matsayin mukaddashin mataimakin shugaban jami'a yana tattare da ci gaban tsarin wanda ya haifar da amfani da kudaden binciken kimar Buƙatun a shekarar ta 2013 na Asusun Ilimin Manyan Makarantu (tetfund) wanda aka ba da kuɗin gina ƙarin ɗakunan kwanan mata dana maza, Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Digiri na biyu da sauransu. tsarin cigaba. Ya kuma gabatar da gine-gine da yawa a cikin dukkanin fannoni biyar na jami'ar. Ya ɗauki nauyin ma'aikatan ilimi da wadanda ba na koyarwa ba don neman digiri na farko a jami'o'i da yawa a gida da waje don haka ya bunkasa ma'aikata a jami'ar.
Aikin Koyarwa Bayan ya kammala karatun NCE, Mamman ya zama malamin aji kuma yayi aiki a Makarantun Sakandiren Gwamnati da yawa a cikin [[Kaduna] sannan daga baya ya wuce Jihar Katsina. Ya yi aiki a Makarantar Kurame ta Gwamnati, Malumfashi tsawon shekaru. Daga baya kuma an tura shi zuwa Ofishin Shiyya na Malumfashi don zama Babban Jami'in Jarabawa (Jagora da Nasiha). Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami na ɗan lokaci tare da Sashin Ilimi na Musamman, Jami'ar Bayero, Kano daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015 da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Kano (Daraktan Ci gaba da Ilimi daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2011. Lokacin da Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina ta kafa Jami’ar Jihar Katsina, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ma’aikatan sashen ilimi. A watan Satumba,n, shekara ta 2008, an dauki nauyin sa don halartar wani taron karawa juna sani kan Gudanar da Jami’o’i a Cibiyar Bunkasa Gudanarwa Ikeja Lagos mai taken: Taron bita kan Shugabanci don Shugabanci nagari na Jami’o’in Najeriya. Bayan dawowarsa a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2008, ya zama shugaban tsangayar harkokin dalibai mukamin da ya rike har zuwa watan Yulin, 2014 lokacin da Majalisar Dattawa ta Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Katsina ta zabe shi ya zama mataimakin mataimakin shugaban jami'a (mulki) A lokacin da yake matsayin shugaban jami'a, shi ne ya fara shigar da daliban farko da suka kammala karatu daga jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua, Katsina don bautar kasa (NYSC a shekarar 2009).
Shi ne na farko da ya gudanar da zaben kungiyar dalibai a tsakanin bangarorin ilimi guda uku wanda shugaban kungiyar dalibai na farko ya fito a cikin shekarar 2009. Daga baya ya gudanar da zaɓen ƙungiyar ɗalibai don shekarun da suka gabata 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 da 2014 ba tare da kyauta ba. A matsayinsa na shugaban daliban, ya shugabanci dakin kwanan dalibai mata daya tilo wanda a dakunan kwanan dalibai mata aka sanya musu ido sosai kuma aka basu tsaro a duk tsawon lokacinsa kuma babu wani rahoton keta haddi ko wani abu mara kyau.
Farfesa Mamman ya hau kan mukamai daga malami na I zuwa babban malami a shekara ta 2010 sannan mataimakin farfesa a shekara ta 2013 kuma ya zama cikakken farfesa a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016 tare da keɓaɓɓen ilimi na musamman.
Farfesa Sunusi Mamman shi ne mai rikon mukamin darakta, Directorate of Consultancy Services (2011-2013), Ya kasance mamba ne a Kwamitin Kasuwanci na Majalisar Dattawa kuma daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa (2007-2016), shugaban, Kwamitin Wasannin Jami'a, mukaddashin shugaban sashen ilimi na jami'a. Ya kasance memba na farko na kwamitin Makarantar Post-Graduate (2011-2019). Farfesa ya zama darekta, UMYU Consult Ltd a shekara ta 2015; Wakilin Majalisar Dattawa kan Majalisar UMYU (2013-2016) memba, Kwamitin Zuba Jari na Jami'a kuma memba na wani kwamiti da ke aiki a kan ka'idojin aiki na Bayanin Benchmark kan Sabis na Taimakon Dalibi da kayan aiki (NUC, 2013) da sauran kwamitocin jami'a da yawa.
Farfesa Sunusi Mamman ya halarci taruka daban-daban da bitar a duk duniya ciki har da NUC (2009), Daventure Global Ltd Dubai (2015) mai taken: Dynamics of Administration, Leadership da fasaha don nasarar kungiyar; Cibiyar gyara manufofin tattalin arziki Abuja, {2015} Jami'ar Dayton USA wani taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa kan bincike da ci gaba da kirkire-kirkire (2015) Kwalejin Gudanar da Najeriya Badagry-Damar Ci gaban Shugabanci. (2018)
Mukaddashin kansila na riko A lokacinsa a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban jami'ar, ya yi aiki tukuru don samun cikakkiyar cancanta a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi na 25 a duk fannoni guda biyar da suka hada da: Dokar, Kimiyyar Halitta da Kwarewa, Ilimin Bil'adama, Ilimi da Ilimin Zamani da Gudanarwa a cikin wata biyar. Baya ga wannan, ya dauki nauyin ma’aikatan ilimi guda 26 da ma’aikatan da ba na koyarwa ba don karatun digirin farko, goma sha takwas daga cikinsu na karatun PhD da kuma ma’aikata takwas na digiri na biyu. Baya ga wannan, ya dauki nauyin ma'aikata don taron kasa da kasa don fadada su kan ayyukan duniya don bunkasa ba da sabis a jami'a.
Lakca da wallafe-wallafe Farfesa Mamman ya dauki nauyin shirin jagoranci da nasiha a Gidan Talabijin na Jihar Katsina, inda Dokta Mamman na wancan lokacin ya fadakar da iyayen gida a kan mummunan illolin da ke tattare da barin ‘ya’yansu su tafi jami’a ba tare da cikakken kulawa ba. Ya ba da shawarar dabaru da yawa na sa ido sosai kan ɗalibai a cikin shekarun bayanan. Shirin ya samu mabanbantan ra'ayi yayin da iyaye da yawa suka yi maraba da yaba wa bakon mai jawabi.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
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51195 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyoyin%20kasuwanci%20a%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu | Kungiyoyin kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu | Kungiyoyin kwadago a Afirka ta Kudu suna da tarihin da ya samo asali daga shekarun 1880. Tun daga farkon ƙungiyoyi za a iya kallon su a matsayin nuna rashin haɗin kai na launin fata na ƙasar, tare da ƙungiyoyin farko da suka fi yawa ga ma'aikatan fari. A cikin shekarun rikice-rikice na 1948-1991 ƙungiyoyin kwadago sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa juriya ta siyasa da tattalin arziki, kuma a ƙarshe sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke motsawa wajen fahimtar sauyawa zuwa gwamnatin dimokuradiyya.
A yau ƙungiyoyin kwadago har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da mambobi miliyan 3.11 waɗanda ke wakiltar kashi 25.3% na ma'aikata na yau da kullun. Majalisar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (COSATU) ita ce mafi girma daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kwadago guda uku, tare da mambobi miliyan 1.8, kuma tana daga cikin hadin gwiwar Tripartite tare da Majalisar Kwadaka ta Afirka (ANC) da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudancin (SACP).
Tarihin Kungiyoyin kwadago na farko galibi ga fararen fata ne kawai, tare da kungiyoyi kamar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACoL) da ke goyon bayan manufofin aiki bisa ga nuna bambancin launin fata. Har ila yau, sau da yawa ba su yarda da mata a cikin ƙungiyoyi ba. Mary Fitzgerald an dauke ta mace ta farko a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma wacce ta jagoranci yajin aiki da yawa kuma ta zauna kafin 1911. Kungiyar kwadago ta farko da ta shirya ma'aikatan baƙar fata ita ce Ma'aikatan Masana'antu na Afirka (IWA), wanda aka kafa a watan Satumbar 1917 ta ƙungiyar masu juyin juya halin International Socialist League (ISL). IWA ta haɗu a cikin Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Masana'antu da Kasuwanci ta Afirka (ICU), wanda aka kafa a 1919, a cikin 1920: 482 ICU da farko ƙungiya ce ga ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa masu baƙar fata da launuka masu launi a Cape Town kuma Clements Kadalie da Arthur F. Batty ne suka kafa ta farko a cikin ƙasa don ma'aikatan baƙar fata waɗanda a ƙarshe za su haɗa da ma'aikatan gona na karkara, ma'aikatan gida da masana'aikata, ma'aikata, masu tashar jiragen jiragen ruwa, ma'antu da 'yan kasuwa masu sayar da yan kasuwa: 483 A cikin shekarun 1920 an ce sun fi shahara fiye da ANC kuma a cikin Jam' yan kasuwa na Jihar jiragen ruwa sun kafa su 486 Trans Trans Trans Transchukiukiyar Afirka: 486 A cikin shekarun 1930 Majalisar Kasuwanci da Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SATLC) ta haɗa yawancin ƙasar. SATLC ta ci gaba da kasancewa a bayyane ba tare da wariyar launin fata ba, kuma ta yarda da haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyin kwadago na baƙar fata, tare da kiran cikakken haƙƙin doka ga 'yan kungiyar kwadago na baki. Wasu kungiyoyin baƙi sun shiga SATLC, yayin da a cikin shekarun 1940 wasu suka haɗa da Majalisar Kwadago da ba ta Turai ba, wanda ya ɗaga shi zuwa mafi girma na ƙungiyoyi 119 da mambobi 158,000 a cikin 1945.
A shekara ta 1946, CNETU tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Afirka ta Kudu sun tura yajin aikin ma'aikatan ma'adinai na Afirka ya zama Babban yajin aikin. Yunkurin ya rushe ta hanyar zalunci na 'yan sanda wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na tashiwar Jam'iyyar National Party (NP) da kuma taken su na wariyar launin fata yayin da aka murkushe dukkan kungiyoyin kwadago na baƙar fata.
1954 1991 A shekara ta 1954 aka rushe SATLC, kuma tare da kafa Majalisar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (TUCSA) membobin kungiyar sun hada da fari, masu launi, da Asians, tare da baƙi a cikin kungiyoyi masu dogaro. An cire ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata masu zaman kansu daga haɗin kai kuma ƙungiyoyi 14 da suka gabata daga SATLC sun kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACTU). SACTU ta haɗu da Majalisar Kwadago da ba ta Turai ba kuma ta zama ƙungiyar kwadago ta ANC. Kungiyar ta karu zuwa mambobi 53,000 a shekara ta 1961, amma an kori ta a karkashin kasa, kuma shekaru goma an sake yin shiru a Afirka ta Kudu.
A shekara ta 1979 an kafa Tarayyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (FOSATU), tare da kirkirar Majalisar Kwadago na Afirka ta Kudu.
Abin da zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu, an kirkiro Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai ta Kasa (NUM) a cikin 1982, kuma tana da hannu sosai a cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa da ke adawa da Jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki. Kungiyar ta rungumi "ginshiƙai" guda huɗu na aiki gwagwarmayar makamai, tattara jama'a (rashin rinjaye), hadin kan kasa da kasa, da kuma aikin karkashin kasa.
An kafa Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) a shekarar 1985, kuma FOSATU ta haɗu da ita a wannan shekarar (wanda aka fi sani da shi a masana'antar koyarwa).
Babban yajin aiki har zuwa wannan ranar a tarihin Afirka ta Kudu ya faru ne a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1986, lokacin da ma'aikatan baƙar fata miliyan 1.5 suka "yi tafiya" a cikin buƙatar amincewa da hutun ranar Mayu. A watan Yuni mai zuwa an ruwaito cewa an kama jami'an kungiyar kwadago 200, ciki har da Elijah Barayi da Jay Naidoo na COSATU, da Phiroshaw Camay, babban sakataren CUSA, a karkashin sabon yanayin gaggawa.
Har ila yau, a cikin 1986, CUSA ta shiga tare da Azanian Confederation of Trade Unions (AZACTU) don kafa Majalisar Kwadago ta Kasa (NACTU), kuma Cif Mangosuthu Buthelezi ya kirkiro Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Afirka ta Kudu (UWUSA), musamman don adawa da kashe hannun jari a Afirka ta Kudu. UWUSA daga ƙarshe ta ɓace daga gani, amma ba kafin wahayi a watan Yulin 1991 ba cewa ta haɗa kai da masu ba da agaji a cikin kamfen ɗin da aka yi wa masu gwagwarmayar COSATU da NACTU, kuma ta sami akalla Rand miliyan 1.5 daga 'yan sanda na tsaro.
A cikin 1988 sabuwar Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata ta sanya takunkumi kan ayyukan ma'aikata, gami da ba Kotun Ma'aikata ikon hana yajin aiki da kulle-kulle. Wannan ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma tattaunawar tsakanin COSATU, NACTU da Kwamitin Harkokin Kwadago na Afirka ta Kudu (SACOLA) daga ƙarshe sun samar da gyare-gyare na 1991 wanda ya soke ikon da ya gabata.
A cikin 1990 SACTU, wanda ya ci gaba da ayyukan karkashin kasa daga gudun hijira, ya rushe kuma ya shawarci membobinta su shiga COSATU. COSATU, a matsayin memba na hadin gwiwar Tripartite tare da ANC da SACP, sun ba da tallafi ta hanyar yajin aiki da rikice-rikicen siyasa da tattalin arziki, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙaurawar Jam'iyyar National, da kuma nasarar mafi rinjaye na ANC a zaben siyasa na 1994.
A yau An amince da kungiyoyin kwadago a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu na 1996, wanda ke ba da damar shiga kungiyoyin kwadoro da kuma kungiyoyin kwadano don yin ciniki tare da yajin aiki. Wannan ya fassara zuwa Dokar Harkokin Ma'aikata, wanda ya kafa tsarin aiki ga ƙungiyoyi da ma'aikata. An kuma kirkiro cibiyoyi uku don ci gaba da burin rage rikice-rikicen alaƙar masana'antu, kawar da nuna bambanci mara adalci da kuma gyara nuna bambanci da ya gabata a wurin aiki: Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Majalisar Aiki ta Kasa (NEDLAC), Kotun Kwadago da Hukumar Sakamako, Saki da Arbitration (CCMA).
Tare da kirkirar Tarayyar Kungiyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (FEDUSA) daga hadewar Tarayyar Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu, da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa a cikin 1997, an kafa manyan ƙungiyoyi uku. COSATU, tare da mambobi miliyan 1.8, FEDUSA ta biyo baya tare da mambozi 560,000 da NACTU tare da kusan mambobi 400,000 ciki har da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'adinai. Dukkanin ukun suna da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya.
An kafa cibiyar kwadago ta kasa ta huɗu a shekara ta 2003. Kungiyar Kwadago ta Kwadago (CONSAWU) tana da alaƙa da Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Duniya (WCL).
Binciken shekara-shekara na ICFTU na 2006 game da keta haƙƙin ƙungiyar kwadago ya lura da Afirka ta Kudu:"An bayar da rahoton manyan keta doka a cikin shekara, gami da mutuwar ma'aikata biyu da ma'aikatansu suka kashe a cikin takaddamar albashi, da kuma ma'aikacin gona da masu tsaro suka kashe. Yunkurin zanga-zangar da zanga-zambe sun haɗu da tashin hankali, kamar yin amfani da harsashin roba, wanda a yanayin direbobin mota masu bugawa, ya haifar da rauni.
Aiki da HIV AIDS Afirka ta kudu tana daya daga cikin mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar kanjamau aids a duniya, tare da kimantawa na shekara ta 2005 na mutane miliyan 5.5 da ke zaune tare da cutar kansar, 12.4% na yawan jama'arta. kungiyar kwadago ta taka rawar gani wajen yaki da wannan annoba. cosatu babban abokin tarayya ne a cikin kamfen ɗin aiki na magunguna (tac), ƙungiyar agaji da aka yi rajista da ƙungiyar siyasa da ke aiki don ilimantarwa da inganta fahimta game da cutar kanjamau aids, da kuma hana sabbin kamuwa da cuta, da kuma turawa don samun damar samun magungunan antiretrovirals. cosatu ta zartar da ƙuduri a cikin 1998 don kamfen don magani. "a bayyane yake ga ƙungiyar ma'aikata a wannan lokacin cewa membobinta mafi ƙasƙanci suna mutuwa saboda ba za su iya samun magunguna ba, "in ji theodora steel, mai kula da kamfen a cosatu. "mun ga tac a matsayin abokin tarayya na halitta a cikin kamfen don magani. mun zartar da ƙuduri na yau da kullun a taronmu don taimakawa da gina tac. Duk da hadin gwiwar COSATU tare da ANC mai mulki, ya kasance ba daidai ba ne da gwamnati ta hanyar yin kira ga ƙaddamar da cikakken damar jama'a ga magungunan antiretroviral.
Dokar Dangantaka ta Aiki An zartar da Dokar Dangantaka ta Ma'aikata a cikin 1995 kuma ta sami manyan gyare-gyare a cikin 1996 1998 da 2002. Manufar da aka bayyana ita ce "ba da tasiri ga sashi na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki" ta hanyar tsara haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, inganta yarjejeniyar ƙungiya, tsara haƙƙin yajin aiki da kuma neman mafita da kuma samar da hanyoyin warware rikice-rikice da kuma kafa Kotun Kwadago da Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Kwadago a matsayin manyan kotuna "tare da ikon yanke shawara na musamman don yanke shawara kan batutuwan da suka taso daga Dokar". Dokar ta kuma magance sa hannun ma'aikaci a cikin yanke shawara da wajibai na doka ta kasa da kasa dangane da dangantakar ma'aikata.
Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci ba ta shafi Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, Hukumar leken asiri ta Kasa ko Ofishin Asirin Afirka ta Kudu.
Majalisar ciniki An kafa majalisun sulhu ta ƙungiyoyin kwadago da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata. Suna hulɗa da yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa, ƙoƙarin warware rikice-rikicen ma'aikata da kuma yin shawarwari game da manufofin ma'aikata le dokoki. Hakanan, suna iya gudanar da kudaden fansho, biyan marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da tsarin horo da sauran irin waɗannan fa'idodi ga membobinsu.
Dokar Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Amended ta kuma lura cewa majalisun suna "ba da sabis da ayyuka na majalisa ga ma'aikata a bangaren da ba na al'ada ba da ma'aikatan gida".
Yarjejeniyar Shagon Hukumar Yarjejeniyar Shagon Hukumar ta sami rinjaye daga ƙungiyar kwadago (ko dai ƙungiya ɗaya ko hadin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi da ke wakiltar mafi yawan ma'aikatan da aka yi amfani da su) da kuma ma'aikaci ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata. Yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci masu daukar ma'aikata su cire kuɗi daga albashin ma'aikatan da ba na ƙungiyar ba don "tabbatar da ma'aikatan waɗanda ba na ƙungiyar, waɗanda ke amfana daga ƙoƙarin sulhu na ƙungiyar, su ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan ƙoƙarin".
Ba a buƙatar izini daga ma'aikaci don a tantance raguwa. Koyaya, ma'aikatan da suka ƙi yarda da lamiri kuma sun ƙi zama memba a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago bisa tushen lamiri, suna iya neman a biya kuɗin su ga asusun da Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ke gudanarwa.
Yarjejeniyar shagon da aka rufe Yarjejeniyar shagon rufewa, wanda ke buƙatar duk ma'aikata a wurin aiki da aka rufe su shiga ƙungiyoyi, ana iya buga su idan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikata sun jefa kuri'a don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. Dole ne ma'aikata su shiga ƙungiyar ko kuma su fuskanci korar su. Bugu da ƙari, "idan ƙungiyar ta kori memba ko ta ƙi ba da damar sabon ma'aikaci ya zama memba na ƙungiyar, kuma idan wannan fitarwa ko ƙin yarda ya dace da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙungiyar ko kuma saboda dalili ne mai kyau, to ma'aikacin zai kori ma'aikacen. Wannan korar ba a dauke ta rashin adalci ba. Ba za a iya korar masu adawa da lamiri ba saboda kin shiga ƙungiyar.
Ƙuntatawa a kan shagunan da aka rufe sun haɗa da buƙatun kada su tilasta ma'aikata su zama membobin ƙungiyar kwadago kafin samun aiki da kuma biyan kuɗin da aka tattara daga ma'aikata don amfani da su kawai don "ci gaba ko kare bukatun zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na ma'aikata".
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a Afrika
Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32979 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Bissa | Mutanen Bissa | Bissa (ko Bisa (rauni), Bisan, Bissanno (jam'i)), wata kabila ce ta Mande ta kudu maso gabashin Burkina Faso, arewa maso gabashin Ghana, arewa maso gabashin Togo da arewacin Benin. Yaren su, Bissa, yare ne na Mande wanda ke da alaƙa da shi, amma ba ɗaya ba ne, tarin yaruka a tsohuwar yankin Borgu na Arewa maso Gabas Benin da kuma Arewa maso Yamma, ciki har da Busa, Boko, da Kyenga. Wani sunan madadin don Bissa shine Busansi wanda mutanen Mossi ke amfani da shi.
Kundin Tarihi na Daniel McFarland Historical Dictionary of Upper Volta yana nufin su "Mande mai ƙarfi wanda ya zaunar da yankin tare da White Voltaire a ƙasa da Tenkodogo a 1300. Wasu suna zaune a kan iyakar a arewacin Ghana da Togo na zamani. Dangane da wasu al'adun, Rialle, magadan layin Nakomse na sarakunan Mossi shine Busansi."
An san su da aikin noman gyada. A bisa ga al'ada, wani mutumin Bissa wanda yake son kotu da yarinyar Bissa dole ne ya yi aiki a filin gyada na mahaifiyarta, kuma ya sami damar samar wa yarinyar filin gyada idan sun yi aure.
Bissa an kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin yare, wannan shine Barka da Lerre. An kara raba su zuwa wasu kabilu da yawa. Kowane dangi yana da suna da kuma kiran da ake kira Dedaa wanda Bissa ke kira. Yanzu ana amfani da kiran a matsayin sunan mahaifi a Burkina Faso
Wasu sanannun dangi da Bayyanar kabilar Bissa Bayyanar kabila
Pagou Nombre /Ziginni
Gassuogou Yaalah
Tangari Lengani
Tangaré Lingani
Garango Bambara
Tunugu Saare
Bussim Guerm/Guerne
Sandugu Zeba
Lergu Jinko
Ziglah Bandau
Pakala Billa
Tuuro Dabre
Woono Zaare
Saawunno Nyenni
Chenno Yabre
Bura Zuure
Saarugu Saare
Muungo Gamine
Kayo Gampine
Bugula Darga
Gulagun Nombone
Yiringu Galbane
Lengi monnie
Kadpugu Yankini
Ganni Samandulugu
Jangani Guengane
Bedega Wandaago
Leda Zampaligidi
woono wango
longa Welgu/Keera
Sasima Daboni
Zangila Kidibari
kuu Lenkoni
Zaka Boibani
Hunzaawu Zombra
Bergu Baara
Nyaawu Campaore
Gulanda Bayere
leere Zampoo
Dansanga Genni
Somma Zakaani
Sominne Senre/Sebene
Gudu Sewonner
Sonno Lembani
Wargu Bansi
Tollah Bansi
Wanda Gulla
Dansanga Genni
Zhetta Zesonni
Koonteega Yourda
Bangu Sambare
Youngou Gambo
Gerrimah Nyenni
Kerimah Ziigani
Yakungu Gengani
Gangila Nunkansi
kele Gansani
Tinga Bidiga
Bann Zanni
Mutanen Bissa sun kasu kashi-kashi da yawa. Harshensu ya bambanta kaɗan; yaruka na farko sune Barka, Lere, Ladda, Zeba, Gassuh.
Yawancin Bissa Musulmai ne. Bissa na Da'irar Garango na daga cikin wakilan arewa. Garin Garango da ke tsakiyar yankin Bissa ta arewa ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, yayin da gundumomin arewa maso yamma ke karkashin kulawar masarautar Mossi ta Ouagadougou da kuma yankunan arewa maso gabas karkashin kulawar masarautar Mossi ta Tenkodogo. A Accra, Ghana, wasu daga cikin garuruwan da aka kafa kuma shahararru sune layin Busanga a yankin North Kaneshie na mazabar Okai Koi. Sauran garuruwan da aka lura da mutanensu na Bissa sun hada da Town Council line ko Lartebiokorshie da shukura a mazabar Ablekuma ta tsakiya, da Nima a mazabar Ayawaso ta tsakiya. A cikin kabilar Bissa, na Lingani su ne masu rike da madafun iko na siyasa da na sufanci. Mutumin da ke da iko ba shine mai kambi ba amma wanda ke ba da kambi. Babu wanda zai iya samun damar shiga iko kuma ya sa kambi kafin Lingani ya shirya shi cikin asiri a ƙauyen Tangaré na Garango a lardin Boulgou (Burkina Faso). 'Yan Lingani mafarauta ne kuma bishiyar ɓaure na bikin tare da kakanninsu mashin farauta na shekaru ɗari har yanzu ana iya gani a kusa da dutsen Tangaré da ke fuskantar gidan dangin Lingani. Bissas suna zaune tare da matattun kakanninsu da aka binne a kofar gidajensu domin girmama su. Wuraren da aka binne Bissa ana tona su ne kamar ginin gargajiya amma a karkashin kasa tare da wani dan karamin rami domin shiga jikin da wanda ya karbi gawar ya kwantar da shi don hutawa. Ana iya binne mutane da yawa a cikin kabari guda ɗaya. Ƙofar kabari an lulluɓe shi da gilashin yumbu da za a iya cire don binnewa a nan gaba. Barso kakan Bissas mafarauci ne. NOTE. Daga Bissa Bissam Baa Kamaji house.
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24133 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Hamence%20with%20the%20Australian%20cricket%20team%20in%20England%20in%201948 | Ron Hamence with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 | Ron Hamence ya memba na Donald Bradman 's shahara Australian wasan kurket tawagar 1948, wanda rangadin Ingila da aka undefeated a cikin talatin da hudu 34 ashana. Sakamakon wannan bajintar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba ta hanyar Gwajin da ke yawo da Ingila, ƙungiyar ta sami laƙabin The Invincibles Dan damfara na tsakiya na dama, Hamence bai taka rawar gani ba wajen samun nasarar kungiyar. An ɗauke shi a matsayin mai jemage na ƙarshe da za a zaɓa don ƙungiyar, zaɓin sa ya kasance abin jayayya saboda yawancin jemagu da suka ci ƙarin gudu a cikin kakar Australiya da ta gabata an yi watsi da su. Hamence da Colin McCool su ne kawai membobin ƙungiyar da ba su yi Gwaji ba yayin yawon shaƙatawa. An yi amfani da Hamence a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa da ba na Gwaji ba domin manyan jemagu su iya adana makamashi don Gwaje-gwaje, kamar yadda aka tsara wasa na kwana shida a mako. Tare da Doug Ring, Hamence da McCool sun kira kansu "ma'aikatan ƙasa" saboda ƙarancin ayyukansu a manyan wasannin, kuma galibi suna ƙirƙira da rera waƙoƙi masu ban tsoro game da rashin damar su. Bradman ya yi jinkirin haɗarin rikodin ƙungiyar da ba a doke ta ba kuma a sakamakon haka, Hamence bai sami dama da yawa don yin faɗa a cikin tsari ba, wani abu da ya zama abin zargi.
Hamence zira ƙwallaye dari biyar da tamanin da biyu 582 runs a batting talakawan na 32,33, da top-ci na casa'in da tara 99. Shi kaɗai ne ɗan wasan batirin Australiya na gaba don kada ya ci ƙarnin Ragowar jemagu takwas na gaba kowannen su ya ci aƙalla ɗari tara da saba'in da uku 973 gudu kuma duk aƙalla ba su wuce 47.30 ba. Hamence kuma lokaci -lokaci yana buɗe ƙwallon ƙwallo a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici, yana ba da damar manyan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa su murmure tsakanin Gwaje -gwaje.
Bayan Fage A lokacin kakar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da bakwai zuwa arba'in da takwas 1947 48 da ta gabata a Ostiraliya, an cire Hamence daga tawagar kasa. Ya taka leda kwata -kwata a cikin kungiyar Gwajin, an zabe shi a cikin uku daga cikin wasanni goma a cikin yanayi biyu da suka gabata. A cikin waɗannan Gwaje -gwaje uku ya ci gaba da jimillar tseren 81 a matsakaicin 27.00. Da yake komawa cikin wasan kurket na cikin gida bayan ɓacewar sa, Hamence ya ci ƙwallo tamanin da biyar 85 da sittin da shida 66 a wasan da suka fafata da Queensland, wasan da ya sa ya ci gaba da fafutukar neman gurbin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar. Zaɓinsa na yawon shaƙatawa na Ingila na shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948 a ƙarƙashin Bradman shine babban abin jayayya, kamar yadda aka yi watsi da wasu jemagu da yawa duk da cewa sun kasance masu fa'ida yayin bazara na Ostiraliya. A nasa ɓangaren, Bradman ya bayyana matsayinsa na tsakiya-Hamence a tsakanin su-a matsayin "jerin jemagu waɗanda da wuya su kasa". Tun daga farko, Hamence ya kasance a waje d
ɓangane da zaɓin cikin Gwaje -gwaje. Ba a zaɓe shi ba don kowane Gwaje -gwaje yayin kamfen ɗin Ingilishi, amma a cikin hirar shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008, Ya jaddada cewa bai ji haushin ɓacin ransa ba. Hamence sanannen memba ne na ƙungiyar yawon buɗe ido kuma yanayinsa na fara'a da kyakkyawar muryar tenor da aka ƙara wa kyawawan halayen ƙungiyar. Abokin zama a lokacin yawon shaƙatawa shine mai ƙera jirgin ruwa Ernie Toshack Yawon shaƘatawa na farko Ostiraliya bisa al'ada ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin ta na farko a cikin yawon buɗe ido, wanda ya saba da Worcestershire Kasancewa mamba a cikin ƙungiyar kuma bayan kawai ya bayyana fitowar Gwaji a cikin lokutan da suka gabata, ba a zaɓi Hamence ba. Nan da nan Ostireliya ta murƙushe masu masaukin baƙi ta hanyar innings Hamence ya fara wasansa na farko a kasar Ingila a wasan yawon shaƙatawa na biyu da Leicestershire Batting a No. 6, ya shigo a 4/344 kuma ya yi bakwai kawai. Korar sa ta haifar da rugujewar 5/38 yayin da aka fitar da Ostiraliya don 448 kafin ta ci nasara. Wasan na gaba da Yorkshire, a kan rami mai laushi wanda ya dace da ɗan wasan bowling, shine mafi kusa da Australia da ta sha kashi a rangadi. Batting a No. 4, Hamence ya yi 12 a farkon farawa yayin da Ostiraliya ta amsa wa 71 na Yorkshire da 101. Ya yi wanka a hankali, yana shigowa 2/24 kafin ya tashi da 7/74. Bayan da Australia ta kori masu masaukin baƙi da ci 89 a wasan su na biyu, Australia ta durƙushe zuwa 3/13 a ci gaba da neman 60 don samun nasara. Hamence ya shigo ya ci ɗaya kafin ya karasa bayan ya yi jinkirin tashi don saurin guda; Ostiraliya ta rushe zuwa 6/31. Don yin abin da ya fi muni, Sam Loxton ya ji rauni kuma bai iya yin jemage ba, don haka Ostiraliya da gaske tana da wickets uku kawai a hannu kuma sun fuskanci asarar farko ga gundumar Ingilishi tun 1912. Koyaya, Ostiraliya ta ragargaza gida da wickets huɗu bayan farmakin da Neil Harvey da Don Tallon suka yi, tare da taimakon kamawar da aka yi kuma ta rasa tuntuɓe. An huta Hamence yayin da Australiya ke tafiya zuwa London don kayar da Surrey a The Oval ta innings. Ya dawo don wasa na gaba da Jami'ar Cambridge An dauƙaƙa shi zuwa lamba 3 ta kaftin din Lindsay Hassett, Hamence ya shigo a 1/64 kuma ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 176 tare da Bill Brown, ya ƙare tare da 92 yayin da Ostiraliya ta tara a ranar 4/414 kuma ta sami nasara. Hamence ya zira ƙwallaye daga ƙafar baya, kuma Jack Fingleton ya ba da shawarar "kyakkyawan innings shi ma, a cikin kyakkyawan bugun bugun sa". Hamence ma bowled karo na farko a kan yawon shaƙatawa, aika saukar da uku overs bakwai runs a karo na biyu innings ba tare da shan wani wicket. A wasan da ya biyo baya, Ostiraliya ta murƙushe Essex da inci kuma 451 ke gudana, mafi girman fa'idar cin nasarar bazara. A rana ta farko, Ostiraliya ta kafa tarihin duniya ta hanyar zira ƙwallaye 721, mafi girman matakin farko da aka ƙara cikin kwana ɗaya. Rabin rana, a 2/364, duk mai zagaye Keith Miller ya zo gaɓar. Haƙiƙi da halin rashin kulawa, Miller ya fusata halin rashin tausayi na Bradman game da lalata 'yan adawa kuma galibi ya ƙi gwadawa lokacin da Ostiraliya ta kasance cikin yanayin da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba. Da gangan ya bar ƙwallon ya bugi kututture kuma ya fita don duck na zinariya Hamence ya shigo ya buge 46, ya ƙara gudu 146 don bugun tazara na biyar tare da Sam Loxton Hadin gwiwar ya ɗauki awa ɗaya kawai, kuma Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. Miller daga baya ya ce ɗaya daga cikin dalilansa na ba da kyautar wicket dinsa shine don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin damar da aka baiwa Hamence da sauran jemagu. Batting a No. 5 a wasa na gaba da Jami'ar Oxford, Hamence ya yi guda uku kacal kamar yadda Australia ta yi 431 kuma ta ci gaba da samun nasara. Wasan na gaba ya kasance ne da Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) a Lord MCC ta fitar da 'yan wasa bakwai waɗanda za su wakilci Ingila a cikin Gwaje-gwaje, N- kuma sun kasance cikakkiyar ƙungiyar Gwajin ƙarfi, yayin da Ostiraliya ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin farko. Wata dama ce ta samun fa'idar tunani. Ganin gwagwarmayar Hamence ta farko a cikin yanayin Ingilishi, wanda ya gan shi yana yin gudu 161 kawai a 26.83 a cikin farkon shida na farko, yayin da duk zaɓin farko na Australia ya yi ƙarni, N- ba a zaɓe shi ba; Ostiraliya ta tara 552 kuma ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. An tuno da wasa na gaba, da Lancashire a Old Trafford a Manchester, Hamence ya zura ƙwallaye biyu yayin da ya yi bahaya a lamba ta 7 a wasan farko da kuma rashin nasara 49 a lamba ta 6 a karo na biyu, inda ya ƙulla kawancen ƙarni mara nasara da Harvey a matsayin wasan ya ƙare a cikin k
ƙunci bayan duk wasan na ranar farko ya ɓace saboda ruwan sama. An yaba ayyukansa na biyu saboda kyawun ƙima. Shi ne wasa na farko a rangadin da Australia ta kasa cin nasara. An huta Hamence don wasa na gaba da Nottinghamshire, wanda aka sake yin canjaras, kafin ya dawo da Hampshire Ya yi biyar yayin da aka kori Australiya don 117 a cikin martani ga rukunin gida na 195, karo na farko da masu yawon buɗe ido suka yarda da jagorar farko a lokacin kakar. Bai sake samun wata dama ba tare da jemagu yayin da Ostiraliya ta murmure don cin nasara da ƙwallaye takwas. Hamence yana da damar ƙarshe don gabatar da ƙarar sa don zaɓin Gwaji a wasan da Sussex a Hove, wasan ƙaramar hukuma na ƙarshe kafin Gwajin Farko a Trent Bridge Ya zo ƙwanƙwasa a 4/453 kuma ya sanya 34 a matsayi na 96 tare da Harvey. Korar sa da Harvey ya kai 100 ya sa Australia ta bayyana a 5/549. Bradman ya ce Hamence "ɗan wasa ne mara sa'a na wasan" kuma yana tsaye a baranda yana shirye ya bayyana lokacin da Hamence ya faɗi akan ƙwallon ƙarshe. Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da kammala nasarar innings. A cikin wasanni na biyu, Hamence ya buɗe ƙwallon tare da Ray Lindwall Ya ɗauki wicket da wuri kafin ya ƙare innings ta hanyar iƙirarin mutum na ƙarshe da ya faɗi, bugun da Ron Saggers ya yi a tsaye ga kututturen.
Tsallake gwaji Tun lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, matsayi biyar na farko a cikin odar gwajin gwajin Ostiraliya ya ƙunshi Arthur Morris, Sid Barnes, Bradman, Hassett da Miller, yayin da matsayi na shida ya ga yawancin mazauna. An zaɓi duka biyar na farko don wasannin da Worcestershire da MCC, kuma sun riƙe matsayinsu don Gwajin Farko. Wannan ya bar matsayi ɗaya ga ragowar jemagu a cikin tawagar. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Brown ya zira ƙwallaye 800 a rangaɗi a matsakaita na 72.72, tare da ƙarni huɗu, kuma yana kan tafiyarsa ta uku ta Ingila. Brown ya taka leda a rukunin farko-farko a wasannin da Worcestershire da MCC. Harvey ya tara 296 gudu a 42.29, duk mai zagaye Loxton yana da gudu 310 a 51.66, amma ya ji rauni, yayin da Hamence ya yi gudu 251 kawai a 27.88 kuma shi kaɗai ne guda huɗu da ba su da ya ci karni. An yi watsi da Hamence yayin da Brown ya sami zaɓi a cikin Gwajin Farko a Trent Bridge, ya fita daga matsayi a tsakiyar tsari yayin da aka fi son Barnes da Morris a matsayin zaɓin farko na zaɓin farko, yayin da aka sauke Harvey duk da yin ƙarni a cikin kwanan nan na Ostiraliya. Gwaji akan Indiya. Wannan shine ainihin yanayin da ya faru a cikin wasannin Worcestershire da MCC inda Ostiraliya ta ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar zaɓin farko; Brown yayi batting a cikin tsari na tsakiya. Bradman ya bayyana shawarar a cikin abubuwan tunawarsa: "Hamence ba shi da isasshen tsari kuma Harvey da kyar ya shirya". A lokacin farkon buɗe rangadi, Bradman ya ɗan bata lokaci yana magana da Hamence a zaman zama, wanda ke jagorantar manazarta don kammala cewa ɗan wasan na Australiya yana kallon Hamence a matsayin wanda ba zai yiwu ya yi wasa a cikin Gwaje -gwaje ba. Australia ta ci gaba da doke Ingila da ci takwas, kodayake Brown ya yi gwagwarmaya kuma ya yi 17. Tsakanin Gwaje -gwaje, Hamence ya sami zaɓi don wasan da Northamptonshire, yana yin faɗa a No. 4 da zira kwallaye 34; ya ha] a hannu mukaddashin kyaftin Hassett a wani matsayi na 104 don wicket na uku. Ya ɗauki 1/11 a cikin innings na biyu yayin da Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. A wasan na biyu kafin Gwajin na Biyu, wanda ya yi karo da Yorkshire, Hamence ya yi 48 kuma shida bai fita ba, kuma ya ɗauki jimlar 1/17 yayin da wasan ya ƙare. Ya yi wanka a hankali da taka tsantsan; Bradman ya ba shi dama kaɗan, don haka dole ne ya yi amfani da su sosai. Innings na farko 48 shine aikin da aka ƙaddara akan wicket mai ɗorawa wanda ya taimaki Australia zuwa 249; Bradman ya ji gurnin Hamence ya kasance sananne a cikin Ostiraliya wanda ke sarrafa wucewa 200. Harvey ya yi 49 da 56 yayin da Brown ya yi 19 da 113 a matsayin mai buɗewa. Wannan ya ishe Brown ya riƙe matsayinsa na tsaka-tsaki don Gwajin Na Biyu a Ubangiji, inda Ostiraliya ta kafa ƙungiyar da ba ta canzawa. Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da samun nasara ta hanyar tsere 409 amma Brown ya yi ashirin da huɗu 24 da talatin da biyu 32 kawai. Wasan na gaba ya kasance da Surrey kuma an fara shi ne bayan gwajin na biyu. Yayin da 'yan wasan Gwaji suka gaji, Bradman ya ba su nauyi mai nauyi kuma ya sanya Hamence da Loxton don buɗe ƙwal. Dukansu sun ɗauki wickets biyu kuma Hamence ya murƙushe kyaftin Laurie Fishlock da Eric Bedser don ƙare da 2/24. Brown ya ji rauni a yatsa yayin da yake filin wasa, don haka bai sami damar yin jemage ba a farkon wasan Australia. Ta haka ne aka ɗaga Hamence don buɗe bugun. Hamence ya yi agwagwa, amma duk da haka Ostiraliya ta jagoranci jagora 168. Hamence ya sake buɗe wasan na bowling a karo na biyu, duk da cewa bai iya shan wicket ba kuma ya kare da 0/30. A cikin innings na biyu, Harvey ya ba da kansa don yin wasa azaman mai buɗe ido tare da Loxton kuma sun bi tseren ɗari da ashirin da biyu 122 don cin nasara cikin ƙasa da awa ɗaya don kammala cin nasara 10-wicket. Don wasan da ya biyo baya da Gloucestershire kafin gwaji na Uku, Brown da Hamence basu buga wasa ba. Harvey ya yi 95 kuma Loxton ya ƙare a 159 bai fita ba yayin da Ostiraliya ta kai 7/774 da aka ayyana, mafi girman balaguron, wanda ke ba da nasarar nasara. Sakamakon wasan kwaikwayon, Loxton ya ƙwace matsayin tsakiyar Brown don Gwajin Uku a Old Trafford. Yayin gwajin da aka zana na Uku, wanda ya buɗewa Sid Barnes ya ji rauni. Wannan ya buɗe wani wuri don gwaji na huɗu. Hamence ya yi 30 yayin da Australia ta doke Middlesex da ci goma a wasan da suka yi na gundumar kafin Gwajin Huɗu a Headingley An yi watsi da Hamence don zama kamar yadda aka kira Harvey. Ostiraliya ta zira ƙwallaye 3/404 don saita rikodin duniya don mafi girman nasarar tserewar Gwajin gwaji; Harvey ya zira kwallaye ɗari. Nan da nan bayan Gwajin, Hamence ya yi 21 a No. 6 yayin da Ostiraliya ta tara 456 kuma ta ci Derbyshire ta innings. A wasa na gaba da Glamorgan, Hamence bai yi wanka ba lokacin da ruwan sama ya ƙare wasan a 3/215 a farkon wasan Australia. An huta da shi yayin da Australia ta ci Warwickshire da ci tara. An tuna Hamence yayin da Australia ta fuskanci kuma ta yi kunnen doki da Lancashire a karo na biyu a rangadin. Ya yi 14 a cikin wasan farko kuma bai ci nasara ba a 10 a karo na biyu lokacin da Ostiraliya ta ba da sanarwar, bayan da ta yi gasa a No. 5 sau biyu. A wasan da ya gabata kafin gwajin na biyar, wanda ba ajin farko ba da Durham, Hamence ya ci ƙwallo ashirin da hudu 24 a lamba shida 6 a Australia 282. Wasan ya kasance ruwan sama ne wanda bai kai na biyu ba. An yi watsi da Hamence don Gwajin na biyar, kamar yadda Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings don rufe jerin 4 0; gwajin da aka zana na Uku shine kawai rashin nasara a Australia.
Wasannin yawon shaƘatawa na baya Wasanni bakwai sun ci gaba da neman Bradman ya zagaya Ingila ba tare da shan kashi ba. Ostiraliya ta fara fafatawa da Kent kuma Hamence ya yi talatin da takwas 38. Hamence shi ne mutum na tara da ya faɗo yayin da abokan hulɗa suka gudu kuma Ostireliya ta rasa wickets bakwai na ƙarshe don 89 don ƙare a dari uku da sittin da ɗaya 361. Duk da wannan, sun kammala nasarar innings. A wasa na gaba da Gentlemen na Ingila, Hamence ya yi baturi a lamba 7 kuma kawai yana da ƙarancin damar ba da gudummawa, ya shigo a 5/532 kuma ya zira ƙwallaye 24 kafin Bradman ya bayyana a 5/610 lokacin da Hassett ya kai 200. Hamence ya durƙusa cikin duka biyun don jimlar 1/41 kamar yadda Australia ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings. A wasa na gaba da Somerset, Hamence ya sanya dari da casa'in da biyar 195 a bugun tazara na biyar tare da Ian Johnson don kai Ostiraliya zuwa 4/501 tare da ci 99. Sauran jemagu duk sun yi ƙarni, kuma 'yan wasan Ostiraliya suna ɗokin ganin Hamence ya yi daidai. Tare da maki nasa akan 99, sauran ƙungiyar sun bar wasannin katin su a shirye don yabawa babban ci gaban sa. Koyaya, Hamence ya bugo ƙwallo biyu daga tsakiyar jemage, kawai don ganin suna tafiya kai tsaye zuwa mai wasan, ba tare da yin gudu ba. Cikin damuwa don isa ƙarninsa, Hamence daga baya ya caje filin sannan kuma ya ci karo da 99, mafi girman maki a kakar. A cewar Bradman, Hamence "ya faɗi a kan abin da kowa ya ce shine mafi kyawun ƙwallon duk rana". Duk da haka, Ostiraliya ta ci nasara ta hanyar innings da tseren 374. A wasan da ya biyo baya da Kudancin Ingila, Hamence ya yi bakwai kamar yadda Australia ta bayyana a 7/522. An wanke wasan; Hamence ya zira ƙwallaye uku ba tare da samun nasara ba a cikin wasannin masu masaukin baki. Babban ƙalubalen da Ostiraliya ta fuskanta a wasannin yawon shaƙatawa bayan gwajin ita ce karawa da Leveson-Gower na XI. A lokacin yawon shaƙatawa na ƙarshe a cikin 1938, wannan ƙungiyar ta kasance cikakkiyar kayan Ingilishi mai ƙarfi, amma a wannan karon Bradman ya dage cewa 'yan wasa shida ne a halin yanzu a cikin ƙungiyar Gwajin Ingila za a ba su damar buga wa masu masaukin baki. Daga nan Bradman ya fito da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi, don haka aka bar Hamence. Australia ta jagoranci ta ɗari uku da sha biyu 312 a farkon wasan kuma tana da iko sosai, amma wasan ya ƙare a can bayan jinkirin ruwan sama da yawa. An kammala rangadi tare da wasanni biyu marasa aji na farko da Scotland Hamence ya yi nasara sau ɗaya a kowane wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye shida da shabiyar 15 yayin da Ostiraliya ta kawo karshen yawon shaƙatawa tare da cin nasara guda biyu.
Matsayi Yayin yawon shaƙatawa, Hamence ya buga 19 Wasannin ajin farko kuma ya ci 582 yana gudana a matsakaita na 32.33. Wani ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya ba da nauyin 56.3 na matsakaicin matsakaici yayin balaguron, ya ɗauki wickets bakwai a 21.42 kuma ya kammala kama tara. Ya kasance mafi nasara ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa tare da ƙwal, lokaci -lokaci yana buɗe ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin wasannin yawon shaƙatawa, kamar a duka biyun na wasan na biyu da Surrey da na biyu na wasan na biyu da Yorkshire. Wannan ya ba Bradman damar huta ƙwallan da ya zaɓa na farko don kiyaye su sabo don Gwajin. Babban aikin Hamence shine ya baiwa manyan jemagu damar samun damar adana makamashi don Gwajin; Ostiraliya gabaɗaya tana da kwanaki shida na wasan da aka tsara kowane mako. A mafi yawan wasannin, Hamence yayi batse a tsakiyar tsari a Lissafi 5, 6 da 7. N- Tare da Loxton, an ba shi damar aji 22 na farko tare da jemage, yayin da sauran jemagu takwas na gaba suna da aƙalla innings 26. Loxton ya zira kwallaye 973, yayin da sauran duk suka ci sama da 1,000. Duk masu jemagu ban da Loxton sun kai aƙalla aƙalla 47.30. kuma yayin da Ostiraliya ta lashe yawancin wasannin su ta hanyar innings ko ta takwas ko fiye da wickets, ba kasafai yake yin wanka a cikin na biyu ba. Sau huɗu, bai ci nasara ba lokacin da Ostiraliya ko dai ta baiyana, ta isa inda suke so ko lokaci ya kure. Teammate Sid Barnes ya soki tsallake Hamence daga wasan kurket mai ma'ana a yawon shaƙatawa. Da yake magana game da wasan da Gentlemen na Ingila, Barnes ya soki gaskiyar cewa Bradman, Hassett da kansa duk sun yi ƙarni, yayin da aka ba Hamence ɗan gajeren innings a cikin ƙaramin tsari kuma bai fita ranar 24 ba lokacin da Australia ta bayyana. Kamar yadda masu yawon buɗe ido sun riga sun kasance cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi, Barnes ya yi tunanin cewa ana iya aika Hamence "a farkon wicket, inda ya yi wasa tare da tawagarsa ta tsakiya. Duk da wannan, Hassett har yanzu ya shiga gaban Hamence a wasan na gaba, da Somerset Hamence ya yi jifa da lamba 6 amma da an aiko shi a lamba ta 3 Barnes ya ba da rahoton cewa Hamence, tare da sauran abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba Colin McCool da Doug Ring, sun kira kansu "ma'aikatan ƙasa". Ya kara da cewa: "A cikin dakin suttura yayin wasannin gundumar za su shiga cikin wakar ban dariya game da 'yan damar da suka samu." Loxton ya ba da rahoton cewa waɗannan waƙoƙin sun haɗa da "m risque limerick Daga baya Bradman ya bayyana cewa "saboda tarin jemagu na gabansa, [Hamence] ba kasafai yake samun damar yin maki mai yawa ba" amma "ya kasance tanadi mai matuƙar amfani wanda za a iya buga shi cikin Gwaji da ƙarfin gwiwa". Bayan yawon shaƙatawa na 1948, Bradman ya bayyana Hamence a matsayin "ɗan jemage mai kyau na irin ɗabi'ar gargajiya. Sauti mai ƙarfi kuma abin dogaro tare da wasan sa dangane da tuƙi "da" mai kula da gona mai aminci Bradman ya kara da cewa Hamence yana da karancin dama saboda ƙarfin bugun Ostireliya amma "koyaushe yana yin nasara sosai kuma galibi a mahimmin lokaci yana yin gasa mai mahimmanci". Bradman ya ce ana iya buga Hamence a cikin Gwaje -gwaje da kwarin gwiwa kuma ya yaba da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ɗabi'ar ƙungiya. Fingleton ya ce "akwai sukar zabinsa a wannan ɓangare, amma da yakin bai shiga tsakanin ba babu shakka da ya yi [n] [Ashes] tafiya a da".
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25174 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT | KT | KT, kT ko kt na iya nufin to:
Arts da kafofin watsa labarai KT Bush Band, ƙungiyar da mawaƙa Kate Bush ta kafa
<i id="mwDg">KT</i> (fim), fim mai ban sha'awa na siyasa na Japan na 2002, dangane da ainihin sace Kim Dae-jung
Karlstads-Tidningen KT wata jaridar Sweden da aka saki a Karlstad
Knight (chess), yanki wasan jirgi (kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sanarwa)
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi KT Corporation, kamfanin sadarwa ne a Koriya ta Kudu, tsohon Koriya Telecom
Kataller Toyama, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Japan
Kandy Tuskers, ƙungiyar da ke halartar gasar Premier ta Lanka
Haikalin Kensington, cocin Pentecostal ne a yammacin London, UK
Koei Tecmo, kamfani mai riƙewa wanda aka kirkira a cikin 2009 ta haɗin kamfanonin wasan bidiyo na Japan Koei da Tecmo
Birgenair (IATA code KT), wani tsohon kamfanin jirgin sama na haya na Turkiyya wanda ke da hedikwata a Istanbul, Turkiyya
Mutane KT Manu Musliar (an haife shi a 1934), masanin addinin Islama na Indiya, mai magana, kuma marubuci
KT McFarland (an haife shi 1951), jami'in gwamnatin Amurka kuma mai sharhin siyasa
KT Oslin (1942–2020), mawaƙin mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka kuma mawaƙa
KT Sankaran (an haife shi 1954), alƙalin Indiya
KT Sullivan, mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
KT Tunstall (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), mawaƙin Scottish-songwriter
Kola Tubosun, marubuci kuma masanin harshe a Najeriya
Wurare Yankin lambar lambar KT, UK, ta rufe kudu maso yammacin London da arewacin Surrey a Ingila
Tsibirin Kirsimeti [lambar kasa ta NATO: KT], yankin Australiya a Tekun Indiya
Kastoria, Girka (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Katy, Texas, mai suna bayan layin dogo Kansas-Texas-Missouri
Kitzingen, Jamus (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Kuala Terengganu, birni ne a Malaysia
Kutina, Croatia (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Tarnów, Poland (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Kimiyya da fasaha
Physics da sunadarai Kt, karat ko Carat, a cikin nazarin allo na zinare
<i id="mwTA">kT</i> (makamashi), a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ana amfani dashi azaman ƙima mai ƙima don ƙimar makamashi a cikin tsarin sikelin ƙwayoyin cuta
Kilotesla (kT), naúrar yawan juzu'i na maganadisu
Kiloton (kt), ma'aunin kuzari da aka saki a fashewar abubuwa
karfin juyi na mota (K T Knot (naúrar), naúrar gudu (kodayake "kn" shine alamar da aka fi so)
Kosterlitz Canji mara iyaka a cikin injiniyoyin ƙididdiga
Motoci Kriegstransporter, jerin Yaƙin Duniya na II na jiragen ruwan fataken Jamus KT 1 KT 62 kamar KT 3
King Tiger, tankin Jamus da aka ƙera a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II
KT don Krylatyj Tank, tankin Antonov A-40, wanda kuma ake yiwa laƙabi da "tankin tashi" ko "tankin fuka-fuki"
Magani Cutar Klippel -Trénaunay, wani yanayin rashin lafiya na ɗan lokaci wanda jijiyoyin jini da/ko jijiyoyin jini suka kasa yin kyau.
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Taron KT -Cretaceous-Paleogene taron ƙarewa ko taron K-Pg, wanda aka fi sani da Cretaceous-Tertiary ko KT taron, yawan ɗimbin nau'in kusan shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata
Iyakar K -Pg, tsohon iyakar KT, taƙaitaccen yanayin ƙasa don sauyawa tsakanin lokacin Cretaceous da Paleogene
Sikelin Kardashev, hanyar auna matakin ci gaban fasaha na wayewa
Kotlin (yaren shirye -shirye), yaren shirye -shirye don Injin Virtual Java
Lakabi Knight Bachelor (Kt), wanda wasu ke tunanin zama wani ɓangare na tsarin karramawar Burtaniya amma Knight Bachelor a zahiri ba shi da waɗanda aka zaɓa bayan zaɓe.
Knight na Thistle (KT), memba na Order of Thistle
Knight Templar, babban matakin tsarin York Rite freemansory
Sauran amfani "Tsawon Lokaci" kamar yadda yake cikin ATKT An ba da izinin kiyaye sharuddan ana amfani dashi a tsarin ilimin Indiya
KT, acronym for Canja wurin Ilimi, canja wurin ilimi daga wani ɓangare na ƙungiya zuwa wani
Kaituozhe (dangin roka), wanda ke amfani da kariyar KT
Kennitala (kt.), Lambar shaidar Icelandic
Duba kuma Kati (disambiguation)
Katie
Katy (rashin |
42415 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasanni%20a%20Botswana | Wasanni a Botswana | Wasanni a Botswana sun bambanta kuma suna da haɓaka sosai. Ko da yake, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon Raga da wasannin motsa jiki sun kasance mafi shaharar wasanni, yawancin lambobin wasanni, gami da wasan kurket, rugby, judo, ninkaya da wasan tennis suna aiki a fagen wasanni na ƙasa. Hukumar wasanni ta kasar Botswana (BNSC) tare da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na ƙasar Botswana (BNOC) da ma'aikatar matasa, wasanni da al'adu (MYSC) ne ke da alhakin kula da harkokin wasanni gaba daya a kasar. Bugu da ƙari, akwai sama da Hukumomin Wasanni na Ƙasa guda 30 da kuma ƙungiyoyin wasanni uku na makaranta Botswana tana gudanar da wasannin Botswana duk bayan shekara biyu, kuma ta karbi bakuncin wasannin matasan Afirka na shekarar 2014, Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya akan Mata a Wasanni, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekarar 2017 Sun kuma nemi karbar bakuncin gasar wasannin Olympics na matasa na bazara na shekarar 2022, amma sun sha kashi a hannun Dakar mai masaukin baki.
Lambobin wasanni
Wasan motsa jiki
Gudu Botswana ta yi kyau a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na kallon ayyukan Nijel Amos ya ci lambar azurfa a tseren mita 800 na maza, lambar yabo ta Olympics ta farko ga kasarsa. A gasar Commonwealth ta shekarar 2014, Amos ya lashe lambar zinare na mita 800 a 1:45.18. A cikin dabarar kuwa, Amos ya zarce daga cikin akwati inda ya wuce mai rike da tarihin duniya David Rudisha a tseren mita 50 na karshe. Har ila yau Botswana tana da ƙwararren ɗan wasa Amantle Montsho wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2006 da lambar zinare da ta wakilci ƙasar a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 2007 A wasannin kuma ta zo ta biyar a tseren mita 200. Ta yi gudun hijira mafi kyau da Botswana na dakika 49.83 da yin nasara a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka a shekarar 2008 Ya kasance rikodin gasar Championship na taron. A gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya a shekarar 2011 da aka yi a Koriya ta Kudu, da kyar ta doke Alyson Felix, inda ta zama zakaran tsere da fage na farko a duniya ko na Olympic.
Babban tsalle Wani shahararren dan wasan Botswana shine babban dan wasan tsalle Kabelo Kgosiemang, zakaran Afirka sau uku Kwallon kwando Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Botswana ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Botswana kuma memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Duniya (FIBA) tun daga shekarar 1997. Har yanzu kuma tawagar ba ta fito a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA ba, FIBA Africa Championship ko kwallon kwando a gasar Olympics ta bazara.
Gada Gadar wasan katin yana da karfi mai biyo baya; An fara buga shi a Botswana sama da shekaru 30 da suka gabata kuma ya girma cikin shahara a cikin 1980s. Yawancin malaman makarantar 'yan gudun hijira na Burtaniya sun koyar da wasan ba bisa ka'ida ba a makarantun sakandare na Botswana. An kafa kungiyar gadar Botswana (BBF) a cikin 1988 kuma tana ci gaba da shirya gasa. Gadar ta kasance sananne kuma BBF yana da mambobi sama da 800. A cikin shekarar 2007, BBF ta gayyaci Ƙungiyar Gadar Ingilishi don ɗaukar shirin koyarwa na tsawon mako guda a watan Mayun 2008.
Kurket An fara wasan cricket a cikin kasar ta hanyar wasu 'yan gudun hijira daga Afirka ta Kudu da kuma yankin Indiya An zabi Botswana zuwa kotun ICC a matsayin memba a shekarar 2001, kuma ta buga gasar cin kofin Afirka a Zambia a shekara mai zuwa. Bayan da suka samu nasara a dukkan wasannin zagayen farko da suka yi da Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe, sun doke Kenya a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe, kafin daga bisani su yi rashin nasara da ci 270 a karawar da suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu a wasan karshe. A watan Maris na shekarar 2004, sun lashe gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar ta 2005 ICC Trophy, wanda ya ba su damar zuwa mataki na gaba na cancantar, Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka. Sun doke Najeriya da Tanzaniya a waccan gasar a Zambia a watan Agusta, inda suka kare a matsayi na hudu, don haka ba su samu shiga gasar cin kofin ICC na farko ba. An ba su lada saboda rawar da suka yi a wannan gasa ta hanyar inganta su don zama memba na ICC a shekarar 2005. A shekara ta 2006, sun shiga rukuni na biyu na gasar cin kofin Cricket ta duniya, inda suka zo na biyu a bayan Tanzaniya. Wannan ya ba su damar shiga Division biyar na gasar Cricket ta Duniya. A watan Mayun 2008, Botswana ta yi tafiya zuwa Jersey don shiga gasar Division Five. Duk da cewa Botswana ta doke Bahamas a rukunin B, ita ce kadai nasarar da ta samu a matakin rukuni kuma da rashin nasara uku da aka yi watsi da su a wasa daya saboda ruwan sama ba su kai ga matakin kusa da na ƙarshe ba. Botswana ta kare a matsayi na shida a gaba daya bayan da ta doke Jamus amma ta sha kashi a hannun Singapore a wasannin share fage. Yayin da kasashe biyu kacal a wannan gasar ta samu tikitin shiga gasar rukuni na hudu da za a yi a Tanzaniya daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar, Botswana ta rasa damar daukar burinta na cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2011. A watan Oktoban 2008, Botswana ta shiga gasar rukuni-rukuni ta biyu na gasar cin kofin Cricket ta duniya, inda ta kammala ba tare da an doke ta ba, ta kuma lashe gasar. Wannan nasarar da ta samu ta kai su rukunin farko na yankin Afirka, sai dai har yanzu ba a tantance rana da wurin da za a gudanar da wannan gasar ba. A cikin watan Agustan 2009, Botswana ta yi tafiya zuwa Singapore don shiga rukuni na shida na gasar Cricket ta Duniya. Duk da kasancewar ta na fafatawa a yawancin wasanninta, Botswana ta samu nasara a wasa daya kacal a cikin biyar na rukuni kuma ta kare a matsayi na biyar bayan da ta doke Norway a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A cikin watan Mayun 2011, Botswana ta karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin Cricket League ta duniya ta ICC Division Seven tare da matasa 'yan wasan da suka taka rawar gani, inda ta samu nasara a wasanni uku da suka buga da Norway, Japan da Jamus amma ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Kuwait mai rike da kofin gasar, ta biyu a matsayi na Najeriya sannan a karshe Jamus. wasa. Wasan da Najeriya a matakin gasar shi ne yanke hukunci kan wanne ne daga cikin kasashe 2 da za su tsallake zuwa gasar cin kofin Cricket ta duniya ta ICC da za a yi a Malaysia a watan Satumbar 2011 kuma ta yi rashin nasara a wasan, Botswana ta kasa ci gaba kuma za ta ci gaba da zama a rukunin bakwai. har zuwa kashi na gaba na ICC WCL.
A cikin watan Afrilun 2013, Botswana an sake ba wa Botswana haƙƙin karɓar baƙi na ICC World Cricket League Division 7 a yunƙurinsu na biyu na ƙoƙarin samun ci gaba daga Division 7 bayan dakatar da faɗuwar faɗuwarwa a bugu na ƙarshe. Da ta doke Ghana a wasan farko, Botswana ta yi rashin nasara a wasa na biyu a karawar da suka yi da Vanuatu da ci 23. Sai Botswana ta yi rashin nasara a wasa na uku da kaso mai tsoka a hannun wadda ta lashe WCL Div 7 kuma babbar abokiyar hamayyarta Najeriya. Botswana ta yi kokari a banza don komawa cikin fafatawar neman karin matsayi amma bayan da suka tashi kunnen doki da Jamus, duk wani fatan da ake da shi ya ci tura kuma mafi kyawu da suke fata shi ne a matsayi na 3. Hakan dai ya samu ne bayan da ta doke Fiji a wasan karshe na rukuni sannan kuma ta sake doke ta a mataki na 3 wanda hakan ya sa Botswana ta samu matsayi na 3 mai daraja, inda ta kare a bayan Vanuatu da Najeriya da suka samu gurbin zuwa Division 6 na WCL. Tare da shawarar da ICC ta yanke na kawar da rukunin Cricket League na ICC na 7 da 8, wannan yana nufin cewa yanzu Botswana za ta samu tikitin shiga gasar wasannin yanki don shiga rukunin 6 na ICC na Cricket League, wanda yanzu zai zama hanyar shiga gasar Cricket ta Duniya. Kungiyar
Duba kuma Botswana a gasar Olympics
Majalisar wasanni ta Botswana
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
61059 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Ilimi%20ta%20Jami%27ar%20Pennsylvania | Makarantar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Pennsylvania | Jami'ar Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education; wanda akafi sani da Penn GSE, babbar makarantar bincike ce ta Ivy League a Amurka. An kafa shi a matsayin sashe a 1893 da makaranta a Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1915, Penn GSE a tarihi yana da ƙarfin bincike acikin koyarwa da koyo, yanayin al'adu na ilimi, ilimin harshe, hanyoyin bincike, ƙididdiga, da kuma tambayar mai aiki. Pam Grossman shine shugaban Penn GSE na yanzu; ta gaji Andrew C. Porter a shekarar 2015.
Articles using infobox university
Tarihi Tun daga farko, Jami'ar Pennsylvania ta shirya malaman da zasu jagoranci makarantun kasar. Wannan ita ce babbar manufar Cibiyar Jama'a ta Benjamin Franklin ta Philadelphia, kuma ta cigaba da yin tasiri a aikin Jami'ar a tsawon tarihinta. An fara gudanar da azuzuwan ilimi a Penn a 1893, kuma an ƙirƙiri farfesa a fannin ilimi shekaru biyu bayan haka a 1895. An kafa cikakkiyar makarantar ilimi a matsayin makarantar daban acikin jami'a acikin 1914, da farko tana bada Bachelor of Science kawai acikin digiri na ilimi. Makarantar ilimi ta ba da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a cikin Ilimi acikin 1915 akan maza uku da mata uku. Makarantar cikin sauri ta rungumi wajibcin bincike kan ayyukan ilimi, kuma ta kafa Jagoran Kimiyya a Ilimi da Digiri na Digiri na Ilimi acikin 1930 da 1943, bi da bi. Tun daga nan, Penn GSE ya girma ya haɗada Jagoran Falsafa a Ilimi, Doctor of Education, da Doctor of Philosophy acikin shirye-shiryen ilimi da gidaje da yawa sassan, cibiyoyi, da manufofi.
Kayayyakin aiki Lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, ofisoshinta da azuzuwa suna cikin Hall Hall, ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen farko na harabar Penn's West Philadelphia. Laburarenta yana cikin Fisher-Bennett Hall amma ba da daɗewa ba aka haɗa shi zuwa ɗakin karatu na Van Pelt. Acikin 1940, GSE ya ƙaura zuwa Eisenlohr Hall, wanda ke da ƴan shinge a yamma akan titin Walnut. Penn ya sami ƙarin sarari acikin gidan layi na gaba, wanda aka sani da Ginin Annex Eisenlohr. Penn GSE ya koma cikin Ginin Ilimi, inda yake har yanzu, acikin 1966. A halin yanzu, Eisenlohr Hall yana aiki a matsayin gidan shugaban ƙasa kuma Eisenlohr Annex gida ne ga cibiyar rubutun ƙirƙira ta Penn.
Malamai Penn GSE yana bada digiri na masters guda 20 daban-daban acikin shirye-shiryen da suka kama daga Babban Ilimi zuwa Nasiha da Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiyar Hankali. Hakanan yana bada digiri na digiri 15, a duka ilimi da falsafa.
Bincike Penn GSE yana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri iri-iri a cikin binciken ilimi da aiki. Dalibai suna shirin zama shugabannin ilimi, masu burin samun sana'o'i a cikin birane da ilimi na duniya, jagoranci makaranta, binciken ilimi, gudanarwar ilimi mai zurfi, ilimin halin makaranta, da ƙari. A halin yanzu akwai sassan ilimi guda shida a Penn GSE: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Hanyoyi masu ƙima; Karatu, Al'adu, da Ilimin Duniya; Manufar Ilimi; Ilimin Harsuna; Babban Ilimi; da Koyarwa, Koyo, da Jagoranci.
Ilimin birni ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan bincike na tsakiya na Penn GSE. GSE tana haɗin gwiwa tare da makarantu da yawa a cikin unguwarta ta Yammacin Philadelphia, gami da Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander Penn Partnership School da sauransu. Suna kuma shiga cikin haɓɓaka ƙwararru don malamai na gida da kuma cikin bincike mai amfani, haɓaka shirye-shirye kamar KIDS da EPIC.
Acikin 2001, Penn GSE ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen digiri na zartarwa don ƙwararrun ilimi da ayyukan kasuwanci waɗanda ke hidima ga ɗaliban da ba na gargajiya ba. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun girma har sun haɗada Shirin Gudanarwa a cikin Kasuwancin Ilimi; Shirin Gudanarwa a Makaranta da Bada Shawarar Lafiyar Hankali; Babban Doctorate acikin Gudanar da Ilimi mafi girma; Shirin Jagorancin Makaranta (Babban Takaddun shaida); Shirin Babban Jami'in Ilmantarwa na Penn; Shirin Ilimin Likita; Shirin Doctoral na Tsakanin Sana'a acikin Jagorancin Ilimi da Shirin Koyarwar Mazauna Birni. Acikin 2010, Penn GSE ta ƙaddamar da Gasar Shirye-shiryen Kasuwancin Ilimi na Milken-Penn GSE, gasar da ke ƙarfafa kasuwanci da ƙirƙira acikin ilimi.
Penn GSE kuma yana aiki a duniya, yana shiga cikin ayyukan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, haɗin gwiwa, nazarin shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, da ayyukan shawarwari.
Sanannen malamai da ma'aikata John Fantuzzo
Yasmin Kafai
Andrew Porter
Robert Zemsky
Jonathan Zimmerman
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Penn GSE Newsroom
Penn GSE in the Penn Archives
Penn GSE on YouTube
Penn GSE on |
40846 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis%20Khan | Genghis Khan | Genghis Khan (an haife shi a Temüjin; -Agusta 25, 1227) shine wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Khan na farko (Sarkin sarakuna) na Daular Mongol, wandata zama daula mafi girma a tarihi bayan mutuwarsa. Ya hau kan karagar mulki ta hanyar hada kan da yawa daga cikin kabilun makiyaya na Mongol steppe da kuma shelanta shi a matsayin mai mulkin duniya na Mongols ko Genghis Khan. Da kabilun Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya da ke karkashin ikonsa, ya fara yunkurin mamaye Mongoliya, wanda a ƙarshe ya shaida cin galaba a kan yawancin kasashen Eurasia, da kuma kutse daga bangaren Mongoliya har zuwa yamma har zuwa Legnica a yammacin Poland da kuma kudu da Gaza. Ya kaddamar da yakin yaki da Qara Khitai, Khwarezmia, yammacin Xia da daular Jin a lokacin rayuwarsa, kuma janar-janar dinsa sun kai hari a tsakiyar Jojiya, Circassia, Kievan Rus', da Volga Bulgaria.
Nasarar soja ta musamman ta sa Genghis Khan ya zama daya daga cikin manyan mayaƙan da suka yi nasara a kowane lokaci, kuma a ƙarshen rayuwar Babban Khan, daular Mongol ta mamaye wani yanki mai yawa na Asiya ta Tsakiya da China ta yau. Genghis Khan da labarinsa na cin nasara suna da kyakkyawan suna a tarihin gida. Marubutan tarihin zamanin da da kuma masana tarihi na zamani sun bayyana cin nasarar Genghis Khan wanda ya haifar da halakar da ya haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a a wasu yankuna. Kididdigar adadin mutanen da suka mutu ta hanyar yaki, cututtuka da yunwa sakamakon yakin soja na Genghis Khan sun kai kimanin miliyan hudu a cikin mafi yawan ƙididdiga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya har zuwa miliyan sittin a cikin mafi yawan tarihin tarihin. A gefe guda kuma, Genghis Khan ma ya sami siffanta shi da kyau ta hanyar marubutan da suka fito daga masana kimiyya na zamani da na farfadowa a Turai zuwa masana tarihi na zamani don yada ra'ayoyin fasaha da fasaha a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Mongol. Bayan nasarorin da ya samu na soji, nasarorin da Genghis Khan ya samu sun haɗa da kafa dokar Mongol da ɗaukar rubutun Uyghur a matsayin tsarin rubutu a faɗin manyan yankunansa. Ya kuma yi aiki da cancanta da kuma juriya na addini. Mongolia na yanzu suna kallonsa a matsayin uban Mongoliya don hada kan kabilun makiyaya na Arewa maso Gabashin Asiya. Ta hanyar kawo hanyar siliki a ƙarƙashin yanayi guda ɗaya na siyasa, ya kuma sauƙaƙe hanyoyin sadarwa da kasuwanci tsakanin arewa maso gabashin Asiya, musulmin kudu maso yammacin Asiya, da Turai na Kirista, yana haɓaka kasuwancin duniya da faɗaɗa hangen nesa na al'adu na duk wayewar Eurasian na zamanin.
Sunaye da lakabi Bisa ga Tarihin Sirrin Mongols, sunan haihuwar Genghis Khan Temüjin (Chinese) ya fito ne daga sarkin Tatar Temüjin-üge wanda mahaifinsa ya kama. Sunan Temüjin kuma ana daidaita shi da Turco-Mongol temürči (n), "maƙeri", kuma akwai wata al'adar da ta kalli Genghis Khan a matsayin maƙerin, a cewar Paul Pelliot, wanda, ko da yake ba shi da tushe, an kafa shi sosai ta tsakiyar. karni na 13. Genghis Khan lakabi ne na girmamawa ma'ana "mai mulkin duniya" wanda ke wakiltar ƙara girman lakabin Khan da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi don nuna babban dangi a Mongolian. Ana tunanin kiran "Genghis" zuwa kalmar ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Turkic "tengiz", ma'ana teku, yin lakabin girmamawa a zahiri "mai mulkin teku", amma an fahimci shi sosai a matsayin misali na duniya ko kuma cikar mulkin Temüjin daga hangen nesa Mongol. Lokacin da Kublai Khan ya kafa daular Yuan a shekara ta 1271, ya sa kakansa Genghis Khan ya sanya shi cikin bayanan hukuma kuma ya ba shi sunan haikalin Taizu da kuma bayan mutuwar sunan Emperor Shengwu Ana kuma kiran Genghis Khan da Yuan Taizu (Sarkin Taizu na Yuan; a cikin tarihin tarihin kasar Sin. Daga baya Külüg Khan ya fadada taken Genghis Khan zuwa Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu Rayuwar farko
Zuriya da haihuwa An haifi Temüjin ɗan fari na Hoelun, matar ta biyu ga mahaifinsa Yesügei, wanda shine shugaban dangin Borjigin a cikin ƙungiyar Khamag Mongol mai ƙaura, ɗan'uwan Ambaghai da Hotula Khan, kuma abokin tarayya. na Toghrul na kabilar Keraite. Temüjin yana da alaƙa a gefen mahaifinsa zuwa Khabul Khan, Ambaghai, da Hotula Khan, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Khamag Mongol kuma zuriyar Bodonchar Munkhag 900), yayin da mahaifiyarsa Hoelun ta kasance. daga zuriyar Olkhunut na kabilar Khongirad. Asalin martabar Temüjin ya sa ya samu sauƙi daga baya a rayuwarsa don neman taimako daga ƙarshe kuma ya haɗa sauran kabilun Mongol. Akwai babban rashin tabbas game da kwanan wata da wurin da aka haifi Temüjin, tare da bayanan tarihi da ke ba da kwanakin haihuwa daga 1155 zuwa 1182 da wurare dabam dabam na yiwuwar haihuwa. Masanin tarihi na Larabawa Rashid al-Din ya tabbatar da cewa an haifi Temüjin a shekara ta 1155, yayin da tarihin Yuan ya rubuta shekarar haihuwarsa a shekara ta 1162 kuma majiyoyin Tibet sun bayyana 1182 a matsayin daidai lokacin. Nazarin tarihi na zamani ya tabbatar da cewa shekaru 1162 da tarihin kasar Sin ya gabatar a matsayin mafi inganci, idan aka yi la'akari da manyan matsalolin da ke tattare da yadda ko dai kwanakin shekarar 1155 ko 1182 za su yi la'akari da sauran abubuwan da suka faru a cikin jadawalin Temüjin. Karɓar haihuwa a 1155, alal misali, zai sa Temüjin ya zama uba yana da shekaru 30 kuma yana nuna cewa shi da kansa ya ba da umarnin yaƙi da Tanguts yana da shekaru 72. Tarihin Sirrin Mongols ya danganta. Cewa Temüjin jariri ne a lokacin harin da Merkits suka kai masa, lokacin da aka haifi 1155 zai sa ya cika shekaru 18. Kwanan 1162 a halin yanzu an tabbatar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da binciken 1992 na kalandar Mongol da UNESCO ta ba da shawarar takamaiman ranar 1 ga Mayu 1162.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18388 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar | Krasnodar | Krasnodar Russian birni ne, da ke a Kudancin Rasha, a kan Kogin Kuban, kusan arewa maso gabashin tashar Bahar Maliya ta Novorossiysk Ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa ta Krasnodar Krai (wanda aka fi sani da Kuban Tana da yawan mutane Jumulla 744,900 a 2010, 646,175 a 2002 da 620,516 a 1989.
Suna An kafa garin ne a watan Janairu 12, 1794 (kalandar Gregorian) a matsayin Yekaterinodar Sunan asalin yana nufin "Kyautar Catherine", duka don girmamawar kyautar da Catherine the Great ta bayar a yankin Kuban zuwa ga Black Sea Cossacks (daga baya Kuban Cossacks sannan kuma don girmama Saint Catherine, Shuhada, wanda ake wa kallon zama magajin birni. Bayan Juyin Juya Hali na Oktoba, Yekaterinodar aka sake masa suna zuwa Krasnodar (Disamba 1920). Akwai ma'anoni biyu masu yuwuwa ga sabon sunan garin: Krasno- ma'ana ko dai 'kyakkyawa' (wani tsohon tushe) ko 'ja' (musamman dacewa dangane da yanayin siyasar lokacin); da -dar ma'ana 'kyauta'. Don haka, sunan birni yana nufin ko dai kyakkyawar kyauta ko kyautar ja (ma'ana 'kyautar ja'). Tarihi Asalin garin yana farawa ne da sansanin soja da Cossacks suka gina don kare iyakokin masarauta da neman mallakar Rasha akan Circassia, wanda Ottoman Turkey ta fafata A farkon rabin ƙarni na 19 Yekaterinodar ya zama babban cibiyar Kuban Cossacks An ba shi matsayin gari a cikin 1867. Zuwa shekarar 1888 kusan mutane 45,000 suka rayu a cikin garin kuma ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ta kudancin Rasha. A cikin 1897, an gina katafaren bikin tunawa da tsohon tarihin Kuban Cossack Host 200 a Yekaterinodar.
A lokacin Yaƙin basasa na Rasha garin ya canza hannaye sau da yawa tsakanin Red Army da Sojojin sa kai, yawancin Kuban Cossacks sun kasance masu adawa da Bolsheviks waɗanda ke goyan bayan Farar Fata A lokacin Yakin Patan Patasa (Yaƙin Duniya na II), Sojojin Jamusawa sun mamaye Krasnodar tsakanin 12 ga Agusta, 1942 da 12 ga Fabrairu, 1943. Garin ya sami asara mai yawa a cikin fadan amma an sake gina shi kuma an gyara shi bayan yakin.
A lokacin rani na 1943, Soviet ta fara gwaji, gami da na 'yan ƙasarsu, don haɗa kai da Nazis da shiga cikin laifukan yaƙi. An gudanar da irin wannan gwaji na farko a Krasnodar a ranakun 14-17, 1943 na Yuli. Wannan ita ce fitina ta farko a bainar jama'a game da kisan Yahudawa da yawa a lokacin Kisan kiyashi kan Yahudawa. Kotun Krasnodar ta yanke hukuncin kisa sau takwas, wadanda aka gudanar a dunkule a dandalin garin a gaban taron mutane kusan dubu talatin.
An haifi shahararren soprano 'yar Rasha Anna Netrebko, soprano Evgenia Kononova, cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, Andrei Shkuro mai sabawa ra'ayin juzu'i da motsa jiki mai motsa jiki Inna Zhukova an haife su a Krasnodar. Wani sananne 'yan qasar na Krasnodar ne Girka kwando na duniya Lazaros Papadopoulos, suka yi hijira zuwa ƙasar Girka tare da Pontic Greek iyaye lokacin da yake da shekaru 10 da haihuwa.
Manyan abubuwan gani Krasnodar gida ne ga hasumiyar ƙarfe wanda injiniyan Rasha kuma masanin kimiyya Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov ya gina a 1928; yana kusa da Krasnodar Circus Sauran abubuwan jan hankali sun hada da Cathedral na St. Catherine, da Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Jiha, wurin shakatawa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Maxim Gorky, kyakkyawan zauren kade kade na Krasnodar Philharmonic Society, wanda ake ganin yana da wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun kyan gani a kudancin Rasha, State Cossack Choir da da krasnodar circus
Wurin da ya fi ban sha'awa na Krasnodar shine titin Krasnaya (wanda aka fassara shi da "Ja, Kyakkyawan Titi"). Akwai abubuwan gani da yawa a can. A farkon wannan titin mutum na iya ganin Babban Gidan Wasan Kere-Kere; a daya karshen kuma mutum zai iya ganin Avrora cinemacenter. "Arumpump Arch" yana tsakiyar titin Krasnaya.
Sufuri Babban kamfanin jirgin saman shine Kuban Airlines (a Filin jirgin saman Krasnodar na Duniya kuma manyan otal-otal a cikin birni sun haɗa da Intourist, Hotel Moskva, da Hotel Platan. Krasnodar yana amfani da 220 V 50 Hz samar da wutar lantarki tare da kantunan zagaye biyu, kamar yawancin ƙasashen Turai.
Jigilar jama'a a cikin Krasnodar ta ƙunshi bas ta birni, trolleybuses, trams, da marshrutkas Trolleybuses da trams, dukansu suna da ƙarfi ta wayoyin lantarki, sune ainihin hanyar sufuri a Krasnodar. Ba kamar Moscow da Saint Petersburg ba, Krasnodar ba shi da tsarin birni.
Tambari Tambari na Yekaterinodar da aka gabatar a 1841 da Cossack yesaul Ivan Chernik. Harafin sarauta "E" a tsakiya na Ekaterina II ne (na Rasha don Catherine II Hakanan yana nuna ranar da aka kafa garin, Mikiya mai kai biyu (mai alamar Tsar na taimakon Black Sea Cossacks), bulawa na Cossack ataman, Yekaterinodar sansanin soja, da tutoci masu haruffa "E", "P", "A da" N "tsaye ga Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I da Nicholas I. Taurari masu launin rawaya kewaye da garken suna misalta stanitsas na Bahar Maliya 59 a cikin garin.
Alakar duniya
Tan tagwayen birane Krasnodar yana tagwaye birane guda biyar, kamar yadda hukumar kula da ƴan uwan birane ta duniya ta tsara. (SCI):
Tallahassee, United States
Karlsruhe, Germany
Burgas, Bulgaria
Harbin, China
Ferrara, Italy
Shahararrun mutane Anna Netrebko (b. 1971), mawaƙin opera
Alexander Tamanian (1878-1936), Armenian neoclassical architect
Gennady Padalka (b. 1958), cosmonaut
Alexandre Bondar (b. 1972), marubuci kuma marubuci
Sergei Tiviakov (b. 1973), dara darakta Grandmaster
Eduard Kokcharov (b. 1975), dan wasan kwallon hannu
Natalia Chernova (b. 1976), mai wasan motsa jiki
Lazaros Papadopoulos (b. 1980), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Girka
Inna Zhukova (b. 1986), mai wasan motsa jiki mai motsa jiki
Manazarta Tashar yanar gizo ta Krasnodar Gudanar da Gari da Duma
Hotunan Krasnodar Krasnodar labarai
Birane
Biranen Rasha
Biranen Asiya
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29863 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20ingancin%20ruwa | Dokar ingancin ruwa | Dokokin ingancin ruwa suna kula da kare albarkatun ruwa don lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Dokokin ingancin ruwa ƙa'idodi ne na doka ko buƙatun da ke kula da ingancin ruwa, wato, yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙarar ruwa. Irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi gabaɗaya a na bayyana su a zaman matakan ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen ruwa (ko sinadarai, na zahiri, na halitta, ko na rediyo) waɗanda ake ganin an yarda da su a cikin ƙarar ruwa, kuma gabaɗaya an ƙirƙira su dangane da abin da aka yi niyyar amfani da ruwan na amfanin ɗan adam, masana'antu ko amfani da gida, nishaɗi, ko matsayin wurin zama na ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan dokokin suna ba da ƙa'idodi game da canjin sinadarai, jiki, radiyo, da halayen halittu na albarkatun ruwa. Ƙoƙari na tsari na iya haɗawa da ganowa da rarraba gurɓataccen ruwa, ƙididdige yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin albarkatun ruwa, da iyakance fitar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Wuraren da aka tsara sun haɗa da gyaran najasa da zubar da ruwa, sarrafa ruwan sharar masana'antu da noma, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa daga wuraren gine-gine da wuraren birane. Dokokin ingancin ruwa suna ba da tushe ga ƙa'idodi a cikin ma'aunin ruwa, saka idanu, dubawa da izini da ake buƙata, da aiwatarwa. A na iya canza waɗannan dokokin don biyan buƙatu na yanzu da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa.
Ruwan da aka ƙayyade Ruwan ruwa na Duniya yana ko'ina, ruwa, da kuma haɗaɗɗun. A cikin zagayowar ruwa, ruwa na zahiri yana motsawa ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin siyasa tsakanin yanayin duniya, saman ƙasa, da ƙasa ba, ta hanyar tashoshi na halitta da na mutum.
Ruwan da aka ƙayyade Dokokin ingancin ruwa sun bayyana ɓangaren wannan hadadden tsarin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar tsari. Hukunce-hukuncen tsari na iya kasancewa tare da iyakoki na siyasa (misali, wasu nauyin yarjejeniya na iya shafi gurbatar ruwa a duk ruwan duniya). Wasu dokoki na iya aiki ne kawai ga wani yanki na ruwa da ke cikin iyakokin siyasa (misali, dokar ƙasa wacce ta shafi ruwan saman da ake kewayawa kawai), ko ga wani nau'in ruwa na musamman (misali, albarkatun ruwan sha).
Ruwan da ba a ƙayyade ba Yankunan da ruwan da aka kayyade bai rufe ba. Bugu da ƙari, ruwa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙetare. Ko da a cikin hukunce-hukuncen hukunce-hukunce, sarƙaƙƙiya na iya tasowa inda ruwa ke gudana tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, ko kuma ya cika ƙasa ba tare da mamaye ta na dindindin ba.
Rabe-raben gurbataccen ruwa Dokokin ingancin ruwa sun gano abubuwa da kuzari waɗanda suka cancanci a matsayin gurɓataccen ruwa don dalilai na ƙarin sarrafawa. Daga tsarin tsari, wannan yana buƙatar ayyana nau'ikan kayan da suka cancanci gurɓatawa, da ayyukan da ke canza abu zuwa gurɓataccen abu. Hukumomin gudanarwa na iya amfani da ma'anoni don nuna yanke shawara na manufofi, ban da wasu nau'ikan kayan aiki daga ma'anar gurbatar ruwa wanda in ba haka ba za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin gurɓataccen ruwa.
Misali, Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (CWA) ta ayyana gurɓacewar ruwa” (watau gurɓataccen ruwa) a sarari don haɗawa da duk wani “wanda mutum ya yi ko ɗan adam ya jawo canjin sinadarai, na zahiri, na halitta, da na rediyo. ruwa." Koyaya, Dokar ta ayyana “masu gurɓatawa” da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta musamman, kamar yadda “ganin ɓarna, ƙazamin sharar gida, ragowar incinerator, tacewa baya, najasa, datti, sludge najasa, alburusai, sharar sinadarai, kayan halitta, kayan aikin rediyo [tare da wasu keɓancewa.], zafi, tarkace ko kayan aikin da aka jefar, dutsen, yashi, dattin cellar da masana'antu, gundumomi, da sharar aikin gona da aka fitar cikin ruwa." Wannan ma'anar ta fara bayyana duka azuzuwan ko nau'ikan kayan (misali, sharar gida) da kuzari (misali, zafi) waɗanda zasu iya zama gurɓataccen ruwa, kuma yana nuna lokacin da in ba haka ba kayan amfani zasu iya canza su zuwa gurɓatawa don dalilai na tsari: lokacin. ana “zuba su cikin ruwa,” an ayyana su a wani wuri a matsayin “ƙara” na kayan zuwa ruwan da aka tsara. An keɓe ma'anar CWA don najasa da aka fitar daga wasu nau'ikan tasoshin, ma'ana cewa gurɓataccen ruwa na gama-gari kuma mai mahimmanci, a ma'anarsa, ba a ɗaukarsa gurɓatacce don dalilai na dokar ingancin ruwa ta farko ta Amurka. (Dubi Dokar ƙazantar da jirgin ruwa a Amurka Koda yake gurɓataccen yanayi yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin CWA, tambayoyin ma'anar sun haifar da ƙararraki, ciki har da ko ruwa da kansa zai iya cancanta a matsayin "ƙazanta" (misali, ƙara ruwan dumi zuwa rafi). Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi magana game da waɗannan batutuwa a gundumar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Los Angeles v. Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa, Inc. (2013).
Matsayin ingancin ruwa
Matsayin ingancin ruwa na yanayi Ƙayyade ma'aunin ingancin ruwan da ya dace gabaɗaya yana buƙatar sabbin bayanai na kimiyya game da lafiya ko tasirin muhalli na gurɓataccen abu da ake bitar ta hanyar ma'aunin ingancin ruwa. Sharuɗɗan ingancin ruwa sun haɗa da saitattun alamomi waɗanda ke tantance ko ruwa ba shi da aminci ga lafiyar ɗan adam ko namun daji bisa bayanan kimiyya. Bayanan kimiyya sun haɗa da abubuwan da za a iya aunawa kamar zafin jiki, narkar da iskar oxygen, abinci mai gina jiki, sinadarai masu guba, gurɓataccen abu, ƙarfe mai nauyi, gurɓataccen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan rediyoaktif, da sediments. Ma'auni na ingancin ruwa na iya buƙatar lokaci-lokaci ko ci gaba da lura da jikin ruwa. Dangane da ma'auni, yanke shawara akan ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa na iya canzawa don haɗawa da la'akari da siyasa, kamar tsadar tattalin arziki da fa'idodin yarda.
Misali, {asar Amirka na amfani da ma'aunin ingancin ruwa a matsayin wani ~angare na ka'idojinta na ingancin ruwan saman qarqashin CWA. Shirin Ma'aunin ingancin Ruwa na ƙasa (WQS) yana farawa da jihohin Amurka waɗanda ke zayyana abubuwan da aka yi niyya (misali, nishaɗi, ruwan sha, wurin zama) don rukunin ruwan saman, bayan haka sun haɓaka ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa na tushen kimiyya. Ma'auni sun haɗa da iyakoki na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, makasudin labari (misali, ba tare da furannin algae), da ma'auni na nazarin halittu ba (watau rayuwar ruwa wanda yakamata ya iya rayuwa a cikin ruwa). Idan jikin ruwa ya gaza ƙa'idodin WQS na yanzu, jihar ta haɓaka jimlar Matsakaicin Load na yau da kullun (TMDL) don ƙazantar damuwa. Ayyukan ɗan adam da ke tasiri ingancin ruwa sannan za a sarrafa su ta wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara don cimma burin TMDL.
Matsaya mai nasaba da fasaha Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka kuma tana buƙatar aiwatar da matakan tushen fasaha, waɗanda aka haɓaka don nau'ikan masu fitar da kowane mutum dangane da ayyukan fasahar jiyya, maimakon ma'auni na tushen wuraren ruwa. An haɓaka waɗannan ƙa'idodi don duka masu fitar da masana'antu da masana'antun sarrafa najasa na birni:
Don nau'ikan masana'antu, EPA tana buga jagororin Effluent don kafofin da ake dasu, da kuma Sabon Ka'idodin Ayyukan Aiki Don tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa, Dokokin Jiyya na Sakandare shine ƙa'idodin ƙasa. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin suna ba da ƙaramin ƙaramin matakin buƙatun jiyya a cikin nau'in ƙasa baki ɗaya. Idan ana buƙatar ƙarin sarrafawa mai ƙarfi don wani ruwa na musamman, ana aiwatar da iyakoki na tushen ingancin ruwa.
Iyakantattun abubuwa A cikin Amurka, ana buƙatar tushen tushen gurɓatawar don samun izinin fitarwa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kawar da Kayayyakin Ƙira ta Ƙasa (NPDES). Iyakoki masu lalacewa buƙatun doka ne waɗanda aka haɗa cikin izini daban-daban. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙazantattun ruwa waɗanda za a iya saki daga takamaiman tushe. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don tantance iyakoki masu dacewa.
Matsayin ruwan sha Ruwan da aka keɓe don amfanin ɗan adam azaman ruwan sha na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha A cikin Amurka, alal misali, an samar da irin waɗannan ƙa'idoji ta hanyar EPA a ƙarƙashin Dokar Samar da Tsaftataccen Ruwan Sha, cewa wajibi ne akan tsarin samar da ruwan sha na jama'a, kuma ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin kulawa da gyarawa. (Ba a kayyade akan rijiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a matakin tarayya. Amma wasu gwamnatocin jihohi da kananan hukumomi sun fitar da ka'idojin rijiyoyi masu zaman kan nasu).
Izini, tattaro bayanai, da kuma shigarwa
Izini Izinin zubar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin takamaiman sharaɗi.
Misali, an samar da hanyoyin tunkarar hakan da dama a kasar Amurka. Dokar samar da tsaftataccen ruwa na da bukatar Hukumar kula da Muhalli na kasar Amurka (EPA) da ta samar da dokokin zubar da gurbataccen abu akan kamfanoni masu samar da su don kayyadewa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi na ilimin fasaha.
Tattara Bayanai
A faɗin duniya
Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa Akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyu da suka yi babban ci gaba wajen inganta ingancin ruwa a duniya. Kungiyar Kungiyar Kasa (ILA) da Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa da Kasa (IIL) ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don samar da Helsinki da Berlin. Gurbacewar ruwa da na ruwa babbar barazana ce ga tekunan duniya.
Kanada Mulkin Ruwa
Ƙasar Ingila
Amurka Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ita ce dokar tarayya ta farko a Amurka da ke tafiyar da gurbatar ruwa, kuma EPA da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi ne ke gudanarwa. Ana kiyaye ruwan karkashin kasa a matakin tarayya ta hanyar:
Dokar kiyaye albarkatu da dawo da albarkatu, ta hanyar tsara yadda ake zubar da dattin datti da sharar gida mai haɗari. Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha (SDWA), ta hanyar daidaita rijiyoyin allura Mahimman martanin Muhalli, ramuwa, da Dokar Lamuni (CERCLA) ko Superfund, ta hanyar ƙa'ida a cikin tsabtace datti mai haɗari. Dokar Kwari ta Tarayya, Fungicides, da Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), ta hanyar daidaita magungunan kashe qwari. Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), ta hanyar daidaita abubuwa masu guba.
Mahaɗin zuwa waje US FDA Gaskiyar Abinci: Ruwan kwalba
Manazarta 'Yancin Dan Adam
Hakki
Yanci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
38011 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdussamad%20Dasuki | Abdussamad Dasuki | OccupationAbdussamad Dasuki
Abdussamad Dasuki (an haife shi 30 Yuni 1978) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, masanin tattalin arziki kuma ɗan kasuwa. Shi ne Kwamishinan Kudi na Gwamnatin Jihar Sakkwato a halin yanzu kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya tsakanin 2015 zuwa 2019, mai wakiltar mazabar Kebbe/Tambuwal ta Jihar Sakkwato Dan jam'iyyar PDP ne.
Farko Rayuwar da Karatu An haifi Abdussamad a Jihar Sokoto a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1978 da ne ga iyalan Mai Martaba, Alhaji Ibrahim Dasuki, Sarkin Musulmi na 18 Shi ne na 13 a cikin yara 27.
Ya yi karatun firamare a Federal Staff School Sokoto daga 1984 zuwa 1990. A shekarar 1991, ya samu gurbin shiga Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, inda ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare a shekarar 1996. Ya fara karatunsa na jami'a a makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya (NDA), dake Kaduna, a shekarar 1997. Ya yi shekara uku a NDA kafin ya samu admission a jami'ar Abuja Yayi karatun Digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki inda ya kammala a shekarar 2004.
Ya samu takaddun shaida da suka hada da Nazarin Kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas a 2008; Shugabanni a Ci gaba a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a 2013. Dasuki mataimaki ne na Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya, Cibiyar Tallace-tallace ta Najeriya, da Cibiyar Masana Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya.
Sana'a da siyasa A 2006, Dasuki ya fara aiki a rukunin Dangote, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Kasuwancin Kamfanoni har zuwa 2010 lokacin da ya shiga siyasa. A matsayinsa na shugaban sashen kasuwanci da siminti na Dangote/Obajana a Abuja, ya lura da bangaren matsakaicin tallace-tallace na kusan Naira biliyan 10 a kowane wata.
Majalisar Jahar Sokoto A shekarar 2011, ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar dokokin jihar Sakkwato, don wakiltar mazabar Tambuwal ta Gabas. kuma yayi nasarar lashe zaben, A lokacin da yake Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Sakkwato, ya jagoranci kwamitoci guda biyu, wato Kwamitin Noma (2011-2013) da kuma Kwamitin Kudi da Rabawa (2013-2015). A nan, ya dauki nauyin kudirori uku wadanda aka zartar kuma ya wakilci Majalisar Dokokin Jiha a lokuta da dama, ciki har da taron 'yan majalisar Commonwealth, da kuma bikin cika shekaru dari a Burtaniya a 2011.
A shekarar 2013, kungiyar manoma ta Najeriya reshen jihar Sokoto ta ba shi lambar yabo saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin shugaban kwamitin noma.
Shigar da Kudiri Kudirin dokar sanya haraji kan kayayyaki da ayyukan da ake ci a Otal a jihar Sokoto.
Kudirin dokar da za ta gyara tsarin kafa tsarin mulki da ayyuka na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Sakkwato da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi ta.
Kudirin dokar da za ta tsara yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan babura a jihar Sakkwato da nufin inganta tsaro da tsaron jama’a.
Wani kudiri kan bukatar gyara wata hanya a kauyen Gudum da ke kan titin Dogon Daji zuwa Sanyinna a karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto.
Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga al’umma kan bukatar kafa kwamitin wayar da kan jama’a domin yin rijistar rumbun adana bayanai na manoma ta kasa a jihar Sakkwato.
An gabatar da kudiri kan bukatar amfani da tashar kara kuzari da ke Shagari a karamar hukumar Shagari ta jihar Sakkwato.
Wani al’amari mai matukar muhimmanci ga jama’a kan bukatar taya Jelani Aliyu murnar samun karramawar da shugaban kasar na wancan lokacin, Goodluck Jonathan ya ba shi.
Kudirin kafa karin makarantar firamare a garin Sanyinna dake karamar hukumar Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto.
Kudiri kan bukatar gwamnatin jihar da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa su dauki kwararan matakan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina (2013).
Ƙudurin neman Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe na Virement Warrant 2014 don kammala wasu manyan ayyuka a jihar Sokoto.
Al'amarin da ke da matukar muhimmanci ga jama'a dangane da matakin da ya saba wa ka'ida na janye bayanan tsaron da aka makala wa kakakin majalisar wakilai, Rt. Hon. Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, a fadar shugaban kasa saboda ficewar sa daga PDP zuwa APC. Dangane da kudirin na karshe, lokacin da tsohon kakakin majalisar Tambuwal ya sauya sheka daga jam’iyya mai mulki ta PDP zuwa jam’iyyar adawa ta APC, gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jam’iyyar PDP ta janye jami’an tsaronsa tare da neman bayyana kujerarsa a sarari. Dangane da hakan, Abdussamad Dasuki ya gabatar da kudiri mai muhimmanci na gaggawa inda ya bukaci majalisar dokokin jihar ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan, kuma tare da wasu ‘yan majalisa biyu sun nemi a dakatar da shari’ar da ake yi wa Tambuwal, inda suka bukaci a kara da su a matsayin wadanda ake tuhuma. tare da bayyana cewa mazabar ba za ta kasance ba tare da wakilci a majalisar wakilai ba.
Tambuwal ya samu nasarar ci gaba da rike mukaminsa, kuma bayan ya yanke shawarar tsayawa takarar gwamna, Dasuki ya nemi ya maye gurbinsa.
Majalisar wakilai A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2014 Abdussamad ya fito a matsayin dan takarar mazabar tarayya ta Kebbe/Tambuwal a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC wanda ya gudana a filin wasa na Tambuwal a jihar Sokoto, kuma ya samu nasara da kuri’u 70,653 a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Maris na 2015. Bayan nasarar da ya samu, dan takarar PDP da ya sha kaye ya shigar da kara a kansa. Daga karshe an buga takardar koken a watan Satumbar 2015 saboda rashin cancanta. An rantsar da shi a matsayin dan majalisar Jihar sokoto a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2015, kuma a cikin Oktoba 2015, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar sojojin ruwa. Bukatunsa na doka sun haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa da ci gaban karkara. A watan Fabrairun 2016, yana cikin tawagar da aka dora wa alhakin warware rikicin da ke faruwa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kogi, biyo bayan tsige Shugaban Majalisar ba bisa ka’ida ba tare da dakatar da wasu 14 da wasu mambobi tara suka yi. A watan Maris na 2016 a matsayinsa na daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar wakilai mafi karancin shekaru ya halarci taron Majalisar Matasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (IPU) a Lusaka, Zambia. A watan Mayun 2016, biyo bayan karin farashin man fetur, Abdussamad an kuma sanya shi a cikin wani kwamitin wucin gadi kan yadda ake tafiyar da harkokin man fetur a kasa, wanda aka ba da umarnin kafa hanyoyin kawo karshen yajin aikin da kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya ta fara. NLC).
Kudiri An hada hannu da kudurin dokar “Eh za mu iya” da ke neman yin gyara ga kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya na shekarar 1999 domin bunkasa siyasa da shigar da matasa cikin harkokin mulki a Najeriya ta hanyar wajabta wa akalla mukamai guda daya mataimaka. nadin ministoci da dai sauransu wanda dan Najeriya kasa da shekaru 35 zai cika.
Kudi don Dokar Gyara Dokar Kifin Cikin Gida (2004) don Bitar Sama Hukunci da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa. Kudirin Dokar Gyara Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Najeriya (2003) don Bayar da Jagoran Tabbatar da Matakan Tsaro ta hanyar Bukatu da Shigarwa da Gudanar da Gidan Talabijin na Kusa (CCTV) da sauran Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da su. Gyaran kudiri kan rikicin ‘yan gudun hijira a shiyyar Arewa maso Gabas, inda ya bayyana bukatar kafa hukumar gwamnati kwatankwacin Hukumar Raya Neja-Delta (NDDC) na yankin Arewa maso Gabas. An gabatar da wani batu mai muhimmanci ga jama'a na neman kawo karshen yajin aikin likitoci a jihar Sokoto. Ya gabatar da kudiri a kan asusun gwamnati da babban bankin Najeriya (CBN), inda ya bukaci CBN ya bayyana duk wani buri da ke tattare da asusun ajiyar kasashen waje na tarayya. Kudirin yazayar kasa a karamar hukumar Dogon-Daji a jihar Sokoto.
Ma'aikatan Kudi, Gwamnatin Jahar Sokoto A watan Yunin 2019 ne Gwamna Aminu Waziri Tambuwal ya nada Dasuki a cikin mutane 26 da Gwamna Aminu Waziri Tambuwal ya nada a matsayin majalisar zartaswar jihar Sokoto. Daga baya aka bayyana shi a matsayin Kwamishinan Kudi a cikin gwamnati, biyo bayan kwarewarsa a harkokin kamfanoni da na siyasa, kuma a matsayinsa na kwararren masanin tattalin arziki.
Karin bayani Yakubu Dogara
Aminu Waziri Tambuwal
manazarta Haihuwan 1978
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
43141 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudatu%20Sani | Saudatu Sani | Articles with hCards
Saudatu Sani (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu shekarata alif 1954).ƴar siyasar Najeriya ce (Sarauniyar Saminaka).
A shekarata 2003 aka naɗa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga matar gwamna. Ta kasance ‘yar majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya ta Lere a jihar Kaduna.inda ta fito a jam’iyyar PDP, daga baya aka sake zaɓar ta a wani wa’adi na biyu daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekarata 2011. Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ne ya naɗa ta babbar mataimakiya ta musamman kan shirin MDG. An naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar hukumar kula da bada gudunmawa ta jihar Kaduna. Cibiyar ci gaban Mata da Matasa, Lere/Saminaka.
Rayuwar farko da Ilimi Saudatu ta fara karatun boko a makarantar firamare ta Shekara Girls Kano, ƙaramar sakandare, ƙofan Gayan, Zariya, 1966 zuwa 1968, ta yi babbar sakandare a Government Girls' College Dala, Kano daga 1969 zuwa 1973. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kaduna daga 1980 zuwa 1985 inda ta karanta Dietetics, inda ta yi ƙwarewa a Asibitin Soja na Sojojin Sama da Asibitin tunawa da Yusuf Ɗantsoho da ke Kaduna. Ta kasance malama a makarantar Essence International School na tsawon shekaru uku.
Sana'a da Post Bayan gogewarta na koyarwa, Saudatu ta riƙe muƙamin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Mata daga 1986 zuwa 1992. Daga 199210 1994 ta kasance Kwamitin Riƙo na Ƙaramar Hukumar Lere. Muƙaman da ta riƙe su ne: Mamba a kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Balera Micro Finance Bank. Kwamitin majalisar kan muradun ƙarni, kwamitin majalisar kan harkokin mata da ci gaban matasa. Coordinator at network on Girl Child Education, Director Family Craft Center, Kaduna, Matron, Joint Association of the Disables, Commissioner, Board of Commissioners, Kaduna, Member Board of Trustees, Advocacy Nigeria, African Parliamentarrian Network for Good Governance and Poverty Reduction, Kafa mamba, Kwamitin Amintattu na Fatan Mata na Millennium da Marasa galihu a Jihar Kaduna, Kwamitin Amintattu, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Lere, memba na ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka-Asia, Parisiamentary Association, American-Canada pariiamentary Association, Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Nigerian Future Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya, Gidauniyar Ci gaban Bil Adama ta PRO, Ƙungiyar Mata Musulmai, Kodineta Muryar Mata don Bayar da Shawara, Mai Gudanarwa 100Group Nigeria.
Kyauta 'Yar majalisar mata mafi inganci a Najeriya, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Afirka ta Kudu, 2005
Mafi kyawun lambar yabo ta majalisar wakilai, Cibiyar Raya Jagoranci, Abuja, 2005
Emancipator na Nigerian Youth Award, National Association of Medical Laboratory Sciences Students.
Kyautar, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Ɗalibai ta Jami'ar Jos.
Kyautar Samfurin Kyau, Cibiyar Al'adun Afirka da pic na Bankin Zenith.
The Jewel in our Crown Award, National Women Mobilization Committee of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Abuja.
Kyautar Membobin Daraja, Ƙungiyar Gynecology da Ciwon ciki.
Award for Management of Excellence, Nigerian Institute of Management.
Kyautar Zinare ta Nelson Mandela don Jagoranci, Cibiyar Jagorancin Fassara na Afirka, Afirka ta Kudu.
Manazarta Haihuwan 1954
Rayayyun mutane
__LEAD_SECTION__ Saudatu Sani (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Mayu,Shekarata alif 1954) yar siyasar Najeriya ce, Sarauniyar Saminaka (Sarauniyar Saminaka).
A 2003 aka nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga matar gwamna. Ta kasance ‘yar majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Lere a jihar Kaduna inda ta fito a jam’iyyar PDP, daga baya aka sake zabe ta a wani wa’adi na biyu daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekarar
2011.
Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ne ya nada ta babbar mataimakiya ta musamman kan shirin |
39810 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Esan | Harshen Esan | Esan babban yaren Edoid ne na Najeriya. Ana kuma yin ƙamus da rubutun nahawu na yaren Esan. Akwai yaruka da yawa, da suka haɗa da Ogwa, Ẹkpoma Ebhossa, (Ewossa) Ewohimi, Ewu, Ewatto, Ebelle, Igueben, Irrua, Ohordua, Uromi, Uzea, Ubiaja da kuma Ugboha.
Yaruka Jerin yarukan Esan kamar yadda Osiruemu ya rarraba su a (2010):
Amfani Mutanen Uromi, Irrua da Ewu suna magana da yaren Esan kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da mutanen Uzea, duk da cewa akwai takaddun da ke nuna cewa mutanen Uromi da mutanen Uzea suna da zuriya ɗaya. Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen harshe da harafin kalmomi sun zama ruwan dare a cikin harshen Esan. Yawancin tarurrukan Majalisar Sarakunan Esan na shekara-shekara ana gudanar da su cikin Ingilishi saboda wannan dalili. Koyaya, an kwatanta harshen Esan a matsayin mai mahimmanci na yanki. Ana koyar da shi a makarantu a ko'ina cikin Esanland, kuma rediyo da talabijin na harshen Esan sun yaɗu.
Sunaye gama gari Binciken harshe ya nuna kalmar gbe don samun mafi girman adadin amfani a cikin Esan, tare da har zuwa 76 ma'anoni daban-daban a cikin ƙamus na al'ada. Sunaye da suka fara da na raɓa fanni Ọs; Ehi, Ehiz ko Ehis; da Okoh (na namiji), Okhuo (na mace) sun fi kowa a Esan: Ehizefe, Ehizọkhae, Ehizojie, Ẹhinomɛn, Ehimanre, Ehizelele, Ɛhimyen, Ehikhayimɛntor, Ehikhayimɛnle, Ehijantor, Ehicheoya, Emiator da sauransu; Magana, Magana, da sauransu; Okosun, Okojie, Okodugha, Okoemu, Okouromi,Okoukoni, Okougbo, Okoepkẹn, Okoror, Okouruwa, Oriaifo etc. Ga kowane Oko-, 'Ọm-' za a iya ƙara ƙarar sunan don isa ga sigar mace misali Ọmosun, Ọmuromi, da sauransu.
Alphabet Esan yana amfani da haruffa da yawa, Romanized Esan shine mafi yawan amfani da jimlar adadin haruffa 25:
a, b, d, e, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z.
Digraph ɗin ya ƙunshi saiti 10 na haruffa biyu:
bh, gb, gh, kh, kp, kw (ba a cika amfani da shi ba), mh, nw, ny, sh.
Nahawu
Sunaye Duk sunayen Esan suna farawa da haruffan wasali (watau a, e, i, o, ọ, u aru, eko, ebho, itohan, oze, òrhia, uze, da sauransu. Saboda tasirin harsunan maƙwabta da harsunan yamma, musamman Turanci, akwai ɗabi'a a tsakanin Esan na furta yawancin sunaye waɗanda ba na Esan ba suna farawa da harafin baƙaƙe. Idan akwai irin wannan a cikin iyakar rubutaccen Esan, ana iya amfani da ɓata kafin harafin farko na farko don Esanize da sauƙaƙa furucin. A cikin magana duk da haka ana kiran irin wannan ridda kamar 'i' /i:/: 'bazaar,' Yunusa, 'aiki,' zoo, da sauransu.
Kowane sunan Esan yana ƙarewa da ko dai cikin harafin wasali (misali ato, Ẹkpoma, uri, oya ko harafin da ke da alaƙa da wasali 'n': agbọn, eran, ën, itọn, ilin, da sauransu. Banda wannan ka'ida shine rubuta sunayen sunaye masu kyau inda sunan zai iya ƙare a harafin 'r' koyaushe bayan harafin 'ọ' don sanya shi zama kamar 'ko' a cikin Ingilishi da kuma amfani da harafin 'h' bayan harafi. 'o' don sanya shi sauti kamar 'oh' a Turanci: Isibor, Oko'ror, Okoh, Okoọboh, da dai sauransu.
A cikin sunaye, bin harafin wasali na farko koyaushe shine harafin baƙo na biyu: a h oho, a v an, i l o, u d ia. Domin bayyana jinsin mata, harafin baƙaƙe na biyu mai bin harafin wasali ya ninka sau biyu: a hh ihi (=mace ant), ọ ss họ (=abokiyar mace), ọ rr hia (=mace mace), da sauransu. Wannan salon jin daɗin jinsi ya fi fahimtar masu magana da Faransanci, waɗanda yawanci sukan bambanta jinsi namiji, mace, tsaka tsaki. Banda wannan doka yana da alaƙa da wasu sunaye waɗanda suka ƙunshi haruffan wasali kawai misali 'oè' (ƙafa, jam'i 'ae'), 'oo' (uwa), 'uu' (mutuwa), da sauransu.
Jama'a a cikin Esan nau'i ne guda biyu, na farkon su yana da alaƙa da sunaye waɗanda ke da nau'ikan jam'i na asali, wanda a halin yanzu ana maye gurbin harafin farko da wani harafi:
ọmọ (baby), samun (babie); ọmọle (man, male), hotonle (men, males); okpea (man), ikpea (maza); okhuo (mace, mace), ikhuo (mata, mata); ọshọ, amuọe (aboki), ishọ, imuọe (abokai); obhio (dangi), ibhio (dangantaka); obhokhan (yaro), ibhokhan (yara); oghian (maƙiyi), ighian (maƙiyi); usẹnbhokhan (boy), i'inbhokhan (boys); ɔmamheen, ọmọhin (girl), imamheen, samuhin (girls); ọwanlẹn (dattijo, babba), iwanlẹn (dattijai, manya); orhia (mutum), erhia (mutane); bo (likita), ebo (likitoci); Ebo (dan Turanci), Ibo ('yan Turanci); obo (hannu), abu (hannu); oè (kafa), ae (kafa); amfani (ƙusa), ise (ƙusoshi); udo (dutse), ido (dutse)
Na biyu kuma dole ne ya yi, ba tare da na sama waɗanda suke da nau'i na jam'i na asali ba, amma tare da sauran sunaye masu yawa waɗanda ba su da. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da suffix (kamar yadda ake amfani da 's' a Turanci) ta hanyar ƙara shi zuwa sunan da ake magana a kai, amma ba tare da an canza furci ba. Misali:
uwaebe (makarantar), uwaebeh (makarantu); eran (sanda), eranh (sanduna); emhin (wani abu), emhinh (wasu abubuwa)
Karin magana Duk kalmomin Esan suna da nau'ikan jam'i daban-daban da na guda ɗaya, amma duka batutuwa da shari'o'in abu ba su bambanta ba (dukkan batutuwa da batutuwa iri ɗaya ne):
‘Aah’ can only be used as subject. (‘otuan’ and ‘ukpọle’ can be used in both ways: Otuan ọkpa ni ele dia; Dati ituan eva re. Ukpọle ọkpa ribhọ. Jia ikpọle ea re.)
Such as ancestors
‘otuan’ (pl. ituan) ana amfani da ita ga ƴan Adam, ‘ukpọle’ (pl. ikpọle) ana amfani da ita ga halittar da ba ɗan Adam ba da Aah’ ya dogara a kan abinda ya ƙunsa.
Umarnin hukunci Amfani da Esan yana buɗewa zuwa umarni ko tsari guda uku: (subject–verb–object (SVO), object–subject–verb (OSV), da object–verb–subject (OVS)) don bayyana kansu Okoh 'h gbi ele SVO). Okoh imen ddaghe (OSV). Ena ye imin (OVS). SVO ya fi kowa kuma mafi yawan aiki. An taƙaita amfani da OVS zuwa ƙayyadadden adadin gine-gine na nahawu.
Kalmomi Duk kalmomin Esan suna farawa da haruffan baƙaƙe kuma suna ƙarewa cikin ko dai harafin wasali ko harafin da ke da alaƙa da wasalin 'n': bi, d'e, fan, hɛn, lolo, da sauransu. A cikin bayyana abin da ya gabata, ninka harafin farko na fi'ili yana faruwa kamar yadda 'bi' ya canza zuwa 'bbi' kuma 'hn' ya zama 'hhen'. Har ila yau, fi'ili na iya farawa da diphthong: khian, gbe, bhanbhan. Samuwar abin da ya gabata a wannan yanayin bai bambanta ba: kkhian, ggbe, da dai sauransu. Wasu yare na Esan kamar su Uzea suna amfani da 'ah' (ko 'h) don nuna halin yanzu (kamar a cikin "Zai koma gida." Ko da yake wannan ba ya nan a yawancin yarukan Esan, ana amfani da shi kuma a sanya shi a gaban babban fi'ili lokacin rubuta: Ele 'h khooa Suna wanka.
Alamomi Siffar Esan, kamar yadda sifa ta Ingilishi ke yi, tana canza suna ko karin magana. Wato yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da suna ko karin magana da kuma sanya ma'anarsa keɓancewa. Yana iya bayyana kafin ko bayan suna. Bambanci kawai tsakanin Esan da kalmomin Ingilishi shine kamar Jafananci, wasu sifofin Esan suna kama da fi'ili a cikin abin da suke nunawa don nuna lokaci: Ele mhenmhin. Suna da kyau. Ele mmhenmhin. Sun kasance masu kyau. Ninki biyu na farkon harafin sifa 'mhhenmhin (mai kyau)' kamar fi'ili, yana nuna wannan batu a fili. Siffofin Esan suna da nau'ikan Esan ne daban-daban: 'kalmar sifa' da 'siffar siffa' phrasal'.
Kalmar sifa.
Siffar kalma sifa ce da ta ƙunshi kalma ɗaya: esi, khọlọ, hu, jian, da sauransu. Wannan nau'i na sifa ya kasu kashi biyar: pre-noun adjective, post-noun adjective, numeral adjective, nounal adjective, da ƙuntataccen sifa. Siffar suna kafin sunan suna bayyana ne kawai kafin sunan da yake gyaggyarawa, yana ba da bayani game da girman sunan da/ko yawanta, kuma suna farawa da harafin wasali: ukpomin, ekitui, udede, ikwkwwi, da sauransu. Waɗannan sifofin ba su ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar tenses kuma ba sa ɗaukar ma'anar 'mhin'. Bayanin bayan suna yana zuwa nan da nan bayan sunan da yake canzawa: khọlọ, khoriọn, fuọ, ba, to, han, lẹnlẹn, bhihi, hu, khisin, khere, re(le) (far), re (zurfi), re girma), sake (hallartar da kyau), bue, tan, da sauransu. Waɗannan sifofin suna ƙarƙashin ka'idar lokaci don amfani da su don yin la'akari da lokaci (misali "Okoh ku kkhhorion." "Okoh mummuna ce." Sai dai sifa 'khoriọn', duk sauran ana iya amfani da su tare da karimin 'mhin', kuma ('ebe' da 'esi' waɗanda kuma ake kiran su da suna adjectives) duk suna farawa da haruffan baƙaƙe. Siffar lamba ita ce wacce za a iya amfani da ita don amsa irin wannan tambaya kamar “nawa?”: òkpa, eva, ea, igbe, da sauransu. Domin su ma sunaye ne, duk suna farawa da haruffan wasali. Ba sa bin ƙa'idar tenses kuma ba za a iya amfani da su tare da kari 'mhin' ba. Siffar suna ko suna shine wanda ke zuwa gaban suna kuma ana iya sarrafa shi cikin sauƙi ya zama suna a cikin amfani: esi, ebe. Ba za a iya amfani da shi tare da 'mhin' ba kuma ba sa bin doka mai tsanani. Ƙuntataccen sifa ita ce wadda kawai za a iya amfani da ita da takamaiman suna misali 'bhibhi' a cikin 'ewew bhibhi' (washe gari).
Wasu sifofin da za a iya sanya su a ƙarƙashin kalmar sifa su ne sifofin da suka samo asali daga ninka kalmar sifa: fanon-fanon (unkempt; untidy), rughu-rugu ko ragha-ragha (rashin tsari), sankan-sankan (laka da m). yagha-yagha (rashin lafiya), kpadi-kpadi (m ko ma), ose-ose (kyakkyawa). Hakanan ana iya amfani da wannan tsarin kamar haka: fanon/2, yagha/2, kpadi/2, sankan/2, ose/2, da sauransu.
Siffar phrasal.
Siffar jimla ita ce wacce ta ƙunshi kalma fiye da ɗaya; an yi shi da magana. Sau da yawa fiye da haka, jimlar sifa takan ƙunshi ko dai suna fi'ili ko sifa+preposition+noun wanda ke haɗuwa don aiwatar da aikin sifa. Wasu misalan gama-gari su ne: rui elo (makafi), yi ehọ (kurma, mai tawaye), di ọmalẹn (tsohuwa, tsofaffi), di iton a (mutuwa), bhon ose (kyakkyawa), fi ahiẹ a (serene), fua amɛn haske-complexioned), ba bhi egbe (mai zafi), mhen bhi egbe (jiki-friendly), mhen bhi unu (mai dadi), mhen bhi elo (kyakkyawa ko ba m ga gani), mhen bhi ihue (ba m ga hanci), mhen bhi ehọ (ba mai cutar da kunne ba), khọ bhi unu (marasa jin daɗi; m), khọ bhi egbe (mara iya jurewa), da sauransu.
A ƙasa akwai wasu sifofin Esan da ma'anarsu (da waɗanda za a iya amfani da su tare da suffix 'mhin' an nuna su. Ƙaddamar da kari na 'mhin' zuwa kalma yana juya shi daga sifa zuwa suna kamar yadda ma'anar 'ness' a Turanci ke yi. Ukpomin (kadan), ekitui (da yawa; da yawa), udede (babban), ikwkwwi (kanin; maras muhimmanci), khisin-mhin (kanana; diminutive), khere-mhin (kanana; kadan), hu-mhin (babban; kumfa). khuẹlẹ-mhin (slim), re-mhin (na nisa; zurfi; halarta sosai; girma), dia-mhin (daidai; dace), bhala-mhin (haske-haske), bhia-mhin (babba, fili), rieriẹ-mhin (smooth), rẹrẹ-mhin (restless), kpoloa (smooth), gọ-mhin (crooked) kpono-mhin (slippery), kwon (slippery; slimy), to-mhin (irritating), kpọ-mhin (ya yadu), khia-mhin (mai tsarki, adali), fu-mhin (mai zaman lafiya), bhiẹlẹ-mhin (lazy), fa-mhin (datti, mai tsabta), l-mhin (karanci), tua-mhin (mai sauri). zaza-mhin (mai gwaninta), sun-mhin (slimy), kholo (spherical), hian-mhin (mai tasiri; giya), nwun-mhin ko mun-mhin (kaifi; barasa), khọlọ-mhin (mummuna; mai raɗaɗi). sẹ-ẹ (talakawa), nọghọ-mhin (mawuyaci), kpataki (ainihin), lo-mhin (marasa tsada; zurfi), khua-mhin (nauyi; zafi), finɔ-mhin (itching), luẹn (ripe), khekhea (mai tsami), riala-mhin (daci), fua-mhin (fari), bhihi-mhin baki; duhu-rikici), kkenkẹn-mhin (multicoloured), konkọn (fat), kaka-mhin (hard; serious), toto-mhin (mai tsanani; taut), ghan-mhin (mai tsada), ghantoa (costly), wualan-mhin (hikima), sõno-mhin (m), lẽkhá-mhin (laushi), khere-khere (laka), gban-a (fadi), tan-mhin (tsawo; m), guẹguẹ (ingratiating), mhen-mhin mai kyau), lẹnlẹn-mhin (mai dadi), zeze-mhin (ƙarfi), wo-mhin (mai ƙarfi; balagagge), bie (dafasa ko aikata), fe-mhin (mai arziki); fanon-fanon (unkempt; mara kyau), rughu-rugu ko ragha-ragha (raguwa), sankan-sankan (laka da rough), yagha-yagha (untidy); rui elo (makafi), yi ehọ (kurma, tawaye), di ƙasan (tsohuwa, tsohuwa), di iton a (makawu), bhon ose (kyakkyawa), fi ahiẹ a (serene), fua amen (haske-haske), ba bhi egbe (mai zafi), mhen bhi egbe (abota jiki), mhen bhi unu (mai dadi), mhen bhi elo (kyakkyawa ko rashin jin dadi ga gani), mhen bhi ihue (ba mai cutar da hanci), mhen bhi ehọ ba mai cutar da kunne ba), khọ bhi unu (marasa jin daɗi; m), khọ bhi egbe (mara iya jurewa), da sauransu.
Masu tantancewa 'ọni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'da' (kamar yadda mufuradi) a Turanci: ọni emhin abu
'eni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'the' (kamar jam'i) a Turanci: eni emhinh abubuwan
'ni' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'that' a Turanci: emhin ni ko oni emhin ni
'na' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'wannan' a Turanci: emhin na or òni emhin na
A cikin jimlolin da ke ƙasa, masu tantancewa suna cikin baƙar fata:
‘ukpi’ (pl. ‘ikpi’) in Esan is equivalent to the indefinite article ‘a’/‘an’ in English:
ukpi ẹmhin abu
ikpi emhinh abubuwa
'ọsoso' (pl. 'esoso') a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'kowa' a Turanci:
emhin soso kowane abu
emhinh esoso wani abu
'eso' /ayso/ a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'wasu' a Turanci:
emhinh eso wasu abubuwa
'ikpeta' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'kaɗan' a Turanci:
ikpeta emhinh abubuwa kadan
'nekirɛla' a cikin Esan yayi daidai da 'kowa'/'kowane' a Turanci:
emhin nekirɛla komai
'erebhe' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'duk' a cikin Ingilishi:
emhin erebhe komai
'eveva' a cikin Esan yayi daidai da 'duka' a cikin Ingilishi:
Emhinh eveva abubuwa biyu
'ekitui' a cikin Esan yana daidai da 'da yawa' a cikin Ingilishi:
ekitui emhinh abubuwa da yawa
Nassoshi Harsunan Nijeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26859 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annobar%20COVID-19%20a%20Benin | Annobar COVID-19 a Benin | Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 a kasar Benin wani bangare ne na annobar cutar Coronavirus da ke ci gaba da yaduwa a duniya a shekarar 2019 COVID-19 wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar numfashi ta coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta bulla a kasar Benin a watan Maris din shekarar 2020.
Fage A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tabbatar da cewa sabon coronavirus ne ya haifar da cutar numfashi a cikin tarin mutane a birnin Wuhan na lardin Hubei na kasar Sin, wanda aka ba da rahoto ga WHO a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2019.
The hali fatality rabo ga COVID-19 ya kasance yawa ƙananan fiye da SARS na 2003, amma baza ta kasance da muhimmanci mafi girma, tare da wani gagarumin adadin wadanda suka mutu. Simulations na tushen samfurin don Benin sun ba da shawarar cewa tazarar amincewar kashi 95% na adadin haifuwa mai canzawar lokaci R t ya wuce 1.0 kuma yana haɓaka tun Nuwamba 2020.
Maris 2020 A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar COVID-19 ta farko a cikin kasar a Porto-Novo, babban birnin Benin. Bayan kwanaki uku, an ba da rahoton shari'ar ta biyu da aka tabbatar. Garin ya dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa daban-daban kuma ana kiyaye mutanen da ke shigowa kasar ta jirgin sama a karkashin wajaba na kwanaki 14. Haka kuma, an shawarci mutanen Benin da su sanya abin rufe fuska kuma su fita waje kawai idan an buƙata.
An tabbatar da kararraki guda 9 da murmurewa guda daya a cikin Maris, wanda ya bar lokuta 8 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Afrilu 2020 A watan Afrilu an sami sabbin kararraki 55, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 64. Mutuwar farko daga COVID-19 ta faru ne a ranar 5 ga Afrilu. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 33, yana barin lokuta 30 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Mayu 2020 An sami sabbin kararraki 168 a cikin watan Mayu, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 232. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa 3. An samu murmurewa guda 110 a cikin watan, wanda ya kara adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 143, wanda ya bar lokuta 86 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Yuni 2020 A cikin watan Yuni an samu sabbin kararraki guda 967, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 1199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 21. An samu murmurewa guda 190 a cikin watan, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 333, wanda ya bar 845 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Yuli 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 606 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 1805. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da 15 zuwa 36. Adadin wadanda aka dawo dasu ya karu da 703 zuwa 1036, yana barin lokuta 733 masu aiki a karshen wata (raguwa da 13% daga karshen watan Yuni).
Agusta 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 340 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2145. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da hudu zuwa 40. Ya zuwa karshen wata adadin masu aiki sun ragu da rabi dangane da karshen watan Yuli, zuwa 367.
Satumba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 212 a cikin watan Satumba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2357. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 41. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 1973, yana barin lokuta 343 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Oktoba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 286 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2643. Adadin wadanda suka mutu bai canza ba. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2418, wanda ya bar lokuta 184 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Nuwamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 372 a watan Nuwamba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3015. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 43. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2839, wanda ya bar lokuta 133 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Disamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 236 a watan Disamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3251. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 44. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3061, inda ya bar lokuta 146 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Janairu 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 642 a watan Janairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3893. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 52. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3421, yana barin lokuta 420 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Fabrairu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 1541 a cikin Fabrairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 5434. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 70. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 4248, inda ya bar lokuta 1116 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Maris 2021 Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa ya fara ne a ranar 29 ga Maris, da farko tare da allurai 144,000 na rigakafin Covichield. An sami sabbin kararraki 1666 a cikin Maris, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7100. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 90. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 6452, inda ya bar lokuta 558 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Afrilu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 721 a cikin Afrilu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7821. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 99. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7580, wanda ya bar lokuta 142 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Mayu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 237 a watan Mayu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 8058. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 101. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7893, wanda ya bar lokuta 64 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Yuni 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 141 a watan Yuni, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 104. Adadin marasa lafiyar da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 8000, yana barin lokuta 95 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Yuli 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 195 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8394. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 108. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8136, inda ya bar lokuta 150 masu aiki a karshen watan.
Agusta 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 4972 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 13366. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 128. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8854, wanda ya bar lokuta 4384 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Satumba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 10524 a watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 23890. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 159. Adadin wadanda aka dawo da su ya karu zuwa 21993, ya bar lokuta 1738 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Oktoba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 859 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 24749. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 161. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 24346, inda ya bar lokuta 242 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Alurar riga kafi Alurar riga kafi na COVID-19 a Benin wani shiri ne na rigakafi da ke ci gaba da yakar cutar sankarau mai tsanani na numfashi coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), don mayar da martani ga annobar da ke ci gaba a cikin kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 28 ga Yuni 2021, Benin ta ba da allurai 36,188, mutane 26,268 masu allurai guda 9,920 kuma an yi wa mutane 9,920 cikakkiyar allurar.
Alurar rigakafi akan oda
Tsarin lokaci
Maris 2021 A ranar 11 ga Maris 2021, Benin ta karɓi SII-AstraZeneca tare da allurai 144,000. A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta karɓi Sinovac tare da allurai 203,000.
A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin rigakafin cutar coronavirus.
Afrilu 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 10,051.
Mayu 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 12,934.
Yuni 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 46,108.
Yuli 2021 Benin ta sami allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 a ranar 27 ga Yuli. A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 61,858.
Agusta 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 120,333.
Satumba 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 214,396. 3% na yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi.
Duba kuma Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka
COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dashboard Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Afirka (CDC) akan Covid-19
COVID-19 Afirka Buɗe Data Project Dashboard
Kungiyar Lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka COVID-19 Dashboard
WHO COVID-19 Dashboard
Manazarta |
41726 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20Jos%2C%202010 | Rikicin Jos, 2010 | Rikicin Jos na shekara ta 2010, rikici ne da ya faru a tsakanin ƙabilar Musulmi da Kirista a ciki da kewayen birnin Jos dake a tsakiyar Najeriya. Jos babban birnin jihar Filato ne, Jos na tsakiyar Najeriya a taswirar ƙasar, hakan ya sa birnin ya raba tsakanin arewacin Najeriya da akasarinsu musulmai ne, da kuma kudancin ƙasar waɗanda galibin su Kiristoci ne. Tun daga shekara ta 2001, yankin yana fama da tashe-tashen hankula da dalilai da yawa suka haddasa. Majiyoyin yaɗa labarai da dama sun bayyana rikicin a matsayin tashin hankali na addini ko da yake wasu sun bayyana bambancin ƙabilanci da na tattalin arziki a matsayin tushen tashin hankalin.
Rikicin farko na shekarar 2010 ya fara ne a ranar 17 ga watan, Janairu a Jos, kuma ya bazu zuwa al'ummomin da ke kewaye. An ƙona gidaje da coci-coci da masallatai da ababen hawa, a ƙalla an kwashe kwanaki huɗu ana fafatawa. Aƙalla mutane 326, da kuma watakila sama da dubu, aka kashe a yayin tarazomar. Ɗaruruwan mutane ne suka mutu a wani sabon rikici da ya ɓarke, a watan Maris na 2010. An kashe Kiristoci da yawa aka jefar da su cikin rijiya. Wannan dai shi ne babban lamari na uku da ya afku a birnin na Jos, cikin shekaru goma. An kashe kimanin mutane dubu ɗaya a tarzoma a shekara ta 2001, kuma aƙalla 700 ne suka mutu a tashin hankalin da ya biyo baya a shekara ta 2008.
Dubawa
Janairu Rahotanni sun bambanta. A cewar kwamishinan ƴan sandan jihar an fara artabu ne bayan da wasu matasa musulmi suka ƙona wata cocin Katolika da ke cike maƙil da masu ibada. Wata jaridar ƙasar ta rawaito cewa maharan sun furta kalmar Allahu Akhbar kafin su ƙona majami'u da gidaje. Wasu jagororin al’ummar yankin sun ce an fara ne da gardama kan sake gina wani gidan musulmi a unguwar da galibin mabiya addinin kirista suka ruguje a tarzomar watan Nuwamba 2008. Ana zargin matasan Musulmi da Kirista da fara kitsa tashin hankalin. An sanya dokar hana fita ta sa'o'i 24 a birnin a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2010.
A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, rikicin ya bazu zuwa kananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kudancin Jos. Wasu gungun mutane ɗauke da makamai waɗanda galibinsu Kiristoci ne ƴan ƙabilar Berom, sun kai wa Musulmi hari da suka haɗa da Hausa-Fulani, inda suka kashe su ko kuma suka kore su tare da ƙona gidajensu da masallatai da dukiyoyinsu. An yi kisan gilla mafi muni a ranar 19 ga watan Janairu a yankin Kuru Karama, inda aka kashe mutane 174 da suka haɗa da mata 36 da ƙananan yara 56. Rahoton hotunan tauraron ɗan adam da ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta fitar ya nuna an lalata gine-gine a Kuru Karama. BBC ta ruwaito cewar faɗan ya bazu zuwa Pankshin, mai nisan kilomita 100, daga Jos. Sojojin sun musanta wadannan rahotanni. A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan ya umarci sojoji zuwa jihar Filato domin dawo da zaman lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Jonathan ya riƙe madafun iko a lokacin, yayin da shugaba Umaru 'Yar'aduwa yake jinya a kasar Saudiyya. Rundunar ‘yan sandan jihar ta ce mutane 326 ne suka mutu a rikicin na watan Janairu. Shugabannin al'umma sun ce adaɗin ya kai 1,025 da suka mutu. Sama da mutane 5,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu.
Maris Kafin wayewar garin ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2010, Makiyaya Hausa-Fulani Musulmi makiyaya sun kashe kiristoci fiye da ɗari a kauyen Dogo-Nahawa kusa da Jos. Galibin mazauna ƙauyen Kiristocin ƙabilar Berom ne. Hara-haren na tsawon sa'o'i huɗu, ya shafi wasu ƙauyukan da ke kusa da garin. Maharan sun yi ta harbin bindiga domin tayar da hankali yayin da mutane suke tsaka da gudu an bi su da adduna ana saran su. Sun kunna wuta da yawa daga cikin wasu gine-gine kuma sun bar gawarwakin jibge a kan tituna. Yawancin waɗanda suka mutu mata ne da yara, ciki har da wani jariri da bai wuce wata uku ba.
Rundunar ƴan sandan jihar ta bayar da rahoton cewa mutane 109 ne suka mutu a harin da suka hada da aƙalla yara 38. Wani jami’in gwamnatin jihar ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa an kashe fiye da mutane 500, a yayin da wani rubutu da aka rubuta a wani kabari a Dogo-Nahawa ya ce mutane 501 ne suka mutu a kisan kiyashin, kuma ya lissafa sunayen mutane 354 da aka kashe. Sauran shugabannin al’umma sun ce adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya kai 164, ciki har da mata 34, da ƙananan yara 98.
Dalilai Rikicin ya kasance sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da tashin hankali na addini Ƙungiyar Dattawan Kirista ta Jihar Filato, alal misali, ta yi ishara da harin da aka kai a Dogo-Nahawa a watan Maris na 2010 da cewa, “har yanzu wani jihadi ne da tsokana” yayin da al’ummar Musulmi ke kallon rikicin a matsayin wani yunkuri na kawar da musulmi mazauna yankin a wani aiki na addini. Wasu da dama kuma, sun bayyana bambance-bambancen ƙabilanci da batutuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a matsayin tushen tashin hankalin. Babban limamin cocin Anglican na Jos, Benjamin A. Kwashi, alal misali, ya lura cewa, “Abin da ake ganin ya zama jika-jita mai maimaitawa shi ne, a kan lokaci, wadanda suka yi amfani da tashin hankali wajen sasanta batutuwan siyasa, batutuwan tattalin arziki, al’amuran zamantakewa, al’amuran da suka shafi tsakanin kabilu. sabani, ko kuma duk wani lamari na wannan al’amari, yanzu ana ci gaba da amfani da waccan tafarki na tashin hankali da lullube shi da addini". Shi ma Farfesa Kabiru Mato na Jami’ar Abuja ya yi watsi da rawar da addini ya taka wajen tarzomar: “Ban ga wani abu na addini. A inda addini zai iya zama banbance tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu masu gaba da juna, a asali yana nuni ne da nisantar tattalin arziki. Don haka rashin jin dadin jama’a, takaicin siyasa, rashi tattalin arziki da abubuwa da yawa ne ke da alhakin hakan.” To amma wannan ra’ayi ya sha ƙalubalantar yadda a ko da yaushe ake kai hare-hare a wuraren ibada, kamar majami’u da masallatai. Don haka an yi amfani da addini a matsayin wani karfi mai rugujewa a cikin rikicin ko da wane dalili na farko na rikici.
An kuma bayyana adawar ƙabilanci tsakanin al’ummar Hausawa da ‘yan kabilar Berom a matsayin musabbabin tashin hankalin. Babban limamin cocin Katolika da ke Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya, ya yi nuni da tashin hankalin a matsayin "rikicin da ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin makiyaya da manoma, sai dai duk Fulani Musulmi ne, kuma dukkan 'yan kabilar Berom Kiristoci ne." Sai dai wannan ikirari na fuskantar ƙalubale ganin yadda akasarin ƙabilun jihar Filato, wadanda galibinsu mabiya addinin Kirista ne, suna da ra’ayi ɗaya da ƴan ƙabilar Berom, kuma suna ganin barazanar Musulunci a kasashensu.
"An zargi ƴan ƙabilar Berom da rashin jin dadin ci gaban tattalin arzikin wasu ƙungiyoyin mazauna yankin: duk da haka, wannan wata magana ce mai sauki. Yawancin ƴan asalin Filato gaba ɗaya suna jin cewa ba su da haɗin gwiwa ko goyon bayan sauran manyan ƙabilu. Kuma akasarin dukiyar Najeriya kudin man fetur ne ke tafiyar da su. Ƴan ƙabilar Berom da sauran ƴan asalin Jihar Filato galibi manoma ne kuma sun fuskanci kwace filayensu tare da lalata su ta hanyar hako ma’adinai. Yanzu, dole ne su yi gwagwarmaya da ƙungiyoyi yan hijira waɗanda ke amfani da tasirin Tarayya da dukiya don raba su daga ƙasashensu. Katafaren tsarin Gwamnatin Tarayya dai ana yin ta ne da kudin man fetur. Ƴan ƙabilar Berom, da ma sauran ’yan asalin Filato, suna ganin ya kamata su sami ma’aunin ƴancin cin gashin kai a yankunansu na asali kamar yadda ake bi da ƴan asalin Amirkawa a gidajensu a matsayin wata kasa mai cin gashin kanta, ta daukaka zuwa matsayin ƴan tsiraru masu kariya. Kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ba shi da wurin mutunta ’yan tsiraru, ko Jos ne, ko yankin Neja-Delta.”
Ana kuma ambaton nuna wariya ga “mazauna yankin" musulman Jos, a matsayin wani batu. A yayin da yawancin ƴan asalin yankin Kirista ake kira da ƴan asalin garin, kuma galibinsu Musulmi da suka yi hijira zuwa Jos, yawancinsu Hausa-Fulani ne, a matsayin baƙin haure, ko da kuwa sun shafe shekaru da yawa suna zaune a birnin, kuma suna shan wahala don samun tabbatar da ayyukan gwamnati ko tallafin ilimi, da dai sauransu. Hakan ya ƙara haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin birnin, da ma kewayen birnin. This has further accentuated divisions in and around the city.
Martani Fadar Vatican ta nuna ɓacin rai da baƙin ciki game da tarzomar. Fafaroma Benedict na 16 ya ce hare-haren sun kasance "mummuna" kuma "tashin hankali ba ya magance rikice-rikicen illa ya ƙara rura wutar rikicin."
Mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Jonathan, wanda shi ne muƙaddashin shugaban ƙasa a lokacin, ya buƙaci da a kama waɗanda suka kashe su. Rundunar ƴan sandan ta sanar da cewa an kama mutane 313 dangane da tashin hankalin da ya faru a watan Janairun shekarar 2010, yayin da aka kama mutane 200 bayan tashin hankalin a watan Maris na 2010. Ya zuwa shekarar 2013, masu gabatar da kara na tarayya sun samu hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan akalla mutane 129 da ke da hannu a tashin hankalin na 2010.
Shirin Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki ya rubuta wa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya, inda ta roƙe su da su binciki batun tarzomar, watakila an aikata laifukan cin zarafin Bil Adama. Mai gabatar da ƙara na ICC ya amsa a watan Nuwamba 2010 yana mai cewa ana nazarin lamarin don ganin ko ya kamata a fara duban koken.
Duba kuma Rikicin Jos, 2001
Rikicin Jos, 2008
Tarihin Najeriya
Rikicin addini
2011 Alexandria bombing
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Higazi, Adam, Rikicin Jos: Takarda Tattaunawar Musibar Najeriya Maimaitawa Takarda Na 2, Janairu 2011, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
Human Rights Watch (2013), "Bar Komai Ga Allah": Tashin Hankali a Rikicin Tsakanin Al'umma A Jihohin Filato da Kaduna, Najeriya Archived
Jos
2010 Rikici a Najeriya
Rikicin addini a |
8862 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru%20Tanko%20Al-Makura | Umaru Tanko Al-Makura | Umar Tanko Almakura shine tsohon gwamnan jihar Nasarawa, ya zama gwamnan jihar ne tun a shekarar 2011 bayan ya samu nasara a babban Zaben gwamnan jihar karkashin jam'iyyar CPC, shi kadai ne gwamna da ya samu Nasara yaci zabe a jam'iyyar.
Farkon Rayuwa
An haifi Al-makura a shekara ta 1952 a Lafia, Jihar Nasarawa a cikin kabilar Gwandara. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Dunama, Lafia (1959-1966), Kwalejin Malamai ta Keffi (1967-1971) sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Ilimi ta Gwamnati, Uyo (1972-75). A shekarar 1975 ya kasance mataimakin furodusa a gidan radiyon Arewacin Najeriya. Daga nan ya wuce Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya (1975 1978), inda ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin ilimi. Yayi hidimar kasa a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Gwamnati, Makurdi.
A shekarar 1978 ya kafa kamfanin Almakura Nigeria Limited, yana shigo da kayan aikin gona da masana’antu daga kasashen waje da kuma daga baya ya shiga harkar raya gidaje da dukiya a matsayinsa na shugaban kamfanin Ta'al Nigeria Limited, tare da kadarorin Abuja, Legas, Kano da
Washington DC, Amurka. Ya mallaki Ta'al Lake Resort, Abuja da Ta'al Conference Hotel, Lafia.
Siyasa
A 1980, Almakura ya zama shugaban matasa na jam'iyyar NPN ta kasa a da.
Jihar Filato. An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin kasa ta 1988-89, mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Lafia-Obi wadda ke a yanzu jihar Nasarawa. Ya kasance sakataren jam’iyyar National Republican Convention (NRC) na jiha a jihar Filato daga 1990 zuwa 1992. Al-makura ya zama dan jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Nasarawa a 1998.
Al-Makura ya fice daga PDP bayan ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na takarar gwamnan Nasarawa. An zabi Al-Makura a matsayin gwamnan jihar Nasarawa Nigeria a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2011, a tutar jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC). Ya doke gwamna mai ci, Aliyu Akwe-Doma na jam'iyyar PDP.
Yunkurin Tsigeshi
A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2014 Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Nasarawa ya ba da sanarwar tsige magatakardar Majalisar da ya yi wa Tanko Al-Makura aiki. An ce kakakin majalisar ya ba da sanarwar ga Al-Makura kai tsaye ta hanyar kafafen yada labarai. Takardar na kunshe da zarge-zargen da ake yi na rashin da’a, kuma ‘yan majalisar ashirin daga cikin ashirin da hudu ne suka sanya wa hannu. ’Yan jam’iyyar PDP ashirin ne suka goyi bayan tsige shi amma ‘ya’yan jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) hudu suka yi sukaki yarda da a tsige shi. A ranar 17 ga watan Yuli ne majalisar ta yanke shawarar cewa za a ba da sanarwar tsigewar ta kafafen yada labarai, tun da gwamnan ya kaucewa yin aikin da ya wajaba a kansa. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 2014 ne sarakunan Nasarawa sun yi kira ga bangarorin biyu da su guji gudanar da gangami ko kuma nuna adawa da tsige shi domin gudun tashin hankali a fadin jihar, A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 'yan majalisar hudu sun yi kokarin kwace sandar kakakin majalisar don jinkirta wani kudiri na neman babban alkalin jihar ya kafa kwamitin mutum bakwai don duba zarge-zargen da ake yi na rashin da'a. ‘Yan majalisar sun gana bayan mintuna 20 inda suka amince da kudirin da kuri’u ashirin da hudu.
Zargin cin hanci da rashawa
A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2021, jaridar Premium Times ta ruwaito cewa Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arziki kasa Ta’annati ta kama Al-Makura da matarsa, Mairo bisa “zargin cin amana da almubazzaranci da kudade” a lokacin da Al-Makura yake a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Nasarawa. Premium Times ta ruwaito cewa an kama shi ne sakamakon wani bincike da aka gudanar kan wasu mu’amalolin da suka shafi asusun ajiyar banki na ma’auratan da kasuwancinsu. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, an tura makudan kudaden gwamnatin jihar zuwa wani kamfani mallakin Al-makura da matarsa wanda hakan ya haifar da fargabar rikicin sha'anin sha'awa tare da karkatar da wasu shakku daga 'yan kwangilar gwamnatin jihar zuwa wasu asusu 55 da Al-makura da matarsa ke kula da su. Washegari Al-Makura ya fitar da wata sanarwa ta hannun babban sakataren yada labaransa Danjuma Joseph inda ya ce ba a kama Al-Makura ba, maimakon haka an gayyace su ne don su bafa bahasi.” Sanarwar ta kuma ruwaito Al-Makura yana cewa, "jita-jitar da aka yada kan wai an kamashi ta ba shi mamaki kuma ya bayyana hakan a matsayin karya mara tushe.
Manazarta
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Gwamnonin jihar |
35087 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C6%99ar%20hip%20hop%20a%20Nijar | Waƙar hip hop a Nijar | Hip-hop ko rap a ƙasar Nijar salon waƙar hip hop ne wanda ya fara fitowa a Niamey, Niger, a ƙarshen shekarar 1998.
Rap dan Nijar Rap Nijer harshe ne na harsuna daban-daban da ake magana da shi a Nijar Samfurin kiɗan sau da yawa yana da laushi, kuma yana gauraye da kiɗan gargajiya, kodayake an gauraya salon raye-raye masu tsauri a ciki, suna nuna tasirin Faransanci, Amurkawa, da sauran salon waƙar hip hop na Afirka ta yamma (musamman hip hop na Ivory Coast Wasan hip hop na Nijar ya girma tun daga farkon ƙasƙanci ya mamaye yawancin kasuwannin waƙoƙin Nijar. Matasa, 'yan Nijar da ba su gamsu ba, sun yi amfani da fom ɗin suna magana kan abubuwan da ke fusata su auren dole, aikin yara, rashawa, talauci da sauran matsaloli. Ana sayar da rikodi na cikin gida akan kaset ɗin kaset da ƙananan fayafai, kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan nau'ikan shahararrun kiɗan Afirka ta yamma Bayyanar Ƙungiyoyin Hip hop sun fara fitowa da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Yamai a shekara ta 1998. Ƙundin hip hop na Nigeria na farko da aka sani shine Lakal Kaney 's 2000 La voix du Ténéré Ɗan Nigeria Rap ya fara fitowa a cikin shirye-shiryen kaɗe-kaɗe na cibiyar al'adu na UNICEF yayin da makaɗa ke yin nunin fa'ida da gasa. A cikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, UNICEF ta buɗe "Scene Outerte Rap", inda sabbin ƙungiyoyi 45 suka shiga zaɓe tsakanin ƙungiyoyi 300 na yau da kullun. An gudanar da nune-nune a Cibiyar Culturel Franco-Niger CCFN) ta birnin Niamey a watan Agustan shekara ta 2004.
A halin yanzu CCFN ta kasance babban wurin taron hip hop na Nijar har zuwa shekara ta 2008, inda ake gudanar da jerin gasa na yau da kullun da ake kira Crash Party Yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin farko har yanzu suna aiki, gami da Tchakey, Kaidan Gasya, Almamy Koye WassWong, da Goro G. Diara Z, ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast mawaƙin hip hop, shi ma yana zaune a Yamai a lokacin kuma yana da tasiri a fagen rap na Yamai. Sauran ƙungiyoyi masu nasara sun haɗa da Black Daps, Berey Koy, Federal Terminus Clan, Haskey Klan, Kamikaz, Rass Idris, 3STM (Sels, Tataf et Mamoud), PCV (puissance, connaissance et verité) da Metafor Manazartai Mujallar Fofo dalla-dalla Culture et musique du Niger shahararriyar mujallar al'adu, wadda "Association culturelle de promotion de la culture nigérienne" ta shirya, wanda aka mayar da hankali tun a shekara ta 1990 akan Hip-Hop.
nigerime.com Portail du Hip-Hop Nijar
Nijar Spéciale Hip Hop Radio France International, Yuni 1, 2006.
Historique du Hip Hop Nijar, Nigerap 12-04-2004 L'terview du groupe de Rap nigérien MTS Matassa parcourslemonde.com
Fim: le festival documentaire Visions du Réel en musique Fim Vibrations Music: 30 Afrilu 2007.
Da rappe da Nijar: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Bugawa Mélanie Bosquet, Radio France International, Yamai 26 ga Yuli, 2005.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wasswong site
Metaphore Crew biography |
51475 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Krug | Jessica Krug | Jessica Anne Krug (an haife shi ɗanɗan tarihi ɗan Amurka ne,marubuci,kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya wanda ya koyar a Jami'ar George Washington (GWU) daga 2012 zuwa 2020,a ƙarshe ya zama babban farfesa na tarihi.Littattafanta sun haɗa da Fugitive Modernities:Kisama da Siyasar 'Yanci,wanda ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na Kyautar Frederick Douglass da Kyautar Harriet Tubman.Krug ta sami binciken kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Satumba 2020 bayan shigar da ta yi cewa ta bata sunan launin fata da ƙabilarta yayin aikinta.Jim kadan bayan bayyanar da bata-gari,Krug ta yi murabus daga mukaminta a GWU.
Tarihin Rayuwa Jessica Anne Krug- wacce ta bayyana sunan sunanta Cruz (/k r z/ko /k r s /,kruuz ko kruus a Amurka ta Gabas)-ta girma a cikin dangin Yahudawa a cikin Parkland Park.,Kansas, a cikin babban birni na Kansas City.Ta sauke karatu daga makarantar Barstow, makarantar share fage ta kwaleji mai zaman kanta a Kudancin Kansas City. Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Kansas ba tare da da'awar cewa ita ce mai launi ba kafin ta koma Jami'ar Jihar Portland, inda ta sami digiri na farko. A cikin 2012,Krug ya sami Ph.D.daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, "daya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen tarihin Afirka". Mashawarcinta na digiri na uku akwai James Sweet ƙarshe,lokacin da Krug ya tsawaita karatun ta kuma ya buga shi a matsayin littafi,ba ta yarda da Sweet ba. Krug ya bayyana cewa tana fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ba a magance su ba kuma ta fara wucewa a matsayin mai launin fata mai launin fata a matsayin yarinyadon tserewa daga rauni da matsalolin tunani.
Sana'a Krug ya koyar da azuzuwan jami'a a yankin Washington DC,kuma ya zauna a Gabashin Harlem a birnin New York. Krug ya fara koyar da tarihi a Jami'ar George Washington (GWU) a cikin 2012.Ta samu aiki a shekarar 2018. Tun daga 2020,ta kasance abokiyar farfesa.Krug ya rubuta labarai da littafi da ke da alaƙa da tarihin Afirka ta Amurka da Latin Amurka. Ta buga kasidu a cikin Essence kuma a gidan yanar gizon binciken tseren RaceBaitR. Krug ta sami tallafin kuɗi daga Cibiyar Bincike ta Schomburg don Bincike a Al'adun Baƙar fata wanda ya kai ga buga littafinta Fugitive Modernities. A cikin 2009,an ba ta kyautar 45,000 Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Research Abroad Fellowship.
Zamani Masu Gudu Krug shi ne marubucin Fugitive Modernities:Kisama and the Politics of Freedom, littafi game da mutanen Quiçama a Angola da kuma a cikin kasashen waje,musamman a Brazil. Littafin ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙarshe na Kyautar Frederick Douglass da lambar yabo ta Harriet Tubman. A cikin Zamani na Fugitive,Krug ya shiga cikin "tabbatacciyar jarrabawa na samuwar asali" na Kisama, yanki mai tsaunuka a Angola wanda ya zama makoma ga waɗanda ke tserewa cinikin bayi a ƙarshen karni na 16. Littafin Krug shine tarihin farko na yankin Kisama.Ta bayar da hujjar cewa "Kisama yana ba mu damar yin tunanin wani nau'i mai kyau na mutuntaka da rashin cin zarafi na dangantaka tsakanin mutane wanda tsarin da jihohi suka kafa don tilasta mana an shawo kan mu don neman 'yantar da juna."
Rikicin asalin launin fata Krug ta yi karya iri-iri game da launin fata da kabilarta.Ta ce ita rabin yar Aljeriya ce-Ba-Amurke kuma rabin Bajamushe-Amurka ce. Ta kuma ce ita Bronx -bred Afro-" boricua "(Afro–Puerto Rican) kuma ta yi amfani da sunan "Jess La Bombalera". Wani ƙaramin masani ya lura cewa ƙabilar Krug ta canza daga ɗan Aljeriya ɓangaren Jamus zuwa Afro–Puerto Rican.Maganar wannan rashin daidaituwa ta kai ga Farfesa Yomaira C.Figueroa-Vásquez na Jami'ar Jihar Michigan,wanda,bayan binciken al'amarin,ya gano cewa Krug ya fito ne daga yankin Kansas City kuma yana da iyayen Yahudawa.
A cikin wani sakon yanar gizo na Satumba 3,2020,Krug ya ce:"Na yi watsi da kwarewar rayuwata a matsayina na ɗan Bayahude farar fata a cikin birnin Kansas City a ƙarƙashin wasu abubuwan da aka ɗauka a cikin Baƙar fata waɗanda ba ni da ikon yin da'awar:na farko Baƙar fata na Arewacin Afirka,sannan Amurka kafe Baƙar fata,sannan Caribbean tushen Bronx Blackness." Bayyanar da Krug ya yi ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai na duniya Rubutun ta na Satumba 3 ya tafi hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri.A ƙarshen wannan ranar,"bidiyon da ba a san shi ba na yanzu na Krug yana kiran kanta 'Jess La Bombalera' kuma yana magana a cikin lafazin D-list na kwaikwayon Bronx na Intanet". Hari Ziyad,editan RaceBaitr,ta ce Krug ta fito ne kawai tare da bayyana yaudararta ta launin fata saboda an gano su kuma ana gab da bayyana su a bainar jama'a ba tare da son ta ba.Hakazalika,Figueroa-Vásquez ta tabbatar da cewa jiran fitowar jama'a na ainihin launin fatar Krug ya sa ta furta ikirari. Figueroa,gaskanta cewa Krug "ya ɗauki wasu 'yan kaɗan-kaɗan-albarkatu da wurare waɗanda ke akwai ga malaman Black da Latino kuma suna amfani da su don amfanin ta,"ya yi kira ga "nau'i na ramawa ga abubuwan da ta Krug] ya yi.Yana da girma." Yarimar Bonilla na Kwalejin Figueroa da Hunter ya kira Krug's daban-daban na al'adu daban-daban nau'i na minstrelsy. Figueroa ya kuma lura cewa Krug ya yi ƙarya cewa iyayenta sun kasance masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma mahaifiyarta ma'aikacin jima'i;Figueroa ya bayyana ayyukan Krug a matsayin "fararen tunanin farar fata,[jawo] daga wasu munanan ra'ayoyin da akwai game da baƙar fata da mutanen Puerto Rican,da kuma yin amfani da hakan a matsayin rigar ta ainihi". Da yake kwatanta Krug a matsayin "minstrel act",Touré F.Reed na Jami'ar Jihar Illinois ya tabbatar da cewa Krug bai dace da al'adun baƙar fata na halal ba amma a maimakon haka "wariyar launin fata".
Duke University Press,mawallafin Krug's Fugitive Modernities,ya ce duk abin da aka samu daga littafinta za a ba da shi ga asusun da zai taimaka wa malaman Black da Latinx.
Murabus Bayan da Krug ta bayyana bata-gari nata,sashen tarihi na Jami'ar George Washington ya bukaci ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na farfesa,tana mai cewa:"Tare da halintaDr. GWU ta soke karatun ta bayan abin kunya. Dr ta gaya wa abokan aikinta a GWU cewa ita Afro-Latina ce,kuma wata mahaifiyar Puerto Rican ce ta girma a Bronx a cikin Bronx daga mahaifiyar Puerto Rican wacce ta kasance mai cin zarafi da shan kwayoyi.A cikin azuzuwan ta, ta kan yi amfani da Spanglish lokaci-lokaci kuma ta yi magana game da gadonta na Puerto Rican. A ranar 9 ga Satumba,2020,GWU ta tabbatar da cewa Krug ya yi murabus daga jami'ar.
Duba kuma Rachel Dolezal
HG Carrillo
Nassoshi Rayayyun |
40914 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20War | Cold War | Cold War kalma ce da aka saba amfani da ita don yin nuni ga lokacin tashin hankali na geopolitical tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da abokansu, Western Bloc da Eastern Bloc. Ana amfani da kalmar Cold War ne domin babu wani kazamin fada kai tsaye tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu, amma kowannensu yana goyon bayan manyan rikice-rikicen yanki da ake kira proxy wars. Rikicin ya samo asali ne a kan gwagwarmayar akida da siyasa ta duniya don tasirin duniya daga wadannan manyan kasashe biyu, bayan kawancen wucin gadi da nasarar da suka samu a kan Jamus na Nazi da Japan a shekara ta A1945. Baya ga ci gaban makaman nukiliya da tura sojoji na al'ada, an bayyana gwagwarmayar mamayewa ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar yakin tunani, yakin farfaganda, leken asiri, takunkumi far-reaching embargoes, hamayya a abubuwan wasanni, da gasar fasaha kamar Space Race.
Amurka ce ta jagoranci kungiyar Western Bloc da kuma wasu kasashe na duniya na farko wadanda galibi su ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dimokiradiyya amma suna da alaka da hanyar sadarwa ta kasashe masu mulki, wadanda galibinsu kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka ne [upper-alpha 2] The Eastern Bloc ta kasance a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tarayyar Soviet da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, wanda ke da tasiri a duk Second world kuma an danganta shi da hanyar sadarwa na kasashe masu mulki. Gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan gwamnatoci masu adawa da gurguzu da na tashe-tashen hankula a fadin duniya, yayin da gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da tallafi ga jam'iyyun left-wing parties da juyin juya hali a duniya. Kamar yadda kusan dukkan kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka suka samu ‘yancin kai a tsakanin shekara ta 1945 zuwa 1960, sun zama fagen fama na duniya na uku a yakin cacar baka.
Kashi na farko na yakin cacar baka ya fara ne jim kadan bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945. Amurka da kawayenta sun kirkiro kawancen soja na NATO a cikin shekarar 1949. a cikin fargabar harin Soviet kuma sun kira manufofinsu na duniya game da hana tasirin Soviet. Tarayyar Soviet ta kafa yarjejeniyar Warsaw a shekarar 1955. don mayar da martani ga NATO. Manyan rikice-rikice na wannan lokaci sun hada da shingen Berlin na shekarar 1948-1949, juyin juya halin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin na shekarar 1945-1949, yakin Koriya ta shekarar 1950-1953, juyin juya halin Hungary na shekarar 1956, Rikicin Suez na shekarar 1956, Rikicin. Shekarar 1961, na Berlin, Rikicin Berlin 6, Rikicin Cuban 6, Rikicin Berlin 6 da Makami mai linzami 19. Yaƙin Vietnam na shekarar 1964-1975. Amurka da USSR sun fafata don samun tasiri a Latin Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kasashen Afirka da Asiya da Oceania da suka mai da mulkin mallaka.
Bayan rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba, an fara wani sabon mataki wanda ya ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet ta dagula dangantakar da ke tsakanin bangaren Kwaminisanci wanda ya kai ga jerin gwabza fada a kan iyaka, yayin da kasar Faransa, wTuraiamP
Detente ya rushe a ƙarshen shekaru goma tare da farkon yakin Soviet-Afganistan a 1979. Farkon shekarun 1980. wani lokaci ne na tashin hankali. Amurka ta kara matsin lamba na diflomasiyya, soja, da tattalin arziki a kan Tarayyar Soviet, a daidai lokacin da ta riga ta yi fama da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. A tsakiyar 1980s, sabon shugaban Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ya gabatar da liberalizing gyare-gyare na glasnost ("budewa", c. 1985) da kuma perestroika ("sake tsarawa", 1987) kuma ya kawo karshen shigar Soviet a Afghanistan a shekarar 1989. Matsin lamba ga ikon mallakar ƙasa ya ƙaru a Gabashin Turai, kuma Gorbachev ya ƙi tallafa wa gwamnatocinsu ta hanyar soja.
A shekara ta 1989, faɗuwar Iron curtain bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Pan-european da kuma juyin juya hali na lumana (ban da Romania da Afghanistan) sun hambarar da kusan dukkanin gwamnatocin gurguzu na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ita kanta jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet ta rasa iko a cikin kasar kuma an dakatar da ita bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Agustan shekarar 1991. Wannan kuma ya haifar da rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a watan Disamba na shekarar 1991, da ayyana 'yancin kai na jamhuriyar da ke cikinta da kuma rugujewar gwamnatocin gurguzu a yawancin kasashen Afirka da Asiya. An bar Amurka a matsayin babbar kasa daya tilo a duniya.
Yaƙin cacar baki da abubuwan da suka faru sun bar tarihi mai mahimmanci. Ana kiransa sau da yawa a cikin shahararrun al'adu, musamman tare da jigogi na leken asiri da kuma barazanar yakin nukiliya. Don tarihin mai zuwa, duba dangantakar kasa da kasa tun shekarar 1989.
Asalin kalma A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, marubucin Ingilishi George Orwell ya yi amfani da cold war, a matsayin jumla na gaba ɗaya, a cikin rubutunsa "You and the Atomic Bomb", wanda aka buga a 19 Oktoba 1945 a cikin jaridar Birtaniya Tribune. Da yake la'akari da duniyar da ke rayuwa a cikin inuwar barazanar yakin nukiliya, Orwell ya dubi tsinkayar James Burnham na duniya mai banƙyama, yana rubuta:
A cikin The Observer na 10 Maris 1946, Orwell ya rubuta, "bayan taron Moscow a watan Disambar da ya gabata, Rasha ta fara yin 'yaƙin ruwan sanyi' a kan Burtaniya da Daular Burtaniya." Amfani na farko na kalmar don bayyana takamaiman rikicin geopolitical bayan yakin tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka ya zo a cikin jawabin Bernard Baruch, mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga shugabannin Demokradiyya, a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 1947. Jawabin, wanda ɗan jarida Herbert Bayard Swope ya rubuta, ya yi shelar, "Kada a yaudare mu: muna a yau a tsakiyar cold war."
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23761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola%20Okulaja | Ademola Okulaja | Ademola Okulaja (An haife shi ne a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 1975), ya kuma kasan ce tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Najeriya. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe da ya buga wa ƙwallon kwando ta Brose daga Jamus. Bayan aikinsa na wasa, ya zama wakili ga dan wasan NBA Dennis Schröder.
6'9 235 lb (2.06 m, 107 kg) a gaba ya karɓi wasanni 172 ga ƙungiyar maza ta Jamus, yana aiki a matsayin kaftin na ƙungiyar shekaru da yawa kuma ya lashe tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2002. Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji a Amurka a Arewacin Carolina kuma ya yi kwarkwasa da NBA kafin ya ci gaba da samun nasarar ƙwararren ƙwallon kwando na duniya a Turai.
Rayuwar farko Ofan mahaifiyar Jamus kuma mahaifin Najeriya, Okulaja an haife shi a Najeriya, amma ya koma Berlin tare da danginsa yana da shekaru 3. A cikin 1995, ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar John F. Kennedy a Berlin, kafin yin rajista a Jami'ar North Carolina.
Aikin kwaleji Okulaja ya buga wasan kwando a kwaleji a North Carolina daga 1995 zuwa 1999. A lokacin kakar NCAA na 1997-1998, ya kasance memba na sabon kocin Bill Guthridge ya yi nasara "juyi shida" tare da Antawn Jamison, Vince Carter, Ed Cota, Shammond Williams da Makhtar N'Diaye A cikin babban lokacin sa, an ba shi suna MVP na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Tar Heels, kuma ya sami matsayi a kan Taron Farko na Taron All-Atlantic Coast na 1998-99. Okulaja shi ne dan wasa na farko a tarihin kwallon kwando na UNC wanda ya jagoranci tawagar wajen zira kwallaye, sake zura kwallo, maki uku da yin sata.
Sana'ar sana'a Okulaja ya yi wasa da ƙwararru don ƙungiyoyin Euroleague iri -iri, gami da ALBA Berlin a kakar 1994 1995 ta lashe FIBA Korać Cup kuma kuma a 1999 2000 kuma daga baya RheinEnergie Köln (2006 2007) a Jamus CB Girona (2000–2001 da 2003–04), Barcelona (2001–2002), Unicaja Malaga (2002–2003) da Pamesa Valencia (2004–2005) a Spain da Benetton Treviso a Italiya (2004). Ƙungiyarsa ta ALBA Berlin ta lashe gasar zakarun Jamus ta Bundesliga ta 1999-2000. Ya ci lambar yabo ta "Rookie of the Year" tare da Girona, kuma ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen ƙungiyar farko ta All-League a waccan shekarar. A cikin 2002, ya ci lambar yabo ta "Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa" a Wasan Wasan Wasannin Mutanen Espanya. Okulaja ya yi ƙoƙari daban -daban sau uku don shiga NBA kwarewar sansanin horo na farko ya kasance tare da Philadelphia 76ers, sannan tare da San Antonio Spurs, kuma a ƙarshe Utah Jazz, amma ya kasa yin jerin gwanon NBA.
A shekara ta 2008, an gano cewa yana da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta kashin baya kuma dole ne ya shiga aikin jinya na tsawon shekara guda. Bayan ya tabbatar ya yi nasara, Okulaja ya sake buga wa kakar wasa ta Brose Baskets A ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, 2010, ya ba da sanarwar yin ritaya daga ƙwallon kwando.
Ƙasar Jamus Okulaja ya kasance gogaggen memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Jamus kuma ɗayan manyan jiga -jigan ƙungiyar, tare da Dirk Nowitzki ko Patrick Femerling Ya yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar a Gasar Turai a 1995, 1997, 1999 da 2001. Ya yi gasa tare da ƙungiyar Jamusawa a Gasar FIBA ta Duniya ta 2002 a Amurka, lashe tagulla, kuma a Japan a Gasar Wasan Kwando ta Duniya FIBA na 2006 Aiki bayan wasa Ya yi aiki a matsayin manazarci da mai sharhi kan launi a Sport1, tashar wasannin Jamus.
Okulaja ya kafa pro4pros, kamfanin tuntuba na wasanni, sannan ya zama darektan ofishin Jamus na Octagon, kamfanin wasanni da nishaɗi.
Hanyoyin Hadin waje Yanar Gizo Bayanin Euroleague.net
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48941 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintirin%20Kasuwancin%20Bayi%20na%20Afirka | Sintirin Kasuwancin Bayi na Afirka | sintiri na cinikin bayi na Afirka wani bangare ne na Toshewar Afirka da ke dakile cinikin bayin Atlantika tsakanin 1819 da farkon yakin basasar Amurka a 1861. Saboda yunkurin kawar da kai a Amurka, an tura tawagar jiragen ruwan yaki na sojojin ruwan Amurka da masu yankan rago don kama masu fataucin bayi a Afirka da kewaye A cikin shekaru 42 an kama kimanin jiragen ruwa 100 da ake zargin bayi Ayyuka
Asalin An aika da tawagar Amurka ta farko zuwa Afirka a 1819, amma bayan da aka juya jiragen babu wani ci gaba da kasancewar sojojin ruwa na Amurka a Afirka har zuwa 1840s. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, an kama jiragen bayi kaɗan saboda babu isassun jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwa na Amurka don yin sintiri sama da mil 3,000 na gabar tekun Afirka, da kuma manyan bakin tekun Amurka da tekun da ke tsakanin. Har ila yau, masu bautar sun san cewa idan sun ɗaga tutar Spain ko Portuguese za su iya tserewa daga bi. Majalisa ta yi wahala ga sojojin ruwa su ci gaba da zama a Afirka har zuwa 1842 lokacin da aka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Webster-Ashburton tare da Birtaniya An aika Commodore Matthew C. Perry ya sake ba da umarni ga Squadron na Afirka bayan ya zama kwamandan a 1821 a cikin jirgin USS Shark Zuwan nasa ya nuna mafarin samun bunkasuwa a Amurka wajen dakile duk da cewa nasarar da aka samu ba ta da wani tasiri idan aka kwatanta da rundunar sojojin ruwa ta yammacin Afirka a daidai wannan lokacin. Turawan ingila sun kame daruruwan jiragen ruwa na bayi kuma sun yi yakin ruwa da dama; Nasarar da suka samu ya samo asali ne saboda girman girman sojojin ruwansu da sansanonin samar da kayayyaki da ke Afirka kanta. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Amurka sun yi nasarar 'yantar da dubban bayi amma cinikin ya ci gaba da fadada aikin zuwa yammacin Indiya, Brazil da Tekun Indiya Squadron na Brazil, West Indies Squadron, Gabashin Indiya Squadron da Squadron na gida daga baya duk suna da alhakin kama akalla 'yan bayin kowane.
Ma'aikatan Sabis na Cutter A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1808, wata doka da ta haramta cinikin bayi daga Afirka ta fara aiki. An tuhumi masu yanke kudaden shiga da aiwatar da wannan doka. A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1820, Dallas sun kama Brig Janar Ramirez mai dauke da bindigogi 10 dauke da bayi 280 daga Afirka a St. Augustine, Florida. A ranar 25 ga Maris, Alabama sun kama jiragen bayi uku. A shekara ta 1865, masu yanke kudaden shiga sun kama bayi da yawa kuma sun 'yantar da bayi kusan 500.
Kama Spitfire Ranar 13 ga Yuni 1844, Brig USS An mayar da USS a cikin kwamandan tare da Kwamandan Henry Bruce Makonni biyu bayan haka, ta gangara cikin kogin Delaware kuma ta wuce tsakanin kogin zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. Bayan ziyartar Funchal, Madeira, jirgin ya shiga tashar Afirka kusa da Tenerife a cikin Canary Islands A cikin watanni goma sha shida masu zuwa, Truxtun ta yi sintiri a yammacin Afirka, ta ziyarci Monrovia, Laberiya da Saliyo, inda aka 'yantar da bayi. Truxtun kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa tsibiran Maio na Santiago, da Sao Vicente Amurkawa sun kama bawa guda ɗaya kawai a kan jirgin ruwa a cikin 1845, masanin New Orleans mai suna Spitfire An kama jirgin ne a tekun Rio Pongo na kasar Guinea kuma an dauke shi ba tare da wata matsala ba. Ko da yake tana da kusan tan 100 kawai, ta ɗauki bayi 346. Har ila yau, Amurkawa sun gano cewa ta yi kasa da bayi 339 a kusa da Matanzas, a Cuba, shekara ta gaba. Kwamanda Bruce ta ruwaito cewa, "A tsakanin kwanukanta, inda bayin suka cika, babu wurin da mutum zai zauna, sai dai idan ya karkata kansa gaba; abincinsu ya kai rabin fam na shinkafa a kowace rana, tare da ruwa fam guda. Babu wanda zai iya tunanin irin wahalhalun da bayi suke ciki a kan wucewarsu, sai an duba isar da aka kai su. Kyakkyawan negroe mai kyau yana tsada amma dala ashirin, ko kuma game da shi, kuma yana kawo daga dala ɗari uku zuwa ɗari huɗu a Cuba. Kama Spitfire ya bai wa sojojin ruwan Amurka kwarin gwiwa don kara karfin Squadron na Afirka. An kuma kera jirgin kuma an yi amfani da shi wajen ayyukan yaki da bauta. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1845, Truxtun ta auna anka a Monrovia, kuma ta nufi yamma zuwa Gosport Navy Yard, wanda ta kai ranar 23 ga Nuwamba. Daga nan aka sallame ta a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba
Kama Ann D. Richardson da Independence Farashin USS Perry yayi aiki a Kudancin Atlantic tare da Squadron Brazil wanda ya fara a 1847. Perry ya fara tafiya daga Philadelphia ranar 16 ga Mayu, 1847, tare da takamaiman umarni don yin sintiri tsakanin Rio de Janeiro, Brazil da Buenos Aires, Argentina An sanar da Laftanar John A. Davis cewa wadanda ake zargin bayi ne a Barque Ann D. Richardson na Amurka an daure su zuwa gabar tekun Afirka a karkashin takardun karya. Daga nan Perry ya kama jirgin a kusa da Rio de Janeiro a ranar 16 ga Disamba. Bayan kwana biyu, ta kuma kwace 'yancin kai na Amurka brig Independence Bincike ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan jiragen biyu sun yi cinikin bayi, kuma an aika da su zuwa birnin New York a matsayin kyaututtuka. Kyaftin na Independence ya fusata game da kama shi har ma ya kai karar Commodore George W. Storer, amma bai yi nasara ba. USS Perry ya koma Norfolk a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1849, kuma an kore shi a can bayan kwanaki hudu. Daga baya ta sake yin hidima a Afirka, amma na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, bayan haka ta koma New York.
Kama Marta Ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da Amirkawa suka samu a wannan aiki shine kama jirgin bawa Martha A ranar 6 ga Yuni na 1850, Perry, ƙarƙashin Laftanar Davis, ya gano babban jirgin ruwa Martha a kusa da Ambriz yayin da take tsaye zuwa gaci. Ba da daɗewa ba, da Perry ya zo cikin kewayon bindiga, Laftanar Davis da mutanensa sun shaida wasu ma'aikatan Martha suna jefa tebur a gefe yayin da suke ɗaga tutar Amurka. Da alama barayin ba su fahimci cewa jirgin jirgin ruwan sojojin ruwa ne na Amurka ba har sai da aka aika wani jami’i da wasu ’yan maza da suka shiga, inda suka sauke tutar Amurka suka daga tutar Brazil Sa’ad da jami’in ya isa Martha, kyaftin ɗin ya musanta cewa ba shi da wata takarda, don haka aka aika da jirgin ruwa a bayan teburin, wanda har yanzu yana iyo, kuma an gano duk wata shaida. Bayan haka, mai cinikin bayi ya yarda da Davis cewa shi ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne kuma jirgin nasa na da kayan sawa don yin baƙar fata An gano wani bene mai ɓoye da farina mai yawa da wake, sama da cokali 400 na katako, da na'urorin ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don hana bayi. An kuma gano cewa kyaftin din Martha na jiran jigilar 'yan Afirka 1,800 lokacin da Perry ya bayyana. An aika Martha tare da ma'aikatan kyauta zuwa birnin New York inda aka yanke mata hukunci. Kyaftin ɗin bayin ya biya dala 3,000 don tserewa daga kurkuku.
Kama Nightingale na Boston Jirgin ruwan yankan ton 1,066 USS Nightingale ya fara tafiya a cikin jirgin ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa na Amurka kamar Nightengale na BostonA kasar Sin, kafin kasuwanci a wannan yanki riba a cikin shekarun 1850. Daga nan ta zama sanannen jirgin bayi har sai an kama ta a St. Thomas a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1861, ta hanyar sloop-of-war USS Saratoga Kyaftin Saratoga daga baya ya kwatanta bawan;"Tun wani lokaci ana kallon jirgin ruwa na Amurka Nightingale na Boston, Francis Bowen, master, a wannan gabar teku a karkashin zargin yana yin cinikin bayi. Sau da yawa mun shiga tare da ita kuma ko da yake an tabbatar da cewa ta kusa shiga wannan haramtacciyar fataucin ta sha shakku. Kwanaki kadan da na lura da ita a Kabenda, na shigo na shiga da ita sai aka sa na yarda cewa tana shirin karbar bayi. A karkashin wannan tunanin jirgin ya tashi ya yi nisa da nisa amma da niyyar komawa cikin dare; wanda aka yi kuma karfe 10 na dare muka dakata muka aika da jiragen ruwa guda biyu karkashin Lieut. Guthrie ya ba ta mamaki kuma an gano cewa tana da bayi 961 a cikin jirgin kuma tana tsammanin ƙari. Laftanar Guthrie ya mallake ta a matsayin kyauta kuma na umarce shi ya kai ta New York. Ita ce mai yankan ton 1,000 kuma tana da Nightingale na Boston a bayanta kuma tana tashi da launukan Amurka."An 'yantar da bayin kuma sun sauka a Monrovia a Laberiya amma kafin 160 daga cikinsu sun mutu sakamakon zazzabin Afirka a cikin Saratoga Cutar kuma ta bazu ga ma'aikatan jirgin. Kyaftin, wanda ake kira "Prince of Slavers", da abokin aikin sa na biyu na Mutanen Espanya sun tsere Nightingale yayin da aka kafa ta St. Thomas. Laftanar John J. Guthrie, wanda ya fito daga North Carolina, sa'an nan a matsayin bawa, ana zargin ya 'yantar da biyun kuma ya bar su tserewa daga shari'a. Clipper daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki a cikin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka a matsayin kantin sayar da kayayyaki na USS Nightingale a cikin Squadron Blockading na Gulf Daga ƙarshe, an watsar da ita a cikin teku a cikin 1893, yayin da take ƙarƙashin tutar Norway Ƙarshen ayyuka Ayyukan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka akan cinikin bayi sun ƙare a cikin 1861 tare da barkewar yakin basasa na Amurka An sake kiran jiragen ruwa na ruwa daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma an sake tura su zuwa gamayyar Tarayyar Turai ta tashar jiragen ruwa na kudanci.
A karshen yakin basasa, cinikin bayi na Afirka a Tekun Atlantika ya kara raguwa, duk da cewa cinikin bayi ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1900, musamman a Arewacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya Jami'an sojin ruwan Amurka da suka yi aiki a Afirka tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1861 sun karbi yakin neman zabe na "African Slave Patrol".
An kama jiragen ruwa
Afrika Squadron
Brazil Squadron
Gidan Squadron
Nassoshi Cinikayyar bayi a Afurka
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40498 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari-hujja | Jari-hujja | Jari-hujja tsarin tattalin arziki ne da ya ginu bisa kebantaccen ikon mallakar hanyoyin samar da ayyukansu don samun riba. Siffofin jari-hujja na tsakiya sun haɗa da tara jari, kasuwanni masu gasa, tsarin farashi, kadarori masu zaman kansu, sanin haƙƙin mallaka, musayar ra'ayi, da aikin albashi. A cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwa, yanke shawara da saka hannun jari ana ƙaddara ta masu mallakar dukiya, dukiya, ko ikon sarrafa babban jari ko ikon samarwa a kasuwannin jari da kasuwannin kuɗi-yayin da farashin da rarraba kayayyaki da sabis ke ƙayyade ta hanyar gasa a cikin kayayyaki da kasuwannin sabis. Masana tattalin arziki, masana tarihi, masana tattalin arziki na siyasa da masana ilimin zamantakewa sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin nazarin tsarin jari-hujja kuma sun gane nau'ikansa iri-iri a aikace. Wadannan sun hada da laissez-faire ko jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta, anarcho-capitalism, jari-hujja na jiha da jari-hujja. Siffofin jari-hujja daban-daban suna da nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban na kasuwanni masu 'yanci, mallakar jama'a, cikas ga gasa ta kyauta da manufofin zamantakewar da jihohi suka amince da su. Matsayin gasa a kasuwanni da rawar shiga tsakani da tsari gami da iyakokin ikon mallakar jihohi sun bambanta a nau'ikan tsarin jari-hujja. Matsakaicin yadda kasuwanni daban-daban suke da 'yanci da kuma ka'idojin da ke bayyana kadarorin masu zaman kansu al'amura ne na siyasa da siyasa. Yawancin tattalin arziƙin jari-hujja da ake da su haɗaɗɗun tattalin arziƙi ne waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwa na kasuwanni masu 'yanci tare da shiga tsakani na jihohi kuma a wasu lokuta shirin tattalin arziki. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa ya wanzu a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gwamnati da yawa kuma a lokuta daban-daban, wurare da al'adu daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin jari-hujja na zamani sun bunƙasa a Yammacin Turai ta hanyar da ta kai ga juyin juya halin masana'antu. Tsarin jari-hujja tare da matakai daban-daban na shiga tsakani na gwamnati tun daga lokacin suka zama masu rinjaye a yammacin duniya kuma suna ci gaba da yaduwa. Haɓakar tattalin arziƙi wata dabi'a ce ta tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.
Asalin kalma Kalmar "'yan jari hujja", ma'ana mai mallakar babban jari, ya bayyana a baya fiye da kalmar "jari-hujja" kuma kwanan wata zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17. "Capitalism" an samo shi daga capitale, wanda ya samo asali daga kalmar late Latin bisa ma'ana "kai" wanda kuma shine asalin "chattel" da "cattle" a ma'anar dukiya mai motsi (kawai daga baya kawai a koma ga dabbobi kawai). ya fito a cikin ƙarni na 12 zuwa 13 don yin nuni ga kuɗi, hannun jari, adadin kuɗi ko kuɗin da ke ɗauke da riba. A shekara ta 1283, an yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar babban kadarorin kamfani na kasuwanci kuma sau da yawa ana musanya shi da wasu kalmomi-dukiya, kuɗi, kuɗi, kaya, dukiya, kadara da sauransu. Hollantse (German) Mercurius yana amfani da "'yan jari-hujja" a cikin shekarun 1633 da 1654 don komawa ga masu mallakar jari. A cikin kalmar Faransanci, Étienne Clavier ya yi magana game da 'yan jari-hujja a cikin shekarar 1788, shekaru huɗu kafin yin amfani da Ingilishi na farko da Arthur Young yayi a cikin aikinsa Travels a Faransa (1792). A cikin ka'idojin tattalin arziki na siyasa da haraji (1817), David Ricardo ya yi nuni ga "dan jari hujja" sau da yawa. Mawaƙin Ingilishi Samuel Taylor Coleridge ya yi amfani da “ɗan jari hujja” a cikin aikinsa Table Talk (1823). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na farko, Menene Dukiya? (1840), don komawa ga masu babban jari. Benjamin Disraeli yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na 1845 Sybil. Fara amfani da kalmar "jari-hujja" a ma'anarta ta zamani an danganta shi ga Louis Blanc a cikin shekarar 1850 ("Abin da na kira 'jari-hujja' wato a ce rabon jari da wasu ke ware wasu) da kuma Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. a cikin shekarar 1861 ("Tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin abin da babban jari, tushen samun kudin shiga, ba ya zama na wadanda suka yi aiki ta hanyar aikin su"). Karl Marx akai-akai yana magana akan capital" da kuma "yanayin samar da jari hujja" a Das Capital (1867). Marx bai yi amfani da tsarin jari-hujja ba amma a maimakon haka ya yi amfani da babban jari, tsarin jari-hujja da tsarin jari-hujja, wanda ke bayyana akai-akai. Saboda kalmar da masu sukar tsarin jari-hujja suka kirkiro kalmar, masanin tattalin arziki kuma masanin tarihi Robert Hessen ya bayyana cewa kalmar "jari-hujja" ita kanta kalma ce ta disparagement da kuskuren tattalin arziki. Bernard Harcourt ya yarda da bayanin cewa kalmar ba ta dace ba, ya kara da cewa a cikin kuskure yana nuna cewa akwai wani abu kamar "jari" wanda ke aiki a wasu hanyoyi kuma ana tafiyar da shi ta hanyar tabbatattun dokokin tattalin arziki na kansa. A cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmar "jari-hujja" ta fara bayyana, bisa ga ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary (OED), a cikin shekarar 1854, a cikin novel The Newcomes by marubuci William Makepeace Thackeray, inda kalmar ke nufin "mallakar jari". Har ila yau, bisa ga OED, Carl Adolph Douai, Ba'amurke ɗan gurguzu da abolitionist, ya yi amfani da kalmar "hanyar jari-hujja" a cikin shekarar 1863.
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17906 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Ali%20Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (Urdu; Gujarati;ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekarata alif dari takwas da saba'in da shida 1876)_ranan 11 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1948 a Karachi ɗan siyasar kasan Pakistan ne da ake duba a matsayin wanda ya kafa ƙasar Pakistan. Bayan raba ƙasar da India, ya zama Gwamnan-Jahar na Pakistan. Don girmamawa, al'ummar Pakistan suna kiransa da suna Quaid-e-Azam bra wadda a yaren Urdu, yake nufin "babban shugaba". Kazalika, 'yan ƙasar kuma suna kiransa da wani sunan a cikin yaren Urdu wanda ke nufin "mahaifin al'umma". Ranar haifuwarsa ranar hutu ce a duk fadin kasar Pakistan da ake kira da ranar Pakistan
Tarihin Rayuwar MA Jinnah An haifi Muhammad Ali Jinnah a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1876 a Karachi a cikin gidan Isma'ilism na Poonja Jinnah. Aljanna. An haife shi a Karachi, birnin Sindh. Sunan mahaifinsa Jinnah Poonja (1857- 1901) kuma sunan mahaifiyarsa Mithibai. Jinnah shi ne babba a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Jinnah Poonja da Mithibai. Iyalinsa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Sindh daga yankin Kathiawar na Gujarat, Indiya.
Sunan Jinnah na haihuwa shi ne Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Daga baya ya canza shi zuwa mafi sauki 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah' ko MA A gida, danginsa suna magana da yaren Gujarati, kuma yaran ma sun zo suna magana da Kutchi da Ingilishi. Ban da Fatima, ba a san komai game da 'yan uwansa ba Farkon shekarun aiki A shekarar 1891 (lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha biyar), Jinnah ya tafi Landan ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru a wani kamfani. A kusan wannan lokacin, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu.
A shekarar 1894, Jinnah ya bar aikinsa don karatun aikin lauya Ya shiga karatun a Lincoln's Inn kuma ya kammala karatu a 1896. Yayin da yake Landan, shi ma ya fara shiga harkokin siyasa. Ya matuƙar yaba da shugabannin siyasa na Indiya Dadabhai Naoroji da Sir Pherozeshah Mehta A hankali Jinnah yana bunkasa ra'ayin sa na siyasa. Yana tunani a kan layin cewa Indiya ta sami mulkin kai na tsarin mulki.
A wannan lokacin, mahaifinsa ya rasa kasuwancinsa. Wannan ya kuma sanya Aljannah cikin mawuyacin hali. A halin yanzu, ya fara aikin lauya a Mumbai Ya kuma gina gida a Unguwar Malabar ta Mumbai. Gidan yanzu ana kiransa Gidan Jinnah.
Ya zama babban lauya. A shekarar 1908 ya wakilci Bal Gangadhar Tilak, sanannen shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. Tilak yana fuskantar tuhuma ta tayar da hankali ga Dokar Burtaniya. Jinnah ta ɗaukaka ƙara sosai, amma an tura Tilak gidan yari. Bayan haka ya fidda rai
Shekarun farko a matsayin ɗan siyasa Jinnah ya riga ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a shekarar 1906 lokacin da ya fara siyasa. Majalisar ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar siyasa a Indiya. Yawancin membobi da shugabannin Nationalan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Indiya sun fi son ƙarancin mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ma sunyi irin wannan ra'ayin. A waccan lokacin, abin koyi shi ne Gopal Krishna Gokhale A ranar 25 ga Janairu 1910, Jinnah ya zama memba a cikin Saba'in da mambobi biyu na majalisar dokoki. Ya kasance memba mai aiki a cikin Majalisar. Kamar sauran shugabannin Indiya, Jinnah shima ya goyi bayan Biritaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.Shugabannin sun goyi bayan Burtaniya suna tunanin cewa bayan yaƙin, Burtaniya zata ba Indiya Greatancin siyasa.
A farkon Jinnah ya nisanci shiga jam'iyyar All India Muslim League, wata kungiyar siyasa ta Indiya. Musulmai sun kafa kungiyar a 1906. A cikin shekarata 1913, Jinnah ya zama memba na Leagueungiyar Musulmi. A shekarar 1934, ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Musulmi. Ya taimaka wajen yin yarjejeniya tsakanin Majalisa da ƙungiyar Musulmai (Lucknow Pact a 1916). Yarjejeniyar ta yi kokarin gabatar da hadin kai ga Burtaniya don ba wa Indiya mulkin mallaka a cikin Masarautar Burtaniya. Wannan yayi kama da matsayin mulkin mallaka wanda Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya suke dashi a lokacin.
A shekarar 1918, Jinnah ta sake yin aure. Matarsa ta biyu itace Rattanbai Petit. Tana da shekaru ashirin da huɗu fiye da shi. Ta kasance diyar abokiyar Jinnah Sir Dinshaw Petit 'yar Parsi ce amma rattanbai ta musulunta kafin ta auri Jinnah ta canza sunanta zuwa Maryam. Ma'auratan suna zaune a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai) kuma suna yawan zuwa Turai. A shekarar 1919, matar sa ta haifi ‘ya mace mai suna Dina.
Zuwa shekarar 1918, Mohandas Gandhi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Jam'iyyar Congress. Gandhi ya yi jerin gwanon zanga-zanga ba tashin hankali don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ta dauki wani layi daban. Ya so gwagwarmayar tsarin mulki don samun mulkin kai ga Indiya. Jinnah ya kuma nuna adawa ga goyon bayan Gandhi ga kungiyar Khilafat A hankali, bambance-bambance da yawa a tsakanin su sun taso. A 1920, Jinnah ya bar jam'iyyar Congress. Ya zama shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar musulmai. A wannan lokacin, Jinnah ta fito da wani shiri na rage banbance banbancen dake tsakanin Jam’iyyar Congress da kuma Kungiyar Musulmi. Shirin yana da matakai na aiki goma sha huɗu. Sabili da haka, sanannen sanannen littafin Jinnah ne na Maki goma sha huɗu. Amma jam'iyyar Congress ba ta yarda da wadannan ba.
A tsawon wadannan shekarun rayuwar Jinnah ta wahala. Ya mai da hankali kan siyasa ya haifar da rikici a cikin auren Jinnah. Ma'auratan sun rabu a 1927 kuma bayan mummunan rashin lafiya Rattanbai ya mutu.
A wannan lokacin, akwai taron shugabannin Indiya tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. An gudanar da shi a London kuma an san shi da Taron Taron Zagaye. Jinnah ya soki manufofin Gandhi. Taron ya gaza. Jinnah shima baiyi farin ciki da Kungiyar Musulmai ba. Ya yanke shawarar barin siyasa. Ya sake fara aiki a matsayin lauya a Ingila. Duk tsawon wadannan shekarun, 'yar uwarsa Fatima Jinnah ta kasance mai kula da lamuran Aljannah, a gida da waje. Ta kuma zama mai ba shi shawara na kusa. Ta taimaka masa wajen renon ‘yar Jinnah, Dina Wadia. 'Yar ta auri Neville Wadia, dan Parasi wanda ya musulunta. Jinnah ba ta son wannan auren.
Shugaban kungiyar musulmin Shugabannin Musulmai da yawa na Indiya kamar Aga Khan III, Coudhary Rahmat Ali da Sir Muhammad Iqbal sun nemi Jinnah da ta dawo Indiya.
Shugabannin ƙungiyar musulmin sun so shi ya jagoranci kungiyar musulmin. Jinnah ta yarda ta dawo Indiya. A shekarar 1934, ya bar Landan ya koma Indiya don sake shirya gasar Musulmai. Amma ba zai iya farfado da martabar jam'iyyar ba har sai bayan zaben 1937 kasancewar Jam’iyyar Musulmi ta lashe kujeru kadan kacal. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, Firayim Minista na Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, ya taimaka Leagueungiyar. A watan Oktoba 1937, ya yarda da kungiyar Musulmai ta Jinnah ta shiga cikin gwamnatin sa mai karfi. Wannan ana kiransa Yarjejeniyar Jinnah-Sikandar Bambance-bambancensa da Jam'iyyar Congress ya ci gaba da zama babba. A shekara ta 1930, wasu shugabannin musulmai kamar Allama Iqbal sun yi ta jayayya game da raba kasar Musulman Indiya. A ƙarshe ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa Hindu da Musulmai ba za su iya zama a cikin ƙasa ɗaya ba. Jinnah kuma ya fara da ra'ayin raba ƙasa da Musulman Indiya. Jinnah da Kungiyar Musulmi sun fara aiki don samun irin wannan kasar ta daban. Sun yi wani shiri game da wannan a cikin 1940 mai suna Resolution na Pakistan Ana kiran wannan sabuwar ƙasar Pakistan.
A cikin 1941, Jinnah ya kafa wata jarida, mai suna Dawn Wannan jaridar ta buga ra'ayoyi da tunanin siyasa na Kungiyar Musulmi. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Jinnah ya goyi bayan Birtaniyya, kuma ya yi adawa da Quit India motsi na jam'iyyar Congress. A 1944, Gandhi ya yi tattaunawa har sau 14 da Jinnah, amma ba su iya cimma matsaya ba. A wannan lokacin, Kungiyar Musulmi ta kafa gwamnatoci a wasu larduna, kuma sun shiga cikin gwamnatin tsakiya.
Zama Wanda ya kafa Pakistan Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Burtaniya ta fara matakai don ba wa Indiya 'yanci. A ranar 16 ga Mayu 1946, Birtaniyya ta sanar da shirin dunkulewar Indiya. Wata daya bayan haka, a ranar 16 ga Yuni 1946 Turawan ingila suka sanar da wani shiri na raba Raj Raj na Burtaniya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, daya na Hindu da daya na Musulmi.
Jam'iyyar Congress ta yarda da shirin 16 ga Mayu shekarata 1946. Muslimungiyar Musulmi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jinnah ta yarda da duka tsare-tsaren. Amma, a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1946, Jinnah ya kuma sanar da Direct Action don samun 'yanci ga Pakistan, wata kasa ta Musulmai ta tsohon British Raj. Bayan zagaye na tattaunawa da yawa, an raba Raj na Birtaniyya (a watan Agusta 1947) zuwa ƙasashe biyu, Indiya da Pakistan. A shekarar 1971, Bangladesh ta sami 'yencin kai daga hannun Pakistan.
Janar-Janar An raba Birtaniyar Raj na Indiya zuwa ƙasashe biyu, waɗanda suka haɗa da, India da Pakistan. Jinnah ta zama Gwamna-Janar na farko a Pakistan, 'yar uwarsa Fatimah Jinnah ta zama "Uwar Kasa". Ya kuma zama shugaban majalisar dokokin Pakistan. A cikin wani jawabi ga majalisar da aka kafa a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekarata 1947, Jinnah ya ba da labarin makomar Pakistan a matsayin ƙasa mara addini. Ya faɗi wannan a cikin kalmomi masu zuwa:
Kuna iya kasancewa cikin kowane addini ko akida wannan ba shi da nasaba da kasuwancin jihar. Idan lokaci ya yi, Hindu za ta daina zama Hindatu kuma Musulmai za su daina zama Musulmai, ba ta fuskar addini ba, domin wannan imanin mutum ne na kowane mutum, amma a siyasance a matsayinsa na ɗan ƙasa. Jinnah kuma ya ɗauki nauyin gwamnati kai tsaye. Bayan rabuwa, mummunan rikici tsakanin Musulmai da Hindu ya faru. Irin wannan tashin hankali ya kasance mai tsanani a cikin Punjab da Bengal. Jinnah ta zagaya yankunan tare da shugabannin Hindu daga Indiya don kwantar da hankalin jama'a. Mutane da yawa sun mutu a tashin hankalin. Alkaluman wadanda suka mutu sun banbanta daga mutane dubu dari biyu zuwa sama da miliyan daya. Jinnah tayi bakin ciki kwarai da gaske a duk wadannan abubuwan da suka faru.
Jim kaɗan bayan samun 'yancin kan Indiya da Pakistan, rikici ya ɓarke a Kashmir. Sarkin Kashmir ya yarda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. amma galibi Musulman Kashmir ba su son wannan. Sun fara fada a Kashmir. Dole ne Indiya ta tura sojojinsa zuwa Kashmir, wanda ya zama wani yanki na Indiya. Indiya ta gabatar da batun ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin a kawo karshen rikicin kuma an yi farin ciki. Wannan matsalar har yanzu tana ci gaba da yin mummunan tasiri a alaƙar Indiya da Pakistan.
Matsayin Jinnah wajen samar da ƙasar Pakistan a matsayin sabuwar kasa yana da matukar muhimmanci. Wannan ya sanya shi shahara sosai a tsakanin mutanen Pakistan. A Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu Bangladesh mutane sun yi adawa da ra'ayin Jinnah cewa yaren Urdu ya zama yaren harshe na ƙasa kaɗai.
Mutuwa Muhammad Ali ya sha fama da cutar tarin fuka tun farkon shekarun 1940. Hisar uwarsa kawai da wasu fewan kaɗan na kusa da dangin sun san wannan. Bayan raba kasar Indiya da kirkirar kasar Pakistan, ya zama gwamnan janar na Pakistan. Aikinsa ya karu, amma lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. Don samun lafiyarsa, ya kwashe watanni da yawa a gidansa na hutawa na hukuma. Gidan sauran ya kasance a wani wuri mai suna a Ziarat Jinnah bai iya samun lafiyarsa ba. Ya mutu a ranar 11 Satumba 1948 daga tarin fuka Archived Ra'ayoyi Game da Jinnah A 'yan shekarun nan, wasu malamai sun ba da wasu sabbin ra'ayoyi game da ayyukan Aljannah. Jinnah ya nuna sha'awar cewa wasu daga cikin mafi rinjayen sarakunan Hindu su shiga Pakistan. Waɗannan malamai suna jayayya cewa wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Jinnah cewa Hindu da Musulmi ba za su iya zama tare ba.
Wasu masana tarihi kamar HM Seervai da Ayesha Jalal sunce Jinnah na son duniyan Kudancin Asiya. Ya buƙaci a ware wa Musulmai kasa ta daban kasancewar shugabannin Majalisar ba sa son raba madafan iko da ƙungiyar Musulman.
Kwanan nan, shugabannin Indiya waɗanda ke cikin Bhartiya Janta Party, kamar Lal Krishna Advani da Jaswant Singh sun yaba wa Jinnah. An kori Jaswant Singh daga jam'iyyar ne saboda ya yabi Jinnah a littafinsa mai suna 'Jinnah- India, Partition and Independence'.
Tunawa Al'umma da mutane sunyi abubuwa da yawa don tunawa da Aljannah. A Pakistan ana kiransa Quaid-e-Azam. Hotunan sa sun bayyana a takardun kuɗi da yawa na Pakistan. An sanya sunan filin jirgin saman Karachi ne a bayansa. A shekarar 1998 wata sabuwar jami’a a Karachi aka sanya mata suna Jami’ar Mohammad Ali Jinnah Wata jami'a a cikin Islamabad an sanya mata sunan jami'ar Quad-e-Azam Sauran wurare da cibiyoyi da yawa suna ɗauke da sunansa a Pakistan da sauran wurare. Misali, a kasar Turkiya, ana kiran sunan titi mai girma sosai da sunan sa. A Iran, daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin babban birninta Tehran yana dauke da sunansa kuma a zauren Mumbai an sanya masa zauren jama'a a bayansa.
Littattafai da yawa, fina-finai da shirye-shiryen TV suna ba da labari game da rayuwa da aikin Aljannah, gami da fim din da ya shafi rayuwar mutum, Jinnah Shahararrun maganganu "Tare da imani, horo da sadaukar da kai ga aiki, babu wani abu mai amfani da ba za ku iya cimma ba."
"Kuyi tunani sau 100 kafin ku yanke shawara, Amma da zarar an yanke wannan shawarar, ku tsaya a matsayin mutum daya."
"Rashin nasara kalma ce wacce ban sani ba."
"Babu wata al'umma da za ta hau zuwa daukaka har sai matanku suna gefe da kai."
"Tsammani mafi kyau, Ka shirya ma mafi munin."
"Babu wata gwagwarmaya da za ta taba yin nasara ba tare da mata sun shiga kafada da kafada da maza ba."
"Dole ne ku tsaya tsayin daka kan ci gaban da kuma kula da dimokradiyya ta Musulunci, adalci na zamantakewar Musulunci da daidaito na maza a kasar ku."
"Addinin Islama yana fatan kowane Musulmi ya yi wannan aikin, kuma idan muka fahimci nauyin da ke kanmu lokaci zai zo nan ba da daɗewa ba da za mu tabbatar da kanmu cewa ya cancanci abin da ya gabata.
"Wannan 'yanci ba zai taɓa samun wata al'umma ba tare da wahala da sadaukarwa ba sakamakon kyakkyawan abin da ya faru a wannan yankin na baya-bayan nan."
"Mun kasance masu cutar da munanan al'adu. Laifi ne ga bil'adama cewa an rufe matanmu a cikin bango hudu na gidajen a matsayin fursunoni. Babu takunkumi a ko'ina don mummunan halin da matanmu suke ciki. "Pakistan ba wai kawai tana nufin 'yanci da' yanci ba ne amma Akidar Musulmai wanda ya kamata a kiyaye, wanda dole ne ya zo mana a matsayin kyauta mai daraja da taska wanda kuma, muna fatan sauran za su raba tare da mu."
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43086 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Mahmud%20Alfa | Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa | Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa (14 Agusta, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da arba'in da shida 1946 16 Maris 2000) ya kasance hafsan hafsoshin sojan saman Najeriya. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban sojoji na jihar Kaduna da kuma shugaban hafsan sojin sama na rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya. Ya mutu ranar 16 ga Maris, 2000.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a garin Garkida da ke jihar Adamawa, ya fara karatunsa ne a Central Primary School Jimeta, Yola a shekarar 1948, ya kuma kammala karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a shekarar 1960 a makarantar Midil ta Yola wadda daga baya aka fi sani da Provincial Secondary School. Jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga kwas ɗinsa na Higher School Certificate (HSC) a Kwalejin Barewa, Zariya, wanda ya kammala a shekarar 1962.
Aikin soja Ibrahim Alfa yana ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan jami'an da suka shiga aikin sojan saman Najeriya a watan Yunin 1963. A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan 1963, an ɗauke shi, tare da tawagar wasu 'yan Najeriya 83, zuwa birnin Uetersen na ƙasar Jamus, domin samun horo na asali da ci gaba. Ya kasance a Jamus har zuwa ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 1966, lokacin da aka dawo da shi gida tare da tawagar kuma aka ba shi aikin sojan saman Najeriya da muƙamin Laftanar na biyu. A lokacin da yaƙin basasa ya ɓarke, ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin NAF a garin Benin.
A shekarar 1967, Alfa ya halarci Course Conversion akan MIG 15 da 17 a cikin USSR. An ƙara masa girma zuwa muƙamin kaftin a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1970 aka naɗa shi kwamandan rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya (NAF) Flying Training Wing, Kano.
A 1972 ya samu muƙamin Major. Daga Disamba 1972 zuwa Agusta 1973, Ibrahim Alfa ya yi rajista don kwas na T-38 Instructor Pilot a Lockheed da Randolph Air Force Base, a Amurka. A 1973 aka naɗa shi hafsan kwamandan 64 Fighter Squadron, Kano, Nigeria. A cikin Nuwamba 1974 ya halarci wani kwas na juyi a kan MiG 21 sannan ya sake duba kujerar baya a USSR. A shekarar 1975 ya samu muƙamin Wing Commander. An naɗa shi memba na Majalisar Ƙoli ta Sojoji tsakanin 1976-78 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matasanta da ke da matsayi na Wing Commander. A wannan lokacin, ya halarci Advanced Staff College, l, Ingila. A shekarar 1978 Alfa ya samu matsayi na Group-Captain, sannan kuma shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokacin, Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Kaduna, inda ya kuma riƙe muƙamin kwamandan ƙungiyar horar da ƙasa a Kaduna. A watan Yunin 1980, ya shiga Kwalejin Yaƙin Sama da ke Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Amurka. Bayan dawowarsa daga Kwalejin Yaƙin Sojan Sama a 1981, Ibrahim Alfa an naɗa shi a matsayin Air Officer Operations (AOO), tare da muƙamin Air Commodore. A shekarar 1982, ya halarci horon kula da harkokin tsaro na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke Legas, Najeriya. A 1983 Alfa ya samu muƙamin Air Vice Marshal.
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1984 ne gwamnatin Janar Muhammadu Buhari ta naɗa shi a matsayin hafsan sojin sama na takwas. Bayan da Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya karɓi mulki a watan Agustan 1985, ya riƙe Alfa a matsayin babban hafsan sojin sama. A ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1987, Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa ya samu muƙamin Air Marshal, jami'in sojan saman Najeriya na farko da ya taɓa samun wannan matsayi.
Aje Aiki Alfa ya yi ritaya daga aikin sojan saman Najeriya a matsayin hafsan hafsoshin sojojin sama a shekarar 1990.
Ibrahim Mahmud Alfa ya kuma taɓa zama memba a majalisar ƙoli ta soja daga 1984-85, da hukumar sojin ƙasa (AFRC) 1985-90 da kuma shugaban kwamitin miƙa mulki na ƙasa a shekarar 1990.
Shugaban Soja na Jihar Kaduna A watan Yulin 1978, an naɗa Alfa a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Kaduna, muƙamin da ya riƙe har zuwa Oktoba 1979.
Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama, Sojojin Saman Najeriya An naɗa Alfa a matsayin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin saman Najeriya na takwas a ƙarƙashin mulkin Janar Muhammadu Buhari a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1984. An ci gaba da riƙe shi a matsayin hafsan hafsan sojin sama a lokacin gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida har zuwa shekarar 1990.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ibrahim Alfa yayi aure da Laraba, sun haifi 'ya'ya uku maza daya tare.
Kyauta Air Marshal Alfa (Rtd) ya samu kyaututtuka da dama. A cikin jerin haruffa sun haɗa da:
Defence service Medal (DSM)
Distinguished Flying Star (DFS)
Distinguished flying Star (DSM)
General service Medal (GSM)
Member of the federal republic (MFR)
National service medal (NSM)
Republic medal (RM)
Manazarta Gwamnonin Jihar Kaduna
Haifaffun 1946
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26760 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haram%2C%20Jaffa | Al-Haram, Jaffa | Al-Haram (El Haram ’Aly Ibn ‘Aleim, kuma Sayyiduna Ali ko Sidna Ali “wuri na ‘Ali [Ibn Aleim]”, Hebrew: Larabci: ƙauyen Larabawa ne na Falasdinu a cikin yankin Jaffa, a cikin Falasɗinu ta tilas. Tana da nisan kilomita 16 daga arewacin Jaffa, kusa da kango na birnin Arsuf mai katanga na tsakiya, kuma an kiyasta girmansa ya kai tsakanin 9,653 zuwa 11,698 dunams wanda 5,150 aka lissafa a cikin rajistar cadastral. An rage yawan jama'a a lokacin yakin 1948.
Tarihi
Tsakiyar zamanai Baibars sun kwace tsakiyar zamanai birnin Arsuf mai katanga na tsakiya daga masarautar Kudus a shekara ta 1265, bayan kwanaki 40 na kewaye. An kashe mazaunanta ko sayar da su kamar bayi kuma garin ya yi ta birgima. An bar shafin gaba daya kusan kusan karni; bisa ga masanin kimiyar kasa Abulfeda (rubutu a c. 1330), shafin bai ƙunshi mazaunan ba ("Tabula Syriæ", 82). Da alama an sake kafa ƙaramin ƙauye a ƙarni na 16 a kusa da Masallacin Sidna Ali. Mujir al-Din ne ya ambaci masallacin (rubutu c. 1496) kamar yadda aka sadaukar dashi a kabarin wani malamin addinin musulinci, Ali Ibn Aleim (d. 1081), kuma Sultan Baybars yayi addu'a a kabarin don cin nasara kafin ya dawo da Arsuf a 1265.
Zamanin Ottoman A cikin 1596, a zamanin Ottoman, kashi uku na kudaden shiga daga wani wuri da ake kira "Arsuf" ya tafi wakafi na Ali Ibn 'Aleim. Pierre Jacotin ya kira ƙauyen Ali Ebn harami akan taswirarsa daga 1799. A cikin 1880, an bayyana shi a cikin PEF's Survey of Western Palestine a matsayin ƙauyen adobe mai matsakaicin girma a saman ƙasa, mai maɓuɓɓugan ruwa zuwa arewa, kuma a yamma masallaci ne. An rubuta cikakken suna a matsayin El Haram 'Aly Ibn 'Aleim.
Hukumomin Birtaniyya A cikin kidayar jama'ar Palasdinu a shekara ta 1922 da hukumomin Birtaniyya suka gudanar, Al-Haran na da yawan jama'a 172, dukkan musulmi sun karu da kidayar 1931 zuwa 313, har yanzu dukkansu musulmi ne, a cikin gidaje 83.
A cikin shekarun 1920s, Kamfanin Raya Ƙasa na Falasɗinawa (PLDC) ya sayi wani yanki na ƙauyen a madadin Amurka Sihiyona Commonwealth daga dangin Omri na Beirut, don samun matsugunin Herzliya. Daga baya an yi amfani da sayayyar filayen ƙauyen da PLDC, Asusun Ƙasa na Yahudawa, Keren Hayesod da masu sayayya Yahudawa masu zaman kansu suka yi amfani da su wajen kafa Kfar Shmaryahu da Rishpon. A lokacin, a lokacin da Falasdinawan suka yi boren nuna adawa da umarnin Birtaniya, an gabatar da wasu mutanen kauyen Al-Haram guda biyu gaban madugun 'yan tawayen Aref Abd al-Razeq, tare da yin Allah wadai da sayar da filaye ga Yahudawan, kamar yadda takardu suka nuna. A cewar wasu shaidu, alakar da ke tsakanin mutanen kauyen Al-Haram da yahudawan Herzliya da Rishpon na sada zumunci ne. Mazauna garin Herzliya na farko sun ambaci Larabawa masu fataucin mutane a titunan garin. Wasu daga cikin mutanen kauyen sun yi aikin gine-gine. Tsoffin Larabawa mazauna al-Haram sun shaida cewa kafin yakin, wakilan garuruwan yahudawan sun ba su tabbacin cewa suna cikin koshin lafiya.
A cikin kididdigar 1945 ƙauyen yana da yawan jama'a 880, tare da mazaunan Yahudawa 360. Al-Haram tana da makarantar firamare ta yara maza da aka kafa a 1921, kuma a cikin 1945 tana da ɗalibai 68 da suka yi rajista. Kauyen kuma yana dauke da masallaci da kuma hubbaren al-Hasan bn Ali (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1081), wanda shi ne zuriyar halifan musulmi na biyu, Umar bn al-Khattab.
A cewar Morris, an kwashe mutanen kauyen ne a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1948 saboda tsoron harin Yahudawa, bayan harin Haganah ko Irgun a kauyukan da ke kusa.
Yau Alamar tsohon ƙauyen shine wurin bautar Sidna Ali da makabartar da ke kewaye da shi. Masu yawon bude ido na amfani da makabartar a matsayin wurin ajiye motoci. An ambaci kaburburan Musulmai da yawa a cikin littafin binciken kayan tarihi na 1998 zuwa yamma da kudu na tsarin.
Wurin ibada yana tsakanin bakin tekun Sidna Ali aka Nof Yam, da unguwar Reshef na Herzliya.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki (p.215 cited in Petersen, 2001)
(Al-Haram: |
29779 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Sten | Anna Sten | Articles with hCards
Anna Sten 'yar Ukraine ce; Anna Petrovna Fesak,tayi rayu tsakanin Disamba 3, 1908Nuwamba 12, 1993) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka wacce aka haifa a Ukrainian. Ta fara aikinta a fagen wasan kwaikwayo da fina-finai a Tarayyar Soviet kafin ta tafi Jamus, inda ta fito a fina-finai da dama. Mai shirya fina-finai Samuel Goldwyn ya lura da ayyukanta, wanda ya kawo ta Amurka da nufin ƙirƙirar sabon yanayin fim ga kishiyar adawarsa Greta Garbo. Bayan wasu fina-finan da ba su yi nasara ba, Goldwyn ya sake ta daga kwangilar ta. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki lokaci-lokaci har zuwa fitowarta a fim dinta na ƙarshe a 1962.
Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Sten a ranar 3 ga Disamba, 1908, a Kiev, sa'an nan kuma wani ɓangare na Daular Rasha. Akwai wasu kwanakin haihuwa masu karo da juna: 1910 da 1906 daga kwanakin da aka rubuta da kansu a cikin takardun neman aiki daga kwaleji. Mahaifiyarta Alexandra, ta lissafta ranar haihuwar Anna a matsayin ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1906, bayan isowarta a Amurka, kodayake wasu bambance-bambancen na iya kasancewa daga canjin kalandar Julian (har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin Daular Rasha har zuwa 1918) zuwa ga Kalandar Gregorian. Bisa ga hukuma tarihin rayuwa, an haifi mahaifinta daga wani Cossack iyali, yi aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo artist da m. Mahaifiyarta ’yar kasar Sweden ce ta haihuwa kuma ‘yar wasan ballerina ce. A Kiev a tsakiyar shekarun 1920 ta auri mai wasan kwaikwayo da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Boris Sten (né Bernstein), kuma ta ɗauki sunansa a matsayin nata.
A mafi yawan ayyukan ta na kasashen waje sunayen da ake kiranta su ne Stenska da Sudakevich, ko kuma hade da su (kamar bambance-bambancen Anel (Anyushka) Stenska-Sudakevich ko Annel (Anjuschka) Stenskaja Sudakewitsch), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Sten ya yi kuskure tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha. Anel Sudakevich, wanda ya taka rawa a cikin fina-finan Soviet a lokaci guda kuma tare da wasu daraktoci guda kamar Anna Sten. ’Yan fim din sun sha rudewa junansu.
Sten ta samu ilimi a Kiev State Theatre College, tayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto sannan kuma ta taka rawa a Kiev Maly Theater, ta halarci azuzuwan a studiyon wasan kwaikwayo inda ta yi aiki a cikin Stanislavsky System. A 1926, ta samu nasarar cinye jarrabawarta na samun aikinta na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Proletcult, Moscow.
Sana'a A shekara ta 1926, bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo na Kiev, Sten ta gayyaci darektan fina-finai na Ukraine Viktor Turin don fitowa a cikin fim din Provokator, bisa ga littafin da marubucin kasar Ukraine Oles Dosvitnyi ya rubuta. [Note 1] Daraktan mataki na Rasha kuma malami Konstantin Stanislavsky ne ya gano baiwar Sten, wanda ya shirya mata wani gabaarwa a Kwalejin Fim na Moscow. ta cigaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Ukraine da Rasha, gami da wasan barkwanci na Boris Barnet The Girl with a Hatbox (1927). Ita da mijinta, darektan fina-finan Rasha Fedor Ozep, sun yi tafiya zuwa Jamus don fitowa a cikin wani fim da Jamus da Soviet Studios suka shirya, The Yellow Ticket (1928). Bayan an kammala fim din, Anna Sten da mijinta sun yanke shawarar kada su koma Tarayyar Soviet.
Yin gyare-gyare mai sauƙi ga hotuna masu magana, Sten ta fito a cikin irin waɗannan fina-finan na Jamus kamar Salto Mortale (1931) da kuma The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov (1931) har sai da ta zo hankalin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Samuel Goldwyn Goldwyn yana neman 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na waje wanda zai iya ginawa a matsayin kishiya ga Greta Garbo, kuma mai yiwuwa magaji ga Vilma Bánky, wanda Goldwyn ya sami babban nasara a zamanin shiru. Shekaru biyu bayan kawo Sten zuwa Amurka, Goldwyn ya sami horon sabon tauraronsa a Turanci kuma ya koyar da hanyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood. Ya ba da lokaci mai yawa da kuɗi a cikin fim ɗin Amurka na farko na Sten, Nana (1934), wani nau'i mai kama da juna na littafin abin kunya na karni na 19 na Émile Zola Amma fim din bai yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin, kuma ba a yi fina-finai na biyu na Goldwyn ba, We Live Again (1934) da The Wedding Night (1935), suna wasa da Gary Cooper Ba tare da so ba, Goldwyn ya narkar da kwantiraginsa da "sabon Garbo". An ambaci koyarwar Goldwyn na Sten a cikin waƙar Cole Porter ta 1934 Duk abin da ke faruwa daga mawaƙa na wannan sunan "Lokacin da Sam Goldwyn zai iya da babban tabbaci umurci Anna Sten a cikin ƙamus Sa'an nan Anna ya nuna Duk abin da ke faruwa."
A cikin 1940s, Sten ta fito a cikin fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da "The Man I Married" (1940), So Ends Our Night (1941), Chetniks! Guerrillas Fighting (1943), They Came to Blow Up America" (1943), Three Russian Girls (1943), da Let's Live a Little (1948). Sten ta ci gaba da yin fina-finai a Amurka da Ingila, amma babu wanda ya ci nasara a cikinsu. Ƙoƙarin gyara wannan yanayin ta hanyar karatu a The Actors Studio, Sten ya bayyana a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa a lokacin 1950s, ciki har da The Red Skelton Show (1956), Fayil na Walter Winchell (1957), da Adventures a cikin Aljanna 1959).
Rayuwar ta daga baya Yawancin fina-finan da Sten ke fitowa daga baya sun kasance ta dalilin alfarman mijinta ne. Ta ɗan ƙaramin tawaya a cikin fim dinta da Frenke ya shirya wato Heaven Knows, Mista Allison (1957), da cikakken jagora a cikin fim ɗinta na ƙarshe (wanda Frenke kuma ya samar), The Nun and the Sergeant (1962).
Sten ta mutu a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1993, a birnin New York a lokacin tana da shekaru 84.
Rayuwa ta sirri Sten ya auri mai shirya fim Eugene Frenke, wanda ya yi fice a Hollywood bayan ya bi matarsa a can a 1932. Anna Sten tana da ɗiya Anya Sten wacce daliba ce a Makarantar Monticello da ke Los Angeles tun farkon 1930s.
Cikakkun fina-finai
Duba kuma Allah Nazimov
Kathe von Nagy
Igor Ilyinsky
Ivan Mozzhukhin
Ossip Runitsch
Vera Kholodnaya
Manazarta Bayanan kula ambato
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Anna Sten Hotuna da wallafe-wallafe
Anna Sten Anna Sten Biography (a cikin Rashanci)
"Anna Sten ba Rasha ba", Ukrainian Mako 1934 No.17, shafi na 3 "Shin Anna Sten yar Ukrainian ce?" Ukrainian Mako-mako 1937 No.52, shafi 4
Jaruman fim daga Kyiv
Haihuwan 1908
Mutuwar 1993
Kiristocin |
47919 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnin%20Asiya | Karnin Asiya | Ƙarnin Asiya shine ƙaddamar da rinjaye na ƙarni na 21 na siyasar Asiya da al'adu, yana zaton wasu yanayin jama'a da tattalin arziki sun ci gaba. Ma'anar ƙarni na Asiya ya yi daidai da halin ƙarni na 19 a matsayin ƙarni na Burtaniya, da kuma ƙarni na 20 a matsayin karni ya Amurka.
Binciken da Bankin Raya Asiya ya yi a shekarar 2011 ya gano cewa ƴan Asiya biliyan 3 (don haka 56.6% na kimanin mazauna Asiya biliyan 5.3 a shekarar 2050) na iya jin daɗin yanayin rayuwa kamar na Turai a yau, kuma yankin na iya lissafin sama da rabin fitarwa na duniya a tsakiyar wannan karni.
Girman muhimmancin da kuma jaddada hadin kai a Asiya, da kuma balaga da ci gaba da dangantaka tsakanin kasashe a yankin ya kara karfafa kirkirar karni na 21 na Asiya.
Asali A cikin 1924, Karl Haushofer ya yi amfani da kalmar "zamanin Pacific," yana la'akari da ci gaban Japan, China da Indiya: "Babban sararin samaniya yana fadada a gaban idanunmu tare da dakarun da ke zubowa a ciki wanda yana jiran fitowar zamanin Pacific, magajin zamanin Atlantic, zamanin Mediterranean da Turai. Maganar Asian Century ta taso ne a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980, kuma an danganta ta ne ga wani taron da aka yi a shekarar 1988 tare da shugaban Paramount Deng Xiaoping na kasar Sin da Firayim Minista Rajiv Gandhi na Indiya inda Deng ya ce '[i]n ƴan shekarun nan mutane suna cewa ƙarni na gaba zai zama karni na Asiya da Pacific, kamar dai hakan zai kasance. Ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba.' Kafin wannan, ya bayyana a cikin Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka na 1985 kan sauraron Harkokin Kasashen Waje. Shugabannin siyasa na Asiya sun sake tabbatar da shi, kuma yanzu lokaci ne da aka fi amfani da shi a kafofin watsa labarai.
Dalilai Kyakkyawan aikin tattalin arzikin Asiya a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata 2010, idan aka kwatanta da wannan a sauran duniya, ya sanya watakila mafi karfi har yanzu don yiwuwar karni na Asiya. Kodayake an gane wannan bambanci a cikin aikin tattalin arziki na ɗan lokaci, takamaiman koma baya na mutum (misali, rikicin kudi na Asiya na 1997) ya ɓoye yaduwar yaduwar da kuma yanayin gaba ɗaya. A farkon karni na 21, duk da haka, za a iya yin shari'a mai karfi cewa wannan aikin Asiya mai karfi ba kawai mai dorewa ba ne amma yana da karfi da girman da zai iya canza rarraba iko a duniya. Da yake zuwa a cikin farkawarsa, jagorancin duniya a cikin manyan fannoni na diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa, ƙarfin soja, fasaha, da ƙarfin taushi kuma, a sakamakon haka, ɗayan ko fiye daga cikin jihohin Asiya za su ɗauka.
Daga cikin malamai da yawa sun ba da abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Asiya mai mahimmanci, Kishore Mahbubani ya ba da ginshiƙai bakwai waɗanda suka sa ƙasashen Asiya su yi fice kuma sun ba da kansu damar zama masu jituwa da takwarorinsu na Yamma. Ginshiƙai bakwai sun haɗa da: tattalin arzikin kasuwa kyauta, kimiyya da fasaha, meritocracy, pragmatism, al'adun zaman lafiya, mulkin doka da ilimi.
Farfesa John West a cikin littafinsa 'Asian Century on a Knife-edge' ya yi jayayya:
"A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, Indiya za ta iya fitowa a matsayin babbar iko ta Asiya. Tunanin, tattalin arzikin Indiya yana girma da sauri fiye da China, yanayin da zai iya ci gaba, sai dai idan China ta yi tsanani game da sake fasalin tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mutanen Indiya za su wuce China a cikin 2022 kuma za su iya zama kusan kashi 50% sama da 2100, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
A cikin 2019 Farfesa Chris Ogden, Malami a cikin Tsaro na Asiya a Jami'ar St Andrews, ya rubuta cewa, "Ko da yake har yanzu a baya dangane da samun kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ababen more rayuwa, yayin da wannan dukiya ke fassara zuwa tasirin soja, siyasa, da kuma hukumomi (ta hanyar hukumomi kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sabon Bankin Zuba Jari na Asiya), manyan iko guda biyu za su sami tsakiya da muhimmancin tsarin da zai sa su zama masu mahimmanci a duniya. Jama'a masu sa ran da shugabannin murya suna hanzarta da kuma tallafawa wannan mahimmancin, kuma idan za'a iya shawo kan batutuwan da suka shafi gurɓata muhalli da cin hanci da rashawa da fitowar Asiya-tsakiya, da China Indiya-tsakiya-tsakiya na duniya wanda zai zama muhimmin tushe na al'amuran kasa da kasa na shekaru da yawa masu zuwa.
Yawan jama'a Ana sa ran ci gaban yawan jama'a a Asiya zai ci gaba har zuwa akalla rabin farkon karni na 21, kodayake ya ragu sosai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20. A cikin mutane biliyan huɗu a farkon karni na 21, an yi hasashen yawan mutanen Asiya zai karu zuwa sama da biliyan biyar nan da shekara ta 2050. Duk da yake ba a sa ran kashi na yawan jama'ar duniya su canza sosai, ana sa ran hannun jarin Arewacin Amurka da Turai na yawan jama-ar duniya za su ragu.
Tattalin Arziki Babban sanadin shine ci gaba da ci gaban yawan aiki a Asiya, musamman a China da Indiya, yayin da yanayin rayuwa ke tashi. Ko da ba tare da haɗuwa gaba ɗaya da yanayin rayuwa na Turai ko Arewacin Amurka ba, Asiya na iya samar da rabin GDP na duniya nan da shekara ta 2050. Wannan babban canji ne idan aka kwatanta da yakin sanyi na gaba, lokacin da Arewacin Amurka da Turai suka haɗu sun samar da rabin GDP na duniya. Wani binciken da Bankin Raya Asiya ya yi a shekarar 2011 ya bayyana cewa: "Ta hanyar kusan ninka rabonsa na kudaden cikin gida na duniya (GDP) zuwa kashi 52 cikin dari nan da shekara ta 2050, Asiya za ta sake samun matsayi na tattalin arziki da ta rike kimanin shekaru 300 da suka gabata.
Tunanin ƙarnin Asiya ya ɗauka cewa tattalin arzikin Asiya na iya ci gaba da bunkasa su har tsawon shekaru 40, daidaitawa da sauya yanayin tattalin arziki da fasaha na duniya, kuma ci gaba da sake farfado da fa'idodi masu fa'ida. A cikin wannan yanayin, bisa ga samfurin 2011 da Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya ya yi GDP na Asiya zai karu daga dala tiriliyan 17 a cikin 2010 zuwa dala tiriliyar 174 a cikin 2050, ko rabin GDP na duniya. A cikin wannan binciken, Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya ya kiyasta cewa tattalin arziki bakwai (China, Indiya, Indonesia, Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, Thailand, Malaysia) za su jagoranci ci gaban wutar lantarki na Asiya; a karkashin yanayin karni na Asiya, yankin ba zai sami kasashe matalauta ba, idan aka kwatanta da takwas a cikin 2011.
Tun lokacin da aka sake fasalin tattalin arzikin kasar Sin a ƙarshen shekarun 1970s (a cikin mallakar gonaki) da farkon shekarun 1990s (a mafi yawan birane), tattalin arzikin China ya ji daɗin shekaru talatin na ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin 8 da 10%. Tattalin arzikin Indiya ya fara irin wannan ko da yake a hankali a ƙarshen shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, kuma ya kai kimanin 4% a wannan lokacin, kodayake ya karu dan kadan sama da 8% a shekara ta 2005, kuma ya buga 9.2% a shekara ta 2006 kafin ya ragu zuwa 6% a shekara ta 2009, sannan ya kai 8.9% a shekara ta 2010.
Dukkanin waɗannan ci gaba sun haɗa da manufofi na matakin gudanar da ƴanci na tattalin arziki da kuma juyawa daga waje daga tattalin arziƙi zuwa ga duniya (duka fitarwa da jan hankalin saka hannun jari na ciki). Girman wannan ƴanci da duniya har yanzu suna cikin muhawara. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na yanke shawara mai kyau daga manyan shugabannin siyasa, musamman a Indiya da PRC. Har ila yau, yawan mutanen kasashen biyu suna ba da damar kasuwa sama da biliyan biyu da kwata. Ci gaban kasuwar masu amfani da ciki a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe biyu ya kasance babban tushe ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Wannan ya ba da damar haɓaka ƙasa mafi girma ga China da Indiya idan aka kwatanta da Japan, EU har ma da Amurka. Fa'idar farashin kasa da kasa akan kayayyaki da aiyuka, bisa ga farashin ma'aikata mai rahusa, ya ba waɗannan ƙasashe biyu damar yin matsin lamba na duniya.
An yi amfani da kalmar Easternization don komawa ga yaduwar dabarun gudanarwa na gabas (musamman Jafananci) zuwa Yamma.
Halin da ya fi girma a tattalin arzikin Asiya ya kuma dogara ne akan karin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan. Goldman Sachs, a cikin hasashen tattalin arzikin BRIC, ya nuna halin da ake ciki zuwa kasar Sin ta zama mafi girma kuma Indiya ta zama ta biyu mafi girma a cikin shekara ta 2050 dangane da GDP. Rahoton ya kuma yi hasashen irin masana'antar da kowace ƙasa za ta mamaye, wanda ya jagoranci wasu su dauki kasar Sin a matsayin 'tafiyar masana'antu ta duniya' da Indiya 'ɗaya daga cikin manyan al'ummomin sabis'. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2009, yawancin ƙasashen da ake la'akari da sababbin masana'antu suna cikin Asiya.
Zuwa 2050, tattalin arzikin Gabashin Asiya da Kudancin Asiya zai karu da fiye da sau 20. Tare da wannan ya zo da hauhawar Ci gaban Dan Adam, alamar da aka yi amfani da ita don auna yanayin rayuwa. HDI ta Indiya za ta kusanci .8. Gabashin Asiya zai kusanci .94 ko kusa da yanayin rayuwa na kasashen yamma kamar EU da Amurka. Wannan yana nufin cewa zai zama da wahala a tantance bambancin dukiyar biyun. Saboda yawan mutanen Gabashin Asiya da Indiya, tattalin arzikin su zai kasance babba sosai, kuma idan yanayin yanzu ya ci gaba, yawan mutanen Indiya na dogon lokaci na iya kusantar ninki biyu na China. Gabashin Asiya na iya wuce tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin da aka hada a farkon shekarar 2030. Kudancin Asiya na iya biyo baya nan ba da daɗewa ba idan daruruwan miliyoyin da ke cikin talauci suka ci gaba da ɗagawa zuwa matsakaicin aji.
Ayyukan gini An yi hasashen cewa ayyukan gine-gine mafi girma za su faru a Asiya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A matsayin alama ce ta ikon tattalin arziki, an gina manyan gine-gine a Asiya, kuma a halin yanzu ana daukar karin ayyuka kuma ana fara su a Asiya fiye da kowane yanki na duniya. Ayyukan da aka kammala sun haɗa da: Hasumiyar Petronas ta Kuala Lumpur, Cibiyar Kudi ta Duniya ta Shanghai, Cibiyar Kula da Kudi ta Duniya a Hong Kong, Taipei 101 a Taiwan, Burj Khalifa a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, da Hasumiyar Shanghai. Gine-gine na gaba sun yi alƙawarin zama mafi tsayi, kamar PNB 118 a Kuala Lumpur da Legacy Tower a Dhaka.
Al'adu A al'adu, karni na Asiya ana nuna shi da fina-finai na Indiya (Bollywood, Parallel Cinema), fina-ffinai na Hong Kong (finai na zane-zane, fina-fakin wasan kwaikwayo na Hong Kong), wasan kwaikwayo na Japan, da Koriya Wave Sanin al'adun Asiya na iya zama wani ɓangare na duniyar da ta fi sanin al'adu, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin rubutun Clash of Civilizations Hakazalika, tabbatar da al'adun Asiya yana shafar siyasar asalin Asiya a Asiya da waje a cikin Asiya.
Gross National Cool na Japan yana tashi; kayayyakin al'adun Japan, gami da shirye-shiryen talabijin, tabbas suna "a" tsakanin masu sauraron Amurka kuma sun kasance shekaru da yawa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 2.3 sun yi nazarin yaren a duk duniya a shekara ta 2003: Koriya ta Kudu 900,000, Sinawa 389,000, Ostiraliya 381,000, da Amurkawa 140,000 suna nazarin Jafananci a ƙananan cibiyoyin ilimi da mafi girma.
Littattafan Feng shui sun fi girma a cikin jerin sunayen mafi kyawun sayar da littattafai kuma makarantun feng shui sun ninka. Manyan bankunan da kamfanoni masu yawa suna amfani da masu ba da shawara na feng shui don ba su shawara game da shirya ofisoshin su. An kasance shirye-shiryen karawa ga nau'ikan maganin Gabas, magani, da tausa da kuma ƙin maganin gargajiya na Yammacin Turai don tallafawa dabaru, kamar acupressure da acupuncture. Ayyuka irin su moxibustion da shiatsu suna jin daɗin shahara sosai a Yamma. Haka kuma kusan dukkanin zane-zane na Gabas, kamar kung fu, judo, karate, aikido, taekwondo, kendo, jujitsu, tai chi, qigong, ba gua, da xing yi, tare da makarantun da ke da alaƙa da su.
Abinci na Asiya ya shahara sosai a Yamma saboda shige da fice na Asiya da kuma sha'awar da ba ƴan Asiya ba suka shiga cikin sinadaran Asiya da abinci. Ko da ƙananan garuruwa a Burtaniya, Kanada, Scandinavia, ko Amurka gabaɗaya suna da akalla gidan cin abinci na Indiya ko na kasar Sin guda ɗaya. Gidajen cin abinci da ke ba da abinci na Asiya da Asiya sun buɗe a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka, Ostiraliya da sauran sassan duniya. Ana samun P.F. Chang's China Bistro da Pei Wei Asian Diner waɗanda ke ba da abinci na Asiya da Asiya a duk faɗin Amurka kuma game da tsohon, a wasu sassan duniya. An kuma ƙaddamar da samfuran abinci na Asiya ciki har da daga alamar noodle, Maggi. A Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Ireland da Burtaniya wani nau'in noodles na Asiya da aka sani da Maggi Fusian da kuma dogon lokaci a Jamus da Austria da aka sani, Maggi Magic Asia ya haɗa da nau'ikan noodles da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar abincin abinci da aka samo a China, Japan, Koriya, Indiya, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia da Thailand.
Yoga ya sami karbuwa a waje da Indiya da sauran Asiya kuma ya shiga al'adun gargajiya a Yammacin duniya.
Kodayake amfani da Turanci yana ci gaba da yaɗuwa, harsunan Asiya suna zama sanannun koyarwa da karatu a waje da nahiyar. Nazarin Sinanci kwanan nan ya sami kulawa sosai a Amurka, saboda karuwar imani da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na sanin shi. Ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar goyon bayan PRC ga Cibiyoyin Confucius, waɗanda suka buɗe a ƙasashe da yawa don koyar da harshen Sinanci da al'adun.
An ƙiyasta Sinanci a matsayin harshen na biyu da aka fi amfani da shi a intanet tare da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu da ke magana da Sinanci, Jafananci ya zo na huɗu, kuma Koriya a matsayin na goma tun daga shekara ta 2010. A cewar CIA, kasar Sin ta ɗauki baƙuncin mafi yawan masu amfani, Indiya ta uku, Japan ta shida, kuma Indonesia ta goma a shekarar 2020.
Indiya tana da masana'antar fina-finai mafi girma a duniya, kuma masana'antar fim ta Indiya tana samar da fina-fakka da yawa fiye da Nollywood da Hollywood.
A farkon shekarun ƙarni na ashirin mutane ƙalilan ne masu cin ganyayyaki. Adadin da aka bayar ga Ƙasar Ingila a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na 2 ya kasance 100,000 daga cikin yawan mutane miliyan 50 kusan kashi 0.2 cikin dari na jimlar. A cikin shekarun 1990 an kiyasta adadi tsakanin kashi 4.2 da kashi 11 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen Burtaniya kuma yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Kamar yadda Porritt da Winner suka lura, a kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1960 da farkon '70s, "an ɗauki kasancewa mai cin ganyayyaki a matsayin mai ban mamaki," amma "yanzu yana da daraja da kuma wuri na kowa".
Yaɗuwar guguwar Koriya, musamman K-pop da wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya, a waje da Asiya ya haifar da kafa ayyuka don ci gaba da wannan bukatar. Viki da DramaFever misalai ne na ayyukan da ke ba da wasan kwaikwayo na Koriya ga masu kallo na duniya tare da sauran abubuwan Asiya. SBS PopAsia da Asian Pop Radio sabis ne na kiɗa guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da rediyo waɗanda ke yada yaduwar K-pop a duk faɗin Ostiraliya. Baya ga K-pop, Rediyon Pop na Asiya ya kuma sadaukar da kansa ga sauran kiɗa na gargajiya na Asiya wanda ya samo asali daga Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Malaysia da Singapore. Hakazalika, SBS PopAsia tana mai da hankali kan wasu kiɗa na gabashin Asiya daga China da Japan da kuma har zuwa wani matakin kiɗa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya tare da K-pop. Karin shahararren abubuwan da suka shafi Asiya ya haifar da "SBS PopAsia" ya zama sunan alama ga abubuwan SBS kamar shirye-shiryen talabijin da labarai da suka samo asali daga Asiya kamar China, Koriya ta Kudu, Japan da Indiya.
Ƙarin wayar da kan jama'a da kuma shahararren al'adun Gabas da falsafanci a Yamma ya haifar da sayar da kayan al'adun gabas a waɗannan ƙasashe. Mafi sanannun siffofin Buddha waɗanda suka fito daga siffofin da aka sayar don lambun zuwa abubuwan da aka sayar wa gidan. Ana kuma sayar da siffofi na alloli na Hindu kamar Ganesha da siffofin Gabashin Asiya kamar Yin da yang a shagunan da yawa a kasashen Yamma. Ishka wani kantin sayar da kayayyaki a Ostiraliya yana sayar da abubuwa da yawa na asalin Asiya musamman daga Indiya. Sayar da kayan al'adu na Gabas duk da haka an fuskanci zargi, tare da wasu suna cewa mutane da yawa da suka sayi waɗannan abubuwa ba su fahimci muhimmancin su ba kuma cewa wani nau'i ne na Gabas.
Addini Kwanan nan a cikin shekarun 1950, Crane Brinton, masanin tarihin ra'ayoyi, na iya watsar da "ƙungiyoyin zamani da ke kira ga hikimar Gabas" a matsayin "ƙungiya", "marginal", da kuma "a waje da babban halin yanzu na tunanin Yamma da jin". Duk da haka wasu mutanen Yamma sun tuba zuwa addinan Gabas ko aƙalla sun nuna sha'awar su. Misali shine Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, wanda Beatles suka bi, na farko zuwa Bangor a Wales a 1967, sannan zuwa Indiya don nazarin Transcendental Meditation a 1968. Dalai Lama, wanda littafinsa The Art of Happiness ya zama mafi kyawun sayarwa, na iya jawo hankalin jama'a a Central Park na New York ko Wembley Stadium na London.
Buddha a wasu ƙasashe shine addini na biyu mafi girma.
FWBO tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Buddha masu saurin haɓaka a Yamma.
Bangaskiya ga reincarnation bai taɓa kasancewa wani ɓangare na koyarwar Kirista ko Yahudawa ba, ko aƙalla, a cikin Kristanci, ya kasance ridda ce ta musamman tun lokacin da aka ƙi shi da ƙarancin gefe a Majalisar Constantinople ta Biyu a AD 553. Koyaya kusan dukkanin kuri'u a kasashen Yammacin Turai sun nuna mahimman matakan wannan imani. "Mutanen da suka rikice" da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun 1940 sun nuna cewa kashi 4 cikin 100 ne kawai na mutanen Burtaniya suka yi imani da sake haihuwa. Binciken Geoffrey Gorer, wanda aka gudanar bayan 'yan shekaru, ya kai kashi 5 cikin dari (1955, shafi na 262). Koyaya, wannan adadi ya kai kashi 18 cikin dari a shekara ta 1967 (Gallup, 1993), kawai don ƙarawa zuwa kashi 29 cikin dari a shekarar 1979, ƙaruwa mai kyau sau shida akan adadi na "Mutanen da ba a fahimta ba" na baya. Eileen Barker ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na Turawa yanzu suna cewa sun yi imani da sake haihuwa.
Karma, wanda ya samo asali ne a tsohuwar Indiya kuma yana da mahimmancin ra'ayi a cikin addinin Hindu, Buddha da sauran addinan Gabas, ya shiga cikin lamirin al'adu na mutane da yawa a Yammacin duniya. John Lennon na 1970 guda, "Instant Karma!" an yaba shi ga yaduwar karma a kasashen Yamma kuma yanzu sananne ne kuma sananne ne a yau wanda ke haifar da maganganu da memes da kuma adadi a wasu nau'ikan al'adun Yamma.
Mindfulness da tunani na Buddha, dukansu sun shahara sosai a Asiya, sun sami karbuwa a Yamma.
Siyasa Matsayin siyasa na duniya na kasar Sin da kuma karamin Indiya sun tashi a cikin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da kuma tsakanin manyan kasashen duniya, wanda ya jagoranci Amurka da Tarayyar Turai su zama masu aiki sosai a cikin aiwatar da haɗin gwiwa tare da waɗannan ƙasashe biyu. Har ila yau, kasar Sin memba ce ta dindindin a Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kodayake Indiya ba memba ne na dindindin ba, yana yiwuwa zai zama ɗaya ko aƙalla samun matsayi mafi tasiri. Japan kuma tana ƙoƙarin zama memba na dindindin, kodayake ƙoƙarin su biyu suna adawa da wasu ƙasashen Asiya (watau Pakistan ta yi tsayayya da shirin Indiya; China, Koriya ta Kudu, Koriya da Koriya ta Arewa sun yi tsayayyar da shirin Japan.
Za a iya ci gaba da bunkasa rukunin yanki na Asiya a cikin karni na 21 a kusa da ASEAN da sauran hukumomi bisa yarjejeniyar cinikayya kyauta. Koyaya, akwai wasu damuwa na siyasa tsakanin shugabannin ƙasa na ƙasashe daban-daban na Asiya game da burin PRC a yankin. Wata sabuwar kungiya, Taron Gabashin Asiya, na iya ƙirƙirar yankin kasuwanci na EU.
Firayim Ministan Rasha Yevgeny Primakov ya karfafa ra'ayin kawance uku tsakanin Rasha, PRC da Indiya wanda masanin dabarun Indiya Madhav Das Nalapat ya fara tsarawa a 1983, kuma ya goyi bayan ra'ayin duniya mai yawa.
Babban Birnin Ɗan Adam Rahoton Bankin Duniya na 2007 game da duniya ya lura cewa "haɓaka matakan ilimi ma suna da mahimmanci, suna haɓaka ci gaban Asiya a matsakaici da kashi 0.75 zuwa kashi 2". Saurin fadada babban birnin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi mai inganci a duk faɗin Asiya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fuskantar "mafi girman tsammanin rayuwa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, har ma da ingancin cibiyoyin da kuma ko al'ummomi za su yi canji zuwa mulkin demokraɗiyya na zamani".
3G (Janareto na Girma na Duniya) Ƙasashen Asiya da ke da mafi kyawun damar ci gaba sune: Bangladesh, China, Indiya, Indonesia, Iraki, Mongolia, Philippines, Sri Lanka da Vietnam. Ci gaban Asiya ana sa ran zama yankin da ya fi girma har zuwa 2050, wanda yawan jama'a da ci gaban samun kudin shiga suka haifar: 9 daga cikin ƙasashe 11 na 3G sun fito ne daga Asiya. Vietnam tana da mafi girman Global Growth Generators Index, China ta kasance ta biyu tare da 0.81, sannan Indiya ta biyo baya 0.71.
Dangane da wani rahoto daga HSBC Trade Confidence Index (TCI) da HSBC Trade Forecast, akwai kasashe 4 da ke da ci gaban cinikayya mai mahimmanci Masar, Indiya, Vietnam da Indonesia tare da ci gaban an yi hasashen ya kai akalla kashi 7.3 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara har zuwa 2025.
Na gaba goma sha ɗaya Kasashe goma sha ɗaya na gaba (wanda aka fi sani da lambar N-11) sune ƙasashe goma sha daya Bangladesh, Masar, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Najeriya, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkiyya, Koriya ta Kudu, da Vietnam waɗanda bankin saka hannun jari na Goldman Sachs da masanin tattalin arziki Jim O'Neill suka gano a cikin takardar bincike kamar suna da babban damar zama, tare da BRICs BRICS, tattalin arzikin duniya mafi girma a karni na 21. Bankin ya zaɓi waɗannan jihohin, duk suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi don saka hannun jari da ci gaban gaba, a ranar 12 ga Disamba 2005. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2011, manyan ƙasashe huɗu (Mexico, Indonesia, Najeriya da Turkiyya) wanda aka fi sani da MINT, sun kai kashi 73 cikin dari na duk GDP na goma sha ɗaya na gaba. BRIC GDP ya kasance dala tiriliyan 13.5, yayin da MIKT GDP a kusan kashi 30 cikin dari na wannan: dala tiriliyon 3.9.
Ƙalubale ga fahimtar karni na Asiya Ba a tabbatar da ci gaban Asiya ba. Shugabanninta za su gudanar da haɗari da ƙalubale da yawa, musamman:
Rashin daidaito a cikin ƙasashe, inda wadata da dama ke ƙuntata ga manyan matakan. Wannan na iya lalata haɗin kai da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa.
Kasashe da yawa na Asiya ba za su iya yin saka hannun jari da ake bukata a cikin ababen more rayuwa ba, ilimi da manufofin gwamnati waɗanda za su taimaka musu su guje wa tarkon matsakaicin kudin shiga.
Gasar da ta yi don albarkatun kasa masu iyaka, kamar ƙasa, ruwa, man fetur ko abinci, kamar yadda sababbin mutanen Asiya masu arziki ke neman matsayi mafi girma na rayuwa.
Girman zafi na duniya da canjin yanayi, wanda zai iya yin barazana ga samar da aikin gona, yawan mutanen bakin teku, da manyan birane da yawa.
Rikici na siyasa tsakanin Sin da Indiya.
Rashin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ke addabar gwamnatocin Asiya da yawa.
Tasirin kai tsaye na yawan tsofaffi akan ci gaban tattalin arziki na ci gaba (misali raguwar ma'aikata, canjin tsarin amfani, matsa lamba akan kudaden jama'a)
Rashin amincewa Duk da hasashen da ke hasashen karuwar tattalin arziki da ƙarfin siyasa na Asiya, ra'ayin karni na Asiya ya fuskanci zargi. Wannan ya haɗa da yiwuwar cewa ci gaba da ci gaba mai girma na iya haifar da juyin juya hali, raguwar tattalin arziki, da matsalolin muhalli, musamman a kasar Sin.
Manazarta
Tushen Mahbubani, Kishore (2009) Sabon Hemisphere na Asiya: Canjin da ba za a iya tsayayya da shi ba na ikon duniya zuwa gabas. Harkokin Jama'a. ISBN 9781586486716.
Haɗin waje Ƙarshen Pax Americana: Yadda Yammacin Yamma ya zama Ba za a iya gujewa ba ta hanyar Atlantic
Raguwar Yamma: Me ya sa Amurka Dole ne ta shirya don Ƙarshen Mulki ta Atlantic
Canjin ikon tattalin arziki daga Yamma zuwa Gabas yana shirye don tarawa ta hanyar The Independent
Daidaitawar tattalin arzikin duniya yana canzawa zuwa gabas ta hanyar The Globe da Mail
Rahoton Canjin Ikon Duniya zuwa Asiya: Tasirin Geostrategic da Geopolitical na Al Jazeera
"Tsaro da Taimako na Ci Gaban" wanda kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje ya rubuta a shekarar 1985, wanda GPO ta Amurka ta buga
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Sauran Jawabai da Bayanan Siyasa
"Ƙarfin dangantakar Sin da Indiya don gabatar da ƙarni na Asiya na gaskiya: Firayim Minista Wen" Magana ta PRC Firayim Ministan Wen Jiabao
"Shugaba ya yi jawabi ga Asiya Society, yayi Magana da Indiya da Pakistan" Shugaban Amurka George Bush ya kira karni na 21 ba karni na Asiya ba, amma karni na 'yanci
"Ikon Indiya ba shi da iyaka" Ministan Kasuwanci na PRC Bo Xilai ci gaba da hadin kai na Indiya da kasar Sin, 2006
Hasashen
NIC 2020 Taswirar Makomar Duniya
BRIC Rubutun-pdf
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"China, Indiya Superpower? Ba da sauri!"
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Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15666 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisi%20Adeleye-Fayemi | Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi | Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi (an haife ta 11 Yunin shekarar 1963) ita ce Uwargidan Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Najeriya a matsayin matar Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti 2019–2023. Ta taba zama Uwargidan Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 2011–2015. Wata 'yar Burtaniya yar Najeriya mai fafutukar neman 'yanci mata, marubuciya kuma mai ba da shawara game da siyasa, a cikin shekara ta 2001 ta hada hannu da Asusun Bunkasa Matan Afirka (AWDF), kungiyar farko ta ba da tallafi ga duk Afirka. Tana aiki ne a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babbar Mashawarciya ta Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin Babbar Jami’ar Binciken Nazari a Kwalejin King, Jami’ar London a shekarar 2017. Ita ce Shugaba a kamfanin Abovewhispers Limited, kuma tana gudanar da wani shafin yanar gizo mai suna Abovewhispers.com.
Lokacin da mijinta Dr. Kayode Fayemi ya hau mulki a matsayin Gwamnan jihar Ekiti, Najeriya, sai ta tsunduma cikin wasu shawarwari game da manufofi, karfafawa daga tushe da kuma hada kan jama'a a jihar Ekiti. Ta jagoranci yakin neman kafa Dokar Haramta Tashin Hankali tsakanin maza da mata (2011, wanda aka sake shi a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019), da Dokar Daidaita Daidaito (2013) da kuma Dokar Hana Cutar HIV (2014). Ta ci gaba da aiki kan aiwatarwa da dorewar wadannan kudurorin a matsayin Uwargidan Gwamnan jihar Ekiti a karo na biyu.
Tana aiki ne a kan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Asusun Bunkasa Matan Afirka. Ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Ba da Shawara na Asusun Amincewar Matan Najeriyar sannan kuma tana aiki a Majalisar Gudanarwar Jami'ar Elizade a Najeriya. Yanzu haka ita ce Shugabar Kwamitin Gudanar da Dokar Rikici da Rikicin Jinsi, na Jihar Ekiti da Shugabar Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Jihar Ekiti. Ita ma tana cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kungiyar Shugabannin Matan Afirka na Yanki (AWLN) kuma memba ce a Kwamitin Gudanarwar Jagorancin AWLN-Nigeria inda take a matsayin Mashawarci.
Adeleye-Fayemi shine marubucin Loud Whispers (2017), Magana don Kaina (2013), da kuma tarihin rayuwar kansa mai taken Yin magana sama da Whisper (2013). Ta kuma shirya edita Murya, Powerarfi da Rai U
Ilimi Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi an haife ta a Liverpool, Ingila, a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1963. Ta karɓi digiri na farko da na biyu a tarihi daga Jami'ar Ife, yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Najeriya. Ta kuma sami MA a Gender and Society (1992) daga Jami'ar Middlesex, UK. A yanzu haka ita ce Shugabar Kamfanin, Above Whispers Limited, wacce ta kware a fannin ci gaban shugabanci ga mata, kuma tana gudanar da wata kungiyar intanet da ake kira Abovewhispers.com, inda take rubuta wani mako mai suna "Loud Whispers". Ta kasance har kwanan nan Babbar Mashawarci ta Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Nijeriya, kuma kwanan nan aka nada ta a matsayin Babbar Jami’ar Binciken Nazari a Kwalejin King, Jami’ar London Rayuwar mutum Tana auren Kayode Fayemi, wanda ya ci gaba da zama Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 2010, sannan kuma a shekarar 2019; su biyun sun hadu yayin da suke ɗalibai kuma suna da ɗa guda tare, Folajimi Fayemi (an haife shi kusan shekara ta 1994).
Kyauta da yabo An bai wa Adeleye-Fayemi lambar yabo ta "Canza Fuskar Kyautatawa" daga Kungiyar Matan da ke Bunƙasa Kudi a shekarar 2007, sannan ta kasance daya daga cikin mata 20 da suka fi tasiri a Afirka a shekarar 2009 ta mujallar New African A cikin 2011, Women Deliver ta sanya ta a cikin manyan mutane 100 a duniya, don inganta haƙƙin mata da girlsan mata. A cikin shekarar 2019, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Zik na Shugabancin 2018 na Jagorancin jin kai ta Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Jama'a da Nazari (PPRAC).
Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe 2017 udara Waswasi 2013 Yana Magana Sama da Waswasi 2013 Na Magana Don Kaina 2008 Voice, Power and Soul (an sake shirya su tare da Jessica Horn Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Ku san 'Yan Matan ku na Afirka: Bisi Adeleye Fayemi" Jerin Tattaunawar Taron Matan Afirka na 4, Afrilu 2016, Harare, Zimbabwe. YouTube
Kungiyar Matan Shugabannin Afirka (AWLN) a zama na 44 na Hukumar kan Yawan Jama'a da Ci Gabanta
Shugabannin matan Najeriya suna kira da a ƙara shigar da mata don inganta zaɓe cikin lumana
Matar Fayemi ta lashe kyautar shugabancin Zik
Erelu Fayemi, gwamnoni biyu, tsohon Shugaban Ghana ya lashe kyautar shugabancin Zik
Mrs. Fayemi ya sami lambar yabo ta Zik
Ƴan Najeriya
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8744 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Ibn%20Affan | Usman Ibn Affan | Uthman ibn Affan (larabci: Usman, Osman, Uthman. ya kasan ce yayi rayuwa ne daga shekara ta (577 zuwa 17ga watan Yunin shekara ta 656). An kuma haife shi ne a shekara ta
577 (45 BH) wanda ke garin ɗaif, dake a Saudiya, ya kuma rasu ne a shekara ta 17 ga watan wanda tayi dai dai da (17 Dhūl Al-Qa‘dah 35 AH) (shekara ta 656 (ya rayu tsawon shekaru 77)
an birne shi ne a garin Madinah, wanda ake kira Jannatu al-Baqi dake Madinah. Yakasance sirikin Manzon Allah tsira da aminci su tabbata agareshi, wanda ya aura masa 'ya 'ya biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan sa, shine ake kiransa da suna (zunnuraini) wato me ma'abocin Haske 2, Halifan Musulunci na Uku, Ɗaya daga cikin Halifofi shiryayyu, Ɗaya daga cikin Sahabbai Goma 10 waɗanda akaiwa bushara da gidan Aljannah tin a nan gidan Duniya, ɗan zuri'ar Banu Umayyah daga ƙabilar Kurayshawa. Sanda Sayyidina Umar yarasu da shekaru 59/60, Uthmān, yana da shekaru 64/65 a duniya sai ya gaji Umar bin Khaddab bayan rasuwarsa. Uthman ibn Affan Yayi Halifanci daga 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 644 zuwa 17 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 656.
Ƙarƙashin jagorancin Uthman, Khalifancin Rashidun ya faɗaɗa zuwa Fars Iran ta yau) a cikin 650, da wasu yankuna na Khorāsān Afganistan a yau) a shekara ta 651. An fara cin Armeniya a cikin 640s. Haka kuma mulkinsa ya yi ta fama da zanga-zanga da tashe -tashen hankula wanda a karshe ya kai ga tayar da makamai da kuma kashe shi Usman bin Affan yarasu ne sanadiyar farmaki da aka afka masa. An samu wasu yan tada kayar baya game da addinin Musulunci tare da kin shugabancin sa. Wanda suka afka masa alhali yana karatun alqurni. Tarihi ya nuna an kashe shi ne akan zalunci wanda hakan yasa aka haura katangar gidansa sannan aka kashe shi. Ali Ibn Abi-Talib ne ya gaje shi bayan rasuwarsa. Matayensa; "Ummu 'Amr; Asma'u bintu Abi Jahal, Ruqayyah bintu Muhammad, Ummu Kulthum bint Muhammad, Fakhitah bintu Ghazwan_ Ummu al-Banin bintu Uyayna, Fatima bintu al-Walid Daughter of Khalid ibn Asid Umm 'Amr Umm Najm bint Jundub Ramla bint Shayba, Bunana Na'ila bint al-Furafisa, Zaynab bintu Hayyan. Bakurayshe (Banu Umayya) Mahainfinsa: Affan ibnu Abi al-'As Mahaifiyarsa: Arwa bintu Kurayz.
Uthman ya auri yar Manzon Allah Ruqayyah, kuma bayan ta rasune, Manzon Allah yasake aura masa yar'sa Umm Kulthum. Dukkaninsu sun kasance manyan ya'yan Manzon Allah Muhammad kuma yayye ga Fatimah yar Manzon Allah matar Aliyu bin Abi Dalib, saboda ya aura yayan Manzon Allah biyu ne yasa ake kiransa da Dhū al-Nurayn ("Wanda ya mallaki Haske biyu").
tarihin usman Ibn affhan khalifa na uku bayan wafati monzon allah saw an zabeshi bayan wafati sayyidina Umar r.t bayan ya rasu sai aka zabi sayyidina Ali Ibn abu dalib a tarihin sayyidina usman mutun ne mai imani mai tsoran allah Wanda malanmai sunyi fadi cewa yasamu kyautar aljanna har sau hudu sannan mutun ne mai tsananin kunya allah kabamu ikon fadin gaskiya kuma katsareni daga sharrin mai sharrin dan albarkacin sayidil anbiya ina kaunar rasulallahi da ahali da sahabai nai baki daya da duk Wanda yabi tafarkine ya allah ka tabbatar da mu akan addinin ka na musulumci damu da iyayanmu da kannan mu da iyalan mu da duk Wanda yake musulmi da kuma wadanda basuyi imani ba allah kashiresu albarkacin masu imani daga naku Hassan Salifou ango kunkuzutt
Hijira zuwa Madina A cikin 622, Uthman da matarsa, Ruqayya, suna cikin rukuni na uku na musulmi da suka yi hijira zuwa Madina Da isarsa Usman ya zauna tare da Abu Talha bn Thabit kafin ya shige gidan da ya saya ba da jimawa ba. Uthman yana daga cikin hamshakan attajiran Makka, ba ya buqatar taimakon kuxi daga ‘yan’uwansa Ansari, domin ya kawo makudan dukiyar da ya tara masa zuwa Madina. Yawancin Musulmin Madina manoma ne da ba su da sha'awar kasuwanci, kuma Yahudawa sun fi yin ciniki a garin. Uthman ya fahimci cewa akwai babbar dama ta kasuwanci don inganta kasuwanci a tsakanin musulmi, kuma nan da nan ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai ciniki a Madina. Da aiki tukuru da gaskiya, kasuwancinsa ya bunkasa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin attajirai a Madina.
Rayuwa a Madina Lokacin da Ali ya auri Fatimah, Usman ya sayi garkuwar Ali akan dirhami dari biyar An ware dari hudu a matsayin mahar sadaki domin auren Fatimah, a bar dari a kan duk wasu abubuwan da aka kashe. Daga baya, Uthman ya mayar wa Ali sulke a matsayin kyautar aure.
Yaƙe-yaƙe A cewar RVC Bodley, a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad, Uthman ba wani fitaccen mutumi ba ne, ba a sanya shi ga kowace hukuma ba, kuma ba shi da wani bambanci a kowane yakin da Muhammadu ya yi. A lokacin yakin Badar, Muhammadu ya ba wa Uthman uzuri don kula da Ruqayya bint Muhammad, wadda take fama da rashin lafiya. Uthman ya yi kaurin suna wajen fifita 'yan uwa. Wata hanyar da ya nuna haka ita ce dabi'arsa ta raba ganima a tsakanin 'yan uwansa ba tare da masu fada ba. A lokacin mamayar Hamra al-Asad an kama wani dan leken asirin Makka, Muawiyah bn Al Mugheerah, kani ga Uthman bn Affan. A cewar malamin musulmi Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Uthman ya ba shi mafaka bayan samun izini daga Muhammad, kuma Muhammad ya gaya masa cewa idan aka sake kama shi bayan kwanaki 3 za a kashe shi. Don haka ne aka ba Muawiyah wa’adin kwanaki uku, sannan ya shirya raqumi da guzuri don komawar sa Makka. Uthman ya tafi tare da Muhammad zuwa Hamra-al-Asad, kuma Muawiyah ya wuce gona da iri. Ko da yake ya gudu a lokacin da sojoji suka dawo, Muhammad ya ba da umarnin a bi shi da kashe shi. An aiwatar da umarnin.
shekarun Muhammad na karshe A shekara ta 632, shekarar da Muhammadu S.A.W ya rasu, Uthman ya halarci aikin Hajjin bankwana. Uthman kuma ya kasance a wajen taron Ghadir Khumm, inda a cewar majiyoyin Shi'a, yana cikin wadanda suka yi mubaya'a ga Ali Zaman Halifa Abubakar (632-634) Uthman ya kasance yana da alaka ta kud da kud da Abubakar, domin a dalilinsa ne Uthman ya musulunta. Lokacin da aka zabi Abubakar a matsayin halifa, Usman ne farkon wanda ya yi mubaya’a bayan Umar A lokacin yakin Ridda (yakin Ridda), Uthman ya kasance a Madina, yana mai ba Abubakar shawara. Akan mutuwarsa Abubakar ya yi wasiyya da Usman, yana mai cewa Umar ne zai gaje shi.
Zaben Uthman Umar, a kan gadon rasuwarsa ya kafa kwamitin mutum shida domin zabar halifa na gaba a tsakaninsu. Wannan kwamiti ya kasance
Ali
Usman bin Affan
Abdurrahman bin Awf
Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas
Zubayr bin al-Awwam
Talha
Umar ya ce bayan rasuwarsa kwamitin ya cimma matsaya ta karshe cikin kwanaki uku, sannan halifa na gaba ya yi rantsuwa a rana ta hudu. Idan Talha ya shiga cikin kwamitin a cikin wannan lokaci, zai shiga cikin shawarwarin, amma idan bai koma Madina a cikin wannan lokaci ba, sauran membobin kwamitin za su iya ci gaba da yanke shawara. Abd al-Rahman bin Awf ya janye cancantar nada shi a matsayin halifa domin ya zama mai gudanarwa ya fara aikinsa ta hanyar tattaunawa da kowane memba na kwamitin daban. Ya tambaye su wa za su kada kuri'unsu. Da aka tambayi Ali bai amsa ba. Da aka tambayi Uthman sai ya zabi Ali, Zubairu ya ce ga Ali ko Uthman, Saad ya ce ma Uthman Usman hamshakin attajiri ne wanda ya yi amfani da dukiyarsa wajen tallafa wa Musulunci duk da haka babu wani lokaci kafin halifancinsa da ya nuna wani hali na shugabanci ko kuma ya jagoranci runduna. Amma duk da haka, masu zaɓe sun zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takara ɗaya tilo mai ƙarfi ga Ali kamar yadda shi kaɗai zai iya har ya kai ga abokin hamayyar Ali na kusa da Muhammad.
RVC Bodley ya yi imani da cewa bayan kashe Umar Ali ya yi watsi da halifanci kamar yadda ya saba da yin mulki bisa ka’idojin da Abubakar da Umar suka kafa, kuma Usman ya yarda da wadannan sharudda wadanda ya kasa girmama su a lokacin halifancinsa na shekaru goma.
Sarautar Halifa (644-656) In about AD 650, Uthman began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd ibn Thabit to use caliph Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Qur'an. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed.
Yayin da ‘yan Shi’a ke amfani da Alkur’ani daya da Musulmi ‘yan Sunna, amma ba su yi imani da cewa Uthman ne ya fara hada shi ba. ‘Yan Shi’a sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alkur’ani kuma ya hada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa.
Manazarta |
21160 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyarin%20Borno | Kyarin Borno | Kyari ko Khair bin Bukhar al-Kanemi -1894) ya kasance shehun Borno ne a shekarar 1893-1894.
Kyari ya zama Shehu na Barno a shekarar 1893 lokacin da Rabih az-Zubayr ya mamaye kasar. Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne kashe magabacinsa kuma kawunsa Ashimi na Borno Ya tafi ya fallasa Kukawa wanda Rabih az-Zubayr ya riga ya kuma mamaye amma an kama shi yayin yaƙin. Dangane da hadisin baka, kalmominsa na karshe ga Rabih sune
Daular
Duba kuma Rabih az-Zubayr
Bayanin kafa Herbert Richmond Palmer, The Bornu Sahara and Sudan (London: John Murray, 1936), p. 269.
Louis Brenner, The Shehus of Kukawa: A History of the Al-Kanemi Dynasty of Bornu, Oxford Studies in African Affairs (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973), p.128.
Bibliography Adeleye, Rowland, Power da diflomasiyya a Arewacin Najeriya 1804-1906, Kalifancin Sakkwato da Makiyanta (London: Kungiyar Longman, 1971).
Amegboh, Joseph, da Cécile Clairval, Rabah Conquérant Des Pays Tchadiens, Grandes Figures Africaines (Paris: Dakar Abidjan Sabon littafin Afirka, 1976).
Barth, Heinrich, Balaguro da Ganowa a Arewa da Tsakiyar Afirka (London: Longman, 1857).
Brenner, Louis, Shehus na Kukawa: Tarihin Daular Al-Kanemi na Bornu, Nazarin Oxford a Harkokin Afirka (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1973).
Cohen, Ronald, Kanuri na Bornu, Nazarin Shari'a a Anthropology na Al'adu (New York: Holt, 1967).
Flint, John Edgar, Sir George Goldie da Yin Nijeriya, Jerin Tarihin Afirka ta Yamma (London: Oxford University Press, 1960).
Hallam, WKR, Rayuwa da Lokacin Rabih Fadl Allah (Ilfracombe: Stockwell, 1977).
Hallam, WKR, 'Rabih: Matsayinsa a Tarihi', Jaridar Gidan Tarihi ta Al'umma ta Borno, 15-16 (1993), 5-22.
Horowitz, Michael M., 'Ba Karim: Asusun Yaƙe-yaƙe na Rabeh', Nazarin Tarihin Afirka, 3 (1970), 391-402 Lange, Dierk, 'Masarautu da mutanen Chadi', a cikin Tarihin Afirka gabaɗaya, ed. da Djibril Tamsir Niane, IV (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1984), shafi na. 238-265.
Na karshe, Murray, 'Le Califat De Sokoto Et Borno', a cikin Histoire Generale De l'Afrique, Rev. ed. (Paris: Presence Africaine, 1986), shafi na. 599–646.
Lavers, John, "The Al- Kanimiyyin Shehus: Tarihin aiki" a cikin Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs, 268, Bd. 2, Frankfurt a. M. 1993: 179-186.
Mohammed, Kyari, Borno a cikin Shekarun Rabih, 1893-1901 Tashi da Haɗuwa na Pasar redaranci (Maiduguri Nijeriya: Jami'ar Maiduguri, 2006).
Monteil, PL, De Saint-Louis À Tripoli Par Le Lac Tchad Voyage Au Travers Du Soudan Et Du Sahara, Accompli Pendant Les Années 1890-1892 (Paris: Germer Baillière, 1895).
Nachtigal, Gustav, Sahara und Sudan Ergebnisse Sechsjähriger Reisen a cikin Afirka (Berlin: Weidmann, 1879).
0-521-83615-8
Palmer, Herbert Richmond, The Bornu Sahara da Sudan (London: John Murray, 1936).
81-261-0403-1
Tilho, Jean Auguste Marie, Tilho Mission, da France Ministère des Colonies, Documents Scientifiques De La Mission Tilho (1906-1909) (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1910).
Borno
Daular Borno
Daular Kanem Borno
Masarautu a |
51864 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwar%20Oshodi | Kasuwar Oshodi | Kasuwar Oshodi kasuwa ce da ke cikin Oshodi, wani yanki na jihar Legas, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Yana daya daga cikin manyan kasuwanni a cikin babban birnin Legas koda yake jami'an gwamnati sun yi iƙirarin cewa ayyukan aikata laifuka kamar satar aljihu da satar jaka sun lalata shi, kuma an yanke shawarar rushe kasuwar. An rushe kasuwar a watan Janairun 2016.
Tarihi An kafa kasuwar ne a 1860 lokacin da Najeriya ke karkashin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya don tallafawa ayyukan cinikin bayi. Oshodi na ɗaya daga cikin masu cin gajiyar birane na farko da ya faru a ƙarni na 19. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gina layin dogo tsakanin Legas da Arewa ta gwamnatin Burtaniya, don jigilar ma'aikata a fadin kasar.
Rushewa Rushewar Kasuwar Oshodi ta kasance ne sakamakon umarnin gwamnatin Jihar Legas don sake dawo da 'yan kasuwa daga kasuwar Owonifari zuwa Isopakodowo a Oshodi da gwamnatin Akinwunmi Ambode ta jagoranta a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2015. Gwamnatin jihar ta yi iƙirarin sararin da kasuwar da ke zaune a halin yanzu an gabatar da shi ne don tashar bas ta zamani, tare da sake komawa 'yan kasuwa zuwa sabon kasuwar Isopakodowo da aka gina a yankin Bolade. Tsohon gwamnan jihar Babatunde Fashola ne ya ba da umurnin sabon kasuwar, tare da saka hannun jari mai daraja N1 biliyan. Akwai dalilai da yawa na matakin gwamnati, wanda ya haɗa da barazanar tsaron jihar ta hanyar ayyukan aikata laifuka da aka yi a kasuwa, don daidaitawa da aikin gwamnatin jihar na juya jihar zuwa babban birni da kuma karɓar tashar bas. Manufar sanya jihar Legas ta zama babban birni yana daya daga cikin manyan manufofi na gwamnatin Ambode a jihar Legas. A cimma wannan manufa, gwamnatin Jihar Legas ta saka hannun jari na N1 biliyan a kan gina Isopakodowo a Bolade-Oshodi. An ba da izinin kasuwar a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2014 ta gwamnatin Babatunde Fashola a jihar Legas. Manufar gwamnati ita ce ta sake mayar da 'yan kasuwa a kasuwar Owonifari zuwa sabon hadaddun bayan kammala. Koyaya, 'yan kasuwa ba su da niyyar motsawa. Sabuwar kasuwar tana da shaguna sama da 600 da daruruwan masu riƙe Clamps. Dangane da taron da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2015, majalisar zartarwa ta jihar karkashin jagorancin gwamnan Ambode ta sadu da wakilin kasuwa, inda gwamnan ya nuna sha'awar komawa sabuwar kasuwar da aka gina. A ƙarshen taron 'yan kasuwa sun amince da bukatar gwamnan, duk da haka, sun roki kasuwa mai rahusa. A daya daga cikin sakonnin manema labarai da kwamishinan Steve Ayorinde ya ce "A ranar Litinin, 21 ga Disamba, 2015, an amince da cewa 'yan kasuwa za su biya N5,000 don shagon a Kasuwar Isopakodowo. Akwai wurare kalilan ne kawai a Legas inda za ku ga shagon N5,000, ba tare da ita ba a tsakiyar Oshodi, amma gwamnan ya amince da su. Mu, bayan haka, a hukumance mu ba da sanarwa don barin ta ofishin Kwamishinan Shirye-shiryen Jiki da Ci gaban Birane."
Dalilan da suka haifar Baya ga gaskiyar cewa gwamnati tana bin manufa don juya jihar Legas zuwa babban birni, wasu daga cikin dalilan da mai gudanarwa na jihar ya bayar sun hada da:
Rashin tsaro Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dalilan da gwamnati ta bayyana shine fitowar ayyukan aikata laifuka a kasuwa, wanda ya haɗa da dawo da makamai da harsashi a cikin kasuwa, wuraren ɓoyayyen masu laifi da sauransu. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin jaridar punch, Owoseni, kwamishinan 'yan sanda a jihar Legas ya ce: "Babban batutuwan da Majalisar ta kalli su ne sake dubawa ga duk matakan da aka sanya a shekarar 2015 musamman a kan Kirsimeti wanda ya kai ga mu sami bikin zaman lafiya.
"Bayan da muka sake duba hakan, mun kalli yadda za mu iya ci gaba da wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka taimaka mana kuma ba shakka mun inganta a kan wasu matakan da muke tsammanin suna buƙatar ingantawa. Wannan shine ainihin abubuwan da muka yi kuma mun yanke shawarar cewa za mu ci gaba da waɗannan matakan masu kyau tare da la'akari da yin Jihar Legas mafi aminci da tsaro don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A cikin wani ci gaba mai alaƙa Kwamishinan Bayanai da Dabarun Jihar, Steve Ayorinde, ya ce a cikin "Guardian Newspaper" cewa aikin rushewa a ranar Talata da Laraba ya tabbatar da wasu daga cikin tsoronsu, "kamar yadda muka gano bunkers da makamai a ƙarƙashin shagunan" ya kuma jaddada cewa gwamnati ta ba da ƙarshen kwanaki 16 don rushewa.
Cutar motoci Gwamnatin jihar ta nuna damuwa game da toshewar da ke fitowa daga zirga-zirga ta hanyar yawan motoci a ciki da kewayen Oshodi, wani bangare ya haifar da kwararar baƙi zuwa kasuwa a kowace rana. Gwamnati ta yi imanin cewa idan aka gina tashar bas a Oshodi, za ta kula da kalubalen zirga-zirga a wannan yanki. Kwamishinan ya ce "yayinda kasuwanni za su kasance a cikin Oshodi koyaushe, wasu gine-ginen da ba bisa ka'ida ba da gwamnatin jihar ta riga ta yi alama dole ne a rushe su don buɗe hanyar zirga-zirga da kuma yankin Oshodi marar laifi".
Rashin jituwa Rushe kasuwar Oshodi ya kasance mai kawo rigima sosai.
Jami'in Hulɗa da Jama'a, Obinna Nwosu, a cikin gabatarwarsa ya ce "Akwai umarnin kotu cewa gwamnati kada ta dame 'yan kasuwa a kasuwarmu saboda tun lokacin da aka gyara ta a 1999 bayan da aka ƙone kasuwar,' yan kasuwa da son rai sun sake gina kasuwar tare da N750million kuma an rufe kowane shagon. Shin umarnin hatimi ya yi kama da sanarwar barin? Sun tabbatar mana cewa za a daidaita komai kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancinmu suka dawo da kayarurrukanmu. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa masu fafutukar kasuwa ba su haɗu ba don tattauna batun sake komawa kafin aikin ya faru. Wasu daga cikin 'yan kasuwa sun kuma yi imanin cewa wuraren da ke sabon kasuwa ba za su iya karɓar su ba. Rumor na rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari da ayyukan ruhaniya suma wasu daga cikin dalilan da 'yan kasuwa suka ki karɓar tayin don sake komawa daga gwamnatin jihar.
Wasu daga cikin jami'an da suka yi magana a lokacin aikin sun bayyana goyon bayansu ga aikin gwamnati. Taofeek Adaranijo, memba na Majalisar Wakilai, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Agege, ya ce "Lokacin da ka zagaya wasu sassan duniya, da wuya ka ga kasuwa a irin wannan wuri kuma gina tashar bas a can zai kyautata wurin kuma ya canza yanayin har abada. Zai kara launi ga babban birni da muke mafarkin Legas kuma wannan mataki ne mai ƙarfin zuciya don cimma shirin canji. Segun Olulade, memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Legas, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Epe, ya yi imanin cewa kasuwa ta zama mafaka ga masu laifi da kuma wurin ɓoye makamai da harsashi.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Kasuwanni
Kasuwanci
Kasuwanci a |
51395 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Thomas%20Ryan | Edward Thomas Ryan | Edward Thomas Ryan (an haife shi a watan Satumba 5, 1962) masanin ilimin halitta ɗan Amurka ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma likita a Jami'ar Harvard da Babban Asibitin Massachusetts Ryan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Magungunan Magunguna da Tsafta ta Amurka daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010. Ryan Farfesa ne na Immunology da Cututtuka masu Yaduwa a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan, Farfesa na Magunguna a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, da kuma Daraktan Cututtukan Cutar Duniya a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Binciken Ryan da na asibiti ya kasance akan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da zama a ciki, ƙaura daga, ko tafiya ta wuraren da ba su da iyaka.
Aikin binciken na Ryan ya mayar da hankali ne kan cututtuka masu saurin yanayi, masu tasowa da cututtuka na duniya, musamman fahimtar hulɗar masu kamuwa da cuta, da kuma danganta wannan ilimin ga ganowa, haɓakawa, da aiwatar da manyan bincike da alluran rigakafi. Musamman wuraren da aka mai da hankali sun hada da kwalara, typhoid, shigella, COVID-19 da yada cututtukan da mutane ke ketare kan iyakokin kasa da kasa.
Sana'a
Farkon aiki da horo An haifi Ryan a birnin New York kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Horace Mann Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar biochemical a Jami'ar Princeton Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin likitanci daga Jami'ar Harvard. Ya yi aikin zama na likita da horar da zumunci kan cututtukan cututtuka a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Ryan ya sami ƙarin horo a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta London da Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Cutar Zawo ta Duniya (ICDDRB) a Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ryan kuma ɗan ƙetare ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'umma da Magunguna, Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia Bayan horar da shi, Ryan ya shiga jami'ar Harvard da ma'aikatan babban asibitin Massachusetts. An nada shi Farfesa a Jami'ar Harvard a watan Afrilu, 2012. Ryan yana zaune a Wellesley, Massachusetts Cutar Zawo na Kwalara Tare da Dr. Stephen Calderwood, Dr. Jason Harris, Dr. Regina LaRocque, Dr. Daniel Leung, Dr. Richelle Charles da abokan aiki a Harvard, da Dr. Firdausi Qadri da abokan aiki a ICDDRB, Ryan ya mayar da hankali ga ci gaba da fahimtar mai watsa shiri. -maganin kamuwa da cuta da na rigakafi a lokacin kwalara, cutar da ɗan adam ke takurawa wanda ya fi addabar talakawa a yankunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu a duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Amurka tana tallafawa aikin binciken Ryan. Mahimman gudumawa sun haɗa da gano cewa sabanin tsarin da aka kafa a baya, cutar kwalara tana haifar da martani mai saurin kumburi a cikin mutane masu fama da cutar, kuma wannan martanin yana da alaƙa da girma da tsawon lokacin rigakafin cutar kwalara. Ryan ya mayar da hankali sosai kan nazarin martanin rigakafi akan murfin polysaccharide na kwayoyin Vibrio cholerae, O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), yana aiki tare da Dr. Paul Kovac na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa. Martanin rigakafi ga OSP yana shiga tsakani kariya daga kwalara a cikin mutane, da Ryan et al sun nuna cewa wannan kariyar tana da alaƙa da ƙarfin ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ke niyya V. cholerae OSP don hana ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun na wayar hannu daga yin iyo a cikin lumen na hanji. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban rigakafin rigakafin. An ba Ryan lambar yabo ta MERIT daga NIH don tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin.
Typhoid Ƙoƙarin da Ryan ya yi a kan typhoid ya fi mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su don tantance martanin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin zazzaɓin typhoid, gami da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar, da kuma martanin rigakafin ɗan adam ga kamuwa da cuta. Wannan aiki na haɗin gwiwa tare da Charles da Qadri sun gano wani ma'aunin kwayar halitta na kwayar cutar bacillus wanda ke haifar da zazzaɓin typhoid (YncE; STY1479), kuma ya haɗa da nazarin rubutun farko (bayanin kwayar halitta) na kwayar cutar kwayan cuta kai tsaye a cikin jini na wata cuta. kamuwa da mutum; aikin da aka yi a cikin mutane masu fama da typhoid da zazzabin paratyphoid a Bangladesh. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban tantancewar bincike.
Shigella Ƙoƙarin Ryan akan shigellosis ya mai da hankali kan haɓakar rigakafin rigakafi da hulɗar masu cutar. A shekara ta 2006, Ryan ya nuna cewa gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga yara masu shigellosis a Bangladesh bai kara yawan samar da guba daga kwayoyin ba. Wannan binciken yana tallafawa maganin rigakafi da aka yi niyya na mutane tare da shigellosis. Irin wannan maganin yawanci ana hana shi a cikin mutane masu kamuwa da Shiga-toxin da ke bayyana E. coli kamuwa da cuta (STEC/EHEC: enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli wanda irin wannan magani yana ƙara haɗarin gazawar koda.
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29808 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira%20Muratova | Kira Muratova | Articles with hCards
Kira Georgievna Muratova 'yar Roma ce; Ukraine née Korotkova, 5 Nuwamba 1934 6 Yuni 2018 ɗan Soviet ne Ukrainian daraktan fim ɗin da ya ci lambar yabo, marubucin allo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na zuriyar Romanian/Yahudanci, sananne ga salon shugabanci nata da ba a saba gani ba. Fina-finan Muratova sun yi ta yin katsalandan a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, duk da haka Muratova ya sami nasarar fitowa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin fina-finan Rasha na zamani kuma ya sami damar gina aikin fim mai nasara daga 1960s gaba. Muratova, tare da Nikita Mikhalkov, Vadim Abdrashitov, Aleksandr Sokurov, Aleksei Jamus, da Aleksei Balabanov ana ganin su ne manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Rasha waɗanda suka fuskanci rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet duk da haka sun sami nasarar ci gaba da aikinsu na fim daga farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. An kwatanta ayyukanta a matsayin mai yiyuwa 'daya daga cikin fitattun fitattun fina-finai na fina-finai na duniya.' Muratova ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha a Odessa, inda ya kirkiro mafi yawan fina-finanta a Odesa Film Studios Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Kira Korotkova a cikin shekara ta 1934 a Soroca, Romania Moldova a yau) ga mahaifin Rasha da mahaifiyar Romania (an asalin Bayahude Bessarabian Iyayenta duka ƴan gurguzu ne kuma membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci Mahaifinta, Yuri Korotkov, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar fascist a yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin Romania sun kama su kuma suka harbe bayan tambayoyi. Bayan yakin, Kira ta zauna a Bucharest tare da mahaifiyarta, likitan mata, wanda ya bi aikin gwamnati a cikin Socialist Romania A 1959, Kira ta kammala karatun ta daga Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography a Moscow, qware a cikin shiryarwa. Bayan kammala karatun Korotkova ya sami matsayi na darekta tare da Odessa Film Studio a Odessa, tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a Bahar Black kusa da 'yar asalinta Bessarabia Ta ba da umarnin fim ɗin ƙwararrunta na farko a cikin 1961 kuma ta yi aiki tare da ɗakin studio har sai da rikici ya sa ta koma Leningrad a 1978. A can ta yi fim daya tare da Lenfilm Studio, amma daga baya ya koma Odessa. Fina-finan Muratova sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi akai-akai ga jami'an Soviet saboda yaren fim ɗinta na wauta wanda bai bi ka'idodin gurguzanci ba. Masanin fina-finai Isa Willinger ya kwatanta tsarin fim na Muratova da Soviet Avant-garde, musamman ga Eisenstein na abubuwan jan hankali. Sau da yawa an dakatar da Muratova daga yin aiki a matsayin darekta na tsawon shekaru a kowane lokaci.
Kira ta auri 'yar'uwarta darektan studiyo na Odessa wato Oleksandr Muratov a farkon shekarun 1960 kuma ta hada fina-finai da yawa tare da shi. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Marianna, amma nan da nan suka sake aure kuma Muratov ya koma Kiev inda ya fara aiki tare da Dovzhenko Film Studios Kira Muratova ta kiyaye sunan tsohon mijinta duk da aurenta da mai zane na Leningrad kuma mai tsarawa Evgeny Golubenko.
Bayan zamanin Soviet A cikin 1990s, lokaci mai mahimmanci yazo wa Muratova a lokacin da ta daukar sabon fim bayan kowane shekaru biyu ko uku, sau da yawa tana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ma'aikatan jirgin. Aikinta The Asthenic Syndrome (1989) an kwatanta shi a matsayin 'babban aikin banza' kuma shine kawai fim ɗin da aka dakatar (saboda tsiraici na maza da mata) a lokacin Tarayyar Soviet perestroika Sauran fina-finan nata da aka fitar a wannan lokacin sun hada da misali, The Sentimental Policeman (1992), Passions (1994), Three Stories (1997) da kuma gajeren wasiƙa (1999) zuwa Amurka. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu Muratova take fito dasu acikin shirye-shirye su ne Renata Litvinova da Natalya Buzko Muratova ta fina-finan yawanci productions na Ukraine ko co-productions tsakanin Ukraine da kuma Rasha, ko da yaushe a cikin Rasha harshen, ko da yake Muratova iya magana da Ukrainian kuma bai ƙin Ukrainianization na Ukrainian cinema. Muratova ya goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Euromaidan da juyin juya halin Ukrainian na 2014 masu zuwa. An gabatar da fina-finan Muratova a Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya a Berlin (1990, 1997), Cannes, Moscow, Rome, Venice da dai sauransu.
Kusa da Aleksandr Sokurov, An dauki Muratova a matsayin darektan fina-finai na harshen Rashanci na zamani. Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a matsayin postmodern, yin amfani da eclecticism, parody, gyare-gyare na dakatarwa, rugujewar labari da ƙwaƙƙwaran gani da sauti, da 'ɗaucin ɓacin rai da ke nuna tashin hankali, rashin ƙauna, al'umma mara kyau. A cikin fim dinta, Labari Uku, ta bincika 'mugunta an ɓoye a cikin wani kyakkyawan harsashi marar laifi, kuma gawawwakin sun zama wani ɓangare na kayan ado.' Ta kasance mai sha'awar Sergei Parajanov kuma ta mayar da hankali kan 'ornamentalism' an kwatanta shi da nasa kuma ya kasance mai adawa da gaskiya, tare da 'maimaitawa yana ba da siffar kowane yiwuwar', tare da fim ɗin ta na ƙarshe, Maɗaukaki Gida mai kyau game da cinema kanta ba ta ƙare ba. kamar a ce 'spool of cinema ta ci gaba da zare da ƙwanƙwasa, zare da ƙwanƙwasa'.
Nadi da kyaututtuka Sai kawai a lokacin gasar Perestroyka ne Muratova ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a da kuma lambar yabo ta farko. A cikin 1988, bikin fina-finai na mata na duniya Créteil (Faransa) ya nuna na farko game da ayyukanta. Fim ɗinta Daga cikin Grey Stones an nuna shi a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1988 Cannes Film Festival A cikin shekara ta 1990, Fim ɗinta na Asthenic Syndrome ya lashe kyautar Silver Bear Jury Grand Prix a Berlinale A cikin 1994, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Leopard of Honor don rayuwarta oeuvre a Locarno International Film Festival (Switzerland) kuma a cikin 2000, an ba ta kyautar Andrzej Wajda Freedom Award. A cikin 1997, an shigar da fim ɗinta Labaru Uku a cikin Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 47 Fim ɗinta na shekara ta2002 Chekhov's Motifs an shigar dashi cikin bikin fina-finai na duniya na Moscow na 24th na Moscow An nuna fim ɗinta The Tuner a bikin Fim na Venice a 2004. Fina-finan nata sun sami lambar yabo ta "Nika" ta Rasha a 1991, 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009 da 2013. A cikin 2005, an nuna wani bita a Cibiyar Lincoln a Birnin New York. A cikin 2013, an nuna cikakken kallon fina-finanta a bikin Fim na Duniya na Rotterdam Order of Prince Yaroslav mai hikima
Order of Friendly
Mutane Artist na Ukraine
1993 Shevchenko National Prize
An yi watsi da ayyukanta a bisa kuskure a cikin darussan Nazarin Fim ko kuma a cikin tattaunawa kan 'manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci' a cewar mai sukar fina-finai na kwanan nan, Bianca Garner.
Fina-finai
Littattafai A kan wani yunƙuri na majiɓincin fasaha Yuri Komelkov, Atlant UMC ya buga wani kundi a kan aikin Kira Muratova. A cikin wannan kundin, marubucin hotuna, Konstantin Donin, ya tsare kansa a cikin firam ɗin fim ɗin, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na allo na fim ɗin Biyu-in-one A cikin shekara ta 2005, IB Tauris ya buga wani bincike kan rayuwa da aikin Muratova a cikin jerin Sahabbai na KINOfiles Filmmakers.
Duba kuma Jerin sunayen daraktoci mata
Fim din mata
Sinima na Rasha
Cinema na Ukraine
Manazarta
Adabi Donin A.]. 2007. 119 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kira Muratova Kira Muratova fan site (Rasha) fina-finai, biography, labarai, tambayoyi, articles, photo gallery
Hira da Muratova
2006 Nika Takaitacciyar Biyu cikin Daya Hotunan Muratova
Kira Muratova da Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Kwaminisanci
Kira Muratova
Mutuwar 2018
Haihuwan 1934
Mutane daga Soroca
Studiyon fina-finai na Odessa
Darektocin fim na kasar Russi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40747 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene%20Descartes | Rene Descartes | René UK ko rt/; Faransanci French: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 Maris 1596-11 Fabrairu 1650 Bafaranshe ne masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma masanin lissafi, wanda aka fi sani da shi a matsayin mutum na farko a cikin bullowar falsafa da kimiyyarzamani. Ilimin lissafi ya kasance tsakiyar hanyar bincikensa, kuma ya haɗa fage daban-daban na lissafin lissafi da algebra a baya zuwa cikin lissafi na nazari. Descartes ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa na aiki a Jamhuriyar Holland, tun da farko yana hidima ga Sojojin Ƙasar Holland, daga bisani ya zama babban ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shekarun Golden Age. Ko da yake ya yi aiki a jihar Furotesta kuma daga baya masu suka suka ƙidaya shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara, Descartes ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin Katolika.
Yawancin abubuwa na falsafar Descartes suna da abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen Aristotelianism, Rayarwar Stoicism na karni na 16, ko a cikin falsafar farko kamar Augustine. A cikin falsafar dabi'a, ya bambanta da makarantu a kan manyan abubuwa guda biyu: na farko, ya ƙi rarraba kayan jiki zuwa kwayoyin halitta da siffar; na biyu, ya ƙi duk wani roko zuwa ga ƙarshe, na allahntaka ko na halitta, a cikin bayanin abubuwan mamaki na halitta. A cikin tauhidinsa, ya nace a kan cikakken 'yanci na aikin Allah na halitta. Da yake ƙin karɓar ikon masana falsafa na baya, Descartes akai-akai ya keɓe ra'ayinsa baya ga masana falsafa da suka gabace shi. A cikin ɓangaren budewa na Ƙaunar Soul, wani rubutun zamani na farko game da motsin zuciyarmu, Descartes ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa zai rubuta a kan wannan batu "kamar dai babu wanda ya rubuta game da waɗannan batutuwa a baya."Sanannen bayaninsa na falsafa shine "cogito, ergo sum" ("Ina tsammanin, saboda haka ni ne"; wanda aka samo a cikin Magana akan Hanyar (1637; a Faransanci da Latin) da Ka'idodin Falsafa (1644, a cikin Latin). Descartes sau da yawa ana kiransa uban falsafar zamani, kuma galibi ana ganin shi ne ke da alhakin ƙarin kulawa da aka ba wa ilimin kimiya na zamani a ƙarni na 17. Ya aza harsashi na rationalism na nahiyar na ƙarni na 17, daga baya Spinoza da Leibniz suka ba da shawarar, kuma daga baya mazhabar empiriricist ta yi adawa da shi, wanda ya ƙunshi Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, da Hume. Yunƙurin rationalism na farko na zamani-a matsayin makarantar falsafa mai tsari sosai a cikin kansa a karon farko a cikin tarihi-ya yi tasiri mai girma da tasiri a kan tunanin yammacin zamani gaba ɗaya, tare da haifuwar tsarin falsafancin falsafa biyu masu tasiri biyu na Descartes (Cartesianism) da Spinoza (Spinozism). Ya kasance ƙarni na 17 masu ra'ayin ra'ayi kamar Descartes, Spinoza da Leibniz waɗanda suka ba da "Age of Reason" suna da wuri a cikin tarihi. Leibniz, Spinoza, da Descartes duk sun kware sosai a fannin lissafi da falsafa, kuma Descartes da Leibniz sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga kimiyya ma. Tunanin Descartes akan Falsafa na Farko (1641) ya ci gaba da zama daidaitaccen rubutu a yawancin sassan falsafar jami'a. Tasirin Descartes a cikin ilmin lissafi daidai yake a bayyane; tsarin haɗin gwiwar Cartesian an sanya masa suna. An lasafta shi a matsayin uban lissafi na nazari-wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen gano ƙididdiga da bincike mara iyaka. Descartes kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan mutane a juyin juya halin kimiyya.
Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya An haifi René Descartes a La Haye en Touraine, lardin Touraine (yanzu Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), Faransa, a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1596. An haifi René Descartes kusan rabin watan Agusta 1595. Mahaifiyarsa, Jeanne Brochard, ta mutu kwanaki kaɗan bayan ta haifi ɗa a watan Mayu 1597. Mahaifin Descartes, Joachim, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Brittany a Rennes. René ya zauna tare da kakarsa kuma tare da kawunsa. Kodayake dangin Descartes Roman Katolika ne, Furotesta Huguenots ne ke iko da yankin Poitou. A cikin 1607, marigayi saboda rashin lafiyarsa, ya shiga Kwalejin Jesuit Royal Henry-Le-Grand a La Flèche, inda aka gabatar da shi ga ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, gami da aikin Galileo. Yayin da yake can, Descartes ya fara cin karo da sufanci. Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1614, ya yi karatu na tsawon shekaru biyu (1615-16) a Jami'ar Poitiers, yana samun Baccalauréat da Lasisi a cikin canon da dokar farar hula a 1616, bisa ga burin mahaifinsa cewa ya zama lauya. Daga can, ya koma Paris.
A cikin Discourse on the method, Descartes ya tuna: Na bar nazarin haruffa gaba ɗaya. Na yanke shawarar neman wani ilimi sai dai wanda ake iya samunsa a cikin kaina ko kuma a cikin littafin nan mai girma na duniya, na shafe sauran kuruciyata ta tafiye-tafiye, ziyartar kotuna da dakaru, ina cudanya da mutane masu hali da matsayi daban-daban, tare da tattaro nau'o'in daban-daban. kwarewa, gwada kaina a cikin yanayin da arziki ya ba ni, kuma a kowane lokaci ina yin tunani a kan duk abin da ya zo don samun riba daga gare shi.
Dangane da burinsa na zama ƙwararren jami'in soja a 1618, Descartes ya shiga, a matsayin ɗan haya, Rundunar Sojojin Yaren mutanen Holland na Furotesta a Breda ƙarƙashin umarnin Maurice na Nassau, kuma ya gudanar da nazarin aikin injiniya na soja, kamar yadda aka kafa. by Simon Stevin. Descartes, saboda haka, ya sami kwarin gwiwa sosai a Breda don haɓaka iliminsa na lissafi. Ta wannan hanyar, ya saba da Isaac Beeckman, shugaban makarantar Dordrecht, wanda ya rubuta Compendium of Music (wanda aka rubuta 1618, aka buga 1650). Tare, sun yi aiki a kan faɗuwar kyauta, ɗakin karatu, sashen conic, da ƙididdigar ruwa. Dukansu sun yi imanin cewa ya zama dole a ƙirƙira hanyar da ke da alaƙa sosai da lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Yayin da yake hidimar Duke Maximilian na Katolika na Bavaria daga 1619, Descartes ya kasance a yakin White Mountain kusa da Prague, a cikin watan Nuwamba 1620. A cewar Adrien Baillet, a daren 10-11 Nuwamba 1619 (Ranar St. Martin), yayin da yake tsaye a Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes ya rufe kansa a cikin daki tare da "tanda" (watakila cocklestove) don tserewa. sanyi Yayin da yake ciki, ya yi mafarkai guda uku, kuma ya gaskata cewa ruhun allahntaka ya bayyana masa sabuwar falsafa. Duk da haka, ana hasashen cewa abin da Descartes ya ɗauka a matsayin mafarkinsa na biyu shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru na fashewar ciwon kai. Bayan ya fita, ya ƙirƙiro lissafi na nazari da ra'ayin yin amfani da hanyar ilimin lissafi ga falsafa. Ya kammala daga waɗannan wahayin cewa, neman ilimin kimiyya zai kasance, a gare shi, neman hikima ta gaskiya da kuma wani muhimmin sashi na aikinsa na rayuwarsa. Descartes kuma ya ga a sarari cewa dukkanin gaskiya suna da alaƙa da juna, ta yadda gano ainihin gaskiya da ci gaba da tunani zai buɗe hanya ga dukkan kimiyya. Descartes ya gano wannan ainihin gaskiyar nan ba da jimawa ba: sanannensa "Ina tsammani, saboda haka ni ne."
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36754 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos%E2%80%93Kano%20Standard%20Gauge%20Railway | Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway | Titin jirgin kasa daga Legas zuwa Kano mai nisan daidaitaccen layin dogo ne da ake ginawa a Najeriya. Da zarar an kammala aikin layin dogo zai haɗa birnin Lagos mai tashar jiragen ruwa na Tekun Atlantika zuwa Kano kusa da kan iyakar kasar da Nijar inda zai wuce babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Titin jirgin kasa ya maye gurbin layin Western na Cape da Burtaniya ta gina a 1896-1927, wanda ke da ƙarancin ƙira kuma yana cikin lalacewa. An kammala sassa biyu na layin dogo kuma an fara jigilar fasinjoji. An bude sashin tsakanin Abuja da Kaduna a hukumance a watan Yulin 2016. An kaddamar da yankin tsakanin Legas da Ibadan a watan Yunin 2021.
Gina Bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya, layin dogo a zamanin mulkin mallaka ya fada cikin wani yanayi na lalacewa. Yawan fasinja a layin dogo na Najeriya ya ragu daga miliyan 11 a shekarar 1964 zuwa miliyan 1.6 a shekarar 2003. Yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ya kusan ruguje, inda ya fado daga tan miliyan 3 a shekarar 1964 zuwa kasa da tan 100,000 a shekarar 2000. A farkon shekarar 2013, an ɗauki sa'o'i 31 kafin jiragen kasa na fasinja su yi tafiya tsakanin Legas da Kano, a matsakaicin gudun 45 kacal. km/h. Duk da cewa an fara aikin gyaran layin dogo na Cape, ci gaban tattalin arziki a Najeriya ya sanya ma'aunin ma'auni ya zama abin so. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta bai wa kamfanin gine-ginen gine-gine na kasar Sin kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 8.3 don gina ma'aunin layin dogo daga Legas zuwa Kano. Sakamakon kasa samun kudaden gudanar da aikin baki daya, gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar gina ma'aunin ma'auni a sassa da kuma gyara layin ma'auni a halin yanzu.
Abuja Kaduna Na 187 Yankin kilomita daga Abuja zuwa Kaduna ne aka fara ginawa. Abuja ba ta cikin hanyar layin dogo ta kasa, domin an gina ta ne a matsayin babban birni bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya. Kaduna wata muhimmiyar mahadar hanya ce ta hanyar layin dogo na Cape, inda layin reshe ya tashi daga Legas zuwa Nguru zuwa Kafanchan, a kan titin jirgin kasa na Fatakwal-Maiduguri. Aikin ginin bangaren Abuja-Kaduna ya lashe dala miliyan 876, wanda ya kunshi dala miliyan 500 na lamuni daga bankin Exim na kasar Sin da ma'auni daga gwamnatin Najeriya. Kamfanin gine-ginen gine-gine na kasar Sin (CCECC) ya fara aikin layin dogo a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2011, kuma ya fara shimfida hanya a shekarar 2013. Duk da haka, matsaloli daban-daban sun jinkirta kammala hanyar. ’Yan bata-gari ne ke satar kayayyakin jirgin kasa, lamarin da ya tilasta wa kamfanin CCECC gina katanga don kare hanyoyin. Faduwar darajar Naira ta Najeriya ya janyo gibin kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa wajen gudanar da aikin. An samu jinkiri wajen samun filin da ake buƙata don titin jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar siyan tilas Duk da cewa CCECC ta sanya wa asibitin ‘ya’yan agaji da ke Abuja lamba domin rugujewa a shekarar 2014, amma gwamnati ba ta biya diyya ga asibitin ba sai Afrilu 2016. An kaddamar da layin dogo a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2016.
Lagos Ibadan An ba da kwangilar dala biliyan 1.53 a cikin 2012 ga Kamfanin Gina Injiniya na China don gina sashin Legas-Ibadan (156) km) na daidaitattun layin dogo ta 2016. Sai dai kuma aikin ya fuskanci tsaiko. A ƙarshe an yi bikin ƙaddamar da ƙasa a ranar 7 ga Maris 2017, kuma an shirya kammala aikin layin dogo a cikin Disamba 2018. An jinkirta aikin saboda ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin bazara na 2018, kuma dole ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura sojoji don kare ma'aikatan jirgin daga 'yan fashi da makami. Zaben Najeriya na shekarar 2019 ya kara dagule ginin, lokacin da kamfanin CCECC ya kwashe ma'aikatansa na kasar Sin domin yin taka tsantsan. An sami raguwar ci gaba a cikin 2020 ta hanyar nisantar da jama'a da ake buƙata don yaƙar cutar ta COVID-19, saboda ma'aikata 20 ne kawai ke halarta a wuraren gine-gine waɗanda aka taɓa gudanar da 200. Jiragen kasan fasinja sun fara ayyukan gwaji a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2020. Wole Soyinka, wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel ya zama fasinja akai-akai a cikin jirgin, yana mai cewa "aiki ne mai ban sha'awa da ake ci gaba da la'akari da wahalar aiwatar da wani abu a kasar nan." Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ne ya kaddamar da layin dogo a hukumance a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2021.
Sauran sassan A ranar 15 ga watan Mayun 2018, Ministan Sufuri na Najeriya ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 6.68 da kamfanin gine-ginen gine-gine na kasar Sin don kammala sauran sassan layin dogo na Legas zuwa Kano. Ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki shekaru 2-3 daga samun kuɗi. Ibadan-Osogbo-Ilorin (200 km)
Osogbo Ado Ekiti Ilorin-Minna (270 km)
Minna Abuja
Kaduna-Kano (305 km)
Haɗin gaba zuwa Warri A shekarar 1987, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da kwangilar gina layin dogo na farko a kasar, wanda ya hada ma'adinan da ke Itakpe da kamfanin sarrafa karafa na Ajaokuta zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Warri. Duk da haka, aikin ya tsaya cik kuma har yanzu ba a gama ba lokacin da aka bude layin Abuja zuwa Kaduna. Kamfanin CCECC ya dauki nauyin gina layin, kuma a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2020, shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya kaddamar da shi a hukumance a wani biki na zahiri. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2019, gwamnati ta rattaba hannu kan wata kwangilar dala biliyan 3.9 da kamfanin gina layin dogo na kasar Sin mai iyaka na China Railway Construction Corporation Limited don tsawaita layin dogo daga Warri zuwa Abuja, wanda zai hada shi da layin dogo na Lagos-Kanos Standard Gauge.
Aiki Kammala aikin layin dogo daga Abuja zuwa Kaduna a shekarar 2016 ya zo a wani muhimmin lokaci na zirga-zirgar kasa a yankin. Tun a shekarar 2009, babbar hanyar Abuja zuwa Kaduna ta fada cikin halin rashin bin doka da oda, yayin da ‘yan fashi da makami da masu garkuwa da mutane suka yi masa kawanya. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa dai manyan jami'an gwamnati ne, ciki har da babban kwamishinan Saliyo a Najeriya. Saboda tsoron kare lafiyarsu, matafiya sun yi tururuwa zuwa cikin jirgin. Tallafin yau da kullun ya karu da kashi 270% zuwa 3,700, kuma ana zargin jami'an layin dogo da kama su da laifin cin hancin tikiti. Sanata Mohammed Ali Ndume ya ruwaito cewa dole ne ya tsaya a cikin jirgin duk tsawon tafiyar, kuma Sanata James Manager ya ce, "Wanda yake son kashe kansa ne zai dauki hanya." A ranar 28 ga Maris, 2022, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun kai hari kan wani jirgin kasa da ke kan hanyar Abuja zuwa Kaduna. Akalla mutane 8 ne suka mutu sannan aka yi garkuwa da 65.
Taswirori Taswirar UN (yana nuna layin dogo)
UNHCR Atlas Map
Duba kuma Jirgin kasa a Najeriya
Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Najeriya
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40899 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Curie | Marie Curie | Marie Salomea Skłodowska–Curie kjʊəri/ KURE-ee, lafazin French pronunciation: maʁi kyʁi], lafazin Polish pronunciation: marja dɔfska ri]; An haifi Maria Salomea Skłodowska, Polish: marja mɛa dofska]; 7 Nuwamba 1867-4 Yuli 1934) 'yar ƙasar Poland ne kuma masaniyar ilimin kimiya na Faransa kuma masaniyar ilmin sinadarai wanda ta gudanar da bincike na farko akan aikin radioactive. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta ci lambar yabo ta Nobel, mutum na farko kuma mace daya tilo da ta taba lashe kyautar Nobel sau biyu, kuma ita kadai ce ta lashe kyautar Nobel a fannonin kimiyya biyu. Mijinta, Pierre Curie, shi ne wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ta farko, wanda ya sa su zama ma'aurata na farko da suka lashe kyautar Nobel tare da kaddamar da gadon iyali na Curie na kyautar Nobel biyar. Ta kasance, a cikin shekarar 1906, mace ta farko da ta zama farfesa a Jami'ar Paris. An haife ta a Warsaw, a cikin daular Poland a lokacin, wani yanki na daular Rasha. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Flying ta sirri ta Warsaw kuma ta fara horar da ilimin kimiyya a Warsaw. A shekara ta 1891, tana da shekaru 24, ta bi yayanta Bronisława don yin karatu a Paris, inda ta sami digiri mafi girma kuma ta gudanar da aikinta na kimiyya na gaba. A shekara ta 1895 ta auri masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Faransa Pierre Curie, kuma ta raba lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics ta 1903 tare da shi tare da masanin kimiyya Henri Becquerel don aikinsu na farko na bunkasa ka'idar "radioactivity" kalmar da ta kirkiro. A 1906 Pierre Curie ya mutu a wani hatsarin titin Paris. Marie ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1911 saboda binciken da ta yi na abubuwan da ake kira polonium da radium, ta yin amfani da dabarun da ta ƙirƙiro don keɓe isotopes na rediyoaktif.
A karkashin jagorancinta, an gudanar da binciken farko a duniya game da maganin neoplasms ta hanyar amfani da isotopes na rediyoaktif. Ta kafa Cibiyar Curie a Paris a 1920, da Cibiyar Curie a Warsaw a 1932; duka biyun sun kasance manyan cibiyoyin bincike na likita. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya ta haɓaka rukunin mobile radioactive don ba da sabis na X-ray ga field hospitals.
Yayin da 'yar ƙasar Faransa, Marie Skłodowska Curie, wacce ta yi amfani da sunayen sunaye biyu, ba ta rasa ma'anarta ta asalin Poland ba. Ta koya wa 'ya'yanta mata yaren Poland kuma ta kai su ziyara a Poland. Ta sanya sunan sinadarin farko da ta gano polonium, sunan kasarta ta haihuwa. Marie Curie ta mutu a 1934, tana da shekaru 66, a Gidajen zama Na Siyarwa da Hayar a Passy, Faransa, na fama da cutar anemia mai yiwuwa daga kamuwa da cutar radiation a lokacin binciken kimiyya da kuma lokacin aikinta na radiology a field hospitals lokacin yakin duniya na daya. Baya ga kyautar Nobel ta Nobel, ta sami wasu karramawa da yawa da yawa; a cikin shekarar 1995 ta zama mace ta farko da aka zana bisa ga cancantarta a cikin Paris da Poland sun bayyana 2011 a matsayin shekarar Marie Curie a lokacin Shekarar Kimiyya ta Duniya. Ita ce batun ayyukan tarihin rayuwa da yawa, inda ake kuma san ta da Rayuwa
Shekarun farko An haifi Maria Skłodowska a Warsaw, a Congress Poland a cikin Daular Rasha, ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba 1867, ɗa na biyar kuma ƙarami na sanannun malamai Bronisława, née Boguska, da Władysław Skłodowski. ’Yan’uwan dattijon Maria (mai suna Mania) su ne Zofia (an haife shi a shekara ta 1862, mai laƙabi da Zosia), (an haife shi a 1863, mai lakabi Józio), Bronisława (an haife shi 1865, mai lakabi Bronia da Helena (an haifi 1866, mai lakabi Hela). A bangarorin uba da na uwa, dangi sun yi asarar dukiyoyinsu da dukiyoyinsu ta hanyar nuna kishin kasa a cikin boren kasa na Poland da nufin maido da 'yancin kai na Poland (na baya-bayan nan shi ne tashin hankalin Janairu na 1863-65). Wannan ya la’anci tsara na gaba, ciki har da Maria da ’yan’uwanta, ga gwagwarmaya mai wuyar samun ci gaba a rayuwa. Kakan mahaifin Maria, ya kasance shugaban makarantar firamare ta Lublin wanda Bolesław Prus ya halarta, wanda ya zama babban jigo a cikin adabin Poland. Władysław Skłodowski ya koyar da ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, darussan da Maria za ta bi, kuma shi ne darektan wasan motsa jiki na Warsaw biyu (makarantar sakandare) na yara maza. Bayan hukumomin Rasha sun kawar da koyarwar dakin gwaje-gwaje daga makarantun Poland, ya kawo yawancin kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje a gida kuma ya umurci yaransa su yi amfani da su. Daga karshe masu kula da shi na Rasha sun kore shi saboda ra’ayin goyon bayan Poland suka tilasta masa ya dauki mukamai masu karancin albashi; Iyalin kuma sun yi asarar kuɗi a kan wani mummunan jari kuma a ƙarshe sun zaɓi su kara kudin shiga ta hanyar kwana a gidan. Mahaifiyar Maria Bronisława ta kula da wata babbar makarantar kwana ta Warsaw ga 'yan mata; ta yi murabus daga mukamin bayan an haifi Mariya. Ta mutu da tarin fuka a watan Mayu 1878, lokacin da Maria ke da shekaru goma. Kasa da shekaru uku da suka shige, babban yayan Maria, Zofia, ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar typhus daga wani jirgin ruwa. Mahaifin Maria ya kasance wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar 'yar Katolika ce. Mutuwar mahaifiyar Mariya da ’yar’uwarta ya sa ta daina bin addinin Katolika kuma ta zama marar imani. Sa’ad da ta kai shekara goma, Maria ta soma zuwa makarantar kwana ta J. Sikorska; na gaba, ta halarci dakin motsa jiki na 'yan mata, wanda ta sauke karatu a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 1883 tare da lambar zinare. Bayan rugujewa, wataƙila saboda baƙin ciki, ta yi shekara ta gaba a ƙauye tare da dangin mahaifinta, a shekara ta gaba tare da mahaifinta a Warsaw, inda ta yi wasu koyarwa. Ba za a iya shiga makarantar sakandare ta yau da kullun ba saboda mace ce, ita da 'yar uwarta Bronisława sun shiga cikin Jami'ar Flying na sirri (wani lokacin ana fassara su azaman Jami'ar Floating wata cibiyar kishin ƙasa ta Poland ta manyan makarantu wacce ta karɓi ɗalibai mata. Maria ta yi yarjejeniya da ’yar’uwarta, Bronisława, cewa za ta ba ta taimakon kuɗi a lokacin karatun likitancin Bronisława a birnin Paris, a madadin irin wannan taimakon shekaru biyu bayan haka. Dangane da wannan, Mariya ta ɗauki matsayi na farko a matsayin mai koyar da gida a Warsaw, sannan na tsawon shekaru biyu a matsayin shugabar gwamnati a Szczuki tare da dangin da ke ƙasa, Żorawskis, waɗanda dangin mahaifinta ne. Yayin da yake aiki ga dangin na ƙarshe, ta ƙaunaci ɗansu, Kazimierz Żorawski, mashahuran lissafi na gaba. Iyayensa sun ƙi amincewa da ra'ayinsa na auren ɗan'uwan da ba shi da kuɗi, kuma Kazimierz ya kasa yin adawa da su.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1867
Webarchive template wayback links
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16281 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessa%20Lee | Inessa Lee | Inessa Lee Mawaƙiya ce kuma marubuciya wacce akafi sani sandiyar fitowa cikin shirin telebijin mai taken American Idol da kuma bayyanar ta Amurka a Allon tallace-tallace charting guda Gimme All (Zobe My Bell) Ayyuka
2010–2011 Bautar Amurka da "Hauka a F Mawakiyar ta samu ɗaukaka a duniya a farkon shekarar 2011 sakamakon bayyanar ta a karo na goma na jerin shirye shiryen talabijin na American Idol a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar takara daga San-Francisco. Labaran MTV ya nuna ta a matsayin "sexy video vixen." An gabatar da wakarta "Insane in F a 5 ga Nuwamba, 2011 a cikin fim ɗin Rayuwa na asali na Cheyenne, wani bangare na Biyar (don Maganin), wanda Penelope Spheeris Duniyar Wayne jagoranta.
2011 "Kun Kunna Ni" A cikin 2011, mawaƙiyar ta sake rubuta “Ku Kunna Ni” wanda aka zaɓa don 2011 HMMA Hollywood Music in Media Award (Rawan Rawar Rana) kuma ya kasance na ƙarshe a Gasar 2011 ISC International Songwriting Competition (Dance Electronica). A watan Oktoba 2013, mawaƙiyar ta fito da bidiyon kiɗan machinima "Ka Kunnata Ni" wanda Pia Klaar ta yi fim bisa ga waƙar wannan take a cikin 3D Virtual world Second Life "Ku Kunna Ni" an nuna shi a cikin tallace-tallace na shirye-shiryen gidan talabijin na CBS da suka hada da Babban Bangar Ka'ida, Matar kirki, Yadda Na Hadu da Mahaifiyar Ku, Masu Miller, Farashin Daidai ne, Shugaba Mai Boye, Matasa da Marasa Lafiya 2012–2013 "Gimme All (Ring My Belly)" A shekarar 2012, mawakin da suka rubuta tare Gimme All (Zobe My Bell) wani zamani interpolation na disco-zamanin classic Zobe My Bell da Anita Ward. Waƙar ta hauhawa a A'a. 9 lambar jadawalin Kasuwancin Makon Kiɗa na Burtaniya a watan Fabrairun 2013 kuma ta zauna na makonni 7 a kan taswirar. Gimme All (Ring My Bell) ya kai kololu a lamba 12 akan jadawalin Amurka Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart a watan Afrilu 2013 kuma ya kasance na tsawon makonni 9 a kan taswirar. A watan Fabrairun 2013, an fito da wasan wayar hannu ta 2-D mai suna "Be.X". Tana haɓaka remixes ta Ralphi Rosario, Mark Picchiotti, Madaukaki, da Hoxton karuwa.
2014 "Dynamite" A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2014, na Liza Fox ta fara aiki a tashar StarPro. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, Ingilishi Dynamite ta fara aiki a tashar Kade-kade da wake wake a Romania Radu Sîrbu da Ana Sîrbu ne suka rubuta wakar; kuma Radu Sîrbu (tsohon memba ne na ƙungiyar O-Zone Dynamite peaked a No. 33 a UK Music Week Upfront Club ginshiƙi a watan Maris 2015, kuma zauna a total na 8 makonni a kan ginshiƙi. Ruff Loaderz remix ya kai kololuwa a Lamba 11 akan US iTunes HOT 100 Weekrt Chart (Lantarki) a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2015. A cikin watan Yulin 30, 2015 na TalentWatch TV Show da ke bautar da masoya kiɗa a kan Dish Network, Comcast TV da AT&T U-ayar, mai masaukin baki Alyssa Jacey ta yaba wa mawaƙiyar a matsayin "mai kare matan da aka ci zarafinsu" a cikin bidiyonta na kiɗan Dynamite 2015–2016 "Ba Ni bane" Kundin waka mai 6 I am not I was released on 6 August with rave reviews. DJ Robert Scott ya kira shi "babban al'amari mai ban mamaki rawa na mafi girman tsari," MusicDish ya ɗauke ta "ainihin almara na Liza Fox da gwagwarmayar ta", Hollywood Weekly ta yaba da cewa "yana kawo bugun jini da kallon kida kamar kyawawan halaye na Liza, wakokinta kuma suna nuna kowane launi na daban wanda ke haskakawa a cikin bakan gizo, kuma Kwamfuta a cikin Nishaɗi sun annabta cewa" tabbas zai zama fushi a cikin da'irorin EDM. A Oktoba 2015, Ba Ni Ba ne na isa Na 1 akan ReverbNation na Amurka da kuma EDM na duniya. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, waƙar ta takai matsayin na 15 a kan Peakr Kasuwancin Makon Kiɗa na Burtaniya. A watan Maris na 2016, waƙar ta kai matakin lamba 41 a kan Shafin Shafin Waƙoƙin Amurka Billboard Dance Chart.
Kyauta da gabatarwa
Disko
Daddaiku
EP Ba Ni bane (2015)
"Ba Ni bane"
"Face Kawa"
"Bindigar Soyayya"
"Kwace Lokaci"
"Super Jazz"
"Unlimited (Jus Grata Remix)"
Transhumanism A cikin 2019 Inessa Lee ta shiga Jam'iyyar Transhumanist ta Amurka kuma ta zama marubuciya mai ba da gudummawa ta The Transhumanism Handbook ta Newton Lee. A cikin babinta na 66, Inessa ta ba da shawarar wata sabuwar ka'idar tattalin arziki da ake kira Daidaito wanda ya danganci rarraba kayan aiki a doron ƙasa saboda ci gaban fasaha yayin zamanin tafiyar mutum daya. A 2020 ta zama Babbar Masaniyar Ilimin Kimiyya na California Transhumanist Party kuma ta kirkiro wani shiri mai ajandoji 7 wanda ke ba da mafita ga daidaita rayuwar jama'a.
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19728 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheetz | Sheetz | Sheetz, Inc. Ya kasan ce wani gurin sarkar Amurka ce ta shagunan saukakawa da shagunan kofi mallakar dangin Sheetz. Shagunan suna sayar da haɗin abinci na yau da kullun, abubuwan sha da abubuwan shagon saukakawa Kusan dukkansu suna sayar da mai; 'yan wurare sune tsayayyun manyan motoci, gami da shawa da kuma wurin wanki Hedikwatar Sheetz tana cikin Altoona, Pennsylvania, tare da shagunan da ke Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, da North Carolina Tarihi
1952–1995 G. Robert "Bob" Sheetz ne ya kafa Sheetz, Inc. a cikin 1952 lokacin da ya sayi ɗayan shagunan kiwo biyar na mahaifinsa da ke Altoona A 1961, Bob ya ɗauki ɗan'uwansa Steve aiki na ɗan lokaci.
A shekarar 1963 aka bude shago na biyu da sunan "Sheetz Kwik Shopper." Shago na uku ya biyo baya a 1968. A cikin 1969, Steve ya zama babban manajan. ‘Yan’uwan sun shirya fadadawa a kan farashin shago guda a kowace shekara tare da burin shaguna bakwai a shekara ta 1972. A cikin 1972, kamfanin ya faɗaɗa daga shaguna bakwai zuwa sha huɗu. Shekara guda bayan haka, Sheetz ya fara sayar da mai, kuma ya buɗe fanfunan samar da iskar gas na kai tsaye a tsakiyar Pennsylvania.
A 1981 Bob ya yi ritaya kuma Steve ya zama shugaban kasa. A shekarar 1983, Bob da Steve sun bude shaguna 100.
1995–2019 A 1995, Stanton R. "Stan" Sheetz, ɗan Bob, ya zama shugaban ƙasa kuma Steve ya ɗauki matsayin Shugaban Hukumar. Har wa yau, Sheetz yana kula da kasuwancin dangi tare da membobin gida huɗu da ke aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa.
A lokacin tsakiyar 1990s, Sheetz ya sayar da shi! Cola, alama ce mai zaman kanta ta sarkar kayan shaye-shaye a cikin gwangwani, kwalabe, da kuma matsayin ruwan sha. An daina shan abin sha kuma an maye gurbin ruwan da kayayyakin Pepsi. Sarkar yanzu tana da kayayyakin Pepsi da Coca-Cola a cikin maɓuɓɓugan.
A watan Satumba na 2001, Sheetz ya buɗe cibiyar rarraba a Claysburg, Pennsylvania. A cikin Disamba 2004 suka fara bayar da sabon Sheetz MasterCard PayPass tare da fasahar RFID, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin dillalai na farko da suka karɓi irin wannan fasahar, gabanin McDonald's, Arby's, CVS, da abokan hamayyarsu 7-Eleven, waɗanda duk suka gabatar da ita ƙasa gaba ɗaya a cikin 2006.
A ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2006 Sheetz ya zama sarkar ta biyu ta Pennsylvania don bayar da madadin mai na E85 ethanol a wasu tashoshin da aka zaɓa. A cikin 2008, Sheetz ya buɗe kwamiti na farko, Sheetz Bros. Kitchen, don samar da sabbin sandwiches da kayayyakin burodi waɗanda ake siyarwa a wuraren Sheetz.
2013 yanzu A watan Oktoba 2013, Stan Sheetz ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Sheetz, tare da dan uwansa Joseph S. "Joe" Sheetz ya zama shugaban da Shugaba. An buga shi a watan Nuwamba 2013, An shirya Kenneth Womack don Ba da Umarni: Labarin Sheetz ya bi diddigin tarihin kamfanin ne daga asalin shagon sayar da madara har zuwa yau.
A cikin 2014, Sheetz ya buɗe cibiyar rarraba ta biyu da kayan girki a Burlington, North Carolina. Cinikin shekarar kasafin kudi 2018–2019 ya kai dala biliyan 7.5. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2019, Sheetz ya ba da sanarwar fadadawa zuwa Columbus, Ohio wanda ya fara a 2021. A halin yanzu, manyan masu fafatawa a wannan yankin sun hada da Speedway, Circle K, GetGo, United Farmers Farmers, da kuma tushen garin Duchess Shoppe. Sheetz na shirin bude wurare 60 a yankin Columbus nan da shekarar 2025 (sama da ninki biyu na adadin shagunan da yake yanzu a Ohio), tare da Sheetz COO Travis Sheetz yana gaya wa Columbus Dispatch cewa "ba za mu zo da sauƙi ba". Wuraren da aka riga aka tabbatar zasu kasance a Obetz (kusa da Filin jirgin saman Rickenbacker na Duniya wurare huɗu a Columbus daidai (ciki har da ɗaya a waje da filin jirgin saman John Glenn Columbus na kusa da Gahanna da wani kusa Hollywood Casino Columbus, Mark Wahlberg Chevrolet, da tsohuwar West Mall Circleville, South Bloomfield, Polairs, Reynoldsburg, da biyu a Delaware, New Albany Hilliard Hakanan ana sa ran wurare a cikin Grove City Lancaster (na ƙarshen saboda kusancin ta da wurin Sheetz na yanzu a Zanesville). An shirya wani wuri a Worthington amma an rufe shi saboda ƙin yarda da mazaunin yankin na wurin da aka tsara ya kasance kusa da matatar ruwa. A watan Janairun 2021, Sheetz ya ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizo, SheetzIsComing.com, don shirya don ƙaddamar da Columbus, tare da rakiyar tallan dijital don tallata zuwansa. Bayan Sheetz ya isa yankin tare da buɗe shagon farko na shagunan biyu a Delaware a watan Afrilu 2021, Travis Sheetz ya ce kamfanin ya yi tunanin faɗaɗa zuwa Columbus a farkon ƙarshen 1990s lokacin da kamfanin ya fara faɗaɗa zuwa Arewa maso gabashin Ohio, amma ya yanke shawara don fadada cikin Arewacin Carolina a maimakon haka kuma kwanan nan ne kawai ya fara faɗaɗa cikin tsakiyar Ohio saboda buƙatun kafofin watsa labarun da yawa daga masu dasawa yanzu suna zaune a yankin suna neman Sheetz. A ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2019, Sheetz ya yi bikin buɗe shagonsa na 600th a Shaler Township, PA Sheetz yanzu yana da fiye da wurare 600 a duk faɗin Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio da North Carolina, kuma sama da ma'aikata 21,000. Duk shagunan Sheetz na kamfanin ne-kuma ana sarrafa su. Kamfanin ba shi da niyyar sayar da takardun shaida. Sheetz shine babban kantin sayar da kaya a cikin mafi yawan Pennsylvania, yana riƙe da keɓaɓɓen mallaki a Altoona kuma yana ba da umarni a Pittsburgh (inda yake takara tare da 7-Eleven, Speedway, GetGo, da kuma zuwa mucharamar Circle K da Harrisburg (inda da farko yana gasa tare da Rutter, da kuma 7-Eleven da Speedway), amma ba a lura da shi daga kwarin Delaware (gami da Philadelphia saboda kasancewar Wawa, yana haifar da "hamayya" mai zafi tsakanin sarkoki biyu tsakanin Pennsylvania, amma duk da haka kamfanonin biyu da kansu suna da alaƙar abokantaka. A cikin 2020, Sheetz ya dakatar da sayar da kayan lefe na Faygo kuma ya maye gurbinsu da sabon tambarin mai zaman kansa, Sheetz Pop! Wannan abin sha ya maye gurbin shi da kyau! Cola shekaru 25 bayan an dakatar da samfurin na ƙarshe.
Sabis ɗin abinci A cikin 1986, don haɓaka tallace-tallace masu ɓarna, Earl Springer, manajan Sheetz a Williamsport, MD, ya bi ra'ayin abinci wanda zai zama sa hannun Sheetz na Made To Order (MTO). Farawa da sandwiche na cikin teku kawai, abokan cinikin zasu cika san takarda, suna zayyano abubuwan da suke buƙata akan sandwich ɗinsu, da kuma yawan adadinsu. Za a sanya takardar izinin cikin kwandon, kuma ma'aikatan kicin za su shirya ƙaramin zuwa umarnin abokin ciniki. Tun daga wannan lokacin, menu ya faɗaɗa, kuma zuwa 1990s MTO ya kasance jagoran tallace-tallace na Sheetz. Farawa daga 1996, an cire tsarin ba da odar takarda don amfani da tsarin kwamfuta mai taɓa fuska. Yanzu ya zama gama gari a yawancin gidajen abinci da gidajen mai a duk duniya, Sheetz shine kamfani na farko da ya fara aiwatar da wannan fasahar.
Zuwa 1999, Sheetz yana sayar da raka'a MTO 10,000 a rana. Sheetz yanzu tana horar da ma'aikata don yin aiki a matsayin mashaya don sabon tambarin su na "Sheetz Bros. Coffeez waɗanda aka tsara su don zama mafi girman kofi fiye da yadda aka saba samu a shagunan saukakawa. Tare da gabatar da manufar "Abincin Saukakawa", sun fadada tsarin abincin su. Abokan ciniki zasu iya siyan nau'ikan kayan abinci iri-iri. Espresso Bar, yana ba da kofi na musamman, ana samunsa a duk wurare. Sheetz a koyaushe yana ba abokan ciniki kofi kyauta a ranar Kirsimeti da Ranar Sabuwar Shekara A tsakanin 2008-2009, Sheetz ya fito da "MTGo!", Kamawa da tafiye-tafiye na sandwiches, wraps da sauran ƙananan abubuwa don abokin cinikin gaggawa. Tare da "MTGo!" Sheetz ta fito da kayan "Shweetz Bakery" wadanda suka hada da donuts, fritters da muffins da aka yi kuma ake kawowa kullum daga "Sheetz Bros. Kitchen "a cikin Claysburg, Pennsylvania A cikin 2003, Sheetz ya buɗe kantin sayar da kayayyaki a farfajiyar abinci na Hanes Mall a Winston-Salem, North Carolina Wannan wurin ya ba da kayan abinci da abubuwan sha na Sheetz a cikin tsarin abinci mai sauri na gargajiya. Bai yi aiki azaman kantin saukakawa ba. Tuni aka rufe shagon.
A cikin 2012, Sheetz, ya sake fara tunanin "sabon ra'ayi", wuraren da babu mai A cikin 2014, an sanar da wani shiri don buɗe irin wannan wurin a harabar Jami'ar West Virginia, a Morgantown, WV Manufar ita ce a kira shi "Kasuwar Sheetz MTO", duk da haka, lokacin da aka buɗe shi, a watan Fabrairun 2015, wa shagon suna "Sheetz Café" (duk da cewa alamun waje suna daidai da sauran shagunan).
A watan Satumbar 2015, an sake buɗe wani gidan gahawa na mai-mai a Kwalejin Jiha, PA, kusa da harabar Jami'ar Jihar ta Penn A Indiana, PA, a kan iyakar harabar jami'ar Indiana ta Pennsylvania, wani Sheetz da ke ɗauke da man fetur a baya ya wargaje, kuma an maye gurbinsa da gidan gahawa na mai-mai wanda ya buɗe a watan Agusta 2016. Irin wannan wuri na huɗu ya buɗe a watan Satumba na 2017, a Charlottesville, VA, kai tsaye a ƙetaren titi daga harabar Jami'ar Virginia A watan Satumba na 2019, Sheetz ya ba da sanarwar ba za su sabunta yarjejeniyar su tare da WVU ba don wannan wurin na Morgantown. Kamfanin bai bayar da wani bayani ba game da rufewar ba.
Cinikin barasa a Pennsylvania Har zuwa 8 ga Yuni, 2016 Dokar jihar Pennsylvania ta haramta siyar da giya a cikin shagunan saukakawa. Giya da za a sayar a wata giya rabawa yayin da sayar da giya da za a sayar a jihar-sarrafa Stores mai taken "giya Spirits". A cikin 2007, Sheetz ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami rami game da wannan ta hanyar rarraba ɗayan ɗayan shagunan samfurarsu a Altoona a matsayin gidan abinci, wanda zai ba da izinin sayar da giya. Kungiyar Masu Rarraba Abincin Malt na Pennsylvania sun yi zanga-zanga kuma an hana Sheetz sayar da giya na dan lokaci. A kan roko, an ba Sheetz lasisin sayar da giya kuma yana ci gaba da yin haka a yau. A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2009, Kotun Koli ta Pennsylvania ta ba Sheetz izinin sayar da giya don fitarwa a ƙarƙashin sharaɗin cewa shi ma ana iya sha a wurin. Sheetz ya sami nasarar jagorantar kokarin sauya dokokin sayar da giya a Pennsylvania don ba da damar tallace-tallace a cikin sauki da shagunan kayan masarufi, wanda ya zama doka lokacin da Gwamna Tom Wolf ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 39 ta zama doka a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2016.
Man fetur Sheetz da ke sayar da mai suna ba da maki uku na mai (87, 89, da 93 Octane) da dizal Yawancin shaguna suna ba da E85 da E15 Wasu shagunan suna ba da kananzir a fanfunan daban.
Sheetz sananne ne ga babban tallan mai, yawanci ya dogara ne da ƙimar cikin cikin daga MTO's da sauran kayan da ke haifar da tallace-tallace a fanfunan. A Pennsylvania, Sheetz shine shugaban kasuwa a duk tallace-tallacen mai sama da 21%, a gaban duk wasu sarƙoƙin shagunan sayayya masu sauƙi gami da waɗanda ke sayar da mai daga manyan kamfanonin Big Oil kamar Exxon, Sunoco, da BP, dukansu suna da babban matsayi a cikin Pennsylvania tare da Sheetz.
Kyaututtuka Kyautar Farantin Azurfa daga Manufungiyar Masana'antun Abinci ta Duniya (2001). Manyan Kamfanoni Masu Zaman Kansu na Amurka daga Forbes (shekaru da yawa). Mafi kyawun wurare don aiki daga Bestungiyoyin Kamfanoni Mafi Kyau® don Virginia da Pennsylvania (2012-2015)
Mafi Kyawun yersawa daga Bestungiyar Kamfanoni Mafi Kyau® don North Carolina da Ohio (2013-2015)
100 Mafi kyawun Kamfanoni don Aiki For® daga Fortune® (2014, 2016–2020) Madadin shugaban mai na Gwarzon Shekarar daga Labaran Shagon Saukakawa, don girka mai mai sauƙi a cikin shagunan Arewacin Carolina (2015)
Kyautar Ci gaban Fan-Fan don ƙara 102,000 Sheetz Freakz akan Facebook da Twitter; Twitter Tweeter Award don yawancin tweets na kowane shagon saukakawa; Kyauta don Fanarfafa Fanaunar Fan Fanirƙira da daidaito; duk daga Shawarwarin Saukakawa na Shafi (2016)
Kyautar Kyautar Shugaban Kasa daga Truungiyar ckingungiyar Motoci ta Amurka, don shirinmu na kare lafiyar abin hawa, ƙaramin rukunin jigilar kayayyaki (2013)
100 Mafi kyawun Yankin Ayyuka na Millennials daga Fortune® (2016)
Hanyoyin Hadin Waje Sheetz
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54817 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Skilton | Bob Skilton | Robert John "Bob" Skilton OAM (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 1938) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya wanda ya wakilci Kudancin Melbourne a gasar kwallon kafa ta Victoria (VFL).
Yin wasa a matsayin mai tafiya, Skilton yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa hudu da suka lashe lambar yabo ta Brownlow sau uku a 1959 (lokacin da ya daura da Verdun Howell), 1963, da 1968. Fitzroy's Haydn Bunton, Sr (1931, 1932, 1935), Essendon's Dick Reynolds (1934, 1937, 1938), da St.Kilda's Ian Stewart (1965, 1966, 1971) sun raba rikodin Brownlow.
Jack Dyer ya kimanta shi a matsayin mafi kyau fiye da Haydn Bunton, Sr kuma daidai da Dick Reynolds, yana mai da shi daya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau a tarihin wasan.
An ba da lambar yabo ta Sydney Swans Best and Fairest bayan shi; lambar yabo ta Bob Skilton Iyali An haifi ɗan Robert Herbert Skilton (1901-1987), da Rita Skilton (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1938.
Mahaifinsa, wanda aka fi sani da "Bobby", ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwararren 440 wanda ya buga wasanni 149 a Port Melbourne a cikin VFA daga 1922 zuwa 1929. A matsayinsa na fursuna na yaki na Jafananci, ya tsira daga wahalar yin aiki a kan sanannen jirgin kasa na Burma.
Ya auri Marion Joyce Stirling a shekarar 1960.
Kwallon ƙafa Tsayi 171 cm kawai, Skilton yana da sauri sosai kuma mai ba da kariya mai kyau, yana ba shi damar guje wa abokan adawar lokacin da ya cancanta. Bai taɓa jin kunya ya kai hari kan kwallon ba, duk da haka, kuma a cikin shekaru 16 da ya yi aiki ya sha wahala da yawa, gami da rikice-rikice, hanci ya karye sau huɗu, wuyan hannu ya karye uku da idanu 12 baƙi.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kadarorinsa shine ikon kiɗa da ƙafafu biyu, ƙwarewar da aka koya a kan nacewar mahaifinsa, kuma ya haɓaka ta hanyar yin sa'o'i yana kiɗa kwallon a kan bango, yana tattara shi a kan sakewa kuma yana sake kiɗa da ɗayan ƙafa. Ba zai yiwu a ce ko yana da ƙafafun dama ko hagu ba, tunda ƙafar hagu ta ba da daidaito mafi girma, amma nesa ta dama ta fi girma. Yana da jayayya mafi daidaitattun kisa a wasan.
Star na kungiyar Victorian Schoolboys ta 1953 (ya zira kwallaye 8 a kan West Australia a daya daga cikin wasannin gasar), kuma mafi kyau da adalci ga Kudancin Melbourne (a karkashin 17) Na huɗu XVIII wanda ya buga a cikin Melbourne Boys League a shekarar 1955, Skilton ya fara buga wasan farko yana da shekaru 17 a zagaye na biyar, 1956, kuma ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 237 a Kudancin Mexico kafin ya yi ritaya a 1971, a lokacin rikodin kulob din. Ya zira kwallaye 412 a wannan lokacin kuma ya kasance babban mai jefa kwallo a kulob din a lokuta uku. An ba shi lakabi da 'Chimp', ya nuna babban murya da ƙuduri kuma ya zama sananne don ba da iyakar ƙoƙari a kowane lokaci.
Ya bayyana a shafin farko na The Sun News-Pictorial a shekarar 1968 tare da idanu biyu da suka ba shi lambar yabo ta Douglas Wilkie Idanun baƙar fata sun kasance sakamakon mummunan rauni a fuska, wanda ya haɗa da raguwar ƙashin kansa, saboda haɗari a cikin makonni masu zuwa daga Footscray's Ken Greenwood, abokin aikinsa John Rantall sannan Len Thompson.
Wani tsawo jerin hotuna masu hoto da ke nuna ainihin raunin Skilton ya kasance a cikin ɗakunan ƙungiyar a Lake Oval, kafin ya koma Sydney (ba a nuna shi a Sydney kuma an fahimci cewa an fara cire shi daga nuni a Lake Ovel a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin samun Tuddenham ya horar da South Melbourne a 1978).
Ya rasa dukkan kakar wasa ta 1969 ta VFL bayan ya fashe wani Achilles tendon a wasan motsa jiki na farko da kungiyar SANFL Port Adelaide.
An zaba shi don wakiltar jiharsa a wasanni 25, Skilton ya zama kyaftin din tawagar Victoria a 1963 da 1965. Rashin nasarar da ya samu a cikin aikinsa shi ne rashin nasarar kulob dinsa. Sau da yawa ya ce zai sayar da kowane daga cikin lambobin Brownlow guda uku don zama firaminista ko ma damar yin wasa a Grand Final, kuma ya ji mafi girman matsayi na aikinsa shine lokacin da Kudancin Melbourne ya yi wasan karshe a 1970 (a karkashin babban Norm Smith), ya kammala na huɗu bayan ya rasa wasan kusa da na karshe na farko da St Kilda.
Bayan shekaru 16 a Kudancin Melbourne, ciki har da shekaru biyu a matsayin kocin wasa a 1965-1966, da kuma kyaututtuka tara mafi kyau da mafi kyau, Skilton sannan ya buga wa tawagarsa ta yaro, Port Melbourne a cikin Victoria Football Association kuma daga baya ya horar da Melbourne daga 1974-1977, tare da mafi kyawun kammala na shida. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an girmama Skilton ta hanyar kiranta kyaftin din tawagar Swans na karni, kuma an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar AFL na karni. Ya kuma kasance dan wasan da aka nuna a cikin murfin takardun hatimi da ke nuna Swans da Australia Post ta fitar don tunawa da cika shekaru dari na VFL AFL.
Skilton ya yi jawabi a gabatarwar bayan wasan na 2005 AFL Grand Final bayan nasarar tawagarsa ta farko a cikin shekaru 72, kuma an ba shi aikin gabatar da kofin a 2012 AFL Grand final.
SkiltonSkilton ya yi jawabi a gabatarwar bayan wasan na 2005 AFL Grand Final bayan nasarar tawagarsa ta farko a cikin shekaru 72, kuma an ba shi aikin gabatar da kofin a 2012 AFL Grand final. kuma shine mai riƙe da tikitin lamba ɗaya a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ormond Amateur, wanda ke fafatawa a cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa mai son Victoria.
Medal na Order of Australia A cikin 2018 Queens Birthday Honours, an ba Skilton lambar yabo ta Order of Australia (OAM).
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1938
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolanle%20Austen-Peters | Bolanle Austen-Peters | Bolanle Austen-Peters (an haife ta a 4 ga Fabrairu 1969), ’yar kasuwa ce’ yar Najeriya, lauya, mai ba da lambar yabo da kuma daraktan wasan kwaikwayo. Wanda aka fi sani da "Sarauniyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya", Ita ce ta kafa kuma Manajan Darakta na Terra Kulture, cibiyar zane-zane da al'adun Najeriya da ke Legas, Najeriya. ta shahara wajen kasuwancinta da kuma bada umarni da cibiyarta na zane zane. Kamfanin fim dinta, BAP Productions sun samar da kade-kade iri-iri, wadanda suka hada da: 'Saro The Musical', 'Wakaa The Musical', 'Moremi The Musical', 'Fela da Kalakuta Queens da kuma kwanan nan' Republic of Fela da The Kalakuta Queens '.Hakanan ta shirya fina-finai da yawa, gami da Kwana 93 da Bling Lagosian.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Austen-Peters a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1969. Ita 'yar Cif Afe Babalola, wani Babban Lauyan Najeriya Ta halarci makarantar Command Secondary School Ibadan, International School Ibadan da kuma Jami'ar Legas don karatun digirinta na farko sannan ta samu digiri na biyu a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta London Ayyuka Bolanle Austen-Peters ta fara aiki a kamfanin lauyan mahaifinta kafin ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Switzerland. Daga baya ta koma Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Shirin Raya Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A shekarar 2013, Austen-Peters ta kafa kamfanin samfuranta mai suna Bolanle Austen-Peters Productions (BAP). Kamfanin ya shiga masana'antar wasan kwaikwayo ta Nijeriya tare da samarwar farko, SARO the Musical. Kayan aikin ya jawo hankalin masu dubawa da yabo daga BBC da Sky News. A watan Disamba 2014 da Afrilu 2015, BAP Productions sun yi SARO the Musical a mashahurin Cibiyar Muson. The Musical ya zama na farko na kide-kide na Najeriya da aka gabatar a West End da London Theatre. Kayan aikin da aka yi a London West End a Shaw Theater. A cikin Disamba 2015, BAP Productions sun yi aikinsu na biyu, Wakaa the Musical. Nunin ya zagaya Legas kuma an yi shi a West End daga London daga 21 zuwa 25 Yuli 2016. A watan Disamba na 2017, Bolanle Austen-Peters ya rayu kuma ya jagoranci fitaccen Fela da Kalakuta Queens mai kida. Wannan waƙoƙin da aka yaba a duk duniya ya ci gaba da zama mafi girma daga Yammacin Afirka kasancewar mutane sama da 120,000 sun kalla. kuma ana nuna shi a Lagos, Alkahira da kudu kudu a Pretoria tsakanin 2017 da 2020. Kidan ya samo asali ne daga tarihin rayuwar shahararren mawakin nan na Najeriya kuma mai gwagwarmaya, Fela Kuti da matan da suka tsaya masa. Bolanle Austen-Peters ya kuma bayar da umarni a cikin 2018, Moremi the Musical wanda ke ba da labarin masarautar Yarbawa ta karni na 12 wacce ta 'yantar da mutanen Ife daga hannun makiya. Jagoranta na Moremi mai Kiɗa, ya sami mahimman bayanai da yabo daga Farfesa Wole Soyinka yana bayyana shi kamar; "Alamar wasan kwaikwayo a tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya".
A shekarar 2015, BAP ya fara samar da fim din kwanaki 93 (2016), wani fim mai dauke da cutar kan cutar Ebola a Najeriya wanda aka fara shi a ranar 13 ga Satumbar 2016 a Lagos. An zaba shi ne don farawa da kallo a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Toronto, Fim ɗin Chicago Fina-Finan, bikin Fina-Finan Afirka na Farko a Los Angeles, bikin Fina-finai na Johannesburg, bikin Fina-Finan Afirka a Cologne Jamus, kuma an zaɓi shi don Kyautar RapidLion. Hakanan ta karɓi mafi girma a cikin nishaɗi na Kyautar Kyautar Afirka na Masu sihiri na 2017, jimillar gabatarwa goma sha uku, suna karɓar lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun mai tsara hasken wuta. 93 kwanakin da aka zaba a cikin rukuni 7 don kyautar Afirka ta Kwalejin Kwalejin Afirka, wanda shine mafi girman fim a cikin 2017 AMAA. A shekarar 2019, kamfanin BAP Production ya fitar da fim din The Bling Lagosians, fim din da ya shafi rayuwar manyan masu fada a ji a Legas, wanda ya zama fim din da ya fi kowane fina-finan Nollywood da suka fi kudi a tarihi. Bugu da ƙari, Austen-Peters ya yi aiki a matsayin Mashawarci ga Gidauniyar Ford Foundation da ke Legas kuma ya taimaka wajen tara miliyoyin daloli ga Gidan kayan tarihin ta hanyar Artsungiyar kere-kere da Kasuwanci. [9] [10]
Rayuwar mutum Tana auren Adegboyega Austen-Peters,dan marigayi Olofin Ijaye na Lagos,tare da yara biyu.
Manazarta Mata
Yar |
40891 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Magellan | Ferdinand Magellan | Ferdinand Magellan ɡɛlən/ dʒɛlən/; Portuguese, IPA: w dɨ jʃ]; Spanish:, IPA: nando ðe ʎanes]; 4 Fabrairu 1480-27 Afrilu 1521) ɗan ƙasar Portugal ne mai bincike. An fi saninsa da yadda ya shirya kuma ya jagoranci balaguro na shekarar 1519 na Sipaniya zuwa Gabashin Indiyawan da ke kan Tekun Pasifik don buɗe hanyar kasuwanci ta teku, a lokacin ne ya gano hanyar interoceanic da ke ɗauke da sunansa kuma ya sami nasarar fara zirga-zirgar Turai daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Asiya. A lokacin wannan tafiya, an kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a shekara ta 1521 a Philippines ta yau, bayan da ya fuskanci turjiya daga al'ummar 'yan asalin da Lapulapu ya jagoranta, wanda a sakamakon haka ya zama alamar kasa ta Philippine na tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Bayan mutuwar Magellan, Juan Sebastián Elcano ya jagoranci balaguron, kuma tare da wasu 'yan tsirarun mambobi a cikin daya daga cikin jiragen ruwa biyu da suka rage, sun kammala zagaye na farko na duniya lokacin da suka koma Spain a shekarar 1522. Biography with signature
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An haifi Magellan a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun 1480 a cikin dangin ƙananan ƴan ƙasar Portugal, Magellan ya zama ƙwararren matukin jirgin ruwa kuma jami'in sojan ruwa a hidimar Crown Portuguese a Asiya. Sarki Manuel ya ki goyon bayan shirin Magellan na isa tsibirin Maluku ("Spice Islands") ta hanyar tafiya zuwa yammacin nahiyar Amurka. Da yake fuskantar tuhumar aikata laifuka, Magellan ya bar Portugal kuma ya ba da shawarar irin wannan balaguron zuwa ga Sarki Charles I na Spain, wanda ya yarda da shi. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa a Portugal sun ɗauke shi maci amana kuma bai dawo ba. A Seville ya yi aure, ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu, kuma ya shirya balaguro. Domin biyayyarsa ga Masarautar Hispaniya, a cikin shekarar 1518, an nada Magellan a matsayin mai kula da jiragen ruwa na Sipaniya kuma ya ba da umarnin balaguro-jirgin ruwa biyar na Armada na Molucca. An kuma nada shi Kwamandan Order of Santiago, daya daga cikin manyan mukamai na soja na Daular Spain. Ya ba da iko na musamman da gata daga Sarki, ya jagoranci Armada daga Sanlucar de Barrameda kudu maso yammacin Tekun Atlantika, zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Amurka ta Kudu, har zuwa Patagonia. Duk da yawan guguwa da guguwa, balaguron ya samu nasarar ratsa mashigin Magellan zuwa cikin Mar del Sur, wanda Magellan ya sake masa suna "Tekun Aminci" (Tekun Pacific na zamani). Balaguron ya isa Guam kuma, ba da daɗewa ba, tsibirin Philippine. A can aka kashe Magellan a yakin Mactan a cikin watan Afrilu 1521. A karkashin umarnin kyaftin Juan Sebastian Elcano, balaguron ya isa tsibirin Spice daga baya. Don komawa Spain da kuma guje wa kamawa da Portuguese, sauran jiragen ruwa guda biyu na balaguro sun rabu, daya yana ƙoƙari, bai yi nasara ba, don isa New Spain ta hanyar tafiya zuwa gabas ta tekun Pacific, yayin da ɗayan, Elcano ya umarta, ya yi tafiya zuwa yamma ta Tekun Indiya. har zuwa gabar tekun Atlantika na Afirka, daga karshe suka isa tashar jirgin ruwan balaguro kuma ta haka ne aka kammala zagaye na farko na duniya.
Yayin da yake hidimar Masarautar Portugal, Magellan ya riga ya isa tsibirin Malay a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a tafiye-tafiyen da ya gabata na tafiya gabas (daga 1505 zuwa 1511-1512). Ta hanyar sake ziyartar wannan yanki amma yanzu tafiya yamma, Magellan ya sami kusan cikakkiyar kewayawa na duniya a karon farko a tarihi.
Ƙuruciya da tafiye-tafiye An haifi Magellan a garin Sabrosa na Portuguese a ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu 1480. Mahaifinsa, Pedro de Magalhães, ƙaramin memba ne na ƴan ƙasar Portugal kuma magajin garin. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Alda de Mezquita. 'Yan uwan Magellan sun hada da Diego de Sosa da Isabel Magellan. An haife shi azaman shafin Sarauniya Eleanor, mataimakiyar Sarki John II. A cikin shekarar 1495 ya shiga hidimar Manuel I, magajin John. A cikin watan Maris 1505, yana da shekaru 25, Magellan ya shiga cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa 22 da aka aika don karbar bakuncin Francisco de Almeida a matsayin mataimakin farko na Portuguese Indiya. Ko da yake sunansa bai bayyana a cikin tarihin ba, an san cewa ya zauna a can shekaru takwas, a Goa, Cochin da Quilon. Ya halarci yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da yaƙin Cannanore a shekara ta 1506, inda ya ji rauni. A shekara ta 1509 kuma ya yi yaƙi a wani yaƙe-yaƙe guda shida da suka canza duniya, yaƙin Diu. Daga baya ya tashi a ƙarƙashin Diogo Lopes de Sequeira a cikin ofishin jakadancin Portugal na farko zuwa Malacca, tare da Francisco Serrão, abokinsa kuma mai yiwuwa dan uwan. A watan Satumba, bayan isa Malacca, balaguron ya fada cikin wani makirci kuma ya ƙare a ja da baya. Magellan yana da muhimmiyar rawa, yana gargaɗin Sequeira tare da jefa rayuwarsa cikin haɗari don ceto Francisco Serrão da sauran waɗanda suka sauka. A cikin shekarar 1511, karkashin sabon gwamna Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan da Serrão sun shiga cikin cin nasara na Malacca. Bayan cin nasara, hanyoyinsu sun rabu: An ɗaukaka Magellan, tare da ganima mai arziki. A cikin kamfanin wani Malay ya yi baftisma kuma ya yi baftisma, Enrique na Malacca, ya koma Portugal a 1512 ko 1513. Serrão ya tashi a cikin balaguron farko da aka aika don nemo "Tsibirin Spice" a cikin Moluccas, inda ya zauna. Ya auri wata mace daga Amboina kuma ya zama mai baiwa Sarkin Musulmi shawara bayan Sirrullah. Wasiƙunsa zuwa Magellan daga baya sun tabbatar da yanke hukunci, suna ba da bayanai game da yankuna masu samar da kayan yaji. Bayan ya yi hutu ba tare da izini ba, Magellan ya fadi daga ni'ima. Yin hidima a Maroko, an ji masa rauni, wanda ya haifar da gurguzu na dindindin. An zarge shi da yin kasuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da Moors. An tabbatar da zargin karya, amma bai sami ƙarin tayin aikin ba bayan 15 ga watan Mayu 1514. Daga baya a cikin shekarar 1515, an ba shi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa na Portuguese, amma ya ƙi wannan. A cikin shekarar 1517, bayan jayayya da Manuel I na Portugal, wanda ya ki amincewa da buƙatunsa na ci gaba da jagorantar balaguro don isa tsibirin Spice daga gabas (watau yayin tafiya zuwa yamma, don haka guje wa buƙatar tafiya a kusa da iyakar Afirka ya tafi Spain. A Seville ya yi abokantaka da dan kasarsa Diogo Barbosa kuma nan da nan ya auri 'yar matar Diogo ta biyu, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu: Rodrigo de Magallanes da Carlos de Magallanes, dukansu sun mutu tun suna ƙanana. Matarsa ta mutu a Seville a kusa da 1521.
A halin yanzu, Magellan ya sadaukar da kansa don nazarin zane-zane na baya-bayan nan, bincike, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masanin kimiyyar sararin samaniya Rui Faleiro, wata ƙofa daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Kudancin Pacific da yiwuwar Moluccas na Sipaniya ne a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar Yarjejeniyar Tordesillas.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24219 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th%20Airborne%20Division%20%28United%20States%29 | 13th Airborne Division (United States) | Sashi na sha uku 13 na Sojan Sama ya kasance rundunar sojan sama da aka kafa na rarrabuwa -girman sojojin Amurka da ke aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II Manjo Janar Elbridge G. Chapman ne ya ba da umarnin rarrabuwa a mafi yawan wanzuwarta. An kunna shi a hukumance a Amurka a watan Agusta dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da uku 1943 a Fort Bragg a Arewacin Carolina, yana ci gaba da aiki har zuwa watan Fabrairu dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da shida 1946, duk da haka bai taɓa ganin faɗa ba.
Bayan kunnawa sashen ya kasance a Amurka don kammala horo. An kammala wannan horon a watan Satumbar dubu days da Dari Tara da arba'in da hudu 1944, amma dole a kara shi da karin wata hudu lokacin da sashen ya samar da musanyawa ga Rukuni na tamanin da biyu 82 da dari da daya 101. Bangaren kuma ya gamu da tsaiko wajen kara yawan horo na horo saboda karancin jiragen jigilar kaya a Amurka. Wannan karancin ya samo asali ne ta hanyar 82nd da 101st Division Airborne da suka fifita kan 13th dangane da kayan aiki saboda sassan biyu da ke aiki a cikin yaƙi a Turai. Sakamakon wadannan jinkirin da aka samu ba a ba da cikakken horo da shirye-shiryen yaki ba har zuwa watan Janairun dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da biyar 1945, kuma an canza shi zuwa Faransa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai a watan Fabrairu. Lokacin da ta sashin ta isa zuwa Faransa, ta zo ƙarƙashin umurnin Sojojin Haɗin Jirgin Sama na Farko, wanda ke sarrafa duk tsarin jirgin sama na Allied. An zaɓi rukunin, tare da wasu biyu don shiga cikin Operation Varsity, aikin jirgin sama don tallafawa ƙungiyar Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group da ke ƙetare Kogin Rhine, amma an cire shi daga aikin saboda babu isasshen jirgin saman jigilar kaya don ɗaukar dukkan ukun. rarrabuwa cikin yaƙi. An shirya wasu ayyuka da yawa don rarrabuwa bayan ƙarshen Operation Varsity, amma an soke waɗannan ayyukan yayin da sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa suka ci gaba da aiwatar da manufofin su kuma suka zama marasa ƙarfi. Bayan kawo karshen rikici a Turai, an tura Jirgin sama na 13 zuwa Amurka don yin shiri a can kafin ya shiga cikin shirin mamaye Japan, amma rikicin Gabas mai nisa ya ƙare kafin a buƙaci shi kuma ya kasance a cikin Amurka. Rundunar Sojin sama ta 13 a ƙarshe ba ta aiki a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairun dubu daya da Dari Tara da arba'in da shida 1946 kuma an tura mayaƙanta zuwa rundunar 82nd Airborne Division.
Ƙirƙirar Sashe na 13 na Jirgin Sama shi ne rukuni na biyar na jirgin sama da za a kafa a Amurka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma an kunna shi a hukumance ranar Juma'a 13 ga Agusta 1943 a Fort Bragg, North Carolina, ƙarƙashin umurnin Manjo Janar George W. Griner Jr. Bayan monthsan watanni kawai bayan kunna sashin, duk da haka, an umarci Manjo Janar Griner ya ɗauki umurnin Runduna ta 98, kuma Manjo Janar Elbridge Chapman ya maye gurbinsa, wanda zai ci gaba da ba da umurnin raba ragowar. na rikici. Chapman yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗanda suka fara ba da ra'ayi game da jirgin saman Amurka, yana ba da umurnin gwajin bataliya ta 88th Airborne Infantry Battalion a ƙarshen 1941 lokacin da yake babban hafsan hafsoshi, kafin ya ci gaba da jagorantar Runduna ta 13. Za a yi wa Battalion 88th Airborne Infantry Battalion suna a matsayin 88th Airborne Infantry Regiment, sannan a ƙarshe ya zama 88th Glider Infantry Regiment a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1942, wanda ya zama babban sashi na 13 na Jirgin Sama. Lokacin da aka kunna ta, Rundunar Sojin Sama ta 13 da farko an haɗa ta 515th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 88th Glider Infantry Regiment da 326th Glider Infantry Regiment Hannun hannun riga An amince da facin kafada na rukunin, unicorn mai fuka -fukai cikin ruwan lemo a kan shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, reshe na launuka sabis na Sojojin Sojojin Amurka, ranar 2 ga Yuni 1943. A zinariya a baki Airborne tab aka sawa sama da insignia.
Ayyuka a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II
Horarwa Tsakanin watan Agustan 1943 da Fabrairu 1945, sashin jirgin sama na 13 ya kasance a Amurka kuma bai yi hidima a ƙasashen waje ba ko shiga cikin kowane aiki na jirgin sama, yayin da ya fara horo don zama shiri mai shiri. A kwatankwacin, an sanya Rukuni na 82 da na 101 a matsayin ƙungiyoyin gwagwarmaya masu aiki don yin hidima a ƙasashen waje a Turai, an tsara za a tura Sashe na 11 na Jirgin Sama zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific, kuma an ba da sashi na 17 na Jirgin Sama a matsayin Amurka dabarun ajiyar dabaru. A cikin wannan lokacin, ayyukan rukunin farko sun haɗa da horon iska, gami da shiga cikin darussan horo da yawa. Duk da haka, yayin da ake yin horon jirgin sama na rukunin farko na huɗu na jirgin saman Amurka a cikin 1943, na 13 ya gamu da matsaloli masu yawa lokacin da ya zo lokacin horo. A watannin ƙarshe na 1943 Ƙungiyoyin Jirgin Sama na 82 da 101 sun gudanar da atisaye na iska kuma sun gama horon su, sannan aka tura su Turai; don tabbatar da rarrabuwar kawunan za su iya gudanar da ayyukan iska, aka aika akasarin jiragen sufurin da ke cikin Amurka tare da su, har ma da yawa an tura su zuwa Turai a matsayin masu sauyawa bayan saukar jirgin saman Amurka a Normandy a watan Yuni 1944. A sakamakon haka, jirage kalilan ne na sufuri ke samuwa don amfani da 13th, kuma dole ne a jinkirta aikin horon horo na farko da aka tsara don Yuni 1944 zuwa 17 ga Satumba, sannan kuma har zuwa 24 ga Satumba. Horon horo na rarrabuwa ya faru a kusa da Camp Mackall, North Carolina, kuma ya sha wahala daga matsaloli da matsaloli da yawa. Mummunan yanayi ya jinkirta fara atisayen har zuwa daren 25 ga watan Satumba, kuma a lokacin ne kawai jirgin da ke ɗauke da bataliyar farko na dakarun soji uku zai iya tashi ya yi yunƙurin sauke sojojin saman a sassa uku daban -daban. Haɗuwa da rashin gani sosai, da rashin samun isasshen horo ga matukan jirgi na sufuri, ya haifar da tarwatsa matukan jirgin lokacin da aka sauke su. Kashi sittin da biyar cikin dari na sojojin sama da kayan aikin da aka sauke a yankin saukar da farko sun kasance a shirye don aiki mintina casa'in daga baya, kuma a cikin digon na biyu sojojin saman sun bazu sosai har zuwa karfe 10:00 na safiyar gobe kwamandan bataliyar. kawai yana da iko akan kashi ashirin cikin ɗari na mutanensa. Irin wannan adadi na masu fafutuka sun rasa yanki na digo na uku, kodayake yawancin an jefa su a cikin ƙaramin yanki inda za su iya taruwa. An ci gaba da samun ƙarin matsaloli, yayin da haɗarin jirgin sama ya kashe masu fafutuka takwas da matuƙan jirgin sama huɗu, kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da sabani a cikin ƙasa saboda ƙasa sun jinkirta da rashin kyawun yanayi. Bayan dare na farko, aikin ya ci gaba na ƙarin kwanaki uku kuma ya haɗa da aikin samar da hadaddun kayan aikin da aka tsara don gwada ko zai yiwu a samar da rundunar sojan da ke keɓe. Gabaɗaya, masu sa ido da suka halarci wannan aikin sun ba da rahoton cewa sun gamsu da aikin abubuwan da ke haifar da guguwa. Duk da haka, da yawa sun lura cewa horar da matukan jirgi don ƙirƙirar jirgin sama da kewaya da dare bai yi gamsarwa ba. An ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da sauƙaƙƙen saukar jirgi na dare kawai lokacin da akwai gaggawa, kuma in ba haka ba masu tuƙi za su tashi cikin dare kuma su sauka a lokacin hasken rana don gujewa tarwatsawar manyan sojojin iska da raguwar inganci. Bayan waɗannan darussan sun ƙare, rukunin ya ci gaba da yin horo, amma ya ci gaba da jinkiri. An haifar da waɗannan lokacin da aka cire maza 1,652 daga rukunin don samar da ƙarfafawa ga rukunin Jirgin Sama na Amurka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai; wannan ya rage karfin rukunin sosai kuma ya tilasta ta tsawaita lokacin horo na karin watanni hudu. Bayan kammala horo a watan Janairu rukunin yana shirye -shiryen canja wuri zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific a farkon 1945. Koyaya, saurin ci gaban da sojojin Jamus suka samu a lokacin Yaƙin Bulge ya haifar da rarrabuwa zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai don ƙarfafa ɓangarorin Allied da ke cikin yaƙi.
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai Sashin ya isa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai a farkon watan Fabrairu, yana zuwa karkashin umurnin Rundunar Sojojin Sama ta Farko, kuma an sanar da Manjo Janar Chapman cewa akwai yuwuwar cewa za a buƙaci sashen ya gudanar da ayyukan jirgin sama yayin ƙarshen matakan. yaqin kumbura Koyaya, yaƙin neman zaɓe a Ardennes ya ƙare kafin a iya jigilar rukunin zuwa can. Dama ta gaba don 13th don shiga cikin aikin jirgin sama, da ganin zahiri yaƙi, shine a cikin Maris 1945 lokacin da Kawancen suka shiga cikin Jamus da kanta kuma suka isa Kogin Rhine. Bayan 'yan makonni kafin rukunin ya shiga cikin tsalle -tsalle na yaƙi a kan Rhine an sake tsara shi, bayan wani taro da Sashen Yaƙi ya yanke shawarar cewa mafi kyawun abin da aka tsara don rukunin jirgin sama shine Sojojin Sojoji guda biyu na Parachute Infantry Regiment kuma guda ɗaya kawai Glider Infantry Regiment. Daga baya, runduna ta 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment, wani tsohon sojan da ya yi aiki a Italiya, Kudancin Faransa da Ardennes, ya shiga cikin rukunin a farkon Maris, kuma an haɗa Runduna ta 88 na Glider Infantry a cikin 326th Glider Infantry Regiment wanda ya kasance a matsayin kawai rukunin. glider-based element. 517 na kwanan nan ya yi yaƙi yayin yakin Ardennes, kuma ya karɓi Sashin Shugaban Ƙasa don ayyukansa. Kogin Rhine ya kasance babban cikas na halitta ga ci gaban kawancen, amma idan an keta shi zai ba da damar Kawancen shiga cikin Filin Arewacin Jamusanci kuma a ƙarshe ya ci gaba a Berlin da sauran manyan biranen Arewacin Jamus. Bayan 'Hanyar Gabatarwa' da Janar Dwight D. Eisenhower, Babban Kwamandan Kawancen Sojojin Haɗin Kai, an yanke shawarar ƙoƙarin karya Rhine a yankuna da dama. Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, wanda ke jagorantar Rukunin Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, ya tsara wani shiri don ba da damar sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin umarninsa su karya Rhine, wanda ya yi wa lakabi da Operation Kwashe, wanda daga baya Eisenhower ya ba da izini. An yi hasashen Sojoji na Biyu na Burtaniya, a ƙarƙashin Lieutenant-General Miles C. Dempsey, da Sojojin Tara na Amurka, ƙarƙashin Lieutenant General William Simpson, suna ƙetare Rhine a Rees, Wesel, da wani yanki a kudancin Lippe Canal. Don tabbatar da cewa aikin ya yi nasara, Montgomery ya dage cewa an saka wani sashi na iska a cikin tsare-tsaren aikin don tallafawa hare-haren da za su faru, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Operation Varsity An fara zaɓar ɓangarori uku na jirgin sama don shiga cikin Varsity, waɗannan su ne Sashin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na 6, Sashin Jirgin Sama na Amurka na 17, kuma a ƙarshe 13th, duk an ba da su ga US XVIII Airborne Corps, wanda Manjo Janar Matthew Ridgway ya ba da umarni. Koyaya, an gano cewa akwai isassun jirage masu saukar ungulu da ake da su a Turai don jigilar sassan jirgin sama guda biyu zuwa yaƙi, kuma saboda haka an cire shi daga Operation Varsity saboda ƙarancin gogewar yaƙi. Bayan cire shi daga Operation Varsity, rabe -raben ya kasance a ajiye yayin da Sojojin Kawancen suka ci gaba har zuwa cikin Jamus, suna ƙaura zuwa Oise, Faransa, ranar 3 ga Afrilu don samar da ayyukan gudanarwa. An tsara sashin don shiga cikin wasu ayyuka da yawa na iska; duk da haka, waɗannan duk an soke su kafin su faru. Na farko daga cikin su shine Operation Arena, wanda ya yi tunanin saukowa tsakanin kashi shida zuwa goma zuwa abin da ake kira 'dabarar jirgin sama' a yankin Kassel na Arewacin Jamus; masu tsara ayyukan sun yi hasashen cewa aikin zai hana masu fafutukar kare yankin na Jamus wani yanki mai yawa kuma zai bai wa sojojin kawancen wani wuri don kara samun shiga cikin Jamus. An zaɓi na 13 don shiga, tare da 17th, 82nd da 101st Division Airborne da British 6th da 1st Airborne Divisions An sanya ranar farko ta 1 ga Mayu don yin aikin da zarar an sami dukkan sassan da ake buƙata na jirgin sama da na ƙasa da aka kawo, amma a ƙarshe an soke shi a ranar 26 ga Maris saboda saurin motsi na Sojojin ƙasa da ke ƙasa suna watsi da buƙatar. aikin. An shirya wasu ayyukan jiragen sama guda biyu da za su hada da na 13. Operation Choker II zai kasance jirgin sama ya sauka a gabar gabashin Rhine kusa da Worms, Jamus shirin aikin ya kai wani mataki na ci gaba, kuma rarrabuwa ta kasance awanni ne kawai daga tashi daga filayen jirgin sama a Faransa lokacin da aka soke aikin saboda sojojin kawancen na kasa da suka mamaye wuraren da ake shirin sauka. An tsara Operation Inganci don sauka a kudu na 13 a kudancin Stuttgart, kwace filin jirgin sama da ke kusa da samar da wani jirgin sama don ƙarin sojojin su sauka a kusa da Black Forest An shirya aikin ne a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, amma an soke shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu saboda rukunin kawancen da ke kewaye da yankin Black Forest da sanya shi ba dole ba.
Abun da ke ciki Rukunin ya ƙunshi raka'a masu zuwa: 88th Glider Infantry Regiment (wanda aka wargaza 1 ga Maris 1945, kadarorin sun haɗu cikin 326 na GIR)
326th Glider Infantry Regiment
515th Parachute Infantry Regiment
517th Parachute Infantry Regiment, (wanda aka sanya 1 Maris 1945; ya maye gurbin 88th GIR)
Bataliya ta 129 na Sojojin Sama
Bataliyar Ruwa ta 153 na Jirgin Sama
13th Parachute Maintenance Company (sanya 1 Maris 45)
Kamfanin Likitoci na 222nd
Runduna ta 13 ta Sojojin Sama
Bataliyar Ruwa ta 458 ta Parachute (75 mm)
Bataliya ta 460 ta Parachute Battalion Battalion (75 mm) (sanya 1 Maris 1945)
Bataliya ta 676th Glider Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)
Bataliya ta 677th Glider Field Artillery Battalion (75 mm)
Sojoji na Musamman (An kunna hedkwatar 1 Mar 45)
Kamfanin Hedikwatar, Runduna ta 13 ta Jirgin Sama
Kamfanin Quartermaster na Jirgin Sama na 409
513th Kamfanin Siginar Jirgin Sama
Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na 713th
Platoon Reconnaissance (sanya 1 Maris 45)
Platoon 'Yan Sanda
Band (sanya 1 Maris 45)
Kyaututtuka A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an ba wa membobin rukunin kyaututtukan masu zuwa: Lambar Daraja 1
Ajin Farko na Farko Melvin E. Biddle, wanda aka ba da kyauta don ayyuka kafin 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment ya shiga Sashi na 13 na Jirgin Sama.
Legion of Merit 6
Lambar Star Tagulla 50
Rashin aiki Rikicin da Jamus ya zo ƙarshe bayan 'yan makonni bayan an soke Operation Inganci, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka aka sanar da cewa za a sake tura sashin zuwa Pacific don shiga cikin mamayar Japan bayan ɗan dakatarwa a Amurka. Kashewar Sojan Sama na 17 yana nufin cewa 13th ta sami rukunin rukunoni da yawa daga wannan rukunin don ƙarfafa shi don aikin da aka yi niyya a Japan. Rukunin ya isa birnin New York a ranar 23 ga Agusta, amma bai bar Amurka ba kafin mika wuya Japan a watan Satumba 1945. Tare da rikici a ƙarshen, Sojojin Amurka ba sa buƙatar rarrabuwa, kuma ba a kashe ta har abada a Fort Bragg, North Carolina, a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1946, tare da ma'aikatan ta aka tura su zuwa umurnin Sashi na 82 na Jirgin Sama.
Bayanan ƙasa
Littafin tarihin
Hanyoyin waje
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
20471 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Kula%20da%20Gyara%20ta%20Najeriya | Hukumar Kula da Gyara ta Najeriya | Hukumar Kula da Gyara ta Najeriya (NCoS), wacce a da aka fi sani da Nigerian Prison Service (NPS), hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Najeriya da ke gudanar da gidajen yari. Hukumar tana da hedikwata a Abuja, kuma tana karkashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice.
Game da Ofishin Gyara Najeriya wani bangare ne na Tsarin Adalci na Laifi wanda yake a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida.
Ofishin Gyara Najeriyar al'amari ne na tarayya. watau babu ayyukan Gyara Jiha a Najeriya. Sannan Kowace Cibiyar Kula da Gida ita ce Cibiyar Tarayya. Aikin Sabis yana kula da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Hukumar Tsaro, Wuta, Hukumar Shige da Fice da Gyara.
Asali Asalin aikin Gyara na zamani a Nigeria shine 1861. Wancan shine shekarar da aka kafa kurkuku irin na Yammaci a Najeriya. Bayyanar da Legas a matsayin mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1861 ya nuna farkon kafa kayan masarufi na gudanar da mulki. A wannan matakin damuwar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ita ce ta kare halal na kasuwanci, da ba da tabbacin ribar 'yan kasuwar Biritaniya tare da ba da tabbacin ayyukan mishan. Don wannan, a cikin shekara ta 1861, mukaddashin gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Legas kuma wanda ya kasance sanannen ɗan kasuwar Ingila a Legas, ya kafa Policean sanda na kusan constan sanda 25. An bi wannan a cikin shekara ta 1863 ta hanyar kafa a Legas na kotuna guda huɗu: Kotun 'yan sanda don warware ƙananan rikice-rikice, kotun masu aikata laifuka don yin hukunci mafi tsanani, kotun bawa don yin shari'ar da ta samo asali daga ƙoƙarin soke cinikin bayi da kotun kasuwanci don sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin yan kasuwa da yan kasuwa. Aikin waɗannan kotunan da 'yan sanda a cikin wannan yanayin mulkin mallaka tabbas yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar kurkuku don kammala tsarin. Kuma ba a daɗe da zuwa ba a cikin shekara 1872, an kafa gidan yarin Broad Street tare da damar fursunoni na farko na 300.
A yankin Neja Delta, kafin wannan lokacin kotuna na musamman na 'yan kasuwar da ke samun goyon bayan Sojojin Ruwan Burtaniya suka daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutanen yankin da' yan kasuwar ta Burtaniya musamman tare da nada John Beecroft a matsayin karamin jakada a shekarar 1849. An tabbatar da buƙatar kotun 'yan kasuwa ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin rikice-rikice tsakanin' yan kasuwa da jama'ar gari suna cikin babban kasuwancin. Kodayake akwai shaidar kurkuku a Bonny a wannan lokacin, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da girma da abun ciki ba. Amma waɗanda daga baya za su yi adawa da mulkin Burtaniya yawanci ana tura su kamar yadda ya faru a batun Jaja na Opobo da Sarki Dappa na Bonny.
Koyaya, ci gaba da kutsawar da Birtaniyya tayi zuwa ƙasan bayanta da kuma kafa masarautar Burtaniya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ya tilasta kafa gidajen yarin a matsayin mahaɗi na ƙarshe a cikin Tsarin Adalcin Laifuka. Don haka kafin shekara ta 1910, tuni akwai gidajen yari a Degema, Calabar, Onitsha, Benin, Ibadan, Sapele, Jebba da Lokoja. Sanarwar kare muhalli a kan Gabas, Yamma da Arewa a shekarar 1906 ya sanya duk yankin Najeriya ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Burtaniya. Koyaya, wannan ba shine alamar farkon dunkulewar gidajen yarin Najeriya ba.
Duk da haka, gidan kurkukun mulkin mallaka a wannan matakin ba'a tsara shi don gyara kowa ba. Babu wata tsararriyar manufa wacce za a nemi alkibla daga zartar da hukunci. Maimakon haka fursunoni suna cikin babban abin da aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan jama'a da sauran ayyuka ga mulkin mallaka. A dalilin haka ba a bukatar daukar sabbin hafsoshin fursunoni. Saboda haka gidajen yari na mulkin mallaka ba su da kwararru kuma masu ci gaba na kansu kuma a maimakon haka 'yan sanda ma suna gudanar da aikin gidan yari. Yayin da lokaci ya wuce sai aka dauke tsoffin ma’aikatan da za su yi aikin.
Har ila yau, ba a gudanar da su da kyau kuma yanayin gidan yarin ya bambanta daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan a cikin rashin tsari, rashin son magana da amfani da su. Amma muddin suka yi aiki da bukatun mulkin mallaka na tabbatar da doka da oda, karbar haraji, da samar da aiki don ayyukan jama'a, gaba daya an bar su su kadai. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa gidajen yarin sun yi aiki da manufar ladabtar da wadanda suke da kwarin guiwar adawa da mulkin mallaka a cikin wani nau'i ko kuma wancan yayin kuma a lokaci guda suna jin tsoron wadanda suke son tayar da rikici ga mulkin mallaka da aka kafa.
An buga ka’idojin gidan yari a shekara ta 1917 don bayar da umarnin shigar da su, tsare su, kula da su da kuma tsarin rabe-rabensu da kuma daukar ma’aikata, tsarin cin abinci da kuma tsarin sutura a gidajen yarin. Wadannan hanyoyin an iyakance su ne ta hanya guda daya. Ba su da hankali ga kowane irin nau'in kulawa da fursunoni. Madadin haka suna wakiltar manufofin shawo kan waɗanda suka riga sun kasance a kurkuku. Bayan haka, an iyakance su cikin aikace-aikacen ga wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci ko kuma aka tsare su a kurkuku ta kotunan masu aikata laifuka na nau'ikan iko na lardi ko na larduna. Waɗanda kotun ativeasar ta sake turawa ko ta yanke musu hukunci an tura su gidajen yarin Hukumar 'yan Asalin. Har ila yau, dokar gidan yarin ta banbanta tsakanin Jiragen Jiran da fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukunci, har ma ta tanadi hukuncin mai laifin a cikin kowane gidan yari. Amma takaitaccen aiki da wannan ka’idar zuwa ga Kurkukun kasa yayin da Asalin Hukumomin Kurkukun suka bi yadda suka ga dama wanda hakan ya haifar da bayyanar wata manufa ta Gidan Yarin Kasa dangane da kula da fursunoni.
Har sai a shekara ta 1934 aka yi wani yunƙuri mai ma'ana don shigo da zamanantar da dangi a cikin Hukuncin Gidan Yari. A wannan lokacin ne Kanar VL Mabb ya zama Daraktan gidajen yari na Gwamna na lokacin Sir Donald Cameron. Kodayake jami'in soja ne, Mabb ya fahimci abin da ya kamata gidajen yari su kasance. Kuma ya ci gaba da yin iya kokarinsa. Abin da ya zama kamar ya mayar da hankalinsa a kansa shi ne samar da hadadden tsarin Gidan Yari ga kasar baki daya amma ya kasa. Amma duk da haka ya yi nasarar fadada babban Daraktan kula da gidajen yari da ikon dubawa a kan gidajen Yari na Hukumar Native har zuwa wannan lokacin da ya fi karfi a Arewa. Har ila yau, a lokacinsa ne aka kafa Hukumar Jin Dadin Kare Kurkukun.
Magajinsa RH Dolan ne zai ci gaba da ƙoƙarinsa a shekara ta (1946 55). Mista Dolan ma'aikacin gidan yari ne da aka horar kuma a lokacin da ya fara aiki a Najeriya ya riga ya samu gogewa sosai a harkokin kula da gidan yari a Burtaniya da kuma masarautu. Duk da cewa an bullo da wani shiri na bullo da koyar da sana’o’i a gidajen yarin kasar a shekara ta 1917 amma abin ya faskara sai a kurkukun Kaduna da Lokoja inda yake aiki a shekara ta 1926, Mista Dolan ya sake gabatar da shi a shekarar 1949 a matsayin wani bangare na maganin azabtarwa a Najeriya. Ya kuma sanya fursunoni ya zama tilas a duk gidajen yari sannan ya ci gaba da gabatar da ziyarar dangantakar da ke tsakanin fursunonin. Ya kuma gabatar da tsarin neman ci gaba don masu laifi na farko na dogon lokaci. Ya kuma sauya Hedikwatar Gidajen Yari da ke Enugu zuwa Legas domin saukaka hadin kai da sauran Ma’aikatar Gwamnati. Ya kuma gabatar da azuzuwan koyar da tarbiyya da na manya wadanda Ministocin da suka dace da malamai za su kula da ilimin addinin Kirista da na Musulunci. An gabatar da shirye-shiryen nishadi da shakatawa na fursunoni a lokacinsa tare da kafa kungiyar kula da kula da kula da fursunonin da aka sallama. Amma a sama da haka, ya kirkiro da wani shiri na ginawa tare da fadada har ma da manyan gidajen yari don inganta tsarin yadda fursunoni suke da matsuguni.
Dangane da ci gaban ma'aikata, ya kasance muhimmiyar rawa ga kafuwar Makarantar Horon Fursuna, Enugu a shekara ta 1947. Ya kuma ga sanya sabbin mata masu ilimi wadanda za su kula da fikafikan mata na gidajen yari kuma gaba daya ya yi kokarin inganta yanayin aikin ma'aikatan gidan yarin. Bugu da kari, ya dauki matakin rabewa a yayin da a ahekara ta 1948 ya bude ofisoshin kawo canji hudu a Legas ya kuma sauya wani bangare na gidajen yarin Port-Harcourt don gidaje da kula da yara. Shekaru biyar bayan haka ya kasance zai gina buɗaɗɗen kurkuku a Kakuri Kaduna don kula da masu laifi na farko waɗanda suka aikata laifuka kamar su kisan kai da kisan kai, kuma waɗanda suke wa'adin shekara 15 ko fiye. Manufar ita ce a horar da su da karamin kulawa a harkar noma domin idan sun sauke su yi aiki da kansu ta hanyar samun nasara. A zahiri, wa'adin Dolan ya wakilci babban matsayi a cigaban Fursunonin Najeriya. Kurkuku sun hada da: Jihar Adamawa:
Kurkukun Yola
Jihar Ebonyi:
Kurkukun Abakiliki
Babban Birnin Tarayya:
Kurkukun matsakaiciyar Kuje
Jihar Legas:
Kurkukun Ikoyi
Kirikiri Mafi Tsaron Kurkuku
Kurkukun Tsaro na Kirikiri
Kurkukun matan Kirikiri kurkukun mata daya tilo a Najeriya Jihar Edo:
Kurkukun Tsaro na Tsaro, Oko
Jihar Yobe:
Kurkukun Gashuwa Mafi Girma
Duba kuma Hutun gidan yari na Bauchi
Najeriya gidan yari
Hutun gidan yari na Lagos
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ayyukan Gidajen Yari na Najeriya
Gidan Yari a Najeriya
Gidan yari
Gine-gine
Gini
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
14759 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond%20Elliot | Desmond Elliot | Desmond Elliot (an haife Desmond Oluwashola Elliot;a ranar 4 ga watan February shekarar 1974) ya kuma kasance Dan Najeriya ne, dan'fim, mai-shiri, kuma dan'siyasa wanda ya fito acikin sama da films dari biyu da shirye-shiryen telebijin da soap operas. Ya kuma lashe kyeutan best supporting actor acikin drama na 2nd Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards kuma an gabatar dashi best supporting actor a 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards.Ya Shiva siyasa inda ya fito Neman Dan majalissa kuma An zabe shi dan'majalisa a Lagos State House of Assembly, mai wakiltar Surulere Constituency,a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun shekarar, 2015 Nigerian General Elections.
Farkon rayuwa
Desmond Elliot an haife shi daga dangin Olowogbowo a Lagos Island, Lagos da mahaifiyarsa daga Illah a Arewacin Oshimili, Jihar Delta; Yayi makarantar firamare a Air Force Primary School sannan yaje St John's College, duk a Jos. Ya karanta economics a Jami'ar Jihar Lagos da gamawa a shekarar, 2003.
Aiki Desmond Elliot yace abokin sa ne ya rinjaye shi yasa ya fara aikin shirin fim. Ya fara fim fim dinsa na farko shi ne a Everyday People, One Too Much da Saints and Sinners. Yana daga na farkon manyan jarumai a Nollywood, ya fito a sama da films dari wadanda suka hada da Men Who Cheat, Yahoo Millionaire da Atlanta. A shekarar 2006, an gabatar dashi a African Movie Academy Award don zama "Best Actor in Supporting Role" acikin "Behind closed doors". A shekara ta, 2008 Elliot co-produced da co-directed shirin "Reloaded" wanda ta samu gabatarwa sau 3 a African Movie Academy Awards a shekarar 2009. a cikin 2009 zuwa 2010, Elliot was nominated for the Best Actor category at the Nigeria Entertainment Awards. Also in 2010, Elliot has been competing to become the ambassador for the Face of Hope Project, a "volunteer-based non-profit, non-religious, non-political organization established to give hope to the hopeless", in which he will work toward fixing "child illiteracy in Nigeria and Africa at large" if he is the victor. In 2014, he was nominated for the African Movie Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Supporting Role" in the movie "Finding Mercy".
Siyasa Desmond Elliot ya bayyana kudurinsa a Satumba shekarar, 2014 Dan neman Lagos State House of Assembly karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress.
Yayi takara kuma yalashe Surulere Constituency a zaben a ranar 11 ga watan April shekarar, 2015 Nigerian General Elections.
Rayuwarsa Desmomd Elliot yana da aure kuma yana da yara hudu. He is involved in public relations for Globacom.
Fina-finai Falling (2015)
Black Val (2015)
The Department (2015)
When Love Happens (2014)
30 Days in Atlanta (2014)
Okon Goes to School
Kamara's Tree (2013)
Kiss and Tell (2011)
I'll Take My Chances (2011)
Bursting Out (2010)
Holding Hope (2010)
Nollywood Hustlers (2010)
Before the Light (2009)
Edikan
Uyai (2008)
Final Tussle (2008) (V)
Guilty Pleasures (2008)
Black Night in South America (2007)
A Better Place (2007)
Caught-Up (2007)
Double Game (2007)
Fine Things (2007)
Ghetto Queen (2007)
Secret Pain (2007)
Men Who Cheat (2006)
A Time to Love (2007) Hank
Yahoo Millionaire (2007) Jerry
Put It on Me (2006)
Asunder (2006)
Behind the Plot (2006)
Divided Attention (2006)
Efficacy (2006)
Ekaette
Extreme Measure (2006) Festus
Final Point (2006)
The Greatest Sacrifice (2006)
King of the Town (2006)
Love Wins (2006) Austin
Married to the Enemy (2006)
My Little Secret (2006)
My Sister My Love (2006) Jar
Naked Sin (2006)
Romeo (2006)
Strange Love (2006)
Supremacy (2006)
Too Late to Claim (2006)
Traumatised (2006)
Unbreakable Affair (2006)
Up to Me (2006)
Without Apology (2006)
The Wolves (2006)
Zoza (2006)
A Night in the Philippines (2005)
2 Face (2005)
Behind Closed Doors (2005)
The Bet (2005)
Broadway (2005)
Destiny's Challenge (2005)
Flying Without Wings (2005)
Fools in Love (2005)
Games Women Play (2005)
Girls in the Hood (2005)
Hold Me Down (2005)
It's Juliet or No One (2005)
Just Me (2005)
The King's Son (2005)
Knowing You (2005)
Men Do Cry (2005)
My Precious Son (2005)
My Sister My Child (2005)
My Sister's Act (2005)
Now Forever (2005)
Orange Groove (2005)
The Price of Love: Life Is Beautiful (2005)
Shackles of Death (2005)
Wedding Gift (2005)
Wheel of Change (2005)
Images in the Mirror (2004) Deji
Above Love (2004)
Atlanta (2004)
Big Pretenders (2004)
Cinderella (2004)
Danger Signal (2004)
Deep Loss (2004)
Died to Save (2004)
Discord (2004)
For Real (2004)
A Kiss from Rose (2004)
Lake of Fire (2004) Brother Emmanuel
Life in New York (2004)
Magic Moment (2004)
Melody of Life (2004)
Missing Angel(2004)
Passion of Mind (2004)
Power of Trust (2004)
Promise Fail (2004)
True Romance (2004)
Great Change (2003)
Magic Love (2003)
My Faithful Friend (2003)
Passion Pain (2003)
Tunnel of Love (2003)
Fire Love (2002)
Jesu Mushin (2002)
FISHERS OF MEN
Telebiji
Everyday People (Soap Opera)
One Too Much (Soap Opera)
Saints and Sinners (Soap Opera)
Santalal
Super Story
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Hadin waje
Rayayyun |
42379 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy%20Gestede | Rudy Gestede | Rudy Philippe Michel Camille Gestede (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Oktobar shekarar 1988), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Iran Esteghlal.
Bayan ya zo ta hanyar matsayin matashi a Metz, Gestede ya shafe shekara guda a kan bashi yana samun kwarewa tare da Cannes, ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni 22, kafin ya koma Metz a shekara ta 2010. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2011, ya shiga Cardiff City, yana taimaka wa kulob din don tabbatar da ci gaba zuwa gasar Premier. Koyaya, ya sami damar ƙungiyar farko ta iyakance tare da Cardiff a farkon shekara ta 2013 zuwa 2014, yana haifar da lamuni zuwa Blackburn Rovers a shekara ta 2013. A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, ya yi canja wuri na dindindin zuwa Blackburn kuma ya kafa kansa a cikin tawagar farko, yana yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Jordan Rhodes a harin.
Gestede ya buga wa Faransa wasa a matakin kasa da shekara 19 kafin ya koma kasar Benin, inda ya ci wa kasarsa wasanni 11 tun a shekarar 2013.
Aikin kulob
Metz An haife shi a Essey-lès-Nancy, Gestede ya fara ne a matakin matasa yana da shekaru 16, a cikin shekarar 2004, inda ya taka leda a Metz Bayan shekara guda, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru tare da Metz's B Team. A shekara ta 2007, an ba shi matsayi don taka leda a tawagar farko, yayin da kuma ya ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyar B, amma a cikin shekarar 2010, ya ƙare shekaru biyar yana taka leda a ƙungiyar B lokacin da aka aika shi aro zuwa Cannes Birnin Cardiff Gestede ya koma kungiyar Cardiff City a gasar cin kofin League a kan gwaji na tsawon mako guda a sansanin horo na City a Seville, Spain a cikin watan Yulin shekara ta 2011. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Cardiff a minti na 25 na wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar ta buga da Charlton Athletic a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli. A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli, Gestede ya wuce gwajin lafiyarsa kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin dan wasan Cardiff City kwanaki uku bayan haka. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Cardiff a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta da West Ham United, yana zuwa a cikin minti na 68 a maimakon Robert Earnshaw, ya kafa Kenny Miller don burin wasan. Farkon farko na Gestede ya zo wasan na gaba bayan kwana uku, a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, da Oxford United a gasar cin kofin League Ya yi bayyanarsa na 50th a cikin nasara da ci 5–3 a kan Huddersfield Town, wanda ya sa mutum ya taka rawar gani a wasan. Gestede ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Cardiff City da Leicester City a gasar cin kofin League, kafin ya ci gaba da canjawa daga bugun fanareti a wasan da kungiyarsa ta doke Leicester da ci 7-6 a bugun fenareti. Kwallon farko da Gestede ya ci a gasar ta zo ne a ranar 15 ga Oktoba a kan Ipswich Town, tare da wasan kuma ya nuna wasansa na farko a gasar Cardiff. Wasan na gaba, duk da haka, a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, ya ji rauni, wanda ke nufin ya yi jinyar makonni da yawa. Ya dawo wasan babu ci a Millwall a ranar 10 ga Disamba. Gestede ya ci kwallonsa ta uku a Cardiff a ci 3-1 a kan Peterborough United Zai zo ya ci fanareti a wasan kusa da na karshe da Cardiff City ta doke Crystal Palace a gasar cin kofin League. Gestede ya ci kwallonsa ta uku a Cardiff a ranar 14 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, a wasan da suka doke Peterborough da ci 3-1. A wasan karshe na cin kofin League da kungiyar Liverpool a filin wasa na Wembley a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, City ta yi rashin nasara da ci 3-2 a bugun fanariti, yayin da Gestede ya rasa daya daga cikin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida na Bluebirds. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu, Gestede ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da zai ajiye shi a filin wasa na Cardiff City har zuwa shekarar 2014. Gestede ya ji rauni kafin kakar wasa wanda ya hana shi daga farkon watanni biyu na kakar shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013 A ranar 6 ga Oktoba yana zuwa a rabi na biyu da Ipswich Town, inda ya taimaka wa Bluebirds su dawo daga kasawar ci daya. Gestede ya zura kwallo ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 15 ga Disamba a cikin rashin 2-1 da Peterborough United. A cikin abin da aka bayyana matsayinsa na mafi kyawun wasansa har yanzu a cikin rigar Cardiff City, Gestede ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga yayin da City ta doke Nottingham Forest 3-0 a filin wasa na Cardiff City. Ya tattara lambar yabo ta masu nasara yayin da City ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai kuma an ci gaba da zama Premier League a watan Afrilu shekara ta 2013.
Blackburn Rovers A ranar 26 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2013, Gestede ya koma Blackburn Rovers a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2013 a ƙarƙashin tsarin lamuni na gaggawa bayan ya ga an rage lokacin wasansa a Cardiff tun lokacin da suka haɓaka zuwa Premier League. Kocin Blackburn Gary Bowyer ya bayyana cewa Gestede shine irin dan wasan da ƙungiyar ke bukata domin taimakawa talisman Jordan Rhodes a wata muhimmiyar kakar wasa a kungiyar.
Gestede ya ci wa Rovers kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2014 a kan Leeds United ta hanyar bugun kai da ci 2-1. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2014, Gestede ya sanya hannu a kulob din na dindindin, a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi, tare da Tom Cairney, wanda kuma ya kasance a matsayin aro a Blackburn a lokaci guda tare da shi. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, Gestede ya ci hat-trick a farkon rabin, da Birmingham City Ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan na watan Afrilu bayan ya zura kwallaye shida a wasanni bakwai a wannan watan.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rudy Gestede at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Benin
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1988
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23399 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conor%20Hourihane | Conor Hourihane | Conor Hourihane (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta alif 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Irish wanda ke wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya, a halin yanzu yana cikin Swansea City, a aro daga kulob din Aston Villa na Premier League, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamhuriyar Ireland Kungiyoyin da suka gabata sun hada da Barnsley, Plymouth Argyle, Sunderland da Ipswich Town Ya wakilci babban jami'in Jamhuriyar Ireland a matakin kasa da kasa da na 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da 21 Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki Hourihane ya zo ta ƙungiyar matasa ta Sunderland kuma ya zauna tare da Black Cats har zuwa shekarar 2010 lokacin da kwantiraginsa ya ƙare. Sunderland ta yi masa tayin sabuwar yarjejeniya amma ya zabi ya rattaba hannu ga gunkin Roy Keane na gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta Ipswich Town, wanda dole ne ya bayar da diyya ga yarjejeniyar. Hourihane ya kasa fitowa don Ipswich a kakar shekarar 2010-11 Plymouth Argyle Ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Plymouth Argyle ta Kwallon Kafa ta Kwallon Kafa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2011 a kan canja wuri kyauta bayan Ipswich ya sake shi kuma ya burge a kan fitina. Ya fara buga wasan sa na ƙwararru a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, a wasan buɗe ranar tare da Shrewsbury Town a New Meadow A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, Hourihane ya ci wa Plymouth kwallonta ta farko a wasan da ta doke Dagenham & Redbridge 3-2. Ya zama kyaftin din kulob din a lokacin kakar 2012-13 bayan tashin Darren Purse zuwa Port Vale kuma ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyu a watan Mayu sgekarar 2013. Hourihane ya burge Plymouth a kakar shekara ta 2013 da 14, inda ya fara wasanni 53 kuma ya rasa wasa daya a duk kakar saboda dakatarwa, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a raga.
Barnsley Hourihane ya shiga Barnsley a ranar 23 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014 akan kudi 250,000, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Tykes Ya sami lambar yabo ta League One Player of the Month na watan Agusta na shekarar 2014, bayan da ya fara rawar Barnsley. Hourihane ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar a watan Disambar shekarar 2015. Hourihane da abokan wasansa sun lashe kofuna biyu a filin wasa na Wembley da ke Landan, a lokacin kakar shekarar 2015–2016 Ziyarar farko zuwa Wembley ita ce ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu na shekarar 2016 don Gasar Kwallon Kafa, inda Barnsley ya ci 3 2 a wasan karshe na League Trophy, bayan ta doke Oxford United na League Two Ziyara ta biyu a Wembley ita ce a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2016, don wasan karshe na wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kwallon Kafa. Barnsley ya ci nasara zuwa Gasar, bayan da ya doke Millwall 3-1 a wasan karshe na Play-off Hourihane da Barnsley sun sami nasara sosai a rayuwarsu a Gasar, inda suka ci biyar daga cikin wasanni bakwai na farko, gami da nasarar akan Rotherham [1] da Wolverhampton Wanderers, kuma tare da Hourihane ta zira kwallaye uku a cikin waɗannan bakwai na farko wasanni da taimakawa ƙarin biyar. Ya ci gaba da lashe Gwarzon Dan Kwallon Kafa na Watan Agusta shekarar 2016. Duk da rade-radin da ke danganta Hourihane da Aston Villa a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Hourihane ya jagoranci Barnsley da ci 3-2 a kan Leeds United tare da Hourihane ta zura kwallon da ta ci kwallon da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, an tabbatar da cewa Hourihane ya bar Barnsley don rattaba hannu ga abokan hamayyar Championship Aston Villa don kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Dukansu Hourihane da Barnsley sun fitar da sanarwa, dan wasan yana godewa magoya baya kuma yayi sharhi cewa Barnsley "koyaushe zai sami matsayi na musamman a zuciyata".
Aston Villa A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2017, Hourihane ya koma Aston Villa kan yarjejeniyar shekara uku da rabi. Hourihane ya buga wasanni 17 yayin da Villa ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na 13, inda ya ci kwallon Villa ta farko da Bristol City a watan Fabrairu. Ya zira kwallaye uku na farko a kulob din a cikin nasarar 4-2 a gida da Norwich City a watan Agusta shekarar 2017. Hourihane ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku a lokacin bazarar shekarar 2019 a matsayin lada don taimakawa kungiyar lashe gasar Premier League A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019, ya ci kwallon farko ta Premier a wasan da suka doke Norwich da ci 5-1. City wanda ke nufin ya zira kwallaye a dukkan matakai hudu na tsarin gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Swansea City (aro) A ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, Hourihane ya koma kungiyar Swansea City ta Championship a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar 2020 21 A ranar 23 ga Janairun 2021, Hourihane ya fara buga wa Swansea wasa na farko, a nasarar cin Kofin FA 5-1 da Nottingham Forest tare da wasan da kocin Swansea Steve Cooper ya bayyana a matsayin "kyakkyawa". A fitowarsa ta biyu, da kuma wasansa na farko a gasar, ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallon farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Brentford a ranar 27 ga Janairu 2021.
Aikin duniya A ranar 28 ga watan Maris 2017, Hourihane ya yi babban wasansa na farko a duniya, inda ya fara a wasan sada zumunta da ci 1-0 da Iceland a filin wasa na Aviva Hourihane ya lashe kofinsa na biyu a wasan sada zumunci da Mexico ranar 2 ga Yuni 2017. A ranar 26 ga Maris 2019, Hourihane ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a cikin manyan nasarorin da kasarsa ta samu a wasan da suka doke Georgia da ci 1-0 a filin wasa na Aviva Wasan farko na Jamhuriyar Ireland a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar Euro 2020 ya sami ƙarin ɗaukar hoto saboda zanga -zangar adawa da tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ireland (FAI), John Delaney Wani ɓangare na magoya bayan Jamhuriyar Ireland sun jefa ƙwallon tennis a cikin fili a cikin mintuna na 33 don nuna rashin jin daɗin su ga Delaney da ya rage a cikin matakan FAI.
Rayuwar mutum Hourihane shine dan uwan na biyu na mai tsaron gidan Jamhuriyar Ireland Marie Hourihan Ƙididdigar sana'a
Kasashen duniya
Manufofin duniya Maki da sakamako sun lissafa jumullar jumhuriyar Ireland da farko, jadawalin maki yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Hourihane.
Daraja Barnsley
Gasar Kwallon Kafa 2015–16 Wasannin Kwallon Kafa Na Farko 2016 Aston Villa
Wasannin Gasar EFL 2019 Gasar cin Kofin EFL 2019–20 Na ɗaya
Gasar Kwallon Kafa Daya Na Watanni Agusta 2014 Barnsley Player of the Year: 2014–15 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Gasar EFL na Watan Satumba 2016
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Conor Hourihane at Soccerbase
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1991
Pages with unreviewed |
60054 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafarnuwa%20miya | Tafarnuwa miya | Tafarnuwa miya miya ce da aka shirya ta amfani da tafarnuwa a matsayin sinadari na farko. Yawanci miya ce mai ɗanɗano, tare da zurfin ɗanɗanon tafarnuwa da aka ƙayyade ta adadin tafarnuwar da aka yi amfani da ita. Galibi ana niƙasa ko kuma a yanka tafarnuwa. Sauƙaƙan miya na tafarnuwa yana kunshe da tafarnuwa da wani sashi don dakatar da kwan fitila ta hanyar emulsion, irin su mai, man shanu ko mayonnaise. Za a iya amfani da ƙarin abubuwa daban-daban don shirya miya.
Ana iya amfani da miya na tafarnuwa don ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci da jita-jita da yawa, kamar nama, kifi, abincin teku, naman naman naman naman, sara, kaza, qwai da kayan lambu. Ana kuma amfani dashi azaman kayan yaji Nau'ukan
Agliata Agliata wani miya ne mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da ƙwanƙwasa tafarnuwa da kayan abinci a cikin abincin Italiyanci da ake amfani da shi don ɗanɗano da kuma raka gasasshen nama ko dafaffen nama, kifi da kayan lambu. An fara shaida shi a tsohuwar Roma, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na abinci na Liguria Porrata irin wannan miya ce da aka shirya da leks a maimakon tafarnuwa.
Aioli Aioli shine miya na Rum wanda aka yi da tafarnuwa da man zaitun a wasu yankuna ana amfani da wasu emulsifiers kamar kwai. Sunayen suna nufin "tafarnuwa da mai" a cikin Catalan da Provencal. Yana da alaƙa da abinci na bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Spain (Valencia, Catalonia, tsibirin Balearic, Murcia da gabashin Andalusia), Faransa (Provence) da Italiya (Liguria).
Filfil chuma Filfil chuma shine girke-girke na Arewacin Afirka daga Yahudawan Libya wanda aka yi da barkono mai dadi da zafi, tulin tafarnuwa, caraway, da cumin. Ana amfani da shi azaman tsoma miya kamar a cikin abincin Habasha, azaman marinade don nama, ko azaman kayan yaji don abubuwa kamar stew da miya.
Honey tafarnuwa miya Tushen tafarnuwa na zuma miya ce mai daɗi da tsami mai ɗanɗano kamar gauraya tsakanin zuma da tafarnuwa, sananne a ƙasar Kanada. Tafarnuwa zuma na ɗaya daga cikin miya da yawa da ake sakawa a kan fukafukan kaza, hakarkarin hakarkari da sauran abinci kamar nama.
Mojo A cikin abincin Cuban, mojo ya shafi kowane miya da aka yi da tafarnuwa, man zaitun ko man alade, da ruwan 'ya'yan itace citrus, ruwan lemu mai ɗaci a al'ada. Ana amfani da ita don ɗanɗano tuber rogo kuma ana amfani da ita don sarrafa gasasshen naman alade. Ba tare da oregano ba, yawanci ana kiran miya 'mojito' kuma ana amfani da ita don tsoma guntun plantain da soyayyen rogo (yuca). Don ƙirƙirar marinade don naman alade, sinadaran sune ruwan 'ya'yan itace orange, tafarnuwa, oregano, cumin, da gishiri. Ana kuma amfani da tafarnuwa a matsayin sinadari a sauran shirye-shiryen mojo a cikin abinci daban-daban.
Mujdei Mujdei miya ce mai yaji a cikin abincin Romanian da aka yi da tafarnuwa da aka niƙa a niƙa kuma a niƙa a cikin manna, gishiri da gauraye da ruwa da man kayan lambu. Ana amfani da man sunflower kusan koyaushe. Ana iya ƙara kirim mai tsami kuma.
Skordalia Skordalia ne mai kauri puree (ko miya, tsoma, yada, da dai sauransu) a cikin abincin Girkanci da aka yi ta hanyar hada tafarnuwa da aka daka da shi tare da babban tushe-wanda zai iya zama purée na dankali, walnuts, almonds, ko gurasar da aka yi da ruwa-sa'an nan kuma. bugun man zaitun don yin emulsion mai santsi. Ana yawan ƙara vinegar.
Taleya Ta'leya ita ce miya ta tafarnuwa a cikin abincin Masar wanda ake soya tafarnuwa da Ghee sannan a zuba coriander da chilli. Ana amfani dashi azaman sinadari don ƙara dandano ga bamia da koshary Taurari Tarator, wanda aka yi da tahini, ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami da tafarnuwa, shine miya mai tsami mai tsami a cikin abincin Larabawa na Tekun Farisa da abincin Faransanci wanda ya riga ya rigaya zuwa aioli. Da farko manoma ne suka shirya shi a babban yankin Siriya Daga baya Phoeniciyawa ne suka kawo shi tsibirin Iberian, sannan kuma Larabawa suka kawo shi yankin Iberian Daga can, an kawo miya zuwa Kudancin Faransa. An bayyana Taratoor a matsayin "wani muhimmin bangare na abinci na kasashen Gulf na Larabawa".
Tumatir Tafarnuwa miya Ana shirya miya Tumatir da Tafarnuwa ta hanyar amfani da tumatur a matsayin babban sinadari, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin abinci da jita-jita daban-daban. A cikin abincin Italiyanci, alla pizzaiola yana nufin tumatir da tafarnuwa miya, wanda ake amfani dashi akan pizza, taliya da nama.
Toum Toum shine miya mai kauri mai kauri ga Levant Ya ƙunshi dakakken tafarnuwa, gishiri, man zaitun ko man kayan lambu, da ruwan lemun tsami, a al'adance tare ta hanyar amfani da turmi na katako.
Abincin Tafarnuwa Chili Mai Dadi Anyi a ko'ina a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wannan yana amfani da ja barkono, tafarnuwa, vinegar, sugar syrup a matsayin babban sinadaran, yawanci hade da kauri kamar masara.
Tzatsiki miya ta samo asali ne daga kasar Girka wanda aka yi da tafarnuwa nikakken, dakakken cucumbers da yoghurt. Popular musamman a cikin Balkans. A Bulgaria ana kiranta ma'ana busasshen tarator, wanda ba komai bane kamar taratar larabci.
Yogurt Za a iya yin miya mai sauƙi na tafarnuwa mai sauƙi ta ƙara dakakken tafarnuwa ko nikakken tafarnuwa zuwa yoghurt mai laushi, mayonnaise ko kirim mai tsami Ana iya amfani da ruwan lemun tsami, gishiri, barkono da ganye irin su dill don ba da ƙarin dandano.
Gallery
Duba kuma Man tafarnuwa
Jerin kayan abinci
Jerin miya
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
26679 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Rabe-raben%20Finafinai%20ta%20Kenya | Hukumar Rabe-raben Finafinai ta Kenya | Hukumar Rabe-raben Finafinai ta Kenya Kenya (wanda aka rage a matsayin KFCB) wata ƙungiya ce ta jiha wacce ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Kenya wacce aikinta shine "tsara da ƙirƙira, watsawa, mallaka, rarrabawa da nunin fina-finai ta hanyar ƙididdige su." An kafa hukumar ne a cikin 1963 tare da fara aiwatar da dokokin da aka tsara a cikin Dokar Fina-Finai da Wasa ta 1962 (Sashe na 11) kuma tun daga nan ta shiga cikin ƙima da rarraba fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin. Kwanan nan, ya haifar da cece-kuce ta hanyar dakatar da fina-finai da yawa, irin su nasarar akwatin ofishin Amurka The Wolf of Wall Street, Labarin Fim na Kenya na Rayuwar Mu, Rafiki, da kuma fim din 2015 Fifty Shades na Grey bisa ga labari na iri ɗaya. suna. Hukumar ta kuma tsara abubuwan da ke cikin talabijin, gami da tallace-tallace Samuwa Dokar Fina-Finai da Wasanni ta 1962 ta kafa Hukumar Rarraba Fina-Finai ta Kenya wacce ta fara aiki a cikin 1963, musamman don tsara ƙirƙira, watsawa, mallaka, rarrabawa da nunin fina-finai ta hanyar bincika su don abun ciki, sanya takunkumin shekaru da baiwa mabukaci. shawara game da fina-finai daban-daban. Dokar ta ba hukumar ikon amincewa ko ƙin amincewa da fina-finai da fosta. Dokar ta kuma bayyana cewa ba za a ba da izini ga fina-finan da, a ra'ayin hukumar, "suna son kiyaye zaman jama'a ko cin mutunci, ko [ba a so] don amfanin jama'a. Bugu da ƙari, Dokar Canjin Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Kenya ta 2013 ta ba hukumar ikon sanya ido a gidajen talabijin domin "tabbatar da abubuwan da ake nufi da masu sauraron manya ba a watsa su a lokacin ruwan ruwa (5am 10pm)."
Ayyuka Hukumar ta fi rarraba fina-finai da ƙima ta hanyar tantance su tare da ba su 'shaidar amincewa' tare da kimarta na 0 zuwa 4. Wannan sikelin yana nuna 'tasirin' fim ɗin: "ƙananan", "m", "matsakaici" ko "ƙarfi". Wannan sai ya yi daidai da ƙimar fim ɗin gabaɗaya: GE (bayanin baje koli), PG (shawarar jagorancin iyaye), 16 (ba dace da mutanen da ke ƙasa da shekaru 16 ba) da 18 (bai dace da mutanen ƙasa da shekaru 18 ba). Bayan an ba da takardar shaidar amincewa, jami'in rarrabawa ya rubuta sunan fim ɗin, ƙasarsa ta asali, ƙimarsa da ranar da aka ƙididdige shi kuma ya buga bayanan a cikin kundin rarraba KFCB. Sauran ayyukan hukumar sun haɗa da ba da lasisi ga masu rarraba fina-finai a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar ba da lasisin sarrafa fina-finai ga masu rarrabawa, da kuma duba ko an saba ka’idojin lasisin da suka haɗa da “karewar lasisi, sayar da fina-finan da ba a tantance ba, tallace-tallace/ nuna fina-finai da aka haramta da kuma yin amfani da su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. lakabin rarrabawa."
Jagororin rarrabawa Nunin Gabaɗaya Abubuwan da ke ciki sun dace da kallon dangi na gaba ɗaya, saboda ba ya ƙunshi abun ciki wanda za a iya ɗaukar cutarwa ko damuwa ga yara. Mutane na kowane zamani na iya duba abun ciki. Dole ne jigogi su dace da kowane zamani.
Dole ne a nuna tashin hankali a hankali, kuma ana yarda da barazanar ko barazana idan an sami hujja ta mahallin.
Ba dole ba ne a gabatar da fifikon jima'i ko kowane irin na jima'i.
Ba a yarda da tsiraici ba.
Harshe kada ya zama akwai batsa Magungunan da aka gabatar ba dole ne su kasance ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma ba za a iya yin nuni ga haramtattun kwayoyi ba.
Horror ya kamata ya zama mai ban tsoro da ban dariya. Yakamata ya kasance yana da yanayi mai laushi kawai, yanayin firgita marasa damuwa.
PG (Jagorar Iyaye) Ana iya kallon abun ciki ta kowa da kowa, duk da haka, an shawarci iyaye su saka idanu akan abun cikin lokacin da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 10 ke kallon su. Jigogi ya kamata su kasance da ƙarancin ma'ana ko barazana, kuma ya kamata a mai da hankali ga yuwuwar tasirinsu ga yara.
Ana iya kwatanta tashin hankali a tsaka-tsaki, idan an samu hujja ta mahallin.
Jima'i na iya zama ma'ana, tare da maganganu masu laushi kawai game da jima'i (misali sumbata da runguma Tsiraici dole ne ya zama "mai hankali" da "mai gudu" yayin da ake nuna bayanin martaba. Dole ne ya kasance ba safai ba yayin da yake nuna gaba ko na sama, sannan a cikin mahallin da ba na jima'i ba.
Magungunan da ba bisa ka'ida ba na iya samun fa'ida mai hankali da aka yi musu muddin ba a yarda da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba.
Horror Zagayawar kamata ba za a yi tsawo ko tsanani.
16 Waɗannan fina-finan sun taƙaita ne ga wadanda suka haura shekaru 16. Jigogin da aka siffanta na iya zama balagaggu, in dai an “bi su da hankali”.
Ana ba da izinin tashin hankali idan ba a daɗe ba ko dalla-dalla. Ba a yarda da cin zarafin jima'i ba.
Dole ne jima'i ya kasance a bayyane ko tsawaita.
Tsiraici ya kamata ya zama mai yawan gaske, gajere, mai hankali da barata ta mahallin.
Magunguna na iya kasancewa idan fim ɗin gaba ɗaya bai inganta amfani da muggan ƙwayoyi ba.
Tsoro na iya zama dadewa da ban tsoro fiye da rukunan da suka gabata.
18 Waɗannan fina-finan sun taƙaita ne ga waɗanda suka haura shekaru 18. Jigogin da aka kwatanta da bincike na iya zama balagagge.
Ana iya bayyana tashin hankali da gori da gaske idan ba "wuce kima ba, rashin jin daɗi ko cin nasara".
Ana iya bayyana jima'i a bayyane idan ya dace ta mahallin.
An yarda da tsiraici, idan dai ba a kusa kallon al'aurar.
Harshe na iya zama m kuma yana da ban tsoro idan ba a "amfani da shi fiye da kima ba".
Kwayoyi iya nuna matuƙar doka amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ba a amince.
Horror iya tsawo da kuma cusa tsanani da tsoro.
Ƙuntatawa/haramta Ba kowa zai iya kallon abun cikin ba, saboda suna iya "ƙunsar kayan da ke zubar da ɗabi'a na al'umma [ko] zubar da kishin ƙasa".
Jigogin da aka inganta suna tozarta kabilanci ko addini, suna ɗaukaka halayen da ba a so kamar su lalata, ko "kyautar salon rayuwar ɗan luwadi."
Tashe-tashen hankula da rashin tausayi suna da tsauri kuma dalla-dalla, kuma suna iya ƙunsar umarni kan hanyoyin aikata laifi ko kisa.
Jima'i abu ne mai amfani, batsa ko "yana nuna ayyukan da ba na dabi'a ba" kamar lalata Tsiraici na cin riba da wuce gona da iri.
Magunguna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma ana ƙarfafa amfani da su.
Rigima Hukumar Rabe-raben Finafinai ta Kenya ta dakatar da dama fina-finai, videos da sauran abun ciki karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Ezekiel Mutua, abu don damuwa da cewa zai iya yiwuwa a overstepping iyakokinta A Board An zargi da tsawwala yin katsalandan a Kenya, musamman irin su lokacin da ta kira zuwan kamfanin Netflix na Amurka zuwa Kenya "barazana ga tsaron kasa" da "barazana ga dabi'un Kenya". Hukumar ta dakatar da fim ɗin Amurka The Wolf na Wall Street, yana bayyana a matsayin dalilansa na fim din "matsananciyar yanayin tsiraici, jima'i, lalata, hedonism da la'ana". A shafinsu na Facebook, hukumar ta bayyana cewa, “akwai iyaka ga komai kuma mun yi imanin al’ummar Kenya sun fi cancanta. [Wolf na Wall Street] an iyakance. Fim ɗin ba na siyarwa bane, nuni ko rarrabawa a Kenya. Za a hukunta waɗanda suka keta.” Bayan fitar da Labarun Rayuwar Mu na Fim na Kenya da ke nuna al’ummar LGBT na Kenya, Hukumar ta fitar da wani hukunci wanda ya hana fim ɗin yadda ya kamata saboda “batsa, fage na ayyukan jima’i da [don inganta] luwadi, wanda ya saba wa ka’idojin [Kenya] na kasa. da dabi'u." Daga baya masu shirya fim ɗin sun soki Hukumar, suna masu cewa, “Mun shirya wannan fim ne don [mu] tattauna a fili game da mutane, abin da ake nufi da zama ɗan Kenya da kuma abin da ake nufi da bambanta. Ta hanyar sanya takunkumi a kan wannan fim, Hukumar ta zaɓi jinkirta wannan tattaunawar da babu makawa." Furodusan sun ci gaba da tambaya kan yadda “hakikanin fim...da hana tattaunawa kan al’umma, kiyaye dabi’u da ka’idoji na kasa” sun kuma bayyana cewa haramcin ya kara wayar da kan jama’a kan fim din, lamarin da ya sa ‘yan Kenya suka buƙaci da kalli fim din. Hukumar ta kuma dakatar da fim ɗin Amurka Fifty Shades na Grey bisa ga littafin labari mai suna iri daya da dalilansa na "tsawaita fa'idar jima'i da ke nuna mata a matsayin bayi masu jima'i." Haramcin ya janyo zanga-zangar da masu fafutuka na ƙasar Kenya suka yi, inda suka ce haramcin ya takaita ne ga ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma “damuwa matuka”. A cikin 2016, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Kenya Art Attack ta fitar da wani remix na waƙar Same Love by American hip hop duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis yana nuna rayuwar mutanen LGBT a Kenya Sun loda bidiyon kai tsaye zuwa YouTube kuma ba su gabatar da shi don tantancewa ta KFCB ba. A martanin da ta mayar, KFCB ta dakatar da bidiyon, tana mai cewa "yana da hotunan jima'i tsakanin mutane masu jinsi daya da kuma nuna tsiraici da batsa" tare da neman Google ya sauke shi daga YouTube. Sai dai Google Kenya ya ƙi saukar da shi, yana mai cewa ba su da ikon cire bidiyon. Ofishin Google da ke Mountain View, California shi ma ya ƙi saukar da bidiyon amma ya nuna shi a matsayin "mai yiwuwa bai dace ba". Haka kuma KFCB ta haramta tallace-tallacen giya da na rigakafin hana haihuwa da ba su da amincewar hukumar, da kuma irin wannan tallace-tallacen da ake watsawa a cikin 'lokacin ruwa' na 5 na safe zuwa 10 na yamma An tsawaita haramcin zuwa “tallalai da tallace-tallacen da ke nuna ɓacin rai da abubuwan ban sha’awa na jima’i”, da kuma wa]anda ke “kyau da salon rayuwa da xabi’u irin su luwadi, fasikanci da kuma lalata da yara”. KFCB ta yi amfani da dalilin da ya sa ta hana wani tallan Coca-Cola mai kunshe da yanayin sumbata bisa dalilin cewa "ya keta mutuncin dangi". Kamfanin Coca-Cola ya amince ya maye gurbin tallan. A cikin watan Yuni 2017, KCFB ta ba da umarnin dakatar da zane-zane guda shida da ake watsawa a kan Cartoon Network Africa, Nickelodeon Africa da Nicktoons Africa bisa zargin tallata jigogin LGBT ga yara ƙanana. Abubuwan nunin da aka shafa sune hanyar sadarwa ta Cartoon da ke gudana a halin yanzu tana nuna Adventure Time, Clarence da Steven Universe, ban da Nickelodeon da aka riga ya ƙare yana nuna Hey Arnold! da kuma The Legend of Korra, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Nickelodeon mai gudana a halin yanzu The Loud House (Wadannan nunin ba a dakatar da su ba, kamar yadda Cartoon Network ya nuna waɗannan nunin, amma da dare) A watan Afrilun 2018, Hukumar Rarraba Fina-Finai ta Kenya ta hana wani fim Rafiki saboda zargin luwaɗi da aka zayyana a cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsa. An soki haramcin ne saboda tauye kirkire-kirkire na 'yan Kenya, musamman saboda fim din ya yi fice saboda kasancewarsa fim din Kenya na farko da aka zaba don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na Cannes Manazarta Sinima a Afrika
Kenya
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulman%20Tibet | Musulman Tibet | Musulman Tibet, wanda kuma aka sani da Kachee sun haɗa al'umma marasa rinjaye a yankin Tibet. Duk da kasantuwar su Musulmai amma ana kallon su a matsayin hatartattun ƴan Tibet a Gwamnatance, in banda Musulman Hui, da sau tari ake ware su. Kalmar harshen Tibeti ta Kan je na nufin Kashmiri da Kashmir an san shi a Kanchee Yul (Yul na nufin Ƙasa).
Tarihi Abokan hulɗa na farko da Tibet da duniyar Islama sun fara ne a tsakiyar karni na takwas lokacin da ya haɓaka daga haɗin kasuwanci ta hanyar siliki da kasancewar sojojin musulmai a kwarin Fergana Duk da karancin ilimin da duniyar Islama ke da shi game da Tibet, akwai wasu ayyukan Musulunci na farko da suka ambaci Tibet. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tushe ya fito ne daga aikin da Abu Sa'id Gardezi ya rubuta mai suna Zayn al-Akhbar A ciki, aikin ya ambaci muhalli, asalin ban mamaki na Tibetan (ta hanyar Himyarites), allahntakar sarki, manyan albarkatu (kamar musk) da bayanin hanyoyin kasuwanci zuwa da daga Tibet. Wata majiyar kuma, Hudud al-Alaam (Yankunan Duniya) wanda marubuci da ba a sani ba ya rubuta a 982 ko 983 a Afghanistan, ya ƙunshi musamman labarin ƙasa, siyasa da taƙaitaccen bayanin yankunan Tibet, birane, garuruwa da sauran ƙauyuka. Wannan tushe ya fara ambaton kasancewar Musulmai a Tibet kai tsaye ta hanyar bayyana cewa Lhasa yana da masallaci guda ɗaya da ƙaramin Musulmi. A lokacin mulkin Sadnalegs (799-815), an daɗe ana yaƙi da ƙasashen Larabawa zuwa Yammacin Turai. Ya bayyana cewa 'yan Tibet sun kame sojojin Larabawa da yawa kuma sun matsa su yin hidima a kan iyakar gabas a cikin shekara 801. 'Yan Tibet suna aiki har zuwa yamma kamar Samarkand da Kabul Sojojin larabawa sun fara samun galaba, kuma gwamnan Kabul na Tibet ya miƙa wuya ga Larabawa kuma ya zama Musulmi kusan 812 ko 815 Ciniki mai yawa tare da Kashmir, Ladakh, da Baltistan suma sun kawo Musulmai zuwa Tibet musamman bayan karbuwa ko haɓaka kasancewar Islama a waɗannan yankuna tun daga ƙarni na sha huɗu. Ci gaban Musulmai ya ci gaba a matsayin sakamakon yarjejeniyar Tibet-Ladakhi na 1684 inda gwamnatin Tibet ta ba da izinin ayyukan kasuwanci daga Ladakh su shiga Lhasa kowace shekara uku. Yawancin Musulmin Kashmiri da Ladakhi sun shiga waɗannan ayyukan tare da wasu mazauna a Tibet. A lokacin mulkin Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617 1682), al'ummar Musulmai na dindindin sun zauna a Tibet. An ba su izinin zaɓar majalisar wakilan su, su sasanta rigimar shari'ar ƙungiyarsu da shari'ar Musulunci, kuma an ba su wasu filaye don gina masallaci kusa da Lhasa Yawan Musulman Kashmiri a Nepal (asali suna da alaƙar kasuwanci tare da danginsu a Tibet) sun tsere zuwa Tibet farawa daga 1769 sakamakon mamayar kwarin Kathmandu ta Prithvi Narayan Shah Tun farkon karni na goma sha bakwai, Ningxia da sauran Hui na arewa maso yammacin (Musulman China) sun fara zama a yankunan Tibet na gabas (kamar a Amdo Sun yi auratayya da 'yan Tibet na gida kuma sun ci gaba da yin hulɗa ta kasuwanci tare da sauran Musulmai a cikin China. Wani sabon tashin hankali na sabbin mazauna Musulmai ya fara bayan cin Dogra na Tibet a 1841. Da yawa daga cikin sojojin Kashmiri da na Ladakhi (wadanda aka kama a matsayin fursunoni lokacin da suke fada da sojojin Dogra) sun tsaya a baya don zama a Tibet. Wasu 'yan Hindu Dogras kuma sun zauna a Tibet kuma daga baya sun musulunta. Bayan nasarar da kasar Sin ta yi kan Tibet a shekarar 1950, Musulman Tibet sun fuskanci munanan zalunci kamar 'yan uwansu' yan Buddha. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Musulman China (tare da Han da sauransu) sun zauna a Tibet. Gwamnatin China ta sanya Musulmin Tibet a matsayin Hui. Koyaya, ana kiran musulman Tibet da suna Zang Hui (Hui na Tibet) yayin da suke magana da Tibet kuma suna da al'adar abin duniya kusan iri ɗaya da takwarorinsu na Buddha. Hui na Tibet na Lhasa (ba kamar sauran Musulman Tibet da ke zaune a wani wuri ba) suna ɗaukar kansu sun bambanta da Musulman China kuma wani lokacin suna yin aure tare da wasu 'yan Tibet (ciki har da Buddha) maimakon' yan uwansu Musulmai daga China.
Tambayar zama ɗan ƙasa A cikin 1959, Firayim Minista Jawaharlal Nehru ya yanke shawarar cewa Barkor Khache 'yan asalin Indiya ne. Harafin farko da al'ummar Barkor Khache da ke Lhasa suka rubuta shi ne ga Musulman Tibet da ke Kalimpong a 1959: Bayan tawayen Tibet na 1959, gwamnatin jihar Jammu da Kashmir ta ba 'yan gudun hijirar Musulmin Tibet mazaunin zama/jihar. Gwamnati kuma ta ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a ga majalisar dokokin Jammu da Kashmir Tuba a Qinghai Mutanen Salar sun yaɗa addinin Islama ga tsohon Kargan Tibet na Buddha a Lamo-shan-ken. Wasu mutanen Tibet a Qinghai da suka musulunta yanzu ana ɗaukar su 'yan kabilar Hui Kusa da ƙauyen Tibet na Skya Rgya a Qinghai, Musulmai suna zaune kusa da kogin Yellow a cikin garin Dong sna kilomita 20 kuma gwamnatin China ta yi musu rajista a matsayin Hui. Tsofaffi "Hui" a wannan ƙauyen suna magana da Sinawa marasa kamala amma suna magana da cikakkiyar 'yan Tibet kuma suna ciniki tare da Tibet akai -akai, suna cewa asalin su' yan Tibet ne. Ofaya daga cikinsu, mutumin da aka haifa a 1931 ya ce "Muna da jini ɗaya; magabatanmu ɗaya ne. Mun kasance muna auratayya da juna, muna al'adu iri ɗaya kuma muna bin ƙa'idodin gargajiya iri ɗaya. Ma Bufang ne ya musuluntar da mu. Matan Tibet suna auren maza Musulmai Bayan Salars sun koma Xunhua, sun musuluntar da 'yan ƙabilar Tibet kuma matan Salar sun ɗauki matan Tibet a matsayin mata. 'Yan kabilar Tibet sun yi shagulgulan bikin Sallar da amarya ta watsa hatsi da madara a kan doki. Matan Tibet sune ainihin matan Salars na farko da suka isa yankin kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin tarihin baka na Salar. 'Yan kabilar ta Tibet sun amince su bar matansu' yan Tibet su auri maza Salar bayan sun gabatar da wasu bukatu da dama don biyan bambancin al'adu da addini. Hui da Salar sun aura saboda kamanceceniyar al'adu da bin addinin Musulunci iri daya. Tsofaffin Salars sun auri matan Tibet amma ƙananan Salars sun gwammace su auri wasu Salars. Han da Salar galibi ba sa aure da juna sabanin auren matan Tibet da maza Salar. Salars duk da haka suna amfani da sunayen Han. Dangin Salar patrilineal sun fi iyaka fiye da dangin kabilar Han a yadda suke hulɗa da al'adu, al'umma ko sakewa. Maza Salar galibi suna aurar da mata da yawa ba Salaar ba kuma sun auri matan Tibet a matsayin mata bayan sun yi hijira zuwa Xunhua bisa lamuran tarihi da tarihin mutane. Salasa kusan ta musamman ta ɗauki matan da ba Salafawa ba a matsayin mata kamar matan Tibet yayin da ba su taɓa aurar da matan Salar ga mazan da ba Salaar ba sai maza Hui waɗanda aka ba su izinin auren matan Salar. A sakamakon haka Salars sun haɗu sosai da sauran kabilu. Salars a Qinghai suna zaune a bankunan biyu na kogin Yellow, kudu da arewa, ana kiran na arewa Hualong ko Bayan Salars yayin da na kudu ana kiransu Xunhua Salars. Yankin arewa na kogin Yellow shine cakuda Salar da ƙauyukan Tibet da ba a daina ba yayin da yankin kudu da kogin rawaya ya kasance Salar mai ƙarfi ba tare da rata tsakaninsa ba, tunda Hui da Salars sun tura 'yan Tibet a yankin kudu a baya. Matan ƙabilar Tibet da suka musulunta, maza Salar ne suka ɗauke su a matsayin mata a bankunan biyu na kogin. Kalmar baffan uwa (ajiu) ana amfani da ita ga 'yan Tibet ta Salars tunda Salars suna da asalin asalin Tibet. 'Yan kabilar Tibet suna shaida hanyoyin rayuwar Salar a cikin Kewa, ƙauyen Salar kuma ana amfani da shayi na man shanu na Tibet. Sauran tasirin al'adun Tibet kamar gidajen Salar da ke da kusurwa huɗu tare da farin dutse a kansu sun zama wani ɓangare na al'adar Salar muddin Musulunci bai hana su ba. 'Yan kabilar Hui sun fara jituwa tare da yin auratayya da Salars a Xunhua bayan da suka yi hijira daga can daga Hezhou a Gansu saboda daular Ming ta kasar Sin tana mulkin Xunhua Salars bayan 1370 kuma jami'an Hezhou ke mulkin Xunhua. Yawancin Salars tare da sunan Ma suna da alama sun fito ne daga zuriyar Hui tunda yawancin Salars yanzu suna da sunan Ma yayin da a farkon yawancin Salars suna da sunan Han. Wasu misalan Hezhou Hui wanda ya zama Salars su ne ƙauyukan Chenjia (dangin Chen) da Majia (Ma dangi) a Altiuli inda dangin Chen da Ma Salars ne waɗanda suka yarda da zuriyar Hui. Salar da Hui duk sun raba bukukuwan aure, jana'iza, bukukuwan haihuwa da addu'o'i yayin da suke yin auratayya kuma suna yin addini iri daya tunda yawancin 'yan kabilar Hui sun koma yankin Salar a gabar kogin Yellow. Yawancin matan Hui sun auri maza Salar kuma a ƙarshe ya zama sananne ga Hui da Salar don yin aure saboda kasancewar su Musulmai fiye da Han, Mongols da Tibet. Harshen Salar da al'adunsa duk da haka ya yi tasiri sosai a ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16 a cikin asalin asalin su ta hanyar aure tare da Mongol da Tibet waɗanda ba Musulmai ba tare da lamuni da yawa da tasirin na Mongol da Tibet a cikin yaren su. Salars sun kasance masu yaruka da yawa a cikin Salar da Mongol sannan kuma a cikin Sinanci da Tibet yayin da suke kasuwanci sosai a lokutan Ming, Qing da Jamhuriyar China akan kogin rawaya a Ningxia da Lanzhou a Gansu. Salars da Tibetans duka suna amfani da kalmar kawun uwa (ajiu a cikin Salar da Sinawa, azhang a Tibet) don nufin juna, suna nufin gaskiyar Salars zuriyar matan Tibet ne da ke auren maza Salar. Bayan amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan sau da yawa suna maimaita labarin tarihin yadda mazajen Salar 2,000 suka auri matan Tibet waɗanda su ne Salai na Farko da suka yi hijira zuwa Qinghai. Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun nuna cewa 'yan Tibet sun kalli Salars daban da Hui. A cewar almara, auren tsakanin matan Tibet da maza Salar ya zo ne bayan sulhu tsakanin buƙatun da wani ɗan Tibet ya yi da masu hijira Salar. 'Yan Salar sun ce kwarin Wimdo wani dan kabilar Tibet ne ya mallake shi kuma ya bukaci Salars su bi dokoki 4 domin su auri matan Tibet. Ya bukace su da su sanya tutocin addu'o'in addinin Buddha na Tibet a kusurwoyi huɗu, su yi addu'a tare da ƙafafun addu'o'in Buddha na Tibet tare da mantra om mani padma hum kuma su rusuna a gaban mutum -mutumin Buddha. Salars sun ƙi waɗannan buƙatun suna cewa ba sa karanta mantras ko sunkuyar da mutum -mutumi tunda sun yi imani da allah mahalicci ɗaya kawai kuma musulmai ne. Sun yi sulhu a kan tutoci a cikin gidaje ta hanyar sanya duwatsu a kusurwoyin gidajensu maimakon tutocin addinin Buddha na Tibet. Wasu 'yan Tibet ba sa banbance Salar da Hui saboda addinin Musulunci. A cikin 1996, garin Wimdo yana da Salar ɗaya kawai saboda 'yan Tibet sun yi kuka game da kiran salla da masallacin da aka gina a yankin a farkon shekarun 1990 don haka suka kori mafi yawan Salai daga yankin. Salars sun kasance masu magana da harsuna biyu a Salar da Tibet saboda auratayya da matan Tibet da ciniki. Yana da ɗan ƙanƙanta ga ɗan Tibet ya yi Salar. Matan Tibet na Xiahe sun kuma auri maza Musulmai waɗanda suka zo can a matsayin yan kasuwa kafin shekarun 1930. A gabashin Qinghai da Gansu akwai lokuta na matan Tibet da suka zauna a cikin addinin Buddha na Lama na Buddha yayin da suke auren maza Musulmin China kuma za su haifi ɗa daban -daban waɗanda za su kasance Buddha da Musulmai, ɗiyan Buddha sun zama Lamas yayin da sauran ɗiyan Musulmai ne. Hui da Tibet sun auri Salars. Daular Qing daga baya kuma Jamhuriyar China Salar Janar Han Youwen ta haife shi ga wata mace 'yar Tibet mai suna Ziliha kuma mahaifin Salar mai suna Aema Mutanen Balti Mutanen Balti na Baltistan a Pakistan da Kargil a Indiya zuriyar mabiya addinin Buddha ne na Tibet waɗanda suka koma addinin Noorbakshia na Musulunci. Tare da wucewar lokaci adadi mai yawa ya koma addinin Shi'a, sannan wasu kalilan suka koma addinin Musulunci na Sunni. Yarensu na Balti yana da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma ya fi kusa da Tibet na gargajiya fiye da sauran yarukan mutanen Tibet Nassoshi
Hanyoyin waje Musulman Tibet
Musulunci a Tibet: Gabatarwa ta Mai Tsarki The Dalai Lama; Ciki har da 'Musulunci a cikin Al'adun Tibet'; 'Matsayin Buddha da Ra'ayin Musulunci na Ƙarshen Haƙiƙa'; da Labarin da aka kwatanta 'Litattafan Tibet'- Fons Vitae
Musulunci a cikin Tibet 'Bidiyon Llasa' Fons Vitae books
Gallery of Tibet (Ya haɗa da hoton Minaret)
Masallaci a Lhasa
Musulunci da Tibet: mu'amalar al'adu, ƙarni na 8 zuwa 17
Binciko Kabilanci: Bayanan Al'adu na Al'ummar Musulmin Tibet a Kwarin Kashmir Nazari
'Yan tsiraru a cikin' yan tsiraru: Musulman Tibet na Nepal sun yi bikin Ramadan Tarihin Sin
Sin
Pages with unreviewed |
33639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanrewaju%20Durodola | Olanrewaju Durodola | Olanrewaju Durodola (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba 1980) ƙwararren ɗan damben Najeriya ne wanda ya rike kambun ajin na Afirka tun Fabrairu 2020, kuma a baya ya zama taken WBC Silver cruiserweight daga 2015 zuwa 2016. A matsayinsa na mai son ya yi takara a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2009, dukansu a heavyweight.
Sana'a/Aiki A babban wasan sa daya tilo da ya gabatar ya sha da kyar 29:29 a hannun Camille Michel na Seychelles a gasar Commonwealth ta 2006.
Durodola na 1.92/6'3' bai fafata a gasar All-African Games na 2007 ba amma ya samu cancantar shiga gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta Afirka ta 2008 ta AIBA ta 2008 ta doke da sauran su Awusone Yekeni.
Ya yi rashin nasara a wasansa na Olympics a hannun Cuban Osmay Acosta, Acosta ya ci gaba da samun lambar tagulla.
An san shi da ikonsa na bugawa, har ma a cikin masu son, bayan da ya dakatar da yawancin abokan hamayyarsa.
A cikin shekarar 2011, Durodola ya zama mai sana'a. An shirya fafatawar ta farko a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu a zauren Tunatarwa a Kansas City, Kansas, amma an soke wannan faɗan lokacin da abokin hamayyarsa ya janye daga faɗan a minti na ƙarshe. Tun daga 2013, Durodola ya lashe taken WBC Continental Americas Cruiser Weight Championship da WBC Silver Cruiserweight Championship.
Ƙwararrun 'yan dambe style="text-align:center;" colspan=9|42 fights, 34 wins (31 knockouts), 8 losses
style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
Number
Result
Record
Opponent
Type
Rd., Time
Date
Location
Notes
|42
|Loss
|34–8
|style="text-align:left;"| Richard Riakporhe
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|41
|Win
|34–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Olarewaju Segun
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|40
|Win
|33–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Abraham Tabul
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|39
|Win
|32–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Vikapita Meroro
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|38
|Win
|31–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Kabiru Towolawi
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|37
|Win
|30–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Michael Godwin
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|36
|Loss
|29–7
|style="text-align:left;"| Michał Cieślak
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|35
|Win
|29–6
|style="text-align:left;"| Maroy Sadiki
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|34
|Win
|28–6
|style="text-align:left;"| Jackson Dos Santos
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|33
|Loss
|27–6
|style="text-align:left;"| Krzysztof Włodarczyk
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|32
|Loss
|27–5
|style="text-align:left;"| Maxim Vlasov
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|31
|Win
|27–4
|style="text-align:left;"| Maroy Sadiki
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|30
|Win
|26–4
|style="text-align:left;"| Karama Nyilawila
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|29
|Loss
|25–4
|style="text-align:left;"| Dmitry Kudryashov
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|28
|Win
|25–3
|style="text-align:left;"| Mussa Ajibu
|style="text-align:left;"| |align=left|
|27
|Win
|24–3
|style="text-align:left;"| Pascal Ndomba
|style="text-align:left;"| |style="text-align:left;"|
|26
|Win
|23–3
|align=left| Yuberti Suarez Diaz
|align=left| |align=left|
|25
|Loss
|22–3
|align=left| Mairis Briedis
|9 (12)
|align=left|
|align=left|
|24
|Win
|22–2
|align=left| Dmitry Kudryashov
|align=left|
|align=left|
|23
|Win
|21–2
|align=left| Paakwesi Ankrah
|align=left|
|align=left|
|22
|Win
|20–2
|align=left| Walter David Cabral
|align=left|
|align=left|
|21
|Win
|19–2
|align=left| Joell Godfrey
|align=left|
|align=left|
|20
|Win
|18–2
|align=left| Max Heyman
|align=left|
|align=left|
|19
|Loss
|17–2
|align=left| Thabiso Mchunu
|align=left|
|align=left|
|18
|Win
|17–1
|align=left| Mitch Williams
|align=left|
|align=left|
|17
|Win
|16–1
|align=left| Harvey Jolly
|align=left|
|align=left|
|16
|Win
|15–1
|align=left| Victor Barragan
|align=left|
|align=left|
|15
|Win
|14–1
|align=left| Shannon Miller
|align=left|
|align=left|
|14
|Win
|13–1
|align=left| Billy Cunningham
|align=left|
|align=left|
|13
|Win
|12–1
|align=left| Aduku Nsor
|align=left|
|align=left|
|12
|Win
|11–1
|align=left| Ibrahim Marshall
|align=left|
|align=left|
|11
|Win
|10–1
|align=left| Sam Hill
|align=left|
|align=left|
|10
|Loss
|9–1
|align=left| Akhror Muralimov
|align=left|
|align=left|
|9
|Win
|9–0
|align=left| Calvin Rooks
|align=left|
|align=left|
|8
|Win
|8–0
|align=left| Maron Jackson
|align=left|
|align=left|
|7
|Win
|7–0
|align=left| Joseph Rabotte
|align=left|
|align=left|
|6
|Win
|6–0
|align=left| Lance Gauch
|align=left|
|align=left|
|5
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Dione Craig
|align=left|
|align=left|
|4
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| Jason Massie
|align=left|
|align=left|
|3
|Win
|3–0
|align=left| Benjamin Cantwell
|align=left|
|align=left|
|2
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Jamal Woods
|align=left|
|align=left|
|1
|Win
|1–0
|align=left| John Blanchard
|align=left|
|align=left|
align=center
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanai cancantar shiga gasar Olympic
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
42012 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%20ta%20Arewa | Ireland ta Arewa | Ireland ta Arewa wani yanki ne na Ƙasar Ingila, yana arewa maso gabas na tsibirin Ireland, wanda aka kwatanta daban-daban a matsayin ƙasa, lardi ko yanki. Ireland ta Arewa tana da iyaka a buɗe zuwa kudu da yamma tare da Jamhuriyar Ireland A shekarar 2021, yawan adadin mutanenta ya kasance kimanin mutane 1,903,100, wanda ke da kusan kashi 27% na yawan mutanen Ireland da kusan kashi 3% na yawan mutanen Burtaniya Majalisar Arewacin Ireland, wacce Dokar Arewacin Ireland ta kafa ta a shekarar 1998, tana da alhakin kewayon batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin keɓancewa, yayin da sauran yankuna ke keɓance ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya Gwamnatin Ireland ta Arewa tana aiki tare da gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Ireland a yankuna da dama da aka amince da su a karkashin yarjejeniyar Belfast Ita ma jamhuriyar Ireland tana da rawar shawara kan al'amuran gwamnati da ba na gwamnati ba ta hanyar taron gwamnatin Burtaniya da Irish (BIIG). An ƙirƙiri Ireland ta Arewa a watan Mayu a shekarar 1921, lokacin da Ireland ta rabu da Dokar Gwamnatin Ireland ta 1920, ta ƙirƙira gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ga gundumomin arewa maso gabas shida Kamar yadda aka yi niyya, Ireland ta Arewa tana da rinjaye na ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda ke son ci gaba da zama a Burtaniya; Gabaɗaya sun kasance zuriyar Furotesta na ’yan mulkin mallaka daga Biritaniya A halin yanzu, mafi rinjaye a Kudancin Ireland (wanda ya zama Jihar Free Irish a cikin 1922), da kuma ƴan tsiraru a Arewacin Ireland, ƴan kishin ƙasa ne na Irish masu Katolika waɗanda ke son haɗin kai mai cin gashin kai Ireland A yau, na farko gabaɗaya suna ganin kansu a matsayin ɗan Biritaniya kuma na ƙarshe suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin ɗan Iriland, yayin da ƴan tsiraru daga kowane yanki ke da'awar asalin Irish ko Ulster Ƙirƙirar Arewacin Ireland ya kasance tare da tashin hankali duka biyun don karewa da kuma adawa da rabuwa. A lokacin rikicin 1920-22, babban birnin Belfast ya ga manyan tashe-tashen hankula na al'umma, musamman tsakanin 'yan kungiyar Protestant da farar hula na Katolika. Fiye da mutane 500 aka kashe kuma fiye da mutane 10,000 sun zama 'yan gudun hijira, yawancin Katolika. A cikin shekaru hamsin masu zuwa, Ireland ta Arewa tana da jerin gwamnatocin Jam'iyyar Unionist da ba a karye ba. Akwai rarrabuwa kai na yau da kullun ta al'ummomin guda biyu, kuma ana zargin gwamnatocin Unionist da nuna wariya ga tsirarun 'yan kishin Irish da Katolika. A ƙarshen shekarar 1960, wani kamfen na kawo ƙarshen wariya ga Katolika da masu kishin ƙasa ya kasance masu adawa da masu biyayya, waɗanda suka gan shi a matsayin gaban jamhuriya Wannan tashin hankalin ya haifar da Matsala, rikici na shekaru talatin da ya hada da 'yan jamhuriya da masu biyayya ga sojojin kasa da na jihohi, wanda ya lashe rayukan mutane sama da 3,500 tare da jikkata wasu 50,000. Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau ta 1998 babban mataki ne a cikin tsarin zaman lafiya, gami da kwance damara da kuma daidaita tsaro, ko da yake bangaranci da wariya sun kasance manyan matsalolin zamantakewa, kuma ana ci gaba da tashin hankali.
Tarihi Yankin da a yanzu yake a Arewacin Ireland ya daɗe da zama Gaels ƴan ƙasar da suke fahimtar yaren Irish kuma galibin Katolika. Ya ƙunshi masarautu da yankuna na Gaelic da yawa kuma wani yanki ne na lardin Ulster A shekarar 1169, haɗin gwiwar sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon kambin Ingilishi sun mamaye Ireland waɗanda suka mamaye yawancin tsibirin da sauri, suka fara shekaru 800 na ikon tsakiyar ƙasashen waje. An murkushe yunƙurin juriya cikin sauri a ko'ina a wajen Ulster. Ba kamar sauran ƙasar ba, inda ikon Gaelic ya ci gaba da watsewa kawai, aljihunan nesa, manyan masarautun Ulster galibi za su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ikon Ingilishi a lardin da ke ƙunshe da yankuna a gabar tekun gabas mafi kusa da Burtaniya. Ƙarfin Ingilishi ya ragu a hankali a cikin fuskantar tsayin daka na Irish a cikin ƙarni da suka biyo baya; daga ƙarshe an mayar da shi kawai birnin Dublin da kewayensa. Lokacin da Henry na VIII ya ƙaddamar da karni na 16 Tudor ya sake mamaye Ireland, Ulster ya taɓa yin tsayayya sosai. A cikin Yaƙin Shekaru Tara (1594-1603), ƙawancen sarakunan Gaelic waɗanda manyan sarakunan Ulster biyu suka jagoranta, Hugh Roe O'Donnell da Earl na Tyrone sun yi yaƙi da gwamnatin Ingila a Ireland Ƙungiyoyin da ke mamaye Ulster suna wakiltar gaba ɗaya na Irish na farko (an riga an yi juriya a baya). Duk da samun damar kulla kawance da Spain da manyan nasarori tun da wuri, an tabbatar da shan kaye da babu makawa kusan bayan nasarar Ingila a kewayen Kinsale A cikin 1607, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun gudu zuwa babban yankin Turai tare da yawancin Ulster's Gaelic nobility. Crown sun kwace filayensu kuma suka yi mulkin mallaka tare da turawan Furotesta da suka fito daga Biritaniya, a cikin Plantation na Ulster Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar yawancin garuruwan Ulster kuma ya haifar da al'ummar Ulster Furotesta mai ɗorewa mai alaƙa da Biritaniya. Tawayen Irish na 1641 ya fara a Ulster. ’Yan tawayen sun so a kawo ƙarshen nuna wariya na Katolika, da mulkin kai na Irish mafi girma, da kuma sake mayar da shuka. Ya haɓaka cikin rikici na kabilanci tsakanin Katolika na Irish da kuma mazauna Furotesta na Burtaniya kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Yaƙe-yaƙe na Sarautu Uku (1639-53), wanda ya ƙare tare da cin nasarar 'yan majalisar Ingila Ƙarin nasarorin Furotesta a cikin Yaƙin Williamite-Jacobite (1688-91) ya ƙarfafa mulkin Furotesta na Anglican a cikin Mulkin Ireland Nasarar da Williamites suka yi na kewaye Derry (1689) da Battle of the Boyne (1690) har yanzu wasu Furotesta a Ireland ta Arewa suna bikin. Yawancin Furotesta na Scots sun yi ƙaura zuwa Ulster a lokacin yunwar Scotland na 1690s Articles with hAudio microformats
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16478 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9 | Beyoncé | Beyonce Giselle Knowles-Carter /b i j ɒ n s eɪ bee-YON -say née Knowles. An Haife ta a 4 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1981) ne shahararriyar mawakiyar america. da kuma rikodin. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Houston, Texas, Beyonce ta taka rawar gani a gasa daban-daban da raye-raye yayin da tana yarin ya. Ta zama sananniya a ƙarshen 1990s ita ta zama jagora a waƙar Destiny's Child, tana ɗaya daga cikin best-selling girl groups of all time. Beyoncé galibi ana ambata a matsayin tasiri daga wasu masu fasaha A lokacin hutun da Destiny's Child ta yi, Beyonce ta fara gabatar da fim din wasan kwaikwayo tare da taka rawa a lambar ofishin Amurka-Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) kuma ta fara aikin kade kade kawai. Ta zama mawaƙiya ta farkon, don fara lamba ta ɗaya tare da faifan studio na solo na farko akan Billboard 200. Kundin wakanta na farko Dangerously in Love (2003) ya fito da manyan hotuna guda hudu wadanda suka hada da Billboard Hot 100 manyan wakoki guda biyar, wadanda suka hada da waka daya mai suna Crazy in Love wacce ke dauke da mawaki mai suna Jay-Z da kuma Baby Boy wacce ke dauke da mawaki Sean Paul Bayan rusa Destiny's Child a shekarar 2006, ta kuma fitar da faifan wakokinta na biyu, B'Day, wanda ke dauke da wakar farko ta Amurka mai lamba daya Irreplaceable da "Beautiful Liar", wanda ke kan gaba a cikin yawancin ƙasashe. Beyonce ta ci gaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo tare da taka rawa a cikin The Pink Panther (2006),Dreamgirls (2006), da kuma Obsessed (2009). Aurenta da Jay-Z da kuma nuna Etta James a Cadillac Records (2008) ta rinjayi kundi na uku, I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), wanda ta sami rikodin-shida na six Grammy Awards a cikin 2010. Ya haifar da lambar Burtaniya ta daya-daya Idan da Na kasance Yaro da lambar Amurka-daya "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) da kuma guda biyar na sama Halo Bayan rabuwa daga manajanta da mahaifinsa Mathew Knowles a cikin 2010, Beyonce ta saki kundin 4 (2011); shi an rinjayi 1970s funk, 1980s pop, da kuma 1990s soul.Ta sami nasarar yabo ta baya-baya game da waƙoƙin gwaji na ɗanta, Beyoncé (2013) da Lemonade (2016);itace mafi kyawun kundin duniya na 2016 kuma kundin da aka fi so a cikin ayyukanta, bincika batutuwa na infidelity da womanism. A cikin 2018, ta saki Everything Is Love, kundin haɗin gwiwa tare da mijinta, Jay-Z, a matsayin thean Carters A matsayin mai zane-zane, Beyonce ta hau saman Billboard Hot 100 tare da remixes na Perfect na Ed Sheeran a cikin 2017 da Savage na Megan Thee Stallion a cikin 2020. A wannan shekarar, ta fara gabatar da daraktoci da rubutun allo tare da musical film da visual album Black Is King, wanda ya sami babban yabo bayan an fara shi a Beyonce tana ɗaya daga cikin world's best-selling recording artists, bayan da kuma ta sayar da fayafayan miliyan 118 a duniya. ta samu nasarori 2000 tare da Recording Industry Association of America Shekaru goma, da kuma Babban Mashahurin Mawallafin Mujallar da, sannan a wakar radiyo tafi kowace mace shahara.Beyonce itace mace mafi cancanta a cikin tarihin Grammy Award' kuma itace ta biyu mafi yawan mata ga yawan jimillar 24.Hakanan ita ce mafi kyawun kyauta a cikin MTV Video Music Awards, tare da nasara 24, gami da kyautar Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. A shekarar 2014, ta zama mafi girma da-samun Black musician a cikin tarihi da kuma aka jera tsakanin Lokaci 100 mafi tasiri mutane a duniya a shekara ta biyu a jere. Forbes an sanya ta a matsayin mace mafi iko a cikin nishaɗi a jerin su na 2015 da 2017. Ta kasance a matsayi na shida na Person of the Year a 2016, kuma a cikin 2020, an lasafta ta ɗaya daga cikin mata 100 waɗanda suka bayyana karnin da ya gabata a by the same publication.Beyonce aka kuma hada kan Encyclopædia Britannica 100 Women jerin a 2019, don ta bayar da gudunmawa ga nisha masana'antu.
Rayuwar farko Beyonce Giselle Knowles an haife ta ne a Houston, Texas, ga Celestine "Tina" Knowles née Beyonce), mai gyaran gashi da mai salon, da kuma Mathew Knowles, manajan tallace-tallace na Xerox. Sunan Beyonce haraji ne ga sunan mahaifiyarta. Solange Knowles ita ma mawaƙa ce kuma tsohuwar mai raye waƙa don Destiny's Child. Solange da Beyonce su ne 'yan'uwa mata na farko da suke da faifai na 1. Mathew Ba’amurke ne Ba’amurke, kuma Tina ta fito ne daga asalin Louisiana Creole (Faransa, Ba’amurkiya, da Afrika), da zuriyar yahudawa, Sifen, Sinawa da Indonesiya.Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, Beyonce daga zuriyar shugaban Acadian ne Joseph Broussard,haka kuma daga zuriyar Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin. A cikin 2018, Beyonce ta yi bincike kan asalin ta kuma ta gano cewa ta fito ne daga mai mallakar bayi.
Beyonce ta halarci makarantar St. Mary's Montessori a Houston, inda ta shiga ajin rawa. An gano gwaninta na waƙa lokacin da malaman rawa Dar Darta Johnson ta fara raira waƙa kuma ta gama shi, ta sami damar buga manyan bayanan.Beyonce tana da sha'awar kiɗa da kuma ci gaba bayan da ta ci nasara a wasan bajinta na makaranta tana yar shekara bakwai, ana raira waƙar John Lennon's "Imagine "ta doke yara 'yan shekara 15/16. A ƙarshen shekarar 1990, Beyonce ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Parker, wata magnet school a Houston, inda za ta yi waka tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar.Ta kuma halarci High School for the Performing and Visual Artssannan daga baya ta halarci Alief Elsik High School. Beyonce kuma memba ce na mawaƙa a Cocin St. John's United Methodist a matsayin soloist na shekaru biyu.
Ayyuka
Farkon aiki Lokacin da Beyonce ta kasance shekara takwas, ita da ƙawarta Kelly Rowland sun haɗu da LaTavia Roberson yayin da ake sauraren ƙungiyar 'yan mata masu nishaɗi.An saka su cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira Girl's Tyme tare da wasu 'yan mata uku, kuma suka yi fice da raye-raye a da'irar nuna gwaninta a Houston. Bayan ganin rukunin, mai gabatar da R&B Arne Frager ya kawo su sutudiyonsa ta Northern California kuma ya sanya su a cikin Star Search, mafi girman nuna gwaninta a Talabijin na ƙasa a lokacin. Tyme ta 'Yan mata ta gaza yin nasara, kuma daga baya Beyonce ta ce wakar da suka yi ba ta da kyau. A cikin shekara ta 1995 mahaifin Beyonce ya yi murabus daga aikinsa don sarrafa ƙungiyar.Yunkurin ya rage kudin shigar dangin Beyonce da rabi, kuma an tilasta iyayenta su koma gidajen da aka raba. Mathew ya yanke layi na asali har zuwa huɗu kuma ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da aiwatarwa azaman buɗaɗɗiyar hanyar buɗewa ga wasu rukunin girlan matan R&B da aka ka fa.'Yan matan sun saurari bayanan kafin a rubuta su kuma daga karshe aka sanya hannu a kan Elektra Records, suka koma Atlanta Records a takaice don yin aiki a kan rikodin na farko, amma sai kamfanin ya yanke su. Wannan ya kara sanya damuwa a kan dangin, kuma iyayen Beyonce sun rabu. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment ya sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar. A cikin 1996, 'yan matan sun fara yin rikodin kundi na farko a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya tare da Sony Music, dangin Knowles sun sake haɗuwa, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta sami kwangila tare da Columbia Records.
1997–2002: Destan Makoma ta canza sunansu zuwa Destiny's Child a cikin 1996, bisa ga nassi a cikin littafin Ishaya A cikin 1997,Destiny's Child ya fitar da babbar waƙar farko ta waƙar "Kashe Lokaci" a kan sautin fim ɗin 1997 Men in Black.A watan Nuwamba, kungiyar tafito da karon farko a karon farko da kuma fitaccen fim na farko, No, No, No Sun saki kundi na farko mai taken kai tsaye a watan Fabrairun 1998, wanda ya kafa kungiyar a matsayin aiki mai inganci a masana'antar kiɗa, tare da matsakaiciyar tallace-tallace da kuma cin ƙungiyar uku Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards don Kyautar R B Soul Album na Shekara, Mafi Kyawu R B Rai ko Sabon Mawaki, da Mafi Kyawun R B Soul Single don "No, No, No".Releasedungiyar ta fitar da kundin kiɗan su na Multi-Platinum na biyu The Writing's on the Wall a cikin 1999. Rikodin ya kunshi wasu daga cikin wakokin da aka fi sani da kungiyar kamar Bills, Bills, Bills lambar farko ta kungiyar guda daya, Jumpin' Jumpin da Say My Name wanda ya zama wakar su mafi nasara a lokaci, kuma zai kasance ɗayan waƙoƙin sa hannun su. "Kace Sunana" ya sami Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals da Waƙar R&B Mafi Kyawu a 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. Rubutun rubuce-rubuce akan bango ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan takwas a duniya. A wannan lokacin, Beyonce ta yi rikodin waka tare da Marc Nelson, memba na asali na Boyz II Men, a kan waƙar "Bayan Duk An Ce kuma Anyi" don waƙar waƙoƙin fim ɗin 1999, The Best Man.
Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
51207 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Wodi%C3%A9 | Francis Wodié | Romain Francis Wodié (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu 1936 3 ga Yuli, 2023) ɗan siyasan Ivory Coast ne. Farfesa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Ivory Coast (PIT) daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 2011. A wannan lokacin, Wodié ya zama mataimaki a Majalisar Dokokin Kasar Cote d'Ivoire daga shekarun 1990 zuwa 1995 da kuma Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 1999. Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Tsarin Mulki na Cote d'Ivoire daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2015.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Wodié a Abidjan. Ya yi makarantar firamare a M'Bahiakro da sakandare a Abidjan. Bayan haka ya karanci shari'a a Dakar, Senegal, da kuma Faransa a Poitiers da Caen. Yayin da yake Faransa, ya kasance memba na Ofishin Zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Daliban Ivory Coast a Faransa. A cikin watan Yuli 1961, an kama shi "saboda yin barazana ga lafiyar Jihar Cote d'Ivoire a Faransa", an kore shi daga Faransa, kuma aka tsare shi a gida a Abidjan. Bayan an sake shi a watan Janairun 1962, ya ci gaba da karatu a Faransa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya koma Côte d'Ivoire, inda ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Abidjan Ya kasance memban kafa kungiyar bincike da ilimi mai zurfi (SYNARES) kuma shine Sakatare-Janar. A cikin watan Maris 1971, an zarge shi da "ayyukan zagon kasa", kuma a sakamakon haka ya yi zaman gudun hijira a Algiers har zuwa watan Agusta 1973. Wodié shi ne shugaban tsangayar shari'a a Jami'ar Abidjan daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1986. Ya kuma kasance memban kafa kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Ivory Coast, kuma daga shekarun 1985 zuwa 1989, ya kasance shugaban sashen Ivory Coast na Amnesty International. Ya kasance memban kafa PIT a watan Afrilun 1990 kuma ya jagoranci jam’iyyar tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin Sakatarenta na farko na kasa. A cikin watan Mayun 1990, yayin da yake magana kan yaduwar siyasar jam'iyyu da yawa a Afirka, wadda a baya gwamnatocin jam'iyyu guda suka mamaye, Wodié ya ce "kafa tsarin jam'iyyu wani mataki ne kawai kan tafarkin dimokuradiyya, ba wai kawo karshensa ba." Wodié shi ne kawai ɗan takarar PIT da ya lashe kujera a zaben majalisar dokoki na watan Nuwamba 1990. Ya lashe zaben gundumar Cocody da ke birnin Abidjan, inda ya yi nasara a kan 'yan takara biyu daga jam'iyyar Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI) da kuma dan takarar jam'iyyar adawa ta Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). Bayan da aka bayyana sakamakon zaben, wanda ya nuna cewa jam'iyyar PDCI ta samu gagarumin rinjaye a majalisar, Wodié ya ce ya ga sakamakon "yana da wuyar amincewa", saboda sun nuna cewa 'yan adawa ba su da farin jini fiye da yadda yake tunani; don bayyana sakamakon, ya nuna rashin fitowar masu jefa kuri'a, yana mai cewa mutane da yawa sun kasa jefa kuri'a a cikin imani cewa PDCI za ta yi nasara ta hanyar magudi. Wodié ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa har sai da ya rasa kujerarsa a zaben shekarar 1995. A matsayin dan takara daya tilo da ke adawa da Shugaba Henri Konan Bédié a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba 1995, wanda wasu jam'iyyun adawa suka kauracewa zaben, Wodié ya lashe kashi 3.52% na kuri'un. A cikin gwamnati mai suna a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta 1998, an nada Wodié a matsayin Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi da Bincike na Kimiyya. Da yake bayyana matakinsa na shiga gwamnati, Wodié ya ce, duk da cewa PIT jam’iyyar adawa ce, ta kuma amince da tuntubar da zai baiwa jam’iyyar damar ba da tasu gudummawar ga ci gaban kasa. Ya ci gaba da zama a matsayin minista har sai da aka hambarar da Bédié a juyin mulkin soja na 24 ga watan Disamba 1999. Tare da wasu ministoci, an tsare Wodié bayan juyin mulkin, amma an sake shi a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba. A cikin watan Fabrairu 2000, Wodié ya sanar da takararsa na zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba 2000. A wannan zaben, Wodié ya zo na uku da kashi 5.7% na kuri'un. A lokacin zaben 2000, Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai hankali maras kishin kasa". Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Farko na PIT tun lokacin Majalisar Dokokinta, a maimakon haka an zaɓi Wodié a matsayin Shugaban PIT a Babban Babban Taron Jam’iyyar na 3rd a watan Agusta 2004. Wodié ya sake tsayawa a matsayin dan takarar PIT a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Oktoba 2010, amma ya ja hankalin kadan goyon baya. Shi da jam'iyyarsa sun marawa Alassane Ouattara baya a zagaye na biyu na zaben shugaban kasar. Zaben ya haifar da tsawaitawa da tashin hankali kan sakamakon; A ƙarshe Ouattara ya yi nasara lokacin da dakarun da ke masa biyayya suka kama Abidjan a watan Afrilun 2011. Wodié ya sauka a matsayin shugaban PIT a shekarar 2011, amma sai Ouattara ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar tsarin mulki a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli 2011; An naɗa Wodié ne ya maye gurbin Paul Yao N'Dre, mai biyayya ga hambararren abokin hamayyar Ouattara Laurent Gbagbo. Wodié ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Tsarin Mulki a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu 2015. Mamadou Koné ne ya gaje shi a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
21097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese%20Tirailleurs | Senegalese Tirailleurs | 'Yan Senegalese Tirailleurs sun kasance rukuni ne na sojojin mulkin mallaka a cikin Sojan Faransa. Da farko an ɗauke su aiki daga Senegal, Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa sannan daga baya a ko'ina cikin Yammaci, Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka: manyan yankuna kudu da Sahara na mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Sunan tirailleur, wanda ke fassara daban-daban a matsayin "mai jajircewa", "rifleman", ko "sharpshooter", wani suna ne da Sojojin Faransa suka ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka ɗauka a cikin yankuna daban-daban da kuma mallakar ƙasashen ƙetare na Daular Faransa a cikin ƙarni na sha tara 19 da ashirin 20.
Duk da daukar ma'aikata ba a iyakance shi a Senegal ba, wadannan rukunin dakaru sun dauki taken "sénégalais" tunda a nan ne aka fara kirkirar bakaken fata na Afirka Tirailleur. An kirkiro Tirailleurs na Senegal na farko a cikin Shekara ta 1857 kuma sun yi aiki a Faransa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (wanda ya ba da kusan sojoji 200,000, fiye da 135,000 daga cikinsu sun yi yaƙi a Turai kuma an kashe 30,000 daga cikinsu) da Yaƙin Duniya na II (daukar sojoji 179,000, an tura 40,000 zuwa Yammacin Turai). Sauran tirailleur regiments an tashe su a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa daga larabawa da Berber na aljeriya, Tunisia da Morocco, ɗaya ana kiransu tirailleurs nord-africains ko Turcos. Hakanan an tayar da tsarin mulkin Tirailleur a cikin Indochina, ana kiransu Vietnamese, Tonkinese ko Annamites Tirailleurs.
Tarihi
Asali An kirkiro 'yan Senegal din ne a cikin shekara ta 1857 daga Louis Faidherbe, janar janar na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa, saboda ba shi da isassun sojojin Faransa da za su iya sarrafa yankin da kuma biyan wasu bukatun na farkon mulkin mallaka. An kuma sanya doka ta yau da kullun don kafa wannan rundinar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1857 a cikin Plombières-les-Bains ta Napoleon III. Daga baya aka faɗaɗa daukar ma'aikata zuwa sauran yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cikin shekarun ta na farko sojojin sun hada da wasu tsoffin bayi da aka siya daga masu mallakar bayi a Afirka ta Yamma da fursunonin yaki. Recruitaukar aiki na gaba ya kasance ta hanyar yin rajista na son rai ko wani lokaci ta hanyar yin rajista ba da izini ba.
1870–1914 Bayan yakin Franco-Prussian, 'yan kasar Senegal sun ci gaba da samar da yawancin sojojin Faransa a Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Lambobin su gaba ɗaya sun kasance iyakance. Koyaya, a cikin tsammanin yakin duniya na farko, Kanar Charles Mangin ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa na shekara ta 1910 mai suna La force ya faɗi ra'ayinsa game da rundunar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da ya faɗaɗa sosai, yayin da Jean Jaurès, a cikin littafinsa na L'armée nouvelle, ya ba da shawarar cewa Sojojin Faransa su nemi wani wuri don tara dakarunta saboda faduwar haihuwa a cikin kasar Faransa.
Wani rukuni mai girman kamfani na tirailleurs sénégalais ya shiga cikin mamayar Madagascar a shekara ta (1895), kodayake yawancin sojojin da ba na Turai ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan kamfen sun kasance 'yan Algeria da na Hausa. An sake shigar da jerin gwano na tirailleurs malgache a Madagascar, ta yin amfani da sassan Senegal a matsayin abin koyi.
A cikin shekara ta 1896, ƙaramin balaguron da ya ƙunshi yawanci tirailleurs sénégalais 200 aka haɗu a Loango (Kongo ta Faransa) ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Jean-Baptiste Marchand. Wannan "Marchand Mission" ya dauki shekaru biyu kafin ya ratsa daruruwan mil na daji da ba a bincika ba har sai da suka isa Fashoda akan Kogin Nilu. Anan suka ci karo da sojojin Burtaniya da na Masar a karkashin Manjo-Janar Kitchener, wanda bai jima da fatattakar sojojin Mahadi na Dervish kusa da Khartoum ba. Yayin da "Faruwar Fashoda" ta tayar da yiwuwar yaƙi tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniyya, an biya haraji ga ƙarfin hali da juriya na Marchand da na Senegal wanda ya ke ɗinilleurs daga ɓangarorin biyu.
A wata doka da ta gabata a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1900, Tirailleurs Sénégalais, da Tirailleurs indochinas, malgach na Tirailleurs da "marsouins" ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Navy da na lonungiyoyin Mulkin Mallaka, amma an sake sanya su a matsayin rukunin rukunin Troupes, ya bambanta da abubuwan yankin Sojojin birni kuma sun banbanta da Armée d'Afrique na Maghreb. An sanya alamar anga na coloniales na Troupes a kan abin wuya daga shekara ta 1914, kuma lokacin da aka karɓi hular Adrian a WW1, Tirailleurs Sénégalais ne ya sa alama tare da anga a bayan gurnati mai walƙiya.
A farko farkon shekara ta 1900s, tirailleurs sénégalais sun ga sabis na aiki a cikin Kwango ta Faransa da Chadi yayin ci gaba da samar da rundunoni don abubuwan mallakar Faransa a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. A cikin shekara ta 1908, bataliyoyi biyu na tirailleurs sénégalais suka sauka a Casablanca don fara kusan shekaru ashirin na aiki a Marokko ta ɓangarorin Senegal. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1913, 1e regiment de tirailleurs sénégalais suka gabatar da matsayinsu a Longchamp, karo na farko da aka ga sojojin Senegal a cikin babban birnin Faransa. An gabatar da sabbin tutoci ga 2e, 3e da 4e RTS a layi daya.
Yaƙin Duniya na 1 Akwai bataliyoyi 21 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais (BTS) a cikin Sojan Faransa a watan Agusta shekarar 1914, duk suna aiki a cikin Yammacin Afirka ko kuma suna aiki a Maroko.
Tare da ɓarkewar yaƙi bataliya 37 ta Faransa, Arewacin Afirka da ta Senegal ta tura su daga Maroko zuwa Faransa. Bataliyan batutuwan Senegal biyar ba da daɗewa ba suna aiki a Western Front, yayin da wasu suka zama wani ɓangare na ragin sojojin Faransa a Maroko. BTS na 5 ya zama wani ɓangare na rukunin Faransanci wanda aka goge kusa da Khenifra, yayin Yaƙin El Herri a ranar 13 Nuwamba Nuwamba 1914, tare da 646 da suka mutu. Na 10, 13, 16 da 21 BTS daga baya sun ga fada mai ƙarfi a Maroko, wanda aka ƙarfafa da 9,000 ƙarin San asalin Senegal waɗanda aka kawo daga Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka. A Yammacin Yammacin Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Ypres da Dixmude yayin Yaƙin Flanders a ƙarshen shekarar 1914, a lokacin kame Fort de Douaumont a watan Oktoba shekarar 1916, yayin yaƙin Chemin des Dames a watan Afrilu shekarar 1917 da kuma a Yaƙin Reims a cikin shekarar 1918. Asara ta yi nauyi musamman a Flanders (wanda aka kiyasta daga 3,200 zuwa 4,800) da Chemin des Mains (7,000 daga 15,00 da aka kashe a cikin tirailleurs). A cikin shekarar 1915 bataliya bakwai na Tirailleurs Sénégalais suna cikin bataliyar sojoji 24 da Faransawa suka aika zuwa Dardanelles a matsayin Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient Adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Faransa a cikin wannan kamfen sun kai 27,000 amma 'yan Senegal da na yau da kullun na mulkin mallaka an lura da su saboda babban halin ɗabi'a da suka kiyaye duk da asarar da ta kai biyu cikin uku a wasu sassan. Yan tiragenurs na Senegal sun bambanta kansu a cikin harin a lokacin saukar Faransa ta farko a gefen kudu na Dardanelles.
Sabuwar hanyar daukar ma'aikata Manufofin sojan Faransa game da amfani da sojojin Afirka a Turai sun canza a cikin shekara ta 1915. Babban kwamandan Faransa ya fahimci cewa yakin zai daɗe fiye da yadda suke tsammani. Don haka suka ba da izini ga babbar hanyar daukar ma'aikata a Afirka ta Yamma. Sakamakon haka, an kara ƙarin bataliyan Senegal 73 tsakanin shekara ta 1915 da shekara ta 1918, wanda 42 daga cikinsu sun ga sabis a Faransa kanta. Abunda aka saba yi shine hada bataliyan fararen mulkin mallaka ("les marsouins") da Tirailleurs na Afirka a cikin jerin gwanon coloniaux (Irin wadannan rundunonin guda hudu an kirkiresu ne daga tirailleurs guda bakwai da bataliyoyi biyar na Infanterie Coloniale da aka tura a Gallipoli Yanayin mummunan yanayin yakin ramuka ya kasance tushen musabbabin wahalar ga sojojin Afirka da ba su dace ba kuma, bayan shekara ta 1914 15, an zartar da aikin cire su zuwa kudancin Faransa don horo da sake ba su kayan aiki kowane lokacin hunturu. Duk da asarar da suka yi a kusan duk manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na Yammacin Yamma, da'a da ɗabi'ar "Coan mulkin mallaka" sun kasance masu ƙarfi yayin Yaƙin. A yayin bikin tunawa da cika shekaru 90 da yakin Verdun, shugaban kasar na lokacin Jacques Chirac ya gabatar da wani jawabi da ke nuna tsoffin mayaka 72,000 na mulkin mallaka da aka kashe a lokacin yakin, inda ya ambaci 'sojojin Moroccan, da tirailleurs daga Senegal, Indochina (Annam da Cochinchina), da kuma marsouins "na rukunin de marine Sana'ar Rhineland Armungiyar makamai ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1918 tana da tanadi don mamaye Oungiyar Rhineland da Faransa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan. Tsakanin sojoji dubu 25 zuwa dubu 40,000 na mulkin mallaka suna cikin wannan rundunar. An yi ƙoƙari na Jamusanci don bata sunan amfani da sojojin da ba Turawa ba daga Turawan Faransa yayin wannan mamayar, kamar yadda ya faru a baya lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Althoughaya.Kodayake ba a samar da kwararan hujjoji ba, yawancin masu fafutuka sun ce sojojin mulkin mallaka da kuma Senegal a musamman sune ke da alhakin yawan fyade da cin zarafin mata. Yaran da suka samo asali daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kwadagon an wulakanta su a matsayin Bastards na Rhineland kuma daga baya sun wahala a ƙarƙashin dokokin tseren Nazi.
Tsakanin Yakin Duniya A lokacin Yaƙin rundunar sojojin Faransa da ta ragu sosai a Maroko ta ƙunshi yawancin bataliyar Tirailleurs Sénégalais, waɗanda ba sa shafar fannoni masu biyayya na sojojin da aka tattara a cikin gida kuma waɗanda za a iya samun sauƙin tsira daga aiki a Yammacin Yammacin fiye da sojojin Faransa. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 yakin Rif ya bazu zuwa Maroko ta Faransa lokacin da mayaka Berber dubu takwas suka kai hari kan layin wasu sansanonin Faransawa da aka kafa kwanan nan a yankin da ake rikici a kansa a arewacin Kogin Ouerghala. Mafi yawan waɗannan mukamai sun kasance 'yan Senegal da tirailleurs na Arewacin Afirka. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 39 daga cikin mukamai 66 sun faɗi kuma an karkashe kayan aikinsu, ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Fuskantar abin da ya zama babban yaƙi Faransawa suka haɓaka rundunoninsu a Maroko kusan maza dubu Dari 100,000. Yan Afirka na Yammacin Afirka sun ci gaba da taka rawa a ayyukan da suka biyo baya a cikin Kare Mutanen Espanya (har zuwa shekara ta1926) da Kudancin Maroko (zuwa shekara ta 1934). A daya daga cikin alkawurra da yawa, Bataliya ta 2 ta Runduna ta 1 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais ta ci ayoyi 91 na jaruntaka yayin fada a kusa da Ain-Gatar a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1926.
Yakin Duniya na Biyu A jajibirin yakin duniya na biyu, rundunoni biyar na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun kasance a Faransa ban da wata brigade da ke Algeria. An tura turawan mulkin mallaka na 2e yanki na dindindin a kudancin Faransa saboda barazanar Italiya. Hakanan an yi dalilin cewa yanayin ya fi dacewa da sojojin Afirka. Wannan tura Tirailleurs, a waje da yankunansu na daukar ma'aikata da kuma zaman lafiya na gargajiya, ya tashi ne saboda mummunan asarar rayukan yakin duniya na farko. Wannan ya shafi adadin Faransawan birni masu girma a cikin rukunin matasa masu shekaru ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar da fiye da rabi. Har zuwa tirailleurs 200,000 suna aiki yayin yaƙin, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi tara na sojojin Faransa. Yayin Yaƙin Faransa, Senegalese da sauran sassan tirailleur na Afirka sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Gien, Bourges, da Buzancais. Sojojin Jamusawa, waɗanda aka cusa musu koyarwar wariyar launin fata ta 'yan Nazi, sun nuna fushinsu da yaƙin da suka yi da' yan adawa "marasa ƙima". A Montluzin, waɗanda suka kame Jamusawa sun kashe fursunonin Senegal. Senegalese Tirailleurs sun ga sabis mai yawa a Afirka ta Yamma, Italiya, da Corsica. A lokacin shekara ta 1944, sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da kudancin Faransa. 9th DIC (Divisionungiyoyin Infan Mulkin mallaka) sun haɗa da runduna ta 4, ta 6, da ta 13 na Senegalese Tirailleurs, kuma sun yi yaƙi daga Toulon zuwa iyakar Switzerland tsakanin watan Agusta da watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1944.
Bayan Yancin Faransa yan Tirailleurs sun kammala hidimarsu a Turai. An maye gurbinsu da sabbin ersan aikin sa kai na Faransa, bisa umarnin Charles de Gaulle Wannan tsari ya zama sananne da "blanchiment." Ganin ƙuntatawa na Amurka akan girman sojojin Faransa, de Gaulle ya zaɓi haɗa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin tsarin rundunar sojan. Tsarin rikitarwa na fitarwa da dawo da Tirailleurs, haɗe da ƙin Faransa ta biya bashin albashi saboda fursunonin yaƙi da aka saki, ya haifar da tashin hankali da dama. Mafi shaharar wadannan shine kisan kiyashin Thiaroye, a cikin 1944, lokacin da Faransawa suka kashe tsakanin 35 zuwa 300 (kafofin sun bambanta) Tirailleurs. An yi wa Tirailleurs Sénégalais alƙawarin cewa don amincewa da aikin su za su zama 'yan ƙasa ɗaya na Faransa, ba a kiyaye wannan alƙawarin ba bayan ƙarshen tashe-tashen hankula.
Bayan shekarar 1945 8724e Regiment de Marche de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, wanda ya ƙunshi bataliyoyi biyu, sun yi aiki a cikin Indochina War tsakanin shekara ta 1946 da shekara ta 1954. Alungiyoyin sojoji masu zaman kansu da yawa na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi faɗa a cikin gidan wasan yaƙi ɗaya. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun hada da kashi 16 na sojojin Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Indochina. Har ila yau a cikin danniyar boren da aka yi a Madagascar game da mulkin mallaka na Faransa Tirailleurs sun shiga ciki. A cikin shekara ta 1949 har yanzu akwai ragowar tara na Tirailleurs Sénégalais a cikin Sojan Faransa, suna aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia da Indochina.
A lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya, Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ga sabis mai fa'ida sosai daga shekarar 1954 zuwa shekara ta 1962, akasari a matsayin ɓangare na adan tawayen grid na ƙungiyoyin mamaye waɗanda aka yi niyya don kare gonaki da hanyoyi a yankunan karkara. Kimanin rukuni 12 na Senegal (ko dai runduna bataliya uku ko bataliya ɗaya) sun yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa tsakanin shekara ta 1954 da shekara ta 1967, lokacin da aka janye sojojin Faransa na ƙarshe. A shekara ta 1958-1959 aka rarraba sassan Tirailleur a wani bangare, yayin da aka sauya ma'aikatan Afirka zuwa sabbin rundunonin sojojin kasa lokacin da turawan Faransa suka mallaki Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Adadin tsoffin tirailleurs sun ci gaba da aiki a cikin Sojan Faransa amma a matsayin ɗayan masu sa kai a cikin rukunin lonian Mulkin mallaka (daga baya Marine) Infantry ko Artillery. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun rasa asalin tarihin su na musamman yayin wannan aikin. A matsayin misali, 1er RTS, wanda aka tashe shi a shekara ta 1857, ya zama runduna ta 61 ta rundunar soja a watan Disambar shekarar 1958. Rabaren Senegal na karshe a cikin Sojan Faransa ya wargaje a cikin shekara ta 1964. Mutumin Senegal na karshe da yayi aiki a yakin duniya na farko Abdoulaye Ndiaye, ya mutu yana da shekaru 104 a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1998. An yi masa rauni a cikin Dardanelles Inifom Daga shekara ta 1857 zuwa shekara ta 1889 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun sa rigar zouave mai shuɗi mai duhu mai launin shuɗi mai ɗorawa (duba hoto na farko a sama). Wannan aka maye gurbinsu da wani sako-sako da cancantar duhu blue zilaikar, da wando sawa tare da wani ja sash da chechia Fez. An saka farin wando a cikin yanayin zafi kuma an ɗauki rigar filin wasan motsa jiki mai haske a cikin shekara ta 1898. Rakunan Senegal da aka tura zuwa Faransa a cikin shekara ta 1914 sun sanya sabon tufa mai launin shuɗi wanda aka gabatar a watan Yuni na waccan shekarar a ƙarƙashin manyan jakunkunan matsakaitan-shuɗi na sojojin Faransa. Wannan ya canza zuwa shuɗi-shuɗi a cikin shekara ta 1915 sannan kuma duhun kaki na duniya na sojojin ƙetare na Faransa a shekara mai zuwa. Duk tsawon waɗannan canje-canjen an riƙe madaurin rawaya mai banbanci da abin ɗora abin wuya, tare da fez (sawa tare da murfin katako don rage ganuwa). Har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ci gaba da sanya tufafin khaki da aka bayyana a sama, a cikin ko dai kyalle mai nauyi ko rawar motsa jiki gwargwadon yanayi. A m kamfen da suka sa wannan filin kayan kamar yadda sauran Faransa raka'a, yawanci tare da duhu blue forage hula na infanterie coloniale. Jan fes ya tsira a matsayin abun fareti har zuwa shekara ta 1950s.
Filmography Emitaï (1971) yana nuna illar tilasta mutane a ƙauyen Diola.
Baƙi da fari a Launi (1976), daga darektan Faransa Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1hr 30mins
Camp de Thiaroye, ta darektan Senegal Ousmane Sembene, 1987, mintuna 153.
Le Tata, payages de pierres, na darektan Faransa Patrice Robin da Marubuciya Eveline Berruezo, 1992, mintuna 60. Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay mémoires du 25 RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.
Adabi A Dare Duk Jinin Baƙi ne Ruhi ɗan'uwana labari ne daga marubucin Faransa David Diop. Da farko aka buga shi cikin Faransanci a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, daga Éditions du Seuil, ya lashe Prix Goncourt des Lycéens a waccan shekarar. Littafin yana zagaye da Alfa Ndiaye, dan asalin Senegal wanda ya rasa babban amininsa Mademba Diop yayin yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. Fassarar Ingilishi da Anna Moschovakis ya yi ta lashe kyautar Littattafan Duniya ta shekara ta 2021. An buga shi a Burtaniya ta Pushkin Press kuma a Amurka ta Farrar, Straus da Giroux.
Articles containing French-language text
Duba kuma Tirailleurs: tarihin asalin faransawa masu wannan gwagwarmaya tare da mulkin mallaka (misali: Algeria, Senegal da sauransu) rakailleur
Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Pierre Messmer
Tutocin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransa da mulkin mallaka
Manazarta 2-7025-0142-7
978-1-47-282619-0
Myron Echenberg, "Bala'i a Thiaroye: Yunkurin Sojojin Senegal a 1944", a cikin Peter Gutkind, Robin Cohen da Jean Copans (eds), Tarihin Kwadago na Afirka, Beverly Hills, 1978, p. 109-128
Myron Echenberg, Kundin Tsarin Mulki: The Tirailleurs Senegalais a Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka, 1857-1960. Heinemann (1990), Kirista Koller »Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt«. Die Diskussion um die Verwendung von Kolonialtruppen in Europa zwischen Rassismus, Kolonial- und Militärpolitik (1914-1930) Beiträge zur Kolonial- und Überseegeschichte, Bd. 82). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, Nancy Ellen Lawler. Sojoji na Bala'i: Ivoirien Tirailleurs na Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ohio Univ Latsa (1992) 978-1-85-532516-6
Filmography Eveline Berruezo da Patrice Robin Le Tata biya mai yawa. Takaddun fim, 60 1992. Espace Mémoire, Faransa.
Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay mémoires du 25 RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje 'Yan Senegal na Tirailleurs a cikin WWI
Mai Gida ko Bauta? Tunani game da wakilcin jikin ɗan adam na 'yan'illeilleurs (1880-1918) na Nicolas Bancel da Pascal Blanchard
Shafuka kan Yaƙin Flandres, mai da hankali ga Tirailleurs Sénégalais Kirista Koller: Kasancewar Sojan Mulkin Mallaka a Turai (Afirka), a cikin: 1914-1918-kan layi. Encyclopedia na kasa da kasa na yakin duniya na farko Pages with unreviewed |
13282 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminatou%20Haidar | Aminatou Haidar | Aminatou Haidar Ali Ahmed (Larabci; an haife ta 24 ga watan Yulin 1966), wani lokacin akan kira ta da Aminetou, Aminatu ko Aminetu, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama ce kuma mai neman ganin samun 'yancin Yammacin Sahara. Mafi yawanci a na kiranta ne da lakabin "Sahrawi Gandhi" ko "Sahrawi Pariaaria saboda zanga-zangar nuna kyama da take yi. Ita ce shugabar kungiyar Hadin gwiwar kare hakkin Dan Adam ta CODESA. An taba daure ta a shekarar ta 1987 zuwa 1991 sannan daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2006 kan tuhumar ta da zaune tsaye. A shekara ta 2009, ta ja hankalin kasashen duniya lokacin da ta yi zanga zangar gama-gari a filin jirgin sama na Lanzarote bayan da aka hana ta shiga yankin yammacin Sahara. Haidar ta lambobin yabo a fannin kare hakkin dan Adam da dama a matakan kasa da kasa saboda ayyukanta, wadanda suka hada da Kyautar Robert F. Kennedy na 'yancin dan adam na shekara ta 2009, Kyautar bada kariya ga Jama'a na shekara ta 2009 da sauransu Abincin Rayuwa na Gaskiya ta 2019 Tarihin rayuwa Yayin da iyayenta ke zaune a Laayoune, wani karamin gari ne a Yammacin Sahara dake da yawan Sahrawi (kuma tsohuwar kasar Sipaniya ce Juby inda ta girma a yarinyar ta, an haifi Aminatou a shekara ta 1966 a Laayoune, Sahara ta yamma, garin kakarta, saboda al'adar gado. Ita ba memba bace a cikin yan Polisario Front, kodayake ta dauki wannan gwagwarmayar neman a zaman wakiliyar jama'ar Sahrawi kawai. An sake ta tare da ‘ya’ya biyu, Hayat da Mohammed.
1987-1991 tilasta bacewar A shekara ta 1987, Haidar ta shiga wata zanga-zangar nuna kyama ga cin amanar kasar Moroko ta yankin yammacin Sahara. Tare da sauran mahalarta taron, hukumomin Morocco sun tilasta ta bacewar ta kuma ba ta tsare ta ba sai a 1991, lokacin da aka sake ta. A cewar Kerry Kennedy na Robert F. Kennedy Cibiyar Adalci da 'Yancin Bil-Adama, Haidar ta shiga cikin da damuwa, matsananciyar bacci, an hana ta bacci, an girgiza ta da matsanancin wutar lantarki, an doke ta sosai kuma ta munana" yayin da ake tsare da shi. Hukumomin Morocco ba su ba da wani bayani game da tsare ta ba. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International (AI) ta bayyana cewa da alama ta kasance an riƙe ta ne don bayar da shawarwarin zaman lafiya na neman yancin kai na yammacin Sahara.
2005-2006 ɗaurin kurkuku A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2005, 'yan sanda sun yi awon gaba da Haidar a kan hanyarta ta zuwa zanga-zanga a El Aaiún don yancin kai na Yammacin Sahara Intifada Bayan shigar da ita a asibitin Belmehdi Hasan da karbar lambobi goma sha biyu don cutar kai, an kama ta bisa tuhumar "halartar zanga-zangar tashin hankali da tayar da hankali" da "kasancewar kungiyar ba tare da izini ba". Daga nan aka riƙe ta a Kurkukun Black A El Aaiún. An ba da rahoton cewa ta shiga yajin aikin daga 8 ga watan Agusta zuwa 29 a watan Satumba don neman bincike game da zargin azabtar da 'yan uwan Saharawi da ke tsare Houssein Lidri da Brahim Noumria da kuma ingantattun yanayin tsarewa. Ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, Kotun Appeaukakawar El Aaiún ta yanke mata hukuncin ɗaurin watanni bakwai a kurkuku. AI, wanda ya aiko da mai sa ido don rufe shari'ar, ya ba da sanarwar cewa "shari'ar watakila ba ta da gaskiya ba. A saboda haka ne kungiyar ta karfafa da imanin ta cewa masu kare 'yancin bil adama guda bakwai na iya zama fursunoni masu lamuni Majalisar Turai ta kuma yi kira da a sake ta kai tsaye tare da na Ali Salem Tamek da wasu “fursunonin siyasa” guda 37 a cikin kudurin 27 a watan Oktoba 2005. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2006, Aminatou Haidar ta sake shi a ƙarshen yanke hukuncin. Ta bayyana cewa "farin ciki bai cika ba tare da sakin dukkan fursunonin siyasa na Saharawi, kuma ba tare da kwato dukkan yankuna na kasar da har yanzu suke karkashin azzalumi ba".
2009 Filin Jirgin Sama Lanzarote yajin kincin abinci A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, 2009, hukumomin Maroko sun tsare Haidar a tashar jirgin sama a El-Aaiún lokacin da ta yi ƙoƙarin dawowa daga tafiya zuwa Lanzarote a cikin tsibirin Canary, Spain, don tara kyaututtukan. A karkashin zama dan kasa, ta ƙi ta bayyana asalin ƙasarta a matsayin "Moroccan". Hukumomin sun hana ta sake shiga, suka kwace fasfon nata, suka mayar da ita zuwa tsibirin na Canary ba tare da shi ba. An kuma tsare wasu ‘yan jaridar kasar Spain biyu da suka raka ta tare na tsawon awanni. Wani jami’in Moroccan ya kira kin amincewa da ta yi a kira kansa Morocco a matsayin "cin amana" kuma ya bayyana cewa ba za a yarda Haidar ta koma El-Aaiún ba har sai ta nemi afuwa. Daga baya jaridar Spain ta Pa Pa ta wallafa wasu takardu da ke nuna cewa gwamnatin Marokko ta yi wa Haidar filaye daban-daban har zuwa dawowar ta, wanda ke nuna cewa sun shirya fitar da ita a gaba. Lokacin da ta isa tashar jirgin sama ta Lanzarote, Haidar ya fara yajin aikin yunwa. Ta zargi jami'an gwamnatin Spain da rike ta ba tare da barin ta ba ta koma Yammacin Sahara ba tare da fasfo ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba, kamfanin da ke kula da filin jirgin saman Aena ya shigar da kara a gabanta saboda ta keta umarnin jama'a. An bukaci ta halarci kotu a Arrecife kuma ta ci tarar Euro 180.
Taimakon kasa da kasa Babban kwamishina na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Navi Pillay ya yi kira a ranar 9 ga Disamba ga Maroko don bai wa Haidar damar dawowa. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ce dole ne kasar Maroko ta "dakatar da korart a daga kungiyar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin bil adama Aminatou Haidar tare da ba ta damar shiga kasarta ta asali". yayin da Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da korar ta a wani bangare na tsarin "nuna rashin yarda" da gwamnatin Morocco. Da yawa daga cikin masu fafutuka da kuma masu yin bikin sun nuna goyon bayansu ga Haidar yayin yajin aikin. Marubucin Nobel na kyauta marubuci José Saramago, wanda ya mallaki gida a Lanzarote, ya aika mata da wasiƙa a watan Nuwamba yana mai cewa "Idan ina Lanzarote, zan kasance tare da ke". A ranar 1 ga Disamba, ya sadu da ita a tashar jirgin sama, yana mai cewa, "Lokaci ya yi da kasashen duniya za su matsawa kasar Morocco ta cika sharuddan game da Sahara". Wanda ta lashe kyautar Nobel ta Argentine Adolfo Pérez Esquivel ya nemi "ficewar dan adam da siyasa" ga Haidar, ya kuma yi kira ga gwamnatocin Spain da Moroko da su fara tattaunawa don ganin "ta wace hanya ce Tarayyar Turai, Majalisar Turai ko ma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shiga tsakani don guje wa sakamako na masifa da ƙoƙarin ceton rayuwarta, amma ba ta kowane tsada ba. 'Yan fim din Ingila Ken Loach da Paul La tala sun kwatanta Haidar da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Amurka Rosa Parks, suna masu cewa, "Wane irin bala'i zai kasance ga tsaurin tashin hankali, da kuma yiwuwar samun mafita, mu kyale ta ta mutu." Hakanan an ba da sanarwar goyon baya daga dan jaridar kasar Uruguay Eduardo Galeano, dan wasan Spain Javier Bardem, Amurka Jim Jim Inhofe, Guatemalan Peace Prize wanda ya baiwa Rigoberta Menchú, mawakiyar Burtaniya Brian Eno, da Mawallafin marubuci dan ƙasar Spain Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, gungun mawaƙa da mawaƙa na ƙasar Sipaniya sun ba da waka ta kyauta don nuna goyon baya ga Haidar a Rivas-Vaciamadrid, a wajen ƙetaren Madrid. Masu gabatar da kara sun hada da Bebe, Kiko Veneno, Macaco, Amaral, Pedro Guerra, Mariem Hassan, Conchita, Miguel Ríos, da Ismael Serrano A ranar 10 ga Disamba, da dama masu fasaha da masu fafutuka sun aika da wasika ga Juan Carlos Na I dan Spain, suna masu rokon ya roko ga Haidar da Maroko. Masu rattaba hannu sun hada da lambobin yabo uku na Nobel Günter Grass, Dario Fo, da Saramago da Pedro Almodóvar, Mario Vargas Llosa, Penélope Cruz, Antonio Gala, Almudena Grandes, Carlos Fuentes, da Ignacio Ramonet da sauransu daga Indiya, Puerto Rico, Portugal, Kolombiya, Brazil da Angola.
Tsarin diflomasiyya Ministan Harkokin Waje na Spain Miguel ratngel Moratinos ya yi alkawarin shirya Fasfo din Spanish ga Haidar, amma ta ƙi tayin sa, tare da neman dawo da fasfon nata na asali. Wakilan Moroccan karkashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar dattijai na kasar, Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah, sun ziyarci Spain a farkon Disamba 2009. Biadillah ya bayyana cewa mutanen Sahrawi suna da cikakken haɗin kai ga al'ummar Marokko kuma suna mamaye wasu manyan ofisoshin a cikin cibiyoyin Marokko, kuma babu wata ƙasa da za ta amince da dawowar mutumin da ya “jefa fasfo ɗinsu" kuma "ya bar ƙasarsu". A ranar 7 ga Disamba, makonni uku da ta shiga yajin aikin, Haidar ya kasa rauni har ya iya tsinkewa cikin nutsuwa. Wata Likita Asibitin Lanzarote ta bayar da rahoton cewa watakila tana da awowi ne kawai su rayu. Spain ta sake yin ƙoƙarin sake neman takardar izinin shiga ƙasar, amma ta goyi bayan lokacin da Maroko ta yi barazanar kawo ƙarshen haɗin kai game da shige da fice, fataucin muggan kwayoyi, da sauran batutuwa. A ranar 11 ga Disamba, Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ita ma ta tuntubi Ministan Harkokin Wajen Morocco Taieb Fassi Fihri don neman sake shigar da Haidar. A ranar 17 ga Disamba, bayan ta kasa hadiye ruwan sha na kwana biyu, an shigar da Haidar asibiti. Ta ci gaba da kin amincewa ta karya azumin ta. A daren ranar, hukumomin Moroko sun nuna juyayin su, sannan aka kyale Haidar a cikin jirgin sama ya koma El-Aaiún. Ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Spain ta danganta kudurin ne a “kokarin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Spain, Faransa da Amurka” don shawo kan gwamnatin Marokko cewa kin yarda ta sake amincewa da Haidar ya yi tasiri. Da yake bayyana a gaban taron jama'a a filin jirgin sama na El-Aaiún, Haidar ta ce, "Wannan wata nasara ce, nasara ce ga 'yancin ɗan adam, don adalci na ƙasa da kuma dalilin Sahara ta yamma. Kuma dukkan abin godiya ne saboda irin matsin lambar ku. Jami'an na Marokko sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin "ta lashi takobin mutunta 'yancin dan adam a Yammacin Sahara da sauran wurare a kasar" amma ta ki yin tsokaci game da shari'ar Haidar. Bayan dawowar ta, 'yan sanda a Morocco sun sa Haidar a gidan, kuma an hana' yan jaridu damar yin magana da ita.
Bayan yajin aiki-kin cin abinci A ranar 19 ga Janairu 2010, Haidar ya dawo Spain don yin gwaje-gwaje na likita a asibitin La Paz a Madrid. Haidar tana da katin zama dan asalin kasar Sipaniya tun bayan fitowar ta 2006. Haidar dai ba shi da koshin lafiya, saboda tana fama da cutar amai da gudawa, sakamakon ɗaurin kurkuku da yajin aikin abinci na shekarar 2009. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Amnesty International ta bayar da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaro na Marokko na sa ido sosai kan Haidar da iyalinta sannan kuma ta same su da tsoratarwa. A ranar 7 ga Maris, Haidar ya yi jawabi a wani taro a Jami’ar Granada yayin taron Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai-Morocco a cikin wannan birni. Haidar ya bayyana cewa taron kolin "ya musanta wahalar Sahrawis" kuma EU ta gabatar da karar "tsarin mulkin mallaka" na Morocco, yana sadaukar da 'yancin bil adama don goyon bayan tattalin arziki. A ranar 24 ga Maris, Haidar ya fara ne yayin wata ziyarar aiki a Washington, DC cewa "kafin a cimma matsaya ta karshe, hanyar siyasa, tilas ne mu matsa lamba kan Marokko don mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". A ganawarta da jami'an ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka da wakilan Amurka, ta rokesu su matsawa kasar Morocco saboda 'yancin Sahrawi. Ranar 15 ga Oktoba, Haidar ta gurfana a gaban kotun Casablanca tare da da dama daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar masu fafutuka Sahrawi da masu sa ido 20 na kasashen waje, a yayin shari'ar masu fafutukar 'yan gwagwarmayar Sahrawi bakwai (da aka fi sani da "The Casablanca 7"). An tsare "Casablanca 7" watanni kafin daga bisani ya tafi sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Sahrawi, kuma gwamnatin Morocco ta tuhume ta da yin barazanar tsaron jihar. dayansu shi ne Ali Salem Tamek, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil Adama CODESA. Ta ce zargin da gwamnatin Morocco ta yi ba ta da tushe balle makama, suna masu la'antar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma tafiye-tafiyen wadanda aka kame. Ta kuma soki gwamnatin Spain, wacce ta zarge ta da aikata laifi a cikin halin mutanen Sahrawi: "Gwamnatin Spain ta karya dokar kasa da kasa ta hanyar hana mutanen Saharawi 'yancinsu na yanke hukunci'. A ranar 29 Oktoba 2011, ɗan Haidar ya yi barazanar cin zarafin jima'i da duka wanda hakan zai haifar masa da rauni na dindindin ta hanyar wasu couplean sandan Morocco a El Aaiun, in ji CODESA. A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2012, majiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam Sahrawi sun bayyana cewa wasu Haidar 'yan wasan Hajara sun samu rauni a zahiri yayin da wasu fasinjoji na Morocco suka yi ta tafiya yayin da suke tafiya da bas daga Agadir zuwa El Aaiun. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a matsayin Sahrawi ASVDH da Cibiyar nan ta Amurka Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human rights sun yi Allah wadai da wannan aika-aika, tare da yin kira da a gudanar da bincike. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2012, a ranar da ta sadu da Kwamishinan Musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yammacin Sahara Christopher Ross a El Aaiun MINURSO HQ, Haidar ya ce daga baya ‘yan sanda suka yi awon gaba da ita yayin zanga-zangar rashin tarzoma. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar RFK Center, Defender Line Line da kuma jam’iyyun siyasa na Spain, Union, Progress da Demokiradiya sun yi Allah wadai da tsokanar.
Kyautuka da bayyanawa Haidar ta samu lambobin yabo da dama na kasa da kasa saboda amincewa da aikinta na take hakkin Dan-Adam. A watan Disamba 2005, ta sami lambar yabo ta V Juan María Bandrés na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Spain (CEAR). Saboda ɗaurin kurkuku, ta kasa karɓar kyautar har sai Mayu 2006. A shekara ta 2007, an ba ta kyautar Solidar Silver Rose Award, wata cibiyar sadarwar Turai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Kyautar shekara-shekara ta amince da "manyan nasarorin mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke aiki a cikin adalci don tabbatar da adalci na zamantakewa." A shekarar 2008, Haidar ya lashe kyautar kare hakkin dan adam Robert F. Kennedy na Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Robert F. Kennedy ta Amurka da ke hakkin bil'adama Baya ga kyautar (wanda ya haɗa da ɓangaren kuɗi), Cibiyar Tunawa da RFK tana ba da abokin tarayya tare da masu karɓa a cikin aikinsu. Wakilin Muryar Amurka Edward Kennedy ya bayyana cewa "duk wanda ya damu da dimokiradiyya, kare hakkin dan Adam, da kuma bin doka da oda ga kasashen Yammacin Sahara, an yi musu kwarin gwiwa ne ta karfin gwiwa, sadaukarwa da kuma kwarewar aiki a madadin su." Haidar aka kuma bayar da 2009 Civil Jaruntakan Prize na Train Foundation Wanda ta kafa lambar yabo John Train ya ce, "ingantacciyar al'umma ta dogara da kwarjinin jama'a, kuma muna fatan cewa ta hanyar sanin ta a cikin mutane kamar Aminatou Haidar, za mu iya karfafa wasu su bi sawun ta kuma kare hakkokinsu na zaman lafiya cikin lumana." A shekara ta 2010, mambobi 40 na majalisar Turai sun zabi Haidar don lambar yabo ta Sakharov don ƙungiyar 'yancin tunani Wani memba na EP Willy Meyer Pleite ya yi tir da kamfen da Maroko ta yi na nuna rashin amincewar ta ga Haidar. Daga baya ne aka baiwa kyautar dan kasar Cuba Guillermo Fariñas kyautar Haidar an kuma sanya ta sunan yar ƙasa na girmamawa ko kuma in ba haka ba waɗanda cibiyoyin Spain da Italiyawa suka yi wa ado. A cikin Oktoba 2006, majalisar garin Naples ta kira ta da "Honorary Citizen" saboda ayyukanta na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. A watan Mayun 2008, majalisar garin Castelldefels ta Spain ta ba ta lambar yabo ta musamman. A cikin watan Janairun 2010, gundumar Sesto Fiorentino ta Italiya ta nada Haidar a matsayin "Mutumin gari" na ƙauyen, saboda "gwagwarmayar da ba ta tashin hankali ba ga 'yanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mutanenta". Kwanakin baya, wata karamar hukumar Italiya mai suna Campi Bisenzio, ta yanke hukunci da masu rinjaye suka yanke mata na "'Yan Kasa na Girmamawa". A watan Fabrairu, garin Tuscan na Signa ne ya yanke shawarar ba wa Haidar yar ƙasa. A watan Maris, garin Leganés, Spain, ya yi mata kyautar Dolores Ibárruri. A 13 Afrilu, da comune na Pontedera ya ba ta girmamawa dan kasa. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, wasu garuruwa goma daga lardin Lucca na Italiya sun ba Haidar lambar girmamawa. dayansu, Stazzema, ya ba ta ""wallon Zama na Resistance". Sauran biranen Italiya 20 daga baya sun sanar da Aminatou Haidar a matsayin "Citizabilar onoabi'a ta". A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2011, Haidar ta kasance yar kasa na girmamawa daga masarautar Montespertoli a matsayin "tabbacin nuna damuwa kan wannan tashin hankalin da hukumomin Morocco suka yi". Majalisar birni San San de de Henares ta Spain ta ba ta kyautar Jesús Andrés López Gallardo. Ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2011, aka ba ta lambar yabo ta 'yancin dan Adam ta René Cassin, wacce ma'aikatar shari'a ta gwamnatin Basque Country ta ba ta; kyautar ta zo tare da kyautar Euro 16,550. A ranar 4 Maris 2013, garin Italiya na Florence ya ba Haidar lambar girmamawa ta garin. Hakanan a cikin Maris, Haidar ya lashe lambar yabo ta Bremen Solidarity 13th, kyautar da aka ba wa mutane wanda aka bambanta ta hanyar sasantawa da 'yanci, dimokiradiyya da' yancin ɗan adam, da kuma mulkin mallaka da wariyar launin fata a duniya. Kyautar, wacce gwamnatin lardin Free Hanseatic ta Bremen ta bayar tare da bayar da kyautar kudi Euro 10,000, an ba Haidar ne saboda rawar da ta taka a gwagwarmayar lumana don warware rikicin Sahrawi, da kuma kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na mutanen Sahrawi a yankunan da aka mallaka. A watan Mayun 2013, Haidar ta yi tafiya zuwa Addis Ababa, kamar yadda aka gayyace ta a matsayin baƙon girmamawa ga Kungiyar Goldenungiyar Goldenungiyar Goldenungiyar Afirka ta Zina Aminatou Haidar ta ci lambar yabo ta Hakkin zama a 2019 "saboda matsayinta akan kin yin rikici, duk da ɗaurin kurkuku da azabtarwa da ta sha, don neman adalci da yanke hukunci na kai ga jama'ar Yammacin Sahara."
Duba kuma Shekarun jagora Mohamed Elmoutaoikil Mohammed Daddach Brahim Dahane Tarihin Yammacin Sahara
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Hanyoyin haɗin waje Aminatou Haidar, “Gandhi ta Yammacin Sahara,” ya sami lambar yabo ta Hanyar zama dama daga bakin Amy Goodman a ranar 25 ga Satumbar 2019 Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1966
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15561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layla%20Elwi | Layla Elwi | Laila Ahmed Eloui (an haife ta a Janairun 4 shekarar 1962 a Alkahira wani lokacin ana lasafta ta da suna a rubuce kamar Laila Eloui, Laila Olwy Laila Elwi, da Laila Elwy lar: yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Masar. Ta yi fice a fina-finai sama da 70 kuma an karrama ta a bukukuwan Masar da na duniya tare da ba ta kyauta don yawancin rawar da ta taka. Sannan ta kuma kasance shugabar ko memba na kwamitocin alkalai da kuma yawa don bukukuwan cikin gida da na duniya. Kwanan nan, ta karɓi kyauta don nasarorinta na rayuwa tare da kuma ’yar fim din Masar Safia El Emari, 'Yar wasan Koriya ta Kudu Yoon Jeong-hee, dan wasan fina-finan Amurka Richard Gere, da' yar fim din Faransa Juliette Binoche yayin bude bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa karo na 34.
Rayuwar farko Eloui an haife ta ne a Birnin Alkahira, mahaifinta Ahmad Eloui ɗan ƙasar Masar ne asalin asalin Baturke, kuma mahaifiyarta Stella 'yar asalin Girka ce daga Icaria Mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Eloui 'yar asalin Italiya ce wacce ta zo Misira don aiki a otal din Marriott Mena House.
Aiki Laila ta fara aikinta tun tana ƙarama. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara bakwai, ta shiga shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin, kuma tana da shekara goma sha biyar ta fito a filin wasa a karo na farko a wasan da Galal El Sharkawy fitaccen daraktan Masar, wanda ake kira Taman Sittat (Mata 8) Fina-Finai Min Agl Al-Haya (1977).
Al-Bo'asaa (1978).
Mekhemar Dayman Gahez (1982).
Al-Khawanah (1984).
Al-Shaytan Youghaney (1984).
Al-Moshageboun Fi Al-Gesh (1984).
Enahom Yakteloun Al-Shorafaa (1984).
Samoura Al-Bent Al-Amorah (1984).
Matloob Hayan Aw Mayetan (1984).
E'edam Mayet (1985).
Al-Gareh (1985).
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Ayam Al-Tahadi (1985).
Gababerat Al-Mena (1985).
Hekaya fi Kelmeteen (1985).
Al-Nesaa (1985).
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Al-Harafesh (1986).
Al-Onsa (1986).
Ah ya Balad (1986).
Taht Al-Tahdeed (1986).
Azraa wa Thalath Regal (1986).
Asr Al-Ze'ab (1986).
Kelmet Ser (1986).
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Al-Akzam Kademoon (1987).
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Khalil Ba'ad Al-Ta'del (1987).
Kol Haza Al-Hob (1988).
Al-Motamared (1988).
Zaman Al-Mamnou (1988).
Gharam Al-Afai (1988).
Ga'heem Taht Elmaa.
Ya Azizi Kolona Losous.
Samaa Hoss.
Ya Mehalabeya Ya.
Al-Hagama.
Ay Ay.
Enzar Belta'a.
Kalil Mayan Al Hob Katheer Maza Al Onf.
Al Ragol Al Talet.
Esharet Morour.
Tofah.
Ya Donya Ya Gharami.
Edhak Al Soura Tetla Helwa.
Al-Massir (1997).
Hala'a Housh (1997).
Hob Al-Banat (2003).
Baheb Al-Cima halif bro kamar *Laila Eloui (2005).
Alwan elsama elsabaah (2008).
Laylat Al Baby Doll (2008).
Hakayat Bin Ash-ha (2009).
El Basabees We El 3osyan wanda ke bayanin labarin wata yarinya wacce ta zama mai halin tabin hankali bayan dan uwanta ya dauke ta toka
Brooks, makiyaya da fuskoki masu kyau (2016)
Talabijin "Lahazat Harega" "Mahimman lokuta" (2007)
Shams (2014)
Napoleon Wal Mahrousa (2012)
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Hadin waje Laila Elwi awarded in Canada
Laila Elwi, a mother of five next Ramadan season
Laila Elwi won't be meeting with ‘Muhannad’
Laila Elwi refuses marriage to Saddam Hussein
Haifaffun 1962
Rayayyun |
42043 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyade%20a%20Pakistan | Fyade a Pakistan | Hukuncin fyade a Pakistan a karkashin dokokin Pakistan ko dai hukuncin kisa ne ko kuma zaman gidan yari tsakanin shekaru goma zuwa ashirin da biyar. Ga shari'o'in da suka shafi fyade ga ƙungiyoyi, hukuncin ko dai hukuncin kisa ne ko kuma daurin rai da rai. Ana amfani da gwajin DNA da sauran shaidun kimiyya wajen hukunta laifukan fyade a Pakistan. Fyade a Pakistan ya ja hankalin duniya bayan da siyasa ta amince da yi wa Mukhtaran Bibi fyade. Kungiyar Yaki da Fyade (WAR) ta bayyana tsananin fyade a Pakistan, da kuma halin ko in kula da 'yan sanda ke yi. A cewar farfesa a fannin nazarin mata Shahla Haeri, fyade a Pakistan "sau da yawa yana da tsari kuma yana da dabara kuma a wasu lokutan gwamnati ta amince da ita". A cewar marigayiyar lauya Asma Jahangir wadda ita ce wacce ta kafa kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Women's Action Forum, kusan kashi 72% na matan da ake tsare da su a Pakistan ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki ko kuma ta hanyar lalata da su A cewar WAR, sama da kashi 82 na masu fyade ‘yan uwa ne da suka hada da uba, ‘yan’uwa, kakanni da kakannin wadanda aka kashe. A Pakistan, aƙalla ana samun rahoton aikata laifuka 11 na fyade a kowace rana, tare da rahotanni sama da 22,000 da aka shigar a shekarar 2015-2020; duk da haka, a ƙarshen wannan lokacin a cikin shekarar 2020, 4,000 ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan shari'o'in suka koma kotu. Masu sukar lamirin sun ce an samu raguwar hukuncin daurin rai da rai a kasar saboda aikata laifukan fyade a Pakistan ana daukar shekaru kafin a gurfanar da su gaban kuliya. Cin hanci da rashawa da ya yi katutu a kananan hukumomin shari'a da kuma tasirin siyasa na iya taimakawa wanda ya yi fyaden tserewa daga hukunci. A cikin shekarar 2019, Gwamnatin Pakistan ta kafa kotuna na musamman fiye da 1,000 a duk fadin kasar. Wadannan kotuna na musamman za su mayar da hankali ne kawai kan magance matsalolin da suka shafi cin zarafin mata a Pakistan. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam da dama sun yaba da kafa kotuna na musamman.
Tarihi
1947 da 1979 Kafin shekarar 1979, sashe na 375 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Pakistan ya bayyana cewa 'yan matan da ba su kai shekara sha hudu ba an hana su yin jima'i ko da an samu izini. Duk da haka, dokokin da suka gabata kuma sun ce ba a ɗaukar fyade a lokacin aure idan matar ta wuce shekaru goma sha huɗu. A shekara ta 1979, majalisar dokokin Pakistan ta yi fyade da laifin zina a karon farko a tarihin kasar, tare da zartar da Dokar Laifin Zina (Enforcement Of Hudood), 1979 Dokar ta sauya hukuncin irin wadannan laifuffuka daga dauri da tara, zuwa hukunce-hukunce kamar jifa da kisa. Ko da yake an bayyana wannan sabuwar doka don kare mata, amma ta kara da cewa domin yin hakan dole ne a sami kwararan hujjoji. An fi ɗaukan shaidar a matsayin mai shaida wanda zai iya ba da shaida cewa a zahiri fyaden ya faru. A cikin 1979, dole ne Qazi ya ɗauki shaidar a matsayin mai gaskiya da gaskiya. A bisa Doka, an bayyana fyade da: a. Saduwa yana kasancewa akan amincewar mutum
b. Daya dagacikin bai amenceba wajen saduwan
c. Mai Laifin yasa dole sai wanda aka ci amana gimai ciwo da tadamai hankali
d. Mai laifin da wanda akaci amana ba aure a tsakaninsu
Kudirin Kariyar Mata na 2006 A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2006, Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan ta zartar da dokar kare hakkin mata don yin gyara ga dokokin Hudood na 1979 da aka yi suka sosai. A karkashin sabon kudirin dokar, an cire hukuncin kisa ga wadanda aka yi jima'i ba tare da aure ba da kuma bukatar wadanda abin ya shafa su gabatar da shaidu hudu don tabbatar da laifukan fyade. An cire hukuncin kisa da bulala ga mutanen da aka samu da laifin yin jima'i ba tare da aure ba. Duk da haka, yin jima'i a wajen aure har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin laifin laifi tare da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari ko kuma tarar dalar Amurka 165. A karkashin dokar kare hakkin mata ta bayyana fyade namiji ya bar fyade wanda ya sadu da mace: i. Ba da yardan ta ba.
ii. Ba da amincewarta ba
iii. Da amincewarta Bayan kasancewa cikin tsoro da firgicin mutuwa
iv. Da aminciwarta a lokacin da mutumin ya tabbatar da baida aure ita Kuma ta amince akan tasamu mutumin da zata aura
v. Da amincewata ko babu alokacin da tana shekaru 16
Hukuncin fyade a karkashin dokar kare hakkin mata ta shekarar 2006 ko dai kisa ne ko kuma daurin shekaru goma zuwa ashirin da biyar. Ga shari'o'in da suka shafi fyade ga ƙungiyoyi, hukuncin ko dai hukuncin kisa ne ko kuma daurin rai da rai.
Dokar Laifuka (gyara) (Laifi na fyade) Dokar 2016 A ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2016, Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan ta amince da wani sabon kudiri na yaki da fyade da kuma kisan gilla. Sabbin dokokin sun gabatar da tsauraran hukunci ga masu aikata irin wadannan laifuka. A cewar sabon kudirin yaki da fyade, gwajin DNA ya zama tilas a lokuta masu fyade. Zagi ko tarwatsa aikin dan sanda ko jami'in gwamnati na iya haifar da daurin shekara 1 a gidan yari a sabuwar dokar. Jami'an gwamnati da aka samu suna cin gajiyar matsayinsu na aikata laifin fyade (misali fyaden tsare) suna da hukuncin dauri na rai da tara. A bisa sabuwar dokar, duk wanda ya yi wa karamar yarinya fyade ko nakasasshen hankali ko ta jiki za a yi masa hukuncin kisa ko kuma daurin rai da rai. Wani jami'in bincike ne zai yi rikodin bayanin matar da ta tsira daga fyade ko cin zarafi, a gaban 'yar sanda mace, ko kuma wata dangin mace na wanda ya tsira. Majalisar Lauyoyin Lardi za ta ba wa waɗanda suka tsira daga fyade taimakon doka (idan an buƙata). ta bayyana cewa za a gudanar da gwaji kan laifuffuka irin su fyade da laifuka a cikin kyamara kuma ta ba da damar yin amfani da fasaha kamar hanyoyin haɗin bidiyo don yin rikodin bayanan wanda aka azabtar da shaidu, don kare su. wulakanci ko kasadar da ke tattare da bayyanar kotu. Haka kuma za a hana kafafen yada labarai buga ko tallata sunaye ko duk wani bayani da zai bayyana sunan wanda aka azabtar, sai dai lokacin buga hukunce-hukuncen kotu. Za a kammala shari'ar fyade a cikin watanni uku. Sai dai idan ba a kammala shari’ar a cikin watanni uku ba to za a kai karar zuwa gaban babban alkalin kotun don samun umarnin da ya dace. Sabon kudirin ya kuma tabbatar da cewa ma'aikatan jima'i ma suna cikin kariyar dokar. Babbar Daraktar Mata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, ta yaba da matakin da gwamnatin Pakistan ta dauka na zartar da dokar yaki da fyade da kuma kisan gilla.
Gwajin budurci A cikin 2021, Babbar Kotun Lahore ta haramta amfani da gwajin budurci a shari'o'in da mata suka yi ikirarin an yi musu fyade.
Sanannen lokuta Tun daga shekara ta 2000, mata da 'yan mata daban-daban sun fara magana bayan an yi lalata da su Da suka saba wa al’adar cewa mace ta sha wahala a cikin shiru, sun yi wa kafafen yada labarai da ‘yan siyasa zagon kasa. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan daga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Pakistan ya kiyasta cewa a shekara ta 2009, kashi 46 cikin 100 na kashe-kashen mata ba bisa ka’ida ba a Pakistan “kisan mutunci ne”. A shekara ta 2002, Mukhtaran Bibi (Mukhtār Mā'ī) mai shekaru 30, an yi wa gungun fyade bisa umarnin majalisar ƙauyen a matsayin "fyade na girmamawa" bayan zargin cewa ɗan'uwanta ɗan shekara 12 ya yi lalata da wata mata daga ƙasar. babban jigo. Duk da al'adar za ta sa ran ta kashe kanta bayan an yi mata fyade, Mukhtaran ya yi maganar Mukhtaran spoke up, and pursued the case, which was picked up by both domestic and international media. On 1 September 2002, an anti-terrorism court sentenced 6 men (including the 4 rapists) to death for rape. In 2005, the Lahore High Court cited "insufficient evidence" and acquitted 5 of the 6 convicted, and commuted the punishment for the sixth man to a life sentence. Mukhtaran and the government appealed this decision, and the Supreme Court suspended the acquittal and held appeal hearings. In 2011, the Supreme Court too acquitted the accused. Mukhtār Mā'ī's story was the subject of a Showtime (TV network) documentary called Shame, directed by Mohammed Naqvi, which won awards including a TV Academy Honor (Special Emmy) of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.
A 23-year-old woman in Faisalabad made public accusations against the police, saying her husband had been arrested for creating forged documents; she alleges she was raped on the orders of the chief of police for her actions. The officer was suspended but not arrested.
Kainat Soomro was a 13-year-old schoolgirl when she was kidnapped and gang raped for four days. Her protest has led to the murder of her brother, a death sentence from the elders of her village, and threats from the rapists, who after four years still remain at large.
In 2012, three members of the Border Police were remanded into custody for raping five women aged between fifteen and twenty-one. The women claim they were taken from a picnic area to the police station in Dera Ghazi Khan, where the police filmed themselves sexually assaulting the women.
In January 2014, a village council ordered gang-rape that was carried out in the same Muzaffargarh district where the Mukhtaran Bibi took place in 2002.
In the 2014 Layyah rape murder incident, on 19 June 2014, a 21-year-old woman was gang raped and murdered in Layyah district, Punjab province of Pakistan.
In September 2014, three sons of Mian Farooq, a ruling party parliamentarian from Faisalabad, were accused of abducting and gang raping of a teenage girl. The rapists were later released by the court.
In July 2017, a panchayat ordered rape of a 16-year-old girl in Multan as punishment for her brother's conduct.
In December 2017, a 25-year-old woman was gang-raped by four dacoits during a robbery at her house in Multan.
In January 2018, a seven-year-old girl named Zainab Ansari was raped and strangled to death in Kasur. The incident caused nationwide outrage in Pakistan. The same month, a 16-year-old girl was raped and killed in Sargodha, and a day later, in the same city, a 13-year-old boy was intoxicated and sexually assaulted by two men belonging to an influential family. In Faisalabad, the same day, a 15-year-old boy was found dead. The later medical reports confirmed a sexual assault. A few days later, the dead body of a 3-year-old girl, named Asma, was found in Mardan, who had been reportedly missing for 24 hours. Her postmortem report points that she had been raped before her murder. These unfortunate events caused to shape more proactive role and participation in Pakistan's women's rights movements like 'Me Too movement' and Aurat March. UNODC Goodwill Ambassador Shehzad Roy collaborated with Bilawal Bhutto to introduce awareness about education against child sexual abuse in Sindh.
In September 2020, a resident of Gujranwala was gang raped by two robbers roughly during midnight when her car stalled mid-way due to a fuel shortage, shortly after she had crossed Lahore's toll plaza (outside the limits of Lahore City) on her journey back to Gujranwala, on a secluded segment of M-11 Lahore-Sialkot Motorway. She was accompanied by two of her three children (a toddler and a 4 year old) and perturbed for her own and their safety, she immediately conveyed the trouble to her relatives at Gujranwala and the Motorway Police who, allegedly, informed her that the portion where she was stuck at, was not as of yet "under their jurisdiction" after which she also called the local police and waited for some help. However, one of the rapists, Abid Ali, an inveterate criminal, a murderer, rapist, convict and absconder taking unlawful refuge in an adjacent village (after having seamlessly evaded arrest against his past infringements for over a decade) immediately spotted her car from the roof he was present on, much before any help could arrive. He, accompanied by his gangmate, (reportedly, after one other had turned down the idea of involvement at that moment in time due to unknown reasons) hastily approached the car and broke open the windows of the locked car and forcibly took the startled and terrified woman and her children down the side embankment slope of the main carriageway, into a sequestered region besides forest area. Both of them raped the woman while the children, in a state of shock, threatened and beaten and too young to comprehend or react, were present nearby throughout the entire ordeal. They then robbed the woman of her belongings and threatened to kill her but did not inflict further injury and eventually eloped in the abyss. Intensive man-hunt operations were launched by law enforcement agencies after several nationwide demonstrations eventuated demanding the immediate arrest of perpetrators, By November 2020, both of the perpetrators had been arrested and are currently undergoing trials in terrorism courts. A lead police official commented that she should not have travelled alone such late night and should've checked her fuel levels before embarking on her journey. These comments were perceived as sexist and apologetic of rape, leading to an outcry over Victim blaming. Just a few days earlier, a 5-year-old girl Fabrairu 8, 2021 An tsinci gawar wani yaro bayan an yi lalata da shi a yankin Chowk Steel Bagh bayan ya bace tsawon kwanaki biyar. A cewar rahoton na ‘yan sandan, dan Mustafa mai shekaru 15 ya bace ne bayan ya je wata gonar kiwon kaji da ke yankin Raukhanwala don yin aiki. ‘Yan uwan yaron dai sun yi ta rera taken nuna rashin amincewarsu da ‘yan sanda tare da neman a saka laifin cin zarafi a cikin shari’ar da ake yi wa wadanda ake zargin tare da hukunta su. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2021: A ranar 74th na samun 'yancin kai na Pakistan, wasu gungun maza kusan 400 sun lalata wata matashiya ta youtuber a Pakistan yayin bikin ranar samun 'yancin kai a wani abin tunawa na kasa na Minar-e-Pakistan. Bidiyon yadda ake cin zarafin ya yadu, A cikin faifan bidiyon, ana iya ganin daruruwan samari suna jefa yarinyar a iska don jin dadi, suna jan ta, suna yaga tufafinta suna lalata da ita. Ta yi zargin cewa jama’a sun dauke ta suka fara jifar ta a iska. Ta ce: “An tube ni kuma tufafina sun yayyage. Ta kuma yi zargin cewa a yayin wannan lamarin, ’yan bindigar sun sace mata kayan ado na zinare, tsabar kudi PKR 150,000 da wayar salula. A cewar 'yan sanda an kaddamar da FIR.
Nau'ukan Kungiyar yaki da fyade (WAR) ta bayyana tsananin matsalar fyade a Pakistan da kuma halin ko in kula da ‘yan sanda ke yi. WAR wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce manufarta ita ce bayyana matsalar fyade a Pakistan; A wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekarar 1992, cikin 60 da aka samu rahoton aikata fyade, kashi 20% na hannun ‘yan sanda ne. A shekara ta 2008 kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa wata kungiyar addini ce ta ci zarafin wasu mambobinta yayin da suke kokarin taimakawa wata mata da aka yi wa fyade ta gano wadanda suka kai mata hari. A cewar wani binciken da Human Rights Watch ta gudanar, ana samun fyade sau daya a cikin sa'o'i biyu, fyade ga kungiyoyi a kowace sa'a da kashi 70-90 na mata suna fama da wani nau'i na tashin hankali a cikin gida. A cewar farfesa a fannin nazarin mata Shahla Haeri, fyade a Pakistan "sau da yawa yana da tsari kuma yana da dabara kuma a wasu lokutan gwamnati ta amince da ita". A cewar wani bincike na Human Rights Watch, ana samun fyade sau ɗaya a cikin sa'o'i biyu da kuma fyade ga ƙungiyoyi kowane takwas. Asma Jahangir, lauya kuma wacce ta kafa kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta Women's Action Forum, ta ruwaito a cikin wani bincike na 1988 na mata da ake tsare da su a Punjab cewa kusan kashi 72 cikin 100 na su sun bayyana cewa an yi lalata da su yayin da suke tsare.
Fyade da 'yan uwa A cewar WAR, sama da kashi 82 cikin 100 na masu fyade ‘yan uwa ne da suka hada da uba, ‘yan’uwa, kakanni da kakannin wadanda aka kashe. Laifukan suna fitowa fili ne a lokacin da ‘yan matan suka samu juna biyu kuma su je wurin likitocin mata domin zubar da ciki. Iyayen ma ba sa zuwa wurin ‘yan sanda. A cewar Kungiyar Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Zaman Lafiya ta NGO, rahotannin fyade da cin zarafi sun karu da kusan kashi 400 cikin kwata na kwata yayin kulle-kullen COVID-19, saboda ƙuntatawa na Covid da ke tilasta wa yara su kasance a gida don ba da damar dangi su ci gaba da cin zarafi akai-akai.
fyaden aure A Pakistan, kusan kashi 20-30% na mata suna fuskantar wani nau'i na cin zarafi a cikin gida yayin rayuwarsu. Fyaɗen aure wani nau'i ne na cin zarafin ma'aurata da aka saba yi domin ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin laifi a ƙarƙashin dokokin Zina. Yawancin maza da mata a Pakistan sun taso tare da imanin cewa "jima'i hakkin namiji ne a aure". An cusa mata da ra'ayin cewa manufarsu a cikin al'umma ita ce cika sha'awar namiji da kuma haihuwa Batun jima'i abu ne da aka haramta a Pakistan, saboda haka mata sukan guji ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru game da fyade. An yi la'akari da cin zarafin aure gaba ɗaya a matsayin al'amari na iyali da na sirri a Pakistan wanda shine wani dalili na dalilin da ya sa mata suka daina ba da rahoto don tsoron hukunci na zamantakewa. Rashin yarda da jima'i na aure zai iya haifar da al'amurran da suka shafi lafiyar haihuwa, jima'i mara kyau, da kuma ciki maras so. Bincike ya nuna cewa ana ci gaba da yin fyade a auratayya a duk tsawon lokacin da ake ciki, haka kuma yana iya haifar da haihuwar jarirai da dama. Bincike ya nuna cewa fyaɗe a aure ya fi faruwa a Pakistan saboda sha’awar miji na samun ’ya’ya da yawa musamman na samun ‘ya’ya maza. Ko da a cikin yanayin da ba a yarda da juna ba wanda ya haifar da fyade, ladan da aka samu a cikin matsayi na iya zama mai girma wanda mata za su zabi su ajiye jaririn, amma matan da suka haifi 'ya'ya maza sukan nemi zubar da ciki kuma a wasu lokuta a yi musu haifuwa don guje wa zubar da ciki. ciki wanda ba a yi niyya ba wanda ke haifar da fyade. Mata sun yi wannan aikin ba tare da izinin mazajensu ba. Maza a wasu lokuta ana yi wa alurar riga kafi amma ya fi zama ruwan dare ga mata su zama haifuwa. Wani lokaci bayan tiyatar bukatar mijin na karuwa. Ana yi wa fyaden aure daidai da duk wani fyade a dokar Pakistan wanda hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya ko kuma daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari. Sai dai kuma an samu labarin fyaden aure guda daya kacal a Pakistan duk da cewa matsalar ce da aka saba samu.
Na farko, matsayin matsi na al'adu da tsammanin daga mace a cikin aure, tare da mahaifiyar matar da ke ƙarfafa miji ya yi ƙoƙari ya kulla auren ba tare da son mace ba. Na biyu, adalci yana samuwa ne kawai ga matan Pakistan masu ilimi da basira waɗanda ke da matsayi mai yawa na zamantakewa, tare da damar samun 'yan sanda mata, da samun damar samun alkali mace da ke son gudanar da shari'ar a cikin kyamara bayan sa'o'i. A karshe, haduwar hukuncin jiki da tarar hukunci ne da ya dace maimakon zaman gidan yari mai tsawo, domin mace tana iya dogaro da miji na kudi, kuma maigida zai koyi darasinsa, musamman idan an yi hakan ne a karkashin matsin al’umma. daurin auren.
Cin zarafin yara Cin zarafin yara ya zama ruwan dare a makarantun Pakistan. A cikin wani bincike na cin zarafin yara a Rawalpindi da Islamabad, daga cikin samfurin yara 300 17% sun yi iƙirarin cewa an ci zarafinsu kuma a cikin 1997 an ba da rahoton wani yaro a rana a matsayin fyade, fyade ko sacewa don jin dadi. A cikin watan Satumba na 2014, gidan talabijin na Burtaniya 4 ya watsa wani shirin gaskiya mai suna Pakistan's Hidden Shame, wanda Mohammed Naqvi ya ba da umarni kuma Jamie Doran ya shirya, wanda ya nuna matsalar lalata da yara musamman a kan titi, kimanin kashi 90 cikin dari na wadanda aka yi lalata da su.
Al’adar Bacha bazi da ta shafi lalata da maza ko maza daga maza da maza da maza ke yi ya zama ruwan dare a yankunan Arewa maso yammacin Pakistan Duk da yake Pakistan tana da dokoki don kare yara da hana luwadi, waɗannan ba kasafai ake aiwatar da su ba kuma bacha bazi ya zama barata a matsayin al'adar al'ada. </br>Kungiyar sa-kai ta yankin Sahil ta ba da rahoton cin zarafin yara 3,832 a shekarar 2018 wanda hakan ya karu da kashi 11 cikin 100 daga shekarar 2017 (3,445). Yawancin wadannan kararraki ana ba da rahotonsu ne a lardin Punjab kuma an ba da rahoton mafi karancin kararraki a lardin Gilgit Baltistan. Kusan kashi 72 cikin 100 na masu kamuwa da cutar ana samun rahoton a yankunan karkara da kashi 28 cikin dari a birane.
Kasur badakalar Wannan badakalar cin zarafin yara ta Kasur jerin cin zarafin yara ce da ta faru a kauyen Hussain Khanwala da ke gundumar Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan daga 2006 zuwa 2014, wanda ya kai ga wata babbar badakalar siyasa a shekarar 2015. Bayan gano daruruwan faifan bidiyo da ke nuna yara na yin lalata da tilas, kungiyoyin yada labaran Pakistan daban-daban sun kiyasta cewa yara 280 zuwa 300, yawancinsu maza, sun kasance wadanda aka lalata da su. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi wata kungiyar masu aikata laifuka da ta sayar da hotunan batsa ga yara zuwa shafukan batsa, tare da lalata da kuma karbar 'yan uwan wadanda abin ya shafa.
Fansa fyade A shekarar 2002, lokacin da aka tuhumi wani yaro dan shekara 12 da wata mata, sai jirga (majalisar dattawan yankin) ta umurci a damke kanwarsa Mukhtar Mai (shekara 28) a matsayin ramuwar gayya. A shekara ta 2017 wani yaro ya yi wa yarinya ‘yar shekara 12 fyade sannan kuma jirga ta umarci da a yi wa ‘yar uwarsa fyade a matsayin ramuwar gayya. Amma 'yan sanda sun kama su.
Fyade ga tsiraru An samu rahotannin fyade da cin zarafi da aka yi wa mata Kiristoci, mabiya addinin Hindu a Pakistan. Rashin aiki, ƙin shigar da ƙara, cin zarafi da cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin ‘yan sanda da na shari’a su ma matsaloli ne da yawa.
Halaye Fyade a Pakistan ya dauki hankulan kasashen duniya bayan da Mukhtaran Bibi ya tuhumi wadanda suka kai mata fyade tare da bayyana abubuwan da suka faru da ita. Daga nan aka hana ta damar barin kasar. A wata hira da jaridar Washington Post ta yi da shugaban Pakistan na lokacin, Janar Pervez Musharraf, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne mai fafutukar "Musulunci mai matsakaicin ra'ayi" da ke mutunta 'yancin mata, kuma ya yi korafin cewa ya ƙi zuwa Amurka. Ana nuna rashin adalci a kasar a matsayin wurin da fyade da cin zarafi da ake yi wa mata ya zama ruwan dare kuma ana yin afuwa akai-akai. Ya ce ya hakura da barin ta ta bar kasar, ya kuma bayyana cewa fyade ya zama abin damuwa na neman kudi, hanyar samun arziki a kasashen waje. Wannan magana ta haifar da hatsaniya, kuma daga baya Musharraf ya musanta cewa ya yi hakan. Bayanin hakan ya fito ne bisa la’akari da yadda wata mata da aka yi wa fyaden, Dokta Shazia Khalid, ta bar Pakistan, tana zaune ne a kasar Canada, kuma ta yi magana a kan halin da ake ciki a hukumance na fyade a Pakistan. Musharraf ya ce game da ita: “Hanyar yin hakan ita ce mafi sauki. Kowane mutum na biyu yanzu yana so ya zo ya sami duk [dakata] saboda akwai kuɗi da yawa. Dr. Shazia, ban sani ba. Amma kila ita ma maganar kudi ce (itama), cewa tana son yin kudi. Ta sake yin magana akan Pakistan, akan duk wani abu da muka yi. Amma na san mene ne hakikanin gaskiya." Ana amfani da gwajin DNA da sauran shaidun kimiyya wajen hukunta laifukan fyade a Pakistan.
Duba kuma
Littafi Mai Tsarki Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
10523 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Datti%20Baba-Ahmed | Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed | Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed
Sanata ne, kuma dan kasuwa, wanda ya kafa jami'ar Baze. Ya kasance mutum ne wanda ba ya bukatar wata doguwar gabatar wa. Sunansa ya yi amo, yin zarra, da kuma yin fice a sassa daban-daban na rayuwar al’umma ta yau da kullum.
Farkon Rayuwa da Karatu Baba-Ahmed, dan asalin yankin Tudun Wada ne da ke cikin kwaryar Birnin Zariya ta Jihar Kaduna. An haife shi shekaru 45 da suka gabata a garin na zariya dai-dai da ranar 29 ga watan Junairun shekarar alif 1969.
Gabanin tsundumarsa a fagen neman ilimin zamani sai da ya soma da neman ilimin addinin Musulunci a shekarun farko-farko na kuruciyarsa, wannan ya zo dai-dai da tsarin tarbiya irin ta ‘ya’yan Musulmi na bude idanu da neman ilimin kadaita Mahalicci tare da sanin fikihu na Farlu-Ainni. A bangaren ilimin zamani kuwa, Datti ya bi matattakalar neman ilimi tun daga mataki na farko har sai da ya dangane da digirin-digirgir.
Bayan kamala karatunsa na Sakandare a Makarantar Sakandare ta Rundunar Sojojin sama da ke Jos ta Jihar Filato, tare da samun sakamako mai kyawo a jarabawarsa ta GCE a shekarar alif 1986, Datti ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Maiduguri domin karantar fannin Tsimi da Tanadi (wato Economics), inda ya kamala tare da samun shaidar digirin farko a wannan fannin a shekarar alif 1992.
A fagen neman ilimi kuwa, ya yada shi a tsakanin al’umma, ya kafa muhimmin abin tarihi a duniyar ilimi domin yanzu haka yana da mallakin mabambantan takardun shaidar digiri dai-dai har guda hudu jere da juna, a cikinsu kuwa har da digirin digirgir a fannin tsimi da tanadi, don haka gagarumar gudummawar da ya bayar a jiya da wacce ya ke bayarwa a yau ga ci-gaban ilimi al’amari ne da zai yi wuya a misalta shi.
Siyasa da Kasuwanci A fagen shugabanci da siyasa kuwa fitaccen jagora na siyasa, tarihin da ya kafa na gudanar da wakilcin jama’a a majalisar wakilai da kuma majalisar dattawa ta tarayyar Najeriya sun sanya shi a wani muhimmin gurbi wanda ya zamo abin kwatance a tsakanin ‘yan siyasarmu na yau, wanda dalili kenan da ya sa har zuwa yau din nan hasken tauraruwar tasiri da kimarsa ba ta taba dushewa ba.
Ta fuskar kasuwanci kuwa, hamshakin dan kasuwa ne wanda ya san kabli da ba’adin kasuwanci. Zaka yarda da hakan idan ka yi duba ga irin gudummawarsa ga habaka harkokin kasuwanci da na tattalin arziki wanda har ya zama abin kwatance da alfahari ga al’umma.
Bayan aikin bautar kasa da ya yi a jami’ar Aikin gona ta Abeokuta dake Jihar Ogun a tsakanin shekarun alif 1992 zuwa shekarar alif 1993, Baba-Ahmed ya sake komawa a jami’ar ta Maiduguri domin karatun digirinsa na biyu a fannin na tsimi da tanadi wanda ya samu nasarar kammalawa a shekarar alif 1995.
Daga nan sai likkafar neman iliminsa ta yi gaba inda ya keta hazo zuwa shahararriyar jami’ar nan ta Wales, da ke Birtaniya, (wato University of Wales, Cardiff), inda ya samu karin digiri na uku a fannin harkokin gudanarda hada-hadar kasuwanci, wato MBA a shekarar alif 1996.
Haka ma bayan wasu ‘yan shekaru na hidimomin kasuwanci da yiwa jama’a hidima, Datti ya sake komawa Nahiyar Turai domin kara zurfafa iliminsa, a wannan karon kuwa jami’ar nan ta Wesminster da ke Birnin London ita ya yiwa tsinke, wato University of Wseminster, London, inda ya kamala da samun digirin-digirgir wato PHD, a shekarar 2006.
Sauran karance-karancen ilimi da kuma kwasa-kwasan da wannan matashin dan boko ya halarta sun hada da wata takardar shaidar Difiloma a fannin tattarawa tare da adana bayanai wadda ya samu a shekarar 1993. Sai kuma wata takardar shaida akan dubarun tabbatar da dai-daito da kwatanta gaskiya, wacce ya samu daga cibiyar tuntuba ta Arbitrage Consulting a shekarar 1996. Daga nan kuma sai wata takardar shaida akan aiwatar da harkokin Tsimi da Tanadi da ya samu daga Makarantar Koyar da harkokin Tsimi da Tanadi ta Birnin Landan, wato London School for Practican Economics a shekarar 1998.
A bangaren aikace-aikace kuwa, ko bayan aikin da ya yi a Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Abeukuta a tsakanin shekarun 1992 zuwa shekarar alif 1993, a lokacin da yake aikin hidimar Baba-Ahmed ya taba rike mukamin Kodinatan ayyuka na Cibiyar Bincike da Aikin Tattara Bayanai ta Baze Research and Data Service, tun daga watan Mayun shekarar 1993 zuwa watan Satumbar shekarar alif 1994, sa’annan daga watan Oktoban shekarar alif 1994 zuwa Satumbar shekarar alif 1995.
Haka kuma Sanata Datti ya rike mukamin Jami’i na biyu a Ma’aikatar Buga Takardun Kudi da sauran Muhimman Takardu ta Kasa, wato NSPMC da ke Victoria Island a Birnin Legas. Ya taba zama Jami’in gudanar da harkokin Banki a reshin Bankin First Bank da ke Birnin Landan daga watan Yulin shekarar 1997 zuwa watan Disambar shekarar 1998, da kuma tsakanin watan Disambar 1998 zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 1999. Kuma Sanata Datti ya rike mukamin Jami’in gudanarwa na Kamfanin Billfinger+ Berger Limited, da ke Landan. Datti Baba-Ahmed ya sake komawa Cibiyar Bincike da Tattara Bayanai ta Baze a shekarar 1999 zuwa shekarar 2003 da kuma shekarar 2007 zuwa shekarar 2008, inda ya rike matsayin Manajan Daraktan Cibiyar ta gudanar da bincike.
A fagen Siyasa kuma Baba-Ahmed, mutum ne da tun tashinsa ya kasance mai cudanya da mu’amalar kirki da jama’arsa, domin haka kamar salon maganar nan ne da Hausawa ke cewa, ko da iska ya zo, ya tarar da kaba ta na rawa, koda siyasa ta zo ta tarar da Datti cikin jama’a, ba wai siyasar ce ta kawo shi cikin jama’a ba.
Baba-Ahmed ya taba zama Dan Majalisar mai Wakiltar Al’ummar Mazabar Zariya a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007. Haka kuma a tsakanin shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012 ya wakilci Al’ummar mazabar Dan Majalisar Dattawa ta Kaduna ta Arewa a Majalisar Dattawa ta Kasa.
Datti Baba-Ahmed, Sanannen Dan kishin Kasa ne, mai cike da muradin taimakawa al’umma, kuma mutum ne da ya aiwatar da tarin ayyukan taimako da jinkayin jama’a a fannonin rayuwar al’umma daban-daban, tun ma dai ba a fagen Ilimi ba.
Taimako (Aikin jinkai) Baba-Ahmed, a kashin kansa ya gina tare da bayar da kyautar makarantun karamar Sakandare har guda biyu ga Al’ummar mahaifarsa ta Zariya. Makarantun masu daukar sama da dalibai 4,000, wadanda Shugaban Kasa Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya kadammar da daya a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2005, tun kamin ya sake zama shugaban Kasa. Haka kuma Mai Martaba Sarkin Zazzau Alhaji Dakta Shehu Idris ya kaddamar da daya a watan Disambar shekarar 2006. Wadannan makarantu, yanzu haka sun yaye sama da dalibai 12,000 daga sassa daban-daban na Birnin Zariya da kewaye. Kuma ko bayan wannan a duk shekara ya kan samar da tallafin karatu ga daruruwan matasa ta hanyar sayowa tare da rarraba takardun cikewa na karatun Difiloma da Digiri da kuma na jarabawar NECO da WAEC da kuma JAMB/UTME kyauta ga al’umma. Kuma a wani bangare na gudummawarsa ga addini da kuma yada shi, a shekarar 2006, Sanata Yusuf Datti ya samar da masalacin Juma’a na AR-RAHMA kyauta ga al’ummar yankin Jabi.
A shekarar 2008 ne Baba-Ahmed ya kafa wani muhimmin abin tarihi da ba a taba ganin irinsa a fagen ilimi a kafatanin Arewacin Nigeriya ba, a inda a watan Yulin shekarar 2014 ne a kashin kansa ya kirkiro tare da samar da Jami’a mai zaman kanta wadda aka fi sani da Jami'ar Baze (wato BAZE UNIVERSITY) da ke da mazauninta a Abuja, Babban Birnin Tarayyar Nijeriya.
A lokacin bukin bude wannan makarantar ta BAZE UNIVERSITY manyan shuwagabanin Najeriya, da Sarakunan Najeriya zuwa ga manyan masana na Najeriya duk sun halarci taron, kuma sun yaba sun jinjina da wannan namijin kokarin da Datti Baba-Ahmed ya yin a kafa makarantar. Daga cikinsu akwai Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na wancan lokacin Namandi Sambo, Sarkin Zazzau Alhaji Shehu Idris, Gwamnan Baban Bankin Najeriya na wancan lokacin Sarkin Kano Muhammad Sanusi II. Haka akwai Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, tsohon shugaban kasa, Sanata David Mark shugaban Majalisar Dattawa na wancan lokacin. Shehu Aliyu Shagari, Yakubu Gawon, da sauran wasu muhimman mutane da shuwagabanin Kasar Najeriya. Jami’ar wadda tun kafuwarta har zuwa yanzu shine ke rike da matsayin uban Jami’ar, wato Pro-Chancellor, Jami’a ce da ta yi matukar fice tare da yin zarra a fagen ilimi da bincike-bincike a tsakanin manyan jami’o’in Kasar nan.
Yanzu haka dai ko bayan matsayin uban Jami’ar ta Baze da yake rike da shi tun kafuwarta har zuwa yau Datti Baba-Ahmed shi ne manajan Daraktan Cibiyar Bincike-Bincike da Aikin Tattara Bayanai ta Baze Research and Data Services Limited. Kuma shine shugaban Kamfanin gine-gine na Baze Construction Limited, kamfanin da yanzu haka ya samar da kafar neman abin jefawa a baka ga mutane da dama sama da mutum 300, ciki kuwa har da fararen fata ‘yan kasashen waje. Datti Baba-Ahmed ya sha samun karramawa da lambobin yabo masu tarin yawa saboda yabawa da kwazonsa da kuma namijin kokarinsa tare da dimbin gudummawarsa ga ci-gaban al’umma ta fannoni da dama. Yanzu haka yana da lambar FSAN ta kungiyar Masana Kimiyya ta Kasa.
Sa’annan kuma shine uban kulub din masu wasan kwallon Polo ta Zariya, wato, Zaria Polo Club tun daga shekarar 2007 har zuwa yau dinnan. Kuma har wayau shine shugaban Dandalin Sabuntawa da Kyautata Al’amurran jama’a na Renaisssance Forum For Sociatal Reforms. Za a iya cewa, Sanata Yusuf Baba-Ahmed mutum ne da ke matukar sha’awar harkokin wasanni musamman wasannin squash da Chess, haka kuma yana da sha’awa ga harkokin muhawarori na ilimi.
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1969
Mutane daga Jihar |
53926 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar%20Najeriya%20ta%20farko | Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta farko | Jamhuriya ta farko ita ce gwamnatin jamhuriya ta Najeriya tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1966 wanda kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya na farko ya jagoranta Gwamnatin ƙasar ta dogara ne akan tsarin tarayya na tsarin Westminster Tsakanin inga Oktobaoba 1960, lokacin da ƙasar ta saƴa'yancin kai da 15 ga Janairu 1966, lokacin da aka yi juyin mulkin soja na farko, ana kuma kiranta da Jamhuriya ta farko. Jamhuriya ta farko a Najeriya ta samu mulkin shugabanni daban-daban da ke wakiltar yankunansu a matsayin firamare a wata tarayya a wannan lokaci. Shugabannin sun hada da Ahmadu Bello Arewacin Najeriya 1959-1966, Obafemi Awolowo Western Nigeria 1959-1960, Samuel Akintola Western Nigeria 1960-1966, Michael Okpara Eastern Nigeria 1960-1966, da Dennis Osadebay Mid-Western Nigeria 1964-1966.
An kafa (1963) Duk da cewa Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga kasar Birtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960, al'ummar kasar sun ci gaba da rike Sarauniyar Ingila Elizabeth II a matsayin shugabar kasa har zuwa lokacin da aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1963 wanda ya ayyana kasar a matsayin jamhuriya. An kiyaye tsarin gwamnati na Westminster, don haka ikon shugaban kasa gabaɗaya na biki ne. Sunan "Nigeria" ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "Nijar" sunan kogin da ya kasance mafi ban mamaki yanayin yanayin kasar. Najeriya kasa ce mai ta yi iyaka da jamhuriyar Benin zuwa yamma, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da jamhuriyar Nijar da jamhuriyar Chadi, daga gabas da jamhuriyar Kamaru, da kudu ta mashigin tekun Guinea Kasar ta sami 'yencin kanta daga hannun gwamnatin Biritaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960, kuma ta zama jamhuriya a shekarar 1963. Tafiyar samun ‘yancin kai ta faro ne da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi tsarin mulki a Najeriya. Wadannan ci gaban tsarin mulkin kasar sun ga kasar ta sami mulkin kai a wasu bangarori a shekarar 1957 da kuma samun 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960.
Shugaban kasa Note: Nnamdi Azikiwe ya yi murabus daga NCNC ya zama Gwamna-Janar na farko a Najeriya daga 16 ga Nuwamba 1960 30 ga Satumba 1963.
Firayam Minista Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa na Jam’iyyar Arewa shi ne Fira Minista daya tilo a zamanin Jamhuriyya ta farko.
Jam'iyyun siyasa Action Group (AG)
Borno Youth Movement (BYM)
Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Najeriya da Kamaru (DPNC)
Jam'iyyar Dynamic Party (DP)
Kungiyar Igala (IU)
Igbira Tribal Union (ITU)
Midwest Democratic Front (MDF)
Majalisar kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru/Convention of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC)
Jam'iyyar Independence Party (NIP)
Niger Delta Congress (NDC)
Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party (NNDP)
Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU)
Jam'iyyar Arewa People's Congress (NPC)
Northern Progressive Front (NPF)
Jam'iyyar Republican (RP)
United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC)
United National Independence Party (UNIP)
Zamfara Commoners Party (ZCP)
Siyasa An raba kasar zuwa yankuna uku na geopolitical Yankin Yamma, Yankin Gabas da Yankin Arewa kuma jam'iyyun siyasarta sun dauki kamanni da akidun kowane yanki. Jam’iyyar People’s Congress (NPC) ta wakilci yankin Arewa da galibi Hausawa Fulani ne, Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) (wanda daga baya aka sauya mata suna zuwa “Majalisar Jama’ar Najeriya”) ta wakilci yankin Gabashin Ibo ne. sannan kungiyar Action Group (AG) ta mamaye yankin Yarbawa ta Yamma. NPC ta karbe ikon majalisar tarayya, ta kuma kafa gwamnatin hadaka da NCNC. Jam’iyyar Independence Party (NIP) da Farfesa Eyo Ita ya kafa ta zama jam’iyyar siyasa ta biyu a tsohon yankin Gabas. Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sokoto, shugaban jam'iyyar NPC, yana shirin zama Firimiyan Firimiya, amma a maimakon haka ya zabi ya zama Firimiyan yankin Arewa, kuma ya goyi bayan takarar mataimakinsa Tafawa Balewa Hakan dai ya haifar da shakku a tsakanin ‘yan siyasar kudancin kasar, inda suka nuna rashin jin dadinsu kan ra’ayin gwamnatin tarayya da wani shugaban yankin ke kula da shi ta hanyar da aka nada masa. A karshe, Tafawa Balewa na NPC ya zama Firayim Minista kuma shugaban gwamnati, sannan Nnamdi Azikiwe na NCNC ya zama shugaban kasa A lokacin da Nijeriya ta samu ‘yancin kai, yankin Arewa ya samu kujeru a majalisar wakilai fiye da na gabas da yamma idan aka hade-hakan zai kara tabbatar da rinjayen Arewa a siyasar Najeriya shekaru masu zuwa. Bacin rai a tsakanin 'yan siyasar kudancin kasar ya shiga rudanin siyasa a kasar. An zargi Obafemi Awolowo, Firimiyan Yankin Yamma da yunkurin kifar da gwamnati. Hakan ya biyo bayan rikicin da ya barke tsakanin gwamnatin yankin AG da gwamnatin tsakiya. Duk da gazawar shaidun da masu gabatar da kara na gwamnati suka gabatar, an yanke masa hukunci. Da tsare Awolowo, Samuel Akintola ya karbi ragamar shugabancin yankin Yamma. Domin kuwa Akintola abokin Ahmadu Bello ne, wanda ba za a iya cece-kuce ba a Najeriya, sai aka rika sukar Akintola a matsayin makamin Arewa. A matsayinsa na firayim ministan Yamma, Akintola ya shugabanci zamanin da ya fi kowa rudani a Yankin Yamma—wanda ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da Wild-Wild West Sai dai kuma har ya zuwa ranar Alhamis 13 ga watan Janairun 1966 Balewa ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta tsoma baki a kasashen Yamma ba. Sai dai washegari Akintola, firayim ministan Yamma ya gana da amininsa Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sokoto, Firimiyan Arewa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar NPC da Balewa yake. A daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da babban taron tsaro a Legas wanda ya samu halartar mafi yawan manyan hafsoshin sojojin kasar. Duk wannan aiki ya haifar da jita-jita cewa za a tilasta wa gwamnatin Balewa murkushe rashin bin doka da oda a kasashen Yamma ta hanyar amfani da karfin soja.
Fitattun 'yan siyasa SA Ajayi ya koma lardin Kabba ya koma jam'iyyar Arewa People's Congress, inda daga bisani ya tashi ya zama mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar a lardin Kabba. A shekarar 1955 aka zabe shi kansila a gwamnatin jihar Kabba sannan bayan shekara daya ya samu kujerar dan majalisar dokokin Arewa, sannan ya zama dan majalisar zartarwa na yankin a matsayin karamin ministan kula da gandun daji. An nada shi mukaddashin ministan ilimi a shekarar 1963, bayan babu Isa Kaita A lokacin da yake Majalisar Dokokin Arewa, an nada shi Sakataren Majalisar Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya, Ahmadu Bello daga 1957 zuwa 1960. Ya na daga cikin wakilan da suka tattauna kan ‘yancin Najeriya a taron Lancaster House da aka yi a Landan kuma ya jagoranci tawagar Arewacin Najeriya zuwa Landan don tattaunawa da kaddamar da VC-10 Nigeria Airways Ya kasance memba ne a Ofishin Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya zuwa Yammacin Jamus kuma ya kasance minista har lokacin da sojoji suka hambarar da gwamnatinsu a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966 A zamanin gwamnatin Shehu Shagari, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanin inshora na kasa (NICON).
Juyin mulkin Rikicin siyasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1960 ya kai ga juyin mulkin farko da sojoji suka yi a Najeriya. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu da sauran sojojinsa na 'yan tawaye (mafi yawansu 'yan yankin kudu ne) da Manjo Emmanuel Ifeajuna na sojojin Najeriya ke jagoranta, suka aiwatar da kisan gillar da aka yi wa daukacin hukumomin gwamnati. Prime Minister Tafawa Balewa, an kashe shi ne tare da Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya, mai karfi Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto, Samuel Akintola, Firayim Ministan Yamma da Festus Okotie-Eboh, Ministan Kudi Babu tabbas ko an ceto ran shugaba Azikiwe ne saboda baya kasar a lokacin, ko kuma an sanar da shi juyin mulkin da ke shirin yi, kuma yana kasar waje domin a tsira da ransa. Manjo-Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya karbi mulki a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soja na farko a Najeriya a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 1966.
Yakin basasa da bayansa: 1966–79 Jamhuriyyar za ta wargaje ne sakamakon ballewar Biafra da yakin basasar da ya biyo baya daga 1966 zuwa 1970. Bayan kawo karshen yakin, al'ummar kasar sun sake hadewa tare da ci gaba da mulkin soja har na tsawon shekaru tara, tare da aiwatar da yan kasuwa na kasashen waje. Daga karshe dai an gudanar da zabe a shekarar 1979 wanda ya kai ga Jamhuriyar ta biyu ta Najeriya.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje JAMHURIYAR FARKO
Najeriya Bayanin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
Tarihin Najeriya
Kafafen Yada Labarai Da Dimokuradiyya a Najeriya
Labarin ciki na juyin mulkin soja na farko a Najeriya (1)
Najeriya
Tarihin |
57553 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep%20Wrangler | Jeep Wrangler | Jeep Wrangler jeri ne na karami da matsakaicin girman tuki mai kafa hudu daga kan hanya SUVs da Jeep ke kerawa tun 1986, kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin ƙarni na huɗu. Wrangler JL, mafi yawan 'yan kwanan nan, an bayyana shi a ƙarshen 2017 kuma an samar da shi a Jeep's Toledo Complex Wrangler ci gaba ne kai tsaye daga Yaƙin Duniya na II Jeep, ta hanyar CJ (Jeep na farar hula) wanda Willys, Kaiser-Jeep da Kamfanin Motocin Amurka (AMC) suka samar daga tsakiyar 1940s zuwa 1980s. Ko da yake ba AMC ko Chrysler (bayan siyan AMC a 1987) sun yi iƙirarin cewa Wrangler ya kasance zuriyar kai tsaye na samfurin soja na asali duka CJ Jeeps da Wrangler mai ma'ana, tare da tsayayyen axles da buɗe saman, an kira su. Samfurin Jeep a matsayin tsakiya ga ainihin alamar Jeep kamar yadda injin baya 911 yake zuwa Porsche Mai kama da Willys MB da CJ Jeeps a gabansa, duk samfuran Wrangler suna ci gaba da yin amfani da keɓantaccen jiki da firam, tsayayyen rayayyun axles duka gaba da baya, ƙirar hanci mai murzawa tare da fenders, gilashin iska mai ninki biyu, kuma ana iya tukawa. ba kofofi. Har ila yau, tare da ƴan kaɗan, suna da tsarin tafiyar da ƙafar ƙafa huɗu na lokaci-lokaci, tare da zaɓi na babba da ƙananan gearing, kuma ma'auni ne bude jikin jiki tare da wuya-ko mai laushi mai iya cirewa. Koyaya, jerin Wrangler an sake tsara shi musamman don zama mafi aminci da kwanciyar hankali akan hanya, don jawo hankalin ƙarin direbobin yau da kullun, ta haɓaka dakatarwar sa, tuƙi, da ciki, idan aka kwatanta da layin CJ. Dakatar da kan duk Wranglers ya haɗa da sandunan waƙa da sandunan anti-roll, kuma, daga 1997 TJ gaba, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na gaba da na baya maimakon maɓuɓɓugan ganye na baya. Daga 2004 zuwa gaba, Wrangler an cika shi da nau'ikan kafaffen kafa, wanda ake kira Wrangler Unlimited 2004-2006 samfuran sun kasance tsayin juyi tare da kofofin 2. A cikin 2004 kawai nau'ikan "Unlimited" na atomatik watsawa aka sayar. A cikin 2005 duka atomatik da kuma manual 6-gudun (NSG-370) aka miƙa. Tun daga 2007, Wranglers masu tsayin ƙafafu sun kasance samfuran kofa huɗu, suna ba da sama da fiye daki. A tsakiyar 2017 samfuran kofa huɗu sun wakilci kashi uku cikin huɗu na duk sabbin Wranglers a kasuwa.
Fage A waje da karfi kama da Jeep CJ-7, na farko Wrangler, wanda aka sanar a hukumance a watan Fabrairu 1986 a 1986 Chicago Auto Show, ya dogara ne akan sabon saiti na ƙira. "Tsarin falsafar samfurin da ke bayan motocin guda biyu" François Castaing (AMC VP na Injiniyan Samfura) ya bayyana, "ya bambanta sosai". Sabuwar motar tana da waƙa mai faɗi, ƙasa kaɗan kaɗan, ƙarin kwanciyar hankali, da ingantaccen kulawa. YJ har yanzu yana da dakatarwar bazara mai kama da ta CJ duk da haka, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa sun fi faɗi, kuma Wrangler na farko ya buga hanyoyin dakatarwar trackbar da sandunan rigakafin yi don ingantacciyar kulawa da aminci, yana sa ya zama ƙasa da sauƙin juyewa ta hanyar rashin horo ko rashin hankali. direbobi. Wrangler ya yi muhawara a cikin 1986 a matsayin sabon samfuri bayan katsewar jerin Jeep CJ. An sake sabunta shi a cikin 1996, kuma an sake fasalin gaba ɗaya a cikin 2006. Baya ga sunan samfurin Wrangler, kowane samfurin ya sami nadi mai dacewa da tsararrakinsa: YJ (1986-1995), TJ (1997-2006), TJU's (wanda aka fi sani da LJs- 2004-2006 Unlimited model, ko YJL, a cikin Littafin mai gidan Masar. JKU (2007-2017 Unlimited model) da JK (2007-2017), da kuma sabuwar JL samfurin, an gabatar da su don shekara ta 2018. Sifofin soja na ƙasashen waje na Wrangler sun ɗauki sunan J8 wanda aka fara yiwa lakabi da TJL lokacin da aka fara samar da shi a masana'antar Masarautar Motar Larabawa ta Amurka. An kera samfuran Jeep YJ tsakanin 1986 da 1995 a Majalisar Brampton, daga baya kuma a Toledo South Assembly shuka. Babban bambanci a cikin ƙirar 1987-1995 sune fitilun fitilun huɗu, waɗanda suka koma masu zagaye a cikin TJ sannan kuma JK versions. A 2006, Wrangler samar da aka koma Toledo Complex Bayan-2006 Wranglers an ware su daga magabata ta kusurwar gasa. A cikin duk samfuran da suka gabata, grille ya kasance lebur har ma tare da shinge na gaba. An gina sabon Wrangler tare da gasa wanda ya karkata daga sama sannan ya ci gaba a madaidaiciyar layi daga tsakiyar hanya, zuwa kasa. Wannan ya rage tsawon kaho yayin da yake ƙara tsayin fenders. A cikin ƙarin samfuran kwanan nan, wannan kusurwa an ƙara saukar da shi zuwa ƙasan gasa.
A Masar, an samar da YJ a cikin gajere da nau'ikan tushe mai tsayi. Ƙaƙwalwar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ta riƙe ƙirar kofa 2 kuma an yi mata lakabi da LJ (ko kuma aka yi masa lakabi da YJL a cikin Littafin Mai Mallaki na Masar). Dogon ƙafar ƙafar ya ci gaba yayin da TJL (aka J8) ya yi wahayi zuwa sigar kofa 4 ta JK.
Motar ɗaukar hoto ta tushen Wrangler, Gladiator, ta fara samarwa a cikin 2019 don shekarar ƙirar 2020. Ko da yake an gabatar da shi a cikin 1986 (a ƙarƙashin ikon Renault kuma ta 1987 (shekarar samfurin farko) a ƙarƙashin sabon mallakar Chrysler, Wrangler na farko ya haɓaka ta American Motors Corporation (AMC). Ya fito da fitilun fitilun huɗu, wanda ya bambanta da na zagaye na kan magabata, CJ Jeeps. Ko da yake ci gaba da abubuwa da yawa masu mahimmanci, kamar buɗaɗɗen jiki tare da ƙananan gyare-gyare kawai, akan keɓaɓɓen firam, tare da ƙafafu iri ɗaya, 4WD na ɗan lokaci tare da madaidaiciyar axles akan maɓuɓɓugan ganye, duka gaba da baya, kamar CJ-7 da sabon 'Wrangler' sabon ƙira ne tare da faɗuwar waƙa, ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa, ƙarin kwanciyar hankali gami da ingantaccen aminci da kulawa.
TJ (1996) An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1996 a matsayin ƙirar 1997, Wrangler na ƙarni na biyu ya sake dawo da fitilun madaukai daga ƙirar Jeep na gargajiya. Babban injin shine AMC 242 4.0 L inline 6. Tun daga Wrangler TJ gaba, duk Wranglers an saka su da coil-spring maimakon dakatarwar bazara-lokacin bazara, an sake mayar da maɓalli ta atomatik zuwa ƙasa.
A shekara ta 2004, an gabatar da samfurin "Unlimited" mai tsayi mai tsayi. Bugu da ƙari, tun daga 2006, Isra'ila Automotive Industries Ltd. ya samar da farkon Jeep Wrangler mai kofa biyar, wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin lasisi daga Chrysler, don Rundunar Tsaron Isra'ila, bisa ga wheelbase Wrangler (TJ).
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19834 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Deedat | Ahmed Deedat | Ahmed Hoosen Deedat (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekarar 1918 ya mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Augustan shekarar 2005) marubucin kasar Afirka ta Kudu ne, kuma mai magana da yawun jama'ar musulmi, shi dan asalin kasar Indiya ne. Wanda aka fi sani a matsayin Musulmi mai da'awa zuwa ga musulunci ta hanyar kiran Kiri stoic zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Ana gudanar da dayawan karatuttukan shi a gidajen talabijin dana rediyo a fadin duniya, jama'a suna taruwa domin kallan muhawarar sa, daga ciki harda muhawar da yayi tare da wani shahararran Kirista mai suna Ikklesiyoyin, wanda bishop ne. Kazalika akwai bidiyoyi na lak'cocin chochi chochi a kan Musulunci, Kiristanci, da kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki. Deedat ya kafa kungiyar IPCI,wata kungiyar wa'azi ce ta duniya, kuma ta rubuta littattafai da yawa da'aka rarraba kan Musulunci da Kiristanci. An ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa ta Sarki Faisal a 1986 saboda shekaru hamsin yana aikin da'awa. Ya yi rubutu da lakca a harshen Turanci..
Farkon rayuwa 1918-1942 An haifi Deedat a garin Tadkeshwar, Surat, Bombay, Biritaniya ta Indiya a wancan lokacin a shekarar 1918. Mahaifinsa ya yi ƙaura zuwa Afirka ta Kudu jim kaɗan bayan haihuwar sa, a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 9, Deedat ya bar Indiya don ya haɗu da mahaifinsa a cikin yankin da ake kira Kwazulu-Natal a yanzu Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu 'yan watanni kadan bayan tafiyarsa. Lokacin da ya isa Afirka ta Kudu, Deedat ya himmatu a bangaran karatun sa, ya shawo kan matsalar yaren kuma ya yi fice a makaranta, har ma ya sami ci gaba har sai daya kammala, a lokacin yana misalin dan shekara shida (6) da haihuwa. Saboda larurar kuɗi, dole ya bar makaranta ya fara aiki tun yana ɗan shekara 16. A shekara ta 1936, yayin da yake aikin sayar da kayan daki, ya hadu da wasu gungun masu da'awar Kristanci, a wata makarantar hausa ta kiristoci da ke gabar tekun Natal ta Kudu, a yayin kokarinsu na sauya mutane daga addinin musulinci, sukan zargi Annabin Islama Muhammad (SAW) da cewa “ya yi amfani da takobi” wajen kawo mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Irin wadannan zarge-zargen sun bata wa Deedat rai kuma ya haifar da sha'awan kiran mutane zuwa ga addinin musulunci kwatankwacin su, (wato irin yadda wadannan kiristocin sukeyi)
Deedat ya daɗa himma sosai a cikin bahasin addini bayan da ya ci karo da littafin Izhar ul-Haqq Bayyanar da Gaskiya wanda Rahmatullah Kairanawi ya rubuta, yayin da yake ta faman karanta littattafai. Wannan littafin ya bada labarin kokarin mishan mishan a Indiya karni daya da suka gabata. Littafin ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Deedat, wanda ya sayi Baibul kuma ya yi muhawara da tattaunawa tare da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje, waɗanda a da ya kasa amsa tambayoyinsu. Ya fara halartar azuzuwan karatun addinin Islama wanda wani musulmin yankin mai suna Mista Fairfax ya gudanar. Ganin sanannun karatun, Mista Fairfax ya ba da damar karantar da wani karin bayani a kan Baibul da yadda za a yi wa Kiristocin wa’azi game da Musulunci. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Fairfax ya ja da baya kuma Deedat, a wannan batun masani ne sosai game da Baibul, ya karɓi aikin koyar da aji, wanda ya yi shekara uku. Deedat bai taɓa samun horo a hukumance a matsayin malamin Musulmi ba.
Aikin da'wa na farko 1942-1956 Karatun farko na Deedat, mai taken "Muhammad: Messenger of Peace", an gabatar da shi ne a 1942 ga masu sauraro mutane goma sha biyar a silima ta Durban mai suna Avalon Cinema. Babbar motar aikin mishan da Deedat yayi shine 'Shiryayyun balaguro' na Masallacin Jumma a Durban Babban Masallacin Juma'a ya kasance babban wuri mai ban sha'awa a cikin garin Durban mai daɗin shakatawa. An kirkiro wani shiri na cin abincin rana, jawabai da bayar da kyauta don baiwa dimbin masu yawon bude ido na duniya abin da galibi ke musu kallon Islama. Deedat da kansa yana ɗaya daga cikin jagororin, ya karɓi baƙuwar yawon buɗe ido tare da gabatar da addinin Islama da alaƙar sa da Kiristanci. A cikin 1949, Deedat ya ƙaura zuwa Pakistan tare da iyalinsa ya zauna a Karachi shekara uku. A cewar wata hira da aka yi da shi a Gidan Talabijin na Pakistan, ya kasance mai goyon bayan ra'ayin kafa kasar Musulunci.
IPCI da as-Salaam 1956–1986 Daga cikin manyan abokan Deedat akwai Goolam Hoosein Vanker da Taahir Rasool, waɗanda da yawa ke kiransu da 'gwarzayen da ba a san su ba a aikin Deedat'. A shekarar 1957, wadannan mutane uku suka kafa Cibiyar Yada Addinin Musulunci ta Kasa da Kasa (IPCI) da nufin buga littattafai daban-daban kan addinin Musulunci tare da bayar da ajujuwa ga sabbin Musulmai da suka musulunta. Shekarar mai zuwa Deedat ya kafa makarantar hauza ta islamiyya mai suna As-Salaam Educational Institute akan kyautar yanki wanda yake a Braemar a kudancin lardin Natal. Gwajin bai yi nasara ba, saboda, rashin karfi da rashin kudi na IPCI, kuma kungiyar Matasan Musulmin Afirka ta Kudu ta karbe shi a shekarar 1973. Deedat sannan ya dawo zuwa Durban kuma ya faɗaɗa ayyukan IPCI. Yunkuri A farkon 1980s aikin Ahmed Deedat ya fara zama sananne a wajen ƙasarsa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Bayanansa a duniya ya karu a 1986, lokacin da ya sami lambar yabo ta Sarki Faisal saboda ayyukansa ga Musulunci a fagen Dawah (aikin mishan na Musulunci). Sakamakon haka, Deedat yana ɗan shekara 66, ya fara shekaru goma yana yawon buɗe ido a duniya. Yawon shakatawa ya hada da:
Saudi Arabia da Misira (a lokuta da yawa)
United Kingdom (a lokuta da dama tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1988, da Switzerland a 1987)
Pakistan, inda Deedat ya sadu da Zia al-Haq UAE da tsibirin Maldives (Nuwamba Disamba 1987), inda Shugaba Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Amurka (ƙarshen 1986 wanda ke nuna muhawara tare da Swaggart, Robert Douglas da laccoci da yawa ciki har da biyu a Arizona)
Sweden da Denmark (ƙarshen 1991, wanda ke nuna muhawara uku)
Amurka da Kanada (1994, yawon shakatawa da ke nuna muhawara a Kanada da laccoci a Chicago)
Ostiraliya (yawon shakatawa na ƙarshe a farkon 1996, gab da bugun jini)
A gefe guda kuma, Deedat ya sami kakkausar suka daga kungiyoyin Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka ta Kudu wadanda suka ji yana wakiltar Musulunci ba daidai ba kuma ba ya haƙuri da mutanen wasu addinai, ciki har da Kiristoci, Hindu, Yahudawa da Jains. Sau da yawa a kowane wata na mujallar Muslim Digest na Afirka ta Kudu (Yuli, Agusta, Satumba, Oktoba) a 1986 kusan duka an sadaukar da sukar matsayin Deedat da "ayyukansa masu haɗari iri-iri". Matsaloli sun taso bayan bugawa Daga Hindu zuwa Islama (1987), suka game da imani da ayyukan Hindu. Daga cikin wasu, Deedat ya soki mabiya addinin Hindu na Afirka ta Kudu saboda yin addu'a ga gumakansu daban-daban kuma a sauƙaƙe ya juya zuwa Kiristanci. 'Yan Hindu da Kiristoci sun girmama fasaharsa da maganganunsa har zuwa lokacin. Amma yanzu, sun ƙi Deedat kuma sun haɗa kai da sauran ƙungiyoyin musulmin Afirka ta Kudu wajen yin tir da harin da yake yi wa wasu addinai. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, yahudawa suka shiga suka bayan Deedat ya buga Larabawa da Isra'ila Rikici ko Sulhu? A cikin 1988, biyo bayan buga littafin kirkirarren labari na Salman Rushdie The Shaidan Shafan, Deedat ya goyi bayan fatawar Ayatollah Khomeini da ke kira ga mutuwar Rushdie. Ya ce Rushdie "munafuki ne kuma ya zagi mutane masu tsarki. Kada a gafarta masa. A rangadinsa na karshe zuwa Ostiraliya,sanarwar da Deedat ya gabatar ya sa Franca Arena, memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta gwamnatin New South Wales yin sharhi a jawabinta game da wariyar launin fata:
Rashin lafiya da ajali A ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, 1996, Ahmad Deedat ya kamu da bugun jini wanda ya sa ya shanye daga wuya zuwa ƙasa saboda haɗarin jijiyoyin bugun jini da ya shafi kwakwalwar sa,ya bar shi ya kasa magana ko haɗiyewa. An wuce da shi zuwa asibitin kwararru na Sarki Faisal da ke Riyadh, inda aka ba da rahoton cewa ya kasance a faɗake. Ya koyi yin magana ta hanyar motsawar ido ta hanyar jadawalin yadda zai kirkiro kalmomi da jumloli ta hanyar yarda da wasiƙun da aka karanta masa. Ya kwashe shekaru tara na rayuwarsa a gado a gidansa, a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda matarsa, Hauwa Deedat ke kula da shi, yana ƙarfafa mutane su shiga Da'awah (musuluntar da mmutane). Ya karɓi ɗaruruwan wasiƙu na tallafi daga ko'ina cikin duniya, kuma baƙi na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje sun ci gaba da ziyartarsa da yi masa godiya kan aikinsa. A 8 ga watan Agusta, 2005, Ahmad Deedat ya mutu a gidansa a kan Titin Trevennen a Verulam a lardin KwaZulu-Natal An binne shi a makabartar Verulam. Hauwa Deedat ta mutu a ranar Litinin 28 ga Agusta, 2005. Tana da shekaru 85 a gidansu. Ismail ibn Musa Menk ne ya jagoranci sallar jana’izar tasa.
Rubutu da jawabai Ta hanyar tallafi daga ƙasashen yankin Tekun Fasha, Deedat ya buga kuma aka samar da ɗumbin bugun littattafai masu girman dabino da ke kan manyan jigogi masu zuwa. Mafi yawan laccocin Deedat da yawa, da kuma yawancin maganganun nasa a zahiri, suna mai da hankali ne a kan waɗannan maudu'in. Sau da yawa wannan jigo ɗaya yana da laccocin bidiyo da yawa don darajarsa, an kawo su a lokuta daban-daban da wurare daban-daban.
Littafi Mai Tsarki Kalmar Allah ce? Abin da Littafi Mai Tsarki Ya Faɗi Game da Muhammadu. Kitaddamar da Kit ɗin Game da Againwaƙan Baibul. Gicciye ko Cruci-almara? da yawa kananun taken-zagaye kan takamaiman fannoni na Gicciyen
Muhammadu: Magajin Halitta na Kristi. Kristi a Islama Muhammad Mafi Girma. Al-Kur'ani Mu'ujizar Al'ajibai Amfani da shahararsa a Gabas ta Tsakiya biyo bayan karɓar lambar yabo ta Sarki Faisal, Deedat ya sami tallafi don buga tarin littattafai huɗu na shahararrun littattafansa. Kwafi 10,000 na wannan littafin mai suna Zabi: Musulunci da Kiristanci an fara buga su ne a watan Afrilu 1993; wannan littafin ya shahara sosai a cikin 1990s, ana samun shi kyauta a yawancin mishan"iri da yawa a Arewacin Amurka. Bayan haka, gidajen buga takardu da yawa sun ba da ƙarin bugawa, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu an sake buga wasu kofi 250,000 a cikin bugawa da yawa a duk Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Daga baya, kundin rubutu na biyu mai taken Zaɓi: Juzu'i na biyu wanda ke ɗauke da ƙarin letsan littattafan Deedat shida. Deedat ya kuma tallata buga Afirka ta Kudu mai fassarar Alkur'ani Mai Girma wanda Abdullahi Yusuf Ali ya yi tare da sharhi da cikakken bayani. An sayar da wannan a ko ina a cikin kuɗin tallafi ga jama'a, kuma galibi ana ambatarsa a cikin maganganun Deedat.
Deedat ya kuma samar da wani ɗan littafi mai taken "Al-Qur'ani: Babban Mu'ujiza" wanda ke dauke da ka'idar 'Lambar 19' wanda wani masanin ilimin kwamfuta na Masar Dakta Rashad Khalifa ya yada. Koyaya? An cire wannan ɗan littafin bayan Dakta Khalifa ya bayyana wasu imani masu rikitarwa, gami da kin amincewa da gabaɗaya littattafan Hadisi na Islama.
Salan da'awa A cewar wani masanin, Brian Larkin, Da'awar Deedat iri ce iri. Ba shi da abin cewa game da kuskuren Sufism ko Shi'anci, alal misali, kuma ba ya neman wata kafa ta kafa kasar Musulunci (duk da cewa yana goyon bayan wadannan kokarin a Najeriya). Maimakon haka duk kokarinsa ya shafi lalata da karyata wa'azin kirista da baiwa musulmai makamai ne daga harin kirista. Don haka shahararsa ba ta dogara da ƙwarewar ilimin addinin Islama ba amma game da cikakken iliminsa na Baibul. Kamar yadda wani ɗan Nijeriya ya siffantu da shi, Deedat "ya buɗe idanun miliyoyin musulmai cikin kyakkyawar fasahar tattaunawa tsakanin addinai." Iliminsa na Turanci, da iyawarsa wajen tattaunawa, da kuma iya sarrafa wasu nassosi "sun ƙaunace shi ga miliyoyin da suka ga faya-fayensa ko karanta littattafansa, miliyoyin ana aika su kyauta a duk duniya. To, tushen tushen Deedat ba sabon abu bane, wanda ya danganta da kwarewar kirista fiye da na musulmai da kuma kwarewar sa da Turanci maimakon larabci. Suka Ya bayyana cewa cibiyarsa ta dawah, IPCI, dangin Bin Laden ne ke daukar nauyinta sannan kuma ya hadu da Osama Bin Laden, wanda ya siffanta shi da mai ra'ayi mai kyau. Muhawara da rubuce-rubucen Deedat an lakafta su a matsayin nau'i na neman gafara daga Lloyd VJ Ridgeon, farfesa a Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Glasgow. Wani malamin addinin musulinci Farid Esack ya soki Deedat, inda ya kamanta shi da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi irin su Rabbi Meir Kahane da Jerry Falwell, kuma ya rubuta:
Cibiyar Stephen Roth ta Nazarin Rashin Tsarin Addini da Wariyar Zamani da ake kira Deedat "mai adawa da yahudawa" amma bai yi wani bayani ba. A Faransa sayarwa da rarraba littattafansa an hana su tun 1994 saboda an ce suna da mummunar adawa da yamma, kyamar gaba da kuma haifar da kyamar launin fata. Magoya bayan sa, a cikin su dan sa sun tabbatar da cewa shi "mai tallata magana da tattaunawa," yayin da Abdulkader Tayob na Jami'ar Cape Town ya ce yana maida martani ne kawai ga musuluntar da kirista ta hanyar da "ba kyau ko mara kyau amma ya cancanci tunani. Duba nan Kabiru Gombe
Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria
Ahmad Gumi
Zakir Naik
Manazarta Mutane daga South Africa
Haifaffun 1918
Malami
Maza
Mazan karni na 21st
Malaman Musulunci
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31186 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokan%20Duniya | Abokan Duniya | Abokan Duniya FoEI cibiyar sadarwar kasa da kasa ce ta kungiyoyin muhalli a cikin kasashe 73. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1969 a San Francisco ta David Brower, Donald Aitken da Gary Soucie bayan Brower ta raba tare da Saliyo Club saboda kyakkyawan tsarin kula da makamashin nukiliya. Robert Orville Anderson, mai kamfanin mai na Atlantic Richfield ne ya bayar da gudummawar da aka kafa na $500,000 (a cikin USD 2019). Ya zama cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya a cikin 1971 tare da taron wakilai daga ƙasashe huɗu: Amurka, Sweden, Birtaniya da Faransa.
FoEI a halin yanzu yana da sakatariya (wanda yake a Amsterdam, Netherlands wanda ke ba da tallafi ga cibiyar sadarwa da manyan yakin da aka amince da shi. Kwamitin zartarwa na zaɓaɓɓun wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa ya tsara manufofi da kula da ayyukan sakatariyar. A cikin 2016, an zaɓi ɗan gwagwarmayar Uruguay Karin Nansen don zama shugabar ƙungiyar.
Matsalolin yaƙin neman zaɓe Abokan Duniya (International) ƙungiyar memba ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da membobi waɗanda ke bazu cikin duniya. Shirye-shiryenta na ba da shawara suna mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli, suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Reshen ƙasa da ƙasa na Abokan Duniya yana da hedikwata a Amsterdam, Netherlands, saboda dalilai na haraji.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin gidan yanar gizon sa, abubuwan da suka sa a gaba na kamfen na Abokan Duniya a duniya sune: adalcin tattalin arziki da kuma tsayayya da tsarin mulkin neoliberalism gandun daji da halittu ikon abinci da yanayin adalci da makamashi. An saita mahimman abubuwan yaƙin neman zaɓe na FOEI a babban taronta na shekara biyu. Bugu da ƙari, FOEI kuma tana shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe a wasu fagage, kamar kwararowar hamada Antarctica Maritime, ma'adinai da kuma haƙar masana'antu da makamashin nukiliya A cikin 2016, FOEI kuma ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe akan cin abinci da kuma samar da nama mai ƙarfi Meat Atlas FOEI ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sami nasara yayin da ta kawar da biliyoyin tallafin masu biyan haraji ga masu gurɓata muhalli, sake fasalin Bankin Duniya don magance matsalolin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta tura muhawara kan ɗumamar yanayi don matsawa Amurka lamba don ƙoƙarin yin mafi kyawun doka mai yiwuwa, dakatar da ƙari. Fiye da madatsun ruwa 150 masu lalata da ayyukan ruwa a duk duniya, an matsa su kuma sun ci nasara kan ƙa'idojin ma'adinai da tankokin mai da kuma hana kifin kifin na ƙasa da ƙasa. Masu sukar ta sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙari ne kawai don samun hankalin kafofin watsa labaru (kamar yadda ta fitar da waƙar "Ƙauna zuwa Duniya"), amma ba ta zauna tare da 'yan gida don magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa, kuma suna hana ci gaba a kasashe masu tasowa. Sun kuma yi suka kan manufofinta na karbar manyan kudade daga kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin agaji masu alaka da mai da iskar gas.
Mai A watan Oktoban 2018, an sanar da cewa, Aliko Dangote, hamshaƙin attajirin Afrika, na shirin gina matatar mai na dala biliyan 12 a kan kadada 6,180 na fadama a Najeriya. Wannan zai sa ta zama matatar mai mafi girma a duniya. Nan da shekarar 2022, matatar za ta rika sarrafa gangar danyen mai 650,000 a kullum. Tuni dai Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka, duk da cewa matatun da ake da su ba su da inganci, don haka ana shigo da mafi yawan man da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙasar. Domin za a gina matatar mai nisa daga yankin Neja Delta, inda ake hako mafi yawan man Najeriya, za a yi amfani da bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa guda biyu wajen jigilar mai mai nisan mil 240 zuwa matatar mai da ke Legas Bututun da dama a Najeriya na karkashin tsaro, wasu kuma fusatattun ‘yan kasa da kuma ‘yan kungiyar ‘yan tawaye mai suna Delta Avengers, wadanda ke fusata da gurbatar yanayi da talauci da ke tattare da su da kuma samo asali daga harkar mai. Bugu da kari, da alama wannan matatar man za ta baiwa Dangote damar mallakar man Najeriya.
A ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2018, FOE Afirka ta fara zanga-zangar a wajen wani taron da kamfanin Shell ya shirya. Masu fafutuka sun gano cewa Shell ya taimaka wajen tsara wani yanki na yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris a cikin 2015. Shell, kamfanin haƙar mai, ya rinjayi ka'idojin kan alawus-alawus na iskar gas da hani. A wajen zanga-zangar, Rita Uwaka ta kungiyar FOE reshen Najeriya ta ce: “Kamar wuta ce a doron kasa. Ina wakiltar al'ummomin yankin Neja Delta wadanda wadannan manyan gurbatattun gurbataccen yanayi ke shafa. Samun waɗannan manyan masu gurɓatawa sun shigo nan a matsayin waliyyi ba kawai mari ba ne a kan mu a matsayin wakilai na COP Har ila yau, mari ne a kan Uwar Duniya."
Tsarin hanyar sadarwa Ƙungiyar memba a wata ƙasa na iya kiran kanta Abokan Duniya ko kuma daidai da fassarar jumla a cikin harshen ƙasa, misali, Abokan Duniya (US), Abokan Duniya (EWNI) (England Wales da Arewacin Ireland), Amigos de la Tierra (Spain da Argentina). Duk da haka, kusan rabin ƙungiyoyin membobin suna aiki ƙarƙashin sunayensu, wani lokaci suna nuna asali mai zaman kanta da shigar da hanyar sadarwa ta gaba, kamar Pro Natura (Switzerland), Ƙungiyar Koriya ta Ƙwararrun Muhalli, Ayyukan Haƙƙin Muhalli (FOE Nigeria) da WALHI (FOE Indonesia).
Abokan Duniya na Duniya (FoEI) suna goyan bayan wata sakatariya da ke Amsterdam, da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa da aka sani da ExCom. Duk ƙungiyoyin mambobi ne ke zaɓen ExCom a babban taron da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu, kuma ita ce ExCom wacce ke ɗaukar sakatariya. A daidai wannan babban taron, an amince da manufofin gaba ɗaya da ayyukan fifiko.
Baya ga aikin da aka haɗa a matakin FoEI, ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa suna da yancin gudanar da nasu kamfen da yin aiki bi- ko da yawa kamar yadda suka ga dama, muddin hakan bai saba wa manufofin da aka amince da su ba a duniya. matakin.
Labarai Meat Atlas rahoto ne na shekara-shekara kan hanyoyin da tasirin aikin noma na masana'antu Littafin ya ƙunshi gajerun kasidu 27 kuma, tare da taimakon jadawali, yana hango gaskiya game da samarwa da cin nama. Abokan Duniya da Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ne suka buga Meat Atlas tare.
Sanannen magoya baya Mawaƙin Rock George Harrison ya sami alaƙa da Abokan Duniya bayan halartar zanga-zangar adawa da makaman nukiliya a London a cikin 1980. Ya sadaukar da kundin sa mafi girma na 1989, Mafi kyawun Dokin Duhu, ga Abokan Duniya, a tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Jay Kay, frontman na funk/acid jazz group Jamiroquai, an san shi don ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen album ɗinsa ga Abokan Duniya da Oxfam, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa.
Dominique Voynet, wanda ya tsaya takara a zabukan shugaban kasar Faransa a 1995 da 2007 a jam'iyyar "les verts" jam'iyyar Green Party, memba ne.
Thom Yorke, jagoran mawaƙin Radiohead, ya goyi bayan kamfen ɗin Abokan Duniya da yawa a bainar jama'a.
Mawaƙa na fitattun muryoyin muryoyin akan "Ƙauna Zuwa Duniya" -ciki har da Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Sheryl Crow, Fergie, Sean Paul, da Colbie Caillat sun haɗu da sojoji a kan wannan waƙar pop mai ban sha'awa. Duk abin da aka samu daga kowane siyar da guda ɗaya za a ba da gudummawa ga Abokan Duniya na Amurka da Gidauniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.
Taimakawa ga Babban Tambaya Daga cikin wadanda suka halarta a ƙaddamar da yakin neman sauyin yanayi na Abokan Duniya (EWNI) Babban Tambaya shine Dokar Jude, Edith Bowman, Siân Lloyd, Ross Burden, David Cameron, David Miliband, Thom Yorke, Stephen Merchant, Michael Eavis, da Emily Eavis.
Ƙungiyoyin membobi
Asiya Dandalin Indonesiya don Muhalli, Indonesia
Ƙungiyar Koriya don Ƙwararrun Muhalli
Abokan Duniya Gabas ta Tsakiya
Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center Kasama sa Kalikasan
Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli, Sri Lanka
Sahabat Alam Malaysia
Turai Abokan Duniya na Turai, Brussels
Abokan Matasa na Duniyar Turai, Brussels
Abokan Duniya Faransa
Abokan Duniya na Scotland
Pro Natura (Switzerland)
Amigos de la tierra, Spain
Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Jamus
Abokan Duniya (EWNI), Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa
Birmingham Abokan Duniya
GLOBAL 2000, Austria
Abokan Duniya Malta
Abokan Duniya Finland
Magyar Természetvedok Szövetsége Abokan Duniya Hungary
Priatelia Zeme Slovensko (Abokan Duniya Slovakia) Abokan Duniya (EWNI), (Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland)
Manchester Abokan Duniya
Green Action, Croatia
Hnutí DUHA, Jamhuriyar Czech
Milieudefensie, Netherlands
Ƙungiyar Norwegian don Kiyaye Halitta, Norway
Abokan Duniya (Malta)
NOAH, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1969 a Denmark, ƙungiyar maƙiya ta ƙasa tun 1988, Denmark
Amirka ta Arewa Abokan Duniya Kanada
Les AmiEs de la Terre de Québec, Kanada
Abokan Duniya (US)
Oceania Abokan Duniya Ostiraliya
Manazarta
Littattafan bibiya Brian Doherty da Timothy Doyle, Muhalli, Juriya da Haɗin kai. Siyasar Abokan Duniya na Duniya (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013). Jan-Henrik Meyer, "'A ina za mu je daga Wyhl?' Zanga-zangar Anti-Nuclear ta Juyin Juya Hali da ke niyya ga Ƙungiyoyin Turai da na Duniya a cikin 1970s, Binciken Tarihi na Zamantakewa 39: 1 (2014): 212-235.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Labarin Abokan Duniya Faransa "Multinationals Masana ilimin halittu suna duba ja"
Abokan Duniya na YouTube tashar YouTube
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Muhalli
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